167 
 
 S59 
 
 1 Qf)r\ 
 
€mmll UttivOTitg Jitatg 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 .M:^ £.£<t.-^r^. <4^.LT^S-, 
 
 J\:.syq3.'\'\ ::*; ^ ., r;; ^?:I^U\q\,. 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QE 167.S59 1900 
 A recordof the geology om^^^^^ 
 
 AUG 2 51985 
 
 
 TDATE DUE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GAVLORD 
 
 
 
 miNTKDINU.B.A. 
 
£tmi AUG 1 7 ml 
 
 a»NELL DNIVERSmr. 
 
 LIBRARIES 
 
 HHACA. N. Y. 14583 
 
 fiogicAermg Library 
 Pupenter Hall 
 
IBeprint fro'm Volume HI, Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, August, 1900.'\ 
 
 A Record of the Geology of Texas for the 
 , Decade Ending December. 31, 1896. 
 
 FREDERIC W. SIMONDS, Ph. D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGy'iN TttE;UNlVERSlTY OF TEXAS. 
 

 A. iH7^|9 
 
A RECORD OF THE GEOLO&Y OF TEXAS FOR THE 
 DECADE ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1896. 
 
 PBEDEEIC W. SIMONDS, Ph. D., 
 frofessor of Geology in the University of Texas. 
 
 (Publication authorized Fetruavy 3, 1899; (presented to the Academy June 
 -s.^ 12, 1899.) 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 This Eecord of the Geology of Texas supplements Bulletin No. 45 ot 
 the United States Geological Survey ("The Present Condition of Knowl- 
 edge of the Geology of Texas," hy" Bobert T. Hill, Washington, 1887) . 
 Doubtless its imperfections are many, nevertheless, ■ it will serve as a 
 guide to those who desire to know what, where, and by whom, work has 
 been done in the past ten years — a decade especially fruitful in results. 
 The many papers of value produced 'by my predecessor, Professor Hill, 
 now of the U. S. Geological 'Survey, and by the Geological Survey of 
 Texas (Dumble Survey) are embraced within this period. Broadly 
 speaking, onir knowledge of Texas geology may now be said to rest on o 
 firm foundation — details are yet to be worked out ; errors corrected. 
 
 The' libraries of the University of Texas and of the lately discontinued 
 Geological Survey, 'as well as my own, have been carefully gone over, and 
 in addition I have drawn freely upon the work of others, of which I 
 wish' here to especially mention the excellent Becords of Mr. N. H. Bar- 
 ton, of the U. 'S. Geological Survey (Bulletins Nos. 75, 91, 99 and 127), 
 and the valuaible Bibliographies and Indexes of Mr. P. B. Weeks, also 
 of ihe U. S. Geological .Survey (Bulletins Nos. 130, 135, 146 and 149). 
 
 ■With few exceptions contributions to newspapers are not included, 'as 
 they are usually inaccessible, and the matter is found in a 'more perma- 
 nent, form elsewhere. 
 
 Prbdeeic W. Simonds. 
 
 School of Geology, University of Texas, 1897. 
 
 A delay in printing this Becord has enabled me to add much that would 
 otherwise have been omitted. I desire here to express my obligations to 
 Mr. E. T. Dumble, lately State Geologist,- for infoEmation that has been 
 
4 Teansactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 freely given, and to the Hon. Jefferson Johnson, 'Commissioner of Agri- 
 culture, Insurance, 'Statistics and History, for oourtesiee shown me while 
 prosecuting the 'work. To Professor Eobert 'T. 'Hill, of the United 
 States Geological Survey; Professor Gilbert D. Harris, of 'Cornell Uni- 
 versity, and to Mr. W.. Kennedy, of Austin, I am greatly indebted for 
 puhlieations unknown to the ordinary reader, and not easy to obtain. 
 My thanlcs are also due Librarian Wyche, of the University, both for 
 suggestions and valuable assistance. ' >. P. W. S. 
 
 December, 1899. 
 
 Publications marlced with a star (*) have not been examined by the 
 Compiler. 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, 188 7-1 f 
 
 LIST OF AUTHORS WHOSE PAPERS ARE CITED IN THIS 
 
 RECORD. 
 
 Aldrioh, fT. H., Nos. 1-2. 
 Annerican itTa/turalist, 'Nos. 3-6. 
 Ashburner, CSharles lA., Nos. 7-9. 
 Birkimbine, John, Nos. 10-17. 
 Blake, William P., Nos. 18-19. 
 Broadhead, G. C, No. 20. 
 Call, R. Eiasworth, No. 21. 
 aark, William Bullock, Nos. 22-23. 
 Oomstock, Theo. B., Nos. 24-35. 
 Cope, E. ]>., iNos. 36-53. 
 Cragin, I". W., Nos. 54^8. 
 Cummings, Uriah, No. 59. 
 Cuminins, Duncan H., No. 60. 
 Cummins, W. F., Nos. 61-82. 
 Curtice, Cooper, No. 83. 
 Dall, W. H., No. 83a. 
 Dana, James iD., No. 84. 
 Day, David T., Nos. 85-87i 
 Day, (William C, Nos. 88-1106. 
 De Eyee, William, No. 107. 
 Diller, J. S., No. 108. 
 Drake, N. F., Nos. 109-110. 
 Dumble, Edwin T., Nos. 111-154. 
 Eitkins, 'L. G., No. 155- 
 Emmons, S. F., No. 156. 
 Engineering and Mining Journal, Nos. 
 
 157-160. 
 Everhart, Edgar, Nos. 161-162. 
 Fontaine, William iMorris; No. 163. 
 G., No. 164. 
 
 Gannett, Henry, No. 165. 
 Genth, F. A., No. 166. 
 Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Nos. 
 
 167-172. 
 Gilbert, G. K., No. 173. 
 Goldsmifch, E., No. 174. 
 Gregg, A., No; 175. \ 
 Gulliver, F. P., No. 176. 
 Harrington, H. H., Nos. 177-178. 
 Harris, Gilbert D., Nos. 179-186. 
 Harrod, B. M., No. 187. 
 Hay, 'Robert, Nos. 188-189. 
 Heilprin, Angelo, No. 190. 
 Herndon, J. H., Nos. 191492. 
 Hidden, W. E., Nos. 193-195. 
 Hill, Robert T., Nos. 196-250. 
 
 Hillebrand, W. F., Nos. 251-253. 
 Hinton, Richard J., No. 254. 
 Hitchcock, Charles H., No. 255. 
 Howell, Edwin E., No. 256. 
 Hyatt, Alpheus, Nos. 257-259. 
 Jermy, Gustav, No. 260. 
 Johnson, Lawrenioe C, No. 261. 
 Jones, John H., No. 262. 
 J. T. W., No. 263. 
 Kain, C. Henry, No. 263a. 
 Kemp, James P., No. 264. 
 Kennedy, William, No^ 265-281. 
 Kent, William, No. 282. 
 Knowlton, F. H., No. 283. 
 Kunz, George F., Nos. 284-287. 
 Lerch, Otto, Nos. 288-290. 
 Leverett, Storer, No. ,29il. 
 Lougihridge, R. H., No. 292. 
 Mackintosh, J. B., No. 293. 
 Magnenat, L. E., No. 294. 
 Marcou, Jules,, Nos. 295-302. 
 Meloher, J. C, No. 303. 
 Merrill, G. P., Nos. 304-305. 
 Merrill, J. A., No. 306. 
 Newberry, S. B., No. 307. 
 Osann, A., Nos. 308-309. 
 Owen, J., Nos. 310-311. 
 Parker, E. W!, Nos. 312-322. 
 Peale, A. C, Nos. 323-330. 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Jr., Nos. 331-337. 
 Pond, Edward J., No. 338. 
 Ragsdale, G. H., No. 339. 
 Rauff, Hermann, No. 340. 
 R. G., No. 341. 
 
 Roemer, Ferdinand, Nos. 342-343. 
 Roesler, F. E., No. 344. 
 Rolker, Charles 'M., No. 345. 
 kchmitz, E. J., No. 346. 
 Science, No. 347. 
 , Scott, W. IS., No. 348- 
 Shaler, N. 'S., No. 349. 
 Shumard, George G., Nor 350. 
 Simonds, Frederic W., Nos. 351-352. 
 Simpson, Charles T., No. 353. 
 Singley, J. A., Nos. 354-356. 
 Smitn, Eugene A., No. 357. 
 
Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Stanton, T. W., Nos. 358-359. 
 Sterki, V., No. 360. 
 Streeruwitz, W. H., Nos.- 361-377. 
 Swank, James IM., OsTo. 378-382. 
 Taff, J. A., Nos. 383-388. 
 Tait, J. L., Nos. 389-390. 
 Tarr, Ralpli iS., Nos. 391-400. 
 T. F. L., iNo. 401. 
 Thompson, iR. A., No. 402. 
 Turner, Henry W., No. 403. 
 Van Hise, Oharles- R., No. 404. 
 Vaughan, T. Wayland, No. 405. 
 
 Waleott, Oharaes D.,^Nos. 406-408. 
 Walker, J. B., Nos. 409-415. 
 Weeks," Joseph D., No. 416-418. 
 Weitzell, K. IS., No. 419. 
 W. H., No. 420. 
 
 White, Charles lA., No-s. 421-435. 
 White, I. C, No.- 430. 
 Whitefleld, J. E., No. 437. 
 Willtams, Albert, Jr., No. 438. 
 Williams, J. Francis, No. 439. 
 Woolman, Lewis, No. 440. 
 
 additional citations. 
 
 Birkinibine, John, No. 441. 
 Day, David T., No. 442. 
 Day, William C, No. 443-445. 
 Fleming, H. S., No. 446. 
 Hobart, Frederick, No. 447-448. 
 
 Jones, Jno. H., No. 449. 
 Peale,-A. C, No. 450. 
 Ries, Heinrich, No. 451. 
 Bothwell, E. P., No. 452-464. 
 Weeks, Jos. D., No. 466-466. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896. 
 
 PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE GEOLOGY OF TEXAS, 
 1887-1896 INCLUSIVE, ARRANGED ALPHABETI- 
 CALLY ACCORDING TO AUTHORS. 
 
 1. Aldkich, T. H. 
 
 A New Eocene Fossil from Texas. 
 
 The Nautilus, Vol. IV, No. 3, p. 25. PMla., July, 1890. 
 
 Description of Omalawis Bingleyi n. sp. Locality: Lee Ck)unty, Texas. 
 
 "This is the second species now known from the Atlantic Eocene. Tho 
 first was descrihed by I. Lea from the Olaiifeorne sand as 'OrWs rotella.' 
 For the generic synonomy, see Ball's ^Reiport on the Molusca,' 1889, part 2, 
 p. 276. Discovered by J. A. Singley, Esq., iand named in his honor." 
 
 2. 
 
 New or little known Tertiary Mollusca from Alabama and Texqs. 
 Bull. Am. Paleontology, Vol. I, No. 2, 30 pp., pis. 1-5. Ithaca, 
 N. Y., June, 1895. 
 
 "The fossils described in this paper were obtained by the writer between 
 the years 1887 and 1889, and the plates and most of the descriptions were 
 prepared for publication early in 1890. fEhe material, however, was never 
 ipubHshed, and since then several of the forms illustrated have been de- 
 scribed by others. iA large numJber of the species are from the Eocene 
 of Alabama. They do not by ajiy means exhaust the subject, as the writer 
 still has a number of new species from the prolific strata of Alabama and 
 adjoining States. 
 
 "Through the kindness of Professor Gilbert D. Harris, of Cornell Uni- 
 versity, the writer is now able to publish the following descriptions. 
 
 "All the types of the species herein described are in my collection unless 
 otherwise stated." P. 3. 
 
 Only forms occurring in Texas are included in the following list: 
 Scaphopoda: Gadulus juvenis, Mr., Mosley's Eerry,' Burleson ooointy; 
 Lee county. iPteropoda: Greseis simplex ? Mr. Gastropoda: ,Borsoma 
 (Scohinella) conradiana a. sp., Wheelock, Tex. B. plenta, Har. and Aid., 
 Wheelock and other localities; Euoheilodon reticulata, GfaM>, Wheelock; 
 Olyphostoma harrisi n. sp., Wheelock, also Lee and Burleson counties; 
 Pyramimitra costata, Lea, Texas; Pyrula (Fusoficula) texwna, Harris, "oc- 
 curs ait Newton, Miss., Lisbon, Ala., and Texas." Goniobasis texana Heilp., 
 Wheelock and Lee iCSounty, Texas. 
 
 American Naturalist. 
 Tlhe Tertiary Formations of Western Texas. 
 Vol. XXV, p. 49, Jan., 1891: 
 
 A general note referring to the work of Prof. R. T. Hill. ( Notes on the 
 Geology of Western Texas, Oeol. and Soi. Bull., Oct., 1888; The Geology 
 of the Staked Plains of Texas, with a Description of the Staked Plains 
 
8 Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 American Naturalist, 
 
 Formation, Proc. Am. Assoc, for the Adv. of Sci., Vol. XXXWII, p. 243 ; 
 'Classification and Origin of the Chief GeogPa/phic Features of the Texas 
 Kegion, Am. !G<5ol., Vol. V, pp. 9-29.) 'Reference is also made to Dr. Otto 
 Leroh (A Geological iSurvey of 'the 'Conoho Oountry, Texas, with Cum- 
 mins, W. F., Amer. iGteol., Vol. V., pp. 321-336), and to Prof. E. D. Cope 
 (On the Distribution of the Loup Fork Formation in New Mexico, Proc. 
 Amer. Phfl. Soc, 1883, p. 308). 
 
 4. 
 
 Occurrence of Texas Lignite 
 (General Note.) 
 Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXV, p. 737, Aug., 1891. 
 
 A paragraph, very slightly modifi.-ed, taken from lisrch ("Lignites and 
 their Utilization, with sipeeial reference, to Texas Brown Coal," Second 
 Ann. Eep. of .the Geol. iSurv. of Texas, pp. 52-53. 1891). 
 
 The Iron Ore District of Bast Texas. 
 Vol. XXV, pp. 910-911, Oct., 1891. 
 
 A general ncte referring to the account of this region given by Mr. 
 E. T. Dumble, State Geologist, in the 'Second Annual Report of the G6o- 
 logical Survey of Texas, 1890, pp. 7-31. 
 
 Fresh-Water Diatomaceous Deposit from Staked Plains, Texas. 
 (General Note.) 
 Vol. XXVI, pp. 505-506. June, 1892. 
 
 "Some nearly white earth, very light in weight, from Crosby County, 
 Texas, and within the Staked Plains region- was submitted by Prof. E. D. 
 Cope to the first of the undersigned tiuthors for examination. [Mr. 
 Woolman.] 
 
 "In a contribution to the 'Vertebrate Paleontology of Texas,' p. 123 of 
 the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society [Vol. XXX], Proi. 
 Cope states that this material is from the Blanco Cafion beds as named 
 by Mr. Cummins in the first annual report of the 'Geologidal Survey of 
 Texas, 1890, p. 100, and describes it as a 'white siliceous friaJble chalk.' 
 
 "Under the microscope this earth is found to be constituted almost 
 entirely of the 'siliceous sljeletal remains oi fresh-water diatoms, proba- 
 bly 90 per cent, of the body of the earth being made up of these minute 
 single celled forms of plant life." * * * 
 
 Mr. C. Henry Kain reports : "This is a fresh- water fossil deipoait. The 
 species contained in it may now be found living in Utah and in the Yellow- 
 stone National Park. Many of the species are also common to fresh water 
 stresuns everywhere." 
 
 A list of twenty-seven identified species follows, signed by Lewis Wool- 
 man and C. Henry Kaiij. 
 
 "In the paper previously referred to, Prof. lOape notes the occurrence 
 in this diatomaceous stratum of a 'Mastodon of the angustidens type,' 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1 f 
 
 9 
 
 Amekican Naturalist. 
 
 and of a horse allied to the Equvs ocoidentalis of Leidy, and defines the 
 latter as la new species, to which he assigns the name Equm simpUcidens ; 
 and indicates :by a comparison of iEquus and Mastodon fauna that the age 
 of the .Blanco Cafion heds is prohably intermediate between that of the 
 Equus beds land the Loup Fork beds or the equivalent of the Pliocene 
 proper." 
 
 7. ASHBUHNEE^ ChARLES A. 
 
 Art. iCo^l." 'Min. Resources of the U. S. 1886. 
 (Coal in Teras), pp. 347-350. Washington, 1887. 
 
 Outline : Production and value, 1886. E. T. Durable quoted on bounda- 
 ries of Eolignitie Area; number and thickness of seams; quality and use 
 of lignite; attempts to utilize it as fuel. lAnalyses of Texas ' lignite. Mr. 
 'Kumble quoted on lignite at Rockdale, (Milam County, and Atascos/a, 
 Bexar County. Location' of Central Area. Hon. 8. H. Stout, of Cisco, 
 quoted. (Mountain Area, along the IRio Grande and between that river 
 and the Pecos. Geological relations of the beds. , Thickness of seams 
 near Laredo. Hon. W. iM. Chandler quoted on coals west of the Pecos. 
 Analyse?^ of lignite by Dr. (Edgar Everhart. 
 
 "Toital production in 1886, 100,000 short tons; spot value, $185,000. 
 ((The same figures are given in table showing the. 'Production of coal in the 
 United States in 1886,' p. 230.) No reliable statistics of the amount of 
 coal rnined in this State are available." P. 347. 
 
 "The following analyses of lignites from different points in Texas have 
 Ibeen supplied by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Professor of Chemisti-y at the 
 University of Texas: 
 
 ANALYSES OP LIGNITES FROM DIFFERENT POINTS IN TEXAS. 
 
 LOCALITY. 
 
 - a 
 
 i^ o 
 
 
 Lignite from Kobertson county 
 
 Lignite from Uherokee county 
 
 Lisnito from Milam county 
 
 Lignite from Hopkins county 
 
 Lignite from Northwest of Texas.. 
 
 Lignite from North Texas 
 
 1)0 
 
 Do.. 
 
 Seml-bitumlnous coal frond Burnet County. . 
 
 Do 
 
 Coal from Palo Pinto county near Gordon.... 
 
 29.34 
 
 28.75 
 30.65 
 21.66 
 ;-16.87 
 40.77 
 37.19 
 
 43.03 
 40.40 
 63.64 
 
 44 
 
 isiso 
 
 45,17 
 50.28 
 43.40 
 31.11 
 30.98 
 29.66 
 38.97 
 39.89 
 32.64 
 
 9.91 
 36.03 
 5.39 
 5.14 
 3.25 
 7. 
 
 14.06 
 
 43 
 
 13.62 
 
 15.58 
 
 15.86 
 16.42 
 18.79 
 22.92 
 16.48 
 20.46 
 17.77 
 15.88 
 4.38 
 4.13 
 0.86 
 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 1,00.00 
 100.00 
 
 1.04 
 0.67 
 0.75 
 1.83 
 2.36 
 
 100.00 2.90 
 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 
 4.14 
 5.22 
 0.25 
 
 8. 
 
 Art. (Coal. Min. Eesouroes of the IT. S. 1887. 
 (Coal in Texas), pp. 357-359. Washington, 1888. 
 
 Outline: Production and valn-e, 1887. Thickness, depth of seams and 
 quality of coal at mine of the Black Diamond Coal Company, near Rock- 
 dale Milam County. The Kirkwood Colliery. Thickness of the bed. 
 Mine operated by iR. H. Hartz neiar Ea^Ie Pass, Maverick County. Thick- 
 ness of beds. Extent of adjacent coal field. 
 
10 Tbans ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 ASHBURNBR^ ChAELBS A. 
 
 "Total production in 1887, 75,000 short tons; spot value, $150,000. 
 
 .(iSee also taWe 'Production of Coal in the United States in 1887,' p. 
 171, of the same volume.) 
 
 "No reliaWe statisties of the amount of ooal mined in this State are 
 available." F. 3S7. 
 
 "The largest mine in th^ iState from which returns were received by 
 the Survey was that operated by Mr. E. H. Hartz, at Eagle Pass, Maverick 
 county. This mine produced during the year 22,700 tons, including nut 
 and slack ooal. Of this production, 17,400 tons were shipped to San 
 Antonio or supplied to the Southern PaAjifio Company ior locomotive use. 
 This coal commanded in 1-887 a price of $2.26 per ton at the mines. The 
 coail is used for stationary engines and locomotives. The bed worked is 
 6 feet 4 inches in thickness, and is inters.tratified with a streak of slate, 
 .which reduces t(he iworkaible thickness to 4 feet 3 inches.- The coal is 
 hard, and bas to be blasted with powder. The coal field in this vicinity 
 "is very large; its exact dimensions have ueVer been establisihed, but the 
 outcropping of coal beds can be seen for miles up and down the Rio Grande 
 river in the vicinity of (Eagle Pass. The mine operated by Mr. Hartz is 
 albout 5 miles northwest of Hagle Pass." P. 358. 
 
 9. 
 
 Art. iCoal. Min. Eesources of the TJ. S. 1888. 
 (■Coal in Texas), pp.. 367-374. .Washington, 1890. 
 
 Outline: Production and value, 1888. 'Location of the more prominent 
 mines of the State (Carboniferous and Cretaceous), flexas and Pacific 
 lOoal Oom-pany. T^e Spring Mine, 110 miles east of El Paso. Thickness 
 of seam and depth below the surface. Preliminary report of E. T. Dum- ■ 
 ble, IState Geologist to the U. S. Geol. Surv.: Three coal fields. -(1) 
 Central Ooal 'Field, Carboniferous, bounded. Dr. Charles lA. Ashburner 
 on the coal-bearing strata. (2) Nueces or Semi-bituminous Field, 
 bounded. Number and iage of seams., Where worked. Character of lig- 
 nites. (3) Lignitic 'Field, bounded. Number and thickness of seams. 
 Carboniferous formation of North Texas. 'Boundariesv iThickness. Coun- 
 ties embraoed in the true coal measures.' Number 'and thickness of seams. 
 Section of coal-bearing strata near 'Millsiap. Information concerning the 
 following mines (location, thickness of seams, etc.) : l&ordon, Palo Pinto 
 county; Johnson, between Gordon and iStrawn; at Cisco; outcrop east of 
 Putnam; ten miles west of Decatur; Stephens, four miles west of Bowie. 
 'R. A. F. Penrose on lignites of Eastern Texas: number and thickness of 
 beds. Chlaracter of lignite. Outcrops in Van Zandt county; along the 
 line of the Texas and Pacifiic. Prof. Gustav Jermy reports deposits in 
 southwestern oounties. Col. John L. Tait reports lignite in Edwards,. 
 Bandera, Medina, (Atascosa and 'Frio counties. Outcrop fourteen miles 
 southwest of Uvalde; thickness. ,The western boundary of this field. 
 Coal seam at Hagle 'Passv 'Extent of outcrop. Inclination of stratum. 
 Thickness in Hartz mines; character and stratigraphical position. 
 
 "Total product in 1888, 90,000 tons; spot value, $184,500. On account 
 of the very scattered and meagre develapments of the coal and lignite beds 
 of Texas it has been impossible to collect any reliable statistics as to the 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 
 
 11 
 
 ASHBUKNER, ChAELES A. 
 
 .product during '1888 at each point wliei:e these teds liave ibeen opened." 
 P. 367. 
 
 See E. fT. Bumble (€oal in Texas ) . Mr. Bumble's report is included in 
 'Mr. Ashburner's article. 
 
 10. BiRKiNBiNE, John. 
 
 Art. Iron Ore Minimg in 1887. Min. Eesourees of the TJ. S. 
 1887. 
 
 (Iron in Texas), pp. 51-53. "Washington, 1888. 
 
 "A large ^.rea of northeastern Texas exposes limonite ore which is of 
 excellent quality. The deposits do not indicate great depth, 'but their 
 liberal distribution would suggest quantities suificient to maintain iron 
 industries. Two blast-furnace plants now depend on these 'Ores, one being 
 operated in connection with the State penitentiary. 'Estimated upon the 
 'production of pig iron in 1887, the amount of these ores mined was about 
 9,000 long tons. The following analyses show the composition of the ore 
 near Alcalde furnace: 
 
 COMPOSITION OF LIMONITE NEAE EUSK, OHEEOKEE COUNTY, TEXAS. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 46.55 
 17.53 
 
 45.55 ' 
 17.67 
 
 45.17 
 20.36 
 D.038 
 0.063 
 15.25 
 
 40.63 
 23.84 
 0.01 
 . 0.315 
 15.76 
 
 48.31 
 16.62 
 0.027 
 0.284 
 13.71 
 
 48.11 
 
 Silica '.', 
 
 10.43 
 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 Water 
 
 0.153 
 
 0.069 
 13.09 
 
 2.12 
 14.64 
 
 
 
 
 "A sample personaily collected in iQherokee county was analyzed by 
 the <St. Louis Sampling and Testing works with the following results : 
 
 ANALYSIS of LIMONITE EEOM CHEKOKEE COUNTY, TEXAS. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Moisture - ■ • 1-63 
 
 Loss by ignition 11.65 
 
 Silica .^ 10.81 
 
 Alumina 3.40 
 
 Metallic Iron ^ 48.24 
 
 Manganese 0.43 
 
 Lime 0.24 
 
 Magnesia ": Trace 
 
 Sulphur '■ ■■■ 1.176 
 
 Phoaphorus 0.268 
 
 "Exiploration has been active in Llano county, abo,ut 90 miles northwest 
 of Austin, where, at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the ocean, a, deposit 
 of red hematite iron ore has been exposed along a chain of hills running 
 northwest and southeast. The iron foi-mations crop out prominently 
 throughout the valley, mostly in the quartzite belts. On the table lands 
 and ridges mica schist, ferruginous sandstones, 'black shale, and tilted 
 veins of slate are encountered 'at various places. Outcroppings are re- 
 ported as numerous and fndicating large bodies of ore. 'Samples of the 
 ores submitted to Mr. Davenport iFisher, and one to the North Chicago 
 [Rolling Mills, show as follows: 
 
12 
 
 Transactions Tbxas Academy ob" Science. 
 
 BiEKiNBiNB^ John. >- 
 
 ANALYSES OF HEMATITE IRON GEES FROM liAJSTO COUNTY, TEXAS. 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Silica. 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Manganese. 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 63 25 
 
 6.35 
 
 0.049 
 
 Trace. 
 
 None. 
 
 67 43 
 
 4.03 
 
 059 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Trace.' 
 
 66.37 
 68.r36 
 68.83 
 
 2.81 
 
 0.47 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Trace. 
 
 3.53 
 
 0.038 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Trace. 
 
 69 30 
 
 3.83 
 
 0.034 
 
 Trace. 
 
 None. 
 
 70.95 
 
 3.89 
 
 0.024 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Trace. 
 
 67.54 
 
 3.45 
 
 0.041 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 69.17 
 
 2.99 , 
 
 0.009 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 60.49 
 
 15.67 
 
 0.030 
 
 Trace. 
 
 None. 
 
 50.99 
 
 36.05 
 
 0.019 
 
 None. 
 
 None.' 
 
 63.74 
 
 10.08 
 
 0.018 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 67.27 
 
 4.83 
 
 0.018 
 
 Trace. 
 
 None. 
 
 70.35 
 
 1.23 
 
 0.014 
 
 Trace. 
 
 None. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part. II. Fuels 
 and their Utilization. Chapter I. Charcoal Manufacture in 
 Texas. ' -"•' 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Ceol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 33-'37. 
 
 Austin, 1891. 
 
 .The existence of iron ores in the State directs attention tO'Wards the 
 possibility of smelting them within its iboundaries. No immediate pros- 
 ,pect of obtaining suitable mineral fuel. Charcoal suggested. The yellow 
 pine furnisihes excellent charcoal, as do also the hard woods of Eastern 
 Texas. Should the timiber be thus used the necessity of reiorestration is 
 pointed out. ' Manufacture of charcoal. (lA) Charring in Pits or Mei- 
 lers. (B)' Charring in Kilns. (C) 'Eetort Charring. Charcoal made 
 under dirt covers and in kilns. lOharooal manufactured in Michigan; in 
 Alabama. By-produots. Economy of production. Foron of kiln or retort 
 for Texas. Cost of production. 
 
 Wash- 
 
 Art. Iron Ores. iMin. Resources of the U. S. 1889-90. 
 (Production of Iron in Texas), pp. 35-36. 
 (Production of Brown Hematite in Texas), pp. 40-41. 
 iHgton, 1892. 
 
 The following, relating to the Iron Production of Texas, is taken from 
 a table (pp. 35-36), showing the "Production of iron ores by States in 
 1890, 188.9, and 1880, with percentages of increase or decrease:" 
 
 
 1890. 
 
 1889. 
 
 ■- 1880. 
 
 State. 
 
 Bank. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Bank. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Produc- Per cent 
 tion. of total. 
 
 Texas.... 
 
 21 
 
 23,000 
 
 long 
 
 tons. 
 
 0.14 
 
 20 
 
 13,000 
 long 
 tons. 
 
 0.09 
 
 JO- 
 
 long ".OS 
 tons. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-18!'6. 
 
 13 
 
 BiEKiNBiNE, John. 
 
 The following is taken from a table (pp. 40-41), showing the "Produc- 
 tion of brown hematite ore, by States, in 1890, 1889, and 1880, with per- 
 centages, of increase or deicrease:" 
 
 13. 
 
 15. 
 
 
 1890. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1880. 
 
 State. 
 
 Itank. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Kank. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Texas.... 
 
 15 
 
 22.000 
 long 
 tons. 
 
 0.86 
 
 15 
 
 13,000 
 long 
 tons. 
 
 0.51 
 
 15 
 
 3,214 
 long 
 tons. 
 
 0.17 
 
 "Texas has commenced the development of its bog ores, but it is not 
 probable that it will reach a production equivalent to 1 per cent, of the 
 country's total for several years." tP. 38. 
 
 Art. Iron Ores. Min. Eesources of the U. S. 1891. 
 
 (Iron Ore Product in Texas), p. 12. Waahington, 1893. 
 iFrom a table showing "The iron ore product of the United States in 
 1891, distributed by classes and IStates: 
 
 States. 
 
 Red Hematite. 
 Long tons. 
 
 Brown Hematite. 
 Long tons. 
 
 Magnetite. 
 Long tons. 
 
 Oarbonite. 
 Long tons. 
 
 Total. 
 Long tons. 
 
 
 ^T 
 
 51,000 
 
 
 
 51,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "Texas' advance is due to the starting up of new blast-furnace plants, 
 ■th« mining having been principally in the brown hematite deposits in 
 the eastern .part of the State. L4s, however,' railroads have rea/ched the 
 southern central .portion of the State, where richer ores are found, it is 
 probable that Texas will in the future augment her output and improve 
 the average grade of her iron ores." P. 27. 
 
 14. 
 
 Art. Iron Ores. Min. Eesources of the U. S. 1892. 
 
 (Production of Iron Ore in Texas), pp. 26 and 34. Washing- 
 ton^ 1893. 
 
 In a tabulated statement on (p. 26, Texa,s is credited with the produc- 
 tion of 22,853 long tons of .Brown Hematite, .and 50 long tons of Magnetite 
 during the year 1892, making a total production of 22,903 long toiis- 
 
 On pp. 34-35, it is noted that "the brown hematite ores of Tesas came 
 'from the eastern and south central portions of the iState, the magnetite 
 being a few ear-load lots -wbioh were sent from the Llano district for 
 trial in the blast furnace." 
 
 Art. Iron Ore. Min. Eesources of the U. S. 1893. 
 
 (Production of Iron Ore in Texas), pp. 26 and 28. Washing- 
 ton, 1894. 
 
14 Transactions Texas Academy of Scibncb. ^ 
 
 BiKKiNBiNE, John. 
 
 Texas is credited with the production of 22,620 long tons of brown hema- 
 tite and 3,000 long tons of magnetite for the year 1893 ; total, 25,620 long 
 tons. P. 26. 
 
 In a tabulated statement, on p. 28, Texas is credited with the produc- 
 tion of 13,000 long tons of iron ore in 1889; 22,000 in 1890; 51,000 in 
 1891; 22,903 in 1892; and 25,620 in 1893. 
 
 16. 
 
 Art. Tihe Production of Iron Ores in Various Parts of tlie 
 World. iMin. Kesources -of the United States. 1894. 
 16th Ann. Eept. U. iS. Geol. Survey, Part III. 
 
 (Production of Iron Ore in Texas), p. 19'3. 'WasMngton, 
 1895. ' 
 
 iln a table showing the production of different varieties of iron ore in 
 the year 1894, by 'States, Texas is credited with 15,361 long tons of brown 
 hematite. 
 
 17. 
 
 Art. Iron Ores. Min. Eesources of the United _ Statesr 1895. 
 i7th Ann. Bept. U. 'S. Geol. Survey, Part III. 
 
 (Production of Iron Ore in Texas), pp> 26,' 27, 41. Wash- 
 ington, 1896. 
 
 In a tabulated statement on p. 26, in which the production of iron ores 
 by States, from 1889 to 1895, is given, Texas is credited with 8,371 long 
 tons for 1B95j This statement is repeated in. a table on p. 27, and also 
 in that on p. 41. In the latter the valuation is placed At $6.27^, or 75 
 cents .per ton. 
 
 18. Blake, William P.- 
 
 Quicksilver in Texas. 
 Mineral Eesources of the United States. 1894. 
 
 16th Ann. Eept. U. S. Geol. Survey, Part III, pp. 601-604. 
 Washington, 1895. 
 See title following. ; 
 
 19. ' • r. ■ . 
 
 Cinnabar in Texas. 
 
 Trans. American Inst. Min. Engineer, "Vol. XXV, pp. 68-76, 
 1896. 
 
 The literature of the quick silver deposits of the United States is 
 thought to contain no reference to this locality. IThe reported occurrence 
 of cinnabar in Texas is made in the (Second Annijial Eeport of the "Texas 
 Geological Survey. It is not noticed (by Bedier in his monograph on 
 Quick (Silver Deposits. 
 
 "Early in the year 1894, Mr. George W. Manless, of Jimenez, Mexico, 
 agent at that ipoint of the .Rio Grande Smelting Works, having learned 
 that some Mexioans had obtained very rich "cinnabar in tJie mountains 
 of Texas, a few miles north of- the IRio Grande, undertook, together with 
 
Recokd or Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 15 
 
 Blakb, William P. 
 
 ■Mr. iCharks Allen, of Socorro, iNT. iM., .an exploration of the region, -with 
 the result of finding the einnahar-deposits and locating them for develop- 
 ment. My attention was directed to them through Mr. Jsfmes P. Ohase, 
 of iSooorro, with whom I visited the locality in the month of August, last. 
 Aibout the same time a notice 'Of the discovery was printed in Los Angeles, 
 Cal.,* C*The Bulletin, Aug. 14, 1894), and it was also mentioned in one or 
 more of the papers in El Paso, and later in the Manufacturer's Record, 
 puiblished in Baltimore. 
 
 "The locality is in the southern portion of the part of Texas within 
 the iBig 'Bend of the Kio Grande river, about 80 or 90 miles south of 
 Alpine station, and 90 or 100 miles from Marfa station, on the Southern 
 Pacific Railway. It is 50 or 60 aniles from iPresidio del Norte, and about 
 10 or 12 miles from the Rio Grande. These distances, it will be noted, are 
 approximately stated, as there has not been any survey of th« region. 
 Tne longitude is about 27 W., and lat. 29.30 N. The cinnabar is best 
 rea'ohed from iMarfa toy team through an open country, with a gradual 
 descent (from the Marfa table-land to th« Rio 'Grande valley, following first 
 the valley of Alamitos and then over a low divide to the Tres Len^uas, 
 which is followed southwards, generally between the flat-topped hills of the 
 mesas on each side, until neariiig the IRio Grande, where the road winds 
 among the higher and more rugged hills. The last six miles of the route 
 is impassaWe for wagons, and the cinnabar cainp is reached by a pack- 
 trail, wihich turns westwards from .the wagon-road and leads across a 
 country much hroken and intersected by dry 'washes' or creek beds. 
 
 ".The Mils are low, but .are much brokeiirby escarpments of nearly horizon- 
 tal strata of cretaceous limes'tone. The elevation of the camp is shown by 
 • the aneroid barometer to be 3250 feet above tide." 
 
 Typography. Major Emory's description of the region. Nature of the 
 country between Marfa and the Tres Lenguas. Tahle-lands capped with 
 basaltic lava. Church Mountains. San Diego Peak. Beds under the lava 
 thought to toe Pliocene and Miocene Tertiary. Descending the valley of 
 the Tres Lenguas cretaceous rocks appear. Discussion of the genesis of 
 cinnabar. Occurrence of cinnabar different from that at New Almaden. 
 
 "In ooiEsidering the source and origin oi the cinnabar, we should not 
 lose sight of the fact that there is an intrusion of doleritic rock near by, 
 and that this probaWy .has a direct and close connection, not only with 
 the distuirtoance of the strata, 'but also with the source of the metalliferous 
 impregnations." 
 
 The oooditions for working the ore not as favorable as could be wished. 
 No watei.- near.. (Wood from the Rio Grande would cost $5.00 and $6.00 
 per cord. Tlie low grade ore would probably remain useless. 
 
 30. BKOADHiEAD, G. C. 
 
 Mitch-ell Oounty, Texas. ' 
 
 Correspondence of the American Geologist. Vol.' II, pp. 433- 
 436. Minneapolis, 1888. 
 
 Texas and Pacific Railroad passes east and west through centre of tlie 
 county. Crosses Colorado river at Colorado City. Course of Colorado 
 river. "Red Beds" exposed. Paucity 'of fossils. (Section at Colorado 
 
16 Teansactiohs Texas Academt; of Science. 
 
 BroadheaDj G. C. 
 
 iCity. iPosail wood on Wolf Mountain. 'Beds of brown sandatone. Con- 
 glomerate. Lone Wolf iMountain. IStrata eomposing it. Section on Silver 
 creefe, JSftlan county. (Relations with 'Cretaceous shown. iSum.mary of a 
 boring liliie feet deep on the hill west of Colorado City. Brine. Buffalo 
 paths in solid rock. Pot-'holes at the forks of Champion creek. (Altitude 
 of ipoints westward of Fort Worth. Salt deposits. Depth at Kingdian, 
 Kansas; at Lyons, Kansas, .Salt water near Blue Rapids, Kansas. Depth 
 of a.alt stratum at EHswortfi, Kansas. . (The geological position of most 
 
 ' of the Kansas and Texas salt beds (Permian.- 
 
 Sl. Call, E. Ellswoeth. 
 
 The 'Tertiary Silioified Woods of Eastern Arkansas. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLII, pp. 394-401. New 
 Haven, Nov., 1891. 
 
 (Bilicified Wood in the Texas Tertiary.) 
 
 Quotation from JR. lA. P. Penrose, Jr., in foot note on p. 399, referring to 
 iSilioified'Wood in the Sabine iRiver Beds of -Texas (See Pirst Ann.^Rept. 
 of the Geological Surv. of Texas, p. 24). 
 
 23. Claek, William Bullookl 
 
 A Eevision of the Cretaceous Bchinoidea of North America. 
 
 Johns Hopkins' University iCirculars, Vol. X, No. 87, pp. 75-77, 
 iBalto., Apr., 1891. ' * 
 
 'Ajmong' the species considered in this paper are the following from 
 Texas: Gidaris Texanus n. sp., Washita Formation of Comanche Series; 
 Leiocidaris hemigrmiosus (Shumard), Washita Formation; Salenia Tex- 
 ana Credner, 'Washita Formation; Pseudodiaema Texanum (Roemer), 
 Predericksburg Forination of Comanche -Series ; Pseudodiddema Roemeri n. 
 sp., Prederiek^urg Pormation; Pseudodiadema Hilli n. sp., Austin Lime- 
 stone; Gordopygus Zitteli ii. sp., Predericksburg Pormation; Holeotypus 
 planatus 'Roemer, Fredericksburg Pormation; Pyrina Parryi Hall, Washita 
 Pormation; Eohvnobrissus Texanus n. sp. ; Eotaster simplex Shumard, 
 Washita Formation; Enallaster Texanus (IHoemer), Fredericksburg l^orma- 
 tion; Epiaster elegans {'Shumard), Washita Pormation; Epiaster Whitei 
 n. sp., Predericksburg Formation; Hemiaster Texanus -'Bjyenxer , tipper Di- 
 vision; Bemiaster Dalli n. sp., Washita PormaitioH. 
 
 23. 
 
 'The Mesozoi'c Echinoderimata of the United States. 
 
 Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Surv., No. 97, 207 pp., L plates. 
 Washington, 1893. 
 
 In this [Bulletin the following species from Texas are described: 
 Ophioglypha Texana Clark, Denison Beds of Washita 'Division of Co- 
 manche Series, p. 30; Gidaris Texanus Clk., 'Washita Formation, p. 36; 
 Leiocidaris hemAgranosus (iShuimard), "Washita Limestone," jp. 38; Salenia 
 TexatM Credner, .Washita Pormation, p. 40; Pseudodiadema Texanum 
 (Eoemer), Predericksburg Formation of Comanche Series, p. 47; Diplo- 
 podia Texanum ('Roemer), Predericksburg Pormation, p. 48; Diplopodia 
 
Record, OF Geology or Texas, 188V-1896. 17 
 
 Clark, William Btjllook. 
 
 Hilli Clk., Austin Chalk, p. 50; Goniopygus Zitteli Clk., iCaprina Lime- 
 stone, p. 53; Pedinopsis Pondi Clk., Austin Chalk? p. 57; Holeotypus pla- 
 natus Koemer, Washita iFormation, p. 58; Pyrina Parryi Hall, Washita 
 Formation, p. 59 ; Echino'brissus Texanus Clk., Austin Chalk, p. 62 ; Holas- 
 ter sifiplex Shumard, Washita Formation, p. 76; Enallaster Teasanus 
 (Ro^er), Frederiekshurg Formation, p. 78; Enallaster obloquatus Clk., 
 Frederiokaburg, p. 79; Epiaster elegans (>Shumard), Washita Formation, 
 p. 80 ; , Epiaster Whitei Clk., Washita Formation, p. 82 ;■ Hemiaster Tew- 
 anus Koemer, Austin Chalk, p. 88; Bemiaster Dalli Clk., Washita Forma- 
 tion, p. 89 ; Bemiaster Calvini Clk., iShoal Creek 'Limestone, p. 90 ; ? Bolec- 
 typus simplex Shumard. Meek includes this species in his list of Creta- 
 ceous Eehinodermata, giving Texas as the locality. His reference to. this 
 species is probably an error. P. 93. 
 
 24. CoMSTOCK, Theo. B. 
 
 The Geological Survey of Texas. 
 
 Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. XLIX, pp. 384-38fi, 
 New York, Apr. h, 1890. 
 
 "There have been three distinct periods of popular interest in the dis- 
 covery and development of the mineral resources of Texas." The Shumard 
 (B. F.) 'Survey in 1858. The Survey of 1870. The present {3d) Survey 
 under the direction of E. T. Dumble. Personnel of the iSurvey. Areas 
 assigned the different geologists. Announcement of facts concerning the 
 economic resources thus far discovered. L Precious Metals. 2. Copper. 
 3. Lead. 4. Iron. Analyses of 'Magnetites,' Hematites and Limonites. 
 5. Manganese. 6. Zinc, Tin, etc. 7. Hare Metals — iG-adolinite. 
 
 35. • 
 
 Beport of. First Ann. Eept. G-eol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 
 Ixxxviii-xc. . Austin, 1890. 
 
 Administrative (Report of the Q-eologist for Central Texas. Plans of 
 field work for 1889; personnel of parties; topographic work of Mr. J. C. 
 Nag'le; acknowledgments. 
 
 26. 
 
 A Preliminary 'Report on the Geology of the Central Mineral Ee- 
 gion of Texas. 
 
 Fir&t Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 237- 
 391 ; 3 ills. ; 1 pi. Austin, 1890. 
 
 Contents: ilntroduction. Pt. I. Stratigraphic Geology. Archaean 
 group. Bumetan system. Fernandan system. Epiarchaean group. 
 Classification of Pre-Paleozoic Igneous rocks. Paleozoic group. 
 The Cambrian system. The 'Silurian system. The ]<J"iagara (Upper Silu- 
 rian) system. The Devonian system. Post-Paleozoic uplifts. The Pre- 
 Cretaoeous movement. The Post-Cretaceous deposits. iRelations of the 
 Wichita Mountains to the Central Paleozoic area. Part II. Economic 
 Geology. Precious Metals, 'Base Metals. Manganese Ores. The Iron 
 
18 , Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 CoMSTOCK^ Theo. B. 
 
 0r«S4 .Kare Minerals and Precious Stones. iBuilding Materials. (Refrac- 
 tory Materials. Materials for Paints. (Mi'scellaneous Economic Products. 
 Part iIH. 'List of Minerals collected by the (Survey from the Central 
 Mineral District. 
 
 "The area included in the present review comprises a portion of what 
 has been, not inaptly, termed the 'Paleozoic 'Region of Central Tefxas.' The 
 general plan of the work of this division of the Geological Survey has been 
 •to confine attention, in most cases, to the rocks of the Pre-'Oarboniferous 
 age, giving heed to the more recent strata only in so far as it semed neces- 
 sary in order to present a clear and complete geologic' history of the dis- , 
 triet. 
 
 "lAs . will be apparent from a cursory examination of the accompanying 
 geologic map, the natural boundaries of this district are the escarpments 
 of the Carboniferous and Cretaceous systems, the latter being by far the 
 more extensive, and in some places completely obscuring the earlier rocks. 
 No serious .attempt has been made to classify any of the divisions above 
 the base of the Carboniferous system, although incidental notes are re- 
 corded which may perhaps prove useful to students of the later sediments. 
 As thus limited, the 'Oentr£)J (Mineral [Region'* (*"The title of 'Central 
 Mineral Region' is adopted by Mr. B. T. Dumble, Siate Geologist, to des- 
 ignate this district as defined above; or, more iproperly, a restricted area 
 within (this field." — 'Foot note, p. 239) comprises all of the counties of Llano 
 and Mason, and large portions of the neighboring counties of Burnet, San 
 Saba, McCuUoch, Menard, Kimble, Gillespie and Blanco, with extensions 
 into Lampasas and Concho counties. The area in squafe miles is about 
 3,800, equivalent to more than three-fourths of the State of Connecticut, 
 and nearly one-half of the area of New Jersey, and 500 square miles more 
 , than the combined superficies of Delaware and Bhode Island, and yet 
 forming less than .014 of the total area of the 'State of Texas." P. 239. 
 
 27. 
 
 Tlie Industrial Growtli of Texas. 
 
 Tiie Age of Steel, Vol. LXIX, No. 1, pp. 19-22. St. Louis, 
 Jan. 3, 1891. 
 
 A popular article on iTexas, in which, among other matter, reference 
 is made to the mineral resources of the State. 
 
 28. 
 
 'Tin in Texas. 
 
 Eng. and Mining Jour.j Vol. LI, pp. 117-118. New York, 
 Jan. 24, 1891. 
 
 An announcement of the facts concerning the discovery of tin in Texas. 
 
 The existence of tin ore in the State had been claimed for a number of 
 years. There is no instance on record of what proved to be the discovery 
 of more than tVaces until the author's announcement, in 1889, of the 
 receipt of a small crystal of oassiterite from a resident of Llano county. 
 In November the author's attention, in working up and determining min- 
 erals, was called to some former collections made by the Geological Survey, 
 and turned over to him for study, from Barrenger Hill, and from a local- 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 19 
 
 Comstock:, Theo. B. 
 
 ity in Mason county not yet critically examined. A large inclusion was 
 found, in quartz, and the occurrence of tungsten and niobium was also 
 noteworthy. A special trip was made to the neglected region. The report 
 of 'Mr. George Durst as to the existence of old furnaces was verified. Slag 
 at one place was said to contain globules of silver. Careful examination 
 showed the inelusione to be tin, not silver, and that the whole slag carries 
 aibundant traces of tin. A detailed description of this district is found in 
 the Second Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, pp. 595-602. 
 
 The tin territory is defined as a tract fifty miles long, ten to fifteen 
 wide, extending from western Burnet to eajstern Mason across the center 
 of 'Llano county. 
 
 The above announcement called fortli a statement by "G. A. P." that 
 tin had .previously been found, in '1866, twenty miles south of G-onzales, 
 and, in 1867, at two localities on the Nueces river. He also states that 
 tin had been found in lilano ijounty in 1877. Eng. and Min. Jour., LI, p. 
 229. Feb. 21, 1891. 
 
 39. . 
 
 30. 
 
 31. 
 
 Tin in Central Texas. 
 
 Correspondence. 
 
 Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LI, p. 381. K. Y., 
 
 Mardh 7, ,1891. 
 
 A reply to "G. A- F." 
 
 "Two instances reported by him are from South Texas, beyond the 
 limits of my investigations, and both of them appear to have been hereto- 
 fore unrecorded. The localities are both in the /Tertiary Area, from which 
 the discovery only of drift or secondary deposits of little commercial value 
 can ever be anticipated." 
 
 Goeurrence of Tin in Central Texas, 
 
 American Journal of Science, III, Vol. XXiI, p. 351. New 
 Haven, March, 1891. 
 
 In a note bearing the above title, dated January 24, 1891, Professor 
 Comstock imal^es a statement concerning tlie discovery of Oassiterite in 
 Central Texas. 
 
 Eeport of. 
 
 Second Ann. Rept. of the G-eol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. xciv- 
 xcTiii.., Austin, 1891. * 
 
 Administrative report of the Geologist for Central Texas for 1890. Ex- 
 ploration of a district (Wichita Mountains) in Indian Territory with Mr. 
 iCummins.i (Personnel of the field party for the Central Mineral Region. 
 Character of the region 'traversed. iMethod of survey adopted. Office 
 assistants. Topographic work of Mr. J. 'C. Nagle. Work of Mr. Charles 
 Huppertz, geologic aid. Work of Messrs. Jones and Clark. The Con- 
 
20 _ Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 CoMSTOCK, Theo. B. 
 
 struction of maips. 'Geological conclusions tentatively announced in the 
 First Annual Eeport, mostly confirmed by subsequent field work. Material 
 on hand. iFo'Ssils from the Cambrian, Silurian and possible Devonia,n. 
 'Minerals. Discovery of tin ore. Acknowledgments. 
 
 33. ■ 
 
 Eeport on the Geology and 'Mineral Eesources of the Central 
 Mineral Eegion of Texas, chiefly south of the San Sa'ba river and 
 north of the Pedernales river, west of Burnet and east of Menard- 
 ville and Junction City. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the GeoL.Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 553- 
 
 664; 2 plates; 2 maps; 9 figures. Austin, 1891. 
 
 "Skeleton: Part I. — General Review of jCreologic 'Structure. 'Outline 
 of the geologic groups, for the use of persons engaged in prospecting and 
 ■development. IStatement of the classification adapted, with chart showing 
 the various terranes in chronologic order. General statement of the eco- 
 nomic products of each main geologic horizon. Part 'II. — Economic Geol- 
 ogy. How to use the report for practical purposes. Plan of this part. 
 Metalliferous Deposits. 'Precious Metals. Gold. — ^Possible sources stated, 
 .with results of assays, etc. iSilver. — ^Sources of supply. Districts limited 
 and ores discussed. 'Base Metals. Copper. — ^Belts defined, with descrip- 
 tions of localities and cuts showing structure. Lead. — Districts outlined; 
 outcrops itlus'trated and deserilbed. Review of the situation. Guide to pros- 
 pectors. Table I. , Assays for gold, silver, copper, and lead. Tin. — ^Full 
 discussion of the present situation, with cuts showing the geologic condi- 
 tions where tin ore h^s been found; character of ore and mode of occur- 
 rence. Uncertainty of discovering the mineral in eommerclally important 
 quantities. Zinc.- — Absence from this district. Unsujpported claims of dis- 
 covery of zinc blende in 1890. Manganese. — ^Areas in which the ores out- 
 crop. iBelts defined. Discussion of ores and modes of occurrence. Table 
 II. Analy-ses. Iron. — Extent and importance of the ores of the district. 
 Hints regarding the development of the iron fields. (Separation of the ores 
 into five classes, individually discussed in detail, with location, description, 
 and full ti'eatment of the six great belts, or axes, including dmiportant hints 
 concerning the mining of ores. Table III. Analyses of iron ores. Metal- 
 ' lurgic review of iron 'fields. 'Probable future of the iron industry. 
 
 Building Stones. (rramies.-^Seven claysses, distribution and economic 
 value. Mwrbles. — (Three classes, their distribution and uses. Limestones 
 and Dolomites. — IJocalities and character of material. Sandstones, Slates, 
 Schists, Clays, and materials for Cements, Lime, Mortars, etc. 
 
 Refractory Materials. iFictile Material. Materials for Paints. 
 
 Part III. — ^Supplement! Additional notes on stratigraphic geology." P. 
 555. 
 
 "The area of Pre-Garboni^erous rocks comprising the Central Mineral 
 Region, as defined in the Report of this Survey for 1889, was estimated at 
 less than four thousand square miles. The more complete survey of 1890 
 has materially extended the boundaries of the tract by the discovery of 
 uncovered 'Silurian and Cambrian strata in extensive fields hitherto sup- 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 21 
 
 CoMSTOCK, Theo. B. 
 
 posed to ^e capped by the Cretaceous. The maps accompanying the pres- 
 ent Report include only enough of the territory outlying bo give a fair 
 idea of the relations of the Pre-Carboniferous terranes to those of more 
 recent origin. These sheets represent an area of six thousand squai-e miles, 
 of which consideralbly more than five thousand square miles contain ex- 
 posures of an earlier date than the Carboniferous." P. 556. " 
 
 "There are representatives of the Archean, Eparehean, and Paleozoic 
 groups in the Central Mineral iRegion, which, as we now understand them, 
 are regarded as the geologic equivalents of the Laurentian, Ontarian, 
 Algonkian, 'Cambrian, iSilurian, and Devonian systems of other parts of 
 the United States." P. 556, 
 
 Numerous analyses of Tron Ores, Magnetites, Hematites, Sandy Ores, 
 'Segregated Ores, Soft (hydrated) Ores and Titaniferous Ore, are given on 
 pp. 634-636. 
 
 33, -- 
 
 Beport of. 
 
 (A Preliminary Beport on Parts of tlie Counties of Menard, 
 Conelio, 'Tom Oreen, Sutton, S'chleielier, Crockett, Val Verde, 
 Kinney, Maverick, Uvalde, Edwards, Bandera, Kerr, and Gilles- 
 pie.) 
 
 Geological Survey of Texas Second Beport, of Progress, 1891, 
 
 pp. 43-54. Austin, 1892. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. The Oeneral Geologic Section. Topographic 
 ■Features. Agricultural Possibilities. Water 'Supply — 'Artesian Water. 
 Mineral Kesouroes-^Ores of Metals other than Iron; Iron Ores; Koalin; 
 Asphaltum; Coal or I/ignite; Building 'Materials. Conclusion. 
 
 "The rocks whieh lie at surface in the counties immediately bordering 
 tihe Ceu'tral Mineral 'Ilegian are of Lower Cretaceous or Juraissic time. 
 The settlement of the real horizons of the beds must be relegated to the 
 specialists who are still d^ating the question. It is suifieien,t for our 
 immediate purpose to warn investors that, in any event, no valuable deposit 
 of coal or lignite may be expected within this range, although worthy peo- 
 ple have proposed boring to test the matter. All the important lignite 
 layers lie in a geologic position considerably above this." P. 44. 
 
 "The topography of the Cretaceous area is distinctive and pronounced, 
 a characteristic example of simple drainage erosion carried to a numerical' 
 extreme without widespread denudation. To express it 'otherwise, the 
 results are those accomplished by myriads of streams of small extent, which 
 have cut deep and narrow canyons, leaving innumerable ipeaks, buttes, and 
 'hog-baoks' in the intervening spaces. Thus the .plateau levels correspond- 
 ing to successively exposed hard layers are extensive, but so badly out up 
 (by ramifying streams that it is impossible to travel across them except 
 by frequent ascent and descent of steep inclines. This peculiarity gives 
 to one following the valley roads of the country only an idea about as 
 erroneous as is obtained hy one who pursues the cross-pountry course, 
 although either one will be liable to regard the region as more compli- 
 cated in structure than it really is." Pp. 45-46. 
 
22 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 CoMSTOOK, Theo. B. 
 
 "The pastural and agricultural capabilities of the major part of the 
 region are by far greater than has been, generally a,ppr€ciated. Much of 
 the area which is now neglected or given oyer to grazing can be eventually 
 utilized for tillage. 'In the river valleys irrigation is perfectly feasible, 
 and in many places where the streams are dry at surface there is an 
 Hbundant supply of water not far below 'throughout the year; windmills 
 and 'water-holes' (tanks) now supply the needs as they exist, but a very 
 much larger population and a materially increased productiveness will 
 follow the advent of the steam pump, as it has already in other similar 
 oases where capital has been freely expended." Pp. 46-4i7. 
 
 "The lignite field, so far as it lies within the limits of our survey of 
 1891, is confined to a conjparatively narrow tract extending across the 
 Rio 'Grande from. Mexico into Maverick county, Texas, north of Eagle 
 Pass. The lignite is of excellent quality, as a rule, and in many localities 
 along the northern and western edge of .the field it is well exposed for 
 economical mining. It has ibeen worked successfully in a few places near 
 the surface, and it has been discovered by boring or shafting at other 
 points at depths varying from twenty feet and less to three hundred -feet 
 and more. The Hartz Mine has the most extensive development." Pp. 
 52-53. 
 
 34. : , 
 
 35. 
 
 Eeport of. 
 
 Tliirdi Aim. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. liv-ly. 
 Austin, 1892. 
 
 Administrative report of the Geologist for Central Texas covering the 
 field season from May 25th to iSeptember 1st, 1881. 'Region examined. 
 Personnel of' the party. (Work of Mr. R. A. Thomipson, topographer. Work 
 of iMr. P. S. Ellsworth, aid. Acknowledgments. 
 
 (Tin in Texas.) 
 
 'See E'olker, Charles M., The Production of Tin in Various 
 Parts of the World, 16th Annual Eept. of the U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Pt. Ill, pp. 528-5'39. Washington, 1895. 
 
 36. (OoPB, Edward D.) 
 
 Eeview of a paper on "The Gross Timhers of Texas," read by 
 Eobert T. Hill before the Wa'shington Philosophical Society. 
 American ISTaturalist, Vol. XXI, p. 172. 'Feb., 1887. 
 "The article demonstrated that these two belts of anomalous tim'ber, 
 instead of representing quaternary or tertiary basins, are merely the 
 detritus of <^utcrops of arenaceous strata, those of the eastern member 
 being probably of .the age of the Dakota sandstone, and the western of a 
 sandy group at the base of the entire cretaceous series, part of which are 
 of undetermined Mesozoic, and are given the name of 'Dinosiaur sands' 
 by Mr. Hill, while a part of them are of undoubted 'Carboniiferous age. 
 'He furthermore shows that the toipography of the entire central region is 
 the result of extensive denudation, whereby the members of the geologic 
 
Record or Gbology of Texas, 1887-1896. 23 
 
 CoPE^ Edward D. 
 
 series, from the marine tertiary to the Carboniferous ooal-measures, are 
 successively exposed along the line of the Texas Pacifle [Railroad from 
 Elmo to Millsap. The most interesting feature of Mr. Hill's paper, how- 
 ever, is that he demonstrates the existencfe of a marine group of the Cre- 
 taceous in Texas lower than any heretofore recognized in America, and 
 completely clears up, hj methods pf stratigraphio palaeontology, the vague- 
 ness that has hitherto accompanied our knowledge of that region." 
 
 37. 
 
 40. 
 
 The iMesozoic and Caenozoic Realms of the Interior of N"orth 
 America. i 
 
 (The Oom'anche.) 
 Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXI, pp. 447-448. May, 1887. 
 ■A brief liescription of the "Comanche Series" of Texas. 
 
 3-8. 
 
 Mr. Hill on the 'Cretaceous of Texas. 
 
 Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXI, pp. 4&9-470. May, 1887. 
 
 A further review of Professor Hill's .paper on "The Topography and 
 Geology of the Cross Timbers and ISurrounding [Regions in North Texas," 
 (Am. Jour. iSci., HI, XKXITI, 291-303), in which the -writer protests 
 against the duplication of names in the classification of the Cretaceous 
 therein proposed. 
 
 39. ( ) 
 
 'The Vertdbrate Fauna of the Equus Beds. 
 
 American Naturalist, Vol. XXIII, pp. 160-165. Feb., 1889. 
 
 "While the Equus Beds are found at various localities in (North America, 
 the greateir number of characteristic species of vertebrata have been ob- 
 tained in three r^ions. J'irst, the Oregon Desert; second, the country of 
 the Nueces, S. IW. Texas; third, the Valley of Mexico. I give lists of the 
 gpecies found at these and their localities." 
 
 rrhe list from S. 'W. Texas is as fallows: "Equus ia/rcenaei, Cope, E. 
 fraternus, Leidy, E. eaocelsus, Leidy, E. oocidentalis, JJeidy, E. orenidens, 
 Cope, Elephas primigenius, 'Blum., Ocmis sp., Cflyptodon petaliferous, Ooipe, 
 Oistudo marnochii, lOope," .p. 161. An enumeration of the species common to 
 the Valley of Mexico and the Oregon Desert is given. "Of these, the Equus 
 excelsus, and Elephas primigenius have been found in IS. W. Texas. These 
 ■species, with the Equus haroenaei, E. crenidens, and probably the Olypto- 
 don petaliferous are common to the last named locality and the Valley 
 of Mexico." P. 164. 
 
 Of this paper only those parts relating to Texas receive mention. 
 
 The Proboscidia. 
 
 American! Naturalist, Vol. XXIII, pp. 191-311, with plates and 
 figures. Apr., 1889. 
 Mention is here made of only ,those parts of the paper referring to spe- 
 
24 Tbansactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 Cope, Edward D. 
 
 cies found in Texas. Mastodon serridens, iCope, p. 196. Tetrabelodon ? 
 serridens, Cape, p. 205.( Fig. 8 gives two views of ? first molar. "Typical 
 specimen from ? Pliocene of Texas." 
 
 "Falconer regarded th-e true elephant of Texas as a distinct species, 
 which he named E. columhi. He distinguislied it by the coarse plates.of the 
 enamel, and hy the wide lower jaw, with curved rajni, and short sym- 
 physis. * » * I have in my musfeum an entire slcull, lacking the lower 
 jaw (Plate XIV), from the 'orange sand' of the city 'of Dallas, iii North- 
 eastern Texas, which only Ji.fers in form from that of the E. primigenius 
 as iigured fey Blumenbaoh and-Ouvier in the shorter and wider premaxil- 
 lary region." Pp. 207-208. Other comparisons follow. A figure of the 
 Dallas specimen is given on p. 208. 
 
 41. — 
 
 On the Skull of the Bquus excelsus Leidy, from the Bquus Bed- 
 of Texas. 
 
 Amer. Naturalist', Vol. XXV, pp. 912-913. Oct., 1891. 
 
 "I have received from my valued correspondent, William Taylor, a skull 
 of the Equus excelsus, which is of much interest as the first that has oome 
 to light in the United States. It lacks only the posterior and inferior 
 walls of the brain case, and the premaxillary region was detached in such 
 a way that its length is not absolutely certain, though contact of the 
 adherent matrix was found. This skull shows that the Equus excelsus 
 is intermediate in characters between the horse and the quagga and allied 
 species, and (possesses some Hippidium characters in addition. The resem- 
 blance is, however, greater to the quagga.'' 
 
 ■Comparison with the quagga. The skull is that of an adult female. 
 Frontal bone crushed as if with a hammer. 'Stone hammer found in the 
 same bed. 
 
 42. 
 
 A contribution to a Knowledge of the Fauna of the Blanco Beds 
 of Texas. 
 
 Proceedings of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences, Phila., Pt. II, pp. 
 
 2'26-329. Apr.-Oct., 1892. 
 
 "Prof. E. T. Dumble, iState Geologist of Texas, appointed Prof. W. F. 
 Cummins to conduct the survey i of the northwestern district of the State, 
 and in pursuance of this order the latter gentleman is now examining the 
 mesozoic and cenozoic beds which compose and underlie the .Staked Plains. 
 I accompanied this party in the capacity of paleontologist, having already 
 determined the vertebrate fossils collected^ by the Survey's expeditions of 
 last year (see Proceedings of the 'American Philosophical 'Society, first 
 No., for 189(2). 
 
 "The superficial formation of the 'Staked Plains has been determined by 
 Prof. m. T. Hill to be of late cenozoic age, and the tei-m Blanco Beds has 
 been applied to it by Prof. Cummins. The examination of the vertebrate 
 fossils from it led me to state ( too. oit. ) that in age the Blanco formation 
 intervenes between the Loup Fork below and the Equus beds above, in the 
 series. This oonelusion was based diiefly on the fact of the presence of 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-lsge. 25 
 
 Cope, Ebwaed D. , 
 
 horses of the genus Equus (E. simplieidens Cope) in association with 
 mastodons of the molar dental type of the Tetrabelodon angustidens, an 
 association not previously met with in North America. In addition to 
 these apecies, the presence of a peculiar land tortoise {festudo turgida 
 Cope), and of a new genus of birds allied to the rails (Greooides Stuf.) 
 was estaWished. 
 
 "I propose to .present to the Academy a list of the species obtained, so 
 far, from the Blanco beds by the present expedition, with such conclusions 
 as may be derived from it." 
 
 Testudinata: Testudo turgida Cope loc cit. T. pertenuis sp. nov. 
 Description. Edentata: Megalonyx ap. Carnivora. Proboseidia: Mas- 
 todon successor sp. nov. M. cfr. mirificus Leidy, M. civ. shepardii Leidy. 
 Perissodactyla :' Equus simplieidens Cope, 1. o. E. sp., E. a second sp. 
 Artiodiactyla:' Pliauchenia. 
 
 43. 
 
 44. 
 
 In the Texas Panhandle. 
 Correspondence. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, pp; 131-132. 'Minneapolis, August, 
 1892. 
 
 A letter dated Clarendon, 'Texas, June 13, 1892. A ride of 250 miles 
 from Big 'Springs, a station of the Texas and iPaeific railroad. Dry season. 
 Weather. Difference in temiperature between day and night often 30-40 
 degrees. Difference in tbe feeling of 'heat here and in 'Philadelphia. Bad 
 water. 'Party in charge of W. 'P. 'Cummins. Line of travel along the 
 eastern escarpment of the.lStaked Plains. 'Accessible Permian, Trias, Loup 
 Fork and Blanco beds. The latter contain a new vertebrate fauna, mostly 
 mammals. Of fourteen apecies collected, ten are new, two of them 'mas- 
 todons. 'Loup iFoPk beds and numerou.s fossils — ^horses, eannels and mas- 
 todons. Acres covered with bones. Thei Blanco beds form the entire sur- 
 face of the Llano 'Estaoado. Underlain by Trias and Permian. How far 
 the Loup Pork passes under the plains, is unknown. 
 
 (Geology of the "Staked Plains.") 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, p. 196. 'Minneapolis., September, 
 1892. 
 
 A note, under the heading Personal and .'Scientific iNews, heginning as 
 follows : 'lAocording to fProf. E. D. Cope, the "iStaked Plaijis' of Texas are 
 composed of Cenozoic strata, divisible into Equus beds, Blanco Canon and 
 Loiip Fork) the last being lowest, coniflrming the determinations of Prof. 
 .Hill." Underlain by Trias. Equus beds* have a well-known vertebrate 
 fauna. 'Saane true of Loup Pork beds. Paleontological blank between filled 
 'by the discovery of the Blanco Cafion beds. No marine forms in these 
 beds or in the Triassic or JPermian below. He considers the Equus beds 
 as .probably of the age of the La iFayette. He obtained the remains of 
 Megalonyx in the Blanco Cafion beds and several species of the horse in 
 the Equus beds. 
 
26 TRANSACTIONS Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 45. Cope, Edward D. 
 
 A Hyena and Other Carnivora from Texas. 
 
 Proc. Acad, of Nat. Sciences, Phila., Pt. Ill, pp. 336-337. 
 Oct.-Dec, 1893. 
 
 "Prof. E. D. Cope stated that te had, during the pa,st season, while 
 exploring the eastern front of the 'Staked Plains of Texas with a party 
 of the G-eologieal Survey of that State, under Prof. W, iP. Cumimins, oh- 
 tained the remains of some interesting iCarnivora from the ■Blanco or Plio- 
 cene beds, One of these is a hyena nearly allied to the genus Hyaena, and 
 the iflrst lapecies of this family found in America. It, however, differs 
 from the typical genus in having a fourth premolar in the lower jaw, and 
 proba-bly in having a shorter blade of the sectorial tooth in the upper. 
 He proposed the name Borophagus for the genus, and for the species the 
 name diversidens." * * * 
 
 * * * ' * » * # 
 
 "Another interesting carnivore is a weasel of a new genus and species, 
 which it was pro;po«ed to call Ganimartes cummmsii, after its discoverer." 
 * * * 
 
 "A third carnivore is a cat, provisionally referred to the genus Felis 
 under the name of F. hillianus, after Prof. Hobert T. Hill, the well-known 
 geologist. fThis cat is about the size of the cheetah, and has large canine 
 teeth without grooves, and the feet are shorter than in modern cats." 
 
 ■16. 
 
 On the Characters of Some Paleozoic Pishes. 
 Proceedings of the IJ. S. Nat. Museium, Vol. XIV, 1891. 
 II. — On New lehthyod'ornlites. 
 Pp. 448-449. Washington, 1893. 
 Eyhodus regularis, sp. nov. 
 . Description. 
 
 "The fine specimen on which this species is based was obtained by Jasob 
 Boll from a soft Mesozoic limestone in Baylor county, Te3fas, which is 
 probably of Triassic age. The species approaches most nearly the Hybodus 
 major of Agassiz, from the Musohelkalk, In that s,pecies the teeth are 
 stated to, be mere tubercles, which is not the case in this species." P. 
 448. 
 
 Gtenacanthus oMilyxipMas, ap. nov. 
 Description. 
 "The Permian formation of Texas; W. F. Cummins." P. 449. 
 
 Eeport on the Paleontology of the Vertebrata. 
 
 Third! Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 349- 
 359. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Also Proceedings of Amer. Phil. Soc, Vol. XXX, No. 137, pp. 
 133-131.* 
 
 Contents: I. (Fayette formation. II. Upper Cenozoic of the Staked 
 
Record of Geology op Texas, ISST-lSQe. 27 
 
 CoPE^ Edwaed D. 
 
 Plains. Equus simpUcidens, Cope. Gveccoides osiornii, Shufeldt. Tes- 
 tudo turgida. III. On a Mesozoie Pyenodonfc — Miorodus dumhleii. IV. 
 Triassic or Dockum heds. Episcoposaurus haplocerus. 
 
 "I. Fayette Porina.tion. 
 
 "In the (First (Annual Keport of the iGeological Survey of Texas (p. 47) , 
 Mr. R. A. IT. Penrose, Jr., describes this formation as it occurs in South 
 and East, Texas. He places it at the summit of the .Tertiary series and 
 below the 'Post- tertiary' ; that is, at the summit of the (Neocene, just prior 
 to the advent of the 'Pleistocene. This location is justified by the only 
 vertebrate fossils definitely traceable to these beds, which have been sent 
 me for identification by iMr. E. T. Dumble, State Geologist of Texas. One 
 of these consists of a well-preseryed left ramus with symiphyais and nearly, 
 complete dentition of the mandible of the large lama, Holomensicus hester- 
 niis Leidy. This species is chiaraeteristic of the Equus beds of Oregon, 
 'California and Mexico, and indicates satisfactorily the age of the formation 
 in which it occurs. It confirms fully the position assigned to the Pay- 
 ette beds by Mr. Penrose and by President Chamberlain for their eastern 
 extension. The only other identifiable fossil from this formation is several 
 teeth of the Equus major Dekay. This s.pecies is most abuiidant in the 
 Eastern States, where the Equus beds have not been certainly identified; 
 but it occurs also in the Equus beds of Nueces county, with other oharac- 
 teristic species of that epoch. The specimens of the two species named 
 came from Wharton cownty." 
 
 "II. 'Upper Cenozoic of the Staked iPlains. 
 
 "In some remains of vertebrata, obtained by Mr. W. P. Oummins, from 
 iCrosby county, Texas, and sent me for determination by Mr. E. T. Dumble, 
 - IState Geologist, four genera may 'he identified, and several others are indi- 
 cated. The four genera are 'Equus, Mastodon, iCreceoides g. n., and Tes- 
 tudo. They are enclosed in a white siliceous friable ohalk,* which Mr. 
 I/ouis 'Woolman finds on examination' to be highly diatomaoeous. Pro- 
 fessor C. Henry Kain had identified the following species : Oampylodiscus 
 bicostatus <W. 'Smith; Epithemia gibha Ehr.; E. zebra 'Ehr.; E. gibberula 
 var. producta Ehr.; Navicula major Ehr.; N. viridis Ehr.; N. rostrata 
 Ehr.; N. elUptica var. mmutissima .Green ; Gomphonema clavatum Ehr.; 
 Oymbella cistula Hemp. ; Fragillaria vivescens 'Raffs var. The formation 
 has :been named the Blanco Canyon by Mr. W. P. 'Cummins, of the 'Survey 
 (iReiport 1890, p. 190, without sipecific location in the 'Cenozoic series) . 
 
 "The Mastodon is of the M. angusUdens type, as indicated by the teeth, 
 but there are not enough fragments preserved to render it clear ■whether 
 they .pertain to this species or some allied one. The Equus is allied to 
 the E. ocoidentalis of 'Leidy, but the enamel plates are more simiple than 
 in that species, being the most simple known in the genus'. I regard it as 
 ' an undeseribed species, and describe it below under the name of Equus sim- 
 pUcidens. A second species of horse is indicated, but an exact determina- 
 tion cannot be made wiyi'Oiit additional material. The tortoise is a terres- 
 triaJl form, but there is not enough preserved for identifioation." Pp. 251- 
 252. 
 
^8 TEA]srsACTioNS Texas Acadbmy of Science. 
 
 48. CoPEj Edward D. 
 
 Tlie Oenozoic Beds of the Staked Plains of Texas. 
 (Abstract.) 
 
 iProc. Amer. Assoc, for tlie Adv. of Science, Vol. XLI, p. 
 177. 1893. 
 "The Cenozoic beds referred to are the Loup iFork, /Blanco and Equus 
 beds. Their geographical and stratigraphieal relations and their paleon- 
 tology are described, especial attention being given to the Blanco Fauna, 
 whidh is intermediate in character between the others." See "A Pre- 
 liminary Report on the Vertebrate Paleontology of tbe iLlano Estaoado," 
 <3«ol. iSury. of Texas, (Fourth Annual Report, Ft. II, pp. 3-136. 
 
 49. '■ 
 
 A Preliminary Report on the Paleontology of the Llano Esta- 
 eado. 
 
 Fourth Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1893, Pt. II, 
 pp. 3-136; 1 cut; xxiii plates. Austin, 1893. 
 
 lOontents: Introduction' by E. T. Dumble, State Greolggist. Chap. I. — 
 The Vertebrate Remains from the Dookum Terrane of the Triassio System. 
 Batrachia. (Reptilia: Belodon, 'Meyer; B. superciliosus Cope; Palaeoeto-. 
 nusCope; P. orfTiodow. Cope ; P. dumhUanus Cope. Summary.' Chap. II. — 
 The Vertebrate Eauna of the (Loup Fork Beds. Proboscidia : Tetrabelo- 
 don Cope; T. serridens ? Cope. IMplarthra: Aphelops Cope; A. fossiger 
 Cape; Protohippus Leidy; P. pachyops Cope; P. perditus L'eidy; P- parvu- 
 lus Marsh; P. fossulatus 'Cope; P. mirabilis Leidy; P, plaoidus Leidy. 
 Hiippotherium Eaup; 3. afflne Leidy; E. oocidentale Leidy. iProcamelus 
 Leidy,; P. roiustus Leidy; P. gracilis L«dy; P. leptogncutMis Cope. Bla- 
 stomeryx iCope; S. gemmifer Cope. Apipendix to the Report on the Loup 
 Fork Terrane. ProtoMppus lentioutaris Cope; P. perditus Leidy. Hippi- 
 dMirfi mterpolatwm 'Cope; H. t specians Cope. Equus eury stylus Cope. 
 'fcjyno-psis of Species. Chap. III. — The vertebrate Fauna of the Blanco 
 Beds. Testudinata. Teatudo: T. turgida Cope; T. pertenuis Cope. 
 Edentata. Megalonyx, JeflF. ; M. leptostomus Cope.; Qarnivora. Canimar- 
 tes: 0. cumminsii Cope. iBorophagus :' B. diversidens iCope. Pelis: F. 
 hillanus Cope-. Proboscidia. Tetrabelodon : T. shepardii Leidy. Dibelo- ' 
 don: D. humholdtii Cuvier; D. tropicus Cope; D. prcBcursor Cope. Di- 
 plarthra. Equus: E. simplicidens Cope; E. cumminsvi Cope; E. min,utus< 
 Cope. Platygonus Le Conte: P. iioaloaratus Cope; Pliauchenia Cope: 
 P. . spatula Cope. Summary, 
 
 Chap. IV. — The fauna of the Equus Beds. Testudinata. Testudo Linn. ; 
 T. laticaudata Cope; T. heacagonata Cope. Edentata. Mylodon: if. ? 
 sodolis Cope. Proboscidia. 'Elephas Linn. E. primigenius Blum. Diplar- 
 thra. Equus Linn.; E. tau Owen; E. semiplicatus Cope; E. exoelsus 
 Leidy; E. major Dekay. Holemenisous. H. hesterrius Leidy; H. suloatus 
 Cope; E. macrocephalus Cope. Summary of the species of the Equus Beds 
 of the Staked Plains. 
 
 "The results .brought out by the report of Prof. Cope, which follow, are 
 the determination of the occurrence of both Tertiary and Quaternary de- 
 posits [in the region of the Llano Estaoado], and that the forms of the 
 
Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1 887-1 896. 29 
 
 Cope, Edward D. 
 
 Blanco and Ooodnight ibeds not only present new specks, but are strictly 
 intermediate between the Loup li'ork and Bquus beds,' and, as !he says, 
 more strictly Pliocene in character than any of the interior lake deposits 
 heretofore described. 
 
 "The paper here presented is therefore of importance, not only as defi- 
 nitely determining the ages of certain portions of the Hains deposits, but 
 as a valuable addition to our knowledge of these most interesting forms of 
 life which were the precursors of those of the .present." flFrom Introduction 
 by E. T. Bumble, p. 9. 
 
 50. 
 
 51. 
 
 On the G-enus TAmiopsis. 
 
 Proceedings of Amer. PMl. See., Vol. XXXI, pp. 317-318 
 1893. 
 
 Tomiopsis — description of a tooth upon which the new, genus is founded. 
 
 "The general characters of this tooth are those of mammal of the order 
 Bruta (Edentata). It resembles no known form of the order, but might 
 be said to be intermediate between those of an armadillo and a sloth." 
 
 iSpecLfie characters. 
 
 "This animal left its remains in a bed of probably Neocene age, which ■ 
 is exposed on the 'Lapara creeik in Western Texas. It was associated with 
 the scales of 'Lepidosteus, and the bones of Trionyx and a tooth of a croco- 
 dile, which do not furnish an exact clue to the ag^ of the formation." 
 
 The specimen was obtainefi by State Geologist Bumble. 
 
 Description of a Lower Ja-w of Tetrabelodon sliepardii Leidy. 
 
 Proceedings of Acad, of ISTat. Sciences, Phila., Pt. II, pp. 303- 
 304. Apr.-'Sept., 1893. 
 
 "This species has been known hitherto by a third inferior molar only. 
 Thil has been described or figured a,t the following places of reference : 
 
 Mastodon shepardii Leidy, Proc. 'Acad., Philadelphia, 1870, p. 96; 1872, 
 ' p. 472. iCope, 'American Natiiralist, 1884, p. 524. 
 
 Diielodon shepardii Cope, Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Sdc, 1884, p. 5, par- 
 tim. 
 
 Mastodon ohservus Leidy, partim, (Report U. S. Geol. Survey Terrs., I, 
 ip. 330, pi. XX'I, 1873. 
 
 "A lower jaw of- this species, lacking the condyles and supporting the 
 second and third true molars, was taken from the bluflf in Crosby county, 
 Texas, from the same excavation that yielded the Pliauohenia spatula 
 Cope, and within fifty feet of that at which the tooth of the Dihelodon prae- 
 cursor was obtained^ It came into possession of Mr. M. M. Cox, of Esta- 
 cado from whom I obtained it by purchase after my return from Texas. 
 The acquisition of this specimen is imp'ortant as enajbling me to determine 
 the true characters of the species- (Besides the lasit inferior molar, Leidy 
 has referred to it provisionally a fragment of a tusk, which, like the 
 molar, came from California." 
 
 Description. Measurements of T. shepherdii. 
 
30 Transactions Tbxas Academy of Science. 
 
 53. Cope, Edwaed D. 
 
 Observations on the G-eology of Adjacent Parts of Oklahoma and 
 Nortliwest Texas. - 
 
 Proe. Acad, of ISTat. Sciences, Phila., Pt. I, pp. 63-68. Jan.- 
 Apr., 1894. 
 
 An account of an expedition in the interest of vertebrate .paleontology 
 made during the summer of 1893. List of contributors to the expedition 
 fund. The month of July and thirteen days of August occupied in explora- 
 tions in the Standing ORoe'k and Cheyenne River Sioux Reservations in 
 North and South Dakota. 'Fossils obtained and localities visited. 
 
 Investigation of the Upper Permian Bad Lands of the Cimarron in 
 Oklahoma. IThe Cretaceous age of the formation which constitutes the 
 higher levels at the heads of the canyons tributary to the Cimarron. List 
 of Mollusks determined by Prof. Brown. Vertebrate remains. 
 
 "'I have never found Lepidotid iish remains in the Upper Cretaceous of 
 North America, while they are characteristically Lower Cretaceous and 
 Jurassic in Europe. The only occurrence of Lepidotid (fishes so far rec- 
 ognized in North America is based on some teeth sent by Mr. Charles H. 
 Sternberg in the Dakota sandstone of Kansas, and on the new, species, 
 Macrepistius arenatus, from the Trinity bed of Texas discovered by Prof. 
 R. T. Hill, (See Journal of the Academy, Vol. IX, [Part 4.)" P. 65. 
 
 Rocks corresponding (according to "Brown) with- the Comanche Peak 
 terrane of the Texas geologists. 
 
 The Permian Red Beds. -Eemriant of the Loup JTork or the Upper 
 Miocene. 
 
 "With the view of further determining the extent of the Comanche and 
 Loup' Pork formations, we left Fort Suppjy and went by rail to Miami, 
 '.which is la village in Rolierts county, of the Panhandle of Texas, south 
 of the Canadian river. For iseveral miles "before reaching Miami, the 
 ' railroad runs between steep bluffs, which form the southern border of 
 the flood plains of the Canadian river, and are the escarpments of the out- 
 lying tracts and 'fingers of the iStaked Plains. They are about 'two hun- 
 dred feet in elevation, and include two hard strata, while 'the great mass is 
 sandy clay, or sand in a few localities. One of the indurated heds is at the 
 ■summit of the bluffs, forming the surface of the plain, and is about six feet 
 in thickness. The softer argillaceous bed below it varies from fifteen to 
 flity feet, when the second impure sandstone is reached, which has a thick- 
 ness of about eight feet. The one hundred and fifty feet below this is 
 friable, so that the construction of the escarpment is such as to keep it 
 (more or less perpendicular. The general appearance of the bluffs is 
 closely similar to that of' the Blanco beds at the typical locality one hun- 
 dred and fifty miles soutji, at the point where the Brazos river issues 
 from the IStaked Plains in the Blanco ■ Canyon. In order to ascertain 
 •whether this formation is the Blanco or the 'Loup Pork, which it resembles, 
 -we examined the bluffs for a day and a half for fossils. They are rare 
 in that region, "but 'I obtained, on the second day, teeth of both series of 
 a horse, Equus cumminsii Cope, which demonstrated at once that the 
 age is the Blanco. Mr. Brown found camel bones which approach in 
 
Recoed op Geology of Texas, ISST-lSOe. 31 
 
 CoPE^ Edward D. 
 
 dimensions those oi the Blanco species, rather than those of the Loup 
 iFork; but the species could not be identified. 
 
 "On the succeeding day, we drove, thanks to Mr. K. T. !C!ole, of Mobeetie, 
 to the town of iMobeetie, in Wheeler county, eighteen miles S. E. of Miami. 
 The route takes the traveler across a part of the Staked Plains, and a 
 considerable distance before Moibeetie is reached, ravines belonging to the 
 ■drainage system of the tributaries of the Red River are passed. We exam- 
 ined a number of these for a considerable distance without obtaining fos- 
 sils. As we passed ithe deserted Fort Elliott, near to Mobeetie, I examined 
 some sandy beds like those of the Uj)per Blanco beds, and obtained addi- 
 tional tooth fragments of Equus cumminsii and a second species of Equus, 
 iprobaWy E. eurystylus, and fragments of teeth and other bones of unde- 
 terminable eaonels. We thus determined the extension of the Blanco bed 
 as far east as Mobeetie. 
 
 "The result of my observations on this, the northeastern border of the 
 Staked Plains, is to the effect that this plateau to the north of the Red 
 River, like that part to the south of it, belongs to the. Blanco deposit, 
 giving the latter a north and south extent of two hundred and fifty miles. 
 It had beefl hitherto .positively determined at the typical locality only, 
 that distance south of Miami, on the upper waters of the Brazos. From 
 this point to the Red (River the formation appears to be continuous, and 
 the portion, north of the Red River now described not only has a close 
 physical resemblance to the portion south of it, but contains, as now 
 appears, fossils of the same age. (See Report of the 'Geological Survey of 
 Texas for 1892, for reports by Cummins and Cope on the Blanco Terrane.)" 
 
 Examination of the Upper Permian at Tucker, 0. T., and Pleistocene 
 sands at Wellington, Kansas. Vertebrate remains near Hennessy, O. T. 
 
 53. 
 
 The Eeptillian Order of Cotylosauria. 
 
 Proceedings of the Am. Fhil. See., Vol. XXXIV, pp. 436-457; 
 pis. vii-ix. PMla., 1895.- 
 
 ■Characters of the Order. The Families of the Order, viz.: Elgirmdae, 
 Parisauridae, Diadeotidae, Pariotiohidae-. None of the sipeoie^ embraced 
 in the first two families are found in Texas. The following species, con- 
 stituting the Diadeotidae, are from the Permian of Texas:/ Diadectes 
 sideropelicus, Mmpedias mola/ris, E. fissus, E. phaseoUnus, E. latihuocatus 
 and Chilonyx rapidens. The Pariotiohidae: Isodectes megalops, Cope, 
 from the Permian of Texas. Description of Oaptorhinus angustioeps, sp. 
 nov. From Permian of Texas. Description of the genus Pariotiohus, 
 Cope, P. hraoKyops, 'Cope, P. incisivus, Cope, P. ordinatus, Cope, all froon 
 the Texas Permian. Description of P. isolomus, Cope, sp. nov. Texas Per- 
 mian. P. aguti, Cope, P. hamatus, Cope, Pantylus oordatus, Cope, Texas 
 Permian, P. ooiopdios, Cope, sp. nov. Hypopnous, Cope, gen. nov. Hypop- 
 nous squalioeps, sp. nov. Permian of Texas. 
 / Supplement. 
 
 Some New ■Batrachia from the Permian Bed of Texas. Descriptions of 
 new specids: Zatrachys microphthalmus, Z. eonchigerus, TrimerorKachis 
 mesops, Diplocaulus magnioornis, D. limbatus. 
 
32 Transactions Texas Academy of ScienCiS. 
 
 54. Ckagin, F. W. 
 
 Further JSTotes on the Oheyeime'Sandstoiie and Neocomian Shales. 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. VII, pp. 179-181. Minneapolis. March, 
 1891. 
 
 "During the summer of 1890, and since my article 'On the Cheyenne 
 •Sandstone and the Neocomian 'Shales of Kansas,' * * * I have gath- 
 ered some additional data touching these formations." 
 
 " * * * I have been s.hown a locality on the North Canadian oi,' 
 Beaver river, about longitude 100° 12' W., where both the larger and 
 smaller varieties of Oryphcea pitoheri occur in the Loup Fork Tertiary 
 conglomerate, some of the specionens showing very little wear, and bear- 
 ing witness to the former extension oi the Neocomian over that region." 
 
 "Occurrences reported to me from points not far northeast of Tascosa, 
 Texas, are probably referable to the Neocomian." 
 
 "1 have also reconnoitered that portion of the 'Cherokee Outlet' and 
 'Panhandle of Texas' adjacent to the Cimarron river, and the Panhandle 
 extension of the Santa Fe railway souithwest to the main Canadian. 
 'Loup Fork Tertiary sandstone, or more commonly the sandy decomposition 
 product of the same, cloaks the divides and their south slopes, resting 
 in general directly upon 'red beds' * * * . yet the data in hand leave 
 little room to doubt that the lower Neocomian strata once prevailed from 
 the western border of McPherson county, Kansas, * * * to the foun- 
 dations of the Llano Estacado." 
 
 "By the courtesy of Prof. Hill, of the Texas Geological 'Survey, I have 
 been able to traverse with him a course from Millsap, (Texas, to Weather- 
 ford, and thence to Granbury, and thus to confirm his reference -in 1889 ■ 
 (Ann. Rep't. of Geol. Surv. of Ark., 1888, Vol. II, p. 115), of Nos. 5 and 6 
 of my Belvidere section to his 'Fredericksburg shale and .Trinity sandstone, 
 resipeotively.'' 
 
 "The paleontologic and lithologic identity of No. 5 of my Belvidere section 
 with a certain shell-conglomerate occurring at Weatherford — ^the lowest 
 Icnown Gryphsaa-ibearing horizon of Texas — ^is such as to warrant me in 
 asserting the essential chronologic equivalency of the two horizons.'' 
 
 Discussion of Gryphcea pitcheri. 
 
 "The Cheyenne sandstone may be regarded as the much abbreviated rep- 
 resentative of the series of -incoherent sandstones underlying the above 
 mentioned Weatherford shell-conglomerate, and outcropping between Mill- 
 sap and Weatherford in alternation with harder strata containing Pleuro- 
 oera, Nerincea, and other forms, to the most of which southern Kansas 
 can show nothing similar. The upper and major portion of the basal 
 stratum of friable ferruginous-yellow and white sandstone seen on Grind- 
 stoD'e oreek and its tributaries a little east of Millsap, resting upon the 
 eroded Carboniferous — ^from the harder elements of which its basal con- 
 glomerate portion is derived — bears especial lithologic resemblance to a 
 very common phase of the Cheyenne sandstone." 
 
RBcdED OP Gbologt ot Texas, 1887-1896. 33 
 
 55. Ckagin, p. W. 
 
 A Oontribution to the Invertebrate Paleontology o-f tiie Texas 
 'Cretaceous. 
 
 Pourtli Animal Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1893, Pt. II, 
 pp. 139-394; plates xxiv-xlvi, inclusive. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. Discussion of Genera and Species. 
 
 Coelenterata — Favia texana sp. nov. 
 
 Eohinodermata — Ananchytes texana sp. nov.; Oidaris dixiensis sp. nov.; 
 Oyphosoma volanum st^. nov.; Diplopodia Mlli, Clark; D. streeruvitzii sp. 
 nov. ; D. taffi sp. nov. ; D. texana, Roem. DumWea gen. nov. ; D. symmetrica 
 sp. nov. Echinohrissus texanus, Clark. Enallaster inflatus sp. nov.; E. 
 texamis, Roem., E-piaster electus s,p.. nov.; E. elegans, l&hum. ; E. elegans 
 var. nov. praenwitiusj E. hemiasterinus sp. nov.; E. whitei, Clark. Gonio 
 ' pygus zitteli, iClark. Hemiaster texanus, Eoem. Holaster compl^tus sp, 
 nov. ; H. nanus sp. nov. ; H. simplex, Shum. ; H. supernus sp. nov. ; Holeoty 
 pus charltoni sip. nov.; H. plamatus, Roem.; H. transpecosensis sp. nov 
 Leiooidaris hemigranosa, iShum., Orthopsis ocoidentalis sp. nov.; Pseudo 
 diadema texanum, Roem. Pyrina huUoides sp. nov.; P. pwrryi, Hall 
 Salenia texana, Crgdn.; Gidaris, sp. 
 . Molluscoidea — • 
 
 Bryozoa. Biflustra hrownU sp. nov.; Porocystis gen. nov,. P. prunifor- 
 mis sp. nov. 
 
 ■■Braehiopoda. Lingula shumardi sp. nov. 
 
 Mollusca — 
 
 Lamellibranchiata. Aguileria cumminsi, White. Anatina texana sp. 
 nov.; A. tosta sp. nov. Area galliennei, var. nov. tramiitensis; A. (Trigon- 
 arca) siouxensis, H. and M. Astarle ( ? Stearnsia) aowminata sp. nov. 
 Avieula leveretti sp. nov.; A. singleyi sp. nov. Ououllaea gracilis ep. nov.; 
 G. gratioti, Hill ; G. tippajna. Con. ; G. terminalis, Con. ; G. transpecosensis 
 sip. nov. Oypremeria fe'xoavata, Mort. ; 0. crassa, iMk. ; G. gigantea sp. 
 nov.; G. texama, Roem. Cyprina mediale, Con.; G. roemeri sp. nov.; G. 
 {fBoundairia) streeruvitzi sp. nov.; G. texana, Con. Gytherea lamvarensis, 
 iShum.; G. leveretti sp. nov.; G. tafli'sp. nov. Exogyra amerieana, Marcou; 
 E. columiella, 'Mk.; E. drakei sp. nov.; E. ferox sp. nov.; E. hilli sp. nov.; 
 E. laeviuscula, 'Roem. ; E. paupercula sp. nov. ; E. plexa sp. nov. ; E. weath- 
 erfordensis sp. nov. Gervilliopsis invaginatw, White. Oryphwa gibberosa 
 sp. nov. Hippurites flaiellifer sp. nov. Holocraspedum gen. nov. Ho- 
 momya jurafacies sp. nov. ; H. solida sp. nov. Inoceramus cumminsi sp. 
 nov.; I. multistriatus sp. nov. Isooardia humilis sp. nov. Lima generosa 
 sp. nov.; L. iSemilaevis sp. nov. Modiola filisculpta sp. nov.; U. jurafacies 
 sp. nov. M. stonewallensis sp. nov. Opis texana sp. nov. Ostrea alifera sp. 
 nov; 0. alifera var. nov. pediformis; 0. alternans sp. nov.; 0. bella, Con.; 
 0. bellaplioata, Shum.; 0. cameUna sp. nov.; 0. carica sp. nov.; 0. cre- 
 nuUmargo, Roem.; 0. orenuUmargo var. nov. stonewallensis; 0. diluviana, 
 Linn.; 0. franklini, Coq.; 0. lugubris. Con.; 0. lyoni, Shum.; 0. perversa 
 sp. nov.; 0. plum,osa, Mort.; 0. soleniscus, Mlc. ; 0. subovata,. Shnm.; 0. 
 subspatulata, Forbes. Pholadomya ingens ap. nov.; P. postextenta sp. 
 nov. PUcatula dentonensis sp. nov.; /■'. inomigrua. Con. Protocardium 
 pendens sp. nov.; P. stonei sp. nov.; P. subspingerum sp. nov. Pteria 
 fsalinensis, White. Spondylus Mlli, sp. nov. Tapes dentonensis sp. nov. 
 
34 Transactions Texas Academy oe Science. 
 
 Cragiit, p. W. 
 
 Trigoma clamgera sp. nov. ; T. oonoentriea, sp. nov. ; T. seouriformis ep. 
 nov. ; T. tafjl sp. nov.; T. vyschetslcU sp. nov. . Venus malonesis sp. nov. 
 Vola bellula ap. nov.; V. oatherina sp. nov.; F. duplioioosta, Roem. ; V. 
 wrightii, Shum. Yoldia septariana sp. nov. 
 
 (xasteropoda. Anchera modesta sp. nov. Buecinatrix gen. nov. B. 
 regina sp. nov. Oerithium hosqiiens^, iShum. ; C' interlineatum sp. nov. ; 
 G. proctori sp. nov.; C. tramitenses sp. nov. OinuUa tarrantensis sp. nov. 
 Cylindrites formosus s,p. nov. Fusus graysonensis sp. nov. Natica humi- 
 lis ap. nov. ff. striaticostata sp. nov. Nerinea hiooriensis sp. nov. 3/^. 
 pelludda sp. nov. ; S^. i;otoMa sp. nov.. Neritina oppaYata ap. nov. Werit- 
 opsis hiangulatus, IShum.; ¥. tramitensis sp. nov. Pleurotomaria maoil- 
 enta sp. nov.; P. robusta ap. nov. RostelUtes pupoides sp. nov. Triohq- 
 tropis shumardi sp. nov.; Turhinopsis septariana sp. nov.; Turritella 
 coalvillerbsis, 'Mk. ; T. renauxiana; ©"Orb. ; T. seriatim-granulata, Koem. 
 Tylostoma ? mutabilis, G-ahb. 
 
 Cepljalopoda. Buohioeras inCBqmpUoatiis, i^hum. ; B. swallowvi, Shum 
 Grioceras dtmulatus, Shum. HopUtes roemeri sp. nov.; ff. texanus sp, 
 nov. Nautilus texanus, Shum. Paohydisous hrasoensis, Shum.; P. com- 
 plexus, H. and M. Flaoenticeras syrtalis, Mart., var. nov. eumminsi. 
 Pulchellia hentonianum sp. nov. Soaphites septem-seriatus sp. nov. 
 ScMoenbachia leonensis, Con.; S. peruviana, V.oh B.; S. poollgari, Mantell 
 Sphenodisous dumhli sp. nov.; 8. emargvnatus sp. nov.; jS. lentioularis, 
 Owen; 8. roemeri sp. nov. 
 
 'Plates. 
 
 Serpula jonahensis sp. .nov. based on illustration. Ostrea roanokensis 
 sp. nov. based on illustration. 
 
 56. 
 
 The C'hoetaw and Grayisqn Terranes of the Arietina. 
 
 Colorado College Studies, 5th Ann. Pub., pp. 40-48.- Colorado. 
 Springs, l'&94. 
 
 "The 'ram's horn oyster,' Exyogyra arietina, F. Roemer, is the eharaoter- 
 ■istie fossil of a column' of sediments, the so-called Exogyra arietina marl, ' 
 that in Hays, Travis and Williamson counties, Texas, consists mostly of 
 oaleareo-argillaceous, and more or less ferruginous marl, and attains a 
 thickness of sixty to eighty feet, occupying tbe interval between the top of 
 the Washita limestone of Shumard and the base of the 'Shoal Creek Lime- 
 stone of .Hill. * »i * (From (Austin 'to the Red River valley, in Cook 
 and Crayson counties, the Arietina becomes, as Taff has s.hown, gradually 
 reduced in thickness and decidedly more calcareous. For this calca- 
 reous northern phase of the 'Arietina which, in the Red River valley, occu- 
 pies the entire interval between the summit of the Pawpaw clays of Hill 
 and the ba/se of thg Bakota sandstone, Hill has recently proposed the 
 name. Main-street Limestone. 
 
 "The Main-street Li'mestone, however, consists of two members* Its dual 
 character has been independently determined in the field by the present 
 writer. T3ut the members that compose it were first recognized as terranes 
 by Taff in his second Report on the Cretaceous Area North of the Colorado 
 
Recoud of Geology or Texas, 1887-1896. 35 
 
 Cragin, F. W. 
 
 river, who oorrolaAed tlie upper meml>er with the Shoal Creek (Vola) 
 Limestone." OPp. 40-41. 
 
 The lower of the two members is termed the Choctaw Limestone. Its 
 occurrence. OTauna of Choctaw Limestone. "Perhaps the most marlced ' 
 paleontological characteristic of the Choctaw Limestone is the plentiful 
 occurrence of Terebratula Waooensis in association with Exogyra arie- 
 tina." (P. 42- 
 
 The second member, the Crayson Marls which rest conformably on the 
 limestone above mentioned and are succeeded unconformably by ihe Dakota 
 sandstone. (Description of the Marls. iFauna. Table of the occurrence of 
 fossils in the Terranes of the Main-street Arietina. 
 
 Dt. 
 
 'Descriptions of InTertebrate Fossils from the Comanche Series 
 in, Texas, Kansas, and Indian Territory. 
 
 Colorado College Studies, 5th Ann. Pub., pp. 49-68. Colorado 
 Springs, 1894. 
 
 "The material described in this paper has been derived chiefly from the 
 lirietina beds of Northern Texas, a small part of it coming from rooks 
 of lower horizons and elsewhere. » * * " The Kiowa Shales, explana- 
 tion of the term. iFor Choctaw limestone and Grayson Marl see preceding 
 title. 
 
 Astroeoenia nidiformis, sp. nov. Kiowa Shales,- Belvidere, Kansas. 
 Hemipedina Charltom, sp. nov. Choctaw Limestone, near Denison, Texas. 
 Pecten inoonspicuus, sp. nov. Pawpaw Clays, east of Denison. Vola 
 Fredericksh,urgensis, sp. nov. Oomanehe Peak limestone. Avioula dispar, 
 sp. nov. Grayson Marl, near Denison. Inoceramus cormmeheana, sp. nov. 
 Duck Creek Limestone, northeast of Denison. Inoceramits munsoni, s.p. 
 nov. Duck Creek Limestone, northeast of Denisoii, Nucula chAchasaensis, 
 sp. nov. 'Comanche Peak Limestone, south of Overbrook, I. T. Gardium 
 quinordinatum, sp. nov. iWashita Limestone, near Georgetown., Eou- 
 dairia denisonensis, sp. nov. Grayson Marl, Denison. Pholadomya Rags- 
 dalei, sp. nov. Choctaw Limestone, southeast of Denison. Bomomya 
 yoashita, sp. noy. Grayson Marls, Denison, TelUiia subaequalis, sp. nov. 
 Pawpaw Creek, east of Denison. Gorhula crassioostata, sp. nov. Kiowa 
 IShales, Belvidere, Kansas. Margarita Browrm, sp. nov. Caprina Lime- 
 stone, Trftvis county. Neritoma Marcouana, sp. nov. Kiowa Shales, 
 Kiowa county, Kansas. Solarium chiohasaense, ap. nov. Comanche Peak 
 Ijimestone, near Marietta, I. T. Turritella Denisonensis, sp. nov. Ohoe- 
 taw Limestone, east and southeast of Denison. Vanikoro propinqua, sp. 
 nov. Kiowa S^hales, near Belvidere, Kansas. Anohura kiowana, sp. nov. 
 Kiowa Shales, Clark county, Kansas. 'Nautilus imshitanus, sp. nov. 
 Common, Washita Limestone. 
 
 58. (- ) 
 
 The Columbian Exposition. Notes on some Mesozoic and Ter- 
 tiary Bxliibits. *The United States Geological Survey. 
 
36 
 
 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Ceagin, p. W. 
 
 Editorial 'Comment. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. XI'II, pp. 185-189. Minneapolis, 
 1894. 
 
 fThat portion of the editorial relating to Texas paleontology is found 
 on pp. 186-189. It consists mainly of a criticism of the determination of 
 ■certain species on exhibition by the' U. S. geological survey. 
 
 59. CuMMiNGS^ Uriah. 
 
 Art. American Rock 'Cement. Min. Eesources of the U. S. 
 1895. :Wonmetallie Products, except coal. 
 
 Seventeentli Annual E-eport of the U. S. Geological Survey, 
 part III (continiied). 
 
 (Eock Cement in Texas), p. 891. Washington, 1896. 
 
 'In a taible showing the "Product of Eock Cement in 1894 and 1895," 
 Texas is credited as follows:! 
 
 60. 
 
 
 1894. 
 
 1895. 
 
 State. 
 
 Number 
 ol Works. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Number 
 of Works. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 1 
 
 12,000 
 
 $ 18,000 
 
 1 
 
 10,000 
 
 $ 17,000 
 
 
 
 Cummins, Duncan H. 
 Texas Gypsum Formation. 
 ^ Science, Vol. XX, No. 516, p. 353. 
 
 Dec. 33, 1892. 
 
 "The Texas beds extend over an area of upwards of six million acres. 
 lExtending from the north line of the State, south to the line of the Texas 
 and Pacific Hailroad, the beds vary in thickness from that of a sheet of 
 paper up to seventy-five feet. The east line' of the deposit passes Sweet- 
 water, on the line of the Texas' and Pacific Kailroad in Nolan county. 
 The west line passes about twenty miles east of the Stake'd Plains. The 
 greatest- thickness of these beds is about nineteen hundred feet." 
 
 Six forms, of gypsum are described, viz. : selenite, rose, massive, radiated, 
 fibrous, , aild alabaster. In addition there are gypseous .marls and gyp- 
 siferous sandstones in great abundance. 
 
 61. Cummins, W. P. 
 
 Mining Districts in El Paso 'County. 
 
 Geol. and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, N"o. 2. 
 1888. ' 
 
 Houston, June, 
 
 "There are two principal mining districts in El Paso county, one of 
 them known as the Quitman Mountain district, and the other as the 
 Ciabolo district. The Quitman Mountain district is about i eighty-five 
 miles southeast of the city of El Paso, and is on the south side of the 
 
Record of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896. 37 
 
 Cummins, W. P. 
 
 iG. H. & S. A. R. R. fThe 'Diabolo Mountain district is a;bout one hundred 
 and twenty-five miles east of El Paso. There are some other localities in 
 the county where there has been considerable prospecting done, and where 
 there will be found valuable properties no doubt, but for the present 
 nothing is being done to develop them. The Quitman district so far has 
 produced principally argentiferous galena; occasionally gold has been 
 found, but not in paying quantities. The mineral generally occurs in 
 veins traversing the country rocks. These veins are from a few inches to 
 several feet in width. The country rook is usually granite or porphyry. 
 The lower foothills are Cretaceous limestone. The vein material is some- 
 times quartz, sometimes carbonate of lime, and in other places it is car- 
 bonate of iron. There are some good veins of mineral in contact veins. 
 These contacts are between porphyry and limestone. The highest motin- 
 tains are composed of igneous rocks, while the limestones are at the base 
 of the mouMtains and dip at various angles, aooording to their- proximity to- 
 or remoteness from the general line of upheaval. . The limestones on the 
 noHh side of the mountains ibelp^nig to the Oretaceous formation. (Elsewhere 
 I did not examine them sufficiently to determine their geological age. 
 ******* 
 "The other district I have mentioned, the Diaholo, is about eight miles 
 north of the line of the T. & P. R. R. The most of the ore taken from 
 that district has been shipped from 'Carrizo 'Stationj The ores of this dis- 
 trict are copper anii silver. No galena, so far as I know, having been 
 found here. The ore occurs in well defined fissure veins, and in contacts. 
 The veins are found traversing the country rock almost perpendicularly 
 in a northeast and southwest course. The cpuntry rook is a fine grained 
 red argillaceous sandstone, massive, showing no lines of stratification, 
 breaking with eonchoidal fracture, and much broken up by atmospheric 
 influences. It has no fossils. It is overlaid by the rocks of the Carbon- 
 iferous formation, but never having seen any of the underlying strata, I 
 have been unable to determine to what geological formation this red sand- 
 stone belongs. The copper ores are gray copper (tetrahedrite), copper 
 pyrites, malachite, and azurite. These ores all carry more or less silver. 
 In the gray copper ores the silver is native, and yields a very large per 
 cent." 
 
 62. 
 
 The OarboniferoTis Pomi'atioii in Texas. 
 
 Oeol. and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. J, No. 3. Houston, July, 
 1888. 
 
 Extract: "I have seen the Carboniferous rocks as far south as Marble 
 Falls, in Burnet county. IThe eastern boundary of this formation begins 
 at a point on Red River, near the nortl^east corner of Montague county, 
 thence through Wise county, crosshig the Texas and Pacific iRailroad near 
 the town of Millsap, and thence in a southwestern direction to the Color- 
 ado river. The western boundary of the formation begins at a point on 
 ■Red Hiver, near the northwest corner of Montague loounty, thence south- 
 westwardly, crossing the Texas and Pacific (Railroad near Baird, and 
 thence to the Colorado river, near the town of Ballinger. This coal field 
 
38 Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Cummins, W. P. 
 
 is a continuation of the coal fields of the Indiian Territory, Arkansas and 
 Missouri. The strata are composed, as in other 'States, of limestones, 
 sandstones, clay beds, shales a ad coal beds. The charaoteristic fossils of 
 the formation are very numerous, "and in a fine state of preservation. In 
 the northern part of this field the strata ' dip at a slight angle to the 
 northwest.- In the middle portion the dip is at a small angle to the south- 
 west. Ill the extreme southern field the dip is almost directly to the 
 
 west." 
 
 * » #^-* *« * 
 
 "There is a western Canboniferous field which is entirely beyond the 
 Peoos river. It is found in the IGuadalooape inoiiintains, not only on the 
 eastern side, as was said by a, writer in the June number of the Bulletin, 
 tut on all sides of Ihem. I have seen the rocks and fossils of the Car- 
 boniferous period in all the mountains north of the Texas and Paeifle 
 'Eailroad, in El Paso county. The formatioJi does not extend very far on 
 the south side of said road. /The mountains just north of the city of 
 El Paso are, on their south end, composed entirely of iCarboniferous rocks, 
 and give an exposure of nearly eight hundred feet of the strata. The 
 strata of this western field are very much disturbed, and idip at various 
 angles and in various directions, owing to the proximity or remoteness of 
 the locality to the line of upheaval. On the highest mountains I have 
 seen nothing on top of the Carbtmiferous, , but the foothills are composed 
 of the Cretaceous, and in some places show the same disturbance or incli- 
 nation of strata as the underlying Carboniferous. This western Carboni- 
 ferous formation is entirely barren of coal, and I am of the opinion that 
 it is useless to look for coal in the Carboniferous rock of the western 
 district." 
 
 63. ( -J-) f 
 
 (The Western Area of .the Carboniferous in Texas.), 
 Note. 
 
 The Amer. Geologist, Vol. II, p.. 138. Minneapolis, Oct., 
 1888. 
 
 "According to W. F. .'Cummins, the western area of the Carboniferous in 
 /Texai is entirely barren of coal, and in the foothills the overlying Cre- 
 taceous is found to dip 'conformably with the Carboniferous." 
 
 64. 
 
 Report of Geologist for Northern Texas. 
 
 Texas Geol. and Min. Surv.- .Pirs>t Kept, of Prag., 1888, pp. 
 45-53. Austin, 1&89. 
 
 An account of the work begun Octoiber 1, 1888, which was mainly 
 devoted to the Carboniferous formation. Observations confined to that 
 part of the State north of the Texas and Pacific- railway and east of 
 the Pecos river. The Oarbonifei^ius formation including the Permian. 
 Report devoted to Upper and Lower Coal Measures. Direction of the 
 . Oarboniferous-iCretaeeous contact on the east; of the Carboniferous-Per- 
 mian on the west. Thickness of Carboniferous strata. Timber growth. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896. 39 
 
 OUMMINS, W. F. 
 
 Dip of strata. Coal. No connected seientiflc observations regarding the 
 number or thickness of the seams. (Fallacious notions. Extent of Ooal 
 Eields. Number and thickness of seams. CJounties. Difficulty of distin- 
 guishing coal seams. 'Seams 2 and 1. Lake Mine. Carson and Lewis 
 mine. Fossils of the adjoining strata. ISeotion of strata. Gordon mine. 
 Thickness of seam. Coal of (poor quality. Large p. c. of sulphur. Sec- 
 tion of strata. Johnson mine. Upbendlng of strata. Thickness of seam. 
 Palo Pinto 'mine. This mine also on seam 1. iSeams 3, 4, 5, and 6. Mine 
 at Cisco on seam 7. Thickness. Not profitable. 'Seams 8 and 9. Deca- 
 tur mine. Thickness of seam. 'Stephens mine. Thickness of coal. iWater 
 in stratum above seam. Economic minerals. Iron ore. Building stone. 
 Limestones and sandstones. Clays. Lime. Conglomerate. Gravel. Min- 
 eral waters. Natural gas. Soils classified. Water supply. 
 
 65. 
 
 Eeport of. 
 
 First Ann. Eept. Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. Ixxxii-lxxxiii'. 
 Austin, 18'90'. 
 
 Administrative report. Instructed to make a detailed section of the 
 rCarboniferous formation of Central Texas. Took the field at Lampasas, 
 March 13, with C. C MoCulloch, Jr., as assistant. General route fol- 
 lowed. [Further instructions to make a similar investigation of the Per- 
 mian area. The Carboniferous-Permian contact. Route. N. F. Drake, 
 topographer. Difference in altitude between the lowest and the highest 
 Permifin beds. 
 
 66. 
 
 The 'SoTitliem Border of the Central Coal Field. 
 
 First Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 143- 
 183. Austin, 1890. 
 
 Contents: Descriptive Geology. — 'Introduction. 'Cretaceous system. 
 Carboniferous. Conglomerate. Petrified wood. Caves. Conclusions. 
 Economic iG«olagy. — ^Ooal. Gas. 'Oil. Iron. Aragonite. iStrontianite. 
 'Building stone. Marble. Clays. Lithographic stone. 'Soils. Water. — 
 Mineral water, salt water and water power. Irrigation. Ilainfall. Tem- 
 perature. Timber. 
 
 "The exploration upon wihieh this report is based extended over parts of 
 Lampasas, San 'Saba, Coleman, McCullooh, Concho, and Tom Green coun- 
 ties. The object of the trip was to secure such general .information regard- 
 ing the section as would indicate the apecial lines of work that could be 
 most advantageously pursued in'the fietailed survey of this region. 
 
 "During the present ex;pedition strata belonging to the Silurian, Car- 
 boniferous, 'Cretaceous, and IRecent systems have been observed, some of 
 which will be more fully mentioned under separate headings, but their 
 'boundaries must be left for more detailed work. 
 
 "The different formations have been identified either by their fossils or 
 by their relative positions in regard to other known strata. There is 
 great uniformity of structure in the individual strata of the several for- 
 
40 Teajstsactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Cummins, W. P. ' 
 
 mations over the entire field ; so much so that one beoonaing familiar with 
 the characteristics of a stratum in one place need have little trouble in 
 recognizing it elsewhere when found. 
 
 "The strata of the Paleozoic group as observed along the route have a 
 general and uniform dip to the north and northwest, with little or no dis- 
 turbance, except in one or two instajices, which are noted. The Mesozoic 
 strata, on the contrary, have a general inclination to the southeast. 
 
 "Few evidences of faults or folds of the strata in any of the formations 
 were seen, exceipt when they are in contact with the eruptive roAks. The 
 alternations of limestone, sandstone, and shales in the various formatiops 
 s.how that the periods of their deposition were attended with alternating 
 conditions of subsidence and elevation. 
 
 "The rocks of the Cretaceous system are found in, contact with strata 
 of both the 'Carboniferous and 'Silurian, showing that the Silurian and 
 Carboniferous strata had been tilted to the northwest before the' Creta- 
 ceous period; and as the iCretaceous is found on or in contact with every 
 stratum of the Carboniferous and Permian, from the highest to the lowest, 
 there is little doubt that the Cretaceous strata at one time extended con- 
 tinuously from the foot of the Staked Plains to the Cretaceous beds on the 
 east, and .that the rpresent exposure of the underlying Paleozoic group 
 is due to their subsequent erosion. 
 
 "The Cretaceous formation of this part of the State belongs entirely to 
 the Lower or Comanche series. The beds have a thickness of about 200 
 feet wherever seen, except on the upper South Concho river, where the 
 thickiiess increases to about 400 feet." Bp. 145-146. 
 
 "The Car'boniferous system extends over the largest part of the country 
 examined during this trip, and to it the most oif the time was devoted. 
 
 "No attempt is here made to s,eparate the iSubcartioniferous from the ■ 
 Carboniferous. (In fact, I am not certain that the Subcarboniferous for- 
 mation occurs. The strata of the entire series, &o far as I observed them, 
 ^ are conformable, and the fossils found in the lower part of the formation 
 were not characteristic of the Subcarboniferous, but are those which are 
 for the most part embraced in the fauna of the coal measures. 'I am cer- 
 tain, however, that there is a section at least 400 feet thick, lower than 
 the strata of the coal rmeasures which are found in the northern part of 
 the State. 
 
 "The Permian formation was clearly distinguished overlying the coal 
 measures on the west. 
 
 "The general dip of the strata of this system is to the northwest at about 
 30 f^t to the mile, except near Lampasas, where the dip is to the northeast, 
 which may be accounted for either by the existence of an anticlinal in the 
 western part of Lampasas county, or possibly by faulting. 
 
 "The strata of the Capboniferous are composed of limestones, sandstones, 
 clay beds, and shales with three or more Ibeds of coal. On top of the 
 measures in many places is a bed of conglomerate similar to that found 
 t>verlying the coal measures in the northern part of the iState. 
 
 "The measures are about 1600 feet thick, so far as examined, although 
 their Uipper part was not reached. In- many places the strata are so 
 deeply covered up with drift that it was imipossible to get a continuous- 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, ISST-lSOe. 41 
 
 OuMMiurs, W. F. 
 
 section, and the thickness is, therefore, estimated by the known dip of 
 the strata, where a section could not he made hy actual measurement. 
 Many sections were made at different localities, with the hope of being 
 able to secure a continuous section, but there are gaps that can only be , 
 filled by estimates of thickness, based on dip and the distance occupied 
 by the wanting section. Enough, however, has been done to give a very 
 correct idea of this formation, -which can be worked out more in detail 
 in the future." P. 147. 
 
 67. 
 
 The Permian, of Texas and its overlying Beds. 
 
 First Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 18S9, pp. 183- 
 197. 'Austin, 1890. 
 
 Contents: Pescription. The Wichita beds. The Clear Fork beds. 
 The Double Mountain beds. Overlying formations. — ^Dockum beds. Blanco 
 Canyon beds. Economics. — ^Soils. Fertilizers. Water. Hainfall. Build- 
 ing material. Timber. Salt, Copper. Iron, Gypsum. 
 
 "It is only intended in this report to give a resume of the work done in 
 the Permian formation in Texas, as well as an outline of the leading char- 
 acteristics of the formation as I have observed them;, and also to draw 
 some conclusion in regard to the economics of the district, leaving to a 
 future report the -work of giving these facts a fuller and more extended 
 explanation. 
 
 "The Permian formation in Texas embraces all that territory situated 
 between the Coal Measures on the east and the base of the 'Staked Plains 
 on the west, except a line of disconnected hills extending from Comanche 
 county to Big 'Springs, ranging along the south side and almost parallel 
 with the line of the Texas and Pacific .Railroad. These hills, at least 
 in their upper meimbers, (belong to the Comanche' searies of the Creta- 
 ceous. There are also a few isolated hills north of the line of the Texas 
 and Pacific Railroad, such as the Double Mountains in the ■western part 
 of iStonewall county, whose , tops are capped with the rocks of the Creta- 
 ceous. 
 
 "The extreme southern limit of the Permian formation in Texas is a few 
 miles south of iSan Angelo, in Tom Green county. In that locality it is 
 only a few miles -wide, ' It is covered on both the east and west sides in 
 that vicinity by the Cretaceous. The formation widens constantly to the 
 northward, until at its broadest part it is not less than 150 miles wide. 
 
 "The stratification is conformajble with that of the underlying Carbon- 
 iferous, and has a general dip to the northwest. 
 
 ' "The area underlaid by these beds is, as one would naturally suppose 
 from the charaxjter of imaAerials of which they are made up (mostly saifflds 
 and clays j with interbedded sandstone and limestone) , a beautiful rolling 
 country, cut here and there by smaller or larger creeks or rivers, with little 
 timber save along the streams, with broad valleys in places, and at others 
 precipitous oanyons. Only where the heavy bedded limestones of the middle 
 division occur, or in the massive gypsum deposits of the upper teds, do we 
 find any bluffs of considerable height. 
 
 "This . formation wias first reported as Permian, in 18'52, by Professor 
 
42 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Cummins, W. F. 
 
 Jules Mareou, who was a,t that time geologist with the Pacific Railroad 
 Survey, from Fort Smith .to the Pacific Coast." 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The estimated thickness of the strata of the Permian is aljout 2800 
 feet. A detailed section has been made across the formation, but a general 
 section has not yet been made up so as to determine the exact thiolcness 
 of the strata. 
 
 "The dip of the strata is afbout 40 feet per mile, north 45 degrees west. 
 At one locality the dip was calculated by an actual instrumental measure- 
 ment of ten miles, at another place of five miles, and at a great number 
 of places of smaller distances, so that the dip of the strata is well deter- 
 mined. It is only at the westernx edge of the Double Mountain beds that 
 there is any increase in the dip, and in that locality the strata are so .much 
 distorted and folded that it was difficult to get long lines of observation, 
 so that the general dip could be determined with anything like certainty. 
 There ■were no faults found nor aily evidence of eruptive disturbances. 
 
 "For convenience the "strata are here divided into three beds, whose 
 correlation with the iPermian formation in otter localities will not be 
 atteampted in this report. 
 
 "Beginning with the lowest or eastern, we have: 
 
 1. 'iThe Wichita Beds. 
 
 2. The Clear I'ork Beds. 
 
 3. The Double Mountain Beds. 
 
 / "These beds, from the nature of their constituents and of their forma- 
 
 tion, so grade into one another that the exact line of demarkation is very 
 obscure, even if it can be found at all. OPhis is no less the case with the 
 line between the Permian and the underlying Coal Measures. A separation 
 of these series from the Coal Measures is, however, based, first, on litholo- 
 gioal differences; second, on fossil contents. 
 
 "The strata of the Ooal Measures are not persistent in character on the 
 line of contact between that formation and the overlying Permian; and 
 yet in each locality there seems to have been a, continuous sedimentation. 
 On the line of contact between the Coal Measures and the Wichita Beds, 
 from ,Eed iRiver South to the Brazos, there are only sandstones in both 
 strata; yet there was a oonsiderable lapse of time between their depo- 
 sition, as is shown by the fact that the limestones, which at other iplaees 
 constitute the highest beds of the Coal Measures, and which at those places 
 overlie the sandstones, are entirely wanting along the line of this contact. 
 \FurtheT south, on the line of contact between the Coal Measures and 
 the Clear Fork 'Beds there are only limestones, which are apparently con- 
 tinuous in sedimentation, yet we know that siich is not the case, for only 
 a few miles north of this line of observation we find that the Wiohitia Beds 
 of the Permian underlie these Permian limestones. 
 
 "lT.he fact of the want of continuity of sedimentation' between the Coal 
 Measures and the Clear Fork .Beds is shown also by the fauna of the two 
 beds. iThe fauna of the lOoal Measures limestones, which lie directly beloiw 
 the limestones of the Clear Fork Beds, is abundant and consists of such 
 characteristic forms as Produotus semi-retioularis, Ohcetetes gracilis, Sohi' 
 modus wheeleri, Allorism-a suh-ouneata, Hemipronites orassiis etc. but 
 they almost fade out before they reach the top of the aeries, and only a few 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, ISST-lsge. 43 
 
 Cummins, W. F. 
 
 species pass up into the overlying limestones of the Permian, and other 
 species of newer type take their places. The sjume may ibe said of the 
 fauna on the line of contact between the .Coal Measures and the Wichita 
 Beds. 
 
 "The Double 'Mountain Beds do not reach the Coal Measures at any 
 point, but lie eonformaibly upon the Clear 'Fork Beds. The Clear Fork 
 Beds are the only ones that reach the southern extremity of the Permian 
 diatriot. 
 
 "The Permian Beds are overlaid on the west "by the Jura-Trias ( ?) and 
 'Cretaceous. It is evident from the remaining buttes and ranges of Cre- 
 taceous hills that the entire Permian and Carboniferous strata were at 
 one time covered by the Cretaceous, at lea/st along the southern portion of 
 the district. Erosion has again removed these strata and exposed the 
 older beds." P.p. 185-187. 
 
 68. and Leroh, De. Otto. 
 
 A Geological Survey of the Coiicho Country, State of Texas'. 
 
 Amer. Geo'logist, Vol. V. pp. 321-335. Minneapolis, June, 
 1890. 
 
 The country taikes its name from the Concho river. Situation: West 
 of the 100th meridian and between the 31st and 32d parallels of north 
 latitude. iSan Augelo, the chief town. 'Drainage and topography: North 
 Conoho river; 'Main 'Concho; Spring and Dove creeks; South Concho and 
 Colorado rivers. Source and fall of the streams. .Uelation of topography 
 to geology.. (River valleys, plateaus, etc. iGeology. 'Alluvium. Drift, 
 liooal beds of conglomerate. Lacustrine Deposits. The Cretacic. Posi- 
 tion. Di,p. Topography. 'Character of deposits. fEhe group here exposed 
 is called Comanche series by ilill. Section on South Concho, 20 miles 
 south of San Augelo. List of fossils. The Permian: Tosition and dip; 
 Commingling of Carbonic and newer forms of life; Color of deposits and 
 other Characters; Gypsum beds along the Colorado river. Estimated 
 thickness of the Permian. Section of the Permian; List of fossils.. Eco- 
 nomic 'Geology. Climate. Movement of the air. Table. Table showing 
 the average temperature together with the highest and lowest points re- 
 corded during each month since lApril, 1868, at Fort Concho, San Angelo. 
 North winds. Temperature., Kainfall. Table showing rainfall at San 
 Angelo since April, 1868. Water of the rivers. Subterranean water. 
 Depth. iSeobions of wells. Artesian wells. Salt and other 'mineral wells. 
 Soils. 'Building material. Quicklime. Cement. Clay. Irrigation. 
 (Grasses. Timber. 
 
 69. 
 
 Eeport of. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. xcviii- 
 ei. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Administrative Beport on work done beitween January 1, and Decem- 
 ber 31, 1890, which b^an aA Dookum, 'Dickens county, and ended at Lam- 
 pasas. Boute followed. Area surveyed Permian and Carboniferous. Re- 
 
44 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 OcMMINSj W. F. 
 
 . connaissanee of the Wichita Mountain country, Indian Territory. The 
 opinion is expressed that the Doekum Beds are the same as the iShinarump 
 ■Beds of HJayden, a, member of the Triassic formation in Arizona, and that 
 the beds constituting the upper part of the Staked Plains are Tertiary. 
 No reason to change opinion tbat all the strata from the Coal Measures 
 to the Doekum Beds belong to tbe Permian. Mr. N. F. Drake had charge 
 of the topographic work. 
 
 70. 
 
 Eeport on the Geology of Nortliwestern Texas'. 
 
 Second Ann. Kept, of the Gaol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 357- 
 553; 14 plates; map; 6 figures. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents:. Introduction. Part I. Stratigraphic Creology. — (Silurian; 
 Devonian; Sub-Oarboniferous ; Oajrboniferous ; Permian; (Triassic; Tertiary. 
 Part 'II. 'Eooiiomi'C Geology — iCoal; Natural Q-as; iSalt; Copper ore; Iron 
 ore; Oypsum; IBoiilding stones; Building materials; Agriculture; Arobeeol- 
 ogy. PaTt III, iDesoriptiom of Counties. — Young oountyj Coal; Topogra- 
 phy and Drainage; Geology; Soil®, Timber and Water; Building Material; 
 ilron ore; Salt. Montague county: Toipography and Drainage; Geology; 
 iSoil; /Timber, Water, and Building Material; Coal; Copper and Galena. 
 Jack county: 'Drainage and ITopography; Geology; 'Soil, Timber and 
 Water; Building Material; Coal. Wise county: Topography and Drain- 
 age; Geology, and Soil; Timber, 'Water, and Building iMatejial; Coal; 
 'Other Minerals. Parker county : Coal. Palo Pinto county : Topography 
 and Drainage; Geology; Soil and Timber; Water and Building Material; 
 Natural Gas; Coalj IStephens county: Topography' and Drainage; Geol- 
 ogy; Soil; Timber and Water; Coal. Brown county:' Topography and 
 Drainage; 'Geology; Soil; Timber, Water and Building Material; Oil; 
 Coal. Eastland county: lOoal. Coleman county: Topography -and 
 dra!inage; Geology; Soil, Timber, and Water; Buildiiig Material; Oil and 
 Natural iGas; Coal. Appendix. Hadrophyllum aplatus. 
 
 "The following table yfill show .the formations in this portion of Texas, as 
 I have observed them, as comipared with the table taken from Dana's Man- 
 uel of Geology, which will give a definite idea of what I intend to represent 
 by the various divisions and subdivisiona : ' 
 
 ©ana. Texas. 
 
 Recent '. Recent. 
 
 Tertiary ...» %rtiary. 
 
 Cretaceous Cretaceous. 
 
 Juriassic , ? 
 
 Triassic Triassic. 
 
 Permian Permian. 
 
 Carboniferous Carboniferous. 
 
 Sub-Carboniferous ? 
 
 Devonian 
 
 Silurian Silurian. 
 
 "The above table gives the geological formations of the northwestern part 
 of the State as I now understand it. I have confined my work largely to 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, ISS^-lSQe. 
 
 45 
 
 Cummins, W. F. 
 
 the Penmiaii and Carboniferous formations, giving only such attention to 
 the other members of the section as was necessary to determine the relation 
 of the 'Permian and Carboniferous formations to the overlying and under- 
 lying series, and to enable me to determine with accuracy the extent of 
 these two formations in this part of the State. 
 
 On Plate VI, I have given a columnar section of the strata (higher than 
 the Devonian) in northwestern Texas, with the provisional divisions which 
 I have made of them."' Pp. 359-360. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 (Without the conventional signs indicating the character of the deposits.) 
 
 71. 
 
 • 
 
 Thick- 
 ness. 
 
 DIVISIONS. 
 
 Tertiary. 
 
 300 
 
 Blanco Canyon. 
 
 Triassic. 
 
 125 
 
 Dockum. 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 2075 
 
 Double Mountain. 
 
 1975 
 
 Clear Fork. 
 
 1800 
 
 Wichita. 
 
 en 
 
 CO 
 
 « 
 8 
 
 1180 
 
 Albany. 
 
 840 
 
 (Coal Bed No. 7.) 
 Cisco. 
 
 930 
 
 Canyon. 
 
 3000 
 
 ■ Strawn. 
 
 1000 
 
 (Coal Bed No. 1.) 
 MiUsap. 
 
 140 
 
 Bend 
 
 320 
 
 
 "The Silitrian lies along the southwestern border of the Oarboniferous 
 * * * ." P. 360. 
 
 "The Itevonian is entirely wanting aJong the lines of contact between 
 the Carboniferous and the older rock, so far a;s <! have been able to deter- 
 mine- I have not seen this formation anywhere in the State, yet it may 
 eidst." P. 360. 
 
 "Prom all the evidence I have been able to secure in the course of my 
 work in this district I am farced to the conclusion that up to the present 
 no Sub-Carboniferous rooks have been discovered." P. 367. 
 
 Eeportof (for 1891). 
 
 Second Beport 'of Progress, Geological Survey of Texas, 1891, 
 pp. 27-42. Austin, 189'2. 
 
46 Tbansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 CtTMMINS, W. P. 
 
 Contents : Introduction. Boundary of the Staked Plains. .To,pograj)liie 
 ■.Features. Greology of the Staked 'Plains. Geological Features West of the 
 Staked Plains. [Water Supply: Lakes, Springs, Streams- Water north 
 and west of the Staked Plains. Wells. Artesian ■ Water on the Staked 
 Plains. Section (145 feet). Artesian Water -west of the Pecos iRiver. 
 Minerals. The Trinity sands as a probable source of Artesian Water 
 supply. Agriculture. Rainfall. Irrigation. 
 
 "The territory embraced in this resume includes those portions of the 
 State of Texiajs land Territoi'y of New Mexico known as the 'Llano Esta;cado, 
 or (Staked Plains.' 
 
 "It is intended only to show such results of my geological observations, 
 as 'to the general character and economic resources and capacities of the 
 district, as are considered definitely settled at the close of the field work, 
 and it is intended to follow this brief statement with a more amplified and 
 specific report in the future." P. 27. 
 
 72. 
 
 The Texa.s Meteorites. 
 
 Transactions of the Texas .Ajcademy of Science, Vol. I, No. 1, 
 pp. 14-18. Eead April 2, 1893. 
 
 "In the earlier part of this century several large fragments of metallic 
 iron were discovered in the area now known as Texas, which have been 
 given the collective name of The Texas Meteorites, and, both on account 
 of their size and composition, are as interesiting as any that have been 
 found. As the history of the finding of these maesos is not very /well 
 known, I propose to give a brief detail of it in this paper." 
 
 One of these fragments known as the Texas Meteorite, is in the Yale 
 ■Museum, another is in the geological and mineralogical collection of the 
 'University of Texas, and the third, at one time in the Texas State collec- 
 tion, has dis'appeared. 
 
 73. 
 
 ReTieTV of E. T. Hill's Eeport on Artesian; Walter in Texas. 
 Pamphlet of 44 pages; no date (1892?): 
 
 A criticism rather than a review. 
 
 74. and Dumble, E. T. 
 
 'SeeDumWe and Cummins. 
 The Douible Mountain Section. 
 
 Amer. GeoL, Vol. IX, pp. 347-351 ; 1 pi. Minneapolis, June, 
 1892. 
 
 75. 
 
 Eeport of. 
 
 Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp, Iv-lvii. 
 Austin, 1892. 
 
 Administrative Report of the Geologist for 'Northern Texas. The Field 
 work for ISg-l "was to trace the Carboniferous formation to its farthest 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Tbxas, 1887-1896. 47 
 
 Otjmmins, W. p. 
 
 outcrop in Central Texas, and to determine the northern extension of the 
 Cretaceous strata along the eastern escarpment of the Staked Plains, as 
 ■well as to trace and determine the extent of the Doelcum and Blanoo Can- 
 yon beds and their relation to the underlying strata." The question of 
 LiVrtesian water on the 'Staked Plains. (Personnel of the party. N. ¥. 
 Drake, Topographer and (Assistant G-eologist; D. 'H. Cummins, Assistant 
 Geologist. Route followed. 
 
 76. 
 
 Eeport on the Geograpliy, Topography, and Geology df the Llano 
 Estacado or 'Staked Plains. 
 
 Third Ann. Eept. of the Gteol. Surv'. of Texas, 1891, pp. 137- 
 300; 3 plates; 1 figure; map by "W. P. Cnmniins and N. P. Drake. 
 Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Origin of the Name (Llano Estacado). Topography: Can- 
 yons; Sand Hills. Geology:: Previous Work (Maroou, 1853; George G. 
 ■Shumard, 1855; Blalce, 1854; Oummins, 1889; Cummins, 1890); Work of 
 the Past Seaspn: (Sections made at various points along the route) ; 
 Quaternary; Tertiary; Creta/ceous; Triassic. (See also Stratigraphy of 
 the Triassic formation in (Northwest Texas, by N. P. Drake) . Economic 
 Geology: Water; Lakes and Pools; Springs; Artesian Water. Descrip- 
 tion of Counties:' Armstrong, GBorden, Bailey, Briscoe, Cochran, Crosby, 
 Castro, Dawson, Deaf Smith, Floyd, Gaines, Garza, Howard, Hockley, HJale, 
 Lynn, Lamb, Lubbock, Oldham, Parmer, Potter, Randiall, Swisher, Terry, 
 Yoakum, Midland, Kector, Martin. Agriculture: Soils, Natural Growth, 
 Climate, Eainfall, Fruit Growing, Vineyards, Prunes. Fuel. 
 
 "The name. Llano Estacado, or Staked Plains, is applied to the high 
 plateau in the northwestern part of Texas and eastern Ngw Mexico. It 
 is situated between 100 and 103 degrees west longitude, and 30 and 35 
 degrees north, latitude. The plateau terminates abruptly -on three sides, 
 the east, north, and -west, in' bold, precipitous- escarpments ranging in 
 height from one hundred and fifty to four hundred feet. On the south side 
 the descent is more gradual, and the boundary not so well defined. It is 
 but a remnant of a once very extensive 'ajrea, reaching from its present 'term- 
 inus on the south far to the northward, and from the Guadaloupe Moun- 
 tains on the west to an unknown shore-line east of its present limit, as is 
 clearly indicated by the extensive plains now lying north beyond tie 
 Canadian river, east between the headwaters of the Colorado, Brazos and 
 Ked rivers, and west beyond the Pecos. At present the plateau extends 
 irregularly one hundred and sixty-five to two hundred miles from east to 
 vfest, and about two hundred miles from north to south. 
 
 "The following is a more definite statement of the boundary of the area, 
 taken from observations made during the past year's > field work:. Begin- 
 nin" at Big Springs, in Howard county, north to Gail, in the center of 
 Borden county; thence north to Double Mountain Eork of the Brazos, near 
 where the west line of Garza county crosses the river ; thence northwest to 
 Salt Fork of the Brazos, near ^ the south line of Crosby county; thence 
 northeast and north, passing fifteen miles west of Matador, passing Con- 
 
48 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Cummins, W. P. 
 
 nellee's .peak, and crossing Pease river to the Quitique raneli^ At ten 
 miles further north the foot of the 'Plains turns almost abruptly west, 
 caused by the erosion of the Palo Duro canyon. iThe high plateau can 
 be seen to the liorthwest at about twenty, miles distance; thence almost 
 directly north, crossing the iFort Worth and Denver iCity Kailroad at Good- 
 night, and thence north to a few miles south of the Canadian river : thence 
 turning westward parallel with the Canadian river and at a distance of 
 from ten to twenty miles from it, trending southward to the west line of 
 Texas, in Oldham county; thence a, little south of west to a point south 
 of Tuoumoari mountain, in New Mexico; thence westward about twenty 
 miles to the northwest corner of the Plains ; thence a little east of south, 
 parallel with the Pecos river, and at a distance of twenty-five to thirty 
 miles east of it, to the Horsehead crossing, at the southeast corner of 
 Ward county. 
 
 "Within these limits is embraced the territory of the Staked Plains, 
 exoetpt that of the southern extension, which can hardly be determined, 
 from the fact that -the surface of the country descends so gradually iii 
 that direction." 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The IStaked Plains is one immense plateau -with' a gentle inclination 
 from northwest to southeast. It is so level a;pparently as to produce the 
 peculiar aippearance of being up-hill in every direction, and its inclination 
 is only determinable by instrumental measurements. The following alti- 
 tudes show the gradual slope :■ 
 
 Clarendon, east of the northeast corner of the plains 2734 feet. 
 
 Limarillo, on the edge of the Plains in. northeast 3630 feet. 
 
 Top of the Plains at Fossil Creek, extreme northwest 4520 feet. 
 
 Top of Tucumcari mountain, west of last point ._ 4720 feet. 
 
 Midland, in southea/st, xjn Texas and Pacific [Railroad 2780 feet. 
 
 Warfield, west of Midland, on Texas and Pacific Railroad 2875 feet. 
 
 Odessa, west of Warfield, on .Texas and Pacific Railroad 2900 feet. 
 
 Duro, west of Odessa, on Texas and Pacific Railroad 3100 feet. 
 
 Monahan's west of Duro, on Texas and Pacific Railroad ........ 2600 feet. 
 
 Crossing on Pecos river, on Texas and Pacific Railroad 2590 feet. 
 
 "Besides the canyons which traverse the Plains in several directions/ 
 there are several permanent lakes containing both salt and fresh water, 
 and depressions in which rain -water collects and stands for several months 
 at a, time. The only other diversity breaking the wide monotonous level 
 are some drift sand-hills raised by the winds in the southwest." P^). 
 129-133. 
 
 77. 
 
 Notes on the Geology of the Country west of the Plains. 
 
 Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 201- 
 323. Austin, 1892. 
 
 Contents: Tucumcari, New Mexico. (Extracts from Ma.roou and Hill 
 bearing upon the Jurassic Age of the Tucumcari Beds. Discussion.) "Val- 
 ley of the Pecos. Carboniferous; 'Permian; Triassie; Cretaceous; Ter- 
 
Recokd op Geology of. Texas, ISS^-lSQe. 49 
 
 Cummins^ W. F. 
 
 tiary. Eoonomie G-eology., Iriiga'bion in the P«oos Valley. Soils and 
 •Waters of itha Peeos Valley. 
 
 "In tlie prosecution of my work as iG-eologist for Nortliern Texas on the 
 State Gleological iSurvey, I found myself within a few miles of the locality 
 [Tumeari, N. M.], and as it was a matter of interest to science in general, 
 and to Texas geology in particular, T went there and made examinations 
 of the strata constituting the Tucumcari- heds and their relation to the 
 surrounding strata. I made a large collection of the invertebrate fossils, 
 as well as some of the fossil flora." P. 203. 
 
 "The reason for referring the Tucumoari beds to the Washita division 
 of the Cretaceous is based upon the paleontology of the beds. During my 
 explorations in that vicinity, I collected a great number of fossils, which 
 are now in the museum at (Austin. While the lithologieal character and 
 striitigraphical position of beds in certain cases may be very import- 
 ant factors in determining the age of the strata, yet it seems to me, where 
 paleontological evidence can be had, it is by far the most conclusive. 
 
 "In 1861, Marcou wrote and published 'Notes on the Cretaceous and 
 Carboniferous 'Eocks of Texas,' in the Proceedings of the (Boston Society 
 of Natural History, Vol. VIII, January, 1861. In that article, after 
 reviewing what Dr. (Benjamin Shumard had written abiJut Marcou's identi- 
 iioation of the fossils found by him at Tuoumcari with Eurojpean Jurassic 
 fossils, he says: U can only express the wish that when Dr. iShumard 
 goes to Pyramid Mount be may find more fossils than I did, and if any 
 of them are Cretaceous and below the Qryphma tucumoari bed, I am ready 
 .to yield to such proof.' 
 
 "I -did not find the Cretaceous fossils below the Oryphwa, beds, but I 
 found them in the ^beds, associated with the fossils found and described 
 by Marcou. I believe if Marcou had seen the fossils I have collected he 
 would not have hesitated 'to place the Tucumcari beds in the Cretaceous. 
 
 "The following is a list of the fossils, collected by me from the Tucumcari 
 beds in the vicinity of Tucumcari and Pyramid mountains. 
 
 Oryphwa dilatata, var. Tuoumcari, Marcou. 
 
 Ostrea marshvi, as determined by Marcou. 
 
 Gryphwa pitoheri, Morton. 
 
 EoBogyra fewana, Hoemer. 
 
 Ostrea quadriplicate, 'Shumard. 
 
 Trigon/ia emoryi. Con. 
 
 Oardium hilkmum, iSow. 
 
 Oytherea leonensis, lOon. 
 
 Turritella seriatim granulata, Roem. 
 
 Pinna, sp. 
 
 Ammonites. 
 
 Peoten. , 
 
 "These fossils at once show the age of the strata from which they were 
 .taken, leaving out of consideration for the present the first two in the 
 list. 
 
 ("The Exogyra texana, Roem., is iound only in the Cretaceous, extending 
 from the ibase of the Frederieiksburg division into the Washita division. 
 
50 Tbansactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 Cummins^ W. F. 
 
 Neither it nor ats congener in Europe has ever teen reported from the 
 Jurassic. 
 
 "Ostrea qtiadripUcata, Shumard, is very numerous in the Washita' divis- 
 ion of the Cretaceous, and has never been found elsewhere. The 0. crenu- 
 linaryo, Roemer, which is a, very similar though specifically distinct form, 
 oomes from a lower division. 
 
 "Trigoma emoryi, Conrad, has been found in the Wa,shita division of the 
 Cretaceous. 
 
 "Gardium hillanum, iSawerhy. This fossil has been reported froan the 
 Washita division. 
 
 "Gytherea leonensis, Conrad, is a Cretaceous fossil found only in the 
 Washita division. 
 
 "Turritella seriatim granulata, iRoem., ia a Oretaeeous fossil described 
 from the J'redericksiburg division. 
 
 "Gryphwa pitcheri, Morton, ranges from the middle of the Fredericks- 
 burg division to the top of the WasTiita division. This fossil is so different 
 from the G. dilatata, var. Tucumccm, Mar., that notwitihstanding they are 
 found in the same bed, there was not the slightest diflBculty in distin- 
 guishing one from the other. 
 
 "The only representative of the fossil flora we found >was in the sandstone 
 above the "bed of blue clay, bed 'F' of Mareou's section. * * » 
 
 "This single specimen, taken from these beds, even if there was no other, 
 is sufficient to establish the fact that the strata are no older than the Cre- 
 taceous, lit is true that, as a general thing, the whole of a flora or fauna 
 of strata ought to be examined before one can say definitely the age to 
 whioh the straita 'belong, yet 'there are cases when the sub-divisions may be 
 definitely determined by a single specimen. This matter is so clearly stated 
 by Lester IF. Ward in a late paper that I quote the following extract: 
 
 " 'The great types of vegetation are characteristic of "the great epochs in 
 geology. This principle is applicable in comparing deposits of widely dif- 
 ferent ages wherfe the stratigraphy is indecisive. For example, in rocks 
 that are wholly unknown even a small fragment of a carboniferous plant 
 proves conclusively that they must be Paleozoic, or a single dicotyledonous 
 leaf that they must be as late as the Cretaceous.' 
 
 "While the Jurassic and Cretaceous are not widely separated, and both 
 are in the Mesozoic, yet some of the plants are so widely different that a, 
 single specimen would be sufficient to determine that the age was no 
 earlier than the Cretaceous." Pp. 208-209. 
 
 78. / 
 
 "The Coal Fields of Texas." 
 
 Manufacturers' Record, Baltimore, March 10, 1893, pp. 113- 
 113. 
 
 This article is mainly a criticism of Professor Hill's statement regard- 
 ing "The Coal Fields of Texas," as .published in the Mineral Kesources 
 of the United States for 1891 (Washington, 1893), and reprinted in the 
 above journal for Jan. 13, 1893. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 188'Z-1896. 51 
 
 79. Cummins, W. F. 
 
 Tucumeari Mountain. 
 
 lAnaer. Geologist, Vol. XI, pp. 375-383. 'Minneapolis, Juno, 
 1893. 
 
 Location of Tucumeari Mountain. .Confusion as which butte should bear 
 the najne of 'Big Tucumeari. The author endeavors to show that Prof. 
 'Mareou was in error in his designation, and that his claim of priority in 
 the matter of names is invalid. A .plate gives a fac-simile of Marcou's map. 
 
 80. ■ 
 
 See Bumble, E. T., and Cummins, W. F. 
 The Kent Section and Gryphsea Tucumeari, Mareou. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, VoL^XII, pp. 309-314. Minneapolis, Nov., 
 1893. 
 
 81. 
 
 Notes on the Greology of Northwest Texas. 
 
 Fourth Ann. Kept, of the GeOl. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. I, 
 pp. 177-238 ; 5 plates of sections. Austin, 18i93. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. General Greology: Seymour Beds; Wild 
 Horse Creek; Pecos Valley; Lake on Plains; Tule Ranch; Tule Canyon; 
 Forks of Groesbeek; Good Oreek; Threle miles Bast of Kiowa Peak; 
 MeiDonald's Creek; List of Pleistocene and Heeent Shells; Tabular View 
 of Occurrence of Shells. Tertiary: 'Conditions of the Country at the 
 beginning of the Tertiary; Tule Division; Blanco Beds; Goodnight Divis- 
 ion; Loup Fork, Cretaceous: Localities of Fossils. Permian: Wichita 
 Division; dear Fork Division; Double Mountain Division. Economic 
 Geology: Copper. n 
 
 "In submitting this report of the work done during the past year, I 
 have thought it advisable to give a brief itinerary of the trip, in order to 
 more definitely describe the localities visited and show their relation to 
 each other. 
 
 "It had been demonstrated during my previous trip to the Staked Plains 
 that there were different epochs of the Tertiary represented in the strata, 
 and that a. correct understanding of their relations could only ibe secured 
 ■by a systematic collection of the fossils and a complete stratigraphie sec- 
 tion. It was known that the Loup Fork beds, as well as their recognized 
 fossils, occurred in places along the .Canadian river, in the northern part 
 of the Panhandle of Texas; that the Blanco beds, a terrane higher than 
 the Loup Fork, were at Blanco Canyon ; and that a still newer formation 
 than the .Blanoo was sitxia-ted to the west; yet their exact location and 
 extent had not been definitely determined. 
 
 '^t was also desirable to have a more extensive collection from the 
 /Triassic formation, of which the principal outcrop in Texas is at the base 
 of the eastern escarpment of the Staked Plains., 'I was also instructed 
 to make a, more exten'sive collection of the fossils from the various hori- 
 zons of the Permian strata, giving special attention to the invertebrates 
 and to -the flora. 
 
52 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 OuMMINSj W. F. 
 
 "The roU'te of travel was, therefore, selected so as ito enable me to make 
 consecutive dbsetvations of the stratigraphy of tlje Triassic, to visit the 
 fceveral localities where the CCeirtiary fossils were known to exist, as well as 
 other localities likely to furnish fossils of that formation, and at the same 
 time to collect fossils from th§ Triassic without making a special trip 
 for that purpose, and then Ibe in a position to go into the Permian mth 
 as little travel as possiWe. 
 
 "Prof. E. D. Cope, of Philadelphia, the eminent vertebrate paleontologist, 
 had volunteered to "accompany me on the expedition and assist in making 
 collections. His offer was gladly accepted, and he "was with me part of 
 the summer, and rendered invaluable service. 
 
 "We traveled- northward along the eastern escarpment of the Staked 
 Plains as far as the town of Dickens, in Dickens county, a distance of 
 about 150 miles; thence up iBlanoo Canyon to Mount Blanco; thence east 
 across the higher plateau, and reached the eastern edge of the Staked 
 Plains at Dutchman ereek; thence northward along the base of the Plains 
 to Clarendon; thence west to IGrOodnight and the moutli of Mulberry Can- 
 yon, and south to the mouth of Palo Duro Canyon; thence up the south 
 , side of the canyon to its head, twelve miles south of_Amarillo. Prom 
 Amarillo we went south to the head of Tule Canyon, in Swisher county, 
 a, distance of about seventy-five miles ; thence down the north side of that 
 canyon to its confluence with Palo Duro Canyon, and thence to Clarendon. 
 This completed the exploration of the Tertiary and Triassic. iFrom Clar- 
 endon we traveled southeast to 'Quanah, a distance of 100 miles; thence, 
 turning southwest, crossed Pease river at the mouth of Catfish creek; 
 thence south to the head of iGood creek, and down that creek to its junc- 
 tion with the north prong of the Big Wichita river; thenee, turning south- 
 eastward, down the divide between the (Big Wichita and Beaver creek, went 
 as far as the northeast corner of (Baylor county; thence south, near the 
 east line of Baylor county, to the Brazos river. Crossing the Brazos, -we 
 turned southwestward up (Miller's creek to its source, and thence west 
 back to the Brazos, recrossing it a few miles east of Kiowa Peak, in the 
 northeast corner of Stonewall county, and thence to the iSalt Fork of the 
 Brazos, and up that stream to the mouth of Salt Oroton creek, and up that 
 creek to the Falls. 
 
 "From this point we traveled north to the town of Guthrie, the county 
 seat of King county, situated on the south prong of the Big Wichita river ; 
 thence turned eastward through the towns of Benjamin, iSeymour, Archer, 
 and Henrietta, to the eastern edge of the Upper Cross Timbers; thence 
 turning southward, we passed through Bowie, Decatur, and Lewisville to 
 Arlington, in the eastern edge of Tarrant county, where I disbanded my 
 party and sent my camping outfit into winter quarters near Austin, having 
 been in the field six months." Pp. 179-180. 
 
 82. 
 
 A Question of Priority. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. XV, pp. 395-396. Minneapolis, June, 
 1895. 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896. 53 
 
 Cummins, W. P. 
 
 Mr. Cummins here offers a vigorous protest against the substitution of 
 "Palo Duro" for his term "G-oodnight,"' which appears in a pauper on "The 
 later 'Lacustrine Formations of the West," read by Professor W. B. Scott, 
 an abstract of which appears in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of 
 America, Vol. V, p. 94 (1894), and in several places in the Fourth Edition 
 of Dana's Manual of Greology. Mr. Oummins contends that inasmuch as 
 he both discovered and described the beds, which occur five miles south- 
 west of the town of Goodnight, in Armstrong county, Texas, and collected 
 the fossils described by Professor Cope, and inasmuch as the beds do not 
 occur in or near Pala Duro Canon, that hia name of "Goodnight Beds" 
 should stand by right of priority, and that it would be a misnomer to 
 call them "Palo Duro." 
 
 ■See Scott, W. B., "A Question of Priority," No. 348. 
 
 S3. CuHTicE, Cooper. 
 
 Discussion of E. 'T. Hill's paper on "The Comanclie Series of the 
 Texas-Arkansas Eegion." 
 
 BuUeiin Geol. Soc. of America, Vol. II, pp. 527-538. 1891. 
 
 "To what has already been said in regard to the erosion of the escarp- 
 ment surrounding the central basin of Texas, I wish to contribute the fol- 
 lowing remarks: 
 
 "In going from Burnet, Texas, situated on the edge of the escarpment, 
 southward to Marble Falls, on the Colorado river, one successively crosses 
 the following strata: lower Cretaceous, Burnet CMarble series (either Car- 
 boniferous or Silurian), Potsdam, Capitol granites, and Carboniferous. 
 The Burnet Mafble appears to abut against the Potsdam sandstone. The 
 sandstones rest horizontally upon the granites, and their lower beds are 
 made of ismall masses oi feldgpar and quartz entLrely like that of the 
 granitej The summits of the sandstone beds rise over a hundred feet higher 
 than the Carlsoniferous at 'Shinbone ridge, which they approach to within 
 a couple of miles. 
 
 "The semi-crystalline limestones of Shinbone ridge abut against the 
 granites, but dip away froili them. Carboniferous fossils were found within 
 a, very short distance from the contact in an abandoned prospect hole. 
 IThese limestones were on a level with the granites, or about on a level 
 with the base of the Potsdam sandstone. 
 
 "On the road westward from Burnet to Bluffton the following exposures 
 were observed: Near Spring creek, a contact of the Burnet marble with 
 Potsdam (Lingula-hearirtg) sandstones, with the Potsdam lying on gran- 
 ites ; between iSpring creek and Clear creek, apparently stratified granites ; 
 at Clear creek, upturned Packsaddle schists, with inclosures of the gran- 
 ites. IThe granites underlying the Potsdam and intrusive into the Pack- 
 saddle schis.ts were apparently of the same mass. 
 
 "Potato hill lies about a mile north of .the Clear creek crossing and two 
 miles west of the escarpment. It is entirely composed of Potsdam sand- 
 stone, and its top is on a level with the crest of the adjacent escarpment. 
 Its strata dip gently toward the northwest, OonocephaUtes trvpwnotatus 
 (or roemeri) , a fossil peculiar to the middle of the Potsdam series, occurs 
 in its topanost bed. At the foot of the escarpment, a little north of east 
 
54 Transactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 Cdkticb, Coopee. 
 
 ■of Potato hill, Potsdam shales lie in contact with Burnet marbles. To- 
 wards the to,p of the escarpment fossils said by Professor Hill to be from 
 the horizon of the Trinity sands, the, base of the 4,000 feet of Cretaeeous 
 strata, are quite plentiful. These are about on the lev^l of the Potsdam 
 fossils not two miles away. 
 
 "The contact of the Carboniferous with granites, which are overlain by 
 horizontal sandstones, and of the iPotsdam sandstones and shales with 
 Burnet marbles at three different localities, suggest the presence of a 
 .-system of faults — vertical dis.placemehts — which must be taken into 
 account while considering the level of the central area when the Creta- 
 ceous was deposited. 
 
 "The injection of granitic material into the Packsaddle sohis'ts ; the clean, 
 fault-like contact of the ''Shinbone' Carboniferous with- the granites; and 
 the apparent formation of the lower beds of the nearly horizontal strata of 
 the Potsdam from the decomposed constituents of the underlying granites, 
 all ipoint out the post-Packsaddle and Pre-Potsdam age of the latter." 
 
 83a. Dall, William Healet, 
 
 iContributions to fhie Tertiary Paiina of Florida with, especial ref- 
 erence to tlie Miocene 'Silex-iBeds oi Tampa "and the Pliocene Beds 
 of the CalooSahatchie Eiver. 
 
 Transactions of the Wagner 'Free Institnte of Science of Phila., 
 Vol. 3. 'August, 1890. 
 
 This work contains several references 'to Texas localities, or in the ease 
 of Living forms to the ooast of Texa^s; as on p. 17, Bulla striata, Brug. 
 "This well-known species is found living as far north as 'Charlotte Harbor 
 on the west and as Jupiter Inlet on the east eoiast of (Florida; also on .the 
 coast of Texas, etc." On p. 25, TereBra (Acms) protexta, Gonraii. "Recent 
 on the coast of the United 'States ftom Cape (Hatteras south to Florida 
 and west to Texas',, in two to fifty fathroms -w«edy bottom." On p. 36, 
 Drillia leucocyma, Ciall. ''E«eent, shores of the Gulf of (Mexioo from Flor- 
 ida to Yucatan, in three to five fathoms." On ,p. 71, Genus Rostellites 
 'Oonnad, 1855. "Type R. texana Conrad; Eagle /PaSs, Texas." On p. 84, 
 Volutilithes precursor ©all. (Description 'of species. 'FiguTed on PI. 6, fig. 
 1. "The specimens are of Eocene lage, the locality half a, mile east from 
 Wheelock, Texas.'' On p. 102, Fasieola/ria distans Lamask- "Recent on 
 the coast of the United States from 'Nonth Carolina bo Florida and Texas." 
 On ip. 149, Murioidae mUUangula Philippi, "living on the eastern coast 
 of North (America from lOape Fear to Yucatan, together -with, the Antilles." 
 On p. ,155, Cymia, Woodii iDall. "Miocene of New Jersey, in the Shiloh 
 marls; Texas (Meek) and of Santo Domingo (Gabb)." On p. 168, Soala 
 Sayana Dall. "Recent from Texas to Key West, and noTthwaid to Vir- 
 ginia." 
 
 84. Dana, James 'D. 
 
 Manual of Geology treating of the Principles of the Science with 
 special Eefference 'to American Geological History. Fourth Edition. . 
 New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Bocyk Company. 
 1895. 
 
Record of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896. 55 
 
 Dana^ James D. 
 
 Texas: Mean Height of, p. 23; Archaean in, pp. 444, 446, 447; Cam- 
 brian, pp. 464, 466, 469, 477, 484; .Upper Silurian, p. 537; Devonian, pp. 
 575, 580; iSuib-fCarboniferous, p. 637; Carboniferous, pp. 648, 690, 693; 
 Permian, pp. 660, 685, 687, 688; Triassie, pp. 660, 746; Cretaceous pp. 
 817, 824, 854; Disturbances, in, p. 868; Tertiary, ,pp. 884, 885, 888; Quar- 
 ternary, p. 378. 
 
 85. (Day, David T.) 
 
 Art. 'Gold and Silver. Min. Eesouroes of lihe U. S. 1888. 
 
 (iSilver Production in Texas, 1887, 1888), p. 37. Washing- 
 toGi, 1890. 
 
 From a taible . showing the ""Approximate distribution in round numbers 
 of the estimated total products of precial metals in the United States 
 during the calendar years 1881 to 1888, inclusive," the following statistics 
 are taken: 
 
 STATE. 1887. 1888. 
 
 Texas $250,000. $300,000. 
 
 86. ( ) 
 
 Art. Litliograpliic Stone. Min. Eesouroes of the U. S. 1889- 
 1890. 
 
 (^LitfiograpMc Stone in Texas), p. 519. Washington, 1893. 
 
 Property of the Texas 'Lithographic 'Stone Company in Blanco county. 
 Mr. John A. lEoper, of Marble Falls, resident superintendent, reports that 
 the company has placed machinery on the ground for quarrying, sawing 
 and dressing stone. 
 
 87. ( ) 
 
 Art. 'Gold and Silver. 'Min. Eesources of the U. S. for 1895, 
 Part III, Seventeenth Ann. Eept. U. S. Geological Survey. 
 ('Silver in Texas), p. 73. Washington, 1896. 
 
 In a tablo here published, entitled "Approximate distribution, by produc- 
 ing 'States and Territories, of the product of gold and silver in the United 
 States for the calendar year 1895, as estimated by the (Director of the 
 iMint," Texas is credited with the production of 450,000 fine ounces of 
 silver, having a coining value of $581,810. 
 
 88. Day, William C. 
 
 Art. 'Structural Materials. IMdn. Eesouroes of the U., S. 1886. 
 (Building Materials in 'Texas), p. 530. 'Washington, 1887. 
 
 In Austin, stone in combination with brick is used in the finest build- 
 
 ■ ings. The stone most used is a magnesian limestone, locally quarried. 
 
 iGranite from Burnet is used to some extent. Bricks yellow. In Galveston 
 
 one .house was erected in 1886 irom a close grained sandstone quarried in 
 
 Brown county. The trimmings were of granite from Burnet. 
 
56 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 89. Day, William C. 
 
 Art. 'Structural Materials. iMin. Eesources of the TJ. S. 1886. 
 (Kaolin in Texas), p. 573. Washington, 1887. 
 
 "At Leaky-j Edwards county, Texas, a company was formed for tlie devel- 
 opment of Kaolin deposits in that region." 
 
 90. ' 
 
 93. 
 
 93. 
 
 Art. Structural Materials. 'Min. Resources of the U. S. 1887. 
 (Building- Material in Texas), p. 511. Washington, 1888. 
 
 Brick used in 'San Antonio. Brick clay found 12 miles northwest of the 
 city. Cement manufactured near the city. 
 
 "An excellent quality of cement is manufactured near the city (iSan 
 Antonio) hy the Alamo Cement Company. It has 'been used in a number 
 of public buildings, including the iState Capitol at Austin." 
 
 91. 
 
 Art. 'Structural Materials. Min. Eesourees of -the U. S. 1887, 
 ('Lime in Texas), p. 533. Washington, 1888. 
 
 State, Texas; Locality, Austin; Production, barrels of 200 pounds, 
 80,000. The production is said to be 85 per cent, above that of 1886. 
 
 Art. 'Structural 'Materials. IMin. Eesourees of the TJ. S. 1888. 
 (Building Material in Texas), pp. 533-534. Was'hington, 
 1890. 
 
 In Austin magnesian limestone used for foundations. This and Burnet 
 granite used in superstructure. -Oommou brick straw yellow. Crood lime 
 locally ■manufactured. 
 
 In Dallas no good rock for foundation purposes ; brick mostly used. Red 
 sandstone from Colorado and granite from Burnet used in superstructures. 
 
 In 'Galveston foundations made 'of concrete; also of granite blocks. 
 'Granite from Burnet, magnesian limestones from various places and 
 brown sandstone from Brown and Leon counties used for ornamental pur- 
 poses. 'Common bricks red and gray- Clay thought to be of good quality, 
 but manufacture defective. 
 
 Art. Structural Material. 'Min. Eesourees of the TJ. 'S. 1888. 
 (Condition of the Brick Industry in Texas in 1888), p. 5G3. 
 Washington, 1890. 
 
 From a table showing the "Condition of the brick industry in 1888," the 
 following statistics are taken: 
 
. Record op Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 
 DaYj William C. 
 
 57 
 
 94. 
 
 95. 
 
 96. 
 
 state. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Number of bricks 
 made in 1888. . 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Dallas. 
 Laredo., 
 
 20,000,000 , 
 12,000,000 
 
 Two new yards were established 
 during 1888, with an aggregate ca- 
 pacity of 2,000,000. 
 
 
 Paris. 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 
 
 San Antonio. 
 
 4,500,000 
 
 
 
 Texarkana. 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 
 
 Waco. ^ 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 
 Art. Structural Materials. iMin. Eesourees of the U. S. 1888. 
 (Condition of tihe fire-brick industry in 'Ttexas in 1888), p. 
 566. Washington, 1890. 
 
 state. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Number of fire-brick 
 made in 1888. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Athens. 
 San Antonio. 
 
 200,000 
 12,000,000 
 
 The Granite Industry df the United States. 
 
 (Statistics of the Production and Consumption of Granite in 
 Texas in 1889.) 
 
 Engineering and Mining Joiimal, N. Y., Vol. LI, p. 496. 
 
 April 35, 1891. 
 
 NumTier of Quarries 8 ; Product 20,400 cu. ft. valued at $22,550 ; Value 
 per ou. ft. $1.11; Total number employed 64; Expenses: Wages $20,464; 
 ■Total $33,738; ,Oapital invested: In Land $184,000. Total $212,125. 
 
 Art. Stone. Min. Ee&ources of the U. S. 1889-1890. 
 - (Stone in Texas), pp. 431-43i2. Wa.shington, 1893. 
 
 Granite: "Eight quarries in Burnet, Gillespie and 'Llano counties, all in 
 the central part of the State, .produced granite valued at $22,550." Used 
 mainly for building purposes. Granite unexhaustible near Marble Palls. 
 Color ranges from red or rose to light gray with intermediate shades. "It 
 has shown a resistance to a pressure of 11,891 pounds to the .square inch 
 before crushing." It is'used in the construction of the large dam across 
 the Colorado river at Austin. Marble and sandstone are found in the 
 vSame region* 
 
 iSandstone: "The value of the sandstone produced in 1889 in Texas 
 was $14,651. It was taken ■from seven quarries, contained in the following 
 
58 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 DaYj William >C. 
 
 counties named in order of relative outputs : Washington, Parker, Grrimes, 
 Llano, Brown, Oollin and Wise. It was entirely used for building." 
 
 I/imestone ; "Limestone,' valued at $ai7,835, including tSe value - of 
 lime made from a portion of it, was obtained from eighteen quarries, con- 
 tained in the following oounties, named in the order of their importance: 
 Travis, $62,ft86 ; Hood, $50,000,; Bell, $35,698 ; Grayson, $23,040 ; El Paso^ 
 $19,138; aiid smaller amounts from Washington, Lainar, Fannin, Lam- 
 pasas, Coryell and Dallas. The product to the value of $135,901 was used 
 ior building. The value of the lime produced was $6,700. The remainder 
 was used for flux, street and bridge work." 
 
 97. 
 
 98. 
 
 99. 
 
 100. 
 
 101. 
 
 103. 
 
 103. 
 
 Art. Stone. Min. Resouroes «f the U. S. 1891. 
 
 (iSandstone in Texas), p. 463. Waisliington, 1893. 
 Texas: Value of sandstone product for 1891 was $6,000. 
 
 Art. iStone. Man. Resouroes of tlie TJ. 'S. 1891. 
 
 (Limestone in Tefsas), p. 467. Washington, 1893. 
 Texas: Value of limestone output in 1891 was $175,000. Used for 
 building purposes. 
 
 Art. Stone. Min. Resources of the U. S. ■ 1892. 
 
 ('Granite in Texas), p. 706, also p. 708. Washington, 1893. 
 Texas: Value of granite product in 1892, $50,000. 
 
 Art. iStone. SMin. Resources of the IT. S. 1893. 
 
 (Granite in Texas), pp. 544 and 547. Washington, 1894. 
 Texas: Production of granite in 1893 was valued at $38,991. 
 
 Art. Stone. (Min. Resources of the U. S. 1893. 
 
 (Sandlstone in Texas), p. 553. Washington, 1894. 
 Texas: Production of sandstone in 1893 was valued at $77,675. 
 
 Art. Stone. Min. Resources of the United States. 1893. 
 
 (Limestone in Tex'as), p. 556. Washington, 1894. 
 Texas: Product of limestone in 1893 was valued at $28,100. 
 
 Art. Stone. Min. Resources of the TJ. S. 1894. 
 Non-metallic Products. 
 Sixteenth Ann. Report U. S. Geological Survey, Part IV. 
 
 (Sandstone Industry in Texas), p. 492. Wa&hington, 
 1895. 
 
Rbcokd of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896. 59 
 
 D'AY^ WiELIAM 0. 
 
 "The value of the output [11894] was $62,350^^ which is quite an increase 
 over the produet of a few years ago. The output comes from quarries in 
 Washington, Parker, Grimes, Llano, Brown, Collin, and Wise counties." 
 
 104. . 
 
 105. 
 
 106. 
 
 Arr iStone. IMin. Resources of the TJ. S. 1894. 
 N'on-metallie Products. 
 'Sixteenth Annual 'Eept. U. S. Geological Survey, Part IV. 
 (Limestone in Texas), pp. 509-510. Washing'ton, 1895. 
 
 "There a,ppears to have been quite a falling off in tha limestone industry 
 in Texas. The total value of the output was only $41,526. Most of this 
 went for building and road making. The productive counties are Coryell, 
 El Paso, Bell, Williamson, Travis, Hood, Crrayson, 'Hamilton, Lampa/sas, and 
 Mills." 
 
 Art. Stone. IMin. EesouT'ces of the U. S. 1895. 
 N'on-metallie Products, except Coal. 
 
 Seventeenth Annual Report of the United States Geological 
 'Survey, Part III ('continued). ' , 
 
 ('Sandstone in Tes/as), p. 780.^ Washington, 1896. 
 
 "Owing to increased operations of a few important concerns, the output 
 of sandstone in Texas increased ifrom a valuation of $62,350 in 1894 to $97,- 
 336 in 1895. This is the highest iigure yet reached for sandstone- in the 
 'State." 
 
 Art. ''Stone. Min. Resources of tihe TJ. S. 1895. 
 Non-metallic Producte, except Coal. 
 
 iSeventeenth Annual Report U. S. Geological Survey, Part 
 III (continued). 
 
 (Limestone in Texas), p. 796. Washington, 1896. 
 
 "The value of the limestone product in 1895 was $62,526. The output 
 ■was'greater than that of 1894." 
 
 107. De Ryee, William. 
 
 Economic Geology of Webb 'County. ■ 
 
 Geological and 'Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 5. Houston, 
 Sept., 1888. 
 
 "Liaredo, the county seait of Wahb county, is geologically situated upon 
 the Eocene or lower deposits of the .Tertiary Bpooh^ 'which rest upon a 
 depi-ession 'of the Cretaceous formation. 
 
 "The litbological charaoterristios of the marine, fluvio-marine and lacujB- 
 fbrine deposits of 'the Eocene formation a,re better (represented in Webb, 
 Bnoinial and a/dj'Oiniing countios than in either the London or Paris basin; 
 
60 Transactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 Db Rtbe, William. 
 
 the strata lay nearly as they ihave been deposited, and their dip is generally 
 insignifioanit." 
 
 Oompaot limestone; shell limestone; siliceous limestonej abundance of 
 raw matenia-ls adapted to the production of cement, eorierete and artificial 
 stone; Ornamental and building sajids; Clays. 
 
 "The mines in Webb county^ 25 miles from Xiaredof and connected with 
 it- by standard and narrow gauge Tailrioad -tracks, turn out monthly about 
 2000 tons of good coal. The best coals of these mines are similar in 
 appearance and quality to cannel coal. Theiy are superior to the lignites 
 and bituminous shales found heretofore in geological strata of the same 
 aige." 
 
 108. DiLLEE, J. S. 
 
 Adminis-trative Eeport. 
 
 Kinth Ann. Rept. of th« U. S. Geological Surv. 1889. 
 (Chalk in Texas), ^. 98. 
 
 An announcement of Professor Hill's recent description of Chalk for- 
 mations in Texas, -which a microscopic examination shows to be "made 
 up of the remains of foraminiferal organisms, and therefore true chalk." 
 
 109. Drake, IsT. F. 
 
 Stratigrapliy of the Triassie. Formation of ITorthwest Texas. 
 
 Third Ann. iRept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 335- 
 247. ^ Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: (Introductory. Topographical Features. Lithologieal Char- 
 acteristics: 'Sandstones; Conglomerates; Clays. Thickness and Uncon- 
 formability. Stratigraphy: The Lower Bed; the Central Beds; Upper 
 (Beds; Dip of the formation; Springs; Deposition; Liocal Development. 
 
 "The Triassie formation was examined in the vicinity of Doekum, Dick- 
 ens county, by Professor W. iP. Cummins, in 1889, and by him described, 
 under the name of iDoekum beds, in the First Annual Report of the Texas 
 iGeological Survey. In the (Second Annual IReport of the Survey, he gave 
 a more extended description of these beds, and stated the published con- 
 clusions of other geologists concerning the formation in Texas, drawn from 
 previous observations. 
 
 "I first saw this formation at Doekum, in company with Professor Cum- 
 mins, in 1889, being attached to his party as assistant; but nearly all of 
 the present report is the result of observations made by myself in (Texas 
 and New Mexico during the past field season. 
 
 "The Doekum beds underlie all, or nearly all, of the Staked Plains of 
 Tex.is and southeastern New Mexico, extend further back into New Mex- 
 ico northwest of the Plains, and have some extension under the Cretaceous 
 area south of them in Texas. 
 
 "The limit of the Plains on the east, north and west ia marked by an 
 escarpment which is usually from one to two hundred, and sometimes three 
 or four hundred feet high. The basal portion, sometimes nearly all of 
 this escarpment,- is composed of the Triassie beds. These Tjeds usually 
 
Record op Geology of Texas,- 1887-1896. 61 
 
 Drake, N. P. 
 
 110. 
 
 extend six or seven miles from the 'base of the esca.rpment and nearly 
 surround the plains hy- a narrow band, as is shown on the map. * * * 
 
 "!As is there shown, this belt extends through latan, Mitchell county; 
 Gail, Borden county; 'Doekum and Espuela, Dickens county; Goodnight, 
 (Armstrong county; three miles north of Amarillo, Potter county; center 
 of Oldham county; Liberty, New Mexico, and, with some breaks, down 
 the east side of the Pecos river to Castle Mountains, Crane county. The 
 formation spreads out to a considerable width in the vicinity of (Liberty, 
 il^ew Mexico, and west of the Pecos river opposite Fort Sumner. 
 
 "The nearly horizontal strata of sandstone, conglomerate and clay, vary- 
 ing in thickness and lesiatance to erosion, have been carved into by 
 branches, ravines and creeks, leaving a rolling landscape. The regular 
 undalating nature of the beds is occasionally interrupted by more or less 
 precipitous outcrops of sandstone or conglomerate strata. These rocks, 
 resisting erosion longer than the others, often remain capping some point 
 or ridge, walling in the narrow valley of some creek, or forming the channel 
 wall of some ravine or branch. These sandstones or conglomerates are, 
 however, rather aoft, and their outcrops are not usually conspicuous away 
 from the rapidly carving action of the streams, but give a rolling character 
 to the surface by slightly holding in cheek the wear of points here and 
 there, while the intervening softer rocks are worn deeper and deeper. 
 
 "The topography of the Triassic 'beds is undoubtedly afifeeted to some 
 extent by irregularities in the erosion of the overlying Tertiary beds. This 
 erosion first marking the places that are afterwards worn down into 
 drainage courses or left as dividing ridges. 
 
 '^Qoing back from the foot of the iPIains to where the Doekum bed« 
 disappear, the rolling nature of the country grows somewhat less, and in 
 some places is quite level. 
 
 "Sandstones, conglomerates, and clays constitute nearly all the strata 
 of this formation. 
 
 "The materials eom^posing the different strata vary somewhat in litholog- 
 ical characteristics at different localities, and even at the same locality, 
 but the general characteristics are quite uniform, and are so diflferent 
 from the underlying Permian and overlying Cretaceous or Tertiary, that 
 they are usually easily recognized. This is especially true of the sand- 
 stones and conglomerates." Pp. 227-228. ' 
 
 Report on the Colorado Coal Field of Texas. 
 
 Fourth Ann. Eept. <a the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. 1, 
 pp. 355-446; 1 cut; 2 plates; 2 maps. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Introduction: Hydrography; Topography; (Relations and 
 Extent of iFormations; Acknowledgments. General Geology: Cretaceous; 
 Trinity Conglomerate, Trinity ISands, Alternating, Paluxy, and Texana 
 Beds, Comanche Peak Limestone, Ca,prina Limestone. Oart>oniferous : 
 Origin of the Sediment of the 'Strawn and Overlying Divisions; Strawn 
 Division; Canyon Division; Cisco Division; 'Albany Division, Ecohoniic 
 Geology: Ooal; Ohaffln iSeam, Upper or Bull Creek Seam, The Chaffln 
 Oosul, Bull Greek Goal ;Seam. Oil and Gas; Origin of Oil and Condi- 
 
62 Teansactiohs Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 Drake, N. 'F. 
 
 tiona of Aeoumulatmn. 'Iron Ore. Clays. Building Stone: Weather- 
 ing and Durability of aBuilding Stones; Building iSbooes of the Oa.rhoni- 
 ferous Beds; Strawn Division; Canyon Division; Giaoo Divison; Albany 
 Division; Cretaceous Building Stone^s. (Road-making Material. Paving 
 Material. iGrind Stones; Lime Manufacture. 
 
 "The region embraced in the following report lies between 31° 10' and 
 32° north latitude an.d 98° 30' and 100° west longitude. This area, about 
 4000 square miles, includes nearly all of Brown and Coleman counties, 
 Kunnels county east of Norwood, the northeast part of Oohchp county or 
 the part lying east of Paint Rock and north of Eden, MeCullacK and San 
 Saba counties north of Brady creek and the town of San Saba, the north- 
 west corner of Lampasas county. Mills county west of the G-ulf, Colorado 
 and iSanta iFe iRailway, and a small area in 'Comanche county north and 
 northwest of Comanche." 
 
 "Preliminary examinations of the Carboniferous beds of this area have 
 been made by Messrs. W. P. Cummins and R. S. Tarr, and like investiga- 
 tions of the Cretapeous areas have been made by Messrs. (R. T. Hill and 
 J. A. Taflf. 
 
 "These geologists have determined the stratigraphic relations of the 
 divisions and terranes of these formations, and their classifications have, 
 for the most part, been followed in this report. The work of the present 
 seasOTi has been of a more detailed character than that hitherto undertaken. 
 Each bed has been studied with reference to its extent, stratigraphic rela- 
 tions, lithologic characters, fossil forms, and eoonbmiq features. 
 
 "The whole of this region, except that portion embraced in Comanche 
 county, is drained by the Colorado river and some of its tributaries. While 
 it is practically all in the same liydrographic basin, it has branching basins, 
 which are of considerable extent, and are more or less distinct within them- 
 selves. So we may consider this area under its main and two other prin- 
 cipal branching basinSj These three basins are as follows :. In the south 
 we have the lower part of the San Saba river basin drained by the lower 
 course of that river, with Brady creek and other smaller streams emptying 
 into it from the north; the central portion comprises a, part of the Col- 
 orado river basin, drained by the Colorado river and its numerous small 
 tributaries from either side, together with a little of the lower course 
 of the Concho river ; and the northeastern part is drained by Pecan bayou, 
 with its tributary creeks, Wild Horse, Willis, .and Jim Ned from the west, 
 and Eliott, Brown, Bull, Elm, Hog, Paint, and other creeks from the east 
 and north. 
 
 "tXhe general slope of the country is to tihe southeast, but this slope is 
 modified to form the above named basins. The San Saba river and Brady 
 creek basin slopes to the east, the main Colorado river basin to the south- 
 east,, and the Pecan bayou basin to the south. These three basins converge 
 towards a common point near the northeast corner of San Saba county. 
 
 "There are two principal or general phases- of the topography, one char- 
 acteristic of the Cretaceous, and the other of the Carboniferous. The Cre- 
 taceous formation, lying nearly horizontal and composed of beds of increas- 
 ing hardness from the base upwards,' with some horizons that slightly 
 alternate in hardness, presents bluff, bench, or terraced undulations along 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, .1887-1896. 63 
 
 Dkake, N". p. 
 
 the edges of these outcropping beds, and has flat tops of greater or less 
 extent, according to the amount of the capping material of the harder 
 horizons. 
 
 "The Garhoniferous, composed of beds dipping to the west and north- 
 west, has a topography characterized by parallel ridge-like undulations 
 which extend northeast and southwest, or more exactly N. 20° to 30° E., 
 and S. 20° to 30° W. These ridges slope so gently on the west side that 
 they may be more properly called escarpments or benches. The bench 
 or the escarpment faces east, while the slope of the surface to the west and 
 northwest is slightly less than the dip of the underlying strata, and in 
 the same direction. The lowest level reached on the northwest side of 
 these ridges or benches does not quite extend down to that on the southeast 
 side, so that going northwest, each ridge or escarpment gone over places^ 
 one^t a slightly higher elevation than the preceding one, thus making 
 the average slope of the country to the east and southeast, -while most of 
 the surface slope is to the northwest. This character of topography exists 
 because of the dip of the beds N. 60° to 70° W., and because of the different 
 degrees of hardness of the beds. The softer beds rapidly erode and are 
 carried away, leaving the hardef beds projecting at the top of the escarp- 
 ments, and forming the surface rock to the west and northwest, nearly to 
 the 'base of the next escarpment of overlying beds. 
 
 "The 'whole of this area was onoe covered by 'Cretaceous strata, which 
 rested unoonformably on Carboniferous, the former dipping very slightly 
 to the southeast and -the latter dipping 25 to 300 feet per mile to the 
 northwesti Most of this Cretaceous cap has been carried away by erosion, 
 leaving the underlying Carboniferous beds exposed. 
 
 "Unequal erosion over this area has left the Cretaceous with an irregu- 
 lar border, and in isolated areas; or the Cretaceous areas in this field are 
 ' now as follows: In isolated buttes, such as Santa Anna Mountain, Bead 
 Mountain, iRobinson Peak, etc., iji areas of considerable extent, as that 
 south of Brown wood and that north of Talpa; and others in ridges or 
 spurs, like the Brady mountains, running out from the main Cretaceous 
 area. 
 
 "The Oarl^oniferous beds of this field comprise the southern extension 
 of the central Carboniferous area, which extends from a, little south of the 
 Colorado river in San Saiba county northward nearly to the Red river in 
 Montague county. This- Colorado river coal field is almost. cut off from 
 the main body of the Coal Measures to the north by the overlying neck- 
 like extension of the Lower Cretaceous beds stretching from the west 
 corner of Comanche county across the southwest corner of Eastland and 
 the southern part of Callahan, into (Runnels county." Pp. 3i57-359. 
 
 Ill: DuMBLE^ Edwin T. 
 
 The JTacogdoclies Oil Field. 
 
 Geol. and Scientific Bull., Vol. I. Hous'ton, July, 1888. 
 
 "The existence of oil in these eastern counties has been an acknowledged 
 fact for many years, and numerous atteanpts have been made to obtain 
 it in paying quantities, none of which proved at all successful until lately. 
 About two years ago several parties concluded that they would investigate 
 
64 Transactions Texas Academy or Science. 
 
 DuMBLE, Edwin T. 
 
 the matter thoroughly, and, going through the country, topk mining 
 leases on such lands as they thought most promising. The best indications 
 were found about fourteen miles southeast of Nacogdoches, where they 
 occur at different places, and are abundant over a tract of land seven 
 mites square, lying adjacent to Oil City, the name of the new town. 
 
 "The first boring was done in the spring of 1887, and the first well was 
 a success, securing a good flow of oil at 70 feet. At once the country was 
 wild with excitement, mining leases were made on all available property, 
 and those taking them were compelled at length to insert an agreement 
 to 'begin work within sixty days. .Oompauiea were formed and machinery- 
 was ordered, and then, like all flurries, the reaction set in. The second 
 well did not prove as good as the first, the next showed still less oil, and 
 some of the others none at alL * * * Those who were doing the boring, 
 however, were used to the vicissitudes of oil prospecting, and were in no 
 wise discouraged by a few dry wells, es.pecially as the oil found proved 
 to be of a very superior quality. Thirteen wells have been bored, some 
 of them giving a mere seeipage of oil, others ircm one to forty barrels per 
 
 day. 
 
 #,i* # # * # * 
 
 "(As stated above, the quality of the oil is very superior. Actual test 
 is the strongest proof, and a letter from the management of one of the 
 largest railroads in the Northwest states that during last February this 
 oil was exposed in the open air for twenty-four hours and then tested. 
 The temperature of the air was 19° below zero, and that of the oil .18° 
 below, and at that temperature it flowed freely, thus proving conclusively 
 its value as a lubricant for all portions of ths country liable to extremely 
 low temperatures. 
 
 "The:speeific gravity of this oil is about 28° Beaume, while the ordinary 
 oils of .Pennsylvania are 43° to 48°, and the West Virginia lubricating oils 
 30° to 37°. 
 
 "The geological horizon of this oil is the Claiborne sands of the Lower 
 Eocene, the strata passed through being beds of sandy clay and a blue 
 clay with shells, which we have had examined with a view to determining 
 their exact geological age. The oil is found in a very porous rook imme- 
 diately underlying this shell, marl and clay. 
 
 * ' * * * * * * 
 
 "Prof. Everhart, of the State University at Austin, had a sample of the 
 oil sent him for analysis during last summer, and we await his report with 
 a great deal of interest. pSee Everhart, Edgar, Contributions from the 
 .Chemical Laboratory, University of Texas, Bulletin No. 4.] 
 
 "The actual shipments of this oil aimount to something over fourteen 
 hundred barrels to 'May 1st, 1888." 
 
 112. 
 
 Notes on the Iron Ore Deposits of Eastern Texas. 
 
 Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 5. Houston, 
 Sept., 1888. 
 
 "The iron ores of the Tertiary formation, which occur so abundantly in 
 Eastern Texas, have received more or less attention for many years. A 
 
Recoed of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896. 65 
 
 DuMBLB, Edwin T. 
 
 good description was first given of tBean by Dr. Shumard, while he was 
 (State Geologist, and it is a matter to be deeply regretted that the valuable 
 maps of the counties he examined in this region, and the description of 
 their geological formations, as he had determined them, have been lost to 
 the State. At a later date. Dr. Buckley made a reconnaissance through 
 this section, and visited and described some of the better Itnown localities, 
 where furnaces had been erected or where heavy deposits were supposed to 
 exist. 
 
 "The practical value of these ores as iron producers has been fully 
 demonstrated by the numerous furnaces which have been erected and 
 run on them. » » * 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The geological position of these deposits is immediately above the blue 
 and yellow marls of the Claiborne group of the Eocene Tertiary, from 
 which they are separated by a stratum of red and peculiarly mottled clay, 
 which has a very wide development. I have observed it from Shelby 
 county, on the east, down the line of the H. E. & W. T. Railway into 
 Polk oounty, and as far west as Goliad, and from Cherokee to Jasper 
 county. , lAs a rule, the ore beds, which are nearly horizontal, occur only 
 at or near the tops of the knobs or hills, and have for covering nothing 
 more than a bed of gray or light colored sand, and frequently even this 
 is absent. These beds are therefore not continuous, but lie in detached 
 masses, and it often happens that the talus from the seam above so eovei-s 
 the hillside as to make it appear a mountain of iron ore. The thickness 
 of these beds is variable, being from one inch to live feet, and even greater 
 in places. The capping is generally a silicious iron, which is often present 
 even when the ore is not. To the south and west, as in Jasper and Bastrop 
 counties, this seems to ipass into an iron sandstone, sometimes of con- 
 siderable thickness. 
 
 "The Oiverlying sands are compacted in some places, as may be seen 
 ■along the line of the H. E. & W. T. Kailway, at various localities between 
 'Lufkin and Timpson, and their peculiar foiination shows the work of wind 
 and tide. 
 
 "The ores themselves consist of hematites, limonites and argillaceous 
 varieties, and occur massive, honey-combed and laminated, or of concre- 
 tionary structure, the former predominating in the eastern and the latter 
 in the western part of the district. Thus the 'laminated' and 'brown 
 crumbly' are the varieties used at the furnaces at Rusk and Kelleyville, 
 while in Robertson county concretionary forms and argillaceous ores are 
 very a;bundant, and may be seen at the lignite bluflf on the Brazos river. 
 Pot ore and pipe ore are also of frequent occurrence. 
 
 "In Sabine county specimens were brought me that were as rioh in 
 appearance as some of our Llano ores, but my limited time prevented an 
 examination of the localities from which they were obtained. 
 
 "Analyses of these ores, miade by Prof. Everbart and others, show that 
 they contain from thirty-.five to sixty-one per cent, of metallic iron, and 
 are very low in phosphorus. The iron from these ores is unexcelled for 
 many grades of castings, such as car wheels, agricultural implements, etc., 
 on account of its chilling properties, but for softer castings other ores must 
 
66 Tbansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 DuMBLE^ Edwin T. 
 
 be selected to mix with them. It is possible that ores of ithe desired quality 
 may be found lamong these deposits, or it may be necessary to use some of 
 the Llano ores for 'this purpose. 
 
 "Numerous detached islands of the Cretaceous formation, scattered 
 through this region, furnish limestone sufficient for smelting purposes, 
 while for fuel there are immense forests of pine, oak, etc., which cover 
 the eastern part of the State, and the deposits of lignite which underlie 
 the entire territory, 'and wihioh will undoubtedly be made use of as soon as 
 the ereotio-n of iron furnaces and the reduction of ores b^in in earn- 
 • est. 
 
 "From Sabine to Cass county on the east, and extending west to Bastrop 
 county, these deposits are found, scattered over thousands of square miles 
 of territory; and while they are not found in all the counties within these 
 boundaries, and spmetimes when found are of too impure quality, or in too 
 small quantity, to be of economic value, yet it is a fact fully demonstrated 
 by the examinations already made that in these deposits we have an 
 almost limitless supply of ore for many years." 
 
 ******* 
 
 113. 
 
 Geological Survey of Texas, Circular No. 3. Nov. 1, 1888. 
 (Official.) 
 
 Greoloigical and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 7. Houston, 
 > November, 1888. 
 
 This circular, accompanied by a map, was addressed to the more intelll- . 
 gent citizens of the different counties of the State for the purpose ( 1 ) of 
 obtaining information concerning the economic minerals known or thought 
 to occur in Texas, (2) of correcting existing maps, and (3) of securing 
 personal observations on the local geology, soil, irrigation, quarries, etc. 
 
 The following list of economic minerals in Texas is appended: 1, 
 Asphaltum; 2, Arsenic; 3, Asbestos; 4, Barytes; 5, Bat Guano; 6, 'Copper; 
 7, Ooal (including Lignite) ; 8, 'Strontian Sulphate; 9, Chalk; 10, Diato- 
 maeeous Earth (Tripoli); 11, Feldspar; 12, Flint; 13, Fluor 'Spar; 14, 
 Fire Clays; 15, Gold; 16, Millstone Grit; 17, Wheitstone Material; 18, 
 Graphite; 19, Gypsum; 20, Glass Sand; 2], Marls; 22, Iron; 23, Kaolin; 
 24, Lead; 25, Manganese Ore; 26, Mineral Waters; 27, Building Stones 
 and Marble; 28, Cement Eiock; 29, Limestone and Shells for Lime; 30, 
 Lithographic Stone; 31, Ochres; 32, Mineral Paints; 33, Petroleum; 34, 
 Natural Gas; 33, Pyrites; 36, Silver; 37, 'Salt; 38, Sulphur; 39, Soapstone; 
 40, Mica; 41, Alum Shales; 42, Saltpetre; 43, Brick Clays. 
 
 114. 
 
 Texas Asplialtum. 
 
 Geological and Scientific .iBulIetin, Vol. I, No, 11. Houston, 
 March, 1889. 
 
 Need of material in Texas suitable for pavements. 'Use of Trinidad 
 a&phalt mixed with calcareous matter in imitation of the Val-de-Travers 
 deposit., Quotation from Dr. Ure on bitumen and calcareous earth. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, ISSV-lSQe. " 67 
 
 DuMBLE^ Edwin T. 
 
 "Among the specimens collected by Col. J. L. Ta,it, on his trip to South- 
 west Texas last November, was a small piece of dai'k-blue limestone thor- 
 oughly imipregnated with bitumen. The rains were so continuous, how- 
 ever, that no detailed examina;tion could be made, but later advices infoi-m 
 - us that the quantity is equal to all demands, and a somewhat larger spec- 
 imen was obtained and subjected to analysis, with the result of proving 
 iit almost identical in composition with that of Val-de^Travers, as will 
 be seen by the following: 
 
 "Val-de-Trravers: Bitumen, 20 per cent. ; limestone, 80 per cent. Uvalde 
 county: Bitumen, 20.35 per cent.; limestone, 79.65 per cent. 
 
 "This, we think, will prove to be of great and lasting benefit to the 
 State. In addition to this, many deposits of bituminous sands or shales 
 occur, which yield ten per cent., and sometimes a larger amount, of bitu- 
 men." 
 
 115. 
 
 Petrified "Wood. 
 
 Gteologjeal and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 12. Houston, 
 April, 1889. 
 
 "Dr. IRoemer, in 'Krcidebildflngen von Texas,' ascribes the origin of the 
 silioifled wood he observed in T«xas to Tertiary time on two grounds. 
 First, because it was found in large quantities at Booneville, near the 
 iBrazos river, in a sandstone which was immediately underlaid by un- 
 doubted Tertiary strata; and, second, because of its generic character, but 
 states that nowhere was the presence of wood in Tertiary strata determined 
 by direct observation. 
 
 "It was the good fortune of Or. Penrose ahd myself, on our late trip 
 down the Oolorado, to prove the correctness of this opinion, and supply'the 
 missing evidence. Below Bastrop, in undoubted Eocene strata, we found 
 petrified wood in place. It was of the usual grayish color. 'Further down 
 the river, in the lignite beds, we had still stronger proof. Here we found 
 many large logs imbedded in the lignite, and on careful examinaition we 
 found that while the outer portion was in most inatanees converted into 
 lignite, the centre, although equally black in color, was silicified. The 
 interidr portion oorres.ponded exactly with specimens found some years ago 
 in the drift in the vicinity of La Grange, the source of which is now 
 readily' apparent. As I have stated before in these columns, the specimens 
 of petrified wood in Eastern Texas, which seemed to be in place, were 
 usually in the red clay underlying the gravel." 
 
 116. — , State Greologisi. 
 
 Texas G-eological and Mineralogical Survey. First Eeport of 
 Progress, 1888, 78 pp. Ausitin,: State Printing Office, 1889. 
 
 'Letter of Transmittal by L. L. Fositer, Commissioner of Agriculture, 
 Insurance, Statistics and Hisitory. Letter of Transmittal by E. T. Dumble, 
 (State Cteologist, lEirst Keport of Progress by E. T. Dumble. Report of 
 ithe Geologist for Western Texas by W. von Streeruwitz, C E., M. E. 
 (Table showing Rainfall at IFort Davis a-nd Surrounding Circle of Ooun- 
 
68 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 DuMBLE^ Edwin T. 
 
 'try of 100 miles Diameter. lAverage Annual Rainfall by Months. Normal 
 Average Temperature in West Texas.) (Report of 'G-eologist for Northern 
 Texas by W. F. Oummins. Report of Geologist for Eastern Texas by R. 
 A. F. Penrose, Jr. 'Reports of G-eologiats for South ern Texas: (1) by 
 Gustav Jermy, (2) hy J. L. Tait, (3) by J. lOvven. (Boonomic Minerals 
 of San Saba County, by A. Gregg, M. D. 
 
 117. 
 
 First Eeport of Progress. 
 
 Texas Geological and. Miiieralogical Survey. 'First Eeport of 
 Progress, 1888, pp. 7-30 ; 9 cuts. 1889. 
 
 Appointments. Cir-eulars 1 and 2 relating to the work of the Survey; 
 'Circular 3 requesting information and speei'mens. Office 'Work. Topo- 
 graphic Work. Meteorological Work. 'Chemical Work. (Reports of Gfeol-.^ 
 ogists. Mining Law. Iri-igation. (Responses to (Circulars: Artesian 
 -Well3, Asphaltum, Building Stones, Bat 'Caves, Clays, Coal, Gypsum, Pre- 
 . eious Metals, Iron, In^gatiipn, (Mineral Waters, Natural Gas, Petroleum, 
 iSalt, 'Soils. 'Coal: 'The Ceri'tral Co'al Field — .Bituminous, The Nueces Coal 
 Field — ^Semi-Bituminous, The Lignite Field. Artesian Waters: Condi- 
 tions of Artesian Wells, Essential Features of Artesian Wells, The Water- 
 Bearing Beds, The 'Confining Beds, The Inclination of the Beds, The 
 Reservoir or Fountain Head, The Collecting Area, Rainfall. Drouths. 
 (Conclusion. 
 
 118. 
 
 Art. Coal. Min. Resources of the U. S. 1888. 
 (Coal, in Texas), 'pp. 368-374. Washington, 1890. 
 
 "There are in Texas three distinct ooal fields, the 'Central or Bituminous, 
 the Nueces or Semi-Bituminous, and the Lignitic. 
 
 "The Central coal is a continuation of the Missourian or Western coal 
 basin, of the United States, of which it is the southern extremity. Its 
 approximate 'boundary is a line from the eastern corner of Montague 
 county, running southwest from Red river just west of Decatur and 
 Weatherford, through Palo Pinto"^ county, to the eastern line of Brown 
 county, and from this point 'through 'Lampasas into Burnet county, where 
 it terminates. 'It appears again in Kimble and Mason counties, and the 
 line running north passes .through 'Menard, Concho, Runnels,, Taylor, 
 Callahan, Shackelford, and Throckmorton counties, 'through the southeast- 
 em portions of 'Archer and Clay counties to the 'mouth of the Little 
 Wichita. This afield covers in whole or in part some twenty-five counties 
 and 'has an area of not less than 12,000 square miles. Its eastern border 
 is overlaid by the rocks of the Cretaceous formation, while the Permian 
 beds rest upo'n it on the west. The seotio.n made by Professor Cummins 
 B'hows the thickness of the formation to be not less than 2,000 feet, with 
 nine seams of coil, of which two at least, and probably three, are worka- 
 ble." P. 368. 
 
 "The Nueces or SeminBituminous coal field includes parts of Webb, 
 Dimmit, Zavala, and Maverick counties, and has an area of 3,700 square 
 
Record op Geology op Texas, 1887-1896. 69 
 
 DuMBLE^ Edwin T. 
 
 miles. The northern boundary has not yet heen determined. It contains 
 two workable seams of coal, and locally, at least thr^e. These differ 
 somewhat in character; the lower is a Semi-Bituminous coal, probably of 
 ^ Cretaceoois age, which, so far as it has. been examined, gives promise of 
 
 being a very good fuel. It is being worked north of Eagle Pass at the 
 Hertz mines. The other bed now being worked at San Tomas, is possibly 
 of the Laramie group. It is somewhat lignitic, although quite different 
 from the lignites of our Tertiary coal field. Another variety which is 
 also found in some quantity in this coal field is albertite. This seam is 
 , north-east of the San Tomas exposure, and will prove valuable. 
 
 "The Lignite field is by far the largest, and the coal strata it contains 
 are of much greater thickness than those of either of the others. As nearly 
 as its boundaries oan now be marked, they are as follows: Beginning on 
 the Sabine river, in iSabine county, the boundary line runs west and south- 
 west near Crockett, Navasota, Ledbetter, Weimar and on to Helena ana 
 the Eio Grande river; thence back by Pearsall, Elgin, Marlin, Richland, 
 Salem, and Clarksville to [Red river. It includes fifty-four counties in 
 whole or in part, and while the ooourrenee of lignite has not been noted 
 in every one of these, it 'will in all probability be found in all of them 
 sooner or later. Four, possibly five, strata of lignite can be recognized in 
 this field, one of which attains in .many places a thickness of from 15 to 
 20 feet. The amount of sulphur contained in these lignites is very varia- 
 ble, as is indeed the quality of the lignite itself. In some places there is a 
 good clean lignite, almost, if not entirely, free from sulphur, wliile at 
 other places masses of sulphuret of iron are mingled through a carbona- 
 ceous mass." Pp. 368-369. 
 
 For outline of remainder of this report, see Ash'burner, Charles A. 
 COoal in Texas), Min. Hesourees of U. S. for 1888. 
 
 119. ■ 
 
 Appendix to "A Preliminary Report on the Soils and Waters of 
 the "Upper Rio, Grande and Pecos Valleys in Texas," by H. H. Har- 
 rington. 
 
 Geol. Surv. of Texas, Bulletin jSTo. 2, pp. 24-26. 1890. 
 
 The effect of alkalies upon crops. The 'Experimental Farm above Pecos 
 City irrigated by the waters of the iPecos river. Soils: Salt and other 
 determinations by L. E. Magnenat. IRoek material from which the soil 
 is derived feldspathic. Apparent excess of alkalies not dangerous to agri- 
 culture. 
 
 '^On ipage 10, Pi'of. Harrington makes this statement in regard to the 
 effect of alkalies on the growth of crops: 'But so far as I oan ascertain, 
 the maximum quantity of alkali that any orop would tolerate and still 
 thrive and do well has not yet been determined. The character of the 
 soil would undoubtedly have great influence in this matter,' Such being 
 the case, il have delayed the publication of this Bulletin that additional 
 facts might be accumulated bearing upon this point, for it is one of the 
 greatest importance to a large area in the Pecos Valley. 
 
 "Both before and since the ooramejicement of this examination there has 
 been an experimental farm in' operation above Pecos City, using the waters 
 
70 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 DuMBLBj Edwin T. 
 
 of the Peoos River for irrigi&;tion. Upon it have Ijeen grown fruits, vegeta- 
 bles, grains and grasses, etc., and the yield has been of such a character, 
 both in quality and amount, as to encourage the construction of canals 
 and ditches and a considerable extension of the irrigation facilities. The 
 claim made by the operators of the experimental farm is that the manner 
 of irrigation prevents the accumulation of the salt to any hurtful extent. 
 The plats are flooded with water and the porous na/ture of the soil permits 
 rapid drainage. By this means, it is thought by them that the water, 
 as it is applied, washes out the soluble salt left by former applications, 
 and in' turn leaves only rabout the same quantity as before, as it is drained 
 away or iBvaporates. 
 
 "The facts, as I can learn them, are that up to the present, at least, 
 no deleterious effects 'are noticeable from the lapplieation of the water. 
 The crops continue to flourish, and there is no perceptible reason for 
 expecting them to do otherwise while the water continues available as it 
 ■is now. / 
 
 "That there is, however, an increase in the amount of salt in the land 
 9/fter irrigation is .fully proved by the following analyses made of virgiii 
 soil and- exactly siimilar soil near it which had been irrigaited for three 
 yeairs." P. 24. 
 
 120. 
 
 121. 
 
 First Annual Eeport of the Geological Survey of 'Texas, 1889. 
 8 vo., pp. xci, 410. PI. X, and map. AustiM, 1890. 
 
 Contents: Letter of Transmittal (L. L. Foster, 'Commissioner of Agri., 
 Ins., Statistics and '^^istory, to Hon. L. 'S. Koss, Governor). Table of Con- 
 tents. Table of Illustrations. Letter of Transmittal, E. T. Dumble, State 
 Geologist, to Hon. L. L. Fositer, Commissioner, etc. (Report of the State 
 Geologist, E. T. Dumble. [Reports of the Geologists : W. von Streeruwitz, 
 W. F. Gummins, R. T. Hill, Theo. B. Oomstock.. 
 
 'Accompanying Papers : Preliminary Report on 'the iGeology of the Gulf 
 Tertiary of Texas, by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr. A Brief Description of the 
 Cretaceous iRocks of Texas and their Economic Uses, :by 'Robt. T. Hill. 
 The Southern Border of the Central Coal Field, by W. F. Cum'mins. The 
 Permian of Texas and its Overlying (Beds,- by W. F. Cummins. A Pre- 
 liminary 'Report on' the Coal Fields of the Colorado Rivet, by Ralph S. 
 Tarr. Geology of Trans-Peeos Texas — ^Preliminary Statement — :by_W.-jon 
 'Streeruwitz. A Preliminary "Report on the Central 'Mineral Region of 
 Texas, by Theo. B. Oomstock. 
 
 'This volume is 'noticed in the Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXVI, Jan., 1892, 
 p. 47. 
 
 Eep'Ori of State Geologist. 
 
 "First Annual Eeport of the Geological Survey of Texas, pp. 
 xvii-lxxv. 1890. 
 
 Contents : Organization. Scope and Plan of the 'Survey. Plan of Op- 
 erations, W'ork of th^ First YgEi-r; Typography, Ceology, I^al?pra,tory, 
 
Record of Gbology of Texas, ISS'T-IBOG. 71 
 
 DuMBLE^ Edwin T. 
 
 Museum, Library, OiSce. Eesults: Introduction, Topography, Geology. 
 iGrulf Coast Formations — ^Ooast Clays, iFayette iBeds, Timber Belt beds; 
 liignite, Laredo Coal. Basal CLays; Iron Ores. Cretaceous; Upper, 
 Low«r. The Central Basin Formations — 'Archaean, Eparehaean, Ores, Pale- 
 ozoic — Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Coal, Permian. Meso- 
 zoie — Jura-Trias. vArtesian Water. (Personnel. Acknowledgments. 
 
 122. , and Hill, E. 'T. 
 
 See Hill, R. T., a-nd Dumble, E. T. 
 The Igneous Rocks of Central 'Texas. 
 
 , Proe. Amer. Assoc, for Adt. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 
 242-243. 1890. 
 
 123. 
 
 EepoTt of Professor E. T. Bumble, State Geologist of Texas, on 
 the Existence of Artesian Waters West of the Ninety-«venth Meri- 
 dian, etc. (Submitted with the Report of Richard J. Hinton, Spe- 
 cial Agent in Charge of the "Preliminary Investigation to determine 
 the proper location of Artesian Wells within the Area of the Ninety- 
 seventh Meridian and East of the Poot-ihilis of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains.") 
 
 51st 'Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document, No 
 222, pp. 99-102. Washington, 1890. (Accompanying this docu- 
 ment there is a map of West Texas showing the lodation of 
 Artesian wells.) 
 
 This paper is in reply to a. request of the Special "Agent "for a statement 
 as to the existing artesian wia-ter conditions of that portion of Texas west 
 of the ninety-seventh meridian and north of San Antonio," and is pub- 
 lished under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 "The part of .the State covered by your request includes four topo- 
 graphic divisions. First, in its eastern part we find a small area of the 
 Gulf coast formation followed by the plateau of Grand Prairie. From the 
 northern and western scarp of this "plateau the Central Basin region 
 stretches away west to the Guadalouipe Mountains, beyond whioh .we iind 
 the mountain region of Trans-Peoos Texas.'' 
 
 The small exposure of the Gulf Coast formation (Upper Cretaceous, 
 Lower and Middle Tertiary) are too limited in area to need description, 
 
 Description of the Grand Prairie. "The western and northern edge of 
 the 'Grand Prairie is, generally speaking, topographically higher than the 
 "eastern and. the southern, land the dip of the beds is very geatle towards the 
 southeast. The rock formation of this plateau belongs to the Lower Cre- 
 taceous series, and consists of a great thickness of limestones and chalks, 
 magnesian, arenaceous and even argillaceous in places, which is under- 
 laid by a bed of sands. * » » 
 
 "This bed, the Trinity or Upper Cross 'Timber Sands, is the base of the ■ 
 Lower Cretaceous System, and is the greait water-bearing bed east and 
 south of the central basin, * * * 
 
72 Tkansactions Texas Academy op Science." 
 
 Bumble, Edwin T. 
 
 "In nearly every county between the ninety-seventli and ninety-eighth 
 meridians and east of this outcrop, artesian water is obtained in wells 
 varying from 200 to 2,000 feet; That it is equally favorable to a similar 
 supply in its southern portion is shown by the line of great springs or 
 natural artesian wells, which find their head in it and stretch from Wil-_ 
 liamson county southwest by Austin, .San Marcos, and New Braunfels 
 towards, the Pecos." 
 
 The Central Basin Region: Its extent, toipography land geology. 
 
 "The general dip of^ all "the strata in the eastern portion of the basin 
 is to the northwest, but its elevation along its eastern border is less than 
 in almost any portion of it, consequently there can be little hope of finding 
 artesian water from any catchment area on this side, althougli some of 
 th« strata (the lower sandstone and shales) are well adapted for, carrying 
 water, and, where suitable topographic conditions exist, do furnish arte- 
 sian water. 'An instance of this is found in the flowing well at Gordon, 
 but such oases are the exception and not the rule. The same series of 
 sandstone and shales are exporsed on the southeastern border and the 
 flowing wells at and alround Trickham and Waldrip find their supply in 
 them. The conditions are very favorable in the valley of the Colorado 
 and some distance north, between ; the ninety-ninth and one-hundredth 
 meridians for similar wells. *. ' * * Similar rocks are exposed on the 
 western border of this basin, in the vicinity of Van Horn and farther north, 
 in the Guadaloups Mountains. They are reached -by a well 832 feet deep, 
 at Toyah, some 70 miles east of Van Horn. This well has an abundant 
 flow. * * * 
 
 "The quality of the water from every well thus far secured in this 
 basin, which has its origin in this .series of rocks [Cairboniferous] is highly 
 saline, and .it is safe to assume from this and from the character of the 
 deposits that no .fresh water can be obtained from this source. * * * 
 
 "If' there be any other hope for an artesian water supply in this region, 
 the catchment area must be either in the PrejOarboniferous rocks of the 
 'Central Mineral Region and the Wichita Mountains, or in the Guadaloupe 
 and connected ranges'. That such a catchment area exists on the south 
 is fully proved 'by the powerful spfings at Lampasas and in San Sa;ba 
 county, all of which have their origin below the rooks of Carboniferous 
 age." 
 
 The Staked Plains: Its geology and water-bearing conditions. The 
 opinion is advanced "that the probabilities of artesian water on the plains 
 are rather unfavorable than otherwise." • 
 
 The Traijs-Pecos Mountain District: Topography and geology. The 
 conditions of structure prevent any other than a general unfavorable re- 
 port, though in certain localities artesian water may be obtained. 
 
 134. , State Geologist. 
 
 Important Eesults of the Texas Survey. 
 Correspondeiice. 
 
 Amer. Geo'logist, Vol. VII, pp. 267-269. Minneapolis, Apr., 
 1891. 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 73 
 
 DuMBLE, Edwin T. 
 
 A summary of the work of the Texas Geological Survey for 1890. In 
 East Texas iron deposits and accompanying Tertiary and Quaternary 
 strata were mapped and studied. (More than a thousand square miles of 
 iron deposits in- that area. Investigation shows the lignite of Bast Texas 
 to he of better quality than that of Europe. Professor Cummins' dis- 
 covery of Permian rocks. Triassic strata overlaid by conformable Ter- 
 tiary along the eastern edge of the Staked Plains north of the Brazos. 
 Br. Comstock's work in Central Texas. Oecurrenee of cassiterite. Dis- 
 covery of large amounts of minerals containing some of the rarer elements. 
 Professor Streeruwitz's work in El Paso county, including Quitman, Sierra 
 Blanca and other mountains- The Cretaceous of that region. The exist- 
 ence of free gold, . gold and silver-bearing lead, copper and zinc ore re- 
 garded as fully demonstrated. The discovery of platinum in the Quit- 
 man mountains, El Paso county. 
 
 125 , State Greologist. 
 
 Second Annual Eeport of the Geological Survey of Texas, 1890; 
 8 vo., pp. eix, 756; pi. xxviii. Austin: State Printing Office, 
 1891. 
 
 .Letter of Tnansmittal (L. L. Foster, Commissioner of Agriculture, In- 
 surance, Statistics and History, to Hon. J. S. Hogg, G-overnor). Financial 
 Statement. 
 
 Contents: Report of State Geologist, /Reports of Geologists: W. von 
 Streei'Uwitz, Theo. B. Oomstock, AV. F. Cummins, J. B. Walker, W. Ken- 
 nedy, J. H. Herndon. Accompanying Papers. Reports on the Iron Ore 
 District of Bast Texas. Part I. Genenal Statement by E. T. Durable. 
 Part. n. iPuels and their Utilization. 'Chapter I. Charcoal Manufacture 
 in Texas,-iby John Birkinbine. Chapter II. Lignites and their Utilization, 
 with special reference to the Texias Brown Coals, by Dr. Otto Lerch. Part 
 III. Description of Counties. Chapter I. Oass County, by Wm. Ken- 
 nedy. Chapter II. Marion 'County, by Wm. Kennedy. Chapter III. 
 Harrison County, by Wm. Kennedy. Chapter IV. - Gregg County, by Wm. 
 Kennedy. Chapter V. - Morris, Upshur, Wood, Van Zandt, and Hender- 
 son Counties, by Wm. Kennedy. Chapter VI. Smith County, by J. H. 
 Herndon. Chapter VII. Panola County, by J. B. Walker. Chapter VIII. 
 Shelby County, by J. B. Wallcer. , Chapter IX. (Rusk County, by J. B. 
 Walker. Chapter X. Nacogdoches 'County, by J. B. Walker. Cha-ptgr 
 XI. Cherokee County, by J. B. Walker. Chapter XII. Vk.nderson County, 
 by B. T. Durable. Chapter XITI. Houston County, by E. T. Durable. 
 Carboniferous 'Cephalopods, by Aipheus Hyatt. [Report on the Geology of 
 Northwestern Texas, by W. F. Cummins^ Eeport oil the Geology and 
 Mineral Resources of the Central Mineral Region of Texas, by Theo. B. 
 Oomstock. [Report on the Geology, and Mineral Resources of Trans-Peeos 
 Texas, by W. H. von Streeruwitz. 
 
 For Review, see Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXVI, p. 159, Feb., 1892. 
 
 Noticed in Amer. Jour, of Science, HI, Vol. XLII, p. 430, Nov., 1891. 
 
74 Transactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 126. DuMBLE, Edwin T. 
 
 Eeport of 'State Geologist. 
 
 Second; Ann. Kept. Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1890, pp. xvii-lxxxviii. 
 Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: In.traduotory. IWork of the second year: Topography; Ge- 
 ology; Paleontolo'gy; Ohemjcal laboratory; Library; Museum; Office 
 work; (Publications; Cp-operation with the Public Sehcols. Mineral Re- 
 sources of 'Texas: Intro duefcory; Fuels and Oils; Fertilizers; Fictile 
 materials; Building material— 'Building stone; Clays for brick; Lime; 
 lOement material; Plaster Paris; Sand for mortar. Metals and Ores — 
 Iron; Copper; Lead and zinc; Gold and silver; Tin; Mercury; Manganese; 
 Bismuth, Abrasives. Ornamental stones and gems. 'Refractory ma'te- 
 ■ rials. iRoad materials. Materials for paints. Other economic materials, 
 llhe 'ATtesian Water conditions of Texas. 'Acknowtedgments. 
 
 127. 
 
 128. 
 
 ■Eeport'S on the Iron Ore Dlstidet of East Texas, Part I. A Geii- 
 eral Description 'of the Iron Ore District of East Texas. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 7-31. 
 Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. Historical. Topography, Stratigraphy. The 
 Ores 'and their mode of occurrence. 
 
 "That part of Texas of which the following pages itreat is situated in 
 "the northeastern oorner of the State, being the territory lying east of the 
 96th degree of longitude and north of the 31st parallel of latitude. From 
 this area we exclude, as being non-iron bearing, the portion north of Sul- 
 phur Fork, and also the northwestern corner, in which the black waxy 
 prairies of the Cretaceous are .the prevailing formation. 
 
 "In this district, so 'restricted, there are nineteen cojinties: Cass, Mor- 
 ris, (Marion, Upshur, Wood, Harrison, Gregg, Panola, Smith, Van Zandt, 
 Rusk, 'Cherokee," Henderson, Anderson, Houston, Nacogdoches, Shelby, 
 ISabine 'and San Augustine, containing in the aggregate 14,430 square miles, 
 'In each of these counties iron ore exists in greater or less quantities and 
 of varying qualities. 
 
 ■"Ores of similar character are reported from other counties west and 
 southwest of this area, but our investigations have not extended further 
 than the limits stated. 
 
 "As will be seen by reference to the accompanying map, the iron ores 
 are very unevenly distributed through this region, and .as we have mapped 
 them cover an area of about 1000 square miles." P. 7. 
 
 Ileports on the Iron Ore District of Bast ^Texas, Part III. De- 
 scription of Counties. Chapter XII. Anderson County. 
 
 Secord Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 303- ■ 
 317. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: iGeography .and Topography. Stratigraphy. The iron ores. 
 Greensand marls. Salines. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 
 
 75 
 
 DuMBLE, Edwin T. 
 
 "Andersgn county comprises the country lying between the Trinity and 
 Neohes rivers, bounded by Henderson county on the 'north and Houston 
 county on the south, 'an area 'of one . thousand and eighty-eight square 
 miles.''' (P. 303. 
 
 "The rook formations of Anders^on county comprise representations of 
 at teast three systems: The Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary. The 
 details of the entire isitratigraphy of each system 'have not yet been -worked 
 out, but the following broader characters have been determined: 
 
 System. (Period.) 
 
 Quaternary 
 
 Tertiary 
 
 Upper Cretaceous. 
 
 Division. 
 
 Timber Belc Beds. 
 
 (Saline Limestone. 
 (Ponderosa Marls. 
 
 Beds. 
 
 (The sands and sandstones cap- 
 ) ping the Iron ore hills. 
 f The Iron ores. 
 
 J The greensauds and accom- 
 1 panying beds of clays and 
 Asanas. 
 
 P. 304. 
 "The deposits of iron are in Ander&on county, like those of the entire 
 district, are found capping the highest hills, or in the case of some of the 
 conglomerate ores, along thte water oouTses, either at 'their present level or 
 more often at that of some time prior to the erosion of its present ohaii- 
 .nel. 'As has lalready been staited, these deposits are found cresting a rude 
 semicircle of hills, having for its diameter the iNeches iriver, and are in 
 fact the western extension of the deposits of Cherokee county." P. 308. 
 
 139. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron Ore District of Bast Texas,- Part III. De- 
 scription of 'Counties. Chapter XIII. Houston Coun-ty. 
 
 'SecJond Ann. Reipt. of "the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 318- 
 325. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. G-eneral G'Sology. Iron Ores. 'Soils. Build- 
 ing Stone. I 
 
 "Lying immediately south of Anderson county, and situated like it 
 between the Trinity river on the west and 'the Neches on the 'east, is Hous- 
 ton county. This county, which has -a. total area of eleven hundred and 
 seventy-six square miles,, is bounded on the south by Trinity county, and 
 is -the most southwestern county of the iron ore district, as far as we were 
 able to ascertain during the-past field season." P. 318. 
 
 "The only iron ore areas s.o far 'examined in this oounty are found in a 
 series of oval shaped hills which extend in a northeast and southwest direc- 
 tion -across the couTity north of Crockett.'' P. 319. 
 
 "Im this- county, so far as our investigations have shown, we have rep- 
 resented only -strata of the Tertiary and Quatemaxy age. 
 
 "The general section is; 
 
76 Tbans ACTIONS Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 DuMBLEj Edwin T. 
 
 Qua/ternary Orange Sands. 
 
 C Iron Oi'es, 
 Tertiary j Fayette Beds. 
 
 ( Timber Belt Beds. 
 P. 319. 
 
 130. , State Geologist. 
 
 Geological Survey of 'Texas, Second Eeport of Progress, 1891, 
 91 pp. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Letter of Transmittal ( Oommissioner John E. Hollingsworth to Governor 
 James S. Hogg). Letter of Transmittal (State Geologist E. T. Dum'ble 
 to Hon. Jno. E. Hollingsworth, Coinmissioiner ) . Contents — Report of the 
 iState Geologist. Report of Mr. W. H. von Streeruwitz. (Report of Mr. 
 .W. F. Oiummins. Report of Mr. Theo. B. Oomatoek. Report oif Mr. W. 
 Kennedy. Report of Mr. J. A. Taflf. Report of Mr. J. A. Singley. 
 
 131. : — , State Geologist. 
 
 Sources of the 'Texas Drift. 
 
 Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I, No. 1, 
 pp. 11-13. Eead March 5, 1892, 
 
 "This paper is designed to' indicate, only in the most general way, the 
 sources from which some of the drift materials have been derived, which 
 laire found so widely scattered over Texas." 
 
 Four districts are recognized, viz.: Trans-Peoos Texas, the region be- 
 tween the Nueces and the Brazos, tbait between the Braaos and the Sabine, 
 ■and Northwest Texas. The author describes the drift material of each, 
 area and discusses its origin. 
 
 133. : , and CuMMiNS., W.- F. 
 
 'The Double Mountain Section. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. IX, pp. 347-351; 1 plate. Minneapolis, 
 June, 1893. 
 
 Party left Abilene in October, 1889. Double Mountain (in reality three 
 moumtains) is situated in Stonewiall county between Double Mountain 
 iFOrk and Clear Fork of the Braaos .river. The expectation was to find 
 /the contact between the Permian and any Triassic or Jurassic, and the 
 overlying Cretaceous. No Jurassic found. A section of these mountains 
 is of interest "since it is the most northern point in this northwestern por- 
 tion of the State at Whioh the beds of the Lower Oreibaceous are exposed, and 
 the most easterly exiposure of tlie Trias which we have been able to recog- 
 nize." General Section described. Cretaceous. (1) Caprina Limes,tone, 
 (2) Comanche Peak Series, (3) Trinity Beds. Triassic. (3a) Dockum. 
 Pea-mian. (4) Shaly Clay, (5) Upper Gypsum Beds, (6) Middle Gypsum 
 Beds, (7) Lower Gypsunl Beds. 
 
Record of Gbology of Texas, ISS^-lSOe. 77 
 
 133. DoMBLE^ Edwin T., State Geologist. ' ■ , i ! 
 
 Tliird Annual Eeport of the Geological Survey of TexaSj 1891. 
 Austin : Henry Hutchings, State Printer. 8 to., pp. xlix, 410, pi. 
 xvi. 1892. 
 
 Letter of Transmittal to the_ Governor (Hon. James S. Hogg) by Jrio. - 
 E. Hollingaworth, Commissioner of Agriculture, Insurance, Statistics and 
 History. iPinaneial Statement, l/etter of Transmi'ttal to the Commis- 
 sioner of Agriculture, etc., by" E. T. Dumble, State Gteolog.ist.- 
 
 Oontents: Repoirt of the "State Geologist for 1891. Ejeports of Geolo- 
 gists : W. H. . iStreeruwitz, Theodore B. Oomstock, W. F. Cummins, W. 
 Kennedy, J. A. Taff, L. E. Magnenat (Chemist). Acoompa.nying Papers: 
 Houston County, iby .W. Kennedy; Section from Terrell to Sabine Bass, by 
 /W. Kennedy; lilano Estacado or Staked Plains, by W. F. Cummims; Notes 
 on the Geology of the Country West of the Plains, by W. F. Cummins; 
 Stratigraphy of the Triassio Pormiation of Northwest Texas, by N. F. 
 iD-rake; Report on Paleontology of the Vertebrata, by E. D. Cope; Shells 
 Collected in the Sand of a 'Dry Salt Lake near Eddy, New Mexico, by Dr. 
 V. Sterki; Reports on the iCretaeeous Area. North of the Colorado River. 
 I. The Bosque Division. II. The Lampasias-.Willianison Section, by J. 
 A. Taff; Trans-Peoos Texas, by W. H.von Streeruwitz. 
 
 Noticed in Amer. Geol., Vol. X, pp. 311-316, 1892; Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 N. Y., Vol. 54, p. 603, 1892; Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLIV, p. 
 427, Nov., 1892. 
 
 134. 
 
 Report of the State Geologist. 
 
 Third Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. xvii- 
 xlix. 1893. 
 
 Contents: Introductory. Work of the Third Year: Topography. 
 Geology — East Texas; Central and West Texas; Central Cretaceous area; 
 Trans-Peeos Texas; Galveston Artesian well. Lignite, Investigation — 
 European Brown Coal; Uses of European Brown Coal; Comparison of 
 European and Texas Lignites; 'Utilization of Texas Brown Coal. Paleon- 
 tology. Chemioal Laboratory. Library. Museum. Cb-operation with 
 the public high schools. Office work. Publications. Acknowledgments. 
 
 135. , State Gelogist. 
 
 Eeport on the Brown Coal and Lignite of Texas. Character, 
 Formation, Occurrence and Fuel Uses. 8 vo., pp. 343, pi. xxv. 
 Ausitin, 1893. 
 
 Letter of Transmittal, Hon. Jno. lE. Hollingsworth, Commissioner of 
 Agriculture, etc., to the G-overnoir, Hon. Jas. S. Hogg. Letter of Transmit- 
 tal, E. T. Dumble, State Geologist, to Hon. Jmo. E. Hollings worth. Commis- 
 sioner of Agr., etc. 
 
 Contents: Chap. I. Intix)ductory and Historical. Chap. II. Brown 
 Coal. — Its Origin, Formation, Phys.ioal and Chemical Character. Chap. 
 III. (Brown Coal as iFuel. — Direct firing with brown coal; gas firing 
 with brown coal. Chap. IV. Brown Coal as Fuel — continued. Chap. V. 
 
78 Teansactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 DuMBLE, Edwin T. , 
 
 ■Brown Coal as Fuel — continued. Ohap. VJ. Geology of the Brown Coal 
 Deposits of Texas. Chap. VII. Occurrence and Composition of 'the Brown 
 Goals of the Tertiary. Chap. VIII. Occurrence and Composition of the 
 Brown Coals of the Tertiary — continued. Texas Brown Coal compared 
 with European and with Bituminous Coal. Chap. X. XJtilizatioii of 
 Texas Brown Coals. 
 
 "The aggregate area [in Texas] which is underlaid by beds of fossil fuels 
 is very large. In the norfcern central portion of the State the coals of the 
 Carboniferous or Coal Measures occupy an .area of several thousaoid square 
 miles. In this area there are nine distinct seams of- coal, two of which 
 are of 'Workable thickness and of good quality (Seoond Ann. CElept. Geol. 
 Surv. of Texas, p. 359 et seq.) . >A second, but as yet unexplored, basin 
 of similar age occurs on the iR'io Grande border in Presidio county. These 
 are, however, somewhat distant from many localities at which are found 
 ores and materials which would afford bases for great industrial devel- 
 opment with proper fuel supply. 
 
 "In ithe vicinity of Eagle Piass, on the E,io Grande, there is a third basin 
 containing a vein of good coal in beds which belong to the upper part of 
 ithe Cretaceous formation (First Eept. of Progress, Geol. Surv. Texas; 
 (First 'Asm. Kept. Geol. Surv. of Texas; Notes on the Geology of the Valley 
 of the Middle (Rio Grande, E. T. Dumble). 
 
 "By far the most extensive beds, however, are those occurring in the 
 .Tertiary area, 'whioh stretches entirely across 'the State from Red Hiver 
 to the E,k> Grande (First Kept, of Progress, Geol. iSurv. Texas; First 
 Ann. Kept. Geol. Surv. Texas-;, Second Ann. Rept. iGeol. Surv. Texas; 
 (Utilization of Lignites, E. T. Dumible), and in which the coal beds fre- 
 quently show a thickness of ten to foujnteen feet in a single bank, with a 
 'total thick'ne9s in certain localities of from eighteen to twenty-four feet. 
 Those oonisti'tute, therefore, the greatest and most widespread fuel suj)ply 
 which is iound iji the State, and 'the desirability of utilizing these deposits 
 for manufacturing and domestic purposes has naturally suggesited an 
 examination into the p'osaibility of doing so." Pp. 17-18. 
 
 This volume is noticed in the Amer. Naturalist, Vol. 27, p. 379. 
 
 136. 
 
 Volcanic Dust in Texas. 
 
 Transactions oi ihe Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I, Pt. 
 1, pp. 33-34. Eead June 1'4, 1893. 
 
 "During the field season of 1891, a number of specimens of a material 
 nearly white in color and of light specific gravity were eoUeoted by Messrs. 
 Kennedy amd 'Walker from different localities in the 'Tertiary area, over 
 which they were working. iFxom their general appearance they were sup- 
 posed to be diatomaoeous earth, and under the microscope several of the 
 specimens proved to be composed of diatoms. Other specimens, however, 
 did not show any such forms at all, but consisted of the flat transparent, 
 sharply angular particles with striated or pitted surfaces peculiar to vol- 
 oanic dusit, and it was so determined by Prof. F. W. Oragfin. 
 
 "These deposits were apparently, but ndt certainly, all inter&tratified 
 
Recoed or Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 79 
 
 DuMBLE, Edwin T. 
 
 among .the clays .and sands which we have designated the Fayette beds, 
 and which are probably of 'Miocene age." P. 33. 
 
 For description of the Fayette iBcda, see iP«nxose, "A Preliiinina.Ty vRepoit 
 on the Geology of the Gulf Tertiary .of Texias from the Ked 'Eiver to fcho 
 Rio Grande," iFir&t (Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, pp. 
 47-58. 
 
 A section on O'Quinm creek, a branch of Buckner Creek, is given, show- 
 ing the positioin of the "volcanic dust" which, in this locality, is imme- 
 diately beneath a layer of Brown Coal, "somewhat lignitic in places, but 
 generally compact and massive," and above "Brown Coal, somewhat varia- 
 ble, with »mall inclusions of members of the group of asphattums." 
 
 137. — 
 
 Note on the Occurrence of 'Graihamite in Texas. 
 
 Trans, Amer. -Inst. Mining Engineers, Vol. XXI, pp. 601-605. 
 1893. 
 
 (Sohuylkill Valley Meeting. Reading, Oct., 1890.) 
 
 "The first specimens of this material which came under my notice, as 
 
 found in the State of Texas, were sent to me by Mr. J. C. Melcher, of Fay- • 
 
 ebte county, soon after the organization of the State Geological Survey. 
 * * * 
 
 "I>ater specimens were collected by Dr. Penrose and myself on a trip 
 made by boat down the iRio Grande, from Eagle Pass .to Hidalgo, in June, 
 1889. At the time of collection I marked the substance ^Albertite,' doubt- 
 fully, .but, on examination, it proved to be nearer Grahamite. 
 
 "The geological horizon of the two occurrences is Tertiary. The first 
 locality .mentioned Is in the upper part of the beds called by us the Fayette 
 beds, and provisionally correlated 'with the Miocene, or Grand Gulf of 
 Hillgard's Mississippi seobion, while the latter i» in the lowest strata of 
 the Eocene which are exposed ou the Sio Grande river, and which may be 
 taken as equivalent to the basal Claiborne, if mot lower." 
 
 (Detailed account of the Webb lOounty Grahamite. Section at Webb 
 BluflF. 
 
 Detailed account of the Fayette CouiLty Grahamite. Section at O'Quinn 
 'Creek. 
 
 Analyses of these Grahamites' by L. E. Magnenat. 
 
 WEBB COUNTY OBAHAMITE. 
 PROXIMATB ANALYSIS. ULTIMATE ANALYSIS. 
 
 Moisture 0.30 Carbon 78.65 
 
 Volatile Matter 44.09 Hyarogen 7.S0 
 
 JPixed Carbon 53.S0 Nitrogen 0.15 
 
 Ash 2.90 Oxygen ■ 5.08 
 
 Sulphur .5.42 
 
 100.00 Ash 2.90 
 
 Total Sulphur 5.42 Water , 0.30 
 
 100.00 
 
80 Teansactions Texas Acadkmt: of Science. 
 
 DuMBLE, Edwin T. 
 
 TATETTE COUNTY 6EAHAMITE. 
 
 PROXIMATE ANALYS/S. UliTIMATE ANALYSIS. 
 
 Solpbuf. Carbon ' 76.19 
 
 Moisture None. None. Hydrogen 6.61 
 
 Volatile Matter 57.90 2.50 Nitrogen 0.39 
 
 Fixed Carbon 37.70 4.71 Oxygen 5.15 
 
 Ash 4.40 0.24 Sulphur ; 7.45 
 
 Ash 4.21 
 
 100.00 
 
 Total Sulphur 7.45 100.00 
 
 138. — - 
 
 Tihe Eeading Meeting -of the Institute of Mining Engineers. 
 
 Note on the Occurrence of Grahamite in 'Texas. 
 Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 54, p. 368. N. Y., 
 
 October 15, 1893. 
 A brief notice of the preceding paper. 
 
 139. 
 
 Notes on the Valley of the Middle Rio Grande. 
 Bulletin Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. Ill, pp. 319-230. 1893. 
 'Eemarks by W. J. McGee. Ih., p. 483. ' - 
 
 Contents: Introduetiooi. Topogxaphy. G-eologie (Structure. Lowei' 
 Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous-— The Val Verde Flags, The Pinto Limestone, 
 The Eagle Pass Division:' Upson Clays, San Miguel jBeds. The Coal 
 Series, Eseondido Beds. The Upper Cretaceous Section, illeynosa Beds. 
 Correlation -of Rio Grande and Colorado Kiver Sections. 
 
 /This papea: is based in part u^pon observations made during a trip by 
 row boat from Eagle Pass to Edenburg in May and June, 1889, and in 
 part upon field work in the r^ion between Eagle {Pass and Del Rio during 
 the summer of 189J. 
 
 A portion of the area having been described by Dr. E. A. P. Penrose, Jr., 
 the authhr confines himself "to that part ot the river between San Eilipe 
 Creek, near Del Rio, and Webb Bluff, three miles below the southern line 
 of Maverick county." The distance between these points dn a straight line 
 ds over 81 miles; by river probably 120 miles. 
 
 140. 
 
 Progress of Geological Surveys, Texas. 
 
 Engineering and Mining Journal, N". Y., Vol. 55,, p. 55. Jan. 
 »1, 1893. 
 
 An account of the work and pfers&nnel of the Greologioal Survey of Texas 
 foi- the fourth year. (1892.) 
 
 141. , and Haekis, G. D. 
 
 The Galveston Deep Well: 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. X'LVI, pp. 38-43. New 
 Haven, July, 1893. 
 
 The Section.— E. T. Dumble. 
 
 The Paleontology .^<jliilb€i',t D. Harris. 
 
Recoed of Geology _of Texas, 1887-1896. 81 
 
 DuMBLB, Edwin T. 
 
 lA. condensed -seofcion of the well for 3,070 feet, with notes, is given by 
 Mr. Dumble, while the conclusions drawn from a situdy of the mollusoan 
 remains are summarized by Mr. Harris. 
 
 See Harris' "Preliminary Report on the Organic Remains Obtained from 
 the Deep Well at G-alveston, together with conclusions respecting the Age 
 of the various formations penetrated." 
 
 Fourth Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. I, pp. 117-119. 1893 
 
 142. , State Geologist., 
 
 Pourth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, 1892, 
 8 TO., pp. XXXV, 474. Austin: ©en C. Jones & Oc, State Printers. 
 1893. 
 
 Letter of Transmittal to the G-overnoir (the Hon. J. S. Hogg) by John 
 E. HolKngsworth, Commissioner of Agriculture, Insurance, Statisitic.s and 
 History^ iFinaiicial ■Statement. Letter of iTransmibtal to tlie Commis- 
 sioner of Agriculture, etc., by E. T. Dumble, 'State Geologist. 
 
 Table of Contents s Report of State Geologist, Accompanying Papers : 
 Part I — Geology. (Report on Grimes, Brazos, and Robertson Counties, 
 by W. Kennedy. Preliminary Report on the Artesian iWeils of the Gulf 
 Coastal Slope, by J. A. Singley, Preliminary Report on the Organic Re- 
 im-ains obtained from the Deep .Well at Galveston, together with oonolusions 
 respecting tlhe Age of the Various Pormations penetrated, by Gilbert D. Har- 
 ris. 'Report on the Rocks of Trans-Pecoa Texas, by A. O'sann. 'Drans-Pecos 
 Texas, by W. H. Streeruwitz. Notes aa the Geology of ^N'orthwest Texas, 
 by W. P. Cummins. Report on the Cretaoeous Area 'North of the Colorado 
 River, by J. A. Taflf. Report on the Colorado Coal Field of Texas, by N. 
 P. Drake. 'Report on the Soils, Water Supply, and Irorigiat'ion of the Col- 
 orado lOoal Field, by R. A. Thompson. 'Part II — Paleontology and Natural 
 History. A Preliminary Report on the Vertebrate Paleontology of the 
 Llano Estaoado, by E. D. Cope. A Contribution to the Invertebrate Pa- 
 leontology of the Texas Cretaceous, by F. W. Oragin. Contributions to 
 the Natural History of Texas, by J. A. Siiigley, 'Part I. Texas Mollusca. 
 Part II. Texas Birds. Carboniferous Cephalopods. Second Paper, by 
 Alpheus Hyatt. 
 
 Noticed in Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLVI'I, p. 319, April, 1894. 
 
 143. 
 
 Eeport of the State Geologist. 
 
 Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Greol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, pp. xvii- 
 XXXV. Austin, 1893. 
 
 'Contents: Introduction. Work of Fourth Year; Topography; Strati- 
 grapbical' Geology; Petrography; Chemical Laboratory; Paleontology; 
 ifatuKil History; Museum; Librsury; Co-operation with Public Schools; 
 Publications ; Office Work. 
 
 144._ , , Stale Geologist. 
 
 Introduction [to Cope's Preliminary Report on the Vertebrate 
 Paleontology of the Llano Eetacado.] 
 
82 Tkansactions Texas Acade]vi.y of Science. 
 
 DuMBLB, Edwin T. 
 
 Fourfch Ann. Rept. aeol. Surv. of Texas, Pt. II, pp. 3-9. Aus- 
 tin, 1893. 
 lA. review of the geology of the Uano Estaoado (Region with a brief 
 
 account of (the work done previous to the establishment of the State G!«o- 
 
 logioal Survey, and that done since its estaiblishment. 
 
 145. , and Cummins, W. P. 
 
 The Kent Seetion and) Gryphsea Tueumcarii, Mareou. 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. XII, pp. 309-314. Minneapolis, Nov., 
 
 1893. 
 
 Kent is a, sta;tion on the Texas and Pacific Railroad 163 miles east of 
 ■El Baso (in El Base county near the Jeff Davis coiirity line). It ia sit- 
 uated on the northeast slope of the Davis mountains. The railroad fol/- 
 lows a valley eroded in the (Cretaceous foothills. The seetion here described 
 is found in these hills north and Siouth of the road within, the radius of a 
 mile of the depotj i 
 
 The Kent Seotion in detail, which includes beds belonging to the 
 Washita, Predericksiburg and Bosque Divisions of the Cretaceous, with an 
 enumeration of their fossil contents, A ta/ble showing the recorded strati- 
 graphic range of in Texas of the fossils found in the Washita division 
 of the Kent seotion. This s.eotioin extends the range of Oerithium bos- 
 quense, Gyprimeria orassa, and ISxogyra plexa, and gives the horizon of 
 Diplopodia streerumtzii and Plicatula inoongrua. 
 
 14B. ■ •, State Geologist. 
 
 Notes on the Texas' Tertiaries. 
 Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I, No. 3, 
 ' pp. 23-27. Read June 19, 1894. 
 
 "I21 my report on the geology of (Southwesit Texas, which is now await- 
 ing publication as a, part of the Fifth Annual (Report of the Geological 
 Survey of TeSaas [hot published owing to the discontinuance of the Sur- 
 vey. — F. W. S.], I have proposed a division of_ the Tertiary and later 
 deposits of the Coastal Plain somewhat different from that which has' 
 bee:i used in previous .reports. This change was made necessary by the 
 new stratigraphic eyideoace secured in making the Nueces section and the 
 results of the studies of our eolleotioois of fossil shells from various locali- 
 ties iin this area- by Prof. (Gilbert D. Harris. 
 
 "These divisions, with such correlation as seems to be .warranted by the 
 facts, now before us, are: 
 
 ! Coast sands, stream deposits, etc. 
 Coast clays...., Port Hudson. 
 Equus beds, 
 f Reynosa-Orange Sand. 
 
 Neocene ^ I;a|-^. 3,^^^^ 
 
 I, Oakville- Deep Well. 
 [•Frio : 1 
 
 VB^iiq f ■■ Lower Claiborne. 
 
 Eocene JiSe." J 
 
 Llgnitic Lienltic. 
 
 1, Basal Clays..... Midway." 
 
Rbcoed or Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 83 
 
 DuMBLB, Edwin T. 
 
 rollowing a brief general discussion of the Fayette and beds above it, a 
 detailed description is given of tbe Reynosa-Orange Sand, Lapara- 
 Lagarto ©eds. Oalcville Beds and Frio Clays as they occur alcmg the 
 line of the Initernajtional and Great Northern Railroad from Houston to 
 Palestine. The paper concludes with a oorrela.tion of the beds of the 
 Pleistocene and CNeocene, aa above given, with those of the Galveston Deep 
 " Well. 
 
 147. ^— 
 
 148. 
 
 Tlie Oenozoic Deposits o^f Texas. 
 
 Journal of Geology, Vol. II, pp. 549-567. Sept.-Oct., 1894. 
 
 CSontents: Eocene — 'Basal Clays (lObapaoteristie Fossils), iLignitie Beds 
 (Fossils), 'Marine Beds (iCharaeteristic iFossils), Yegua Clays ('Character- 
 istic Fossils), Fayeifcte ^Sajids ^'Charaoteristic Slossils), Frio Clays. (,The 
 Texas Eocene considered as a Whole. Fossils in oommon with similar beds 
 on the iPacific Coast aeooindiiiig to G. D. Harris.) Neocene: Miocene; Plio- 
 cene; (The Vertebrate Faiuna of the Blanco Beds) . The Lapara Division; 
 The Lagarbo Division, R'eynosa Division. Pleistocene — 'Equus Beds, (Fos- 
 sils described from the Plains; from .the San Diego Beds; Shells collected 
 from the upper part^pf the San Diego Beds determined by J. 'A. Singley.) 
 Coast Clays. (The Seymour Plateau.)' 'Oonclu'sion. 
 
 "The purpose of this paper is to give a brief account of the Cenozoic 
 deposits of Texas as they 'are now understood, and to make such correlation 
 of the various horizons as may appear to be warranted by the str^igraph- 
 ical position and fossil contents." P. 549. 
 
 'Some Sources of Water Supply for Western Texas. 
 
 Condensed Eeport of tKe Proceedings of the S'tate Irrigation 
 Convention convened at San Antonio, Texas, December 4, 1894, 
 pp. 85-94. San Antonio, 1894. 
 
 An account of a trip northward from Carrazo Springs through Dimmit 
 and Zavala counties. The contrast between the valleys of the Nueces and 
 the Leona due to irriga;tion in the laAter. ,The region considered: "That 
 portion of iSiouthwest Texas west of the 98th meridian and south of paral- 
 lel 30; and the Trans-Peoos legion. 
 
 "The more eastern of these two legions may be moat oonoisely described 
 as consisting of plains and valleys in plains. One of the greater of these 
 plains oecupies the larger part of the area north of the Southern Pacific 
 Railway. On some of the older maps it is represented as stretching west- 
 ward to, and forming part of, the Guadaloupe mountains, and is called by 
 that name. It is a great plateau with a oompar.atively level surface, 
 which is deeply scored by can,oins towards its southern border. Along 
 (this border, in many places, it rises abruptly 100 feet or more above the 
 valley at its base. Its elevation above the sea level is somewhat over 2000 
 feet. 
 
 "The other principal plain of 'the area is that of the coastal slope. This 
 rises gradually from the gulf shore until i'n the western portion of the 
 
84 Teansactions Texas Academy or Science. 
 
 DuMBLE^ Bd-Win T. 
 
 area it reaches lan elevation of over 800 feet. Like ithe Gkiadalupe plateau, 
 it also breaks abruptly down into the valley at its foot. Its former extent 
 was much greater than the present, for it reached inward aood covered all 
 the intervening oounltry to the base of the Gruadalupe plateau." * » * 
 ^ The Trana-Peoos region may be said to comprise plains" and mountains 
 in plains. 
 
 Sources of water supply: Surface water, subterranean water. The 
 River SyS'tems: lOolorado, Guadalupe, Nueces, 'Rio Grande. Their drain- 
 age. The Guadalupe Plateau — its Springs. The volume of water in the 
 Rio G;''ande greatest, but the topography of th« adjacent country does not 
 permit its extended use. The supply is ample for the immediate valley; 
 The real importance of the Guadalupe system in agricultural development 
 not yet reQOgnized. ' ^ 
 
 The main river system of the region is the Nueces. Its origin. Inter- 
 mittent flow of its branches. The storage of water suggested by building 
 dams in the canyons. Site for a dam on the Rio Grande. 
 
 ■Artesian Conditions. The great springs found along the foot of the 
 plateau are artesian. "When the lowland or valley is reached, this same , 
 water-bearing bed can be found by boring wells to it, and in many places 
 it affords very strong ilows. Tlie water of the artesian wells of San Antonio 
 is supplied from some of these beds, although there is a little uncertainty 
 as to their exact horizon.x Siimilar wells can be had at many places along 
 the line of the Southern Pacific railroad west to Uvalde, or between that 
 line and the foot of the plateau." 
 
 The Water- bearing Sands of the Tentiary., Dip towards the Gulf. "The 
 most northern of these, and the most important a* well, occupies a belt 
 of country from Calaveras, on the San Antonio river, by the way of Ross- 
 villa, Devine, iBatesvillc, and Corrizo Springs to the 'Rio Grande." Water 
 from the upper pant of the beds usually somewhat mineralized. 
 
 "The next water-bearing sand is that belt of brown sandstone which is 
 seen all along the Intemationjal and Great Northern railroad from Cotulla 
 to Laredo." Small flows. 
 
 "The third belt is the sandy portion of the Fayette beds. These beds con- 
 tain more clay than do the Oarrizo beds, and are not so free of deleterious 
 miaiter, consequently while they will furnish artesian water at many local- 
 ities, it may in many places be mineral water." The Oakville beds might 
 be expected to furnish water in the coastal region — in some cases salt 
 water. 
 
 The Reynosa Sand. 
 
 Trans^Pecos Texas. No artesian water. Topography. Sugges.t6d dam 
 sitesj Storm waiters its only hope. 
 
 149. 
 
 Some Sources of Water Supply for Western Texas. 
 See the preceding paper. 
 The San Antonio- Daily Express, Wednesday, Dee. 5, 1894. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 85 
 
 150. DuMBLE, Edwik T. 
 
 Volcanic Diist in Texas. 
 (Correspondence. ) 
 Science, N. S., Vol. I, pp. 657-658. June 14, 1895. 
 
 Refei-enoe is made bo an article "by Mr. Henry W. Turner bearing the same 
 title (Science, N. S.,'vol. I, ,pp. 453-455). 
 
 fThe first specimen of the material was received by the Texas Greological 
 Survey February, 1900, It was collected hy Mr. W. ^. Oummins from 
 ■Ms "Blanco Canyon beds." 'In the macroscopic slides prepared by the 
 iSurvey diatoms were found in aibundianoe. 
 
 1 "These diatoms were partially idemtifled by Mr. C. H. ICain and pub- 
 lished by iProf. lOoipe in bis first notice of the probable Pliocene age of th« 
 Blanco Oanyon beds (Proe. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1892, p. 12,3). 
 
 "The diatomacaous charaoter of this material was further noted by 
 Messrs. Lewis Woolroan arad C. Henry Kain, and the list of species given 
 in the American Naturalist for 1892 [Vol. XXVI], p. 505, .under the title 
 'Fresh-iWater Diatomaceous Deposit from Staked Plains, Texas.' 
 
 "In 1892, an examination of this material by the writer {'Dumble) 
 showed the presence lof violoanlic dust, but the diatoms constituted by far 
 the greater pant of the mass examined, and it was therefore classed with 
 other materials of a similar kind from the coast region a,s diatomaceous 
 earth, and only those siliceous deposits of like character which failed to 
 reveal diatoms were classed as volcanic dust and briefly described in the 
 Transadtions of the Texas Academy of Science (Vol. I, Pt. I, p. 33. , 1892) . 
 Further reference to these siliceous deposits are also made by Kennedy in 
 the Fourth Annual Report Geol. Surv. Texas, pp. 20, etc. 
 
 "The stratigraphio position of the deposit referred to by Mr. Turner hias 
 ■been accurately determined. * * * " .Reference to the Reports of Prof. 
 Cummins. Fossils of the Blanco Oanyon beds. Quotation from Cope. 
 
 151. , State Geologist. 
 
 The 'Soils of Texas. A Preliminary 'Statement and iClas'sificatiqn. 
 Transactio'ns of the Texas A'cademy of Science, Vol. I, No. 4, 
 pp. 35-60 ; map. 'Eead June 18, 1895. 
 
 Oontemts:' Introduction. Soils and their Derivation. Geology. Phys- 
 ical Geography.. Residual Soils of the Coastal Slope: Soils of the 
 Ooastal I*riairies. Soils of the Tertiary Plain — The Reynosa or LaFayette; 
 'Oakville or Grand Gulf; 'Frio Clays; Fayette iSands; Yegua 'Clays; Marine 
 Belt; Lignitie Belt. Soils of the Bla^ck Prairie — Ponderosa Marls; Austin 
 Chalk; Eagle Ford Sbale; Low^r Cross Timbers, (Soils of the Grand 
 Prairie — ^Vola .and Arietina; Washita Ijimestone; Fredericksburg; Bosque. 
 'Residual Soils of the iCentral Basin: Soil of the Denuded Areas. — ^Coal 
 Measures; Permian. iSoils of the Plateaus — diefcaeeous ; Llano Estaoado. 
 Residual ISoils of the Mountain Regions : Central Mineral Region ; Trans- 
 Peoos 'Region. iSoils of TransportaAion : Drift iSoils — ^Coastal Slope; 
 Central Basin. Alluvial Soils — ^^Coast Prairie Strea-ms; Streams of Rey- 
 nosa Plain; Rivers of the Grand Prairie; iRivers of the 'Basin Region. 
 Preliminary Olassifleation of Texas iSpils. Conclusiion. 
 This paper contains nuniergiis soil analyses tJaken from "Outton Pro- 
 
86 Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 DuMBLE, Edwin T. 
 
 duetlion,'' 10th Census, Bulletin No. 25 of the Texas Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station, and the Publioa-tions a.nd Reoords of the Ueiologieal Survey 
 of Texas. 
 
 152. 
 
 Cretaceous of Western Texas and Ooaliuila, Mexico. 
 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. VI, pp. 37-5-383. 1895. 
 
 Contenits: Introduction. Localities of Ooeijr.rence, Character and Rela- 
 tions of the Eiook. San Lorenzo Section — Its Location and the'CharEueter 
 lof the 'Ooutftry; Details of the Seotion. Lower Cretaceous; Bosque Ddviis- 
 ion — Its Members; Flat Mesa Sections; Kent Sections; Exposures in the 
 Arboles and Burras Mountains; Episodes of the Bosque Period. Pred- 
 erieksburg Division — West of the Pecos River; In the San Lorenzo Section; 
 Caprina crassifibra as a Criterion of Fredericksiburg Age ; The -Kent Local- 
 ity. Washita .Division — in the Trans-iPecos Area; At the Kent Locality; 
 Devil's River Section; in the San Lorenzo Section; The .Finley-'Eagle Moun- 
 tains (Section; Comiparisons with other Localities. Uipper 'Cretaceous: 
 ■Geologic Succession and Correlations; Dakota Division; Colorado Division; 
 Montana Division — 'Its i Importance ; Areas Investigated by the Author; 
 General Section; (Fossils; Dikes; Folds; Faults, and Lava Flows. 
 
 "'While in i.ts broader features the Cretaceous of AVestern Texas and of 
 the northern portion of the Mexican State of 'Coahtiila corresponds closely 
 with that of the 'Colorado River section east of it, there are, nevertheless, 
 many important difrerences in the stratigraphy and faunal relations well 
 worth more detailed study than they have yet received.. A few of these dif- 
 ferences, wiich have come under my personal observation during trips made 
 through various parts of the region, are presemted as indicating the general 
 character of the formation. 
 
 "Only a few remnants lof areas are found north of the Texas and Pacific 
 railroad, and that line may well be taken as marking the nonthern boun'ci- 
 aryiof the Cretaceous deposits of Western Texas, sinoe, as a body, they 
 pass north of it only (if .at all) under that portion of the road which 
 crosses the Llano Esltacado." P. 376. 
 
 The San 'Lorenzo .Section was made in northern Coahuila, (Mexico. 
 
 153. 
 
 'Texas Brown Coal. 
 
 Eng. and Mining Journal, A^ol. LXII, p. 343. IST. Y., Oct. 
 10, 1896. 
 
 'Attention is called to .the constantly increasing use of brown coal as a 
 fuel. After being triad with .success under stationary boilens its use has 
 ex:tend.ed to locomotives on railroads. ' The subject of "Brown Coal and' 
 Lignite" is treated by Mr. Dumbte in a volume, bearing that title pub- 
 lished by the .State Geological 'Survey in 1892. The comparative value 
 of brown ooal and bituminous coal is there given at 7 to 10. "In engine 
 performance it is found that 1.4 tons of brown coal yield the same result.? 
 ■a-s one ton 1 ndian Territory coial. . Taking the ooist of the two fuels into 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 87 
 
 DuMBLE^ Edwin T. 
 
 consideraition, this meajis a saving, of fully onenthird of the former fuel 
 bills by using brown ooal, an item worth working for. 
 
 '"While these results ape eminently satisfactory and promise a rapid 
 advance in brown^ooal mining in the State, I am still of the opinion that 
 before it can attain its best development plants musit be erected for con- 
 verting it into oompressed fuel in order to decrease its present tendency 
 to slack and' fall to pieces on exposure to the air." 
 
 164. _ 
 
 The Iron Ores of Texas. 
 
 The Business Keeord, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 43. "Houston, October, 
 1896. 
 
 "Tlie iron ores- of the 'State of Texas may be classed ajnong the most 
 valuable of her mineral deposits. While as yet their utilization has 
 attained only very modest proportions, the cause of this is not found in 
 either the quantity or quality of the ores themselves. 
 
 "By the 'work of the geological survey, the iron ore areas of Bast Texas 
 and of the Llano or central mineral regions have been clearly deiined, 
 mapped, and described, and from this work and the developments which have 
 been made by the furnaces in the different localities in East Texas, we are 
 justified in the statement, that there is in the deposits theniselves, when 
 oonsidered. either as to quality or quantity, every opportunity for the 
 development of an iron industry equal to any in the Southern .States." 
 
 The ores of Llano Oounty: Magnetite, Hematite, and some Limonite. 
 There are four belts: Babyhead, the most easterly; that between Fack- 
 saddlte and Riley mountains ; Iron Mountain ; that between Jliley Mountain 
 and Enchanted Rook. 
 
 "The supply of the very best Bessemer ore is sufficient to build up very 
 extensive industries, when it shall have been properly opened, and will 
 supply aU possible needs for many years to come." 
 
 The ores of East Texas. All hydrated — limonite known as Nodular and 
 Laminated ore. 
 
 "The character of these ores is fully revealed in their names, the nodular 
 occurring as nodules or boulders, and the laminated iir more continuous 
 beds. While 'they occur together to more or less extent, the nod-ular ores 
 prevail in the northeastern part of, the district, tjieir principal areas being 
 in Oass and Marion counties, with smaller areas in Morris, Upshur, Har- 
 Tiison, etc. These nodular ores are found imbedded in sand, in separated 
 deposits, with considerable areas of barren country intervening. These 
 deposits vary in area from 10 to several hundred acres, and have a thick- 
 ness from one to five feet. 
 
 "The laminated ores, which prevail over by far the greater portion of 
 the .one thousand square miles which is underlaid by workable ores in 
 this region, reaches its greatest development in Oherokee oounty." 
 
 The nodular ore seems to average richer- in metallic iron and lower in 
 ■Phosphorus than the laminated. Factors that have retarded the develop- 
 ment of the iron industry in Texas: Fuel, fluxing materials, transporta- 
 ition, and market. There k a wa.nt of fuel in tlie Llano region. The 
 
88 TBA.NSA.OTIONS Texas Academy of ScrENCB. 
 
 DuMBLB^ Edwin T. 
 
 timber of East Texas aflfoTds a charcoal supply, but the making of cliar- 
 ooal is too costly. This, region is without limestone, for flux, which must 
 be transported. The State experiment in making charcoal. The use of 
 brown ooaJ or lignite is advooaited. Coking ooal from the Brazos Coal 
 Field. 
 
 155. BaKINSj L. G. 
 
 (Analysis of Gadolinite from Llano County, Texas.) See Hid- 
 den, W. E., and Maekintosli, J. B. A Description of Several 
 Yttria and Thoria Minerals' from; Llano iCounty, Texas. 
 
 , Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 474-486. 
 DecemTjer, 1889. 
 
 This analysis was privijijtely oommunicated to the authors- of the ajbove 
 paper iby Professor F. W. Clarke, 'and published by them, together with 
 an s.nalysis by Dr. F. A. Genth (see Genth, F. A., in this Record), for 
 oampaTison with their own results. P. 479. 
 
 GADOLINITE, LLANO COUNTY, TEXAS. 
 
 iSp. gr .=4.239.*. 
 
 Oxygen Ratio. 
 
 "Si O, 23.79 79.30 
 
 Th Os .^ 0.58 0.44 
 
 Mn O trace 
 
 Fe O 12.42 17.25 
 
 GIO 11.33 45.181 
 
 Ca 0.74 1.32\ 63.75J 
 
 MgO ) / f 121.13 
 
 Kg O Vtraces 
 
 Nas O \ 
 
 AlsO, 
 
 FCs O3 0.96 1.80 
 
 Cea O3 ■. 2.62 2.43 V 56.94^ 
 
 (DlLalsOa 5.22 4.77 1 f 
 
 (YrErJs Og ; 41.55 47.94 ' W 
 
 H3O .- 1.03 
 
 Ps O, -. 0.05 
 
 Insoluble 
 
 100.29" 
 
 "* At 17° C. 
 t Didymium speatrum very strong. 
 % Molecular weight=260. 
 § Erbium spectrum weali." 
 
 156. Emmons, S. P. 
 
 Orographic 'Movements in the, Eocky Mountains. 
 
 Bulletin G-eol. Soc. Amer., Vol. I, pp. 245-386. 1890. 
 
 Reference is made to Texas and Arkansas on pp. 275-276 based upon 
 Professor HlU's .paper in ^meriGrm Journal of Science^ HI, Vo). JCXXVUl, 
 '1889, p. 468, 
 
Record of Geology oe Texas, ISST-lSQe. 89 
 
 iEMMONS, S. P. 
 
 "IRecent geological observations in Texsus and .Weaitern Arkansas show, 
 aooording to Mr. R. T. Hill, that the marine Cretaceous beds of that 
 r€|gion have been deposited along the southern base of an uplift, as yet 
 imperfeatily known, of 'Paleozoic rocks, extending from Ajrkansag westward 
 through Indian Territory and Northern Texas, and southwestward inlto 
 New Mexioo. It is not yet deifinitely known whether early Mesozoic beds 
 are involved in this uplift so that its formation oould be correlated with 
 the Jurasaic movement in the Rocky Mountain region, though eerbalri 
 facts render this probable." 
 
 The question of the correla;tion of the Texas Cretaceous beds is also 
 briefly discussed. 
 
 157. Engineering and Mining Jouenal. 
 
 New Yttria and Thoria Minerals. 
 
 Vol. XLIX, p. 338. March 32, 1890. 
 
 "W. E. Hidden .and J. B. Mackinto-^h have found three new minerals in 
 the locality near Bluflfton, Llano county, Texas, which has lately yielded 
 unusual quantities of minenals of the rarer leartihs— ^yttrialdte, a thorium- 
 yttrium ©ilioate; Thorogummite, a hydra ted uranium thoro-silioate; and 
 nivenite, a hydrated thordum-yttrdTim-lead silioa. Besides tliese new spe- 
 cies, the locality has -produced consideraJble quantities of gadolinite, far- 
 gusonite and other heretofore rare minerals. iA full account is given in 
 the Amei-ioom Journal of Science, to which periodical Dr. Gen'fch had con- 
 tributed a paper on the Texas gadolinite in iSoptember, 1889. The locality 
 ■is mineralogioaJly lremia(rfcable, and furnishes a great variety Of specimens. 
 The country rook is a red granite, traversed by numerous quartz veins, 
 in the pockets of whidh the yittria and thoria minerals occur." 
 
 158. 
 
 159. 
 
 Cinnabar in Texas. 
 Vol. 58, p. 302. iN. Y., Sept. 1, 1894. 
 
 (An announoemeont of the oonifirmation of the rumors concerning "the 
 oecuronoe of cinnabar in the southern portion of Presidio county, Texas, 
 not far from Presidio del Norte, in the big bend of the fRio IG-rande." 
 
 General Mining Notes. 
 (Goal in Texas.) 
 Vol. 58, p. 307. 1894. 
 
 Extiract: "Thiere is coal on the Texas side of the Rio G-rande near 
 Eagle Pass — ^of the "iFox Hills Oroup.' GThere is also ooal at Santo Tomas, 
 near Laredo (lignite) ; also at Presidio del Norite (between Eagle Pass and 
 Bl Piaso, near iRio 'Girande) . At Thurber, on the Texas and iPaciiic, west of 
 iForit "Worth, the Texas and Pacific Ooal Company is an extensive producer, 
 about 1000 tons a day." 
 
 160. 
 
 The Texas and obher American Sulphur Deposibs, 
 Yol, I4XII, p. 36, JUI7II, 1896, 
 
90 Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Enginebeing and Mining Journal. 
 
 Referenice is here made to a report by Dr. Eugene A. Smitih, State Geol- 
 ogist of Aiiabama, on the Sulphur Deposits of Tesas, from, which several 
 extracts are talcen. The information given does not differ materially from 
 that contained in his paper entitled "Notes on Native Sulphur in Texas." 
 (See iSmith, Eugene A., in this Record.) 
 
 "These deposits have also been examined by Mr. John E. Rioithwell, 
 mining engiineer of Denver, Colo., also a careful and competent expert. 
 He tested the property by boring .and shafts, and proved a still larger 
 quantity of sulphur 'in sight' than did Dr. Smith, so that there can be little 
 donbit as to this being a valuable deposit. These beds have easy access to 
 itid€ water and the Mississippi river, and consequently have low freights 
 to many of the most important markets for this material. Their exploita- 
 tion, therefore, offers the foundation of a prosperous industry." 
 
 OBeiference is also made to the deposits of Utah, Lower California, Louis- 
 iana, and the West Indies. 
 
 161.^ EVBEHAET, E'DGAE. 
 
 Contributioiis from the Chemical La/boratory, University of 
 Texas, Bulletin No. 4, pp. 18. n. d. (1888 ?). 
 
 'Contents:" Petroleum of Texas; Kiaoliji; Silver and Gold; Iron Ores; 
 Ochres; Coal; Mineral Waters — ^Chalybeate Water, Alum Water, Altealine 
 ISulphatic Waiter; Sulphur Water. 
 
 "For many years it has been known that there were various localities 
 in the State where an oily substanOe exuded from the ground. These 
 (places were generally denominaited 'tar springs.' Mention is frequently 
 made of these springs in the various histories of Texas. Ex^Q-ov. Roberts, 
 in .his 'Description of Texaus,' states that on the Gulf coast not far from 
 Sabine Pasis so much of this tarry matter issues from the ground that 
 during storms the waiter of the iGiilf is frequently calmed by the floating 
 oil. " 
 
 "The tar spring near San Augustine has long been known, and utilized 
 to some extent for various purposes, principally as a lubricajit. 
 
 "Near Burnelt there are several places where this tarry substance issues 
 Irom the ground, forming at times considenable isprings. One of these 
 places is situated near the top of a high hill overlooking the town, while 
 in the valley below, on the banks of a small creek, there are also several _ 
 springs. 
 
 "Near Palestine there are said to be strong indications of petroleum, 
 but nothing definite regarding them has been heard here. 
 
 "In the vicinity of Ausitin, near Walnut Creek, -prospecting for oil is 
 going on, probably with aome hopes of success. A.bout one and a half 
 miles north of Austin a gentlem'an,Mn sinking a well, at the depth of fifty 
 , feet struck .water which is strgngly impregnated with petroleum. The 
 
 water is unfit for drinking (purposes. A sample of the water was exam- 
 ined in the laboiriatory, and an oil was found in small quantities which 
 resembles the crude oil of Pennisylvania. These are probably only a small 
 fraction of the number of places in the Sta^te whei^e petroleum may be 
 found, * * * 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 91 
 
 ■EvBRHAKT, Edgar. 
 
 "In the early part of last year [1887] a company in Nacogdoches was 
 formed ito develop the .petroleum deposits thai were known to exist 
 near that place. The springs are situiated about ithirteen miles from the 
 town of Nacogdoches-. Effortts liav-e heen made to learn something of the 
 geological fortnations bi the locality about the springs, hut without suc- 
 cess. The only thing in tliait connection thgit could be ascertained was 
 with regard .to the nature of the ground through which the wells were 
 ■sunlc. In driving the wells sand was enooun.tered almost entirely. At some 
 stages of sinking them .the borers were troubled 'with quicksand, .but not to 
 a very great extent. ' In the deepest well, .wliioh goes to a depth of 360 
 feet, very bard rock .was met with. The character of the rock is unknown 
 •to me. iBrbbaibly .the petroleum exists in the Tertiary formjaJtion. 
 
 "Since beginning the work the company have sunk eight wells, which 
 vary in depth from ninety to .one hundred and twemity feet, except in one' 
 instanoe wKere a depth of 360 feet has been .a,ttained. Owing to a want 
 of i.aciliiies ifor 'handling land storing the oil, only two of the wells are at 
 present in operation, the rest being securely capiped. The daily yield of 
 these two wells is, as I am informed, 250 barrels each. 
 
 "The wells that have been sunk will , flow to some extent, bujt in order 
 
 to increase tie yield pumping has been resorted to. * * * 
 
 * * * * #. » « 
 
 "The Texas oil is not adapted to the production of illuminating oil — its 
 value consists in Its use as a lubricant. There is probably no batter 
 lubricating material manufactured than this crude oil as it is pu.mped from 
 the well. 
 
 "In .order to investigate some of the propenties of 'this oil a quantity 
 was obtained from Niaoog.doches and submitted to various tests in tlje 
 University laboratory. iThe work was assigned ,to Mt. P. H. Fitzbugh, 
 who conducted the tests under my direotion. 
 
 "The oil has a bi'ownish red color. The odor is peculiar, but not so 
 offensive as the crude petroleum of Pennsylvania. At ordinary tempera- 
 ture the oil is miobile, but not so much so as ordinary petroleum. iSub- 
 .mitted -to an extreme cold the .oil still retains its liquidity, but naturally 
 ibeoomes less m.obile. The temperature of the oil -was reduced to less than 
 zero (Fahrenheit) wi.thout its losing its flowing qualities. At no tempera- 
 ture attainable in tihe laboratory by lartificial means could any solid para- 
 fine be separated. , i 
 
 "TIhe oil does not gum on exiposure to the air. 
 
 "'Mr. Fitzhugh subjected about four pounds of the oil 'bo distillation 
 over the naked flame, in a retort connected with proper condensers. The 
 temperatuTe was .carried up to 680° JFahrenheit. At intervals of 45° 
 .Fahrenheit each distillate was removed and its weight determined. The 
 .results of the distillation were as follows : 
 
 1. Below 300° Faihr., the diaitillate amounted to 0.04 per cent. 
 
 2] 300° 348° Fahr., the distillate amounted to 0.37 per cent. 
 
 3.' 345°— 390° Fah.r., the distillate amounted to 1.30 par cent. 
 
 4I ,390° 435° li'ahr., the distillate amounted to 2.09 per cent. 
 
 5' 4.35° 480° Fahr., the distillate amounted to 3.14 per cent. 
 
 Q 480° ^525° Fahr., .the .disltillate amounted to 6.25 per cent. 
 
 7' 525° ^616° Fahr., the dis;tilla'te amounted to 7.07 per cent. 
 
 8^ 615° ^680° 'Fahr., the distillate amounted to 5.63 per. cent. 
 
 ■IBemaining in the retonfc. , 74.03 per cent. 
 
92 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 EvBEHAET, Edgar. . ^ 
 
 "A considatiaAion of the above figures shows in the finst place that the 
 crude petroleum of Naaogdoches .is praotioally free from maiptiha. Niaptha 
 distills oflf below 250° Fahr^ Four pounds of this oil carried to a temipei-a- 
 iture fifty degrees higher yielded .only .a few drops of a light oil, amount- 
 ing to but 0.04 per cent, of the total amount talcea. In the Pennsylvania 
 crude petroleum the illuminiatiiig oil oomes off between 250° and 500° 
 Fahr., land it on an average amounts to about 55 per cent. The IJacog- 
 doches peltroleum, between the same degrees of temperature, yields only a 
 little over 7 per cent. 
 
 "Kaolm. — This valuable mineral is found in sevelral different paj-fcs of 
 the IState. In some localities the quality is not suffioiently good for the 
 mlanuifaoture of the finest -grades of porcelain ware, but in laJt least three 
 or four places large beds of Kaolin are found which are not surpassed, if, 
 indeed, equaleid, by any like deposits in- the world. 'So far as oan be 
 judged ifrom isamples broright to 'this laboratory for analysis, it would 
 appear that the central and eastern portions of the State yield Kaolins 
 that are of medium quality only, while iii the western pontion the fijiest 
 grades are found. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The following Kaolins were obtained from the 'oentrarpant of the. State. 
 They are of medium quality. Their coimpos.ition as detelrmined by analysis 
 is: 
 
 !A. B. C. 
 
 Water 6.45 per cent. 3.20 per cent. 2.69 per cent. 
 
 (Alumina 13.83 per cent. '13.46 per cent. 12.7'1 per cent. 
 
 Oxide of iron B.70 per cent. 2.01 per cent. 3.60 per cent. 
 
 'Silica 68.25 per cent. 72.31 per cent. 72.56 per cent. 
 
 Lime 1.23 par cent. 0.82 per cent. 1.00 per cent. 
 
 'Magnesia ,-. 0.47 per cent. 0.30 per cent. 0.10 per cent. 
 
 Potash 3.52 per cent. 3.07 per cent. 3.44 per cent. 
 
 Soda 3.96 per cent. 4.07 per 'Cent. 2.62 per cent. 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.30 per cent. 0.35 per cent. 0.10 per cent. 
 
 Oxide of manganese. . . . '1.00 per cent. 
 
 99.71 99.59 100.02 [99.82] 
 
 "The two Kaolins whose 'analyses are given below are very .fine, flihey 
 'are pure white in color, somewhat greasy 'bo the touch, 'and are infusible in 
 the hobteat blowpipe flame. 'Being practically fi-ee from iron they 'are 
 adapted to 'the m^aking of the best grades of china. They 'are free from 
 grit and evei-y other objeptionable impurity. 
 
 "One of the deposits at least is said ito be of great extent 
 
 "kaolin FBOM NUECES CANYON. 
 
 'Water 4.53 per cent 
 
 Alumina / 33.66 per cent. 
 
 Silica 46.60 per cent. 
 
 Lime 0.43 per cent. 
 
 Magnesia 0.96 per cent. . 
 
 Soda 1.66 per oemt^ 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 98 
 
 EvBRHAET, Edgar. 
 
 "kaoltn pbom edwakds county. 
 
 WaAer 6.05 per cent. 
 
 Alumina 43.17 per cent. 
 
 Silica 48.41 peir cent. 
 
 'Lime 0.38 per cent. 
 
 ^ Magneisia OJO per cent. 
 
 Alkalies 1.78 per cent. 
 
 Silver and Gold. — > * * * "That there are sucli valuable deposits in 
 the State, however, there can ,be nia dooibt, and analyses of gold and silver 
 ores found in iTexas of even great value have been made in the laboratory 
 of the University. ISo far as my experience goes, the ores of both gold 
 and silver are much more valua,ble in frhe western and northwestern por- 
 tifms of the State than in the central. Of many ores examined from Llano 
 and the adjacent oounties anone of great value were found, although some 
 were lair low grade ores. * * * In some of the streams of Llano 
 county it is possible to pan out gold in even paying quantities, and it is 
 to be hoped that the time is not far distant when competent g«(ologi»ts "will 
 be able to locate the souroe of ithis metal in that portion of tihe StaAe. 
 
 "iQine of the most reiniaa-kable deposits of gold ever found is near Austin. 
 It is remarkable from the fact that the gold is found in a kind of rock 
 which has hitherto been supposed" to be free from gold. (The metal seems 
 to be very unequally distributed through ordinary limestone, and does not 
 occur in any well defined veins at all. This will jprobably prevent its 
 suocesisiful working, for while one ton of the rook might yield $50 of gold, 
 still the next ten tons would be likely to yield not a cent. 
 
 "From the extreme northwestern part of ithe (State some very fine indi-' 
 oations of gold have been tfound. A small nugget about as large as a 
 pigeon's egg has been received at the laboratory. It is said to have been 
 found in Oldham county. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "A few examples of the ores assayed for gold and silver are given: 
 "Silver ore firom Northwest Texas showed 150 oz. of silver to the ton of 
 
 2000 lbs. 
 
 "Gold ore found in limesitone oontained: Silver, 6 oz. to the toh of 
 
 2000 lbs.; gold, $17 to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
 
 "AKGENTIFEROTrS GALENA. 
 
 No. 1 contained- 15 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
 
 No. 2 oontained 20 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
 
 No. 3 oontained 120 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
 
 No. 4 contained 10 oz. silver to th^ toa of 2000 lbs. 
 
 No. 5 conitainedi 23 oz. silver to tfie ton of 2000 lbs. 
 
 "One of the richest silver ores it has ever been my lot to assay was foumid 
 in this State, and it oontained, according to the analysis, over 5000 oz. of 
 silver to the ton. 
 
 "Iron Ores^ » » • 
 
 "The following partial analyses of iron ores from different parts of the 
 State will give some idea of their value: 
 
94 Transactions Texas Acadbmt op Science. 
 
 EvuRHAET, Edgar. 
 
 "btjenet countt. 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. 
 
 Sulphur 0.002 per cent. 0.10 per cent. 
 
 Phosphorus 0.001 per cent. 0.08 per oent. 
 
 Silica 4.65 per cent, 2.46 per cent. 
 
 Oxide of iron 86.40 per cent- 87.43 -per cent. 
 
 corresponding to 
 
 iMetalHe iron 60.48 per cent. 61.00 per cent. 
 
 "GILLESPIE COUNTY. 
 
 Sulphur 0.01 per cent. 
 
 iPhospliiorus 0.05 per cent. 
 
 Silica. 3.86 per cent. 
 
 OjSide of Iron 84.41 per cent. 
 
 corresponding to ' 
 
 Metallic iron 59.09 per cent. 
 
 "southeastern TEXAS. 
 
 Sulphur ....'.•. 0.002 per cent. 
 
 Phosphorus 0.47 per cent. 
 
 Silica 8.62 per oent. 
 
 Oxide of iron 76.71 per cent. 
 
 corresponding to 
 
 Metallic iron 53.00 per cent. 
 
 "central TEXAS. 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. 
 
 Sulphur 0.008 per oent. 0.09 per cent. 
 
 Phosphorus 0.12i per oent. 0.22 per cent. 
 
 Silica 27.68 per cent. 8.85 per cent. 
 
 Oxide of iron 75.47 per cent. 85.52 per cent. 
 
 corresponding to 
 
 Metallic iron ■ 52.83 per oent. 69.67 per cent. 
 
 "northeast TEXAS. ■ 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. 
 
 Sulphur 0.22 per cent. 0.23 per oent. 
 
 Phosphorus . 0.04 per cent. 0.19 per cent. 
 
 Silica 1.87 per cent. 6.83 per cent. 
 
 Oxide of iron 87.69 per cent. 84.91 per cent. 
 
 corresponding to 
 
 Metallic iron 61.38 per cent. 57.44 per cent. 
 
 "ochres. 
 
 "There are quite a^bundant deposits in the .State of a kind of iron ores 
 that are usually called oohires. They are characterized by being easily 
 pulverized, soft to the touch, and freedom from grit, and by their con- 
 taining considerable quantities of alumina. They find' considerable use 
 in the prepara/tion of the so-called mineral paints, and are quite valuable 
 for such and other purposes." 
 
 Analyses are given of ochres from Northwest Texas and Central Texas. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 95 
 
 BvERHAKT, Edgar. 
 
 The subject of Coal and 'Iiignite is discussed. Two analyses of bitumin- 
 ous coal are given, one a sample recorded as from Llanq county, the other 
 ,_ from PaJo Pinto county, near Gordon. Analyses of lignites from diflferent 
 ^S pants of the Stajte are 'tabulated : 'Robertson county ; Cherokee • county ; 
 Milam county; Hopkins eoumty; Northwest Texas; North TexaiS (3) ; 
 Burnet county (2)j [See iNo. 7, 'Ashburner, Charles A. (Ooal in Texas).] 
 Of mineral w.atera, the following analyses are given: 
 
 "chalybeate water — ^FRANKLIN, TEXAS. 
 
 "One gallon of the water contains : y / 
 
 ■Sulphate of lime 20.965 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of iron ,....- 75.952 grains". 
 
 Sulphate of alumina 2.228 grains. 
 
 Sulphiate of magnesia 13.063 grains. 
 
 'Sulphate of soda ^ 7.109 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of potash 0.752 grains. 
 
 (Sulphate of •ammonia .-. trace. 
 
 Chloride of sodium 9.715 grains. 
 
 Silica and insoluble matter 2.041 grains. 
 
 Total grains per gallon ....'.:....'. 13.1.825 
 
 The water has a slight acid reaetio'n.'' 
 
 A 'Second and third analysis of chalybeate wai>6r at Franklin are given. 
 
 "alum water DENISON. 
 
 "One gallon o(f the water oontains: 
 Sulphate of lime '. 30.652 
 
 iSulphate of alumina 26.850 grains. 
 
 Suliphate of iron 0.239 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia _• . . ■ 3.312 grains. 
 
 'Sulphate 'Of potash . , 0.286 grains. 
 
 'Chloride of sodium 4.222 grains. 
 
 Chloride of magnesium 0.140 grains. 
 
 'Silicj. and insoluble matter 2.735 grains. 
 
 Total grains per gallon 68.436 
 
 "ALtTM WATER — rBANKLIN. 
 
 "One gallon of the 'water oomtains: 
 
 lOhloride of sodium 3.942 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of soda 0.898 grains; 
 
 Sulphate of potash 0.548 grains. 
 
 iSulphate of lime 6.217 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia ' 2.624 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of iron 5.651 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of alumina 30.005 grains. 
 
 Silica and insoluble' matter .'. 2.887 grains. 
 
 Total grains per gallon 52.772 
 
96 Transactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 EVBEHART^ EdGAK. 
 
 "ALICALINE iSULPHATIC WATER— GEORGETOWN. 
 
 "One gallon of the water contains: 
 
 Chloride of sodium 58.720 g*i 
 
 Bicarbonate of soda 1.225 grains. 
 
 Carbonate of lime 23.414 grains. 
 
 Carboaate of iron 0.811 grains. 
 
 iSulpbate of .alumina and potash 8.363 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of potash 5.931 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of soda 201.197 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia 62.925 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of lime 17.548 grains. 
 
 Silioa and insoluble matter 0.991 grains. 
 
 Total gnaina per gallon ,381.125 
 
 "Free carbonic acid gas per gallon, 39.6 cu. in." 
 
 "SUUHTJE WATER — I^AMPASAS 'hANNA SPRING.'* 
 
 "One gallon of the water contains: 
 
 Hyposulphite of soda 0.775 grains. 
 
 HydTosulphate of sodium 0.111 grains. 
 
 Chloride of sodium 666.869 grains. 
 
 Chloride of potassium 10.287 grains. 
 
 Chloride of magnesium 60.049 grains. 
 
 Chloride of calcium ' 48.905 grains. 
 
 Carbonate of lime 34.465 grains. 
 
 Sulphate of lime 0.951 grains. 
 
 Bromide of magnesium . ' trace. 
 
 Alumina ' 2.286 grains. 
 
 Silica and insoluble matter 1.673 grains. 
 
 Organic matter .- trace. 
 
 Total grains per gallon 705.371 
 
 Free sulphuretted hydrogen gas, per gallon 5.82 cu. in. 
 
 Free carbonic acid gas, per gallon. 11.80 cu. in. 
 
 The water has a faint acid reaction. 
 
 The temperature of the water in the spring is 70° F., and its speciflo 
 gravity is 1.0074. 
 
 "STOPHUR WATER — LAMPASAS 'OOOPER SPRING.' 
 
 "One gallon of the wa;ter contains: 
 
 Hyposulphite of soda. 0.227 grains. 
 
 Hydrosulphate of sodium 0.827 grains. 
 
 Chloride of sodium 346.974 grains. 
 
 Chloride of po'tassium 3.586 grains. 
 
 *For analysis by E. Waller, Ph. D., see No. 66, Cummins' "The South- 
 ern Border of the ^Central Coal Field," Firsit Ann. Kept. Geol. Surv. Texas 
 p. 172. 
 
Record op Geology op Texas, ISS'Z-lSOe. 97 
 
 ■EVBEHART^ EdGAE. 
 
 iChlorM« of magnesium ^ 21.857 grains. 
 
 Ohloride of calcium 48.147 grains. 
 
 iSulpliaite of lim« 4.461 grains. 
 
 Oa;rbpnate of lime 11.372 gradna. 
 
 Bromide of magnesium trace. 
 
 Alumina 3.540 grains. 
 
 iSilioa and injsoluhle matter 0^565 grains. 
 
 Orgianie matter trace. 
 
 iTotal grains per gallon., 441.556 
 
 Free sulphuretted hydrogen gas, per gallon 2.07 eu. in. 
 
 'Fxee carbonic acid gas, per gallon 45.11 cu. in. 
 
 "Tile water has a faiint acid reaction. The temperature of the water in 
 the spring is 70° 'F., and has a specific gravity of 1.007." 
 
 162. ^ • 
 
 (Nacogdodhes Oil.)' 
 
 ■Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 4. Houston, 
 August, 1888.' 
 
 An extract from "Cointributions from the Ohemioal Laboratory," Uni- 
 versity of Texas, Bulletin No. 4. See preceding title. 
 
 163. Fontaine, William Moeeis. 
 
 Kotes on some Fossil Plants from the Trinity Division of the 
 Comanche Series of Texas. 
 
 Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. XVI, 1893, 
 pp. 361-382, pk. xxxvi-xliii. Washington, 1894. 
 
 "The fossil plants whose description form the subject of this paper were 
 collected 'by their disoovexer, Mr. J. W. Harvey, of Glen Rose, Texas. They 
 occur in the bed of the Paluxy Eiver, two miles above Glen Rose. The 
 material containing the fossils is a pretty iirm 'limestone, quite free from, 
 aand and olay, and li'ght gray in oolor, which was evidently a deposit 
 formed at a ooiisiderajble distance from the shore. This necessitated a 
 prolonged immersion of the plant remains in water and their transporta- 
 tion over long distances. This conclusion, drawn from the nature of the 
 sediment, is confirmed by the condition and character of the plant fossils, 
 w * * 
 
 "Most of the fossils are in the form of small fragments. Oones of conifers 
 land bits of twigs of the same much predominate. The twigs have usually 
 thick leathery leaves and a dense durable epidermis^ These facts indicate 
 that the plants 'land parts of plants that can withstand long drifting are 
 predominant, because more perishable forms were destroyed in transporta- 
 tion. Conifers of certain types are most common, probably because, under 
 the existing conditions, they were best fitted for preservation, and not 
 because they were most common in the flora." P. 261. 
 
 Subdivisions of the Lower Cretaceous according to Prof. R. T. Hill. 
 
98 Teansactioits Tbxas Academy of Science. 
 
 Fontaine^ William Morris. 
 
 'Desoription of the 'Species. Equisetaceae. Equisctum texense, sp. nov. 
 Ferns. Sphenopteris vald&nsis, Heer? Cyeads. Dioonites BucManus, var. 
 rarinervis, veut. nov. D. Buchianus, ScMmper. Z). Buchian/as, var. angus- 
 tif alius, iFont. D. Dunhericmus, (iGopp.) Miquel. Podozamites actitifo- 
 lius. Font. ? PodozoMiites ispecies ? Zamites tenuinervis, Font. ;Conif ers. 
 Abietites LinkU, (Boem.) iDunk. Laricopsis longifolia, Font. Sphenole- 
 pidium Sterniergianum, var. densifolium, Font. Pinus species? Braohy- 
 phyllum tecoense, spv nov. Pagiophyllum duhium, sp. nov. Frenelopis 
 varians, sp. nov. F. Hoheneggeri (Ebt.) Sohenk. Sequoia pagiophylloides, 
 sp. nov. Abietites species? iPlants of Uncertain Affinities. Williamsonia 
 tessana, sp. nov. OarpoUthus obovatus sp. nov. 0. Barveyi sp. nov. 
 Gyoadeospermum rotundatum, 'Font. 
 
 Age and lAfiinities of the Trinity Flora. 
 
 "The plants found at Glen Hose show, so far as can be judged from so 
 imperfect a colleotion, that the Trinity flora finds its closest resemblance in 
 the older portion of the Lower Potomac. There is, however, .this important 
 ■difference:' OSTo trace of angiosperms, even tho m.os't archaic, has been 
 found dn the Texas region. IWe have only the four elements of the typical 
 Jurassic flora. This then makes the Trinity flora somewhat older than that 
 0'f,,the oldest Potomac. The absence of the angiospermis and the presence 
 of the forms that axe\found indicate decidedly,that the Trinity flora is not 
 younger than the earliesit stage of the Cretaceous. The number of plants 
 found to ibe identical with certain of those of the oldest Potomac shows 
 that there is little difference in the age of the two formations. The plant- 
 ibearing portion of the Trinity is somewhat older than the basal Potomac 
 strata, but the difference in age cannot be great." Pp. 279-280. 
 
 164. G. 
 
 iSketch of -the Natural Gas Field near Brenham, Texas. 
 
 Geological and Seientiftc "Bulletin, Vol. I, ISTo. 8. Deoeanber, 
 1888. 
 
 "In the year 1879, Wm. 'Seidell, seeking water for farm purposes, had 
 a well bored to a depth of between one hundi-ed and fifty and one hundred 
 and sixty feat, when a sand rook was reached, which produced a fine flow 
 of .natural gas. lAt that time natural gas was not as prominent as fuel, 
 and no attention was paid to the find further than to use it as a play- 
 ithing and for domestic uses in a tenant house near by. The Hon. J. E. 
 ■Gray, of Brenham, Texas, a cEormer Tepresentative of Washington county, 
 and a gentleman of fine intelligenoe, who lived not far from thiis well, in a, 
 letter to J. lB. Gilmer & Co., says of it: 
 
 " The well was bored in Augus.t, 1879, eleven inahej in diameter, making , 
 eight inches after being curbed with wood. When burning, the flame would 
 extend fully fllteen feet 'high. 'When the gas was confined, and allowed 
 to escape through a small hole in the well covering, and a snuff bottle 
 placed to it, the noise made by the stream of gas in the bottle resembled 
 that of a steam whistle, and 'was plainly heard a mile or more from the 
 well. The force or volume of the well did not perceptibly diminish until 
 old sacks, used in extinguishing the flame, dirt, chunks of wood, etc., were 
 
Record op Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 99 
 
 G. 
 
 dropped or thrown in the well. The gas oonbinued to flow, and was utilized 
 both for fuel and light in a small tenant house situated a^bout thirty feet 
 from the well, for rabout three years, when it was found that the well had 
 been stopped up the distance of about twenty feet from the bottom.' After 
 the flow of gas was thus cut off, no attention was paid to the matter 
 until the winter of 1887-8, when J. B. G-ilmer & Co., of Waco, leased the 
 traot on which ,the land was, and many other tracts in the neighborhoad, 
 and commenced boring to see if the gas was still there. CDhey attenupted 
 to bore out the old well, but found it so effectually stopped that it was 
 cheaper .to bore a new one. * * * When the first well j)ut down for 
 J. B. Grilmer & Ck). reached the depth of the old well, the gas began to flow 
 as when the old well was in its glory. The workmen were found to be 
 incapable of properly casing a well, and out of a number dug in the spring 
 of 1888, none, were saved, as the clay caved and cut off the gas. This 
 caused a .smspension of work until October, 1888, when an experienced 
 driller was secured. 
 
 "iSince then three wells have been put down and secured. One is near 
 the original well, 164 feet deepjone about three or four hundred yards to 
 the southeast, 134 feet deep; the third about a half a mile to the north- 
 west, about 114 feet deep. Measured by an anemometer, these three wells 
 flow about a million and a half ctilbdc feet of gas per day, Prof. JT. P. 
 Lesley, State iGreologist of Pennsylvania, estimates that one pound of coal 
 has a fuel capacity of 74 cubic feet of gas. On this basis (the fuel value 
 of these wells amounts to 100 tons of coal per day. When the shallow 
 depths of these wells through clay is considered, and the cheapness with 
 which they can be made, their fuel value", compared with their. cost, i? 
 enormous. This field is lOJ miles from Brenham, a city of seven thousand 
 people, or about one thousand families. It offers a market, on an estimate 
 by one of its most conservative citizens, of about $75,000 worth 6t gas per 
 annum. This is as the city now stands, without any calculation for in- 
 crease of wealth from growth of place. The wells are about IJ miles from 
 the Austin branch of the H. & T. C. R. E."" » * * 
 
 165. GannetTj Henet. 
 
 'A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States. (Second Edi- 
 tion.) J 
 
 Bull, of the TJ. S. Geol. Surv., l^o. 76, 393 pp. ' Washington' 
 1891. 
 
 The altitudes of the principal "railroad stations in Texas are given, as 
 well as of a number of other paints. A valuable work of reference. 
 
 166. Gbnth, p. a. 
 
 Contributions to Minerology,. No. 44. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol". XXXVIII, pp. 198-303. 
 New Haven, Sept., 1889. 
 
 "1. Gadolinite. — ^In the fall oit the year 1888, Dr. A. B. iPoote sent me 
 [for identification a shining black mineral which he brought from Burned; 
 county, Texas, A preliminary examination, which i made, proved it to be 
 Gadolmite, which, excepting that from Colorado, described and analyzed by 
 
100 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Genth, p. a. 
 
 Mr. L. G. Eakins, of th« U. iS. Geol. Survey, had neveir been observed in 
 this country. Since it became known that the mineral brought from 
 Texas by Dr. Foote wa,s gadolinite, large quantities have been obtained, 
 some in crystals, weighing from .seven to eleven poundiS, I am- indebted 
 to Mr. W. IBarl Hidden for some from Llano county, Texas, and give in 
 the following the results of my analyses of this as well as that received 
 from Dr. Foote. 
 
 "It has a black color; in thin splinters it is translueeat with a dark 
 bottle-green color ; the fine powder is greenish-gray ; fracture conohoidal to 
 splintery. Sp. gr.=4.201 (Burnet county) to 4.254 (Llano county). 
 * * * 
 
 "The Texas gadolinite is altered into a brownish-red mineral of waxy 
 lustre, ifinally into a reddish or yellowish-brown earthy suibstance. Neither 
 oouild ibe obtained in a state of purity, but I will give below a partial analy- 
 sis of the former^ Tengerite (?) or yttrium carbonate in thin, white 
 crystalline incrustations is ifound between the draoks of the gadolinite. 
 There was only enough obtainable to show their composition' by qualitative^ 
 
 tests. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The following results were obta;ined : 
 
 I. BUKNBT COTJNTY. II. LLANO COUNTY. 
 
 a b a b 
 
 Si Oa 22.87*) 23.40*) 22.80 22.92 
 
 Als Os 0.28 0.33 0.31 0.29 
 
 CejOaty.--- 2.65 2.76 2.66 2.85 
 
 (Di, LaJsOa ' 5 22 5.17 5.01 5.33 
 
 (Y, Er)8 Oj 44.35' 44.65 44.45 44,30 
 
 Mn 0.22 iiotdet. 0.18 not det. 
 
 Fe O 13.69*) 13.58 12.93 13.03 
 
 BeO 9.24 9..32 9.19 9.34 
 
 MgO 0.07 0.08 0.11 not det. 
 
 CaO : 0.64 0.54 0.71 0.78. 
 
 Nag 0.20 not det. 0.23 not det. 
 
 Kg 0.15 " " 0,12 " " 
 
 Ignition 0,72 " " 0.79 " " 
 
 Insoluble in dil. 
 
 HsSOi. not det. " " 0.93 0.92 
 
 100,30 100.42 
 
 "* includes the Fe^Oa and SiO^, insoluble in dilute sulphuric acid 
 
 "t Mr. L. G. Eakins informed me that he had found Th O^ in the Texas 
 
 ga/dolinite. As I had not tested for it, I examined the eerie oxide, left. 
 
 from the four analyses, and found it to contain 3.22 per cent, of Th O2. 
 
 "decomposed gadolinite from ixano county. 
 
 Spec, gray 3.592 
 
 Ignition 9.30 
 
 Quartz 1,03 
 
 SiOs 22.11 
 
 (Ce, Di, La, Y, Er)^ O^ 39.20 
 
 I'esOs 14.53 
 
 BeO 6.03 
 
 Mn O 0.22 
 
 Ca 5.58" 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 101 
 
 IG?. Geologioal and Scientific Buhetik. 
 Ariesian Well !N"otes. 
 
 Vol. I, No. 7.^ Houston, No?., 1888. 
 
 "Bosque a;nd 'Somervell oounties head the liat of artesian -wells, having 
 between one and two hundred already flowing from depths of 100 to 
 600 feet. One well in Bosque county is on a hill top, 250 feet ahove the 
 level of the surrounding creeloa — ^is 800 feet deep, and yields a good flow 
 of water. 
 
 "Two fine wells have been bored on one of the highest points around 
 Waeo, one of them about 1500 feet deeip, with flowing water from both. 
 
 "The lasit well at Galveston profaises to be the best oif all dug up to 
 the present in yield of water. i ' 
 
 "The wells at Yorktown are shallower even than those sut Houston. The 
 water is found under a very inipervious stratum of clay, which shows mo 
 evidence of moisture, even within three or four indies of the water bed." 
 
 168. 
 
 170. 
 
 171. 
 
 172. 
 
 Geological Survey of Texas. 
 Vol. I, No. 7. Houston, Nov., 1S88. 
 
 \An account of the field work oif the Geologioal iSurvey, with special 
 reference to the assrignments and investigations of Mfessrs. Penrose, Owen, 
 iTait, Jermy, Streeruwitz and lOummins. 
 
 169. 
 
 Natural Gas. ■ ' ^ . 
 
 Vol. I, No. 7. Houston, November, 1888. 
 
 "In the Greenview neighborhood, six miles from Burton, Messrs. Gilmer 
 and Go., of Waoo, have succeeded in obtaining two fine flows of natural 
 gas from a depth of about 150 feet." 
 
 Geological Survey of Texas. 
 Vol. I,_No.'8. Houston, December, 1888. \ 
 
 A brief sumimajry of the various reports to be embraced in the forth- 
 coming "Birsit Ileport of Progress." 
 
 Geological Survey of,Texas. ' 
 
 Vol. I, No. 11. Houston, March, 1889. 
 
 'Reference to the routine work of the 'State Geologist ; to the field work 
 of Mess'rs. Penrose, Oummins, Streeruwitz, Jermy, Huppertz and Taff; 
 and to the chenrioal analyses of Messrs. Herndon, Smith and Halley. 
 
 Geological Survey of Texas. 
 Vol. I, No, 1«. Houston, April, 1889. 
 
102 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Geological and Soiektifio Bulletin. 
 
 "The iState Geologist, in company with Dr. Penrose, made a trip down 
 the ;Ck)lorado river froim lAustin to La 'G-range to seoure as eompleite a, 
 section of the Tertiary formation as possible, and to determine the true 
 sequence of the different beds already known to occur in it. The trip was 
 made 'in a raw boat, and required nearly six days for its completion. The 
 results were highly satisfactory, .and will gio very far toward giving us a 
 correct idea of .the Tertiary history of the 'State. Lignites were found 
 in abundance. Many tine beds of iossils were observed, and as full col- 
 lections made as the time permitted. (Near La Grrange a, fine deposit of 
 palm imipreasions was found in a bed of sandstone, accompanied by pieces 
 of the trunks and stems silieified. lAmong the fossils taken were those 
 of the charaeteristic lEocene species of shells with shark teeth and corals." 
 
 Brief mention is made of the work of Messrs. Penrose, Streeruwitz, 
 Cummins, Jermy, Taff, and Huppertz. 
 
 173. ~ Gl/LBEET, G. K. 
 
 Admipistrati-ve Report. 
 
 lEleventh Ann. ;Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, Part I, Geology. 
 Washington, 1890. 
 
 (Work in Texas, pp. 58-59.) 
 
 "A study of the Cretaceous formatioins in Texas, begun some years ago 
 by Mr. Robert T. Hill and temporarily discontinued, was resumed last 
 ■summer as a, joint work of the iGeologioal Survey of Texas ajid the 
 U. iS. iG-eologieal Survey. .The upper and lower boundaries of the system 
 were traced and mapped from the ^Colorado river northward to, the died 
 River, aind the principal subdivisions also were outlined between the 
 JBnazos and Ked rivers. The larger share of the expense of the recent 
 work was borne by the State Survey, and it is arranged that the most 
 comprehensive publication .of the scientific results shall appear in the 
 ■forthcoming fitat annual report of the iSta'te Creoliogist." 
 
 174. Goldsmith, B. 
 
 Gadolinite" from Llano County, Texas. 
 
 Proc. Acad, of ISTat. Sciences, Phila., Part II, pp. 164-165. 
 iMay-iSept., 1889. 
 
 "The specimen so called whiah -came from the above locality is in the 
 Wm. M. Vaux collection of the Academy, and is of unusual size. It 
 ■appears as a a-ough ortliorhombie crystal. A piece broken off at one end 
 revealed the fact that the crystal was not homogenous throughout. W^ithin, 
 ,-a glassy material, surrounded hj a rather thick layer of perfectly dull 
 appearance, 'indicated that it was made up of at least two different min- 
 erals. I procured .from the anineral dealer fragments of these two sub- 
 stances for investigation. The inner or vitreous substance proved to be 
 Oadolinite. lln mass the color is deep black and opaque, but wihen a thin 
 plate is prepared by grinding, it appears green. Beneajth the microscope 
 
 apparently all is homoigenous, only a few minute black spots are noticed. 
 # * * 
 
 "Fracture conchoidal and uneven, Hardnesa=6, Sp. gr.==4.276. It 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. lOS 
 
 Goldsmith^ B. 
 
 affords no strea.k on unglazed porcelain, and it ia brittle; the powder is 
 grayisi green. 
 
 "For analysis the substa-nce was selected with care, and was easily 
 decomposed by hydrochloric acid, the silica gelatinizing. 
 
 "The result was as follows: 
 
 Silica 25.70 per cent. 0=13.7 
 
 Ittria . 58.30 per cent. 0=12. 
 
 'Iron monoxide 15.52 per cent. 0=: 3.44 
 
 Glueina 2.10 per cent. 0= 1.32 
 
 "The material enveloping the Gadolinite seems to bfe amorphous; dull, 
 with an un-eyen 'fracture and brittle; its color is •grayish brown; streak 
 red, when powdered bright red. 
 
 "It was fouiid necessiary to float off the suspended part in water from 
 another portion which was not decomposable by hydrochloric acid, and this 
 was repeated until a sample was wholly decomposable by that acid. The 
 silica did not gelatinize. ' 
 
 "Hardness=3. Sp. gr.=3.494. 
 
 "Not .fusible before the Wow-ipipe. The fluxes indicated iron; heated^iri 
 a tube it gave water. Heated with carb. soda upon charcoal it afforded a 
 dark-brown slag. 
 
 "The analysis indicated great complexity of mixture: 
 
 iSiiOj 18.145 per cent. 0= 9.676 
 
 Cea Oi , 20.662 per cent. 0=16.773 
 
 Fcj O3 26.026 per cent. 0= 7.807 
 
 Y O .21.854 per cent, 10= 4.500 
 
 Ca 3j642 per cent. 0= 1.040 
 
 Mg 0.214 per cent. 0= O.OS'S 
 
 H O ■ 9.7&1 per cent. 0= 8.676 
 
 # * * * « * * 
 "I am not aware that this material over the G-adolinite has been named. 
 I propose for it the name Metagadolimte." 
 
 175. Gebgg, A. 
 
 Eoonomic Minerals of San Saba Gonnty. 
 
 Texas Gaol, and Min. Suit., First Eept. of Progress, 1-888, pp. 
 74-76. Austin, 1889. 
 
 Economic Minerals of San Saba County.. Marbles: lOolox and Varie- 
 ties; Specimens furnished the U. S. National Museum. Crreat Sip'rings: 
 Artesian in .Character; Valuable for Power and Irrigation; Occurrence 
 along the Paleozoic Outcrop in the southern part of the County. Sand- 
 stone for Building Purposes abundant; of a ".rich warm yellow" color; 
 Colorado River outs through an extensive deposit; some strata 12 feet 
 thick. iGrindstone Grit .near the mouth of the San Saba, and at several 
 points on the Colorado. Blue Limestone occurs near the town of San 
 Saba. "Fire-iproof" rook is abundant, underlying the Blue Limestone. 
 .White Limestone occurs between the San Saba river and the Paleozoic Out- 
 crop. Paleozoic Rocks, Granite, Granite Sandstone, Quartz' Schist, etc., 
 
104 TKjtNSACTioNS Texas Acadbmy of Science. 
 
 .Geegg, a. 
 
 occur in the southern part of the County. Pure white clean sand suitable 
 for glass is found in the western part -of the county. Coal found at Mil- 
 burn (MoOulloch County), and VieiBlty. 
 
 '"Bhe so-called mineral belt extends through the southern third of the 
 county, and in it have been found gold, silver, copper, lead, and manga- 
 nese, but none of these minerals have as yet been mined with success." 
 P. 76. 
 
 176. Gulliver, F. P. 
 
 Cuspidate Forelands. 
 Bulletin- Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. VII, pp. 399-442,. 1896. 
 
 Among the typical examples of "lOverlap," that at Corpus Cbristi Pass, 
 Texas, is mentioned. 
 
 177. Haeeington, H. H. 
 
 Alkali Soils. 
 
 G«ol-ogical and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, ISTo. 12. Houston, 
 April, 1889. 
 
 " 'Alkali soil,' as the term is cortranonly employed, has xeferenoe usually 
 ' to the saline or allcaline matter present in the soil that exerts an .injurious 
 -eflfect on vegetation. These salts may or may not ibe really alkaline in 
 reaction. The term 'alkali soil' is, therefore, to a certain extent, indefinite 
 and ambiguous, since the salts may consist of borates and carbonates of 
 potash and soda, giving an allcaline reaction to test paper, viz. : Chlorides 
 and sulphates of potash, soda and magnesia, phosphates of soda and lime, 
 nitrates of soda and potash. 'It will be at onoe noticed that the latter 
 clasis of oompounds contains the three great ■ elements of plant food — 
 potash, phosphoric .aeid and nitrogen — ^those three elemen'ts which alone 
 the agriculturist can aflford to buy in a fertilizer, and upon which every 
 oommeroial fertilizer depends for its value. I call special attention to 
 this fact, because, when the alkaline soils of iWestern Texas are brought 
 under cultivation, the praotioally inexhaustible quantity of some of these 
 ingredients will ibe a matter of great economical importance, enaibling the 
 farmer, by a judicious use or renewing of organic matter in the soil, to 
 possess a farm that will enrich bo'th father and son. 
 
 "From a preliminary investigation of Pecos Valley soils, it seems tliat 
 their alkalinity is due chiefly to alkaline carbonates of potash and soda 
 and chlorides of the same elements. The fiirst 'two salts arc by far more 
 injurious to plant growth, particularly blighting the young blades as they 
 emerge from .the ground. 'In some respects, however, their presence is not 
 to be so much deprecated as is the presence of the chlorides, eithfer lalone 
 or mixed with sulphates, since the alkaline carbonates, unless present in 
 large quantity, may be decomposed by gypsum or sulphate of lime, con- 
 verting the lime sulphate into the beneficial carbonate and the allcaline 
 carbonates into the neutral sulphates. The chlorides, on the' contrary, and 
 some of the sulphates, it is necessary to remove by irrigation and drain- 
 age, unless, indeed, the quantity of rain wero sufficient to carry these salts 
 below the surface to an underground chaoinel, or along the surface to 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 105 
 
 Harrington^ H. H. 
 
 streams that would remove the 'alkali' from the field — a, condition of things 
 not likely to soon take place in Western Texas. In ease irrigation is 
 applied, ipartioular attention must be given to the character of water used. 
 Ohviously a stream carrying in solution a large quantity of saline matter 
 could not be Tised with advantage, except under modified oonditians, since 
 the evaporation of the irrigation water would itself add largely to the 
 already alkaline condition of the soil. When neither irrigation nor the 
 use of gypsuim is sufficient to reclaim an alkali soil, it is probable that 
 chemical antidotes -miay be found that will prove efficient. 'For example, in 
 certain cases lime might be used, although this or the use of any other 
 ohemical substance would depend upon the character of the alkali, a matter 
 requiring special investigation and trial in each particulaa: case." 
 
 IT'S. 
 
 A Preliminary Eeport on the Soils and Waters of the Upper Eio 
 Grande and Peeos Valleys in Tessas. (Appendix by E. 'T. Dumhle.) 
 Geol. Surv. of Texas, Bulletin No. 2, 26 pp. Austin, 1890. 
 
 Letter of Transmittal by E. T. Dumble, State Geologist. Introduction 
 by E. T. Dumble. Letter by the Author oontainii'ng acknowledgment?, etc. 
 
 SOnXS AND WATERS OF THE UPPEB RIO GRANDE VALLEY IN TEXAS. 
 
 Contents: 'Soils; Adobe Soil, Chemical Analysis, Mechanical Analysis; 
 Sandy Loam, 'Chemical Analyses, MeebanicaJ Analysis; lOheanical Analyses 
 of Soils from Foothills around iSierra iBlanoa and iBondering the Rio Grande 
 Valley. Alkali iSpots: iSoil Incrustation, Black .Alkali, White Alkali, 
 'Reclaiming Alkali Spots. Sediments, River Sediments. Water Supply: 
 Analysis of Mesa Well 'Walter, Anialysis of Rio iQ-ramde Water, Quantity of 
 River Water, Water Reservoirs or Storage Tanks, Nature of Alkali in the 
 Valley. Conclusions. 
 
 SOILS AND WATERS OP THE PECOS VALLEY. 
 
 "I present, in addition to the above report, analytical work by Mr. P. 
 S. Tilson upon the Pecos Valley soils, and Analyses of Peeos river water." 
 P. 19. 
 
 APPENDIX E. T. DUMBLE. (SEE DUMBLE, B. T., IN THIS RECORD.) 
 
 (Extract from "Soils and Waters of the Upper Rio, Grande Valley," etc., 
 •pp. 7-8: 
 
 "The investigation into the character of the soils of the upper RK 
 Grande Valley as plann<jd consisted of a personal examination of that part 
 of El Paso county adjacent to the Rio Grande froim El Paso to a line below 
 ■the site of Fort Quitman, for the purpose of ascertaining the character of 
 soils and of the water supply, with especial regard to their capacity and 
 suitability' for irrigation. 
 
 "The scope of country investigated is some eighty miles in length and 
 from two to six miles in width, varying with the breadth of the valley. 
 upon the Texas side of the 'Rio Grande, and having on average width of 
 
106 
 
 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Haeetngton, H. H. 
 
 about bkree miles. Pot this entire length the valley is either traversed or 
 skirted by tihe G. H. & IS. lA. &. iR. and the T. & P. R. R., these railways 
 using the same track from El 'Paso to Sierra, Blanco, ninety miles south- 
 ©a.st. 'For about thirty miles below El Paso the greater part of the valley 
 is now under cultivation. In many instanoes the orohajrd and vineyards 
 are brought up to the highest sta'te of perfection, rivaling in beauty and 
 value those of the Paoiiic Slope. 
 
 "Soils. — (The soils. of the valley may in a general way be divided into 
 three classes : 
 
 "First — The heavy 'adobe' soil of the river deposit. 
 
 "iSeoond — The sandy loam, being an intimate mixture of the adobe soil 
 with the isand of ihe foothills adjacent to the Valley. 
 
 "Third^-The sandy soil, oontaining an excess, of the sand from the foot- 
 hills. 
 
 "The adoibe soil is most difficult to .cultivate, is plastic, and is generally 
 supposed to contain a larger amount of alkalies than either of the other 
 soils. The sandy soil is regarded as the best adapted for vegetables and 
 alfalfa, while the sandy lo;am, which is the prQdomii(ating soil, is used 
 for various crops." , 
 
 .178a. 
 
 Texas Soils : A Study of Chemical Composition. 
 
 BulMin ISTo. 35,' Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 Bryan, 1893. 
 
 Discussion of the pnactioal benefit of soil analysis ,to the farmer. Direc- 
 tions for .coillecting samples. iClassiflcations : ' Soils of the State of six 
 diiferent types. Ist— The Coast Belt. 2nd— The East Texas Belt, ard — 
 The Black Prairie Belt. 4th— IThe Ft. Worth 'Prairie iBelt. 5th— The Pan. 
 handle Soils. 6th — The (Alluvial 'Soils. ^ 
 
 Tlie Ooast vBelt. Analyses of Soils: JSTo. I, from Rusk, Cherokee Co. ; 
 iMo. ill, from Colmesneil, Tyj-er Co. 
 
 ELEMENTS. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 Surface Subsoil. 
 
 No. II. 
 
 Surface Subsoil. 
 
 Moisture i,.... 
 
 Volatile and organic matter 
 Insoluble matter and sand.. 
 
 Iron oxide 
 
 Alumina oxide 
 
 Calcium oxide... 
 
 Magnesium oxide 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Potash..:. 
 
 Soda 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 0.8 
 2.05 
 9B.312 
 0.776 
 Truce 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.73 
 
 97.7S4 
 
 931 
 
 O.O09 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 
 0.37 
 
 1.18 
 
 97.584 
 
 }- 0.75 
 
 0.3 
 0.67 
 98.168 
 
 0.78 
 
 0.079 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 
 Analyses: No. I, Creek Bottom Land, Tyler Co.; No. II, Valley Land, 
 Oherokee Co. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 
 Harbington, H. H. ' 
 
 107 
 
 ELEMENTS. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 Surface Subsoil 
 
 'No. II. 
 
 Surface Subsoil 
 
 Moisture 
 
 Volatile and organic matter.. 
 
 Insoluble matter and satid 
 
 Iron oxide 
 
 Alumina oxide :. 
 
 Oalcium oxide 
 
 Magnesium oxide 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Potash 
 
 Soda.. 
 
 Carbon Dioxide.. 
 
 2.36 
 ;i.22 
 89.49 
 
 ] 3.94 
 
 0.44 
 0.08 
 Trace 
 0.03 
 0.06 
 0.07 
 
 1.77 
 2.56 
 91.09 
 
 4.12 [ 
 
 0.36 
 0.15 
 Trace 
 0.03 
 0.12 
 0.16 
 
 1.32 
 4.60 
 83.22 
 5.82 
 2.12 
 O.S.'iS 
 0.126 
 
 1.02 
 3.31 
 
 85.91 
 6.44 
 1.70 
 0.255 
 0.197 
 
 0.243 
 0.48 
 0.40 
 0.44 
 
 0.141 
 0.44 
 0.49 
 0.187 
 
 "Botli of these samples represent the better types of soil in the East 
 Texas ibelt of soils, and while the analysis Gannot compare with that of the 
 richer lands in the .State, it is very 'favorable, indeed." 
 
 "The Black Prairie Belt. — There are four divisions of this with only 
 slight variations : The first on the east, next to the timher belt, is distin- 
 guisihed hy the presence of sand in the soil — with oeoasional pure beds of 
 sand — illustrated by the analysis of soil samples from Terrell and Pecan 
 iG-ap. West of this strip ooines the main iblaek waxy area — characterized 
 by a sulbstructure of light blue or yellow calcareous clay, called by resi- 
 dents 'soap stone' and 'joint clay,' from its laminated structure. Small 
 depressions in the surface of the soil, called 'hog-wallows,' are quite 
 common. These are caused by the unequal drying and expansion of 
 the calcareous days in poorly drained places. Greenville, Terrell, Kauf- 
 man and lOorsioana are situated near the dividing line between the above 
 two divisions. iBelow iwill be found analyses of samples 'from Terrell, 
 (Pecan Gatp, J"orney, Belton and Manor — the three latter soils illustrating 
 the main black waxy belt. 
 
108 
 
 Tbans ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hakhington, H. H. 
 
 LOCALITY. 
 
 Sa 
 
 
 a 
 
 ■d 
 
 ?; 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 
 
 ce 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 'r-l 
 
 rf - 
 s 
 
 ft 
 
 o 
 
 
 a 
 
 o . 
 
 S° 
 
 3 
 
 ft 
 
 ii 
 
 o 
 
 n.iis 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.24 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.17 
 
 .07 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.11 
 
 o.;a 
 
 0.13 
 
 .14 
 
 .814 
 
 .33 
 
 .24 
 
 .13 
 
 .83 
 
 .64 
 
 3X)i 
 
 .34 
 
 .12 
 
 .18 
 
 1.29 
 
 .60 
 
 11.00 
 
 .543 
 
 .137 
 
 .326 
 
 .316 
 
 1.28 
 
 10.05 
 
 .64 
 
 .16 
 
 2.66 
 
 .419 
 
 1.85 
 
 fi.B2 
 
 .81 
 
 .1.51 
 
 .313 
 
 .837 
 
 .052 
 
 7.35 
 
 .615 
 
 .137 
 
 .294 
 
 .606 
 
 .109 
 
 6.30 
 
 .46 
 
 .147 
 
 .25 
 
 .68 
 
 .09 
 
 6.74 
 
 .297 
 
 .216 
 
 .499 
 
 .39 
 
 .25 
 
 5.81 
 
 .317 
 
 .082 
 
 .115 
 
 .576 
 
 .151 
 
 6.96 
 
 .507 
 
 .147 
 
 .179 
 
 .604 
 
 .095 
 
 23.98 
 
 .94 
 
 .15 
 
 .12 
 
 .33 
 
 .25 
 
 33.6 
 
 1.13 
 
 .21 
 
 .13 
 
 .38 
 
 .30 
 
 M3 
 
 .73 
 
 .02 
 
 .18 
 
 1.45 
 
 .93 
 
 0.83 
 
 .9 
 
 .02 
 
 .17 
 
 1.07 
 
 .33 
 
 Terrell. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Subsoil 
 
 Pecan Gap. 
 
 Surface ^ 
 
 Subsoil.. 
 
 Forney. 
 
 Timber Land. 
 
 Surface ,. 
 
 Subsoil...'. 
 
 Prairie Soil. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Subsoil 
 
 Hammoclc. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Subsoil 
 
 Manor, Travis County. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Subsoil 
 
 Belton, Bell County. 
 Black Waxy. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Subsoil... 
 
 Belton, Bell County. 
 Hammock. 
 
 Silrface 
 
 Subsoil 
 
 2.09 
 2.09 
 
 6.34 
 7.57 
 
 4.56 
 4. 
 
 7.57 
 6.78 
 
 7.91 
 7.70 
 
 8.47 
 3.27 
 
 2.42 
 1.94 
 
 3.56 
 4.91 
 
 6.84 
 3.81 
 
 6.67 
 
 6.03 
 7.42 
 
 11.06 
 10.96 
 
 6.93 
 6.16 
 
 7.26 
 7.18 
 
 85.98 
 87.95 
 
 68.06 
 3.91 
 
 60.55 
 60.96 
 
 56.5 
 56.4 
 
 62.98 
 62.84 
 
 50.69 
 51.17 
 
 7.34 
 2.65 
 
 6:53 
 2.51 
 
 44.23 
 48.17 
 
 77.05 
 78.09 
 
 1 
 
 1.45 
 
 4.23 
 4.19 
 
 2.43 
 2.27 
 
 2.78 
 
 2.86 
 2.74 
 
 3.73 
 
 4.74 
 
 1.68 
 3.71 
 
 9.48 
 10.37 
 
 4.53 
 5.59 
 
 7.04 
 2.38 
 
 7.35 
 8.18 
 
 16.35 
 14.33 
 
 (1.58) 
 (2.68) 
 
 4.91 
 7.74 
 
 .344 
 3.32 
 
 8.49 
 7.78 
 
 6.36 
 
 4.91 
 4.48 
 
 5.84 
 6.11 
 
 18.00 
 18.35 
 
 -.81 
 .65 
 
 "The next divis.ioii of the Iblaek prairie belt lies to the ■west of , the 'black 
 waxy' proper. It is a narrow strap, only about two miles wide;- and 
 reaoMnig from iBed river to the :Rio Grriande. Its surface is characterized 
 :by an outcrop of ''white nock,' or chalky country. .Some of the most pros- 
 perous towns of the iState are situated upon this narrow belt: Paris, 
 ISh«n6an, MdKinney, Dallas, WaxaTiaehiie, Waco, Austin, (New Braunfels 
 and iSan Antonio. 
 
 "Analysis of samples from Waxiahachie and New Braunfels. No. I, 
 Waxahachie; No. 11, New ■Braunfels: 
 
 ELEMENTS. 
 
 Moisture .-. ,., 
 
 Volatile and Organic Matter, 
 Insoluble Matter and Sand... 
 
 Oxide of Iron 
 
 Oxide of Alumina 
 
 Oxide of Calcium (Lime) 
 
 Oxide of Magnesia 
 
 Sulphuric Acid..-. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Potash '. 
 
 Soda 
 
 Oarbou Dioxide 
 
 No. I. 
 
 Surface Subsoil 
 
 9.06 
 
 7.77 
 
 59.9 
 
 5,44 
 
 6.81 
 
 5.17 
 
 .67 
 
 .14 
 
 .15 
 
 .35 
 
 .01 
 
 3.98 
 
 7.64 
 
 5.80 
 
 53.17 
 
 5.18 
 
 6.33 
 
 10.62 
 
 1.41 
 
 .29 
 
 .65 
 
 .41 
 
 .24 
 
 8.11 
 
 No. n. ■ 
 
 Surface Subsoil 
 
 7.32 
 
 4.96 
 
 61.99 
 
 *.03 
 
 5.62 
 
 7.32 
 
 1.31 
 
 .30 
 
 .41 
 
 .23 
 
 .13 
 
 5.8 
 
 7.34 
 
 2.24 
 
 51.07 
 
 4.15 _ 
 
 5.76 
 
 14.66 
 
 .96 
 
 .17 
 
 .57- 
 
 .4? 
 
 .12 
 
 11.53 
 
Record of Geology op Texas, ] 887-1 896. 
 
 109 
 
 Haeeington^ H. H. 
 
 PANHANDLE AND ALLUVIAL SOILS. 
 
 LOCALITY. 
 
 o ^ 
 
 oSt3 
 
 as 
 
 SI V} 
 
 6073 
 
 ca'g 
 
 Panhandle— Abilene. 
 Black Loam. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Subsoil 
 
 Wichita. 
 
 Ohocalate Loam. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Subsoil.*- 
 El Paso County Soils : 
 
 No. L Ked sandy 
 
 No. II, Sandy loam 
 
 Alluvial— Fort Bend County. 
 Sandy Loam.t 
 
 Surface , 
 
 SubsoLl..„ 
 
 Brazoria County. 
 
 Chocolato Loam. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Subsoil 
 
 Brazoria County. 
 
 Klver Deposit 
 
 Brazoria County. 
 
 Peach Ridge. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Subsoil 
 
 4.53 
 
 4. 
 
 1.17 
 
 3.26 
 
 3.04 
 3.38 
 
 3.26 
 
 4.62 
 3.11 
 
 3.05 
 
 3.01 
 
 8.33 
 7.65 
 
 1.54 
 2.91 
 
 2.50 
 2.69 
 
 9.39 
 4.70 
 
 73.78 
 64.3 
 
 78.63 
 74.85 
 
 84.31 
 79.5 
 
 78.59 
 77.57 
 
 (0.92 
 
 76.45 
 83.79 
 
 1.78 
 3 23 
 
 2.06 
 
 7.44 
 
 4.( 
 
 2.36 
 2.91 
 
 2.80 
 3.18 
 
 3.60 
 2.33 
 
 6.51 
 5.05 
 
 3.82 
 
 3.84 
 
 3.87 
 5.87 
 
 6.05 
 8.28 
 
 5.68 
 
 3.51 
 4.73 
 
 4.04 
 9.32 
 
 .074 
 
 .57 
 3.83 
 
 2.74 
 2.01 
 
 1.66 
 1.82 
 
 5.66 
 
 .424 
 
 1.4 
 1.09 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 
 .126 
 .18 
 
 1.85 
 
 .73 
 
 .154 
 4.23 
 
 .058 
 
 .73 
 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 Trace 
 
 .079 
 .134 
 
 Trace 
 .103 
 
 Trace 
 
 .166 
 
 .136 
 .138 
 
 .34 
 
 Trace 
 .154 
 
 1.137 
 
 .588 
 
 .46 
 1.24 
 
 1.09 
 .841 
 
 .885 
 
 .545 
 
 .482 
 
 .957 
 .305 
 
 .139 
 
 .37 
 1.25 
 
 .443 
 .224 
 
 .32 
 .262 
 
 3.25 
 5.20 
 
 Tr'ce 
 3.13 
 
 2.24 
 1.58 
 
 2.04 
 1.71 
 
 4.00 
 .34 
 
 * Of same character as surfatee. 
 
 t From State Sugar Farm. 
 
 Under the caption of ".Miscellianeous Soils,'' the question of lAlkali Soils 
 is briefly discussed. Analyses are given of Black Alkali ifrom Ysleta, and 
 of a sample from, the Rio Grande Valley, ben miles south of Eort Hanoook. 
 Analysis of "White Alkali." Analysis of Sample from Laredo. Beclaim- 
 ing Alkali Spots. Analysis of Phosphate Rook (?) from Corpus Christi. 
 Analysis of Clay from the lOoUege JFarm. 
 
 "Of tlie work here reported, samples from the State Farm, Brazos bot- 
 tom deposit from the river, lOoUege Clay, (Forney, Kaufman county, ham- 
 mock soil from Bell county, upland soil from Colmesneil, Wichita and 
 Ahiilene soils, Manor soil, Pine Ridge and valley soils from Rusk, Peoan 
 C/aip soil, and phosphate rook were analyzed iby lAasoeiate Prof. Duncan 
 Adriance. Assistant Prof. P. S. Tilson analyzed samples of black waxy 
 from Bell county, Brazos river deposit, creek bottom soils from Tyler 
 county, Waxaihachie soil, Terrell, Neiw Braunfela, two soils from Cherokee 
 county, and 'alkali' soils reported." ' 
 
 179. Haeeis, Gilbbet D. (and Dumblb, B. T.) 
 See Dumble and Harris. 
 The 'Galveston Deep Well. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLVI, pp. 38-42. New 
 Haven, July, 1893. 
 
110 Teansactions Texas Academy of Scieistcb. 
 
 ,180. Harris^ Gilbert D, 
 
 Correlation of 'T^jon Deposits witli Eocene stages- of the Gulf 
 Slope. 
 
 (Correspondence.) 
 Science, Vol. XXII, p. 97. N. Y., Aug. 18, 1893. 
 
 "Wihile comparing the Texan Eocene fossils with, type speeimeng and 
 lothers in 'the collection of the U. S. iNational Museum, and in the Phila- 
 delphia Academy of Natural ISciences, I have been impTessed with the 
 • remarkahle 43.menes3 in faunal eharaotera throughout the vast extent of 
 the lower iClaiborme, or -Lisbon, 'horizon; many of the species from South 
 Oarolina are identical with those from the banks of -the Eiio Grande, and 
 the r-ocks irom ,Ft. T6jon, Oalifornia, furnish a very similar fauna with 
 several ident;ieal and many more analagous species. iG-abb's Cardita hornii 
 is Venericar^ia planicosta Lam. as held by Oonrad; the type specimen is 
 slightly malformed and imperfect, but others from, the same locality are 
 quite typi<!ial planicosta. Gabb's Arohiteotonica oognata is Com-ad's SOUi- 
 rium alveatumj Gabb's Architeoionica hornii, Conrad's Solarium a/moe- 
 num; Gabb's Weverita secta, Oonrad's Natica CBtites, and so on. Gabb's 
 peculiar and characteristic little Whitneya ficus is known from Alum Greek 
 iBluff, Colorado IRiver, Bastrop county, Texas, and is in itself a strong 
 argument for the synohrony of the Texan and 'California beds from -which 
 it is derived. Mor,60ver, in deposits of this horizon on both sides of the 
 Eoekies, there are similar developments in the genera Crassatella, Cytherea, 
 Pyrula, Levifusus, Bimella and others. 
 
 "With the above facts in mind, I cannot help suggesting that those who 
 have an .opportunity to study the Eocene series of Oalifornia (TSjon 
 deposits) would do well to look for the Midway stage which raijks second 
 in persistency among the subdivisions of the Eocene along the Gulf slope, 
 in other words, search should be made along the lOhioo-TSjon contact for 
 such species as Enclimaiooeras ulriohi, Guoullwa maorodonta, Ostrea pulas- 
 kensis, together with varieties of Venericardia planioosta, Turritella, mor- 
 toni, T. humerosa, and other Midway forms." 
 
 181. 
 
 Preliminary Report on the Organic Bemains obtained from 
 Deep "Well at Galveston, together with ConclusionB respecting' the 
 Age of the various Formations penetrated. 
 
 Fourth Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas,- 1892, Pt. I, 
 pp. 117-119. 'Sheet showing the Bathymetrie Distribution of 
 the Fossil Shells. Austin, 1893. 
 
 "In the following brief report no attempt is made to give a detailed 
 account of the organic remains derived from this well. Many of the forms 
 fljre new and peculiar, and must be carefully studied, described and figured 
 before their introduction into pal^ntological literatUTe. Many of the well 
 known iforms present varietal characters worthy of minute study and 
 desoriptio-n. lAcoordingly, the following pages are devoted to 'the Tesults 
 of a study into the -relationships existing between the fossils oibtaiued from 
 the well and the recant faunae of the Atlantic and Pacific shores of 
 
Record of Gkologt of Texas, 1887-1896. Ill 
 
 Harris, Gilbert D. 
 
 America and the fossil faunae of the Atlantic slope, including also thaf of 
 'the West Indies." P. 117. 
 
 The conclusions respecting the age of the formations penetrated are 
 ' ibriefly as follows : 
 
 "Depth in feet. Geological Horizon. 
 
 4G to 458 Pleistocene. 
 
 458 to 1,510 Doubtful. 
 
 1,510 to 2,158 Upper Tertiary. 
 
 2,158 to 2,920 Miocene (Uppea-) ." 
 
 183. 
 
 "The Tertiary Geology of Southern Arkansas. 
 
 Ann. Eept. of tbe iGeologieal Survey of Ark. for 1893, Vol. II. 
 •M'orrillton, 1894. 
 
 (The Occurrence of the Midway Stage in Texas), pp. 33-34. 
 
 "Texas, Station 2440, — The occur.rence of the Midway stage in Texas i3 
 cotiiSrmed by a few molluscan remains recently brought from Kaufman and 
 Travis counties by Mr. T. W. Stanton. Four miles northeast of Ketnp, 
 in the former county, this horizon is represented ,by light gray and yellow- 
 ish calcareous sandstone loontaining Gucullcea macrodonta (dn great abund- 
 ance), Gytherea, Vcnerioardia planioosta, Turritella mortoni, Natioa ala- 
 hamiensis. 
 
 "jSTear Webberville, Travis county, on the Colorado river 'below Austin 
 ( Station 2439 ) , Mr. Stanton found a clayey limestone more or less streaked 
 with brown and yellowish shades, but lusually of a light yellowish-gray hue. 
 Cho'oolate colored siliceous pebbles, generally cuboidal in form, are often 
 found in the more clayey beds. The enclosed shells, nearly always orystal-- 
 line, are Gucullmd macrodonta, Leda, Venericardia, Yenericardia planioosta, 
 Crassatella (large) Lithodormis, Volutilitlies? lOoral, Shark's teeth. 
 
 "iStation I 583 (18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Texas, first night's 
 camp, ipctoher 2i5, 1887. — ^C. A. White). The fossils collected her© by Dr. 
 White are Oucullwa macrodonta, Peetunoulus, Venericardia, OardJium. 
 
 "The shelly matter of these, species is completely crystallized, 
 
 "The matrix was evidently a calcareous light sand or sandstone. 
 
 '^This place is far to the north of Laredo, where ■Claiborne fossils are 
 found. Much douibt is felt regarding the Tertiary affinities of .some of the 
 fossils, although they were turned over to the writer from the MesOzoic 
 division of the U. S. Geological Survey as nonJCrebaeeous forms." 
 
 See also p. 42 of this report. 
 
 183. 
 
 New and Otherwise Interesting MoUusca from Texajs. 
 
 Proc. Acad, of ISTat. Sciences, Phila., Pt. I, pp. 4^-88; pi. i-ix. 
 Jan.-Mar., 1895. 
 
 "While employed as Tertiary Paleontologist to the iGeological Survey of 
 Texas during the years 1892 and 1893, the writer prepared a large mono- 
 
112 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Harris^ Gilbert D. 
 
 graph on Hhe Tertiary mollusca of the State, "with the intention of publish- 
 ing it in the 5th Annual Report of that Survey. JFor want of funds 
 the printing of this report 'has beenj inxiefinitely. postponed, and axjoord- 
 ingly the followimg facts and descriptions of new species, taken from the 
 monograph in question, have here found an appropriate place for publica- 
 tion. 
 
 "The points in stratigraphy brought out by the study of- the various 
 Tertiary faunas of the State have been included with other matter in an 
 article published by the State .Geologist in the Journal of Geology, 1894,- 
 p. 549. (ISee Dumble, E. T.) 
 
 "Suffice it to say here thsul the Midway stage, so well developed in Georgia 
 
 and AlaJbama, and known also in Mississippi and Arfeansa's, exists also in 
 
 Texas, as is proved by the occurrence of such species as Enctimatoceras 
 
 ulriohi, Ostrea pulaslcensis, Ououllwa maorodonta, VolutiUthes Kmopsis and 
 
 ; others. 
 
 "The Lignitio stage, so far as has been' observed, is destitute of moUusoan 
 
 ^remains. The exposure on IBrazos river, known as 'Smiley's Bluff,' two 
 
 miles above the mouth of Pond creek, is evidently about synchronous with 
 
 the (Matthews 'Landing beds of Alabama. These 'are now included in the 
 
 'Midway stage. 
 
 "The Lower 'Claiborne beds are replete with fossils, many of w'hieh are 
 common to this horizon in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South 
 Carolina. 'Besides these 'well-known forms there are many .new ones, some 
 of which .are described .below. 
 
 "The true Claiborne, the Jackson, and the Viok9burg stages seem to 
 have no .representatives in Texas. This fact cannot 'be too strongly,' em- 
 phasized since most writers on Texas geology have referred certain fossil 
 bearing outcrops 'to some of these upper Eocene stages." 
 
 Of the Peleoypoda sixteen new species and one variety are described; of 
 the Gastropoda, fifty-four new species 'and eleven varieties, with locality 
 notes. 
 
 Listed, the fossils .are as follows:' 
 
 Pelecypodia. Genus Moctiola: M. houstonia n. sp., M. texama, Gabb. 
 (Genus Leda: L. hastropensis n. sp., L. milamensis n. sp., L. houstonia n. 
 •sp. .Subgenus Adra/na,: A. ald/riohiana n. sp. Genus Venerioardia: V. 
 trapaquara n. sp. 'Genus Astarte: A. smithvillensis n. sp. Genus Cras- 
 satella: C. texalta n. sp., C. trapaquara n. sp., C. antestriata Gabb, G. 
 texana Heilp. Genus SphcereUa : 8. (?) an,teproduota n. sp. Genus 
 Meretriw: M. texacola n. sp. Genus Tellina: T. talUoheti n. sp. Genus 
 Siliqua: 8. simondsi. Genus Ceronia: 0. singleyi n. sp. Genus Peri- 
 ploma: P. ooUardi. .Genus Oorlula: 0. aldrioM, Meyer, var. smith- 
 villensis n. var. Genus Martesia: M. texana n. sp. 
 
 Gastropoda. Genus Bingicula: R. trapaquara n. sp. Genus VoVoula: 
 Vf smithvillensis n. sp. Genus Cyliehnella: 0. atysopsis n. sp. Genus 
 Terebra: T. texagyra n. sp., T. houstonia n. sp. Genus Oonus: C. 
 smithvillensis n. sp. Genus Pleurotoma: PI. enstrierina n. sp., PI. (Pleu- 
 rotomella) amiaoona v.. 9^., PI. (8urcula) gahii Coa., PI. (Surcula) moorei 
 Gabb, PI. imdata n. sp., PI. vaughani n. sp., PI. huppertei n. sp., PI. hup- 
 pertsi var. penrosei n. var., PI. leoncola n. sp., PI. (DrilUa) dumhlei n. sp.. 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 113 
 
 Harris^ Gilbert D. 
 
 PI. {Drillia) dipta n. sp., PI. {Drillia) nodoowrinata Gaibb, Pl. {DrilUa) 
 prosseri n. sp., PI. {Drillia) Kellogi G-subb, PI. (Drillia) texaoona nom. 
 mut., PI. [Drillia) texanopsis n. sp., Pleurotoma insignifica Heilp., PI. 
 (Mangilia) infa/ns Mv., PI. (Borsonia) plenta n. sp. (by Aid. and Har.), 
 PI. (Euoheilodon) reticulatoides n. sp., PI. [Taranis) finexa n. sp., PI. 
 (Olathurella f ) fannw n. sp., PI. {Bela) rebeocae n. sp. Oenus Gancella- 
 ria: G. panones n. sp., 0. panones tof. smithvillensis n. var., 0. panones 
 va,r. junipera n. var., O. penrosei n. sp., G. bastropensis n. sp., G. ulmula 
 ■n. sp., U. ellapsa Oon. IGenus Volvwria: V. gaibiana n. sp. Oenus Volu- 
 tilithes: V. dalli n. sp. Genus Garioella:' 0. demissa Con., var. texana- 
 iGabb, G. subangulata Conrad, var. clierokeensis n. var. Genus Turrioula: 
 T. (Gonomitra) texama n._sp. Genus Levifusus:' L. trabeatoides n. sp. 
 Genus Latirus: L. singleyi n. sp. iGrenus Strepsidura: S. ficus Gabb. 
 Genus Fiisus: F. bastropensis n. sp., F. ostrarupis n. sp., F. mortom, var. 
 mortoniopsis Gabb, F. mortom liea, var. oarexus n. var. Genus Glavili- 
 thes: G. regexus n. sp., G. humerosus Conrad, var. texamis n. vaj\, G. 
 Icennedyanus n. sp., 0. (Papillina) dumosus Con., var., trapaquarus n. var.. 
 Genus Ghrysodomus : G. parbrazana n. sp. Genus Astyris: A. bastrop- 
 ensis n. sp. Gernis Murex: M. fusates u. sp. Subgenus Odontopolys: 
 M. (Odontopolys) oompsorhytis Gabb. Genus Pseudoliva: P. ostrarupis 
 n. sp., P. ostra/rupis, var. pauper n. var. Genus Tenuiscala: T. trapa- 
 quara n. sp., T. tr.apaquara, var. engona n. var. Genus Pyramidella : P. 
 bastropensis n. sp. Genus Syrnola: S. trapaquara n. sp. Genus 
 Pyrula: P. (Fusoficula) lexana n. sp. Genus Oyprcea: G. kennedyi 
 n. sp. Genus Rimella: R. texana n. sp., R. texana, var. plana n. var. 
 Genus Gerithium: G. Webbi n. sp., G. pen/rosei n. sp. Genus Mesalia: 
 M. claibomensis Con. (MS). Genus Turritella: T. nasuta Gabb, var. 
 hpustonia n. var., jf. dumblei n. sp., T. dutexata n. sp., T.- nerinexa n. sp. 
 Genus Solarium: aS. huppertzi n. sp., S. bastropensis n. sp. Genus 
 Amauropsis: A. singleyi n. ap. Genus Dillwynella. Df texana n. sp. 
 Genus Gaza: Gf aldrichiana n. sp. 
 
 184. 
 
 185. 
 
 'Tertiary Paleontology of Texas. 
 
 Eeeeived at Comell 'University, Ithaea, N. Y., April 11, 1895. 
 
 The preceding paper was also distributed in covers bearing th« title here 
 given. 
 
 Reoeene 'Mollusea of Texas, or Fossils from the Deep Well at Gal- 
 veston. 
 
 Bulletins of American Paleontology, Vol. I, No. 3, 33 pp.; 4 
 pL Ithaca, N. Y., Dec. 2, 1895. 
 
 "In a recent article by the present writer, published in the Phila- 
 delphia Academy's Proceedings, reference is made to a monograph on 
 the Tertiary Mollusea of Texas, which, owing 'to the lack of funds at 
 the disposal of the State Geological Survey, bad remained for ,some time 
 impuiblished. 
 
114 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hakeis^ Gilbbet D. 
 
 "Tha;t the reaxior may have a clear idea as to' what part of that mono- 
 graph the Academy published, and what part we propose to bring out in 
 ■this iBulletin, a summary of its contents is here given just as it was when 
 completed, 'December 23, 1893. 
 
 "MONOGBAPH 01' THE MARINE 'TEBTIAEY MOLLUSCA OF TEXAS; 
 
 "Sy Gilbert Denison Harris. 
 
 "Preliminary BemarJfS, pp. 1-5 (all pages 'are type-written). 
 
 Pabt 1. Brief review of the literature of the Tertiary raollusea of 
 iTexas, pp. 6-2il. 
 
 Pabt 2. Eocene mollusoa of Texas, pp. 22-352. — The name, aufahor, syn- 
 onomy, original description, additional remarks, all known localities for 
 each species in Texas, important localities in other iSta'teSj geological range, 
 and where the type specimen may now be found. 
 
 Addenda to Part 2. New or interesting Eocene mollusoa from other 
 States, pp. 353-357. 
 
 Pabt 3. Neocene mollusca of Texias, or Fossils from the Oalveston deep 
 well, pp. 358-397. — The name, etc., as in Pa.rt 2, and the range in depth 
 of each species. 
 
 Pabt 4. Definition and correlation of the marine Tertiary deposits of- 
 Texas, pp. 398-409. — 'Section 1. Eeview of the workS' and opinions of 
 earlier writers.— iSec. 2. 'Gonclusions drawn from the pjesent paleontolo- 
 gioal study- 
 
 "The last mentioned part is followed by ( 1 ) a detail account of all the 
 localities or stations whence the Tertiary fossils were obtained, (2) a, 
 table showinig at a glance the geographical distribution of the Eocene 
 mollu&can species in Texas and their geological r^ange in this State and 
 others farther east, (3) a table showing the bathymetrio distribution of 
 the 'G-alveaton well fossils, pp. 410-434, and (4) 36 large octavo plates 
 illustrating the species mentioned or described in Parts 2 .and 3. 
 
 "The article published iby the Aoadeany contained the description of the 
 new sipecies of Part 2 and the figures belonging thereto; the majority of 
 that part, and whioh alone is of present stratigraphic value, still remains 
 in manusGript. 
 
 "This Bulletin is pna'ctioally a condensation of Part 3. It seems advisa- 
 , We that this unique material ahould no longer .remain unpul)lished, for up 
 to this date no other marine Neocene fossils are known from the Gulf 
 slope west of Mississippi. The opinions expressed, regarding the age of 
 the deposits penetratedj in itihe Aimerioan Journal of iScience. Vol. 46, p; 
 42, ajid in the 4th Annual Tieport of the State Survey, 1893. are still 
 maintained. ***,-■ (See Title No. 181.) 
 
 A list of species belonging to the Polecypoda, Soaphopoda and (Jastro- 
 ipoda, with characterization, and range in depth follows. 
 
 186. 
 
 The Midway Stage. 
 
 Bulletins Am. Paleo'iitology, Vol. I, No. 4, 156 pp; 15 pk. 
 Ithaca, N". Y., 1896. ' 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. " 115 
 
 Harris^ Gilbert D. 
 
 ■Summa.ry of 'Oontents:. Preliminary ConBid6ra.tion3. .DivisionB of the 
 Eocene. Aim and scope of -this work. CoUeotions of fossils, field notes, 
 etc., on which this work is based: Ilhe Oornell University collection and 
 th« collectors' notes; Br. J. M. Saflford's collection of types; T. H. Aid- 
 rich's fossils and figures; Collection of the U. S. National Museum; The 
 author's publioations and notes on this stage in Arkansas and Texas. 
 
 iPart I. Geology. .Birief Historical Sketch of the Study of the Midway 
 Stage. (Period of 1834-1869: iFeathersto'nhaugh,' A. Winchell, Harper. 
 Peiriod of 1860-1883: Gabb, Safford, Hilgard, Loughridge, White. Peri'od 
 of 18S4-1S96: Johnson, Smith, Penrose, Langdon, Spencer, Safford, Har- 
 ris, Aldrich. 
 
 iStratigra/phi'C Nomenclature. Synonymy. Usage of the term Midway-: 
 (Priority; Location, geographically and geologically; Differentiation irom 
 the Ivignitic; The Midway Stage, a sitratigraphic and paleontologic unit. 
 Geology of the Midway Stage in (Diflferent States---Texas :. Hio Grande 
 section, Colorado river section, (Brazos river section; Falls county, Lime- 
 stone county, Kaufman county. Arkansas: Hot Springs county, Pulaski 
 county, Lonoke county, Jackson and Independence counties. Tennessee: 
 Crainesville and vicinity, Middleton and vicinity. Mississippi: Walnut 
 and vicinity, IRipley and vicinity, Pontotoc and vicinity. Alabama : Black 
 Bluff section, Naheola, Prairie Bluff and vicinity, Midway, Matthews' 
 Landing, Snow Hill and vicinity, Allenton and Oiak Hill amd vicinity, Troy 
 and vicinity, Clayton and vicinity. Georgia: Ft. Gaines and vicinity. 
 
 Additional iremanks and iDeductiona — BSTonconformaJbility :l Texas, Arkan- 
 sas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Correlations made. Varia- 
 tion of faunas. 
 
 Part II.- Paleontology. Description of the 'Molluacan iElemains of the 
 Midway Stage. 'Pelecypoda, Soaphopoda, Gastropoda, Ceiphalopoda, Plates 
 and Explama^tions. 
 
 "The author's works and field notes on this stage vn Arkaoisas and Texas. 
 — ^The results of the author's work on this terrane in Arkansas and Texas 
 are embodied in Vol. II of the Ann'l E.ept. Geol. State Survey of 1892. 
 The Midway and other Tertiary -moUusoan remains of Texas were fully 
 desoribed and figured in a large monograph prepared to accompany the 
 GPifth Annual Report of the State Survey; but appropriations failed and 
 the work remains unpublished as a whole; the new species were brought 
 out in 1895 by the Philadelphjia Academy of Natural Sciences in the 'Pro- 
 ceedings.' A few field notes and many -paleontologioal facts are published 
 ior the first time in the present -work." P. 6. 
 
 187. BEakeod, B. M. 
 
 Arehfflan Eoeks in Texas.* 
 
 JSTew Orleans Adad. Sei. Papers, Vol. I, Ro. 2, pp. 131-133. 
 1888. 
 
 "Brief reference to outcrops and characteristics." Prom Barton's Keoord 
 of N. A. Geol. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 75, p. 83. 
 
116 * Transactions Texas Academy oe Science. 
 
 188. HaTj Eobeet. 
 
 Final Geologieal Eeports of the Artesian and Underflow Investi- 
 gation bdbween the Kinety-seventh Meridian of Longitudie and the 
 Foothills of the Eoeky .Mountains to the Secretary of Agriculture. 
 Part~ III) of Senate Executive Document No. 41, of the Ist 
 
 'Session -of the 52d Congress. Washington, 1892. 
 
 Letter of Transmittal. Contents : General Report, Plan of Work. 
 ■Geology of the (Plains: WaJter-holding JRoeks; Reoonnaissanoes in, Mon- 
 tana and Wyoming- Topography of the Plains: Increment of Elevation 
 Westward; 'Rivers separated into two Classes as to. their Source, Mountain 
 [Rivers and Plain iRivers; Western Escarpment of the Plains. Water 
 Supply of the Plains: Rivers of the Plains; Origin of their Waters; Spe- 
 cial Description of the Smoky-Republican Region ; Wells in the Interfluvial 
 Spaces; Measured Plow of some of the Rivers of North Daikota: Claissifi- 
 cation of Artesdan Wells by Depth and Pressure; The Red River Region, 
 its Low Altitude and Smooti|i lOontour ; Character of the Water in the 
 Wells; Extension of Artesian Areas discussed; Geology of the Glaciated 
 Area; The Turtle Mountains; Variation of Lake Levels. The Underflow: 
 Common use of the Terms, in the West; The 'Facts of the Underflow; 
 Restriction of the Term to its proper Range. Artesian Wells; Increased 
 Number of Wells in the flPrLnoipal Basins ; Sources of Supply of the 
 Dakota Main Basin ; ..General Conditions of Artesian Plow; Other Causes 
 of iFlow besides Hydrostatic Pressui-e. 
 (Reference is made to Texas under "The Underflow" and "Artesian Wells." 
 
 189. 
 
 The Artesian Underflow Investigation. 
 iCorrespondence. 
 
 Amer. G-eologisit, V'ol. XI, pp. 378-379. Mimneapolis,. Apr., 
 1893. 
 
 The reply to a criticism (Amer. Geol., Vol. X'l, p. 113) of the "Pinal 
 Geological Report[s] of the Artesian and Underground [Underflojc] inves- 
 tig'ation, between the Ninety-seventh Meridian of Lo^ngitude and the Poot- 
 'hills of the Rocky Mountains to the Secretary of Agriculture. Made T)y 
 Prof. Robt. Hay, F. G. S. A., Part Third, Washington, 1892." 
 
 190. Hbilpein^ Angelo. 
 
 The Eocene Mollusea of the State of Tex'as._ 
 
 'Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., Pt. Ill, pp. 393-406 ; 
 plate xi. Oct.-Dec, 1890. 
 
 "The foUoiying list embraces, so far as J know, all the Eocene Mollusea 
 that have thus far been noted to occur in the Gulf deposits of the State 
 of Texas. 'For my data I have used the type series of Gabb and Conrad, 
 the maijor portion of which is in the possession of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia, the extensive collection of the State Geological 
 Survey, and minor collections which have from time to time reached the 
 Academy and been reported upon in its publications. fPhe collections of 
 
Rbcqud of Geology of Texas, 1887-18S6. 117 
 
 Heilpein, Angelo. 
 
 the State Geologioal Survey (for the use of which I am indebted to the 
 'Director, 'Mr. E. T. Durable, and to Dr. R. A. ,F. Penrose, Jr., the geologist 
 of the Tertiary areas of the State) are by far the most extensive, and they 
 serve to rdefinitely locate the formations whence the fossils were obtained 
 in their true position in the geological scale. Of some 145 sipecies here 
 enumerated (including a few doubtfully .determined forms) about 61 (or 
 upwards of 40 per cent.) are also members of the Claiborne fauna of 
 Alabama; these I have indicated hj prefixing an asterisk. A few oifchers 
 occur in some ol the older deposits of Alabama, while a very few are mem- 
 bers of the Mississippi (newer) fauna. The recurrence of a large number 
 of the species in various counties and localities indicates that the horizon 
 ds a common one, n,amely: the Claiibornian, or tyipioal Middle Eocene of the 
 Gulf slope, the equivalent of the 'Caloaire Grossier of the Paris Basin. 
 
 "The principal localities whence the fossils were obtained are Cherokee 
 county, near Alto and MoBee's School; Palestine, in Anderson county; 
 (Robertson county, near Wheelock; Milam Bluff in Milam county; Burle- 
 son (Shell Bluff in Burleson county; Smithville, Devil's Eye, Bombshell 
 Bluff and 'Camp (Disaster,' in Bastrop county; 'Caldwell county; Atascosa 
 county; Laredo, in Webb county, and Stations 1-5 on the 'Rio Grande river, 
 included between Oarrizo and 'Cardita Bluff,' in the northwestern corner 
 of Webb county." 
 
 The list, without notes ot descriptions of new species, is as follows : 
 CEa>HALOPODA : Belosepia ungula, Gabb. Wheelock, Smithville; Nauti- 
 lu.s sp. ? Milam Bluff, 'Brazos E. Gasteropoda: *Gonus sauridens, 
 Conr. Devil's lEye; San Antonio F. ; Smithville; Caldwell; Pleurotoma 
 alveata, Conr.;,F. oapax, Whitf. ; *P. denticula Basterot; *P. {Moniliop- 
 sis) elaborata, Conr., Wheelock; P. platysoma, Heilpr., Atascosa Co.; P. 
 Tuo7neyi, Aldr., Devil's Eye; Drillia Texana, Conr., Wheelock; *8urcula 
 Desnoyersii, Lea, Smithville; /S. GulM, Conr., Smithville; San Antonio F. ; 
 S. Eelloggii, Gabb, Wheelock; *S. Untea'Gonr.; 8. Moorei,GsM>, Smithville; 
 Wheelook; *8. nodo-carinata, Gabb, Devil's Eye; Wheelock; 8. Temana, 
 Gabb; Turris Moorei, Gabb, iSmithville; Caldwell; Exilia per gracilis Conr.; 
 Gochlespira engorMta Conr., Caldwell; 0. iella Conr.; Gordiera Texana, 
 Conr., Smithville ; Ala.; Euoheilodon reticulata, GaMb, Wheelock; Caldwell; 
 Scobinella crassiplicata, Gabb, Wheelock; *Murex vanuxemi, Conr., Smith- 
 ville; ?M. (Odontopolys) compsorhytis, Ga;bb, Wheelock; *Rostellaria 
 (Calyptrophorus) velata, Conr., near Alto; Persona (Distorsio) septem- 
 dentata, Gabb, .Devil's. Eye; Caldwell; Wheelock, Lee; Glavella Penrosei, 
 Heilpr., Station 2; Glavella f enterogramma, Gahh, Ala.; *Pusus saleiro- 
 sus, Conr., Smithville; *F. traleatus, Conr., Caldwell ; San- Antonio F. ; 
 P. {Strepsidura?) Marnochi, Heilpr., Atascosa Co.; Fusus pagodceformis, 
 iHeilpr., 'Smithville ; F. Mortoniopsis, Gsubb, Wheelock; Caldwell; *f Strep- 
 sidura (Muricidea?) bella, Conr., Smithville; * fBuVbifusus inauratiis, 
 Conr., Alum Creek Bluff; Latirus (Gordiera) Moorei, Gabb, Wheelock; 
 Oaldwell; ?L. (Gordiera) Texana Conr.; Fiisimitra polita, Gsibh, OaAdweW; 
 F. exilis, Gabb, Wheelook; Mitra sp.? Devil's Eye; *Fusimitra lineata, Lea, 
 iWheelock; Lapparia dumosa, Conr., .Smithville; Caldwell; Wheelock; Mis- 
 sissippi ; Garicella reticulata, Aldr., Smithville ; Ala. ; Volutilithes petrosa, 
 Conr., Devil's Bye; Alum Creek B.; San Antonio F.; Smithville; Lee 
 
118 Transactions Texas Acadbmy of Science. 
 
 Heilprin, Angelo.' 
 
 Oo. ; Miss.; *'P'. Sayana, Oonir., Well a/t PaJestinej Andereon Oo. ;, V. 
 precursor, Dall, Wheeloek; *Ma/rginella, semen,^ Lea, Wheelock; Cald- 
 well; Oancellaria (Admetef) ellapsa, Conr.; *OanceUana tortipUca, 
 'Com-., Smiiblivalle ; 0. impressa, Oonr.; Smithville; Alaba,ma; *G. pU- 
 cata, Lea, Caldiwell ; *G. gemmata, 'Conr., Caldwell ; *OUmi iomhylis, 
 Ooar., Caldwell; *fO. grctoitis, Lea; *Olwula staminea, Gonr., iSmithville; 
 0. punctuUfera, Gaibb, Wheeloek; fO. Texana, Oonr.; Monoptygma crassi- 
 plioa, Gabb, Wheeloek; Ancillaria an^llops, Heilpr., Smithville; Alum 
 Creek B. ; PseudoUva carinata, Gabb, San Antonio F. ; Caldwell ; Whee- 
 loek; P. fusiformis, Gabb, iSmithrdlle; 'Wheeloek; *P. sulcata, Lea; *P. 
 v&nusta, 'Com-., Stalfcion 3, Wihite IMarl B. ; P. perspectiva, Gabb, iSmith- 
 ville; iMissiasippi ; *Lacinia alveata Conr.; *Euthria { LcBvibuccvnum) 
 prorsum, :Conr., Station 2; *T6rebra venusta. Lea, Smithville; T. pUoifera, 
 Heilpr; ; *7'.- polygyra, Conr.; *Tere'brifusus amcerms, iOonr., Smi-bhville; 
 Buccitriton Texanum, Gabb, Sta. 3; Caldwell; Wheeloek; St. Augustlnfe; 
 B. scalatum, Heilpr., Smithville; *Pyrula neanlis. Lam., Smithville; Natica 
 {Neverita) arata, Gabb, Alum Creek; Caldwell; Wheeloek; fN. Moorei, 
 Gabb, Caldwell; IV. Dumhlei, Heilpr., Station 2; *'N. minor, Lea, 'Sonitih- 
 ville; *'NaUca limula, Conr., Smithville; *Sigaretus caiMliculatus, Sowerby, 
 Smithville; Xenophora oonfusa, D'eahayes, Bevil'a Eye; 8ola/rium Meek- 
 anum, Gabb, , Wheeloek ; Caldwell; S. Texanum, Gaibb, Wheeloek; S. ves- 
 pertinum, Gabb, Caldwell; *S. alveatum, Conr., Caldwell; *Tuba (Litto- 
 riwi) antiquata,- Conr., Smithville; Scalaria, staminea, Conr., Smithville; 
 Turritella.nasuta, Gabb, Smithville; iCaldwell; iWheeloek; *Turritella ewri- 
 nata, Lea, Laredo; -well at iPalestine, An-derson Co.; *T. (MesaUa) Olad- 
 ftornensis, Conr., San An'tonio iF. ; *T. (MeiaKa) ohruta, lOonr.; *T. {Mesa- 
 Ua) verkusta, lOonr., Caldwell; Eulima exilis, Gabb, Caldwell; E. tenua, 
 Gatob; E. Texana, Gabb; *Pyramimitra costata, Lea, Smithville; *Ger1- 
 tliium WhitfieWl, Heilpr., iMdBee School ; GeritMiim Texo/mim, Heilpr., 
 Station 5;. Crepidula sp.? Station 4; *OyUchna galba, Oonr., Smithville; 
 Caldwell; Wheeloek; Vol/vula minutissima, Gabb, Caldwell; Wheeloek; V. 
 Gonradiana, Gabb, Caldwell; (Wheeloek; *Uelcion Leanus, Gabb, Caldwell; 
 DentaUum minutistriatum, Gabb, Smithville; Wheeloek; Gadus suhcoarc- 
 tatus, Gabb, Wheeloek. Acephala: *Gorhii.la rugosa. Lam., Smithville; 
 St. Augustine Co.; G. Texana, Gabb, Smithville; Tellina Mooreana, Gabb, 
 Caldwell; *Donax Umatula,Gonr., Colorado B.; Gytherea Yoakumvi, Gabb; 
 , Gytherea sp.? Station 5; *G. {Diane) discoidalis, iConir., Station 3; Ala.; 
 
 *0. Nuttallii, Conr., Station 1; C. NuttalKopsis, Heilpr., Devil's Eye; 
 'Ala.; *Grateloupia Moulitisii, Lea; Protocardium Gamhrinum, Gabb; 
 *Lucina alveata, Conr., Station 1; *fMysia ungulina, Oonr., Devil's Eye; 
 *Astarie telUnoides, Conr., Smithville; Devil's Eye; *Gardita planicosta. 
 Lam., Laredo; Lee Co.; iwell at Palestine, Anderson Co.; G. Mooreana, _ 
 Conr., Lee Co.; *0. alticosta, Conr., Camp Disaster, Colorado Kiver; St. 
 'Augustine iCo.; Ga/rdita teirica, Conr., Smithville; ■Devil's Eye; Mississippi; 
 *0. rotunda, Lea, 'Smithville; Grassatella antestriata, Ga;bb, Wheelook; 
 G. Texana, Heilpr., Smithville; MelBee's School; near Alto; St. Augustine 
 Co.; *Nucula magmfica, Oonr., Caldwell; Devil's Eye; *Leda iella, Conr., 
 Smithville; L. compsa, Gabb, Caldwell; *fYoldia eborea, Conr., Smith- 
 ville; Pedunculus iml^roostatus, GaUb; *fLimopsis corluloides, Oonr., 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 119 
 
 HeilpkiNj Angelo. 
 
 Devil's cEye; Limopsis pulcher, Gabb, 'Wheelock ; Caldwell; Area {Oibota) 
 Mississippiensis, Oonr., Oaldwell; Wheeloek; near Alta,; Modiola Texana, 
 Uabb; Pimw, sp.? Smitlivilte; Pecten sp.? Station 4; *P. Deshayesii, Lea, 
 iBuTleson Shell B.; St. Augustine Co.; *P. {Oamptonectes) Claihornensis, 
 Conr., St. Augustine Oo. ; Plioatula filamentosa, Conr., near Alto ; Spondy- 
 lus sp.?; *Ostrea Alahamensis, Lea, near Alto; 'Burleson Sihell B.; St. 
 Augustine 'Co. ; Station 5; Station 1; below Carrizo; Smithville; *0. sellw- 
 formis, Conr., Smithville; Cheirokee Co.; iSt. Augustine Co.; *0. divwricata, 
 Lea, St. Augustine .Co.; Anomia ephippioides, Gabb, Station 2; MaBee's; 
 near Jaokjsonville; near Alto; Natica Dumilei, n. sp.. Station 2, Rio 
 Orande; Cerithium, Texcmum, d. sp.. Station 5, (Rio Grande; Olavella 
 (Fusus?) Penrosei, n. lap., Station 2, Rio Grande; Buccitriton soalatum, 
 n. sp., Smithville; Ancillaria ancillops, n. sp., Smithville; Orassatella 
 Texana, n. sp., Smithville; MdBee's sSehool; near Alto; St. Augustine Co. 
 
 191. Herndon, J. H. 
 
 Eeport of. 
 
 Scondl Ann. Eept. of the G-eol. Surv. of Texas, 1890', p. ciii. 
 Austin, 1891. ' 
 
 Administrative report giving a hrief account of a reconnaissance of 
 Smith county with reference to its economic features. Acknowledgments. 
 
 192. \ 
 
 ^■1 
 
 Eeportis on the Iron Ore Di&triot of East Texas. Part III, 
 'Description of Counties. 'Chapter VI. 'Smith County. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. iSurv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 204- 
 224. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: LPreliminary statement. Geography and topography. Iron 
 ores. Ligmites, etc. 
 
 "The general surface of the country presents the usual characteristics 
 of the iron ore regions of the Gulf Tertiary of Texas. It consists of a 
 series of hills and plateaus, with narrow undulating valleys, the 
 whole surface bei'ng cut by numerous streams and deep ravines. 
 These divides are for the most part generally narrow, but oooasionally 
 broaden into wide and extremely level plateaus, sometimes several miles 
 in breadth, and are capped iby strata of iron ore of varying thickness, to the 
 presence of which the ridges owe their very existence." Pp. 204-205. 
 
 "The iron ore ridges are covered by a dense forest growth of oak trees, 
 hickory, pine, walnut, sassafras, mulberry, eottonwood, etc., and have 
 generally an altitude of from three hundred and fi.fty to seven hundred 
 feet above the sea level, and- are from one hundned to two hundred and 
 fifty feet higther than the main drainage grooves of the Sabine and 
 Neahes." IP. 205. 
 
 "There are six localities in the county where ore occurs in sufficient 
 quantities to Tender it commercially valuable. » * * 
 
 "The fi'rst of these is the Garden Valley bed. 
 
f20 Teansactions Texas Academy of Sciets^cb. 
 
 Hekndon, J. H. 
 
 "The second iron field is the Steen Saline or Lindale bed. 
 * » , * * * * * 
 
 "The third bed is on Price's survey, still further east of Lindale. 
 * * * 
 
 "East of Winona and northwest of Starrville is another quite extensive 
 bed of ore. ' 
 
 "Bight miles northeast of Tyler is another smaller outcropping of good 
 
 ore. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The last locality is that of the Gandy Mountain between BuUard and 
 Troupe.'' 
 
 193. Hidden, William Earl, and Mackintosh, J. B. 
 
 A Deseription of Several Yttria and 'Thoria Minerals, from Llano 
 lOountj'-, 'Texas. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 474-486. 
 New Haven, Dec, 1889. 
 
 History of the Discovery -of -G-adolimte, July, 1886, by J. J. Barringer, 
 in Llano oounty, Texas. Description of the Locality. Occurrence of rare 
 (Minerals, Descriptions of Minerals :. Quartz, (Hyalite, Orthoclase, Albite, 
 Biotite (?), Muscovite, Magnetite, Martite, Gadolinite, Yttrialite, a new 
 Thorium- Yttrium Silicate: ' ' 
 
 "The mineral which we have named Yttrialite was discovered associated 
 with, and often upon, the gadolinite, and but for its characteristic orange- 
 yellow surface alteration (that of gadolinite immediately alongside 
 'of it being invariably of a dull brick red color) it might have con- 
 tinued to pass for 'green-Tgadolinite,' which was the local name given to it. 
 Of these yellowish maases one weighed over ten pounds, and twenty kilos 
 were found in all. Upon being broken open they are of lan olive-green color, 
 tending in places to a drab sihade. Peculiar minute ragged lines permeate 
 the mineral in all directions, causing an apparent muddiness or semi- 
 opacity. No crystals have as yet been observed, but a seemingly ortho- 
 nhombie symmetry was apparent in some of the masses. The mineral 
 breaks easily in two directions with a shell-like fracture, but separates into 
 small flakes very readily. (Gadolinite is -broken only with difficulty.) 
 Nothing like a cleavage has been noticed. A thin white crust of a mineral 
 related to tengerite occupies the cracks in the mineral,' and this is equally 
 true concerning the gadolinite of the locality, as Genth has already noted. 
 We have- named the mineral yttrialite, in allusion to the prominent part 
 played by the yttria earths in its composition. 
 
 "The specific gravity is 4.575; hairdness=;5 — ^5.5. It is readily soluble in 
 hydrochloric acid. When heated over the Bunsen flame it decrepitates 
 violently, and falls to powder upon being ignited over a blast, becoming 
 snuff-brown, infusible and insoluble. These oharacterisitics serve to at 
 once distinguish it from gadolinite, whch has specific gravity from 4.2 to 
 4.3 (Texas varieties), and which, when heated, glorws vividly and swells 
 into ragged fragments.. The analysis shows several fractions of the 
 
Rkcokd of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 121 
 
 Hidden, William Earl, au'd Mackintosh^ J. B. 
 
 yttria earths (A, B, C, D) , whioli were separated by successive precipita- 
 tions with sodium sulphate. The atomic weight of each fraction was 
 determined, sihoiwing suocessiTe increase with each separation. The frac- 
 tionation was discontinued after the fourth separation, as the amount of 
 ■material was getting very small, but the atomic weight shows that the 
 lanthanum and didymium are still mixed with an earth of higher atomic 
 weight. 
 
 "The results obtained are as follows: 
 
 Oxygen ratio. 
 
 SiOa 29.17% 97.234=4 
 
 PbO 0.854 0.383' 
 
 TliOs 12.00 9.108 
 
 Ma 0.77 1.084 
 
 Fe 2.89 4.014J 
 
 Ca 0.60 1.071/ 
 
 Als O3 0.55 1.6171 
 
 Ce^ Og :. 1-86 1.722\ 
 
 Atomic weight. ' 72.918=3 
 
 (A) Y„ O. .' 22.67= 110.3 25.3201 
 
 (B) Y. O3 5.30= 110.53 5.910l 
 
 C) Y. Os 4.50= 114.9 4.860! 
 
 ^ (D) Y3O3 14.03= 120. 14.616 
 
 (LaDi)s O, etc 2.94= 162. %2.370 
 
 UO3 0.83 0.843/ 
 
 Ignition loss 0.79 
 
 99.754 
 
 Total yttria earths= 46.50% erbia spectrum distinct.' 
 
 Analyses of Gadolinite by Genth* and Eakins.f ThoroiGummite, a 
 Hydrated Uranium Thoronsilioate : 
 
 "This mineral, of which we have been able to gather about one kilo, 
 occurs intimately associated with ferguS'Onite and cyrtolite, and masses 
 up to three ounces have be^ found, though for the most part it is in very 
 small pieces. It is of a dull yellowislh-bro wn color, .has hardness above 
 that of gummite, or 4 — 4.5, iind occurs commonly massive, though^ several 
 well deifined groups of zircon^shaped crystals have been discovered with 
 angles near to those of zircon. It has a oharacteristic color, after Ignition, 
 becoming of a dull g.reenisih hue. iThus it is -distinguished from freyalite, 
 eucrasite and thorite, which sipecies it otherwise resembles in siome respects. 
 Its specific gravity varies from 4.43 to 4.54. It is easily soluble in nitric 
 acid. The analytical results are: 
 
 *Amer. Jour. iSoi, MI, Vol. XXXVMI, p. 200, Sept., 1889. 
 tSee Eakins, L. 6. (Gadolinite, Llano Co., Texas). Title 155. 
 
122 Teatsts ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hidden, William Bael, and Mackintosh, J. B. 
 
 bxygea ratio. 
 
 Si Os 13.085 43.62 = 2.000 
 
 UOo 22.43 23.37 = 1.071 
 
 ThOs 41.44 3122] 
 
 Ala O3 0.965 2.83/ 
 
 Fes O3 0.845 1.59\ 
 
 (CeY)s03, etc 6.69 Atomic weight =135. 6.30/43.64 =/ 2.001 
 
 TbO 2.16 0.97 \ 
 
 Ca 0.41 0.73) 
 
 H»0 7.88 43.78 = 2.008 
 
 Pa O, 1.19 
 
 Moisture 1.23 
 
 98.325 
 
 * ' * * * * * » 
 
 "We Jiame tbis mineral thoro-gummite because' it is a gummite in which 
 the water has been replaced by the thorite molecule. 
 "Nivenite, a, hydrated Thorium-yttrium-lead Uranate : 
 ''This mineral we found intimately ,asBOiciated with fergusonite and thoro- 
 gummit. It is as yet a rare mineral at the locality. Its speciifie gravity 
 is 8.01, II.=5.5. It is velvet-black in color, and iWhen powdered becomes 
 brown-black. After ignition it turns Mue-black. As yet only massive 
 pieces ihave been found, but some of theEse suggest that the species niay be 
 isometric in erystalliza-tion. It ds easily soluble in nitric and sulphuric 
 acid, and some slight effervescence was noticed upon dissolving the min- 
 eral. The analysis gave the following results: 
 
 UOa 46.75 
 
 TIOs 19.89 
 
 Th Oa 7.57 
 
 Ya Ob etc 11.22 Atomic weight 124.2 
 
 Tea Os 0.58 
 
 PbO 10.16 
 
 (Ignition) loss H^ O 2.54 
 Insoluble 1.22 
 
 99.93 
 
 Analyses of Cleveite and BrSggerite. Fergusonite: 
 
 "This heretofore rare mineral occurs in large quantity a.t this .new local- 
 ity. 'Up to this date we have received over seventy liilos, some masses of- 
 whieh weighed over a pound. IBrolcen prisms, rough in form, rarely show- 
 ing tormina.! planes and masses of crystals interlacing each other is the 
 manner of occurrence. The immediately .assoeia,ted minerals axe cyrtolite 
 and thoTO-gummite, and also magnetite. .The gadolinite also sometimes 
 encloses it. It also occurs alone in a matrix of orfchoclase or of quartz. 
 One large mass of this kind of gangue, upon being broken up, yielded over 
 thirty kilos of pure mineral in the form of fragments, most of which were 
 basal sections of crystals which had been originally four to eight inches 
 long .and aJbout one and ,a half u. m. thick. 
 
 "We have found two distinct varieties, of which we here append analyses 
 ».nd description. 
 
 Oxygen Ratio. 
 
 
 48.69= 
 
 =12. 
 
 14.62 >, 
 
 
 
 5.74 
 
 
 
 11.34 ) 
 
 - 37.33= 
 
 = 9.20 
 
 1.08 
 
 
 
 4.55 ) 
 
 
 
 
 14.11= 
 
 = 3.48 
 
y Rbcokd of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 123 
 
 Hidden, William Bael, audi Mackintosh, J. B. 
 
 "Fergusomte, mono-hydrated.—'&p&ci'6c gra,vity=5j67. Hardness 6 — 6.5, 
 form tetragonal, witlh acute octahedral terminations, a ziroonoid plane 
 ^ hemihedrally id«v«loped and, rarely, the hasal pinaooid. TSie crystals are 
 
 roug'h and dull gray exteriorly, hut with a bronzy suh-metallic appearance 
 on the surface of fracture, which is small eonchoidal and hrilliant. Thin 
 splinters show a yellowish-'brown ■tranalucence. Color, bronzy bair^brown. 
 Streak and powder dull brown. It is infusible, but on ignition the pow- 
 dered mineral changes to, a pale olive-green color, and a momentary glow 
 or«eps over the mass at the point of redness. iPragments decrepitate vio- 
 lently when 'heated. With a microscope a peculiar ligiht brown muddineas 
 is noticed, and the mineral is filled with minute streaks and spots of a, 
 darker sihade, all of which may indicate incipient alteration. 
 
 "Crystals often have a thin coating of, or are otherwise partly altered to, 
 the tri-hydrated variety next described. It is decomposed when in fine 
 powder by hydrochloric acid, with separation of coluanbic acid. The ana- 
 lytical results are as follows: 
 
 Oxygen ratio. 
 
 Cbs Ob 46.2'?% 86.30 
 
 UOj 1.54 1.59 
 
 ThOs 3.38 2.56^ 
 
 Als O3. 0.09 0.27, 
 
 Tes Oa 0.98 Atomic weights, 1.83/ 
 
 (A)YaOa* 23.95' ■ 110.55 26.701 
 
 (BlYjOs* ., 18.38 113.3 20.07) 52.85 
 
 PbO 1.43 0.64/ 
 
 Zn 0.24 O.30I 
 
 OaO 0.10 0.18' 
 
 Mg 0.04 0.10; 
 
 Ignition Hj 1.98 11.001 
 
 110" C. Ha 0.04 } 15.79 
 
 F 0.91 Atomic Ratio, 4.79 J 
 
 ;} 
 
 99.33 
 
 Less = F o'.38 ^'^ [ 
 
 98.95 ' ' 
 
 *Total Yj O3, etc., and Oe earth3=42.33." 
 
 "H'ergusonite, tri-hydrated. — iSpecifie giravity=4.36 — 4.48, hardness about 
 5. Color deep brown, almost black, thin edgea show a yellowiah-brown 
 translucence. IForm and exterior -appearance same as the species pre- 
 viously described. Streak and powder pale greenish-gray. On ignition 
 tui-ns light brown, but does not glow nor decrepitate like fergusoinite. Is 
 decom,posed by hydrochloric acid with separation of oolumbic acid. 
 
124 Tbansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hidden, Widliam Earl, and Mackintosh, J. B. 
 
 analysis. 
 
 Oxygen Ratio. 
 
 Cbs O, 42.79 79.95 
 
 U O. 3.12 3.24 
 
 U O' 3.93 2.90, 
 
 Th O, 0.83 0,62 J 
 
 Ah O. 0.85 2.49( 
 
 Fe=0» 3.75 Atomic weight, , 7.03/ 51.08 
 
 y.O.etc 31.36= 121.77 32.281 
 
 PbO.! 1.94 0.87) 
 
 OaO 2.74 4.89' 
 
 Ignition H^ O > 7.57 42.05 ) 
 
 110» C. Ha O .' 0.62, V > 44.69. 
 
 F 0.502 Atomic ratio, 2.64 J 
 
 100.002 
 LessO = F 0.206 
 
 99.796 
 AUanite. Molylbdenite. Molybdite. Cyrtxilite. Fluorite. Gummite. 
 Tengerdte ( ?) ; Fetid Gas. 
 
 194. Hidden, William Bael. 
 
 On Mackintoshite, ^ new thorium and uranium mineral,, witli 
 analyses by W. F. Hillebrand. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, V0I..XLVI, pp. 98-103. New 
 Haven, Aug., 1893. 
 
 "Hisitory. — ^It is tliree years since •wn alteration product of tlie new species 
 here 'described was announced, jointly, by the late Jajnes B. Mackintosh 
 and the writer, under the name of 'thoro-gummite.' In the interim a jnost 
 diligent search has been made at the locality in Llano eo'unty, Texas, to 
 discover the mineral in quantity, and also, if possible, the parent mineral 
 from wliioh it was derived. In an endeavor to find some fragments of the 
 unaltered mineral, I brolce up nearly a Icilogram of the thoro-gummite, 
 with the result of finding less than one gram of a blaolt mineral,^iwhioh, 
 from the position it occupied vMhm the thoro-gummite, we concluded must 
 'represent the original species. I note here that some irregular cores, of a 
 dark-brown translucent mineral, were also found, but they proved to be 
 very soluble and not essentially different from the enclosing thoro-gummite. 
 They had a density of 4;50< 
 
 "Some chemical tests, then made by tlie writer, proved the black mineral 
 to be practically unaffected by hydrochloric or sulphuric acids, and the 
 density as then determined was 5.361. -Upon fusi,ng a portion with' sodium 
 bisTilphabe a solution ,was obtained, and it was thus found to be a silicate 
 containing about 23 per cent, of uranium oxide ('calculated as UOa), a/bout 
 4'6 per cent, of thoria and a small per cent, of the 'rare earths.' 
 
 "No further data were then obtained from the scant material in hand, 
 but its relation to thoro-gummite was made evident. It was ajnong fresh 
 •shipments of the various fchoria and yttria minerals, made direct from the 
 locality (Llano county, Texas), that this mineral was again foilnd and 
 further analytical work made possible. The new material was unexpect- 
 edly found deeply embedded in massive cyrtolite and associated with fergu- 
 
Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 125 
 
 Hidden, William Eael. 
 
 sonite. None 'Was found embedded in the new crystals and masses of 
 tlioro-gummite. Some fifty kilograms of the broken oyrtolite were thor-' 
 oughly searched through, with the result of finding only al/out two grams 
 of pure material, and this came mainly from one mass, which had a very 
 thin coating of thoro-gummite.'' Pp. 98-99. 
 
 "This paper contains a description of the mineral, an accounit of its chem- 
 ical composition by Mr. fW. F. Hillebrand, and a discussion of its com- 
 position. The author proposes "the name of maekintoshite for this new 
 species in honor of that able chemist, the late Mr. James Buckton Mack- 
 intosh, of New York City." 
 
 195. ^ , and Hillebrand, W. P. 
 
 Description of Rowlandite. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLVI, pp. 308-213. ISTew 
 Haven, Sept., 1893. 
 
 I. Historioal and iDoscriptive 'Discussion, by W. B. Hidden. 
 
 "About one kilogram of the mineral described in this paper was found 
 Iby the writer in rather large lumps among huge masses of gadolindte 
 and yttrialite in a single shipment of the various yttria-bearing minerals 
 sent to him some five years ago firom the noted locality in Llano county, 
 Texas. 
 
 "The alteration products attracted my attention at once by their, dis- 
 similarity to those of gadolindte, yttrialite and allanite from the same 
 mine. Several 'preliminary trials proved the mineral to contain over sixty- 
 one per cent, of the 'rare, earths,' having a joint- atomic .weigiht of 118.5. 
 It * * 
 
 "prof. Rowland photographed the spectrum of this mineral, and also the 
 'earths' from its oxalates and found them to ibe not essentially different 
 from those of gadolinite and other minerals rich in yttria. He, however, 
 expressed the opinion that there were at least a dozen unknown elements 
 in the so-called yttria group not yet separated. The scale on which, 
 he showed its speotrum represented a length of ten feet, 'and over ten 
 thousand lines were noticed." Pp. 208-209. 
 
 "Description of the mineral. 
 
 11. Analysiis and Discussion of 'Composition, by W. F. Hillebrand. 
 
 196. Hill, Egbert T. 
 
 Eieview of ^ 
 
 "A Partial Eeport on the Geology of Western Texas," consist- 
 ing of a General Geological Eeport and a Journal of Geological 
 Observations along tke Eoutes traveled by the Expedition between 
 Ind'iaraola, Texas, and the Yalley of Mimbres, New Mexico, dur- 
 ing the yeare 1855 and 1856; with an Appendix giring a Detailed 
 Eeport on the Geology of Grayeon County, by^ Prof. Geo. G. 
 S'humard, AsSiistant State Geoilogist of Texas. Austin, 1886. 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 73-75. New 
 
 Haven, Jan., 1887. 
 
126 Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hill, Egbert T. 
 
 "The scarcity of knowledge co'iioerning the details of geologioal structure 
 in the va-st area, eimhraoed -within the politioal hounds of the Sitate of 
 Texas is provieribial, and so inextrioably is the little knowledge that we 
 possess involved in controv-ersy that any light upon the subject, however 
 feeble, is alwa/ys welcome at this time. fThe appeanance at this late day 
 of a volume giving the detail of scientific exploration that took place over 
 twenty-five j-eairs ago in that region has n, double value. la the first 
 place it indicates a revival of interest in geological investigation by a 
 State government in whidh a once strong desire to make known its re- 
 sources in a scientific manner was almost entirely killed by the wrangling 
 among themselves of the scientific men employed to carry out its intenr 
 tions. The knowledge of large regions of hitherto unpublished territory 
 ■which it brings to us is specially welcome." 
 
 An account of the hrothers, Benjamin E. and George G. Shumard, fol- 
 lows, and .their erroneous conception of the Texas Cretaoeous is pointed 
 out. 
 
 197. 
 
 'The Topography and Greology of the iCros® Timbers and Sur- 
 rounding Hegions in North Texas, with, a map, pi. vi. 
 
 lAmer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 391-303. New 
 Haven,' Apr., 1887. 
 
 Contents : The Upper Cross Timbers. The Lower Cross Timbers. 
 Prevalent Theories as to the (Orossi Timbers. Topographic and Geolpgde 
 Characteristics ; Tlie 'Coast Plain, the "Black Prairie Eegion," The Central 
 lEtenuded or Hilly Region, the Plateau or Panhandle Eegioh, the Moun- 
 tainous or Trans-Ptaoos 'Region- Geologic Section of the Cretaceous Strata 
 of the (State .of Texas, as seen along the line of the Texas Pacific Railroad, 
 from Elmo, Kaufm^aiU county, to Millsap, Parker county, and, with local 
 variations of thickness, as it occurs throughout ,the State. Based upon 
 personal observations. 
 
 "The Cross /Timbers of Texas are two long and narrow strips of forest 
 region ibetween tihe 96bh and 99th meridians, ex:tending parallel to each other 
 from the Indian Territory southward to the central portion of the 'State, 
 forming a marked eixception to the usual praii;ie features of that country. 
 They have been deliniated upon several majps, but most accurately upon 
 the one accompanying the fReport on the Cotton Production of the State 
 of Texas, with a Discussion of the Agricultural Features of the State,' by 
 R. iH. Laughridge, Ph. D., Special Agent of the Tenth 'Census, which has 
 been adopted in .the map illustrating the areal distribution of the geologic 
 formations of the United States, pufblished in Vol. V, of the Anniial 
 Beporta of the Director of the U. S. Geological .Survey. 
 
 "The traveler, in crossing this region of Texas from east to west, along 
 the line of the Texas and Pacific railroad, views the Cross Timbers merely 
 as a grateful relief to the monotony of the prairies, and sees little in 
 them worth rememlberii]g. To the more careful observer, however, there 
 .are numerous points of interest ;bearing on their topographic and geologic 
 relations, some of -which are worthy of presentation. 
 
Rbcobd of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 127 
 
 Hill, Kobeet T. 
 
 "The Upper €ro3s Timbers. — .From th«ir greater altitude and fcheir poai- 
 tiottj- relative to 'the flaw of the rivers, the more western of the Orosa Tim- 
 bers, although geologically lower in the series, is known as the Upper, in 
 distinction from the eastern, or iLower. lit extends southward from the 
 Indian Teiiritory, through the counties of Montague, Wise, Jack, Parker, 
 Hood, Erath and iOom£),nohe, to near tlie Oolorado river. Its eastern border 
 at every point is clearly defined, the adjoining prairie region being invaria- 
 bly mu<A higher in altitude. The western border is not so sharply marked, 
 but it approximately coincides with the 9'8th meridian until near the 32d 
 degree of latitude, when it bends to the westward, loainig its identity by 
 'thinning out,' so that the bouudary between the wooded and prairie 
 .region is not always apparent. The surface soil usually consists of an 
 exceedingly fine-grained silicious sand, which is the detritus of the under- 
 lying strata. This sand is utterly untenacious, except when wet, and is 
 readily distributed by the high winds over the surface so as to effectually 
 conceal the underlying strata. A small amount of red clay from a neigh- 
 boring Sitratum gives to the sand, when mixed with it, a dirt-yellow color. 
 ******* 
 
 "The character of the soil, as aJbove described, is also constant along the 
 eastern edge, but is varied along the western half of the timbers by the 
 presence of a crumbling, fine-pebble conglomerate. 
 
 "The I/ower Cross Timbers. — The Lower 'Cross Tim.bers are located a'bout 
 fifty miles east of the upper belt, and exitend in a difection approximately 
 parallel to it. They are separated their entire length by a prairie region, 
 utterly destitute of timber. The western margin of the Lower Cross Tim- 
 bers is clearly .defined, as is the case with the eastern edge of the Upper 
 member; but, instead of being below the level of the prairie it is always 
 at a higher altitude The soil of the Lower Cross Timbers, although also 
 arenaceous, differs from that of the upper in m.any respects. It is feru- 
 gihous and morff fertile, averaging less than ninety per cent, of insoluble 
 silica, while that of the upper usually exceeds ninety-seven. The difference 
 in fertility of theaoils produces a varietal difference in the flora, the 
 trees attaining much larger proportions .and the number of species being 
 slightly greater. The average width of the Lower Cross Timhers does noit 
 exceed fifteen miles, and 'they lose their identity near the Brazos river, at 
 
 Waco. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The two belts of the Cross Timbers are entirely within the third, or 
 Central Denuded (Region, the eastern border of the lower timbers coinciding 
 alnlost exactly with the western border of the second itopographical area. 
 The chief geologic agency in modifying the surface of this region, as before 
 stated, has been subaerial erosion. The only elevation apparent is that , 
 which is common to the other areas, and iwhich .was due to the rising of 
 the Kocky Mountain axes. The denudation resulting from the subaerial 
 erosion has been very great, the , whole of the geologic series, from the 
 recent to far down into the Carboniferous, having been removed from its 
 center or place of greatest denudation. * * * The Tertiary, if it ever 
 existed there, has already been removed from this vast area, and the Cre- 
 taceous is rapidly yielding — in places entirely gone. This fact being true. 
 
128 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 HiLL^ Egbert T. 
 
 it is evident that the Cross Timhers cannot represent any posit-Cretaceous 
 sediments. 
 
 "Geologically, the area occupied hy these timhers [the Lower Cross Tim- 
 bers] iconsists of a series of cojurse, friable, arenaceous sandstones, alternat- 
 ing with clays, whose position is beneath the shales and limestones; and, 
 like them, its western projecting margin is constantly wearing away. The 
 unique fauna, now being studied by Or. C. A. White, and the presence 
 of lignites, indicate that the sediments are those of shallow waters; they 
 resemble basal groups of the cis-Mississippi region, and. Dr. White believes, 
 the Dakota sandstones of Kansas. Elsewhere than in Texas this, group 
 would be considered the base of the Cretaceous ; but such is noit the ease 
 here, for it clearly rests upon four hundred feet of a second and lower 
 series of limestone strata, and. one that was greatly eroded before these 
 eands were deposited. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "On descending the escarpment at the western edge of the Orand Prairie, 
 we reach the sandy soil of the Upper Cross Timbers. A geologic section 
 will show that the surface soil is detritus of the underlying strata, which 
 dip to the east, under the adjaoenit limestone prairie. This series of sandy 
 strata varies in structure as we descend them. The upper strata abound ■ 
 in Dinosaurian bones and teeth, the lower in Lepidodendrons and Cala- 
 mi tes. They mark the contact of the basal Mesoacic and the Carbonifeir- 
 ous. 
 
 "The sands of the eastern half of the Upper Cross Timbers are purely 
 siliceous, fine-grained, and utterly free from any cementing matrix. They 
 are so friable that they quickly lose all appearance of original stratifica- 
 tion on exposure, and were it not for railroad-cuts and well-borings through 
 the overjying Cretaceous limestone, their true stratigrajphic position would 
 still remain obscure. The pure white sands of this series can be traced 
 along the eastern border of the Cross Timbers for over a hundred miles. 
 These sands constitute the receiving reservoir for the artesian wells of 
 Eort Worth and Dallas, their strata dipping at such an angle under the 
 Grand Prairie that they are reached at a depth of 350 feet beneath the 
 fiirst named place, and about 750 at the latter;" 
 
 198. 
 
 'The 'Texas Section of the American Cretaceous. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 387-309. Ne^v 
 Haven, Oct., 1887. 
 
 Introduction : The Cretaceous Areas of the United States. Great simi- 
 larity of the mollusoan faunae, with varying lithologic characters. Loose 
 use of the term "groups," which "are really 'horizons' representing the 
 culmniation of species or sedimental variations. 
 
 "If -the Lower Cross Timber sands be of the age of the Dakota sand- 
 stone, as has been .ascertained by Shumard and others, and since when 
 present they rest directly on top of this division, then we have in Texas 
 
Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 129 
 
 HiLL^ Egbert T. 
 
 not only the whole section of previous writers often visible in conijected 
 exposure, 'but a new and lower group of the marine Cretaceous beneath 
 the hitherto recognized groups.. 
 
 "In this journal of Januaji'y, 1S87, I first called attention to the fact 
 that the current ideas of the relations of the Oretaoeous strata of Texas 
 were erroneous. In a paper read before the Philosophical Society of Wash- 
 ington, January 29, 1887, I published a local section, typical of the whole 
 region, including the strata from the Tertiary to the Carboniferous, and a 
 eondensed summary of the paleontology, stratigraphy and literature of the 
 Cretaceous strata of Texas. I demonstrated the trauBitional position these 
 strata occupied between the Atlantic States bordering upon the Gulf of 
 Mexioo and those of the llooky Mountain region, and showed the existence 
 there of a deep marine group of the Cretaceous, which is older than any hith- 
 erto recognized on this continent. In a paper read before the Philadelphia 
 >Aoademy of Soience, 'February 5, 1887, Dr. C. A. White published a rgsumfi 
 of the section furnished him by me for that purpose, together with some 
 brief deductions thereon and some correlations of his own. In the present 
 paper, to whioh the former was but introductory, I propose to diagnose 
 more clearly this lower group, and to explain many new features of it whioh 
 throw muoh light upon the American Cretaceous section." Pp. 289-290. 
 
 The Austin-New Braunfels Non-oonformity. "This non-conformity is 
 clearly and unmistakably visible in and near Austin, San Marcos, Heliotes 
 and New iBraunfels; and this relation of the strata, which is the same 
 along the face of the escarpment from Austin to Rio Grande, is dia- 
 metrically opposite to that originally announced by Roemer (and accepted 
 by Shumard-iand other -writers down to the present day) [with the exception 
 of Professor E. D. ,Cope], who made the Cretaceous qf the plain at the 
 foot of the highlands older than that, of the plateau, and to extend under 
 -jt, as shown in the following diagram. This error, which was the funda- 
 mental eause of the oonfusion of knowledge concerning rthe Texas Creta- 
 ceous formation, has existed since Roemer's time." Pp. 292-293. 
 
 Tlie Upper Division of the iTexas Cretaceous. Its characters and paleon- 
 tology. List of Fossils. 
 
 Middle -Division of the Texas Cretaceous. Lithologic characters. Source 
 of the confusion in Dr. <B. iF. Shumard's composite section. Fossils in the 
 shales at Austin, Eagle Ford and New Braunfels. Contacts on the south 
 banlis of the Colorado at Austin, and in the east hank of Shoal Creek. 
 Faunal and stratigraphic break. The Lower Cross Timber Series wanting 
 south of Waco. Meek on the relative age of the Dalcota Sandstone of the 
 (Rocky iMountaina and the Cross Timber beds. cFauna of the Middle Divis- • 
 ion of t\\e Cretaceous. 
 
 The Lower Division of the Texas Cretaceous. "The harder limestones, 
 seen underneath the Lower Cross Timber beds at Fort Worth and Denison , 
 and the shales at Austin, and forming the face and plateau of the esearp- 
 ment, are the undoubted top of the Comanche series of my former paper. 
 This great formation, which constitutes the face of the escarpment and 
 the great plateau at its top, covers or once covered the whole of the central 
 region as far west as the Rocky Mountain region. This group of strata 
 embraces thousands of feet of deep marine sediments, and extends over 
 
ISO Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hill, Egbert T. 
 
 an immeiise area in Texas. At San Marcos, New Braunfels, Austin, and 
 many other places throughout the central region, the strata are heautifuUy 
 shown. Four miles northwest of the latter city the banks of the Colorado 
 afford a vertical exposoire of over 700 feet, and yet these are only the 
 topmost Strata of the series. The strata dip rapidly to 'the southeast- 
 ward." Pp. 299-300. Libhologic Characters. 
 
 The Central (Denuded Region. Its boundaTies< Geology. 
 
 The Washita Division. .Fauna of the Upper, or Washita Division. 
 
 The Fredericksburg Division.. liithology and Topography. Fauna, of 
 the Lower or Fredericksburg Division. Basal Contacts., "Several years of 
 most careful study of the stratigraphy of the whole of the Comanche Series 
 fully confirms its position to be lower than the strata of the Lower Cross 
 Timber beds, which 'Shumard, White and obheir authorities have asserted 
 to be identical with the Dakota iSandstone of Meek and Hayden, and hence 
 "lower than any of the .hitherto described marine groups of the American 
 Cretaceous." [Paleontologic ibreak between the Comanche and upper series. 
 
 Review of- the Fossils of the Com.anohe Series. Conclusions. 
 
 1 
 
 199. 
 
 The Present Condition of Knowledge of tbe Geology of Texas. 
 
 Bulletin of the United Staies Geological Survey, ISTo. 45, 95 
 pp. Washington, 1887. ^ 
 
 Contents: Prefatory Note. I. Historifc Statement .of Geologic Inves- 
 tigation. Knowledge jit the Baginning of this Century. Anglo-American 
 Adventurers and Colonists: Pliilip Nolan; American Colonization Period. 
 European Investigators: William Kennedy; G. A. Scherpf; Prince Carl 
 Solms-Braunfels; Victor Bracht, Ferdinand (Roemer. United States Mili- 
 tary Reeonn.xisfances and ExploTations: Reconnaissances; Explorations: 
 Exploration of the 'Red River of Louisiana; United States and Mexican 
 Boundary Suj-vey; Pacific iRailroad Surveys : Thirty-fifth Parallel Survey; 
 iThirty -second Parallel ISurvey; Artesian Well ExperimenL Geologic Sur- 
 veys -eonducted by the State: The Texas Land Office; First Geological 
 Survey (Shumard) : Organization and Equipment; Field Labors; Methods 
 of ■Survey; Maps; Openations of 1860; Oflloial Results; Indirect Results; 
 Expense Seoond .Geological Survey (Glenn-Buckley) : Operations of 
 1874; Operations of 1875. Recent Miscellaneous Investigations: Individ- 
 ual Contribuloi-s; Work of the United States Geological Survey. Succes- 
 sion of Scientific Explorations. 
 
 II. Summary of (Results: Topography: Classification of Topography 
 of Texas; Chart illustrating Progressive Classiflcation of Topographic 
 Features. Historic Go.ilogy and Stratigraphy:' Table of Geologic Forma- 
 tions of Texas, with Authorities; So-called Archaean and Earlier Paleozoic; 
 Carboniferous System: Central Carboniferous Area, Trans-Pecos Carbon- 
 iferous Area. General Conclusions respecting the Texas Carboniferous. 
 So-called Permian or Permo-iCai-bomif erous ; Trans-'Peoos Region of Shu- 
 mard; Permian of Cope and his As.sistants. Jura-Trias or Gypsum Strata. 
 .So-called Jurassic. Cretaceous. So-called Laramie. Tertiary. Quater- 
 nary and Other Post-Tertiary Strata. Geological Deductions. General 
 
Record of Geology op Texas, ISST-ISOG. 131 
 
 Hill, Eobeet T. 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 "Geologic investigation in Texas- has been fraginenta.ry and unsa,tisfac- 
 toi-y for many reasons: Hostile Indians till recently ravaged the western 
 half of the IState; the civil war suspended the work of a comprehensive 
 geological survey inaugurated under the State legislation of 1868, and that 
 survey resuscitated and a later organization both came to naught. The 
 U. S. Geological 'Survey has extended its operations into the iState too 
 recently to increase greatly the published knowledge of the geology of 
 Texas. 
 
 "To study intelligently the geology of this State it is important 'that 
 a digest of such material as has been already published should be made. 
 The present bulletin comprises an historical statement of such scientific 
 work as has added to available knowledge of the topography and the 
 .paleontology as .well as the geology of the IState, but it is not intended 
 to include unpublished knowledge gained by my residence and study in 
 the State, except as that knowledge modifies comments on conclusions 
 already in print. Other publications will embody such matter in due 
 time. The present work does not extend the record beyond January 1, 
 1886." P. 7. 
 
 200. 
 
 The Trinity Formation of 'Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. 
 Science, Vol., XI, p. 21. Jan. 13, 1888. 
 
 "In previous papers (American Naturalist, Feb., 1887; American Jour- 
 nal of Science, April and October, 1887), I have shown that the Mesozoie 
 strata of the Texas region, instead of belonging to the uppermost Creta- 
 ceous, as 'had ibeen previously supposed, really embraced a large series of 
 lower Cretaceous, and perhaps Jurassic beds. To the last-named period 
 I intimated that the strata in Parker county, ffexas, provisionally termed 
 in my section the 'Dinosaur .Sands,' 'would protoably be found to be related. 
 The studies of the past season in Arkansas have shown that these strata 
 exhibit a great uniformity of deposition along the paleozoic and mesozoie 
 parting from south of the Brazos river in, Texas to 'the Little Miss'ouri 
 river near Antoine, Pike county. Ark,, a distance of over three hundred 
 miles, and that they res't directly upon the highly disturbed Carboniferous 
 rocks. In Texas the areal extent of 'this formation coincides with the 
 eastern half of the Upper Cross Timbers ,and in Arkansas it extends from 
 the point above mentioned westward to, beyond Ultima Thule. Its width, 
 except for a few mile.5 on each side of Red river, never exceeds a few miles. 
 The" formation consists of altermitions of fine, closely packed W'hite sands 
 and red and blue gypsiferoua marls, with occasional alternations of thin but 
 extensive fissile, arenaceous, and crystalline limestones, highly fossiliferous, 
 often wave-maiked, and seldom more than ten inches in thickness. Exten- 
 sive strata of pure 3.,iccharoidal gypsum aMo occur in places, and the 
 formation is the source of the salines and salt licks throughout its extent, 
 and probably also of the 'brackishness' of the rivers which intersect it. 
 
 "West of Weaytherford [Texas], the basal Comanche series may be seen 
 resting directly upon it, while at the point of its disappearance under the 
 
132 Tkansactions Texas Aoadbmy of Soibncb. 
 
 Hill, Robert T. 
 
 newer strata in Arkansas, it is direotly covered by the uppermost Creta- 
 ceous of Hilgard's Mississippi section." 
 
 Tlie fauna is littoral. Its, charaoteristie moUuscan species indicate 
 upper Jurassic and Wealden. To the continuous formation the name 
 "Trinity" is applie(L It includes the "Dinosaur Sands" of tlie Texas, sec- 
 tion. 
 
 201. : 
 
 30'3. 
 
 203. 
 
 The Neozoic Geology of Southwestern Arkansas. 
 
 Annual Eeport of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1888, 
 Vol. II. Little Bock, 1888. 
 
 (The Typical Section' of the Texas Cretaceous.) Chapter 
 
 XI, pp. 110-115. 
 
 ■See "The Texas Section of the American Cretaceous," by Robert T. Hill. 
 Amer. Jour, of Sci. ante. 
 
 Notes upon the Texas 'Section of the Americ&n Cretaceous, 
 (Abstract.) 
 
 Proceedings of the Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, Vol. XXXVIj 
 p, 216. 1888. 
 
 "Owing to its peculiar transjitional geographic position and the favorable 
 conditions of exposure of- its strata, the State of Texas presents the best 
 opportunity for the study of the American Cretaceous, which has there 
 the most comprehensive vertical range." 
 
 In this brief paper are pointed out: (1) That both the Gulf series 
 or Mississippi secticTn of Hilgard, with the exception of the Eubaw forma- 
 tion, and the Rocky Mountain series or Nebraskian section of Sleek and 
 Hay den, extend into the State by direct stratigraphic continuity. (2) 
 That -Eoemer, 'Slmmard and others had fallen into some sbratigraphieal 
 errors; and (3), that beneath the Dakota sandstone, of .the Haydfen seo- 
 tiion, as previously mentioned in a paper before the Philosophical Society 
 of Wasihington, January 29, 1887, there exists an older marine group of 
 sediments with a fauna greatly resembling that of the (Neocomian or Lower 
 Cretaceous of Europe. 
 
 The Geology of Texas, i 
 
 Texas School Joumal,''Voi. VI, N. S. 143-145'. Austin, June, 
 1888. 
 
 The true meaning of Geology. What is geologically known of Texas. 
 (1) There is no good geographic map of the State, except for a few 
 square degrees in the center recently surveyed by the U. S. Geological 
 Survey. (2) The stratigraphy of the State has never been mapped and 
 publisihed- (3) There is little definite knowledge published concerning 
 
Recoed of Geology of Texas, ISSV-lSOe. . 133 
 
 Hill, Egbert T. 
 
 305. 
 
 its economic resouroea. Extract from t}f.e reeently printed EncyelopBedia 
 Brittanien upon the resources of Texas. , 
 
 204. 
 
 Notes on the Geology of Western Texas. 
 
 ^ Geological and, Seientiiio Bulletin., Vol. I, No. 6. Houston, 
 Oct., 1888. 
 
 The prairie and mountainous areas of western Texas, as along the Texas 
 and Paoifie railway, furnish a rich ifield for soientific investigators. Prom 
 Millsap toiOiseo the prevailing rocks are Upper Carfboniferous. General west- 
 ward dip of the Carhoniferous strata. Topography nea-r Cisco. The "Eed 
 Beds". west of Cisco. The Permian and the Jura-Trias. The continuation 
 of the great plains west of Sweetwater — Tertiary or Quaternary. The line 
 of Cretaceous .buttes and mesas south of th-e railway. Extent. Moun- 
 tains west of the Peoo-?. 'Eruptive and sedimentary .material. Quajternary 
 and Post-Quaternary lake basins. Evidence^ afforded hy the State of 
 Quaternary and Po'st-Quaternavy phenomena. Distribution of the Post- 
 Glaeial MaS'todon from El Paso to Dallas, and from Wichita to the Rio 
 Grande. Pre-Cretaceous beds of lignite. (Boundaries of the areas of posi- 
 tive knowledge brought by the Arkansas Survey of the Texas frontier. 
 
 "Since writing th© foregoing I have made another trans-seotiou of the 
 wonderful west Texas region. This time from (Texarkana westward to 
 Henrietta, and from thenoe northwest, over the plains and up the valley 
 of the Canadian to Tuoumoari mountain, in New Mexico. * * * It is 
 sufficient to say, however, that this journey not only verifies the geologic 
 phenomena along the Texas Pacific, but elucidates them so clearly as to 
 render them conclusive. The surface of the Llano Estacado is an early 
 quaternary loam, and a direct continuation of the great plains of Kansas 
 and Nebraska, while the white-matrixed conglomerate above alluded to, 
 which appears so clearly as the surface of the valley dividing the north 
 ■and south plains, is a later quaternary deposit." P. 4 of reprint. 
 
 A geological interpretation follows. ' 
 
 Eor review, see Amer. Geologist, Vol. Ill, pp. 51-52. 
 
 University of Tems. School of Geology. 
 'Circular No. 1, p. 1. Austin, 1888. 
 
 This circular was designed to accompany iBuUetin No. 45 of the United 
 States Geological Survey, entitled "The Present Condition of Knowledge 
 of the Geology of Texas." Since the writing of this Bulletin, 1885, much 
 has been added to our knowledge of the State. The accompanying reprint 
 from the Texas Scientific Bulletin for November [Oct. ?], 1888, indicates 
 the character of some of tljese observa/tions. ^ 
 
 "Among other subjects of recent discovery of interest to stratigraphic 
 geologists may be mentioned the following: 
 
 "1. The occurrence of the undoubted Laramie of the Colorado region 
 along the (Texas side of the 'Lower RLo Graude. 
 
 "2. The demonstration <?f thp ch^tik origin of thp Texas' Cretaceous 
 
134 Tjbansactions Texas Acadkmt of Science. 
 
 Hill, Kobisrt T. 
 
 (upper and lawer), with its flints, sponges, foraminiferae, and majiy other 
 fossil remains, 'hitherto not believed to exist in America, together with 
 some new stratigraphic horizons. ^ 
 
 "3. The demonsfcration of an extensive Mesozoic igneous area in Cen- 
 tral Texas now being studied by the State Geologist and the writer: 
 
 "4. The reaffirmation of the age of the Tueumcari g.ection along the 
 northwest corner of the Texas to be uppermost Jurassic, as originally 
 described by Marcou, and the probable development of an extensive marine 
 Jurassic formation in south wes.t Texas .and northern Ooahuila ' and Ohi- 
 huahua. 
 
 "5. Innumerable mineralogio data by Professor. Edgar Everhart and 
 others. 
 
 "6. Many questions of undoubted economic importance, such laa the devel- 
 opment of the Tertiary petroleums of Eastern Texas, the wonderful magne- 
 tite iron beds of Llano county; the inexhaustible beds of flint suitable for 
 emery and glass making; chalk of eomraercial value and purity equal to 
 that of 'France; kaolins, agricultural marls, Portland eement aJid other 
 valuable products. 
 
 "7. The scientific classi'fioation of the soils of Texas is in progress by 
 the writer, and the stratigraphic conditions for determining artesian wells 
 are gradually being developed." 
 
 206. 
 
 The Permian Eocbs of Texas. 
 'Science, Vol. XIII, p. 92. Feb. 1, 1889. 
 
 Attention is hero called to the fact that there is in Texas ''a great series 
 of 'bteds, bes;imiing, we^t of the 97th_ meridian, and succeeding the Carbon- 
 iferous; and beneath the undoubted IWealden beds of the . Cretaceous a 
 great development of strata, the lower half of which cannot possibly be 
 referred to any other age than the Permian, althouglu the upper portion 
 is probably Triassic. Professjor Cope has long since described the verte- 
 brates of these iPermian beds, and the ■Mo'Tlusca, I am informed, are now 
 being examined. The stratigraphy, however, has as yet only been recon- 
 noitered, and no section whatever determined. * * * rphe stratigraphic 
 features agreed, as far as could be seen, in nearly every generality with 
 those of the Kanab Valley of Utah as described by Mr. 0. D. Walcott a few 
 years ago in the A.mcncwn Journal of Science, and were the direct eastward 
 continuation of the same. Not only does this similarity agree- with the Per- 
 miaji beds, but with the upper beds, which he calls Triassic.' This con- 
 nects the Grand Oafion a.nd Texas-Permian-Triassic basin beyond all doubt; 
 and to Mr. Waloott belongs the credit of the first and only intelligible sec- 
 tion of the American Permian, a most marked and unmistakable terrane, 
 'the discovery of whieli was made, as agreed, by Professor Jules Maroou." 
 
 207. 
 
 ( On the Oeeurrence of Macraster Texanus. ) 
 Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXIII, p. 168. Feb., 1889. 
 
 "In the 'Neues Jahrbuch filT Mineralogie, Geologie, and Paleontologie, 
 Jahrgang, 188Sj I Band, drjt^t^s Heft/ ]>r, Fere}- iB^epifi' describes an^ 
 
Record of Geology op Texas, ISS^-lSQe. 135 
 
 TliLLj Robert T. , 
 
 figures a, new genus of Eohinodermata from Texas, to wliieh he gives the 
 name of 'Maoraster,' and calls the only species Macraster texanus. This 
 fossil has long been familiar to the Wiriter in his stratigrapbie investiga- 
 tions in 'Texas, and it makes a well defined horizon near the very top of 
 bhe immense thieliness of lower marine Cretaceous in (Texas, and does not 
 occur, as Dr. Iloemer infers, from the specimens which accompanied it to 
 Germany, with the Exogyrci teocana :^auna, a statement which has been 
 verified by Mr. Geo. StoUey, the collector. This fact is important because 
 of the tendency upon the part of European paleontologists to underesti- 
 mate the value of the stratigraphic differentiation of the Texas Creta- 
 ceous." 
 
 208. 
 
 (On the Validity of some New Species from the Cretaceous of 
 Texas.) 
 
 Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXIII, p. 1G9. Feb., 1889. 
 
 "Herr Schliiter, in two papers entitled 'Ueber die regulilren Echinoder- 
 ■mata der Kreide Nard Americas,' and 'Ueber Tnoceraraus und Cephalo- 
 poden der Texanisohen Ivreide,' ( Niederrhein, 'Gesselschaft at Bonn, March, 
 1887), describes Salenia mExicana, frova Chihuahua, Mexico, and Inooera- 
 mils suhquadratus, Turrillites irrideus, and T. varians from Austin, Texas. 
 ?rhe validity of the three species last mentioned is exceedingly doubtful, 
 as the descriptions gave no data sufficient to differentiate them from species' 
 already described by Hoemer and Shumard. He also asserts that the 
 Austin Cretaceous is equivalent to that of Ems, Germany, a 'rather indefi- 
 nite statement, since within 'the corporate limits of Austin is found nearly 
 the whole raiige of the comprehensive Texas Cretaceous under conditions 
 which oould hardly be duplicated." 
 
 209. 
 
 Events in North American Cretaceous History Illustrated in the 
 Arkansas-Texas, Division of the 'Southwestern Begion of the United 
 States. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, XXXVII, pp. 282-290. New 
 
 Haven, April, 1889. 
 
 Contents : Continental Limitations at the Beginning of the Cretaceous. 
 The First Epoch of Subsidence. 'The. Second 'Epoch of Subsidence. Di-^,- 
 turbances and Differentiation at the Clo^e of the American Cretaceous. 
 Post-OretaeeoU'S Events which have concealed 'O'.'etaceoiis Historj'., Table 
 showing Events, Epoch's, Distinguisihing Fossils, Prevailing Sediments, and 
 Thickness in W. Texas. 
 
 "During the last .two years the writer has been perimitted, by the joint 
 effort of Dr. John C. Branner, State Geologist of Arkansas, and the Direc- 
 tor of the 'United States Geological Survey, to investigate the stratigraphic 
 and paleontolagic conditi'On- of the northern and eastern termination of 
 the Texas Cretaceous, and to trace out its detailed relations to those of the 
 Gulf and western ^States witjx 'their accompanying phenomena^ The oon- 
 
136 Teansactions Tjsxas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hill, Eobeht T. 
 
 dition of knowledge previous to that time was fully set forth in this jour- 
 rial for October, 1887. From later investigations I am a'ble to present the 
 following brief sketch of the principal historical events Teoorded in their 
 formations, and also a j)reliminary section which approximately outlines 
 the Cretaceous history of the United States east of the Sierras." Pp. 
 282-283. 
 
 210. — 
 
 Ml. 
 
 A Eieview of ' 
 
 "Ueber eine durcli die Haufigkeit Hippuritenartiger Chamiden 
 ausgezeichnete Fauna der oberturonen-.Kreide von Texas, von 
 Ferdinand Eoemer in Breslaii." (Paleontologische Abliandlun- 
 gen, Vierter Band, Heft 4. Berlin, 'l888. 
 
 Amer-.-Jour. of Science, III, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 318-319. 
 
 'New Haven, Apr., 1889. 
 
 In Roomer's paper an interesting fauna from 'Barton's Creek, a locality 
 near Austin, is diesoribed, embracing twenty-one species, of which eighteen 
 are considered new. 
 
 "As the reviewer has made a special study of the faunal and strati- 
 graphic horizons of these fossils, he would here correct one or two mis- 
 takes in the otherwise excellent publication- Instead of being from the 
 Austin iChalk of Shumard (.Niobrara of M. and H.), as the author asserts, 
 all of these forms came from an entirely different and lower horizon, sepa- 
 rated by foTiT distinct suMaunas, a complete stratigraphic and paleontologic 
 non-conformity, and four hundred feet of strata below that horizon, and 
 hence the deductions and correlations of Dr. (Roemer aife unfounded." 
 ^ The species described are oonsi'de<red as belonging to non-criterional 
 genera and the conclusion advanced is that "Dr. Roemer's assignment of 
 this fauna to the Upper Turonian horizon is not based upon Sufficient evi- 
 dence either stratigraphieal or paleontological. They belong to the Hip- 
 purites Limestone of Shumard, whose stratigraphieal place as given in 
 my section is in the middle of the Lower American Cretaceous." 
 
 A Portion of the Geologic Story of the Colorado Eiver of Texas. 
 Amer. G-eologist, Vol. Ill, pp. 387-299. Minneapolis, May, 
 1889. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. The Section. Uneonfovraities and Disturibance. 
 The Devonian. Disturbances closing the Paleozoic. The 'Early Mesozoic 
 iHiatus. iThe ■Cretaceous History. The Upper Cretaceous Formation. The 
 Tertiary. iThe Quaternary. Ancient River Terraces. Disturbances in the 
 Cretaceous Formations- 
 
 This paper deals with the geological phenomena seen along the course 
 of the Colorado river from the vicinity of Sand Mountain, in Llano county, 
 to Austin, in Travis county. The formations exposed range from the 
 Llano Group of AValcott to the CJuaternaryj and have -an esUniated tbicH- 
 ness of 9,580 feet, 
 
Recokd of Geology of Texas, 1 88*7-1 896. 137 
 
 213. Hill, Eobeet T. 
 
 The Foraminiferal Origin of certain Cretaceous Limestones and 
 the Sequence of Sediments in North American Cretaceous. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. IV, pp. 174-177. Minneapolis, Sept., 
 1889. 
 
 During the Oretaeeous there were within the limits of the United States 
 two disitinot and long continued epochs of siibgidenoe. The deposits range 
 from arenaceous littorals "through arenaceous clay shales, clay shales and 
 calcareous shales, into culminating chalk deposits of great thickness and 
 extent." 
 
 In the i^ppermost Gretaceous rocks the chalky deposits of the Niobra/ra 
 horizon have heen noted in Kansas and elsewhere, and its continuation 
 through Texas into southwestei'n Arkansas is apparent* 
 
 In the Lower 'Oretaeeous strata of "pure unchanged chalk" are occa- 
 sionally found, hut most of the limestones are too hard to be called of a 
 chalky texture, though they are of chalky origin. 
 
 A microscopic examination of the limestones, in the geological labora- 
 tory of the lUnivfersity of Texas, brought out the following facts: "None 
 of the Lower Oretaeeous limestones except a few feet of the basal (Trin- 
 ity) saUids showed breeciate or layers in laminate structure, indicative of 
 littoral oiiigin or were accompanied by littoral faunas. All the other 
 Lower Cretaceous limestones are of a massive or pastry tex^ture, unlami- 
 nated, and of varying hardness and purity, and when microscopically exam- 
 ined show an a;bundance of foraminiferal remains im'bedded in a calcao'eous 
 (calcite) matrix. 
 
 "The foraminiferae always excestded in number the few molluscan :re- 
 mains, which were seldom found, thus clearly showing that these rocks are 
 of chalky origin.'' 
 ~ For the rocks of one horizon, consisting almost wholly of Tinoporus 
 VewarM, the name of Tinoporus Chalk is proposed. Mention is also made 
 of the ■ causes productive of the "excessive metamorphism" which these 
 rocks have undergone in several localities, as at Pilot Knob southeast of 
 Austin. 
 
 "In addition to the two great chalk deposits of the Upper and Lower 
 Oretaeeous, respectively, there are but three limestone horizon^ in the 
 entire ^edimefitation of the two .Cretaceous formations of the southwest 
 of other than foraminiferal origin, and they compose but a small fraction 
 of the entire thickness." Here follows a description of the "non-forami- 
 niiferal" limestones. 
 
 Of the strata constituting the Lower Oretaeeous, having a thickness of 
 over 2,000- feet, 1,500 feet are limestones, "all but a hundred feet of which 
 are of foraminiferal or semi-foraminiferal origin." 
 
 The paper closes with 'a paragraph on the sequence of the Oretaeeous 
 sediments. ' \ 
 
 213. 
 
 Paleontology of the Cretaceous Formations of Texas. 
 
 University of Texas, School of Geology, Pt. I, 10 pp. ; 3 plates. 
 Austin, 1889, 
 
138 Teansactiojts Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hill, Robert T. 
 
 Contents : Introduotion. The Oortianohe Series or Lower Cretaceous 
 Formation — The Shoal Greek (Vola) Limestone 'Fauna: iPeoten (Vola?) 
 iRoemeri, sp. nov. ; Pterocera Shumardi, sp. nov. ; Crioceras? (Aneyloeeras) 
 .Texanus, sp. nov. 
 
 314! r- 
 
 A Preliminary Annotated Check List of the Cretaxjeous Inverte- 
 brate Fossils of Texas, accompanied by a short description of the 
 Lithology and Stratigraphy of the System. 
 
 Geol. Surv. of Texas, Bulletin JTo. 4, pp. xxxi, 57. Austin, 
 
 1889. 
 
 Contents: Letter of Transmittal bj E. T. Dumble, State Geologist. 
 
 Introduction. Preliminary Notes upon the Cretaceous System of the 
 Texas Eegion: Present State of Knowledge of the Texas Cretaceous, Table 
 showing Theoretical Relation of the Cretaceous System of Texas to other 
 Cretaceous (Rocks of the United States, east of the Sieriras — ^1890, Explana- ' 
 tion of the Nomenclature in this Paper. 
 
 A Brief Description of the Stratigraphy and Rocks of the Cretaceous 
 Seri^ of Texas, 'based principally upon a, Preliminary Section along the 
 Colorado (River from near Smithwick Mills to IWehberville. 
 
 Progress Section illusitrating the Cretaceous System of Texas as inves- 
 tigated to January 1, 1890. 
 
 The Lower lor Comanche Series (Colorado iSection.) A. — The Trinity 
 (Division. B. — The .Frederiekslburg Division: The Basal Beds; Comanche 
 IPeak Sulbdivision: The Caprina 'Ohalk and Chalky liionestone Subdivision. 
 C. — The iWashita Division: > The Flagstones; The Upper Caprotina Lime-" 
 stone, or Austin Marble; The Washita or Fort Worth Limestone; The 
 Exogyra 'Arietina Clays; The Shoal Creek Limestone; The Denison Beds. 
 
 The Stratigraphy of the Comanche Series in general. 
 
 Tie lUppeJT or Black Prairie Series: 'The Lower Cross Timbers Sands; 
 The Eagle Ford Shales; The Austin-Dallas Chalk, or White Bock; The 
 lExogyra Ponderoaa Marls. General Conclusions on the Upper Cretaceous 
 " ISeries, 
 
 Annotated Cheek List. Tabular View of the 'Stratdgraphic Occurrence 
 of the Invertebrate Fossils of the Oretacabus Formations of Texas. List 
 of 'Faunas. (Reference Bibliography. 
 
 N'oticed in. Amer. Jour, of 'Sci., Ill, Vol. XXXIX, p. 521, June, 1890. 
 
 215. , and Penrosh, R. A. F., Jk. 
 
 Relation of the Uppermost Cretaceous Beds of the Eastern and 
 Southern United States, by Robert T. Hill; and the Tertiary Cre- 
 taceous Parting of Arkansas and Texas, by Robert T. Hill and Jl. 
 A. F. Penrose, Jr. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 468-473. 
 Kew Haven, Dec, 1889. 
 
 The Cretaceous outcrop at Arlmdelphia, .4rk. — ^A Cretaceous island. To 
 the southwest the areal exposures become moire extensive until in Central 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 139 
 
 Hill, Eobeet T. 
 
 and Southwest Texa,s they beeomie the prevalent surface formations. In- 
 crease in thickness. Between Arlcadelphia- and the Pasezoic area of Cen- 
 tral Texas there are 5000 feet of Upper and 'Lower Cretaceous deposits. 
 
 A Summary of lOretaceous Fojrmations: 
 y The Upper, or Black iPrairie Formation (Grulf Series). Made up of 
 five suhdivisions. Thickness of each and localities of occurrence. 
 
 The Lower, or Grand Prairie FoTmation (Comianche iSeries). Made up 
 of nine subdivisions. .Thickness of each and looalities of occurrence. 
 
 "The immediate objects of .this paper are to oaJil attention to (1) the 
 beds of jjhe uppei-most or glaueonitic division of the Upper OretaoeoUsi (2) 
 to th« important light they throw upon the Cretaceous beds of the Gulf 
 and Atlantic States east of the Mississippi, and (3) to the complete non- 
 ~- conformity by erosion and deposition that exists between them and -the 
 basal beds of the Southern States Tertiary.'' 
 
 The sequence of sediments during the Upper Cretaceous subsidence and 
 emergence. The Glauoonite beds. The Texas exposure on the Trinity in 
 Andei'son County. The Exogyra ponderosa Marls.. The Glauoonite beds 
 of New Jersey. Lamellibranohiate species common in America to Arkan- 
 sas, Texas, Mississiip.pi and the Lower Marl bed of New Jersey. None of 
 ■the characteristic fossils pf the New Jersey Cretaceous above the Lower 
 Marl bed occur in. the Arkansas-ffexas Cretaceous, The conclusion on 
 pftleontologio and lithologic grounds is "that .the uppermost beds of Arkan- 
 sas are the southwestern representative, perhaps the .direct , continuation, 
 of the lower marl beds of the New Jersey region, an opinion which is 
 strengthened by the stratigraphic evidence, which shows a complete un- 
 conformity between the uppermost Cretacdb.us of Arkansas and Texais north 
 of the Rio Grande. Alsio, that .a large part of the glaueonitic beds were 
 eroded, and their debris redeposited in the Eo-Lignitic or basal beds of the 
 Southern IStates Tertiary., The iron ores of the Southern Tertiary are 
 primarily derived from this source. This fact has been determined by 
 .mosit careful observation on .the part of Mr. R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., and 
 . the writer, in Texas and ,in Arkansas. The contacts in- the latter region are 
 described in full in my Arkansias Report, while those in Texas will soon 
 be published in Mr. Penrose's report to the State Geologist, Mr. E. T. 
 Dumble." . ' 
 
 Geography of the Texas Cretaceous. Suggestion as .to the use of the 
 term "Glaueonitic." 
 
 See Amer. Naturalist, Vol. 24, p. 769. 
 
 216. 
 
 'Classification, and Origin of the Chief Geographic Features of 
 the 'Texas Eegion. I. 
 
 •Amer. Geologist, Vol. V, pp. 9-39. Minneapolis, Jan., 1890. 
 
 Contents: (Introduction.) The Plains of Texas. The Coast Prai- 
 ries. The iSandy Lignitie, or Forest Area. The Black Prairie Region. 
 The Balcone^. The Shumard .Knobs. The Grand Prairie. The Central 
 Denuded .Region. Older 'iBock .Regions. The Red iBeds. The Abilene 
 lOguntry. The G^y.^sum country. The 'Llan? iBstacado or Staked Plains. 
 
140 Tbansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hill, Eobbet T. ' 
 
 "In this paper it is proposed to give a brief olassifloation of the topo- 
 graphic and geologic features of tlie extensive area of Texa.s. Evidently so 
 brief a mention of ibis vast region will be neither exhaustive nor detailed ; 
 It is a preliminary statement of ®ome of ,the great fesutures .which will be 
 more accurately delineated by those who> Avith better facilities, will -here- 
 after conduct accurate surveys of this region, which has as yet been only 
 partially reconnoitered." 
 
 217. 
 
 318. 
 
 lOlassification and Origin of the Chief Geographic Featares of the 
 Texas Eegion. II. 
 
 •Amer. Geologist, Vol. V., pp. 68-80.. Minneapolis, Feb., 1890. 
 
 Contents:' The Valleys of Erosion: The Oldor Valley of the Canadian : 
 The Older Valley of Hed Kivor* The 'River Terraces of the Black Prairie 
 and Eo-Lignitic Regions. The Lake Basins of the Trans-Pecos Mountain 
 R^ion. iMoiuntainous and Disturbed Regions: The Ouachita Mountains; 
 The Mountains of the Trans-Peoos Oounitry. Epitome of the Chief Topo- 
 graphic Areas Of the Texas (Region. (Talbulated.) 
 
 Eeport of. 
 
 First Ann. Eept. Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp.- Ixxxiii- 
 Ixxxviii. Austin, 1890, 
 
 Administrative iReport to the State Geologist. Geographic - and Topo- 
 graphic Work. iStratigraphic iWork. Reoonnoissianice. Cross-(8ecti6n 
 Work. Eponomie Investigations. Illustration.. Office Work. Work of 
 Assisitants: Mt. J. A. Taff; Mr. N. E. Drake; Mr. C. 'C. MdOullKiugh ; Mr. 
 J. S. Stone, 
 
 "In accordance with your request upon organization of the Survey, I 
 undertook, in February, 1889, * » * ,the study of the natural features 
 of those portions of the State known as the Black and Grand Prairie 
 regions and the aeoompanying Upper and Lower jCross Timlbers, all of 
 ■which are the surface features of the Creitaceous rocks, to which they owe 
 their topographic individuality, economic possibilities, ^nd conditions for 
 .human habitation. 
 
 , . * * * * * # * 
 
 "The extent and character of the region to be surveyed » * * em- 
 braced an area of over 7i2,512 square niiles, or over one-fourth {27.7S per 
 cent.) of the total area of the State — ^a region three times as large as the 
 combined area of Massachusetts and Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jer- 
 sey, and Delaware, or three times the size of West Virginia. Since it 
 would have been a physical impossiibility for the whole foroe_. employed 
 upon your .Survey to have covered this enormous area with even a recon- 
 nolssance, it became a matter of necessity that the region should be 
 divided into working districts, and the work of my assistants limited to 
 sofme certain portion. 
 
 "In accordance with the necessity, the total area was subdivided, there- 
 
Recojbd of Geologt of Texas, ISSt-lSQe. 141 
 
 HlLL^ EOBBHT T. 
 
 fara, into th« following ai-tiftcial divisions for working convenience. 
 
 "1. Northern District, or portion noirth of the ColoradiO, including 
 24,000 square miles. * * * 
 
 "The Northern District was chosen as the best adapted for preliminary 
 operations, and the work has been confined to that field." 
 
 219. 
 
 A Brief Description of the Cretaceous Eocks of Texas and their 
 Eeonomic [Value] TJsest Based principally upon a Preliminary 
 Section ^along the Colorado river from near Smithwick Milk, Bur- 
 net county, to Webberville, Trayis county. 
 
 First Ann. Kept. Geol. gurv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 103-141. 
 
 Austin, 1890. 
 
 Contents :i Synopsis. Introduction. Upper, or OBlack Prairie series. — 
 Geologic structure of the Black Prairie region; Lower Cross Timber sands; 
 Eagle IPord. clay shales; White Rock or Austin-Dallas chalk; lExogyra pon- 
 derosa marls; Upper arenaceous, o^r glauoonitic series. Lower, or Coman- 
 che series. — Trinity sands, or Upper Cross Timber idivision; The Freder- 
 icksburg division; (Baaal beds; ComaniOhe PeaJi beds; Oaprina chalk; The 
 rWashita division. — The Flagstones; The Upper Oaprotina limestone, or 
 Austin Marble; The Washita or Foft Worth limestone; The Exogyra 
 Arietina Clays; The Shoal Creek limestone; The Denison beds. Strati- 
 graphy of the Oomanche series in general. Progress section. Disturbances 
 of the strata, .iCeneral economic features. 
 
 "The two^ series of roeks comprising the Cretaceous System occupy the 
 area of the State known as the Black Prairie, the G-rand Prairie, and the 
 two Cross Timbers, and ulistudied areas in the eastern and Trans-Peoos 
 regions of the State. 
 
 "T;o these strata the State owes a la.rge' part of her agricultural and 
 croneral priosperity, for they are the foundation of the rich black wa;xy 
 and other calcareous' soils of, those regions. 
 
 "In addition to their agricultarai features they arethe most productive 
 source of building material, while adjacent to the iJarting between them, 
 extending the entire length of the IState and dependent upon their strati- 
 graphy, is a remarkable area of natural and artesian wells, as seen at 
 LPort Worth, Austin, Waco, Taylor, San Marcos and elsewhere. 
 
 "That these formations are of great economic value to the State is also 
 shown by the fact that they are the site of our principal inland cities, 
 and the rich agricultural soils which surround tham." Pp. 105-106. 
 
 320. 
 
 The Eagle Flats Formation and the Basin of the Trans-Pecos 
 Eegibn of Texas. (Abstract.)' 
 
 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 243. 
 1890. 
 
 "The portio-n of Texas .west of the Peoos river is described as a series 
 of complicated mountain disturbances, accompanied by much faulting and 
 
142 Teansactions Tbxas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hill, Robert T. 
 
 eruptive material. fPhe largest portion of the area, however, oonsiats of 
 extsE&ive flats lying between the mountains, which are shown to be almost 
 .recent lake beds drained of their waters, except in rare instances, where 
 salt lakes still occupy limited portions of these basins. The Quaternary or 
 later sediments of these former lakes are described as the Eagle Plats for- 
 mation." 
 
 331. , amd) Dumble, E. T. 
 
 The Igneous Eoeks of Central Texas. (Abstract.) 
 
 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p.' 242. 
 
 1890. 
 
 "Pilot Knob, Travis county, Texas, is described as the type of an inter- 
 mittent line of basaltic rocks often of columnar structure proti-uding 
 through the lOretaoeous limestones of Central Southern Texas from east 
 of Austin to the 'Rio G-rande. The age is shown to be iPost-Eoeene, and 
 the name Shumard system is proposed for this hitherto unclassified erupt- 
 ive itopographie feature. 
 
 "These eruptives ( !) extend a little north of east from the Rio G-rande 
 in the vicinity of Port Clark to Austin, Texas. The isolated eruptive areas 
 of iRoekwall county, Texas, and Pike county, Arkansas, are in line with 
 this system, and probably all are along a line of weakness in the earth's 
 crust which has apparently existed in this region* The time of (the erup- 
 
 222. 
 
 223. 
 
 tion is shown to have been" Post-Eocene.'' 
 
 The Geology of the Staked Plains of Texas, with a Description 
 of the Staked Plains Pormation. (Ahstract.) 
 
 Ptoc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 243. 
 1890. 
 
 "The Staked Plains are shown to be an extensive mesa, which was ~an 
 interior base level in late Tertiary or early Quaternary time. Its surface 
 is covered by a fresh-water laeustral sediment, consisting of loam and 
 gravel, for which the name of the 'Staked Plains formation ds proposed." 
 
 The Geology of the Valley of the Upper Canadian from Tascosa, 
 Texas, to Tucumcari Mountain, New' Mexico, with Notes on the 
 Age of the Same. (Abstract.) 
 
 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 243. 
 
 1890. 
 
 "This valley is ahowa to have been a more ancient piece (of) erosion 
 than that accomplished by the present river which flows through it. It is 
 from forty to sixty miles wide and eight hundred feet beneath the ancient 
 base level of the Staked Plains, and filled with a detrital deposit, for which 
 the local name of the Terra Blanca formation is proposed." 
 
Recoed op Geology op Texas, ISSY-lSOe. 143 
 
 224. Hill, Egbert T. 
 
 A Classification of the 'Topographic Features of Texas, with Ee- 
 marks upon the Area! Distrihution of the Geologic Formations. 
 (Abstract.) 
 
 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 343- 
 
 244. 1890. 
 
 "The Texas region is described and its topographic features defined as a 
 series of ancient base levels, striking approximately north and south, and 
 ■limited by two orographic systems, the more ancient and northern one 
 being the Ouachita system of Branner, in 'Arkansas and Indian Territory, 
 and the southern the mountains of northern Mexico and the Trans-Peoos 
 region of Texas. Certain conspicuous valleys of erosion are explained, and 
 the progress of d6nuda,tion descmbed. The , relation of this topographic 
 classification to the cultural possibilities of the region, and to the distri- 
 bution of the floras and faunas is also shown." 
 
 225. 
 
 Occurrence of Goniolina in the Comanche Series of the Texas 
 Cretaceous. 
 
 Amer. Joiif. of Science, III, Vol. XL, pp. 64-65. New Haven, 
 July, 1890. 
 
 "Por several years I have been puzzled by a peculiar organism which 
 occurs abundantly in the basal and media.1 beds of the Comanche series of 
 the Texas Cretaceous. This organism is preserved in chalky beds, of whose 
 lithologie character it partakes, and is about'ithe size and shape of ordi- 
 nary playing ma.rbles used by boyfe, except that it is slightly elongated, and 
 flattened at one end, where there is a circular depression resembling the 
 point of attachment between a fruit and its stem. The surface is minutely 
 pitted and ■reticulated." 
 
 When submitted to eminent paleontologists, it was pronounced an unde- 
 termined species of the genus Gtoniolina, D'Orbigny, but whether animal 
 or vegetable was a majfcter of doubt. One wrote: 
 
 "The fosisil you send belongs to a group whjch has puzzled paleontolo- 
 gists for inany years, and has been referred to almost every obscure group 
 of paleozoology and botany. They were named Groniolina by D'Orbigny, 
 who put them among the iForaminifera. Dr. -'White has shown me a 
 Ereneh publication by Dumortier in which a Jurassic species is referred 
 to the Grinoidea; Zittel says that Saporta has decided that they are the 
 fruit of Pandanus, or 'screw-pine.' My own opinion is that they are fruit 
 of some kind, and Saporta's reference is the most likely to be correct. 
 Yours should be Lower Cretaceous." 
 
 As it beo-ins in the Colorado river s.eotion in the lowest fossiliferous 
 horizon in the Fredericksburg and ranges through .450 feet to the base 
 of tlie Comanche Peak chalk; as the beds are all deep-sea deposits; as 
 -there are no lignites or other traces of land debris; and as the associated 
 moillascan forms are all of off-shore species, the conclusion is reached that 
 this cannot be the fruit of land vegetation. 
 
144 Teansactions Texas Academy or Science. 
 
 Hill, Robert T. 
 
 "Zittel refers the genus to the famiJy Cornuspiridae, of th,e Fora/tainifei'se, 
 and says ttat it is a Jurassic genus." 
 
 Its oocujrrenee in the Oomanche series of Texas is the first noted in 
 America. 
 
 226. 
 
 22r. 
 
 228. 
 
 Exploration of the Indian Territory and the Medial Third of 
 Eed Eiver. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. VI, pp. 252-253. Minneapolis, Oct., 
 1890. 
 
 A letter descriptive of a Eeoonnois&ance in Northern Texas and Southern 
 Indian .Territory. "The problems studied were (1) the westward deflec- 
 tion of the two Oretaceous embayments of the Arkansas-Texas region, and 
 (2) the, geology of the interior, region upon which the Orfetaceous sedi- 
 ments were laid down, and froai which they were derived." The follow- 
 ing statement is of more than ordinary interest : "It is also evident that 
 great disturbance has taken place even in Posit-Cretacic tames, for the 
 Ked river flows in a fault through Upper and Lower Cretacic rocks north 
 of Denison with a northern downthrow of nearly a thousand feet." 
 
 The Texas Cretaceous. 
 ■Oornespondenee. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol VI, pp. 353-254. iMinneapolis', Oct., 
 1890. 
 
 The object of- this letter was to correct a misleading sentence in a review 
 of the Author's "Cheek list of the Cretaceous (Fossils of Texas" (Amer. 
 rGeol., Vol. VI, p. 124), which ' reads :■ "The list proves evidently that all 
 the Cretafeeous strata in Texas are mare recent than the English Gault." 
 With reference to this. Professor Hill says: "Nowhere in the list do I 
 commit myself to an opinion as to European ^uivalency, for I become 
 more and more, each year, indisposed to correlate our Texan strata with 
 those of Europe alone. I do believe in trans-oeeanio oorrelation, when ' 
 trans-oceanic faunas are the same, but, it has been utterly impossible here- 
 tofore to even have a basis of comparison, without such a list as I have 
 endeavored to give." 
 
 Pilot Knoh : A Marine Cretaceous Volcano, with Notes on ifs 
 Petrography by J. F. Kemp. (.See Kemp, J. P.) 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. VI, pp. 286-294. Minneapolis, Nov., 
 1890. 
 
 This paper, illustrated with maps and figures, deals with "an interesting 
 Occurrence of ancient volcanic phenomena in the vicinity of Austin, Texas. 
 
 "Among the varied topographic features about Austin are some low 
 rounded hills which, appearing above the horizon of the Black Prairie 
 
Record of Geology ov Texas, 1887-1896. 145 
 
 Hill, Eobeet T. 
 
 seven miles southweat of the city, present a peeuliaj aspect. Upon closer 
 study these hills a.re found to consist of seveiial cusps of igneous rock 
 rising from a circular depressed area, of about 1,000 acres, and projecting 
 through and a'bove the chalky strata of the 'Black Prairie which surround 
 it on every side. * * * fp^e hills have .an altitude of 750 feet above 
 sea level, and 50 albove tlie surrounding prairie. 
 
 "They are composed of a hard black rock, the exact lithologio oonstitu- 
 tion of which, as shown by-iPTof. Kemp in the accompanying article, is that 
 of lim,burgite or nepheline basalt." 
 
 The .region "between the basaltic hills and the chalky perimiter of the 
 igneous area" is described, and the effect of the igneous outburst upon 
 the chalky rock shown. The Structural Features throwing light upon the 
 Age of Pilot Knob are discussed, and the relation .of this igneous outcrop 
 to others indicated^ The conclusion .reached is that "Pilot Knob is the 
 ueck of an ancient volcano which rose out of and deposited its debris in 
 the deep water .of the Upper Cretaceous sea." 
 
 229. 
 
 Eoads and the Material for their Coirstraetion in the Black Prai- 
 rie Region of Texas. 
 
 Bulletin of the University cf Texas, pp. 17-39; map. Austin, 
 ■n: d. [1890 ?] 
 
 Synopsis: 1. The Black Prairie SRegion of Texas geographically 
 defined. Its Geological .Structure and Origin of its 'Soil. Extent and 
 Agricultural Importance. Its fullest Development retarded by interrupted 
 Traffic! 
 
 2. iEoads and their Consbruotion. 'Wagon 'Ways the most essential 
 Highways. W.hat ooustitutes a good 'Hoadway. The Eoon'omic, 'Leg.isla- 
 •tive, 'ihigineering, and Geologic Aspect of iRoad Making considered. The 
 special Problems of Uoad Making in the 'Black Prairie Region. 
 
 3. The Material for the flonstruetion of Heads in the Black , Prairie 
 Region. iBaaalt. iGravels — ^Plateau Gravel, .River Gravel, 'Creek Gravel. 
 Limestones — Chalks, Chalky Limestone, and Marble. Marls — Oolites and 
 other Substances, General Conclusiions on the Relative Value of these 
 Materials. 
 
 230. 
 
 Contributioiis to the Geoilogy of the Southwest. 
 
 .Amer. Geologist, Vol. VII, pp. 119-122. Minneapolis, Feb., 
 1891. 
 
 Contents : The Altitude .of Mount Scott. A New Silurian Area of the 
 United States. The Age of the Comanche .Series. Cretaceous Inlicrs. A 
 New Source 'Of Ajrtesian Water in Texas. "Llano Esitacado," or "Staked 
 Plains." The Dakota Sandstone in Arkansas. 
 
 "A New Source of Artesian Water in Texas. In the American Journal 
 of Science for April, 1887, the writer puWished the preliminary announoe- 
 jnent of the Fort WorthiWaco ar(tesian area, wihioh is now known to 
 
146 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hii.Lj Egbert T. 
 
 extend from Denton to Del Rio, a distance of 500 miles, and to be one of 
 the most prolific artesian areas in the world, several hundred wells and 
 numerous rivers -which have their origin in fault-spriiigs like those at Del 
 iRio and San Antonio showing no appreciable diminution of the supply 
 which has its source in the Trinity sands at the base of the Oomanohe 
 series. During the past two months, from the wells, at Pottsboro and 
 Dallas, I have discovered that the Dakota sands are also the source of 
 another valuable artesian area, which/ though not so extensive as the 
 Fiort Worth-Waco area, will prove of great economic value to Texas." Pp. 
 120-121. 
 
 331. 
 
 332. 
 
 233. 
 
 ISTotes on tie Geology of the Southwest. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. VII, pp. 354-355. Minneapolis, Apr., 
 18M.' 
 
 Contents: Gold in the Indian Territory, The Mineral Resources of 
 Texas. 
 
 Attention - is called to . the "many valuable materials" in Texas worthy 
 of economic development; chalk, marl, greensands, gypsum, ooal, building 
 stone, etc. 
 
 While the .State is rich in the rarer minerals they have proved of little 
 quantity. This staitement applies especially to Tin and Platinum. 
 
 'The Comanche Series of the Texas-Arkansas Eegion. 
 
 Bulletin Amer. Geol. Soc, Vol. II, pjp. 503-538. May, 1891. 
 
 .Contents: Introductory Statement. Definition of Terranes: Consti- 
 tution of lUie 'Oomanehe .Series — The Trinity, or iBasal Division, Separa- 
 tion. The Trinity Sands, The Glen iRose Beds. — The Fredericksburg or 
 Comanche Peak Division, General Composition, The Paluxy Sands, The 
 Gryphaea Rock and Walnut Clays, The 'Comanche Peak Chalk; The 
 Caprina Limestone. The Goodland Limestone. — The Washita or Indian 
 Territory Division. General Asipect, The Kiamibia Clays or Schloenbachia 
 Beds, The Duelc Greek Chalk, The Fort Wor.th Limestone, The Denison 
 Beds. Variation in the Character of the Deposits. Subsidence recorded 
 in the 'Comanche 'Series. Stratigraphical Value of Terranes. Topographic 
 Expression of the Comanche Terranes. Age of the Comanche Series. 
 
 This paper was discussed by C. A. White, C. D. Waloott, and Cooper 
 Curtice. 
 •For (Review, see Amer. Geol., Vol. VIII, p. 259. 
 
 Notes on the Geology of the Southwest. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. VII, pp. 366-370. Minneapolis, June, 
 1891. 
 
 Contents: Thickness of the Upper Cretaceous Marls. 'Foraminifera of 
 the Texas Eegion. Recent (Indian Work-IShopa of Central Texas. The 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 147 
 
 Hill, Egbert T. — 
 
 Tertiary Basin of the Lower 'Rio (Grande, The Age 0f the Strata at Marhle 
 Falls and Shinbone Ridge. Aeolian Deposits of Eddy oounty, New Mexico. 
 Possible Uses of Lrignite. 
 
 Part III of the Pinal Eeports of the Artesian and Underflow 
 
 "It is impossible, owing to (the softness and lack of good exposures, to 
 
 measure by surface sections the thickness of the Upper Cretaceous beds in 
 
 Central Texas. An artesian well at Thorndale, however, penetrated 2000 
 
 feet of 'the (Jlauoonitic beds and Exogyra ponderosa marls." 
 
 The existence of Carboniferous rocks- at Shinibone ridge, as previously 
 announced, is verified by the determination of fossils such as Zaprentis, 
 ■Broductus aind other typical Carboniferous speoies. 
 
 234. 
 
 Preliminary Notes on 'the Topography and GTeology of Northern 
 Mexico and Southwest Texas, and New Mexico. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. VIII, pp. 133-141; 2 cuts. Minneapo- 
 lis, Sept., 1891. 
 
 Contents: Geograiphic rExtent of the Basin Region. The 'Mountains. 
 The Plain. The Lomas. The Conglomer.ate Terrace. Geologic Stj'ucture 
 of the (Region. The Main Mass 'of Mountain or Sierra Grande. rDhe Sierra 
 Ohiquita or Hog Back's. The Lomitos or Foot Hills. The Formation of 
 the Plain. The Valley Conglomerate or Terraces. The Basaltic or Vol- 
 canic IMeaas. ^ 
 
 "The topographic and geologic features of northern Mexico, and the 
 T.rans-Peeos region of Texas and New Mexico have been for several years 
 a subject of profound initeresit to the writer, who, notwithstanding much 
 study, involving thous-ands of miles of travel, still feels thait he can con- 
 "tribute only a few data conoerning this vast region, and that the main 
 facts and details of its structure are sitill unraveled, especially those 
 'relating bo orographic and igneous geology, and he presents the acoompainy- 
 in" description of a small but typical portion of the area, with the hope 
 that it may be of some assistance to those who are more com'petent to dis- 
 cuss as a whole the grander orographic features of our continent." P. 
 133. 
 
 235. 
 
 On the Occurrence of Artesian and other Underground Waters 
 in Texas, Eastern New Mexico, and Indian Territory, west of the 
 Ninety-seventh Meridian. 
 Investigational pp. 41-166, with numerous maps and illustrations. 
 Sen.aite Ex. Document 41, Pt. 3, 52d Cong., 1st Sess. Washing- 
 ton, May, 1892. 
 
 Contents. — Introduction: Letter to Chief Geologist. I. The Occur- 
 rence and availability of underground water: Influence of Topography 
 upon distribution of underground water; Water -conditions most favor- 
 able in la.ter (newer rook sheets). II. General Outline of the Texas-New 
 
148 Teansaciions Texas Academy of Science, 
 
 HiLL^ Egbert T. 
 
 Mexican region: The eastward division of the 'Ooast ward incline; The Moun- 
 tain systems; iRemnaiital plains of the (Llano Estacado ty.pe; The plateau 
 region; The hasin plains of the Grreat ■Basin and Mexican Plateau region. 
 III. Artesian oonditionS and structure of the eastern division of the coast- 
 ward incline: The coastal prairie; The Washington or Fayette prairies; 
 The East Texas far.est region; The plateau gravel; The river terraces; Tlie 
 Cretaceous prairies, including ibhe cross-timber regions; The Main Black 
 Prairie region; The northern division; The Austin-Dallas chalk, The Eagle 
 Pord prairies, the Lower Cross Timbers, Geological substructure of the 
 Black Prairies. The G-rand Prairie region, including the Upper Cross 
 Timbers — ^general outline and comparison with the Black Prairies: The 
 Indian Territory division; The Central or Port Worth division; The South- 
 ern or Edwards Plateau division; The Sfcocbton division; The altitudes of 
 the iG-rand Prairie. G-eologieal ■SfcrU'Oture of the Cretaceous Grand Prai- 
 rie? iThe Trinity division; The Trinity or Upper Cross Timber sands; 
 The Glen -Hose or Alternating beds; The Paluxy sands. The Comanche 
 Peak division or impervious beds; The Gryphaea rock and Walnut clays; 
 The Comanche Peak chalk; The Oaprina limestone; The Washita division. 
 Topographic Expression of the Comanche series : iWater conditions of the 
 Black and Grand prairies; The rivers of the Grand Prairie; The Mammoth 
 Springs of the San Antonio system, or natural artesian wells; The artesian 
 waters of the Blade and Grand prairies; Availability of ithe water sheets 
 of the Black and Grand Prairies; The water-bearing strata; The availabil- 
 ity of the water-bearing sheets;' The Dallas-Pottsboro Group or wells of 
 the (Lower Cross Timber flow; Extent and limitations of the area. Wells 
 of the (Fort Worth- Waco system: The shallower wells of the Paluxy flow; 
 The deeper wells of the Trinity flow (Fort -Worth- Waco) ; Developmentr 
 at iPort Worth and Waco; The wells of the Glen iRose Group; Five hun- 
 dred-foot wells of the Morgaii Group ; One thousand-foat wells of the Fort 
 Worth-McGregor Group; Deep wells of the Waco-Dallas Group; Artesian 
 failures in Grand and Black Prairie regions; Cottolusioni, etc., of artesian 
 conditions in Grand and 'Black Prairie Segions ; Artesian conditions south 
 of the Colorado. IV. Water conditions of the Rio Grande embayment. 
 V. The Water conditions of the central denuded region. VI. The Red 
 Beds or Oonoho-Abilene country: Extent and oonditions of the Red Beds 
 country; The Texas-iOklahoma division; The Pecos-Canadian division. 
 VII. Water oonditions of the Llano Estaoado region : Exitent and struct- 
 ure; The great water-bearing cap-sheet, or Llano Formation; Artesian 
 possibilities of the Llano Estaoado. VIII. IWater conditions of the Trans- 
 Peoos Basin region. IX.. Water oonditions of the mountain region: The 
 Raton-Las Vegias or plateau region; The Malpais or volcanic regions of New 
 Mexico. X. (Water conditions of Indian Territory, including Oklahoma: 
 Water oonditions of the hard limestone regions and other exceptional areas; 
 Springs of the Washita and Arbuclcle Mountains. 
 
 "The rtgion covered is so vast and embraces so many diverse conditions 
 influencing the water supply that I have been able only to treat it most 
 ■briefly. I feel, however, that in the accompanying pages I have at least 
 outlined the underlying principles of the water supply and pointed out their 
 availability. 
 
 "The region assigned the writer for investigation comprised Indian Ter- 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 149 
 
 HiLLj ROBEET T. 
 
 ritory (including lOldahoma), Texas, and iNew Mexico west ,of the nineity- 
 seventh meridian and east of the iRooky Mountains, including over 300,000 
 squiare miles. This area is such a vast extent that it was impoisai'ble 'to 
 traverse it thoroughly, even in a rapid manner, in the time allotted to the 
 ■work. The writer, however, has fortunately spent many years in its pre- 
 vious study, but still feels that this report can only be considered, with 
 the exception of the Grand (Prairie region, as a preliminary outline of the 
 water conditions. 
 
 "The area has been so little studied by geographers and geologists that 
 much time had to be devoted to tracing out and classifying its elememtary 
 geographic features ^as a funda-mental step to the geological and economic 
 s-tudies dependent thereonj Even the western limit of the investigation, 
 as defined in the organization of the work, is still problematioal, for the 
 iBocky 'Mountains proper oeaise to 'be a clearly d'eddned feature south of the 
 thirty-third degree of latitude, and are succeeded by an undefined system of 
 - unconnected mountain blocks and plains Which have not yet been satis- 
 factorily classified. * 
 
 "The reader of these pages should remember that the regi'ons discussed 
 are radically different in most natural aspects from the older inhabited por- 
 tion of the United States. It is far mlore different from New England than 
 is Japan. It has more points in common with Eurape than with the great 
 Mississiippi Valley. -The ehalli lands and downs of Texas are more related 
 to Prance than to the rocks of the adjacent Arkansas and Missouri States. 
 fDhis region of Texas, embracing nearly a third of the whole area of the 
 artesian investigation, has more diverse geologic features 'than most of the 
 remainder, which necessitates a disproportionate amount of consideration. 
 
 "The writer 'has endeavored to give only the laws of the occurremce and 
 distribution of water, leaving to the engineers the discussion of its utiliza- 
 tion. Neither is it within the provimoe of tliis investigation to enter into 
 an elaborate discussion of the minute geologic structure of this immense 
 area, but in order to comprehend its water conditions it is necessary that 
 such features be briefly described." Introduction, p. 47. 
 
 Noticed in the Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLiIV, p. 333, Oct., 1892. 
 
 236. 
 
 'The Geologic Evolution 'of the N'on-Mountainous Topography of 
 the Texas Eegioaa. .lAn Introduction to the Study of the Great 
 Plains. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, pp. 105-115. . Minneapolis, Aug., 
 
 18&2. 
 
 Synopsis: Texas, east of 'the Pecos, is a vaS't series lof plains, charac- 
 terized by sub-horizontal structure, the most extensive terranes of whicli 
 are Neozoic. The ":8taked Plains" may be viewed as a continuation of the 
 ■Great (Plains, and are oompotsed of Mesiozoie strata. The plains of the eaait- 
 ern border of the State are a continuation of the Atlantic coastal plain. 
 Each is charactei-ized by its own fauna, flora, etc. A section from Las 
 Vegas, N. M., to Galves'ton wUl give the details of 'deposition and dagreda- 
 tion of the regic^n* The only formaWws immediately bearing upo4 the- 
 
150 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Hill, Eobeet T. 
 
 ~ origin of the pla.ins are Neozsie, the product of alternate subsidence and 
 eleva;tion- During these time-intervals the process of land degradation, 
 sedimentation, and climate so varied aa to produce the present differences 
 in th« composition of formations, soils, .drainage growth, and topography. 
 Eevievv of our limited knowledge of the topographic features at the dose 
 of (Paleozoic time, Post-tPiateozoio land in the form of an isthmus or a 
 peninsular extended through the heart of Texas, and on its western shore 
 the "Ked Beds" were laid down. The Paleozoic rocks of Central Texas 
 are exposed in two areas, separated by Mesozoic rocks .which form the 
 divide between th,e fBrazos and Colorado rivers. In the northern area the 
 rooks aire Carbonifd'ous-Permian; in the southern they are exposed suc- 
 cessively down to the Algonkian. The .Archaean and Paleozoic formations 
 were completely covered by Mesozoic deposits and now occur- in a valley 
 of erosion surrounded on every .side by horizontal scarps of the Cretaceous. 
 The north and south Paleozoic rocks are an important factor in the evolu- 
 tion .of the topography of the plains, as it partially outlined the existing 
 surface features. It was a land barrier after the close of the Carbonifer- 
 ous. 'Subsidence began with the Lower Oretaoeous. 'During the invasion 
 of the sea the Comanche .Series .were laid down.. Oceanic waters covered 
 all of Texas, West Indies, etc. At ithe close of the Comanche there was 
 an uplift. Again there was a, loading of the coastal plain and the Upper 
 ^ Cretaceous was deposited, 
 
 During the subsidence the sea advanced interiorly, and the Texan and 
 .Great Plains regioms, including much of the Kocky (Mountain region, were 
 buried beneath 2,000 feet of sediment. At the close of the Cretaceous 
 another uplift took place^ followed by the deposition and subsidence of the 
 Eocene. "It is not known whether at the close of the Eocene there was any 
 *impoii-tant event, such as the elevation or subsidence of the coastal plain. 
 iWe have knowledge of only the basement history of the marine Eocene. 
 Its up'per contacts or gradation have never been studied or presented." 
 The condition of the coastal regio'n .during the Mio-Pliocene is obscure. 
 An imp,Oirta.nt ques.tion is raised concerning the Llano Estacado formation 
 wihether it was laid down lat marine or laeustral base-level. The author 
 has been unable to find oorrobor,g,.tive evidence of the laeustral theory. 
 The evidence points .to the identity in origin of certain ooast deposits with 
 those of the Great Plains. 
 
 During the Llano Estacado or 'Mio-iPliocene epoch the great fault line 
 extending from Austin to Del Hio was developed. Later, in the Appomattox 
 epoch, the shore liae crossed from Texarkana, via Austin and San Antoaiio, 
 west of Eagle Pas.? to the iRioGriandc.. Two river systems developed before 
 this epoch remained; the Canadian and the Pecos represent one, the Color- 
 ado, Brazos and the Ked rivers the , other. At the culmination of the 
 Appomattox, a third system w.as developed, represented by the San. (Gabriel, 
 Lampasas, Leon, Bosque, etc. The Columbian 'Epoch of the Pleistocene. 
 The upward movement of the land pat its close. Eeview of the present con- 
 .dition of the river systems; their drainage and denudation. .The part 
 played by the ancient Paleozoic iioor. The plains of Texas are the product 
 of oscillation, their topography of etching "by a series of consequent auto- 
 genetic drainage systems." The relation of denudation to the consolida- 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, ISST-lSOe. 151 
 
 Hill, Egbert T. 
 
 Won of the rocks. Faults and Joints. Wind erosion. The ^solution of 
 limestone and the f (wmation of ' "tepetate.'' ; • 
 
 337. 
 
 238. 
 
 239. 
 
 240. 
 
 W. M. Harvey. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, pp. 328-3'29. 'Minneapolis, Nov., 
 1892. 
 
 An obituary notice of Mr. W. M. Harvey, of Glen (Rose, Texas, who had 
 discovered and ooUeeted much valuable material bearing upon .the determi- 
 nation of the great Lower Oretaceous system in this country. "Through 
 liis patience as a collector, .many important results were secured in the 
 vicinity of Glen 'Rose, includit^ a looality where m'arine mollusca of the 
 Trinity formation * * * were associated with the Potomac flora .of 
 ithe north 'Atlantic States, and, above all, .wi'th the first determinable fossil 
 vertebrates from those beds,- including crocodile and fish i-emaina." 
 
 'The Deep Artesian Boring at Galveston, Texas. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLIV, pp. 406-409. New 
 • Haven, Nov., 1892. 
 
 Location of iGalveston. Nearly the entire depth of the well below the 
 sen-level. Section by Mr. 'Byrnes, the contiiactor (Eng. News, Aug. 2, 
 1892), covering a depth of 2863 feet. (Provisional interpretation:. ITorma- 
 tions represented — 'Coast Prairie 'Bods (Pleistocene) ; Fayette Sands of 
 'Penrose (Pliocene-Miocene); Lignitioi (Eocene). Last two hundi'ed feet 
 probably Eocene, but may be Upper Cretaceous. A brief discussion of 
 tliese formations. "The total subsidence ,of the old Eocene s.hore line, 
 according to this boring, has am.ounted to nearly three thousand feet." 
 
 The Third Texas Report. 
 'Correspondence. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, pp. 393-396. Minneapolis, Dec., 
 1893. 
 
 This ooT.respondence is for the purpose of correcting some statements 
 made in a .Review of the Third Annual IRepart of the Greologioal Survey 
 'of Texas, published in the American Geologist for 'November, 1892 (Vol. 
 X, pp. 311-3.16) ; .and. also to protest against the use of certain material in 
 the (Report itself without proper acknowledgment. 
 
 Notes on the Texas-New Mexico Eegion. 
 
 Bulletin Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. Ill, pp.- 85-100. 1892. 
 
 iCJontents : Introductory. The "iRaton-Lsus Vegas .Plateau. The IAs^tio 
 Estaoado. The Edwards Plateau. The Washington Prairies. The Rio 
 Grande Embayment. Basin Deposits of the lirans-iPeoos Region: lOhar- 
 
152 Tkansactions Texas Academy of Scibnob. 
 
 Hill, Egbert T. 
 
 aoter of tlie iBasins; .The Hueco-iOrgan iBasin; The Mesilla Basin; The 
 Jornado del Muento iBasin; The Eagle .Flats Baain; Valley of the Salt 
 Iiake Basin; Basin Mimbres. Probable Basins of the Peeos Valley. The 
 Volcanic Areas of eastern New Mexico. 
 
 "The present p,ap&r is intended to call attention to certain widely dis- 
 tributed features of the western Texas and eastern New Mexioan region' 
 not hitherto described. The .region treated embraces the country west of 
 the longitude and south of the latitude of the Oiiohita mountains (approx- 
 imately corresponding .with the thirty- fourth parallel). The features 'dis- 
 cussed are mostly non-m.ountainouiSj and of later age (Neocene) than the 
 latest mountain uplifts." P. 85. 
 
 "341. 
 
 '342. 
 
 The Ooal Fields of Texas. 
 
 [Mineral Besources df the TJ. S., 1891, pp. 326-338. Washing- 
 ton, 189.3. 
 
 *Eeprint, Manufacturers' Eecord, Baltimore, Jan. 13, 1893. 
 
 1 . The Carboniferous coals of the Central Texas region. Outcrops of 
 Coal Measures. The northernmost area. Counties- The southernmost 
 area. Counties.. The Texas area not a. portion of the Missourian coal 
 ■field. lExtent .of Texas ooal field firsit made .known by Dr. B. F. .Shumard. 
 Stratigraphy and succession of beds in the Brazos coal field published by 
 'Dr. C. .A. Ashburneir in the Trans, of the Amer. Inst, of Mining Engineers. 
 
 2. Cretaceous .and Laramie coal field. Eagle Pass ooal. Resemblarice 
 to coals .of the 'Boeky Mountain regiotn^ 
 
 3. The iLignd'te beds of Texas. The chief deposits coincident with the 
 Eocene Tertiary formation. Its general extent first outlined by Dr. B. F. 
 iShumiard. Dr. ;R. A. F. Penrose quoted on the "'San Tomays coal mine" 
 and the '^U'ses of lignite.". 
 
 Alt. iOlay Materials of the United States. Min. Eesources pf 
 the United 'States. 1891. 
 
 Flints from the 'Chalk Formations (of Texas), pp. 50'0-501. 
 Washington, 1893. 
 
 .Segregations of black flint nodules in 'the "Caprina limestone" of .Texas. 
 Limestone with flints occur extensively 'throughout Central Texas. Coun- 
 ties enumerated. Most aooessible looality in the west paj:t of 'Austin on the 
 'Colorado, and in the numerous limestone quarries of this locality. Hun- 
 dreds of tons of flint from the waste product. Importation and use of 
 flint in clay grinding and porcelain manufaoture. 
 
 343. 
 
 Art. lOlay 'Materials of the United States. Min. Eesources of 
 the U. S. 1891. 
 
 (Glay Materials of Texas), pp. 518-&33. Washington, 1893, 
 
Recoed of Geology ob- Texas, 1887-1896. 153 
 
 HlLL^ EOBBET T. 
 
 Conditions for ooourrenoe of rock fcaiolin good. Decomposed outcrops of 
 granite in 'Burnet, Llano, Gillespie .and Mason counties. Kaolin in Edwards 
 county-j Tertiary and Cretaceous clays of Eastern Texas. Terrace alluvial 
 and littoral deposits. 'Brick at Houston, Texarbana, Dallas, Waco and 
 Austin. Clay at Dallas. Clay beds of the Miocene. R. A. P. Penros-e quoted. 
 Geological horizon of heds. Their possible use. Clay's of the Eocene for- 
 mation. Tliickness of beds. Character of clay. Outcrops. Elgin brick. 
 CaltSarous clays of the Cretaceous. Deposits in the Eagle Ford shales. 
 Exposures. iPlaistie clays at the base of the Lower Cretaceous (Trinity). 
 Exposures. iClays of the Carboniferous and Permian. Clays of the Red 
 iBeds. Negative character of the Great Plains Tertiary. Clays in the 
 Trans-Pecos mountainous region. The Benton clays. Texas Clays from 
 the report of the State Geologist. 
 
 344. 
 
 The Cretaceous Formations of Mexico and their Eelations to 
 North American Geographic Development. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of 'Science, III, Vol. XLV, pp. 3^7-334. New 
 Haven, April, 1893. 
 
 (lAge and Homotaxial Eelations of the Comandhe 'Series in 
 Mexico and Texas, p. 313.) 
 
 The diverse opinions concerning the age of the Mexican Cretaceous. iFelix 
 and Leuk maintain the Neooomian age of the Tehuacan 'beds. Most Mexi- 
 can geologists apeak of the Hippurites limestone as probably Upper Cre- 
 taeeous. Prof. Heilprin maintains the Upper Cretaceous age of both the 
 Mexican and Texas Cretaceous. Bis mistake. Discussion. 
 
 "If those who doubt the Neooomiam position of the faunas of basal half 
 of 'the 'Comanche Series iwill compare my unpublished collections in the 
 possession of the Texas Geological Survey 'and at my rdsidencfe in Wash- 
 ington with the beautiful Cretaceous faunas of Portugal as illustrated 'by 
 Choff at they will no longer 'doubt the 'homotaxial identity of the beds, but 
 will be astonished at the wonderful and striking generic identity." 
 
 On p. 324 there is a, tabulated Sitatement of the "Known Piosition of the 
 Cretaceous and related Formations in Mexico" in which their occurrences 
 -in the United IStates (Texas) is shown. 
 
 345. 
 
 Paleontology of the Cretaceous Formations of Texas — ^^The Inver- 
 tebrate Paleontology of the Trinity Diviisio'n. , 
 
 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Vol. 
 VIII, pp. 9-40, pis. i-viii. June 3, 1893. 
 
 Contents : T. Sbra'tigraphic Divisions and Nomenclature of the Coman- 
 che iS'eries. Hi Posi'bion" and Charaoteristics of the Trinity Division. The 
 Basement 'Beds ot Trinity 'Sands proper. The Glen (Rose [Beds, Aggrega- 
 tions of 'Species in Great Beds. Goquina Beds. The Oyster Agglomerate. 
 The Vicarya Beds. Orbitulites Chalk. The Requienia ("Caprotina") 
 Limpstpne, Tbe Nerjn^g. Flags. IJI, Fossijs of the Trinity Division 
 
154 Tbansactions Texas Acabemy op Science. 
 
 Hill, Eobeet T. 
 
 (List Given). IV. Age and Significance of the Trinity Division. V. 
 I>6.=ieriptiou of iSpeeies. IVjra/minifera : PatelUna texana (Roemer). 
 iElehinodennata : Epiaster (?) sp. indet. Vermes: Serpula paUumsnsis 
 sp. nov. iMolIusooidea : Grenus indeterminate. Mollusoa : Anomia texana 
 sp. nov.; Ostrea frankUni Coquiand; Ostrea franklmi var. ragsdalei var. 
 nov.; Peoten stantoni sp. nov.; Modiola branneri sp. nov.; Leda (?) har- 
 veyi sp. nov. ; Gucullwa gratiota Hill ; Oucullma comanchensis sp. nov. ; 
 Cucullcea terminalis Conrad; Barhatia parva-missouriensis Hill; Trigonia 
 stolleyi sp. nov.; Trigonia crenulata fSiOemer ; Ghione (?) decepta sp. nov.; 
 Erlphyla pikensis Hill; liequienia teaeana (?) (Koemer) ; Monopleura 
 marcida and M. pinguiscula White; Gorhicula arkansaensis Hill; Gardium 
 (?) sermerense Hill; Prootooardia sp. indet.; Pholadoinya knoioUoni sp. 
 inov.; Pholadomya lerchi sp. nov.; Pleuromya (?) henselli sp. nov.; Isocar- 
 dia (?) medialis (Oonrad) ; Watica (?) tcoomm Conrad; Vivipariis {Nat- 
 ica?) co«sa-*oien-sis Hill; Gylindrites (?) sp. indet. ; Buccinopsis (?) pa/rryi 
 Conrad ; Tylostoma pedernalis ( Boeiper ) ; Vicp,rya branneri sp. nov. ; 'Neri- 
 ncea austinensis 'Roemer ; Neritina. sp. indet. ; 'Neiimayria walcotti Hill ; 
 AcoMthoo^ras (?) justinw sp. nov. 'Arthopoda: Gypridea texama sp. nov. 
 OPlantse: Undetermined species, ( "Giomiolina ?" of author's previous wrilt- 
 ings.) VI plates. , 
 
 'It has heretofcre been impossible to present faunal studies of the 
 paleontology of the various horizons of the Comanche Series owing to the 
 fact that ithe fundamental problems ooneerning the sequence and relative 
 importance of its suhdivisions had not been presented until lately, although 
 the identity of the series, as a whole, was made known dn 1886. Prior to 
 that time mostt of its fossils had been desca-ibed by iShumard, Roemer and 
 others, but it was supposed that the species all eame from beds which .were 
 in some manner equivalents of the upper Cretaceous o;r the well known 
 Meek and Hayden section. Since the writer ascertained thait the Comanche 
 Series was a distinct and lower Cretaceous fomiation he has spent several 
 years in studying the subdivisions and their extent, in ascertaining the 
 atratig'raphie iposition of the fossils or faunas already descriibed, and arriv- 
 ing at a rational system of nomenclature. (These steps were necessary 
 before the homotoxy of the series could l>e discussed." Pp. 9-10. 
 
 346. ■ 
 
 Tucumcari. 
 
 ( Correspondenoe. ) 
 Science, Vol xxii, pp. 23-35. July 14, 1893. 
 
 "The wffiiter fijrsit visited this historic locality in 1887, T)efore he had had 
 opportunity to define the Denison beds at the top of .his Lower Cretaceous 
 section in Northern Texas, and fell into the error, which others have not 
 escaped, of ooncluding, from the peculiar Jurassic-like Gryphaea dilatata, 
 Marcou, the only fossils found upon that visit, that 'the beds were JurasS'ic, 
 and so published his opinion. 
 
 "Later, however, after having had an opportunity bo complete his study 
 and arrangement of the stratigraphy of th» Comanche series in Central 
 Texas, he discovered in the Denison beds (Denison beds as originally defined 
 
Rkcobd of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 155 
 
 Hllil,, EOBBBT T. 
 
 and used by writer. Not the Benison beds of Taff, as used in an entirely 
 different meaning. Compare Bulletin of- Geological (Society of America, 
 Vol. II, p. 591, and Third Annual Report of Texas State Geological Sur- 
 vey) of his Washita Division, certain feaitures which led him to believe 
 that his early diagnosis of the Tuoumoari beds was erroneous, and that 
 they were really closely allied in .age to the Denison beds, iQnder this im- 
 pressiion,- which was communicated orally to all initerested, he ava,iled him- 
 self of the first opportunity to revisit Tucumcari, April 30, 1891. He then 
 discovered in association with 0. dilatata the list of additional species here- 
 with given, and, at earliesit opportunity, under date of May, 1892, pub- 
 lished, in a general discussion of the region, the following revision of his 
 previous oonclusioiisi, which was the first printed announcement of the 
 Cretaceous age of the 0. dilatata beds: — 
 
 "the TIUNITY SANDS AND RED BED REGIONS. 
 
 "The writer has twice visited the 'Mesa Tucumoari and found it a most 
 interesting geoloigical remnant of the former area of the Llano Estacado, 
 The table or summit deacrilbed by Caipl. Simpson is covered with the typical 
 'Llano Estacado formation, identioal in oomposition and formerly contin- 
 uous with the sheet which covers the Llano proper, some 20 miles distant. 
 Tielyw this is a vertical escarpment of 50 feet or more of typical 
 Dalcota sandstone resting upon loose sands and days, forming a slope iden^ 
 tical in aspect and fossil remains with the Denison beds of the Washita 
 Division, which have been eroded away from the 400 miles intervening 
 between it and the main body of those beds at Denison, 'Texas. (Beneath 
 this is a large deposit of the typical Trinity sands ooimtry of (For "country 
 of" read "consisting of" — ^a typographical error.) .white pack sands, thin 
 clay seams, and flagstones, while the base is composed of the typical Ver- 
 million sandy clays of the Hied OBeds." 
 
 'Misquotation, in the Third Annual Report of the (Texas) Geological 
 Survey, and in Science of May 26, 1893, p. 283. Outline of the region and 
 its broader problems in -Bulletin of the Geological 'Society of Amerioa enti- 
 tled "Notes on the Texas-New Mexico iRegion." Section of Tucumcari 
 Mesa. List of (Fossils. List of fossils published in the Texas -Reports. 
 
 "Fina,lly, the writer wis-has to state that he is not prepared, nor does he 
 desire, to -wiite a final treatise o-n the Tucumcari, which can never be 
 properly related until the atlas-sheets of the United States. Geological 
 Survey are completed -for the region. fTuQumoaTi is but a singlie sta- 
 tion in the vast group 'of phenomena belonging to the depositi-ojx and 
 dagi'adati'on of the Las Vegas and Llano Estacado Plateaus and the Cana- 
 dian Valley, and to be properly undenstoiod it would be necesisary to write 
 a treatise on the whole region. One thing is settled beyond all -doubt in 
 my nrind, however, and that is that the G. dilatata beds of the region do 
 not belong to the Jurassic, .but are undoubtedly of 'Cretaceous age. On the 
 other hand, it may also Ibe safely assum-ed that the Gryphsea dilatata, Sow. 
 of -Maroou, is not the S-arne -as G. pitcheri, Morton, as has been asserted by 
 many -authoris, -nor does lit occur in the iCret£|,ceous beds of Central Texas, 
 so far as the writer is -aware. But this is a question which cannot be 
 discussed intelligibly until a thorough revision of the Grypsaas is made. 
 
156 Tbansactions Texas Academy iq^p Science. 
 
 Hill, Robert T. 
 
 "In eonolusiion, ipermit me to say that there is not one trace of the 
 Jurassic formation over .the Texas region, as Mr. Marcou so pos.itiyely 
 afflrma, and, furthermore, there is no evideniffe that it wa-s ever there, the 
 whole trend of the testimony being to show that that region was land ^ 
 during the Jurassic period." 
 
 247. 
 
 248. 
 
 349. 
 
 Tlie Paleontology of the ■Cretaceous Formations of Texas. — The 
 Invertebrate Fossils O'f the 'Caprinu Limestone Beds. 
 
 Proceedings o'f the Biological 'Society of Washington, Vol. 
 VIII, pp. 97-108, pis. xii-xiii-. July SO, 1893. 
 
 iComtents: I. 'Stratigraphic Position of the Oaprina Limestone Beds in 
 the ■Comanche iSeries. II. Charaetferistic ■Foas.ils. (List of s.peoies from 
 the Kudistes ih'orizon at Austin, etc.) Ohamidae, iRudis'tae. III. Age of 
 the iCaprina Limestone Beds. IV. 'Description of iSipecies:" Ostrea mun- 
 soni sp. nov. ; RadioKtes davidsoni, sp. nov. Plates 
 
 "About midway in .the column composing ithe Odmanche series or Lower 
 Cretaceous of Texas, and oonstituting the uppermosit member of the Fred- 
 ericksburg division (Comanche Peak group Orf Shumard in part), there is 
 a peculiar group of strata known as 'the Oaprina limestone of Shumard. 
 
 "Dr. (Shumard placed the bed in the Upper Cretaceous, at the very top 
 of the whole of the fifteen or more subdivisions- of the two gi'eat formations 
 of Texas, instead of in the middle of the lower series, -where it belongs." 
 Pp. 97-98. 
 
 ■The Caprina limestone is now known as rthe Edwards limestone, a geo- 
 graphic name having been substituted for Shumard's term. iSee Hill and 
 Vaughan, "Geology ,of the Edwards Plateau," etc., 18th Ann. Rept. U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Pt. 11, p. 227, note. 1898. 
 
 The Goal -Fields of Texas. 
 
 ■Mineral iBesources of the U. S., 189'2, p'p. 507-509. Washing- 
 ton, 189'3. 
 
 No liter'ature since the last repont. . Texas Geological Survey discon- 
 tinued. Development of the Central Texas coal field has progressed in 
 Parker and Erath counties. Cretaceous coal field in the vicinity of Eagle 
 Pass has been further prospected. Interest in the utilization of Tertiary 
 and Cretaceous lignites. Oottclusions quoted from Report on Brown 
 ■Coal and Lignite bj E. T. Dumble, State Geologist (p. 230). Report does 
 not deal with cost of pnoduction and m^anipulation. It has not been shown 
 that lignites can enter seriously into competition with the true coals of the 
 region, or -that they can be profitably used except loeally. " One of the chief 
 obstacles .to their utUizatlon is the large amount of water 1;hey contain. 
 
 Art. ,01ay Materials of the United States. I'Mineral Eesourees 
 ■of 'the U. S. 1892. 
 
 (■Olay Materials of Texas), pp. 735-737, Washington, 1893, 
 
Rbcoed of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896. 157 
 
 Hill, Egbert T. 
 
 ■Mr. N". F. Braik* quoted on the 'Cai-baniferous clays of the Colorado Goal 
 Field (F-ourth Ann. Rept. of .the Geo'l. Surv., of Texas, Pt. I, p. 439). 
 ■ Mr. W. Kennedy quoted on the briek olaya in Grimes and iRobertson coun- 
 ties (Fourth 'Ajin. Kept, of the Geol. iSurv. of Texas, Pt. I, pp. 30, 79) . Vit- 
 rified Briek. iPaleozoie shales. 
 
 250. '— 
 
 Gealogy of Parts of 'Texas, Indian Territory and Arkansas adja- 
 cent to Red River. 
 
 Bulletin Geol. 'Soc. Amer., Vol. V, pp. ^9-7-338; pi. 13-13; 
 pi. 1'3. 1894. 
 
 Contents: Comprehensive Position of the iRegLon geologically. Physi- 
 ographic Features: Topography, Drainage; Forest Growth and its Rela- 
 tion to Geologic Structure. Geologic Fornmtions and JSuccesision. Typical 
 Geologic ISeotiona : Preston Section — iTrinity Sands, Walnut Clays, Good- 
 land Limestone, Beds of the Washita Division, .Lower Cross Timber (or 
 'Dakota) Sands, Eagle Ford Shales, Aiustin Chalk, iReview of the Section 
 topographically. Paris Section — Ultima Thule Section — Antoine Section 
 — iRockiport Section. Extent and Topographic Expression of the Terranes. 
 'Fault Systems and their Influence on Topography and Areal Geology. 
 ■Variation of 'Sedimentation away from Ouchita Shoreline. ■. Washita Divis- 
 - ion of the Comianohe Series: Relation to other Divisiions, Extent of^the 
 Wiashita- Compariso'il of Austin 'and-Denision Sections. Austin 'Section: 
 Shoal Creek Limestone; Exogyra arietina Beds, Fort Worth Limestones. 
 Denison Section:' Kiamitia Clays, Duck Creek 'Chalk, Fort Worth Lime- 
 stones, Denison Beds. General Remarks on the 'Sections. 'Western Shore- 
 line of the Washita Division. 'Oscillations of Land and Sea recorded in the 
 Region. Conolnsions as 'to the 'Cretaceous Seotion. 
 
 On pp. 337-338 of this article will' be fo'iind a list of papers to date, pub- 
 lisihed by Professior Hill on the Geology of the Texas Region. 
 
 351. HiLLEBEAND, W. J?. 
 
 New Anialyses of Uraiiini'te. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Seienee, III, Vol. XLII, pp. 390-393. Few 
 Haven, Nov., 1891. 
 
 Since the publication of p. former paper on the occurrence of nitrogen 
 in uraninite and on the composition of uraniinite in general no advance 
 has been made towards clearing up the mystery surrounding the oomposi- 
 tion of tliat mineral, although considerable work has been done in certain 
 directions, ^^ome of which is of suflfioient interest to be produced laiter in a 
 separate publiqation. In addition, several analyses of uraninite have been 
 made, the roajterial being, in part from localities hitherto unrepresented by 
 analytical data, and these form the .subject of 'the present paper. 
 
 "A first glance suiflc-ed to show that the specimens were not frgsh, and 
 that therefore analysis oould' throw .no lighit on the ultimate composition of 
 'the mineral, but valuable data .to be obtained as to the presence pi or 
 absence of nitrogen and of the rare earths fuirn'ished ample excuse for the 
 work." 
 
158 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 HiLLEBRAND, W. P. 
 
 I. LLANO COUNTY, TEXAS. 
 
 a 6 
 
 Hli-IiEBKAND. HIDDEN AND MACKENTOSH. 
 
 UO3 44.17 46.75 
 
 UOa 20.89 19.89 
 
 Th Oa 6.69 7.57 
 
 ZrOs 0.34 
 
 Ce Oa 0.34 
 
 La group 2.36 
 
 Y group y. 9.46'.-. 11.22* 
 
 OaO 0.32 
 
 PbO 10.08 10.16 
 
 Ha O 1.48 2.54 (ign.) 
 
 N 0.54 
 
 SiO^ 0.468 
 
 Insol..... 1.478 1.22 
 
 Fe, 0„ 0.14 0.58 
 
 252. 
 
 98.74 99.93 
 
 Sp. G 8.29 , 8.01 
 
 1. At. weight, 111.4. 2. From thoroguimmite. 3. iMJainly fergiisonite. 
 4. At. wdght, 124.2. 
 
 "No. la is a re-analysis of nivenite from Llano county, Texas, the mate- 
 rial for which was Icindly giveii. Iby Mr. W. E. Hidden. It agrees in 
 the main with the original analysis of this variety by Hidden and Maek- 
 en-tosh, which is reproduced under I&, aiid it confirms the presence of 
 nitrogen, suspected but not proven by them. A small remnant of their 
 original poiwdered sample gave me 0.52 per cent, of nitrogen- In a 
 the earths appear in slightly grea,ter total amount than in h, and they 
 are more subdivided into groups and elements, iwhieh accounts fully for 
 the difference between the atomic weights of the metals of the yttrium 
 group of the two analyses. It was rendered certain by a second teat that 
 a group of eariths whose sulphates are insoluble in potassium sulphate other 
 than those of Th, Zr, and iCe is present. A very satisfactory turmeric paper 
 reaction for ziroonia was obtained in this analysis, as also in that next 
 following, which would go to show that the hypothetical Zr O2 of several 
 of my earlier analyses was probably in fact ziroonia. The cause oi the 
 iConsideriable loss shown by the analysis is not known. It may be men- 
 tioned that nivenite is more soluble than any uraninite heretofore exam- 
 ined by me, not even excepting cleveite. One hour sufficed for complete 
 decomposition in very dilute sulphuric acid (1 H2 6O4 to 6 H2 0) at the 
 tenjperature of iboiling water." 
 
 Of the other specimens analysed, No. II is from Maaiietta, Greenville 
 county, ISouth iCaroHna; No. itl from Villeneuve mica mine, Ottowa county, 
 Province of Quebec, Canada, and No. IV from Johanngeorgenstadt, Saxony. 
 
 See Hiddna, W. E. On Maekentosliite, a new thorium and uran- 
 ium minera)I, with analyses by W. F. Hill^brand. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLVI, pp. 98-103.- New 
 Haven, Aug., 1893. 
 
Recoeu of G-eology 03? Texas, 188*7-1896. 159 
 
 353. HiLLEBEAND, W. P. 
 
 See Hidden, "W. E. and Hiille'bmnd, W. F. Description of Eow- 
 landite. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XL VI, pp. 308-312. New 
 Haven, Sept., 1893. 
 
 254. HlNTON/ElCHABD J. 
 
 A Report on the Preliminary Investigation to determine the 
 Proper Location T)f Artesiaa '"Wells within the Area of the Ninety- 
 seventh Meridian anldeasit of the Foot-hillg of the Bo'cky Mountains. 
 A Eeport of the Special Ageint in 'Charge. 
 
 51st Congress, 1st Session, Senate Ex. Doe. Wo. 333. 'Wiash- 
 ington, 1890. 
 
 (A ValnaWe Report from Western Texasi. P. 15.) 
 
 A brief summury of the Report imsude by Field Ag-ent F. E. Boesler., See 
 Title No. 344. 
 
 355. Hitchcock^ Charles H. 
 
 Geological Map of the United States and Part of Canada. 
 Compiled to illustrate the Scheme of Coloring and Nomenclature 
 recommended by the International Geological Congress. 
 
 Trana. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers, Vd. XV, pp. 465-488. 
 
 1887. 
 
 An explanation of the Map is given on the pag03 indicated. The Map 
 itself is 17x27 inches, and printed in color. Texas is included with the 
 other States. 
 
 356. Howell, Edwin E. i 
 
 Notice of two new Iron Meteorites from Hamilton County/ 
 -Texas, and Puquios, Chili, S. A. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XL, pp. 333-336. New 
 Haven, Sept., 1890. 
 
 The flrat mentioned specimen was secured from Dr. Edgar Everbart, of 
 the University of Texas, who wrote that it was found in 'Erath county, 
 'but, upon further ihveatigation, it appears that it really was found in 
 the northern pant of the adjoining county of Hamilton. i 
 
 History of its discovery.- Description of the Iron. Analysis by L. O. 
 . Eakins : 
 
 "Pe -86.54 
 
 Ni .': '■■■ 12.77 
 
 Ck) 0-63 
 
 Cu •• 0-02 
 
 ,p 0.16 
 
 S ■■"" 0.03 
 
 c ;::!;::;: ■ o-n 
 
 100.26 
 Specific giraVity, 7.95 at 27°." 
 
160 Teansactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 357. Hyatt, Alpheus. 
 
 Carboniferous 'Cephalopodis. 
 
 Second Ann. Kept, of the Geo]. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 337- 
 356. '37 figures. Austin, 1891. 
 
 iContents : Nautiloidea. G-oniatitinae. 
 
 The following outline will better sliow the scope of this paper : 
 
 iNautiloideas TemnocJieilus, Oonohiferous, n. s. ; T. Forbesianus, MeO. ; 
 T. latus, M. and iW. ; T. depressus, n. s. ; T. crassus, n. s. ; Metacooeras cav- 
 atiformis, n. s.; M. duhium, n. s. ; M. Wal'o&tti, n. s. ; M. Eayi, n. s.; M. 
 inconspiouum, n. s.; Tainooeras cavatum, n. .s. Domatoeerras, n. g. D. um- 
 hiUcatum, n. a. Asymtooeras. A. Neinloni,. 'n.. ».; Phacoceras Dumbli, n. a. 
 'Bphippioeeras. E. divisum, W. and St. J. Endolobus. E. giVbosus, n. s. 
 Groniatitinae. Gastrioeeras. Q. compressum, n. s. 
 
 "The following descriptions, aeoompanied by figures in outline, were 
 jtaken from a loolleetion forwarded by Mr. E. T. iDumble, State Geologist of 
 Texas, and other fossils which were in my possession as loans from the 
 National Museum and va,Tious persons referred to in the text. These "forms 
 being extremely limited in their chronological distribution, and, therefore, 
 very helpful in distinguishing the age of the rocks in wihieh they are found, 
 it was thought best to have them all published in one treatise. This pro- 
 ceeding also enabled the author to make more satisfactory comparisons, 
 and as these comprise a larger number of species than has yet been got" 
 together in a single publication, it will be more satisfactory to working 
 geologists." P. 329. 
 
 258. • 
 
 259. 
 
 The Pauna of Tucumcari. 
 iCorrespondenoe . 
 
 Aimer. Geologist. Vol. XI, p. 281. Minneapolis, April, 
 1893. 
 
 "In an anticle in your March number, p. 213, 'Eemarks on a part of tihe 
 review of the Third Texas (Report,' by' Prof. Jules Maroou, I have been ■ 
 quoted as having said 'the fauna (meaning that of the Tucumcari region) 
 is an upper Jurassic fauna.' This quotation is correct, but as stated by 
 Professor Maroou, it was a vetbal opinion given in 1889. I do not see 
 why this should be cojisidered of any value, but since it has been twice 
 quoted * * * jt is only proper to state that I do not at present con- 
 sider myself qualified to give any opinion upon this question.'' 
 
 •Oarbonifeirous Oephalopods. Second' Paper. 
 
 Fourth Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892. Pt. II, 
 pp. 377-474. 35 cuts; plates xlTi-xMi, inclusive. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents : Introduction— -Explanation of Diagrams : Table I. Lettering 
 of Diagrams to illustrate Descriptive Terms. Table II. Ontogenetic 
 Terms- Table III. Summary of Terms. Ta;inoceratidae— Temnoeheilus. 
 T. conohiferus; T. ooocanus. Eoordicerajs^Group of Goliathumj Group of 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, 188V-1896. 161 
 
 Hyatt, Alpheus. 
 
 Transitorium. Metacooeras. M. vmloottij M. cavatiformis. Ta;in.oeeras. 
 T. cavatum; T. duttoni; T. quadrangulum. Trigonoceratidae — Trigonoee- 
 ras. lOoelonautilus (pars)j Foord, — Trematooeras ; iStrobooeras; Aphelece- 
 ras. Subelymenia; Diorugoeeras. Tribolooeratidae — ^Tribolooerais. Vesti- 
 nautllus, Eyokholt, — Coelonautilus, Foord, pars; Planetoceras ; 'Stearoce-. 
 ras. 8. gibbosum. Eineceratidae — ^Rineoeras; Lispooeras. L. trivolve; L. 
 rotundum. Thruiooceras. T. depressum; T. kentuohiense. Discitoceras; 
 Leurooeras; Phaooceras. Koninckiooeratidae — Koninokioooras ; Domatoee- 
 ras. D. Simplex; D. militarium. Stenopooeras. Coloceriatidae — Ooloeeras. 
 0. globulare. Solenocheilidae — lAipoceras; Oncodoceras; Ajgymptooeras ; 
 Solenooheilus. 8. kentuckiensis ; 8. coUectus. Eudooeratidae — ^Bndololbus; 
 Loplirooeras. Goniatitmsie—Glyphioceras cummmsi; G. incisum. Qustri- 
 ooeras entogonumf Paralegoceras. P. ioiwense. 
 
 "The description of tie fossils of the (Jeologioal Survey of Texas, in eon- 
 sequenee of tho numei-ous forms collected, and . their Importance to the 
 geologic history of the .Carboniferous in tliis country, has led me to give 
 a fuller history of the series than in ithe first paper with the same title as 
 ithis, whicb was published in the Second Annual Report of the Survey." 
 P. 379. 
 
 260. Jbemy, Gustav. 
 [Eeport.] 
 
 Eeports of Geologists for Southern Texas. 
 
 Texas Geol. and Min. Surv. Firsit Eept. of Progress, 
 1888, pp. 61-64. Austin, 1889. 
 
 Contents: T<^ography. Geology: Paleozoic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, 
 Tertiary, The Quaternary Formation, Eruptive Rocks. Oilconomic Products. 
 Useful iRooks and Minerals: iron, Building-stone, Lignite,' Mineral Waters 
 and Artesian Wells, Petroleum. 
 
 The area of which .this report treats embraces ten counties, viz : GHUes- 
 pie, Kerr, Kendall, Bexar, Blanco, Comal, Wilson, Guadalupe, Gonaales, 
 and Caldwell, situated between the Colorado and Nueces rivers. 
 
 361 . Johnson, Lawkence C. 
 
 The Iron Eegipns of Northern Louisiana and Eastern Texas. 
 
 House Ex. Doc. No. 195, 50th Oong., 1st Session, pp. 54; 
 1 Map. Washington, 1888. 
 
 Contents : Letter of the Secretary of the Interior. Letter of the Direc- 
 tor of the Geological Survey. Introduction. Stratigraphy of Northeast- 
 ern Texas and Northwestern Louisiana. Quaternary — The Orange iSand, 
 The Grand Gulf Series. Tertiary — The White Limestone, The Mansfield 
 Series, The Claiborne Series, .The Lignitie- Series. The Cretaceous Islands. 
 The Iron Regions. Varieties of Iron Ore — ^Nodular, Lacustrine, Impreg- 
 nations. Occurrence of Iron Ore in Texas — 'Anderson county, Henderson 
 county. Smith county, .Cherokee county. Rusk county, Harrison county, 
 Marion oounty. Occurrences of Iron Ores in Louisiana — Bossier ParL»h, 
 Webster Parish, Claiborne ^Parish, Union Parist, Ouachitia Parish, Lincoln 
 
162 Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Johnson, Laweencb C. 
 
 ■Pariah, Jackson Parish, Bienville Parish, Winn Parish, De Sota Parish, 
 CJaddo Parish. Other minerals of the Iron 'Regions — Gold and Silver, Lead, 
 Goal, Limestone, 'Clays, "Kaolin," Quartzites. Acknowledgments — ^Louis- 
 iana, Texas. 
 
 362. Jones, John F. 
 
 Production of Obal West of the Mississippi Eiver. 
 (Abstract of a Census Beport.) 
 [Coal in Texas.] 
 
 Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 51, p. 407. N". 
 Y., Apr. 4, 1891. 
 
 "The principal hody of bituminous coal in Texas lies in the no:rthern 
 central portion of the State, extending southwest from the Red river in 
 Montague county, to the Colorado livev. This basin is a oontinuation of 
 the great Fourth or [Western field, of wihich it forms the southern extremity. 
 It, is said to underlie the whole or portions of 35 counties, and embraces an 
 area of 12,000 square miles." 
 
 Worked in 1889 by the Texas and Pacific 'Coal lOo. in Erath county. 
 
 "The field next in importance * * * lies lalong the Rio Grande, 
 underlying the Webb, Dimmiit, Zavala, Uvalde, Medina and' Maverick 
 counties, known as the Nueces ooal field, and embraces about 3700 square 
 miles." The principal developments are at Santa Tomas and Eagle Pass. 
 
 "An extended area, bounded by lines drawn from Clarksburg ['Olarks- 
 ville], in iRed river county, sou'thweaterly to the iRio Grande, and thence 
 northeast to the Sabine Hiver, in Sabine county, is said .to contain import- 
 ant deposits of lignite." P. 407. 
 
 263. J. T. W. 
 
 Notp on the Geology of Hardeman County.* 
 
 Geol. and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. 1. Houston, Jan., 1889. 
 
 "References to Oretaeeoua and Quaternary 'formations." iProm Darbon's 
 'Record of N. A. Geol. for 1887, etc., Bull. U. S. Geol. 'Surv., No. 75, p. 98. 
 
 263a. Kain, C. Hbney. 
 
 (Eeport on a nearly White [Diatomaeeous] Eant'h, yery light in 
 Weight, from Croshy County, Texas.) 
 See titles ISFos. 6 and 440. 
 
 264. Kemp, J. P. 
 
 See Hill, E. T., Pilot Knob: A. Marine ■ Cretaceous Volcano, 
 with Notes on its Petrography, by J. P. Kemp. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. VI, pp. 286-294. Minneapolis, Noy., 
 1890. 
 
 Notes on a Nepheline Basalt, from Pilot Kn'ob, Texas, by 
 J. F. Kemp, pp. 292-294. 
 
Record op Geology of Texas, 188 7- 1896. 163 
 
 365. KJBNNEDT, "W. 
 
 Eeport of. \ 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. ciii- 
 CT. Ausitin, 1891. 
 
 Administrative Report.' Whe work done was largely that assigned him in 
 the letter of instruofcions from the State Geologist:' "The work to which 
 you are assigned for the present is the ooatinuation of the mapping of the 
 iron ore deposits of Eaatern Texas. You will, therefore, proceed bo .Cass 
 county, which is now partially finished, and complete it. Them make recon- 
 noissance of Bowie to determine amount of iron in thait county. 
 
 "In addition "to the mapping of these ores, you will make such observa- 
 tions in the clays and lignites as you are s^tile to do, thus prepaTing your- 
 self to take up their s:tudy in detail as soon .as the present wiork is com- 
 pleted." 
 
 The proposed reeonnoissance into Bowie county was abandoned, as it 
 was soon ascertained "that the existence of iron ore in that county was 
 problematic." The iron ores of Harrison county were also examined and 
 mapped, and the clay and lignite exposures visited, after which a few days 
 were spent in the vicinity of Jefferson, Marion county, investigating clay 
 and green sand marl deposits. Greneral geologic and topographic notes 
 were taken in connection with all the work. 
 
 266. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III. 
 
 Description of Counties. / Chapter I. Cass County. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 
 65-95. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: Preliminary notes. Topography. Stratigraphy.' - ^ 
 
 Iron ores : I. Laminated Ores. 11. Geode, or Nodular Concretionary, 
 Ores. I'll. Conglomerate Ores'. Table showing analyses. Discussion of 
 lAnulyses of Cass county Iron Ores. Ferruginous Sandaitone. Clays: 1, 
 Pottery Clay; 2, Fire Clays; 3, Brick Clay. Building Stone. Mineral 
 Springs. Lignite. , Greensand Marls. Timiber. Water Supply. 
 
 "The iron ore region of Cass county extends in a general though somewhat 
 irregular course from the southwest end of the county to the northeast. 
 In the southwest it covers a roughly shaped parallelogram extending along 
 the lower half of the Morris county line southward to the Marion county 
 line, thence eastward along the northern boundary of (Marion county for 
 several miles to near the crossing of the Texas .and Baciflc 'Railway. From 
 the northeast corner of this parallelogram a long, narrow, irregularly 
 shaped tongue or ridge extends northeasiterly to near the town of Atlanta, 
 when it widens out into a -rude soi-t of a triangle, having its northern side 
 somewihat parallel to the course of the Sulphur Fork of the Red River." 
 P. 65. 
 
164 Teansactions Tbxas Academy of Science. 
 
 267. Kennedy, W. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III. 
 Description of Counties. "Chapter II. Marion County. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Sury. of Texas, 1890, pp. 96- 
 IM. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents :' Intro ducitory. Geography and Topography. Economic mate- 
 riaJs: Iron Ores, Timber, Clays,^ (Analyses of Clays). Moulding Sands. 
 Greensand marls. Lignites. 
 
 "The iron ore deposits of Marion county belo;ng to the great belt of ores 
 lying in a generally northeast and southwest direction through- the various 
 counties composing the eaistern division of the State. 
 
 "These ores are chiefly of the geode, or nodular coneretiionary variety of 
 limonite, although the other varieties, laminated and conglomerate, are 
 present in considerable quantities." 'P. 100. 
 
 368. ^ 
 
 369. 
 
 Eeports of the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III. 
 Description of Counties. Chapter III. Harrison 'County. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp, 
 , 115-160. Austin, 1891. 
 
 ■Oontents: The Iron Ore iBegion. Topography. IStratigraphy. Iron 
 Ores: 1, La-Tninated Ore; 2, Geode or Nodular Concretionary Ore; 3, Con- 
 glomerate Ore. Analyses of Iron Ores. Ferruginous Sandstones. Clays: 
 1, Brick Clays or Brick Earths; 2, (Fire Clays; 3, Pottery Clays; 4, Mis- 
 cellaneous Clays. Building Stone. Greensand Marl. Lignite. Water 
 iSupply. Mineral Springs. Timber. 
 
 "The ore region of Harrison county appears to form the remnant 
 of an extensive plateau, which extended from the northern part of the 
 iState southward. This plateau-like region is cut off somewhat abruptly 
 towards the south and northeast portions of the county, and also shows 
 that a considerable amount of erosion has taken place in the norithern 
 part ,of the county. All that now remains is the narrow flat-topped ridge 
 extending from the western boundary of the county easitward to about seven 
 or eight miles north and east of the town of Marshall." P. 117. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron Ore District of Easit Texas. Part III. 
 Description of Counties. Chapter IV. Gregg County. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 
 161-173. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents*: Preliminary iReport on the Jron Ore Districts. Stratigraphy. 
 Iron Ores: 1. Laminated Ore. 2. Gsode or Nodular Concretionary Ore. 
 3. Conglomerate Ores. The Iron Ore Bearing Eegions. Lignites. Build- 
 ing Stones. Clays. Soils. Timber. 
 
 "The few cursory notes taken exhibit a similarity of structure with the 
 other counties lying to the east and northeast. The higher grounds of the 
 county are covered with a heterogeneous mixture of orange-red, yellow. 
 
Rbcokd of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896. 165 
 
 Kennedy, W. 
 
 and brown .sands, fragments of fepruginous sandstones of irregular sizes 
 and forms, and laminated iron ore with modules of concretionary iron ore, 
 many of which are brolcen into small fragments, and occasional boulders of 
 conglomerate ore. The lower, or grounds lying intermediate between the 
 ridges and the river bottom sands, are covered by a yellowish or brownish 
 colored sandy loam, oontaining occasional nodules of iron ore, and the 
 river bottom lands are chiefly made up of a silt or fine gray colored sand." 
 P. 161. 
 
 "The iron ores of Oregg county belong to the same classes of ores^— the 
 laminated, nodular or concretionary, and the ear^lomerate ores-^found 
 scattered throughiout the other counties of Eastern Texas." P. 164. 
 
 270. . 
 
 Eeports on fhe Iron Ore District ocf East Texas. Part III. 
 Description of Counties. Chapter V. Morris, Ups'hur, Woodi, Van 
 Zandt and Henderson Counties. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 
 
 173-303. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Oontents: (ilntroduction.) Morris County. Iron Ores. Analyses of 
 Iron Ores. Oreensand Marls. Lignites. Clays. Upshur County. Analy- 
 ses of Iron Ores. Wood County. Analyses of Iron Ores. Van Zandt 
 'County. Analyses of Iron Ores. Henderson County. Iron Ores. Analyses 
 of Iron Ores. Building Stone. Clays: 1. .Brick Clay. 2. Refactory 
 Clays. 3. Pottery Clays. 4. Miscellaneous Clays. Analy^s. The Clay 
 (Industry. Glass .Sand. Lignites. Analyses. Timber. 
 
 "The counties of Morris, Upshur, Wood, Van Zandt and Henderson mark 
 ithe northwestern limit o«f the iron region of ®aat Texas." P. 173. 
 
 Tlie iron ore areas in these counties are as follows: 
 
 1. Morris county 15 square miles. 
 
 2. Uipshur county 10 square mUes. 
 
 3. Wood county 25 square miles. 
 
 4. Van Zandt county 1 square mile. 
 
 5. Henderson county 19 square miles. 
 
 Total 70 square miles. 
 
 271.- 
 
 Eeport of (for 1891). 
 
 Geol. Surv. of Texas. Second Eeport of Pro.gress, 1891, pp. 
 
 55-69. Austin, 1892. - 
 
 Contents: Introduction. Greology: Recent; Quaternary; Pliocene; 
 Miocene; Eocene; Lower Eocene. Eooaomio Geology: Salt; lignite; 
 Iron Ores; Greensand Marls; Building Stones; Infusorial Ear.th; Clays. 
 
 "The work of the Survey in Bast Texas during the season of 1891 was 
 chiefly the determination of the different geological horizons found within 
 that area. Tlie examimition of some of the lignite deposits of Wood county 
 and a complete detailed examination and survey of Houston county were 
 also made during the season." P. 55. 
 
166 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 272. Kennedt, W. 
 
 Report of. 
 
 Third Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. Iviii- 
 lix. Austin, 1892. 
 
 AdminiatTative Report. The work assigned by the State iGreologisit for 
 the seas.on of 1891 was "The making of a detailed section across 'the Post- 
 Cretaceous deposits, from Terrell, in Kaufman .county, via Mineola, Tyler, 
 Lufkin, Oorrigan, and Oolmesneil, to .the Q-ulf." Persionnel of the Party. 
 Upon ithe completion of the section additional work was assigned in Hous- 
 ton, Leon, and Robertson counties. 
 
 273. 
 
 Houston County. 
 
 Thirdl Ann.. Bept. of the Geol. Surr. of Texas, 1891, pp. 3-40. 
 1 map; 1 fig. Austin, 1892. 
 
 'Oontents: Introductory. Geography and Topography: iGenenal Geol- 
 ogy. Recent. Quaternary. Prairies: East and Tyler Prairies. Nevill's 
 Prairie. [Section of Tyler's Prairie. iSeotion of Well on .NevillV Prairie. 
 Mustang Prairie. ,,Townsend Prairie. Drift. Miocene. lEocene. Murchison's 
 Prairie. Economic Geology. Soils. (Analyses.) Light Gray or Yellowish 
 Sandy Soil. The Dark Ashy Gray and Black Sandy Soil of the Prairies. 
 The Dark, almost Black, and Brownish Black Soils of the Second Bottom 
 Lands. Black and Brownish Black Sandy Clay Detrital iSoils of the Areas 
 subject to Overflow. The Brown or Red iSoils. Southeastern Pine Praiiio 
 Soil. Crawfishy Soils. Greenaamd (Marl. (Iron Ores. iCSonglomerate' Ores. 
 Analyses. Laminated Ores.' Clay Iron 'Stone. Lignites. Analyses. Local- 
 ities. Building Stones. Clays. Timber. Water Supply. 
 
 "In the First Annual ^Report of the Geological Survey of Texas the only 
 reference made to Houston county is a Short notice of Cook's mountain (a 
 high hill about two and a half .jniles .west of Crockett), and an outcropping 
 of shell-bearing sand about nine miles northeast of Crockett, on the old 
 San Antonio road. In the iSeoond Annual Report a more extended refer- 
 ence to the economic geology of this county is made in a preliminary 
 report by Mr. E. T: Dumble, State Geologist, which is taken for the most 
 part from the notes of Dr. Penrose- and the report of Dr. R. H. Lough- 
 ridge on 'Cotton Production of the Southern States, Teath Census, Vol. 5. 
 
 "The present report is a description of the difTerent features of the 
 geology of .the comity from the .standpoint of a much more detailed exam- 
 ination than has hitherto been made, during which it was ascertained that, 
 in addition to the conglomerate iron ores already described, thei'e are in 
 the county also laminated and oarbgnate ores, and that the soils can be 
 more properly presented under a difficult classification than that employed 
 previously. 
 
 "In .order to give the details as completely as desired, it has been found 
 necessary to repeat and enlarge some of .the work previously done." P. 5.. 
 
Record of Gkologt of Texas, 188'7-1896. 167 
 
 374. Kennedy, W. 
 
 A Section from Terrell, Kaufman County, to Sabine Pass on 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surr. of Texas, 1891, pp. 41-135, 
 3 figures. Ausitin, 1892. 
 
 Contents: Tntroduotory. General Dpseription. — ^Cretaceous. Eocene. 
 1. Basal or Wills Point Clays. 2. Lignitic Beds. 3. Marine Beds. 
 The Mount Selman Series. Oook^s Mountain Series. Section — Independenoe 
 to Dial. Section — Rusk Penitentiary Hill. New Birmingham Sec- 
 tion. lAlto Region Section. Miocene. Lufkin or Angelina County 
 iDepQsits. Fayette Sands. Fleming Beds. Pleistocene. Recent De- 
 posits. Flood Plains of Rivers. Coastal Prairies or Plains. Lacus- 
 trine J"ormations. Details of Section. — 1. From Terrell to Mineola, 
 along the Texas and Pacific (Railway, Grand Saline Region. From Grand 
 Saline East to iMineola. Section of WeU at Mineola. 2. Section from 
 'Mineola to Tyler along the Line of the InternationaJ and Great Norithern 
 Railway. 3. Section from Tyler iSouthward, along .the Line of the Tyler 
 Southea,stern Railway to Lufkin, Alto Section. From Aito southeas-t to 
 Lufkin, 4. Section from the Angelina River, in Angelina county, South, 
 to Oorrigan Station, in Polk county, along the Line of the Houston East 
 and West Texas Railway. 5, iSection from Corrigan -eaS'tward to Oolmes- 
 neil along the Line of the Trinity and Sabine Railway. 6. Section along 
 the Southern Pacific Railway, from Rockland to Sabine Pass. Elevation 
 of Stations and other Points along the Line of the Foregoing Seotion. 
 
 "In the First Annual Report of this Survey, Dr. Penrose, Geologist for 
 East Texas, examined the i^ivers crossing the Tertiary deposits, and 
 described the beds forming the sections shown along the Brazos, Colorado 
 and Rio Grande. The unifoim sequence of the various deposits, as exhib- 
 ited in these river sections, led to the general inference that these, or 
 deposits of a similar character, would be found extending clear across the 
 State, from the Louisiana line on the east to the Rio Grande on the west. 
 
 "While these river sections are very valuable in many respects, they do 
 not give a consecutive view of the whole of the beds constituting the 
 various divisions of the Tertiary and newer strata in iSouthern and Eastern 
 Texas. This is necessarily so, as the river banks have not, except at a 
 few places, sufficient height to disclose any continuous order of succession 
 of the- beds.' From the series of bluffs presented here and there, some- 
 times comparatively close together, but in many cases at long intervals 
 apart on the three rivers mentioned. Dr. Penrose constructed the sections 
 described by him in his preliminary report. 
 
 "With the twofold object of ascertaining the continuity of the deposits 
 through the tegion east of Dr. Penrose's Brazos river section, and filling 
 in the breaks necessarily left by him, in order to hiave as complete a sec- 
 tion across the Tertiary areas of the State as oould be obtained, I was 
 instructed to run a line southeasterly across these areas from the border 
 of the Cretaceous to the Gulf." P. 43, 
 
 "A very important oonsidenation was the necessity of having some data 
 as to the relative elevations of the different portions of the country through 
 which the lin« extended. Tie levels of the lines of the various railways 
 
168 TEANSA.CTIONS Tbxas Aoadbmy of Science. " 
 
 Kennedy, W. 
 
 running towards the coast in the most direct course eonforniable to the one 
 the sections were wanted^ offered the best data obtainable, and conse- 
 quently the line of the section was togun on the border of 'the Crebaeeoua 
 area three and a half oniles east of Terrell, in Kaufman county, and carried 
 along 'the following roads; 
 
 "1. From Terrell to Mineola, along the lineof the Texas and Paci- 
 fic Railway, in a general, east by south course 46 miles. 
 
 2. From 'Mineola to Tyler, along the International and Great 
 
 , iNorthern Railway, southerly , 25 miles. 
 
 3. From Tyler, southwestward, ithrougih Smith, Cherokee andl 
 
 'Angelina counties, to Lufkin, along 'the lineof the Tyler 
 
 (Southeastern ORailway 90 njiles. 
 
 4j 'From the Angelina river, south, along th4 'Houston East and 
 
 West Texas iRailway, to Corrigan, in Polk county 28 miles. 
 
 5. JProm Corrigan, east and southeast, along the Trinity and ' 
 
 Sabine [Railway, to Oolmesneil, 'in Tyler county 29 'miles. 
 
 6. J^rom (Rockland, on the Neahes river, south, along the Southern 
 
 Pacific Railway, to Sabine .Pass -.73 miles. 
 
 "This gives a total line of sections of 291 miles, in a course more or less 
 in accordance with the general dip qf the Tertiary and newer deposijts of 
 the 'State. In addition to the region in the immediate vicinity of the 
 section, many other places were examinefd, and where possible have been 
 brought into the line. 
 
 "The results arrived at may be briefly shown in the following table, 
 
 giving the thickness of the different series of deposits. 
 
 * ' * * # * * * 
 
 "I. Recent Material .^ 50 feet. 
 
 II. Quaternary — 
 
 1. 'Sands and gravels '. 60 feet. 
 
 2- Clays including the Coast Clays 100 feet. 160 feet. 
 
 III. Miocene ('tentSutively) Grand Gulf — 
 
 1. Blue limy .clays and gray sands oon'taining 
 
 fossil palm wood, seen at Fleming, in 
 
 Tyler county , 260 feet. 
 
 2. Fayette sands and sandstones 490 feet. 
 
 3. Angelina county beds, laminated blue gyp- 
 
 seous clays 100 ? feet. 
 
 850 feet. 
 
 IV. Eocene equivalent to Timber Belt beds — 
 
 L Marine deposits, divided into — 
 
 a. Upper, or Cook's Moun- 
 
 itain series 390 feet. 
 
 b. Lower, or Mount Selman 
 
 series 260 feet. 
 
 ' 650 feet. 
 
 2. Lignitic deiposits — 
 
 a. At Mineola 600 feet.^ 
 
 b. At Grand Saline 300 feet. 
 
 900 feet. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 169 
 
 Kennedy, W. 
 
 ST5. 
 
 376. 
 
 3. Basal Clays, or Wills Poinb 
 Clay 
 
 260 feet. 
 
 V. Cretaceous, found dn wells, at Grand 
 Saline 
 
 1810 feet. 
 367 feet. 
 
 Pp. 44-45. 
 
 
 Eeport on Grimes, Brazos, and Kobertson Counties. 
 Fourth Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1893, Pt. I, 
 pp. 3-84. 3 maps; 3 plates of sections. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Chapter I. Grimes 'County. Geography and Topogr&phy. 
 Praixies. Gfeneral Geology — '(1) Recent. (2) _ Quaternary. Navasota 
 Beds, (a) Upper Division, (b) liower Division. Eocene. Piedmont 
 Springs Area. Eoonoipac Geology — Soils. AUuvial Soil. Residual Soils. 
 1. The Grayish Brown and Dark Colored Calcareous Soils. 2. Gray 
 Upland Sandy Soils. 3. Black Calcareous Soils. Wallace Prairie. 
 Grimes Prairie. Navasota Prairie. Fuqua Prairie. Eioan Prairie. 'An- 
 derson Prairie. 4. Gray Sands of the Piedmont Springs Area. Building 
 Stones. 1. Hard Semi-Quartzitie and CIose-Grained Sandsitones. 2. The 
 Soft Thinly Bedded Calcareous Sandstones. 3. Upper Navasota Sand- 
 stones. Clay. Abrasive Materials. Lignite and Brown Coal. Timber. 
 Water Supply. Artesian Water. iMineral Springs. 
 
 Chapter II, Brazos County. Geography and Topography. General 
 Geology — Recent. Quaternary. Navasota Beds. Eocene. 1. Gray Sand- 
 stones. 2. Thinly Bedded Gray and Dark Gray Sandy Clays, Laminated 
 and Thinly Bedded Sands and Clays, with Thin Beds of Lignite and Gyp- 
 seous Clays. 3. Brown Ferruginous Greensand Marls, Greensands, and 
 Greenish Blue Clays. Economic Geology — ^Soils. Alluvial. Residual Soils. 
 Building Stones.i Clays. Brown Coal. Timber. Water Supply. Artesian 
 Wells. Navigable Streams. Mineral Springs. 
 
 Chapter III. Robertson Couaty. Geography and Topography. General 
 Geology — (Recent. Quaternary. (1) LSwer Deposits. (2) Upper Divis- , 
 ion. Tertiary. Basal Beds. Lignitic Beds. Marine Beds. Economic 
 Geology — ^Soils. Building Stones. Clays. Brown Oaal. Timber. Water 
 Supply. Mineral Springs. 
 
 Texas CTays and their Origin. 
 
 Science, Vol. xxii, pp. 397-300. Dec. 1, 1893. 
 
 Analyses of the clays of the Texas Tertiaries show that in most instances 
 the soda to exceed the potash in natios of 2 to 5 of soda to 1 of potash. 
 
 "As tlhis excess varies in the different divisions, the difference gen- 
 erally increasing as we ascend in the beds, while at the same time the 
 actual quantities of both decrease in the same ratio until the highest or 
 coastal clays are reached, when the amounts of both are largely increased. 
 
170 Transactions Texas Aoademt of Science.. 
 
 Kennedy, W. 
 
 I have been led to the opinion that itMs peculiarity might be due to the 
 origin of the materials forming these deposits, or that some clue to-tiheir 
 source might be obtained by a situdy of this phenomenon."^ 
 
 Per oent. of potash and soda in clays of New Jet^s«y, Ohio and Ken- 
 ■ tueky; im shales of Arkansas. Texas clays are sodic clays. Section of 
 the underlying depiosits of the Oreltaoeous age. Per oent. of potash and 
 soda in these deposits. 
 
 "Clays naturally partake of the nature of the roeks from which they 
 may have been derived, and the proportions of their constituents will in 
 the' same mianner be in a ratio more or less in acoordance with those of the 
 parent rock, the variations being due to the solubility of the constituent 
 and the number of changes to which it m,ay have been subjected during the 
 course of its transportation from the original locality to that in which We 
 may ftnd it. These changes are, however, sometimes ejctremely grea^t, as, 
 for instance, in the case «f loaolin. WUliams shows a kaolin in Arkansas, 
 evidently derived from a syenite containing 5.48 potash and 5.96 soda,, to 
 have only 0.23 potash and 0.37 soda. 
 
 "Simce, then, the Texas Tertiary clays appear to be sodic, where are we 
 to look for their sources ? Are they due to the destruction of the syenites 
 of Arkansas or the basaltic outbreaks of which Pilot Knob is a representa- 
 tive, or must they be traced to a. still more remote source among the 
 eruptive and intrusive rocks of western or Central Texas through the 
 meldia of the Cretaceous, 'Carboniferous and other stages found in Texas?" 
 
 The Tertiary deposits bear strong evidence of marine origin. Had this 
 condition of deposition anything to do -with the quantities of soda found in 
 the beds? 'Disoussioin. 
 
 Description of the five divfeions of the Texas Tertiary recognized by the 
 State Survey: Fii-st, the basal beds or "Will's Point clays; second, the 'lig- 
 nite beds; third, the marine beds; fourth, the Yegua beds; fifth, the Fay- 
 ette sands. The Fleming beds or Frio clays. The Coastal clays. "In 
 the Tertiary clays of Texas the proportions of soda exceed the potash as 
 3.19 of soda to 1.18 of potash." The per cent, of potash and soda in the 
 clays of the 'above formations. 
 
 "The quesition of the origin of these clays involves the existence of an 
 extensive land area of deposits in which the alkalies were strongly repre- 
 sented, and, assuming the solubility of the two to be approximately similar ' 
 (as a matter of fact the ipotash is slightly more soluble), one in which 
 thesoda was considerably rmore abundant than the potash. Again, through- 
 out the deposits and intenbedded with the clays we have heavy beds of 
 sand, miany of them almost pure quartz, and the greater portion of the 
 clays themselves are highly siliceous. * * » 
 
 "It appears to me that the most probable immediate sources of the mate- 
 rials entering into the composition of these Tertiary deposits are the under- 
 lying Cretaceous beds for the lowermost or basal Tertiary, and a partial 
 reworking of the older Tertiary with the Cretaceous materials for the 
 ppper or newer deposits.'' 
 
 A comparison of 'analyses of Tertiary and Cretaceous marls, and days. 
 The per cent, of lime in the Tertiary beds. 
 
 "It would thus appear that the structural conditions of the Basal beds 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 171 
 
 Kennedy, W. 
 
 and the Fiayette deposits, apart from any chemical evidence whatever, ibcars 
 out the assumption of these two divisions being derived from the Creta- 
 ceous. If we accept Dr. Penrose's theory that the iron ores and glauco- 
 nite of the marine beds are largely ,due to the destruction of the upper 
 glauconitie division or the green-sand of the Cretaceous, and in this theory, 
 from a long period of work among these beds, I am inclined to believe for 
 several reasons — one of which being the close affinity ehemioally and other- 
 wise of these beds. Then that will in a great measure dispose of the origin 
 of the middle grea<t division." 
 
 The conditions attendant upon the deposition of the Yegua clays and the 
 Lignitic beds. Comparison of composition of lignitic clays and greensand 
 
 277. 
 
 TFrom this, then, it would appear that while the greater portions of 
 these clays' and sands are derived from Cretaceous materials, these have 
 been mixed -with a small quantity of ingredients belonging to some of the 
 older formations through iwhich the lirger rivers ran; but the proportions- 
 of these older materials were so small as not to visibly affect the deposit 
 as whole." 
 
 The opinion is advanced that neither the syenitic rocks of Arkansas nor 
 the bas.altic outbreaks of the Texas Cretaceous forms the source of the 
 clays. 
 
 The Age of the Iron Ores of Basf'Texas. 
 
 Read before the Texas Academy of Science, Dec. 16, 1893. 
 Science, Vol. XXIII, pp. 23-25. Jan. 12, 1894. 
 
 The brown iron or limonite area of East Texas. Age of the deposits. 
 Pumpelly assigns them 'to the^ Quaternary (Vol. 15, 10th Census) . Proba- 
 ble reasons for this assignment. The work of Lawrence C. Johnson (Iron^ 
 Ores of iNorthern Louisiana an)d Eastern Texas (House Ex. Doc. Nio. 195, 
 50th 'Cong., 1st -Sess.) "This investigator appears to have been the first to 
 recognize the existence of two divisions among the ores. These he sepa- 
 rated, assigning the name of nodular ore to the one variety, and by the 
 term Icicustrine designated the other. This latter class he again divided 
 into 'laminated' and 'buff crumbly' ores, according to their'texture and 
 physical appearance. 
 
 "While dividing the ores into these two great divisions, he at the same 
 time placed them in different ages and under entirely different conditions. 
 The njodular ore Mr. Johnson considered as belonging to the lignitic Ter- 
 tiaiy, and we find him, after describing the ores of Marion county, saying: 
 'All this portion of the iron &eM, including Upshur, lOamp, Morris, Marion, 
 and Oass counties, is assigned ito the gjreat Lignitic of the Geological 
 column.'" (Loc. eit., p. 34.) 
 
 "The laminated ore, or, as he described it, the lacusifcrine ore, Mr. John- 
 son appears to place in the Quaternary, as, after describing the conditions 
 and modes of formation and deposition of such ores, he says: 'Such 
 deposits were produced at various stages of the Quaternary history of the 
 
172 Transactions Texas Acadbmy of Scibncb. 
 
 Kennedy, W. 
 
 regions under oonsideraitkin, and some ,of them pdssibly during the Ter- 
 tiary, and now that the strata are exposed to erosion, the hard insoluble 
 limonites resist it more successfully than the uneonsolidated sediments -in 
 whioh-bhey occur; the softer roel£s are, therefore, swept away, and the iron 
 deposits remain upon elevated plateaus, or huttes.' " 
 ^ Mr. Johnson seems iio have recognized the existence of extensive deposits 
 of conglomerate ore. ' They belong to every age from the Eocene Tertiary 
 to the recent. 
 
 "Dr. Penrose appears to agree with Johnson a,s to the age of the nodular 
 ores being lignitio Tertiary, but the whole of the laminated ores he places, - 
 and rightly so, in the glauoonitie or Claiborne Tertiary." iReferenee to 
 Penrose, Kept, on Iron Ores, Geol. Surv. of Ark., Vol. I, for 1892, pp. 
 105-106. 
 
 "Numerous and careful eraminaitions of these ore deposits througihouit 
 a great portion of east Texas, and particularly in Oass, Marion, Morris, 
 Upshur and Harrison counties, the region in which the nodular ores are 
 most extensively developed, have convinced me that these nodular ores 
 do not belong to thelignitic stage of the Eocene, but rather that they are 
 of the. same age as, or probably a little newer than, or derived from, the 
 lamin'ated ores, which, according to Mr. G. D. Harris's determination of 
 the fauna, are of lower (Claiborne age." 
 
 Descriptions of the Lignitic and Glauoonitie divisions. 
 
 "The general assumption of, the nodular ores beloinging to the lignitic 
 by both Johnson and Penrose appears to have arisen from the idea held 
 by both that the regions in which these ores occur in greatest abundance 
 are altogether occupied by -the clays and sands of that series. While it 
 is true that the deposits, of the lignitic stage are extensively developed in 
 Oasis, Maripn and Upshur, and in a more limited way in Morris and Har- 
 rison ' counties, the marine stage is also represented, and widely spread, 
 ■fragmemtary deposits of altered greensand and glauoonitie sandstones occur 
 within ithe limits of these counties. These fragmentary deposits often 'cover 
 several miles of territory, and their presence is always marked by 
 the occurrence of nodular ore and a greater or less extent of laminated 
 ore. This is usually in the form of very thin seams interstratified with 
 the sands or occurs in a fragmentary condition sieattered on the surface and 
 mixed with the geodes of nodular ore. 
 
 "In Oass county the brownish-yellow altered greensands occur in asso- 
 ciation with both nodular and laminated ore at the Berry Crawford mine 
 about a mile north of Atlanta. Here the section shows the nodular ore 
 overlying the laminated ore and the underlying altered greensand resting 
 direatly upon the uppermost deposits, of the lignitic series." 
 
 Other instances : In the neighborhood . of Linden ; at Ouaseta. Occur- 
 rence of ores in the northwestern portion of Cass and eastern portion of 
 Morris counties; in Marion and Harrison counties. 
 
 "It must, however, be admitted that as a general rule the heavier 
 deposits of nodular ore occupy positions lying at relatively lower levels 
 than the heavy deposits of laminated ores, and it also appears to be a 
 settled oondition thai while extensive deposits of nodular ore overlie these 
 beds, by far the most extensive aiid valuable of these nodular deposits 
 
Recoed of Geology of Texas, ISSY-lSOe. 173 
 
 Kennedy, W. 
 
 278. 
 
 occupy positions between the isolg,ted ridges, or what may he said to form 
 the broken ends of the marine beds. This, however, is to be expected, if 
 we are ito assume that these geodes or modules with their (Surrounding sands 
 are the products, or .the results of, erosion and consequent destruction of 
 the glauoonitie beds. 
 
 » - * * • » » * 
 
 ''In saying that none of these are deposits occurs beneath the thinly 
 atratified uppermosit lignitic beds, I do not mean to afBrm that no ore 
 occurs within the lignitic series, but simply that none of the great deposits 
 of nodular ore in Bast Texas which have hitherto been assigned to that 
 series belongs bo ithe lignitic Small deposits of a nodular variety of ore, 
 as well as clay iron-stone, do occur at several places within the lignitic 
 beds. These, however, lie at ooinsiderable depths, and are found amongst 
 the clays and sand of that s.eries in well digging and other deep excava- 
 'tions. These are not all clay ironJsto.ne3i nor carbonates, as has been 
 asserted, and throughout the extensive areas of the eas.tern division of the 
 'State, in whi-oh the ligniitic Sitrata form the surface deposits, no ore of 
 any kind has yet been found. The absence of these ores from the great 
 lignitic areas of 'Limesitone, Robertson, Smith, Harrison, Panola and other 
 counties certainly appears remarkaJble if .the nodular ores of Oass, Marion 
 and others belong to these deposits. 
 
 "While the question of the age of the nodular ores may form a, subject 
 for discussion, no such doubt or difiCleulty besets ttie age of the laminated 
 . ores of the region. These are altogether from top to bottom of Tertiary 
 age and of 'the lower Claiborne or marine Eocene whej-ever found." 
 
 Discussion of the origin and formation of the ores. 
 
 The Iron Ores of East Texas. 
 
 Trans. Amer. Inst, of Mining Eng., Vol. XXIV, pp. 258-388 
 and 862-863. 
 
 (Virginia Beaeh Meeting, February, 1894.) 
 
 Introductory: Mainly a history of the iron industry in Texas. Geology 
 of the Ore-iRegion. Age of the Ore-Beposits, Olassiflcation of the Ores. 
 Ohemieal Analyses of .the Ores : Table I. — Analyses of .Nodular Iron Ores. 
 Table II. — ^Analyses of Laminated Ores. Table XH. — .Analyses of Iron 
 Ores collected from East Texas, not included in Tables I and II. Table 
 IV. — .Analyses of Nodular Ores found in Cass, Marion, Upshur anil Har- 
 rison counties. Table V. — Aiialyses ott Laminated Ores from Morris, Har- 
 rison, Henderson, Andersoin, Cherokee, and Husk counties. Table VI. — ■ 
 Analyses of Pig-iron made from East Texas Iron Ores. Tests of Tensile 
 and Transverse (Strengths of Cast-Iron made at ..the Lone Star Furnace. . 
 Table VII. — Analyses of Limonites from Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, 
 Georgia, Sweden, Canada and Texas. Table VIII. — ^Comparative Par.tial 
 Analysis, showing Metallic Iron, Phosphorus, and Phospboirus Ratio of 
 Iron Ores Jrom .Southern Texas. sTable IX. — Oompanative Analyses of 
 Pier-Iron. Table X. — ^Furnace 'Returns, Showing Average Yield of Iron in 
 different Southern States. Methods and Cost of 'Mining and Production. 
 Cost of production in the South as calculated by Oarroll D. Wright 
 
174 Tbansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Kennedy, W. 
 
 ($10,755). Oost of manufaoture in Texas ($12.01). Fuel. Flux and 
 Markets. 
 
 iPosteript in vfMoh the cost of iron is made $9.50 instead of $12.01, the 
 decrease being largely due to the introduction of beehive ovens, which has 
 ^ cheapened the production of charcoal. 
 
 ('See following title.) ' 
 
 879. ^ 
 
 Iron Ores of Bast Texas. 
 
 Abstract of paper read before American Institute of Mining 
 Engineers. 
 
 Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 57, pp. 233-323, 
 
 N. Y., March 10, 1894. 
 
 An extensive series of iron ore deposits in nontheasitern Texas occupy 
 portions of nineteen oounities. Out of am area of 10,000 square miles about 
 1,000 are covered with iron ore. Topography of the region is "eompared to 
 a great plain sloping gently to the southeast, out into many flat' topped, 
 steep sided ridges and small tablelands by the numeroui water courses 
 which have their sources within the region, or .find their way through it." 
 A few hills reaah an altitude of over 700 feet above the sea, ''and their 
 ^ existence is due solely to the presence of an iron capping found either 
 lying upon the surface or beneath a thin covering of yellowish-brown sand. 
 This condition obtains mcstly through, the cet^tral and western portions." 
 In the northeas,t and along the eastern boundary of the area the hills have 
 ibeen eroded and the country lies at a lower level. 
 
 "Only two of the great geological divisions are represented — ^the Qua- 
 iternary or Pleistocene and the Eocene stage of the Tertiary*" 
 
 The iron ores are classed as limonites. They are divided into three 
 classes : iNodular, laminated and conglomerate. Each' class is described. 
 
 The Texas ores have "fair average metallic contents, a medium admixture 
 of silica and low percentages of 'both sulphur and phosphorus." Much of 
 the iron produced is within the Bessemer limit. The ores are easily mined. 
 The only fuel cheaply accessible is charcoal. 
 
 380. 
 
 Geology of Jefferson County, Texas. 
 
 Amer. Geologist. Vol. XIII, pp. 368-375. Minneapolis, 
 April, 1894. 
 
 Synopsis: Jefferson county lies in ithe extreme southeasitern corner 
 lof the State. It is low and flat, a greater portion scarcely above tide. 
 iThe altitude of iBeaumont, the county seat, is 26 feet. The lower half 
 of the county is marshy — ^suitable for rice growing — yet is used as a cattle 
 range. In the northeastern part of the county the long-leaf pine, cypress, and 
 magnolia are found. The climate is sujb-tropical. iShell-mounds occur along 
 the Neches. 'As ito the geology: The region belongs to the Coastal Clay 
 'Regions of the Texas &eologieal Survey, and is classed by MoQee as Colum- 
 bia — ^an exitension of the Port Hudson Clays of Louisiana. Discussion. 
 Section of a well at Beaumont 413 feet deep. A boring for oil and gas. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 188'7-lf 
 
 175 
 
 Kennedy, W. 
 
 281. 
 
 asa. 
 
 383. 
 
 The locality seleoted was 'a low mound five miles south of Beaumont. 
 '^Sour wells" along ,the base of the western side. lOharaoter of the waters. 
 iReasions for locating the boring here, ©epth 400 feet- Seotion. Hydro- 
 gen sulphide. Gas phenomenon sihown by a snmller iboring, 60 feet deep, 
 near the larger. Emission of gas and mud. 300 feat west of the well, at 
 the base of the mound, bhe same liquid, sandy mud was found, in excavat- 
 ing a pond, at the depth of 18 feet. In the bottom of the pond there were 
 many lumps of brown oleaginous mud, and gas viGinits, with a thin coating 
 of sulphur, as well as several small lumps of sulphur scattered through 
 clayey sand. iDeseription and peculiarities of tho mound. 
 
 Pt. 
 
 The Eopene Tertiary of Texas east of the Brazos Eiver. 
 Proceedings of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 
 
 I, pp. 89-160. Jan.-Mar., 1895 
 
 OReferenoes to the work of iHilgard (iG-eology of Mississippi) and to that 
 of Smith and Johnson (iBull. No. 43, U. S. Geol. Surv.) east of the Missis- 
 sippi. iTthe work of Penrose, 'Barris and Kennjedy in Texas. Oomparison 
 of the Alabajna and Texas sections. iHJarris's general seotion of the Eocene 
 iSeries of the ISouthern States. 
 
 I)«9criptions of the jFrio Clays, 'Fayette Sands, Yegua Clays, Marine 
 Beds, Lignitie Beds, and Basal Beds or Wills Point ClaySj togetheir with 
 numenous sections and lists of fossils. EesumS of -History. 
 
 E^NT, William. 
 
 Art. Gold and Silver. Min. Resources of the U. S. 1889-1890. 
 (Prodnietion of Gold and Silver in Texas, 1889-1890), p. 
 49. Washington, 1893. 
 
 'From a table showing the "Produotion of gold and silver in the United 
 States in 1889 and 1890," the following statistics axie taken: 
 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 State. 
 
 Eleventh 
 Census. 
 
 U. S. Mint. 
 
 Pine Ounces. 
 
 U. S. Coinage Value. 
 
 
 1889. 
 $6,828 
 
 1890. 
 
 1889. 
 323,438 
 
 1890. 
 300,000 
 
 1889. 
 J418,173 
 
 1890. 
 $387,878 
 
 
 
 Knowlton^ F. H. 
 
 Eeport on a small 'Collection of Fossil Plants from Old Port 
 Caddo Landing, on Little Cypress Bayou, Harrison County, Texas, 
 made by T. Wayland Vaughah. 
 
 American Geol., Vol. XVI, pp. 308-309. Minneapolis, Nov., 
 
 1895. 
 
 iSee No. 405, "Seotion of the Eocene wb Old Port Oaddo Landing, Harri- 
 son 'OoTinity, Texas," ©tc., by T. Wayland Vaughan. 
 
176 Transactions Texas Academ-t op Science. 
 
 384. KUNZ, GrBORGE PEEDEEIOK. 
 
 Art. Precious Stones. Min. Eesouroes of t'lie U. S. 1888. 
 (Gadolinite in Texas), pp. 582-583. Washington, 1890. 
 
 "This stone admits of a high polish, and is of a, deep velvet-Mack color. 
 During the last yesw large quantities of it were obtained near Bluifton, 
 in Llano county, Texas, twenty-two miles from Burnet. The occurrence 
 of this gadolinite was S'Omewihat similar to thait of allanite in Amherst 
 county, Virginia. It has more than ordinary interest fmom the fact that 
 it oonitains from 40 to 50 per cent, of yttria. 'About 1000 pounds were 
 found in a single pocket, associated with xeiiotime, fergusonite, and eux- 
 enite. One crystal weighed 11 pounds, another 13 pounds, and a single 
 group weighing 40 pounds was obtained. The 'produotions of this locality 
 exceeded in quality and size anything yet obtained." 
 
 285. 
 
 286. 
 
 287. 
 
 Mineralogical Notes. 
 ' (Topaz from Tezas.) 
 
 Trans. 'New York Academy of Sciencej Vol. XIII, pp. 144- 
 145. 'PA. 19, 1894. 
 
 Topaz from near Palestine, Texas. Desoriptions of five crystals. They 
 are believed to have been transported from some northeastern point. See 
 ithe title following. 
 
 'Topaz from Texas. . 
 
 Ainer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLVII, pp. 403-404. New 
 Haven, May, 1894. 
 
 [Desoription and measurements of several topaz crystals, "all more or 
 less rolled, showing that they had been taken from :tihe bed of some stream 
 or, brook. No other Information was given about them than that they 
 came from near Palestine, Texas, — evidently from the granite rocks." P. 
 403, 
 
 Art. Precious Stones. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1894. ' 
 Wonmetailie Products. 
 
 16th Ann. Eept., U. S. Geological Survey. Part IV. 
 (Amher in Texas), p. 603. Washington, 1895. 
 
 •A brief announcement of the discovery of "amber in small nodules'' near 
 Pendennis,' Lane county, Texas. 
 
 388. Leech^ i)E. Otto. 
 
 See Cummins, W. P., and Lereh, Otto. 
 
 A G-eological Survey of the Concho Country, State of Texas; 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. V, pp. 321-335. Minnneapolis, June^ 
 1890: 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, ISS^-lSQe. 177 
 
 389. liERCH, De. Otto. 
 
 Eemarks on tihe Geology of the Concho Country, State of Texas. 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. VII, pp. 73-117 ; 2 cuts. Minneapolis, 
 Feb., 1891. 
 
 A desoription of the beds between ibie Lower Oretacie, Trinity Sands of 
 Hill, and the Permian as exposed in the vicinity of San Angelo, Texas, for 
 whieb tibe name San Angelo Beds ia proposed. 
 
 290. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron iOre District of B'ast Texas. Part II. Fuels 
 .■and their Utilization. 'Ohapter II. Lignites and their Utiliza- 
 tion, with special references to the Texas Brown Coals. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 38-63. 
 Austin, 1891. , 
 
 CJontents : Inibroduetion. Distillation of Lignites : Tar and its Deriva- 
 tives, Parafine, Mineral Oil, Gas, Dyes. Lamp iBladc; Tanning Material; 
 iSugar .Refining; Fertilizers. Fuel: Ooke, Briquettes, Drying the Lig- 
 nites, Pressing the Briquettes; Lignites in Smelters; .Raw Lignite in the 
 iManufaoture of Steel. Ooeurrence of Texas Lignites. Comparison of Lig- 
 nites: Analyses. Method of Analysis. Literature: Paraflnes, Mineral 
 Oils, and Tar; Lignites — iHeating Effects of; Blacking; Tanning; Illum- 
 inating Gas; Utilization of Lignites in Smelters; Manufacture of Bri- 
 quettes; Manufacture of Coke from Lignite. 
 
 "The State of Texas possesses immense deposits of this mineral treasure 
 [lignites] covering a large part of her eastern territory, frequently asso- 
 ciated with deposits of valuable iron ores. iThe age of the ooal, as deter- 
 mined by different iState Geological Surveys, is Tertiary, and," according 'to 
 analyses made by different members of the present Survey, the ooal is fre- 
 quently of 'the finest quality, far superior .to that so extensively used in 
 European countries. 
 
 "These deposits have long been known by the people of Eastern Texas, 
 but have been generally considered valueless, and consequently but little, 
 indeed almost no mining of 'the material has been done in this region, with 
 the exception of a few places where the ooal has been used for household 
 purposes. Dr. Buckley fl'rst gave a general outline of 'the formation in 
 which 'the lignite occurred, and in the First Report of Progress of the 
 present Survey it was m'ore fully defined as 'iBeginning on the Sabine 
 (River in Sahdne county, the boundary line runs west and southwest near 
 Crockett, Navasota, Ledbetter, Weimar, and on to Helena and the Rio 
 Grande; thence back by Pearsall, Elgin, Marlin, Richland, 'Salem and 
 Clarksville to Red Tiver; including fifty-four .counties in whole or in 
 part.' The following year explorations were continued by tihe 'Sjirvey, and 
 a large amount of valuable material has been collected. The geologic 
 features of the basin have been studied, the association of rthe lignites with 
 the iron ores worked out, a number of analyses have been made to deter- 
 mine the economic value of the coal, and it is now beyond question that 
 the lignitic basin of the east will be in the future \an extensive iron and 
 ooal producing district of the Staite. This report is intended to call the 
 
178 Transactions Texas Academy or Science. 
 
 Lbeoh, Dk., Otto. 
 
 attantion of the people to the wealth of this district, to show in a prelim- 
 iimry way how the brown coal has been utilized in European countries, 
 especially in Gerinany, and 'to compare the material now used for various 
 manufaoturing purposes with the brown ooal of the East Texas lignitie 
 basin." P. 39. ' , ' , 
 
 291. Leveeet't^ S. 
 
 See Taff, J. A., and Leverett, S. 
 
 Eeport on the Cretaceous Area north on the Colorado Eiver. 
 
 ■Fourth Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, Pt. I, pp. 
 239-354. Austin, 1893. 
 
 292. LOUGHEIDGB, E. H. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Maefarlane's American Geological Eailway Guide. 2nd ed., 
 pp. 409-413. K Y., 1890. 
 
 List of iGeological Formations found in Texas and Indian Territory. 
 (Lists of Railroads in Texas; Stations and Distances from terminal iPoints; 
 and Geological ^Formations at' each 'Station, together with Notes. 
 
 293. Maokentosh, J. B. 
 
 S'ee Hidlden, W. E., and Maokentosh, J. B. 
 
 A Description of seyeral Yttria and Thofia Minerals, from 
 Llano County, Texas. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 474-486. 
 
 New Haven, Dec, 1889. 
 
 294. Magnbnat, L. E. 
 
 Eeport of. 
 
 Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, p. Ixi. 
 Austin, 1892. 
 
 A brief account of the work done in the Chemical Laboratory of the 
 'State iGeological Survey from 13th of December, 1890, to 1st of January, 
 1891. During that time .556 analyses were made by Messrs. Magnenat, 
 J. H. Herndon and <jr. H. Wooten. 
 
 295. Maegou, Jules. 
 
 American Geological Olassification and Nomenclature. 75 
 pages. 
 
 Oambridge, May, 1888. [Printed for the author 'by the Salem 
 Press.] 
 
 Contents: I. Introduction. 11. Primitive or Azoic Series. HI. 
 Taoonic System. Order of discoveries and original researches on the 
 Taconie system. IV. 'Cambrian or Ohamplain 'System. V. Silurian sys- 
 tem. VI. Devonian system. VII. Oarboniferious system. VIII. Ijyassio 
 system. IX. Triassic system. X. Jurassic system, XL Cretaceous 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 179 
 
 Maecotj, Jtoes. 
 
 Byatem. "Kill. Lower Terfcia/ry system. XIII. Upper Tertiary or Helvetian 
 ♦ system. XIV. Quaternary and 'Recent, or Modern Series. GHaoial Bpoah. 
 Living Glaciers. < XV. Explanation of the tabular view of American claes- 
 ifioation and nomenclature. Synchronism and Homotaxis. The Geological 
 map of Europe. XVI. lOonolusion. Tabular view of American clasaifica- 
 tion and nomenclature. 
 
 This is one of Professor ■ Maroou's controversial papers. (References to 
 Texas geology are as follows: 
 
 The Triassic in Texas, p. 31 ; Triassic reptiles, p. 33 ; the Jurassic sys- 
 tem of Tucumcari regarded by the 'brrothers iShumard as belonging to the 
 Upper Cretaceoiis systenL of Texas, pp. 38-39, 
 
 "'Seldom has such an accumulation of errors, paleontological, stratigraph- 
 ical and lithologioaJ been committed in American geology. For the mis- 
 taJies did not stop there, and Messrs. J. Hall and the brothers Shumard 
 [see "A Partial Report on the Geology of Western Texas, Austin, 1886], 
 followed by Dr. (R. H. Loughridge and others, classified as Lower" Cretaceous 
 or Dakota Group of Texas all the Triassic system basides the Jurassic; at 
 the same time they contrived to sj'nchronize the NeoooTnian of Fort Wash- 
 ita, the False Washita and Canadian rivers with the Marly Chalk or 
 Turoman." P. 39. 
 
 The Cretaceous systam: Neocomian in Texas and Indian Territory, p. 
 43; reference to the work of Mr. Hill, p. 43; reference to a tabular view 
 of the Texas Cretaceous "showing three great divisions as in Euroj)e 
 [1861] {Notes on the Cretaceous and Oarboniferous Roohs of Texas, hj J. 
 (Maroou, in Proceed. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, p. 93, Boston) ." 
 P. 45r references to Dr. C. A. White {Eleventh Ann. Rept. V. 8. Q-eol. and 
 Geogr. Survey for 1677, p. 264, Washington, 1879), and to Messrs. White 
 and Hill {On the Oretaoaous Formation of Texas and their relation to 
 those of- other portions of North America, oy C. A. White, in Proceed. 
 Acad. N<it. iSci., Philadelphia, February, 1887). Further reference to the 
 papers and worK of Mr. R. T. Hill {The Topography and Geology of the 
 ' Cross Timbers and sur.roundvng region in Northern Texas, in Amer. Jour. 
 . Soi., Vol. XXXIII, p. 299, 1887; The Texas Section of the American Cre- 
 taceous, Amer. Jour. Sd., Vol. XXXIV, Oct., 1887, p. 287). Pp. 46-47, 
 Groups or Sub-iStages of Cretaceous (Texas, Hili, 1887), Tabular view, p. 
 73. 
 
 Professor Marcou claims priority in the recognition of the Neooomian in 
 Texas, giving the date as 1853, p. 45, In writing of the Cretaceous, as 
 elsewhere in this publication, he criticises with extraordinary severity 
 those whose views differ from his own. 
 
 396. 
 
 The Oiigmal Locality of Gryphaea Pitcheri, IVEorton. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. Ill, pp. 188-193. IVEinneapolis, lilareh, 
 
 1889. 
 
 Synopsis: Extract from Bulletin 45 of the U. S. Geol. Survey, by 
 'Robert T. Hill, in which Dr. Samuel George Morton is credited with being 
 "the flrsit to make allusion to the Cretaceous strata of Texas." "He 
 describes," continues Professor Hill, "from 'the 'Calcareous platform of 
 
180 Teansactions Texas Academy op SoiEiircE. 
 
 Makoott, Jules. 
 
 (Red river,' the fossil Oryphaea PUcheri, now aooepted as the most charac- 
 teristic fossil of the typical Texas Cretaceous. This locality, we can only 
 sunnise, was the same as that now called the iStaked Plains (Llano Esta- 
 oado) region of Texas. The specimens were collected by army officers." 
 
 Morton's statement of the manner in which he received the fossil from 
 Dr. iPiitoher, "who obtained it from the plain of Kiameshia, in Arkansas." 
 Letter from Dr. Z. Pitcher, dated Detroit, Ootoiber 12, 1859. Extract: 
 "The Kiameahia Is a small stream 'Which empties into the Red river a few 
 miles above Fort Tow^on. My little fossil which has acquired so much 
 consequence from the discussions into which it has been drawn by scientific 
 names, was picked up on the plains drained 'by this little rivulet, through 
 which our troops were marking out a road from Fort Smith to Fort Tow- 
 son, in 1833. 
 
 "In 1853," the author (Marcou) "oame upon that Qryphaea pitcheri, not 
 far west froim its original area, at iFort Wiashita, and farther west up the 
 , Washita river, * ■ * * I saw it aiso, a few miles north on the banks 
 of the Canadian riv©r, at the great bend of that river." Dr. Newberry's 
 mention of G. pitcheri in the Report of the Ives Expedition, 1861, and later 
 in the Report of the Macomb lExpedition, 187i6i The author disputes New- 
 berry's determination of the fossil and its assoeiatioas. Quota/tion. from 
 Circular No. 1, 'School of Geology, University of Texas : "The reaffirmation 
 of the age of the Tucumcari section along the northwest corner of Texas 
 i to Ibe uppermost Jurassiic as originally described by Marcou," (written iby 
 Professor Hill)< 
 
 This is one of the controversial papers concerning the existence of Juras- 
 sic rooks m Texas and th« part played by &. pitcheri. 
 
 397. 
 
 298. 
 
 399. 
 
 Jura, Neocomian and Chalk of Arkansas. 
 
 Ataeriean Geologist, Vol. IV, pp. 357-367. Minneapolis, Dec, 
 1889. 
 
 A review of the Annual {Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas, 
 Vol. n, 1888, entitled "The Neozoic Greology of 'Southwestern 'Arkansas," 
 by iRobert T. Hill, in which there are several references to Texas on account 
 of the typical occurrence of Cretaceous rocks in that" State. 
 
 Tiie Amerioan Neocomian and) Gryphsea Pitcheri.- '■■ 
 
 Correspondence. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. V, pp. 31i5-317. Minneapolis, May, 
 1890. 
 
 A criticism of Professor Hill's "Preliminary .Annotated Check Lis.t of the 
 'Orafcaceous Invertebrate Fossils of Texas.'' Bulletin No. 4 of the Geologi- 
 cal Survey of Texas. 
 
 ■On the Classification of the Dyas, Trias and) Jura in ISTorth'west 
 Texas. 
 
Rbcoed of Geology of Texas, ISS^-lSOe. 181 
 
 Maeoou, Jules. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, pp. 369-377. Minneapolis, Dec., 
 1892. 
 
 This paper is of a aontroversial character consisting mainly of a criti- 
 cism of the work of Mr. iW. V. Cummins, ois published in the Second and 
 Third Annual lleports of fchs iGealogical Suvvey of Texas, with reference to 
 the classification, nomsnelature, lithology, and paleontology of the strata 
 in Northwest Texas, in which the writer points out what ihe conceives to be 
 errors. 'Both Professor Cope and iMr. Cummins are severely criticised for 
 not giving the localities and "minute stratigraphic position of tho Texas 
 fossil vertebrates.'' The author disagrees with Mr. Cummins in his identi- 
 fication of Big Tucumcari Mountain (p. 372). The paper closes with a 
 table giving Mr. Cummins' Classification of Strata in Northwest Texas 
 and New Mexico, made in 1890-91, and Mr. Maroou's, made in 1853, in 
 parallel columns. 
 
 300. 
 
 301. 
 
 302. 
 
 Eemarks on a part of the Eeyiew of the TMrd Texas Report. 
 Correspondence. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. XI, pp. 212-214. Minneapolis, 
 March, 1893. 
 
 Another paj)er of a controversial character concerning the age of the 
 iTuoumcari Beds in New Mexico, ohiefiy a criticism of the correlations of 
 Professor 'Hill. Hill's Series of 1892 and the author's (Marcou's) of 1853, 
 are publiaihed in parallel columns (p. 213). The author maintains the 
 Jurassic age of the Tucumcari Beds. 
 
 Growth of EJnoiwledige concerning the Texas Cretaceous. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. XIV, pp. 98-105. Minneapolis, Aug., 
 1894. 
 
 A criticism of Professor Hill's .paper entitled "Geology of pa/rts of Texas, 
 Indian Territory and Airkamsas adjacent to Bed River" (Bull. Geol. Soc. 
 Amer., Vol. V, pp. 297-338), The views of Professor Hill, the author 
 contends, need many corrections, and he proceeds to review briefly the work 
 of Eoemer, G. G. Shumard, himself (Marcou) and Hill. The confusion 
 arising from the incorrect determination oi certain species of Oryphaea 
 is pointed out. The paper doses with a "Table of Evolution of Knowledge 
 of the Texas Cretaceous," as conceived by .the author. 
 
 The Jura of Texas. 
 
 Proceedings of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., Vol. XXVII, pp. 
 149-158. 1896. 
 
 A historical sketch of the Jura in Texas 'with references to Oapt. John 
 Pope's "(Report of Exploration of Route for the Pacific Railroad near the 
 Thirty-second Parallel," 1864; Maroou's "Gteological Report," 1855; Mar- 
 
182 Tbansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Maeoou, Jules. 
 
 oou's "Geology of North America" (Zurich) , 1868; iR. T. Hill's "Texaa 
 Section of tihe American 'Cretaceous," American Journal of Science, III, 
 Vol. XXSIV, pp. 305-306, 1887 ; also his "Topography and Ideology of the 
 'Cross Timbers and iSoirrounding Regions in North Texas," Amer. Jour. 
 of Sei., rn, p. 299, 1887; his "Neozoic Geology of Southwest Arkansas," 
 Ann. Kept. Geol. Surv. Ark. for 1888, Vol. II, p. 121; "Events in North 
 American Cretaceous History illustTated in the Texas-Arkansas Division 
 of 'the iSouithwestern 'Region of the United States," Amer. Jour, of Sci., 
 Ill, Vol. XXXVII, p. 290, 1889; and his "iCheck List of Cretaceous Inverte- 
 brate Fossils, 188'9; Marcou's Review of the Aim. Rept. of the Geol.- Surv. 
 of Ark. above mentioned, Amer. Geologist, Vol. XV, pp. 357-367, 1889; 
 Annual Reports of the Geol. 'Surv. of Texas; Hill'is Monograph on "The 
 Invertebrate Paleontology of the Trinity (Division,'' Proc. Biol. iSoc. of 
 ■Washington, Vol. VIII, pp. 9-40, 1893 ; Origin's "Invertebrate iPaleomtology 
 of the Texas Cretaceous," .Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 
 1893; Dumble and lOummins' "Kent 'Section and Gryphsea Tucumearii, 
 Marcou," American Geologist, Vol. XH, pp. 309-314, 1893. Discussion of 
 the conclusion of Messrs. Dumble and Cummins, which ia: "Since, there- 
 ' fore, in the Kent iSeation we have Prof. Maa-cdu's G*. dillatata var. Tuoum- 
 carii in the same bed with such typical Cretaceous forms as G. Pitoheri, 
 Ammomtes leonensis, A. peruvianus, Terebratula Wacoensis, etc., it must 
 be considered a true Cretaceous form. Its discovery in this connection 
 simply .adds one more to the list of fossils occurring in the Wiashita divis- 
 ion of the Cretaceous of Trans-Pecos Texas, whose close iresemiblance to 
 well-known Jurassic types would, under any less conclusive evidence of 
 its" 'Oi'etaceous age, warrant its reference to the Jurassic." Marcou's con- 
 clusion: "The oonolusions of Messrs. Dumble and Cummins are based on 
 paleontological grounds only, without any regard to stratigraphy, and we 
 may add, against a well-balanced and correct stratigraphieal classificatdon, 
 for there is no reaison whatever to suppose that the Jurassic deposits are 
 missing above the Trias in the Tucumcari area." 
 
 Reference to Ammonites described by Jose G. Aguilera sind Professor 
 Hyatt. Maroou's final conclusion: "The conclusion reached in 1863, when 
 I was at Pyramid Mount, Tucumcari, is confirmed by all I have seen since. 
 The horizon of Oryphaea Tucumcari is Jurassic. Moreover, it is the upper- 
 mosit subdivision 'of the 'American Jura. The strata below, and between it 
 and the Trias, belong to the Jura also, and are synchronous with the 
 'Bosque division, and -very likely with the Fredericksburg division of 
 Texas." 
 
 The Lower Cretaceous of Texas and Oryphaea Pitcheri. Paleontological 
 confusion, ff. sinuata var. Americana. The Tjicumoari area. The Lower 
 Cretaceous or Neocomian iFauna. The Sedimentary Strata of Texas. 
 
 303. Melohee, J. C. 
 
 Wotes on the Bcanomic Minerals of Fayette County. 
 
 Geolo'gical and Scientifi'C Bulletin, Vol. I, Ko. 8. Houston, 
 Deeemiber, 1888. 
 
 "The thickest and beat lignite beds visible in this county are on O'Quinn 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896. 183 
 
 Meloheb, J. C. 
 
 and Inonore creeks. These are visible eight feet thick, and bottom not in 
 sight. They burn well in the open hearth or fire, but smell somewhiat of 
 sulphur. They are perfectly black, and show distinctly the woody Sitruct- 
 ure. There are also several other strata of two or three feet in thickness 
 in the vicinity, of which the lowest seam is always best. I have also found 
 these thinner beds in digging welk. 
 
 "There is near Swiss Alps a bed of solid clear gypsum, about two feet 
 thick, which is twenty-four to forty feet below the surface, and is found 
 in digging and drilling wells. 
 
 "Near Mnldoon, at a washout .on a hill, there crops out a bed of crumbly 
 gypsum, of various brilliant colors, in great quantity. I think this will 
 be a fine fertilizer. 
 
 "I think Fayette county baa the best silioious limestone quarries in the 
 State. These are near Muldoon. The rock lies in strata of workable thick- 
 ness, and its jointed sitructure makes it easy to quarry. 
 
 "Fine kaolin, or potter's clay, is found in the vicinity of Flatonia, and 
 at other .places in the county. 
 
 "There is in O'Quinn creek a stratum eighteen inches to two feet thick, 
 and some two hundred yards long, of a pure white fine soft sandstone. It 
 iis a fine polisihing stone or sand, and very light dn weight/' 
 
 304. Merrill^ George P. 
 
 See WMtfield, J. E., and Merrill, G. P. 
 The Eayette County, Texas, Meteorite. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, HI, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 113-119. 
 New Haven, Aug., 1888. 
 
 305. 
 
 The Coleotion of BuiMing and Ornamental Stones in the TJ. S. 
 National Museum : A 'Hand-Book and Catalogue. 
 
 EeJ)ort of the -Smitihisonian Institution, 1885-'86, Pt. II, pp. 
 377-648, and PI. I-IX. Washington, 1889. 
 
 Texas : Granites in, p. 425 ; limestones and dolomites in, p. 405 ; mar- 
 bles in, p. 385; sandstones in, p. 460; slates in, p. 470; soapstone in, p. 359. 
 The following specimens are catalogued from Texas: 
 iLimestone [Marble]. Light yellow; compact; fossiliferous, from near 
 
 iA.uistin. , , 
 ' Cretaceous; drab; compact; oparsely fossiliferous, Austin. 
 
 Lower Silurian ; ligiht drab, with purple veins ; very fine and 
 
 compact. iNear Burnet. 
 ' Lower Silurian; very light drab; fine and compact. Near 
 
 San SaJba. 
 
 . Blue-gray crystaJline. Burnet. 
 
 Dolomite [Marble] . Dull red, with njet--work of lighter lines. Burnet. 
 Dolomite. Silurian; buff; fine and compact. Near San Saba. 
 Silurian; fine; light-colored. Near San Saba. 
 
 Silurian; light buff; fine and compact. Near Saji Saba. 
 
184 'Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 « 
 
 Mbeeill, Geoege p. 
 
 Dolomite. iLower Siluria-n; nea-rly white; coarsely erystalline. Near 
 
 Saa 'Saba. 
 
 ^^ Silurian; pink; fine and compact. iNear San Saba. 
 
 Ferruginous Dolomite. Siiluriam ; fine and oompaot; pinkish, near San 
 
 ISaba. 
 Limestone. Light-colored; fine; porous. Near Austin ( two specimens ) . 
 1 iCretaeeous; light-colored; fine; porous. Near Austin. 
 
 Light-colored; fine; porous. Eound Bock. 
 
 Drab; compact. Near Burnet. , 
 
 Magnesiam Limestone. Cretaceous; light-colored; fine; porous. Near 
 
 Austin. 
 
 . Cretaceous; light-colored; fossdliferous. Near 
 
 Austin. 
 
 Biotite Giranite. Mne; .pink. Eight miles from Burnet. 
 
 ■ 1 Coarse; sred. Eight miles from Burnet. 
 
 Diorite. Medium; light greenish gray. Near El Paso. 
 Sandstone. Lower Silurian; coarse; brown. Near Burnet. 
 
 Lower Silurian; coarse; dull red. Near Burnet. 
 
 1 Carboniferous; fine; very light gray. Near Mormon Mills, 
 
 iBurnet county. ' 
 
 306. Meeeill, J. A. 
 
 PosEil Sponges of the Flint Fodules in the Lower Cretaceoti^ of 
 Texas. 
 
 Bull, of the Museum of Comp. Zoology, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, 
 (Geol. Series, Vol. Ill,), p. 26, pi. 1. Camhridge, 1895. 
 
 Contents: (Introduction.) A (Statement of the Questions involved. 
 Organisms found in the Flint. ' Condition of Preservation of the Sponge 
 Spicules. Comparison with English Chert. Classification of the Spicules. 
 Monaetinellidae, Zittel. Tetraptinellidae, Marshall. Lithiatidaej Oscar 
 Sclunidt. Hexaetinellidae, Oscar Schmidt. iPormation of the Nodules. 
 Summary. 
 
 '"'So far* as I have been able to ascertain, the minute structure of the 
 'Cretaeeons flints of America has never been studied except in a general 
 way, and nothing whatever 'has been published on the microscopic organ- 
 isms ooanposing them. The field is therefore a large as well as a fascinat- 
 ing one, and this effort is intended only as a beginning of what is hoped 
 'Will prove a fruitful line of inquiry. The flint nodules from which the 
 specimens were taken for study were collected in a quarry near Austin, 
 Texas, land brought to Cam'bridge by Mr. Edward E. 'Cauthorne. They 
 vary greatly in shape and size; and, owing, perhaps, to small areas lof 
 oaloite 'scattered through the mass, 'they vary somewhat in hardness. The 
 hardness 'is often greater than that of glass, and the flint will generally 
 scratch glass. In shape they are spherical, cylindrical, or flat; and in 
 size they vary from two inches to a foot or more in diameter. The color 
 is dense ibla.ek. with -white or gray spots mixed irregularly through it, 
 varying in size from microscopic to that of a pin-head.',' P; 1. 
 
Recoed or Geology ov Texas, 1887-1896. 
 
 185 
 
 307. ISTbwbekry, Spenoee B. 
 
 Art. Portland Cement. Min. Eesourcea of 'the TT. S., 1^95. 
 Nonmetallic Prodtiots except Coal. 
 
 SeTenteenth Annual Eeport of the U. S. Geological! Stirvey, 
 Part III (continued) . 
 
 (Portland Cement in Texas), p. 884. WasHngton, 1896. 
 
 From a table showing the "Product of Portland iCement in the United 
 States, 1S94 and 1895. 
 
 State. 
 
 1894. 
 
 
 Number of works. 
 
 Product, Barrels. 
 
 Value not in- 
 cluding barrels. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 1 
 
 ' 8,000 
 
 $24,000 
 
 
 1895. 
 
 tt 
 
 1 
 
 10,000 
 
 $30,000 
 
 308. OSANIT^ A. 
 
 Eeport on the Eocks of Trans-Peeos Texas. 
 
 Fourth Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1893, Pt. I, 
 pp. 123-138. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents : [Introduetion.] Igneous Rocks. Eoolts from Quitman (Moun- 
 itains. 'Rocks from Sierra Blanca. Rocks of the Wiley Mountaiiis. Rocks 
 from the Diablo Mountains. Rocks from the Davis Mountains. Rooks 
 from the Viejo Mountains. Rocks from the Eagle Mountains. Rocks of 
 the Van Horn Mountains. Rooks from the Chisios Mountains. Rocks 
 from the Carrizo Mountains. 
 
 [li list of Rocks determined by Dr. Osann will be found in the Report 
 on Trans-Peoos Texas, by W. H. Streeruwatz, Fourth Ann. Rept. of the 
 Geol. Survey of Texas, 1892, Pt. il, pp. 146-148. 1893.] 
 
 "The collections of the Geological Survey contain a series of rocks col- 
 lected in Trans-Peoos Texas 'by Prof, von IStreeruwitz on his travels for 
 exploration of the ore deposits during the last three years. It has not 
 been possible during xcij short stay in the Geological Survey to work up 
 a detailed investigation of that miaterial, but only to give a brief pre- 
 liminary report, partly because .the thin sections for mierascopical exam- 
 ination of all specimens oould not be gotten ready, partly because no chem- 
 ical tests or analyses have been made of the rocks or their constituents. 
 Besiides, there are wanting special notes in regard to the occurrence of 
 these rocks in the field. Everybody familiar with the progress of Petrog- 
 raphy during the last years knows thiat besides the microscopical investi- 
 gation on the one hand, the, chenjical in the laboratory, and the geological 
 
186 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 OSANN, A. 
 
 in ilie field, on the other, me ateolutely necessary for the right understa-nd- 
 ing of rooks. If, potwithstanding, some unconnected and incomplete notes _ 
 ■on 'the subject are given, it is done in acoordanee with the order of the 
 director of the Geological SilTvey, with a view to giving an idea of the 
 great variety, especially of igneous Tooks, in Western Texas, and for the 
 reason that no peitrographical description of them has yet been given. 
 
 "The geological material collected in Western Texas can be divided into 
 four groups: '1, Igneous Eoefcs; 2, Orystalline Schists; 3, Sedimentary 
 ■Rocks ; 4. Ore Specimens . 
 
 "'Only the first group will be described in this report. Of crystalline 
 schists there .are only a few specimens from 'Mica Tanks' in the Van Horn 
 Mountains. 'They consist of gneisses (muscovite gneiss and museovite and 
 bi'obite-bear'ing gneiss), mica schists and amphibole gneisses in transition 
 to amphibolites. These rocks are not yet situdiod under the microscope." 
 P. 123. 
 
 309. 
 
 Melilite-ITeplieline-Basalt aii'd Kepheline-Btsanite, from Soniih- 
 ern Texas. 
 
 Jour, of Geology, Vol. I, No. 4, pp. 341-346. OMcago, 1893. 
 
 "These basaltic rocks were collected by Professor Dumble and Mr. TaflE 
 in Uvalde county. Southern Texas. On the Geological Map of the United 
 'States, compiled by iC. H. Hitchcock, 1886, .there are two of the localities 
 marked near the boundary of the Cretaceous and earlier Tertiary forma- 
 tion between 99° and 100° longitude, and on the 2'9th degree of latitude. 
 According to the statement of Professor Dumble, one part of the rocks 
 appears in dikes in ■the upper portion of the lower Cretaceous formation, 
 while the other forms hills and bujfctes. Upon microscppioa.1 exam'ination 
 it is evident that tihe 'specimens collected belong to two different groups 
 jof rocks, ffhe microscope shows that those occurring in dikes consist of 
 typics^l melilite-ibearing ■nepheline-basalt, while those making up hills and 
 'buttes are nepiheUne-ibasanites tending toward phonolites in composition." 
 P. 341. 
 
 A description of these rocks, which were subjected to a microscopic' 
 examination, follows. — 
 
 "A microscopical examination of the basaltic rock from Pilot Knob, near 
 A'ustin, Travis county, was made for the purpose of comparison with the 
 rocks from Southern Texas just described. The rock was found "to be a 
 neph«linenbasalt porphyritic with numerous phenoerysts of olivine. The 
 fine grained ground mass consists essentially of augite-cryatals cemented 
 together by non-individualized nepheline in very small amounit." P. 346. 
 
 Noticed in Am. Naturalist, Vol. 28,' pp. 799-800, Sept., il894. 
 
 310. Owen, J. 
 
 Notes on the Greology of 'the Kio Grande Valley. 
 
 Geological and Scientific Bull., Vol. 1, No. 2. Houston, Jiuie, 
 
 1888. 
 
 "It does not appear to be generally known that along 'the valley of the 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 187 
 
 Owen, J. 
 
 Hio Grande there exists dn the Cretaceous rocks extensive beds of coal. 
 The Geological hiorizon of these beds is equivalent to the Fox Hills group 
 of this system, and in the lower Rio Grande valley perhaps the equivalent 
 of the 'Laramie group. These coal beds extend from Laredo to near El 
 (Pasfl, and into New" Mexico. They are somewhat disconnected, owing, 
 perhaps, to seismic disturbances and subsequent erosion. They were evi- 
 dently continuously deposited, and rest comfortably upon .the Lower 
 Cretaceous roolcs. These coal beds are to be found in Webb, Dimmit, 
 Zavala and Maverick oounties, and west and southwest of Maverick county, 
 in Mexico, extending westward into Pecos and Presidio oounties. The 
 eroppings of these beds can be seen in numerous localities, and in Maverick 
 county coal is being mined ut the rate of one hundred tons per day. This 
 is a good commercial coal, and should not be confounded with the Tertiary 
 lignite beds of the Gulf Ooast region. The stratum now being worked in 
 Maverick ffounty, near Eagle Pass, is &ve feat thick. It is a semi-coking 
 eoal, is easily ignited, and burns freely; the residue is a gray ash; it does 
 not make clinkers; is very well adapted for use in engines, and is used 
 upon the engines of the iSouthern Paoifio railroad. Maverick county con- 
 tains 120 square miles of land in this coal field. * » * " 
 
 I 
 
 311. 
 
 Attention is called to a "drift deposit" which "covers a large portion of 
 southwes^; Texas, in many places to a depth of twenty feet. It is com- 
 posed of Tounded fragments from various geological periods. Boulders of 
 igneous rocks, some of them eighteen inches in diameter, are promiscuously 
 scattered qyer the tops of the highest hills. Upon the Mexican side of 
 the river, where the high limestone mountains presented, a barrier to the 
 drift agencies, no igneous boulders ,are seen. The drift here is wholly com- 
 posed of fragments from these mountains. The igneous boulders from this 
 deposit can nowhere be found in place nearer than two hundred and fifty 
 miles to the northwest." 
 
 The origin of this drift is ascribed to glacial action. 
 
 [Eeport of.] 
 Eeports of Geologists for Southem Texas. 
 
 Texas Geol. and Min. Surv. First Eept. of Progress, 1888, 
 pp. 69-74. Austin, 1889. 
 
 Scope of bhe Report. "On the 8th of November (1888), I commenced 
 active operations in the field, beginning my work at the mouths of Pecos 
 and of Devil's wvers, and following the line of the Galveston, Harriaburg 
 and iSan Antonio [Railroad as far as Uvalde; then I returned to Eagle Pass 
 and resumed work by going down the right bank of the Nueces river 
 as far as Encinal county; thence across the country to Laredo; thence 
 up the Rio Grande to San Lorenzo creek to a point northeast from Eagle 
 Pass, and from there to this place (Eagle Pass)." 
 
 Goal southwest of Uvalde. Coal at Eagle Pass. The Hartz Mine. " Aver- 
 age thickness of coal seam over five feet. Agricultural resources not devel- 
 oped. Aridity. 'Source of water supply. The outcrop of a swnd, hed 200 
 
188 Teansactions Texas Acadeihy of Science. 
 
 Owen, J. 
 
 feet thick. Val Verde County. Geology. Kmn«y County: G-eology; Soil; 
 Building stone. Uvalde Oounity: Geology; Coa,l; Asphaltum; Dikes and 
 ■Metamoriphio Effects; Igneous Bockg ten miles west of Uvalde; Syoeline 
 at Uvalde; Water. Zavala County; Two-thirds within the bounds of the 
 coal field ; ATtesian Water. Webb County : . Western half within the 
 Nueces Ooal Field; Coal seam 18-33 inches thick with a 2-i'Bch parting; 
 Character of the Coal; Worked at San Tomas. Dimmit County: Carrizo 
 iSandstone; Water; Western Boundary of the Nueces Ooal iField; Diversity 
 of Soils. Maverick County: Middle and Upper Cretaceous; Soils; Coal 
 five miles nonthwest of Eagle Pass. Length, of Exposure. Brick Material 
 at Eagle Pass. 
 
 313. PaekbEj Edwaed Wheeler. , , 
 
 Art. Ooal. Min. Kesourees of the U. S., 1889-1890. 
 (Coal in Texas), p. 271. Washington, 1892. 
 
 Coal product for 1889, 128,2'16 short tons; value, $340,617. Ooal pro- 
 duct far 1890, 184,440 short tons; value, $465,900. Nine counties produced 
 coal, but only four commercially, viz.: Erath, Maverick, Medina and 
 /Webb. G>riadual increase in production. (Table showing Ooal Product in 
 Texas for 1889 and 1890. 
 
 313. 
 
 314. 
 
 315. 
 
 Art. Coal. Min. Eesources of the U. S., 1891. 
 (Coal in Texas), p. 325. Wasihington, 1893. 
 
 Coal product for 1891, 172,il00 shoort tons; value, $412,360. Loss in out- 
 put for the year ©stdmaited at 12,340 short tons. Table of Ooal Product in 
 Texas for 1889, 1890, and '1891. 
 
 Art. Gypsum. Min. Kesourees of the TJ. S., 1891, 
 (Gypsum in. Texas), p. 582. Washington, 1893. 
 
 The Lone Star Plaster Company of Quanah, Texas. Capital, $100,000. 
 Operations begun iApril, 1892. Mill capacity 75 tons per day. Promoters 
 of the enterprise aare interested in the "Acme Cement Plaster Company." 
 The product is known as "Climax" plaster. 
 
 Coal. Min. Eesources of the U. S., 1894. i i 
 
 Nonmetallie Products. 
 
 16th Ann. Eept., TJ. S. Geol. Survey, Part IV. 
 .(Coal in Texas), pp. 193-194. Washington, 1895. 
 
 The total product in 1894 was 420,848 short tons ; spot value, $976,458. 
 Keference to the reports of E. T. Dumble and Prof. R. T. Hill. 'See 
 titles Nos. 86, 88- 
 
 ''Eeliable statistics of coal production in Texajs have only been obtained 
 since 1889, when the Eleventh United States Census, after a careful canvass 
 
Kbcoed or Geology of Texas, ISSY-lSOe. 189 
 
 PaekeS, Edward Whbelee. 
 
 of the state, reported an output of 128,216 short tons, valued at $340,620. 
 The output from 1883 to 1888, inclusive, has been estimated at from 
 75,000 to 135,000 short tons annually, and 'While these figures were esti- 
 mates merely, the fact that the product in those years was from the same 
 mines a« the output in 1889, and that the estimated product was quite 
 elose to that reported bj the iCensus OfBoe, indicates that the estimates were 
 mot very far from the actual output. 
 
 "With the exception of a slight decrease in 1891 from the output in 1890, 
 the product of coal in Texas has shown a steady increase since 1889. While 
 the output in 1891 was less than that of 1890, it exceeded that of 1889 by 
 more than 40,000 tons. The product in 1892 was 73,590 short tons, or 
 nearly 43 per cent, larger thanithat of 1891. In 1893 the product increased 
 50,516 S'hort tons, or 23 per cent, over 1892, and in 1894 the increase was 
 ■118,64!2 short tons, or more than 39 per cent. The product in 1894 waa 
 m^ore ithan three times that of 1889, .while the value was within $25,000 
 of reaching $1,000,000. With the bringing in of the Presidio county, or 
 ISan Carlos, fields in 1895, and the development of industrial enterprises 
 in the State, the production of coal is lilcely to continue to increase." 
 
 Table showing "Goal Product of Texas since 1889" (that is, from 1889- 
 '1894, inclusive.) 
 
 316. 
 
 317. 
 
 318. 
 
 Art. A&phaltTim. Min. Besources of the U. S., 1894. 
 'E'omnetallic Products. ' 
 
 16th 'Ann.. Eept., U. S. Geological Survey, Part IV. 
 (Asphaltuim in_Texas), p, 433. Washington, 1895. 
 
 "The commercial product in Texas in 1894 was from the lithocarbon prop- 
 erties in Uvalde county * * * ." 
 
 Art. Salt. Min. Eesources of the U. S., 1894. 
 ISTonmetallic Products. 
 
 16th Ann. Eept., U. S. Geological Surrey, Part IV. 
 (Salt Product of Texas), p. 655. Washington, 1895. 
 
 "Texas produced 142,857 barrels [of salt] in 1894, valued at $101,000, 
 compared with 126,000 barrels,, worth $110,267, in 1893." 
 
 Art. Coal. Mineral Eesources of the U. 'S., 189.5. 
 Metallic Products and Coal. 
 
 17th Ann. Eept., U. S. Greological Survey, Part III. 
 (Coal in Texas), pp. 521-5.22. Washington, 1896. 
 
 "Thetotal product in 1895, 484,959 short tons; .total value, $913,138. 
 
 "The principal features of the coal mining industry in Texas during 
 1895 were an increase in output of about 15 per cent, over that of 1894, 
 a decrease in value of '7 per cent, compared with the previous year, and 
 
190 TEANSAOTibiirs Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Pakkee, Bdwaed Wheeler. 
 
 tie marked developmeHta of tlie lignite beda in tKe vicinity of Rockdale, 
 Milam eounty. Milam county is credited .with an output very little shoirit 
 of 100,000 tons, and this had much to do with the falling off in 'the total 
 value. * * * 
 
 "'Considerahle attention .was given in 189S to the extensive lignite beds 
 in 'the vicinity of 'Oalvert, iRobertson county, and work of a development 
 nature was carried on by the iOalv«rt Coal and Clay Coimpany, with prom- 
 ises of this also becoming an importafflit producing region.. * * * The 
 physical properties of the lignites will not permit transportation to a great 
 idiatanee, nor will they stand much increased ooBt in ithe way. of freight. 
 Lignite coal is also mined in Medina county, the product from w3iioh,~ added 
 to ithat of Bobertson and Milam counties, made the total output of lignite 
 in 1896 124,343 .short tons. 
 
 "The bituminous mines of iE>rath, Barker, Maverick and .Webb counties 
 contributed their usual quota to the product of 1895. Mines have also been 
 opened in 'Ooleman, Montague, and [Palo 'Pinto counties, and from the 
 lasit mentioned an output of 12,600 'tons was obtained in the four months 
 the mines were operated." 
 
 Tables are given showing the "Coal product of Texas since 188'9," and 
 the "Goal product of T«sas in '1895, by couiities." 
 
 319. . 
 
 Art. Asphaltum. Min. Eesourees of the TJ. S., 1895. ' 
 Konmetallic Products except Coal. 
 
 ITti. Ann. Eept., TJ. S. Geological Survey, Part III (con- 
 tinued). 
 
 (Asphaltum in Texas), p. 754._ Washington, 1896. 
 
 "A'sphaltum in one form or another occurs in iseveral localities in Texas. 
 Those which have been developed are in Uvalde county, .about six mUes 
 south of Cline iStation, on the Southern iBaciflc Railroad. The asphaltum 
 occurs here, impregnating a bed of fossiliferous limestone.. The deposit is 
 large and easily mined, as very little overburden .has to be removed before 
 the material can be stripped off the surface. Extensive works have been 
 erected for treating the asphalt, which -is prepared and sold in two con- 
 .ditions, oA mastic and gum. * * * ,The city o'f Houston, Texas, has 
 pajved a njumlber of streets with asphalt .g'heets made from the 'Oline mastic. 
 
 "■Th"B more valuable condition in which the material .is sold is that of 
 refined or gum asphaltum. The owners have given this the name of 'litho- 
 carbon.' * * * iFour hundred and 'fifty tans of litho-carbon .were ship- 
 ped in ,1895. * » * 
 
 "There are also extensive beds of bituminous sandstone in the same 
 county, near the town of Uvalde, 'but they have not been thoroughly pros- : 
 peoted, and the interested -parties are at present unwilling to niake public 
 their plans. Deposits have also been prospected soinewhat in Montague 
 county, but no -output of commercial importance had been obtained at the 
 close of 1895." 
 
Record of Geology or Texas, 1887-1896. 
 
 191 
 
 ■' /, 
 
 320. Parkee, Edward Wheeler. 
 
 Art. Sulphur and Pyrites. Miu. Eesourees of the TJ. S., 1895. 
 Nonmetallic Products except Coal. 
 
 17th Ann. Eept., U. S. Geological Survey, Part III (con- 
 tinued) . 
 
 The Texas Sulphur Deposits, pp. 966-967. Washing- 
 ton, 1896. 
 
 An •abstract of a-nd quotation from ithe oonitribution of Dr. Eugene A. 
 Smith on ^'Native Sulphur in [El Paso oounlty] Texas," published in 
 Science, May .1, 1896. See Title No. 357. 
 
 321. 
 
 Art. Gypsum. Min. Eesourees of the TJ. S., 1895. 
 'Nonmetallie Prodlucts, except Coal. 
 
 17th Ann. Eept., U. S. Geological Survey, Part III (con- 
 tinued) . , , 
 (Product of Gypsum in Texas), pp. 979, 980, 981. Wash- 
 ington, 1896. 
 
 lErom a table showing 'Troduot of gypsum in the United States in 
 1895, by States: 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Total product. 
 
 Calcined into Plaster of Paris. 
 
 Before calcining. 
 
 Afterrcalcining. 
 
 Value of 
 calcined piaster. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Short tons. 
 10,750 
 
 Short tons. 
 10,750 
 
 Short tons. 
 7,166 
 
 $36^511 
 
 iFrom a table ahowing "Produot of gypsum in ;th« United States in 
 1894, by States : 
 
 
 Total product. 
 
 Calcined into Plaster of Paris. 
 
 
 Before calcining. 
 
 After calcining. 
 
 Value of 
 calcined plaster. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Short tons. 
 6,935 
 
 Short tons. 
 6,925 
 
 Short tons. 
 4,750 
 
 837,300 
 
 322. 
 
 Art. Salt. 'Min. Eesourees of the TJ. S., 1895. 
 IfoiiimBtallic Products, except Coal. 
 
 17th Ann. Eept., TJ. S. Geological Survey, Patrt III (con- 
 tinued) . 
 
192 Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Parkbe, Edwahd Wheelbe. 
 
 (Salt Production-ill Texas), pp. 985, 986, 987, 990, 991. 
 Washington, 1896. 
 
 From tablea on the pages above indieated, the following sta;tistics ha-ve 
 been eoMipiled: 
 
 In 1892, Texas produced 121,250 barrels of sa/lt, valued at $ 39,500. 
 
 In 1893, Terns produced 126,000 barrels of salt, valued at 110,267. 
 
 In 1894, Texas produced 142,857 barrels of salt, valued at 101,000. 
 
 In 1896, Texas produced 12(5,000 barrels of salt, valued at 55,000. 
 
 In 1894, Texas produced 4,370 barrels of table, and 138,478 barrels of 
 common fine salt; in 1895, 125,000 barrels, of common fine salt. 
 
 323. Peale, a. C. 
 
 Art. Mineral 'Waters, 'Man. Resources of the U. S., 1887. 
 (Mineral Springs in Texas), p. 686. Washington, 1888. 
 
 List of seven springs from ■which reports had been received, viz. ; 
 
 Orabtree's Sour Wells, Sulphur Springs, Hopkins county; Dalby 'Springs, 
 Dalby Springs, Bowie oounty; Hynson's Iron Mountain Spriiig, Marshall, 
 Harrison county; Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto county; Sour 
 Lake, Sour Lake, Hardin county; Texas Sour Springs, Luling, Caldwell 
 county; Wootan Wells, Wooitan Wells, .Robertson county. 
 
 324. 
 
 325. 
 
 Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Eesburces of the U. 8., 1888. 
 (Mineral Springs in Texas), pp. 628-629. Washington, 1890. 
 
 List of five springs from which reports had been received: 
 
 Orabtree's Sour Wells, Sour Springs, Hopkins county; Hynson's Iron 
 
 Mountain Spring, Marshall; Palo Pinto Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells; 
 
 Texas Sour Springs, Luling; Wootan Wells, Robertson county. 
 
 Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Eesources of the U. S., 1889-1890. 
 ^[Mineral Springs in Texas), pp. 532-533. Washington, 
 18^92. 
 
 Name and location of fourteen springs reporting in 1889, and of thirteen 
 reporting in 1890: 
 
 Capp's Well, Longview, Gregg county; Dalby Springs, Texarkana, Bowie 
 counity; Elkhart' Mineral Well, near Elkhart, Anderson county; Hynson's 
 Iron Mountain Springs, Marshall, Harrison county; Mineral Wells Springs, 
 Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto county; Montvale Springs, Marshall, Harrison 
 county; Overall Mineral Well, Franklin, 'Robertson county; Page's Well, 
 Georgetown, Williamson county; Richards' Wells, Rockdale, Milam county: 
 iRosborough Springs, Marshall, Harrison county; Slaolc's Well, Fayette' 
 county; Texas Sour Springs, Luling, 'Oaldwell county; Tioga Mineral 
 Well, Tioga, Grayaon county; Wootan Wells, 'Robertson county. 
 
 In 1890 thirteen springs reported sales: lOapp's Well, Longview; Dalby 
 Springs, ;Bowie county; Elkhart Mineral Well; Hynson's Iron Mountain 
 
Record or Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-lSOe. 193 
 
 Peale, a. C. 
 
 Spring; (Mineral Well Springs; ilontvale Springs, Msursrhall; Oveirall Min- 
 eral Well, Franklin; Richards' Wells, Ilockdale; Rosborough Springs, Mar- 
 shall; Slack's Well, Fayette county; Texas Sour Springs, Luling; Tioga 
 Mineral Well, Tioga; Wootan Wells. / 
 
 326. 
 
 327. 
 
 338. 
 
 329. 
 
 Art. 'Mineral Waters. Min. Eesources of the TJ. S., 1891. 
 (Mineral Springs in Texas), p. 608. Washington, 1893. 
 
 iNajne and location of ten spnings, all of which have been included in 
 preceding liat^ 
 
 Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Eesources of the U. S.,1892. 
 (Mineral 'Springs in Texas), p. 831. Washington, 1893. 
 
 Springs reporting for 1892: Capp's Well, Longview; Dalby Springs, 
 Dalby Springs; Elkhart Mi'neral 'Wells, Elkhart; 'Hynson's Iron Mountain 
 Spring, Marshall ; Montvale Springs, Marshall ; Mineral Wells, Mineral 
 Wells; lOverall Mineral iWell, Franklin; Page's Well, Georgetown'; Slack's 
 Well, Walder Depot; Texas Soiir Springs, iLuling; Tioga Mineral Wells, 
 Grayson county; Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells. 
 
 Art. Minejal Waters. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1893. 
 (Mineral Springs in Texas), pp. 781-782. Washington, 1894. 
 
 "One new spring appears on the list credited to the State. Thirteen 
 report sales in 1893. They are: Oapp's Well, Longview, Gregg county; 
 Dalby Springs, Dalby Springs, Bowie county; Elkhart Mineral Wells, Elk- 
 hart, Anderson county; Georgetown Mineral Water, G«oirgetown, William- 
 son county; Hynson's Iron Mountain Spring, Marshall, Harrison county; 
 Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto counity ; Montvale Springs, Mar- 
 shall, Harrison 'ooun/ty; Overall Mineral Welli, Franklin, Robertson oounty; 
 Rockdale Mineral Wells, Rockdale, Milam county; Slack's Wells, Waelder, 
 Gonzales county (the spring is in Payette county) ; Texas Sour Springs, 
 Luling, Oald'well county; Tioga Mineral Wells, Grayson county; Wootan 
 Wells, Wootan Wells, Robertson county.'! 
 
 Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1894. 
 NonmetaHic Products. 
 
 16th Ann. Rept., TJ. S. Geological Survey, Part IV. 
 
 (List of Commercial Springs in Texas), p. 718. Wash- 
 ton, 1895. 
 
 "Thete is no change from 1893 in the list of springs from Texas. Of 
 the thirteen credited to the State twelve report" 
 
194 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 330. ' Peale; a. C. 
 
 Art. Mineral Waters. 'Min. Eesources of the U. S., 1895. 
 Nonmetallic Products, except Coal. 
 
 l^th Ann. Eept., U. 'S. Geological Survey, Part III (con- 
 tinued) . 
 
 (Mineral Springs in Texas), 'p. 1038. Washington, 1896. 
 "The list for Texas shows no change in 1895, remaining at thirteen." 
 
 331. Penrose, E. A. P., Jr. 
 
 ISTotes on certain Building Stones of East Texas. 
 
 G-eol. and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 11. Houston, March, 
 1899. 
 
 Science, "Vol. XITI, p. 395. April 1.9, 1899. 
 
 Sandstones are the most importan/t. Limestones are less widely dis- 
 tributed. The Penitentiary at Rusk "is built of a yellow sandstone com- 
 posed of grains of siliceous sand iand altered greensand. It is of a yellow 
 color, easily cut, and occurs near the penitentiary in a bed .about twelve 
 .feet thick." ClaH»or.ne age. Used foT building ohimneys, foundations, etc. 
 "It is also found of a green color and compact clayey consistency." A 
 white durable sandstone is found near Alto, Cherokee county. It is a, 
 capping of the Claiborne marls. A variety five miles west of Jacksonville 
 is said to m^ke good millstones. Brown sandstones are found in many 
 places in East Texas. They are indurated Quaternary and Eocene sands. 
 A good limestone occurs at iScott's quarry in Smith county. 
 
 332. 
 
 Eeport of the G-eologist for Eastern Texas. 
 
 Texas Geol. and Min. Surv. Earst Eept. of Prog., 1888, pp. 
 
 54-60. Austin, 1899. 
 
 Contents: The Iron Ores of Eastern Texas. 1. Lake or Bog. Ores. 
 2. Impregnations; 3. Ck>nglome'riate Ore. 4. Clay Ironstone. Marion 
 .and 'Cass Counties, Smith and Cherokee Counties. Lignites of Eastern 
 Texas. 
 
 "The determination of the exact geological position of the iron-bearing 
 beds of Eastern Texas, and especially of those north of the Sabine river, is 
 ■a, matter of some difficulty, ^as many of the 'associated strata are not fossil- 
 iferous. lEnough data have not yet • been collected to make any definite 
 statements as to their exact geological horizon except in a, few isolated 
 cases. It is probable, .however, that they occur in several difTerent hoiri- 
 zons between the lignitie clays of the Eocene and the Quaternary deposits 
 iwhioh cap this 'horizon in the iron-bearing regions that have been visited." 
 P. 54. 
 
 333. and Hill, Egbert T. 
 
 See Hill, Eobert T., and Penrose, E. A. F., Jr. 
 
 Eelation of the Uppermost Cretaceous Beds of the Eastern and 
 Southern United Statesi, and the Tertiary-Cretaceous Parting of 
 Arkansas and Texas. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, ] 887-1896. 195 
 
 Penrose, E. A. F., J«. 
 
 Aimer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 468-473. 
 Dec, 1889. 
 
 3341 
 
 A Preliminary Eeport on the Geology of the Gulf Tertiary of 
 Texas from Red Eiver to the Rio Grande. 
 
 First AnjQ. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 3-101. 
 Austin, 1890. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. Descriptive Geotogy — iGeography and Topo- 
 graphy. IStra,fcigTaphy. Basal or Wills Point clays. The Timber belt 
 or ;Sabine River beds. The Fayette beds. Post Tertiary deposits. Eco- 
 nomic Oeology — Iron Ores . of East Texas. 'Bemehes. Building stones. 
 Clays. Glass sands. Lime. Marls. Lignites ; iSan Tomas coal mine ; Uses 
 of lignite; Analyses of lignite. Mineral springs. Oils. Salt. 
 
 "The name East Texas is generally applied to that part of the State lying 
 east of the Brazos river. This area is bounded on the north by Indian 
 Territory and Arkansas, on the east by Louisiana, on the south by the 
 Gulf of Mexico, and on the west by the great prairie region of Central 
 Texas. A large part of this area is a heavily timbered (region, and marks 
 the southwestern terminus of the great Atlantic timber belt, extending 
 from the Arctic regions coiiitinuoualy along the coast of the Atlantic ocean 
 and Gulf of Mexico, until it finally disappears in the mesquite and cactus 
 prairies between the Colorado river and the Rio Grande. 
 
 "The country consists largely of the in-sbore part of the bottom of the 
 old Tertiary Sea, which once covered the whole Gulf coast. This area has 
 been elevated into a table-land one hundred to seven hundred feet above 
 the present sea level, sloping gradually to the southeast, and emptying its 
 
 • waters in the same direction into the Gulf of Mexico. Since its elevation 
 it ihas undergone great erosion, and is still being denuded at a tremendous 
 rate. The strata are all composed of sands and clays, and succtimb very 
 readily to the eroding action of the atmospheric agencies. The result is, 
 that all tha); is left of the once level surface of this table land are a few 
 fiat-topped hills and ridges, such as are seen in the northeastern counties. 
 East Texas, as thus defined, comprises a coast prairie region on the south, 
 a .great timber region in the center, and an interior praiirie country in the 
 north and northwest. The coast prairies reach inland along the Sabine 
 about fifty miles, but as we go west they spread farther and farther towards 
 the linterior until, when we oome to the iBrazos, they reach up the river 
 for over a hundred miles. Near the Gulf shore they are flat and low, 
 rising twenty to thirty feet above tide water, thickly covered with grass 
 and cut by steep-sided channels of many rivers and creeks. The monotony 
 oi the scenery is broken only by the narrow strips of timber which follow 
 the meandering courses of the streams down towards the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 ! As we go dnland the country slowly rises, and thdugh the praiories in their 
 easterly part maintain their flat character, to the west they become more 
 undulating and broken, and groves of mesquite, hackberry, cottonwood, 
 and other trees aire seen in many places. Finally, we come to the beauti- 
 
196 
 
 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Penrose, E. A. F., Jr. 
 
 ful rolling country of Washington and Grimes counties, the southern 
 border of the timber region. Continuing west across the Brazos, the prai- 
 ries rapidly encroach more and more on the timber of the interior, until 
 they out it out altogether, and finally blend, beyond the Colorado, with 
 the great prairies of Southwest Texas. 
 
 "The highest .points in the timber region, lilce Mount iSelman and Gent 
 Mountain, in Cherokee county, Hynson's Mountain, in Harrison county, and 
 many others, :have their summits capped by a horizontal, or almost hori- 
 zontal, bed of iron ore or sandstone, and to this covering they owe their 
 existence, it having jJroteoted them from the erosion which has worn down 
 the surrounding country. It has also given rise to a striking topography 
 very much like that of the western lava plains on a small scale. The hills, 
 locally called 'mountains,' sometimes occur as small, flat-topped hills — 
 the 'butte' and 'mesa' of the west — and at others spread oiit in broad pla- 
 teaus, sometimes covering an area of twenty or thirty square miles, deeply 
 cut by the steep sided canyons, and often showing an almost perpendicular 
 slope- 'Such regions afford a beautiful upland country, with a soil far 
 different from the surrounding lowlands, and a climate excellently adapted 
 to the cultivation of fruit. In fact, such lands are now among the greatest 
 fruit districts of Texas, and bid fair to become a worthy competitor of the 
 California fruit country." Pp. 7-8. 
 
 "For the sake of convenience in description, the Tertiary strata under- 
 lying lEast Texas have been divided as follows : 
 
 SECTION OF THE GtllJP TERTIABY OF TEXAS. 
 
 Later Tertiary? 
 (Grand Oulf, Hilgard) : 
 
 Eocene: 
 
 Fayette Beds. 
 
 Timber Belt or 
 Sabine River Beds. 
 
 Basal or Wills 
 , Point, Clays. 
 
 Sand.s, Clays and 
 Lignites. 
 
 Sands, Clays, Lig- 
 nites and Glaucou- 
 ites, or G-reensand 
 Marls. 
 
 SOO to 400 feet. 
 800 to 1000 feet. 
 
 250 to 300 feet. 
 
 335. 
 
 The iron ores of East Texas are classed as : 1, Brown Laminated Ores ; 
 2, Nodular or Geode Ores; 3, Conglomerate Ores. Special attention is 
 directed to the origin of these ores. See pp. 72, 76 and 79. On pp. 83-84, 
 forty-one analyses of iron ores from East Texas, by Messrs. J. H. Herndon 
 and L. E. iMagnenat, are given. 
 
 The Manganese Deposits of Texas. 
 
 Chapter XVI of the Annual Eeport of the Geologieal Survey 
 of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. I, pp. 432-447. Little Eoek, 1891. 
 
 Contents : Location of the Deposits. The Geologic Relations of 
 the Manganese Deposits. The Manganese Ores — -mineralogical forms 
 of the ores; Oxides of Manganese; Silicates of Manganese — ^Analy- 
 sis of spessartite from Llano county, Texas; Anialyses of andradite 
 from IMa3on county, Texas ; Analysis of polyadelphite from Franklin, New 
 
Rbcoku op Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 197 
 
 Penrose, E. A. F., Jr. 
 
 ■ Jersey; Analysis of tephroite from Mason county, Texas. (Relation of the 
 oxides and silicates of manganese. iFloat ore. Commercial value of the 
 ores — ^Analyses of manganese ores from Central Texas ; Analyses of manga- 
 nese ores from ;the Spiller mine, Texas. Mode of Occurrence of the Man- 
 ganese ores. iDescription of Localities — The Spilier Mine; the Kothmann 
 tract; Analysis of manganese ore from the Kothmann tract, Texas; Horse 
 Mountain ; Analysis of manganese ore from Horse Mountain, Texas. 
 
 "The manganese ores of Texas occur in the central part of the State, 
 mostly in Mason, Uano, and San Saba counties. The different deposits 
 are from forty to sixty miles from railway transportation, and no ore has 
 yet been shipped from any of them. Several places, however, have been 
 prospected, especially the Spiller mine and the Kothmann tract in Mason 
 county, and, to a lesser degree. Horse Mountain, in Llano county. 
 
 "The ores are associated with quartzites and gneisses, though micaceous 
 and garnetiferous schists are freq'uently found in the neighborhood. The 
 ■rocks are much disturbed and dip at various angles, sometimes standing 
 vertically. They are supposed to be of p're-Oambrian age. 
 
 "The Paleozoic and Cretaceous rooks border this region on all sides, and 
 areas of them frequently probrude far into, or cap hills of the crystalline 
 rocks. 
 
 "Mineralogical forms of the ores. — The manganese minerals of the Cen- 
 tral "Texas region occur in the form^ of oxides and silicates. Tlie latter, 
 so far as yet determined, generally represerit manganiferous varieties of 
 garnet, though the protoxide silicate of manganese known as tephroite has 
 also been 'found. 
 
 "The oxides of manganese. — The oxides of manganese occur in either 
 a massive form or as a granular crystalline aggregate, the two being more 
 or less intimately associated. The massive variety has a black color, a 
 smoath eonchoidal fracture, and a hardne&s of 6 to 7. The orystalline 
 variety is black, and Often very soft, in which condition it represents pyro- 
 lusite. The oxides aire generally associated with more or less silica, which 
 sometimes amounts to 'from 15 to 25 per cent, and makes the true mineral- 
 ogical nature of the ores doubtful. Dr. T. B. Comstook notes the existence 
 of psilomelane, pyrolusite, and wad in the Central Texas region." Pp. 
 432-433. 
 
 336. 
 
 The Iron Deposits of Arkansas. 
 
 Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Arkansas for 1893, Vol. I. 
 Little Kock, 1892. 
 
 Texas, Analyses of Iron Ores, p. 15 ; Classification of Iron Ores in Ter- 
 tiary Sfaraba, p. 108; Geologic Relations of the Iron Ores in Tertiary 
 Strata, pp. 105-106; Origin of Tertiary Ores, pp. 134-138. 
 
 "The laminated ores are especially well developed in Cherokee county in 
 Eastern Texas. They appear to have been derived largely from iron pyrites, 
 assisted possibly in some cases by carbonate of h-on, and glauconite. A* 
 already stated, the ore directly overlies a large glauconite bed, and in thi«, 
 and" immediately above it, iron pyrites is of common occurrence. In some 
 
198 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Je. 
 
 few places, where na.taral conditions have protected the bed from atmos- 
 pheric influences, it is found that the pyrite is especially abundant a-t the 
 top of the glauconite bed and iiiimediately below the oVerlying clayey sand. 
 Here it occupies the same position as the laminated ore elsewhere, a-nd 
 is frequently associated with .sands and clays which often contain lignite.'' 
 P. 135. 
 
 337. 
 
 The Tertiary Iron Ores of Arkansas and Texas. 
 
 Bulletin G«ol. Soc. Amer., Vol. Ill, pp. 44-50. 1892. 
 
 Contents: iDistribution of the Ores. Nature of the Ores: Nodular 
 Ores; Laminated Ores. Origin of the Ores. CJonclusions. 
 
 The general conclusions reached by ithe author are: 
 
 "1. That :the iron ores of Texas and Arl^nsas occur mostly in two 
 positions in the Eocene series of the Tertiary. 
 
 "2. That the ores were originally deposited in the form of oxide, car- 
 bonate .and sulphide contemporaneously with the associated strata, and 
 that they were subsequently segregated mostly as carbonate and sul- 
 phide. 
 
 "3. That the ores as now found are the products of the oxidation of the 
 carbonate and sulphide, the nodular ores being derived from the carbonate 
 and the laminated ores from the sulphide of iron." 
 
 337a.- 
 
 Art. Manganese. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, Its Statistics, .Technology and Trade. 
 1893, Vol. I. 
 
 (Manganese in Texas), p. 335. N. Y., 1893. 
 
 A brief notice of the deposits in the pre-Cambrian rocks of Mason, Llano 
 ■and San Saba counties. 
 
 338. Pond, Edward J. 
 
 A Cretaceous Ei"ver Bed. 
 
 Science, Vol. 9, pp. 536-537. 1887. 
 
 An attempt is here made to explain the springs at San Marcos, Hays 
 county, Texas, "where the San Marcos river rises full grown from the 
 earth, with a steadiness of flow in marked contrast with the majority of 
 Texas rivers." The theory .advanced, viz. : that the water supply is fur- 
 nished by the Blanco river through the medium of an ancient Cretaceous 
 river bed, is based upon an opinion ascribed to Professor R. T. Hill (Amer. 
 Jour, of Science, III, Vol. 33, p. 29), that there exists between the earlier 
 Cretaceous strata of Texas and the superimposed rocks a plane of 'non- 
 conformity by erosion' indicating a period of emergence between tiie two 
 periods of the Cretaceous rock formation. 
 
Record oj*' Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 199 
 
 339. Eagsdale, G. H. 
 
 Evidence of Drift at Gainesville.* 
 Geol. and Scientific Bull., Vol. 1, 'No. 7. Houston, Nov., 1888. 
 
 "Statements in regard to relations and distribution of gravels of the 
 region." .From Barton's .Record of N. A. Geol. for 1887, etc., Bull. U. S. 
 Geol. 'Surv., No. 75, p. 136. 
 
 340. Rauff/ Hermann. 
 
 TJaber Porocystis pruniformis, Cragin, (=? Araucarites wardi, 
 Hill) aus der.unteren Kreide in 'Texas. 
 
 Neues Jahrbueh fiir Min., Geol., u. Pal., 1895, Bd. I, pp. 1-15. 
 1895. 
 
 "Diese merlvwurdigen Korper hat Robert T. Hill zuerst 1889 erwahnt' 
 ('A Preliminary annotated cheek list of the Cretaceous Invertebrate Fossils 
 of Texas, accompanied by a siliort description of the Lithology and Stra-, 
 tigraphy of the System. Geol. Survey of Texas- [Austin], Bull. No. 4, 
 pp. XIV, XVIII [durch einto Druckfehler steht hier Gadolina anstatt 
 GonioUna] ) und zwar als Goniolina. Er hat dann 1890 wieder die Auf- 
 merksamkeit diarauf gelenkt,' (-Amer. Jour, of Science and Arts., 3 ser. 
 Bd. 40, pp. 64-65) hat sie 1891 als GonioUna oder Parkerid aufgefuhrt' 
 ("The Comanche Series of the Texas-Arkansas Region. Bull. Geol. Soc. of 
 America. iBd. 2, p. 508. Rochester.) und endlieh 1893 als Zapfenfriichte 
 einer Conifere besehreiben, die wahrseheinlioh eina Art von Araucarites 
 ware.* ( 'Paleontology of the Cretaceous Formations of Texas; The inver- 
 tebrate 'Palentology of the Trinity Division. Proceed, of the Biolog. Soc. 
 of Washington. Bd. 8, pp. 39-40. Taf. I, Fig. la-d. ©ie Kurze Beschrei- 
 ■bung lauted: Spherical cone-like bodies, varying in size from three-quar- 
 ters to one and one-half inches in diameter; slightly elongate, oblate or 
 depressed at upper end, with well defined circular scar showing attachment 
 to i-eceptacle; surface consists of miiiuite imbricate scales elongate, ovate or 
 isub-dianioind shaped, elongated toward upper end, and crowded around 
 recepbacular scar; seed minute.) Er nennit sie niln Araucarites f Wardi. 
 Fast gleichzeitig sind sae von F. VV. Cragin' ('A contribution to the inver- . 
 tebraite paleontology of the Texas Cretaceous. Fourth Ann. Report of the 
 'Geol. Survey of Texas, 1893, pp. 165-166. Taf. 24, Fi^. 2-6) der sie zu den 
 Bryozoen stellt, porocystis pruniformis benannt worden." 
 
 Besehreibung. Systematisehe Stellung. 
 
 "Alter und Vorkommen. — 'Nach Hill sehr haiiflg in alien Horizonten der- 
 Glen Rose-Schichten (TrinitynStufe) , von Glen ;Rose siidwarts bis zum Col-,' 
 oi-ado. In Travis, Burnet, Williamson, Lampasas und anderen counties. 
 Das iGestein ist ein kreidiger, in wenig tiefem Wasser abgelagerter Kalk' 
 ('lu den beiden zur Untei'suohung der Radiale hergestellten Dunn-schliffen 
 sind nicht wenige Foraminiferen Vorhauden; sie waren aber nicht sieher 
 zu besitimmen ) . Das Foss.il geht aber auoh noch etwas hSher hinauf, 
 namlich bis in die unteren Horizonte der Comanche Peak-Gruppe (Fred- 
 ei-ickahurg-Stufe) . Aus diesen fiihrt sie auch Taff von Hickory Cow Creek, 
 Travis County an. Das Alter der Glen 'Rose Beds is wahrscheinlich 
 tiefstes Neocom. Ueber di* Stratigraphie vergleiche; 
 
200 Tbansactions Texas Academy of Sciengb. 
 
 '/ 
 EiAUFF, Hermann. 
 
 Bill, R. T. The Oomanohe Series of the Texas-Arkansas Region. Bu'... 
 iGeol. Soc. of America, Bd. 2, pp. 503-528. Rochester, 1891. Ref. in dies. 
 Jahrb., 1893, II, S. 163 — Paleontology of the Trinity_Division. Proceed. 
 Biol. Soc. of Washington, Bd. 8, 1893, p. 1 flf.— Itef. in dies. Jahnb., 1894, 
 .1, p. 370. 
 
 Taff, J. A., 'Reports on the 'Cretaceous Area North of (the Colorado River. 
 Third Ann|. (Rep. Geol. Survey of Texas, 1891. Austin, 1892.— Ref. in dies. 
 Jahrb., 1894, I, p. 150." 
 
 341. E. G. , -■ 
 
 Fotes on the Geology of Gaines, County.* 
 
 Geol. and Scientific Bull., Vol. I. Houston, 1899. 
 
 "Reference to occurrence of sandstone, clay, and chalk of economic value." 
 From Darton's Record of N. A. Geol. for 1887, etc.. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 
 No. 75, p. 137. 
 
 342. EoEMEKr Ferdinand. 
 
 Ueber eine Dureh die Hseufigkeit Hippuriten-Artiger Chamiden 
 ' Ausgezeichnete Fauna der Oberturonen Kreide von Texas. 
 
 Paleontologische Abhandlungen Herausgegeben von W. Dames 
 und E. Kayser, Vierter Band. s. 281-396, Taf. 31-33. Berlin, 
 1888. 
 
 "The fossils described by Prof. Roemer in this article and referred to 
 the Upper Turonian are from the upper part o.f the Comanche Series of 
 Texas." .From €. A. White, Bull. U. S. G^ol. Surv., No. 82, p. 51. 
 
 342a. 
 
 Graptocarcenus Texanus, ein Brachyure aus der oberen Kreide 
 von Texas. 
 
 Neues Jahrbuch fiir Min., Geol., und Pal., 1887, Bd. I, pp. 
 173-176. Stuttgart, 1887. 
 
 "In mehreren grossen Sendungen texanischer Kreideversteinerungen, 
 welohe mir in den letzten Jahren dureh Herrn Georg StoUey zugegangen 
 sind, befanden sich auch die Exeinplare des nachstehend zu gesohi-eibendcn 
 Fossils. Die geringe Zahl der bisher aus den Kreidebildungen bekannten 
 Kurzschwiinzigen Kiiebse begriindet ein gewisses Interesse ftlr dieses neue 
 ■Art." 
 
 Description of the specimen. Discussion of its generic position. 
 
 "Der Funidort laller voriiogenden Exeimiplare ist der Shoal creek bei Aus- 
 tin, der Haupatajdit des Sitaates, Texias. . Das gestein, in vveleliem sie vor- 
 kommen, ist ein fast horizombal abgelagerter, weisser, niergeliger, KJalstein, 
 weloher dureh zablreiche andere Fossilien als der obersten Abtheilung des 
 Turon angehftrig bestimnit wird und dem weissen Kalkstein am Guadalupe- 
 Flus'se bei Neu iBraunfels, dessen fossile Fauna ich in meiner Schrift Uber 
 die Kreidebildungen von Texas beschreiben habe, im Alter wesentlich 
 gleichsteht." 
 
Rkcokd or Geology of Texas, ISS^-lSQe. 201 
 
 343. KoEMER, Ferdinand. 
 
 Maeraster, eine neue Spatangoiden-Gattung aus der Kreide von 
 Texas. 
 
 iNenw Jahrbuch fiir Min., Geol., und Pal., 1888, Bd. 1, pp. 
 191-195. Taf. VI. 
 
 The specimens upon which this genus is based were collected by Mr. 
 George Stolley. 
 
 Discussion. 
 
 "Der Q-attungscharakter der neuen Gattung worde in folgender Weise 
 festzustellen sein. 
 
 "Maeraster nov. gen. k 
 
 "Die Sehale gross, gewolbt, im Umriss hertzf5rmig. Der Mund auf der 
 flaehen Unterseite nahe dem Vorderrande gelegen, quer oval, ohne vorste- 
 hende Unterlippe; der After supramarginal, auf einer hinteren Abstum- 
 pfungsflache der Sehale. Das Sehei'telschild kompakt, mit vier G«nital- 
 , Poren, die Ambulacren petaloid, unten oflfen, in Furchen gelegen. Die 
 hinteren Ambulacral-Furchen so lang wie die vorderen. Die Poren der 
 Ambulacren in sohmalen quer verlaufenden iSpalten oder Schlitzen. Die 
 Oberflaehe der Sehale mit zerstreut stehenden Kleinen Warzen bedeekt. 
 Keine Faseiolen. 
 
 "Die ednzige bekannite Art: M. Texanus .aus oberturonem Kreddemergel 
 von Georgetown, in Texas." ' 
 
 See R. T. Hill "On the Occurrence of Marcaster Texanus," No. 207. 
 
 344. EoESLER, F. E. 
 
 Report of F. E. Eoesler, Division and Field Agent for Texas. 
 Submitted with the Eeport of Richard J. Hinton, Special Agent; in 
 Charge of the Preliminary Inves;tigation to dietermine the proper 
 Location of Artesian Wells within the Area of the Nanety-seventh 
 Meridian and' East of the Foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains.) 
 
 51st 'Congress, 1st Sesision, Senate Ex. Doc, No. 333, pp. 343- 
 
 319. Washington, 1890. 
 
 Artesiian Flowing Wells. "West of the ninety-seventh meridian there 
 are, in all, between 650 and 700 flowing wells, ranging in flow from one 
 gallon to 1,000 gallons per rainutb, and in depth from fifteen feet to 1,852 
 feet, and in cost from $25 to $7,200. The greatest number of flowing wells 
 ■are situate in the counties of Bosque, Somervell, Tarrant, and Hood, and 
 in these the average depth is from 200 to 500 feet, a few exceeding this 
 depth. The average flow is between 10 and 20 gallons per minute, a limited 
 number reaching 60 to 100 gallons, and a few exceeding this; some reaching 
 a flow of 300 gallons per minute. -The largest wells in the State are those 
 at Waco, five of which jointly flow about 5,000,000 gallons per diem. All 
 of the- ffowing wells except thirty-one are situate east of the one-hundredth 
 meridian, and as a factor in irrigation at present coun/t for little or noth- 
 ing. Good, palatable water is found at comparatively shallow depth only 
 east of the ninety-ninth meridian, and north of a line drawn, say, from 
 the southwest corner of Bandera county to Aransas Pass. South of this 
 
202 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 lioESLER, F. E. 
 
 line and west of the ninety-ninth meridian as far as the one-hundredth 
 meridian, all the flowing water obtained from well is impregnated with 
 salt, eoal oil, gas, and \'arious compounds of soda, sulphur, gypsum, and 
 is generally unfit for irrigation or any other purpose. The .wells east of 
 the ninety-ninth meridian are in material that a non-geologist would locate 
 as underlying the coal measures, while the mineral wells are in the coal 
 mioaaures and partake of all the evil smells and flavors that these strata 
 afford. As a. rule good water {flowing wells) can be obtained anywhere 
 east and north of the coal measures at a depth not exceeding. 1,000 feet. A 
 flow of 10 to 100 gallons per minute can be obtained at from 200 to 500 
 feet, with an increase of flow as the depth is increased. 'South of the line 
 from Bandera county to Aransas Pass, and tvest of the ninety-ninth meri- 
 dian, flowing water is found at a depth of 500 to 1,600 feet, but bad water 
 is encountered at 50 to 100 feet, and does not appear to improve at greatfer 
 depth, though , the well-borers and others claim to a man that there is 
 good water in the last deposit of water that was struck in nearly every 
 well that I examined. I confidently believe that there is much truth in 
 ■the assertion, knowing that until within the past two or three years there 
 was not an apparatus in the State that was adapted to deep borings, and 
 the most of the men were new in the well-boring business, and a majority 
 of failures were due to inexperience and the improper' tools used. 
 
 "West of the one-hundredth meridian as far as the Pecos river, in what 
 might be called the 'Semi-arid region,' there are a few flowing wells, none 
 of which are over 150 feet deep, and all of which were found accidentally. 
 There are three in Hockley county, one in Dallam county, one in Lubbock, 
 and one in Midland county. The flow from any of them is insignificant, 
 except that in Midland county, and this well is more of a spring or under- 
 ground stream than a well, presenting a feature not common to the rest 
 of the county. 
 
 "In the arid region west of the Pecos river, in Reeves county, there are 
 twenty-six flowing wells. Twenty-four wells are at Pecos City, varying 
 in depth from 185 feet to 300 feet, and in flow from 20 gallons to 300 
 gallons per minute. Twenty-two miles west of there, at Toyah Station, 
 are two flowing wells, one of which lis 832 feet deep. The flow from this ' 
 well is 300 gallons per minute. The water contains sulphur, but judging 
 from the a/ppearance of a five^aore garden irrigated from it, the water is 
 beneifioial rather than otherwise to plant life." Pp. 243-244. 
 
 Irrigating iCapaeity of Flowing Artesian Wells. 'Remarks. Profit of 
 ■ Artesian Well Investments. Recommendations. 
 
 Part II. The Te.^as .Division. That part of the Sti)ite lying west of the 
 ninety-seventh meridian. iSubhumid Region, Dist. No. 1. That part of the 
 iState lying between meridiians 97 and 100. Altitude of numerous places. 
 Section of the old well on the Capitol Grounds at Austin. Constituents 
 of the water. Modern Flowing Wells. Artesian wells under construction 
 or contract. Artesian Well Failures. Negative Artesian Wells. Numer- 
 ous Well Sections. Chemical Analyses of Texas Well Water. Railroad 
 Water Supply: Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railroad Com- 
 pany; Texas Pacific Railway Wells; Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway; 
 Fort Worth and Denver, Watea" Supply of Texas Cities and Towns, 
 
" Record, of Gbolouy of Texas, 1887-1896. 203 
 
 EoEsi/iiE, F. E. 
 
 Semi-arid Kegion, District No. 2. That part of Texas lying between the 
 ■one-hundredth and one-hundredth and third meridians north of the Peoos 
 and after its junction with the iRio Grande north of that river to the one- 
 hundredth meridian. Lisit of Railway Stations and their Altitudes. Flow- 
 ing Artesian Wells. Negative Artesian Wells. Stratification of wells. 
 
 District No. 1, Subhumid (Region. Flowing Artesian Wells, Common 
 Wells, Lakes, Storage Reservoirs, and other Waters used for irrigation. 
 
 District No. 3, Arid Region. That part of the State lying west of the one- 
 hundredth and third meridian and south of the Pecos from its junction with 
 this meridian to its mouth. Railway Stations and their Altitudes. Flow- 
 ing Artesian Welk at Pecos City. Flowing Wells at Toyah. Other Deep 
 Wells in District No. 3. Stratification of Wells in District No. 3. List 
 ■ of Wells drilled by Lanoria. Mesa Conipany, ten miles northeast of El 
 rp.a9o. 
 
 Prices per foot paid iov well borings in Texas. 
 
 Local Opinions as to the presence or absence of Artesian Waters. 
 
 District No. 2, Semi-arid Region. 
 
 Springs West of the Ninety-seventh Meridian, District No. 1. Springs 
 in District No. 2. 
 
 'district No. 3, and Region. 
 
 • 
 
 345., EoLKEK, Charles M. 
 
 The Production of Tin in various Parts of the World. 
 
 16th Annual Eept. of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Pt. Ill, pp. 458- 
 
 538. Washington, 1895. 
 
 (Tin in Texas-), pp. 528-539. 
 
 "In 1889, Professor Theo. \B. Comstock announced that he had received 
 a small crystal of cassiterite from Llano county. Later, in the Second 
 Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, Professor Comstock 
 announced the result of his geological examination of the territory in Cen- 
 tral Texas likely to prove stanniferous. In this report Dr. W. von Streeru- 
 witz also recorded his discoveries in Western Texas, and to these accounts 
 the leader is referred for detailed information. Professor Comstock points 
 out th« fact that the mineral keilhanite '(dttrotitanite) is likely to be mis- 
 taken for tin, except after close testing, but as it, like garnet, tourmaline, 
 etc., occurs in bands different from those in which oassiterite is found, a 
 knowledge of the structural geology of the district will make prospectiiig 
 easier." , Then follows an account of the belt by Professor 'Comstock, from 
 which this statement is taken: 
 
 "The most favorable points, judging from the knowledge thus far 
 acquired, are in the region about Barringer Hill ajid westward in Llano 
 county, and in the country about the head waters of Herman and Willow 
 creeks, dn Maaon county." P. 529. 
 
204 Transactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 346. SCHMITZ, E. J. 
 
 Copper Ores in tihe Permdan of Texas. 
 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Eng., Vol. XXVI, pp. 97-108. 
 Pittsburg Meeting, Feb., 1896. 
 
 "The existence of copper ores in the Permian measures of Texas has 
 long been Icnown, and these ores tsuve been, from time to time, the object 
 of geological researches and mining developments. The most important 
 of these efforts was made about ten years ago by the Orant Belt Copper 
 'Company of Texas, but it ended, after several years of fruitless labor, with 
 an entire failure^ 
 
 "The ore appears principally in two zones of the Permian rocks, namely, 
 the iRed iRiver zone in the counties of Archer, Wichita, Montague, Harde- 
 man and Wilbarger, and the 'Brazos River zone in the counties of Haskell, 
 Baylor, Stonewall and Knox. The above mentioned company prospected 
 anainly through Hardeman, Haskell, Knox and Wilbai-ger counties. 
 
 "From information collected by me, it seems that the geological adviser 
 of the company assumed the copper ore (or at least the copper) to be of 
 plutonic origin, and was directing his efforts towards the depths for the 
 mother-lodes or deposits. The diamond drill was employed for this pur- 
 pose, and at one point, in Knox county, a hole was sunk to tho depth of 
 WOO feet. How an. engineer could conceive the idea that these eoppeir ores 
 of the bedded Permian, which is bare of all plutonic lodes, dikes or inter- 
 sections, must be of eruptive origin, is rather hard to understand. ' I have 
 been told that indurated water-worn clay, mistaken for volc'anic scoria, 
 suggested or supported the hypothesis. 
 
 "The Permian copper ores appear in several horizons in each of the 
 above mentioned zones. In the iRed River district, the lower horizon is 
 ,reported near Belcher, in iMontague county. It belongs to the lowest Per- 
 mian, ahd lies not much above the line of contact with the underlying 
 Coal Measures. The upper horizon of the Red River' district is repre- 
 sented in Archer and 'Wichita counties, etc. 
 
 "Tlie lower copper horizon of the Brazos River zone appears in the 
 counties of Haskell and Baylor, and the -upper horizon in Stonewall county, ' 
 etc. 
 
 "It should be remembered here that these horizons are not sharply 
 bound to one continuous stratum or to the same level, as will easily be 
 understood from the fact that the stratification of the Permian measures 
 is somewhat irregular and non-persisitent, and thajt the beds change rather 
 abruptly. 
 
 "Of the above mentioned zones, that of Archer county, etc., is one of 
 the auost developed, and has been considered as one of the most promising 
 territories; and having had occasion to investigate this district on a short 
 trip during last summer, I hereby lay the principal results before the 
 institute : ■ 
 
 "The face of the country is very level, showing only small differences 
 between the flat land and low hills, and the low bluffs (never more than 
 100 feet high) of the rawines and beds of Wichita Rliver and its branches, 
 the latter being principally the results of erosion during the wet season, 
 while otherwise mostly dry. 
 
 "The Permian measures consist of compftatively soft sandstones, clay- 
 
Recokd of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 205 
 
 SCHMITZ, B. J. 
 
 slates, clays, oamparatively soft oonglomerafces and marls. The occurrences 
 of copper ore are scattered over a large area of Archer and Wichita coun- 
 ties, and the ore of Archer county appears (principally in the marls and 
 claynslates as pseudomoi-ph after wood (cuprified branches of trees, to a 
 thickness of several inches in diameter), and as larger or smaller nodules 
 (up to four or five inches in diameter), most or all of which are of fos- 
 siliferous origin. 
 
 "Copper ore is found also in irregular amorphous masses, intermixing 
 with and impregnating the .marl or clay-islate. In a third form it occurs 
 'as numerous small pebbles in a hardened cupriferous marl-conglomerate.' 
 And 'finally I found such nodules of copper ore seated in hardened clay- 
 slate and even in sandstone. The copper ore consists principally of green, 
 blue and dark silicates and carbonates of highly varying percentage. The 
 ouprified wood runs mostly high in copper, generally between 20 and 60 
 per cent., and the same .is true of the nodules. When impregnating or 
 intermixed with the clay and marl, the ore mostly contains less than 20 
 per cent, of copper; so does the conglomerate, etc. 
 
 "No matter in what form the ore appears, it shows always its Neptunic 
 origin. The pseudomorphs of wood, as well as the nodule ores, occur in 
 entirely separate and distinct pieces of irregular form, and are scattered 
 irregularly through the clay or marl matrix, foriming nests or pockets of 
 uncertain extent and size. The ore occurrences in the conglomerate marl 
 and the cupriferous clays all show decided pocket-form, and give indis.put.a- 
 ble evidence of the origin of the copper ores by precipitation during the 
 deposition of the copper-bearing stratum, or by replacement and meta- 
 morphosis shortly after the deposition of the strata." 
 
 Description of (1) the Isbell Lead seven miles northwest of Archer 
 City; (2) The Ball Mine; (3) The Winn Pocket or Deposit; (4) The 
 Elm Spring Disitriot; (5) Other Localities near Isbell; (6) Copper Ore 
 Deposits on Judge Kerr's Farm, two and one-half miles east southeast 
 from Archer City; (7) Spring Mountain, two miles southwest from 
 Arden. 
 
 "Resume. The territory examined around the so-called Isbell lead 
 extends .about one 'and one-half miles east and three miles west of Isbell, 
 and about one and one-half miles north and one and one-hal<f miles south, 
 therefore east and west four and one-half miles and north and south about 
 three miles. Copper ore was observed in this district in at least ten 
 different localities in the forans of pseudomorphs of wood, of nuggets or 
 nodules, and as cupriferous marl or clay-slate and clay. The ore appears 
 always in irregular pockets of uncertain position in clay-slate and marl 
 of highly variable thickness; but this clay-slate, etc., and the whole series 
 of Permian measures inclosing the said clay-slate and m-arl and marl 
 matrix belong undoubtedly in the same geological horizon. 
 
 "In the localities two miles south of Ai-cher City we have the copper 
 ore in the clay-slate and as cupriferous marl cohglomerate, both appar- 
 ently of the same geological horizon with ithe deposits around Isbell. 
 
 "The ore in the Texas Permian has this in common with the ore of the 
 Kupferschicfer in the German Permian ('Mansfield district) : that they 
 both occur principally in a bituminous clay-slate and marl; but while 
 
206 Tbansactions Texas Acadbmt op Science, 
 
 schmitz, b. j. 
 
 the copper ores of the former occur prevailingly as separate pieces, nug- 
 gets and nodules, collected or grouped to irregular pockets or deposits, the 
 copper ore of the Kupfersohiefer is concentrated in one continuous thin 
 layer of that formation. 'Moreover, the copper ores of the Texas Permian 
 .are principally carbonates and silicates or silicious carbonates; while 
 those of the German Permian are mostly sulphurets, deposited in very fine 
 particles. ^ 
 
 "But somewhat similar conditions must Have existed during the process 
 of deposition in both formations." 
 
 347. Science. 
 
 Texas Asphaltum. 
 
 Vol. XIII, p. 395. Apr. 19, 1889. 
 
 See No. 114, Dumble, E. T., "Texas Asphaltum," Geologic and Scientific 
 Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 11, March, 1889. 
 
 34:8. Scott, W. B. 
 
 A Question of' Priority. 
 ( Correspoadence. ) 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. XVlI, p. 58. Minneapolis, Jan., 
 1896. 
 
 A statement from Professor Scott concerning the use of "Palo Dura" for 
 certain Tertiary deposits that (unknown to him at the time) had been pre- 
 viously designated by W. F. Gummins, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, as the 
 "Goodnight beds'*; also an explanation of the use of Palo Duro in the 
 (Fourth Edition of Dana's Manual of Geology. 
 
 "So far as I am aware, the name 'Goodnight beds' has not yet been used 
 
 by others than Mr. Cummins; it is, therefore, quite within his power to 
 
 ohange it for one less objectionable, and it is much to be hoped that he 
 
 will do so- As the credit of the ■disoovery is entirely his, whatever name 
 
 ' he decides to employ will stand." P. 58. 
 
 See Title No. 83. 
 
 349. Shalek, F. S. 
 
 Evidences as to Ohange of Sea LeTel. 
 
 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. VI, pp. 141-166. 1895. 
 Reference to Texas, p. 154. 
 
 "Beginning the consideration of this continent with the isthmus of 
 Darien ■and proceeding northward^ we observe that the coast line shows 
 little evidence which can be interpreted as indicating flooded valleys, or, 
 in other words, a recent depression of the shore, until we reach the northern 
 limit of Mexico. Then along the eastern side of the continent to the north- 
 ward the signs indicating recent downward movement appear to me evident 
 and to indicate a progressive subsidence of a uniform nature to near the 
 pole. Eeentrant valleys begin to be indicated along the Texas shore." 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 207 
 
 350. Shumahd, Dr. George G. 
 
 Artesdan Water on the Llano Bstacado. 
 
 Geological Survey of Texas, Bull. No. 1, pp. 9, with 3 sections. 
 Austin, 1892. 
 
 The article "entitled 'Arteajan Water on the Llano Estacado' was 
 found among the papers of Dr. George G. Shum'arrd, which were loaned to 
 the present survey by his family. I -have been unable to find it in print 
 anywhere. Although a very brief statement, it contains facts which are 
 very important in their bearing on the artesian water supply of Western 
 Texas, and it is, therefore, put into this form in order that it may be 
 available." E. T. Dumble in letter of Transmittal. 
 
 The Report is addressed to Capt. John Pope, Corps Topographical Engin- 
 eers, in charge of Pacific 'Railway Survey, and bears the date of May 1, 
 1856. 
 
 351. SiMONDs, Frederic W. 
 
 Floating Sand: An unusual Mode of Eiver Transiportation 
 (withTaWe). 
 
 Amer. Geologislt, Vol. XVII, pp. 29-37. Minneapolis, 1895. 
 
 A'bstraet. Sand, mainly quartzose, was seen' floating on the surface of 
 the Llano river at Bessemer, Texas, Aug. 8, 1895. An investigation of the 
 phenomenon followed. Its occurrence elsewhere was ascertained, and 
 experiments undertaken to determine how sand may be floated, what sand 
 will float, and why sand will float. The experiments, which were carefully 
 performed, are minutely. described, and the behavior of no less than four- 
 I teen different kinds of sand from widely separated localities tabulated. 
 The conclusions reached are grouped under six heads, viz. . 
 
 "1. That sand grains will float in perfectly still water for an indefinite 
 ■time. 
 
 "2. That the grains which float are not necessarily silioious. That 
 flalces of mica, fragments of marble, bituminous shale, etc., also float, and 
 that some of them, the marble and the bituminous sh^le, for example, are 
 unusually buoyant. 
 
 "3. That the property of floating is not confined to the sand of any par- 
 ticular locality, but depends to a considerable extent upon the angularity, 
 i. e., shape of the grains. 
 
 "4. That whether sand will float or not depends, also, upon the mode 
 of launching, whether it 'be by ripple waves, as stated by Mr. Graham, or by 
 undermining, it must be gently done, for should the grains be plunged into 
 the water with sufficient force to completely immerse them they will imme- 
 diately sink. 
 
 "5. That the natural conditions necessary to the floating of sand in 
 rivers are somewhat unusual, depending, in the case of the Llano, upon 
 a flood without local rains, and, in .that of the Connecticut, upon the 
 manner in which certain waves strike a sand-bar. It is quite possible, 
 however, that floating sand is much more common than is ardinaiiily sup- 
 posed. 
 
 "6. That the physical explan'ition of the problem is complex rather 
 
208 Transactions Texas Academy of Sciencb. 
 
 SlMONDS, FbEDBKIC W. 
 
 than simple, and at best unsatisfactory in several important particulars, 
 and tliat with the advance of molecular physics we may hope for a better 
 understanding of what we now,, for convenience, term 'superficial viscosity' 
 ■and 'capillary attraction.'" 
 
 The following conclusions, reached by Mr. James C. 'Graham in his 
 studies of the floating sand of ithe Connecticut river (Amer. Jour. Science, 
 III, Vol. XL, p. 476), were confirmed: "Thait coairse sand can be floated 
 away on a current of far less velocity than 0.4545 miles per hour; and that 
 the phenomena may indicate a possible explanation of th« coarse particles 
 of sand found in otherwise very fine deposits." 
 
 353 > 
 
 Floating Sand : An unusual Mode of River Transportation. 
 
 Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XLI, No. 1048, pp. 
 16745-16746. Feb. 1, 1896. 
 A reprint of ithe preceding ( without the table) . 
 
 353. Simpson, Charles ToreY. 
 
 Description of Four New Triassic Unios from the Staked Plains 
 of Texas. 
 
 Proc. U. S. National Museum, Vol. XVIII, pp. 381-385 (with 
 cuts). Washington, 1896. 
 
 (This paper was prepared for the Geological .Survey of Texa^, but on 
 account of the failure of the iState to provide for printing further reports 
 of the Survey it was published by the U. IS. NationlaJ Museum.) 
 
 "The material upon which this paper is based was sent to the writer 
 for examination by Prof. E. T. Durable, State Geologist of Texas. It was 
 obtained from the Doekum beds, an extensive 'formation which underlies 
 all or nearly all of the Staked Plains of Texas and southeastern New Mex- 
 ico, reaching farther back into that Territory northwest of .the Plains, and 
 having some extension under the Cretaceous area south of them in Texas." 
 
 The limit of the plains on the east, north and west. The lithologie char- 
 acters of the beds. Vertebraites shallow fresh water animals as determined 
 by Cope. Unios of Gallinas Creek, New Mexico. Discussion of oharaoters. 
 Description of Unio sub-planatus, new species. Locality — "Duck Creek, 
 Dickens County, Texas." Description of Unio dumblei, new , species. 
 Locality — "Five miles northeast of Doekum, head of -Duck Creek, Dickens 
 iCounty." Description of Unio graoiliratus, new species. Locality — "South 
 of spur, Headqua/rters 21, Dickens County, Texas; head of Duck Creek, 
 Dickens County." "One right valve of what is probably this species was 
 sent from the Doekum beds, at the southeast corner of Crosby County, 
 Texas, with a number of V. dockumensis. Six ra,ther imperfect specimens 
 from the Doekum beds, in the soubheaat corner of Garza County, Texas, 
 I am inclined to refer to this species, * * * .'' Description of Unio 
 dookumensis, new species. Locality — "Southeast corner of Garaa County, 
 Texas; "windmill three miles north of Doekum; .tank north of Double Moun- 
 tain River; head of Duck Creek, Dickens iCounty, Texas." 
 
Recobd of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 209 
 
 Simpson, Chaeles Torry. 
 
 "To sum up, then, ithese Triassio Unios are evidently not the earliest 
 members of the genus, since bhey show divergent characters, which are 
 dominant in widely distributed and prominent groups of this genus found 
 , living at the present day. Thus Vnio graciliratus, in its somewhat broken 
 and radiating lines, possesses characters now found in an assemblage of 
 peculiarly sculptured species of eastern Asia, and the teeth of V. sub- 
 planatus have characters lilce nearly all the species of the southern liemis- 
 phere. The radial beak sculpture is unknown at the present day outside of 
 South America and Australasia, while the forms of at least three of those 
 species, as well as their interiors, where exhibited, bring to mind most 
 strongly the species which now inhabit Europe and western Asia, and a 
 small gixjup belonging to the Mississippi area." P. 385. 
 
 354. SiNGLEYj J. A. 
 
 Eeportof (forl891). 
 
 Geological Survey of Texas, Second Report of Progress, 1891, 
 pp. 78-83. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Artesian Well Work. Texas Birds. Texas Fishes. Texas 
 Mollusca. The lOyster Industry of Texas. 
 
 "I give you herewitli a preliminary section of the well (at iGalveston) 
 to ii depth of two thousand four hundred and twenty..flve feet, the depth 
 attained to this date (Dee. 31, 1891). No determinations have yet been 
 made of the many species of the fossil shells, woods, etc., that have been 
 secured, this being deferred until the completion of ithe well." P. 78. 
 
 355. 
 
 Preliminary Eeport on the Artesian Wells of the Gulf Coastal 
 Slope. 
 , Fourth Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surr. of Texas, 1893, Pt. I, 
 pp. 85-113. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Chapter I. The Galveston Deep Well (3070 feet). Gal- 
 veston Deep Well Section. iChapter II. Artesian' Wells of the Coastal 
 Prairie Region and Tertiary iBelt of Texas. Galveston City and 
 iCounty: Brush CEleetrio Light and Power Company's Well. Galves- 
 ton City Railway Company's Wells. "Galveston Cotton and Woolen Mill's 
 'Wells. Texas Ice and Cold Storage Company's Well. Gulf, Colorado 
 and Santa Fe Railroad Well. National Cotton Oil Company's Well. Bag- 
 ging Factory Well. 'Rope and Twine Factory Well. South Galveston 
 Land 'Company's Wells. Wells on the Main Land: North Galveston. 
 Fairwood Well. Gulf, Colorado and iSanta Fe Railroad Company's Well at 
 Hitchcock. J. Tarquard's Well near Hitchcock. Judge R. T. Wheeler's 
 Well near Hitchcock. Nichols' Well, Dickinson. Ramie Farm Well, near 
 Dickinson. Nolan's Well, three miles west of Dickinson. Anderson's Well, 
 near Dickinson. 'C. C. Petit's Well, near Dickinson. 'Brazoria County; 
 Alvin Wells. Velasco Well. Well at Surf side. Nueces County: Corpus 
 Christi. Harris County: Wells at Houston, La Porte, Humble, Zimbi. 
 Liberty County: Keno. Polk County: Valda. Fort Bend County: 
 
210 Tbansactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 SiNGLBY, J. A. 
 
 _ Areola. Lee County: Giddings. Bastrop County: Bastrop. Hidalgo 
 County. Hobertson County : Calvert, Water, Ice and Bleotrie Light Com- 
 pany's Well, Market House Well, Gibson's Gin, Bremond, Mumford; wells 
 on the Garrett plantation; on pthe Field's Plantation; B. S. Peter's Well-; 
 Well on 'Burnet's Plantation ; on the Astin Plantation. Crinan's Well, at ' 
 Hearne; Joseph Hearne's Well, at Hearne; Compress Well, at Hearne; 
 Well at Franklin ; Well on Westbrook's Plantajtion; Well at Lewis' Switch; 
 iWell on Judge Terrell's Planta.tion; on Brown's Plantation. Grimes 
 County: Well at Lamb's Spring. Ice Factory Well at Navasota. Brazos 
 County: Well at Steele's Store; Well 'at Stone City (.Mosley's Ferry); 
 Wells at Bryan. Burleson County: Well on William Koppe's Plantation. 
 Harrison County : Well at Marshall. Marion County : Well at Jefferson. 
 DeiWitt County: Well at Yorktown. Frio County: T. A. De Vilbiss' 
 Well; T. A. and J. W. De Vilbiss' Wells. Goliad County: Wells seven 
 miles northwest of Goliad. Refugio County: The O'Connor Brothers' 
 Wells. La Salle County: Well at CotuUa. Gonzales 'County: Wells at 
 Bancho. Victoria County: Wells at or near Victoria. Webb County: 
 Well at Cactus, Laredo. Atascosa County: Pleasanton. 
 
 In Chapter I, there is a quotation from the Engineering Nefws, Aug. 11, 
 1892, in which Mr. J. W. Byrnes, a member of the contracting company, 
 gives an account of the well and the method of sinking. 
 
 In Chapter II, are given fourteen analyses of water from various places. 
 
 356. 
 
 'Contributions to the N"atiira'l History of Texas. 
 Pt. I. Texas Mollusca. 
 Pt. II. Tex'as birdis. 
 
 Fourth Ann. Bept. of 'the Geol. Surv. of Texas., 1893, Pt. 
 II, pp. 399-375. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Part I. A preliminary list of the land, fresh water and 
 marine mollusca of Texas. Terrestrial species. Fluviatile species. Marine 
 species. 
 
 Part II. List of birds observed in Lee county, Texas. JJotea on the 
 Birds of Galveston Island. List of birds observed at .Corpus Christi and 
 on the lower Rio Grande. 
 
 357. Smith, Eugene A. 
 
 Notes on Native Sulphur in Texas. 
 
 Science, N. S., Vol. Ill, No. 70. May 1, 1896. 
 
 Location of sulphur deposits. Topography of the region. Geology. The 
 sulphur deposits — their character. Reports of other deposits. Materials 
 filling the basins of the Trans-Pecos region. Sulphur deposits of Sicily. 
 Gypsum. lOommercial value of the Texas deposits. 
 
 "About forty miles northwest of Pecos City and twenty west of Guada- 
 loupe station, on the Pecos Valley Railroad, are some deposits d sul- 
 phur * * »_ 
 
Recokd op trEOLOGY OF Texas, 1887-1896. 211 
 
 Smith, Eugene E. 
 
 "These deposits occur in the 'Toyah Basin' (or its extension), referred to 
 iby Prof." R. T. Hill in his feport on the Artesian Waters of Texas. This 
 basin is one of a series of lacustrine formations occupying valleys eroded 
 in the plains or enclosed by mountain blocks, the underlying and enclos- 
 ing formations 'being the Red Beds and the lower strata of the Comanche 
 series of the Texas geologists. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "At the three places visited by me the sulphur was found below bare, 
 apparently wind-swept spots, its presence being usually indicated either 
 !by clusters of gypsum crystals in the soil, or by an outcrop of the sulphur 
 itself, sometimes tolerably ipure, sometimes cementing the surface pebbles 
 into a conglomerate. When further exposed by pits the sulphur is seen 
 to occur in nests and irregular veins filling small fissures or crevices in 
 the soil, the sides of these fissures being often lined with well-developed 
 sulphur orysctals up to one-fourth of an inch in size. The Whole of the 
 earth, to the depth of ten feet or more at the three localities visited, 
 appeared to be impregnated with sulphur, sometimes almost imperceptible 
 to the eye, but Oftener in minute crystals concentrated along irregular 
 lines." 
 
 358. Stanton/T. W. 
 
 "The Columbian Exposition : Notes on Some Mesozoic and Ter- 
 tiary Exhibits." 
 
 Carrespondenee. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. XIII, pp. 289-290. Minneapolis, 
 1894. 
 
 A reply to an editorial criticism by F. W. Cragin, published in the Am. 
 Greol., Vol. XIII, March 1894, pp. 185-189, relating to the determination 
 of certain species on exhibition by the U. S. Geol. Surv. at the Columbian 
 Exposition. 
 
 359. , and Vaughn, T. Wayland. 
 
 • Section of -the Cretaceous at El Paso, Texas. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, IV, Vol. I, pp. 31-36. New Haven, 
 
 Jan., 1896. 
 
 "The section here described was made in Mexico and New Mexico near 
 the Initial Monttment of the Mexican Boundary Survey, about three miles 
 west of the city. The lowest part of it is exposed in the cutting of the 
 Southern Pacific railroad on the west bank of the Eio Grande, where it 
 cuts the pascs through the mountains. The sections extend from here to the 
 top of the hill across the arroyo southeast of the Initial Monument of the 
 Boundary Survey. The rooks are, greatly faulted, folded and disturbed by 
 igneous intrusions, so to obtain the sequence and thickness of the beds it 
 was necessary to establish horizons and measure between them where we 
 could find them." 
 
 ^ detailed columnar section covering about 700 feet is given, together 
 with lists of species obtained from the various beds. The paper closes 
 with notes upon the fauna token as a whole. 
 
212 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 360. Steeki, Dr. V. 
 
 Shells collected in the Sand of a Dry Salt Lake near Eddy, New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Third Ann. Eept, of the Geol. of Texas, 1891, pp. 263-265. 
 Austin, 1892. 
 A list of fourteen species of molluscs with notes. 
 
 361. Steeeruwitz^ W. H. Von. 
 
 Coal in Texas. 
 
 Greoloigi'eail landl Scientific Bulletiini, Vol. I, No. 2. Houaton, 
 1898. 
 
 This article is, in the main, an attempt to combat "the prevailing incre- 
 dulity as to the value of Texas coal deposits." 
 
 "Texas has aibout 25,000 square miles of Carboniferous formation, and 
 that the coal measures of this formation hold good coal is received with 
 the same incredulity as was formerly the assertion of the existence of 
 
 ores. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "I/ast year I was professionally occupied all summer in tracing the Car- 
 boniferous strata in the Chickasaw nation, along the Santa Fe railroad, 
 and I found that the ooal formation of the Indian Territory -ig evidently 
 connected, at leasrt in two places, with that of Texas, but the connecting 
 streaks are mostly covered by thick strata of more recent periods. 
 
 "I also found that the Carboniferous strata of Texas show less upheavals 
 coves, and other disturbances than those of the western .part of Indian 
 .Territory, and that the conditions for the eventual working of the coal in 
 Texas present fewer difficulties on account of water and gas." 
 
 362. 
 
 Brown Coal or Lignites. 
 
 Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 3. Houston, 
 July,' 1888. 
 
 lA desoriptiom lof the properties of brown coal or lignite; how it varies 
 from true coal. ^Methods of utilization as fuel. 
 
 "Many of the brown coal deposits of Texas are located conveniently near 
 to railroads, in parts of the State where lire clay, potter's clay and kaoliA 
 abound. They are found in the cotton raising counties, and can furnish 
 a cheap and convenient fuel for cotton gins, cotton mills, ceramic factories, 
 etc. 
 
 "These deposits, which in places are twenty feet thick, and even more, 
 are in most cases only a few feet below the surface, and consequently the 
 mining is not exipensive, no costly shafts, hoisting, pumping and ventilat- 
 ing machinery being required." 
 
 Prejudices against the use of lignite. 
 
Rbcoed op Geology of Texas,' 1887-1896. 213 
 
 363. Streeruwitz, W. H. Vosr. 
 
 Irrigation and' Drainage. 
 
 Geological and Scientific' Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 4. Houston, 
 Aug., 1888. 
 
 (Continued in Vol. I, No. 5. Sept., 1888.) 
 
 Attention is called to the necessity of irrigation in Texas and to );he 
 methods to be employed. Artesian wells, reservoirs, and side canals or 
 ditches to streams are discussed. 
 
 364. 
 
 Mines worked in Western Texas. , ■ 
 
 Geological and Scientific -Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 13. Houston, 
 April, 1889. 
 
 A description of mines in the Trans-Pecos region. The "Shafter mine 
 in the foothills of the south end of the Chanattee mountains." "The mate- 
 rial is a strongly ferruginous quartz ore, and calcareous free milling ore 
 with an average assay value of from thirty to thirty-five ounces of silver. 
 The galenites which seem to beoome more frequent in the deeper strata of 
 the mines are held out and shipped to the smelters." 
 
 Description of the mill and processes employed. "The daily output may 
 safely be estimated at from 1000 to 1400 ounces of silver. 
 
 '^'The deeper strata of the tremendously large pocket which the com- 
 pany is developing will no doubt consist of sulphurets, and I think it safe 
 to predict that tbis deposit will be found connected with the numerous 
 lead depos-its on the riverside of the south end of the Chanattee moun- 
 tains." 
 
 The Hazel mine "in the Carrizo mountains, at the foot of the Sierra 
 DiaJblo." 
 
 ■ "The gangue is a strongly siliceous limestone, running without -a defined 
 -wall in bright red sandstone. The gangue is oiver thirty feet wide at 
 present, with a pay streak vein of about twelve ieet. The ore is silver- 
 bearing oopper-glanz. Scarcity of water and fuel makes it imip<3ssible to 
 work the whole width of the gangue, which, outside of the pay streak, 
 carries about twelve to fifteen ounces of silver to the ton, too low a per 
 centage to ship the material without having it concentrated by "washing or 
 smelting to matte. Wire silver is frequently found with the ores in this 
 mine, and pockets of still richer gray copper are struck now and then." 
 
 The Bonanza mine, in the Quitman mountains, ten miles from Sierra 
 Blanca station. Vein, two to ten inches of Galena, bearing on an average, 
 thirty ounces of silver. 'The Alice Ray mine. Ores same as those of the 
 Bonanza, viz.: silver bearing galena, "the vein of both mines runs in 
 the contact between porphyry and granite." 
 
214 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 365. Streeeuwitz, W. H. Von. 
 
 Report of Geologist for Western Texas. 
 
 Texas- Geol. and Min. Surv., First Eept. of Prog., 1888, pp. 
 31-43. Austin, 1889. 
 
 This report, which is in the form of a diary, is the record of many val- 
 uable observations upon topography, eoonomie geology, climate, hydrogra- 
 phy, etc., but so numerous akd disconnected that a summary i§ well nigh 
 impossible. The party left El Paso October 11, 1888, and its explorations 
 covered the remainder of that month and the whole of the following. 
 
 "As may be seen from this report, I followed the granitic, porphyritic, 
 and crystalline schistose portions of the mountain ranges from Rio G-rande, 
 through the Franklin range, through the Quitman, Sierra Blanca, Sierra 
 lOarriza, Eagle Spring, Van Horn and Chispa mountains to the Apache 
 range, and through part of this, touching the Sierra Diabolo and some 
 less important ranges. I selected such slopes as had mines or prospects 
 partly developed, and where I could hope to find information and water." 
 P; 43. 
 
 366. 
 
 367. 
 
 Compiled Tables of Eainfall. 
 
 Rainfall from 1879 to 1887, at Fort Davis and Surrounding 
 Circle of Country of 100 miles Diameter. 
 A-verage Annual Rainfall by Months. 
 
 Normal Average Temperature in West Texas. 
 
 Texas Geol. and Min. Surv., First Rept. of Prog., 1888. 
 p. 44. Austin, 1889. 
 
 Compiled from the Records of the U. S. Signal Office. 
 
 Report of. 
 
 First Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. Ixxix-lxxxi. 
 Austin, 1890. 
 
 Administrative Report. "The portion of the State to which niy field 
 work was confined during the year 1889 is that extreme western part, 
 embraced' between the Pecos river and Rio Grande, known as Trans-Pecos 
 Texas, and the time I was in the field was devoted principally to prepara- 
 tory work and determinations which were positively essential to a cor- 
 ,rect understanding of its geology. For successful geological determina- 
 tions and investigations of this part of the country, the study of the topog- 
 raphy is absolutely required. Eruptive rijck, of different periods and char- 
 acter, intrude into and penetrate the sedimentary strata, which are also 
 of different ages, and for the most part strongly metamorphosed. - 
 
 "The mountain groups and ranges and the hills are separated from each 
 other by wide gaps and extensive flats, filled in with more recent deposits, 
 which add greatly to the complications of the geolog-ical work in this part 
 of the State. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 215 
 
 Strebruwitz, W. H. Von. 
 
 "Another source of Gomplioation arises from the greater erosion of the 
 older mountains by the Cretaceous sea, as well as from later erosions and 
 intrusions, and the covering of these by more recent materials after the 
 Cretaceous deposits were formed." P. Ixxix, 
 
 Information derived from former feports meagre. iExisting maps of 
 doubt-ful value. Difficulties of running and measuring straight lines. 
 Topographical map a necessity. This work undertaken. Start made at 
 Sierra, Blanca. 'Preliminai-y base measured. Instructions received to 
 classify mineral lands. lOamp at Sierra Blanca Junction. Topography of 
 the Cretaceous Hills. Vertical Distance of Curves 100 feet. Camp at foot 
 of Quitman Mountains. Camp at Eagle Flat. Camp six miles west of 
 Torbert. Base line measured and monuments erected. 
 
 368. 
 
 GTeology of Trans-Peeos Texas. Preliminary Statement. 
 
 First Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 217- 
 235 ; 2 ills. Austin, 1890. 
 
 Contents : Character of country. ■ Sierra Blanca Mountain. Quitman 
 Mountain. Carrizo Mountain. Sierra Diablo. Mineral resources. Agri- 
 culture and Irrigation. Development. Conclusions. Topographical notes. 
 
 "As has been mentioned, the mountains and hills of Trans-Pecos Texas 
 rise generally (seemingly, at least) in isolated ridges and groups from 
 broad flats, abruptly in most cases, and eitlier without foothills or sur- 
 rounded only by those of limited extent and height. This is particulai'ly 
 the case with the eruptive mountains. 
 
 "But even a superficial examination shows that in spite of the great 
 variety in rock material there exists an essential connection between all of 
 the eruptive mountain ranges and groups, and that the flats and basins 
 Ibetween these ranges and groups, however extensive they may be, are in 
 fact deep valleys, having depths of even 1000 feet and more (as has been 
 proved by borings) , and filled in with the debris not only of eruptive mate- 
 rial, but also with that of 'Caribonde, Cretaceous, and possibly intermediate 
 strata. This is often covered in turn with Quaternaiy detritus, which is 
 in some cases more than 100 feet thick. 
 
 "In the Quitman Mountains, or at least in their northern part, we have 
 to deal with eruptive rocks only; with granites of at least two ages, and 
 ■with .porphyries, the latter evidently younger than the granites. 
 
 "The Sierra Blanca group of mountains rises north of the first ridge 
 of the Quitmans, and is separated from them by a valley two miles in 
 width, which slopes gently from the mountains on either side, and west 
 towards the river. The gi-oup consists of four isolated, moderately cone- 
 shaped mountains, the bighest of which, the Sierra Blanca Pealc, has a 
 height of nearly 7200 feet above ,the sea level, or 2000 feet above the sur- 
 rounding flat. Up to the present time no granites similar to those of the 
 Quitman range have been detected in the Sierra Blanca group, and out- 
 crops of dioritic roclis exist which have not been observed in the- Quitman 
 iMountains, so far as they have been examined. Porphyritic rocks ar« 
 
216 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Steeeruwitz, W. H. Von. 
 
 ■found, however, resembling those of the Qaitmans. The surface rock of the 
 Sierra iBlanoa Mountains consists ol a quartzitie irLaiterial in sharp, angu- 
 lar fragments, varying in size from six inches to more than six feet, evi- 
 dently a metamorphic or semif used -sandstone, with occasionally a thin layer 
 of cryaitals of hornblende. ■ These qusartzites, which are bi'okon at nearly 
 right angles to the_plane of the original stratification, are devoid of petre- 
 factions or impressions of organic matter. They evidently cover the slopes 
 and summits to considerable depth, coinciding in their present inclination 
 with the mountain slopes. The isolation, character, and .peculiar shape 
 of the Sierra EJanca Mountains seem to point to laccolitie intrusions as 
 their origin. 
 
 "The four mountain cones of this group are decidedly newer than the 
 Lower Cretaceous rooks surrounding them.^ The dip of the Lower Creta- 
 ceous hills in the vicinity of the iSierra Blauca Mountains is the same as 
 that of the quantzite forming the slopes of these mountains, and the saddle 
 of Lower Cretaceous limestone, with excellently 'preserved specimens of 
 fossils, lying between two of the mountains, and stratified horizontally, 
 seems to indicate that the upheaval of all the .mountains of this group 
 took place simultaneously and probably gradually after its deposition. 
 
 "From observations made up to this time no connection can be found 
 between the intrusive material of the Sierra Blanea cones and the eruptive 
 rocks of the nearest or northwe3t.ern ridge of the Quitman 'Mountains, and 
 it will require careful study and comparison with the Quitman Mountains., 
 -and the distant ranges and groups to- the northward,' to justify final con- 
 clusions. 
 
 "The foothills east and south are Lower .Cretaceous, with numerous and 
 extensive porphyritic intrusions. To the west there are more recent 
 (Quaternary?) beds, sloping gently tovyards the. river and intersected by 
 numerous ravines land dry watercourses. , The Sierra Blanea Mountains, 
 .with their fragment-covered surface, .and the foothills west of tiiem, show 
 fewer distinct ore outcrops, and are lacking in the tempting indications 
 of ore deposits and veins found in the Quitmans. and their foothills. I 
 ■regard this plainly visible presence of ore in the Quitman MountainSjs 'and 
 the absence of such distinct indications in the Sierra Blanea grouip, as an 
 additional evidence that they belong 'to separate upheavals, independent 
 ■of each other, and also of the laccolitie character of the 'Sierra Blanea 
 group." iPp. 219-220. 
 
 "In the Quitman Mountains,' the Bonanza and Alice .Eay mines have 
 shipped some good ores, containing 30 per cent, and over of lead, 25 to 30 
 per cent, of zinc, with from 20 to 30 ounces of silver, and traces of gold — 
 say an average value of $60 to $65 per ton; » « * _» p_ 223. 
 
 369. -. 
 
 Report of. 
 
 Second Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. xci- 
 xciv. Austin, 1891. 
 
 An administrative report. It deals with the difficulties of carrying on 
 geological work in the Trans-Pecos region on account of the soarcity of 
 
Rbcoed of Gkology of Texas, 1887-1896. 217 
 
 Steeeeuwitz, W. H. Von. 
 
 water and food foi- horses. IWhilc delayed the services of the party -were 
 offered to Dr. R. S. Woodward, Astronomer of the U. S. Geological Sur- 
 vey, who was engaged in taking observations for the final determination 
 of the 105th meridian. The locations of the various camps during the 
 season are given. The work of Mr. Taff, Assistant Geologist, outlined. 
 Mr. Ralph VVysdietzki, Topographer, assisted by Mr. Leon Perl. Other 
 difficulties encountered, such as the want of reliable maps, metamorphism, 
 etc. The necessity of studying the older rocks in New Mexico and Arizona 
 before reaching final conclusions in West Texas set forth. Mineral 
 resources and building stones promise well. The climate, observed during 
 two summers and two winters, the general lay of the land and the quality 
 of the soil lead io the conclusion that "the conditions for a future use 
 of the soils for agricultural and horticultural purposes are anything but 
 hopeless." 
 
 370. 
 
 Eeport on the Geology and Mineral Eesources of Trans-Pecos 
 Texas. 
 
 Chapters I-IV, inclusive. (For Chapter V, see J. A. Taff.) 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 
 665-713. 3 plates, including one of sections; topographic 
 map. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: Chap. I. Definition of area included in the region. Chap. 
 II. Descriptive Geology. Chap. III. Mineral JResourees and Irrigation. 
 Hunter district; Bonanza district; Big Ouleh or Silver King, district 
 Zimplemart's GPass district; Sierra Blanea Junction; Eagle Mountains 
 Hills ibetween the Texas and Pacific Railway and Glififs of the Sierra Dia 
 'bolo; Ornamental and Building stones; Irrigation; Development. Chap 
 IV. Minerals of Trans-Pecos Texas. 
 
 "The present Report refers principally to the area mapped, topographi- 
 cally, Ibetween longitude 104° 55' and 105° 35', and la.titude 30° 55' and 
 31° 10', covering the east and west slopes of 'th^ Quitman Mountains 
 (formerly Sierra de los Dolores) to the El Paso stage road; the iMalone 
 Hills; the southwestern part of the Sierra Blanea group, with Sierra 
 Blanea Peak; the southwestern spur of the Sierra Diabolo; the western 
 part of the Carrizo Mountains; and the northern foothills of the Eagle 
 Mountains (Sierra del iCola del Aguila) ; the hills of the Devil's Ridge 
 (sometimes called the Devil's Backbone) ; and the hill ranges between the 
 Sierra DiaJbolo, Carrizo, Eagle Mountaiife, and the Quitman Range, with 
 the intervening extensive flats. It refers also, as far as geography is con- 
 cerned, to a part of Trans-Pecos Texas, which up to this time has not been 
 worlced up topographically and geologically, but which I have touched iby 
 reoonnoitering, such as the Guadaloupe Mountains, extending southward 
 !from New flVIexico towards the foothills, and northern slope of the Davis 
 (Apache or Limpia) Mountains, between the San Martin Springs and Vam 
 iHorn. 
 
 "This southern extension of the Guadaloupe Mountains, connecting with 
 
218 Tbansactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 Stkeeruwitz, W. H. Von. 
 
 the Bavis Mountains, extends thraugh the Paisano and Mount Ord range 
 to the Sierra St. Jago (Sa. Contrario), which runs down to 'the Rio 
 Grande, forming the divide between the Pecos (iRio Puerco) and Rio 
 <Jrand€ above the mouth of the Maravillas creek." P. 669. 
 
 In Chapter IV, the following list of minerals [and rocks], from Trans- 
 Pecos Texas, is given, with notes upon the localities of their occurrence: 
 QuAETz — Common; Milky; Granular; Mountain Crystal; Sagenitic 
 
 Quartz; Adventurine ; Flinty Quartz; Smoky Quartz; Agates, banded, 
 
 cloudy, and milky; Onyx. 
 Amphibolite — 
 oetoknblende 
 
 Granite — iFine and coarse-grained, red and gray, chloritic, syenitic and 
 ferruginous; granites with garnets and graphite; Talcose granite; 
 Pegmatite; Granulite. 
 
 Porphyries — Argylophyre; Melaphyre; Olygophyre; porphyritio trachytes, 
 etc. 
 
 Mica Schists — lAlso Talcose, chloritic, and hornblende schists. 
 
 Mica — 
 
 Feldspar — ■ 
 
 Marbles — 'Dark gray, coarse-grained; lighter gray, fine-grained; yellow 
 
 and peach-blossom shades, streaked, and mottled, very fine-grained 
 
 white and pink; white and purple, etc. 
 Calcites — 
 
 Volcanic Rocks*— Lava, compact and cavernous basalt, basaltic wacke, 
 
 obsidian, retinite, and trachyte. 
 Serpentine — Brown, oil green, brick-red and mottled. 
 
 Iron — Silicious magnitite and hematites; siderite; titanic iron; pyrites* 
 
 gossan. 
 
 Lead — Galena; carbonates of lead with silver; zinciferous lead ores with 
 silver. 
 
 Zinc Sulphides (Blende) -r-Pribramite (cadmiferous blende) ; marmatite; 
 ■ christophite. 
 
 Antimony — 
 
 Nickel — • 
 
 Uranium — Torbernite; uranoehre; uranpecherz, etc. 
 
 Copper— 'Copper glanz; tetrahedrite ; fahlerz; copper indigo; malachite; 
 azurite; silicates; velvet copper ore; black oxide; red and blue carbo- 
 nates; brown (red)* oxide; peacock ore and pyrites; chrysoooUa; 
 ataeamite; pseudo-malachite. 
 
 Manganese— Wad; psilomelane; lampadite; erednerite (manganese and 
 
 copper) ; pyrolusite. 
 Silver — Native. 
 Gold — Traces. 
 Tin— Traces. 
 Quicksilver Ore — ^Cinnabarite, 
 
Recoed of Geology op Texas, 188T-1896. 219 
 
 371. Streeeuwitz, W. H. Von. 
 Texas. 
 
 Engineering land Mining Journal, IST. Y., Vol. 53, pp. 59-60. 
 New York, Jan. 2, 1893. 
 
 In this brief article the author calls attention to the mining dis.triets 
 of Texas, viz.: the Trans-Pecos region and the central district, which 
 includes Llano, Mason, Burnet and parts of Lampasas, Crillespie and other 
 counties. The possibilities of the Trans-Pecos country are especially 
 pointed out. Among the properties worthy of mention are the Shafter 
 mine ( ten stamps ; silver and galena ) , the Hazel mine ( silver-bearing 
 copper ores — ^sulphides) ; the Bonanza and Alice Hay mines (argentiferous 
 lead and zinc sulphides ) . 
 
 372. 
 
 373. 
 
 On the Precious and other Valuable Metals of Texas'. 
 
 Transactions of the Texas Academy_ of Science, Vol. I, No. 1, 
 pp. 19-34. Bead Fdb. 6, 1892. 
 
 Precious metals defined; Occurrence of Gold, Platinum, Silver; Ore 
 Deposits — occurrence and indications; Why Gold may be expected in West 
 Texas and the Central District; Indications of ore deposits in the moun- 
 tains of the Central District and' in 'the Trans^Peeos portion of the State. 
 Comparison- of the two regions : "In the Central District peculiarities of 
 the vegetation show plainly the strike of gangues and veins;" Float ore: 
 'Silver-bearing lead and copper in 'Central District; Gold in Trans-'Pecos 
 'Texas. The Shafter mine in the Chinatti Mountains — Product free mill- 
 ing silver ore and silver-ibearing galena. The Hazel mine in El Paso 
 county. Large body of ore in sight — silver-bearing copper. The Bonanza 
 and Alice Ray mines. Small prospects; Analyses of specimens. Location of 
 prospect with reference to railroad. The want of knowledge concerning 
 Texas and its products; West Texas; Incorrect surveys; The Texas Min- 
 ing Law; 'Prospectors; Drawlbacks in the m,ining region; The development 
 of the mineral resources of Trans-Pecos Texas predicted. 
 
 EepoTt of (for 1891). 
 
 . Geological Survey of Texas, Second Report of Progress, 1891, 
 
 pp. 20-26. Austin, 1892. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. Geology. Economic Geology. 
 "Mr. E. T. Dumble, State Geologist. 
 
 "Dear Sir: In obedience to your instructions, I took the field in West 
 Texa<s May 15, 1891, to proceed with the topography of Trans-Pecos Texas, 
 and to study th« geological, and particularly the economical features of 
 that part of the State. 
 
 "Having met Mr. Goode, of the United States Geological Survey, with 
 two topographical parties in the field to work up the country between the 
 31st and 32d degrees of latitude, and 105th and 106th degrees of longi- 
 
220 Transactions Texas Academy or Science. 
 
 SteeeruwitZj W. H. Von. 
 
 tude, I took advantage of this, stopped the topographical parties inside 
 of these boundaries, and commenced work upon the mineral district of 
 the Carrizo Mountains and southern part of the Sierra Diabolo, with the 
 Hazel mine and numerous outcrops and indications and a few pjospects 
 on silver-bearing copper ores. I mapped part of the country and took a 
 number of sections, which will materially assist in the determination of 
 the very extensive field of the crystalline schists and their relation to the 
 plutonic and volcanic eruptive rocks, as well as of the superimposed sedi- 
 • mentary strata." 'P. 20. 
 
 The party under Mr. von Streeruwitz afterwards "'reconnoitered the' 
 Wiley Mountains, and later the northern portion of the Van Horn Moun- 
 tains." 
 
 374. 
 
 «3 
 
 Keport of. 
 
 Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. liii- 
 liv. Austin, 1892. 
 
 Administrative report. Field work ibegun May 15th, 1891. A party was 
 organized with Messrs. Randolph Wyschetzki and Konrad Girsewald as 
 lassistants. Meeting Mr. Goode, of the U. S. Geological Survey engaged 
 upon the topography of the country between the 31st and 32d degrees of 
 latitude and the 105th and 106th degrees of longitude,' the party remained 
 ■within these limits to work up the mineral district of the Carrizo moun- 
 tains and the southern part of the Sierra Diabolo. Silver-copper prospects. 
 Part of the country mapped, and sections made Which will assist in the 
 determination of the very extensive field of crystalline schists and their 
 relations to other rooks. Unable to efifeot an extension of the sections 
 to the Guadaloupe range on account of the worn condition of -the outfit 
 and the scarcity of food and water for the animals. Beoonnoitered the 
 Wiley mountains, and later the northern end of the Van Horn mountains. 
 Left the field October 4th. Acknowledgments. 
 
 375. 
 
 Trans-Pecos Texas. 
 
 Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 381- 
 389. 1 plate. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Geology. • Mining. Hazel Mine. ' 
 
 "The country west of the Pecos river, at least west of the divide run- 
 ning from the Guadaloupe mountains down to the Rio Grande and crossing 
 into Mexico, is sharply distinct from the country east of the Pecos river, 
 for although we find in the Central {Region (Llano and surrounding coun- 
 ties) granites, crystalline schists, Silurian and Carboniferous rocks, meta- 
 morphic material and perhaps Devonian strata, alike or similar to those 
 of Trans-Peeos Texas, here we have to deal with geological problems of a 
 different and far more complicated character. Some, I dare say most, of 
 these problems can and Will be understood fully only after the mountains 
 of Old and New Mexico have been studied more in detail, because the 
 
376. 
 
 Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 221 
 
 eluonology and sequence even of local events can be ascertained and under- 
 stood only by comparing all or most of the features of these localities 
 with each other." P. 383. 
 
 In his description of the Hazel mine, situated "about ten miles north 
 of AUamore station, on the Texas and Pacific Railroad," the writer says: 
 "The gangue is nearly perpendicular. Its width to a depth of about 500 
 feet averages 34 feet, below this depth it widens to over forty feet. Its 
 longitudinal extension may be traced for several miles,, and its nearly 
 uniform thickness is ascertained for 1800 feet by the present workings 
 * * *. The gangue is in a fissure between a fine-grained red sandstone 
 of rprobable Devonian age, which also forms the walls, and which, in the 
 vicinity of the gangue, is more or less metalliferous. The gangue has a, 
 whitish grey colored calcareous silicate, more or less impregnated through 
 nearly its whole width with copper and sliver sulphide and other metal 
 combinations, and numerous richer veinlets fill the space between the 
 two principal veins known a-s the north and south veins." Pp. 387-388. 
 
 The Nonmetallic Mineral Eesources of the State of Texas. 
 
 Transactions of the Texas Acadiemy of Science, Vol. I. No. 2, 
 pp. 97-103. Eead Decem'ber 31, 1892. 
 
 "The mineral resources of Texas are not confined to the deposits of ores 
 of base and precious metals, but there is in the State an abundance of 
 other minerals, not regarded ores, but nevertheless of great value. Some 
 of these are partly appreciated and utilized, but only to a very limited 
 degree. The existence of others, and that they might be of practical 
 value, is known, .but up to the present time they are not utilized; of others 
 still, the existence is known, but their value is not even suspected by the 
 greater part of the people.'' 
 
 The subjects discussed are the Texas Brown Coal; experiments in cok- 
 ing; Brown Coal as fuel; fire clays; kaolin; cement rocks; salt deposits; 
 gypsum deposits; heavy spar; granites and marbles; semi-precious stones. 
 
 377. 
 
 Trans-Peeos Texas. ■ 
 
 Fourth Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. I, 
 pp. 139-175. 1 plate of sections. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. Rocks determined by Dr. Osann. Mineral 
 Resources. Assays of some Trans-Pecos Ores. Artesian Wells, Reservoirs, 
 and Agriculture. Plants. Stratified Rocks. Sections. 
 
 "The study of the geological features of Trans-Fecos Texas, from the 
 strictly scientific point of view, needs, more than the study of other moun- 
 tainous regions, the assistance of the microscope and of the chemical labo- 
 ratory, because in most oases the connections and continuity of the moun- 
 tain ranges and groups are covered and hidden by extensive flats and 
 basins filled 1500 and more feet with the debris of older and newer for- 
 mations." P. 141. 
 
 Noticed in Amer. Nat., Vol. XXVIII, March, 1894, p. 263. 
 
222 
 
 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 378. 
 
 379. 
 
 380. 
 
 381. 
 
 382. 
 
 Swank, James M. 
 
 Art. Iron. Min. Eesourees of the TJ. S., 1886. 
 
 (Iron Production in Texas), p. 33. Washington, 1887. 
 
 Table showing the production of Iron in the Southern States from 1880 
 to 1886. 
 
 The production of iron in Texas for 1880 was 2500 short tons. For the 
 remaining years up to and including 1886, see Title No. 380. 
 
 Art. Iron. Min. Eesourees of the U. S. for 1887. 
 
 (Iron Production in Texas), p. 11. Washington, 1888. 
 
 In a tahle showing the production of articles of iron and steel in 1887, 
 Texas is credited with 4,383 short tons of pig iron. 
 
 Art. Iron. Min. Eesourees of the U. S., 1888. 
 
 (Iron Prodnetion in Texas), p. 33. Washington, 1890. 
 
 J'rom a table showing the comparative production of pig iron in various 
 fieotlons, under the caption "Nine Southern States," the following statis- 
 tics relative to the iron production of Texas are taken: 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Pig Iron— Short tons of 2,000 pounds. 
 
 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 188B. 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888. 
 
 Texas 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,321 
 
 2,381 
 
 5,140 
 
 1,843 
 
 3,250 
 
 4,383 
 
 6,587 
 
 
 
 Art. Iron and Steel. Min. Eesourees of the U. S., 1889-1890. 
 (Iron Production in Texas), pp. 10, 11 lamd 17. Wasihin:gt<«i. 
 1893. ' 
 
 The production of pig iron in Texas for 1889 and 1890 is given in a 
 table on p. 10. The production of pig iron in Texas for six years, 1885- 
 1890, inclusive, is given in a table on p. 11. For 1889, 4,544 short, tons; 
 for 1890, 10,865 short tons. For the remaining four years, see No. 334. 
 'In a table on p. 17, showing the production of pig iron in 1888, 1889, 1890 
 jand 1891, Texas is credited with the production of 20,902 short_ tons in 
 1891. 
 
 Art. Twenty Years of Progress in the Manufacture of Iron and 
 Steel in the United States. 
 
 Min. Eesourees of the TJ. S., 1891. 
 
 (Iron Production in Texas), pp. 54-55. Washington, 1893. 
 
 The production of iron in Texas, in short tons, is tabulated for the 
 years 1872^1891, inclusive, excepting 1875 and. 1878. 
 
Record or Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 22S 
 
 383. Taff, J. A. 
 
 Report on the Geology and Mineral Eesources of Trans-Peeos 
 Texas. 
 
 Chapter V. The Cretaceous Deposits. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of tlie Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 
 714-738. 1 plate of sections. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: Xiower Cretaceous series — ^Trinity division; Frederick^urg 
 division; Washita division. Upper Cretaceous series — Lower Cross Tim- 
 iber or Dakota division ; -Eagle Ford or Benton iShale division. Concluding 
 remarks. 
 
 "The Cretaceous strata which were studied during the present year in 
 El Paso county are emTjrax^ed within an area of one hundred and eighty 
 square miles, having a width of twelve miles north and south and a length 
 of fifteen miles east and west, with a, point one and one-half miles east of 
 Sierra Blanoa Junction as the centre of the east side. 
 
 "The. rocks of this formation appear here principally in aipparently 
 detached ranges of hills rising aJbove the general level from three hundred 
 to seven hundred feet, usually having their eastern or northeastern faces 
 quite precipitous, a flat top or mesa of greater or less area, and a gradual 
 slope towards the west or southwest down into the surrounding plain. The 
 connection, between these different exposures is generally .obscured by the 
 drift of the great flats whidh stretch around them on every side, and adds 
 much to the difiiculty of their study. A glance at the map accompanying 
 this Report will give relative position of the localities to be described." 
 P. 714. 
 
 384. 
 
 Report of. 
 
 Geological Survey of Texas. Second Report of Progress, 1*891, 
 pp. 70-77. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. Work in .Southwest Texas. Artesian Water. 
 'Building Stones. Soils. Irrigation. Work in Central Texas; Building 
 (Material. Boad Material. Soils and Marls. Artesian Water. Irriga- 
 tion. 
 
 "The following is intended only as a brief rgsumg of the principal 
 economic results obtained during the work of the field season of 1891, the 
 details and general geology being left for the Annual Eeport. The first 
 portion of the season was spent in a reconnaissance of Southwest Texas 
 •under instructions to examine the artesian water conditions, more esrpe- 
 cially south of the .Southern Pacific Railway, between Corpus Christi and 
 the Rio Gi'ande. 'The remainder of the field season was employed in a 
 detailed study of the Cretaceous deposits of Lampasas, Burnet, and Wil- 
 liamson counties, with special reference to their economic values." P. 70. 
 
224 Teans ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 385. Taff, J. A. 
 
 Eeport of. 
 Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. lix-lx. 
 , Austin, 1892. 
 
 Administrative Report. Outline of Work for the field season of 1891. 
 Acknowledgments. 
 
 "It was necessary that further investigations -be made upon the geology 
 iof the Trinity, Glen Rose, and Paluxy beds, which compose the Bosque 
 division, in order to better determine their stratigrapbic and taxonomic 
 relations to each other. Accordingly, I took the field April 15, 1891, and 
 ■made careful sections across these rocks along the -vralleys of the Bosque 
 river in lErath, Hamilton and Bosque counties, Brazos river in Parker 
 county, South Fork of Trinity river in Parker county, and the West Fork 
 of Trinity river in Wise county. The work was finished May 8th, 1891, 
 and the results are incorporated in my account of the geology of the 
 iBosque division. * * * 
 
 "According to your direction, I * * * began the study of artesian 
 water conditions of Southwest Texas, more especially that portion south 
 of the Southern Pacific Railway. Investigation was taken up along the 
 line of the Mexican National from Corpus Christ! to Laredo, beginning 
 May 27th, 1891; thence to Cotulla along the International and Great 
 Northern Railway, and thence up the Nueces and Leona river valleys to 
 'Montell, Uvalde county. » * * 
 
 "The line of pai'ting between the Upper and Lower Cretaceous was 
 traced from the Nueces river valley to Austin; also a study was made 
 of the Baloones fault, and its line located almost continuously from the 
 Nueces to the Colorado river valleys. Much valuable data were gleaned 
 from the basaltic outbreaks which occur associated with the Baleones fault 
 in the Nueces, Leona, Frio, Hondo, and Medina river valleys. » * * 
 • "After completing the work, I began the study of the Cretaceous system 
 north of the Colorado river in a typical area across Lampasas, Burnet 
 and Williamson counties." 
 
 386. 
 
 Report on the Cretaceous Area north of the Colorado River. 
 I. The Bosque Division. II. The Lampasas Williamson Sec- 
 tion. 
 
 Third Ann.Rept. of the Geol. Survey of Texas, 1891, pp. 269- 
 379. 6 plates; 2 figs. ; map by J. A. TafE and S. Leverett. Aus- 
 tin, 1892. 
 
 Contents: Preface — General Geologic and Petrographic Features. 
 Upper lOretaceous. Lower Cretaceous. Brief Outline of the System Nortli 
 of the Colorado — Lower Cretaceous (Ck>manche) Series. Upper Creta- 
 ceous Series. Part I. The Bosque Division— Introduotion. Trinity Sand. 
 GJen Rose (Alternating) Bed. Paluxy Sand Bed. Detailed Section of 
 the Bosque Division. The Colorado Section. Bosque Section. Hood 
 County Section. Correlation with other Sections. The Columnar Sec- 
 
Recobd of Geology of Texas, ISSV-lRQe. 225 
 
 Taff, J. A. 
 
 387. 
 
 tions. Bosque and Associated Rocks at St. Joe, Montague County. The 
 Bosque Division and Associated Rocks west of the Main Cretaceous Bor- 
 der. Correlation of the Trinity, Glen Rose and Paluxy Beds. ^ 
 
 Part II. Th« I/ampa.5as-iWilliamson Section — Introduction. Strati- 
 graphical Geology. Carboniferous Basin at Lampasas. Topography of the 
 Paleozoic Floor West of Lampasas. Hydrography. Bos«}ue Division : 
 Trinity Sand. Glen Rose (Alternating) Beds. Paluxy Sand. Fredericks- 
 burg Division: Texana Limestone. Comanche Peak Limestone. Caiprina 
 Limestone. ^ Flag Limestone. Austin Marble. Kiamitia Clay. Washita 
 Division: Fort Worth Limestone. Arietina Clay. Vola Limestone. 
 Upper Cretaceous Series: Red River (Lower Cross Timbers) Division. 
 Eagle Ford Shales. Austin Limestone. Blue (Ponderosa) Marl. Colum- 
 nar Sections. iPost-iOretaceous Deposits — ^Drift of the High Land. Second 
 Bottoms. Eoonomic Geology — Artesian Water. Soils. 
 
 Mr.- Taff's Eeply to Prof. Hill. 
 Correspondence. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. XI, pp. 128-130. Minneapolis, Feb., 
 1893. 
 
 iMr. Taff here makes a brief reply to that part" of Professor Hill's criti- 
 cism of the Third Texas Report relating to his work (Amer. Geol., X, 
 394) in which he explains why he employs the term "Bosque" instead of 
 "Trinity," accounts for the similarity between his classification of the 
 "Comanche Series" and that of Professor Hill, and points out the fact 
 that there is a line of demarkation between the Denison and Arietina beds, 
 "as shown by fauna as well as by the strata themselves." 
 
 388. , and Leveeett, S., Assistant. 
 
 Eeport on the Cretaceous Area north of the Colorado River. 
 
 Fourth Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1893, Ft. I, 
 pp. 339-354. 1 cut; 4 plates; 2 maps. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Introduction. Chapter I. Frederioks.burg Division; Texana 
 Limestone ; Cleburne Section, Fort Worth Section. Comanche Peak and 
 Caprina Limestone. Kiamitia Clay; Fauna of the Kiamitia Clay. 
 
 Chapter II. Washita Division: Fort Worth Limestone and Denison 
 Marls; Exogyra Arietina and Vola Suibdivision, Vpla (Shoal Creek) 
 Limestone. 
 
 Chapter III. Upper Cretaceous Series: Dakota (Lower Cross Tim- 
 bers) Formation; Area of Outcrop; Timber Creek Beds; 'Dakota Forma- 
 tion North of the Denton Section. 
 
 Chapter IV. Eagle Ford Formation: Waco Section. 
 
 Chaipter V. Ausitin Limestone F'ormation: Waco Section; Fort Worth 
 Section; Cleburne Section. 
 
 Chapter VI. Artesian Water: Catchment Area and Water-bearing 
 Strata. Outline of the Area which will produce Flowing Wells. Lines 
 showing Well Depth. Structure and Position of the Different Rock Sheets 
 
226 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Taff,, J. A. 
 
 Governing the Artesian Water Conditions: Trinity Sand, Glen Rose 
 (Alternating) Beds, Paluxy Sand, Fredericksburg and Washita Divisions, 
 Dakota Sands, Eagle Ford Clays, The Austin Limestone. Artesian Basins: 
 The Trinity Artesian Basin. Area of Shallow Wells in the Trinity Basin. 
 The Paluxy Artesian Basin. Area of Artesian Flow on Red River. 
 Dakota Artesian Basin: Dakota Flow in the Brazos River Valley, Arte- 
 sian Flow in 'Chambers Greek Valley, Artesian Water in Mountain Creek 
 Valley, Dakota Artesian Water in the Trinity Sands. Springs. Relative 
 Value of Flowing and Non-flowing Wells. 
 
 Cha,pter VII. Soils: Residual Soils' of the Comanche Series; Soils of 
 ithe Texana, Comanche Peak and Caprina Limestones; Soils of the Kiam- 
 itia Clay; Soils of the Fort Worth Limestones and Denison Marls; Soils 
 of the Exogyra Arietina and Vola Limestone, and Marl; Soils of 
 the Upper Cretaeeaus: Dakota Sands, Lower Crosis Timbers Area; Soils 
 of the Black Land Prairie; Soils of the High Land Drift.' Transported 
 Soils: Soils of the Brazos Valley; Soils of the Trinity River Valley; 
 Soils of the Red River Valley; Analyses. 
 
 Chapter VIII. Topographic Features and Drainage. Topography of 
 Grand Prairie. Topography of the Black Land Prairie. High Land 
 DriSts. Basal Gravel Drift of the Stream Valleys. 
 
 "This report is a continuation of the work begun in the Third Annual 
 Report for 1891 on the geology of the 'Cretaceous north of the Colorado 
 river. In the report for 1891, the geology of the Bosque division, which 
 is the lowest -of the^ system, was treated of as it occurs through its whole 
 extent north of the Colorado river and the geology of a section of the 
 iJretaeeous system between the Colorado and Brazos rivers was also given. 
 The present reiport takes up the geology in the natural ascending order 
 of the rocks north of the Brazos river, beginning at the base of the Fred- 
 ericksburg division, where it was left ofif in the previous work. In their 
 order of succession the Fredericksburg and Washita divisions of the 
 'Comanche serios iwere studied, after which the Dakota (Lower Cross Tim- 
 bers), the Eagle Ford, and basal portions of the Austin limestone forma- - 
 tions were taken up and worked in ais close detail as was possible in the 
 time alloted." P. 24,1. 
 
 "The work on artesian water is an advance on the knowledge of this 
 subject, in the Texas region, especially in the methods of its presentation. 
 The source of the artesian water and the conditions governing Its flow have 
 been stud.ied and discussed, independently, by Mr. iRobert T. Hill and the 
 writer; therefore, whatever may be added on this division of the subject 
 is simply an enlargement of former work. In brief, the report on arte- 
 sian water discusses the subterranean artesian basins with special regard 
 to their sub-areal extent, variations in thickness and water transmitting 
 power, and the deliniations of the areas of flowing and non-flowincr wells 
 for each of the three artesian basins, viz.: the Trinity, the Pahixy, and 
 the Lower Cross Timbers, instead of the local disconnected divisions here- 
 tofore considered. All of these features are graphically outlined upon 
 the artesian map, or portrayed in the sections, with lines showing approx- 
 imate depths required for wells to penetrate each-artesian basifa." P. 242. 
 
Recokd of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 227 
 
 389. Tait, J. L. 
 
 Gas Well at San Antonio.* 
 
 Geol; and Scientific Bull., Vol. 1. Houston, Feb., 1888. 
 "Record of material ipassed through in a 373-foot well." 
 
 From Da,rton'9 iRecord of N. A. Geol. for 1887, etc., Bull. U. S. Geol. 
 iSurv., No. 7.5, p. 150. 
 
 390. 
 
 Eeports of Geologists for Southern Texas. 
 
 Texas Geol. and Min. Surv; First Kept, of Progress, 1888, 
 pp. 64-69. Austin, 1889. 
 
 This paper was prepared in accordance with instrifotions from the State 
 Geologisit, directing the author to examine and report on the mineral? 
 existing in JEdwards, Bandera, Medina, Frio, Atascosa, La Salle, and 
 MaMullen counties. This he did with -the exception of McMuUen county". 
 
 Contents: Edwards County: Topography; Formation (Cretaceous) ; 
 The Soil; Kaolin; Sulphur; Gypsum; Brown Hematite; Lignite. 
 
 Bandera County: Lignite; Brown Hematite; Gypsum; Chalk; Soap- 
 stone; .Brick Clays; Building Stone; Dyke. 
 
 'Medina County: Lignites; Flagstone; Fire Clay. 
 
 Atascosa County: (Lignite).; Petixileum. 
 
 Bexar County: Brick Clays; llydraulic Cement; Artesian Wells; 
 (Analysis of Water at Ruas Well). 
 
 Frio County: Lignite; Pipe Clay; Soapstone; Brine Well; Mineral 
 Waiters. 
 
 La Salle County: (Steatite) ; .Brine Well; Artesian Well; (Analysis of 
 Water). 
 
 391. Tare, Eai/PH S. 
 
 A Preliminary Report on the Goal Fields of the Colorado River. 
 First Ann: Rapt, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 199- 
 316. Austin, 1890. 
 
 Contents : Introduction. Sub-iCarboniferous. Carboniferous — uRichland 
 sandstone. Milburn division. Brownwood division. Waldrip division. 
 Coleman division. Economics — Coal. Iron. Manganese. Oil, Gas and 
 Salt Water. 
 
 "The Section covered in this report includes the northwestern portion 
 of Lampasas county, along the 'Colorado river; about two-thirds of San 
 Saba county, principally north of the San Sa;ba river; MdCullooh county 
 north of Brady Creek; the eastern part of Ooleiman county, from the 
 iColorado as far as Jim Ned Creek; Brown county, east of Pecan Bayou; 
 and the southeastern corner of 'Mills county. The greater part of this 
 area- is underlaid 'by rocks of the 'Carboniferous system, and the chief 
 object of the work was to determine the amount of coal, its position in 
 the series, and the relation which it and surrounding rocks bear to each 
 other. The object of this report is to state, in general terms, and as 
 briefly as possible, the most important results of the work, as a prelimin- 
 ary report, bo be followed later by a more comprehensive and detailed 
 statement." P. 201. 
 
228 Tbansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 392. Tare, Ralph S. 
 
 Origin of Some Topographic Features of Central Texas. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 306-311. New 
 Haven, April, 1890. 
 
 "The Central iPaleozoic area of Texas is a region of older rooks exposed 
 iby 'the removal of the overlying unconformable Cretaceous. The southern 
 portion of this area has, since the very earliest times, been the seat of 
 extensive denudation as long as any land area remained above the sea. 
 The Potsdam sandstone perhaps derived its sediment from the still older 
 metaniorphic rocks. lA conglomerate layer in the Lower Carboniferous 
 series contains pebbles from the Silurian rocks. The same is true of the 
 conglomerate in the Upper Caribonifeix)us; and the Trinity beds, the lowest 
 of the Cretaceous system, when oonglomeritie, contain, in this region, 
 chiefly Silurian ipebbles. The Quaternary drift has the same peculiarity." 
 
 The geological history of the region is now given "with special reference 
 to the Colorado river drainage. 
 
 "The comibina>tion of geologic sitructure and peculiarity of erosion has 
 given rise to three types of topographic outline. First, the rugged hilly 
 topography of the plioa;ted and metamorphosed Silurian rocks, an outline 
 in part descended from an existing Pre-Cretaceous topography. Second, 
 a low hilly Carboniferous area with many ibroad-topped hills, especially 
 where the Cretaceous has just been removed. Cn account of the destructi- 
 bility,' this area is being rapidly degraded and the canon character of the 
 Colorado is therefore rapidly disappearing, and thus -destroying the evi- 
 dence of the recent rejuvenation. Third, the shanp angular outline of the 
 butte and meza type in the Cretaceous area which is rendered possible 
 by the nearly horizontal nature of the .beds and the alternation of hard and 
 soft strata, but which has probably been aided also by the rapid erosion 
 which followed the early Quaternary uplift." 
 
 393. 
 
 On the Lower Carboniferous Limes'tone Series in Central Texas. 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, Vol. XXXIX, p. 404. New Haven, 
 May, 1890. 
 
 "Mr. Tarr, in a recent communication to the editors, gives an account of 
 his study of a, Paleozoic region in Central Texas which was reported lUpon 
 by Dr. F. Roemer in 1848 as aflfording fossils like those of the Carbonifer- 
 ous limestones of the Mississippi Valley. The fossils described were from 
 San Saba county. Mr. Tarr reports that the Paleozoic area, covers part of 
 iLlano, iMason, Southern San Saba and MoCuUoch counties. The older 
 rocks in it are much upturned and flexed; and the Silurian limestones are 
 chiefly marble, and have lost their fossils by metamorphism. Carbonifer- 
 ous limestones and shales overlie these beds unconformably, and the Upper 
 Carboniferous consisting of sandstones, shales, clays and limestone, 'attain 
 a thickness in one section of 8,000 feet.' " 
 
Ebcord of Geology of Texas, ] 887-1 896. 229 
 
 394. Taer, Ralph S. 
 
 The Carboniferous Area of Central Texas. 
 . Amer. Geologist, Vol. VI, pp. 145-153. Minneapolis, Sect., 
 1890., 
 
 Contents: I. Genei-al Slatement. 1. Position of the formation. 2. 
 lEiosion of the ■Cietaeeous. 3. Boundary of the Carboniferous. , a. Prob- 
 able extent, b. The Silurian area. c. The Lower Cai'boniferous series. 
 II. ' Description of the Upper Carboniferous series. 1. Thickness of the 
 series. 2. General sti-atigraphic relations. 3. Dip of the beds. 4. Divis- 
 ion of the series, a. Richland Sandstone, b. Milburn shales, c. Brown- 
 wood liniiestone. d. Waldrip Coal Division, e. Coleman Division. III. 
 Summary. 
 
 "The Ciietaoeous beds in Central Texas have been removed from a por- 
 tion of the valley of the Colorado and Brazos rivers so as to reveal the 
 vinderlyiing Paleozoic iiocks. This ' region, wliich.has been called by Prof. 
 R. T. Hill the Centnal Denuded lArea, consists in its southern portion of 
 a v^ry much disturbed region of oldei- Silurian and Cambrian j'oolcs with 
 granite bosses and possibly Archaean Schists. Unoonformably upon this is 
 a belt of lower Caiboniferous partly revealed by the erosion of the over- 
 lying unconformable upper Calrboniferous. 'Above the latter is Permian. 
 
 "Whether the Cretaceous covered all this central 'area is a mooted ques- 
 tion. There seems to be no evidence to the contraiy, and Prof. Hill has 
 announced the probability of such farmer extension. In several places the 
 Cretaceous is found resting on the Silurian; in one place, southwest of 
 the Brady, in MeCulloeh county, at an elevation of 2,000 feet. As the 
 Cretaceous at this point is of the lowest division (Trinity of Hill), and 
 as Proi. Hill hiajs given evidence that the Cretaceous is in part a deep 
 water formation, there seems to be no question that it onc^ covered all 
 this region, particularly since the entire area is surrounded by a receding 
 Cretaceous bluff. /That the Ca/rboniferous has been uncovered from 
 .beneath a uniform mantle of Cretaceous strata is evident at first sight.. 
 Not only is it surrounded by a receding bluff of Cretaceous, but tongues 
 of Cretaceous strata extend over, and i,solat^d buttes and very much 
 degraded .patches remain upon the Carbonifei'ous. The so-called -Santa 
 \A,niiia mountains oj Coleman county consist of two isolated buttes of 
 Cretaceous .ix>ok,^ in the center of tire Carboniferous, separated from the 
 main mass of the Cretaceous on either side by more than fifteen miles." 
 Pp. 140-14C. 
 
 "The history of the Carboniferous system, as briefly outlined in the 
 .preceding pages, commences with the deposition of a considerable thickness 
 of lower Carboniferous limestone on an old shore of Silurian land. An 
 interval acco.tnpanied by an elevation, a small amount of disturbance, and 
 probably soijie erosion, is followed by the opening of the_ upper Carbooiifer- 
 ous. Forty-five hundred feet of sandstone, shales and conglomerate 
 included in the Richland division probably represent the Texas equivalent 
 "of, the Millstone grit. Following this quite uniform shallow water deposit,' 
 was a time of quiet water deposition, during which the Milburn shales 
 were laid down with a total thickness of about 160 feet. A submergence, 
 at least in the southwest, itiarks the beginning of the Brownwood division. 
 
230 Teans ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Tarr^ Ealph S. 
 
 la period of limestone deposit im the southwest, but of more sandy beds 
 to the northwest, which seems to point to the presenoe of an old land 
 area near there, which is now hidden from view beneath the Cretaceous. 
 The last beds of the Browuwood division indicate a retuiTi to shallow 
 water conditions, and this is followed. by the ooal bearing shale beds of. 
 the Waldrip division. iFoUowimg this ds the deposition of alternating 
 clays and limestones, containing much clay and a consequent change" in 
 fauna. The conditions of this deposat seem to indicate that the then shore 
 line was dn the Carboniferous, and that the Carboniferous beds previously 
 deposited and unconsolidiated were in part furnishing sediment for the^ 
 forming strata. The Permian conditions are probably being approached, 
 and possibly even at this time the basin of deposit has become a par- 
 tially enclosed sea. A gap of unknown extent ensues after the close of 
 the Permian luntil the begi-nning of the Lower Cretaceous which buried 
 the Paleozoic rocks, now by erosion partiially uncovered 'for study." Pp. 
 152-153. 
 
 395. ~ - 
 
 Superimposition of the Drainage in Central 'Texas. 
 
 ' Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XL, pp. 359-363. New 
 
 Haven, Nov. 1890. 
 
 "A superimposed rive^r, having selected its course with reference to a 
 structure now no longer present, naturally finds itself', flowing without 
 reference to the nature of the newly discovered beds. Thus it is tha;t the 
 Colorado in Central Texas is now busy with a barrier ofhard Silurian 
 rock, and thus it is that this river flows with a general course_at -right 
 angles to the strike of the Carboniferous rocks in an opposite direction 
 to the dip. 
 
 "Not only the Colorado itself, but all its tributaries, flow without spe- 
 cial reference to structural weakness; but the smaller branches^ take 
 advantage of the structural peculiarities, showing, in many oases, that 
 they are more recent in origin than the time of removal of tbe Creta- 
 ceous. 'Moreover, some of the medium-sized streams, which in their upper 
 and middle course flow, perhaps on Oretaoeou?, quite regardless <?f lOarbon- 
 iferous structure, have nearer their mouth partly adjusted themselves to 
 the new conditions. The number of strike 'valleys in the lower course 
 of such streams is quite astonishing, s.ince it shows to how great an extent 
 drainage is dependent upon structure, and how readily, even under great 
 disadvantages, streams will make use lof such weaknesses, iln the Carbon- 
 iferous this is particularly noticeable in valleys carved in soft clays and 
 shale. * * » 
 
 "Everywhere may be seen signs oi attempts at rejuvenation, but it was 
 not until .lately that 1 was able to .see that the Colorado itself shares 
 this peculiarity. This river flows with a very serpentine course through 
 the Carboniferous, having a length along the boundary of .San Saba 
 county of fifty miles, while at the end it is only thirty miles from the 
 first paint. In one place it makes a bend six miles long where a cut-off 
 would reduee the distance to two miles. Several possible reasons suggest. 
 
Rkcoeu of Gbologt of Texas, 1887-1896. 231 
 
 TARii, Ealpii S. 
 
 themselves In explanation of this phenomenon, which is quite remarkable 
 in a river with a fall of from two to three feet per mile. Since the Col-^ 
 orado is a superimposed river, flowing in its present course chiefly by 
 accident, it is possible .that before the Quaternary' uplift the river may 
 have been sufficiently old, in this part of its valley, to liave the serpentine 
 course common to such rivers. Thus, the present form of the valley may 
 be inherited from that time. Another possible cause is that the slow - 
 removal of the Silurian by retarding the down-cutting in this .part of the 
 river-channel has induced a temporary old age condition." 
 
 Attempt of 'the Colorado to readjust itself to new conditions. The evi- 
 d«nee. Another unexplained phenomenon is that the divide between the 
 Colorado and the Brazos is close to the latter and far from the former. 
 
 "It is probable that both the BraJiOS and the Colorado originated under 
 ipractioally the same conditions; that is, upon the new Cretaceous land 
 elevated above the sea during the great Tertiary mountain uplift. Their 
 course was plainly chosen with reference 'to conditions appearing on the 
 surface then existing without regard to what lay below. (After cutting 
 through th« soft, nearly horizontal Cretaceous rooks, the Colorado came 
 _u.pon the buried Paleozoic and encountered not only the iCariboniferous 
 for a considerable distanoej but also the much harder Silurian with which, 
 it has long been struggling. The Brazos, on the other 'hand, by the acci- 
 dental choice of a more easterly course, avoided tliese diSiculties. * * * 
 The consequence of this. ' difference between the two rivers is that while the 
 Colorado in Mills county, flows at an elevation of 1,200 feet, above the 
 sea level, the iBrazos, in the same latitude, has cut down to within 600 
 feet of the sea level in its soft bed. 
 
 "This fact has given the Brazos a great advantage over its competitor, 
 the Colorado, for drainage territory; and this, in the battle fpr conquest 
 of headwater drainage area, has enabled the Brazos to push the divide 
 close ■up to the Colorado in territory, wliioh, under iriore favorable cir- 
 cumstance, should belong to the latter stream." 
 
 396. 
 
 The Permian of Texas. 
 
 Amer. Jour. Science, III, Vol. XLIII, pp. 9-13. New Haven, 
 Jan., 1892. 
 
 The existence of iPermian in Texas reported by various observers. Con- 
 clusive evidence furnished .by Professor C. A. White (Am. Nat., Vol. 
 XXIII, p. 109). iF,ac(is furnished .by Mr. W. F. Cumnnius (1st; .and 2nd 
 Repts. Geo]. Surv. of TexasX, who estimates that Permian strata have a 
 thickness of fully 5,000 feet. "The Permian of Texas occupies a broad, 
 gentle syncline in the Carboniferous, the western arm being a part of the 
 ■Rocky Mountain uplift. Its present boundaries, and consequently its 
 former extension, have not been ascertained. Many hundred square miles 
 are covered by these strata in the sub-humid nnd arid belt of Central Texas, 
 the Pecos river forming approximately the western boundary, while on 
 the east the strata do not extend much, farther than Abilene." P. 9. 
 
232 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Take, Ealph S. 
 
 Lithological character of the sti-ata: beds of clay, sandstone, and con- 
 glomerate, of red color, ,pa:le gray limestone, gypsum, and salt. "Most of 
 the beds are unfossiliferous, but 'Dr. White has described thirty-two species 
 of invertebrate fossils from the Texas Permian, and Prof. Cope fifty-seven 
 species of vertebrates. It is upon this basis that the Iheds have been 
 referred to the Permian." P. 9. 
 
 The object of this paper is "bo indicate the sequence of events which 
 ihave led to deposition of the Permian Ibeds in this district.'' Pp. 9-10. 
 
 397. 
 
 398. 
 
 Beeonni&issance of the Guadalaupe Mountains. 
 
 Greol Surv. of Texas. ■Bulletin No. 3, pp. 43. Austin, 1892. 
 
 Contents: 'Letter of Transmittal. Preface. Introductory: General 
 .Statement; Previous work in the 'Guadaloupe Mountains. 
 
 Part I. iReoonnoissanee Section across the Permian of Central Texas: 
 iCretaceous Areas; Cretaceous near Marienfield; Carboniferous; Transi- 
 tion from Carboniferous to Permian; Typical iPermian; Doubtful Beds 
 near Westibrooke; Erosion at south- border of Llano Estacado; Proba)ble 
 •Permian near Pecos City. 
 
 Part II. Geology of the Guadaloupe 'Mountains: General Statement. 
 Topographic Features of the Guadaloupe Region: Dark Canyon; Black 
 ■River; MoKifcterick Canyon; Pine Canyoij'; 'Drainage on west .side of the 
 Guadaloupe Mountains ; Dog Canyon; Crow Flat Valley; Springs supplied 
 from the Mountains. Stratigraphy of the Guadaloupe Mountains : Possi- 
 ble Correlation; (Age .of fthe Strata; Monoclinal Structure; Probable. 
 ■Fault; Disturbance; Pre-Oretaceous Erosion; Quaternary Rocks. 
 
 Part in. Economics of the Guadaloupe Mountains: Artesian Water; 
 Building Stones; Minerals; C^al. Index. 
 
 "The object of this work was to determine the age of the Guadaloupe 
 .mountains, .their geological 'structure and relation to the strata east of the 
 mountains .with .particular reference to the artesian \^ater supply o'f- the 
 'Plains, and the prospects of the district for coal and other minerals. Cir- 
 cumstances prevented the completion of th.e3e plans and consequently the 
 work was .done in much less detail than was at first intended. Instead of 
 four months, as was first planned, only two months were spent in the 
 field and less than one month in the mountains. Furthermore, there being 
 no topographic map of the region, and it .being impossible to make detailed 
 observations in consequence, the work has necessarily been general rather 
 than of a detailed nature. For these reasons this report is no more than 
 a reoonnoissance. Still, it .has been possible to add something to -the 
 knowledge of this region, both of the geology and the economic resources 
 as revealed by the geology." P. 9. 
 
 The Ciefcaeeous. Goverings of the Texas Paleozoic. 
 
 Amer. Geologisl-, Vol. IX, pp. 1G9-178. Minneapolis, March, 
 1893. 
 
Record of Gteology of Texas, ISSV-lSQe. 233 
 
 Taer^ Ralph S. 
 
 The charaetei- and scope of this paper are shown in its opening and 
 closing paragraphs: 
 
 "The question as to whether the central Paleozoic and Pre^Paleozoie 
 region of Texas was completely covered by the Oretaceoua, is still .a mooted 
 question. Prof. ,R. T. Hill has, at various times, stated that this was the 
 case, giving numerous reasons for the statement; but Dr. T. B. Oomstock, 
 who, by his detailed stuiy of the central mineral region of Texas, is well 
 qualified to speak upon the suibject from other points of view, has oome 
 to the opposite conclusion. In the second antiual report of the Texas 
 geological survey he has again stated this conclusion, giving therefor 
 numerous reasons of considerable value. 
 
 "A study of the region immediately north of this area has convinced me 
 of the accuracy of Prof. Hill's conclusion, and it is my purpose at this 
 time to place the reasons for this conclusion on record." F. 169. 
 
 "In summary it may Ibe said that it has been the a/ttempt of this paper 
 to prove that the centra! Paleozoic and ^re-Paleozoic core of Texas has 
 been from before the beginning of Carboniferous bo C!ret3.ceous times, 
 almost, if not quite uninterruptedly, a, land area subjected to denudation; 
 that, at the beginning of Carboniferous times, the land was already 
 eroded beyond the stages of youth nearly to topographic maturity; that, 
 when the Cretaceous period/began, it found the lOarboniferous area a low- 
 lying, base-leveled area, a peneplain skirting a moderately low anj not 
 strikingly diversified highland of older and harder rocks; and that the 
 Cretaceous ocean completely povered this region, depositing thereon a 
 considerable thickness of Cretaceous rocks. The encroachment of the Cre- 
 taceous sea was rapid, as is indicated by the peculiar Trinity conglome- 
 rate, which is apparently hurriedly worked over land debris. The final 
 chapter in the history was the Post-'Cretaceous elevation, which first raised 
 this region above, the sea, because its former elevation was in part indi- 
 cated in the topography of the Cretaceous ocean even through the blanket 
 of iOreta~ceous strata which covered it. Being the first to be raised above 
 the sea, it was the first to be eroded, and consequently now, over large 
 areas, shows no signs of the former covering, either in remnants. Quater- 
 nary debris, or in unadjusted stream courses." P. 178. 
 
 399. 
 
 A Hint with respect to the Origin of Terraces in Glaciated 
 Eegions. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLIV, pp. 59-61. New 
 Haven, July, 1893. 
 
 Doubt as to the exact method of formation of terraces in rivers flooded 
 by the melting of the ice sheet, as, for instance, the Connecticut. Some 
 suppose that terraces mark recent erosion in a drift-filled valley; others, 
 that they mark the litigh stages of floods. The object of this paper is "to 
 record some observations in an entirely different region where the terraces 
 of glaciated .regions are being imitated, and/ where the general conditions 
 are quite similar to those attending the formation of the terraces in 
 
234 Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 Tare, Ealph S. 
 
 glacial regions, as I understand those conditions. I refer to the valley 
 of the Ck>lor.ado in Central Texas. 
 
 "The river is here superimposed upon a hard Silurian barrier which is 
 effectually retarding its downcutting, although the river is still well above 
 ibase level. One of the effects of this retardation of development on the 
 region upstream from the barrier Is that a temporary base level is pro- - 
 duced, and the Colorado itself and the side streams are, for a certain 
 distance, actually building up their beds. The effect of the barrier is thus 
 felt for forty or fifty miles; but above this, the flow is rapid and the river 
 is degrading its channel. Along the entire course the side streams are 
 rapidly at woi-k, and from these two sources much sediment is being fur- 
 nished. Owing to the many soft beds of Cretaceous. Permian arid Carbon- 
 iferous through which these streams are flowing, the amount of sediment 
 supply is very great. 
 
 "Another point of importance in tliis connection is the peculiarity of 
 -rainfall. The immediate region is sub-humid, the extreme headwaters ai'e 
 in a truly arid region. Consequently, th'e water supply, during the greater 
 part of the year, is. small in amount; but heavy rains, which are of annual 
 occurrence, and often of greater frequency, bring to the river vast floods 
 of wa/ter, which the ordinary channel is totally unable to hold. Almost 
 tihe entire rainfall has to be carried off, for the barren soil holds but little, 
 and the violence* of the rain speedily forms it into rills-and rivulets even 
 where no drainage lines previously existed. While this is written chiefly 
 ^ with reference to the arid headwaters it applies almost equally to all the 
 stream-s, even those of the sub-humid belt. These tributaries, during the 
 greater part of the year, consist of a few pools, often isolated, sometimes 
 connected by a slowly trickling stream. These pools are enclosed com- 
 monly in bars or delta bars in the stream channel, formed during flood 
 times, and the violence of these floods is attested by the presence of drift 
 wood lodged in the peoan trees many feet above the low water stage of 
 the stream. In the Colorado these are sometimes at an elevation of fifty 
 feet above the low watei- surface.'' 
 
 A parallel is now drawn between the conditions here- recoj'ded and those 
 existing at the time of the formation of the terrace deposits at the close 
 of the Glacial period. 
 
 400. 
 
 Kotes-oB the Physical Geography of Texas. 
 
 Proceedings of the Acad, of Fat. Sciences, Pt. II, pp. 313-347. 
 Phila., Apr.-Sept., 1893. 
 
 Contents: Preface. Parti. General Description. 1. General Geogra- 
 phy, (a) Topography, (b) Drainage. 2. General Climatic Conditions. 
 3. General iGeologic and Geographic Development, (a) Pre-Oairbonifer- 
 ous Land. (b) Carboniferous modiflcation of the older Paleozoic 
 Land, (c) Jura-Trias Period of Denudation. (d) Cretaceous Subsi- 
 dence, (e) Post-Cretaceous Changes. (f) Post-iCretaceous Di-ainiige. 
 Part II. Physiographic Description. 1. General. 2. The Quaternary 
 Coastal Prairies, (a) Geographic Desoription. (b) Young, Conrsequent, 
 
Rkcoed.of Geology of Tjsxas, 1887-1896. 235 
 
 Tare, Ralph S. 
 
 and Extended Drainage, (e) Estuarine Conditions, (d) Young, Grow- 
 ing Coast Line. 3. The Rolling, Forested Tertiary Area, (a) Topo- 
 graphic Description, (ib) Mature, Consequent and Extended Drainage. 
 (c) Origin of the Flood iPlainis. (d) Origin of Forests, (e) Rio 
 Grande Bm'bayment. 4. The Cretaceous Grand Prairie. (a) Topo- 
 graphic Description, (b) The Cross Timbers, (e) ^Rejuvenated Pene- 
 plain. 5. Central Paleozoic Denuded Area, (a) Topographic Descrip- 
 tion, (b) Peculiarities of Creek Erosion, (e) Effect of the Superimpo- 
 sition of the Colorado on the Silurian, (i) Temporary :Base Level, (ii) 
 Loss of Drainage Territory, (d) Adjusted Stream Courses, (e) Sum- 
 mary of the History of the Colorado. 6. T-he Arid Plateau, (a) Topo- 
 graphic Description, (b) 'River Valleys Abandoned Through Dessication. 
 (o) Aeolian Deposits in the Pecos Valley. 7. The Trans-iPeoos Regiont 
 . (a) Topographic Description, (b) Erosion in the Quadaloupe Moun- 
 tains, (c) Quaternary Conglomerate, (d) 'Dessicated Quaternary Lakes. 
 (e) The Rio Grande and Rio Pecos. 8. Absence of large Lakes in Texas. 
 9. Summary. 10. Bibliography. 
 
 "This paper is based im part upon personal observatdon, in part upon 
 the published results of others. Free use has been made of the results 
 of the se\'eral geologists who have studied the Texas region, a.nd in most 
 oases direct reference has been made to the sources of information. I 
 am particulaii'ly indebted to the publioations of Prof. R. ,T. Hill for m'any 
 geological facts and interpretations, chiefly in the Cretaceous regions where 
 this author has done so much valuable work. iWith few exceptions, how- 
 ever, the work done by others has been geological .rather than physio- 
 gra-phic, and consequently I have been in many cases forced to rely upon 
 my own observations alone. iSitioe these were made in sections only, it has 
 not been possible in all oases to make the results as definite as could be 
 desired. My K»bsei-vationis were made in 1889. and 1890, the time occupied 
 in field work being almost oight months, the larger part of which was 
 spent in the 'Central Denuded Area. Aside from this and short excur- 
 sions and .nailroad journeys, I also made a wagon journey lacross the State 
 of . Texas from north of Austin to the iGuadaloupe Mountains in the 
 Trans-Pecos region, and spent iseveral weelcs in and about these moun- 
 ta^ins. 
 
 "The results embodied herein must therefore be understood to be the 
 results of Teconnoisaanoe, — ^prelimimary .exploration of a, great and inter- 
 esting field. iWere it pos3.ible tliat in the future I should again have the 
 opportunity of studying the region I would delay the j>ublication still 
 longer; but this seems to be entirely out of the question, land I believe 
 that I am justified in placing the results of n^y study on record to sei-ve 
 as a possible basis for future work." P. 313. 
 
 Noticed in Amer. Nat., Vol. XXVIII, p. 50, Jan., 1894. 
 
 401. T. F. L. 
 
 Artesian Wells and the Possibility of Irrigating from them. 
 
 Geological and Scientific Bulktin, Vol. I, No. 8. Houston, 
 December, 1888. 
 
236 Tbansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 T. P. L. 
 
 Extract. 
 
 "I lam satisfied, however, that by combiming tanks and artesian wells, 
 that part of Texas west of the 97th meridian can be irrigated sucpessfully 
 at about one-half the expense of either the California or Colorado systems. 
 * * i # * * ^* * 
 
 "Our streams generally cannot ibe depended Uipon. The ravines running 
 down from our s-mall mountain formations are usually underlaid by joint 
 clay or solid rock, and are well adapted for tanks and small lakes. In 
 nearly all of our talleys artesian wells are obtained at depths ranging 
 from 100 to 600 feet. Indeed, some few wells have been obtained on 
 mountain elevations. One just finished, about five miles from this pla<;e 
 [Morgan, Bosque , county] , yields from thirty to thirty-five gallons per 
 minute, and must be nearly 250 feet above the level of the adjacent creeks. 
 This well is nearly 800 feet deep.' There are between one hundred and 
 two hundred wells in this and Somervell counties, yielding all the way 
 from five to one hundred gallons per inlnute. Two or three such wells 
 would supply the loss from evaporation and seepage, and keep a tank 
 covering from ten to fifty acres full during the dryest years. Such a 
 tank would easily' supply sufficient water for several hundred acres:" 
 
 402. Thompson, E. A. 
 
 Eeport on the Soils^ Water Supply, and Irrigation of the Colo- 
 rado Coal Field. 
 - Fourth Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas,_1892, Pt. I, 
 pp. 447-481. Austin, 1893. 
 
 Contents: Soils: Kesidual Soils; Transported Soils; Alluvial Soils; 
 ■Analyses of Soils. Timber. Wa;ter and Water Supply; Rivers; Creeks 
 and Branches; Springs; Wells; Tanks and Ai^tifieial iReservoirs ; Artesian 
 Wells; Mineral Water. Irriga;tion: Irrigable Lands; Methods of obtain- 
 ing -water for ira'igating; Dams and Impounding Reservoir Embankments; 
 Rainfall, Tables of Annual Precipitation; Methods of- Irrigating; Measure- 
 ments and Duty of Water. 
 
 "The area herein discussed is illustrated on the maip, and includes the 
 major portions of Comanche, Brown, Coleman, Runnels, Concho, MoCul- 
 looh,"San Saiba, and Mills counties. * * * 
 
 "The province of this report will be to discuss in detail the character, 
 distribution, adaptability to -certain crops, timber, etc., of the various soils 
 of our district, the extent, hature, etc., of its w-ater and 'general water 
 supply, and the feasibility of establishing systems of irrigation whereby 
 its 'dry Ifllnds' -may be reclaimed and those already under cultivation be 
 made more productive, with designs jjf dams, estimates of the amount of 
 -the annual rainfall available for irrigating,, etc., -and is subsidiary to the 
 general i-eport on the same area by Mr. Drake, to whom I am indebted 
 for general data, m-aterials for analysis, etc., and otherwise assisting me 
 with this report." P. 449, 
 
Recoed of Geology oi^ Texas, 188V-189G. 237 
 
 403. TURNEEj Hekry W. 
 
 Volcanic Dust in Texas.* 
 
 Science, N. S., Vol. I, pp. 453-455. April 26, 1895. 
 
 "Gives a description by E. T. Hill of the locality [in the Llano Estaoado 
 region] where the material was found, and refers io similar volcanic mate- 
 rial from Nebraska, Montana, Idaho, and -California." iFrom Week's Bib- 
 liog. and Index of N, A. Geol., Pal., etc., Bull. U. S. G-eol. Survey, No. 
 140, p. 75. 
 
 404. Van Hise, Charles Eici-iard. 
 
 Principles of North American Precambrian Geology. 
 
 leth Annual Eeport of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Pt. I, pp. 571- 
 843. Washington, 1895. ' 
 
 (Precambrian Rocks of Texas, pp. 814-815.) 
 
 "In Texas is a series of sedimentary rocks, named Llano by Waloott, 
 which consists of alternating beds of shales, slates, sandstones, quartzites, 
 limestones, ferruginous rocks, carbonaceous or graphitic schists, mica- 
 sohists, .and chlorite-sohists. There also occurs in this area granites and 
 gneisses, a part of which are placed as a separate system^by Comstoek, 
 but are regarded by Walcott as intrusive in the sedimentary rocks. 
 Whether all of the granites and gneisses are intrusive or not, it is agreed 
 by iboth that the clastic series are cut by numerous eruptives, both basic 
 and acidic, of which granite is the most prominent. lOorasboek also divides 
 the sedimentary rocks into two series, between which he believes there is 
 an unconformity. Kesting upon the deeply eroded pre-Cambrian are the 
 Potsdam 'Cambrian rocks. 
 
 "It is clear that in Texas there is one, and possibly two, series of Algon- 
 kian rooks, but whether the Archean is also represented is as yet unde- 
 termined. The sedimentary rocks of the Texas area have been correlated, 
 'by Walcott and Comstock with the Algonkian-of the Grand Canyon 
 region." 
 
 405. Vaughan, T. Wayland. 
 
 'Seetiom of i;he Eocene at Old Port Caddo Landing, , Harrison 
 County, Texas, with Notes on a Collection of Plants from that 
 Locality, by F. H. Knowlton. 
 
 Amer. Geologist, Vol. XVI, pp. 304-309. Nov., 1895. 
 
 In this paper two sections at Port Caddo are described. The first extends 
 "from the corner of MoCathern's field west to the landing on the south 
 side of the road." The second is "a few yards to the north of the road 
 leading from the corner of McCa them's field to the landing, in a ravine 
 near Bonner's spring." 
 
 "The interesting part of the a-bove section, aside from the plants, is the 
 linterpretatian of the phenomema seen in 3 of the first section and 2 
 of the second. There has certainly been some erosion. Is it only a local 
 unconformity, or do the sands, with the boulders, etc., at the base repre- 
 sent w'hat Mr. McG-ee has called the Columbian stage? After studying all 
 
238 Tbansactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 Vaughan^ T. Watiand. 
 
 that he could find at Port Caddo, the writer was not able to reach a posi- 
 tive conclusion, vbut from the sands apparently passing below other strat- 
 ified clays, of Eocene type, he is incldBed to believe that we have an_ 
 instance of local unconformity in the Eocene." P. 305. 
 
 "The reason for considering the Port Caddo section of JJignitic age is 
 because Mr. Harris, in his report on the geology of southern Arkansas, 
 has indicated the Lignitic-'Claiborne as running to the headwaters of the 
 lakes developed along the iRei river. His work was fcased upon 'both care- 
 ful paleontologic work and field study." P. 306. 
 
 A tabulated list of plants occurring at Port Caddo Landing, Texas; 
 Campbell's Quarry, Cross Lake, La., and two miles north of Mansfield, La., 
 from Lesquereux and Knowlton, are given. 
 
 Mr. Knowl'ton's contribution consists of the list of plants above men- 
 tioned in Mr. Vaugha-i's paper, together with a few brief notes. 
 
 406. Walcott, C. D. 
 
 Administrativfi Eepoii. 
 
 (Eocks in Burnet, San' Saba and Llano Counties, Texas.) 
 Sixth Ann. Eept., U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 76. 1885.' 
 
 An announcement of the age of the Paleozoic rocks of Burnet, San Sa;ba, 
 and Llano counties, Texas. 
 
 "These were found to ibe composed of Carboniferous, Lower Silurian, 
 Upper Cambrian, and "a series of strata -called the. Llano group, corre- 
 sponding to the iG-rand Cafiom and Chuar groups of Northern Arizona. A 
 good series of fossils was collected from the Upper Cambrian or Texas- 
 Potsdam group." P. 76. 
 
 407. 
 
 Correlation Papers. Cambrian. 
 (The Cambrian in Texas.) 
 Bulletin U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 81. Washington, 1891. 
 
 The Cambrian Rocks of Texas, pp. 216-219. Roemer on the Cambrian, 
 pp. 216-217. Dr. B. P. Shumard on the same, p. 217. 'W. P. Jenney and 
 Prof. J. S. Newberry, p. 218. S. B. Buckley, p. 218. C. D. Walcott, p. 
 218. (Prof. T. B. Oomstock, pp. 218-219. Paleontology of the Texas Cam- 
 brian, pp. 234h235. Sections of Texas Cambrian, and comparison with 
 Arizona, pp. 354-355. Comstock's Classification, p. 355. Problems for 
 investigation, p. 385. 
 
 "The information in relation to the Cambrian area of Central Texas, in 
 Llano county, is sufficient for most Geologic purposes, although more 
 detailed information as to the horizontal distribution of the fauna and the 
 presence or absence of the Middle Cambrian fauna is desirable. The prin- 
 cipal question, however, ia the investigation of the supposed Cambrian in 
 the vicinity of El Paso and the southwestern portion of the State." P. 
 385. 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 239 
 
 408. Walcott, C. D., and others. 
 
 Discussion of Hill's paper on "The Comanche Series of the 
 Texas-Arkansias Region." 
 
 Bulletin Geol. Soe. of America, Vol. II, pp. 526-53?. 1891. 
 
 Mr. C. D. Walcott: "Professor Hill has .brought up the question debated 
 by many geologists, whether the Cretaceous and later formations ever 
 extended over the central Paleozoic area of Texas, ti. few years since I 
 examined the la^tter rocks of thik area and saw the escarpments of the 
 iCretaceous strata facing the central Paleozoic area. As the last report- of 
 the Texas State Survey takes the ground that this Paleozoic area was an 
 island in the Cretaceous sea, it is interesting to see how far the facts 
 accord with this theory. .From the statements communicated by Professor 
 Hill, and from analogy, it seems that he must be correct, and that the 
 iCretaceous overlapped this central area; otherwise it would now be reduced 
 to base-level by erosion. I- should like to liear what the geologists of 
 the Texas State Survey, who are present, have to say whoat this theory." 
 
 Mr. E. T. Dumble: " I am not personally acquainted witih the geology of 
 the central area save in a, general way. Dr. Oomstoek, who is in charge 
 of the district, has given in his report some of the reasons why he con- 
 siders this area to never have been covered with the Cretaceous rocks, 
 among other reasons urging that many points of this area' are higher than 
 any points of the surrounding Cretaceous area." 
 
 Professor Hill: "Generally, one can look over the Paleozoic area from 
 the Cretaceous escarpment, it may be true that the Paleozoic does, in 
 some places, rise to the level of the Cretaceous escarpment; but it is neces- 
 sary to have at least 4,000 feet of Cretaceous strata removed to bring the 
 two horizons on a. level, and consequently the Paleozoic would require to be 
 at leas.t that much higher than the present escarpment to have been 
 uncovered by the Cretaceous sea." 
 
 For the remarks of Dr. Cooper Curtice, see Title No. 83. 
 
 409. Walker, Joseph B. 
 
 Notes on the Geology of Burnet County.* 
 
 Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I. Houston, Feb., 
 1889. 
 
 "Statements in regard to characteristics, relations, and distribution of 
 the Cretaceous and Carboniferous." iFrom Barton's Record of N. A, Geol. 
 for 1887, etc., Bull. U. .S. Geol. Surv., No. 75, p. 161. 
 
 410. 
 
 Beport of. 
 
 Second Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Sur>. of Texas, 1890, p. eii. 
 
 Austin, 1891. 
 
 Administrative report. During the field season of 1890, Mr. Walker 
 was assigned to Panola, Shelby, Nacogdoches,, and Rusk counties for the 
 purpose of examining "the quality of 'the iron ore deposits" and defining 
 "the boundaries of such ores as would probably be of immediate economic 
 value, with 'such observations on the character of the surrounding geologic 
 formations as the time will permit.' 
 
240 Transactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 Walker, Joseph B. 
 
 "The want of reliable geographic maps, and the fact that no contour 
 maps of this section exist, together with a paucity of local names for many 
 of the 'mountains,' as they are locally called, and the difBculty of finding 
 persons acquainted with thd boundaries of the headright surveys, has ren- 
 dered exact outlining of the ore .beds within the allotted time an impossi- 
 bility, but sufficient data have ibeen obtained t(o show the location and 
 approximate extent of the beds of iron ore most suitable for manufacturing 
 purposes, while other observed facts will tend to assist in determining the 
 character and relations of the strata to each other, and the period of the 
 formations as a whole." (P. cii. 
 
 411. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III. 
 Description of Counties. Chapter VII. Panola County. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 325- 
 343. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: Introduction; Drainage; Surface; Soils.- Timber G-rowth. 
 Iron Ores; Analyses of Iron Ores. Clays; Analyses of Clay^. Lignite; 
 Mineral Paint: L^Lsphaltum Brown, Yellow Ochre, Red Ochre, (Bed Hematite, 
 White Clays. Green Sand. Silicified IWood. Oil. . Fresh Water Siliceous 
 Limestone. Sandsitone; Glass Sand; Magnetic .Sand. JTotes on the iStrat- 
 igraphy of Panola County. Relation of Striata. Twoomy Creek Metamor- 
 phic Disturlbanee. Grand Bluff Disturhanoe. 
 
 "The district composed of J*anola, Shelby, Nacogdoches, and JRusk coun- 
 ties, lying 'between north latitude 31" and 32° 30' and west Icftigitude 93° 
 40' and 95° (examined during tihe summer of 1890) is mainly between the 
 Sabime river on the northeast and the Angelina River on the southwest. 
 .The whole three thousand, four hundred and ninety square miles is included 
 in what is known as the 'Timiber Belt' of East Texas. 
 
 "The most eharaoteristic feature of the topography of this district is the 
 enormous erosion, which has ploughed out extensive valleys, and left the 
 high hills (buttes) and ridges, locally called 'mountains,' as impas.ing wit- 
 nesses of that potent agency. These hills and ridges, covered with forest 
 trees, when viewed from an elevation, do, indeed, present the appearance 
 of mountain ranges. 
 
 "For a general .description of the geography and topography of East 
 Texas, with notes on the literature of the Tertiary formation, the reader 
 is referred U> the preliminary report by Dr. R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., in the 
 First Annual .Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, 1889, and to the 
 introductory chapter of this Report on the Iron Ore Districts of East 
 Texas [E. T. Dumble]." 
 
 "Panola county has an area of seven hundred and ninety- nine square 
 miles, lying ;between north latitude 32° and 32° 30' and west longitude 94° 
 and 94° 40'^ It was created by division from Shelby and Harrison coun- 
 ties in 1846." (P. 225. 
 
 "The county is drained by the iSabine river, which runs through the 
 middle portion, from the northwest corner to the southwest corner." P. 
 226. 
 
Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 241 
 
 Walkbe, Joseph B. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The general surface of this ooumbry is hilly and undulating. The high- 
 est plains, or remnants of the original Tertiary deposition, are in the 
 northwest and southwest portions, where the buttes and ridges, having a 
 trend from la little north of east to a IdtUe south of west, hav« been formed • 
 by erosion from the original Tertiary plains. The estimated height of 
 th©30 is from six hundred to 9e(\-ein hundjred feet above the present sea 
 
 level." P. 226. 
 
 * * * * I * * * 
 
 "The top soil of the buttes and ridges is very sandy, prdbably from the 
 
 leaching action of rain water. The soil on the sides of these elevations 
 
 partakes of the nature of the top, mingled with the under stratum of red 
 
 ferruginated and mottled red and gray clay. The soil on the low lands 
 
 and alluvial bottoms ds composed of a mixture * * * of the finer 
 
 particles of the other two." 'P. 226. 
 
 w * * * * « * 
 
 . "In the northwestern part of the county, on the summits of the highest 
 ridges and hills, there are remnants of the original iron ore deposits." P. 
 228. 
 
 412. 
 
 Beports on the Iron Ore District .of East Texas. Part III. 
 Description of Gouiities. Chapter VIII. Shelby County. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 244- 
 254. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: (Location.) Drainage. Surface. Soils. Clays. Fresh 
 Water Silicious Limestone. Lignite. Timber Growth. Iron Ores. Analy- 
 ses of Iron Ores. Sandstone. Glass Sand. Silicious Iron Pebbles and Iron 
 Gravel. Manganese Nodules (Wad.). (Brown 'Springs. Notes on the 
 Stratigraphy of S^helby county; Disturbance; Relation of StTa<ta. 
 
 "This county, lying between north, latitude 31° 35' and 32°,' and west 
 
 longitude 93° 50' and 94° 30', has an area of eight hundred and two square 
 
 miles. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "This county is watered and drained on the east by the Sabine river, 
 
 which forms its eastern boundary, and also the boundary between the 
 
 State of Tex;as and the State of Louisiana. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The western and southwestern portions of the county are watered and 
 
 drained by the Attoyac Bayou, which forms the western boundary of the 
 
 county. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "The high ridges, originally a part of the elevated Tertiary plains, 
 
 extend, as remnants, from the northwest corner to the central southern 
 
 tooundiary, forming the watershed between the tributaries of the Sabine 
 
 Eiver on the east and the tributaries of the lAtboyac Fork of Angelina 
 
 River on the west." 
 
242 TEANSACTioiirs Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 413. Walker, Joseph B. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron Ore Distiiot of Bast Texas. Part III. 
 Description of Counties. Chapter IX. Eusk County. 
 
 Second Ann. Eept. of the Gepl. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 355- 
 267. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents : ( Location. ) Drainage. Surface. Soils. Clays ; Analyses of 
 Clays. Siliceous Limestone. Lignite. Mineral Water. Oil. Grreensand 
 Marl; Analyses of Greensand Marl. Tinftber. Iron Ores; Analyses of Iron 
 Ores. Glass Sand. Orange Sand. Stratigraphy; Relation of Strata. 
 
 "The area of this county is 917 square miles, lying between north lati- 
 tude 31° 51'-32° 25' and west longitude 94° 25'-94° 58'. It was formed from 
 Nacogdoches county, arrd organized in 1843, ibeing named in honor of " 
 
 Thomas J. Rusk. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "This county is watered and drained in the northern and northeastern 
 portion by the Sabine river and its itributaries. * * * The middle and 
 southwestern portions by the tributaries of the Angelina river. * * * 
 
 "The highest elevations are the iron-eapped ridges, more particularly in 
 the northern, northeastern, and soiuthern portions of the county. The 
 remainder is hilly and rolling, except the valleys which form the margins 
 of the streams." 
 
 414. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron Ore District of Bast Texas. Part. III. 
 Description of Counties. Chapter X. Nacogdoches County. 
 
 Second! Ann. Eept. of the' Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 268- 
 286; plate and map. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: (Location, Acreage, etc.) Drainage. Surface. Soils. Clays. 
 Silieious Limestone. Lignite. Mineral Water. Mineral Oil. Greensand 
 Marls. Analyses of Greensand Marls. Timber. Iron Ores. Analyses of 
 Iron Ores. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Nacogdoches County. Relation 
 of Strata. 
 
 "The area of this county is 974 square miles, lying between north lati- 
 tude 31° 15'-31° 50' and west longitude 94° 20'-94° 55'. 
 
 "It was one of the original municipalities, and became a~county under 
 
 the same name in 1837. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "This county is watered and drained by ithe Attoyac Bayou (forming 
 
 the eastern boundary) and its tributaries on the western side. 
 ******* 
 
 "The highest elevations are in the northwestern and eastern portions of 
 
 the county, and were originally part of the elevated Tertiary plain, but 
 
 now eroded into ridges. The remaining portion of the county is mainly 
 
 broken and rolling upland, except the valleys along the streams. 
 ******* 
 
 "This county has extensive deposits of clay suitaible for making bricks 
 and tiles." 
 
Recojbd of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896. 243 
 
 Walkbe, Joseph B. 
 
 "Mineral Oil. — The oil-ibearing sulphur water spring * * * is 
 located on one of the two tracts of land owned and operated by the 
 Petroleum Prospecting Company. The water, with traces of oil, flows into 
 the little stream adjacent known- as Oil Spring Branch, a tributary of 
 Bayou Visitador. In the valley of the stream are the present oil-bearing 
 wells, some thirty in number." 
 
 At the time this report was written the company was "only bailing out" 
 the wells semi-weekly and storing the oil. 
 
 The same plan was pursued by the Lubricating Oil Company at its wells 
 in 'the valley of Bayou Visitador, about three or four miles northeast of 
 the oil spring property above mentioned. 
 
 415. 
 
 Eeports on the Iron Ore District of Bast Texas. Part III. 
 Description of Counties. Chapter XI. Cherokee County. 
 
 Second Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 28?- 
 302. Austin, 1891. 
 
 Contents: (Location, Acreage, etc.) Drainage. Surface. Sioils. Clays. 
 Mineral Paint. Lignite. Analyses of Lignites. Mineral Water; Chaly- 
 beate Springs, Sulphur Springs. Mineral Oil. GreenSand. Timber. Iron 
 Ore. Analyses of Iron Ores. The Iron Industry at Rusk and Vicinity. 
 iGrades of Pig Iron. Average Daily Product in Tons. Analysis of Pig 
 Iron. Analyses of Limestone. Analyses of Furnace Slag. Cost of Mate- 
 rials. The Tassie Belle Furnace. The Star and Crescent Furnace. General 
 Suggestions. The Recent Earthquake. Concluding Remarks. 
 
 "The area of this county is 1008 square miles, lying between north lati- 
 tude 31° 25'-32° 7' and west longitude 94° 52'-95° 25'. 
 
 * * *_ * * * * 
 
 "This county is watered and drained in the north central portion by the 
 west fork of the Angelina river and its tributaries; on the southeast by 
 the Angelina river and its western tributaries. * * * The Neches river 
 forms the western and southern boundary." 
 
 Por general features and distribution of ores, see Penrose, R. A. P., Jr., 
 First Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey of Texas, pp. 31, 67, etc. 
 
 416. Weeks, Joseph D. 
 
 Art: Petroleum. Min. Eesources of the U. S., 1889-1890. 
 (Petroleum in Texas), pp. 359-361. Washington, 1892. 
 
 Conditions similar to those found in Kansas, New Mexico and southern 
 California. Tar springs. Wells in Kansas and Missouri little east of 
 95bh meridian. Texas springs little east of the 94th, some on 93rd and 
 east of it. Petroleum produced in 1889 in Bexar county near San Antonio, 
 'between tlie 98th and 99th meridians. Product of the springs called maltha 
 by the California 'geologists. 
 
 Texas oil a natural lubricator. Gravity. Source and depth of wells. 
 "'Sour springs" a,t Sulphur Springs, Hopkins county. Oil wells at Nacog- 
 doches. Statistics of production i'n Texas, 1889-1890. 
 
244 Teansactions Texas Acadbmt of Scibitcb, 
 
 417. Weeks, Joseph D. 
 
 Art. Petroleum. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1,894. 
 Nonmetallic Products. 
 
 Sixteenfth Add. Eept., U. S. Geological Survey, Part IV. 
 (Petroleum in Texas), pp. 378-379. Washington, 1895. 
 
 "Conditions similar tq those found in Kansas, Missouri, and the south- 
 ern part. of California exist in Texas- Springs, known locally as 'tar 
 springs,' are found scattered over various -portions of the State, especially 
 in the northeast, southeast and central portions. TJie oil wells of Kansas 
 and Missouri are found a little east of the 95tli meridian of longitude west 
 ■of l&reenwich. The Texas springs are a little to the east of the 94th 
 meridian, and some are also found on the 93rd and east of it. The petro- 
 leum produced in Texas is from Bexar county, near San Antonio, about 
 midway between the 98th and 99th meridians. The product of these springs 
 is known locally as petroleum, and is, in this report, so classified, though 
 some geologists, especially those who have been connected with the geologi- 
 cal survey of California, insist on calling it maltha. At present, however, 
 they acknowledge that this so-called maltha and petroleum are similar 
 Buibstanoes. Chemically, they may be; practically, they are not. 
 
 "The Texas oil is a natural lubricator of from 28° to 30° gravity, and 
 is said to be found in ,a conglomerate. The wells are shallow, the oil 
 being 'Struck in various parts of the State at from 125 to 350 feet. The 
 iBexar county wells, which produced the petroleum .reported from this State, 
 are about 300 feet deep. As there is but a limited demand for the oil, there 
 is no' effort to produce it in large quaoiitities. The producing wells, which 
 are on the ranch of Mr. George Dulnig, were wells that had been drilled 
 originally for water. They were found to yield small quantities of oil 
 and gas. The production of these two wells -in 1889 was about four barrels 
 a month. The annual production is from fifty to seventy-five barrels. 
 
 "Outside of the oil produced in Bexar county none seems to have been 
 produced in the State on a commercial s.cale, thougli reports as to the 
 discovery of oil at various points in Texas are frequent. At Sulphur 
 Springs, in Hopkins county, there are certain so-called 'sooir wells,' which- 
 produced a few gallons of oil. In 1887 and 1888 considerable excitement 
 was occasioned by the reported striking of oil in Nacogdoches county. The 
 locality was eighty miles southwest of Shreveport. The wells were driven 
 wells, and some oil was obtained at the depth of eighty-'flve feet; in other 
 cases at a depth of 300 feet. Quite a number of wells were driven in 1887 
 and 1888, but no petroleum was ,produced in 1889. The oil produced in 
 Bexar county was used for lubrication. 
 
 "The production of petroleum in this State since 1889 has been as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 "PEODUCTION OF PETBOLEUM IN TEXAS, 1889 TO 1894. 
 YEAKS. BELS. 
 
 1889 48. 
 
 1890 54. 
 
 1891 54. 
 
 1892 45. 
 
 1893 SO. 
 
 1894 60. 
 
Rbcokd of Geology of Texas, 188Y-1896. 245 
 
 418. Weeks, Joseph D. 
 
 Art. Petroleum. Min. Eesources of the U. S., 1895. 
 Nonmetallic Product's, except Coal. 
 
 SeYenteenth Annual Eeport of the U. S. Geological Survey, 
 Part III (continued). 
 
 (PetJdieum in Texas), p. 701. Washington, 1896. 
 
 "Praotieally all of the oil produced in the State, in 1895 was from the 
 wells of Mr. George Dullnlg, near San Antonio, in Bexar county. 
 
 "During the year 1895 a well was oompleted at Sour Lake, Texas, which 
 gave .a small supply of 16° lubricating oil. In drilling a well in Corsicana, 
 at a depth of 1,035 feet, an oil sand some twenty feet in thickness was 
 ifound, and some two and three-fourths barrels of oil per day has ibeen 
 produced. This, however, has heen since the 1st of January, 1896, and 
 this production is not, therefore, included in this report." 
 
 Production of petroleum in Texas for 1895, fifty barrels. 
 
 419. Weitzel, E. S. 
 
 The Coal Field of Texas.' 
 
 (Abstract of a paper read before the Ohio Insitiitute of Mini-ng 
 Engineers.) 
 
 Eng. and Mining Jour., Vol. L, pp. 314-316. 1890. 
 
 Outline: The Geological and Mineralogical Survey of Texas, organized 
 in 1888.. Knowledge of Texas coal fields obtained from this source and 
 from work done for private parties. Mining done so far quite liniited. 
 lExtract from the first Report of Progress [p. 19], concerning the number 
 and extent of the coal fields. Reference to W. F. Cummins [loc. oit.]. 
 Professor Ashburner quoted [loo. cit.'\. The old Gordon mine in Palo Pinto 
 oounity; the Texas and Pacific Coal Company's mines about, four miles 
 southwest 'from Gordon, on the edge of 'Eiiaith ■ooiumtiy. "This oom'paniiy owns 
 about 24,000 acres of land, has two mines, both shafts, one 61 feet deep 
 
 . and the other 74 feet deep, each very well equipped with hoisting niachinory, 
 and the balance of their plant is very good. They are now producing about 
 600 tons of coal per day, all of which is taken by the Rio Grande Division 
 of the Texias and Pacific Railroad for locomative purposes." The Palo 
 Pinto Ooal Compajniy'« mine. Shaft 45 to 50 feet deep. Output 100 tons 
 
 •per day. "The seam, the No. 1, at thcabove mentioned mines, ranges from 
 18 to 30 inohes thick, and has one persistent band of slate from J to 1 
 inch thick; the roof is either, slate or soapstone, and the floor generally 
 fireclay, though in places it is sandstone. The State report does not give 
 any analysis of the coal, and the only published analysis of it I have seen 
 shows it heavy in ash and sulphur, and corresponding very closely to the 
 coal of 'Leavenworth, Kan." 
 
 Mine ten miles west of Decatur. Coal used locally. Mine four miles 
 west of Bowie. Seam 30 inches thick, "with a clay parting 3 inches thick." 
 Reference to Prof. Cummins regarding seam No. 7, and various placesi 
 about Cisco. 
 
 "The Nueces or Semi-bituminous field lies in the southwestern part of the 
 State bordering on Mexico." Area not less than 3,700 miles. Northern 
 
246 Teansactions Texas Academy or Science. 
 
 Weitzbl, R. S. 
 
 boundary not determined. Two or three workable seams. "The upper 
 seam (or middle one, as I understand, where three seams exist), is from 
 18 to 58 inches thick, with a 2-inoh slate parting in the center, and is 
 being worked at San Tomas." Opinion of J. Owen concerning the coal. 
 "The lower seam in this field outcrops 44 feet at Eagle Pass, several miles 
 iionthwest lof San Tom'as and up the Kid Grrande river, showing along 
 both sides of the river for a distance of ten miles. The abrupt inclination 
 of the stratum at this place carries it below the surface, and its eastern 
 boundary could not be determined. The stratigraphioal position of this 
 seam is 600 to 700 feet below the Nueces or San Tomas seam;" Reference 
 to Mr. Owen's measurements at the Hartz mines. 
 
 The Lignitio Field. Reference to State Geologist Dumble. See First 
 Rept. of Progress, Geol. and Min. Surv. of Texas, p. 20. 
 
 430. W. H. 
 
 The Dykes of Bandera County. 
 
 Geological and Scientific Bulletin^ Vol. I, No. 8. Houston, 
 Dec, 1888. * 
 
 iDescription of a pyrite-bearing dyke near Bandera. 
 
 Extract: "This vein or dyke is known to run in a straight line about 
 twenty-five or thirty miles, and there are beside it six or seven more 
 running parallel with it, and a line ten miles longi north and south would 
 cut all of them." 
 
 42] , White, Charles A. 
 
 On the Age of the Coal found in the Region traversed by the Rio . 
 Grande. • 
 
 Amer. Jo<ur. of Scienee, III, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 18-20. New 
 Haven, Jan., 1887. 
 
 "During the past few years many discoveries of coal have been made 
 within the region which is traversed by the lower portion of the Rio 
 iGrande, besides those which were made by the members of the United 
 IStates and Mexican Boundary Commission and other early government 
 expeditions. In Texas, coal has been found in Webb, Maverick, -Presidio 
 and El Paso counties; and in Mexico, in the States of Nuevo Leon and 
 Ooahuila. .By certain local geologists and mining experts, whose reports 
 have fallen under my observation, a part of these coals have been referred 
 to Carboniferous age, and others to Triaasic age. From personal examina- 
 tion in the field, extending over a large part of the region in question, and 
 an examination of fossils which have been collected by different persons 
 from strata associated with the coals, I am satisfied, however, that none 
 of them are earlier than late Cretaceous age. 
 
 '^In some cases the coal of this region is worthless for practical use, but 
 in others it is of good quality; all of it having the general characteristics 
 of the coals which are obtained from the Laramie and Pox Hills forma- 
 tions in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Prom the data and observations 
 just mentioned I do not hesitate to refer all the known coal of the region 
 Tinder cansideratiom to one or the other, or both, of those formaAiana." 
 
Record or Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896. 247 
 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 Intimate association of these two formations in the region of the Lower 
 Rio Grande. No evidence at present of the Laramie in Webb and Maver- 
 ick counties. The coal foTind there belongs to tbe equivalent of the Fox 
 'Hills group. The mines at San Tomas, forty miles above Laredo, and those ^ 
 seven miles atove Eagle Pass are the principal ones on the Texas side, 
 iln Mexico the equivalent of the latter coal is found a few miles from) 
 Piedras Negras. Prom data furnished by Mr. James T. Gardiner, it was 
 ascertained tbat the Laramie and Pox Hills formations exist in the State 
 of Nuevo Leon and the eastern part of the State of iCoahuila. Both of 
 these formations were found by the writer ('White) in the region of 
 Ooahuila drained iby the Rio Sabinas. 
 
 Little is known of the character of the coal deposits in the southern part 
 of Presidio and iBl Paso counties, Texas. 
 
 423. 
 
 433. 
 
 On New Generic Forms of Cretaceous Mollusca and their Eela- 
 tion to Other Forms. 
 
 Proe. Acad, of Nat. Sci., Phila., Pt. I, pp. 33-37; pi. 11 
 Jan.-Apr., 1887 
 
 "The type species of the three generic forms which a-re descrlhed in this 
 article belong to the collections of 'Cretaceous fossils from Texas, which I 
 am now preparing for publication in one of the memoirs of the TJ. S. 
 'Geological 'Survey. In their generic characteristics all three of them 
 appear to be respectively identical with certain forms which have long 
 been knoWn, but which have been referred to other genera by diflferent 
 authors. The features which I now present as having generic value seem 
 to have been overlooked by those authors, or, so far as thay were Observed, 
 they were treated as specific characters. Two of these forms belong to 
 the section iMelininae of the family Avieulidae. The other is referred to 
 the Crassatellidae, but it departs considerably from the typical section 'Of 
 that family." 
 
 Crassatellidae. Genus Stearnsia (gen. nov.). Stearnsia Robinai (sp. 
 nov.). Avieulidae. Genus Dalliooneha (gen. nov.). Genus Aguileria (gen. 
 nov.). A. Cumminsi (sp. nov.). 
 
 On the Cretaceous Formations of Texas, and their Relation to 
 those of other Portions of North America. 
 
 Proceedings Acad, of Nat. Sci., Phil., Pt. I, pp. 39-47. Jan.- 
 Apr., 1887. 
 
 "The true relations of the different Cretaceous formations which have 
 long 1)een known to exist within the iState of Texas to each other, and to 
 those which have been recognized in other portions of North America, have 
 not hitherto been satisfactorily known. Several eminent geologists have 
 written upon the subject, and considerable diversity of opinion has pre- 
 vailed among them. The former impracticability of obtaining informa- 
 tion by personal observation over any considerable portion of that region ; 
 
248 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 the destruction by the 'Civil War of the work so well begun by Dr. Shii- 
 mard, and the limited knowledge then possessed by any one of the general 
 geology of North America, were doubtless the causes which prevented 
 a satisfactory solution _of this question." 
 
 The author's investigation of th« Texas Cretaceous. Field work in 
 charge of Mr. Robert T. iHill, chief -assistant. The general section of the 
 Cretaoeoois strata pf the eastern half of Texas which resulted from these 
 labors: Comanche Series — ^1, Dinosaur Sands; 2, Fredericksburg Division ; 
 3, Washita Division. Goilf Series — 4, Timber Creek .Beds; 5, Eagle Ford 
 'Shales; 6, ^Austin Limestone; 7, Navarro Beds. 
 
 Table showing the equivalency of these formations: Mississippi Section; 
 Texas Section; Western Section; Upper Missouri 'River Section. The 
 Mississippi iseetion is that of Prof. E. W. Hilgard; the Western is a mod- 
 ification, first proposed by King, -of the Upper MiBSOuri river section of 
 Meek and Hayden. White's modification. The New Mexico section by 
 Prof. Newberny. The Fox Hills group. The separate identity of the 
 Dakota group. Facts seem to indicate "that while the greater part of the 
 Dakota group, as it is now known, is a non-marine deposit, we ought to 
 expect to 'find it to merge into a marine deposit to the southward. 
 
 "Now, in making comparisons of the Texas -Oretaoeous rocks with those 
 Whicih have been observed in other parts of the continent, we find that the 
 ' w'hole iCotaanehe series represents older strata than are included in any 
 
 other published sections of North American Cretaceous except that perhaps 
 of lOalifornia. The strata of the Comanche series are known to extend 
 northward from Texas into the Indian Territory, and some of its charac- 
 teristic fossils have been found in southeastern Kansas. Fossils belonging 
 to this series have also been found at various points in Western Texias and 
 the adjacent southeastern" part of New Mexico. They have also been 
 found at various points in Mexico, one locality being upon the western 
 side of the 'Sierra Madre in the Mexican State of Sonora. 
 
 "Judging from all the dnformajtion that I have bean able to obtain, I infer 
 that none of the strata of the Comanche series exrtend beyond the eastern 
 boundaries of Texas, nor further northward than southern Kansas. It 
 seems probable, also, that wihile this series is well developed, both faunally 
 and stratigraphically, in Texas, it 'has, or originally had, its greatest devel- 
 opment within the region which is now the Republic of Mexico." P. 43. 
 
 Discussion of the equivalency of formation. • The Timber Creek beds 
 eq-uivalent, at least' in part, with the Dakota of the Western and Upper 
 Missouri sections ; the Eagle Ford .shales equivalent with the bluish shales 
 or lower part of the Colorado group and stratigraphically with the Tom- 
 bigbee sands; the Austin limestone equivalent with the Rotten limestone 
 of the Mississippi section; the Navarro beds equivalent with tibe Ripley; 
 and the Fox Hills group of the 'Western section is recognized in the valley 
 lof the iRio Grande in West Texas. "Of - the present, or former, direct 
 stratigraphioal continuity of the western Fox Hills strata with their pre- 
 sumed equivalents in 'Eastern Texas, and in the G-ulf and Atlantic coast 
 regions, present evidence is not so clear.'' 
 
 Relation of Fox Hills strata and the Navarro Beds to overlying forma- 
 
Recoed of Geology of Texas, 188'?-1896. 249 
 
 White, Chaeles A. 
 
 tions. Lignite Tertiary Beds of Eastern Texas rest upon the Navarro Beds, 
 ■but actual contact in .East /Texas seems nat to have been seen by a com- 
 petent observer. Strata of the Fox Hills group in the region of the Rio 
 iGrrande are overlaid by those of the Laramie without a sharply defined 
 plane of demarkation. "No equivalent of the Jurassic strata * * » 
 have been recognized in connection with the Texas Cretaceous section as 
 given in this article; and they seem to have entirely thinned out before 
 reaching the region of 'Central Texas. In that region, the strata next 
 underlying the lOomanche series are clearly either those of the Carbonifer- 
 ous or of the 'Red Beds. The latter are not known to exist to the east- 
 ward of the Carboniferous area of Northern .Central Texas, but they reach 
 considerable thickness upon the wesitern side of that area, where they are 
 usually known as the Gypsum formation. 
 
 , "It appears friom the investigations upon which this article is based that 
 oertain of .the members of the Texas Cretaceous section have not heretofore 
 been recognized, and that the true order of superposition of the formations 
 ■has been misunderstood, the theoretical section of Maroou being more 
 nearly correct than any heretofore published." Correlation of the Upper 
 Series with the Western and Upper Missouri sections; and, in part, with 
 the Cretaceous formations of the Gulf and (Atlantic coast. Work of Shu- 
 mard and Roemer. 
 
 424. 
 
 On the Relatio'ii of the Laramie Gromp to Earlier and Later Form- 
 ations. 
 
 lAmer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXV, pp. 43'3-438. 'JSTeiw 
 Haven, Jome, 1888. 
 
 The Tielation of the Laramie group ito the Tertiary and to the Cretaceous. 
 The conflicting evidence. 
 
 "During the twelve years preceding the autumn of 1887, in which I had 
 made extensive studies and observations concerning the Laramie group, I 
 was never able to obtain any personal knowledge of the actual^ strati- 
 graphical relation of that group to any of the marine Tertiary groups 
 which border various portions of North America. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "In 1884, Professor E. D. Cope announced that he had found 'the Clai- 
 borne beds resting immediately (upon the Laramie at Laredo,' Texas; but 
 he then mentioned no correlated facts in support of this important 
 anuounoement, and, so far as I am aware, none have since been pub- 
 lished. The Icnown southeastward trend of the Laramie, and the circling, 
 and therefore converging, trend of the Gulf series of formations made it 
 evident thjat the district traversed by the lowet Rio Grande would be 
 found to be the most promising field in which to searcli for the strati- 
 graphical relation between the Laramie and the Eocene Tertiary. With 
 this object in view, I, last autumn, visited that region, and had the satis- 
 faction of oonflrming the observation previously made by Professor Cope." 
 
 The journey from Eagle Pass to Laredo. The coal beds aibove Laredo 
 
250 Transactions Texas Academy op Science. 
 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 referred to the Laramie. iStratigraphical geology on the Mexiean side of 
 the Rio Grande. Uncertainty of the precise position in the geological 
 series 'Of the lEooene .beds resting, upon the liaramie near Laredo. Posi- 
 tion of the lignitic beds in Mississippi and Eastern Texas. The "Belly 
 Jliver Series" of Dawson,, and its relation to the Laramie. The presumpt- 
 ive evidence of the Cretaceous age of the Laramie. 
 
 425. 
 
 436. 
 
 (On the Fauna of the Permian of Baylor, Archer and Wichita 
 Counties, Texas. ) * 
 
 Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXII, p. 936. 1888. 
 
 "Statement of his opinion in regard to the Permian age of the forma- 
 tion." iFrom Barton's Keoord of ST. A. Geol. for 1887, etc.. Bull. U. S. 
 .Geol. Surv. No. 75, p. 164. 
 
 On the Permian Formation of Texas.- 
 
 Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXIII, pp. 109-128; pi. 1. Feb., 
 1889. 
 
 Cope, from time to time 'during the past ten years, has published descrip- 
 tions of vertebrate remains from Texas which he has referred to the Per- 
 mian; other authors have generally referred the formation to the friassic. 
 A collection of invertebrates made by W. F. Cummins proved so interesting 
 that the author in company with Mr. Cummins visited the region and made 
 collections and observations personally. He says: "Thirty-two species of 
 invertebrates were collected, about one-half of which were readily recog- 
 nized mus well-known Ooal-measure species, but a few of them were new, 
 among which were two belonging to mesozoio types. It is this j^aleonto- 
 logieal feature in connection with important correlated facts, that especi- 
 ally excited my interest in the formation from which the fossils were 
 
 obtained. 
 
 ******* 
 
 "In Texas this formation occupies an area many hundred square miles in 
 extent, which constitutes the western part of the southern extremity; of -the 
 great central paleozoic region of the continent. The southern boundai^y of 
 this area is not now definitely known, but it lies at least as far south as the 
 Concho river. Its eastern boundary may be approximately designiated as 
 extending from Hed river to the Oolorado through Clay, Young, Shackle- 
 ford, Oallahaai and Runnels oountieis; and its western border as extending 
 from the Canadian river to the .Concho through Hemphjill, Wheeler, Don- 
 ley, Briscoe, Motley, Dickens, G-arza, Borden and Howard counties. The 
 formatiom is known to extend northward far within the Indiaji Territory, 
 but in this article special reference is made only to that portion of it 
 which da found in Texas; and the description which is herein given is 
 drawn mainly from ohseir.vation]S made in Baylor, Archer" and other con- 
 tiguous counties. ' 
 
 "This formation rests directly and conformably upon another series of 
 
Recoed of Geology or Texas, ISS'Z-lSQe. 251 
 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 strata in which a characteristic Ooal-measure fauna prevails, but which 
 is not known to contain any fossils of the mesozoic types, if we except the 
 Ammonites parkeri of Heilprin, which he states was obtained from Carbon- 
 iferous strata in Wise county. Notwithstanding the mesozoic character 
 of a part of the molluscan fauna of the upper formation, the . preponderance 
 of evidenee makes it necessary to regard it as belonging to the great 
 PajbonifeTOUB system, and as constituting ;ain upper member of it. For 
 ■these and other reasons yet to be stated I have little or no hesitancy in 
 desdgnating this Texan formation as Permian, as Prof. Oope has done, but 
 I shall briefly discuss in following paragraphs the propriety of tjhe use 
 of that name for all of the North American strata to which it has been 
 applied." Pp. 109-110. 
 
 Permian strata blend with those of the Coal-measures. Description of 
 'the Texas Permian strata. Topography. Thickness of Permian strata. 
 Vertebrate fossils. Thickness of Texas Coal-measures. Their characteris- 
 tic invertebrate fossils. The "gypsum-bearing" beds — ^Triassic or Permian? 
 The great conformable series of North Texas. Thickness. Stra,tigraphic 
 relations of the Texas Permian, description of Texas Permian. List of 
 iiKvertehrate speoies. Summary. Brief descriptions of three new 'Oephalo- 
 pod speoies (Plate I). iGommingling of Mesozoic and Paleozoic types. 
 
 "The special interest which these Texan collections possess lies, first, 
 in the presence of the two Cephalopods of the Mesozoic type as members 
 of an invertebrate fauna composed otherwise of paleozoic types; and sec- 
 ond, in the as3ocia,tion of this invertebrate fauna with a vertebrate fauna 
 composed mainly of Permian types, as determined by Professor Cope, and 
 in the known superposition of the formation containing these faunas upon 
 characteristic Ooal-measure strata." Pp. 119-120. 
 
 The ibiologioaJl interdelimitation of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic ages. 
 Attempts to explain the commingling of earlier and later types in one and 
 the same stratum. Unphilosophical views co_ncerning chronological restric- 
 tion. Discussion of North American and European Permian. 
 
 "The recognition of the Permian of Texas as a separate upper group of 
 strata belonging to the Oarboniferoiis system is based upon both strati- 
 graphical and.Paleontological evidence, and this evidence is fuller than that 
 which has been adduced in favor of any other reputed Permian strata of 
 North America." P. 126. 
 
 437. ^ 
 
 Administrative Eeport, Division of Mesozoic Paleontology. 
 
 Eigibitili Anoiiual Eepont of the U; S. Geol. Surv., Part I, pp. 
 178-181. WaslM.iigtoai, 1889. 
 
 (Field Work in Texas), pp. 179-180. 
 
 Instructions to Mr. Hill. "His work for the season was confined mainly 
 to Grayson, Denton, Tarrant, ©alias, Comanche and Travis counties, but 
 various other counties were visited. 
 
 (Early in October I joined Mr. Hill at Austin and proceeded to review 
 with him his field of work of the two preceding months and to make 
 additional observations -with reference to the objects of that work. In 
 
252 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 futherance of these objects I traversed the western portion of the State 
 along several extended lines and gathered important data there, especially 
 concerning the relation of the Cretaceous formations, which are continuous 
 ■with those of the Rooky Mountain region to the northwa,rd, to those in 
 eastern Texas, which are continuous with the Oretaoeous formations of the 
 other Gulf 'States to the eastward. 'During this reconnaissance various- 
 points along the valley of the Rio Grande were visited, and tlie formations 
 which were especially under investigation were in some instances traced 
 into the Republic of Mexico for the purpose of making the oibservations 
 more complete. From these observations, in connection with others pre- 
 viously made, general conclusions have been reached, of which the following 
 • is a 'brief statement. 
 
 The Cretaceous series of Eastern Texas is separable i'nitio two principal divi- 
 sions, an upper and a lower, each having distinct and well-marked Paleon- 
 tologioal characteristics. A study of 'their fossil faunas respectively has 
 shown that while the formations of the upper division may be correlated, 
 ■at least in a general way, with the Cretaceous formations of the great 
 interior region, and also with thos'C of the G-ulf -States, the lower division 
 cannot be so correlated; that is, the lower division belongs to a lower 
 horizon than that of any other Cretaceous strata of Nortt America at 
 present known, except the older Cretaceous strata of the Pacific coast and 
 perhaps those of the yet comparatively little known P'Otoim'ac group of the 
 A'tlanitic ooast. Strata of the lower division of the Texas Creifcaoeous have 
 ■not been recognized to the oasibward of that 'State, nor fartheir •aor/thwaird 
 than southeastern Kansas, but they extenid 'to- western Texas ,and over into 
 IMexioo, where they are overlaid by the represenitatives of the Dakota, 
 'Colorado, Hox Hills and Laramie groups, as they are overlaid by the for- 
 mations of the upper division in eastern Texas." Pp. 179-180. 
 
 Correlation of the upper division of the Texas series. Plan of work in 
 Texas. 'Collections of fossils. 
 
 428. 
 
 T'he Lower Cretaceous of the Southwest and its Relation to the 
 Un'dierlyimig and 'Overlying Fo'itroations. 
 
 Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. ■440-445. 
 New Hayien, Dec, 1889. 
 
 The CretaoeO'US strata of Texas referable to two divisions: Upper and 
 Lower. Not necessarily equivalent to European section of the same name. 
 The upper 'Miss.ouri river section of Meek and Hayden, including the 
 Dakota group, represents the Upper Division; the Comanche series the 
 Lower. Strata of the Lower Division not discovered east of the 65th 
 meridian. With the probable exception of a locality in Central Kansas 
 none have been found north of the southern part of Indian Territory and 
 the southwes't part of Arkansas. They exist in the extreme southern 
 part of New Mexioo. Hoasiis from near Ariveohi, Sonora, indicate Lower 
 Cretaceous. This is the most westerly locality. The Lower Cretaceous of 
 California, oontains a different fauna, and is not referred to here. Other 
 exposures in Mexico. Greatest developmen't of Lower Cretaceous straita in 
 
Rbcoed of Geology or Texas, 1887-1896. 253 
 
 White, Ci-iables A. 
 
 northern Mexico. More abundant collections of fossils have been obtained 
 in Texas than elsewhere. Contrast between the Lower Cretaceous of the 
 Southwest and the Upper Cretaceous. The Paleontological contrast. Want 
 of faunal relationship between the Upper and Lower Divisions. The chro- 
 nological hiatus. The Comanche of Lower Silurian strata of Texias east 
 of the Pecos River; 'Character and Thieltness. The same west of the Peoos 
 and in Mexico. Displacements involving other strata. Stratigraphic 
 sitructure of the Sierra San Oarlos in Chihuahua. 'Structure of the Chinate 
 Mountains of Texas. No satisfactory proof that the Jura and Trias are . 
 represented by any North American strata south of the 34th parallel of 
 latitude. 
 
 439. 
 
 430. 
 
 Eemarks on the Cretaceous of Northern Mexico. 
 
 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 352. 
 1890. 
 
 "In these remarlcs the speaker referred to observations made during his 
 late visit ±o the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, and to the adjacent par1a of 
 Texas and New Mexico. A small range of mountains in Chihuahua, sev- 
 enty-five miles sioutheaisitward'from Presidio .del Norte, kniown las the 'Sienra 
 San Carlos, was found to be composed almost wholly of much disturbed, 
 compact, bluish limestone strata having the usual aspect of the Carbon- 
 iferous limestones of the great interior region. They were found, however, 
 to contain Cretaceous fossils from top to bottom, the recognized species 
 being such as characterize the Comanche Cretaceous of Texas. * * * 
 
 "The isolated mountain near Presidio del Norte was also found to be 
 
 composed of the Comanche limestone; and lying upturned against its 
 
 southern base and extending far to the southward, is a great thickness of 
 
 shaly strata, succeeded by sandstones, the former bearing fossils of the 
 
 Colorado Group, and the latter those of the Pierre-Fox Hill Group. 
 # « * 
 
 "In the Chinate mountains in Texas, about twenty-flve miles north of 
 Presidio, the bluish Comanche limestone rests conformably upon Carbon- 
 iferous limestone, the color and character of both being so similar that 
 they are distinguishable only by their respective fossils. (Here of course 
 both the Jura and the Trias are absent. In both the Chinate and the San 
 Carlos mountains, the Comanche limestone is silver-bearing at its base." 
 
 Administrative Eeport, Division of Mesozoic Invertebrates. 
 
 Kinth Annual Eeport of the U. S. Geological Snrv., pp. 130- 
 133. WaBhdaigfcon, 1890. 
 
 Field investigations in Texas, p. 120-121. 
 
 "From the city of Dallas as a center, I extended these field observations 
 into the neighboring counties of Tarrant, 'Denton, Kaufman and Navarro. 
 This woi-'k consisted of an investigation of the stratigraphic relations of 
 the formations occurring in that region with one another and with those of 
 
254 Teansaotions Texas Academy ov Scibncb. 
 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 other Tftgioiis; and dt also ambraced a. sbudy of th«Lr paleontological char- 
 laeterisfcios. 
 
 "Tihe special object of this work was to ascertain as clearly as possible 
 the relation between tbe Oretaoeous formations wtioh occur in TexiaiS with 
 those which are found to the eastward, westward and northward of that 
 region respectively. The result has been in a high degree satisfactory, but . 
 much yet remains to be done in that connection. I was able, on paleonto- 
 logical grounds, to correlate the upper formations of the 'Cretaceous series 
 in that part of Texas with - the Rotten Limestone and Kipley formations 
 of Mississippi and Alabama with an unexpected degree of clearness. 
 Besides this, a part of the series beneath these upper formations are now 
 regarded with nearly equal confidence as equivalent with certain of the 
 ■formations of western TexEus and of the great interior region which stretches 
 to thp northward. * » * 
 
 "From Dallas I proceeded ito Eagle Pass, for the purpose of ascertaining, 
 if possible, the relation of the southern continuation of the great Laramie 
 group with the marine Tertiary formation of the Gulf coast region. « ' * 
 The strata exposed in the hills about Eagle Pass, which consist mainly 
 of sandstones, but which bear one or more beds of coal there, I bad previ- 
 ously correlated with the Fox Hills group of the Cretaceous series which 
 so extensively prevails to the northward. These strata were found to dip 
 gradually in the direction of the course of the river and to receive upon 
 them those of the Laramie group. The strata of the Laramie group were' 
 found jvell exposed along tlie banks of the iRio Grande, from twenty-five 
 to thirty miles above Laredo, where, like the underlying formation, they 
 contain one or more workable beds of coal. They also occur on the Mexican 
 side of the Rio 'Gramde, where characteristic Laramie fossils have been 
 found. 
 
 "These Laramie strata on both sides of the >Rio Grande were found to 
 dip gently to tbe southeastwardj ais the underlying formation had been seen 
 to do, and to receive upon them, in the neighborhood of Laredo, sandy 
 strata, which bear an abundance of .characteristic marine Eocene fossils." 
 
 431. 
 
 Administrative 'Keport, Mesozoic DiTision of Invertebrate Pale- 
 ontology. 
 
 Tenth Ann. Eeport of the U. S. G-eologieal Survey, Part I, pp. 
 162-165. Washington, 1890. 
 
 Description of the work of this division for the year ending June 30, 
 1889. 'An examination of strata in Baylor, Archer and Wichita counties 
 in Texas "which had been reported as bearing a commingling of Paleozoic 
 and Mesozoic types of fossils. 
 
 "These strata were found to constitute an important formation, occu- 
 pying an area of many thousand square miles in extent, in western Texas 
 and in the .Indian Territory, dt is the same formation that some geologists 
 have referred to the Permian and some to the 'Permo-Carboniferous,' and 
 upon some geological maps it is represented as of Triassic age. 
 
Record of Geologt of Texas, 1887-1896. 255 
 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 The resul'ts of these exaimiiiatioiis may be briefly sta,ted as follows: 
 "Slaj the lai-ger part of the fossik obtained from that forma-tion, many of 
 which are vertebrate ' remains, are of Paleozoic types, and many of the 
 invertebrates are of well-known 'Coal-measure species. A few of the inver- 
 of one and the same fauna. The ooimmingling of Meisozoie and Paleozoic 
 forms in such a, manner as to leave no doubt that they are all members 
 of one and the same fauna. The commingling of Paleozoic and Mesozoie 
 types in these. Texan strata is similar in character to that of the well- 
 known fauna of the Productus limestone of the Salt Range in India. 
 
 "This series of Texan strata is lithologioally distinguishable from, but 
 blfends with and is entirely conformable upon, the underlying Coal-measure 
 series. * * * 
 
 "After summing up the results of these investigations, together with 
 those of other observers, I reached the conclusion that for taxonomic pur- 
 poses the strata, in question are properly referable to the Permian." 
 - The intimate relations between the North American Permian and Carbon- 
 iferous. 
 
 Investigation of Cretaceous areas in Southwest Texas. 
 
 "These examinations were carried through Comal, Bexar, Medina and 
 Uvalde counties, and the result, together with that of the examinations 
 made last year in the valley of the Rio Grande, was to confirm my previous 
 belief as to the intimate relation of the Cretaceous formations of the Gulf 
 coast with those of the interior region. So many species of fossils have 
 now been identified in both these regions and in the intervening Texan 
 area that there seems no longer room for doubt that the Ripley group of 
 the Gulf States was not only identical with the eastern Texan formation 
 to which the same name has been applied, but that it was originally, if 
 not even now, a deposit continuous with the Eagle Pass formation in the 
 Riiio Girande Valley. It is also just as evident that the latter was a 
 deposit oonitinuous with the Fox Hilla — lE^ont Pierre Group of the interior 
 region. Again, it is quite as evident that the 'rotten limestone' formation 
 of the Gulf States is represented in Texas by the Austin limestone and the 
 Eagle Ford shales together; and that the latter together represent the 
 Colorado group of the interior region. 
 
 "The field examinations of the past season in Texas also confirm my 
 previous opinion that the marine formation in the northern part of the 
 State, which I have called the Timber Creek beds, represents the Dakota 
 group of the interior region, and that the whole group, which to the north- 
 ward is a non-marine deposit, becomes wholly marine to the south, where 
 it loses much of its identity as a separate formation." 
 
 iMr. Boyle's bibliographic work upon Cretaceous farmations and Mesozoie 
 invertebrates. 
 
 Publications. 
 
266 Teansactions Texas Acadbmt of Science. 
 
 43S!. , White, Chaeles As. 
 
 Administrative Bep'ort, Mesozoic Division of Invertebrate Pale- 
 ontology. 
 
 Eleventh Annual Eeport of itne United! States Greological Sur- 
 vey, Part I. Geology, p. 107. Wasliington, 1890. 
 
 Under the oapfcion "Field Work" memtiion is made of the oonitdmiation of 
 field observations in the southwest, which, in Texas, embraced the region 
 about Presidio on the Rio Grande. Mr. Stanton accompanied Dr. White. 
 
 433. 
 
 434. 
 
 The Texam Permian lamidi its MesoKoie Typ'es of Fossils. 
 ■Bulletin. U. S. Geol. Surv., ISTo. 77, pp. 51; 4 plates, 
 ingtom, 1891. 
 
 Contents: 'Letter of Transmittal. Synopsis of Results. Introduction. 
 Description of species. General Discussion. Index. 
 
 "Synopsis of results. In this bulletin is presented a summary of the 
 various kinds of evidence that properly may be accepted as indicating the 
 Permian age off a certain series of strarfja in Wes.tern Texas, which have 
 been by some geologists referred to the Trias, and by others to the Permian. 
 
 'Ut also contains an announoememt of the disoovery 'in those strata of 
 certain types of invertebrate foSsils "which usually are regarded as indica- 
 tive of their Mesozoic age, commingled with a, considerable number of 
 Carboniferous types. lA. large proportion of the latter forms are well- 
 known Coal-measure species. 
 
 "All these species are illustrated on aoeompanydng plates, and some of 
 them are described as new. This disoovery is the first of the kind that 
 has been published concerning North American strata, but it is similar 
 in character to those made by Waagen in India, iGemmellario in Sicily, and 
 Karpinsky in Russia. 
 
 "The paleontological balance which is indicated by this eommingli);ig of 
 earlier and later types in the Texan strata is treated as an item of evidence 
 in favor of their Permian age." 
 
 The closing portion of the bulletin is devoted to a general discussion of 
 the suibject of the existence of the Permian in North America. 
 
 The Texan Region. 
 
 Correlation Papers. Cretaceous. 
 
 Buiiletin U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 82, pp. 114-130. WasiMng- 
 ton, 1891.' 
 
 Boundaries of the Texan Region arbitrary: shown on map opposite p. 72. 
 Area embraces portions of Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana, a part of 
 Indian Territory, and much the greater part of Texas. The relations of 
 the Cretaceous deposits of the eastern and central parts of the continent 
 may be observed here. Important deposits found not known in 'eastern 
 and northern parts of the continent. The region is nearly divided by the 
 southern prolongation of the great interior Paleozoic area. Surface of the 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 257 
 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 western portion of Texas more diversified than the eastern, containing few 
 mountainous elevations, hills of circumdenudation and valleys. Bocks of 
 the Texan region are Cretaceous, Tertiary and Post-Tertiary. Cretaceous 
 strata are limestones and sandstones more or less compact. Uncon- 
 formity between Upper and Lower Cretaceous strongly marked in some 
 localities. Dip of Cretaceous east of the Paleozoic area is towards the 
 Gulf or 'the "Eertiary embaymesnt; west of that area there is a generally 
 wesiterly dip. Structural geology. List of Cretaceous formations in Texas. 
 The Laramie recognized only in western Texas, in the valleys of the Rio 
 Grande and the 'Nueces. Eagle Pass ibeds upon which the Laramie rests 
 regarded as equivalent to the Eipley formation and Pox Hill strata. A 
 section^-'Description of the members comoosing it. The Trinity form^ation, 
 origiiimaily desiigmaited ulS Dinosaur Sands. Placed .provisilomially with the 
 'Cretaceous and assigned to the horizon of the Potomac and Tuscaloosa 
 Formations. The Comanche Series -stands alone. Separated by a time- 
 hiatus from the formation above and below. Its greatest thickness is in 
 the North Mexican region. The Timber Creek Formation. Lowest strata 
 of the Upper Cretaceo,us. Its molluscan fossils are all marine and different 
 from those of the Coiaanehe series. The Timber Creeik Formation, probably 
 the equivalent of Tombigbee Sands and possibly of the ;E,aritan and Amboy 
 Clays. The Eagle Ford Formation. Approximately equivalent to Port 
 Benton Shales and as probably equivalent to the lower part of the^ Rotten 
 Limestone of the Chilf States and to the Clay Marl of New Jersey. The 
 Ausibiii_Formiajtion, or Austin-Diallais Chalk. Its upper layers merge grsud- 
 ually into clayey or marly layers .which in eastern Texas pass into strata 
 that bear an abundance of characteristic fossils of the Ripley Formation. 
 The "Ripley" strata ^of Texas. The time-hiatus between the Cretaceous 
 and the Tertiary. A comparison of the Cretaceous Formations of east and 
 west Texas. Diagram showing the inten-elations of the Texas Formations. 
 A comparison of the Cretaceous iTormations of the Atlantic and Gulf border 
 regions and the Texas Cretaceous. Diagram. 
 
 435. 
 
 Discussion of Mr. Hill's paper on "The Comianohie Seoies of tttie 
 Texas-Arkansias Eegion." ' . 
 
 Bulletin Geol. See. of America, Vol. II, p. 535. 1891. 
 
 Dr. C. A. White: "The Trinity Beds, to which Mr. Hill refers as lying 
 at the base of the Comanche series, I have, in a work now in press, provi- 
 sionally referred to the base of the North American Lower Cretaceous. 
 They contain, besides some undetermined dinosaurian remains, a few species 
 of non-marine mollusca; but I am at present unable to say whether these 
 forms are more suggestive of Cretaceous than of Jurassic age. 
 
 "The fossils which Mr. Hill has exhibited as coming from strata beneath 
 the Ooananche I am at present unable to specifioally identify. If they 
 really eame from the horizon indicated, I think they represent a hitherto 
 unknown molluscan fauna, and that they are of very great interest. 
 
 "I quite agree with Mr. Hill in the opinion that the different subdivisions 
 of the Texan Cretaceous cannot be definitely correlated with subdivisions 
 
258 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 of the European Cretaceous. I also think that the assumption of such 
 correlations as have been published, by various authors both in Europe and 
 America, is much to be deplored, because it retards rather than advances 
 true scientific knowledge. GFor example, the venerable and distinguished 
 Professor Roemer, of Breslau, who has published so much' upon the fossils 
 of the Texan Cretaceous, and who knows the paleontology of the European 
 'Cretaceous as well as any person living, ihas referred a collection of 
 Comanche species to the Upper Turoniam He does not merely say that the 
 forms which, he published are analogous to those of that subdivisiou of the 
 European Cretaoeousi-but he refers them definitely to the same, as if it 
 were as dearly recognizable here as in Europe. On the other hand, the 
 Dakota group, after the early claims that its flora indicate Tertiary age 
 subsided, has by common consent .among a large number of geologists 
 been regarded as of Cenomanian age. 
 
 ""Comparatively late investigations have shown that strata equivalent to 
 the Dakota group in Texas not only overlie the Comanche series, but that 
 there ds a wide time-hiatus and unconformity between them; thai. is, the 
 assumed correlations referred to aibove place one assemblage of strata far 
 beneath another when in reality its true place is far above." 
 
 Diagramatio illustrations. 
 
 436. White, I. C. 
 
 'Fossil Plants of the Wichita or Permian Beds of Texas. 
 Bulletin of the Geol. Soe. Amer., Vol. Ill, pp. 217-218. 1892. 
 Remarks by E. T. Dnmble. 
 lb., p. 459. 
 
 The plants were collected by Mr. W. F. Cummins from the Wichita Beds 
 along with an dpvertebrate fauna assigned by Dr. C. A. White to the 
 - 'Permi3,n and vertebrate remains assigned by Cope to the same age. Thev 
 were sent the author for examination by Mr. E. T. Dumble, State Geologist. 
 A cursory inspection showed them to be identical with or very near rela- 
 tives' of plants found in West Virginia above the Waynesburg Coal 
 
 Permian of White and Pontaine. By Professor White the plants were sent 
 to Professor Wm. M. iFontaine who wrote: "I am decidedly of the opin- 
 ion that this Texas flora is essentially the same as the flora described bv 
 us in report PP of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania [The 
 Permian or Upper Carboniferous flora of West Virginia and Southwest 
 Pennsylvania]. The Walchia is the only important determinable plant 
 not present in- the flora of West Virginia and Pennsylvania." 
 
 437. Whitfield. J. E.,^ and Merrill, G. P. 
 
 The Payette CouBty, Texas, Meteorite. 
 
 Amer. Jour, o^ Science, III, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 113-119. 
 New H'BJven, August, 1888. ' , 
 
 An account of the finding of this meteorite at Bluff, a settlement oi^ the 
 Colorado river, three miles southwest of LalGrnange, fiayette county, Xexias. 
 
 Description and analyses of the stone which belongs to the class of 
 "chondrites." 
 
Record of Gjiology of Texas, 1887-1R96. 259 
 
 438. WiLxiAMs^ Albert, Jr., Editor. 
 
 Art. Useful Minerals of the United States. Min. Resources of 
 the U. _S., 1887. 
 
 (Minerals mined in Teaas), pp. 79S-793. Washington, 1888. 
 (Mineral not mined in Texas), pp. 793-794. 
 
 A tabulated list of minerals, alphabetically arranged, giving mineral- 
 ogical name, common name and remarks on each species. Under the latter 
 are included localities and, in some instances, extent of deposits, use, etc. 
 
 The following minerals are "mined" in Texas : Clay, Ooal, va,r. bitumin- 
 ous; Coal, var. lignite; Halite (salt); Kaolinite; Limestone; Sianid's tone ; 
 .Silver. The flollowing.^minerals are "not mined" in Texas: Agate; Ame- 
 thyst; Asbestos; Bismuth ore; Chalcedony; Ohalcoeite; Feldspar; Ualen- 
 ite; Garnet; Granite; Gypsum; Ilmenite; Jasper; Limonite; Magnetite; 
 Marble; "Molybdenum ore"; Nitre; Obsidian; Ochre; Opal; Petroleum; 
 Pyrite; Pyrolusite; Slate; Talc; Tourmaline. 
 
 439. Williams, J. Francis. 
 
 Igneous Roicks of Texas. 
 
 Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. II, 
 P;p. 5-6. iLittle Eock, 1891. 
 
 A brief notice of the work of iMessrs. Hill and Kemp ( See Pilot Knob : 
 "■ A (Marine Oretaeeoois Volcano, by Robert T. Hill, with notes on its Petro- 
 graphy by J. F. Kemp. Amer. GeoL, vol. VI, p. 286). Allusion is also 
 made to the Pre-Cambrian rocks of the Central Mineral Region as described 
 by Comstoek. { See First Ann. iRept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, p. 239.J 
 
 440. WooLMAjsr, Lewis ^ajid Kain, C. Henry. 
 
 (List of Species found li'n a "Presh Water Diatomiaoeous Deposit 
 from ithe Staked Pladine".) 
 
 Amer. Kiaturalist, Vol. XXVI, pp. 505-506. June, 1893. 
 
 "The followiing number of species, twenty^seven in number, though not 
 exhaustive, is nearly so: 
 
 Amphora ovalis 'Ehr. ; Amphora uncincutum Ehr. ; Aehnanthes ventricosa 
 ■Ehir. ; Oampylodiscus clypetis Ehr.; Oymbella cistMia 'Hempr. ; Gymhella 
 la/noeolatum, Ehr.; Denticula valida Pediceno; Epithemia gibba (Ehr.) 
 Kutz; Epithemia gibba var. parallela Grim.; Epithemia zebra Ehr., 
 V Kutz; Epithem,ia gibberula (Ehr.), Kutz var. prod/aota Grim.; Epithemia 
 
 oonstrieta Breb; Encyonema ventricosum, Kutz; Q-omphonema olavatum 
 Ehr.; Fragilla/ria virescens, Ralfs.. ; Navicula major Kutz; Navicula viridis 
 Kuitz/ Na/vicula rostrata Ehr. f^rma minor; Navicula bohemioa iEhr.; 
 Wavioula elliptioa var. mdnutissum Grim.; Navioula decurrensj Navi'oula 
 varia/ivs Greg.; Navicula brebisonn Kuitz; Navicula forma Kutz; Nitzohia 
 brehissoma Wsim.; Nitssohia speotabilis ('Ehr.), Ralfis.; Surrirella geroltu 
 var." 
 
 See Title No. 6. 
 
260 
 
 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 ADDITIONAL CITATIONS. 
 ■141. BiRKENBINE, JOHN. 
 
 Art. Iron Ores. 
 
 Eeport on Mineral Industries in the U. S. at tke Eleventh 
 Census, 1890. 
 
 (Produot and Value of Iron Ore in Texas, 1889), p. 4. 
 Washington, 1892. 
 Extract from a table showing the "Product and Value of Iron Ore in 
 1889, by States and Territories": 
 
 (Long Tons.) , 
 
 STATUS. 
 
 J- « fl 
 
 Number 
 of Mines 
 producing. 
 
 ag 
 
 33 
 
 Ot3 
 
 Hi 
 
 til 
 
 CD,£3rH 
 
 § 
 
 sis 
 
 1 Value " 
 per ton. 
 
 
 , 3 
 
 2 
 
 13,000 
 
 200 
 
 4,300 
 
 $ 19,750 
 
 $ 1 53 
 
 
 
 443. (Day, David T.) 
 Art. Tin. 
 
 Report on Mineral Inidustries im the U. S., ait the Elerenith 
 Census, 1890. 
 
 (Tin in Texas), p. 251.. Washington 1892. 
 
 An announcement of the discovery of cassiterite in Llano and Mason 
 counties by Profeissor Theodore B. Comstock. \ 
 
 443. Day, William C. 
 Art. Stone. 
 
 r Report on Mineral Industries in the TJ. S., at the Eleventh ' 
 Census, 1890. 
 
 (Production of Granite in Texas), p. 603. Washington, 
 A 1892. 
 
 I Extract from a taible .showing the "Production of Granite in the United 
 
 'States for the Calendar year 1889, by States and Territories'' • 
 
 
 Number of 
 firms pro- 
 ducing in 
 1889. 
 
 Number of 
 quarries. 
 
 Product. 
 
 STATES AND TEBBITORIES'. 
 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 Total value. 
 
 Texas 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 20,400 _ 
 
 $ 22,550 
 
 
Record of Geology ov TSixas, 1887-1896. 
 
 261 
 
 444. 
 
 Art. Stone. 
 
 Eeport oil Mineral Industries in the U. S., at the Eleventh 
 
 Census, 1890. 
 
 (Production of Limestone in Texas, 1889), p. 633. Wash- 
 ington, 1892. 
 
 Extract from a table showing the "Production of Limestone in 1889, by 
 States and Territories"- • 
 
 STATES AND 
 
 Number 
 quarries 
 
 Total 
 Value. 
 
 Building Purposes. 
 
 Lime. 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value per 
 cubic foot. 
 
 Barrels 
 (200 B)s) 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value 
 per bbl. 
 
 Texas 
 
 18 
 
 $217,835 
 
 666,160 
 
 S13.'5,901 
 
 SO 20 
 
 12.000 
 
 8 6,700 
 
 S 56 
 
 
 
 445. 
 
 Art. Stone. 
 
 Eeport on the Mineral Industries in the TJ. S., at the Eleventh 
 
 Census, 1890. ' 
 
 (Production of Sandstone in Texas, 1889), p. 647. Wash- 
 ington, 1892. 
 
 Extract from a table showing the "Production of Sandstone in the United 
 States in 1889": 
 
 
 Number of 
 quarries. 
 
 Production. 
 
 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Texas 
 
 7 
 
 180.591 
 
 $ W,651 
 
 446. Fleming^ H. S. 
 Art. Coal. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade, 
 1893. Vol. II. 
 
 (Coal in Texas), pp. 214, 216, 317. K Y., 1894. 
 
 In a table on page 214 showing "Bituminous Ooal Fields" Texas is cred- 
 ited with an area of 4,500 square miles. 
 
 On page 216 the following statements are made concerning Texas: "Tlie 
 coal fields of Texas are extremely important from an economic standpoint, 
 but, while the field covers a considerable area, variously estimated between 
 4,000 and 15,000 square miles, the coal thus far found has been generally 
 high in sulphur. 
 
 "The lignite fields are far more extensive that the coal area. Four 
 distinct seams have been recognized, varying from three to fifteen and even 
 twenty feet in thickness, though the latter figures are exceptional. A coal 
 
262 
 
 Transactions Texas Academy or Science. 
 
 Fleming, H. S. . . 
 
 tasin but recently opened in Texas is in the Cretaceous formation on- the 
 Kio Urande, near Eagle Pass. This is a continuation of the eoal field in 
 Mexico in' wihieh the Hondo mines are operating, and so far. has shown 
 encouraging results." 
 The following statistics lare taken from a table on page 217:, 
 
 
 1892.. 
 
 1893. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Net tons. 
 
 Value 
 per ton. 
 
 Tota;i 
 value. 
 
 Net tons. 
 
 Value 
 per ton. 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 $225 
 
 t 675,000 
 
 322,745 
 
 $ 2 00 * 
 
 i 645,490- 
 
 
 
 * Bituminous Coal, $2.25; Lignite. $1.75. 
 447. HOBABT, Febdeeiok. 
 Art. Coal. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, Its Staitistic^, Technology amd Trade, 
 1894, Vol. III. 
 
 (Production of Coal in Texas), p. 130. N. Y. , 1895. 
 
 The following staitistics axe from a itaWe, entitled "Total Production of 
 Ooial onid 'Ooke in the ■Uni'bed iStaites" : 
 
 {^<h tons lof 2000 pounds.) 
 
 
 Goal. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 ■ 1893. 
 
 1894. 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value 
 per ton. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value 
 per ton. 
 
 Texas 
 
 322,745 
 
 S 645.490 
 
 $ 2 00 
 
 469,409 
 
 J, 1,000,895 
 
 1 3 13 
 
 
 
 See Title 315 for comparison 'of estimates. 
 
 448. 
 
 Art. Gold and Silver. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, etc., 1895, Vol. IV. 
 
 (The Production of Silver in Texas), p. 388. N. Y., 1896. 
 
 In a table showing the production of gold and silver in the United States 
 by States, Texas lis credited with 429,314 fine ounces lof silver valued at 
 $270,468 for 1894, land 529.974 fine ounces of silver valued at $346,073 for 
 1895. 
 
 449. Jones, John H. 
 Art. Coal. 
 
 Eeport on Mineral Industries" in the U. S., at the Eleventh 
 Census, 1890. 
 
 (Statistics of Coal Mining in Texas), p. 347. Washington, 
 1892. 
 
Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 
 
 263 
 
 Jones, John H. 
 
 Extnact from a taible entitled "General 'Statiatios of iOoal Mining in the 
 Uniited States at the JSlevenbh 'Census" : 
 
 - 
 
 Mines. 
 
 Total pro- 
 duction of 
 coal in 1889 
 (short tons). 
 
 Total 
 amount 
 received 
 for coal. 
 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Regu- 
 lar. 
 
 tjocal. 
 
 Average 
 
 price 
 per ton. 
 
 
 "1 
 
 6 
 
 128,316 
 
 $ 340,620 
 
 $ 2 66 
 
 
 450. Peale^ Albert C. 
 
 Art. Mineral Waters. 
 
 Eeport on the Mineral Industries in the U. S., at the Eleventh 
 Census, 1890. 
 
 (Production of Mineral Waters in Texas, 1889), p. 779. 
 Washington, 1893. 
 
 lExtraet from a tahle showing the "Production of Mineral Waters for 
 1889, by States and Territories"^ 
 
 451. 
 
 453. 
 
 STATES AND 
 TEBBITOBIES. 
 
 Number of 
 
 springs 
 reporting. 
 
 Product 
 (gallons). 
 
 Value pf 
 product. 
 
 Capital 
 invested. 
 
 Texas 
 
 14 
 
 213,700 
 
 $ 10,354 
 
 $ 66,440 
 
 
 
 ElES, Heineich. 
 Art. Clay. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade, 
 Vol. II, 1893. 
 
 (Clays in Texas), pp. 303-304. ,N. Y., 1894. 
 
 .Reference to brick produced at Austin, cream to yellow; the mottled 
 brick of East Texas, and the Carboniferous area; the high grade brick at 
 iRusk land New Birmingham. "During 1889 the production of the State 
 was 95,000,000 bricks." The Tertiary clays suitable for drain, tile and 
 terra cotta. The fine clay of Payette, Henderson and Limestone counties. 
 The Athens fire brick. The blue sandy clay near Marshall and pottery 
 clays near Jefferson. iBeferenoe to W. Kennedy (See Title No. 275, Eeporf 
 on iGrimes, Brazos and :Bobert3on counties. Fourth Ann. Rept. Geol. 
 Surv. of Texas, 1892, pt. I, pp. 3-84, 1893) and N. F. Drake (See Title 
 No; 110, Kept, on the Colorado Coal Field of Texais, Fourth Anm. Rept. 
 jG«oJ. Surv. of Texas, pt. I, p. 423). 
 
 ROTHWBLLj ElOHAED P. 
 
 Art. &old and Silver. 
 
 Report on Mineral Industries in the U. S., at the Eleventh 
 Census, 1890. 
 
264 
 
 Teansactions Texas Academy of Science. 
 
 ROTHWELL, ElOHAED P. 
 
 (Gold land Silver Statistics— Texas), p. 93, Washingijon, 
 1893. 
 
 
 
 <H.P 
 
 
 
 oV, 
 
 o a 
 
 O'C 
 
 
 
 -^S 
 
 
 
 1^: 
 
 »S 
 
 s*^^ 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 3E - 
 
 
 
 "^^ o 
 ^S'^ 
 
 fS^S 
 
 
 
 °Sii 
 
 gs^ 
 
 ,^se 
 
 Total 
 
 13*986 
 
 1,355 
 
 10,441 
 
 El Paso . 
 
 2,355 
 
 1,355 
 
 
 Presidio 
 
 10,641 
 
 10,411 
 
 
 
 Assay value 
 of ore sold 
 
 » Gold. 
 
 87,188 
 
 886,968 
 
 $7,188 
 
 Silver 
 
 $86,968 
 
 Total bullion value. 
 
 Grand 
 
 total 
 
 bullion. 
 
 $425,001 
 
 ),448 
 ),553 
 
 Gold. 
 
 J6,828 
 
 $6,828 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 .$418,173 
 
 $ 82,620 
 335,553 
 
 Estimated 
 
 coining 
 
 value Tjro- 
 
 duced trom 
 
 ore sold. 
 
 $6,828 
 
 Silver. 
 
 $82,620 
 
 $82,620 
 
 453. 
 
 See also table on page 59. 
 
 -, Editor. 
 
 454. 
 
 Art. Asphaltum. 
 
 Tlie Mineral Industry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade, 
 1893, Vol. I. 
 
 (AsphaJtum in Texas), pp. 35 and 36. F. Y., 1893. 
 
 "A deposit of bituminous limestone, said to be extensive, has been dis- 
 covered, in Western Texas, near the line of the Southern Pacific Railway, 
 and a corporation, the Litho-'Carbon Company, has been organized to work 
 it. This material on refining gives a very good grade of asphaltum suitable 
 for the manufacture of varnishes. Deposits of bituminous rock occur in 
 the northern part of the State." P. 36. 
 
 , Editor. 
 
 Art. Gold and Silver. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, etc., 1892, Vol. I. 
 
 (Gold ,and Silver in Texas), p. 189. N. Y., 1893. 
 
 From tables on page- 189 the following statistics relating to the produc- 
 tion of gold and silver are taken : 
 
 
 1886. 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889.* 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 [> 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 ■u 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 ■6 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 C5 
 
 
 1 
 
 02 
 
 2 
 
 > 
 
 Texas 
 
 $ 200,000 
 
 $ 250,000 
 
 $ 300,000 
 
 $ 6,828 
 
 $ 418.173 
 
 $387,878 
 
 
 S 484,848 
 
 *Statistlos Irom the Elqyenth Census. 
 
Recoed of Geolo&y of Texas, 1887-1896. 
 
 265 
 
 455. 
 
 456. 
 
 457. 
 
 EOTHWELL, ElCHAED P., EDITOR. 
 
 Art. Gold and Silver. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, etc., 1893, Vol. II. 
 (Silver in Texas), p. 313. N. Y., 1894. 
 
 From a table on page 313 showing the production of gold and silver in 
 the United States by States, the following statistics are taken: 
 
 (From the Mint Reports.) 
 
 STATE. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892.* 
 
 1893.+ 
 
 
 Gold 
 vals. 
 
 Silver 
 ozs. 
 
 Gold 
 vals. 
 
 Silver 
 ozs. 
 
 Gold 
 vals. 
 
 Silver 
 ozs. 
 
 Gold 
 vals. 
 
 Silver 
 ozs. 
 
 Texas 
 
 
 300,006 
 
 
 375,008 
 
 
 350,000 
 
 
 349,i00 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 *The figures of the Director of the Mint for the production of silver in the Uni- 
 ted States tor 1892 have heen discredited, and consequently are not reproduced 
 here. +The statistics of gold and silver production in 1893 was collected^ for this 
 work, hut we are indebted to the Director of the Mint for the approxinjate distri- 
 bution by States, etc. 
 
 -, Editor. 
 
 Art. Asphaltum. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, etc., 1894, Vol. III. 
 (Asphaltum in Texas), p. 79. N. Y., 1895. 
 
 "The output from California was somewhat less than in 1893, but tha/t 
 from Utah increased slightly, and a very considerable increase came from 
 the Texas deposits, though the Kentucky production was somewhat less. 
 The asphaltie rock from Texas has increased in quantity, and has also a 
 much higher average value than that of previous years." 
 
 The following statistics are taken ,from a table showing the "Production 
 of Asphalt and Bituminous Rock in the United States": 
 
 (In Tons of 2,000 pounds.) 
 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Asphalt. 
 
 Bituminous Rock. 
 
 Asphalt. 
 
 Bituminous Eock. 
 
 >> 
 
 43 
 
 a 
 ca ■ 
 
 5, 
 
 Value. 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 Value. 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 Value. 
 
 a 
 
 cS 
 3 
 0? 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 
 ton. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 ton. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 ton. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 ton. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 $1,000 
 
 JlOO 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 7,200 
 
 $36,000 
 
 SSOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Editor. 
 
 Art. Cemenit. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, etc., 1894, Vol. III. 
 
 (Production of Portland Cement in Texas), p. 92. 
 1895. 
 
 N. Y., 
 
266 
 
 Transactions Texas Academy of Science, 
 
 RoTHWELL, Richard P. 
 
 From a table stowing the production of Portland cement in the United 
 States the following statistics are taken: 
 
 (In Barrels of 300 pounds.) ~ 
 
 458. 
 
 459. 
 
 460. 
 
 
 1893 W 
 
 IBM. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value at works. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value at works. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per Bbl. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per Bbl. 
 
 Texas ^ 
 
 20,000 
 
 % 40,000 
 
 $2 00 
 
 25,000 
 
 % 50,000 
 
 $-2 00 
 
 
 
 (a) Kevised. 
 
 -. Editok. 
 
 Art. Gold and Silver. 
 
 Mineral Industry, etc., 1894, Vol. III. ' 
 
 (Production of Silver in Texas), p. 278. N. Y., 1895. 
 
 In a table showing the production of gold and silver in the United Sta;tes 
 by Statue, Tesas is credited with 429,314 fine ounces of silver for 1894. 
 
 ■r 
 
 -, Editok. 
 
 Art. G-ypsium. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, etc., 1894, Vol. III. 
 
 (Production of Gypsum in Texas), p. 355. K. Y. 1895. 
 
 From a table showing the production of gypsum in the United States 
 the following statistics are taken: 
 
 (In Tons of 2,000 pounds.) 
 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894. 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 1,420 
 
 $ 8.520 
 
 1,815 
 
 $ 10,750 
 
 a,550 / 
 
 S 21,300 
 
 
 , Editoe. 
 
 Art. 'Salt. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, etc., 1894, Vol. III. 
 
 (Production of Salt in Texas), p. 488. N. Y.. 1895. 
 
 The following statistics are taken from a table showing the salt produc- 
 tion in the United States: 
 
Record of Geology of Texas, 1887*-1896. 
 
 EOTHWELL, KiCHARD P. 
 
 (In Barrels of 280 pounds.) 
 
 267 
 
 
 - - *■ ' 
 1893. 
 
 1894. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 Eock 
 Salt. 
 
 Total 
 bbls. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1 
 > 
 
 Eock 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Total 
 bbls. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 bbl. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 Bbl. 
 
 ^ezas 
 
 144,'435 
 
 .-. 
 
 144,435 
 
 $115,548- 10.80 
 
 276,857 
 
 
 376,857 
 
 $230,000 
 
 J 0.88 
 
 
 
 Compare with estimates given under Title No. 317. 
 
 461, 
 
 -, Editor. 
 
 Art. (Cement. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, etc., 1895, Vol. IV. 
 
 (Production of Portland Cement ip Texas), p. 56. N. Y., 
 1896. 
 
 The following sitatisitics are taken from a table showing the "Production 
 of Portland Cement in the tJnited 'States": 
 
 (In Barrels of 400 pounds.) 
 
 
 1894. 
 
 1895. .^ 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value at works. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value at works. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per Bbl. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per Bbl. 
 
 
 18,750 
 
 % 50,000 
 
 S2 67 
 
 15,000 
 
 S 40000 
 
 $2 67 
 
 
 
 462. 
 
 -, Editor. 
 
 Art. Coal. 
 Mineral Industry, etc., 1895, Vol. IV. 
 
 -■ (Prodlidaoini of Ooal im Texas), ppj 135 anidi 136. N. Y., 
 1896. 
 
 The following statistics are from a tahle showing the "Total Production 
 of Coal and Ooke in the United States" : 
 
268 Teansactions Texas Academy of SpiENCE. 
 
 EOTHWELLj ElCHARD P. 
 
 (In Tons of 2,000 pounds.) 
 
 " 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Goal. 
 
 
 1894. 
 
 1895. 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 -Valu^. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Texas 
 
 469,904 
 
 $1,000,895 
 
 $ 2.13 
 
 499,668 
 
 $ 1,064,293 
 
 $ 2.13 
 
 
 
 The following is from a table showing the "United States Production of 
 Goal, 1891-1895. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 TEXAS. ' ^ 
 
 1891 
 
 173,100 Short tons 
 
 1892 '. 
 
 300,000 " ■ 
 
 .322,745 
 
 469,904 
 
 499,668 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 ' 1895 
 
 
 463. 
 
 '■'^—^ — , Editor. 
 
 Art. Gypsum. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, etc., 1895, Vol. IV. 
 
 (Production of Gypsum in Texas),, p. 377. N. Y„ 1896. 
 
 The following statistics are taken from a table showing the "Production 
 of Gfypsum in the United States" : 
 
 (In Tons of 2,000 pounds.) 
 
 
 STATE. 
 
 1894. 
 
 1895. 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Texas 
 
 ,3,605 
 
 $ 21,725 
 
 S 6.03 
 
 5,670 , 
 
 . $ 32,045 
 
 1 5,56 
 
 
 464. 
 
 , Editor. 
 
 Art. Salt. 
 
 The Mineral Industry,, etc., ,1895, Vol. IV. 
 
 (Production of Salt iu' Texas), p. 550. N. Y., 1896. 
 
 The following statistics are taken from a taible showing the "Salt Pro- 
 duQtion in the Umted States: 
 
Record op Geology of Texas, 1 887-1 f 
 
 ROTHWELL, ElCHAED P. 
 
 (In Barrels of 280 pounds.) 
 
 269 
 
 STATE. 
 
 1895. 
 
 
 Evaporated. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 255,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per barrel. 
 
 Texas 
 
 $ 211,560 
 
 3 83 
 
 
 
 465. Weeks, Joseph D. 
 
 Art. Petroleum. 
 
 Eeport on the( Mineral Industries in the U. S., at the Eleventh 
 Census, 1890. '' ' 
 
 (Petroleum in Texas), p. 499. "Washington, 1893. 
 
 The text and statistics ior 1889 are tihc same as gi-ven in Mineral 
 Resources of the United States for 1889-1890. See Title No. 416. 
 
 466. 
 
 Art. l^atural Gas. 
 
 Eeport on the Mineral Industries in the IT. S., at the Eleventh 
 Census, 1890. 
 
 (Natural Gas in Texas), p. 634. Washington, 1893. 
 
 (Extract from table entitled "Capital Invested in the Natural Gas Indus- 
 try in the Umted States in 1889": 
 
 
 Total 
 capital. 
 
 Number ot acres of natural gas-land. 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 Total 
 acreage. 
 
 Owned. 
 
 Leased. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 $ 80,000 
 
 725 
 
 725 
 
 
 S 72,500 
 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Aldrioli, T. H. A New Eocene FosbU from 
 
 Texas. No. 1. 
 Aldrioh, T. H. New or Little Known Ter- 
 tiary Mollusca. No. 2. 
 Alkali Soils. No. 177. 
 Alkaline Sulphatio Water at Georgetown, 
 
 Analyses of. No. 161. 
 Altitudes. No. 165. 
 Alum Water at Denison, Analyses of. No. 
 
 161. 
 Alum Water at Franklin, Analyses of. No. 
 
 161. - 
 Amber. No. 287. 
 
 American Naturalist. Fresh Water Diatoma- 
 ceous Deposit from Staked Plains, Texas. 
 No. 6. , " 
 
 American Naturalist. Iron Ore District of 
 
 East Texas. No. 5. 
 American Naturalist. Occurrence of Texas 
 
 Lignite. No. 4. 
 American Naturalist. Tertiary Formations 
 
 of Western Texas. No. 3. 
 Analyses of Gadolinite. Nos. 155, 166, 174. 
 Analyses of Grahamite. No. 137. 
 Analyses of Hematite. No. 10. 
 Analyses of Iron Ores. No. 161. 
 Analyses of Kaolin. No. 161. 
 Analyses of Lignites. No. 7. 
 Analyses of Limonite. No. 10. 
 Analyses of Soils. No. 178a. 
 Analyses of Urahinite. No. 251. 
 Analyses of Water. No. 161. 
 Analyses of Yttria and Thoria Minerals from 
 
 Llano County. No. 193. 
 Analysis of Meteorite. No. 256. 
 Anderson County, Report on. No. 128. 
 Appendix to Harrington's Report on the 
 Soils and Waters of the Upper Rio Grande 
 and Pecos Valleys. No. 119. 
 Archaean Rocks. No. 187. 
 Artesian and Underflow Investigation. Nos. 
 
 188, 189. 
 Artesian Boring at Galveston. No. 238. 
 Artesian Water. Nos. 123, 230, 235. 
 Artesian Waters on Llano Estacado. No. 
 
 350. 
 Artesian Well Notes. No. 167. 
 Artesian Wells. Nos. 254, 401. 
 Artesian Wells of Gulf Coastal Slope. No. 
 
 355 
 Artesian Wells, Report on. No. 344. 
 Ashburner, Charles A. (Coal in Texas.) 
 
 1886. No. 7. 
 
 Ashburner, Charles A. (Coal in Texas.) 
 
 1887. No. 8. 
 
 Ashburner, Charles A. (Coal m Texas.) 
 
 1888. No. 9. 
 
 Asphaltum. Nos. 114, 316, 319, 347, 453, 456. 
 
 B 
 
 Bandera County. No. 33. 
 Bandera County, Dykes of. No. 420. 
 Basalt,' Melilits-Nepheline. No. 309. 
 Basanite, Nepheline. No. 309. 
 Birds. No. 356. , . „^.,. ^. 
 
 Birkinbine, J. Fuels and their Utilization. 
 No, 11. 
 
 Birkinbine, J. Iron Ore Product, 1880, 188'J, 
 
 1890. No. 12. 
 Birkinbine, J. Iron Ore Product, 1889. No. 
 
 441. 
 Birkinbine, J. Iron Ore Product, 1891. No. 
 
 13. 
 Birkinbine, J. Iron Ore Product, 1892. No. 
 
 14. 
 Birkinbine, J. Iron Ore Product, 1893. No. 
 
 15. 
 Birkinbine, J. Iron Ore Product, 1894. No. 
 
 16. 
 Birkinbine, J. Iron Ore Product, 1895. No. 
 
 17. 
 Birkinbine, J. Iron Ores. No. 10. 
 Black Prairie Region, Construction of Roads 
 
 in. No. 229, 
 Blake, Wm. P. Quicksilver in Texas. Nos. 
 
 18-19. 
 Blanco Beds, Fauna of. No. 42. 
 Brazos County. No. 275. 
 
 Broadhead, G. C. Mitchell County. No. 20. 
 Brown Coal. No. 153. 
 
 Brown Coal and Lignite, Report on. No. 135. 
 Brown Coal or Lignite. No. 362. 
 Brick, Fire. No. 94. 
 Brick Industry in 1888, Table. No. 93. 
 Burnet County, Geology of. No. 409. 
 Burnet County. Rocks. No. 406. 
 Building Materials. No. 88, 90, 92. 
 Building Stones. No. 305. 
 Building Stones of Bast Texas. No. 331. 
 
 Call, R. B. SilicifieB Wood in the Texas Ter- 
 tiary. No. 21. 
 
 Cambrian. No. 407. 
 
 Caprina Limestone Beds, Invertebrate Fossils 
 of. No. 247. 
 
 Cass County. No. 266. 
 
 Carboniferous Area of Central Texas. No. 
 394. 
 
 Carboniferous Formation. No. 62. 
 
 Carboniferous Limestone Series, Lower, in 
 Central Texas. No. 393. 
 
 Carboniferous, Western Area of. No. 63. 
 
 Cement. Nos. 457, 461. 
 
 Cement, Portland, Statistics. No. 307. 
 
 Cement, Rock. No.' 59. 
 
 Central Mineral Region, Area of. No. 26. 
 
 Central Mineral Region, Preliminary Report 
 on the Geology of. No. 26. 
 
 Central Mineral Region, Report on the Geol- 
 ogy and Mineral Resources of. No. 32. 
 
 Central Coal Field, The Southern Border of. 
 No. 66. 
 
 Central Texas, Igneous Rocks of. Nos. 122, 
 221. 
 
 Cenozoic Deposits. No. 147. 
 
 Cephalopods, Carboniferous. Nos. 257, 259. 
 
 Chalk. No. 108. 
 
 Chalybeate Water at Franklin, Analyses of. 
 No. 161. 
 
 Charcoal, Manufacture of. No. 11. 
 
 Check List of Cretaceous Invertebrates. No. 
 214. 
 
 Cherokee County. No. 415, ^ 
 
 Cheyenne Sandstone. No. 54. 
 
 Cinnabar. Nos. 19, 168. 
 
272 
 
 Index. 
 
 Circular No. 1, School of Geology, University 
 
 of Texas. No. 205. 
 Circular No. 3, Geologi'cal Survey of Texas. 
 
 No. , 113. 
 Clark, W. B. Mesozoio Bcbinoaermata. No. 
 
 .23. 
 Clark, W. B. Revision of the Cretaceous 
 
 Echinoidea. No. 22. 
 Clays. No. 451. 
 Clay Materials. Nos. 243, 249. 
 Clays of Texas and their Origin. No. 276. 
 Clear Fork Beds. No. 67. 
 Coal. Nos. 7-9, 159, 262, 312, 313, 316, 318, 
 
 361, 446. 
 Coal, at Eagle Pass. No. 8. 
 Coal, Brown. No. 153. 
 Coal Field. No. 419. 
 Coal Field, Southern Border of the Central. 
 
 No. 66. 
 Coal Field,- Report on the Colorado. No. 110. 
 Coal Fields of the Colorado River. No. 391. 
 Coal Fields of Texas. Nos. 9, 78, 118, 241, 
 
 248, 419. 
 Coal, Hartz Mines. No. 8. 
 Coal in Region oJ the Rio Grande. No. 421. 
 Coal Mining, Statistics of, 1890. No. 449. 
 Coal, Production, 1891-1895, inclusive. No. 
 
 462. 
 Coal Production and Value in 1886. No. 7. 
 Coal Production and Value in 1887. No. 8. 
 Coal Production and Value in 1888. No. 9. 
 Coal Production and Value, 1893, 1894. No. 
 
 447. 
 Coal Production and Value, 1894, 1895. No. 
 
 462. 
 Comanche Series. No. 37. , 
 
 Comanche Series, Age and Homotaxial Rela- 
 tions of, in Mexico and Texas. No. 244. 
 Comanche Series, Discussion of. No. 408. 
 Comanche Series, Invertebrate Fossils from. 
 " N0.B7. 
 Comanche Series of Texas-Arkansas. No. 
 
 232. 
 Comanche Series of the Texas-Arkansas Re- 
 gion, Discussion of. Nos. 83, 435. 
 Comstock, T. B. Geological Survey of Texas. 
 
 No. 24. 
 Comstock, T. B. Industrial Growth of Texas. 
 
 No. 27. 
 Comstock, T. B. Occurrence of Tin in Cen- 
 tral Texas. No. 30. 
 Comstock, T. B. Preliminary Report on the 
 Geology of the Central ' Mineral Region. 
 No. 26. 
 Comstock, T. B. Preliminary Report on 
 Parts of Menard, Concho, Tom Green, 
 Sutton, Schleicher, Crockett, Val Verde, 
 Kinney, Maverick, Uvalde, Edwards, 
 Bandera, Kerr and Gillespie Counties. 
 No. 33. 
 Comstock, T.-B. Report on the Geology and 
 Mineral Resources of the Central Mineral 
 Region. No. 32. 
 Comstock, T. B., Reports of. Nos. 25, 31, 33, 
 
 34. 
 Comstock, T. B. Tin in Central Texas. No. 
 
 29. 
 Comstock, T. B. Tin in Texas. Nos. 28, 35, 
 
 345. 
 Colorado Coal Field, Soils, Water Supply and 
 
 Irrigation of. No. 402. 
 Colorado River, A Portion of the Geologic 
 
 Story of the. No. 211. ~ 
 Concho County. No. 33. 
 Concho Country. No. 28?. 
 Concho Country. Geological Survey of. No. 
 
 68. 
 Cope, E. D. Cenozolc Beds of the Staked 
 
 Plains. No. 48. 
 Cope, E. D. Comanche Series. No. 37. 
 Cope, E. D. Contribution to a Knowledge of 
 
 the Fauna of the Blanco Beds. No. 42. 
 Cope, E. D. Description of the Lower Jaw 
 of Tetrabelodon Shepardii. No. 51. ^ 
 
 Cope, B. D. Geology of the Staked Plains. 
 
 No. 44. 
 Cope, B. D. Hyena and other Carnivora. No. 
 
 45. 
 Cope, B. D. In the Texas Panhandle. No. 
 
 43. 
 Cope, B. D. Mr. Hill on the Cretaceous of 
 
 Texas. No. 38. 
 Cope, E. D. Observations on the Geology of 
 Oklahoma and Northwest Texas. No. 52. 
 Cope, B. D. On New Ichthyodorulites. No. 
 
 46. 
 Cope, E. D. On the Genus Tomiopsis. No. 
 
 60. 
 Cope, E. D. On the Skull of Bquus Exoelsus. 
 
 No, 41. 
 Cope, B. D. Preliminary Report on the 
 Paleontology of Llano Bstacado. I*o. 49. 
 Cope, E. D. Proboscidia. No. 40. 
 Cope, B. D. Report on the Paleontology of 
 
 the Vertebrata. No. 47. 
 Cope, E. D. Reptilian. Order of Cotylosauria. 
 
 No. 53. 
 [Cope, B. D.] Review of Hill's Paper on 
 
 "The Cross Timbers of Texas." No! 36. 
 [Cope, E. D.] Vertebrate Fauna of the 
 
 Equus Beds. No. 39. 
 Copper Ores, Permian. /No. 346. 
 Cotylosauria, Reptilian Order of. No. 53. 
 Counties of Menard, Concho, Tom Green, 
 Sutton, Schleicher, Crockett, etc., A Pre- 
 liminary Report on. No. 33.. 
 Country West of fthe Plains, Notes on the 
 
 Geology of. No. 77. 
 Cragin, F. W. Choctaw and Grayson Ter- 
 '■ ranes of the Arietina. No. .56. 
 Cragin, F. W. Descriptions of. Invertebrate 
 "- Fossils from the Comanche Series. No. 
 
 57. 
 Cragin, F. W. Further Notes on the Chey- 
 enne Sandstone and Neocomian Shales. 
 No. 54.' 
 Cragin, F. W. Invertebrate Paleontology of 
 
 the Texas Cretaceous. No. 55. 
 Cragin, F. W. Notes on Mesozoic and Ter- 
 tiary Exhibits. No. 58. 
 Cretaceous Area North of the Colorado River. 
 
 Nos. 386, 388. 
 
 Cretaceous Beds, Relation of the Uppermost, 
 
 of the Eastern and Southern States. No. 
 
 215. 
 
 Cretaceous Coverings of Paleozoic. No. 398. 
 
 ■Cretaceous Deposits, Trans-Pecos Texas. 'No. 
 
 383. 
 Cretaceous Formations. No. 423. 
 Cretaceous, Growth of Knowledge Concerning 
 
 the Texas. No. 301. 
 Cretaceous History Illustrated in Arkansas- 
 Texas. No. 209. 
 Cretaceous, Lower, of the Southwest. No. 
 
 428. 
 Cretaceous MoUusca, New Generic Forms. 
 
 No. 422. 
 Cretaceous of Northern Mexico. No. 429. 
 Cretaceous of Texas. No. 38. 
 Cretaceous of the Texan Region. No. 434. 
 Cretaceous of Western Texas. No. 152. 
 Cretaceous River Bed. No. 338. . 
 Cretaceous Rocks of Texas, Description of. 
 
 •No. 219. 
 Cretaceous Section "at El Paso. No. 359. 
 Cretaceous, Texas Section. No. 202. 
 Cretaceous, Texas Section of the American. 
 
 No. 198. 
 Cretaceous, The Texas. No. 227. 
 Cretaceous, Typical Section of Texas. No. 
 
 201. 
 Crockett County. No. 33. 
 Cross Timbers, Geology and Topography of. 
 
 No. 197. „ „ 
 
 'Cross Timbers of Texas, Review of Hill's 
 
 Paper on. No. 36. ,.„.-„ 
 
 Cummings, Uriah. Rock Cement. No. 59. 
 Cummins, JD. H. Texas Gypsum Formation. 
 No. 60. 
 
Index. 
 
 273 
 
 Carbouifepous Formation. 
 
 Double Mountain 
 
 Cummins, W. F. 
 
 Nos. 62, 63. 
 Cummins, W. F. Coal Fields of Texas. No 
 
 Cummins and Durable. 
 
 Section. Nos. 74, 132. 
 Cummins and Lerch. Geological Survey of 
 
 the Concho Country. No. 68. 
 Cunamins, W. F. Geology of Northwestern 
 
 lexas. No. 70. 
 Cummins and Durable. Kent Section and 
 
 Gryphaea Tuoumoai. Nos. 80, 145 
 Cummins, W. F. Mining Districts in El Paso 
 
 County. No. 61. 
 Cummins, W. F. Notes on the Geology of tho 
 
 Country West of the Plains. No. 77. 
 Cummins, W. F. Notes on the Geology of 
 
 Northwest Texas. No. 81. 
 Cummins, W. F. Permian and its Overlyine 
 
 Rocks. No. 67. 
 Cummins, W. F. Question of Priority. No. 
 
 82. ■ 
 Cummins, W. F., Reports of. Nos. 64, 65, 69. 
 
 70, 71, 75. 
 Cummins, W. F. Report on the Geography, 
 
 Geology and Topography of the Llano Es- 
 
 tacado or Staked Plains. No. 76. 
 Cummins, W. F. Report of Geologist for 
 
 Northern Texas. No. 64. 
 Cummins, W. F. Review of Hill's Report 
 
 on Artesian Water. No. 73. 
 Cummins, W. F. Southern Border of the 
 
 Central Coal Field. No. 66. 
 Cummins. Texas Meteorites. No. 72. 
 Cummins, W. F. Tucumcari Mountain. No. 
 
 79. 
 [Cummins, W. F.] Western Area of the 
 
 Carboniferous in Texas. No. 63. 
 Curtice, Cooper. Discussion of the Comanche 
 -Series of the Texas-Arkansas Region. No. 
 
 83. 
 
 D 
 
 Dall, W. H. Tertiary Fauna of Florida, etc. 
 * No. 83a. 
 
 Dana, J. D., Manual of Geology. No. 34. 
 [Day, David T.] Gold and Silver. Nos. 85, 
 
 87. 
 [Day, David T.] Lithographic Stone. No. 
 
 [Day,' David T.] Tin. No. 442. 
 
 Day, Wm. C. Building Materials. Nos. 88, 
 
 90, 92. 
 Day, Wm. C. Brick Industry. 1888. No. 93. 
 Day, Wm. C. Fire Brick Industry. 1888. 
 
 No. 94. 
 Day, Wm. C. Kaolin. No. 89. 
 Day, Wm. C. Lime. No. 91. 
 Day, Wm. G. Stone (Granite, Limestone, 
 
 Sandstone). Nos. 95-106, 443-445. 
 Deep Well, The Galveston. No. 179. 
 Description, General, of the Iron Ore Dis- 
 trict of East Texas. No. 127. 
 De Ryee, Wm. Economic Geology of Webb 
 
 County. No. 107. 
 Diatomaceous Deposit from Staked Plains. 
 
 No. 6. 
 Diller, J. S. Chalk in Texas. No. 108. 
 Distillation of Nacogdoches Oil. No. 161. 
 Double Mountain Beds. No. 67. 
 Drainage in Central Texas, Superimposltion 
 
 of. No. 395. 
 Drake, N. F. Report on the Colorado Coal 
 
 Field. No. 110. 
 DVake, N. F. Stratigraphy of the Triassic 
 Formation of Northwest Texas. No. 109. 
 Drift at Gainesville. No. 339. 
 Drift, Sources of T^exas. No. 131. 
 Dumble, E. T. Appendix to Harrington's Re- 
 port on the Soils and Waters of the Upper 
 Rio Grande, etc. No. 119. 
 Dumble, B. T. Artesian Water. No. 123. 
 Dumble, E. T. A^phaltum. No. 114. 
 
 Dumble, E. T. Cenozoic Deposits. No. 147. 
 Dumble, E. T. Coal. No. 118. 
 Dumble, E. T. Circular No. 3 of the Geo- 
 logical Survey of Texas. No. 113. 
 Durable,- E. T. Cretaceous of Western Texas, 
 
 etc. No. 152. 
 Dumble, E, T. Discussion of Coraanche Se- 
 ries. No. 408. 
 Dumble and Cumrains. Double Mountain Sec- 
 tion. No, 132. 
 Dumble, E. T. First Report of Progress. 
 
 No. 117. 
 Dumble and Harris. Galveston Deep Well. 
 
 No. 141. 
 Dumble, B. T. See Hill and Dumble. Ig- 
 neous Rocks of Central Texas. No. 221. 
 Dumble, E. T. Important Results of the 
 
 Texas Survey. No. 124. 
 Durable, E^ T. Introduction to Cope's Re- 
 port. No. 144. 
 Dumble, B. T. Iron Ores of Texas. No. 154. 
 Dumble and Cummins. Kent Section. No. 
 
 145. 
 Dumble, E. T. Nacogdoches Oil Field. No. 
 
 111. 
 Dumble, B. T. Notes on the Iron Ore De- 
 posits of Eastern Texas. No. 112. 
 Durable, E. T. Notes on the Texas Tertla- 
 
 ries. No. 146. 
 Dumble, E. T. Notes on the Valley of the 
 
 Middle Rio Grande. No. 139. 
 Dumble, E. T. Occurrence of Grahamite. 
 
 Nos. 137, 138. 
 Dumble, E. T. Petrified Wood. No. 115. 
 Dumble, E. T._ Progress of Geological Sur; 
 
 veys of Texas. No.' 140. 
 Dumble, E. T. Reports of State Geologist. 
 
 , Nos. 116, 117, 121, 123, 126, -130, 134, 143. 
 Dumble, E. T. Report on Anderson County. 
 
 No. 128. 
 Dumble, E. T. Report on Brown Coal and 
 
 Lignite. No. 135. 
 Durable, B. T. Report on Houston County. 
 
 No. 129. 
 Dumble, B. T. Report on the Iron Ore Dis- 
 trict of East Texas. No. 127. 
 Durable, E. T. Soils. No. 151. 
 Dumble, B. T. Some Sources of Water Sup- 
 ply tor Western Texas. Nos. 148, 149. - 
 Dumble, B. T, Sources of Texas Drift. No. 
 
 131. 
 Durable, B. T. Texas Brown Coal. No. 153. 
 Dumble, E. T. Volcanic Dust. Nos. 136, 150. 
 Dust, Volcanic. Nos. 136, 150, 403. 
 Dyas in Northwest Texas. No. , 299. 
 Dykes of Bandera County. No. 420. 
 
 E 
 
 Eagle Plats Formation. No. 220. 
 
 Eagle Pass, Coal Mine. No. 8'. 
 
 Eakins, L. G. Analysis of Gadolinite. No 
 
 155. 
 Bakins, E. A, Analysis of Meteorite from 
 
 Hamilton County. No. 256. 
 Earth, Diatoraaceous. Nos. 6, 263a, 440. 
 Eastern Texas, Iron Ore Deposits of. No. 
 
 112. 
 Echinodermata, Mesozoic. No. 23. 
 Bchinoidea, Cretaceous, A Revision of. No. 
 
 22. 
 Econoraic Uses of the Cretaceous Rocks of 
 
 Texas. No. 219. 
 Edwards County. No. 33. 
 El Paso County, Mining Districts in. No. 61. 
 El Paso, Section of the Cretaceous at. No. 
 
 359. 
 Bmraons, S. P. Orographic Movements. No. 
 
 156. 
 Engineering and Mining Journal. Cinnabar 
 
 in Texas. No.' 158. 
 Engineering and Mining Journal. Coal. No. 
 
 159. 
 
274 
 
 Index. 
 
 Engineering and Mining Journal. New 
 
 Yttria and Thoria Minerals. No. 157. 
 Engineering and Mining Journal. Sulphur 
 
 Deposits. No. 160. 
 Eocene at Old Port Caddo Landing. No. 405. 
 Eocene Stages of the Gulf Slope, Correlation 
 
 of, the Tejon Deposits With. No. 180. 
 Eocene Tertiary Bast of^ the Brazos. No. 281. 
 Bquus Beds, The Vertebrate Fauna of. No. 
 
 39. 
 Bquus Bxoelsus. No. 41. ^' 
 
 Bverhart, Edgar. Analyses of Lignites from 
 
 Different Points in Texas. No. 7. 
 Bverhart, Edgar. Contributions from the 
 
 Chemical Laboratory, University of 
 
 Texas. Nos. 161, 162. 
 Exploration of the Indian Territory, etc. No. 
 
 F 
 
 Fauna der Oberturonen Kreide von Texas. 
 
 No. 342. 
 Fauna of the Blanco Beds. No. 42. 
 Fayette County, Economic Minerals of. No. 
 
 303. 
 Fergusonite. No. 193. 
 Field Work, U. S. Geological Survey. No. 
 
 427. 
 Fire Brick Industry. No. 94. 
 Fisher. Analyses of Hematite. Llano County. 
 
 No. 10. 
 Flemlig, H. S. Coal. No. 446. 
 Flints from Chalk. No. 242. 
 Floating Sand. Nos. 351, 352. 
 Fontaine, W. M. Notes on , Some Fossil 
 
 Plants, Trinity Division, Cretaceous. No. 
 
 163. 
 Foraminiferal Origin of Certain Cretaceous 
 
 Liitiestones. No. 212. 
 Forelands, Cuspidate. No. 176. 
 Fossil, New Eocene from Texas. No. 1. 
 Fossil Plants. No. 16S. 
 - Fossil Plants from Old Port Caddp Landing. 
 
 Nos. 283, 405. 
 Fossils at Eagle Pass. No. 182. 
 Fossils at Webberville, No. 182. 
 Fossils from Galveston Deep Well. No. 185. 
 Fossils, InTertebrate, from the Comanche 
 
 Series' in Texas, Kansas, and Indian Ter- 
 ritory. No. 57. 
 Ft. Davis, Rainfall. No. 366. 
 
 G 
 
 G. Gas Field Near Brenham. No. 164. 
 
 Gadolinite. No. 284. 
 
 Gadolinite, Analysis of. Nos. 155, 166, 174. 
 
 Gadolinite from Llano County. No. 174. 
 
 Gaines County, Geology of. No. 341. 
 
 Galena, Argentiferous. No. 161. 
 
 Galveston, Deep Artesian Boring at. No. 238. 
 
 Galveston Deep Well. No. 141. 
 
 Gannett, Henry. Altitudes. No. 165. 
 
 Gas Fields near Brenham. No. 164. 
 
 Gas Well at San Antonio. No. 389. 
 
 Genth, F. A. Analyses of Gadolinite, etc. 
 
 No. 166. 
 Geography, Physical. No. 400. 
 Geological and Mineralogical Survey of 
 
 Texas, First Report of Progress. No. 116. 
 Geological and Scientific Bulletin. Artesian 
 
 Well Notes. No. 167. 
 Geological and Scientific Bulletin. Geological 
 
 Survey of Texas.. Nos. 168, 170, 171, 172. 
 Geological and Soientiflc Bulletin. Natural 
 
 Gas. No. 169. 
 Geological Classification and Nomenclature. 
 
 No. 295. 
 Geological Railway Guide. No. 292. 
 Geological Survey of Texas. Nos. 168, 170, 
 
 171, 172. 
 
 Geological Survey of Texas, Circular No. 3. 
 
 No. 113. 
 Geological Survey of Texas, First Annual 
 
 Report. No. 120. 
 Geological Survey of Texas, Second Annual 
 
 Report. No. 125. 
 Geological Survey of Texas, Second Report 
 
 of Progress. No. 130. 
 Geological Survey of Texas, Third Annual 
 
 Report. No. 133. 
 Geological Survey of Texas, Fourth Annual 
 
 Report. No. 142. 
 Geological Survey of U. S. Field Wqrk in 
 
 Texas. Nos. 427, 430, 431, 432. 
 Geological Surveys of Texas, Progress of. 
 
 No. 140. 
 Geological Work in Texas. No. 173. 
 Geology, Circular of the School of. No. 205. 
 Geology, Dana's Manual of. No. 84. 
 Geology of Northern Mexico. No. 234. 
 Geology of Parts of Texas, etc.. Adjacent to 
 
 Red River. No. 260. 
 Geology of Southwest Texas. No. 234. 
 Geology of the Concho Country. No. 289. 
 Geology of the Gulf Tertiary. No. 334. 
 Geology of the Southwest. Nos. 230, 231, 233. 
 Geology of Western Texas. No. 204. 
 Geology of Western Texas by G. G. Shumard, 
 
 Review of. No. 196. 
 Gilbert, G. K. Geological Work in Texas. 
 
 - No. 173. 
 Gillespie County. No. 33. 
 Gold and Silver. No. 85. 
 
 Gold and Silver,- Statistics 1886-1891. No. 454. 
 Gold and Silver, Statistics 1890. ^^o. 452. 
 Gold Production, 1889. No.- 282. 
 Goldsmith, B. Gadolinite from Llano County. 
 
 No. 174. 
 Goniolina, Occurrence of. No. 225. 
 Grahamite. Nos. 137, 138. 
 Granite. Nos. 96, 99, 100. 
 Granite, Production 1890. No. 443. 
 Granite, Statistics for 1898. No. 95. 
 Graptocarcenus Texanus. No. 342a. 
 Gregg, A. Economic Minerals of San Saba 
 
 County. , No. 175. 
 Gregg County. No. 269. 
 Grimes County. No. 275. 
 Gryphaea Pitcheri, American Neocomian and. 
 
 No. 298. - 
 Gryphaea Pitcheri, Original Locality of. No. 
 
 296. 
 Gryphaea Tucumcarl and the Kent Section. 
 
 Nos. 80, 145. 
 Guadaloupe Mountains. No. 397. 
 Gulliver, F. "P. Cuspidate Forelands. No. 
 
 176. 
 Gypsum. No. 321. 
 Gypsum Formation. No. 60. 
 Gypsum, production 1892-1894. No. 459. 
 Gypsum, Production 1894, 1895. No. 463. 
 
 H 
 
 Hardeman County, Geology of. No. 26.^. 
 Harrington, H. H. Alkali Soils. No. 177. 
 Harrington, H. H. Soils and Waters of the 
 
 Upper Rio Grande and Pecos Valleys. 
 
 No. 178. 
 Harrington, H. H. Texas Soils; A Study of 
 
 Chemical Composition. No. 178a. 
 Harris, G. D. Correlation of the Tejon De- 
 posits with the Eocene Stages of the Gulf 
 
 Slope. No. 180. 
 Harris, G. D. Midway Stage. Nos. 182, 180. 
 Harris, G. D. Neocene Mollusca. No. 185. 
 Harris, G. D. New and Otherwise Interesting 
 
 Mollusca. No. 183. 
 Harris, G. D. Organic Remains from the 
 
 Deep Well at Galveston. Nos. 179, 181. 
 Harris, G. D. Tertiary Paleontology. No. 
 
 184. 
 Harrison County. No. 268. 
 Hai-rod, B. M. Archaean Rocks. No. 187. 
 
Index. 
 
 275 
 
 Harvey, W. M., Collector. No. 237. 
 
 Hartz Mines. No. 8. 
 
 Hay, Robert. Artesian and Underflow Inves- 
 tigation. Nos. 188, 189. 
 
 Heilprin, A. Eocene MoUusca. No. 190. 
 
 Hematite, Analyses of, from X,lano County. 
 No. 10. 
 
 Hematite, Brown, Production of in Texas, 
 1880, 1889, 1890. No. 12. 
 
 Hematite, Brown, Produced in Texas, 1891. 
 No. 13. 
 
 Hematite, Brown, Produced In Texas, 1892. 
 No. 14. 
 
 Hematite, Brown, Production of in Texas, 
 1893. No. 15. 
 
 Henderson County. No. 270. 
 
 Herndon, J. H„ Report of. No. 191. 
 
 Herndon, J. H. Smith County, Iron Ore of. 
 No. 192. 
 
 Hidden, W. B., On Mackintoshite. No. 194. 
 
 Hidden and Hillebrand. Description of Row- 
 landite. No. 195. 
 
 Hidden and MacWntosh. Yttria and Thoria 
 Minerals from Llano County. No. 193. 
 
 Hillebrand, W. F. Analyses of Mackintosh- 
 itp No. 194. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Age and HomotaxiaJ Relations 
 of the Comanche Series in Mexico and 
 Texas. No. 244. 
 
 Hill, R. T. .Check List of Cretaceous Inver- 
 tebrates. No. 214. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Circular of the School of Geol- 
 oprv. University of Texas. - No. 205. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Classification and Origin of Chief 
 Geographic Features. Nos. 216-217. 
 
 Hill, R, T. Classification of the Topographic 
 Features of Texas. No. 224. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Clay Materials of Texas. Nos. 
 243, 249. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Coal Fields of Texas. Nos. 241, 
 248. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Comanche Series of the Texas- 
 Arkansas Region. No. 232. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Contributions to the Geology of 
 the Southwest. No. 230. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Deep Artesian Boring at Galves- 
 ton. No. 238. 
 
 Hill. R. T. Description of the Cretaceous 
 Rocks of Texas and their Economic Uses. 
 No. 219. 
 
 Hill, B. T. Discussion of Comanche Series. 
 Nn. 408. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Eagle Flats Formation and-Basin 
 of the Trans-Pecos Region. No. 220. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Events in Cretaceous History 
 Illustrated in Arkansas-Texas, No. 209. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Exploration of the Indian Ter- 
 ritory and the Medial Third of Red River. 
 No. 226. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Foraminiferal Origin of Certain 
 Cretaceous Limestones. No. 212. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Geologic Evolution of the Non- 
 mountainous Topography of the Texas Re- 
 gion. No. 236. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Geology and Topography of the 
 Cross Timbers. No." 197. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Geology of Parts of Texas, etc., 
 Adjacent to Red River. No. 250. 
 
 Hill R. T. Geology of Texas. No. 203; 
 
 Hill, R. T. Geology of the Staked Plains. 
 No. 222. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Geology of the Valley of the 
 Upper Canadian. No. -223. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Geology of Western Texas. No. 
 204. 
 
 Hill and Durable. Igneous ;Kocks of Central 
 Texas. No. 221. 
 
 Hill R T. Notes on the Geology of the 
 Southwest. Nos. 231, 233. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Notes on the Texas-New Mexico 
 Region. No. 240. 
 
 Hill. R. T. Notes upon Texas Section of 
 American Cretaceous. No. 202. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Occurrence of Artesian Waters 
 in Texas, Eastern New Mexico and In- 
 
 dian Territory West of the 97th Meri- 
 dian. No. 235. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Occurrence of.Goniollna in the 
 Ccmanche Series. 'No. 225. 
 
 Hill, H. T. Occurrence of Maoraster Tex- 
 anus. No. 207. 
 
 Hill, H. T. Paleontology of the Cretaceous 
 Formations of Texas. Nos. 213, 246, 247. 
 
 Hill, H. T. Permian Rocks of Texas. No. 
 206. 
 
 Hill, 11. T. Pilot Knob. No. 228. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Portion of the Geologic Story of 
 the Colorado River. No. 211. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Presenet Knowledge of the Geol- 
 ogy of Texas. No. 199. 
 
 Hill and Penrose. Relation of the Upper- 
 most Cretaceous Beds of the Eastern and 
 Southern States. No. 215. 
 
 Hill, R. T., Report of. No. 218. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Review of Shumard's Geology of 
 Western Texas. No. 196. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Roads in Black Prairie Region. 
 No. 229. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Texas Cretaceous. No. 227. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Texas Section of American Cre- 
 taceous. No. 198. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Third Texas Report. No. 239. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Topography and Geology of 
 Northern Mexico and Southwest Texas. 
 No. 234. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Trinity Formation of Arkansas, 
 Indian Territory and Texas. No. 200. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Tuoumcari. No. 246. 
 
 Hill, R. T. Typical Section of Texas Cre- 
 taceous. No. 201. 
 
 Hill, R. J. Validity of Some New Species 
 from the Cretaceous. No. 208. 
 
 Hill, R. T. W. M. Harvey. No. 237. 
 
 Hillebrand, W. F. New Analyses of Uranin- 
 ite. No. 251. 
 
 Hillebrand, W. F. See Hidden, W. E., On 
 Mackintoshite. " No. 194. 
 
 Hillebrand, W. F. See Hidden and Hille- 
 brand. Description of Rowlandite. No 
 195. 
 
 Hlnton, Richard J. Report on the Proper 
 Location of Artesian Wells. No. 254. 
 
 Hitchcock, Chas. H. Geologic Map. No. 255. 
 
 Hobart, F. Coal Product in Texas, 1893 and 
 
 1894. No. 447. 
 
 Hobart, .-F. Silver Product in Texas, 1894 and 
 
 1895. No. 448. 
 
 Houston County, Report on. Nos. 129, 273. 
 Howell, Edwin B. Meteorite from Hamilton 
 
 County. No. 256. 
 Hyatt, Alpheus. Carboniferous Cephalopods. 
 
 Nos. 267, 259. 
 Hyatt, Alpheus. Fauna of Tuoumcari. No. 
 
 258. 
 Hyena and Other Carnivora from Texas. No. 
 
 45. 
 
 I 
 
 Ichthyodorulites, On New. No. 46. 
 
 Igneous Rocks. No. 439.' 
 
 Igneous Rooks of General Texas. No. 221. 
 
 Introduction to Cope's Report on the Verte- 
 brate Paleontology of the Llano Bstacado. 
 No. 144. 
 
 Invertebrate Fossils of the Caprina Lime- 
 stone Beds. No. 247. 
 
 Invertebrate Paleontology of the Trinity Di- 
 vision. No. 245 
 
 Iron Ore Deposits of Eastern Texas. No., 112. 
 
 Iron Ore District of East Texas. Nos. 5, 266- 
 270, 411-415. 
 
 Iron Ore District of Bast Texas, General 
 Description. No. 127. 
 
 Iron Ore Mining in 1887. No. 10. 
 
 Iron Ore of Smith County. No. 192. 
 
 Iron Production, 1872-1891. No. 382. 
 
 Iron Production, 1881-1888. No. 380. 
 
 Iron Production, 1880-1886. No. 378. 
 
 Iron Production, 1887. No. 379. 
 
276 
 
 Index. 
 
 Iron Production, 1881-1888. No. 380. 
 Iron Production, 1889, 1890, 1891. No. 381. 
 Iron Ore, Product and Value, 1889. No. 441. 
 Iron Ore, Production of in 1880, 1889, 1890. 
 
 No. 12. 
 Iron Ore, Proauctlou of in 1891. No. 13. 
 Iron Ore, Production of in 1892. No. 14. 
 Iron Ore, Production of in 1893. No. 15. 
 Iron Ore, Production of in 1894. No. 16. 
 Iron Ore, Production In 1895. No. 17. 
 Iron Ores. Nos. 154, 336. 
 Iron Ores, Analyses. Nos. 10, 161. 
 Iron Ores of Bast Texas. Nos. 278, 279. 
 Iron Ores of East Texas, Age of. No. 277. 
 Iron Ores, Tertiary, of Arkansas and Texas. 
 
 No. 337. 
 Iron Region of Bast Texas.- No. 261. 
 Irrigation and Bralnage. No. 363. 
 Irrigation of Colorado Coal Field. No. 402. 
 
 J 
 
 Jefferson County, Geology of. No. 280. 
 Jermy, Gustav, Report of. No. 260. 
 Johnson, L. C. Iron Region of Bast Texas. 
 
 No. 261. 
 Jones, John H. Coal in Texas. Nos. 263, 449. 
 J. T. W. Geology of Hardeman County. No. 
 
 263. 
 Jura of Texas. No. 302. 
 JUra in Northwest Texas. No. 299. 
 Jura, Neocomian and Chalk. No. 297. 
 
 K 
 
 Kain, C. Henry. Diatoms from Staked 
 
 Plains. Nos. 6, 263a, 440. 
 Kaolin. Nos. 89, 161. 
 Kemp, J. F. Petrography of Pilot Knoh. 
 
 Nos. 228,. 264. 
 Kennedy, W. Age of the Iron Ores of Bast 
 
 Texas. No. 277. 
 Kennedy, W. Eocene Tertiary East of _ the 
 
 Brazos River. No. 281. 
 Kennedy, W. Geology of Jefferson County. 
 
 No. 280. 
 Kennedy, W. Houston County. No. 273. 
 Kennedy, W. Iron Ores of East Texas. Nos. 
 
 278, 279. 
 Kennedy, W. Report for 1891. No. 271. 
 Kennedy, W., Report of. No. 265. 
 Kennedy, W., Report of (Third Annual Re- 
 port Geological Survey). No. 272. 
 Kennedy, W. Report on Cass County. No. 
 
 266. 
 Kennedy, W. Report on Gregg County. No. 
 
 269. 
 Kennedy, W. Report on Grimes, Brazos and 
 
 Robertson Counties. No. 275. 
 Kennedy, W. Report on Harrison County. 
 
 No. 268. 
 Kennedy, W. Report on Marion County. No. 
 
 267. 
 Kennedy, W. Report on Morris, Upshur, 
 
 Wood, -Van Zandt and Hend'erson Coun- 
 ties. No. 270. 
 Kennedy, W. Section from Terrell to Sabine 
 
 Pass. No. 274. 
 Kennedy, W. Texas Clays and their Origin. 
 
 No. 276. 
 Kent Section. Nos. 80, 145. ^ 
 
 Kent Section and Gryphaea Tucumcarii. No. 
 
 145. 
 Kerr County. No. 33. 
 Kinney County. No. 33. 
 Knovrledge, Present, of the Geology of Texas. 
 
 No. 199. 
 Knowlton, F. H. Report on a Small Collec- 
 tion of Fossil Plants from Old Port Caddo 
 
 Landing. Nos. 283, 405. 
 Kunz, G. T. Amber in Texas. No. 287. 
 Kunz, G. F. Gadolinite in Texas. No. 284. 
 Kunz, G. F. Topaz from Texas. Nos. 285, 
 
 L 
 
 Laramie Group, On the Relation of, to Ear- 
 lier and La'ter Formations. " Nty. 424. 
 
 Lerch, O. See Cummins and Leroh. Geologi- 
 cal Survey of the Concho Country. No. 
 68. 
 
 Lerch, 0. Geology of the Concho Country. 
 No. 289. 
 
 Leroh, O. Utilization of Lignites. No. 290. 
 
 Leverett, Storer. See Ta£E and Leverett. Re- 
 port on the Cretaceous Area North of the 
 Colorado "River. No. 388. 
 
 Lignite. Nos. 135, 290. 
 
 Lignite, Occurrence of. No. 4. 
 
 Lignites, Analyses of. No. 7. 
 
 Lime. No. 91. 
 
 Limestone. "Nos. 96, 98, 102, 104, 106. 
 
 Limestone, Production 1889. No. 444. 
 
 Limonite, Composition of, near Rusk. No. 10. 
 
 Lithographic Stone. No. 86. 
 
 liOughrldge, R. H. Geological Formations. 
 No. 292. 
 
 Llano Bstacado, Artesian Water on. No. 350. 
 
 Llano Bstacado or Staked Plainfe, Geogfaphy, 
 Geology and Topography of. No. 76. 
 
 Llano Bstacado, Paleontology of. No. 49. 
 
 Llano County. Yttria and Thoria Minerals 
 from. No. 193. 
 
 Llano County, Rocks. No. 406. 
 
 M 
 
 Mackintosh and Hidden. Yttria alid Thoria 
 Minerals from Llano County. No. 193. 
 
 Mackintoshite. Nos. 194, 252., 
 
 Macraster. No. 343. 
 
 Macraster Texanus, Occurrance of. No. 207. 
 
 Magnenat, L. E. Analyses of Gfahamite. 
 No. 137. 
 
 Magnenat, L.- B., Report of. No. 294. 
 
 Magnetite, Production of in Texas, 1892. No. 
 14. 
 
 Magnetite, Production of in Texas 1893. No. 
 15. , 
 
 Manganese. No. 337a. 
 
 Manganese Deposits. No. 335. 
 
 Map of Texas, Geologic. No. 255. 
 
 Marcou, Jules. American Neocomian and 
 Gryphaea^Pitcheri. No. 298. 
 
 Marcou, Jules. Classification of the Dyas, 
 Trias and Jura in Northwest Texas. No. 
 299. 
 
 Marcou, Jules. Geological Classiflpation and 
 Nomenclature. No. 295. 
 
 Marcou, Jules. Growth of Knowledge Con- 
 cerning the Texas Cretaceous. .-No. 301. 
 
 Marcou, Jules. Jura of Texas. NO. 302. , 
 
 Marcou, Jules. Jura, Neocomian and Chelk 
 of Arkansas. No. 297. 
 
 Marcou, Jules. Original Locality of Gryphlba 
 Pitoherl. No. 296. 
 
 Marcou, Jules. Remarks on a Part of the 
 Review of the Third Texas Report. No. 
 300. 
 
 Marion County. No. 267. 
 
 MaveHck County. No. 33. 
 
 Melcher, J. C. Economic Minerals of Fayette 
 County. No. 303. 
 
 Menard County. No. 33. 
 
 Merrill, George P. Building Stones. No. 305. 
 
 Merrill, George P. See Whitfield and Mer- 
 rill. The Fayette County Meteorite. No. 
 437. 
 
 Merrill, J. A. Fossil Sponges of Flint No- 
 dules. No. 306. 
 
 Mesozoic and Tertiary Exhibits, Nos. 58, 368. 
 
 Metagadolinite. No. 174. 
 
 Metals, Precious and other Valuable. No. 
 372. 
 
 Meteorite from Hamilton County, Analysis 
 of. No. 256. 
 
 Meteorites, .The Texas. No. 72. 
 
Index. 
 
 277 
 
 Midway Stage. Nos. 182, 186. 
 Mineral Resources, Non-Metallic. No.- 376. 
 Mineral Springs, Analyses ot Water. No. 161. 
 Mineral Waters. Nos. 323-330, 450. 
 Minerals, Economic, ot San Saba County. 
 
 No. 175. 
 Minerals Mined in Texas. No. 438. 
 Minerals not Mined In Texas. No. 438. 
 Mines (Coal), Location In Carboniferous and 
 
 Cretaceous. Nos. 9, 419. 
 Mines in Western Texas. No. 364. 
 Mining Districts in El Paso County. No. 61. 
 Mitchell County, Description. No. 20. 
 Mollusca. No. 356. 
 Mollusca, Cretaceous. No. 422. 
 Mollusca. New. No. 183. 
 Mollusca, Tertiary. No. 2. 
 Morris County. No. 270. 
 Mountains, Guadaloupe. No. 397. 
 
 N 
 
 Nacogdoches County. No. 414. 
 
 Nacogdoches Oil Field. Nos. HI, 161. 
 
 Natural Gas. Nos. 169, 466. 
 
 Natural Gas Fields. No. 164. 
 
 Neocene Mollusca. No. 185. 
 
 Neocomlan Shales. No. 54. 
 
 Newberry, S. B. Portland Cement. No. 307. 
 
 New Species from the Cretaceous, Validity ot. 
 
 No. 208. 
 Non-Mountainous Topography ot Texas, 
 
 Geologic Evolution of. No. 236. 
 Northwest Texas, Notes on the Geology ot. 
 
 No. 81. 
 Northwestern Texas, Report on the Geology 
 
 ot. No. 70. 
 
 o 
 
 Ochres. No. 161. 
 
 Oil. No. 161. 
 
 Oil at Corsicana. No. 418. 
 
 Oil Field, The Nacogdoches. Nos. HI, 161, 
 
 162, 414. 
 Oil, Nacogdoches. Nos. 161, 162. 
 Oklahoma and Northwest Texas, Geology of. 
 
 No. 52. 
 Omalaxis Singleyi. No. 1. 
 Organic Remains from the Galveston Deep 
 
 Well. No. 181. 
 , Orographic Movements. No. 156. 
 Osann, A. Melilite-Nepheline-Basalt and 
 
 Nepheline-Basanite. No. 309. 
 Osann, A. Rooks of Trans-Pecos Texas. No. 
 
 308. 
 Owen, J. Report of. No. 311. 
 Owen, J. Geology of the Rio Grande Valley. 
 
 No. 310. . 
 
 Paleontology of the Cretaceous Formations of 
 
 Texas. Nos. 213, 245, 247. 
 Paleontology, Invertebrate Cretaceous. No. 
 
 55. 
 Paleontology, Tertiary. Nos. 183, 184. 
 Panhandle, In the Texas. No. .43. 
 Panola County. No. 411. 
 Parker, E. W. Asphaltum. No. 316, 319. 
 Parker, B. W. Coal in Texas. Nos. 312, 313, 
 
 315, 318. 
 Parker B. W. Gypsum. Nos. 314, 321. 
 Parker, B. W. Salt. 317, 322. 
 Parker, B. W. Sulphur. No. 320. 
 Peale, A. C. Mineral Waters. Nos. 323-330, 
 , 450. 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Building Stones of 
 
 Bast Texas. No. 331. 
 Penrose, R. A. F„ Jr. Iron Ores. No. 336. 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Lignites of Bast 
 
 Texas. No. 9. 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Manganese Deposits. 
 
 No. 335, 337a. 
 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Notes on the Geology 
 
 of the Southwest. No. 233. 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Preliminary Report 
 
 on the Geology of the Gulf Tertiary. No. 
 
 334. 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. See Hill and Penrose, 
 
 Relation of the Uppermost Cretaceous 
 
 Beds, etc. No. 215. 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Jr., Report of. No. 332. 
 Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Tertiary Iron Ores of 
 
 Arkansas and Texas. No. 337. 
 Permian. No. 396. 
 
 Permian and Its Overlying Beds. No. 67. 
 Permian, Copper Ores in. No. 346. 
 Permian Fauna ot Baylor, Archer and Wich- 
 ita Counties. No. 425. 
 Permian Formation. No. 426. 
 Permian of Texas and Its Mesozoic Fossils. 
 
 No. 483. 
 Permian or Wichita Beds, Fossil Plants of. 
 
 No. 436. 
 Permian Rocks. No. 206. 
 Petroleum. Nos. Ill, 161, 162, 414, 416-418, 465. 
 Petroleum at CorsicanA. No. 418. 
 Physical Geography. No. 400. 
 Pond, E. J. A Cretaceous River Bed. No. 
 
 338. 
 Porocystis pruniformis. No. 340. 
 Portland Cement, Production 1894, 1895. No. 
 
 461. 
 Pre-Cambrian Rocks. No. 404. 
 Pilot Knob. No. 228. 
 Pilot Knob, Petrography of. No. 228. 
 Priority, A Question of, Nos. 82, 348. 
 Proboscidia, The. No. 4o. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quicksilver in Texas. Nos. 18-19. 
 
 R 
 
 Ragsdale, G. H. Drift at Gainesville. No. 
 
 ggg 
 
 Rainfall at Ft. Davis. No. 366. 
 
 Rauff, H. Ueber Porocystis .Pruniformis. 
 
 No, 340. 
 Red River, Exploration of the Medial Third. 
 
 No. 226. 
 Reports of W. F. Cummins. Nos, 65, 69, 71, 
 
 75, 
 Report ot Geologist for Eastern Texas. No. 
 
 352. 
 Report ot Geologist for Northern Texas. No. 
 
 64. 
 Report of Geologist toi Western Texas. No, 
 
 365, 
 Report of J, H, Herndon, No, 191, 
 Report of Gustav Jermy, No, 260, 
 Report of W, Kennedy for 1891. No. 271. 
 Report of L. E. Magnenat. No. 294. 
 Report ot J. Owen. No. 311. 
 Report of J. A. Singley. No. 364. 
 Report ot State Geologist, First Annual, No, 
 
 121, 
 Report of State Geologist, Second Annual, 
 
 No, 126. 
 Report of State Geologist, Third Annual. No, 
 
 134. 
 Report ot State Geologist, Fourth Annual, 
 
 No, 143, 
 Report, First Annual, of W, H, von Streeru- 
 
 witz. No. 367. 
 Report, Second Annual, ot W. H. von 
 
 Streeruwltz. No'. ' 369. 
 Report of W. H. von Streeruwltz for 1891. 
 
 No. 373. 
 Report, Third Annual, of W. H. von Streeru- 
 wltz. No. 374. 
 Reports of J. A. Taft. Nos. 384, 385. 
 Report of J. L. Talt. No, 390, 
 Review of R, T, Hill's Report on Artesian 
 
 Water, No, 73, 
 
278 
 
 Index. 
 
 Review of Boemer's "Ueber eine die Hauflg- 
 keit Hippuritenartiger Chamiden Ausge- 
 zeichnete Fauna der oberturonen-Kreide 
 von Texas." No. 210. 
 
 R. G. Notes, on the Geology ol Gaines 
 County. No. 341. 
 
 Ries, H. Clays in Texas. No. 451. 
 
 Rio Grande, Notes on the Valley of the Mid- 
 dle. No. 139. 
 
 Rio Grande Valley, Geology of. No. 310. 
 
 River Bed, A Cretaceo'us. No. 338. 
 
 Roads and Material for Construction in the 
 Black Prairie Region. No. 229. 
 
 Robertson County. No. 275. 
 
 Rook Cement. No. 59. 
 
 Rocks, Igneous. No. 439. 
 
 Rocks, Igneous, of Central Texas. Nos. 122, 
 . 221. 
 
 ■Rocks in Burnet, San Saba and Llano Coun- 
 ties. No: 406. 
 
 Rocks of Trans-Pecos Texas. No. 308. 
 
 Rocks, Pre-Cambrian. No. 404. 
 
 Roemer, P. Fauna der Oberturonen Kreide 
 von Texas. No. 342. 
 
 Roemer, F. , Graptocarcenus Texanus. No. 
 342a. 
 
 Roemer, F. Macraster. No. 343. 
 
 Roesler, F. E. Artesian "Wells Report. No. 
 344. 
 
 Rolker, C. M. Tin in Texas. No. 345. 
 
 Rothwell, R. P. Asphaltum. No. 453, 456. 
 
 Rotbwell, R. P. Cement. Nos. 457, 461.'- 
 
 Rotbwell, R. P. Coal. No. 462. 
 
 Rothwell, R. P. Gold and Silver, Statistics 
 1890. Nos. 452, 454, 455, 468. 
 
 Rotbwell, R. P. Gypsum. Nos.. 459, 463. 
 
 Rotbwell, R. P. Salt. Nos. 460, 464. 
 
 Rowlandite, Description of. Nos. 195, 253. 
 
 Rusk County. No. 413. 
 
 S 
 
 Salt, Production, 1892-1895. No. 322. 
 Salt, Production, 1893, 1894. Nos. 317, 460. 
 Salt, Production, 1895. No. 464. 
 San Antonio, Gas Well. No. 389. 
 Sand, Floating: No. 351, 352. 
 Sandstone. Nos. 96, 97, 101, lOB. 
 Sandstone Industry. No. 103. 
 Sandstone, Production, 1889. No. 445. 
 Sandstone, Value, 1889. Nos. 96, 445. 
 'Sandstone, Value, 1891. No. 97. 
 Sandstone, Value, 1893. No. 101. 
 Sandstone, Value, 1894. No. 103. 
 Sandstone, Value, 1895. No. 105. 
 San Saba County, Rooks. No. 406. 
 Schleicher County. No. 33. 
 Schmitz, E. J.^ Copper Ores in the Permian 
 
 No. 346. 
 Science. Texas Asphaltum. No. 347. See 
 
 No. 114. 
 Scott, W." B. Question of Priority. No. 348. 
 Sea Levels Change of. No. 349. 
 Section of the Cretaceous" at El Paso. No. 
 
 3B9. 
 Section from Terrell to Sabine Pass. No. 274. 
 Shaler, Evidences of Change of Sea Level. 
 
 No. 349. 
 Shelby County. No. 412. 
 
 Shells Collected Near Eddy, N. M. No. 360. 
 Shumard, G. G. Artesian "Water on the Llano 
 
 Estacado. ,.No. 350. 
 Silicifled "Wood in Tertiary. No: 21. 
 Silver Production, 1887, 1888. No. 85. 
 Silver, Production 1889, 1890. No. 282. 
 Silver, "Production for 1894, 1895. No. 448: 
 Silver, Statistics 1886-1891. No. 454. 
 Silver, Statistics ,1890. No. 452. 
 Silver, Statistics 1890-1893. No. 455. 
 Silver, Statistics 1894. No. 458. 
 Silver, Statistics 1895. No. 87. 
 Simonds, F. "W. Floating Sand. Nos. 351, 
 
 352. 
 Simpson, C. T. Description of Four New 
 
 Triassic "0nios from the Staked Plains. 
 
 No. 353. 
 Singley, J. A. Artesian "Wells of the Gulf 
 
 Coastal Slope. No. 365. 
 Singley, J. A., Report of. No. 354. 
 Singley J. A. Texas Mollusca; Texas Birds. 
 
 No. 356. 
 Smith County. No. 192. 
 Smith, E. A. Native Sulphur in Texas. No. 
 
 357. 
 Soils. No. 151. 
 Soils, Alkali. No. 177. 
 Soils and "Waters of the Upper Rio Grande 
 
 and Pecos Valleys. No. 178. 
 Soils of Colorado Coal Field. No. 402. 
 Southwest Texas, Topography. No. 234.. 
 ■-Sponges, Fossil, in Flint. No. 306. 
 Staked Plains, Cenozoic Beds pf the. No. 48. 
 Staked Plains, Geography, Geology and 
 
 Topography of. No. 76. 
 Staked Plains, Geology of. Nos. 44, 222. 
 Stanton, T. "W. Notes on Some Mesozoic and 
 
 Tertiary Exhibits. No. 358. 
 Stanton and Vaughan. Section of the' Cre- 
 taceous at El Paso'. No. 359. 
 State Geologist, First Annual Report. No. 
 
 121. 
 State Geologist, Second Annual Report of. 
 
 No. 126. 
 State Geologist, Third Annual Report of. No. 
 
 134. 
 
 State Geologist, Fourth Annual Report of. 
 No. 142. 
 
 State Geologist, First Report of Progress. 
 
 ,. No, 116. 
 
 State Geologist, Second Report of Progress. 
 No. 130. 
 
 Sterki, V. Shells Collected Near Eddy, N. 
 M. No. 360. 
 
 Stone, Building. Nos. 96-106, 443-445. 
 
 Stone, Lithographic. No. 86. 
 
 Streeruwitz, "W. H. von. Brown Coal or Lig- 
 nites. No. 362. 
 
 Streeruwitz, "W. H. von. Coal. No. 361. 
 
 Streeruwitz, W. Hv von. First Annual Re- 
 port. No. 367. 
 
 Streeruwitz, "W. H. von. Geology and Min- 
 eral Resources of Trans-Pecos Texas. 
 No. 370. 
 
 Streeruwitz, "W. H. von. Geology, of ^rans- 
 Pecos Texas. No. 368. 
 
 Streeruwitz, "W. H. von. Irrigation and 
 Drainage. No. 363. 
 
 Streeruwitz, "W. H.' von. Mines "Worked in 
 "Western Texas. No. 364. 
 
 Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Non-Metallic Min- 
 eral Resources. No. 376., 
 
 Streeruwitz, "W. H. von. Precious anfl Other 
 Valuable Metals of Texas. No.-372. 
 
 Streeruwitz, "W. H. von. Report of Geologist 
 for Western Texas. No. 365. 
 
 Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Report for 1891. 
 No. 373. 
 
 Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Second Annual Re- 
 port. No. 369. 
 
 Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Tables of Rainfall 
 
 at Fort Davis. No. 366. 
 Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Texas. No. 371. 
 Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Third Annual Re- 
 port. No. 374. 
 Streeruwitz, "W. H. von. Trans-Pecos Texas. 
 
 Nos. 375, 377. 
 Sulphur, Nos. 320, 357. 
 Sulphur Deposits. No. 160. 
 Sulphur Water at Lampasas, Analysis of. 
 
 No. 161. 
 Survey of Texas, Geological. No. 24. 
 Survey of Texas, Geological and .Mineralogi- 
 
 cal. First Annual Report of Progress. 
 
 No. 116, 
 Survey of Texas, First Annual Report of the 
 
 Geological. No. 120, 
 Survey of Texas, Second Annual Report of 
 
 the Geological. No. 125. 
 
Index. 
 
 279 
 
 Survey of Texas, Second Report of Progress. 
 No. 130. 
 
 Survey of Texas, Third Annual Report of the 
 Geological. No. 133. 
 
 Survey of Texas, Fourth Annual of the Geo- 
 logical. No. 142. 
 
 Superimposition of Drainage in Central 
 Texas. No. 395. 
 
 Sutton County. No. 33. 
 
 Swank, J. M. Iron Production. Nos. 378-382. 
 
 T 
 
 Taff, J. A. Cretaceous Area North of the 
 
 Colorado River. Nos. 386, 388. , 
 Tafl and Leverett. Cretaceous Area North 
 
 of the Colorado River. No. 388. 
 Taff, J. A. Cretaceous Deposits of Trans- 
 
 Pecos Texas. No. 383. 
 Taff, J. A. Reply to Prof. Hill. No. 387. 
 Taff, J. A., Reports of. Nos. 384, 385. 
 Tait, J. L. Gas Well at San Antonio. No. 
 
 389. 
 Tait. Lignites in Bdwards and Other Coun- 
 
 tiss No 9 
 Tait, J. L,., Report of. No. 390. 
 Tar Springs. No. 161. 
 Tarr, R. S. Carboniferous Area of Central 
 
 Texas. No. 394. 
 Tarr, R. S. Cretaceous Coverings of Paleo- 
 zoic. No. 398. 
 Tarr, R. S. Guadaloupe Mountains. No. 397. 
 Tarr, R. S. Lower Carboniferous Limestone 
 
 Series In Central Texas. No. 393. 
 Tarr, R. S. Origin of Terraces. No. 399. 
 'J'arr, R. S. Origin of Some Topographic 
 
 Features of Central Texas. J^o. 392. 
 Tarr, R. S. Permian of Texas. No. 396. 
 Tarr, R. S. Physical Geography. No. 400. 
 Tarr, Ralph S. Report on the Coal Fields 
 
 of the Colorado River. No. 391. • 
 Tarr, R. S. Superimposition of Drainage. 
 
 No. 395. 
 Tengerite. No. 166. 
 Terraces. No. 399. 
 Terranes, The Choctaw and Grayson, of the 
 
 Arletina. No. 56. 
 Tertiaries, Notes on. No. 146. 
 Tertiary and Mesozoic Exhibits, The Colum- 
 bian Exposition. No. 58. 
 Tertiary Fauna of Florida, etc. No. 83a. 
 Tertiary Formations of Western Texas. No. 
 
 3. 
 Teritary MoUusca, Monograph of. No. 185. 
 Teritary Palepntology. No. 184. 
 Tetrabelodon Shepardii, Description of the 
 
 Lower Jaw of. No. 51, 
 Texas.' No. 371. 
 Texas, Geology of. No. 203. 
 Texas, Industrial Growth of. No. 27. 
 Texas-New Mexico Region, Notes on the. No. 
 
 240. 
 Texas Region, Classification and Origin of 
 .Chief Geographic Features. Nos. 216-217. 
 Texas Survey, Important Results of. 124. 
 T. F. L. Artesian Wells. No. 401. 
 Third Texas Report, Remarks on a Part of 
 
 the Review of. No. 300. 
 Thompson, R. A. Soils, Water Supply ,and 
 
 Irrigation of Colorado Coal Field. No. 
 
 402. 
 Thoria Minerals. No. 157. 
 Thoro-gummite. No. 193. 
 Tin. Nos. 28-29, 345, 442. 
 Tin, Occurrence of. No. 30. 
 Tom Green County. No. 33. 
 Tomiopsis, On the Genus. No. 50. 
 Topaz. Nos. 285, 286. 
 Topographic Features of Central Texas. No. 
 
 392. 
 Topographic Features of Texas, Classification 
 
 of. No. 224. 
 Topography and Geology of Northern Mexico 
 
 and Southwest Texas. No. 234. 
 
 Topography, Non-Mountainous of Texas, 
 Geologic Evolution of. No. 236. 
 
 Trans-Pecos Texas. Nos. 375, 377. 
 
 Trans-Pecos Texas, Cretaceous Deposits. No. 
 383. 
 
 Trans-Pecos Texas, .Geology of. No. 368. 
 
 Trans-Pecos Texas, Geology and Mineral Re- 
 sources. No. 370. 
 
 Trias in Northwest Texas. No. 299. 
 
 Triassic Formation of Northwest Texas, 
 Stratigraphy of. No. 109. 
 
 Triassic Unios. No. 353. 
 
 Trinity Division, Invertebrate Paleontology 
 of. No. 245. 
 
 Trinity Division, Notes on Some Fossil 
 Plants. No. 163. 
 
 Trinity Formation. No. 200. 
 
 Tucumcari. No. 246. 
 
 Tucumcari, Fauna of. No. 268. 
 
 Tucumcari Mountain. No. 79. 
 
 Tucumcari, New Mexico. No. 77. 
 
 Turner, H. W. Volcanic Dust. No. 403. 
 
 u 
 
 Upper Canadian, Geology of the Valley. No. 
 
 223 
 Upshur County. No. 270. 
 Unios, Description of Four New Triassic. No. 
 
 353. 
 Uraninite, New Analyses of. No. 251. 
 Uvalde County. No. 33. 
 
 V 
 
 Val Verde County. No. 33. 
 
 Van Hise, C. R. Pre-Cambrian Rocks. No. 
 
 404. 
 Van-Zandt County. No. 270. 
 Vaughan, T. W. Eocene at Old Port Caddo 
 
 Landing. No. 405. 
 Vertebrata, Report on the Paleontology of. 
 
 No. 47. 
 Volcanic Dust. Nos. 136, 150, 403. 
 
 w 
 
 Walcott, C. D. Cambrian in Texas. No. 407. 
 
 Walcott, C. ,D. Discussion of Comanche Se- 
 ries. No. 408. 
 
 Walcott. C. D. Rocks in Burnet, Sa,n Saba 
 and Llauo Counties. No. 406. 
 
 Walker, J. B. Cherokee County. No. 415. 
 
 Walker, J. B. Geology of Burnet County. 
 No. 409. 
 
 Walker, J. B. Nacogdoches County. No. 414. 
 
 Walker, J. B. Panola County. No. 411. 
 
 Walker, J. B. Report of. No. 410. 
 
 Walker, J. B. Rusk County. No. 413. 
 
 Walker, J. B. ■ Shelby County. No. 412. 
 
 Waters of the Upper Rio Grande and Pecos 
 Valleys. No. 178. 
 
 Water Supply of Colorado Coal Field. No. 
 402. 
 
 Water Supply for Western Texas. Nos. 148, 
 149. 
 
 Webb County, Economic Geology of. No. 107. 
 
 Weeks, J. D. Natural Gas. No. 466. 
 
 Weeks, J. "D. Petroleum in Texas. Nos. 416- 
 418, 465. , 
 
 Weitzel, R. S. Coal Field. No. 419. 
 
 Western Texas and Coahuila, Mexico, Creta- 
 ceous of. No. 152. . 
 
 Western Texas, Notes on Geology of. No. 
 204. 
 
 Western Texas, Tertiary Formations of. No. 
 3. 
 
 W. H. Dykes of Bandera County. No. 420. 
 
 White, C. A. Age of Coal in Region of the 
 Rio Grande. No. 421. 
 
280 
 
 IsfBEX. 
 
 White, C. A. Cretaceous FormationB of 
 Texas and Their Relations to Those of 
 Other Portions of North America. Nor 
 423. 
 
 White, C. A. Cretaceous of Northern Mex- 
 ico. No. 429. 
 
 White, C. A. Cretaceous of the Texan Re- 
 gion. No. 434. 
 
 White, C. A. Discussion of Comanche Series. 
 No. 435. 
 
 White, C. A, Field Work in / Texas. Nos. 
 427, 430, 431, 432. 
 
 White, C. A. Lower Cretaceous of the South- 
 west. No. 428. 
 
 White, 0. A. New Generic Forms of Creta- 
 ceous Mollusca. No. 422. 
 
 White, C. A., On the Fauna of the Permian 
 of Baylor, Archer and Wichita Counties. 
 No. 426. 
 
 White, C. A., on the Permian Formation. 
 No. 426. 
 
 White, C. A., on the Relation of the Iiaramic 
 Group to Earlier and Later Formations. 
 No. 424. 
 
 White, C. A. Texas Permian and Its Meso- 
 
 - zoic Types of Fossils. No. 433. 
 
 White, I. 0. Fossil Plants of the Wichita 
 or Permian Beds. No. 436. 
 
 Whitfield, J. E., and Merrill, G. P. The Fay- 
 ette County Meteorite. No. 437. 
 
 Wichita Beds. No. 67. 
 
 Wichita or Permian Beds, Fossil Plants of. 
 No. 436. 
 
 Williams, Albert, Jr. Minerals Mined and 
 Minerals Not Mined in Texas. No. 438. 
 
 Williams, J. F. Igneous Rocks of Texas. 
 No. 439. 
 
 Wood County. No. 270. 
 
 Wood, Petrified. No. 116. 
 
 Wood, Silicifled in Tertiary. No. 21. 
 
 Woolman, Lewis and Kaln, C. Henry; List 
 of Species in Diatomaceous Earth from 
 1 the Staked Plains. No.- 440. 
 
 Yttriallte. No. 193. 
 
 Yttria and Thoria Minerals. ' Nos. 1B7, 193.