Cornell University Library E 577 .4.D54 History of , Kershaw;s b^^^ 3 1924 026 471 015 ajornell Imwctaitg ffitbrary atliaca, Sfeiu ^ark THE JAMES VERNER SCAIFE COLLECTION CIVIL WAR LITERATURE THE GIFT OF JAMES VERNER SCAIFE CLASS OF 18S9 1919 The date shows when this volume was taken. To.renew this book copy the call No. and give to the librarian. HOME USE RULES All Books subject to recall All borrowers must regis- ter in the library to borrow books for home use. All bboks must be rp- turned at end of college for inspection and /\pp|iiiiQii|J |fi)QQ^- Limited books must be returned within the four week limit and not renewed. Students must return all books before leaving town. OfEcers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Volumes of periodicals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special pur- poses they are given'out for limited time. Borrowers should not use their library privileges for the benefit of other persons. Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to re- port - all cases of books ^ marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. \\<\ Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026471015 MEMOIRS OF THE War of Secession From the Original Manuscripts OF JOHNSON HAGOOD Brigadier-General, C. S. A. I. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. II. Hagood's Brigade 1910 THE STATE COMPANY Columbia, S. C. /^.32f3n Copyright, 1910 By Butler Hagood Dedicated to My Wife CONTENTS OF VOL. I. Introduction 25 Fort Sumter 29 Orangeburg 36 Relieved from Duty 45 Summerville 47 Posts on Stono 51 Re-enlistment • ... 62 Appendix 67 Martial Law in Charleston 69 Secessionville Campaign 83 Second Military District 98 The Siege of Charleston 114 Gen. Beauregard's Official Report 123 Notes to Gen. Beauregard's Report 176 Results and Specialties of the Siege 190 CONTENTS OF VOL. II. Organization 195 Campaign of '64 — Virginia 217 Affair at Walthal Junction 219 Affair at Swift Creek 227 Battle of Drury's Bluff 231 Lines of Bermuda Hundreds 249 Battle of Cold Harbor 253 Battle of Petersburg 263 Trenches of Petersburg 270 Battle of Weldon Road 288 Rest for the Weary 301 Richmond Lines 305 Campaign of '65 — North Carolina, Fort Fisher .... 320 The Situation, January, '65 329 Lines Below Wilmington 333 Operations on Fort Anderson Lines 333 Engagement at Town Creek 340 Evacuation of Wilmington 348 Operations Near Kinston 349 Battle of Bentonville 356 The Flaring up of the Candle— The End 364 Appendix 374 Editor's Appendix, Company Rolls of the Regiments Com- posing Hagood's Brigade 398 Charge of Hagood's Brigade 473 ERRATA Page 28 (( 32 u 33 u 33 u 33 u 42 (( 44 a 45 The errors corrected in these Errata were made in transcribing the Author's original manuscript and were in the copy furnished the printer. — U. K. Bkooks, Editor. Read O'Cain for O'Caim. " Steamer for stream. " 200 pounder Parrotts for 200 Parrotts. " Casemates for Casements. " Ever for even. " O'Cain for O'Caim. " "So many" for "80 names." Third line, second paragraph read "Further service expected from it", instead of "No further service, etc." 51 Second line from bottom of page read "Destination" for "Destruction". 53 Fourth line from top of page read J. J. Lucas for G. J. Lucas. 57 10th line from bottom of page read "Mere epaul- ments" for "Men epaulments". 61 9th line from top read "This" for "the". 62 14th line from top of page read "point" for "side". 63 15th line from bottom read "Going home" for "giv- ing honor". 67 7th line from top of page read "O'Cain" for "O'Caim". 77 8th line from top of page and 14th line from top of page read "Yeadon" for "Gradon". 79 19th line from top of page read "exclusive" for "exten- sive". 82 Last line on page read "Warders" for "Wardens". 87 16th line from bottom of page read "Battery" for "Enemy". 88 6th line from top of page, 18th line from bottom of page, and 16th line from bottom of page read "Bat- talion" for "Battery". Page 91 a 93 a 94 Errata 20th line from top of page read "right" for "sight." 19th line from bottom read "Boyce's" for "Boyer's". 16th and 17th lines from bottom read "Battalion" for "Battery". 95 15th line from bottom read "Sorely" for "slowly". 96 8th line from bottom of page read "beside" for "being". 107 Section 4. Eead "drill" for "duties". 112 9th line from bottom and 3d line from bottom of page read "Jordan" for "Gordon." 113 3rd line from top and 8th line from top of page read "Jordan" for "Gordon". 114 9th line of note read "proudly" for "fondly". 114 7th line from top of page read "Jordan" for "Gor- don". 133 18th line from top of page read "330" for "350". 142 16th and 17th lines from top of page read "Feu d'Enfer" for "free d'enfre". 142 20th line from top read "quietly" for "quickly". 144 16th line from top read "30 pounder Parrott" for "80 pounder Parrott". 145 10th line from top of page read "three" for "these". 150 Last line of page read "crenellated" for "cumulative". 155 14th line from top of page read "reverse" for "severe". 171 Read "Crenellated" for "crenaillare". 187 Second line from bottom of page read "General" for "Captain". 188 2nd line from top of page read "these" for "three". 188 6th line from bottom read "28th Georgia" for "25th Georgia". 190 16th line from bottom of page read "fall" for "fate". 192 3rd line from bottom read "traversing" for "trans- ferring". 208 10th line from top of page read "bearer" for "beam". 210 9th line from top read "Batteries" for "Battalions". 234 10th line from bottom read "cowering" for "convers- ing". 235 5th line from bottom read "spun" for "strewn". 237 15th line from top read "inclined" for "widened". Errata Page 237 7th line from bottom read "plain" for "plan." " 248 Eead "Lalane" for "Lalam". " 251 18th line from top read "straightened" for "strength- ened". " 264 19th line from bottom read "this" for "they". " 264 14th line from bottom read "South and West" for "Southwest". " 277 3rd line from top of page read "appear" for "approach". " 278 12th line from bottom of page read "erect" for "east". " 279 10th line from top of page read "omnivorously" for "ominously". " 283 16th line from bottom read "transferring" for "trans- porting". " 285 15th line from bottom read "place" for "places". ^' 289 12th line from top of page read "learning" for "leav- ing". " 298 7th line from bottom of page read "Major. Wilds was wounded" not "captured" as printed. 2nd line from bottom read "Sligh" for "Schley". 4th line from bottom of page read "plan" for "place". Last line on page read "feet" for "degrees". Top line of page read "feet" for "degrees". 15th line from bottom read "fortune" for "forune". 18th line from bottom of page read "then" for "there". 14th line from top of page ('*) read "Southern" for "See". 18th line from top read "prevision" for "provision". 10th line from bottom of page read "retiring" for "returning". 342 15th line from top of page read "20 mounted men" for "20 men". 2nd line from top of page read "Y" for "G". 18th line from bottom of page read "K. R. Depot" for "P. K. Depot". 10th line from bottom of page read "new" for "rear". 8th line from top of page read "our line" for "ours". 8th line from top of page read "Sogers" for "Segus". 9th line from bottom of page read "freely" for "fully'. 12th line from top of page read "but" for "except". 298 308 309 310 313 (( 339 u 327 (( 328 (( 330 (( 345 <( 348 » 354 u 360 « 368 .(( 309 .(( 372 Erbata Page 375 7th line from top read "64" for "65." " 380 6th line from bottom read "O. J." for "O. G.". " 382 11th line from bottom of page after Company K, read "Captain" Figure 1. J. Boatwright 3rd May, 62, suspended on report of examining board. Fig. 2. Vacant. " 384 Co. B. No. 4 read "F. J. Cannon" for "T. J. Cannon". " 384 Eead "Tarrh" for "Tant". " 387 Company B, read "S. J. Burger" for "G. S. Burges". " 391 Company F, read "W. W. Wise" for "M. W. Wise". Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. PREFACE As has been published, I have undertaken with much pleasure the task of editing the Memoirs of the late Johnson Hagood, which gives thrilling incidents of the skill of the gallant General and of the valor of the brave men who dared to follow where he dared to lead. Veterans of this grand old brigade, let me say that you are the remnant of many a well-fought field. You bring with you marks of honor from Secessionville, Battery Wagner, Cold Har- bor, Petersburg, and other bloody battlefields. When in your youthful days you put everything at hazard in your country's cause, good as that cause was, and sanguine as youth is, still your fondest hopes were not realized. Venerable men, you have come down to us from a former generation. Heaven has bounte- ously lengthened out your lives. You are now where you stood fifty years ago. Behold, how changed ! You hear now no roar of hostile cannon. You see no mixed volumes of smoke and flame rising from your burning homes — the ground strewed with the dead and dying — the impetuous charge, the steady and successful repulse — the loud call to repeated assault, the summoning of all that is manly to repeated resistance, thousands of bosoms freely and fearlessly bared in an instant to whatever of terror there may be in war and death. All these you have witnessed, but you wit- ness them no more. But, alas! you are not all here — ^time and the sword have thinned your ranks. Comrades who fell in battle, our eyes seek for you in vain amid the broken band — ^you are gathered to your fathers, and live only to your country in her grateful remembrance and your own bright example. It is hard to realize how information from good scouts has enabled oue generals to win such glorious victories and how disastrous information from poor scouts has been in all armies. If General A. P. Hill had been well informed by his scouts, 21 August, 1864, General Hagood would not have made this remark : "That wielding a blade of such high temper, no wonder its brigadier hated to have to hack it against impossibilities." I quote from the historic speech delivered before the New England Society in New York City, 12 December, 1886, by Henry W. Grady, of Atlanta, Ga. : 10 Memoirs of the War or Secession "You of the North have had drawn for you with a master's hand the picture of your returning armies. You have heard how they came back to you marching with proud and victorious tread, reading their glory in a nation's eyes. "Will you bear with me while I tell you of another army that sought its home at the close of the late war — an army that marched home in defeat and not in victory, in pathos and not in splendor, but in glory that equalled yours, and to hearts as loving as ever welcomed heroes home ? "Let me picture to you the footsore Confederate soldier, as buttoning up in his faded gray jacket the parole which was to bear testimony to his children of his fidelity and faith, he turned his face southward from Appomattox in April, 1865. Think of him as ragged, half starved, heavy hearted, enfeebled by want and wounds; having fought to exhaustion, he surrenders his gun, wrings the hands of his comrades in silence, and, lifting his tear-stained and pallid face for the last time to the graves that dot the old Virginia hills, pulls his gray cap over his brow and begins the slow and painful journey. What does he find — let me ask you, who went to your homes eager to find in the welcome you had justly earned, full payment for four years' sacrifice — what does he (the Confederate soldier) find when, having fol- lowed the battle-stained cross against overwhelming odds, dread- ing death not half so much as surrender, he reaches the home he left so prosperous and beautiful? "He finds his home in ruins, his slaves free, his stock killed, his bams empty, his trade destroyed, his money worthless, his com- rades slain, and the burdens of others heavy on his shoulders. "What does he do — this hero in gray with a heart of gold? Does he sit down in suUenness and despair? Not for a day. Surely God, who has stripped him of his prosperity, inspired him in his adversity. As ruin was never before so overwhelming, never was restoration swifter. The soldier stepped from the trenches into the furrow; horses that charged Federal guns marched before the plow, and fields that ran with blood in April were green with the harvest in June." Every word contained in General Johnson Hagood's Mss. Memoirs appear in this book. U. E. Brooks, Editor. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 11 From The State, Columbia, S. C, Wednesday, January 5th, 1898. Out of the thinning line falls one more man in gray. The death that in his youth he so often sought in conflict has come unsummoned to Johnson Hagood in his old age and in the hal- lowed peace of his home. But he met it, we may be sure, with the same quiet smile of old, the serenity of a strong and fearless soul. General and governor, planter and comptroller, banker and man of affairs, Johnson Hagood had his full share of honor and labor in the State of his birth and his devotion. The story of his career is elsewhere told, but we must set down the thoughts that come with the memories of long, and, for a time^ intimate association. We first knew General Hagood during the political campaign of 1880, when he, as the Democratic candidate for gov- ernor, and the writer, as a newspaper representative, journeyed" together through nearly every county in South Carolina. Six weeks of this close companionship gave an insight into his char- acter which years of ordinary acquaintance would not have done, and the friendship there contracted and since continued prompts this contribution to a better understanding of one of the strongest and most individual of the sons of the State. For General Hagood, although eminently honored by his peo- ple, was not known to them as he should have been. He was diffident, and was often considered haughty; he was reserved, and was thought cold ; he had a wonderfully clear perception and the penalty for it was that he was sometimes set down as over- calculating. Johnson Hagood, we have reason to believe, went into the war knowing that the South would fail, knowing that all its sacrifices of life and wealth and position would be utterly vain. But he believed in the cause of his people, and he led his men into battle as if he had the faith and confidence of a fanatic. His mind, as we have said, was intensely logical and reflective. He was a man who thought hard and reasoned icily; yet he could go against his reason when loyalty demanded. He had perfect self-poise and was master of his emotions ; for he had emotions under that calm and steady demeanor. When he was a candidate for governor and had to make his speech in each one of the thirty-odd counties his voice would choke and he 12 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession would tremble as he faced his audiences, so great was his diffi- dence ; and he was accustomed to say that he would rather charge a battery than go through such an ordeal — ^but go through it he did, holding himself sternly in hand. In other things his self- command was no less apparent. He seemed often to be stern of face and thought, but for those he liked he had a smile as sweet as ever lit up a countenance and revealed an inner gentleness. Genial he was with his friends and a good raconteur, with a quiet humor that had a special charm. General Hagood loved his State and his people, and had a sym- pathy with the masses in their hardships which he illustrated by his concurrence in the free silver movement of 1896. He was a banker and a man of means, and he had doubts on the silver question ; but, as he said to us in that year, he was willing to take the risk in the hope that relief might come to those who needed it so sorely.. A life-long planter, he was successful in his operations, and was one of the best informed men on agricultural affairs that the State possessed. He thought much and deeply on farming and reached wise conclusions, one of which, as we remember, was that the agricultural salvation of the State was to be worked. out through the development of certain little-regarded crops indige- nous to the soil. He had a remarkable capacity for organization, and was thorough, methodical and exact in all his undertakings. A man of many parts, his strongest characteristic was that he was a real and original thinker. There are far fewer such than the world assumes. Johnson Hagood did his own thinking, he made his own analyses of every question, and he reached his own clear and logical conclusions. Much more might be said with truth, but we must be content to have drawn to the observation of those who did not know him well some of the salient points of a strong character. He had nearly reached his three-score years and ten, and the time had come for him to pass away, but the loss to South Carolina is no less real because it is late. History will give Johnson Hagood a place among the great men of his State. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 13 From The News and Courier, Charleston, S. C, Wednesday, January Sth, 1898. Crowned with nearly seventy years of honorable life, without a stain upon his shield, at peace with God and man, General John- son Hagood has passed away from these earthly scenes forever. His life was an inspiration, his death a benediction. He lived uprightly, he died peacefully. Wha,t his hands found to do, he did with all his might. He was a great soldier, a master of men. The highest word with him was duty. His strongest ally in all the storms and conflicts through which he passed was faith — ^the faith of a little child. His conscience was his life, his incentive in action, his comforter in repose, his rod and staff in the final onset when he won his last great victory. In every fibre of his soul, in every pulsation of his heart, in every aspiration of his life he was devoted to the State which he honored by his service in field and forum. He fought in South Carolina, in North Carolina and Virginia, and fought with a courage and intrepidity that challenged admiration. He was no holiday soldier. Stern in discipline, where discipline was neces- sary to the development of the best military qualities, he yet despised the show and sham of great parade, and measured officers and men alike by their devotion to the cause in which he was enlisted. At Battery Wagner, at Drury's Bluff, in the defence of Charleston, on the James and Chickahominy, he was ready for every command, and equal to any service. The story of Hagood's Brigade makes one of the most thrilling and glorious chapters in the military history of South Carolina. It stood of right among the bravest of the brave, and it was what it was because of the courage, the devotion, the military spirit of its indomitable commander. General Hagood's claim to a high place among the immortals of South Carolina rests largely, but not wholly, upon his splendid services in war. But he was citizen as well as a soldier. In the Reconstruction days he remained faithful to his people and to himself; and it was due in large measure to his skill in organ- ization, his mastery of emergencies, his fearlessness of conse- quences, that the rule of the alien was overthrown in South Carolina. As Comptroller-General and Governor of the State, he proved his fidelity to civic trust and, after his retirement to 14 Memoirs or THE War or Secession private life, to the end he was always the same modest man, loyal to his own conscience and unfaltering in his devotion to what was best for his people and his State. We shall not attempt to tell the story of his life and character and achievements here — it will be written doubtless by others who are more competent for the service and who will write with- out the overwhelming sense of sudden bereavement upon them. We simply wish to pay tribute today to the modest gentleman, the gallant soldier, the incorruptible citizen, who has crossed the river to his waiting comrades on the other shore. General Hagood's last public appearance in Charleston was at the reunion of the Confederate Veterans in April, 1896. The scene in the German Artillery Hall, when he responded to the call of his wartime comrades is indelibly photographed on the mind and heart of every one who heard his thrilling words. It was a soldier's greeting to soldiers, and a soldier's good-bye. There were no apologies for the past in what he said, and no regrets except for the unreturning dead. "Together we have felt," he said, "the mad excitement of the charge, the glorious enthusiasm of victory, the sullen anger of defeat. Together we have passed through the valley and the shadow of political recon- struction. . . . You believed then, and you know now, you were right. I am with you today as I have been in the past, body and heart and soul. Our service is nearly over. Most of those we knew and loved are gone. They are passing now. . . . For us there is little more left than to prepare for the final inspection and review. Let us humbly trust that we will meet the approval of the Great Commander beyond the river." "They are passing npw" ; a few months ago it was McGowan ; then it was Cothran ; now it is Hagood. "The captains and the Kings depart — Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we forget — lest we forget !" General Hagood in Charleston. General Hagood's last public appearance in Charleston was at the reunion of the Confederate Veterans, nearly two years ago. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 15 In its report of the meeting held at the German Artillery Hall The News and Courier of April 23rd, 1896, said : When it was decided to stop the reading of the report the veterans out in the hall wanted a speech, and especially one from their beloved Hagood. Some one cried out "Hagood," and that settled the matter. There could be nothing more done until the gallant Hagood had been seen and heard by the veterans. Gen- eral Hagood did not want to talk, and especially not to interfere with the proceedings, but the veterans insisted and he was alwiiys too willing a man to do his duty not to respond, and so he stepped out to the front of the stage, and it must have made his heart gladden to see how he was received by his old soldiers as well as by those who fought for the same cause under different com- manders. But General Hagood is always equal to an emergency, and last night he made a short talk to his old soldier friends that touched them deeply, and left even a brighter picture of the gal- lant soldier. General Hagood. said in brief : "I thank you for your kind greeting. It is a long time since we have met, since we have looked into each other's eyes and grasped each other's hands. In the long ago we together toiled in the weary march and looked upon 'battle's magnificently stern array.' Together we have felt the mad excitement of the charge, the glorious enthusiasm of victory, the sullen anger of defeat. And harder, sterner duties have been our lot. Together we have passed through the valley and the shadow of political reconstruc- tion. We have seen civil rights, sacred from tradition and bap- tized in the blood of a patriot ancestry, trampled in the dust. We have seen the accumulations of two centuries of thrift and industry swept away, and the State plundered as a ship by a pirate crew. But 'God fulfills Himself in many ways.' "Today our fair Southland, thanks to the indomitable energies of her blood, and the abounding resources of her gracious endow- ment, with her wounds cicatrized and her' plumage renewed, is moving like the eagle's flight, upward and onward. "You have met these varied fortunes as they came, and in the part you bore, you believed then, and you believe now, you were right. "Old friends, welcome — and perhaps, good-bye. I am with you today as I have been in the past, body and heart and soul. Our 16 Memoirs or the War of Secession service is nearly over. Most of those we knew and loved are gone. They are passing now. Even while the drums were beat- ing the assembly for this reunion the youngest but one of your brigadiers answered the last roll call on earth. John Kennedy, patriot, soldier, knightly gentleman, is dead. His honored place in your midst is vacant. The peace of God is on his brow. "Younger men, as they should, are filling the ranks. They, too, are ready to live or die, 'for the ashes of their sires and the altars of their gods.' For us there is little more left than to prepare for the final inspection and review. "Let us humbly trust that we will there meet the approval of the Great Commander beyond the river." General Hagood was quite frequently interrupted by applause, and at the conclusion of his brief talk there was another round of applause for Hagood. A Sketch of His Life. General Hagood was one of South Carolina's most distin- guished sons. He was born in Barnwell County on February 21, 1829. His family was one of English extraction and settled orig- inally in Virginia, but prior to the Revolutionary war moved to this State, located in the Ninety-Six District. Early in the present century, Johnson Hagood, the grandfather for whom he was named, removed from Charleston, where he was a promi- nent lawyer, to Barnwell County, and there his son, Dr. James O. Hagood, was, previous to the civil war, a successful planter. Dr. Hagood practiced his profession of medicine for more than fifty years, and greatly endeared himself to the people among whom he lived. He died in January, 1873. General Hagood got his early education at the Richmond Academy in Augusta, Ga., and at the age of sixteen years he entered the Citadel in Charleston, graduating in November, 1847, with the highest honors of his class. After his graduation he studied law under the Hon. Edmund Bellinger, a distinguished lawyer of his day, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. The next year Governor John H. Means appointed him deputy adjutant general of militia, a portion of his duties consisting of drilling the militia at its various encampments over the State. In December, Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 17 1861, he was elected by the Legislature commissioner in equity for the BarnweU District, which important legal position he held until hostiliti^ broke out in 1861. Then he resigned to enter the Confederate army. During the decade prior to the war he was also engaged in conducting his large plantation; When South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Secession he was brigadier general of militia ; he was at once made colonel of the First South Carolina Volunteers and took part in the bom- bardment of Fort Sumter under General Beauregard in April, 1861. He was then transferred from the volunteer corps to the Confederate States Army, retaining his rank as colonel. He was present at the battle of Bull Eun. Eeturning to South Carolina he was engaged in the operations around Charleston, and at the battle of Secessionville, June 16, 1862. Immediately after that battle he was promoted by President Davis to the rank of brig- adier general, and served on the coast of South Carolina until May, 1864, being engaged in the defense of Charleston during General Gilmore's siege of that city, and in the defense of Fort Wagner and the operations on James Island. In May, 1864, he was, with his command, withdrawn from Charleston and ordered to Petersburg, Va., where he arrived May 7th, and at Walthall Junction, a few miles beyond, met the advance forces of General B. F. Butler, consisting of five brigades. With 1,500 of his men, supported by 1,100 men of Johnson's Tennessee brigade, he repulsed them in the open field, many of his most gallant field and staff officers being killed and wounded. This gave time for the concentration of troops from the southward for the defense of Petersburg against Butler's advance. He served under General Beauregard at Petersburg and afterwards under the same gen- eral in Hoke's Division at Drury's Bluff against Butler and in the operations at Bermuda Hundreds. During the latter period he was instrumental in the erection of a buttery' at Howlett's House on the James Eiver which, sweeping Butler's transports in the bend of the river, caused Butler to conceive the idea of cutting- the famous Dutch Gap canal to escape, in his further advance up the river, the fire of this battery. The first pieces with which the battery was mounted were two 20-pound Parrots captured by Hagood's Brigade at the battle of Drury's Bluff. After 'General Beauregard had succeeded in bottling up Butler in the peninsular 2— H. 18 Memoirs of the War of Secession of Bermuda Hundreds, General Hagood's Brigade, with its division, was ordered to join General Lee. It reached him at Cold Harbor just prior to the battle of June 3, 1864, in which it was actively engaged. At the siege of Petersburg, which ensued, this brigade served in the trenches at one time sixty-seven days with- out relief, and in that period was reduced by casualties and disease from 2,300 men to 700 present for duty. At another time the next officer in rank to the brigadier present for duty was a captain, and four of the five regiments were commanded by lieu- tenants. At a later period during the month of August in the fighting on the Weldon road, General Hagood became the hero of "as daring and gallant an exploit as is found in the history of the war. His command had been ordered to charge the enemy, and when the line of their works was reached some 200 of his men^ having gotten into a re-entering angle where they were exposed to a severe cross fire, a line was pushed out surrounding them, and a mounted officer of the enemy galloping out of a sallyport, seized the colors of the Eleventh regiment and called upon them to surrender. Several officers and men prepared to do so, but had not been carried in when General Hagood, whose horse had been previously shot, proceeding towards them, called upon his men to shoot the officer. In the confusion they seemed bewildered and failed to do so. The general, having now come up to' the spot, demanded the colors, telling the officer he was free to return to his troops. Instead of so doing he commenced to argue about the desperate position of the small band of Confed- erates. General Hagood, cutting him short, demanded a direct answer, and receiving a decisive negative, shot him from his horse. His orderly, Stoney, seized the falling colors, and the general, springing into the saddle of his adversary, succeeded in withdrawing his men with as little loss as could have been expected from the terrific fire to which they were exposed in retiring. Soine years after the war it was a pleasing incident to General Hagood that by furnishing a statement of the facts he was enabled to assist in procuring a pension from the United States Government for the gallant officer with whom the fortunes of war had placed him in conflict and who had survived the wound inflicted. General Beauregard, in forwarding the report of this Hagqod's 1st 13 Months S, C. .V. 1^ affair to General Lee, remarked: "Such an act of gallantry as hereiii described and of devotion to his flag reflects the highest credit upon the officer who performs it and should be held up to the army as worthy of imitation under similar circumstances. Brigadier-General Hagood is a brave and meritorious officer who has distinguished himself already at Battery Wagner and Drury's Bluff apd participated actively in the battle of Ware, Bottom's Church, Cold Harbor and Petersburg, June 16 and 17, 1864, and I respectfully recommend him for promotion at the earliest opportunity." Shortly before Christmas, 1864, General Hagood was ordered to re-enforce the troops in North Carolina, and was engaged in the operations around Wilmington and afterwards in General Hoke's Division at the battles of Kinston and Bentonville. Retiring before overwhelming numbers, General Hagood's command sur- rendered with General Johnston at Greensboro, N. C. His brigade entered the war 4,500 strong ; at its conclusion only 499 veterans remained of that gallant band, including himself and his staff. At the termination of hostilities, General Hagood returned to active supervision of his planting interests. But he was not long permitted to devote his entire time and atten- tion to his private affairs. In 1871 the burden of taxation under a profligate carpetbag rule in South Carolina having become well- nigh intolerable. General Hagood became a delegate to the State Taxpayers' Convention held -at Columbia and composed of th^ most intelligent and responsible men in the State. The Convenr tion was called to consider the enormous and increasing State debt and to ascertain if possible its actual amount and what por- tion of it had been legally contracted. A false statement of the State's liabilities was placed before them by Governor E. K. Scott and the State officers, and a false set of books were pro- duced. The history of the work of this Convention looking to the final repudiation of a good proportion of the fraudulent public debt is familiar to many. General Hagood was the chair- man of the committee that made the investigation, being appointed to that position on February 20, 1871. In 1876 General Hagood was nominated on the Democratic ticket for comptroller-general, and by his patient, prudent and courageous course during the exciting campaign that followed, 20 Memoirs of the Wak or Secession contributed largely to secure the great moral triumph of law and order and the downfall of the corrupt Eadical rule in the old Palmetto State. His management as county chairman of the campaign in Barn- well was perfect in its organization and such as to gain the confi- dence of all moderate Eepublicans as well as Democrats. The colored voters flocked in large numbers to the Democratic stand- ard and joined the Democratic clubs, and although hitherto there had been a Republican majority of 1,800, almost wholly colored, the county was carried by a majority of more than 1,100 for the Democratic ticket. More than 2,000 mounted men in red shirts' escorted General Hampton through Barnwell County, camping from time to time at various points where he stopped to speak, and the enthusiasm of all classes was unexampled. During the EUenton riots General Hagood was placed by the Republican Judge Wiggins in command of an armed posse to repress the disturbance. And during the uncertain and perilous time between the election in November, 1876, and the recognition of the Hampton government by President Hayes, when any moment might have precipitated a collision between the rival parties. Governor Hampton called only two of the State officers to his assistance — ;General Hagood and Attorney-General James Connor. Acting in entire accord with General Hampton they were both an advisory council and his executive officers during the existence of the dual governments. It was largely through the influence of General Hagood that over a thousand of the negroes in the county at the time united in the voluntary contribu- tion by the citizens of the State of one-tenth of the taxes they had paid the previous year to the support of the Hampton gov- ernment before it had been formally recognized by President Hayes. In May, 1877, he formally took possession of his office in the State capitol and at once entered upon the duties thereof. He applied himself to the task of thoroughly organizing and system- atizing his department, which task he successfully accomplished. At the regular election in 1878, his adniirable conduct of the office was recognized and rewarded by a re-election and he con- tinued in this office another two years, only to be still more hon- ored by the people, who, in 1880, elected him governor of the State. Hagoop's 1st 12 MpNTHS S. C. V. 21 His inaugural address was an able paper ; it was characteristic of the man. Brief, practical, suggestive, it discarded generalities and dealing with the matter in hand, set forth succinctly the present condition of the State, marked the improvements which had followed the restoration of honest government in 1876, and indicated in what direction, in his opinion, further progress could be made. He contrasted the then conditions with those of the period of riotous misrule that preceded. In concluding his address he said : "But the political equality of all men in South Carolina is now as fixed a feature of her policy as is the Blue Eidge in her geography. It can neither be suppressed nor evaded. The solution of the problem requires the wisest thought, the gravest counsel. It seems to me that I see it in firmness, mod- eration, justice. . Let these characterize every act of legislation. It is my duty as governor to take care that the laws are faithfully executed in mercy. I repeat the pledge made before my election — that in the discharge of this high trust I shall know neither white man nor colored man, but only citizens of South Carolina alike amenable to her laws and entitled to their protection." Governor Hagood's administration upon these lines was a suc- cess. Notwithstanding his expressed desire to retire at the end of his term, the disposition of the people of the State was strong for his re-election as their chief executive, and it was upon his declaration that he would not accept a renomination that they began to look elsewhere for his successor. The press of the State, upon his retirement, without exception generously voiced the uni- versal approval he had earned. Since Governor Hagood's retirement at the close of his term he has taken but little part in active politics. Without further aspiration for ofiice, he took his position in the ranks and simply sought to do his duty as a citizen to his party and his country. He devoted his attention chiefly to his agricultural pursuits and to the development of the local enterprises and industries of his county. He was instrumental in the formation of a building and improvement association, an oil and fertilizer factory, a bank, a graded school and other enterprises. He always took a deep interest in agriculture and education. In 1869 he was elected the first president since the war of the South Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical Society, holding 22 Memoirs 6f 'rim War of Secession that office for four years, when he declined re-election. He was alfeo'for two terms chairman of the State Board of Agriculture. He was the pioneer in and a strong advocate for the diversifica- tibil of the Statte's farming industry, to wliich much of its present Success is due; and his contributions to the agricultural press, together with his own success in the new departure, notably grass culture and stock farming, contributed much to that: end. He was always a warm supporter of the common schools and the State university. Since 1876 he has been chairman of theboard of visitors of the South Carolina Military Academy. To the welfare of this school — ^his alma mater — his time and his services have been given with- out stint. Governor Hagood in 1854 married Eloise, daughter of Judge A. P. Butler, then United States Senator, and of whom General M. C. Butler is a nephew. He has one son, Butler Hagood. Epitaph Written by General Hagood Hjmself. In Memory of Johnson Hagood, Planter. Brigadier in the service of The Confederate States. Comptroller-General and afterwards Governor of South Carolina. For years Chairman of The Board of Visitors in charge of The State Military Academy. Born 21st February, 1829. Died 4th January, 1898. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 23 Rest. {By Father Ryan.) My feet are wearied, and my hands are tired, My soul oppressed — And I desire what I have long desired — Rest — only rest. 'Tis hard to toil, when toil is almost vain, In barren ways ; 'Tis hard to sow and never garner grain In harvest days. The burden of my days is hard to bear, But God knows best ; And I have prayed, but vain has been my prayer. For rest — sweet rest. 'Tis hard to plant in spring and never reap The Autumn yield; 'Tis hard to till, and 'tis tilled to weep O'er fruitless field. And so I cry a weak and human cry. So heart-oppressed ; And so I sigh a weak and human sigh. For rest — for rest. My way has wound across the desert years. And cares infest My path, and through the flowing of hot tears I pine — for rest. 'Twas always so ; when but a child I laid On mother's breast My wearied little head ; e'en then I prayed, As now — ^for rest. And I am restless still ; 'twill soon be o'er ; For down the west Life's sun is setting and I see the shore Where I shall rest. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S, C. V. 25 INTRODUCTION During the period to which these Memoirs relate, I kept memoranda and made notes more or less complete of events with which I was connected. I was also in most instances, at the time and at my request, kindly furnished by my superiors in com- mand with copies of their official reports of battles and sieges in which I bore a part. The papers of Hagood's Brigade were preserved in the general wreck of Confederate military affairs. Diaries kept of portions of the war by certain of my comrades were also loaned me, and I had had preserved a complete file of the Charleston Mercury from the reduction of Sumter by the South Carolina forces in 1861 to the evacuation of Charleston in 1865, besides special numbers of other newspapers of that day. From these materials, aided by my recollection, and corrected sometimes by general histories of the war and such United State? congressional war documents as have been published up to this date, the Memoirs have been compiled. It will be seen that in their character they are chiefly personal to myself and my immediate associates. My rank in the large armies in which I served was not sufficiently elevated to give me at all times a comprehensive survey of the military horizon while the war was going on, and since then I have had neither the time nor opportunity to qualify myself for a more general narrative. It will be seen also that they are purely military. . My tastes and pursuits do not qualify me for entering into a discussion of the conflict of political principles having its origin in the con- vention which adopted the Federal Constitution itself and culminating in the secession of the Southern States, and during the war the Confederate Congress did its work on all important occasions with closed doors; but partial statements of its action reached the newspapers and it was difficult for one in the ranks of the army to learn clearly the policy that governed its course. It only remains to state the motives that induced me to prepare these Memoirs and the object for which it is done. It is known that at the close of the war the archives of the Confederate War Department fell into the hands of the United States Govern- 26 Memoirs or' the War or SecesSioIt ment, and that Lieber, a renegade Southron, was employed to arrange them. Up to this time they have been sedulously kept a sealed book to the public. In all hiiman probability, under the manipulation to which they have been and will be subjected, when the future historians obtain access to them "The very mother that them bore, If she should be in presence there, She will not know her child." Again, these records themselves were incomplete. The detailed reports of the campaigns of 1864 and 1865 were never made. Under these circumstances, I believe it is the duty of every Con- federate whose opportunities were such as to enable him to speak now with anything like accuracy, to put on record what he knows. He owes the duty not only to himself and his associates, but to truth.. It was hoped that General Lee would undertake to per- petuate the record of his men. Just after the cessation of hos- tilities reports of the campaigns of 1864 and 1865 were called for through the regular gradations of rank among the survivors of the Confederate army, with the avowed purpose of completing his data for the work, and they were to some extent furnished. Whatever his purpose may have been, his recent death precludes that hope. These Memoirs are not prepared for the printer, nor will thej', or any part of them, while I control them, be made public. I bequeath them to my son that he may know what part his father and his father's friends bore in the war; and with instructions at any time to show them to those whose record they give, or to their descendants. The time has not come, and may not come for fifty years, when justice can be done to the losing party in a bitter civil war. Should, then, this manuscript fall into the hands of an historian who approaches his task with the intent "to nothing extenuate, or aught set down in malice," he may use the limited material it contains for what it is worth. He will have the assurance of one, then long passed to his final account, of its accuracy as far as his knowledge and belief extends. Johnson Hagood. 21 March, 1871. Hago6d's liST 12 Months S. C. V. 27 THE FIRST REGIMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA (12 MONTHS) VOLUNTEERS I2TH APRIL. 1861 TO 12TH APRIL. 1862 FIRST SOUTH CAROLINA 12 MOS. VOLUNTEERS. ORGANIZATION. On the 17th December, 1860, in view of the probable passage of the Ordinance of Secession by the State Convention then in session, the Legislature of South Carolina passed "An Act to Provide an Armed Military Force." This act provided that whenever it shall appear that an armed force is about to be employed against the State or in opposition to its authority, the Governor be authorized to repel the same, and for that purpose to call into the service of the State such portion of the militia as he shall deem proper and to organize the same on the plan therein indicated. Three days afterward, the Convention passed the Ordinance of Secession, and the revolution which led to the establishment of the Southern Confederacy was inaugurated. Immediately after, the Convention provided for the raising of one or more corps of regulars, and for the acceptance of a regiment of six months' ' volunteers, both to be received into immediate service. Towards the last of December the Governor issued a call for volunteers under the legislative act, which resulted in the raising and organizing of ten regiments. for twelve months' service. Under this call the militia regiments of Barn- well district (the 11th and 43rd of the old organization) assem- bled at Barnwell Village, and furnished, by volunteering, five companies. The regiment of Orangeburg District (15th old militia) assembled at its rendezvous, and furnished four com- panies; while the regiment of Colleton District (13th old militia) assembled at Walterboro and furnished two companies; — all on the 3rd January, 1861. The Barnwell and Orangeburg com- panies and one of the Colleton companies being the first ten companies which responded to the call in the State, were 28 Memoies or the Wak of Secession organized by the State War Department into a regiment under the name of "The First South Carolina Volunteers," and elections for 'field officers ordered. These elections were held on the 27th January, 1861, and the organization of the regiment was com- plete. It was officered as follows : ' Colonel • •• .. •• ..Johnson Hagood Lieutenant-Colonel '. Thomas J. Glover Major Watson A. O'Caim Adjutant P.K.Moloney Quartermaster G. B. Lartlgue Commissary Subsistence W. B. Legare Surgeon Martin Bellinger Assistant Surgeon E. H. Dowling Chaplain Flynn Dickson Sergeant-Major R.B.Wilson Quartermaster-Sergeant J. H. O'Caim Company A. Captain John V. Glover Second Lieutenant. . .James F. Izlar First Lieutenant. . . .John H. Felder Third Lieutenant S. N. Kennerly Company B. Captain Daniel Livingston Second Lieutenant B. F. Pou First Lieutenant S.G.Jamison Third Lieutenant G.D.Jones Company C. Captain S. M. Kemmerlin Second Lieutenant T.' H. Cook First Lieutenant. .L. H. Zimmerman Third Lieutenant. .John J. Stroman Company D. Captain Collier Second Lieutenant. ..E. H. Holman First Lieutenant J. W. Sellars Third Lieutenant. .Olin M. Dantzler Company B. Captain, i T. H. Mangum Second Lieutenant. .G. E. Steadman First Lieutenant. . ..James M.Day Third Lieutenant. . ..H. R. Guyton Company F. Captain Winchester Graham Second Lieutenant. .J. J. Weissinger First Lieutenant. .George M. Grimes Third Lieutenant. . . .G. W. Grimes Company G. Captain E.J.Frederick Second Lieutenant.. ..S. W. Trottl First Lieutenant. . . . J. D. Rountree Third Lieutenant. . ..G.R.Dunbar Hagood's 1st 12 Months S, C. V. 29 Company H. Captain J. Vincent Martin Second Lieutenant. ..W. B. Flowers First Lieutenant A. T. Allen Tliird Lieutenant W. A, All Company I. Captain James Wliite Second Lieutenant. . .G. H. Breeland First Lieutenant.. ..A. A. Hudson Tliird Lieutenant.. ..Lewis Kinsey Company K. , Captain J.J.Brown Second Lieutenant. . .J. A. Bellinger First Lieutenant W.D.Burt Third Lieutenant F.M.Green As thus organized, the regiment, together with the others raised under the act of the legislature of 1860, was directed to hold itself in readiness for service, and in the meanwhile to perfect, as far as possible, its drill and discipline. The regiment, when mustered into State service subsequently, numbered 832 rank and file. Note — The regiment of six months' men provided for by the Convention assumed the name of "First South Carolina Volunteers," and were also known by this title, as well as the regiment enlisted for the war, which. In the summeraof 1S61, was raised by the field ofllcers of the six months' regiment on the expiration of Its service. Orr's Regiment, subsequently raised, was called First South Carolina Rifles. There was a regiment of Infantry called First South Carolina Regulars. In consequence of this number of first regiments (all Infantry) they were most commonly known by the names of their colonels being added to their numerical designation, thus : "1st S. C. V. (Gregg's), 1st S. C. V. (Hagood's)," etc. Fort Sumter. The regulars and six months' volunteers provided for by the Convention were rapidly enlisted or accepted, respectively, and placed in service in Charleston harbor or on the adjacent islands. These, together with the volunteer militia from the city of Charleston (volunteers under the old militia organization. A. A., 1841), were employed in pressing forward the works projected for the reduction of Fort Sumter^— still held by the Federal Gov- ernment. In April, 1861, the batteries being well advanced and negotiations having failed to secure the delivery of the fortress, it was determined to take it by force of arms,* and vindicate the fact of secession. •The immediate occasion of this conclusion was the. sailing of a Federal fleet to provision and re-enforce Ft. Sumter. It arrived during the bombardment. 30 Memoirs of the War oe, Secession South Carolina's resumption of her separate sovereignty had been followed by the same act on the part of other Southern States. Each for herself h ' dissolved her connection with the Federal Union, and between themselves had formed a new Con- federacy, with its seat of government at Montgomery. The operations against Fort Sumter had been carried on by South Carolina unaided and were continued from her own resources. Upon application of the State authorities to the Government at Montgomery, in March, General Beauregard, a distinguished officer of the army of the Confederate States, had, however, been assigned to their direction. Now it was desired to have a con- siderable body of troops in reserve in and near Charleston. A large fleet of Federal vessels had sailed for Charleston, and it was supposed that Sumter would be reinforced, if possible, or that at least operations in the nature of a diversion would be undertaken by the Federals. Accordingly, by an order dated 8th of April, several of the regiments raised under the legislative act of 1860 were ordered to rendezvous at Charleston. This order was received by the colonel of the First Regiment, at the hands of a special aide of Governor Pickens, on the evening of the 8th, and couriers immediately dispatched to extend it. The First Battalion arrived in the city by railroad at 10 p. m. on the 11th, and the Second Battalion just before day next morning. Upon their arrival they were marched to the race track, where they were at once mustered into the State service, and partially equipped, being supplied with arms, ammunition, and an inadequate supply of cooking utensils. At 8 a. m. on the 12th, the muster rolls were handed in to the State Adjutant-General, and the Regiment directed to report to General Beauregard. The bombardment had commenced at 4 a. m. and was then in full progress. The Regiment received orders to proceed by such transportation as should be furnished it to Morris Island, and report to the general then commanding. The Second (12 months') Regiment — Colonel Kershaw's — rand a portion of the Sixth — Colonel Rion's — from the greater railroad facilities of the country in which they were raised, were enabled to reach Charleston a few hours sooner, and had been sent over to the same island directly across the harbor, just before the bombard- ment commenced. The Fifth Regiment (Jenkins') arrived later, Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V, 31 and was sent to Sullivan's Island. The Third (Bacon's) and the Fourth (Sloan's) arrived still later and were held in reserve on Charleston neck. The other battalion of Rion's Eegiment was placed on Stono. In consequence of the bombardment being in progress, the First Eegiment was directed to proceed across Ashley River to Dill's Landing, on James Island; thence across James Island to Legare Landing upon a creek running into Light House Inlet, and thence to Morris Island. The quartermaster, Colonel Hatch, was unable to furnish the transportation across Ashley- River until 3 p. m. that day. The men had been supplied with neither haversacks nor knapsacks, and were without other camp equipage than the cooking utensils above referred to. Their rations had to be transported in bulk, and their baggage was in trunks, valises and carpetbags with which they had left home. The movement commenced,, as intended, at 3 p. m., and the Second Battalion was crossed over the Ashley without their baggage or rations (the boat being unable to carry more than the men), when the boat broke some of her machinery and the crossing stopped. A cold, driving rain came up, succeeded for the balance of the night by a bleak northeast wind. The regi- ment bivouacked — one battalion upon the wharf in Charleston, and the other at Dill's Landing, without food or shelter. Early next morning the remaining battalion was got across the river, and by noon the whole had moved across James Island to Legare's, where deficiency of transportation again delayed them some hours. Embarking before night, Morris Island was reached between 10 and 11 o'clock of the night of the 13th. The regiment was landed near where Battery Wagner subsequently stood, and bivouacked in the sand hills in rear of the Vinegar Hill Battery. One company of the Second Battalion (Captain Graham's) had, however, crossed James Island on the night of the 12th, and, obtaining transportation at Legare's, arrived on Morris Island about daylight on the 13th. Much suffering attended the whole movement. Ten or twelve men fainted on the wharf in Charleston from exposure and want of food. The only meal that many of the men obtained from leaving the race course to the morning of the 14th was at Legare's Landing. It was diiRcult to extricate the barrels, in which their rations were, 32 Memoirs of the Wak or Secession from the piles of luggage on the 'stream, and when extricated the stomach revolted froiri the wet and soured mess. The proper equipment of the men with knapsacks and haversacks at the race course would have greatly mitigated their sufferings. But in the inception of a revolutionary movement, and with men and oflScers fresh from civil life, these troubles were unavoidable. The bombardment, which had commenced at 4 a. m. on the 12th, continued until about 1 p. m. on the 13th, when the fort surren- dered. During the passage of the Ashley and the march across James Island we were in full view of the scene. The tempestuous weather of the preceding night had been succeeded by a lovely April day. Negroes were busily at work in the fields of James Island, the air was vocal with birds, and vegetation was as for- ward as it would have been a month later in the middle country from which the regiment had come. Contrasting strangely with this lovely rural scenery and continued pursuit of peaceful avoca- tions, the roar and reverberation of the distant bombardment called attention to the doomed fortress in the bay. And, indeed, to eyes unused to the grand spectacles of war, it was full of sublimity. The bursting of the shells over the fort, marked by light puffs of smoke, slowly fading out into fantastic wreaths, the lurid flash from the portholes shooting out low down its level column of smoke over the water, as the besieged sent back defiance to the leaguer, the burning barracks, the consciousness that this was war, with its glories, its terrors, its uncertainties — all tended to impress vividly the imagination of the beholder. While we were at Legare's the flagstaff of the fort was shot away, and its fall was greeted with enthusiastic cheers by the. regiment. These had scarcely subsided when one generous fellow called out, "Hurrah for Anderson, too," and more than one voice responded to his call. There was one person, however, a type of her class, perhaps, who did not take in fully the magnitude of the occasion. A soldier called to an aged negress, patiently delving with others in a field by the roadside, "Old woman, what's the matter over yonder?" "Eh, eh; you no see the house afire?" The formal evacuation of the fort took place on the 14th, the garrison withdrawing with the honors of war, and being trans- ferred to one of the Federal vessels lying in the offing. A vast concourse of people witnessed it from the shores of the harbor, Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 33 and the waters of the bay were alive with boats and sightseers. Thus fell Fort Sumter. In a military point of viewi its defense was contemptible — to realize how contemptible one need only look to the ruins of the same work held later in the war by Ehett, Elliott and Mitchell, without a gun to reply to Gilmore's 200 Parrotts, or a casement to shelter them, save such as they them- selves tunnelled in the debris, working under a merciless fire. The tenacity of purpose which could avail itself of passive resistance and fight for time had no place in their defense.: A formidable fleet lay idly by and witnessed the bombardment and surrender without an effort either by force or stratagem to aid the garrison. The means at the disposal of the Carolinians to reduce .the fort, vigorously held, were totally inadequate. Their breaching guns, necessarily placed at extreme range, were old-fashioned smooth-bores of light caliber, save a rifled 12 dr.,. which for such a purpose was a mere toy. From their shells the casements of the fort were a perfect protection. It is true their hot shots fired the wooden barracks on the terreplein of the fort, and this, while burning, -may have, as alleged, endangered the' magazine, but the barracks soon burned out. Endangered magazines are an incident of every siege, and their explosion within beleaguered forts was no uncommon occurrence on both sides later in the war, and none were even surrendered in consequence. It is true that Anderson's means of damaging his assailants, sheltered behind epaulements, were as limited. He had nothing but- smooth-bores, firing round shot. But neither his ammunition nor commissariat was' exhausted when he surrendered. And photographs of the work taken at the time forever forbid the assertion that its tena- bility was seriously impaired. The walls were injured nowhere; the.projectiles of the nearest batteries had given them the look of a bad case of smallpox, no .more, and not a man had been killed on either side when Anderson's flag was furled. No wonder that European spectators smiled at the bombardment aiid defense. It had to veteran eyes, which saw only the patent facts, sam&- thing of the characteristics of Chinese war. But the truth is the doctrine of State Sovereignty, with its consequent State Rights, was not then the exploded heresy which it has since become. Taught by the most venerated sages of the early 3— H. 34 Memoirs of the War of Secession republic, it had constituted the faith of a large majority of the people, and shaped the course of the government almost uninter- ruptedly from its inception. It was still a mighty, living influence, and gave to the Carolinians the benefit of that morale which is as potent in armies as is the nervous fluid in the human frame. It paralyzed the defense, and gave audacity to the assailant. The whole course of the Federal Government toAvard the seceded States had been that of one who admits a right but seeks to evade its consequences. The Northern press took no higher ground ; and some of its most influential exponents openly admitted the Southern view of the question. Mr. Lincoln, in the face of his life-long advocacy of the principles relied upon by the secessionists, could find no higher ground upon which to put his continued tenure of Sumter than its character of property — a character in which the seceded State was more than willing to consider and account for it in an equitable distribution of assets. Major Anderson was himself a Democrat of the State's Rights school, a Kentuckian by birth and a son-in-law of Duncan L. Clinch, who had tendered his commission to the United States Government years ago, when its mandates were about to place him in antagonism to the sovereignty of Georgia.* On the other hand, he was a trained soldier of the regular army, with all of a soldier's ideas of honor. Thus situated, with his orders, such as they were, emanating from the tricky and shuffling dema- gogues who filled the high places at Washington; himself for some time cut off from communication with his headquarters, and the fleet (which was in direct communication with it, and which was there for nothing if not to assist him) lying idly in his view, and moving no hand to help him, no wonder that he made only such a defense as could by possibility warrant an honorable surrender. Insignificant, however, as was the defense of Sumter and facile as was its reduction, in its results it was an event of tremendous consequence. From that period what little statesmanship and reason had so far marked the controversy, fled the field, and the baleful passions of civil strife were loosed for a four years' carnival of blood and ruthless destruction. The First Regiment remained bivouacked in the sand hills near "Vinegar Hill for four days. It was then moved farther •Memories of Fifty Years, Sparks, p. 134. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 35 down the Island to Gadberry Hill, extending its left toward Vinegar Hill. Here they were again bivouacked. During this time the fleet was still lying off the bar, and the men were con- stantly disturbed at night by false alarms. No camp equipage was received for ten or twelve days; the weather was again tempestuous and cold; the exposure, the wretched water dug from shallow pits in the sand hills, and the inefficient policing of the camps, soon began to tell upon the health of the men. Much sickness ensued. We were a week on the island before the first drill could be had. The men were employed all the time in endeavoring to obtain such shelter as could be improvised, even in many instances constructing burrows in the sand hills, and in the difficult task of getting their rations cooked. In ten or twelve days, however, our supply of tents, etc., began to arrive, and the men were enabled to make themselves more comfortable. Uniforms — a short grey blouse — ^were distributed, drilling was diligently prosecuted, and the regiment began to, assume something of discipline and acquaintance with the routine of camp duty. Brigadier-General Simons (of the Charleston militia), Major-General Bonham, and afterwards Brigadier- General Nelson (the two latter of the 12 months' volunteer organ- ization) were in command. The Charleston militia was soon after the bombardment relieved from duty. Kion's Battalion was sent to Stono, and the First and Second 12 months' Regi- ments, with a half troop of Charleston Volunteer Dragoons, were retained on the island until the batteries bearing on the channel were dismantled, and those bearing on Sumter were demolished. This work accomplished, they also were withdrawn. There was one of these batteries that deserves notice, the "Stevens," or "Iron-Clad," Battery. The following diagram, drawn from recollection, will give some idea of it. The gun is "in battery" and ready for firing: 36 Memoirs of the "Wak of Secession It was ^ structure of triangular section, presenting one of its sides at a very obtuse angle to the enemy, and open to the rear. The frame-work was of heavy timber and the side exposed to fire was plated with common railroad iron, presenting to the hostile projectiles a sloping corrugated surface thus : flfljOJl ' When the guns were not in battery, the portholes were closed by cur- tains similarly plated and worked from the inside by a lever. It was a crude affair, but suiScient for Anderson's light, smooth- bores. It was struck several times; the only injury it showed was a broken hinge to one of the curtains of a porthole, and a partial loosening of one of the iron rails. The interest attaching to this battery is that it was (the writer believes) the first instance of the actual use of iron plating for defensive purposes in war.* It was the precursor, if not the germ, of the iron-clad vessels which played so important a part later in the contest. An iron- clad floating battery had also been attempted by the Carolinians. It took some part at long range in the bombardment, but was generally considered a failure. Clement C. Stevens, then cashier in a bank in Charleston, suggested and executed this work. He subsequently raised a regiment, (24th S. C. V.), was promoted to a brigade and died in battle in the Western Army. General Stevens was a man of high character and intelligence, and earned the reputation of a most excellent officer. He was brother- in-law of Barnard E. Bee, who knighted Jackson at Manassas, dubbing him "Stonewall" a few moments before he himself was borne from that field mortally wounded. Stevens, in the same battle, was wounded on Bee's staff. Oeangebtjeg. The First Eegiment received orders on the 22nd of May to proceed to, or near to, Orangeburg and there be encamped. At 8 o'clock next morning the movement began ; but the quarter- master's department was again our evil genius. It was after dark when we were landed in the city. We marched through, stopping in front of the Charleston Hotel to hear a speech from Governor Pickens, and took the cars for Orangeburg, where the regiment arrived at daylight. During our stay at Orangeburg the •Mistake. See "Iron-clad Ships," Appleton's Cyclopteaia. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 37 regiment improved rapidly in drill and knowledge of military duties. The taking of Confederate service was, however, the chief topic of interest in its history while at that camp, and indeed when that question was decided the camp was broken up. Just after the fall of Sumter, the Governor of Virginia called upon the executive of South Carolina for military assistance. Virginia had not then become a member of the Southern Confederacy, though she had seceded and was threatened with Federal invasion. Governor Pickens dispatched an aide to Morris Island with a circular note to each of the colonels of regiments there, requesting them to call on their respective commands to volunteer for the service, and informing them that, in case of a favorable response, they would move at ten o'clock that night. The Second Regiment (Kershaw's) volunteered something like two hundred men, and the six months' men (Gregg's) a like number. Next day these bodies of volunteers left the island, each under command of its colonel. The balance of these regiments remained on the island. The six months' men that remained were disbanded a few days afterward, and the part of the Second Regiment that remained was subsequently recruited and known as Blanding's Regiment, while the fragments of regiments which Gregg and Kershaw carried to Virginia were rapidly filled up to full regi- ments by independent companies from diflferent parts of South Carolina, who went on to join them. The First Regiment when called upon responded by Mangum's Company volunteering nearly unanimously; the other companies volunteered from ten to thirty men each, but coupled with the condition in each case that the whole company went. No special effort was made by officers to induce the men to volunteer, for it was seen that it would disrupt the regiment, and it was thought more advisable, with a view to subsequently taking Confederate service, to keep it together. A day or so pre- viously (16th April) Governor Pickens had sent over copies of a resolution by the Convention of the State then in session providing that "with their consent" the troops in State service should be transferred to the service of the Confederate States, and had directed the colonels commanding "to report within five days" whether their regiments would consent to be so transferred. A few days after the Virginia call, he came out 38 Memoirs of the War of Secession in the newspapers with a proclamation (which he also directed to be read at the head of the troops) asserting his right to order the twelve months' men to march and serve wherever he deemed proper beyond the borders of the State, and declaring his inten- tion so to do whenever in his judgment the necessary occasion arose. He called upon the Attorney-General for his legal opinion of the Governor's powers in the premises under the act of 1860, and this opinion sustained the views of the proclamation. The troops seemed to consider the proclamation as an attempt to coerce them in a matter in which the Convention, the supreme power in the land, had required their consent. They saw no practical difference, they said, in going abroad to serve the gen- eral interests of the Confederacy, though they were called State troops, and in going abroad entered into Confederate service. They imagined, too, that the proclamation was dictated by irrita- tion at the response made to the Governor's call for Virginia volunteers. And such indignation was felt with the course of the executive that it required an exertion of authority by officers in command to prevent its public expression. No report was made under the Governor's communication of the 16th April, and the question of taking Confederate service remained in this condition at the time the regiment left Morris Island. The object of selecting Orangeburg was because the locality was deemed favorable to the consideration of the question. It was also deemed best by the field officers to obtain (which they succeeded in doing) a general furlough of ten days for the regiment before presenting the subject. The soldier suddenly called from his civil pursuits could in this interval make his arrangements for that more extended service which the necessities of the country required. The morning of the arrival at Orangeburg this furlough was announced, and, upon the reassembling of the com- mand, the matter was fairly opened. In a communication from the Adjutant-General, dated 23rd May, and read too late to com- municate to the regiment before going on furlough, was enclosed the following order: "State of South Carolina, "Headquarters, 19 May, 1861. "The Secretary of War has made two requisitions for troops on the Gov- ernor, amounting to 8,000 men. If the regiments were to be retained by the State as volunteer regiments, then they are subject to orders to march Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 39 whenever and wheresoever directed by the Commander-in-Chief. The reso- lution of the Convention seemed as intended to require that the Governor should give the honor in the first instance to the volunteer regiments to be mustered into the service of the Confederate States, and thus through the action of that body their service should be changed. The President of the Confederate States, Under a recent Act of Congress, as intimated by the Secretary of War, adopted the policy of calling only for companies to be mustered in for the war, and then for the President to appoint the field officers when such companies were formed into battalions or regiments ; but as eight volunteer regiments were already organized in South Carolina, it has been determined to give them the honorable opportunity of going into service as regiments with their field officers. "Under these circumstances it is ordered that the eight regiments of volunteers be prepared by their officers to be mustered into service for their 12-months' enrollment. For this purpose the field officers and company officers with the men of each company will be required to sign a roll agree- ing distinctly to the terms. It will take sixty-four privates as a minimum to make a company to be mustered in, and when a majority of the present roll of a company so agree, then that company by this decision will preserve its present organization as a basis to be filled upon, and if six or more companies in any regiment so agree, then the organization of that regiment may be preserved and a system hereafter to be adopted will be ordered to make up the companies that may thus have a majority, but not sixty-four as the case may be, in that regiment. And then, upon the same system, orders will be given to make up the remaining companies after six, always reserving the right of the company or regiment to elect officers when they (the officers) do not choose to change their service. If ten companies, with sixty-four present in each, be found to agree to the terms, then such regi- ment is complete. "When the eight regiments are made up, a portion of them will be retained by order of the Governor to defend the State of South Carolina ; and if the regiments decline to be mustered into Confederate service, then still a sufficient number of them, under the present organization, will be retained for seacoast defense in this State. In any case, however, this selection will be made. The mustering officer will be ready as soon as the returns are made on this. F. W. Pickens." The following form of enlistment was communicated at the same time : "We, the undersigned officers and privates of Company, Regiment of So. Ca. Volunteers, do hereby agree to be mus- tered unconditionally into the service of the Confederate States of America, to serve for the period of twelve months from the day of April last." 40 Memoirs of the War of Secession It will be' observed that no plan of service is guaranteed in tKese papers, and the order of the 19th May distinctly sets forth that in 'any. event a selection will be made for seacoast service in South . Carolina. In his speech to the regiment while passing through Charleston, the Governor had told them that the portion of the regiment that took Confederate service would go to Vir- ginia, and that which refused would be retained for local defense. In a speech to Blanding's Regiment, which was made a few days later and published in the newspapers (before the question was submitted to the First Regiment), he told them the same thing. And, in a conversation with the colonel and lieutenant-colonel of the First he had expressed the same purpose. It was, more- over, known that Hey ward's and Manigault's Regiments (9th and. 10th, under Act of 1860), raised from the seacoast district, and then being organized, preferred the local service. It may be added that the Executive's speeches and statements, it was after- wards learned, succeeded in giving to the other regiments the same interpretation of the order of the 19th May. An impression had, however, got abroad in the First Regiment that those not taking Confederate service would be disbanded, though it was never doubted that those taking it would go to Virginia. For several days after the proposition was submitted but little progress was made. But few men could be obtained and these were distributed so equally among the companies that no com- pany could obtain "a majority according to its present roll." The charms of home were too strong for the call of patriotism. The enemy had been expelled from South Carolina by South Caro- linians unaided and at one effort; let other States do the same thing. Virginia has not yet been invaded; let her drive the Federal from Norfolk as South Carolina had done from Sum- ter, and the Government at Washington, seeing that the South was determined upon independence, will not be reckless enough to involve the whole continent in war. Thus many of the men and even officers reasoned; and not yet broken into the requirements of the military code, and sore from its unaccustomed restraints, they readily listened to such reason- ing. The regiment was encamped in the country from which nearly half of it was raised; the friends and relatives of the men were daily in camp, and, strange to say, this outside Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 41 influence was largely exerted against going into Confederate service. This, too, in the Third Congressional District, the very- hotbed of secession. The people had no conception of the magni- tude of the struggle in which they had embarked. Thus matters stood. The officers fearing the vacillation of Executive counsels, with the disbandment of the portion of Gregg's Eegiment (nearly two-thirds) which did not take Confederate service and with the terms of the order of the 19th May before them, hesitated to take the only step by which it was evident the question could be carried. They hesitated to assure the regiment that the question was not between disbandment and Confederate service, but between Virginia and the seaboard. At length General Jamison, Secretary of War for South Carolina, happened unofficially to visit the camp, and told them that they might safely take this step, for he was apprised of the views of the Executive. The assurance was accordingly given and it was found necessary to pledge the honor of the officers that the issue was as presented. Upon this six skeleton companies were raised, and the organiza- tion of the regiment preserved under the terms of the order. White's Company had at an earlier date unanimously declined to take Confederate service, and arrangements had, with consent of all parties, been effected to exchange it for Eice's Company of Heyward's Regiment, who desired to go to Virginia. A report of the facts was made on the 2nd June, with a request for a mustering officer to be sent up to muster in the regiment as it stood — to dispatch it at once to Virginia — and to allow the necessary recruits to follow. The request was declined in an Executive communication dated 3rd June, and the regiment was informed that "A skeleton regiment cannot be sent to Virginia ; it must be full and complete." On the 4th June Lieutenant- Colonel (afterwards General) Barnard E. Bee, having mustered in Jenkins' (Fifth) Eegiment, encamped near us, informed the colonel commanding the First that he was also instructed to muster in the First, if it was completed, and at the same time handed him the following: "Mustering Officers' Office, "Orangeburg, S. C, 4 June, 1861. "Under instructions from tlie Governor, Colonel Hagood, commanding First Regiment Soutli Carolina Volunteers, will make the necessary arrange- 42 Memoirs or the Wae of Secession ments for transferring that portion of his regiment which has refused to enter the Confederate service to the camp at Ridgeville. This portion will be under command of Major O'Caim, and will at once be separated on the regimental records from that portion which has elected to serve the Con- federacy. "The camp equipage will be retained for the use of the regiment, conse- quently Major O'Caim will make requisition for camp and garrison equip- age on Colonel Hatch. "Babnakd E. Bee, "Lt. Col. C. S. Army, "Mustering Officer." Previously, in a letter dated 1st June, the colonel commanding had been instructed by the Governor: "After mustering into Confederate service, the remaining companies and detachments of companies not volunteering will be placed, on the departure of the regiment, under command of the senior officer remaining, who will report for orders to the Adjutant-General's Depart- ment." Sufficient progress had not been made for Colonel Bee, under his instructions, to muster in the regiment ; but the order extended by him was communicated to the command. It was received as practical confirmation of the assurance given by the officers, and before night two more skeleton companies were made up, being eight in all and numbering near 500 men in the aggregate. Collier's Company declined, as a company, to take Confederate service, but many individuals of it had combined with a portion of Kemmerlin's Company. Rice's Company made nine, and Steadman, of Lexington, and Edward Cantey, of Camden, had each, with full companies, applied for the tenth place. Stead- man being the first applicant was notified to bring his company into camp. Recruiting officers were sent out to fill up the skeleton companies, rolls dispatched to the adjutant-general with the request to send up a mustering officer on the Monday following, and the major of the regiment (who had declined Confederate service) was sent down under Bee's order to make arrangements for transferring his portion of the men to the seaboard. On Sunday, Steadman marched his company into camp, over 80 strong, and the recruiting officers returned with recruits enough to raise the skeleton companies to the same average, but, at the Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 43 same time, the major returned with the following communication from the Governor: "State of South Carolina, "Headquarters, 6 June, 1861. "Colonel Hagood. "Sir: I received yours of the 2nd June in which you reported your regi- ment ready for mustering into service. I sent the mustering officer with special Instructions to muster in, and, if under the required number, to receive as a battalion, and, if under a battalion, to receive as companies. I can delay no longer, as I have already delayed longer than I ought. Colonel Glover thought if they could go to Orangeburg there would be no difficulty. Have them mustered in, and the men who decline to muster into service, I desire to have their arms, and those who muster in, I desire to receive imme- diately and malse a permanent arrangement for the summer in the manner best suited to the public service. The Ave regiments recently mustered in, together with the other two already there, are all I can spare out of the State, and I must organize the rest to the best advantage for the State and the public service as soon as possible. If the companies who muster in fall below ten, then I can use them to recruit on and fill up to a regiment, if it is thought necessary hereafter. F. W. Pickens." Matters were thus entirely reversed. The men whose spirit had induced them to volunteer for honorable and active service abroad were condemned to an inglorious summer campaign on the coast, and those whose want of spirit had induced them to prefer the miasma and the mosquitoes of the coast, with the cer- tainty of encountering no enemy, were to be rewarded with a return to their homes. These last were highly jubilant. The men Avho had signed the Confederate rolls were greatly exasperated. The officers had solemnly pledged their honor that the issue was a different one, and self-respect compelled them, as far as they were concerned, to release the men from the obligation of enlist- ing under the new Executive programme. The recent recruits brought in utterly scouted the idea of entering a regiment con- demned to the coast. And when on Monday Captain Dunovant, the mustering officer, came, not a man would muster in. On this report being made, orders were received to retain the whole regiment in service for State defense. A' few days after- ward this again was countermanded; and on the 15th June the regiment was "relieved from duty until further orders." In the interval between the departure of the mustering officer 44 Memoirs of the "War of Secession and the order for the relief of the regiment, the colonel com- manding visited Governor Pickens vrith a scheme to raise an independent regiment for Virginia service. His Excellency seemed utterly dismayed at the result of his communication of the 6th June, and evinced every disposition to remedy the evil by acquiescence in the scheme. The Confederate Secretary at War telegraphed his assent from Eichmond; but the men failed utterly to respond. They had lost confidence in the authorities; the delights of home loomed up in magnified proportions; the last spark of volunteer enthusiasm was extinguished; and they seemed bent on disbandment at whatever discredit to themselves or consequence to the country. Desiring to disembarrass the question of every difficulty, the field officers issued a card to the regiment, pledging themselves to resign if one-half of each of eighty names as six companies would again sign the roll for Confederate service; and not a single name was given in. A few spirited company officers then proposed that the officers of the regiment ban4 themselves into a company, and, taking the beautiful banner with which the ladies of Barnwell had presented us when the regiment was supposed to be going to Virginia, carry out the purpose of the fair donors.* This, too, failed. It was a pitch of self-devotion to which volunteer human nature could not attain. The issue of Confederate service was presented to the other regiments who were already mustered in, in the same way that it was to the First. . Similar indisposition to accept was in each of them, more or less, encountered. But the .question was pre- sented to them ten days earlier in consequence of the furlough which its field officers had perhaps unfortunately obtained for the First, and consequently they got off for Virginia before their own or any other recusants were disbanded. It may be too that they were more adroitly managed by the officers in com- mand. When the subject of re-enlistment for the war came up, twelve months afterwards, the First regiment redeemed itself by raising and enlisting eleven companies quietly and without effort before the first enlistment of the men had expired. The writer is not accurately informed, but believes this was the only one of •These gentlemen had probably never heard of "The Island of the Scots," but In this connection It will be pleasant to read "Lays of the Scottish Cavalry," p. 94. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 45 the South Carolina regiments, and he is inclined to think the only regiment in the Confederate army, which thus by voluntary re-enlistment renewed its service at that time to that extent. The pressure of the Confederate Conscription Act* directly or indi- rectly gave continued existence to these original organizations. Volunteering is by far the best method of raising suddenly large armies for a popular war. The enthusiasm of the people is thus utilized before it has evanesced; but once enlisted (and that for the war) the word should be expunged from the soldier's vocabu- lary. It was observed, too, under similar circumstances of so large a number of offices to be filled, when an appointing power had not the time or ability to make itself acquainted with the merits of applicants, that the election of officers by the men in the first instance resulted in as good, if not a better, selection than when the government appointed. Any subsequent promotions by elec- tion after the troops are in service, and men and officers have the opportunity of exhibiting their fitness for position, is an unmiti- gated evil. It was in the modified form in which it existed in the regulations of the Confederate army, the lowest grade only being elective, a drawback upon discipline, which none can realize who has not experienced a similar state of affairs. Blanding's and Rion's (Sixth) Eegiment struggled on manfully after the First was relieved from duty, and after a month's longer work were mustered into Confederate service. No sooner was this done than they were ordered to Virginia; and this, notwithstanding the Governor's letter of the 6th June to the First Eegiment. Eelibved From Dttty. During the time it was relieved from duty the State authorities sometimes acted as if the regiment was finally disbanded; at other times as if it was only temporarily relieved and no further service expected from it. Mangum's Company was armed and permitted to go West, where it entered Colonel Martin's First ♦This Act was passed after the First Regiment had re-enllsted for the war. Note. — The Banner Presented ty the Ladles 0} Barnwell. — At Gordonsvllle, in the first march into Maryland, the regiment was required to assume the Confederate battle flag, and Colonel Glover left this banner in keeping of some gentleman of the town. Glover was killed shortly afterward at Second Manassas ; the namle Of the gentleman was lost and the banner never recovered. 46 Memoirs of the War of Secession Mississippi Eegiment, of which Mangum himself became the major. McCreery was encouraged to raise a company from individuals of the regiment to join a new regiment Colonel Gregg was raising "for the war," the time of the six months' men whom he had carried to Virginia having expired.* And though a remonstrance was made by Captain Brown, whose company was chiefly affected, and the names of his men in McCreery's Com- pany furnished the Governor, yet his Excellency, while asserting that he had forbidden McCreery to recruit from the First Eegiment, upon the filing of his roll in the Adjutant-General's office, furnished him with transportation to Virginia. Captain Lartigue, quartermaster of the regiment, and others also received Executive countenance in efforts to raise independent commands. On the other hand, individual members of the regiment were required to obtain furloughs before leaving the State, sometimes requiring the assent of the regimental commander and sometimes not. Many members of the regiment without obtaining leave straggled off to Virginia, where they permanently attached them- selves to different organizations. From Orangeburg the colonel of the regiment went to Charleston and obtained a furlough for three months, not supposing the regiment would be again called into service, if at all, before the winter campaign in the South should open. Thence, after a couple of days in making the necessary preparations at home, he went to Virginia equipped as a private and prepared to do such service as might offer during his leave of absence. He was fortunate enough to be able to render some assistance as engineer in charge, under Captain Stevens, C. S. A., of the works near Fairfax Court House between the Falls Church and Flint Hill Koads, and had the honor to carry a rifle in the Palmetto Guard of Kershaw's Eegi- ment in the retreat from Fairfax, and in the battle of Bull Eun and of Manassas Plains. At Bull Eun the participation of Kershaw's Eegiment was confined to sustaining a canonade behind the lines and to two sorties during the day in support of Kemper's Battery of Field Artillery. At Manassas it was more actively engaged. After •McCreery, a native of Barnwell and graduate of the Citadel Military School, had been a private in the First S. C. V. He subsequently rose to the command of Gregg's Regiment and was killed in battle in 1865. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 47 the arrival of Colonel Hagood in Virginia, the following mem- bers of the First came on with similar furloughs: Lieutenant John H. Felder, Lieutenant John A. Bellinger, Sergeant E. I. Felder, Sergeant Donald Eowe, Privates Meredith, Jaudon, Eobinson, Ben Hart, and Sergeant (afterwards Lieutenant) Dibble.* They attached themselves as privates to Kershaw's Regiment and did duty as such while in Virginia. At Manassas Lieutenant Bellinger and Sergeant Felder, together with Burwile Barnwell, of Beaufort, S. C, assisted Colonel Hagood in working one of the guns of Eickett's captured battery against the retreating enemy. SUMMEEVILLE. The regiment assembled at Summerville on the South Carolina Eailroad under the following order : "State of South Carolina, "Headquarters, 13 July, 1861. "Special Orders : "No. 156. "1. The Second (Blanding's) and Sixth Regiments of South Carolina Vol- unteers having been ordered to Virginia, and Colpnel R. H. Anderson, com- manding provisional forces in South Carolina, having made a requisition for troops to replace them in the defense of the State, the First Regiment of South Carolina Volunteers is ordered to rendezvous at Summerville on the 20th day of July inst. "2. Colonel Hagood being absent from the State, Lieutenant-Colonel Glover is placed in command of the regiment and will extend this order. *Member of Congress from South Carolina In 1881. Note. — Lieutenant Felder contracted typhoid fever and died two months after- ward. Lieutenant Bellinger, a spirited and meritorious officer, was killed in a duel, the result of an unfortunate misunderstanding with a brother officer, later In the war. Captain Stevens, Confederate States engineer, was a graduate of West Point from New York, and at the breaking out of the war was In the United States Army In Texas. He resigned his commission and cast his fortunes with the Confederacy. In 1864 he was chief engineer of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia with the rank of brigadier general, when the writer had the pleasure of agreeably renewing his acquaintance with him. After the war General Stevens, with others, accepted a voluntary exile In Mexico, where he died a few years later. The venerable and eccentric Edmund Buffin served as a private In the Palmetto Guards, both at Bull Run and Manassas. His whole being seemed to be enlisted in the Southern Cause, and after the disastrous close of the war, declining, in his own words, "to survive the liberties of his country," he put a voluntary period to his existence. 48 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession "3. Colonel Glover will report for orders to Colonel R. H. Anderson, com- manding provisional forces. . . . "By order of tiie Governor. "Chaeles H. Simonton, "Acting Adjutant General." Nine companies were represented at the rendezvous, Man- gum's company having gone West. None were full and some were mere fragments. Colonel Hagood returned from Virginia during the first week in August and took command on the 10th. The recruiting of the regiment had been commenced; and the question of entering military Confederate service was again pre- sented under the condition indicated in the following communi- cation : "State of South Carolina, "Headquarters, 14 August, 1861. "Colonel Johnson Hagood, Commanding First S. C. V. "Sir : In order to prevent any misunderstanding, I beg leave to say that the alternative is not presented to your regiment to muster into Confed- erate service or to be disbanded. On the contrary, such injustice will not be done. ... If any refuse Confederate service they will be kept on duty until their time expires. "Very respectfully, "Chaeles H. Simonton, "Acting Adjutant General." Under this communication all inducements to refuse Confed- erate service was apparently removed. Still the bona fide of the communication was doubted by some; and, to anticipate some- what, the sequel showed they were well posted upon the vacillat- ing counsels which ruled at State headquarters. After keeping the recusants in service for some time they were, on the 30th September following, disbanded. Brown's and Frederick's Com- panies failed to obtain a basis to recruit upon for Confederate service, as provided for in the order of 19th May, but many of their respective commands entered other companies of the regi- ment for that purpose. Two companies from Barnwell, com- manded respectively by Captains Duncan and Brabham, and one from Williamsburg, commanded by Captain J. G. Pressly (late of Gregg's six months' regiment), were received to fill the vacant places. And thus at length the regiment was mustered Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 49 into Confederate service. As soon as this was accomplished, attention was at once directed to obtaining orders for Virginia service; and, though these efforts were principally made while the regiment was stationed elsewhere, the subject will be disposed of at once. In linducing the men to take Confederate service, and especially in obtaining new companies to fill the vacant places, it was impressed upon them that they were to enlist "unconditionally," and without a pledge from the Government as to the locality of service. The seacoast from the approach of winter, when . active operations might be then anticipated, had become less unpopular. Still Virginia was in general estimation the field of honor. The men composing the new Confederate regiments desired to go there, and it was clear all the way through that without the chance of the regiment being ordered to the seat of war the regiment could not be raised. Governor Pickens had made the proposition to Lieutenant-Colonel Glover, command- ing, for the regiment "to muster in, upon the same terms as had been accorded to the Ninth and Tenth regiments. Those regi- ments are now in Confederate service upon the understanding, not expressed in writing, that they are to be used in defence of South Carolina" (see his letter), and at the same time sending him the printed "unconditional" rolls. The Governor's letter was suppressed ; it was thought if he wished to limit the written contract he was encouraging a regiment, then undoutbedly under his control, to make with the Confederate Government it was his business to address his communication to that Government, and if they were unwilling to accept his modifications (as they were known to be) then to have kept the regiment on the State estab- lishment, as he had the right to do. . On applying to Anderson (now General), commanding in Charleston, for a mustering officer, the General, as a matter of form, telegraphed the Governor fir his assent and received for reply : "The Governor consents on the same terms accorded to Heyward's and Manigault's regi- ments." These were respectively the Ninth and Tenth. General Anderson sent the mustering officer up, and with him sent the telegram. Colonel Hagood did not communicate the telegram to the regiment, but, taking advantage of some errors in the muster rolls, sent the mustering officer back with the following communi- cation : 4— II 50 Memoirs or the War of Secession "In Camp near Summerville, S. O., "21 Aug., 1861. "General: Lieutenant Miles (the mustering officer sent me today and who will deliver this) desires the muster rolls made out anew in conse- quence of some defect of form. He showed while here a telegram from Captain Simonton, Acting Adjutant General of South Carolina, to you, saying that Governor Pickens desired the First Regiment mustered in on the terms accorded to Heyward's and Manigault's regiments. In a conver- sation had with you a few days ago, I understood you to say that these regiments were mustered into Confederate service unconditionally, and that these were the only terms upon which any regiment had been, or would be, received. The printed agreement furnished us by the State Adjutant Gen- eral Department to be signed preliminary to mustering in is expressly unconditional in its terms, and I wish to state that it is upon the expressed terms of that agreement and no other that the regiment has consented to, and now takes Confederate service. "Very respectfully, "Johnson Hagood, "Colonel First S. C. V." General Anderson sent the mustering officer back next day, and we took leave of the State service with this protest on file and a part of the contract. Desiring to remove all obstacles whatever to our Virginia scheme, General Jamison was induced to seek an interview with the Governor, which resulted in his giving his written consent to the regiment being ordered to that State. General Jamison for- warded to Colonel Hagood the paper by mail, and it had hardly arrived when Governor Pickens addressed a letter to Lieutenant Colonel Glover revoking his consent. This letter was not addressed to the "Lieutenant Colonel" with any addition indi- cating that his Excellency thought Glover was in command, and as Colonel Hagood was then in command, and had been since 10th August, he took no notice of the revocation but wrote to General Bonham in Virginia desiring that he would seek to have us attached to his brigade, and commenced also the following cor- respondence which shows the result of our aspirations in that direction : "Headquarters First S. C. V., "8th Sept., 1861. "Bon. L. P. Walker, Secretary at War, Richmond. "Sir: I beg leave respectfully to enclose you a paper from Governor Pickens, giving his consent for my regiment to leave for Virginia and to Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 51 apply for orders. My regiment was of the twelve months volunteers called for by the State last winter, the first organized and received into service. It has been late to take Confederate service for reasons that it is needless to speak of now ; but none of which reflect either upon the spirit of the men or their readiness to serve the Confederacy. We have been in service since 13th April last, and are as well drilled as any of the Carolina troops now In Virginia. I speak from recent observation. We are receiving our winter uniforms as fast as they are made, and I feel assured that by the 20th this month our equipment for the winter will be complete. If in your judgment compatible with the interest of the service, it would be agreeable to us to be brigaded with the other South Carolina troops in Bonham's command. "I am, sir, very respectfully, "Johnson Hagood, "Colonel First S. C. V." "Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, "Richmond, 18 Sept., 1861. "Sir : The Secretary at War has decided, and I am instructed to inform you, that after considering the endorsement on your letter of the 8th inst. by General Ripley, it is deemed inexpedient to order your regiment to Vir- ginia at this time. The following is the endorsement by General Ripley referred to : 'Colonel Hagood's regiment is eminently qualified to do good service in Virginia, or elsewhere, but at present and until the coast defenses are in proper condition, its services are indispensable in South Carolina. It is now at Stono — a very important post.' "Very respectfully, "M. Chuttal. A. A. G. "Colonel Hagood, First S. C. V." Thus terminated our present hopes of Virginia. But the regi- ment had taken no local service. It was ready to serve when the War Department thought its services were needed, and having used all the means in its power to obtain marching orders for the seat of war it felt that at length it stood straight upon the record. The tide of war soon began to roll southward. Hatteras fell; South Carolina was invaded, and the defeat of our Virginia project was no longer the subject of serious regret. Posts on Stono. On the 28th August, the sailing of the Hatteras expedition having become known, and its destruction being uncertain, Gen- eral Ripley (who had succeeded General Anderson in command 52 Memoirs of the War of Secession in South Carolina), ordered the First Kegiment to Coles Island, one of the posts on Stono — the back entrance into Charleston harbor. Colonel Hagood was assigned to the command of these posts and directed to make his headquarters on Coles Island. Here the regiment remained for the rest of its twelve months' enlistment. Its equipment was completed in every particular, and a regular course of instruction instituted. The officers were required to write on the tactics daily to the colonel, using a black- board in demonstration ; and at the same time the officers and non- commissioned officers were practically instructed in the drill. They were together drilled in the school of the "soldier squad" and "company," and then in a battalion skeleton drill. In this skele- ton drill the privates of the rank were represented by two men carrying a light rod the length of a small company and the officers and non-commissioned officers occupied their proper rela- tive positions. The colonel was throughout personally the instructor. Afterwards the course was completed by extending it to the regiment at large. Much attention was also given to the proper performance of sentry and other camp duty. The bene- ficial effects of these efforts were soon seen in the drill and cheerful discipline of the command, and in the creation of a high esprit du corps. Afterwards, although the regiment was to be used only as an infantry support, it was thought proper to instruct ten men of each company in the use of heavy artillery, and subsequently two companies were assigned to batteries and thoroughly instructed in this duty. One of these companies (Captain Pressley's) was placed in charge of Fort Pickens on Battery Island, and the other (Captain Glover's) was put in charge of two batteries on Coles Island. A large amount of fatigue duty was also done by the regiment in the construction of a wagon causeway between Fort Pickens and Coles Island, and in the erection of barracks, the building of bomb-proof batteries, etc. The island was made a strongly forti- fied post with barracks for .1,000 men. Commissary and quarter- master buildings, bake houses, hospital and everything else com- plete. . A well-supplied commissariat, with a sutler's shop, added much to the comfort of the men. A daily mail, beside telegraphic communication with the city, was established. And, in short, the Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. Vj 53 service for the last months of our time had more of the char-- aster of garrison life in time of peace than of campaigning. In addition to the First South Carolina Volunteers there were stationed on Stono 150 Eegulars under Major G. J. Lucas, and two companies of Volunteers, under A. A. 1841, from Charleston, commanded respectively by Captain J. J. Pope and 'Captain S. Y. Tupper. When this class of Volunteers was recalled from service, in order to reorganize the military system of the State, two companies of Volunteers "for the war" from Charleston, under Captains Simonton and Lloyd, were sent in their place. These two companies called themselves the Eutaw Battalion and carried the colors borne by Colonel William Washington's regi- ment in the Eevolutionary battle of that name. It was a piede of red damask without device, and looked as if it had once cov- ered a piece of furniture. The fall of Port Koyal was the only event of interest that marked the winter campaign of 1861-62 in South Carolina. It was. remarkably calm on both days of the attack, and the can- nonade was very distinctly heard at Coles Island. On the first day Colonel Hagood telegraphed to the general commanding the department asking for his regiment to be ordered to the scene of action, but without success. After the reduction of that post of defense, our line, which had been heretofore upon the outer beach of the island lining the coast, was withdrawn to the main. All the seacoast or island positions south of Coles Island were aban- doned after being first dismantled. The new line of defense from Coles Island southwardly ran along the eastern bank of Stono to the main and thence along the main to the Savannah River. Occasional patrols visited the abandoned islands, and sometimes considerable bodies of troops in the nature of advanced guards occupied them. The enemy made an effort early in Jan- uary to force his way inland from Port Eoyal with a view to cutting the Charleston and Savannah Eailroad, but was repulsed. Subsequently his efforts were limited to marauding upon the abandoned territory, keeping well under the shelter of his gun- boats. His attention seemed directed more to the City of Savan- nah and the coast southward and northward of South Carolina. A blockading steamer was generally lying off Stono, but some- times it would disappear for weeks. During the last of December 54 Memoirs of the War of Secession this steamer running in rather close, several shots were exchanged with one of our batteries. The distance, however, was too great, and had Colonel Hagood been at the post he would not have per- mitted the battery to reply to her fire. The blockade was run two or three times from this inlet, and once a small vessel attempting it was captured and a large one burned in our view, but unfortunately beyond our range. This last was owned and commanded by a New York Yankee, who had heard that salt was scarce in Secesscia and had hoped to make an honest penny at the expense of the "best government the world ever saw." The posts on Stono, and their retention or abandonment in its relation to the defense of Charleston, was a subject of earnest and even angry discussion at the time, and the military critic will have to accord to the decision finally enforced a most important bearing upon subsequent operations against the city. Stono Inlet is a little southwest of, and ten miles from Charles- ton. A bar, as in all other Southern Atlantic bays, lies in front of it and about two miles out at sea. Directly across its mouth and a little in front of it lies Bird Key, a sand bank nearly covered at high tide. Coles Island lies at the head of the inlet towards the north. It is near two miles long and from one hundred and fifty to three hundred and fifty yards wide. FoUey Island is the eastern and Kiawah Island the western boundary of the inlet. At the head of the inlet Folley Eiver comes in from the east and Kiawah Eiver from the west. These two rivers are mere arms of the sea, making the inland boundaries of the islands of the same name. Stono River comes into Kiawah Eiver at the western end of Coles Island. This river is also an arm of the sea, running from the point at which it connects with Kiawah in a northerly direction till it comes within four miles of Charleston. In this part of its course it separates John's and James's Islands. At the point nearest Charleston it connects with the waters of Charleston Harbor by Wappoo Cut and creek, which last separates James Island from the main. From Wappoo Cut the Stono runs first northwesterly and then southwesterly until it communicates with the North Edisto Inlet ten miles from and south of west from Stono Inlet. From the time it leaves Wappoo Cut the Stono Eiver separates from the main first John's Island and then Wadmalaw Island. In the latter part of its course it is known as Wadmalaw Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 55 Map of 56 Memoirs of the War or Secession Eiver. FoUey Kiver communicates by a creek with the waters of the harbor at a point between James Island and Morris Island, as also with Light House Inlet. The channel across the bar in front of Stono Inlet is five feet deep at low, and thirteen feet deep at high water. It is deep but narrow after it has crossed the bar until it has come round Bird Key and entered the inlet. Here it is a mile and three-eighths from the nearest point of Coles Island. From that point the channel through the inlet up Kiawah to Stono Kiver and up Stono Eiver to Church Flats is wide and amply sufficient for vessels of any draft. Church Flats is the point, some ten miles beyond Wappoo, where the Stono changes its name to Wadmalaw Eiver. Through these flats the channel is intricate and shallow, but from thence to North Edisto it is again good. Through Wappoo Cut vessels which may at low or half tide pass the Stono Bar, can pass to Charleston. Bat- tery Island lies up Stono some two and a half miles from Coles Island and is, in fact, the southwestern point of James Island. The Stono batteries were located by General Beauregard just before the attack on Sumter. Their object then was to prevent reinforcements being thrown into the fort in small boats ; no more serious efforts of the enemy were anticipated from that. direction. He, therefore, located one battery on the eastern end of Coles Island to control FoUey Eiver and one on Battery Island, where the Stono is not over 600 yards wide, to control that river. Afterwards it became necessary to consider these posts in view of operations against the city. In consequence of the strength of its harbor defenses, it was supposed a land attack upon Charles- ton must be conducted by first obtaining some harbor above or below it on the coast as a base of operations. Bulls Bay lies northeast of the city some thirty miles, but the country between that point and the city is intricate, and Wando and Cooper rivers intervene. It would be necessary to make a detour to head the one and cross the other high up, in order to get upon the peninsular on which Charleston is built. Port Eoyal to the south was too far off for a good base of operations. North Edisto and Stono Inlets remained. From either of these, water communica- tions could be had to Wappoo Cut, a point as before stated four miles from Charleston and the very place for their depot of siege material. It was the center of the semi-circumference around Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 57 which only the city could be attacked. From North Edisto, how- ever, the navigation through Church Flats was bad, and that line of communication (as well as the line from either Bulls Bay or Port Royal) was exposed to the effects of an army operating in the field to assist the besieged city. From Stono Inlet the naviga- tion, once in, was excellent; and the line of communication was entirely in the rear of and completely covered by an advancing enemy. For these reasons it became important to strengthen the defenses of Stono Inlet. The engineer. Major (afterwards General) Trapier, charged with the work, forgetting the different object had in view by General Beauregard in locating his battery at Coles Island, endeavored to strengthen that post by adding guns in the same locality, and running a slight infantry trench across the island near these guns to resist an enemy landed on the western part of the island and assailing in flank. While this effectually closed FoUey River, it admitted of a fleet passing up the inlet at least seven-eighths of a mile from the nearest gun ; and once in Stono River nothing remained but to reduce the slight barbette work at Battery Island, which could only be considered as a second line of defense, being too far to assist in the defense of Coles Island. Again, Green Creek, a navigable stream over a hundred yards wide, ran from Stono eastward and not over a half a mile in rear of Coles Island, enabling an enemy who had reached that point to take these batteries in reverse. From the length of Coles Island and its crescent-like shape, the arch being toward the inlet, Trapier's batteries could not be brought to bear upon an enemy landing upon its western end. A flank land attack and an attack in reverse were, therefore, tacitly accepted by this plan of defense; and that with sand batteries (men epaulements) not closed at the gorge, and with guns half of which could not be traversed over 150 degrees. Colonel Hagood, on taking command, urged upon General Ripley, commanding the department, a rearrangement of the defenses, and without success at first. Subsequently the gen- eral's consent was obtained, and the following plan was adopted. A system of detached batteries with few guns in each was extended along the whole shore line of Coles Island from Folley to Stono Rivers. At each of these batteries bomb-proof shelters 5i-o/?o MAWAH I Battery Island — 2 24 drs. Battery 1 — 1 32 drs. rifled. Battery 2 — 2 24 drs. smooth. Battery 3 — 2 24 drs. smooth. Battery 4 — 2 18 drs. smooth. ARMAMENT. Battery 5 — 2 32 drs. smooth. Battery 6 — 1 Columb. 10'. Battery 7 — 2 24 drs. smooth ; 2 24 drs. rifled. Battery 8 — 3 42 drs. smooth ; 1 Columb. 10'. Battery 9 — 2 32 drs, smooth ; 1 Columb. 8"'. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 59 were constructed for the artillerists and infantry supports, and a large bomb-pnoof for the infantry reserve was located in a central position. These batteries and bomb-proof shelters were connected by covered ways where the natural features of the island did not afford sufficient protection for the passage of troops under fire. The batteries were still barbette epaulements, but the chances of being passed by. a hostile fleet were diminished from the fact that along the western part of the island (along the Kiawah) the whole river was not more than 600 yards wide and in some places the channel was within 200 yards of the batteries. Colonel Hagood also recommended the piling or other obstructions of FoUey and Kiawah rivers under the fire of the batteries. Trapier's infantry trench was leveled in order to give free pass- age in rear of the batteries ; half the guns at Battery Island were brought to Coles Island ; and some additional guns were obtained. General Ripley, however, directed the piling down in Stono Eiver under the guns of Battery Island and the placing of infernal machines across the channel between Bird Key and FoUey Island. By this arrangement Coles Island once passed by the enemy, even with one ship, and he had the use of Green Creek ; and the great advantage of delaying him under our heaviest fire was given up. The infernal machines, or torpedoes, were a failure. A. few days after they were put down, a large raft of logs intended for building bomb-proofs broke loose from Coles Island and going out with the tide floated over them. Froberg, the carpenter in charge, took some assistants in a rowboat, went after the raft and towed it back over them again without an explosion. The Confederates later brought torpedoes to a nearer approach to perfection, especially when they were not required to remain too long before use. Such were the defenses of Stono. When the batteries were as first arranged by Trapier, General R. E. Lee, then Commander- in-Chief in South Carolina, visited them and advised General Ripley to abandon the position. Subsequently, when the changes spoken of had been made. General Pemberton, who had suc- ceeded General Lee in the chief command, visited Coles Island and expressed the opinion that it had been made too strong to abandon now, but also expressed dissatisfaction with the selection of the island for defense at all. He seemed to think that the 60 Memoirs or ie War of Secession post could withstand a naval attack, but would fall before com- bined land and naval operations. The adjacent islands of Kiawah and FoUey being conceded to the enemy in the plan of defense; he laid much stress upon their ability to establish mortar bat- teries on these. General Eipley still seemed bent on maintaining the post, and Colonel Hagood suggested that there being no adequate line of retreat for the garrison, and the comparatively large armament being invaluable to us, of which the removal in face of an enemy there was no possibility, the post should be further strengthened until it filled the requisition of an isolated self-sustaining fortress, capable of sustaining a siege as long as the City of Charleston holds out. As such it would do good service in depriving an enemy before the city of the use of Stono and compelling him to have recourse to the more exposed and difficult communication by Church Flats for bringing up his supplies and siege material. To this the reply was made that we had neither guns nor ammunition available for such a pur- pose. On the 25th March, Colonel Hagood received orders, emanating from General Pemberton, to evacuate the post. Believing that an evacuation once determined upon should be rapidly executed, he, in forty-eight hours afterward, had every gun but five, with its ammunition, etc., loaded on flats ready to be towed up to Charleston, when countermanding orders were received with directions to have everything placed in statu quo, but to cease completing the works as originally designed. The best explana- tion he received of this vacillation of purpose was that the judg- ment of General Pemberton dictated the order, and that outside pressure from the State authorities induced him to defer its execution. Hagood's Eegiment remained in occupation of Coles Island until the 13th of April, 1862, when it was relieved by Stevens's Twenty-fourth South Carolina Volunteers. Stevens remained a short time on the island when the orders above referred to were renewed and the troops and material withdrawn. A picket was kept on the island with instructions to fire the buildings and withdraw before the approach of the enemy. The steamer "Planter" was used in withdrawing the material. Shortly after- ward the desertion of her crew to the enemy carried information Hagood's 1st. 12 Months S. C. V. 61 of the evacuation. This IcJ to an immediate advance of the enemy by way of Stono against Charleston, which terminated in their repulse before Secessionville. Coles Island was never afterward occupied by the Confederates. The waters of the inlet were always held by one or more gunboats of the enemy, and Stono was the point d'appui of all subsequent operations against Charleston. General Pemberton was severely criticized by military men for the change in the plan of defense of the city, and, in fact, so lost the confidence of the people of the State by it as to lead to his removal from the command and assignment to duty elsewhere. There can be no doubt of the error of the movement in the light of the subsequent events of the war. There had been, however, from the beginning of the war, exaggerated ideas of the power of gunboats as compared with earthworks. Now their development into ironclads was a new element to be considered, and the success of the Virginia (or Merrimac) in silencing the enemy's batteries at Newport News, since Pemberton's visit to Coles Island, had produced the impression on the minds of many that earthworks would prove no match for these new engines of naval war. Accepting these views as correct, there was reason to eliminate this formidable agency in which the greater mechan- ical facilities of the enemy gave him superiority, by withdrawing our lines whenever practicable beyond its reach. General Pem- berton, in a conversation with the writer in Virginia in 1864, defended his action at length as the best under the circumstances ; cited General Lee's opinion when in command here, in confirma- tion, and referred confidently to his correspondence with the War Department on file in the office at Charleston for his vindi- cation. An important point stated as influencing him, perhaps the chief consideration, was his supply of artillery. The majority of his guns in number and weight of metal, he said, were at Stono, and these were absolutely needed to make safe the more important harbor approach. The War Department at Richmond had positively informed him. of their inability to supply more, and he had no other course left. On the other hand, the devel- opment of events showed that at this time the enemy was unpre- pared for, and did not contemplate, any movement, land or naval, against Charleston. The evacuation of Coles Island induced the 62 Memoirs of the War of Secession abortive effort terminating at Secessionville ; and by the time he was ready to move again in 1863, the Confederate resources in artillery were increased. The test of actual experience, too, modified the ideas entertained of ironclads. The enemy in the meanwhile, however, were wise enough to hold by their gunboats the gate we had left open, and when he came again it was ready for his use. The writer is satisfied now that Battery Island should have been dismantled or reduced in importance to a mere cover for the communication with Coles Island, and that a strong enclosed work or moderate armament should have been erected on the south side of FoUey Island, from which to Bird Key obstructions should have been placed. This, with the works on Coles Island as a second line of defense, would have effectually closed the water approach of the Stono Light House Inlet, then fortified in time, and we would never have had such a siege as Gilmore was subsequently enabled to inaugurate. A larger force than his would have been needed, operating from a more distant base, and measurably deprived of direct naval co-operation. Ee-eklistment. The First Regiment had acquired drill and discipline and had become thoroughly organized; it had got through with all the initial diseases of the camp and become inured to the habits of the soldier; and now, just as it had become a valuable regiment, fit for eflScient service, it was to be re-enlisted, and in the process was to be subjected to all the demoralizing influences of the hustings. It will be a question for the future historian how much of the disaster that attended our arms in the spring of 1862 was due to the evil of short enlistment, and to the license per- mitted in inducing the men to continue their service. The attention of the Confederate Congress was directed to the subject of retaining the twelve-months men in service early in 1862, and two Acts were passed. By one of these fifty dollars bounty and a furlough not to exceed thirty full days at home were offered each twelve-months man who re-enlisted. They were also allowed to reorganize themselves into such companies, battalions and regiments as they pleased, with a general re-election of officers of every grade. By the other Act, provision Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 63 was made for recruiting upon these organizations. The term of re-enlistment of the twelve-months man was to be for two years — ^the recruit enlisted for three years. About the same time a requisition was made on South Carolina for something over twelve thousand men — 7,000 to fill the place of the twelve-months men whose term expired in April, and 5,000 in addition to her quota, then in the field. Hitherto in South Carolina, as well as throughout the Con- federacy, volunteering had been relied upon to furnish soldiers for the war. There had always been a draft or conscription held in terrorism in case volunteers failed, and, indeed, in Charleston, as well as some other cities of the South, resort had to a limited extent been had to this draft. Now, the Executive Council who had recently been constituted in South Carolina and entrusted with dictatorial powers, determined to change all this as far as that State was concerned. On the 6th March they decreed a new military system for the State, abolishing volunteering and substi- tuting conscriptions as the only mode of raising troops during the present war. They further decreed that all conscriptions should be "for and during the war"; and that all officers from third lieutenant to colonel should be appointed by the Council. Of course the Acts of Congress controlled in the case of the First Regiment, but the decree of the Council had the effect of destroying a project which to some extent had prevailed of giving honor to reorganize. The only way to secure a volunteer organization, with its elected officers, etc., was to re-enlist before the present term expired, and before, as citizens and no longer in Confederate service, the men came under the new military system of the State. These various enactments were, as received, published on parade, and in addition a copy furnished to each company. The men were left to discuss and digest them at their leisure, until about the 14th March, when the colonel called the regiment together and in an address of some length, after discussing and recapitulating the facts as heretofore brought to their attention, required the commandants of companies to com- mence the work of re-enlistment. By the expiration of one term it resulted as follows : Martin's company failed to reorganize, but some twenty of its numbers joined other compariies. Livingston's company divided and 64 Memoirs of the War of Secession recruited up to two companies under himself and Knotts respec- tively. Duncan's company divided and also recruited up to two companies under himself and Sanders. The other companies each retained their organization with full numbers. The new companies were officered as follows : First Company. W. H. Sellars, Captain. L. A. Harper, First Lieutenant. J. G. Evans, Second Lieutenant. F. Siiuler, Third Lieutenant. Second Company. T. K. Legare, Captain. W. W. Legare, First Lieutenant. B. M. Shuler, Second Lieutenant. J. B. Conner, Third Lieutenant. Third Company. I. S. Bamberg, Captain. W. W. Elzry, First Lieutenant. L. A. Wright, Second Lieutenant. P. C. Allen, Third Lieutenant. Fourth Company. B. B. Kirkland, Captain. J. F. Brabham, First Lieutenant. R. S. BarJier, Second Lieutenant. R. B. Hogg, Third Lieutenant. Fifth Company. G. M. Grimes, Captain. G. "W. Grimes, First Lieutenant. L. J. Sweat, Second Lieutenant. L. B. Kearse, Third Lieutenant. Sixth Company. F. Sanders, Captain. G. W. Stallings, First Lieutenant. R. T. Sanders, Second Lieutenant. S. C. L. Bush, Third Lieutenant. Seventh Company. Eighth Company. W. H. Duncan, Captain. J. H. Thompson, First Lieutenant. P. H. Wood, Second Lieutenant. J. R. B. Best, Third Lieutenant. D. Livingston, Captain. I. Inabinett, First Lieutenant. J. C. Wannamaker, Second Lieutenant. W. S. L. Rucker, Third Lieutenant. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 65 Ninth Company. J. E. Knotts, Captain. J. Elvin Knotts, First Lieutenant. J. H. Ptiillips, Second Lieutenant. J. H. Fanning, Tliird Lieutenant. Tenth Company. J. G. Pressly, Captain. T. I. China, First Lieutenant. C. Logan, Second Lieutenant. H. Montgomery, Third Lieutenant. Eleventh Company. John V. Glover, Captain. J. F. Izlar, First Lieutenant. S. M. Kennerly, Second Lieutenant. Sam'l Dibble, Third Lieutenant. The First, Tenth and Eleventh Companies elected to seek another regimental organization. The Eutaw Battalion, which, with the addition of these companies and some others, became the Twenty-fifth South Carolina Volunteers, of which Pressly became lieutenant-colonel and Glover major. This regiment served prin- cipally afterwards in "Hagood's Brigade." The Second and Sixth Companies attached themselves to Lamar's Battalion of Artillery, which then grew into the "Second South Carolina Artillery" and served principally afterwards in the garrison of Charleston. Sanders had been arraigned before a court-martial as first lieutenant of Duncan's company in the twelve-months regi- ment on charges of "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentle- man," and was in arrest awaiting sentence when the reorganiza- tion took place and when he was elected captain of the Sixth Company. The sentence of the court was promulgated shortly after he reported to Lamar, and he was dismissed the service. He went home and in a few weeks afterwards was licensed as a Baptist preacher. Stallings commanded the company, and did it well, during the remainder of the war. The other six companies elected to combine with a view of retaining their old regimental organization. They desired to retain the name, rank and banner of the First Eegiment and, by filling up with four new companies, to preserve its existence. This filling up was necessarily a subsequent matter. In order, therefore, to preserve their cohesion, meanwhile, and without forfeiting their claim to be in this regiment, they went into an election "for an officer to command them, his rank and designation to be settled 5— H 66 Memoirs of the War of Secession by the subsequent action of the proper authority." Colond Hagood was elected by acclamation. There never was opposition which found expression, to Colonel Hagood in the attempt al retaining the re-organized companies in the original regiment ; but for each of the other field officers there were numerous aspirants. To this cause is attributable — in part — the failure to retain them. The Eutaw Battalion and Lamar's Battalion, stationed near the regiment and in frequent intercourse with it, afforded opportuni- ties to captains taking companies into them, for promotion. In developing into regiments they furnished field officers to be filled. One of these organizations, too, from its character of heavy artillery, promised local garrison service instead of the less com- fortable life of a marching regiment. The spirit of change had also its effect. And the result of all these various sources of dis- organization has been indicated. Stevens's Eegiment arrived on the 13th. On the 14th, at 2 a. m., the regiment marched for Charleston, and the following order, received on the 12th of May, was carried out: "Headquarters Military District, South Carolina, "Charleston, 12 May, 1862. Special Order. No. -. ******** "II. Colonel Stevens' Twenty-fourth South Carolina will move to Coles Island and relieve Colonel Hagood's First South Carolina as soon as pos- sible. "Colonel Hagood's regiment, upon being relieved, will proceed to the vicinity of Binnalier's Camp Ground on South Carolina Railroad, where such as have not re-enlisted for the war will be mustered out of service by Colonel Hagood. . . . "IV. Such companies as have re-enlisted for the war will be granted a leave of absence until the 14th day of May ; but it must be understood that the men will reassemble upon any call for service that may arise during their absence, the authorities at Richmond having consented to the leave at this time only upon this condition. "V. Upon reassembling, six companies will report to Colonel Hagood as a portion of his regiment. Of the remaining companies. Captains Pressly, Glover and Sellars will report to Captain Simonton, commanding Eutaw Battalion, and Captains Legare and Sanders to Major Lamar, commanding battery of artillery. "By order of Brigadier-General Ripley. "F. G. Ravenel, a. D. C." Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 67 Appendix. The First Regiment was at home ten or twelve days upon its re-enlistment furlough, when it was recalled into service by a special order and rendezvoused at Bamberg upon the South Carolina Railroad, whence it was transferred to the City of Charleston. Its ranks were here filled by the reception of four new companies. Glover was re-elected lieutenant-colonel. O'Caim declined to continue in service and Captain Duncan was elected to the vacant majority. Of the staff, Captain Lartigue declined reappointment and Lieutenant Flowers, of Company H of the twelve-months regiment, was appointed quartermaster. Legare having gone into the line and out of the regiment, Cap- tain J. V. Martin was appointed commissary. Dowling had been broken by an examining board, and John S. Stoney was appointed assistant surgeon in his stead. Mortimer Glover was sergeant- major and Donald Rowe quartermaster-sergeant. The four new companies were officered as follows : Company D. Company H. Captain, R. L. Crawford. Captain, J. O. Winsmitti. First Lieutenant, J. H. Kirk. First Lieutenant, W. A. Nesbitt. Second Lieutenant, F. L. Welsli. Second Lieutenant, J. N. Moore. Third Lieutenant, L. J. Perry. Third Lieutenant, J. B. Vise. Company F. Company I. Captain, T. D. Gwynn. Captain, J. H. Stafford. First Lieutenant, William West. First Lieutenant, J. H. Harlee. Second Lieutenant, T. W. Powell. Second Lieutenant, W. L. Manning. Third Lieutenant, F. P. Newby. Third Lieutenant, R. Murchison. The history of this regiment until July, 1862, when its first colonel was promoted to a brigade, is contained in subsequent pages of these Memoirs. In a week or ten days afterward the regiment was ordered to Virginia, where it was attached to Jenkins's (afterwards Bratton's) Brigade in the division then commanded by Hood and later by Fields. This division was a part of Longstreet's Corps. The history of the regiment, after the promotion of its first colonel, was carefully prepared by Colonel James R. Hagood, its last commander, whose manuscript is now in the possession of the writer. Suffice it to say here that its career was creditable and its services arduous and faithful 68 Memoirs of the War of Secession among the troops which composed the distinguished corps to which it was attached. Colonel Glover fell at the Second Manassas. He was a grad- uate of the South Carolina College with its first honor, and a lawyer who had already obtained distinction at an early age, when the war broke out. In the reorganization at Coles Island some temporary unpopularity was manifested toward him, the result of a faithful discharge of duty, and sickness deprived him of a share in the operations preceding Secessionville. In the active operations in Virginia his worth was conspicuous and endeared him much to his men. He fell universally lamented, and his death was marked by distinguished heroism. Duncan succeeded Glover, but saw little service with the regi- ment, and resigned. Livingston succeeded Duncan and retained the command somewhat longer, when he resigned. Neither of these officers distinguished themselves and the regiment suffered in discipline and usefulness in their hands. Colonel Kilpatrick was now appointed to the command. He was a South Carolinian and a graduate of the State Military Academy. In another regiment he had won his commission by gallant and meritorious service. He soon restored the discipline and esprit of the regiment ; and after a career which added to his own and the reputation of the regiment, he, too, died upon the field of battle. Colonel James E. Hagood joined the regiment after the battle of SecessionvUle and rose in two years from the ranks through the successive grades sergeant-major, adjutant and captain to its command. His colonel's commission was dated th^i day after he was 19 years old, and like all of his others was "for distinguished valor and skill." He got no step by seniority or election, and was at the date of his promotion the youngest regimental commander in the Confederate Army. Of him our great chieftain. General Lee, wrote from the retirement of Lexington in March, 1868: "During the whole time of his connection with' the Army of Northern Virginia he was conspicuous for his gallantry, good conduct and efficiency. By his merit constantly exhibited, he rose from^ a private in his regiment to its command, and showed by his actions that he was worthy of the position." And Major General Fields added : "During our eventful service together, in Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 69 the bivouac, on the march, or in the shock of battle, Colonel Hagood's high-toned, soldierly bearing at all times, his thorough handling of his regiment, and his distinguished gallantry in action, won my hearty admiration and regard." My brother! these immortelles are laid upon thy grave, upon which the grass is not yet green. No better soldier wore the grey. No knightlier spirit breasted the storm in twenty battles beneath the Eed Cross Flag, nor struggled more bravely amid the after difficulties that befell the followers of a Lost Cause. Colonel Hagood commanded the regiment from the death of Kilpatrick, in Longstreet's Tennessee campaign in the winter of 1863, until the surrender at Appomattox Court House, in the spring of 1865. In the terrible retreat which preceded the sur- render, when the veteran Army of Northern Virginia was by hardship and hunger and fighting reduced from 27,000 to 8,000 men fit for duty, the First Eegiment, which bore its full part of these trials, lost but seven unwounded men to the enemy. This fact speaks volumes for the spirit and devotion of the men and of the able manner in which they were commanded. Martial Law in Charleston. The reverses of the Confederate arms in the spring of 1862, commencing at Fort Donnelson and culminating at New Orleans, had anxiously excited the minds of the people of South Carolina, and daily bulletins portraying the sad fate of the Crescent City under the iron rule of Butler, "The Beast," gave warning to the people of Charleston of what might be expected should their city be, as Mr. Lincoln mildly phrased it, "occupied and possessed." The abandonment of the Coles Island line of defense was also misunderstood, and a painful doubt had arisen in the public mind, and was shared to some extent by the State authorities, of the intention of the Confederate commander of obstinately defending the city in the event of the siege which it was felt must sooner or later come. Accordingly, the papers clamored for earnast and active preparation. Editors and correspondents alike claimed that Charleston would be disgraced unless Saragossa should be surpassed. A "Citizen," in one of our daily prints,* * Courier, 6tb May. 70 Memoirs of the War of Secession hardly exceeded the tone of other writers and talkers when he exclaimed, in contemplation of the fall of the outer forts, "What, then, shall the city be given up ? We suppose not. That would be indeed a very qualified defense. . . . Let the drill of the troops be at once extended to fighting in the streets and from the houses. ..." The governor and council warned non-combatants to depart and declared martial law in and around Charleston, empowering the Confederate Commander to enforce it. A few days later a formal resolve was promulgated from the Executive Council Chamber," "That the Governor and Council concurred in opinion with the people of South Carolina assembled in Conven- tion, that the City of Charleston should be defended at any cost of life and property ; and that in their deliberate judgment they would prefer a repulse of the enemy with the entire city in ruins to an evacuation or surrender on any terms whatever." General Pemberton never at any moment contemplated any- thing but making the best defense of which he was capable, with the means at his disposal, and would no doubt, if required, have fought it while brick and mortar held together. But he was a soldier fer se, and would have taken his inspiration from "orders" from Richmond and not from the people and civil authorities by whom he was surrounded. These he had not the tact to con- ciliate and use, and, for their military opinions, entertained and sometimes exhibited a most professional contempt. He, however, eagerly embraced the power placed in his hands and on the 5th of May issued his General Order No. 11, which, after reciting the Governor's proclamation of martial law over Charleston and the country within ten miles of its corporate limits, proceeded as follows : "Now I, John C. Pemberton, ... do sustain the said procla- mation and announce the suspension of all civil jurisdiction (with the exception of that enabling the Courts to take cognizance of the probate of wills, the administration of the estates of deceased persons, the qualifications of guardians, to enter decrees and orders for the partition and sale of property, to makft orders concerning roads and bridges, to assess and collect county taxes) and the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in and over" the limits embraced in the proclamation. Another paragraph announced Colonel Johnson Hagood, First S. C. V., as provost Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. C. V. 71 marshal and charged him with the execution of the foregoing order and of the proclamation, under the direction of Brigadier General Kipley, commanding the military district. The provost marshal was further directed forthwith to establish a military police and to put a stop to all sales of spirituous liquors. An express train had been sent up to the camp of the First South Carolina Volunteers at Bamberg on the 4th, with an order for Colonel Hagood to return in person upon it and report that day in Charleston ; the regiment was directed to follow next day. When Colonel Hagood was made acquainted with the provision of the order about to be published making him provost marshal, he earnestly asked to be excused from the duty, the condition of his regiment requiring, in his opinion, all of his attention at that time. The General, with something of his usual curtness, per- emptorily declined, but promised to relieve him as soon as he had organized the system and got it to working, or earlier in the event of active operations. To Colonel Hagood's further request for detailed instructions as to the duties required of him, the Gen- eral answered that he had no further instructions than those embodied in the order. This, by the way, was copied from a recent promulgation of martial law in and around Richmond, but of how it was there construed in practice we had no inform- ation in Charleston. General Pemberton added that he expected such a system of police that a dog could not enter the town with- out the knowledge of the provost marshal and his ability to lay hands upon said dog at any moment he was required. With this chart of his duty and directions to make requisition for the means to discharge it, the new provost departed to ponder upon the work before him. Martial Law, what was it? Very accurate ideas in relation to it have since been acquired by the Southern people — ^but then? General Pemberton had evidently no very definite perception of what its promulgation effected in detail, — the provost had as little. A conference with the State Attorney General, I. W. Hayne, Esq., and reference to books brought little further light; but, with such as was vouchsafed and with the order before him, Colonel Hagood proceeded to digest an organization of martial law upon the idea that it was the assumption of the execution of such existing law as it was deemed necessary to retain, with the 72 Memoirs of the War of Secession making of such additional law as the military exigency required. Eumor soon reached him that the mayor had, in conversation, announced himself and his government as deposed; and, desiring to retain the already organized police force of the city, Colonel Hagood hastened to headquarters and obtained the publication of the following : "Headquarters Department South Carolina and Georgia, "Charleston. 5 May. 1862. "His Honor Charles McBeth, Mayor of Charleston, is respectfully invited and expected to continue in the exercise of his municipal functions, as far as they shall not infringe upon any requirements of martial law. ... It is the earnest desire of the major general commanding that the provost marshal and the mayor will act in entire unison and render such mutual aid as may be necessary to the efficient discharge of their respective duties. "By order, etc., . . . "J. K. Wadelt, a. a. G." The next day, the Justice of the State Court of Common Pleas and General Sessions, then sitting, adjourned his court upon the ground that the proclamation of martial law had suspended his jurisdiction. He was certainly right, under the wording of the order, but it could hardly have advanced the defense of Charles- ton for the provost marshal to have been hearing civil causes or even trying criminal cases already on the docket, so Order No. 13, 6th May, was obtained and published : "It is not intended that General Order No. 11, of the 5th May, from these headquarters, shall Interfere with the progress of business in the Court of General Sessions and Conunon Pleas now sitting in this city. "J. C. Pbmbebton, "Major-General Commanding." In the meanwhile, however, a proclamation was received from the President of the Confederate States declaring martial law over the whole region under Pemberton's command, and using the words of Pemberton's Order No. 11, "suspending civil jurisdic- tion, etc." General Pemberton, therefore, rescinded his orders continuing the mayoralty and sessions of the State court, and putting his exercise of these prerogatives of martial law under the President's and not the Governor's authority. The court closed its doors; but the provost marshal never assumed cog- Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 73 nizance of the cases on its calendar, or to decide any purely civil cases. These remained in abeyance. The organization of the Common Council was also suspended, but the police force was kept on duty under the supervision of the provost marshal. The utility of this arrangement was to some extent marred by jealousy existing between thp assistant provost marshal in charge of the police department and the mayor, having inception in their past relations. The presence of a large military force in the city was neces- sary to carry out General Pemberton's "dog" specification; and these troops themselves, newly raised and badly disciplined, required the enforcement of the most stringent regulations to keep them in order. A number were already in and near the city; their officers infested the hotels and barrooms, and an edi- torial in The Mercury of the 13th (the day on which it had been announced that martial law would at noon go into effect) called attention to outrages of a flagrant character already committed with impunity by those of lower grade. The hegira of citizens also greatly complicated the passport matter. A very stringent supervision of passports was required by the provost's instruc- tions, and was necessary unless the whole matter was to be a farce. The city was known to be infested with spies and the enemy in daily receipt of information from it. Unfortunately the citizens had already become accustomed to a very loose pass- port system which had been inaugurated and put under the mayor's charge. Under this system blank passports signed by the mayor were filled up at any hour of the day or night by a policeman at the guard house of the police force, and these were sometimes examined and sometimes not by other policemen at some of the more public places of arrival and departure from the city. With a full sense of the difficulties surrounding it, Colonel Hagood entered on his labor. The following regulations, prepared and submitted for approval, on the morning of the 12th, were published in all the daily papers with the appointments and orders copied below. Headquarters were established in the court house, office hours, etc., announced, and the experiment launched. 74 Memoirs or the War or Secession "REGULATIONS OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL. "Undee Maetial Law. "Provost Marshal's Office, "2nd Military District S. C, 12 May, 1862. "1. During the suspension of all civil jurisdiction announced in the Pro- clamation of the Major-Generai commanding, with the exceptions therein contained, or which may hereafter be announced, a Provost Marshal's Court is established, which will take cognizance of the offenses heretofore within the jurisdiction of the Court of General Sessions, as well as of all offenses against good order or other violations of martial law. "2. The Provost Marshal's Court will be presided over by an assistant provost marshal, his decisions to be supervised and approved by the provost marshal. The provost marshal will also, in his discretion, refer any offense to a court-martial, if circumstances make that instrumentality desirable or necessary. "3. No person will be allowed to leave the city without a written permit from the office of the provost marshal. Every person coming into the city shall report forthwith to the provost marshal under such regulations as he may prescribe. An assistant provost marshal will be assigned to the duties of this department. "4. The necessary guards for the execution of the above regulations and for the maintenance of good order in the city will be established. An assistant provost marshal will also be assigned to the charge of this depart- ment. "5. Such other regulations will be made and enforced from time to time as may become necessary or expedient for the preservation of good order, and the enforcement of martial law. "6. These regulations will be enforced after 12 m. on Tuesday, the 13th ™st. Johnson Hagood, "Colonel First S. C. V., "Provost Marshal." "Provost Marshal's Office, "Second Military District S. C, 12 May, 1862. "1. C. Richardson Miles, Esq., Alex. H. Brown, Esq., and Captain G. B. Lartigue are announced as assistant provost marshals. "2. Mr. Miles is assigned to the duties of the Provost Marshal's Court. "3. Mr. Brown is assigned to the duties of the passport office. "4. Captain Lartigue is assigned to the supervision of the necessary guards. "Johnson Hagood, "Colonel First S. C. V., "Provost Marshal." Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 75 "Provost Marshal's Office, "Second Military District S. C, 12 May, 1862. "Under the Proclamation of Martial Law it is Ordered : "1. That all distillation of spirituous liquors is positively prohibited and the distilleries will be closed. "2. The sale of spirituous liquors of any kind is positively prohibited and establishments for the sale thereof closed subject until further orders to the following regulations and modifications : "Hotels may obtain from this department licenses to allow the use of liquors to boarders at meals at the public ordinary upon terms to be speci- fied in the license. "Grocers who have obtained licenses from the city authorities may, until otherwise ordered, sell liquors in quantities of not less than three gallons to any person other than those in military service or employment : Provided, That the same be not consumed on the premises. "3. All barrooms and liquor saloons and places where liquors are retailed shall be immediatley closed. "4. No liquor shall be sold in any quantity whatever to any soldier or person in military employment without a special license from this office. "Johnson Hagood, "Colonel First S. C. V., "Provost Marshal." Captain Molony, A. A. G., also on the same day (12th) pub- lished by order of Colonel Hagood in the daily prints for the information of parties concerned, as well as the public generally, extracts from the "Instructions to the Out Guards" and patrols "of the garrison" and of "orders" issued to the troops composing it. The following were the most important points : A wharf was designated for the arrival and departure of small boats. One or more other wharves for the transport steamers of the department; wood, rice and provision boats were required to anchor at certain points and report by small boat to the adjacent officer of the guard where a wharf would be designated by them to land at. Persons were only permitted to enter or leave the city by land at designated points. Sentinels were ordered to fire upon boats or persons attempting to enter or leave despite their challenge. Officers from camps without the city were required upon enter- ing it to exhibit to the lieutenant 'of the guard their commissions or written leaves of absence, and immediately thereafter to report at provost marshal's office and register their names and leave of 76 Memoirs or the War of Secession absence.* Non-commissioned officers and soldiers from the same camp were prohibited from entering the city on any pretext whatever, except upon duty, upon furlough, to pass through it, or upon furlough to visit their families, when these resided there. As to the troops within the city it was directed that they be kept strictly within the limits of their respective camp guards. Non-commissioned officers and soldiers will not be permitted to leave the lines of their respective camps upon any pretext what- ever, except upon duty or on furlough to leave the city. Commissioned officers when not upon duty will not be per- mitted to leave the lines of their camps except upon special permission of the superior officer in command of the camp, who is required to exercise a sound discretion in limiting the numbers at any one time of such permits. There were other orders and instructions published, but these already given were sufficient to show how far at that time it was deemed necessary by those in command to push the stringency of martial law. To the garrison the adjutant-general said in general orders: "They were brought within the city to maintain good order. The colonel commanding trusts they will set the example. Martial law has been pro- claimed. Offenses against it, however trival, become aggravated when committed by those whose duty it is to enforce it. It is earnestly hoped that the necessity for the stern punishments which must follow such offenses will not arise." The Mercury greeted the foregoing publications as follows: "At a juncture like the present, doubtless there are good reasons for placing the government of our ancient city in military hands. If the officers who have been invested with the control of affairs in our midst exercise their functions with wisdom, firmness and impartiality, this establishment of martial law will prove to be a welcome — as well as beneficial measure." The Courier contented itself with the following: "Assistant Provost Marshals. By reference to an advertisement in our columns this morning, it will be seen that Colonel Johnson Hagood, Confederate Provost Marshal, has appointed C. Eich- ardson Miles, Esq., Alex. H. Brown, Esq., and Captain Lartigue, •CWHans registered all particulars with regard to themselves with the officers of the guard at point of arrival and were by him reported with their domicile In the city. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 77 assistant provost marshals . . . The appointments are all good and acceptable as conferred upon able, worthy and patriotic men ; but that of Colonel Brown especially challenges our approval. Everyone remembers what an energetic and efficient captain of the city guard or chief of police he made in bygone days, and he is now again in his proper element." The writer, at a later day, sometimes thought with amusement of the editor's (Mr. Gradon's) commendation of Brown. He did indeed prove an invaluable assistant and Colonel Hagood was greatly indebted to him in the discharge of his duty. Brown was, however, naturally an arbitrary and overbearing man, a long resident of the city, with very decided affinities and repulsions, and when he succeeded Colonel Hagood some were disposed to think (Gradon among the number) that his little finger was heavier than other folk's hands. Mr. Miles was a lawyer of eminence and an estimable gentleman. Captain Lartigue was the ex-quartermaster of the First South Carolina Volunteers and afterwards, until the close of the war, quartermaster of Hagood's Brigade. He was a graduate of the State Military School and an old and intimate friend of Colonel Hagood's. The enforcement of martial law came none too soon. To show how loosely and negligently matters had been managed, the fol- lowing incident, added to the account given of the mayor's pass- port office, will suffice. The steamer "Planter" had been char- tered with her officers and crew, and used as a transport and harbor guard boat. She was armed with a 32 dr. and a 24 dr. howitzer; her captain, mate and engineer were white; her pilot and four or five hands, who were negroes, completed the crew. She had taken aboard the evening previous four valuable, heavy guns for Morris Island, and laid that night at her usual wharf in front of General Eipley's headquarters on the bay. Three sentinels were stationed in sight of her, and the bivouac of Kip- ley's headquarter guard was near by. Between half -past three and four a. m. the "Planter" steamed up and cast loose, the sentinels supposing she was going about her business. She passed Fort Sumter blowing her whistle and plainly seen. She was reported by the corporal of the guard to the officer of the day as the guard boat. The fort was only required to recognize author- ized boats passing, taking for granted that their officers are on 78 Memoirs or the Wae of Secession board. This was done as usual. The run to Morris Island goes a long way past Sumter and turns. The "Planter" kept on to the blockading fleet. Her white officers were not on board. They had slept, as was their custom, on shore, notwithstanding a stand- ing order that the officers and crews of all light draft steamers in Government employ remain on board night and day. Upon the subsequent trial of these officers it was proven that no step had been taken to enforce this order by inspection or otherwise, though it was of long standing; and they were acquitted. The Mercury gave a lively picture of affairs in the town next day. "Martial law," said the editor, "went into force in Charles- ton yesterday. Squads of the provost marshal's guard were to be seen here and there,, and many a luckless wight in military or semi-military costume, who had no leave of absence to show, was trotted off to the guard house, where he either did have or at some future time will have an opportunity of giving an account of himself. In more than one instance, eminently peaceful indi- viduals, affecting the jaunty and war-like Beauregard cap, were hauled up with that true military sternness which is deaf alike to entreaties and remonstrances. The quiet precincts of the city hall were suddenly converted into a veritable camp, to the man- ifest delight of the urchins who thronged the railings of the enclosure gazing admiringly upon the taut canvass walls. There was a great rush to the passport office. Owing to the very limited time alloted to the issuing of passports, only a small proportion of those desiring to leave the city were accommodated with the necessary documents. Some arrangement should be made to remedy this great inconvenience to the public. ..." But The Courier blazed out indignantly at the first pinch in the working of the system, characterizing the limited time for granting passports daily "as a grievous and intolerable oppres- sion — an unreasonable and tyrannical measure." It went on to suggest that the power to issue passports be extended to the mayor of the city again, as well as to be exercised by the military authorities. There was much justice in the complaint, though intemperately urged by The Courier. In preparing the regulations, Colonel Hagood had thought the time too short; but Colonel Brown, his assistant, declared he could not spare more time from his other Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 79 duties in the police department to give to this. The personal attention and attendance of the assistant provost marshal was deemed necessary in the office while passports were being issued.' If the matter was to be entrusted to clerks and deputies, unsuper- vised, it would be a failure. These considerations had prevailed ; and two hours daily, from 11 a. m. to 1 p. m., had been fixed. But the exodus of the non-combatant population which was desired, and which had been slowly going on, was not duly considered, and the panic with which the people seemed taken about getting off as soon as an impediment even of form was in the way, was never imagined. Men who crowded and pressed to get passports the first day, when they had got them, avowed that they had no intention of leaving in several days. The next day the force of men in the passport office was increased by appoint- ing Messrs. Gourdin, Pressly, Crafts, Dingle, Gantt, and Whiting to the duty. These were all prominent gentlemen well acquainted with the inhabitants, and were permitted to grant passports only to persons personally known to them, or properly vouched for by such. Captain W. J. Gayer, A. A. G., was put in extensive charge of soldiers' passports. The civilians were continued on duty until the pressure on the -office by departing citizens was relieved. The Courier in its next issue made the amende honorable: "The Passport Matter. It affords us pleasure to state that Colonel Johnson Hagood, our provost marshal, on learning the incon- venience and distress which the original regulation in relation to passports had caused in the community, very promptly so modi- fied it by increasing the agents and enlarging the time for issue as to completely satisfy the wants of the community. ..." The passport office was now at leisure and finally organized by establishing two offices in different apartments, one for citizens with separate desks of application for males and females (whites), and for negroes bond and free; another for the military with a separate desk for invalid soldiers from which all other appli- cants were excluded. Office hours were made from 8 to 1 and from 4 to 7 o'clock. W. E. Dingle, Esq., was placed in charge of the citizens' office, and Captain Gayer, A. A. G., continued in charge of the military office. Froin each of these an appeal with proper restrictions could be had to Colonel Brown, the assistant provost marshal. This gave him the time which he really needed 80 Memoirs of the War or Secession as chief of the general police department. In this character he held also a daily court in which he investigated and summarily disposed of innumerable minor matters of petty police brought before him, but investigated and reported to the provost marshal on matters of any consequence. These the provost either disposed of or sent for trial to Mr. Miles's court. Colonel Brown had at his command a corps of detectives and, through the mayor, the regular civil police force of the city. Mr. Miles had also a daily court where he tried such cases as the regulations of the 12th May prescribed, as well as those referred to him specially by the provost. Captain Lartigue's duties were exclusively military. At night the three assistants met the provost for consultation. Colonel Hagood's duties were chiefly supervisory. The system of guards adopted was a chain of infantry sentinels completely around the city along the margin of the waters making the penin- sular and across the neck at the lines in rear. These sentinels connected in their walk when the nature of the ground permitted, and at other points were within hail and musket shot. Each regi- ment furnished a certain number of posts, and the reliefs and guard tent were at some central point. The First South Cai'olina Regiment furnished the interior infantry guard, with guard tent, in City Hall Park and posts in various parts of the city. Major Frank Hampton's Battalion of Cavalry (afterwards part of the Second South Carolina Cavalry Regiment) furnished a mounted interior patrol on duty day and night. And from sunset until sunrise a boat guard patrolled the rivers (at a distance of 300 yards from shore) from a point in Ashley above the lines, around White Point Garden to a point in Cooper, again above the lines. Each boat had an infantry detachment on board and rowed back- ward and forward along its allotted beat. The troops in the city filled every available camping ground in the parks and malls-^— none occupied houses, and men and officers were rigidly kept within their camp lines under the regulations heretofore given. A large number of troops were necessary to the discharge of provost duty, as indicated. But Charleston was a very good place for the reserve troops of General Pemberton's command. Large drafts were being made upon him, too, at this time for Johnston's Army before Richmond; and when drawn from points of his department further South, they all stopped in Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. C. V. 81 Charleston for a few days, reporting to Colonel Hagood as town commandant, during their stay and doing provost duty. Some- times there were as many as six or seven thousand Iroops thus reporting. A brigade organization was adopted with Captain Moloney, Adjutant First South Carolina, acting as A. A. G., and Major Motte Pringle of the general staff as quartermaster. Commissary supplies were drawn by regimental commissaries direct from the post commissary. Captain R. G. Hay (after- wards Major Hay, commissary of Hagood's Brigade,) and some other unattached officers were assigned to temporary duty with Colonel Hagood. This officer had the satisfaction of receiving the approval of General Pemberton (for whom as an earnest and educated soldier he had a high respect) and believed he gave as much satisfaction to the people as could be given in the exercise of such arbitrary power for the first time in a community which had no small idea of its importance. During this time General Ripley, in consequence of disagree- ment with Pemberton, and at his own request, was relieved from duty and assigned elsewhere. He was succeeded at Charleston by Brigadier-General Mercer, late commanding at Savannah. The enemy landed on James Island 2nd June, and all the troops which could be spared from the town were hurried thither. The large drafts for Virginia had already straitened Pemberton for men; and he called on the Governor of the State for additional and temporary levies, to relieve the regular troops retained on provost duty. On the 6th June, General DeSaussure, State Adju- tant General, came down from Columbia with a document from Governor Pickens, empowering him (DeSaussure) to back the Confederate commander in the defense of the city to the last extremity. General DeSaussure published a vigorous proclama- tion in accordance with these instructions, ordering a levy en masse of all citizens up to 50 years of age, who were not already in service, and directing them to report to the provost marshal. One man reported ! Colonel Hagood called on the General for a roll of those liable to duty, under the order, that he might arrest and put them on service. He was told that it could not be fur- nished under -fifteen days. Such is the value of unorganized patriotism (for certainly prior and subsequent records of Charles- ton in this war show no deficiency in that virtue) ; and the 6— H 82 Memoirs op the War of Secession danger of putting off organized preparation until the conflict is at hand. The regiment of Charleston Eeserves were now called out and plstced on provost duty, the city being left in their hands, and the regular troops, with perhaps the exception of an unat- tached company or two, taking the field. This regiment had been organized some time before the pro- clamation of martial law and owed its purely voluntary existence* "Department of the Military, "Columbia, S. C, 12 June, 1862. "Colonel: "... Before the passage of our resolutions establishing corps of reserves through- out the State, the regiment you command had been formed upon voluntary prin- ciples. "It was accepted as formed and made subject to orders. . . . "Your obedient servant, "James Chestnut, Jb., "Chief Dept. Milty. "To K. N. Gourdin, "Lieutenant Colonel commanding Charleston Reserves." to that emulation of Saragossa alluded to as prevailing at an earlier period. The field officers were Colonel A. H. Brown (the assistant provost marshal). Lieutenant Colonel K. N. Gourdin and Major W. A. Wardlaw — the two latter prominent merchants of the city ; and in the ranks were such men as ex-Governor Aiken, Hon. W. D. Porter (president State Senate), Chancellor Lesesne, Mr. Bryan, afterwards judge of the United States Circuit Court, and many others of equal position. In fact it embodied all the exempt respectability of the city and numbered on a review before the enemy landed 1,250 men. When called on for duty, 150 responded — ^the balance had left the city with their families, or if present succeeded in evading the call. Those who responded did their duty with zeal and fidelity. It was at once a pitiable sight and one to elicit admiration to see these old grey-haired gentlemen, most of them wealthy, and all of them requiring and accustomed to ease and comfort, exposed to the inclemency of the weather and standing in their citizen's dress with double-barreled shot- gims as wardens over the half -burned and deserted city, while the •The question was for some purpose made, whether this was a volunteer regi- ment, and was settled in the following communication published in The Mercury, 14 June, 1862 : Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 83 occasional boom of a gun from James Island furnished the explanation of the spectacle. Among these devoted men was "William H. Heyward, lately colonel of the Eleventh Regiment, assigned afterwards to Hagood's Brigade. The writer of these Memoirs had not the honor of a pei^onal acquaintance with him. Educated at "West Point, and of large wealth, his life had been spent as a bachelor in the indulgence of manly and refined pleasures. He had made no effort at other than social achievement, but had certainly suc- ceeded to an unusual extent in not only attaching to himself a circle of ardent friends, but in impressing upon them his ability for high performance had circumstances called upon him for exertion. Upon the organization of the Eleventh Regiment, he had been without opposition made its colonel — ^had discharged his office with ability — and had, with many other good officers, perished in the elections consequent upon the recent re-enlistment. Now, over 60 years of age, and unwell, he served as corporal in the Re'serve Regiment and died a few weeks afterwards from the exposure. When the enemy landed on James Island, Colonel Hagood claimed General Pemberton's promise to relieve him, his regiment, under Major Duncan, having been dispatched thither; but obtained leave to be absent only for the engagement then immi- nent. He was accompanied by his assistants, at their earnest request, as volunteers. The engagement was but partial and the experiences of the provost party were confined to sustaining a heavy gunboat shelling and a night of picket duty accompanied by heavy rain, and the dropping of an occasional shell on the line. Now, however, the occasion for keeping him on this detached duty having passed, he on the 9th June obtained an order reliev- ing him, with directions to resume command of his regiment. Colonel A. H. Brown, commanding Reserves, was appointed provost marshal in his stead. Secessionvilj.e Campaign. After the fall of Port Royal in 1861, in the general abandon- ment of the sea islands in South Carolina, possession of all of them, as far north as and including Edisto, was conceded to the 84 Memoirs of the Wae or Secession enemy. When he chose, he took unopposed possession and departed with like impunity. The Confederates only visited these islands in scouting parties. Johns Island was dismantled of its defense on North Edisto Inlet and the population withdrawn, but upon it a movable Confederate force in the nature of an advanced guard had been so far stationed. The enemy had availed themselves of their success at Port Eoyal and were holding within their lines all of the territory conceded ; and it is said that in May, 1862, the Federal chiefs, Hunter and Dupontj were considering a combined land and naval effort to wrest Johns Island also from the Confederate occupation. The escape of the steamer "Planter" and the information she gave of the abandon- ment of the posts on Stono, as well as of the condition of the new Jines on James Island, changed their programme to a sudden blow at the city itself.* The James Island lines, the construction of which as an interior line of defense was commenced in the winter of 1860-61, had become the main line of defense of the city upon the Stono "front. At the date of Hunter's advance, they consisted of a series of redans for artillery connected by an infantry breastwork of slight profile, running from Mellichamp's house on the eastern shore of the island to Royall's house on New Town Creek. In its general course here it was parallel to the Stono and two and a half miles from the river. Advancing toward Stono along New Town Creek, redans without connecting breastworks were placed on the northern bank, and constituted the defense at a point three-quarters of a mile from the river, the line turning at right angles again became parallel to the river, and again consisted of redans with connecting breastworks, till at Lawton's house, on Wappoo, it reached the northwestern side of the island. On the right and left of this line Fort Pemberton and SecessionviUe (redoubts) were thrust forward. Fort Pemberton was. a consid- erable work on the banks of Stono River below the mouth of Wappoo, and was advanced some three-quarters of a mile in front of the main line on the right; on the left, SecessionviUe was perhaps a mile in front and to the left of Mellichamp's. It was at the extremity of a peninsular made by the divergence of a •Greely'B American Conflict, 2 Vols., 460. Hagood's 1st 12 MoNiiHs S. -C. V. 85 7.> SJiumW/////////. Map OfJamejIs/Q/ii & Its Lines In /862 86 Memoirs of the War or Secession creek from FoUey Eiver into two branches, the land approach being from the Stono side, and communication with the rear established by a bridge. An intrenchment across the narrowest part of the peninsular made Secession ville also an enclosed work, and it was further strengthened by a small flanking battery across the northern creek or marsh, afterwards called Battery Reed, in honor of the gallant Captain Sam J. Reed, killed in this campaign. From Mellichamp's to Royall's there was a second line of defense consisting of detached redoubts, each behind an interval in redans of the first line. Fort Pemberton was in fighting condition. But four guns were mounted at Secessionville ; a bomb-proof shelter, and a powder magazine had been there constructed. The parapet was unfinished in front of the guns — indeed, its profile was so slight that after the battle of the 16th June Colonel Hagood rode his horse into the ditch and over the parapet from the exterior approach. As to the redans and redoubts of the rest of the defenses, they had no guns mounted or platforms laid. The whole system was not only incomplete in construction, but faulty in. design. The engineer, to avoid the then dreaded gun- boat fire, had drawn his line so far back from Stono River as to give up full half of the island to the operations of the besiegers ; and had accepted for himself full five miles of entrenchments to defend, separated into two divisions by New Town Creek, across which his communication in rear was circuitous and difficult. These evils were perceived early in the campaign, and a new line laid out along the eastern division which would have somewhat shortened it. But this line was never finished; and in the final shape which the defense of James Island took under Beauregard in 1863 to 1864, the whole system of defense heretofore indicated was abandoned, and, starting from Secessionville, a much shorter and better line was taken to Stono below the mouth of New Town Cut. About the middle of May, the movement of the blockading vessels off Stono Inlet — sounding and buoying the channel^ indicated the intention to effect an entrance. No hostile troops were then nearer than Edisto Island. The following extracts from the diary of Captain Carlos Tracy, volunteer aid-de-camp Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 87 on the staff of General S. E. Gist, commanding on James Island, furnish a memorandum record of events up to 9th June : "19 May.^Several of the enemy's gunboats attempted to enter Stono Inlet ; one ran aground and the rest put back. "20 May. — ^Three gunboats crossed the bar and entered Stono River about 10 a. m. One ran up and anchored below Battery Island so as to command the old (river) route, thinking probably to cut off the detachment on Cole's Island. Lieutenant-Colonel Capers withdrew his force (two com- panies Twenty-fourth South Carolina), by the new (back)* and scarcely completed route over Dickson's Island to James Island. Colonel Capers fired the buildings before withdrawal and acted under standing orders. Capt. Ii. Buist, commanding on Battery Island under similar orders, with- drew his force to James Island. On appearance of a gunboat off the mouth of Folley River, carronade on 'Marsh' Battery near the river thrown Into the marsh by those in charge. Enemy shelled Coles and Battery Islands. "21 May. — Six of our pickets (of Captain Jones' company. Twenty-fourth Regiment South Carolina,) captured. On the advance up the river of the gunboat anchored below, they concealed themselves- in the old magazine, apparently expecting the enemy to pass them undiscovered. Thus, instead of withdrawing as they should have done, the enemy saw them and landed. Legare's, on John's Island side of Stono, shelled this day. "25 May. — Gunboats to this time have been running up the river several miles each day shelling both sides of the river and returning in the evening to Battery Island. Effort today of General Ripley to draw them within effective range of Fort Pemberton failed. Gallantry of Capt. Frank Bon- neau and of his men on our little floating battery stationed for the day in the creek near Dixon's Island remarked. A gunboat which engaged the enemy was driven off, the battery was moored to land. Three gunboats had been drawn up Stono by General Ripley's movements. On their return they had passed by all together when one of them returned apparently to learn what was the little dark object- across the marshes and the small islands. Captain Bonneau, who was on board, had received orders not to fire unless attacked. He had his men ashore under cover. The gunboat opened on him. The captain replied, firing one of his guns himself. At the sound his men came bounding to their little float, and manning their two or three guns, drove the enemy away. "31 May. — Gunboats in this time running up the Stono every morning,, shelling every one who came in sight, whether on horse or foot or in vehicles. Some peaceful citizens crossing New Town Cut Bridge during this period in a buggy were startled by the near explosion of a shell sent after them and took to flight on foot across the flelds. Today a few shells thrown toward Secessionville falling near the camp of the Twenty-fourth South Carolina Volunteers. •The "old" route was In use In Hagood's time and terminated at Battery Island. The "new" was constructed later and terminated near Secessionville. S8 Memoirs of the War of Secession "1 June. — A gunboat apparently reconnoitering in Folley River. "3 June. — ^A gunboat came up Folley on the flood at 9 a. m. today, shelled Captain Chichester's Battery at Legare's house, that of Captain Warley near Secessionville and Secessionville itself, this place being occupied by the Butaw Battalion* (Lieutenant-Colonel Simonton), the Charleston Bat- tery (Lieutenant-Colonel Gaillard), and the cavalry companies of Disher and McICeown. Our batteries responded vigorously. No damage done except to a horse, whose leg was broken by a shell that passed first through an outhouse near General Gist's headquarters. After firing about an hour the enemy withdrew. No damage anywhere up to this time from the enemy's fire except the horses. "Evening. — More than twenty vessels in sight. Enemy reported as being on extremity of James Island ne'arest Battery Island and as having driven in our pickets. Captain Tracy, of Gist's staff, and Lieutenant Winter, Wassa- maw Cavalry, fired on while reconnoitering their position. General Gist and Captain Tracy repeatedly fired on same evening by enemy's advanced pickets. This firing the first news in camp of enemy's landing. "3 June. — Last night the pickets lay near together at Legare's. In with- drawing Captain Chichester's guns from that point during the night they stuck in the mud. Chichester, endeavoring to extricate them, was driven off near morning. Lieutenant-Colonel Ellison Capers, Twenty-fourth South Carolina, with several companies, sent just after daylight to bring off guns and ascertain enemy's position. Sharp skirmishing with enemy at Legare's, In which Capers drove back a force far superior to his own for half a mile and took twenty-three prisoners. Retired on the advance of heavy rein- forcements supported by gunboat fire. The enemy engaged was said to be the Twenty-eighth Massachusetts and One Hundredth Pennsylvania. Our loss was several wounded and one missing — taken prisoner. Lieutenant Walker, Adjutant Charleston Battery, wounded in the leg in the endeavor to bring off one of his wounded men. Gallantry and discretion of Colonel Capers was marked. Captain Ryan, of Charleston Battery, exhibited dash- ing courage. Capt. Ward Hopkins, same corps, wounded. Our companies first engaged were reinforced during the action. All fell back across the causeway to rivers where lay the main body of our troops. The enemy ascertained from a prisoner to be under the command of General Stevens and in strong force. Heavy bombardment all day from gunboats upon our troops in position to resist enemy's advance from Legare's. A section of Preston's Light Battery, under Captain Preston (W. C), and Lieutenant Julius Rhett, was carried with great promptness and dash into position and worked with fierce energy under a cross fire from gunboats In the two rivers and direct fire from Legare's in front. The fire from the guns and from the more distant stationary batteries of Captain Warley and Colonel T. G. Lamar, at Secessionville, rendered the enemy's advance from Legare's across the causeway, though repeatedly threatened, too perilous to attempt. Brigadier-General Mercer in person arrived in the afternoon from the city. Colonel Johnson Hagood, First South Carolina •Made Twenty-flfth Regiment a few days afterward. Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. C. V. 89 Volunteers, previously detained in the city by his duties as provost marshal, joined his regiment during the day. Casualties light. Brigadier General Gist and aides covered with sand from the explosion of a shell. The screeching of the rifle shells and the heavy explosions of the 11th and 13th Inch subsided a little after dark Into the discharge of a single one at inter- vals of a half hour during the night. Our men — wet, weary and hungry — slept on their arms. The night tempestuous. "4 June. — Main body of our troops withdrawn within the lines, advance parties only in front. Design of enemy to occupy evident. "6 June. — Brigadier-General W. D. Smith arrived on the island and assumed command. Picliet under command of Colonel Stevens, Twenty- fourth South Carolina, skirmished with enemy at Presbyterian Church. Enemy left one dead on the ground; indications of further loss. No loss on our side. A prisoner brought into camp. "9 June. — ^Alarm troops to front — no flght. Enemy evidently in force at Grimball's on Stono." On the 9th of June Colonel Hagood was definitely relieved of provost duty in Charleston, and reported in command of his regi- ment, which had been on the island since the 3rd under Major Duncan. The colonel had served one day with it, as noted in previous journal. The troops on the island were sufficient for its defense, biit without exception had never before seen actual service ; and most of them being newly raispd corps, officers and men were alike ignorant of field duty. In consequence of these facts, four of the best regiments were organized into a temporary brigade, under the name of the "Advanced Forces," and these were charged with the whole picket duty along the extended front of the southern division of the lines, except of that portion immediately in front of Secessionville, which remained in charge of the commander and was furnished by the garrison of that post until after the battle of the 16th June. General Smith did Colonel Hagood the honor to place him in command of this special brigade. It con- sisted of Hagood's own regiment. First South Carolina ; Stevens' Twenty-fourth South Carolina, Simonton's Twenty-fifth South Carolina, and McEnnery's Seventh Louisiana Battalion. A bat- tery of field artillery reported daily for duty with the Advanced Forces, and ten or twelve cavalry for courier duty. Captain Moloney, Adjutant First South Carolina, acted as assistant adju- tant general. Orderly Ben Martin as aid-de-camp, and Captains Hay and Lartigue were volunteer aides. The regiments drew 90 Memoirs of the Wak or Secession their commissary, quartermaster and ordnance supplies through regimental channels direct from the officers of the post staff in Charleston. Two regiments of the Advanced Forces on duty one day fur- nished the pickets and alternated with the other two regiments in reserve. The arrangement of the picket system was as follows (see Map, p. 200.) : Two grand guards; one at Artillery Cross Eoads and one at Frier's Cross Eoads. Three outposts; one at Episcopal Church, one at Presbyterian Church, and one on Battery Island Eoad. The outposts furnished the chain of videttes, running from where the Battery Island Eoad crosses the northern Secessionville Marsh (near Hill's house), to which point the Secessionville picket came, through fields and woods to the bridge over New Town Cut near Stono Eiver. A section of the Light Battery on duty each day was placed Avith the' Grand Guard at Frier's, and the other sections with the Grand Guard at Artillery Cross Eoads. ■The regiments of the Advanced Forces not on picket wfere allowed to go into bivouac at convenient points near reserve. Skirmishing along the lines was frequent, and the firing of the videttes almost incessant — ^the usual custom, however, of green troops. The Yankees were as nervous as we were, sometimes iu' the night following up a fusillade that would break out without, occasion from their videttes with volleys from their grand guards, — at nothing, unless perhaps at their videttes running ini It rained almost incessantly during the whole period of active, operations and there was something of ludicrous pathos in the, enquiry which a half-drowned Yankee shouted out one day across- the line, "I say, does it ever get dry in this country?" There was- no brigade or division organization of the Confederate troops on the island except the "Advanced Forces," nor any distribution of. general command by localities. There were, three different gen- erals commanding in this short campaign, and as each one arrived he took charge of everything, holding the others in reserve as •It is noteworthy that Beauregard afterwards rearranged the defenses upon this- Idea). Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 91 second and sometimes third in command. The fact is, things were pretty generally haphazard. On the 10th, General Pemberton directed our lines advanced, with a view to establishing a battery of heavy guns on the edge of Grimball's clearing within sufficient range to drive the gun- boats from that landing and confine the enemy to the use of the Battery Island landing* as well as to break up the Yankee camp at Grimball's. General Smith took charge of the operation, and in the afternoon of the same day sent forward Colonel Hagood with the First South Carolina and the Seventh Louisiana Bat- talion and two pieces of Preston's Field Battery on the road through the Grimball woods, by the Presbyterian Church. Colonel Williams, with the Forty-seventh Georgia, was started more to the left from the point where these woods touched the Battery Island Road. The instructions were to drive in the enemy and seize and hold the line of the clearing. Colonel Hagood advanced along his road with a part of his forces deployed on either side of it, the rest following in supporting distance in column. The enemy were driven before him with but little resistance, and the sight of the deployed line had already reached the clearing when he was recalled in consequence of a reverse sustained by Williams. Williams had no road, but advanced in line of battle without skirmishers in front, and when he struck the clearing encountered the enemy in force behind the ditch and bank fence of the plantation and supported by artillery. The woods through which he had advanced were almost a jungle; his line had become very much disordered; and he- was in action before he knew it. But his men rushed gallantly upon the enemy in squads as they came up, and, of course, were driven back badly cut up. His loss was some sixty or seventy men. Hagood lost none, and killed upon the field but two of the enemy from the feeble resistance encountered. They were not in force upon his front of attack. He was, however, subjected to a rapid fire of gunboat shells, which threatened as much damage from the fall- ing limbs cut from the trees as from themselves. The enemy were engaged at this period in passing troops from North Edisto to across Johns Island to Legareville on the Stono nearly opposite Battery Island. To do this they had to make a flank march of ten miles in front of an equal number of troops •It Is noteworthy that Beauregard afterwards rearranged the defenses upon this idea. 92 Memoirs of the War of Secession under General Evans, commanding the Confederate forces on Johns Island. Evans had orders to attack, information of which was communicated to Hagood with instructions upon hearing the sounds of battle in that quarter to begin to press the enemy with the Advanced Forces and at once to report the fact. It would be, he was told, the occasion of a general offensive movement for which the troops on James Island were held in readiness. General Evans allowed the enemy to pass, and they were straggling along his front for more than two days and nights without firing a gun. He was not court-martialed, for then, as ever afterwards, it was the bane of Confederate service not to hold its commanding officers to rigid account. Evans attempted indirectly to clear himself of the slur upon his reputation by court-martialing one of his colonels for drunkenness upon this occasion, alleging in the charges that this drunkenness had balked the attack. It was the unpleasant fortune of Colonel Hagood to have been president of the court when it sat at a later period, and the facts were thus brought before him. The officer was broken* — the fact of his drunkenness was proved; but had Evans been before the court he would have found it difficult, upon the evi- dence elicited, to have escaped the same fate for the same offense. Nor can it be conceived how the intoxication of a single colonel of junior commission could have kept a considerable army from assuming the offensive for over two days and nights, or, indeed, for a longer period than it would have taken to arrest him and order his successor to move. Would it be believed that during the whole of- the time his troops were watching for the passage of the enemy and every preparation made for momentary attack, Evans, without a subordinate general officer in his command, went back to Adams Eun every night, a distance of eighteen miles, to escape the malaria of the island? Yet this fact was incidentally proven upon the trial.f The enemy having without 'Colonel Dunovant, South Carolina Regulars, an excellent officer, save for this unfortunate falling. A year afterwards he was restored and, guarding against his Infirmity, after a useful career rose to the rank of brigadier and died gallantly In battle. tFrom that relating to General Evans above, In connection with the Secession- vllle flght, it seems evident that he apprehended no danger. He was a brave, able officer. At the first battle of Manassas he showed signal gallantry, saving the day to our arms. — Editor. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 93 molestation effected the passage across Johns Island to James, General Evans, too, with a portion of his troops was transferred to the same point, and arriving on the 14th took command, Smith sinking to second and Gist to third in command. The general officers were all quartered at Eoyall's, and there was considerable unpleasantness among them, as much perhaps from the anomalous relations in command which they held toward each other, as from any other «ause. General Evans occupied himself on the llth and 15th in riding along the lines and examining into the condi- tion of things, requiring Colonel Hagood to accompany him. On the afternoon of the 15th he removed his headquarters to a point near Lawton's house, on the shores of the harbor opposite Charleston and four miles to the rear. On the night of the 15th- 16th June, the portion of the "Advanced Forces" on picket con- sisted of seven companies of Twenty-fourth South Carolina, six companies of First South Carolina, and one company of Williams' Forty-seventh Georgia, temporarily assigned to Advanced Forces. Boyer's Field Battery was on duty with the grand guards; and all were under command of Colonel C. H. Stevens. The Twenty - fifth South Carolina, the Seventii Louisiana and four companies of the First South Carolina were in reserve. Colonel Hagood was with these troops. At 4 :30 a. m., on the 16th, he received a dispatch from Colonel Stevens that the Secessionville picket, which, as before mentioned, until after this date, was furnished by that garrison and did not report to Hagood, was driven in, and that the enemy were advancing in force upon that position. Colonel Hagood immediately ordered under arms the reserve; he directed Colonel McEnnery with the Fourth Louisiana Bat- talion to proceed by the foot bridge in rear of Secessionville to the re-enforcement of the garrison, and Colonel Simonton with the Twenty-fifth South Carolina and detachment of the First South Carolina, to proceed down the Battery Island road to operate on the flank of the enemy's advance. Having delivered these orders in person, he galloped on in advance in the same direction, ordering forward from Artillery Cross Eoads one of the 6 drs. (under Lieutenant Jeter*) of the section of Boyce's 'President of the Senate, and by virtue of his office Governor of South Carolina I9 1880 on Simpson's resignation. 94 Memoirs of the War of Secession Battery on duty at that point. Arriving at the scene of action, the enemy were making their second assault upon the post at Secessionville. At 4 p. m. they had advanced upon that work, with, according to their own account, two brigades of infantry and three com- panies of artillery, numbering in all 3,337 men (2 Am. Conflict, 462) under command of General J. J. Stevens.f Moving swiftly and noiselessly upon the picket, they succeeded in capturing some of them and the rest fled without firing a gun. The gallant Lamar (as he afterwards himself told Colonel Hagood) had been superintending all night the oper- ations of a working party, and exhausted had fallen asleep upon the parapet. Aroused by the sentinel over the guns, he discovered the enemy at the heels of his picket, not fifty yards from him. With no time to give an order, he himself pulled the lanyard of a columbiad, ready shotted with grape, and as the deadly missiles tore their way through the approaching column, the bellowing thunder aroused the garrison to the bloody work before them. It consisted of two companies of Lamar's own regiment — Second South Carolin'a Artillery — ^the Charleston Bat- tery (afterwards Twenty-seventh South Carolina), Smith's Bat- tery and a portion of Goodlette's South Carolina Regiment. The enemy assailed vigorously and with considerable dash; several were slain upon the parapet, and one bold fellow, jumping into the work and finding himself unsupported, effected his retreat, but carried one of Lamar's men with him a prisoner. The enemy were, however, in twenty or thirty minutes driven back with considerable loss. Stevens reformed his lines and again advanced, aided this time by another brigade under General Williams with Hamilton's Field Battery of Eegulars attached, these last moving on the opposite side from Secessionville of the northern marsh forming the Secessionville peninsular. This force num- bered 2,663 men and moved by'Hill's house. It was on the flank of General Williams that- Colonel Hagood found himself. A thicket of felled trees ran parallel with their line of advance and about 400 yards from it, on the edge of which, next to the enemy, Colonel C. H. Stevens had deployed about 100 men who had been tAuthor of "Campaigns of the Rio Grande and Mexico." Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 95 on picket duty near that point. These men were from the Twenty- fourth Regiment and from the companies of Captains Tompkins, Pearson (Lieutenant Hamiter commanding), and Gooding (First Lieutenant Beckman commanding). The Battery Island Road, here so obstructed as to be impassable by artillery or by infantry except with difficulty as to individuals, ran between this felled thicket and the dense wood stretching towards Grimball's on the Stono. Simonton's Twenty-fifth South Carolina, about 220 strong, coming up, was placed behind this felled thicket in line of battle, its right resting near the Battery Island Road. Lieu- tenant Jeter's piece was placed in position on Simonton's left and directed to open on Williams's advancing column. Lieu- tenant Colonel Capers of the Twenty-fourth was personally dis- patched to ascertain the cause of the unaccountable silence of Battery Eeed and to bring its guns also to bear upon Williams. The detachment of the First South Carolina (about 120 men) was held in column as a reserve on the Battery Island Road, and directed to throw out a strong line of skirmishers on its right flank towards the Stono. The first sound of Jeter's piece brought all of Hamilton's guns upon our line from its position on the right of the Battery Island Road, beyond and in front of the felled thicket. Colonel Hagood saw the opportunity of pushing the First South Carolina through the woods against Hamilton's Battery, and advancing Simonton and Stevens against the rear of Williams's men, now enfilading and slowly galling the front despite the fire of Jeter's piece and Battery Reed, but appre- hending a general advance, and charged especially with picketing the front of the southern division, he feared to take the offensive with his small force, which constituted the whole picket reserve, without re-enforcement or special orders. The disparity in men and guns between his force and General Williams's (about 5 to 1) was also perfectly apparent. While, therefore, making his dis- positions to take, the offensive, he despatched Captain J. V. Marr tin, commissary of First South Carolina, who had reported for duty as A. D. C, to report the situation and ask for orders and re-enforcements to attack. In the meantime Jeter's piece was rapidly and effectively worked, the infantry merely supporting; Battery Reed had also been opened by Capers and was doing good service. In the fort, Colonel Lamar had been wpunded on 96 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession the first assault and succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Gaillard; Gaillard was now wounded and succeeded in command by Major "Wagner. McEnnery arriving at a run with the Fourth Louis- iana,* went into action on the right, engaging Williams's flank- ing line. The Third Ehode Island Heavy Artillery, acting as infantry and which had been held in reserve near Hamilton's Bat- tery, advanced to take Jeter's piece, but were handsomely repulsed by Colonel C. H. Stevens's skirmishers, except one portion, which penetrated to Simonton's line on the left.. One of his companies was engaged for a few moments in driving them back, exchanging the first volley at twenty paces, so closely had they approached without being discovered in the dense abattis of the thicket. But the Yankee bolt was shot. They fell back sullenly and unpursued, leaving their dead and wounded upon the field. Captain Martin arrived with permission for Colonel Hagood to attack, and a few minutes afterwards Slaughter's Georgia and Gadberry's South Carolina regiments reported as re-enforcements for the purpose; but the enemy had regained the shelter of his gunboats and the effort against Charleston was over for this time. For such was the result of the Battle of Seces- sionville — one of the decisive ^engagements of the war. The Federals, by their own showing, had 6,000 men engaged and 1,500 in reservef (part of this reserve being the Third Ehode Island) . Colonel Hagood might have found Hamilton's Battery on his flank had he advanced without first sending a force against the position first occupied by it.* There were engaged on the Confederate side, in the fort and out of it, not exceeding 1,300 men, of which 450 were with Colonel Hagood. The Federals reported their loss at 574 men; the Confederates lost about 150 killed and wounded, of which 32 casualties were in Hagood's force. •This was undoubtedly, from all the writer could learn, the turning point In the defense of the fort. McEnnery was a dashing and valuable officer, and the writer regrets he has not the material for giving his subsequent career. He was, after the war, a distinguished politician of Louisiana. tGreely's American Conflict. •General Stevens assailed the fort with 3,500 men and four field guns. General Wright commanded reserve of 3,100 men and six guns. Of the last, Williams's Bri- gade of 1,500 and Hamilton's Battery were in action. The remainder — 1,600 men were held In close support of Hamilton's guns on Battery Island Road. — War of Rebellion SeHes, Vol. XIV, p. 52. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 97 The people of the city and State were justly elated at this stroke of good fortune. It was the first exploit upon the war path of most of those engaged in it. Newspaper reporters were anxious to obtain all the particulars and the parties interested in no wise loath to furnish them. It was amusing for weeks after- wards to see in Charleston papers the gross mistatements and, in some cases, absolutely false representations that were made, the writer or his friends always the hero of the tale. But to cap the climax of eagerness to catch "all the glory going," General Evans appeared in a card in the public papers announcing the fact that he was in command on the 16th. In General Evans's official report, which Pemberton showed Colonel Hagood before for- warding to Richmond, there were almost as many inaccuracies as in the newspaper accounts; and it really seemed as if he had not read the reports of his subordinates which he forwarded accompanying his own. For instance, he stated that he ordered McEnnery to re-enforce the garrison, yet took no notice of Hagood's or McEnnery's statements in their reports that the latter had been sent into Secessionville as heretofore stated in these Memoirs. Colonel Hagood received no order from any superior until the enemy left the field. How it was in the fort he could not say. But it always appeared to him that as far aS' generalship went, this battle, decisive as it was on the Confed- erate side, can only be characterized as an affair of outposts, in. which the subordinate officers and the troops on the spot did the best they could upon the emergency; and whatever credit for generalship, if any is awarded, should be to General Smith, under whose direction the arrangement of the outposts was made. There were on the island under Evans at least as many regiments, and probably as good ones, as the enemy had, and not one was brought into action. Had his headquarters been nearer to the lines they might possibly have been used -advantageously to some- extent. Williams's column might have been cut off. But the affair was over very quickly, and the enemy had but a short distance- to retreat before regaining the shelter of their gunboats. No further offensive movements were undertaken by the Fed- erals after the repulse of the 16th. They lingered upon th& island, protected by their steam fleet and by defensive entrench- ments, until 7th July, when the last of them embarked unmolested. 7— H 98 Memoirs or the War or Secession Many valuable lives were lost, and much individual heroism was displayed in this short and decisive campaign. Lamar deservedly won much reputation and commenced a career which promised much usefulness to the State, but this promise was soon cut short. He perished, a victim of malaria, the following summer. Gaillard, Wagner, Hopkins and others commenced here a series of brilliant services, traced in subsequent pages of these Memoirs. The fate of Captains Henry King, of Charleston, and Samuel J. Eeed, of Barnwell, was especially deplored. The latter was an eleve of the State Military School and a most promising officer. There was an incident, too, of brave and faithful conduct in humble life, which deserves mention in any record of Secession- ville. Vich Jan Vohr's henchman in the dock at Carlisle had not in his bosom a more leal and affectionate heart than the humble hero. Lieutenant John A. Bellinger, of the artillery, was asleep in his quarters some distance from the battery when the roar of Lamar's columbiad summoned the garrison to its defense. After he had repaired to his post, his negro servant discovered that in his haste he had left his pistol, and hastened to carry it to him against the remonstrances of his companions, for the approach to the battery was now swept by bullets as with the besom of destruction. But the faithful servitor could not bear that his young master should be in such deadly conflict without his trusty weapon; and he fell, mortally wounded, in the attempt to bear it to him. Every attention that affection could suggest to Bel- linger soothed poor Daniel's last moments during the week that he lingered. He said to his master just before he died, "Duncan and Normie" — Bellinger's little motherless sons — "Duncan and Normie will be sorry when they hear that I am dead." Second Military Distkict, Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. On the 19th July, 1862, Colonel Hagood was, by an order from General Pemberton's headquarters, relieved from duty with his regiment, then on James Island, and assigned to the command of the "Second Military District of the Department of South Caro- lina, Georgia and Florida." This was in consequence of a tele- graphic dispatch from Richmond that Colonel Hagood was to be Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. \ RESERVE OF \ it BIVOUAC ^^^ Miz/^/e (fJecess/o/?////e •The Federal reports (War Rebellion, Series I, Vol. XIV) place the Federal reserve under Gen. Wright nearer Hamilton's Battery than in this sketch. 100 Memoirs of. the Wae of Secession promoted to a brigadiership, and shortly afterwards he received his commission, bearing date 21 July. Colonel Hagood was pro- moted upon the recommendation of General Pemberton, and it was peculiarly gratifying to him, both because it was entirely unsolicited, and because it was a decisive mark of approval from one whom he esteemed as a thorough soldier. General Pemberton made few friends in Charleston, from his unfortunate want of tact and brusquerie of manner. He was not to the taste of a people at that time particularly disposed to be critical of military men, and matters through the Coles Island' business, which was undoubtedly the cause of his removal from comrtiand in South Carolina, was much misunderstood ; and his misfortune at Vicks- burg, Tyhither he was sent, completed the ruin of his reputation as a general before the country at large. His conduct afterwards, however, marked him both as a devoted patriot and a spirited soldier. Finding that his usefulness in the high rank he then held of lieutenant general was impaired by want of public confidence, he resigned that commission and reverted to his original grade of lieutenant colonel of artillery in the Regular Army of the Con- federate States; in which capacity he served until the end of the war. It was General Hagood's pleasant fortune to meet and serve with him again, both in Virginia and North Carolina. The Second Military District embraced the country south of Charleston, from Eantowles to the Ashepoo River, with head- quarters at Adams Run, about twenty-five miles from the city. Our lines of occupation chiefly followed the coast line of the main upon which the enemy had never effected a lodgement — the adjoining islands were debatable ground. The troops of the com- mand were always mixed, combining all the different arms and >Yaried in number from 1,000 to 1,200, or 3,000 to 4,000 from time to time. They were constantly shifting, too, regiments coming and going as the emergencies of the service required. It was not a pleasant command. While no operations of a considerable char- acter were to be expected for some time, the country to be guarded was extensive and penetrated in every direction by water courses, giving facility for the petty marauding incursions which were to be expected. In repelling these, little reputation was to be made, and from their success much was sure to be lost. Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. G. V. 101 In addition to this, the whole region was before the war con- sidered fatally malarious during the summer months. In the winter the climate was delightful. General Hagood's attention was given at once to a thorough personal reconnoisance of the country committed to his charge, and the perfecting of sanitary regulations for the troops consis- tent with their indispensable duties. His military position was that of a local guard, having refer- ence to the Charleston and Savannah Eailroad, and the planting interest along the coast, and also an advanced guard to the City of Charleston. The result of his reconnoisance was the location of batteries armed with siege guns at certain points, with infantry entrenchments at these and other points ; and the maturing of a general plan of operations in the event of an advance upon Charleston by a land force from this direction. Upon General Beaureguard's succeeding General Pemberton in this quarter, which happened shortly afterwards, he called upon each of his district commanders to submit their views of operations in their respective localities. The following paper was submitted by Gen- eral Hagood for the Second District and returned approved. It may be premised that the whole country was a network of swamps and water courses, and it will be seen that General Hagood, from the topography of the country, dismissed the idea of the enemy seeking the main within the limits of his district for an advance upon Charleston, except between Pon Pon and Eantowles. "MEMOIR OF OPERATIONS CONTEMPLATED IN SECOND MILITARY DISTRICT. "I. The first defensive line taken will be south of the Willtown and Ran- towles Road — the entrenchment at Kings Creek being the right, those at Yongues Island being the center and the Church Flats batteries the left — the reserves being held in the vicinity of Adams Run. An attack by a single column upon this position will be obstinately resisted. A general attack along the whole line in strong force will compel its abandonment after holding it merely long enough to ascertain the strength and designs of the enemy. The line is too long and too near the enemy's base of oper- ations. It is also liable to be turned by an advance from Edisto Island across to Dawhoo in the neighborhood of Pinebury. "II. The second line taken will be behind the Caw Caw Swamp. This swamp, commencing at Rantowles, runs westward for five miles when It divides into two main branches, one continuing westward to the Edisto River, a further distance of five miles, the other running a little west of 102 Memoirs of the War of Secession TwoIYIHeJ)i5t Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 103 north toward Glvhans Ferry, higher up on same river. The left of this line will be the batteries at Rantowles, the center where the new road crosses the swamp half a mile east of its bifurcation, and the right will follow the north branch. The west branch of the swamp will be held by an advanced force of mounted men. The object of taking this line is to delay the enemy and gain time for re-enforcements from the Third Military District by way of Givhans Ferry. It is objectionable from its length and from the fact that the north branch of the swamp is practicable almost anywhere to an enterprising enemy. The enemy will attack its left at Rantowles, seeking the most direct route to the city, in. which case the cavalry on the right will operate offensively on his flank and rear, and the point of attack will be obstinately defended with the best means at disposal. In the event of the lines being carried at Rantowles, the troops massed there for its defense will retire within the lines proper of the city by the most direct route, and the troops on the right will retire towards Bacon's Bridge on the Ashley. Or, the enemy will attack the right of the line, where it is much weaker, and seek a more circuitous but safer route to the city. In this case this line can only be held long enough to make him concentrate and prepare for carrying it. It is hoped that time sufficient for the junction of the troops from the Third District can be thus obtained. When the line is thus carried, the troops at Rantowles will, as before, retire by the shortest route behind the city lines across the Ashley and proceed up the eastern bank of the river to unite their command at Bacon's Bridge. The troops on the right will fall back direct to Bacon's and Slann's bridges on the Ashley. "III. The third line taken will be behind the Ashley to protect the South Carolina and North-Eastern Railroads. The troops from the Second and Third Districts united will hold the fordable portion of the river, viz. : from Shultz's Lake, a mile above Slann's Bridge, down to old Fort Dor- chester. The crossings below where pontoon bridges may be thrown across will also be looted after by them, but these should be held by troops from the garrison of the city. A battle will be fought in defense of this line without orders to the contrary. The line of retreat hence will be down the peninsular into Charleston, or if this should be impracticable from the enemy's effecting a passage of the river near the city, then by way of Sum- mervllle and the Twenty-Two Mile House around the head waters of Cooper and down its eastern bank to a point near the city, where the troops can be thrown into the garrison. "A depot of provisions for ten days for 5,000 men and 3,000 horses has been ordered to be established at White Church behind the second line of defense. "A depot of at least twice the amount should be established at Summer- ville behind the third line." ( General Hagood caused the country embraced in his district to be thoroughly surveyed and mapped, and made himself per- 104 MfiMOIBS OF THE WaE OF SECESSION sonally acquainted with all its intricacies. He required his staff to do the same, as well as certain trusty and reliable mounted men whom "he" kept about, his headquarters as couriers and guides. ^, The country west of Edisto and to the Ashepoo was watched by a cavalry company* encamped near Jacksonboro on the ■Charleston and Savannah Kailroad, which picketed Bear's Point, the junction of the two rivers and a landing on the Ashepoo. They were subsequently re-enforced by a field batteryf of artil- lery; and were sometimes supported by infantry, when the number of the latter arms in the district permitted. This was, however, seldom the case. Walpole's company of fifteen or twenty men; known as the Stono Scouts, and composed exclusively of late planters upon the island, were kept upon Johns Island. The Ashepoo and Johns Island pickets reported direct to headquarters. The line of pickets from Eantowles to Edisto on the main was placed under the charge of a permanent superintendent and reported through him. He was furnished with the following instructions, which were also promulgated in General Orders : "GENEEAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PICKETS. "1. Each picket detail from a corps will be inspected by the officer appointed to command it, before leaving its camp, who will be held respon- sible that each man is properly armed and accoutred and supplied with rations (and forage if cavalry) for the tour upon which he is ordered. "2. They will remove to their respective stations when relieved in reg- ular military order. "3. On duty the horses of the cavalry will never be unbridled or unsaddled. At feeding time, one-half will be fed or watered at a time, and 'for the purpose the bits of that half will be taken out of their mouths. "TThe men will not be allowed to lay aside their arms; the sabres will be continually worn and the guns be in hand or in easy reach. In the day time one-half the men may sleep at a time, at night all will be on the alert. A sentinel will always be with the horses when the picket is dismounted. Fires will not be allowed under any circumstances when there is possibility of being seen by the enemy. Concealment as far as consistent with watch- fulness will always be aimed at. "4. The advanced sentinels or videttes will observe the utmost watch- fulness and keep themselves concealed as well as practicable. The horses *Thls company was Company B, Sixth South Carolina Cavalry, and picketed Bennett's Point on. Bear's Island. — Editor. f This battery was Walter's Horse Artillery.— Editor. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 105 will not be unbltted under any pretense wliile on post, nor will either of the two vldettes posted together sleep. "5. All movements of the enemy, or clouds of dust, noises, conflagrations, etc., which may indicate movement, will be promptly reported to the oflScet- commanding the picliet, who will report the facts (in writing if possible) to headquarters. "0. Should the enemy advance, the picliet will at once report the fact to headquarters and fall back slowly, always keeping the enemy in sight and availing itself of the advantages of the ground to make such resistance as possible. "7. The superintendent of pickets will make a daily report to head- quarters." Special instructions as to the number, station and conduct of each outpost and vidette post was also furnished the superinten- dent. The general scheme was a vidette post at each landing on the line, or good point of observation, with outposts at proper points to sustain them. These were all of cavalry. A strong infantry grand guard was stationed at the Church a mile from Adams Eun, where the approaches from these landings chiefly concentrated. The body of the troops was held at Adams Eun as a strategic center and for sanitary reasons. A permanent gar- rison of infantry and artillery was, however, kept at Church Flats, where siege guns were mounted; and a light battery was kept encamped sometimes with, and sometimes without, an infantry support at a landing on Wadmalaw Eiver, known as Younges Island; and another light battery at Willtown on the Pon Pon. General Hagood was fortunate in the selection of his superintendent of pickets, Major John Jenkins, of the Third Cavalry, and the duty was in general well performed — as well as could be got out of corps newly raised and in which most com- monly the officers needed instruction in every detail. Before passing from this portion of the subject, it may not be amiss to say something of the use of cavalry, as developed in this war. Its use, as on the plains of the eastern continent and with the short range arms of former wars, seemed to have been impracticable, for it was never done. They were used generally merely as mounted riflemen, who dismounted to fight, leaving every fourth man to hold the horses. Of course there were exceptional instances. Yet throughout the war, as far as the writer's observation extended, the former mode of equipping the 106 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession cavalrymen was retained. His sabre was slung to his waist and when he dismounted to go into action, almost always as siiir- misher when the greatest freedom of action was required, it was of no earthly use and a most serious hindrance. The sabre came to be regarded by most of the cavalry as an ornamental badge of their arm of service, was kept as blunt as a frow, and in many instances whole corps were without it. The rifle carbine and the revolver pistol were relied upon, whether upon horseback or afoot. Now, the use of the sabre has by no means passed away. In encounters of cavalry with cavalry, and in exceptiona-l cases of cavalry against infantry, it still remains a more valuable weapon than any firearm discharged from a horse in motion. To hang the sabre to the pommel of the saddle on the left side, the scabbard passing under the left leg of the rider to hold it steady, and balance it on the right with a holster revolver, all to be for use only when mounted, and left with the horse when the soldier dismounted to fight with his carbine, apparently would relieve the difficulty. Now, the sabre, kept sharp, carried in a wooden scabbard to preserve its edge, and a repeating carbine (without a bayonet), would fit the trooper for the discharge of all the duties required of him in the most eflFective manner. He should be taught on horseback to rely as of yore on the sabre and pistol, and on foot upon the arms and tactics of the light infantry. Such are the reflections of one who did not serve in the cavalry arm of the service, but who had opportunities of observing cavalry fighting and sometimes commanded them in the field. Dr. J. F. M. Geddings was the chief surgeon of the command in the Second Military District, and at his suggestion the fol- lowing sanitary regulations were adopted for the sickly season, and such portions of them as had general application were con- tinued afterward. They were enforced by the daily inspection of the doctor himself, who, for the purpose, was relieved from all other duty. He was untiring in his effort to give them effect: "SANITARY REGULATIONS. "1. Each camp and Its vicinity will be policed thoroughly once a day, the whole command if necessary turning out for the purpose ; and the ofCal and trash removed to a distance and thrown into tide water, burned, or buried as may be. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 107 "2. The sinks (oflBcer's and men's being separate) will be constructed over tide water when practicable. In other cases they will be dug to lee- ward — the prevailing winds being considered — be covered from view by- brush or other obstructions, and dirt will be thrown once a day upon deposits. Summary and condign punishment will be inflicted upon the use of any other than the regular sink. "3. The tents will be slit front and rear from the bottom to the ridge pole, and the flaps Icept tied back night and day, when the weather permits. Blankets and bedding will be exposed daily to the air and sunlight always after the day's policing, if the weather permits. When straw is used, it will be stirred and aired daily, and removed once a week. Boards, poles and other means of raising the beds of the men a few inches off the ground will be used. "4. Military duties during the hot months will be dispensed with except before breakfast and late in the evening. Frequent roll calls will be had during the rest of the day to prevent straggling and consequent exposure. Shelters of brush or plank will be constructed under which the necessary camp sentinels will stand. "5. Company oflicers will daily inspect the company kitchens to see that the food of the men is properly prepared and especially guard against the consumption of unripe fruit or partially decomposed vegetables by the men. "6. Every third day a strict inspection of the persons and underclothing of the men will be had, at which time the underclothing will be renewed. Daily ablutions and the wearing of the hair short will be strictly enforced." . In addition to the rigid enforcement of the foregoing regula- tions, quinine was at times issued to be taken as a prophylactic in daily doses of three grains, and in default of quinine a decoc- tion of the bark of the cherry tree and dogwood with whiskey, equal parts, was used. The good effect of these precautions was soon visible yi the improved health of the troops, which was alarmingly bad upon General Hagood's taking command, and we tided over the sickly season without the efficiency of the com- mand becoming at any time seriously impaired. Most of the picket stations were upon rice swamps and some of the camps, as at Kantowles, were in localities heretofore considered deadly pestilential. The laws of malaria are subtle and but little under- stood. Mr. Davis, in discussing the fact of the comparative exemption of the troops on both sides from its effects during the war, for this exemption seems also to have occurred in other malarial sections, is reported to have said:* "That the excite- •Craven's "Prison Life of Jeff Davis." 108 Memoirs or the War of Secession merit of war itself was a prophylactic." We had none of the excitement and all of the monotony of stationary camps. To guard against the propensity of all troops to accumulate impedimenta when long in camp, and to endeavor to secure mobility to the command, the following was made a stainding order: "1. Surplus stores will not be kept on hand by the regimental quarter- masters, commissaries and ordnance ofBcers ; but will be kept in the pos- session of the brigade officers of the several departments. "2. Officers commanding regiments and detachied corps will prevent the accumulation of baggage and keep the same within regulation limits. "3. The following regulations are established with regard to transpor- tation : "(1) Whenever a general movement of the troops is contemplated, upon intimation to that effect, a special train will be organized before hand, containing all surplus stores, and in general terms, everything for which the troops have no immediate necessity, and the ambulances with sick in hospital. This train will always move separate from the troops arid for it a special escort will be provided. "(2) The train proper of wagons, etc., and containing only things needed by the troops while in camp, will follow in the offensive and precede in retreats the movements of the troops, by at least half a day's march — say six or eight miles. In it will be included ammunition and hospital wagons, baggage wagons of regiments, baggage wagons of the general staff and wagons carrying provisions and forage for immediate use. "(3) Each regiment and independent corps will be accompanied by its ambulance and ordnance wagon following immediately in its rear. "(4) Commanding officers will be held strictly responsible that the troops always move with three days' rations in their haversacks, and three days' forage properly packed upon the horse, if mounted, and forty rounds of ammunition in the cartridge box and sixty rounds in the ordnance wagon." Schools of instruction by recitation were established in each regiment and independent corps, followed by reviews and drills in presence of the brigadier general commanding; and boards were organized and kept in laborious session for the examination of officers under the Act of Congress to relieve the army of incompetent incumbents. In the discharge of these unobtrusive but important duties, General Hagood's service in the Second Military District wore away. No event of military interest beyond an occasional colli- sion of pickets marked this time. When the enemy advanced upon Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 109 General Walker in the Third District in October, 1862, General Hagood received an urgent dispatch from him calling for assistance. Moving the Seventh South Carolina Battalion to the railroad. General Hagood stopped and emptied a passing train and dispatched the Seventh to Walker's assistance. It reached him in time to materially assist in the decisive repulse of the enemy at Pocotaligo. General Hagood, by permission of Gen- eral Beauregard, followed with other re-enforcements but arrived after the battle. In April, 1863, after the repulse of the enemy's fleet in the attack on Fort Sumter, their ironclads rendezvoused in the North Edisto Inlet, where they lay for some time with an infantry force of some 2,500 or 3,000 men, encamped close by on Seabrook's Island. General Beauregard organized a force to attempt to sink the ironclads or driye them to sea, and capture the troops on Sea- brook's. He raised General Hagood's force by special re-enforce- ments about 3,000 good infantry, with ten or twelve field guns, and sent him a naval force of over 100 men with torpedo barges. The plan was for the torpedo barges to get amongst the fleet just before day, and as soon as they were routed, and upon condition that they were, the infantry was to attack. The barges rendez- voused safely in a creek not over a mile from the fleet on the previous night; and the land forces were brought unsuspected within short striking distance. Everything was in readiness for the next day's work, when the order was countermanded, and the troops directed to return with all speed to Charleston, to proceed, most of them, to Pemberton's assistance, then hard pressed in Vicksburg. A sailor from the naval force deserted that evening to the enemy, betraying the plan of concealment of the barges and they with difliculty escaped. Afterwards, while in North Edisto, the enemy adopted huge rafts of timber as fenders to each ironclad by way of precaution against the approach of their diminutive enemies, the torpedo boats. An instance of special gallantry occurring at this time deserves to be recorded. When the troops above referred to landed on Seabrook Island, Captain Walpole, commanding the Scouts on Johns Island, dis- patched the fact to General Hagood, and received in reply the order: "Get me a prisoner." It was between sundown and dark. 110 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession and taking Sergeant Gervais and Evans Fripp with him, Wal- pole made his way through the enemy's chain of videttes and charging in at full speed upon a regiment which had stacked arms and was going into bivouac, discharged their six-shooting rifles right and left, shooting down two men and wounding a third, whom Walpole, a very active and strong man, jerked up, as he ran, to the croup of his horse; and the party made their escape, having obeyed the order to "get a prisoner." He was an intelligent sergeant and gave all the information wanted before he died from his wound, which proved mortal next day. Yankee Ironclad In North Bdisto April, 1863 (a monitor). A few days after General Hagood was relieved of the command of the Second District, an effort was made by the enemy to pass up the Pon Pon River in gunboats to Jacksonboro and there destroy the Charleston and Savannah railroad bridge. They passed Willtown chiefly from the inefficiency with which the field battery at that point was worked. The guns were in barbette entrenchment upon a commanding bluff with the river obstructed by piling under their fire, and should have turned the boats back. They passed on, but Captain "Walter, of the Washington Artil- lery, stationed, as before mentioned, on the western side of the river near Jacksonboro, came up rapidly with a section of his battery, and unlimbering in an open old field, went into action with the two gunboats just as they had reached within sight of Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. Ill the bridge. He turned them back and sunk one of them, which the enemy abandoned. Black's First Eegiment of First South Carolina Cavalry served for a short time after Hagood's taking command, in the Second District. They were ordered to Virginia and Aiken's Sixth South Carolina Cavalry took their place.f These with two companies of the Third (Colcock's) under Major Jenkins com- posed Hagood's mounted force for the remainder of the time. The Washington Artillery (Walter's) and the Marion Artillery (Parker's) were with him all the time. Shultz's Battery was with him part of the time. The Seventh South Carolina Bat- talion, afterwards of Hagood's Brigade, McCuUough's Sixteenth South Carolina, afterwards of Gist's Brigade, and Smith's Twenty-sixth South Carolina, afterwards of Elliott's Brigade, constituted his infantry force, details from which also acted as heavy artillery for the siege guns in position. Other regiments were with him for short periods. The Stono Scouts under Wal- pole were also with him from first to last. Lieutenant-Colonel Del. Kemper commanded the field batteries and the staff was : Captain P. K. Moloney — Assistant Adjutant General. Major G. B. Lartigue — Quartermaster. Major E. G. Hay — Commissary Subsistence. Lieutenant Isaac Hayne — Ordnance OiRcer. Lieutenant Ben Martin — Aid-de-camp. Captain Carlos Tracy — Volunteer Aide. Service in the Second District had all the monotony of garrison life, with something of its advantages. The families of the officers to some extent were enabled to visit them from time to time, the ladies finding shelter in the unoccupied summer resi- dences of the planters in the little hamlet of Adams Kun. It was a fine fish and game country, and, with railroad facilities for drawing supplies from home, our tables were fairly furnished for Confederate times. The troops were supplied from the resources •Captain Walter was supported by Company B, Sixth South Carolina Cavalry, which was the only support he had. The Yankee gunboat was sunk the 10th of July, 1863. Black's Cavalry Regiment was then in Virginia, and not on the Caro- lina coast. — Editor. tAlken's Sixth South Carolina Cavalry served for a short time after General Hagood assumed command ; and on being ordered to Virginia Black's First South Carolina Cavalry took their place. — Editor. 112 Memoirs of the War of Secession of the District, and at first these were ample. Towards the last,, however, these supplies became scant. Agricultural operations had been greatly interfered with by the propinquity of hostile armies, and the supply of beef cattle and sheep, at first large, became exhausted. Hogs there were none. But few of the planters continued to work the plantations south of the railroad. Among these, however, was Hawkins S. King. He continued, to the last to carry on his several plantations, and truly his home- stead appeared to be a perfect Goshen, whose abundance he dis- pensed with a lavish generosity. He obtained with the brigade staff the sobriquet of '■'■The King of St. Pauls." General Hagood, however, chafed at his life of inactivity — while the great game of war was being played so grandly in Virginia and in the west, his friends and former comrades being actors in the drama, and received in the spring of 1863 a promise from General Beauregard to send him into one or the other of these fields with the first brigade that left the department. Gist claimed his seniority and got the brigade sent to Pemberton in June, 1863. Two or three weeks afterward other troops were ordered in that direction and General Hagood was placed in command of the brigade organized to go. He left Adams Eun and had reached Charleston on his way, when a dispatch from Eichmond directed Evans's Brigade, lately arrived from North Carolina, to be substituted in his place. General Beauregard, when remonstrated with by General Hagood, under a misap- prehension of the source of this order, said he knew not what induced the unusual course of the "War Department in inter- fering in this matter. Evans did not desire to go, but was unpop- ular with Beauregard's chief of staff, and one of the colonels of the brigade made for Hagood, who was very intimate with Gen- eral Gordon, preferred just then to remain where he was. The conclusion on General Hagood's mind, whether justly or not, was that the change had its inspiration in this "power behind the throne," which was generally believed by those who served with General Beauregard during this period to be sometimes without the General's consciousness "stronger than the throne itself." This belief and the equally general belief of Gordon's unworthi- ness operated injuriously both with the officers and men. In the following summer Captain Beauregard, a brother of the General's Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 113 and aid-de-camp on his staff, resigned his commission, and, calling to say good-bye to General Hagood, told him that he had himself informed his brother of the common estimate of Gordon's char- acter, and of its injurious influence upon the General himself. But Beauregard either knew his chief of staff better, or thought he could not do without him, for he retained him until he was compelled to give him up by subsequent action of the War Department. General Gordon immediately after the war sig- nalized himself by a very able and heartless attack in the Northern papers upon Mr. Davis, with whom he had some per- sonal feud; and has since acquired some notoriety as the com- mander-in-chief, by contract for a twelvemonth, of the Cuban Insurgents. General Hagood had to stomach his disappointment and return to Adams Eun, expecting another monotonous summer within its precincts. He shortly after applied for a ten days' leave of absence to arrange his private affairs, and while at home received a dispatch from department headquarters ordering him to report at once in Charleston. Gilmore had developed his batteries against the south end of Morris Island, and the siege of Charles- ton had begun. Note. — In the winter of 1863 the ladles of Nelson's country sent him a flag for his battalion, with a request that General Hagood should, for them, make the formal presentation. This was the last incident of the kind the writer remembers to have witnessed In the war. They were frequent at an earlier period ; perhaps no one of the earlier regiments marched to the war without some such memorial of the dear ones at home to nerve them for the fray. These flags were generally beautifully embroidered State flags and were really used in but few engagements. The use of a general flag was ordered and as soon as the regiments got Into the larger armies they were required to lay these aside for the regular Confederate battle flags. General Hagood's address to the battalion in presenting the ladles' banner Is appended as characteristic of the times. He said : "I am commissioned, soldiers of the Seventh Battalion, by the ladles of the section of the State In which your corps was raised. In their name to present you with this banner. "For two long years our fair Southern land has been drenched In blood ; her plains have been torn with the rush of contending hosts ; her hills have echoed and re-echoed with the dread voice of battle. The world has beheld with amazement a struggle In which a million and a half of armed men have been engaged, with almost a continent lor a battlefield. Upon the one side It has seen a gigantic foe, trebling Its adversary In numbers and wealth, and with all the appliances of war at Its com- mand, again and again, with a pertinacity rarely equaled, advancing to the onset. Upon the other it has seen a people cut off from all save the sympathies of the brave, standing desperately by their hearthstones and again and again repelling the insolent foe. We have met them upon our deserted fields ; we have fought them by the light of our blazing homes ; in rags, and with Imperfect weapons, we have 8— H 114 Memoirs of the War of Secessiok The Siege or Charleston. The naval attack on Fort Sumter in April, 1863, was prefatory to Gilmore's operations, and General Kipley's report of it is given below : "Headquarters First Military District, "Department S. O.,- Georgia and Fla., "Cliarleston, 13 April, 1863. "Brigadier-General Thomas Gordon, Chief of Staff, etc. "General : Upon the first inst, the increase of the enemy's force in the Stone, and information from North Bdisto, gave warning that the long- threatened combined movement upon Charleston was about to take place. Brigadier-General S. R. Gist, commanding 1st subdivision of this District encountered their serried tiosts. In defeat as In victory our hlgli purpose has never quailed, and in the darkest hour of this unequal war a murmur of repining at its hardships has never passed the lips of a Southern man ; it has never entered Into his heart to conceive a termination to his efforts short of absolute and unqualified success. It is a spectacle, soldiers, which may well challenge comparison with the heroic struggles of classic fame, and upon this grand page of history you, too, have written your names. Upon the weary march, in the comfortless bivouac, and upon the field of battle, you have borne your part. Beneath the old oalss of Pocotallgo you have seen a comrade's glazing eye 'look fondly to heaven from a deathbed of fame,' and sadder, far sadder, in tent and hospital, afar from the gentle ministering of home, you've seen a comrade's spirit flutter Its way to Gx)d, crushed out by the merciless requirements of war. "But while the sons of the South have vindicated the blood they have inherited from patriot sires, her daughters have Illustrated all that is admirable In the attributes of woman. No Joan has arisen from among them to gird on the harness of battle, no Charlotte Corday to drive the dagger home to the tyrant's heart. There has been no need for them to unsez themselves, nor will there ever be a dearth of manhood requiring such a sacrifice while woman remains the true and holy creature which God made her. But it is scarce an exaggeration to say that the voluntary efforts of our women, themselves laboring under cruel and unaccustomed privations, have clothed our armies, and organized all of comfort that exists in our hospitals. No high bred Dame of Chivalry ever belted her knight for battle with a more devoted spirit than that with which the humblest Southern woman has sent her loved ones to this war. She has checked the cry of walling over the slaughtered corpse of her husband, to prepare her first born to take his place ; and when disaster has befallen our arms and the heel of the oppressor has ground Into the dust the souls of the few men who have remained to bear his yoke, the spirit of patriotism has survived In the women. Insult and Injury have failed to crush It — until the Indignant utter- ances of the civilized world have compelled the oppressor for very shame to desist.* "It Is from such women as these, soldiers of the Seventh Battalion, that I present you ?\^ith this beautiful banner. Wrought by fair hands, consecrated by the pure and tender aspirations of wife, and mother, and sister, which cluster in its folds, It 16 committed to your keeping. "Colonel Nelson, It is narrated in martial story that a general, desiring to hold a pass upon which much depended, posted In the defile a battalion whose metal he knew, and left them with this stern and simple charge : 'Here,' said he, 'colonel, you and your men will die.' And the order was literally obeyed. There they died I In a like spirit, and with a like confidence, I say to you : 'In defense of this flag you and your men will die.' " •New Orleans. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 115 (James Island and St. Andrew's Parish), took prompt measures for the observation and repulse of any attack in that direction. Colonel R. F. Graham, commanding 3rd subdivision, occupied the shore of Morris Island on Light House Inlet to control the passage from Folley Island, and a strict watch has been kept up to the present time on the land movements of the enemy. "On the 5th, the ironclad fleet of the enemy, consisting of seven (7) monitors and one (1) double turreted vessel, hove in sight from Fort Sumter, and came to anchor outside in the vicinity of the Ironsides frigate, then a part of the blockading squadron. The 6th was apparently spent by the enemy in preparation, and by our artillerists in verifying the condition of their material. On the morning of the 7th, the enemy was inside the bar with all his ironclads, including the frigate, but from his proximity to the shoals and the haziness of the atmosphere his position could not be deter- mined. "The various works of preparation were progressed with, both upon the exterior and interior lines of defense, until about 2 p. m., when the enemy steamed directly up the channel, the Weehawken (supposed) with a false prow for removing torpedoes attached, leading, followed by three monitors ; the Keokuk, double turreted, bringing up the rear. "At each fort and battery, officers and men made preparations for imme- diate action, while the enemy came slowly and steadily on. At 3 o'clock Fort Moultrie opened fire. At 5 minutes past 3, the leading vessel having arrived at fourteen hundred yards, Fort Sumter opened upon it with two guns. Batteries Bee, Beauregard, Wagner and Gregg opened about this time ; and the action became general, the four leading monitors closing upon the Weehawken, and taking position from the forts and batteries at an aver- age distance of about fifteen hundred yards. In accordance with instructions the fire fi'om the different points was concentrated upon the leading vessel ; and the effort was soon apparent in the withdrawal of the leading monitor from action, her false prow having been detached and otherwise apparently injured. The remaining monitors in advance of the flag ship held their position, directing their fire principally at Fort Sumter, but giving occa- sional shots at Fort Moultrie, of which the flagstaff was shot away. Bat- teries Beauregard and Bee. "The Ironsides meantime opened fire and drew the attention of Forts Moultrie and Sumter and Battery Gregg. A few heavy and concentrated discharges caused her to withdraw out of range, where she was followed by two other monitors. "At 5 minutes past 4 the Keokuk left her consorts, and came to the front, approaching to within nine hundred yards of Fort Sumter, twelve hundred from Battery Bee, and one thousand from Fort Moultrie. Her advance was characterized by more boldness than had yet been exhibited by any of the . enemy's fleet, but receiving full attention from the powerful batteries opposed to her, the effect was soon apparent. Tlie ten-inch shell and seven-inch rifled bolts crashed through her armor, her hull and turrets were riddled and stove in, her boats were shot away, and in less than forty minutes she 116 Memoirs of the War of Secession retired with such speed as her disabled condition would permit. "The remaining monitors kept their position for a short time, but soon one by one dropped down the channel, and came to anchor out of range, after an action of two hours and twenty-five minutes at ranges varying from nine hundred to nineteen hundred yards. "The full effect of our batteries upon the enemy could not be precisely ascertained, and, as our strength had not been fully put forth, it was believed the action would soon be renewed. The monitor which had led in the action proceeded south outside of the bar the same evening. "Before the commencement of the affair, I was proceeding in a boat to Battery Bee, and watched the progress of the cannonade from that point. The guns were worked with as much precision as the range would admit. There were no damages or casualties. Visiting Fort Moultrie, the damaged flagstaff was being replaced and everything prepared for a renewal of fire should the enemy again approach. One man had been mortally wounded by the falling of the staff. Crossing the channel to Fort Sumter, the effect of the impact of the heavy shot sent by the enemy against the fort they are so anxious to repossess, greater in caliber and supposed destructive force than any hitherto used in war, was found to have been much less than had been anticipated. Five men had been injured by splinters from the traverses, one 8-inch columbiad had exploded, one 10-inch carriage had its transom shot away and two rified 42 drs. had been temporarily disabled from the effect of recoil on defective carriages. "The garrison was immediately set to work to repair damages, and, the strength of the enemy's projectiles having been ascertained, to guard such points as might be exposed to their effect should the attack be renewed. Battery Gregg and Battery Wagner were uninjured except from the acci- dental explosion of an ammunition chest in Battery Wagner. "During the night of the 7th, stoores were replenished ; threatened points upon land re-enforced ; working parties from the Forty-sixth Georgia Regi- ment brought to Fort Sumter, and the renewal of the struggle in the morn- ing awaited with confidence. "When day dawned on the morning of the 8th, the enemy's fleet was dis- covered in the same position as noticed on the previous evening. About 9 o'clock the Keokuk, which had been evidently the most damaged in the action, went down about three and a half miles from Fort Sumter and three-quarters of a mile from Morris Island. The remainder of the fleet were repairing damages. Preparations for repulsing a renewed attack were progressed with in accordance with the instructions of the command- ing general, who visited Fort Sumter on that day. A detachment of sea- men, under Flag Officer W. F. Lynch, arrived from Wilmington, and on the 9th temporarily relieved the artillerists in charge of Battery Gregg. The operations of the enemy's fleet consisted only of supply and repair. Towards evening of the 9th, a raft, apparently for removing torpedoes or obstructions, was towed inside the bar. Nothing of importance occurred during the 10th. During the night of the 10th, Lieutenant-Colonel Dargan, Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 117 of the Twenty-first South Carolina Regiment, crossed Light House Inlet, drove bacli the enemy's picket with' loss, and returned with one prisoner. On the nth, there were indications that the attacking fleet were about to withdraw ; and on the 12th, at highwater, the Ironsides crossed the bar and took up her position with the blockading fleet; and the monitors steamed and went toward the southward — leaving only the sunken Keokuk as a monument of their attack and discomflture. "In this, the first trial of the enemy's' iron fleet against brick fortifica- tions and their first attempt to enter the harbor of Charleston, in which they were beaten before their adversaries thought action had well com- menced, they were opposed by seventy-six pieces in all, including mortars. Thirty-seven of these, exclusive of mortars, were above the caliber of thirty-two pounders. The guns which the enemy brought to bear were, if their own account is to be believed, thirty-six in number, including eight-inch rifled, eleven, thirteen and flfteen-inch guns, which would make their weight of metal at one discharge nearly, if not quite, equal to that thrown by the batteries. "During the action Brigadier-General Trapier, commanding 2nd sub- division of this District, was present at Fort Moultrie. Brigadier-General Gist, commanding 1st subdivision, at Fort Johnson. Colonel R. F. Graham, commanding 3rd subdivision, at Morris Island, and Colonel L. M. Keitt, commanding Sullivan's Island, at Battery Bee, attending to their duties, and awaiting the developments of the attack. "The action, however, was purely of artillery ; forts and batteries against Ironclad vessels — other means of defense, obstructions and torpedoes not having come into play. Fort Sumter was the principal object of the enemy's attack and to that garrison, under its gallant commander, Colonel Alfred Rhett, ably seconded by Lieutenant-Colonel Yates, and Major Blanding, and all the officers and men, special credit is due for sustaining the shock and with their powerful armament contributing principally to the repulse. The garrison of F6rt Moultrie, under Colonel William Butler, seconded by Major Baker and the other officers and soldiers, upheld the historic repu- tation of that fort and contributed their full share to the result. The powerful batteries of Battery Bee was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Simkins* and were served with great effect. Battery Wagner, under Major Cleland F. Huger; Battery Gregg, Lieutenant Lesene, and Battery Beauregard, under Captain Sitgreaves, all did their part according to their armament. "Indeed, from the reports of commanders, it is hard to make any dis- tinction where all did their duty with zeal and devotion. Those cases which have been ascertained will be found in the reports of the subordinate com- manders. The steady preparation for receiving a renewed attack, and the discipline of the troops, especially in the garrison of Fort Sumter, the labor being necessarily great, have been quite as creditable as their cond-;ur side fire was kept up from Battery Simkins (Shell Point) with columbiads from 11 a. m. to 11 p. m., when mortar firing was resumed and continued until morning. The enemy was busy during the night and his advanced works were now about 600 yards from Wagner, though no guns were yet in that position. My telegram to you of this date was: "Nothing of importance has occurred since yesterday. Evans's Brigade is arriving in Savannah and Colquitt's Regiment arriving here." About 7 o'clock, on the morning of the 11th, the fleet and land batteries opened heavily on Wagner and were replied to by Sumter, Gregg and Simkins.* One casualty occurred during the day, the enemy as 'well as ourselves working persistently in spite of the heat which was excessive. Our garrison of Morris Island consisted of 1,245 of all arms. At 5 :45 a. m. on the 12th, the enemy opened on Fort Sumter with an 8-inch Parrott gun, firing from a battery to the north and west of Craig's Hill on Morris Island, the distance estimated to be at least 4,400 yards. Eleven shots in all were fired at the •"About 2 o'clock on the morning of the 11th, Wagner opened a heavy Are which with the fire of James Island batteries and Sumter stopped our working parties entirely for the first time In the siege." — Enemy's Siege Journal. I had commenced this fire when Colonel Harrison arrived to relieve me. — J. H. The Journal goes on : "This was the most spiteful fire from Wagner since the 18th July. Indeed that work has been very quiet since thtit time for fear of drawing fire upon Itself. Our reply to fire from whatever direction has been directed upon Wagner." — Operations against Charleston, p. 193. 152 Memoirs of the War of Secession fort. Four missed, three struck outside, and four struck, within the fort. Again, at 5 :30 p. m., the enemy opened from the same battery on Fort Sumter, firing at intervals of ten minutes till dark. Eleven 8-inch rifled shot struck the fort. Heavy firing was carried on throughout the day against Battery Wagner. Fort Sumter and Battery Gregg as well as Simkins directed their fire throughout the day against the enemy's working parties on the left of his approach and dispersed them, stopping the work they were engaged on. At dark. Battery Wagner opened with eight guns on the enemy's advanced trenches, and in conjunction with Sumter and Simkins prevented any progress on the part of the enemy.* His batteries in rear replied to the fire of Wagner and interrupted our communications with Cumming's Point. On the 13th, the enemy endeavored several times to repair the damage done to his advanced works, but well directed shots from Wagner as often drove him back. The batteries in rear of the fleet then opened on Wagner and Gregg, and were answered by Sumter and Simkins. At 5 :30 a. m., the enemy opened with 8-inch Parrotts from the same battery as the day before, firing two or three hours only. At 11 a. m., three or four wooden gunboats approached within 4,000 and 5,000 yards of Sumter and opened slow fire. They were armed with heavy rifled guns. Some fifteen shots were fired at this great range; three only struck the fort; one shot passed over at great elevation and dropped a mile to the westward. At 5 p. m., the enemy opened again on the fort with the 8-inch Parrotts ; no great damage was done, the farthest penetration into the brick- work was four feet. On the 14th, the land batteries opened on Sumter, firing three shots; two struck. About 11 a. m. the wooden gunboats shelled the fort at long range ; and at 5 :15 p. m. the land batteries again opened on the fort. Throughout the day the enemy remained quiet, firing occasionally, and were replied to by our batteries. The sharpshooters on both sides kept up an incessant fire. During the night the fire of Battery Wagner put a stop to the operations on its front. The strengthening of Fort Sumter advanced rapidly •"August 12 . . . Owing to a heavy Are from Wagner, we did not commence work until 11 (at night) and consequently did not accomplish much. . . . The Infantry detail . . . broke and became so scattered It was Impossible to collect them again." Operations against Charleston, p. 195. — J. H. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 153 Bcdkry Wa rner 1863 SKETCH OF BATTERY WAGNER, 1863.— J. H. 1. Fleldplece. 2. 10" Mortar. 3 and 4. Carronades. 5. 32 dr. 6. 8" Navy. 7. 32 dr. 8. 8" Navy. 9. 32 dr. 10. 8" Howitzer. 12. 32 dr. Rifled. 13. 10" Columblad. 14. 8" Gun. 15 and 16. 12 dr. Field Howitzers. 154 Memoirs or the Wak op Secession both day and night. Brigadier-General Eipley was instructed as to the armament of a certain position of the new lines on James Island and of a new battery thrown up near Fort Johnson. During the greater part of the 15th the enemy, both on land and sea, were unusually quiet, only occasionally firing at Bat- tery Wagner. Later in the day they opened with some vigor on Battery Gregg. The enemy's fleet consisted this morning of the Ironsides, six monitors, eight gunboats, three mortar vessels, with thirteen other vessels inside and seven outside the bar. At Hilton Head, fifty-two vessels, including gunboats and ironclads. My telegram of this date was: "No change worth recording since yesterday. . . . Sand bag revetment of gorge wall of Sumter and traverses inside of fort progressing as rapidly as means of trans- portation will admit." On the 16th, the enemy's batteries fired but little on Gregg and Wagner, but during the afternoon the two 8-inch Parrots opened on Sumter, throwing forty-eight shell. Four passed over, four fell short, two struck inside the parade and thirty-two hit in various places, exterior and^ interior. At this date, the armament of the fort consisted of thirty-eight guns and two mortars; at least twenty guns having been withdrawn since the landing of the enemy on Morris Island. Orders were given to Brigadier-General Ripley to remove to Battery Gregg the two mortars in Sumter as soon as it should become impossible to use them to advantage in the latter work, and to transport to other points every gun in Sumter not actually required for its defence and the new relations of that work to the defence of the harbor. The chief engineer was instructed to strengthen Castle Pinckney with sand bags; Fort Johnson to be arranged for two additional 10-inch guns; and positions to be arranged for three 10-inch guns to be placed on the James Island shore of the harbor. Battery Wagner was bombarded heavily by the enemy about daylight on the 17th, their guns were then turned on Sumter and a heavy cannonade was directed against that work. About 9 o'clock the Ironsides and six monitors joined in the action. During the engagements Captain Rodgers, commanding the Weehawken, was killed in the pilot house of his ship. In the twenty-four hours 948 shot were fired against Fort Sumter; 448 Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. C. V. 155 struck outside, 233 inside, and 270 passed over. The casualties in the fort amounted to fourteen. On the 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd of August the fierce bombardment of Fort Sumter by the enemy continued both from his land and naval batteries. From the 17th to the 23rd inclusive he fired against the fort a total of 5,643 shot, of which 2,643 struck inside, 1,699 outside and 1,301 missed. These projectiles were fired from 30 dr. and 300 dr. Parrotts and from 15-inch smooth bore guns. An average of 150 pounds per shot would give a weight of nearly 385 tons discharged against the walls of Fort Sumter during this period of seven days. At the end of this time nearly all therguns remaining in the fort were unser- viceable and the damage to the gorge wall and the northwest face by the severe fire great; but the sand that had been placed upon the outside of the gorge wall, in conjunction with the filling up of the barracks and casemates with cotton bales, and above all the crumbling under the enemy's fire of the masonry coaverted this portion of Fort Sumter into a mass of debris and rubbish on which the enemy's powerful artillery could make but little impression. Throughout the siege the unremitting exertions of the engineer corps hourly increased the defensive power of the work. The following extract from the journal of the engineer officer at Fort Sumter for August 23rd will show the condition of the work at that date: "... The northwest front has now five arches with ramparts fallen in; northeast barbette battery unserviceable; east front scarp much scaled by slant fire, with large craters under traverses; principal injury at level of arches and terreplein; two-thirds of southern wall east of magazine damaged ; stone abutment unhurt and protected by rubbish ; gorge not damaged since yesterday. Another shot has penetrated above sand filling of second-story rooms, making three since the attack began. East barbette parapets much loosened and undermined, though not displaced. One 10-inch and one 11-inch gun untouched. Brooke gun carriage shattered, but can easily be remounted on 10-inch columbiad carriage." During the seven days that the enemy so vigorously bom- barded Sumter his approaches to Wagner were slowly pushed forward under the fire of our guns and sharpshooters. On the 156 Memoirs of the Wae of Secession 21st he made an unsuccessful attack on our rifle pits directly in front of that battery. The same day General Gilmore sent a demand, under flag of truce, for the surrender of Fort Sumter and Morris Island, with the threat that in the case of non-com- pliance he would open fire on the city ; four hours were allowed for a reply. This communication was received at the head- quarters of the department at 10 :45 p. m. ; the enemy carried his threat into execution by throwing several shells into the city on the morning of the 23rd, at about 1 :30 a. m. On the 24th, the fire against Fort Sumter lessened considerably ; not more than 150 shot were thrown against it in the course of the day. Every endeavor was made to retard the approach of the enemy to Battery "Wagner. His working parties were fired upon by the guns of the battery during the night, but during the day this had to be discontinued and the embrasures closed to prevent our guns from being dismounted. Until 3 o'clock of the 25th, enemy's fire was principally directed against Sumter. After that time Wagner was fiercely bombarded, as well as the space between that work and the rifle pits. At dark the enemy endeav- ored to carry these pits but were repulsed. Our loss was five killed and nineteen wounded. A very large amount of ammunition and ordnance stores were removed-from Fort Sumter during the night. On the 26th, 630 shot were fired at Sumter; Wagner and Gregg received the bulk of the fire. At 5 o'clock in the evening the enemy concentrated his fire on the rifle pits in front of Wagner. Between 7 and 8 p. m. the rifle pits were carried by an over- whelming force and seventy-six out of the eighty-nine men of the Sixty-first North Carolina, who formed the picket, were cap- tured.* The firing on the 27th against Sumter was limited to four shots. In front of Wagner the enemy had advanced his trenches to within 300 yards of the work, whilst the number of his guns and the accuracy of his fire prevented the opening of its embrasures except during the night. The Honorable Secretary of War informed me by telegraph, in answer to a request that I made for the services of some of the sailors stationed in Savannah, •Note G. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 157 that the Secretary of the Navy declined sending sailors from Savannah and urged a detail of men. I replied by letter setting forth the fact that the army was depleted already by details for the navy, and that no more can be spared. The importance of keeping our water transportation to Morris Island in an efficient condition was represented, and that without an additional force of boatmen it could not be preserved. Further, that our iron- clads at Savannah were safely sheltered behind obstructions, and were a portion of their crews sent to Charleston they could be returned in case of an emergency there. On the 28th, the enemy were extremely quiet, firing only six shots at Sumter; but his approach as to Wagner advanced rapidly notwithstanding the fire from Gregg, the James Island batteries and the sharpshooters in Wagner. The enemy did not fire at Sumter during the 29th, but worked industriously upon his approaches to Wagner. His advanced works were shelled throughout the day by Wagner, Moultrie and the James Island batteries. During the night the enemy's guns were silent in front of Wagner, but they renewed the bombardment of Sumter before daylight. During the day of the 30th they threw 634 shot against Sum- ter. The enemy was also busy completing his advanced works, though greatly disturbed by the fire from Wagner and the James Island batteries, which compelled them to desist from the work of advancing a sap to the left of Battery Wagner. In the evening the enemy opened a brisk fire on Wagner, both with monitors and Parrott guns. No serious damage was done the work, but several casualties occurred. During the night Wagner kept up a steady and effective fire on the enemy's advanced works. Early on the morning of the 31st, as the steamer Sumter was returning from Morris Island with troops on board, she was imfortunately fired into from the Sullivan's Island batteries and sunk. Four men were killed or drowned, and the greater portion of the arms lost. Between 11 and 12 m. one of the monitors approached Fort Moultrie, and when within range was opened upon by that work. The enemy replied with schrapnell, all of which fell short ; and after about an hour's engagement the mon- itor withdrew. About 2 p. m. the enemy again approached with four monitors and engaged the fort for four hours. A steady 158 Memoirs of the War of Secession fire was kept up on them from Fort Moultrie and other Sullivan's fire was kept up on them from Fort Moultrie and other Sullivan Island batteries. During the engagement the enemy fired sixty shot, striking Moultrie fifteen times but doing no damage. The fort fired 132 shot. The enemy's fire on Sumter was slack throughout the day. Captain Leroy Hammond, Twenty-fifth South Carolina Volun- teers, reported today that in obedience to instructions he had made a reconnoisance of Light House Inlet on the south side of Black Island. On the island he saw pickets and bivouac fires, but discovered no entrenchments. During' the night the enemy suc- ceeded in advancing their sap a short distance towards Wagner, notwithstanding the heavy fire that was kept up on them from that work. At daylight, the 1st September, the enemy opened on Wagner with mortars and continued at intervals during the entire day. The two 32 dr. howitzers in the salient of the work were disabled. From early morning their land batteries kept up a heavy fire on Fort Sumter, firing throughout the day 382 shot; 166 struck outside, 95 inside and 121 missed. This fire was very destructive, disabling the remaining guns en barbette and damaging the fort considerably. An extract from the report of the engineer in charge gives the following account of its condition: "... Towards noon the effect of the fire was to carry away at one fall four rampart arches on the northeast front with terreplein plat- form and guns, thus leaving on this front only one arch and a half which are adjacent to the east spiral stair. Some of the lower casemate piers of the same front have been seriously damaged, rendering unsafe the service of two guns hitherto available in that quarter. On the exterior, the chief injury done is to be noticed on the southeast pan coupie and two next upper casemates on east front. From these localities the scarp has fallen away completely and left the arches exposed, as well as the sand filling half down to the fioor of second tier." At 11 :40 a. m., on the 2nd September, six monitors opened on Sumter at distances of 800 to 1,000 yards. They were joined at 1 p. m. by the Ironsides, and together fired 185 shot, of which 116 struck outside, 35 inside and 34 passed over. The projectiles used were 8-inch Parrott rifle shell and 11- and 15-inch smooth- Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. C. V. 159 bore shot and shell. Fort Sumter was unable to answer, not having a gun in working order, but a heavy fire was kept up on the fleet by Fort Moultrie with good effect, two of the mon- itors being apparently injured and requiring assistance when they retired. The effect of this fire on Sumter is thus "described by the engineer officer in charge : ". . . The chief external injury has been done on the east scarp, which now has lost its integrity and hangs upon the arches apparently in blocks and detached masses." The remainder of the day was passed in comparative quiet. The fleet was occupied in placing sand bags on the decks of the monitors. The enemy's land batteries fired but 148 shot, of which 38 were directed against Sumter. In the same period our bat- teries fired 66 times. During the night the enemy was engaged in front of Wagner in strengthening his advanced position, which was then within 80 to 100 yards of the salient. Owing to the difficulty of transporting ammunition to Wagner the fire of that work was slack. Early on the morning of the 3rd, the enemy opened on Wagner with mortars and continued it throughout the day. Fort Sumter was not fired at. In that work all hands were busy in repairing damages. During the past night, as usual, large quantities of ordnance stores and several guns were removed. The condition of the fort of this date was as follows : The northeast and north- west terrepleins had fallen in, and the western wall had a crack entirely through from parapet to beam. The greater portion of the southern wall was down, the upper east magazine penetrated, and lower east magazine wall cracked. The eastern wall itself nearly shot away and large portions down, ramparts gone, and nearly every casemate breached. The casemates on the eastern face were still filled with sand and gave some protection to the garrison from shell. Not a single gun remained en barbette, and but a single casemate gun that could be fired — a 32 dr. smooth- bore on the west face. During the night of the 3rd, Wagner fired steadily and the James Island batteries occasionally. Throughout the 4th the enemy confined themselves to shelling Wagner and were answered by the James Island guns. During the night of the 4th their approach was pushed close to Wagner. 160 Memoirs of the War of Secession At 12 m., on the 5th, the Federal flag was abreast of the south angle of the work. Throughout the day a very heavy fire was concentrated on Wagner from the Ironsides, monitors and land batteries, which severely injured the work; our casualties were also greatly increased, some forty occurring during the day. Large bodies of troops were transferred from FoUey to Morris Island, and other indications pointed to an early assault. There is good reason to believe that the enemy's plan was to carry Bat- tery Gregg by a boat attack on the night of the 5th, or early on the morning of the 6th ; that the fleet should prevent the landing of re-enforcements at Cummings Point; that Wagner should be heavily shelled by ironclads, and on the morning of the 6th, on a given signal. Battery Wagner should be assailed. This plan was frustrated, however, by the repulse of the attaclc- ing party on Battery Gregg. About 1 :30 a. m., on the 6th, they were seen approaching in from fifteen to twenty barges from the passages leading from Vincent and Schooner Creeks that lie between James and Morris Islands. The garrison of Gregg* was on the alert and received them with a brisk fire of grape and musketry. The enemy was evidently disconcerted and, after discharging their boat howitzers, retired. On the 4th September, I had convened a meeting of general officers and the chief engineer of the department to assist me in determining how much longer the Confederate forces should attempt to hold Morris Island. The rapid advance of the enemy's trenches to Battery Wagner having made it evident that before many days that work must become untenable, the follow- ing questions were propounded to the council : "1. How long do you think Battery Wagner can be held with- out regard to the safety of the garrison ? "2. How long can it be held with a fair prospect of saving its garrison with the means of transportation at our command and circumstances relative thereto as heretofore indicated by actual experience ? "3. How long, after the loss or evacuation of Wagner, could Battery Gregg be held? "4. Can the heavy guns (two in Wagner and three in Gregg) •Captain Lesesne, 1st S. C. Artillery, and Major Gardner, 27th Georgia, were In command. — Ripley's Report. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 161 in those works be removed before the evacuation without endan- gering the safety of the works and their garrisons? "5. Can we take the offensive suddenly with a fair prospect of success by throwing during the night 3,000 men on the north end of Morris Island, making in all 4,000 available men, bearing in mind that no re-enforcements could be sent them until night, and probably for several nights, according to the movements of the enemy's ironclads and the fire of his land batteries?" These questions were thoroughly discussed, as well as the prob- able plan of attack by the enemy, our means of defense, trans- portation, and reasons for prolonging our possession of the north end of Morris Island. It was agreed that the holding of Morris Island as long as possible was most important to the safety and free use of Charleston harbor ; and our ability to keep up easy communication with the works on Sullivan and James Islands, in view of which I deemed it proper to renew application to the secretaries of war and of the navy, by telegraph, for some 200 sailors for oarsmen. It was further decided that the five heavy guns at Morris Island were necessary morally and physically for the defense, to the last extremity, of the position ; and such being the difficulty, if not indeed the insurmountable obstacles to their removal at this time, that no effort should be made to save them, and conse- quently that they should be ultimately destroyed with as much of the works as possible when further defense was abandoned. The result was my determination to hold Morris Island as long as communication with it could be maintained at night by means of rowboats, but for which purpose sailors or men able to handle oars with efficiency were essential. On the 6th inst., Brigadier-General Ripley prepared by my order a confidential letter to the officer commanding Battery Wagner, pointing out that it might be necessary to evacuate Mor- ris Island, and giving full instructions for destroying the maga- zines and rendering the guns useless in that event. Early on the morning of the 6th, a dispatch was received from Colonel L. M. Keitt, commanding Battery Wagner, to the follow- ing effect : "... The parapet of the salient is badly breached ; the whole fort is much weakened. A repetition of today's fire (alluding to the 5th inst.) will make the work almost a ruin. 11— H 162 Memoirs or the War or Secession The mortar fire is still very heavy and fatal and no important work can be done. Is it deemed advisable to sacrifice the gar- rison? To continue to hold it is to do so. Captain Lee, the engineer, has read this and agrees." The casualties in Wagner on the 5th were 100 out of 900. Another dispatch, dated 8 :4o a. m., was received from Colonel Keitt : "Incessant fire from Yankee mortars and Parrott battery : can't work negroes, better look after them promptly. Had thirty or forty soldiers wounded in an attempt to work. Will do all I can, but fear the garrison will be destroyed without injuring the enemy. The fleet is opening, but I hope that we may hold till night." Again, at 10 :30 a. m.. Colonel Keitt signalled, "Boats must be at Cummings Point without fail." During the day a letter was received from the same officer as follows : "... The enemy will tonight advance their parallel to the moat of this battery. The garrison must be taken away immediately after dark, or it will be destroyed or captured. It is idle to deny that the heavy Par- rott guns have breached the walls and are knocking away the bomb-proofs. Pray have boats at Cummings Point immediately after dark to take away the men. I say deliberately that this must b,e done or the garrison must be sacrificed. I am sending the wounded and sick to Cummings Point now, and will, if pos- sible, continue to do so until all are gone. I have a number of them now here. I have not in the. garrison 400 effective men, excluding artillery. The engineers agree with me in opinion, or rather shape my opinion. ..." Colonel Keitt's last dispatch was as follows: "The enemy's sap . has reached the moat and his bombardment has shattered large parts of the parapet. The retention of this post after tonight involves the loss of the garrison. If the necessities of the service require their sacrifice, the men will cheerfully make it, and I will cheerfully lead them. I prefer to assail the enemy to awaiting his assault, and I will at 4 o'clock in the morning assail his works." Things being in this condition, it became evident that an attempt to longer retain possession of Batteries Gregg and Wag- ner must, of necessity involve the loss of the garrisons. But before giving the final order for the evacuation, I directed Colonel D. B. Harris, my chief engineer, to proceed to Morris Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. C. V. 163 Island and to examine into and report upon the condition of affairs. His opinion was as follows : ". . .1 visited our works on Morris Island today, and in consideration of their condition, of our inability to repair dam- ages to Wagner as heretofore, of the dispirited state of the garrison, and of the progress of the enemy's sap, am constrained to recommend an immediate evacuation of both Batteries Gregg and Wagner. ... In consequence of the accuracy of the fire from the enemy's land batteries which are now in close prox- imity (say from 500 to 800 yards) to Wagner, aided by reverse fire from his fleet, it is impossible, in the opinion of the officer commanding the fort, to keep up a fire either of artillery or small arms, and the enemy are thus left free to work in the trenches which he is rapidly pushing "forward. The head of the sap is within forty yards of the salient, which is so badly damaged by a Parrott battery kept constantly playing upon it as to render it untenable. ..." Under these circumstances, I concluded the period had arrived when it would be judicious to evacuate Morris Island, and in the following special order detailed the manner in which I desired the movement to be accomplished : "Battery Wagner, Morris Island, being no longer tenable, with- out undue loss of life and the risk of final capture of the entire garrison, that position and Battery Gregg will be evacuated as soon as practicable, to which end the following arrangements will be made by the district commander : "I. Two of the Confederate States ironclads should take up position near Fort Sumter with their guns bearing on Cummings Point and to the eastward of it. At the same time, all our land batteries will be held-prepared to sweep the water face of Battery Gregg. Transport steamers will take position within the harbor, but as near to Cummings Point as practicable, to receive the men from the row boats by which the embarkation of the men from Morris Island will be effected. As many row boats as are neces- sary, or which can be provided with efficient oarsmen, will be kept in readiness at once to proceed to and reach Cummings Point or that vicinity as soon after dark as may be prudent. Having reached Morris Island a courier or relay of footmen will be dis- patched by the naval officer in charge with notice of the fact to 164 Memoirs or the War of Secession the officer in command of Battery Wagner, and of the exact transport capacity of the boats. A naval officer with proper assistants will have exclusive charge of the boats and their move- ments. "II. The commanding officer of Wagner having made during the day all arrangements for the evacuation and destruction of the work and armament, will, when informed of the arrival of the boats, direct first the removal and embarkation of all wounded men, and thereafter, according to the capacity of the boats at hand, will withdraw his command by companies with soldierly silence and deliberation. Two companies will remain in any event to preserve a show of occupation and repair and to defend from assault during the embarkation ; and it is strictly enjoined that no more men shall quit the work and go to the landing than can be safely embarked. The embarkation will be superintended by the field officers or regimental or battalion commanders, who will halt and keep their commands about 100 yards from the boats, divide them into suitable squads for assignment to the boats in exact conformity with the directions of the naval officer in charge of the embarkation ; and then superintend the disposition of the men accordingly, impressing upon all the vital necessity of silence, obedience to orders and coolness. "III. The companies left to occupy Wagner will be under charge of a firm and intelligent field officer, who will not with- draw his command until assured that there is sufficient trans- portation for all the remaining garrisons of the island, including that of Battery Gregg. "IV. The final evacuation will depend for success on the utmost coolness and quiet on the part of every man. At least two officers previously selected will be left to light the fuses already arranged and timed to about fifteen minutes to blow up the magazim^ and bomb-proof, and to destroy the armament in the manner already indicated in special instructions from district headquarters. But the fuses must not be lighted until it is certain there is sufficient transportation for the removal of all the garrison, or except the enemy become aware of the evacuation and are evidently about to storm and enter the work. The men must be embarked with arms loaded ready to repel an attack from the boat parties of the enemy. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 165 "V. The garrison of Battery Gregg will stand staunchly to their posts until the last company from Wagner shall be embarked. It will then take the boats in silence and with delib- eration, provision having been made as at Wagner for the destruction of the work and its ordnance. Both explosions will be as nearly simultaneous as possible; and the complete success of the evacuation will probably be in the hands of those whose high duty it will be to apply the match to the fuses at Wagner. The garrison of Gregg will be embarked with the same precau- tions and regulations as prescribed for that of Wagner. In case the enemy should carry Wagner immediately after the garrison shall have evacuated it, or in any way the explosion of the maga- zine should be prevented, a signal of three (3) rockets in rapid succession shall be made from Battery Gregg, when the naval vessels in position and our land batteries bearing on Wagner will be opened with a steady fire on the site of that work, as will be done likewise immediately after an explosion shall have taken place, and this fire shall be maintained slowly during the night. "VI. Brigadier-General Kipley will give such additional orders as will be calculated to secure the successful evacuation of Morris Island, or to meet emergencies. He will confer with Flag Officer Tucker and procure all necessary assistance. The opera- tion is one of the most delicate that can be attempted in war. Coolness, resolute courage, judgment and inflexibility on the part of officers — obedience to orders and a constant sense of the necessity for silence on the part of the men, are essential for complete success, and the credit which must attach to those who achieve it." The evacuation began at 9 p. m. on the night of the 6th Septem- ber. According to instructions a guard of 35 men, under Captain T. A. Hugenin, had been left to bring up the extreme rear and to fire the only magazine which contained powder. The necessary arrangements having been completed, and Colonel Keitt having been informed that the transportation was ready, the embarkation commenced and was continued with the utmost quietness and dispatch. The wounded were first embarked and were followed by the remnants of the infantry garrison. Captain Kanapaux, commanding light artillery, was then ordered to spike his guns and embark his command. Captain Lesesne, commanding Gregg, 166 Memoirs of the War of Secession spiked the guns of that battery and followed with his command ; and the rear guard from Wagner, coming up at that time in pur- suance of orders from Colonel Keitt, the fuses communicating with the magazines were lighted, that at Wagner by Captain Hugenin, and that at Gregg by Major Holcombe, commissary of subsistence, and the remainder of the command was safely and expeditiously embarked. Owing to defects in the fuses them- selves, they failed to accomplish the purpose designed, though their lighting was superintended by careful and reliable officers. The magazines were, therefore, not destroyed. The guns in the batteries were spiked as far as their condition allowed, and the implements and equipments generally destroyed or carried oflF. The evacuation was concluded about 1:30 a. m., on the 7th Sep- tember. The boats containing the portion of the garrison last embarked were fired upon by the -enemy's barges, but without effect. Two of our boats containing crews of 19 sailors and 27 soldiers were captured by the enemy's armed barges between Cummings Point and Sumter. Thus Morris Island was abandoned to the enemy on the 7th September with but little loss on the part of the garrison, either in men or material. The total loss in killed and wounded on Mor- ris Island, from July 10th to September 7th, was only 641 men; and deducting the casualties due to the landing on the 10th July and to the assaults of the 11th and 18th July, the killed and wounded by the terrible bombardment, which lasted almost unin- terruptedly night and day during fifty-eight days, amounted only to 296 men, many of whom were only slightly wounded. It is still more remarkable that during the same time when the enemy fired 6,202 shot at Sumter, varying in weight from 30 to 300 pounds, only three men were killed and forty-nine wounded in that work. It is difficult to arrive at the loss of the enemy during these operations, but judging from the slaughter made in their ranks on the 11th and 18th July, it will be within the mark to say that his casualties were in the ratio of ten for our one. It may be well to remark that the capture of Morris Island resulted in but a barren victory to the enemy, if his only object was to gain a position from which to hurl his missiles and Greek fire into the City of Charleston. A reference to the map will Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 167 show that the possession of Cummings Point placed him no nearer the city than he was when he held part of James Island, from whence he was driven by the Battle of Secessionville in June, 1862, and again in July, 1863, when he was driven from the same island on the 16th of the same month.* In conclusion, I cannot express in too strong terms my admira- tion of the bravery, endurance and patriotism displayed by the officers and men engaged in these operations, who during so many days and nights withstood unflinchingly the extraordinary fire from the enemy's land and naval batteries, and repulsed with heroic gallantry every effort to surprise or carry the works by storm.* I have particularly to commend the gallantry, coolness and zeal of Brigadier-General W. B. Taliaferro, Brigadier-General John- son Hagood, Brigadier-General A. H. Colquitt, Colonel L. M. Keitt and Colonel G. P. Harrison, who at different periods had immediate command of the defenses of Morris Island. To par- ticularize would be invidious ; they one and all on every occasion did their duty nobly. I have to express my acknowledgment of the valuable services rendered by Brigadier-General R. S. Ripley, in command of the First Military District, which included the City of Charleston and its outworks. He was invariably active, industrious and intelligent, and carried out his important duties to my entire satisfaction. Although Major- General J. T. Gilmer arrived in Charleston a few days before the evacuation of Morris Island, he was nevertheless active, zealous and of great assistance to me in holding the island to the last moment. I also take pleasure in recording the services of Colonel Alfred Rhett, who during the siege of Wagner had command of Fort Sumter, and with his brave garrison endured a long and terrific bombardment. His conduct throughout met my entire approval and satisfaction. To Colonel D. B. Harris, chief engineer of the department, I have to return my most sincere thanks. He was ever cool, gal- lant and indefatigable in the performance of his arduous duties during the whole period of the operations on Morris Island. •Note c. •^ote H. 168 MEiMOIRS OF THE WaR OF SECESSION Always present in the Jiour of need, he exposed himself when necessary to the hottest fire and the greatest danger in the most reckless manner. I am, General, Respectfully, your obedient servant, (Signed) G. T. Beaueeguard, General Commanding. EXTRACT FROM GENERAL RIPLEY'S REPORT Continuing Narrative of Siege from 7th September, 1863. "... September 7th. The enemy occupied Battery "Wagner about daylight, and was opened upon by Batteries Simkins and Cheves and Fort Moultrie with the works adjacent. "Soon after Admiral Dalgreen, commanding enemy's fleet, sent a demand to Major Stephen Elliott, commanding Fort Sumter, for a surrender of that post. Major Elliott declined, meantime referring the matter to the headquarters of the district. Under instructions from headquarters of the department. Admiral Dal- green was informed that he could have Fort Sumter when he could take and hold it. "About 6 p. m., the Ironsides and five monitors came up the channel and opened fire on Fort Sumter and the batteries on Sul- livan's Island, which was promptly replied to by our guns and with some effect until it was too dark to observe the results. The enemy kept up his fire until about 9 o'clock, doing but little damage to the works. Lieutenant E. A. Ervin, First South Caro- lina Infantry, was killed at Battery Beauregard. "September 8th. On the morning of the 8th, a monitor, sup- posed to be the Weehawken, was observed aground in the channel *NoTB. — High as Is the tribute here paid to Colonel Harris, It is not exaggerated. He was singularly modest, and the writer has no hesitation in saying the coolest man under Are he ever met with ; withal a skillful engineer and, literally, "always present In the hour of need." He was chief engineer of the department and not the local engineer of Wagner, yet always and whenever the guns of Morris Island rang out the alarm of special bombardment or assault, you might with certainty look (or him at the fort whatever the dlflSculty or danger of getting there. Colonel H. was a Virginian, a graduate of West Point, and afterwards, and until the breaking out of this war, a large tobacco planter. His service was chiefly with General Beaure- gard from the First Manassas until the fall of 1864. He was then detached from Petersburg to again take charge of the engineering around Charleston, and died shortly after from yellow fever. — J. H. Hagood's 1st 12 MoKTHS S. C. Y. 169 leading to Cummings Point and the shore of Morris Island. A slow fire was opened upon her from a treble-banded Brooke gun and a 10-inch columbiad from Sullivan's Island and such guns as could be brought to bear from Fort Johnson. The endeavor was made to strike her below her armor, which was out of water at low tide. She was struck several times below the usual water lines, and about 9 o'clock the Ironsides and five monitors came to her assistance, engaging the forts and batteries at distances rang- ing from 800 to 1,500 yards, keeping up a very heavy cannonade. A shell from the Weehawken struck and disabled an 8-inch columbiad in Fort Moultrie, and glancing burst near a service magazine which was protected by a heavy traverse throwing incendiary contents into and exploding the magazine, killing sixteen and wounding twelve men of Captain R. Press Smith's company, First South Carolina Infantry. This disaster inter- rupted the practice but little, for Captain Bennett's company relieved Captain Smith's under a heavy cannonade, and an accu- rate and deliberate fire was maintained against the enemy from all the batteries on the island for about five hours, when the enemy withdrew much cut up and disabled. From personal observation, I take pleasure in commending the conduct and practice of the olRcers and men engaged in Colonel Butler's regi- ment. The effect on the ironclads I believe to have been greater than on the 7th April, and since the action but one monitor has fired a gun, and their number has been decreasing ; four only are now in view. Besides the casualties from the explosion, three men and two officers were killed — Captain Wardlaw and Lieutenant DeSaussure; and fourteen men were wounded at Fort Moultrie. "Having met with but little success in the cannonade of the Sullivan's Island batteries, the enemy's naval commander next made an attempt to take possession of Fort Sumter, and at 1 o'clock on the morning of the 9th attacked that fort with a fleet of from thirty to forty barges. Major Elliott caused his fire to be reserved until the enemy was within a few yards of the southern and eastern faces upon which the landing was attempted. He was then received with a close fire of musketry ; hand grenades and fragments of epaulement were thrown over on the heads of his men, demoralizing and completely repulsing him. The crews near the fort sought refuge in the recesses and 170 Memoirs or the War of Secession breaches of the scarp and those at a distance turned and pulled rapidly away. The gunboat 'Chicora,' the Sullivan's Island batteries and Fort Johnson opened a fire enfilading the faces of Sumter as soon as the signal was made, cutting up the retreating barges, of which several were seen floating capsized and disabled. Next morning Major Elliott succeeded in securing five boats, five stands of colors, twelve officers and one hundred and nine men, including two officers and nineteen men wounded. "The prisoners reported the attacking force four himdred strong. It was probably larger, and the enemy's loss was undoubtedly larger than that portion which fell into our hands and under our observation. Amongst the captured colors was a worn and torn garrison flag, reported by some of the prisoners as that which Major -Anderson was permitted to take from the fort on the occasion of his being compelled to surrender it in April, 1861. This had been brought to hoist and to be made the subject of boast had the assault succeeded. Whether it was really the flag in question or not, it would doubtless have been so asserted. . . . The gallant conduct of Major Steven Elliott, commanding Fort Sumter, and of his garrison, the Charleston Battalion under Major Blake, in repelling this assault, is to be especially commended. ..." Thus terminated the direct efforts of the enemy to take Charles- ton. With the capture of Morris Island, and the demolition of the offensive power of Sumter, General Gilmore, with his land forces, had done all he was able to do ; and contended that he had done all he had engaged to do ; and that it was enough that the gate was now open for the fleet to enter and finish the under- taking.* The fleet thought otherwise. From thenceforward, until the operations of Sherman in the interior of the State compelled the evacuation of the city, the enemy's operations before Charleston, as heretofore stated, were confined to a can- nonade upon Sumter to prevent its rehabilitation as an artillery post, to the exchange of shots with our James Island batteries, from which nothing resulted, and to the regular bombardment of the city from Cummings Point. The fleet occasionally joined in the pounding of Sumter or engaged indecisively the Sullivan's Island batteries. *See GUmore's "Operations, etc' Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 171 General Beauregard's efforts were confined principally to com- pleting the defenses of Charleston. On James Island, with which the writer was most familiar, these became very complete. Pem- berton's and Eipley's lines from Secessionville, by way of Royall's house to Fort Pemberton, were abandoned. Starting at Seces- sionville a line much shorter was carried to Dill's, just above Grimball's on the Stono. This was a cremaillere infantry breast- work of strong profile, with heavy enclosed redoubts at distances of 700 and 800 yards, having defensive relations to each other. On the Stono were one or two heavy redoubts securing that flank. Fort Pemberton was nearly, if not quite, dismantled. From Secessionville to Fort Johnson, along the eastern shore of the island looking towards FoUey and Morris Islands, heavy bat- teries, opened to the rear with trenches or breastworks for infantry supports, were erected, and from Johnson to opposite the city heavy batteries for the defense of the inner harbor* Bomb- proofs, covered ways, rifle pits and all the appliances of the engineer's art were exhausted in strengthening this system of works. Magnetic telegraphs were put up from Pemberton, Secessionville, Fort Haskell and Johnson, respectively, to head- quarters at Royall's house, and a complete system of signals by rockets established. The command was divided into two divisions — Generals Hagood and Colquitt in charge, and General Talia- ferro commanded the island. In November, President Davis visited James Island. General Taliaferro was absent on leave and General Hagood in command. Mr. Davis inspected the works closely, going at a rapid gallop with his cortege from battery to battery and stopping long enough to receive a salute and ride around the regiments which were drawn up along his route, each near its post. He seemed in good spirits; the troops betrayed much enthusiasm, but he acknowl- edged their cheers for "Our President" by simply raising his hat. General Plagood rode with him as commander of the island, and necessarily had much conversation with him. Here and on the field of battle at Drury's Bluff when General Beauregard was pleased to present him again, with a compliment, to the President, were the only times he was ever in conversation with this dis- • See 90, Ante for Old Lines. See map at p. 352, Ante for New Lines. 172 Memoirs of the War of Secession tinguished man. That night ex-Governor Aiken, with whom Mr. Davis was a guest, entertained the party in the city. In February, 1864, the enemy inaugurated a campaign in Florida, covering the movement of troops from before Charles- ton by a demonstration upon Johns Island. Colquitt was sent with his brigade to re-enforce our troops in that quarter, and the battle of Olustee terminated the campaign. The Eleventh South Carolina was sent after Colquitt, but arrived after the battle. It was, however, creditably engaged afterwards in an affjiir of pickets. Olustee, like Secessionville, was one of the decisive battles of the war, with comparatively small forces engaged. At the time, and so far since, the credit seemed to attach to General Finnigan, the district commander. From what General Hagood learned of it from those engaged he was inclined to believe the credit solely due to Colquitt. He was said to have been on a recon- noisance in force under orders from Finnigan, when he unex- pectedly encountered the advance of the Yankee Army and engaged it without orders. He received no orders or re-enforce- ments during the fight until, just as he was preparing for his decisive charge, a message from Finnigan, five miles in rear, directed him to fall back. The charge was made, and the enemy thoroughly routed.* No fresh troops were sent in pursuit. Col- quitt ordered forwarded a squadron or two of cavalry which had accompanied his reconnoisance and been unengaged in the fight. They did not get out of sight of the field of battle before they bivouacked for the night. The enemy, it was said, abandoned artillery in the road twenty miles from the field of action. Taliaferro was now sent to Florida to take command of that district; he was in a short time superseded by Major-General Patton Anderson and returned to James Island. The troops on James Island were generally hutted, and, from the facility of getting private supplies from home (they were chiefly Georgians and South Carolinians), lived tolerably well. The commissariat supply was irregular and bad. Major Guerrin in Charleston and Northrop in Richmond were too much for us. Under Confederate regulations, the commissary department was almost independent of even a general commanding a separate •In 2 Beauregard's Military Operations. Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. C. V. 173 army; and General Beauregard more than once spoke to the writer of his plans being thwarted by the interference of Northrop, the chief at Eichmond. Colonel Northrop's qualifi- cations for this high position, it was said with sarcastic bitterness, were to have been at West Point with President Davis some thirty years before and to have lived a misanthrope since without active participations in even civil life. It was a popular notion among the soldiers that he was a vegetarian and did not think meat healthy. Guerrin had been an office clerk for a physician in Charleston before the war and had married Northrop's niece. The writer knows that the movement and supply of troops is iSie most difficult of the problems of war; and he trusts he is not disposed to criticise harshly any man or set of men who "wore the grey." But he also knows that on James Island, had it not been for private sources of supply, the troops would have often been on siege rations, and that, too, when there was uninterrupted com- munication with the middle and back country of Georgia and South Carolina which teemed with provisions. A year later Sherman and his men expressed themselves amazed at the abun- dance they encountered here. During the winter (of 1863-64) the wives of many of the officers came down, and there was quite a pleasant society on the island. Ladies on horseback and in car- riages were not an uncommon sight, and sometimes during a lull in the firing of the batteries a dancing party was had at a post liable to be opened upon at any time. Horse racing, coursing rabbits with greyhounds, and cock fighting amused the fancies of each sport ; and occasionally a whole regiment would be seen on a grand battue. Deploying as skirmishers, each man armed only with a club, they would sweep over the extensive field, whooping and j^elling; and it was astonishing to see what num- bers of rabbits, partridges and other small game, too scared to escape, they would bring to bag. The health of the troops was good, their morale excellent, and many a tatterdemalion who followed the Eed Cross flag under Lee and Johnston in '64 and '65 looked back upon this portion of his service at the siege of Charleston with fond regret. Before leaving for Virginia, whither he had been ordered in April, 1864, General Hagood went over to Sumter to look at its condition. He had last seen it on the night of the 18th July, 1863, 174 Memoirs of the War of Secessioist on his way to Wagner. Then it was an imposing artillery fort- ress, armed at all points, equalled for offensive power by perhaps few in the world, and triumphant in its recent decisive repulse of the ironclad fleet. The first day from Gilmore's huge rifled projectiles had demonstrated the inability of its masonry to withstand land breaching batteries, and despoiled by friends and battered by foes, it now lay in the moonlight a huge misshapen mound upon the quiet bosom of the bay. Save the battle flag float- ing in the night breeze, there was no sign of life or occupation, as we approached, until the quick decisive challenge of the warden obscured in the shade of the ruin arrested us. The watch- word given, and landing, the visitors dived by a zigzag and obstructed entrance into the bowels of the mass of debris and came into a securely ceiled and well lighted gallery running the whole circle of the ruins, neatly whitewashed, thoroughly venti- lated, widening here into a barrack room with bunks in which the reserve of the garrison were quietly sleeping ; narrowing there into a covered way loopholed to give a musketry fire upon what was once the parade; and again developing itself into a hospital room, a compact headquarters office and a place of arms for defense, with ample and ingeniously defended passages for egress to summit of the ruins. Here sentinels in single rifle pits were stationed, having for giving the alarm, in addition to their guns, a wire by each, upon pulling which a bell was rung at the same time in the headquarters office and in each station of the garrison within. Boat howitzers, securely sheltered upon the interior slope of the debris, were so placed and combined with arrange- ments for musketry fire as to sweep every part of the parade. Wire entanglements, movable during the day or a bombardment upon the exterior slope, added to the difficulties of escalade which, the action of the tides already made difficult enough. For at the edge of the water, the debris, which from the summit so far had a natural slope, was washed away, making here a nearly perpen- dicular wall five or six feet high. One or two heavy guns were mounted in the northwest angle of the fort which was sheltered by its position from Gilmore's land batteries. These had a field of fire upon the inner harbor, and would have been serviceable upon vessels succeeding in reaching that position in an advance of the fleet upon the city. The general appearance of the work Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. C. V. 175 now, as viewed from the summit ridge of the ruin and looking inward, was that of the crater of an extinct volcano. As barrack and bomb-proof and casemate and magazine of the original fort had crumbled under the enemy's unparalleled fire, until protected alone by what had once been its defenses, no living thing could have survived even one day's ordinary bombardment ; and the garrison, clinging tenaciously to the site, had burrowed into the increasing debris. Working under almost ceaseless fire, they had converted this wreck of an artillery fort, without a single gun to reply to her long range assailants, into an infantry post comparatively safe for its defenders, and with which, after one feeble effort, its assailants had neyer the nerve to grapple in assault. Elliott, who had held the fort since the fall of Morris Island* without relief in the arduous and wearing duty, had just been promoted to a regiment and gone to Virginia, where in furthei recognition of his services he received the first vacant South Carolina brigade. Captain Mitchell was now in command and Captain Johnson remained the resident engineer. After the war, and not long before his untimely death, the writer was walking with Elliott on the streets of desolated Columbia, when they met and stopped to speak with Mrs. Pickens. After a few moments of conversation, the lady presented her little daughter to him and said in an aside to the child, "When you are old enough, my dear, to read the story of Fort Sumter, you will know why mamma wished to present you to General Elliott." Mitchell found his grave amidst its ruins, and Johnson here established a reputation for genius in his ' prof ession and for devoted gallantry unsur- passed in the war. •He relieved Colonel Rhett on the 4th of September. — Ripley's Report. 176 Memoirs of the War or Secession NOTES TO GENEEAL BEAUKEGAED'S OFFICIAL EEPOET. NOTE A. The Different Routes to Charleston. Of the five routes of approach mentioned by General Beauregard, the two involving operations in rear appear to have been entirely beyond Gilmore's power witia the land force at his disposal — ^by his own account some 17,000 men. It is worth noting, however, that both times when Charleston has fallen (in the Revolution and in the late war), it was from operations in this quarter after the direct attack had failed. The route by James Island is the only remaining one, the pursuit of which could have effected the fall of the city. Success upon this line of approach would undoubtedly have effected this object had Gilmore taken it. He would not have as efficient co-operation from the navy here as at Morris Island, principally from the greater facility with which the defense could have protected itself from the enfilading fire of the fleet. The lines on James Island, as already mentioned, were at that time exceedingly defective in location, incomplete in construction, and requiring a large force, not then in position, to man them. By vigorous and rapid operations against their center advancing from Grimball's and Dill's on the Stono, and a movement upon their flank and rear from Light House Inlet, as indicated in previous pages of these Memoirs, they may have been carried by assault. The slower these operations the less would have been their chance of success ; and against these lines as established by General Beauregard later in the siege, from Dill's to Secessionville with heavy works from Secessionville to Fort Johnson defending that flank and rear, Gilmore with the means at his disposal would certainly have failed. He himself seemed to have had a full appreciation of the difficulties of this route. "Upon James Island," says he in his official report, "our progress would soon have been stopped by the concentration of superior force in our front. Upon Morris Island, on account of its narrowness, our force was ample. James Island was too wide to operate upon with a fair promise of success with our force." Success on the Sullivan's Island route, from the nature of the channel, would have completely closed the channel for purposes of blockade run- ning, would have furnished as good a point d'appui for the disabling of Sumter and given a direct fire upon almost every part of the inner harbor. But if it had taken as long to reduce Sullivan's Island as it did Morris Island (and it probably would), the same defenses would have sprung up as afterwards lined the shores of the inner harbor ; and the navy would have had to exhibit more dash than it did at any time during the siege to have passed them. Charleston would not necessarily have fallen, had this route been taken. Another consideration of weight was this : To attack Sullivan's Hagood's 1st .12 Months S. C. V. 177 Island, a lodgment upon Long Island, then occupied by the Confederate pickets, was necessary, when by a coup de main Sullivan's Island was to be reached across Breach Inlet. This could not have been done without attracting attention and totally depriving the coup of the attribute of surprise. Breach Inlet was also defended by works in a better state of completion than Light House Inlet was. Of Folley Island the enemy had for some time been in quiet possession as well as of the adjoining waters of Stono Bay, which gave them the opportunity of preparing measurably unobserved for a sudden descent upon Morris Island. And whatever stress they may have laid upon it, it was this element of surprise in their descent upon the south end of the island that gave them all the success they met with. What followed (the lodgment once made) was, with the conditions Imposed, but a matter of time. General Beauregard in his report, it will be observed, denies the surprise, and attributes the fall of this end of the Island to the Inadequate means of preparation and defense at his disposal. He undoubtedly, from his report, and, the writer may add, from very full conversations with him, appreciated the importance of strongly defending this point, and had planned and ordered a system of works adequate to the end; but they were not executed in time. Could it have been done? Could, under the circumstances of locality, the vigilance possibly have detected the massing on Little Folley for attack in time to have increased our infantry supports? Was there infantry available for this purpose? On these questions turns the whole matter. General Beauregard's report ably presents the diflSculties that beset him. Gilmore says: "Wise defense would have kept us off of Morris Island entirely." And it was a general opinion of the Confederate troops, as well as the impression of the public mind, that this was the weak point in the other- wise masterly defense of Charleston. General Ripley took the opportunity of an investigation of the matter by General Beauregard's inspector- general to submit an elaborate defense of himself as district commander which he read to the writer, whose information of facts (he up to that time serving in another district) is not sufficient to warrant the expression of a decisive opinion as to where the fault was. The inclination of his mind then was and still is to attribute the laches rather to his subordinates and to circumstances, which he could not control, than to any oversight or negligence of the general commanding. Upon the whole it appears that the route by Morris Island, though, in the language of General Beauregard, "the least injurious to us" that could have been taken, was the only one with the resources at his disposal by which Gilmore could have accomplished anything. The narrow front upon which he operated and the difficult communi- cation between Morris Island and the Confederate base of supply made difficult the concentration of a force in his front superior or even equal to that he could with easier communications at all times operate. His flanks were rendered unassailable by the ocean on one side and an impassable marsh from one and a half to two miles wide on the other. And, above all, he had the fullest possible benefit of the enfilade and reserve fire of the 12 — II 178 Memoirs of the War or Secession fleet, each vessel of which was for this purpose a movable battery. The , 'Federal commander flatters himself, when he says in his report, "that it would have been entirely practicable to have pushed his approaches to Fort Wagner without the co-operating fire of the gunboats." The siege journal appended to his report decisively indicates the reverse. Without this fire i the role would have been changed and from besieger he would probably have become besieged. NOTE B. Taking the Offensive. When General Hagood reported, on the evening of the 11th July, to Gen- eral Beauregard, the latter seemed very solicitous as to James Island front ; and, in assigning General Hagood to that command, earnestly sought to impress its importance upon him. At the district headquarters immediately afterward General Hagood proposed to Ripley that instead of sending him to James Island that he be put on Morris Island that night with a suf- ficient force to take a vigorous offensive. General Hagood stated that he would be satisfied to do so with 2,000 fresh troops, the garrison of the island being sufficient to act as a reserve in the attack — ^provided, he could be landed with his men on the island by 12 o'clock that night. General Ripley thought the suggestion practicable, seemed much pleased with it, and they forthwith went together to General Beauregard with the proposi- tion. He dismissed it summarily, with the statement that he had not the troops at hand, nor was the transportation available to put them there in time, if he had. The writer now knows General Beauregard was right. General Hagood was not at the council of general officers on the 13th. At the council, just before the evacuation of Wagner, he thought it too late to assume the offensive, and, indeed, never thought it practicable with our means to expel the enemy from Morris Island after the first night. Had the enemy's position not then been carried by assault before he had suffi- ciently entrenched, it would have grown under a slower approach into the dimensions of Wagner. A counter-siege, with the fire of the fleet enfilading and taking in reverse our approaches and the ground permitting no enfilade batteries for us, was simply out of the question. NOTE C. The Affair of the 16th July on James Island. Headquarters First Sub-Division, First Military District. James Island, July 18, 1863. Captain Wm. F. Nance, A. A. G. Captain: I have the honor to make the following report of the opera- tions of the troops under my command on the 16th instant : I had been instructed on the day previous to observe and report the possi- bility of offensive operations against the enemy in my front, and had reported two plans, the one of which limited to driving in their pickets on Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 179 the left and making a reeonnaisauce of that part of their Hue with the further object of capturing or destroying the part of their force nearest Grimball's was the one approved. The enemy occupied Battery Island and Legare's plantation principally and a part of Grimball's, and their gunboats lay in Folley and Stono Rivers, giving in front of their position a cross-fire extending as far as our picliet line. General Colquitt was ordered with about 1,400 infantry and a field battery to cross the marsh dividing Legare's plantation from Grimball's at the causeway nearest Secessionville, drive the enemy rapidly as far as the lower causeway (nearest Stono), recross the marsh at that point by a flank movement, and cut off and capture the force camped near Grimball's house. Colonel Way, Fifty-fourth Georgia, with about 800 infantry, was directed to follow en echellon on the Grimball side of the marsh, the advance of General Colquitt, and co-operate with him. A reserve of one section of artillery, supported by a company of infantry and a squadron of cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Jeffords, Fifth South Carolina Cavalry, was held in hand near Rivers' house. On the extreme right a battery of four rifled twelve dr. and one of four Napoleons under Lieutenant-Colonel Del Kemper, supported by Colonel RadcllfCe, North Carolina, with about 400 infantry, was ordered to engage the gunboats lying highest up the Stono. The troops moved upon the enemy in the grey of the morning and the whole enterprise was carried out as planned. The force at Grimball's was, however, smaller than was anticipated, and, by retreating across to Battery Island, as soon as Colquitt's firing was heard, managed to save themselves before he could get into position to intercept them. Colonel Kemper engaged the Pawnee and another gunboat at 250 yards, and after some ten rounds drove them down the river beyond his range. The reserve artillery was not brought into action. The cavalry did good service in sweeping up fugitives over which the advancing infantry had run. The troops were under fire one hour and a half and behaved well. This fire was chiefly shell from gunboats and shell and cannister from a field battery. The enemy's infantry fougbt badly. Those encountered were chiefly colored troops, fourteen of whom were captured. These belonged to the Fifty- fourth Massachusetts. About thirty of the enemy were killed upon the field. I beg leave to refer to the accompanying reports of subordinate com- manders for full details. The enemy were supposed to have been not above 2,000 infantry and one battery of field artillery. Upon the following night they evacuated James Island and Battery Island, leaving behind them arms and stores, of which a full return will be made. Our casualties were three killed, twelve wounded and three missing. Colonel Bull and Captain Beauregard, of the staff of General Beauregard, and Captain B. H. Reed, of General 180 Memoirs of the War of Secession Ripley's staff, reported to me for duty on the occasion, and, together with my own staff, rendered efficient service. I am. Captain, Your obedient servant, Johnson Hagood, Brigadier-General Commanding. The foregoing is the official report. Colquitt drove in the pickets and the main body of the enemy with only a strong line of skirmishers until they reached the narrow neck between James and Battery Islands. Here they formed a double line of battle with field artillery on the flank and a cross-fire at close range from gunboats in Stono and FoUey Rivers sweep- ing their front. A rapid exchange of fire of field artillery took place. The force at Grimball's had already escaped, and the instructions of depart- ment headquarters not permitting a further advance, which, too, would probably have resulted in little good, after a close reconnaissance of the position, the troops were recalled. Federal newspaper accounts and their subsequent histories state that their force on this occasion was General Terry's Division, consisting of Montgomery's black brigade (two regiments) and General Stevenson's Brigade (white). This would make their force over 3,000* men. The prisoners on that day insisted that there were eight regiments. It seems they were right. The assistant surgeon of the Pawnee, who had been detailed to assist the wounded of the land forces after the assault on Wagner of the 18th July, and, wandering into our lines on the field, was picked up by our picket, told General Hagood that the Pawnee was struck forty-three times, principally in her upper works.. She slipped her cables and fled after the tenth round. Kemper galloped up and unlimbered at the short range stated in an open field and fought without epaulements. The enemy's fire all passed over him, and he had neither man nor horse wounded. Greely's History (American Conflict) states Terry's loss at 100. This is believed to have been the first time the colored troops of the Federal army were ever in action. It was certainly the first time that any were captured by the Confederates. When it was understood that such troops were being organized, by Confederate proclamation it was announced that prisoners taken from them would be turned over to the State authorities to be tried under the local laws relating to servile insurrection, and that white men commanding them would be dealt with as outlaws. It was not done in this or any subsequent case. NOTE D. The Style of Fighting Wagnee. There was but one gun, at the time referred to by General Beauregard, on the sea face to reply to the iron-clad fire which greatly annoyed the garrison of Wagner — these vessels being enabled to take us both in reverse •"About 3,800 men." — Gilmore's Report, p. 29. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 181 and enfilade. Wlien vigorously worked, this gun (the ten-inch columbiad spolien of) kept these vessels at a greater distance, rendered their fire less accurate, and the iron-clads seemed to have considerable respect for its missiles. On that day a monitor took up position for action within 800 yards of the fort, but, on being struck once or twice by the columbiad, withdrew two or three hundred yards, and the writer never knew them to engage the fort at closer range afterward. Besides, the demoralizing efiCect upon the garrison of making no reply to this very destructive Are was marked. It was in the light of this experience that General Hagood telegraphed the dismounting of the gun and asked that steps be taken to replace it that night. The gun, by the way, was an old one and was said by an artillery officer, who knew its history, to have already been fired 1,200 times. General Beauregard sent in substance the reply indicated in the report, and, with all deference, the writer would say that it foreshad- owed the only defect, as it occurred to him, in the immediate defense of Wagner. /* was too passive. Its artillery was not used enough to delay the approaches of the enemy, and the right kind of artillery was not used. Sorties, too, should have been resorted to. There was but one (Rion's, a success) during the siege. 'Tis true, no doubt, as stated in General Beaure- gard's report, that he ordered them made when practicable, but the writer, as a commander of the fort, does not recollect to have had this order extended to him — and it certainly should have had obedience to it enforced. Until the enemy captured the rifle pits, or ridge, as they called it, sorties were entirely practicable, notwithstanding the torpedoes in front of the work. The troops could have been moved out in column by the path which the pickets used, avoiding the torpedoes, and formed behind the pits for the attack. With regard to the artillery — when this tour of duty was over — General Hagood brought fully to General Beauregard's attention the importance and efilciency of columbiads on the sea face, stating that he thought a battery of two or three ten-inch guns should be placed there; and further called attention to the absence of mortars for curved fire against the enemy's approaches, the only one in the fort, a ten-inch seacoast, having been disabled on the 10th July by the breaking of one of the trunnions and not having been used since. The general spoke of his inability to spare the guns and mortars, and laid less stress upon their importance to the defense of the fort. The dismounted columbiad, however, was In a few days remounted. Later in the siege another was sent dovra, but by this time, or shortly after, the first from continuous use had become unserviceable. So that in fact one ten-inch columbiad was the only armament opposed to the fleet during the siege. A 32 dr. rifled, on the sea face, became unserviceable after very few discharges. The landward armament con- sisted for offense chiefly of 32 dr. howitzers and eight-inch naval guns; a section of field guns on the left flank and one field gun on the right flaiik were kept for defense against assault, and this armament, in the writer's opinion, was not worked as much as it might have been by the successive commanders of the fort upon the enemy's sap.* The plan of •Gllmore's operations, etc. 182 Memoirs or the War of Secession defense generally acted upon was a vigorous use of sharpshooters and hut a moderate use of artillery from Wagner, while the fire of distant batteries was to retard the enemy's approaches, and the garri- son of Wagner should be husbanded in bombproofs to repel the assault. Upon relieving his predecessor before day, on the 21st August, General Hagood found the embrasures on the land face closed with sand- bags and learned that for three or four days sharpshooting alone had been used from Wagner. He directed Major Warley, accompanying him as chief of artillery, to open at once a vigorous fire from his 32 drs. This fire by the enemy's siege journal* put a stop to their work until daylight, when it ceased. At 9 o'clock we opened again, with the result, as learned from the same source, of stopping it for the day, and no further effort was made to advance their sap till the 23rd, when Wagner again opened, "completely destroying it," says the Journal. By this mode of fighting, Wagner drew a very heavy artillery fire, and we were compelled quickly after each dis- charge to flu the throats of the embrasures with sand bags to prevent dismounting our guns, notwithstanding which, on the evening of the 24th, the last one on the land face was temporarily disabled. General Hagood now caused Major Warley to try the experiment of wedging up into position the disabled mortar and throwing shell with small charges into the head of the sap, then some three hundred and flfty yards off. Bight ounces of powder was found sufficient, and the practice was beautiful. This was the first time curved fire was used from the fort. The enemy's progress was stopped. His siege journal says : "This mortar proved to be a great annoyance. Its fire was directed on the head of the sap, was very accurate, and our sappers had no shelter from it. Six such mortars well served would have stopped our work till subdued by superior fire." His battery of Parrotts, heretofore breaching Sumter, was now turned upon tlie parapet of Wagner to get at the mortar by breaching, but the mortar was not silenced. Again, on the 25th, the mortar fire greatly retarded their sap, and Major Brooks, in their siege journal, records, "This has been the saddest day to me of the siege. Less has been done than on any other. No advance has been made." And so, throughout the siege, the enemy's record shows that whenever the artillery was actively brought to bear upon them the result was always to stop or greatly retard their progress. The value of the mortar as exhibited at this time caused another to be sent to replace it, when the old one became utterly unserviceable, and curved fire was more or less used till the end of the siege. These comments upon the masterly defense of Wagner by General Beaure- gard are made with much hesitation. They are given for what they are worth. •Gilmore's Operations. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 183 NOTE E. The Flag op Tkuce and Exchange of Prisonees. On the 21st July, the enemy's fire ceasing and a flag of truce appearing. Captain Tracy, A. D. C, was sent to meet it. After a short interview the flags separated, and, before either party had reached their lines, the fleet opened on the fort. Captain Tracy had to proceed a distance of two hundred yards along the exposed beach across which every projectile fired at Wagner from the fleet passed at the height of a man, they firing low to ricochet. Captain Tracy providentially reached the fort without being harmed and delivered a communication from General Gilmore requesting a personal interview between the officer commanding Wagner and General Vogdes commanding in the trenches. He also said the next afternoon had been suggested for the interview. The commander of Wagner, deeming the fire of the fleet an accident, and that it would every moment cease, did not at first permit his guns to reply. But the enemy's land batteries soon took it up ; Wagner responded and the bombardment went on. On the 22nd, at the hour suggested, the enemy's flag reappeared, and, as stated by General Beauregard, the interview was refused until the breach of truce was explained. The excuse as remembered was some mis- understanding between the naval and land commanders, and the fire could not be immediately stopped on account of General Gilmore's absence on FoUey Island, and General A'ogdes had no authority or perhaps means of communicating with the fleet. It was a lame excuse for the outrage, as far as the navy was concerned, for the whole interview had been on the open beach, in sight of the whole fleet, and Tracy was perfectly visible to every gunner as he returned with his flag in his hand. The explanation was, however, accepted with the profuse apologies tendered and the inter- view accorded. General Vogdes stated his mission to be to ask for Colonel Putnam's body and to return to us Lieutenant Bee's with the sword of the latter. He had with him poor Bee's body for delivery. His request was complied with, and he then verbally proposed an exchange of prisoners, mentioning that they had but few of ours, all except those recently captured having been sent North, that "as we had the excess, of course, we could select whom to exchange," whilst intimating that a mutural exchange without regard to excess would be agreeable. Pending the interview. General Hagood received a dispatch from Ripley's headquarters in Charleston, where the interview and its objects were known, directing him to agree to an exchange of wounded prisoners without regard to excess on our side, except the negro prisoners ; not to introduce them into the negotiations, but, if introduced by General Vogdes, to refuse, as they would not be given up; and that it was desirable on the score of humanity to get rid of the numerous white prisoners wounded in our hands, and for whom no adequate accommodation existed in our hospitals. The contents of the dispatch is given in substance and was not communicated to Vogdes. He cnrefully avoided any direct mention of negro prisoners, and his remark 184: Memoirs of the War of Secession quoted above, that having the excess we could choose whom to exchange, etc., was in allusion to them, and all that was made. The Confederate proclamation outlawing negro troops and white officers commanding them was well known to the enemy; and, anxious to effect the exchange, it was apparent that the Federal party did not desire to complicate matters. It was observed that neither General Vogdes nor either of- the three or four officers accompanying him enquired after Shaw, the colonel of the negro regiment engaged in the recent assault, although they asked after every- body else, and we subsequently learned by their newspapers that they did not then know whether he was killed or captured. The negotiation was arranged, all in parol, by accepting the basis pro- posed by General Vogdes — the line to be the following Friday, at 10 a. m., and the place the point in the outer harbor from which the fleet generally conducted the attack on Wagner. The exchange took place, and General Gilmore afterward accused Beauregard of bad faith in not sending the negro prisoners for delivery. The foregoing narrative is believed to be perfectly correct. NOTE F. Shabpshooting. Whatever may be said of the artillery of Wagner not having been suf- ficiently active at all times, no objection on that score can be taken to her sharpshooters. At first the infantry of the garrison served In this capacity by detail, and used their ordinary weapon — the Enfield rifle. Later, upon a sugges- tion which General Hagood had the honor to make, a special detail of men from the Twenty-first and Twenty-seventh South Carolina Regiments was made under Lieutenant Woodhouse, of the Twenty-first, and armed with Whitworth's telescopic rifles, a small lot of which had recently been brought through the blockade. The detail was sent to Sullivan's Island for a few days to become familiar by target practice with the weapon, and were then put on duty in the fort. At night they slept undisturbed in the hospital bomb-proof, and were excused from all fatigue duty at any time. From dawn until dark they were incessantly at work with their rifles, and of the value of their services the siege journal of the enemy gives abundant proof. They were even at times "used against the monitors. In revolving their turrets, after a discharge, in order to bring the opposite gun to bear, a man on each side of the turret would for a moment expose himself, and would be complimented with the notice of a sharpshooter. The men detailed became greatly interested in the duty and were not relieved regularly as the rest of the garrison was. Later still in the siege, when the enemy got nearer to the fort, the Whitworths were returned to the city, and the Enfield resumed as better adapted to snap shooting at close quarters. The sharpshooters perched themselves wherever they could best get a good view of the enemy from the fort, and sheltered themselves with little tandbag epaulements loopholed. Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 185 NOTE G. The Rqxe Pits. About 300 yards in advance of Wagner a flattened ridge ran from the sea beacli to tlie marsli, and liere tlie island was narrowed. Behind this ridge in pits, two men to each, were stationed until the 26th August an infantry force, which served both as a picket and as sharpshooters. It served by ordinary detail from the garrison and used the habitual Enfield rifles. The sustained efforts of the enemy to shell them out with curved fire met with no success ; and against direct artillery fire they seemed to be better sheltered than men in the fort who could be enfiladed more or less behind the breastheight. The fact of the pits being detached, one from the other, seemed to traverse them effectually against the flank fire of the fleet. The detail here served twenty-four hours; at dusk, however, it was doubled and the re-enforcement withdrawn at dawn of day. Their sharpshooting was very annoying to the enemy, and as pickets they were invaluable, giving notice of assault in time to get the garrison out of the bomb-proofs. When the enemy's sap approached this ridge, he made an effort, on the 21st of August, to carry it by assault with the One Hundredth New York Volunteers, but failed. Again, on the 25th, a more determined effort was made. "Experience," says Major Brooks' journal, "had now proved that the sap cannot proceed unless the artillery fire of Wagner be subdued, or the enemy driven out of the ridge. ... At 5:30 p. m., four 8-in. mortars and three Coehorn mortars opened on the ridge. At the same time the navy howitzers and Regua Battery fired to enfilade the reverse of the ridge. . . . The two Requa Batteries in the fourth parallel also took part." An Infantey Assault and Repulse Followed. Both these efforts were made during General Hagood's last tour of duty in Wagner. Upon relieving Colonel Keitt, on the 21st, he discovered after daylight that, in accordance with the practice established by the colonel on his recent tour, but 19 men were left in the pits for the day, instead of the heretofore usual number of seventy-five or eighty. They could not be re-enforced until night, and the enemy were greatly nearer them for attack than we were for support. To add to the general's anxiety, a flag of truce came in during the day, and the bearer was imprudently allowed to come near enough to observe the weakness of the force in the pits. When, therefore, in the evening a heavy and continuous bombard- ment of the pits and the space intervening between them and the fort com- menced, it was evident what was coming, and the general drew out four companies (about 175 men) from the bomb-proofs and formed them behind the breastheight of the land force ready to go out of the right sally port by a flank when required. Having fully explained to the senior captain his anxieties and anticipations, he took his place, sheltered as best he could, to watch from the parapet the time to start this re-enforcement. 186 Memoirs of the War of Secession To start them too soon, before the fading light would obscure them, was to send them to butchery under the fire of artillery that could be con- centrated on the intervening space; to send them too late was to lose the pits, for the enemy, once in them, would be as hard from their construction to drive out as the original occupants were. Deeming the time to have arrived, the general gave the word, "Now, captain, go." "General, I wish you would detail some other man to take this command. I don't feel competent to it." Fortunately, General Hagood savsf just then Lieutenant-Colonel Dantzler, of the Twentieth South Carolina, standing in the door of the bomb-proof opening on the parade, and, beckoning to him, he came at double quick under the shelling going on. Explaining hastily the situation, the general put him in command, and, as he moved off, the assault commenced. Going at a run, Dantzler reached the pits after three on the right had been cap- tured. The fight continued obstinately till 10 o'clock at night, when, forced out of the captured pits, the enemy gave over his efforts. After putting out his advanced videttes, who were required to crawl forward and lie on their stomachs during the night some twenty paces in front of the pits, the enemy's videttes in like position facing them some twenty paces beyond, Dantzler was going on his liands and knees down the line, inspect- ing them, when he discovered one post vacant. The heart of the occupant had failed him and he had slunk back into the pits. Jerking him forward into his place, with some harsh words, the attention of the opposite videttes was attracted and his flre drawn. The bullet Struck the colonel, as he stood upon his hands and knees, in the breast of his coat and passed down the length of his body between his clothing and skin and out over his hip without other injury than a decided wheal. Poor Dantzler ! Few braver men shed their blood in this war. At Wauboteam Church, in Virginia, in '64, he threw away his life in the effort, by a deed of "derring do," to make something of a worthless regiment to which he had been promoted. And the captain so inopportunely modest ! In December, '64, on the lines before Richmond, when, in the current slang of the soldiers, chaplains were "played out," General Hagood was invited by the commanding officer of one of his regiments to attend divine service to be conducted by one of his line officers. After listening to an excellent sermon from an officer whom he had noticed during the past campaign always at his post and doing his duty well, his aide, Ben Martin, asked him if he remembered his first interview with the preacher. It was the modest Battery Wagner captain ! In the second attack (on the 23th) upon the pits, a full force was in them during the day from the Fifty-fourth Georgia, Captain Roberts com- manding; and they were re-enforced at dark by Colonel Devorne's Sixty- first North Carolina. The fight was gallantly and obstinately maintained, the enemy giving over without success about 9 p. m. Captain Roberts was mortally wounded before sundown, but could -not be brought into the fort before dark. When the fort had been arranged for the night, the com- manding officer went into the hospital bomb-proof to enquire after him. Having expressed the hope that he was not seriously wounded, he replied Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 187 that his injuries were mortal. Taking him by the hand his commander spoke of his gallant bearing in the fight, when the brave fellow half rose from his litter and said, "Thank you, general," and fell back exhausted. He asked for a chaplain, but there was none in the fort — no "Pious man whom duty brought To dubious edge of battle fought To shrire the dying, bless the dead." A layman, a member of Parker's Light Battery (the Marions), a section of which was on duty in the fort, visited him at the request of the com- manding officer, and spent the time, until his removal to the city,' in admin- istering to him the consolations of religion. On the 18th of July, a Catholic clergyman was in the fort and adminis- tered the rites of his church in the bomb-proof just before the troops were drawn out to meet the assault. The chaplain of Ormstead's Georgia com- mand and Mr. Dickson, chaplain of the Twenty-fifth South Carolina, each accompanied his regiment on its tour of duty in the fort. The writer heard of no others. Upon being relieved before day, on the 26th, by Colonel Harrison, General Hagood called his attention specially to the critical condition of the rifle pits. They were carried by an infantry assault that night. The special circumstances the writer never learned. But the trouble was in re-enforc- ing them at the right time; for a sufficient force could not with safety be kept in them during the day, nor could they be re-enforced while there was light, and, as before remarked, the enemy could mass for attack closer than we were for support. Ripley's report says : "Just before dark the enemy threw forward an overwhelming force on the advanced pickets and succeeded in overpowering them before they could be supported." NOTE H. Incidents op Service at Wagnek. First Sergeant Tines, of Captain John A. Gary's company, Lucas's bat- talion, a plain man from one of the mountain districts of South Carolina, but a true patriot and good soldier, was mortally wounded at his gun. To Gary's expression of sympathy he replied : "I am glad it is I and not you, captain ; the country can better spare me." General Beauregard, on being informed of this incident, ordered one of the best of his new James Island batteries to be called "Battery Tines" in honor of the noble fellow. Gary himself was killed a few days afterwards. He was a younger brother of Captain M. W. Gary, a generous and spirited officer, and much beloved by his comrades.* •Captain John H. Gary, stationed at Battery Wagner, a shell from the enemy's gun, with a lighted fuse, fell within the fortifications, whereupon he quickly seized It and threw It outside the breastworks and It Immediately exploded. Captain Gary took an active part In the capture of the Gunboat Isaac P. Smith in Stono Elver, a graphic account of which was given In The Courier of Charleston, S. C. — Editor. 188 Memoirs of the War or Secession On the 24tli of- August, Captain Robert Pringle, of the same battalion, was commanding a gun replying to the fire of a monitor. Three shells fired at a low elevation would richochet twice upon the water, the last time close to the beach and then explode just over the parapet of the fort. The practice was extremely accurate; and, although bright daylight, the huge projectiles coming straight for the spectator could be seen from the time they left the gun — presenting the appearance of a rapidly enlarging disk as they approached. One of these shells struck a school of mullet at its last rebound on the water and knocked one of the fish at least 100 yards into the gun chamber. Pringle picked it up and gaily remarked that he "had made his dinner." At the next fire from the monitor he was killed. The writer had been a good deal thrown with this young oflScer, and had been much pleased with his fine social traits and soldierly qualities. He w^as a descendant of the Mrs. Motte of Revolutionary fame. Extracts from the diary of Lieutenant-Colonel Pressley, Twenty-fifth South Carolina : "1st September. Ordered to Wagner. . . . Embarked from Fort Johnson all of the regiment except Company A, in a light draft steamer. Company A went in a rowboat. The steamer stopped near Sumter; harbor very rough. I got in the only boat the steamer had for debarking us, with about fifty ofiicers and men. When we had got half way from the steamer to Cummings Point, a bombardment of Sumter by monitors commenced and the steamer returned to Fort Johnson with the balance of the regiment. At Cummings Point I found Company A, making with the men I brought, eighty or ninety men of my command, and no prospect of getting the others till next night. Reported to General Colquitt, in command, and was ordered to the sand hills in rear of Wagner. So we spent the balance of the night in what the soldiers called "private bomb-proofs" — holes in the sand. Not finding these comfortable, I myself spread my blanket between two sand hillocks. Fort Wagner and the enemy exchanged shots slowly all night. "2nd September. Went into Wagner at daylight. Found the enemy's sap within about 120 yards of the salient; enemy working indus- triously. Garrison busy repairing damages and keeping up a slow fire. My command detailed as a working party for Battery Gregg. Enemy shelling Wagner, Gregg and Sumter all day. Transferred to Wagner at night, and by 11 p. m. the balance of my regiment arrived and reported to me. My companies, as they arrived, were stationed around the parapet, relieving the North Carolina regiment. "We occupied from the extreme left along the sea face around the left salient and part of the land force ; the Twenty-fifth Georgia the rest. These two regiments, with the artillerists, occupied the fort ; another regiment, the Twenty-seventh Georgia, was In the sand hills in the rear. Enemy fired very little tonight. I was up most of the night posting and visiting my men ; towards morning I took a nap in the left salient, resting my head against the parapet. Hagood's IsT 12 Months S. C. V. 189 "3rd September. One or two of our guns and one mortar keep up a fire against the enemy's approaching sap. "My command in high spirits, — a great many building loopholes with sand bags for sharpshooting. This has become very dangerous work; as soon as a hole is darkened on either side, a shot from the opposite sharp- shooter follows, and with frequent success. Not much artillery fire by or at Wagner, but the enemy are hard at work and approaching. Our James Island batteries are firing briskly on the enemy's trenches. During the day from one-third to one-fourth the garrison are kept at the parapet, the rest in the bomb-proof — at night all are turned out. The Yankees are so near they can hear when we turn out, and quicken their fire. The garri- son is heavily worked repairing damages. "Colonel Keitt, Twentieth South Carolina, relieved General Colquitt last night in command of Morris Island. I was up nearly all night, slept a little before day in the same salient as last night. "4th September. Quite a lively bombardment from the enemy today, num- ber of the sand bag covers for sharpshooters knocked away. Sharpshooting still very brisk, however. . . . Batteries on James Island do good shooting, particularly Battery Simkins. Major Warley, chief of artillery, wounded; Captain Hugenin replaces him. Our parties very hard at work repairing damages. A corporal of Company A and several men wounded in my regiment. Several killed and a good many w^ounded in the balance of garrison. The enemy's fire slacked after dark. They display a calcium light tonight upon Vincent's creek. Towards day I tried to get a little sleep in my old place in the left salient. The shells from Fort Moultrie were passing immediately over it. A fragment from one of our own mortar shells came back into the fort and nearly struck me. This has been hap- pening for some time, the enemy were so close. . . . "5th September. The fleet early this morning opened upon the fort, the land batteries also cannonading with great fury — ^200 and 100-pound Par- rotts, 8 and 10-inch mortar shells and 15-inch shell from the navy pouring into us. The shells are exploding so fast they cannot be counted. All our guns are silenced. Working them under such a fire is out of the question. The men are being wounded and killed in every direction. I have been around amongst my men a good many times and am covered with sand when I return. The thf ee-fourths of the garrison are still kept in the bomb-proofs. The suffering of these from the heat and want of water is intolerable. The supply of water brought from the city is very inadequate; that from the shallow wells dug in the sand in and adjacent to the fort is horrible. Famishing thirst alone enables the men to drink it. ... I have seen some horrible sights — ^men mangled in almost every manner. I saw a sharp- shooter knocked from the parapet to the middle of the parade, some forty or fifty feet, and going fully twenty feet in the air. This was Rawlinson, of Compa'ny G, and the brave fellow clutched his rifle to the last. Of course, he lived but a short time. Lieutenant Montgomery, of Company C, was killed this morning — his head taken off by a shell. "An attack upon Battery Gregg is expected tonight ; a detachment of my 190 Memoirs of the War of Secession regiment, under Captain Sellars, and of the Twenty-eighth Georgia, under Captain Hayne, are to be sent to re-enforce it. As they march out Cap- tain Hayne enquires of Lieutenant Blum for Captain Sellars; a shell kills both. ... It is apparent that pur force manning the parapet tonight must be as small as possible. ... In making our arrangements for the night there are many casualties in our detachment, commanded by Lieutenant Ramsey, Company Twenty-fifth. In a short time after it was posted every man but one was killed or wounded. The fleet has withdrawn and the land batteries slacked their fire, save the mortars, which are as active as ever. I have seen four shells start from the same battery at the same time. . . . "There was an alarm of an assault tonight. It was felt to be a relief — the prospect of changing this passive endurance of artillery into the hot blood of an infantry flght. The enemy's calcium light illuminated the whole fort, and the sharpshooters, contrary to custom, were at work all night. The enemy attacked Gregg and were repulsed. . . . Wells dug In the bomb-proofs give some relief in better water, but not enough. ..." Lieutenant-Colonel Pressley served until the evacuation; but the fore- going extracts from his diary are suflicient to give a picture of life in Wagner. RESULTS AND SPECIALTIES OF THE SIEGE. In the council before undertaking the operations on Morris Island, "the principal question," says General Gilmore's Official Report, "was to what extent the fall of Fort Sumter or the destruction of its offensive power would exert an influence on the fate of Charleston, that, of course, being the ultimate object in view. A consideration which possessed much weight was the great practical advantage of a blockade thorough and complete of Charleston harbor. The capture of Morris Island by allowing a portion of the blockading fleet to lie inside the bar, even though they should fail to finally occupy the inner harbor, would secure this end. The naval authorities at the seat of government regarded Fort Sumter as the key to the position., That strong- hold once destroyed or its offensive power practically destroyed, the monitors and other ironclads, they affirmed, could remove the channel obstructions, secure the control of the entire harbor and reach the city." Were these purposes accomplished? 1. Did Charleston fall before Gilmore's operations? Cer- tainly not. Charleston, when it did fall, was evacuated in conse- quence of Sherman's march. It had withstood the direct attack Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 101 until the enemy, wearied out, had abandoned further efforts thus to capture the city. 2. Was a "blockade, in all respects thorough and complete," established? No. Moffett Channel, under Sullivan's Island, remained available to the Confederates, and though the hazards of blockade running were greatly increased it still went on. 3. Did the disabling of Sumter open the inner harbor to the fleet? Sumter was thoroughly destroyed as an artillery post, but the channel obstructions and the new batteries that sprung up on the shores of the inner harbor kept the fleet lying off Mor- ris Island. And here it may as well be remarked that these same channel obstructions were far less formidable than imagined, the tide destroyed most of them about as fast as they were devised. What, then, was accomplished? Narrower limits were set to blockade running, and by the bombardment much suffering and damage to property was inflicted upon the inhabitants of Charles- ton. Was the game "worth the candle" ? It was upon the "attri- tion" theory, said General Grant in 1865. "The resources of the enemy and his numerical strength were greatly inferior to ours ... I therefore determined ... to hammer continually against him until by attrition, if in no other way, there should be nothing left to him but submission." And he succeeded. The "attrition" at Charleston contributed its share to the result. In engineering the siege taught no new principles. On the contrary, its lessons enforced most emphatically the time-honored principles of the schools. The masonry of Sumter crumbled like an egg shell before the breaching batteries of the enemy; and when its debris had been pounded into earth with natural slopes, no further impression could be made upon it. On the other hand, the parapet of Wagner constructed from the first with natural slopes of sand were good to the last. For though Colonel Keitt talks of a breach, the writer is persuaded there was no breach in the engineering sense, both from Colonel Harris's report and from the diagram in Gilmore's report of the effect of his fire on the left salient, to which Colonel Keitt alludes. The truth was the superior artillery fire of the enemy could at all times, when concentrated upon the fort, make it a butcher pen, if the whole garrison were at their posts. But few men could be 192 Memoies of the War of Secession kept on the lines of the work during a bombardment — artillery enough to man the guns with infantry enough to act as a lookout and but little more. The practice always was during the daytime to keep a part of the garrison among the sand hillocks in rear of the fort ; and during the bombardment to keep out of the Ijomb- proofs about 100 men. By the 6th of September the sap of the enemy on the crest of the glacis put them in position when, deployed along its length, they could rush over the parapets of Wagner upon the cessation of the bombardment before its garrison could be drawn from the bomb-proofs to its defense. The relief of the fort was never greater than that of a strong field work, and the ditch was now half full by the drifting sand. The fort was, therefore, no longer tenable. The great development of the merlons between the guns was claimed by General Beauregard as an improvement of his own; and it certainly is in earthworks, when casemates are impossible, a great one. The writer became satisfied from his observation of these operations that ironclads, such as were opposed to us, could be kept out of any harbor when sand batteries could be located within 1,000 yards of the channel ; provided^ the batteries did not exceed one or two guns to each and were sufficiently detached. Where infantry supports were needed they should be bomb- proofed at convenient supporting distances and not at the guns. This, with the necessary covered ways, would be preferably his plan of defense. The defenses of Coles Island as arranged during the latter part of our occupation were an illustration of this plan. In this siege it is presumed more novelties were developed in artillery and larger experience gained than in any of modern times. The range and accuracy of fire obtained was never before equalled. The objections which the enemy's experience found to the larger sized Parrotts, their liability to burst, it is not thought were found by us to apply to the Brooke gun, which was the equal of the Parrott in every other respect. An admirable invention of Lieutenant- Colonel Yates for trans- ferring guns on columbiad carriages was used with perfect suc- cess. It was a wheel and ratchet arrangement by which the Hagood's 1st 12 Months S. C. V. 193 gunner alone could quickly and accurately bring the gun to bear. The progress made in the use of torpedoes, both for offense and defense, was marked. Much, however, is yet to be attained. Where used for defense and required to be put in position for any time before hand, they were liable to get out of order and fail at the right moment. They were freely used in front of Wagner, yet the enemy sapped through them with but eight casualties from this source. About half that number occurred with us from carelessness with regard to them. In the assault on Wagner, on the 18th July, the enemy's official report makes no mention of torpedoes ; their newspaper accounts spoke of hand grenades used by the defense. This was not so, but in the night the impression might have been produced by torpedoes. Next day the officer in charge not knowing of the torpedoes, the enemy's dead on the glacis were buried among them where they were placed and no casualty occurred. The burial party dug them up, but as they were ordinary spherical shell with the explosive arrangement in the fuse, they were deemed to have been fired the previous day without exploding. When used for offense, the writer thought more of them, and his impression is that their use at the prow of small boats, moving totally or partially sub- merged, was very near a success. The fleet of "cigar boats" that sprung up in Charleston harbor and the "diving boat" were curious things to a landsman's eye; and some of the highest heroism of the war was exhibited in their use. The writer regrets that he has not the data to speak fully of their exploits or to record the names of the gallant men who were distinguished in this service.* The calcium light of the enemy was novel and efficient. As a tactical movement the evacuation was an eminent success ; and, though admirably executed, the chief credit is due to the comprehensive and explicit order in relation to it prepared by General Beauregard himself. .•IV So. Hist, paper 225 and V ditto 140, are papers on the subject by Beaure- gard and by Glassel. End of Volume I. 13— H Hagood's Brigade 195 VOLUME II HAGOOD'S BRIGADE ORGANIZATION. "Headquarters Dept. S. C, Ga. and Fla. "Charleston, Sept. 20, 1863. "(Extract) "Special Orders. "No. 188. "II. Brigadier-General Hagood's Brigade will be organized and consist of the following regiments and battalions: Eleventh, Twenty-first and Twenty-flfth Regiments, and the First (Charleston) Battalion and the Seventh Battalion South Carolina Volunteers. This organization for the present, however, will not interfere with any temporary distribution of troops by the district commander. . . . "By command of General Beauregard. "(Signed) Jno. M. Otey, A. A. G." "Headquarters Dept. S. C, Ga. and Fla., "Charleston, S. C, 30 Sept., 1863. "(Extract) "Special Orders. "No. 198. "I. By authority of the "War Department, the First Battalion South Carolina Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel P. C. Gaillard commanding, and the First Battalion South Carolina Sharpshooters, Major Jos. Abney com- manding, will be consolidated into a regiment. . . . "By command of General Beauregard. "(Signed) Jno. M. Otey, A. A. G." A subsequent order numbered the regiment "Twenty-seventh South Carolina" and arranged the officers as follows : P. C. Gail- lard, colonel; J. A. Blake (late captain, Charleston Battalion), lieutenant-colonel, and Joseph Abney, major. The regiment now had ten full companies. Subsequently, in 1864, the order of the secretary of war disbanded one of them (Clarkson's, Co. K,) on account of some illegality in its organization, and the regiment consisted of nine companies during the rest of its career. The Eleventh Regiment also consisted of nine companies, one of its 196 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession companies having been permitted to organize and equip as a light battery. It was known as the Beaufort Artillery, and Steven Elliott (now Major Elliott at Fort Sumter) was its first captain. At the date of the brigade organization this company was form- ally detached from the regiment. ROSTER OF BRIGADE, 30TH OF SEPTEMBER, 1863. Johnson Hagood Brigadier-General, Commanding P.K.Moloney Captain and Assistant Adjutant-General G. B. Lartigue Major and Quartermaster R. G. Hay Major and Commissary, Subsistence E. H. Frost Captain and Assistant Commissary Edmund Mazyck Lieutenant and Ordnance Officer W. E. Stoney Captain and Assistant Inspector General Ben Martin Lieutenant and Aid-de-Camp Carlos Tracey Volunteer Aid-de-Camp S. N. Bellinger ] Geo. K. Ryan I Mounted Orderlies Dwight Stoney ] G. B. Hacker ) P. S. Dibble Office Clerks ELEVENTH REGIMENT. F. H. Gantt Colonel Commanding A. C. Izard Lieutenant-Colonel Major C.F.Davis Adjutant R. P. Gantt Assistant Quartermaster A. E. Williams Surgeon J. B. Black ..Assistant Surgeon A. B. Stephens Chaplain Company A. (The Beaufort Artillery.) Company B. G. J. Westcoat Captain H.W.Bowman First Lieutenant W.D.Ellis Second Lieutenant John Black Second Lieutenant Hagood's Brigade 197 Company C. T. D. Leadbetter Captain J. J. Guerrard First Lieutenant F. R. M. Sineatli Second l^ieutenant T. W. Stales Second Lieutenant Company D. J.J.Gooding.. .. , Captain Mac. D. Gooding. . First Lieutenant O.J.Sauls Second Lieutenant H. K. Hucks Second Lieutenant Company E. J. H. Mickler Captain W.Smith First Lieutenant T. S. Tuten Second Lieutenant Thomas Hamilton Second Lieutenant Company F. B. F. Wyman Captain J.S.Morrison First Lieutenant J. M. Mixon Second Lieutenant E. H. Wyman Second Lieutenant Company G. W. D. McMillan Captain W.M.Wolfe First Lieutenant J. H. Brownlee Second Lieutenant S. H. Brownlee Second Lieutenant Company H. T. E. Raysor Captain W.D.Wilson First Lieutenant J. P. Mims Second Lieutenant L. C. Mellard Second Lieutenant Company I. W.S.Campbell Captain E. B. Loyless First Lieutenant J. C. Riley Second Lieutenant Robert Campbell Second Lieutenant Company K. J. Boatwright Captain (suspended) ^ . First Lieutenant L. B. Murdaugh Second Lieutenant W. Johns Second Lieutenant 198 Memoirs or the Wak of Secession TWENTY-FIRST REGIMENT. R F.Graham ' Colonel Commanding a! T. Dargan Lieutenant Colonel G. W. McIverV. V Major F. Dozler Adjutant A. C. McDuffie Assistant Quartermaster c'.Happoldt.. ".'.".' Surgeon E. B. Smith Assistant Surgeon J. E. Dunlap Chaplain Company A. J. Harleston Read, Sr Captain Thomas Ford First Lieutenant J. H. Read, Jr Second Lieutenant W.R.Ford Second Lieutenant Company B. S. H. Wilds Captain J.W.King First Lieutenant J.L.Hart Second Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Company D. M. G. Tant Captain J. H. Villeneuer First Lieutenant S. D. Sanders Second Lieutenant A. A. Vanderford Second Lieutenant Company E. B.T.Davis Captain A.W.Davis.. First Lieutenant J.A.Craig Second Lieutenant Alexander Craig Second Lieutenant (in hands of enemy) Company F. J. A. W. Thomas Captain N. A. Easterling First Lieutenant R. B. Townsend Second Lieutenant W. D. Croolv Second Lieutenant Company G. R. W. Reddy Captain J.M.Woodward First Lieutenant (in hands of enemy) N. A. Revile Second Lieutenant R.H.Hudson Second Lieutenant Hagood's Bbioade 19^ Company H. (Vacant) Captain (Vacant) First Llentenant D. G. Dubose Second Lieutenant W.H.Carlisle Second Lieutenant Company I. R.G.Howard Captain (in hands of enemy) H.M.Cannon First Lieutenant W. J. Altman Second Lieutenant (Vacant) Secend Lieutenant Company K. J.W.Owens Captain C. L. Sansberry First Lieutenant E. B. Green Second Lieutenant H. J. Clifton Second Lieutenant Company L. H. Legett Captain W.B.Baker First Lieutenant E. L. Sweet Second Lieutaiant W. D. Woodbury Second Lieutenant This regiment had originally eleven companies. Company C had been transferred to another command. TWENTY-FIFTH REGIMENT. C. H. Simonton Colonel Commanding John G. Pressley Lieutenant Colonel John V. Glover Major Geo. H. MofiCett . . . : Adjutant James E. Adger Quartermaster W. C. Ravenel Surgeon A. J. Beale Assistant Surgeon A. P. Diclison Chaplai* Company A. J.M.Carson Captain H. B. Olney First Lieutenant J. A. Ross Second Lieutenant J. S. Hanahan Second Lieutenant Company B. E.W.Lloyd Captain J. S. Burgen First Lieutenant R. M. Taft Second Lieutenant J. E. Bomar Second Lieutenant 200 Memoirs of the War of Secession- Company C. Thomas J. China Captain E.Logan.. First Lieutenant B. P. Brockington Second Lieutenant S. J. Montgomery Second Lieutenant Company D. W. J. McKerral Captain D. G. McKay First Lieutenant R. P. Bethea .- Second Lieutenant M. L. Smith Second Lieutenant Company E. W. B. Mazycli Captain A. J. Mims First Lieutenant ' V. Due Second Lieutenant G. M. Salam Second Lieutenant Company F. M. H. Sellars Captain L.A.Harper First Lieutenant John G. Evans Second Lieutenant F. E. Shuler Second Lieutenant Company G. James F. Izlar Captain S. N. Kennerly First Lieutenant S. Dibble Second Lieutenant (in hands of enemy) G.H.Elliott Second Lieutenant Company H. L. S. Hammond Captain W. H. Seabrook First Lieutenant F. G. Hammond Second Lieutenant J. F. Ramsey Second Lieutenant Company I. J. O. Burgess Captain J.J.Logan First Lieutenant F.B.Brown Second Lieutenant R. F. Felder Second Lieutenant Company K. W.B.Gordon • Captain F. J. Lesesne First Lieutenant E. R. Lesesne Second Lieutenant C. Lesesne Second Lieutenant Hagood's Brigade 201 TWENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT. P. C. Gaillard Colonel Commanding J.A.Blake Lieutenant Colonel Jospeh Abney Major W. M. Smith Adjutant R. Press Smith Assistant Quartermaster J. L. Pressley Surgeon S. P. Caine Assistant Surgeon Chaplain Company A. P. F. Miles Captain (resigned shortly after) B. W. Palmer First Lieutenant J. W. Axson Second Lieutenant J. M. Easterby Second Lieutenant Company B. Thos. G. Simons, Jr Captain William Sinkler First Lieutenant A. H. Masterman Second Lieutenant A. W. Muckenfuss Second Lieutenant Company C. Samuel Lord Captain (resigned shortly after) George Brown First Lieutenant J. Campbell Second Lieutenant H. W. Hendrix Second Lieutenant Company D. J. Ward Hopkins '. Captain J. A. Cay First Lieutenant A. St. John Lance Second Lieutenant J. T. Wells Second Lieutenant Company E. R. Chisholm Captain S. R. Proctor First Lieutenant T. B. Crooker Second Lieutenant S. M. Kemmerlin Second Lieutenant Company F. Joseph Blythe Allston » Captain J. G. Hugenin First Lieutenant M. Stuart Second Lieutenant (Detached In enrolling office. Never served with Brigade). E. P. Cater Second Lieutenant 202 Memoirs of the War of Secession Company G. Henry Buist Captain E. H. Holman First Lieutenant C. J. McBetli ' Second Lieutenant A. B. White Second Lieutenant COMPANT H. J. M. Mulraney Captain A. A. Allemony First Lieutenant J. Burke Second Lieutenant R. R. Hogan Second Lieutenant Company I. W.D.Walter Captain T. R. Lyncli First Lieutenant J. C. Salters Second Lieutenant W. J. Trim Second Lieutenant Company K. William Clarkson Captain .. First Lieutenant J. G. Harriss Second Lieutenant A. D. Simons Second Lieutenant SEVENTH BATTALION. P.H.Nelson Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding J. H. Rion Major S. W. Nelson Adjutant Eli Harrison Assistant Quartermaster R. B. Hanahan Surgeon ■ — — Assistant Surgeon Chaplain Company A. B. S. Lucas Captain F. McCaskell First Lieutenant A. McCaskell Second Lieutenant J.W.Gardiner Second Lieutenant Company B. John R. Harrison Captain J.L.Kennedy First Lieutenant H. L. I^ell Second Lieutenant S.W.Douglass Second Lieutenant Hagood's Bkigade 203 Company C. A.W.Pearson Captain J. R. Manken First Lieutenant ■ Second Lieutenant • Second Lieutenant COMPANT D. J.L.Jones Captain E. A. Xoung.. First Lieutenant R. W. Young Second Lieutenant R. J. Cunningham Second Lieutenant Company E. P. P. Gaillard Captain J.M.Ross First Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Company F. Dove Segars Captain William McSween First Lieutenant H. D. Tiller Second Lieutenant A. W. Raley Second Lieutenant Company G. William Clyburn Captain L. L. Clyburn First Lieutenant W. J. Taylor Second Lieutenant T. W. Sligh Second Lieutenant Company H. J. H. Brooks. . .'. Captain T. M. McCants First Lieutenant William Weston Second Lieutenant B. J. Randall Second Lieutenant The aggregate strength of the brigade thus formed was four thousand, two hundred and forty-six (4,246) present and absent, of whom fully five hundred were detailed in the different work- shops, offices, etc., in the department. The majority of these men never got into the field. Some 'of them were properly detailed where they were, and from their mechanical skill or other special qualification for the detailed duty were more useful to the cause than they would have been in the ranks. But most 204 Memoirs of the War of Secession of them were men whose native repugnance to the field endowed them with a facility in dodging, which, when backed up by more or less social influence, enabled them to skulk the war through as employees in the conscript and other military bureaus, on rail- roads, in printing offices, banks, blockade running and other employments supposed essential to Confederate existence. A short notice of the history and character of the regiments now first brought together in brigade organization is necessary. Eleventh Regiment. Under the Act of the Legislature of South Carolina passed December, 1860, to provide "an armed military force," the original companies of this regiment were raised for twelve months and went into service on the coast. Colonel Wm. C. Heyward* commanding. It was then called the Ninth South Carolina Vol- unteers, and its organization was irregular, having more than ten companies, and one of these a light battery. The regiment trans- ferred its service during '61 to the Confederate Government under arrangement made between the Convention of the State and the Confederate authorities, and was now known as the Eleventh South Carolina Volunteers. In May, 1862, it re-enlisted for "two years or the war." A more general bouleversment of officers took place upon the re-enlistment in this regiment than in any other South Carolina command at the re-elections through a most mis- taken policy,' permitted by the government. The regiment was seriously and permanently injured. Its service had been uneventful to this date. Some of its com- panies had been engaged at the bombardment of the forts at Port Royal in 1861, and at the Battle of Pocotaligo, in '62, a portion of it had won reputation, while the remainder of the regiment had suffered some loss (its major, Harrison, included), being fired into upon a railroad train while en route to the scene of action, when it arrived after the repulse of the enemy. At the siege of Charleston, the regiment had not borne as prominent a part as some others, though here as well as in Florida, whither it had been sent in the latter part of the siege, it had done its duty well when called upon. •See notice of Colonel Heyward, Vol. I, page 193- Hagood's Brigade 203 Its present commander, Colonel Gantt, had been a lieutenant in the original regiment and was, on the reorganization, elected lieutenant-colonel. He succeeded Ellis on the latter's being com- pelled to resign to avoid charges of incompetency. Ellis — a cross- road politician — had been elected over Heyward without having served a day in this or any other regiment. Colonel Gantt had been at the State Military School, and his lieutenant-colonel, Tzard, had held a commission in the United States navy. Colonel Izard served very little with the regiment after it was brigaded; he was most of his ■ time on sick leave. Gooding, the senior captain, who succeeded to the majority, was an incubus upon the command, without soldierly spirit, and yet with ability enough to keep clear of such derelictions of duty as would bring him before a court. Finally, however, in the waning days of the Confed- eracy, he overstayed a leave under circumstances almost amount- ing to desertion and was dropped from the rolls. Colonel Gantt was a good drill officer and had his regiment in fair discipline and presenting a good military appearance when it reported to the brigade. Its subsequent history will show that it had much good material in the ranks and among its officers, many of whom were worthy of their commissions. This regiment was chiefly raised in Beaufort and Colleton Dis- tricts. The TwENTY-riEST Regiment Was organized 12th November, 1861, under a call upon South Carolina for additional troops and was mustered into Confed- erate service 1st January, 1862, for "three years or the war." It was drawn from what is known as the Pee Dee region of the State. Colonel Graham, its commander, had been an officer in Gregg's six-months regiment. Its lieutenant-colonel, Dargan, and its major, Mclver, were excellent officers, and in the subor- dinate grades was found the usual melange — some as gallant and noble spirits as ever bore a sword or stopped a bullet — many who creditably filled their positions, and some of the earthy earthy. The regiment had been, from its organization, on the coast of South Carolina, and had borne a conspicuous part in the siege of Charleston. From its somewhat eventful service here, it was at this time more or less disorganized and required attention. 206 Memoirs of the War of Secession Twenty-fifth Regiment. Companies A and B of this regiment were raised from the Washington Light Infantry, a time-honored militia organiza- tion of Charleston, which also contributed a company to the Hampton Legion. These companies went into State service, serving at Coles Island tha winter of '61-'62, and called them- selves The Eutaw Battalion, Simonton, senior captain, com- manding. Upon the reorganization of the First South Carolina (Hagood's) regiment in April, 1862, three of its companies (Pressley's, Glover's and Sellars') seceded, as they were per- mitted by the law to do, to this battalion, and it grew into a regiment by the addition of newly raised companies. On 22nd July, 1862, it was mustered into Confederate service for "three years or the war." Captain Simonton became its colonel. He was a lawyer of prominence in Charleston, both before and after the war. His service with his regiment during its connection with the brigade was limited, he being most of the time detached on post duty. Captains Pressley and Glover became respectively lieutenant-colonel and major, and were both most excellent and meritorious oiRcers. Among the subordinates were a number of first-class officers, and the men were of excellent material. Com- panies A and B were raised in Charleston; the other companies from the middle country of the State. The discipline and esprit of the regiment was good. Its service had been principally in and around Charleston. It was credit- ably engaged at the Battle of Secessionville, among the troops outside of the fort. During the existing siege of the city, it had had a comparatively easy time on James Island until the last days of Wagner, when for the first time it was part of the gar- rison. Under its lieutenant-colonel, Pressley, it had then behaved with much steadiness, and met with considerable loss. Under the same meritorious officer it was engaged in the affair of the 16th July with General Terry's forces on James Island, and it had borne its share by detail in the other duties and events of the siege. Twenty-seventh Regiment. The Charleston Battalion, composing the first six companies of this regiment, was originally raised in Charleston and mustered Hagood's Brigade 207 into Confederate service in March, '62. In its subsequent history, it received many recruits from the country, but its officers were almost without exception Charlestonians, and the city element largely predominated in the ranks. The several companies were offshoots from the old militia organizations of the city and among themselves retained the names of their parent companies. Indeed this was common throughout the brigade, and there was scarcely a company in any of the regiments which, though known officially as Company A or Company B of such a regiment, had not some fancy name by which they were fond of calling them- selves and by which they were generally loiown at home. P. C. Gaillard was the lieutenant-colonel commanding and David Ramsay major. Colonel Gaillard had graduated at West Point, a contemporary of General Bragg's, had served in the United States Army, and subsequently for many years was engaged in commercial pursuits in Charleston. He was a man with much, of the old Roman type of character about him, had unbounded influence over his command, and was every inch a soldier. Not- withstanding his age and the loss of an arm at Wagner, he served faithfully with his regiment under every hardship of the cam- paign of '64 in Virginia, until, toward its close, his health suc- cumbed and he was compelled to go upon the retired list and a post command. Major Ramsay was a lawyer of high culture and fell at Wag- ner on the 18th July. The battalion of sharpshooters composing the remaining com- panies of the regiment was raised in June, 1862, under orders from Richmond, partly by compulsory drafts from regiments already in service, and partly by voluntary enlistment. The officers were appointed, not elected, and the organization was rather that of Regulars than Volunteers. In passing, it may be remarked that the scheme of the War Department of raising a special corps of sharpshooters failed, and though in this instance some excellent companies were formed, they never did duty other than infantry of the line. Indeed, as the war progressed, the whole Confederate Army rapidly became light infantry in mobility and appointments, and in a wooded country, with the Enfield rifle or its equivalent on both sides, it was seldom that anything but the ordinary skirmisher 208 Memoirs or the War of Seoesbion was needed. Under the circumstances, the repeating firearm was a greater advantage than any increased length of range or special accuracy of fire, the Enfield carrying its missile with deadly force and accuracy across most of the open levels encountered. There were occasions, however, such as at Wagner, at Petersburg and elsewhere in the writer's experience, when a few telescopic rifles, such as Whitworths, distributed through a regiment — say one to the company — were capable of good service. The possession of such a rifle might have been made a mark of honor as well as skill in the beam. Major Abney, commanding the sharpshooters' battalion, had served in Mexico as lieutenant in the Palmetto Eegiment ; had in this war been elected to the command of one of the regiments raised in the State in the spring of '62, and, upon the inevitable reorganization upon entering Confederate service, a few weeks afterwards had been ousted by a man who was subsequently broken for cowardice. Abney was a brave man, but his habits were not good, and his virtues were rather passive than active. Blake, the lieutenant-colonel, also was a negative character. Both he and Abney had not sufficient elan and failed to command the confi- dence of their men. When Gaillard was absent, the regiment always did better under one of its many good subordinates. Abney's health became bad and he went on the retired list ; and Blake was dropped for over-staying a leave in the spring of '65. He appealed, however, alleging great injustice done him, and was granted a court amid the rapidly culminating misfortunes of the Confederacy, the decision of which was never announced. The Twenty-seventh was especially claimed by the Charles- tonians as their regiment, and in consequence of its local popu- larity many of the best young men of the city were in its ranks. The average intelligence and social position of the rank and file were thus greater than most regiments, and its discipline and character were peculiar. It was not equal to some others in dis- cipline, but under Gaillard, or any other of its officers who possessed its confidence, it would go anywhere and do anything. Under Blake or Abney it was far less efficient. There was too much intelligence and too little rigidity of discipline in its ranks for men without force of character to command it successfully. This regiment, like the others, had served only in South Carolina, Hagood's Brigade 209 but had been peculiarly fortunate in its service. It had won honor in the fort at Secessionville in '62; had been Talliferro's mainstay at Wagner on the 18th July ; a portion of it had been Elliott's garrison at Sumter when the boat attack was repulsed; and two of its sharpshooter companies had obtained honorable mention at Pocotaligo. The Seventh Battalion. Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson, commanding this battalion, had commenced the war as brigadier-general of State troops at the reduction of Sumter, and General Hagood, then Colonel of the First South Carolina, had been attached to his command. When, shortly afterward, the State troops were transferred to Confed- erate service, the general officers lost their commissions, Nelson returned home and raised this battalion "for the war." He was a planter, a gentleman of high culture and fine presence, and an excellent officer. Major Rion had commenced the war as colonel of the Sixth South Carolina, had lost his commission in the re-election consequent upon taking Confederate service; had raised a company and joined Nelson. He was a leading lawyer of Fairfield District, both before and after the war. The subor- dinate officers were, with scarce an exception, good and some superior, and the men of excellent material. This battalion came nearer to Regulars in discipline and uniform efficiency at ,all times and under all circumstances than any volunteer troops the writer met with during the war ; and this was largely due to the zeal and ability of Major Rion. The battalion had served with distinction at Pocotaligo, arriving on a railroad train in time by a vigorous assault to decide the day. It had also borne honorable part in the existing ' siege of Charleston. It was drawn from the central districts of the State. Such, briefly, was the character of the regiments now organ- ized and known afterward as "Hagood's Brigade," as it appeared to one who knew them intimately, and who appreciated, as one appreciates a well-tried blade, that exalted heroism and unflinching devotion which marked their subsequent career as a body, but who had no respect for individuals in such a corps who fell short of its high standard— men bearing commissions in the 14— H 210 Memoirs or the War of Secession spirit of a conscript, while there were privates in their commands clad in rags, often infested with vermin, who went into action, or endured the hardships of the march and the trench, as if they bore a marshal's baton. The following anecdote will show the estimate in which the regiments were held by one of the higher rank, who knew them well. On the lines before Bermuda Hundreds in May, '64, Gen- eral Bragg, then holding staff position at Kichmond, asked General Hagood in presence of General Beauregard what sort of a brigade he had. General Beauregard replied by narrating the incident mentioned in the Memoirs of the Second Military District (Vol. I, page 112) of Hagood's disappointment in going with the brigade sent to Vicksburg, and said : "I told him, then, that when opportunity, served I would give him a good brigade with which to take the field; and I gave him the best troops I had, sir." At the date of the order organizing the brigade, mo-st of the regiments composing it were on James Island, constituting chiefly the infantry supports of the battalion of the east lines — a sub- division then commanded by General Hagood. The others were concentrated under his command- in this position as soon as circumstances permitted. Gilmore's active operations had ceased, as before narrated, with the boat attack on Sumter, and the siege had subsided into a matter of long range fire. This state of affairs chiefly occupied the artillery, and afforded opportunity of bringing the brigade into a high state of efficiency, which was eagerly embraced. The following circular was issued, and its directions enforced : Headquarters Hagood's Brigade. 1 December, 1863. Circular. I. A course of instruction in drill will be instituted by the several com- mandants of regiments of the brigade as follows : The six (6) lessons in the battalion drill (Hardee's 2 Vol.) will be gone through with on successive days ; and then three successive days will be devoted to the skirmish drill including the deployment of the battalion.* These duties will be had in •I never saw a battalion deployed as skirmishers in actual battle. The Confed- erate practice was for each company to furnish men enough to cover its own front and one or more officers were detailed from the regiment. A field officer was generally detailed for the occasion to command all the skirmishers from the brigade. In some brigades these details became more or less permanent. — J. H. Hagood's Brigade 211 the afternoon, and in the forenoon of the same day, each regimental com- mander will have caused his oflScers to recite on the lessons of the day — blackboards or some substitute being used. II. Special attention will be given in this course to the guides, and commandants of the regiments are required to reduce to the ranlis any non- commissioned oflScer, who, after reasonable instruction, fails to become master of his duty. The "advance in line" must be practised until the troops are perfect in its execution and its principles thoroughly understood. The troops must also be accustomed to manceuver as well by the rear rank as by the front, by inversion as by direction. The "formation against cavalry," the "instructions for skirmishers," the "advance in line" and the "march in column" are of chief importance in the drill ; and their relative importance is in the inverse order in which they are here enumerated. The points to be looked to in the march of a column, whatever the breadth of its front, are (1) that the depth of the column never exceeds the width the troops are to occupy in line of battle. (2) That meeting an obstacle in the march, the men do not improperly break into files to pass it. (3) That no man, upon any pretense whatever, falls out of the ranks without the permission first obtained of his captain. The first two rules are to prevent fatigue to the men in closing up from time to time, and to prevent delay in the march of an army. A single battalion may lose but ten minutes on a march in thus improperly breaking into file, that will delay a brigade near an hour, and a division five hours, in which time a battle may be lost or won. The third rule is to prevent the evil of straggling, and all these rules will be enforced in this brigade on all marches, however distant from the enemy — ^whether going to or re- turning from duty, or upon any other occasion. Discipline is the result of habit, and careless habits in this particular must not be formed, or, if formed, must be broken. OflBcers must use such means, amounting to sever- ity if necessary, as will enforce these rules, and they alone will be held responsible for any departure from them. III. Commanding oflicers will notify these headquarters of the hours in the afternoon each may select for the drills ordered to the end that the brigadier-general may when practical be present. By command Brigadier-General Hagood. W. B. Stoney, a. a. a. G. At a later day, when the brigade was in the field, a standing order, of which the following is an extract, prescribed minutely the details necessary to secure the proper conduct of marches, and regimental commandants were held directly responsible to the brigade commander for their proper observance : , "On all marches the officers second in rank present for duty with each regiment, together with the assistant surgeon, or in his absence the surgeon, will follow the regiment and be accompanied 212 Memoirs of the War of Secession by a non-commissioned officer and a file of men. This will be the regimental rear-guard. The last regiment will, however, have instead a company as brigade rear-guard, and will be accom- panied by the brigade surgeon and the surgeons who may not be immediately in rear of their regiments, filling the places of absent assistant surgeons. The ambulances will follow immediately thereafter and be succeeded by the ordnance wagons; and then the quartermaster's train, when the latter marches with the brigade. The commanding officer of the regiment will habitually march at its head, but he will frequently stop and let it march past him, to see that it marches properly. He will always do this upon encountering a rivulet or other obstruction which the men may be inclined to break their ranks in passing. This is most positively forbidden; all such places must be passed in proper order, and the regimental commander will immediately arrest and report any captain who fails to bring his company properlj' through such places. No discretion is allowed the regimental commander in such cases. An officer or man unable from any reason to keep up with the march will obtain from his immediate commander verbal permission to fall out. The regimental rear- guard will examine him, and if properly out of the ranks the assistant surgeon will give him written permission to fall to the rear, when the brigade surgeon will take such action as the case, in his opinion, requires. The brigade surgeon will be careful to allow no one to ride in the ambulances except in case of neces- sity. The files will be kept closed in marching and dressed, though the precision of the drill is not required. File closers will be held responsible for this by their company commanders. Cases of unauthorized straggling will be made by regimental com- manders the subject of severe and summary discipline; it is the highest military offense, next to desertion. "When in line of battle, the horses of those who do not ride in action* will be kept in the neighborhood of the field infirmary. The brigade quartermaster will see that they are supplied with forage at this point; and he will cause a light forage wagon to follow the -brigade when the general quartermaster's train doas not march in the column. A mounted quartermaster's man will •Regimental ofBcers. Hagood's Brigade 213 have charge of this matter and of the ambulances, and always be with the column. "Regimental commanders will hold their assistant quarter- masters responsible for the regular supply of properly cooked food for their men. Any irregularity in this matter is prima facie the fault of these officers for which they must account." The brigade inspector also habitually marched with the rear- guard, which, when he was present, took its orders from him. In traveling by rail, other standing orders directed the company formation to be retained as far as practicable and company oi}i-^the Twenty-seventh was advanced beyond his general line. This regiment was accord- ingly at once drawn back to the west side of the creek. Two field pieces, abandoned by our troops the day before on the City Point road beyond our present lines, were also brought in. They were found to be spiked and were, therefore, sent to the rear. The enemy shelled Hagood furiously all day, and the skir- mishers on his front were constantly engaged. They several times ostentatiously formed for battle beyond rifle range> there being no artillery on his portion .of the lin^, and about dark assailed his center. They were repelled after keeping up the effort for an hour, never havipg got nearer than .^seventy-five yards to his 268 Memoirs or the War of Secession entrenchments. On Hagood's right, the enemy's assault at dark was better sustained, and they suffered heavily. They met with no success. Lieutenant Allemony of the Twenty-seventh was killed today. On the 17th, the same heavy shelling and skirmish- ing continued on our front. About half-past six in the evening the enemy again assaulted heavily the brigade on our right. Col- quitt repelled them with considerable slaughter. Their officers made a second attempt to get them on, but were unable to do so. Still further to the right several assaults were made during the day, one of which met with some success, but the Confederates rallying drove them back. The loss in the Federal ranks today was acknowledged to be four thousand. They claimed to have captured four guns, and probably got in addition some two hun- dred prisoners. Their long range artillery practice on Hagood's front was accurate, as it always was when there was no artillery to reply, and the brigade suffered several casualties. In the meanwhile, General Beauregard (see Beauregard's Mil- itary Operations, II Volume, p. 253,) had determined on taking a more compact and shorter line of defence than the one now occu- pied, and during these two days' fighting it had been partially prepared for occupation. It was this last line which was held during the siege that ensued. It was some 800 yards nearer the city, and, like the line of the first taken, was the chord to an arc of the original defences, still more of which were now abandoned. This line was at first a simple trench with the parapet on the farther side of it, and though it was afterwards amplified it retained the general character of a trench, and was always known as "The Trenches," in distinction from the portion of the original works held by us. These last were artillery redoubts, connected by infantry 'breastworks. These "trenches" opposed Grant's front of attack, the remain- ing portion of the enciente was not assailed until perhaps the closing day of the siege of '65. At 1:30 a. m., on the 18th, Hagood's brigade moved back on the new line to the position assigned it, which was on the left flank some 200 yards west of the house of the Younger Hare. His left was on the Appomattox, thence running off southwp.rd, nearly at right angles to the river, his line crossed the City Point road and extended to the westward end of the eminence known as Hagood's Brigade 269 Hare's Hill, where Colquitt prolonged the general line. The New Market race course was in front of the right of the brigade, and the approach to its position was generally level. By daylight, the Confederates were quietly in position and diligently strength- ening their incomplete works. Shortly after daylight, the enemy advanced upon our old works, and finding them abandoned, came on with vociferous cheers. As soon as their skirmishers encountered ours in their new posi- tion, their line of battle halted, and heavy skirmishing com- menced. This continued until about 2 p. m., the skirmishers alternately driving each other. The brigade lost several killed and wounded and a few prisoners, but inflicted an equal or greater loss upon the enemy and captured between twenty-five and thirty prisoners. At 2 p. m., the enemy formed for assault upon the portion of the brigade between the river and the City Point road, and a little later moved forward. A regiment was pushed up along the bank of the river under cover of the grove and buildings of the Younger Hare. It came in column and, as soon as its head was uncovered, endeavored to deploy. The rest of their force attempted to come forward in line of battle. A rapid fire was opened on the column, as soon as it showed itself, and upon those in line at about 300 yards. The column never succeeded in deploying and the line broke after advancing about fifty yards under fire. They were rallied and again brought forward, but were repulsed in confusion and. with heavy loss. The voices of the Federal officers in command could be plainly heard. The Twenty-first, Twenty-seventh and Eleventh regiments repulsed this attack. South of the City Point road, the Seventh battalion and Twenty-fifth regiment were not at this time attacked. Later in the afternoon, when the enemy made a general assault upon the Confederate lines to the right, the Twenty-fifth fired a few volleys obliquely into the assaulting lines moving over Hare's Hill upon Colquitt. The skirmishing here, however, in the morn- ing was particularly heavy and obstinate. Major Rion com- manded the brigade skirmishers and distinguishedhimself by his usual gallantry and address. He was wounded in the arm, but continued in the field till night. Lieutenant Felder, of the 270 Memoirs of the War of Secession Twenty-fifth, was also wounded, and Lieutenant Harvey, of the Seventh battalion, was killed. These three days' fighting was called the Battle of Petersburg. It resulted on the part of the Confederates in taking a line of defense which constructed, and from day to day strengthened and developed, under fire, grew into formidable siege works impregnable to all direct attack. On the Federal side the loss of twelve thousand men in the three days was proof that even in their present incomplete state, held by such men as Lee commanded, they could not be carried by assault. Grant, accordingly, sat down regularly before the plan, and ordered siege operations begun. Compared with the enemy's, the Confederate loss was incon- siderable. In Hagood's brigade, the casualties of the three days amounted to two hundred and twenty, of which thirty-six were killed. The loss in the character of the officers killed was, how- ever, severely felt. Ward Hopkins was the senior captain of the Twenty-seventh regiment, and, after Colonel Gaillard, com- manded the respect and confidence of the men and of his superiors more perhaps than any officer in it. His loss was a calamity to the regiment. Captain Palmer was a graduate of the State Military Academy, and an efficient officer. Lieutenants AUemony and Harvey were also good officers and their loss was much deplored. AUemony was before the war a young lawyer, rapidly rising at the Charleston Bar, and a member of the State Legislature. Adjutant Gelling was a young Scotch gentleman who had emigrated to Charleston a short time before the war. On the breaking out of hostilities, he had enlisted in one of the com- panies raised in that city, and had been promoted to his present position. General Hagood had occasion to notice and specially commend his conduct at Cold Harbor. THE TRENCHES OF PETEESBUEG. On the 21st, Grant extended his line of investment somewhat more to his left, gaining no material advantage and losing to Lee three thousand men in the operation. His cavalry were at the same time dispatched against the railroad communications of Petersburg to the south and west, and succeeded in doing some Hagood's Brigade 271 slight damage, when they were encountered by the Confederate cavalry at Stoney Creek and completely overwhelmed. A rem- nant escaped into the Federal lines before Petersburg, having lost their entire artillery and train, and a thousand prisoners. And now occurred an episode in the siege that attracted no general attention at the time, but was a bitter experience to Hagood's brigade which bore the consequences of its miscarriage. The very inception of its execution was so completely a failure that the design of the Confederate general appeared not to be suspected by either army, or by the public, and stillborn, its memory will only survive in the limbo of such memoirs as these, where individual history is the topic. Grant's line had by this time extended a considerable distance from the river, and his communication with his base at City Point was behind his right flank and along the river. General Lee, in conjunction with General Beauregard, determined to assume the offensive, drive in Grant's right wing, seize his line of retreat, and, forcing him away from his base, inflict such a blow as would raise the siege if not put an end to the campaign. The plan was entirely feasible. The morale of the Confederate Army was at its highest, that of the enemy at probably its lowest during the campaign, and the great disparity of losses induced by Grant's sledge hammer style of fighting had brought the two armies at this time to no insurmountable inequality of numbers, other con- ditions being favorable. Accordingly, a powerful battery of forty-four (44) field pieces was on the night of the 23rd June secretly got into position on the north bank of the Appomattox, here quite narrow, to enfilade the enemy's line, and Fields's division of Longstreet's corps with other troops were massed behind Hagood's position next the river to follow up the attack which the latter was to lead. Anderson's brigade headed Fields's column, and Benning's brigade (under Colonel DuBose) was next. The following official papers narrate the manner in which the design was attempted to be executed : "Headquarters Hagood's Brigade, "Hoke's Division, 26th June, 1864. "Captain Otey, A. A. G. "Captain : I am required to make a full report of the operations of my brigade in front of Petersburg on the morning of the 24th inst. My 272 Memoirs or the War of Secession brigade occupied the left of our line of entrenchments, resting on the south bank of the Appomattox — the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-first and Eleventh regiments filling the space from the river to the City Point Road, and the Twenty-fifth and Seventh battalion extending along the lines south of the road. The enemy's entrenchments were at this point parallel to ours at a distance of near 400 yards, an open field with a rank growth of oats upon it intervening. Each side had slight rifie pits a short dis- tance in advance of its entrenchments. Our line of entrenchment was single, the enemy appeared to be entrenched in their lines close together, and the attack developed the fact that in their first line they had four and a half regiments, numbering some 1,600 or 1,700 men. "My division commander, Major-General Hoke, had instructed me the night before to be ready for movement in the morning, without indicating what it would be. About dawn on the 24th he in person informed me that a general engagement was contemplated that day, and instructed me in detail as to the part my brigade was to take in bringing it on. A heavy cannonade was to be opened from the north side of the river upon the enemy's position, and five minutes after it had ceased I was to charge that portion of their line between the river and the City Point Road with the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-first and Eleventh regiments. He informed me that I was to be closely supported by Anderson's brigade. When we had succeeded in driving them from their first line, Anderson was to occupy it till Ms supports arrived, when he was to press on against their second and third lines, while pivoting my three regiments on their right and bringing up the other two regiments of the brigade, I was to form along the City Point Road perpendicular to my first position. Then, taking the enemy's first line as a directrix, I was to clear Colquitt's front as far as and including Hare's Hill, etc., etc. "While General Hoke was still explaining the plan of battle to me, Lieutenant Andrews reported to me from General Anderson, stating that the latter was in position and had sent him to keep in communication with me. In consultation with General Hoke, my plan of attack was settled and every preparation made. "The artillery opened precisely at 7 a. m. and ceased precisely at 7:30. At 7:20 a. m. I sent Lieutenant Andrews to General Anderson to say I would move in fifteen minutes. He left me with speed. A delay of seven minutes, however, occurred in my movement, and at precisely 7:42 I advanced. I am so far thus accurate as to time, because I did not see my support, did not know their precise distance in rear, and being governed in my instructions by time, noticed the watch closely. "My advance was made with 400 picked men and oflicers as skirmishers, followed by the balance of the three regiments (about 550 men) In a second deployed line at close supporting distance. Lieutenant-Colonel Nel- son, Seventh battalion, was selected to command the skirmishers. I took direction of the second line. "The attack was made. The enemy were driven from their rifle pits without resistance of moment ; their first line was gained and a portion of Hagood's Brigade 273 It captured; some thirty prisoners were taken here and sent to the rear; and the enemy's whole line was seriously shaken, his men in numbers run- ning from the works. Discovering our small force, and the attack not being followed up, his first line rallied, re-enforcements were rapidly pushed up from his rear, and we were compelled to fall back. This was done slowly, and the enemy, endeavoring to charge us, was driven back. My men, under orders, laid down in the oats about half-way between the two hostile entrenchments to await Anderson's advance and then go with him. Num- bers of them, however, got back as far as our rifle pits and were permitted to remain there with the same orders as the more advanced line. None of them came back to our entrenchment except a few skulkers, whom every attack develops, and in this case, I am happy to say, they were very few. "How much time was occupied in these movements I am unable to say, as I did not look at my watch again. When the vigor of my attack was broken and my men had begun to fall back, the left of Benning's brigade, moving by a flank and coming from across the City Point Road, reached the right of the entrenchments I had left in advancing, and there stopped. A discussion between Major-Generals Hoke and Fields ensued, and, after some delay, this brigade moved in and was ready to advance. "The report of Colonel DuBose, commanding Benning's brigade, will show the time of his arrival and the then condition of affairs. General Anderson's report will explain the delay in his arrival. Major-General Hoke was on the ground during the whole morning, and can speak of his personal knowledge. "The order of attack being countermanded, I kept out all day as many of my men as my rifle pits would hold, withdrawing the rest by squads. At night all were withdrawn and the regiments re-organized. My loss was about a third of the force engaged, 25 being killed, 73 wounded and 208 missing, making an aggregate of 306. "The gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson is missing ; it is hoped not killed. Captain Axson, Twenty-seventh regiment, was killed at the head of his company. Lieutenants Huguenin and Trim, of the Twenty-seventh, Lieu- tenants Chappell, Ford and Vandiford, of the Twenty-first, and Lieutenant Smith, of the Eleventh, were wounded. "Captains Mulraney and Buist, of the Twenty-seventh, were captured on the enemy's works (the latter after receiving two wounds).* "Captain Raysor and Lieutenant Riley, of the Eleventh regiment. Lieu- tenant White, of the Twenty-seventh, and Lieutenant Clemants, of the Twenty-first, are missing. "I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, "(Signed) Johnson Hagood, "Brigadier-General Commanding.' *Mlstake. See post. 18— H 274 Memoirs or the War of Secession "Headquarters Hoke's Division, July 2, 1864. "Captain: In obedience to orders from department headquarters (Beau- regard's), I respectfully report that a plan of attack upon the enemy was settled upon on 23d June, 1864, to take place on the following morning, which plan is fully known to the commanding general. On the night of the 23d General Hagood was made familiar with the mode of attack sufficiently to make the necessary arrangements. No other officer of my command was aware of the intended advance. This precaution was taken, fearing that by some means the enemy might learn our intentions and pre- pare for us. "In accordance with the plan, my arrangements were made which are fully and properly given in the enclosed report of Brigadier-General Hagood. Dividing my forces on the left of the City Point Road into two heavy skirmish lines, one to be supported by the other, and the whole to be supported by Brigadier-General Anderson's brigade of Fields's division, formed in line of battle behind the hill in rear of the entrenchments then occupied by Hagood's left. As was directed, the artillery from the bat- teries on the north side of the river opened Are upon the entrenchments of the enemy as soon as the morning mists had cleared away, and continued its fire with great accuracy but no execution for half an hour. After the lapse of five minutes the fire of these guns was directed upon the batteries of the enemy, drawing in a great degree their fire from the advancing Infantry which, as far as I could see, was the only service rendered by our guns. Indeed, I fear we were injured more than we gained by the use of our guns, as it notified the enemy of our intended attack. My intention was to attack immediately after our guns opened upon the enemy's bat- teries, but as General Anderson had not reported, I delayed, and imme- diately one of his staff officers appeared by whom General Anderson was informed that in fifteen minutes the advance would certainly take place, which would give him time to reach the entrenchments then occupied by General Hagood. At the appointed time the advance was ordered, and Immediately the second line followed. The first line gallantly entered the entrenchments of the enemy and did their duty nobly, and (as was wit- nessed by General Lee himself) succeeded not only in breaking the enemy, but drove them from their works. "It was never expected that the entrenchments of the enemy could be held by these two lines of skirmishers, but that they should occupy them till the line of battle could reach them. I asked Major-General Fields, who was on the ground, to order Anderson forward, as a moment's delay would be fatal. He Immediately sent the order, which had been previously sent, to General Anderson to go forward. It is proper here for me to state that this was my third effort to get General Anderson forward after my first notice to him that 'in fifteen minutes I would certainly move forward.' Some time after General Fields's second order was sent to General Ander- son, he received a note from him Saying that the entrenchments were still occupied by General Hagood's troops. In this he was greatly mistaken, as will be seen by General Hagood's report, and, if necessary to prove this Hagood's Brigade 275 mistake, Colonel DuBose, commanding Bennlng's brigade, will corroborate the fact that the entrenchments were then free of troops, except some stragglers, of whom I am sure no command Is exempt. Colonel DuBose had by this time moved up in line of battle on the right of General Ander- son's position, and, after reaching the trenches, moved by a left flank down them and occupied the position which Anderson was to have taken. "After some time, I suppose an hour. General Fields put another brigade* in the trenches on the left of the City Point Road, with a view to attack, and seemed anxious to do so, but I advised against it, as the enemy had had time and had made all preparation for us, and I felt assured he would sustain a heavy loss and accomplish nothing. At this time orders were received from General Lee for me to report to him in company with Gen- eral Fields, and, on hearing the position of affairs, he directed the attack abandoned. "I was much troubled at the loss of my men, who did their duty truly and well, without results which to me appeared certain and surely ought to have been reaped. "It Is not my desire to place blame or responsibility upon others. I fear neither. In making the foregoing statements I merely give facts to the best of my knowledge, and the commanding general can draw his own con- clusions. I have unofficially heard that both I and my command were censured by the commanding general. -My regret Is In attempting this attack without full command of all the forces which were to participate. Both the plan of battle and of attack were good, but failed in the execu- tlon^ The enemy became extremely uneasy along his entire line, when the attack was made, and, had we been successful at that point, our results would have been such as have not heretofore been equalled. General Hagood did everything in his power to give us success, and desired to push forward when, in my judgment, it appeared hazardous. "Very respectfully, "(Signed) R. F. Hoke, "Major-General. "To Captain Jno. M. Otey, A. A. G." "(Endorsement.) "Respectfully forwarded to General R. B. Lee for his Information. "It will be seen by the reports of Generals Hoke and Hagood that they are not responsible for the failure of the attack of the 24th ulto., which would have undoubtedly been successful had the supports advanced In time. General Hoke is mistaken, if he refers to me, when he says 'I have heard unofficially that both I and my command have been censured by the commanding general.' I stated only that 'the success would have been most brilliant had the skirmishers been properly supported.' His report and that of General Hagood prove the correctness of my assertion. •Anderson's. He had now got up. 276 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession "General Hoke says, on the second page of his report, 'After a lapse of five minutes the fire of the guns (t. e., 44 guns on the north side of the Appomattox) was directed upon the batteries of the enemy, drawing in a great degree their fire from the advancing infantry, which, as far as I could see, was the only service rendered by our guns. Indeed, I fear we were injured more than we gained by the use of our guns, as it notified the enemy of our intended attack.' "The object of opening the fire of the batteries referred to during the half hour preceding the infantry attack was to demoralize the enemy's troops occupying the defensive lines which were to be attacked, and which were enfiladed and taken in reverse by those batteries. It was expected also that the heavy artillery fire would throw Into confusion any sup- ports the enemy might have concealed in the woods near his line. The best proof of the entire success of the plan is the facility with which an unsupported line of skirmishers got possession of those lines, with a loss of only twenty-five killed and seventy-two wounded. I am decidedly of opinion that regard being had to locality and the attending circumstances, no better results could have been obtained than the plan adopted, and which failed only because not properly supported. "Headquarters Department North Carolina and Southern Virginia, 5th July, 1864. "(Signed) G. T. Beaueeqabd, "Official : John A. Cooper, A. A. A. G. General." Thus failed a brillant and entirely practical design, which might have given a different complexion to the history of this famous siege. General Hoke has noticed a fundamental error in the plan of attack, the supports not being under the same com- mand as the attacking line. General Fields was present at the entrenchments during the whole affair, and no blame appears to have attached to him. If it was impracticable, as it probably was under the circumstances, for the attack to have been made and supported by the same division, a common superior should have been on the spot to harmonize the action of the two divisions partly engaged. Generals Lee and Beauregard were near the batteries across the river in close view of the field, but without means of direct communication, and therefore unable to take tactical direction of the affair. So far, the plan of attack was radically wrong, but there is another and more palpable cause of failure manifest. Anderson was in line of battle (the head of a column by brigades) behind a hill about 150 yards in rear of Hagood when the attack was Hagood's Brigade 277 to commence, the "delay of seven minutes" which occurred in Hagood's movement was intentional on his part. He was wait- ing to see Anderson's approach advancing over the hill before he started, and he would have continued to wait, had not an aide from General Hoke, with whom General Fields was standing some forty yards off across the road, directed him to move at once. Instead of moving forward in line over the hill to the support of the attack, Anderson, when compelled by repeated orders to move, went, it was said, to the rear by file as far as the Iron Bridge nearly a quarter of a mile, thence full another quarter of a mile up the ravine of Poor Creek till he reached the shelter of the entrenchments near Hare's Hill, and then came stumbling along them already crowded with men, until he reached the part Hagood had left. He was more than one hour getting to a position to which he had little more than 150 yards to march straight forward, and with nothing in his way but the usual hazards of hostile fire. In the meantime, DuBose had got up three-quarters of an hour ahead of the brigade that was to lead him, but too late to support Hagood's attack, which was made at a charging step. General Hagood had no personal interview with Anderson afterward and never saw his report, if any was made by him, to explain his conduct. On the record here given, there is but one comment to be made, and that the obvious one — Anderson should have been shot.* There was not even a court held, though the common sense of that portion of the army that knew anything of the affair kept afloat for two or three weeks the daily rumor that one had been ordered. This day's experience was a peculiarly trying one to the com- mander of Hagood's brigade. His men were uselessly sacrificed ; and from the secrecy with which the designs of the day had been kept, the delay in the arrival of the supports, and the absence of action on their part when they had come, there was a mean- ingless air thrown over his assault which he was not at liberty to explain. He was conscious that to some extent his command was demoralized by the result, and that it appeared to both men and officers a riddle why a skirmish line unsupported should be •After twenty years this looks pretty harsh, and not having full Information, ought perhaps to be omitted. 20th June, 1884. 3. H. 278 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession rushed upon a triple line of breastworks garnished with artillery and manned by five fold their number of infantry. At length a Charleston editor, froni which city it will be remembered two regiments of the brigade came, gave currency to the absurd idea that General Hagood had made the attack without orders, and with ambitious views on his part. Then, with General Beaure- gard's approbation, he sent for publication in the same sheet sufficient extracts from the foregoing official papers to partially explain his connection with the affair; more he could not do pend- ing the campaign, and for some time afterward the injurious reputation of recklessness clung to him in consequence of this day's work. A few days previous to this, in consequence of most of the regi- ments of the brigade being without field officers. General Hagood had divided his command into wings and given general super- intendence of each to the two officers present highest in rank. Lieutenant- Colonel Nelson was put in charge of the regiments north of the City Point road, and it was thus he happened to be engaged when his regiment was not. He was standing by Hagood's side on the right of the line, when Hoke's aide brought the order to advance. The men, who had been told to follow his lead, were intently watching him, and when he was ordered to go, without speaking, he drew his handkerchief from his breast and raised it aloft. The men sprang over the parapet with a yell and rushed upon the enemy across the intervening space, he moving upon the right of the line. Wheij they were driven back and had laid down in the oats (as they were instructed), to await the coming of the supports, he moved east along the whole length of his line under the close fire of the enemy and shortly after reaching the left, disappeared. The men of his command thought he was left by them wounded on the field. Painful rumors reached us through prisoners a few days afterward of his having been murdered by negro troops while being taken by the enemy to the rear. General Hagood brought the rumor to General Lee's attention, naming a captured lieutenant from whom he had it, and asked that a flag should enquire into the fact. The request was not granted. Thus fell a devoted patriot, a gallant soldier, a courteous gentleman. Captain Axson was a valuable officer. He was mortally Hagood's Brigade 279 wounded early in the charge and lingered painfully for some hours, when succor could not be rendered him. Captain Mul- raney was captured literally upon the enemy's works, waving his cap and cheering on his men. Captain Buist had joined the brigade for the first time, after Cold Harbor; he was not wounded, though so stated upon misinformation, was exchanged shortly afterwards through some special influences and never again served on the field. He obtained one of the numerous exempt positions which had begun at this period of the war to be ominously sought after. Lieutenant Trim lost his arm and was put on the retired list. Lieutenants Smith, Vandiford and Chappell died of their wounds. Chappell was the young officer whose good conduct at Walthal Junction so materially aided in rallying the Twenty- first regiment. At Drury's Bluff his coolness and efficiency attracted the attention of his brigade commander and procured him a compliment on the field. At first, he seemed likely to recover from his wound, and had procured an invalid leave. When pulling on his boot preparatory to leaving the hospital for home, he ruptured an artery near which the ball had passed, and bled to death. Some days after he Kad been wounded. General Hagood had sent him a handsome pistol captured from a Federal officer, with a note saying that it was intended as a testimonial of his uniform gallantry and good conduct. When the surgeon informed him that the blood could not be staunched, and that he must die, he called for his pistol and had it laid beside him on his cot. The pistol which he so treasured with its history was carefully forwarded to his widowed mother as a memorial of her noble boy. There was slain, too, upon this field among the non- commissioned officers, Pickens Butler Watts, first sergeant of AUston's company, Twenty-seventh regiment, the most distin- guished soldier of his rank at that time in the brigade. He had been mentioned for conspicuous gallantry upon every -field in which his regiment had teen engaged in this campaign, and in the pursuit of the routed Federal army into its lines at Bermuda Hundreds, when, weak from sickness, he had fainted upon the march, he declined to use an ambulance, but recovering, pushed on and at nightfall was in the ranks of his company, skirmishing with the enemy. 280 Memoirs of the War or Secession Eldred Gantt, sergeant-major of the Eleventh regiment, and a brother of its colonel, was also wounded in this affair, and died a few days later.* On the morning of the 18th June, when Beauregard retired from the Harrison Creek line to the one now occupied, the latter from the banks of the Appomattox to near the Jerusalem Plank road, where it ran into the line of the original defences, was in some places a trench not over two feet deep, in other places not a spade had been put in the ground — ^the line had been merely marked out by the engineers. The enemy following up imme- diately, this portion of the defences, as previously noticed, was constructed in the intervals of battle or under the constant fire of sharpshooters, and consequently remained a siege trench, the men standing in the ditch from which the earth was taken that formed the parapet, and the latter having no exterior ditch and but little elevation in place of which to impede an assaulting column abattis, chevaux du frize, palisades, breakwater, etc., were resorted to. Very little artillery was placed on the line of the infantry trench. Generally, the mortars and guns used were j)laced in suitable positions in rear. There were few if any guns used by the defence of heavier calibre than a Coehorn mortar or a field piece. In the progress of the siege, with incessant labor night and day, the Confederate works were strengthened in pro- file, drained, traversed, and covered approaches made. Bomb- proofs were very little, if at all, resorted to, and the men had no shelter from the weather save the few trees accidentally upon the line, or their blankets hoisted after the fashion of the tent d'abris. Grant's lines conform to the general direction of the defence at distances varying from two to four hundred yards, and between the opposing lines each side had its rifle pits occupied by a picket line at night which was withdrawn in the day. At the Jerusalem Plank road, the lines ceased their parallelism, and the Federal line proceeded southerly towards the Weldon road, where bend- ing back it eventually rested upon the Blackwater Swamp thus ensconcing the besieging force in a complete entrenched camp. Upon the latter portion of their line, collision was only occasional, and partook of the nature of field fighting. But from the Jeru- salem Plank road back to the Appomattox, the fire of artillery •This affair noticed. Alex. Stevens' History TJ. S., 908. Hagood's Bkigade 281 and sharpshooters was incessant, frequently continuing night and day, never ceasing from dawn till dark. The morning of the 19th opened with heavy firing from sharp- shooters which continued all day and ceased at night on Hagood's front. For this and several days the casualties were numerous from the imperfect protection as yet secured by the men. There were two Napoleons on Hagood's line, where it crossed the City Point road, and on the 21st he caused one of them to be arranged for vertical fire by depressing the train in a pit 'till the gun had an angle of 45 degrees elevation, and firing with small charges. He had seen it done at the siege of Charleston ; and here as there it answered admirably as an expedient. On the 23rd, eight Coehorns were placed in position in rear of his left; and subsequently another battery of these was estab- lished behind his right, where it joined Colquitt. The enemy had mortar batteries in our front by the 27th, but the fire from these did at no time much damage on this portion of our line. He found it difficult to drop his shell upon the thin riband of a ditch running parallel; and falling front or rear of it they did no harm. When they fell in the ditch, which was seldom, the fre- quent traverses limited their destructive effect. The most galling artillery fire to which the brigade was subjected was from Hare's Hill, whence its line was partially enfiladed. The enemy now also erected at some distance in rear of his right a battery of Parrotts and commenced shelling the town. The portion of it within range was soon abandoned by the inhabitants, though many of the poorer class remained, taking refuge in their cellars, when the bombardment was heavy. T\Tiat number of casualties occurred among the citizens is not known to the writer, though he saw a poor woman killed by a shell in the suburb of Blanf ord as he was returning upon one occasion to the trenches from his baggage wagon whither he had gone to get a change of clothing. Our picket line on the left -of the City Point road was not advanced as far by many yards as it was on the right of it. The enemy's conformed somewhat to ours; and on the night of the 27th their officer inspecting his picket and coming from toward the river, crossed the road in this interval and found himself behind our picket line on the right, when he was quietly marched to the rear. The trap was kept open and for two more nights 282 Memoirs of the War of Secession the enemy must have been mystified by the disappearance of their inspecting officers. The last night three captains walked into it, but we got no more. An incident occurred with one of these captains that is nar- rated, because it seemed to be characteristic of the Puritan. When captured they were sent back to General Hagood's pit on the main line, and, as they were taken on duty, the general directed Lieutenant Moffett of his staff to ascertain if they had any official papers or orders about them. They were genteel-looking men, close shaved, neatly dressed, and one of them, near middle age, having the appearance of a substantial God-fearing and prosper- ous family man ere he had become "a boy in blue." The lieutenant, apologizing for the necessity, proceeded to discharge his duty, and required them to empty their pockets. Gold watches, pocket compasses and Eogers's cutlery were produced — the elder also pulling out several hundred dollars in greenbacks. These were all returned to them, and the lieutenant asked if they had nothing else about them. "Nothing," said the oldest officer with quite an air, "except my Bible." "Let me see it," and from its leaves as it was handed out fell a half dozen card photographs. One was of an old lady, a good specimen of matronly respectability, and the mother of the prisoner; the others were of naked women in lewd postures ! The chronicler of a former rebellion, in which the forefathers of these people were the rebels, tells of a skirmish of Prince Rupert's in which a clergyman, a "principal governor," and a "shining light" among the then party of moral ideas, was slain after refusing quarter and provoking the soldiers by the most odious reviling of the person and honor of the king, and "in whose pockets were found several papers of memorials of his own obscene and scurrilous behavior with several women in such loose expression as modest ears cannot endure."* The stirpicul- turist will note with delight how "like begets like," and might be tempted to trace the descent through Burns's "Holy Willie." After making his own works in our front secure from assault, Grant at first appeared to have resorted to regular approaches by zigzags and parallels, but these were discontinued after little progress had been made; and the impression prevailed on the •Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, I Vol., p. 409. Hagood's Bbioade 283 Confederate side that he had resorted to mining. Accordingly, counter mines were commenced at the points where the hostile lines were nearest. In the construction of these the shafts with a cross section of 6' and 4' generally began to be sunk some thirty or forty feet behind the infantry trench and descended at an easy grade until it reached the water-bearing stratum at the particular point, which was seldom over thirty feet beneath the surface. Then pushing forward, until some sixty to one hundred feet in front of the trench had been gained, the gallery was extended laterally right and left for a greater or less distance to cover the menaced point. This was the general outline of their construc- tion, but some were very elaborately executed, ramifying in every direction. All were ceiled with plank and scantling as the work advanced and were lighted and ventilated by perpendicular shafts. Holes were also bored with earth augurs from the gal- leries horizontally towards the enemy to serve as acoustic tubes in conveying the sounds of hostile mining. Sentinels were kept in the galleries night and day; and their cool, quiet aisles were delightful retreats from the heat and turmoil of the trenches. It must be confessed, however, that with the ever present death above ground there was something in the dank stillness that reigned within them suggestive of the grave. About the 28th July, the Federal commander was discovered transporting troops to the north of the James, and Lee began to send over troops to meet this threat against Richmond. On the 29th, Grant suddenly brought back his troops, and at daylight, on the 30th, sprung a mine under the salient on the Baxter road held by Elliott's South Carolina brigade. The breach was immediately assailed and occupied, but the enemy was unable to get beyond the crater, where he was held at bay until the arrival of re-enforcements expelled him and our original lines were re-established. This was perhaps the most prominent event of the siege, but it is not within the scope of these Memoirs to go into its details, Hagood's brigade being in no way connected with it. The fighting on the crater was desperate — the Confed- erates sustaining 1,200 casualties and inflicting a loss of over six thousand upon the enemy, of which 1,100 were prisoners. The ordinary details for guard and picket and fatigue duty from the troops were very heavy. All the men were required to 286 Memoirs or the War of Secession From the 1st to the 20th of August nothing occurred with us to break the monotony of life in the trenches, such as it was. The foregoing narrative has given the outline of the military events and surroundings— the naked skeleton of the history; but it is difficult to convey to one who has never had a similar experience an idea of the actual reality of the labors and suffering of the men who for these long, hot summer months held without relief the trenches of Petersburg. The following extracts from the journal (MSS.) of Lieutenant Moffett, adjutant of the Twenty- fifth regiment, then acting as inspector on the brigade staff, and who gallantly and faithfully discharged his full share of the duties performed, depicts vividly but without exaggeration the life we led. "Seldom," says he, "are men called upon to endure as much as was required of the troops who occupied the trenches of Peters- burg during the months of June, July and August. It was endur- ance without relief; sleeplessness without excitement; inactivity without rest; constant apprehension requiring ceaseless watching. The nervous system was continually strained 'till the spirits became depressed almost beyond endurance Day after day, as soon as the mists which overhung the country gave way to dawn and until night spread her welcome mantle over the earth, the sharpshooting was incessant, the constant rattle of small arms, the spiteful hissing of bullets, never ceased, and was only drowned by the irregular but daily bombardment from heavier metal. Casualties were of daily occurrence, and no place along the line could be considered safe. The most sheltered were pene- trated by glancing bullets, and many severe wounds were received in this way. The trenches themselves were filthy, and though policing was rigidly enforced, yet it was almost impossible to keep down the constant accumulation. Vermin abounded, and diseases of various kinds showed themselves. The digestive organs of the men became impaired by the rations issued and the manner in which they were prepared. Diarrhea and dysentery were universal; the legs and feet of the men swelled until they could not wear their shoes; the filth of their persons from the scarcity of water was terrible; and they presented the appear- ance rather of inmates of a miserably conducted poor house than of soldiers of an army. But all of this was endured; and although Hagood's Brigade 287 among the meaner class desertions occurred and even self -mutila- tion was resorted to* to escape this horrid nightmare that brooded upon spirits not highly enough tempered to endure it, yet the great majority of the men stood all their sufferings with unflinch- ing endurance, and never yielded 'till disease drove them to the field infirmary. Not the least of the evils encountered was the unavoidable stench from the latrines. Again, when it rained ever so little, the clay of the soil became a soapy and sticky mud ; and after a heavy rain (before drainage was looked to) I have seen the water waist deep in the bottom of the trench and eighteen inches on the banquette, leaving no place for the men to sit or lie down upon. Fortunately at night the sharpshooting ceased, and the men spread their blankets on the parapet and slept. ..." Such was the life of the soldier in the trenches, and the follow- ing verses appearing anonymously in the Petersburg paper, during the siege, takes up the story and gives what was its fre- quent ending: "Dirty and haggard, Almost a blackguard, They bore him away From the terrible fray ; From the clash and the rattle In the front rank of battle Almost dead — shot through the head — They reached his gory ambulance bed. "The ambulance jolts, But the driver bolts And away he flies, Drowning the cries Of the poor private : Glad to arrive at The hospital door — where, to be sure, The surgeon he thinks can effect a quick cure. *Thl3 practice Incident to all armies in hard service was effectually stopped by removing the Inducement. After other means had failed, General Hagood, upon the return of the soldiers from the hospital, before signing his papers for discharge, required the facts to be examined by a regimental courtmartlal, and If the mutila- tion was found to be self-lnfllcted, he retained him In the ranks at such police duty as be could perform and made him go Into action under guard unarmed. The first example was ■enough. — J. H. 288 Memoirs of the War of Secession "So wan and pale, With plaintive wail All alone he dies : But nobody cries. Bear away the clay, To the dead-house away! Who cares, who ever sheds tears Over ragged and dirty soldiers' biers? "A box of pine, Say three fe_et by nine, They placed him in ; Away from the din Of battle and strife Then hurry for life Under the stones to bury the bones Of the poor soldier whom nobody mourns. "In his home far away, A letter some day Perhaps may tell How the poor soldier fell ; Then tears, ah, how deep, The loved ones will weep, When they hear that the bier Of him, they so loved, awoke not a tear." BATTLE OF WELDON EOAD. About the middle of August, Grant threw a large part of his force across the James at Deep Bottom and advanced towards Richmond. It resulted in his repulse, but drew a large part of our force from Petersburg and thus gave him an opportunity to strike at the Weldon railroad within three miles of which his left then rested. He obtained possession of a considerable portion of it from Davis's farm near the city southward — suffering a loss of a thousand men. On the 19th, Colquitt's and Clingman's brigades, of Hoke's division, were detached to take part with other troops in an effort to dislodge him. They failed of success, though the operation resulted in inflicting heavy loss upon the enemy, including the capture of three thousand prisoners. Gen- eral Clingman was wounded and never again rejoined his brigade. The fight was to be renewed on the 20th, and on the night of the 19th, about 9 o'clock, General Hagood received an order to Hagood's Brigade 289 turn over his brigade in the trenches to the senior officer present, and taking with him only his personal aide report to General A. P. Hill to command a brigade from Bushrod Johnson's division in the expected fight. Bushrod Johnson was holding the lines next to Hoke, and he sent no organized brigade, but a regi- ment from each brigade of his division. It seemed that his habit was to keep one regiment from each of his brigades resting in rear of the lines and he sent such as happened to be there at the time. The regiments commenced arriving at the rendezvous near the lead works when Hagood was to meet them about 11 :30 p. m., and by 3 a. m. Hagood had effected a brigade organization with them, appointing haphazard an acting staff and leaving their names and those of his regimental commanders, for it was too dark to see their faces, he reported to General Hill, who was asleep in his ambulance near by. When General Hill learned the heterogeneous character of the brigade sent him, he, much to Hagood's relief, declined to receive it, and directed the regiments returned to their division. Nothing was done that day. The enemy were left to entrench undisturbed across the coveted road. In the afternoon, Hagood's own brigade was withdrawn from the trenches and marching through Petersburg bivouacked beyond its southern limits to the right of Battery 45. But 59 officers and 681 men marched out of the trenches. Sixty- seven days and nights in them, without relief, had shorn the brigade of two-thirds of its numerical strength, and so debil- itated were the sickly and enfeebled remainder that they tired badly in the short evening march. The brigade was itself only in the unconquerable spirit of the remnant which still clung to its banner. When General Hagood again in pursuance of his directions reported to General Hill, he felt that justice to his men required it, and he unhesitatingly asked and received the promise that he should not be used in the next day's work, if it could be avoided. The change from the cramped and noisome trench to the free- dom pf the bivouac, and the call upon the men for action, instead of endurance, aroused their spirits wonderfully. And although it rained all night, the fires of the brushwood crackled merrily, and there was once more heard the light laugh, the ready joke, 19— H 290 Memoirs of the War of Secession and the busy hum of voices, as the men prepared their suppers or smoked their pipes stretched at length before the exhilarating blaze. At 2 a. m. (of the 21st of August) the brigade was aroused, and, moving out at half -past three, followed the column destined for the day's engagement. It still rained; and after a toilsome march through mud and water, first down the Squirrel Level road and then across toward the Poplar Spring Church, more or less skirmishing going on all the time by the flankers on our left, the brigade was directed to halt by the roadside and remain in reserve, while the column passed on. It had now ceased raining, and shortly afterwards, about a mile in front of us, the fire of skirmishers was heard, and a heavy fire of artillery opened. The men laid down and rested from the unwonted fatigue of the march. The firing became more earnest in front; and in about half an hour a courier from General Hill arrived and directed us to hasten to the front and report to Major-General Mahone. Proceeding by a short cut into the Vaughn road, under the guidance of the courier, and up that toward Petersburg until within six hundred yards of the Flowers' house, we turned across the field to the right and proceeded towards the railroad, in the vicinity of the Globe Tavern. A number of pieces were in posi- tion in this field, shelling the railroad, and the enemy's batteries in that direction, though not visible from woods intervening, were replying vigorously. General Hagood moving in columns of fours, passed at double quick across this field, suffering some casualties from exploding shells; and as he reached its further border, a major-general rode up to him announcing himself as General Mahone. Then leading the column, he himself placed it in position in line of battle along the edge of the wood and facing the railroad. "Now," said he to Hagood, "you are upon the flank and rear of the enemy. I have five brigades fighting them in front and they are driving them. I want you to go in and press them all you can." Some fifty yards within the woods the swamp of a rivulet (or "branch") was to be seen; beyond nothing was visible, and firing both of artillery and infantry was then going on. General Mahone added, "when you have crossed the branch swamp you will come upon a -clearing in which some 300 yards further is the enemy's line, and they are not entrenched." He also urged promptness in the attack. Hagood's Brigade 291 General Hagood immediately gave the order to advance, and the men moving in line made their way across the swamp. Upon arriving on the other side, we found ourselves in the clearing, but the enemy stiU not visible. We were under a hiU and they were upon the open plateau sufficiently far beyond to prevent the view. The advance of the brigade had, however, evidently attracted attention from the fire dra,wn in our direction. The line had been much broken in crossing the swamp, and Hagood immediately pushed skirmishers up the hill for protection and ordered one of his staff to accompany them and reconnoiter while he gave his personal assistance to Captain Moloney, in getting the line of battle rapidly reformed. He assisted the adjutant, instead of himself going to recoimoiter, because from the report of a courier, who had gone up the hill while the skirmishers were forming, he thought there was some danger of being himself assailed where he was and his men were so disorganized at the moment as to be in no condition to repel an attack. In a few minutes the brigade was formed, and the report com- ing at the same time from the skirmishers that the enemy was but a short distance ahead of them, and only in rifle pits, thus confirming General Mahbne's statement. Hagood, cautioning his men to move only at a quick step till he himself gave the order to charge, moved his brigade forward. He had dismounted, and, placing himself in front of the center to steady the men and repress excitement, moved backward in front of the line for a short distance as if on a drill. Himself halting before reaching the crest of the hill, the line passed and he followed with his staff behind the right of the Twenty-first regiment. The Twenty- fifth was on the left of the Twenty-first, and the other three regi- ments on its right. As soon as the brigade became visible, ascend- ing the hill, a rapid fire was opened upon it, to which in reply not a shot was fired, but moving forward steadily at quick time with arms at "right shoulder shift," as we approached the line of enemy's pits, they broke from them and fled. With one accord a battle yell rang out along our line, and the men, as if by com- mand, broke into "double quick" in pursuit. At the same moment, General Hagood discovered that the line in front of us had only been an entrenched skirmish line, though so heavy as to have deceived his skirmishers into the notion that it was a line of 292 Memoirs of the War of Secession battle; and that 250 yards beyond was a strongly entrenched line, crowded with men and artillery, extending right and left as far as he could see; and the five Confederate attacking brigades nowhere visible. It also appeared to him that he was moving upon a re-entering angle of the enemy's line. In this, however, he was partially mistaken. An examination of the field after the war (see diagram at p. 321) showed that the enemy's line crossing the railroad from the east, at this time bent immediately south- ward, and followed its course in a comparatively straight line at some forty yards on its western side. Later in the siege their line extended farther west, as shown in the Federal sketch at p. 306. Then, recrossing the road at a point below where we struck it, their line only bit out a piece sufficient, if he could hold and per- manently entrench, to prevent its further use by us. Immediately to the right of where we struck their line, a small bastioned work for field artillery was thrust forward, and our line of advance was oblique to the enemy's general line and toward its junction with the flank of this work. Thus, in fact, we were going into a reentering made more by the vicious direction of our advance than by the actual construction of the enemy's works. The flank fire from the bastioned work we could not have avoided, but from our oblique attack we had also more or less a flank fire from the straight line, which was an infantry parapet of fully five feet command with an exterior ditch eight or ten feet wide and artillery at intervals. Perceiving at a glance the hopelessness of assault under such circumstances, General Hagood stopping himself, shouted again and again the command to halt; but the crash and rattle of twelve or fifteen pieces of artillery, and prob- ably 2,500 rifles, which had now opened upon us at close range, drowned his voice and the fury of the battle was upon his men. Moving forward Avith the steady tramp of the double quick, and dressing upon their colors, these devoted men, intent only on carrying the position before them, neither broke their aligiiment until it was broken by the irregular impact upon the enemy's works, nor stopped to fire their guns until their rush to obtain the parapet was repelled. When General Hagood saw his men thus rushing upon certain destruction and his efforts to stop them unavailing, he felt that if they were to perish he should share their fate; and with Hagood's Brigade 293 i i BaH-le Of We/don Road Sketch taken on the ground in 1868 : A. Hagood's Brigade as put In position by Gen. Mahone B. Across the swamp — advancing. C. C. An enemy's works. 294 Memoirs oj- the War of Secession Moloney and Martin and Orderly Stoney, who were all of his staff that were with him (Moffett and Mazyck were further back in discharge of their respective duties as inspector and ordnance officer), followed the advancing line. In fifty yards Lieutenant Martin fell, shot in the knee; a few steps further and Captain Moloney fell, shot through the head; and Hagood and Stoney alone reached the works — ^the latter shot in the shoulder but not disabled. The Twenty-fifth and Twenty-first regiments being on the left from the oblique direction of the advance, first struck the works; and while they struggled to get in, the other three regi- ments swept on. When they reached the ditch, there was from ; 75 to 100 yards interval between the two divisions into which the ' brigade had broken. General Hagood was with Major Wilds, commanding the Twenty-first, who was cheering on his men to renewed assault (success being now their only hope of safety), when looking to the right he saw a mounted Federal officer among the men on the left portion of the brigade to the right, with a regimental color in his hands, and a confusion and parleying immediately around him that betokened approaching surrender. The fight was still raging to Hagood's right and left; there was no cessation on our part except in the squad just around this officer, and none what- ever that was perceptible on the part of the enemy. They had pushed out from the right and left a line behind us to cut off our retreat, and this officer (Captain Daly of General Cutler's staff) had galloped out of a sally port, seized a color from the hands of its bearer, and demanded a surrender. Some officers and men surrendered, but were not carried in; others refused, but just around him ceased fighting. General Hagood called to the men to shoot him and fall back in retreat. They either did not hear him or bewildered by the surrender of part of their number, failed to obey. It was a critical moment and demanded instant and decided action. In a few minutes the disposition to surrender would have spread and the whole brigade have been lost. Making his way across the intervening space as speedily as he could, exposed to a regular fire by file from the enemy's line, scarce thirty yards off, and calling to his men to fall back — ^which they did not do — General Hagood approached the officer and demanded the colors, and that he should go back within his own Hagood's Brigade 295 lines, telling him he was free to do so. He commenced arguing the hopelessness of further struggle, and pointed out the lines in our rear. Hagood cut him short, and demanded a categorical reply — ^yes, or no. Daly was a man of fine presence and sat with loosened rein upon a noble-looking bay that stood with head and tail erect and flashing eye and distended nostrils^ quivering in every limb with excitement, but not moving in his tracks. In reply to his abrupt demand, the rider raised his head proudly and decisively answered, "No!" Upon the word General Hagood shot him through the body, and, as he reeled from the saddle upon one side, sprang into it from the other. Orderly Stoney seizing the flag from Daly's falling hands. There was no thought of surrender now. The yell from the brigade following the act and ringing out above the noise of battle told their conmiander that they were once more in hand and would go now wherever ordered — ^whether to the front or rear. Shouting to them to face about, Hagood led them at a run against the line in his rear, Stoney holding aloft in the front the recaptured flag which he had torn from its staff. This line melted before our charge ; but the fire was terrific after breaking through it, until the shelter of the valley of the branch was reached. Upon its margin a fragment from a schrapnel shell tore open the loin of the horse upon which Hagood rode; and strug- gling, as he fell, he kicked Lieutenant William Taylor of the Seventh battalion upon the head, rendering him for the time so confused that he had to be led from the field by one of his men. This gallant young oflGicer had a few days before rejoined his command with an unhealed wound received at Drury's Bluff. ■ This ended the fighting for the possession of the Weldon Eoad. The Confederate losses had been very insignificant, imtil today, and now it was confined principally to our brigade. Grant had lost 5,000 men, hut he had the road. A few days afterwardsj Hancock with 8,000 men was dispatched southward from this point to tear up thje track. A, P, Hill and Hampton met and defeated him at Ream's Station* with the loss of two field bat- teries and between 2,500 and 3,000 men. Grant's men might have adopted with some variation the burthen of Hood's "Song of •25tli August, '64.— Ed. 296 Memoirs of the War of Secession the Shirt"— "Ah, God ! That roads should be so dear and flesh and blood so cheap !" A week afterwards, in a conversation in General Lee's presence, General A. P. Hill stated to Hagood that on the morning of the 21st he was informed by his scouts as to the position and condi- tion of the enemy's works, believing that the point upon which Hagood was sent was the left of their line, and that they had no further works down the railroad. He also added that the haziness of the morning prevented his ascertaining his error imtil Hagood's attack developed it. General Mahone also said to Gen- eral Hagood that he shared the same misapprehension, but insisted that if the other five brigades had attacked with the same vigor that Hagood's did, we would have won. It seemed that after driving the enemy's skirmish line from the pits, out of which Hagood's men marched them, they stopped ; and the heavy fusillade which made Mahone think they were driving the enemy was from a stationery line firing at long range.* The frankness and freedom with which these two distinguished officers took the blame of the blunder upon themselves greatly relieved General Hagood, for he feared that this affair, in the mis- apprehension to which it would be subjected, would be similar to the assault of the 24th June at the City Point Road. It was, however, generally correctly understood in the army, and appar- ently not misunderstood by the public. Both Generals Lee and Beauregard were on the field, and the latter next day sent Hagood word through General Hoke that had it been in his power he would have promoted him before leaving it. He also, through his adjutant, called for a written report of the incident of the flag. This was briefly written and forwarded. Some months afterward. General Cooper, adjutant-general at Eichmond, very kindly sent to General Hagood an official copy of the endorse- ments made on the report, then on file in his office. They were as follows : •Captain Young, In PMlaAelpMa Times, gives a different account of this part of the action. He was wltli one of the brigades — Scales. The statement of the text was derived from General Mahone. Hagood's Brigade 297 "Headquarters, Dept. North Carolina and Southern Virginia. "Near Petersburg, Aug. 23, 1864. "Respectfully forwarded through General R. E. Lee to his Excellency, President Davis, for his information. Such an act of gallantry, as herein described, and of devotion 'to one's flag reflects the highest credit on the officer who performs it, and it should be held up to the army as worthy of imitation under similar circumstances. Brigadier-General Hagood is a brave and meritorious ofilcer, who had distinguished himself already at Battery Wagner and Drury's Bluff, and participated actively in the battles of Warbottam Church and Petersburg on the 16th and 17th June last. I respectfully recommend him for promotion at the earliest opportunity. Attention is also called to General Hagood's recommendation of his orderly. Private J. D. Stoney, for a commission. I feel assured he is deserving of it. "(Signed) G. T. Beaueeqakd, "General." "Headquarters A. N. V., 24 August, 1864. "Respectfully forwarded. (Signed) R. E. Lee, General." "Bureau A. & I. General. Apptmt. Office, 1st Sept., 1864. "Respectfully submitted to Secretary at War. "By order. (Signed) E. A. Palfeet, A. A. G." "Respectfully submitted as requested to notice of the President. " ( Signed) J. A. Sedden, Secty. at War." "There are two modes of recognizing distinguished service — one by pro- motion, the other by announcement in orders. See recommendation for the private and note for the brigadier, whom I regard worthy of promotion when it can be consistently done. Jeff. Davis, 7th Nov., 1864." "Adj. Gen. : Note the President's endorsement and if opportunity of pro- motion occurs submit. 9th. Nov., 1864. "(Signed) J. A. Sedden, "Secty. at War." "Official. "A. & I. G. Office. "Dec. 9, 1864, "(Signed) H. L. Clay, "A. A. G." Stoney subsequently received from the President the commis- sion of second lieutenant in the Twenty-seventh regiment, and did his duty as faithfully and gallantly as heretofore 'till the close of the war. Captain Daly, though reported dead by the 298 Memoies of the Wak op Secession Yankee newspaper army correspondent, was understood to have survived and to have published in the New York Herald many months afterward a card, among other things vindicatory of Gen- eral Hagood from the charge of murder which the Yankee papers freely lavished upon him.* General Hagood, valuing highly the approval of his superior officers in the field, sought to make no use of the foregoing hand- some endorsements beyond leaving them in the war office, where they were quietly pigeon-holed. Three months later, he and many better men were overslaughed by the assignment to a division command in the army of Northern Virginia of an officer who had never previously been in battle. This it will be remem- bered was at the close of the fourth year of the war ! After the repulse of his brigade, on the 21st of August, General Hagood kept for some time a line of skirmishers on the field- as near as possible to the enemy's works, while the litter bearers removed the wounded. Many poor fellows crawled within this line and were thus rescued from captivity; one of them. Lieu- tenant Harper, Twenty-fifth regiment, dragged himself from near the enemy's works with a broken leg. He was never, how- ever, able again to resume duty with his company. Of the 69 officers and 681 men who went into the action in the brigade, only 18 officers and 274 men came out of it unhurt; being a total of 448 casualties — or about two-thirds of the force engaged. The enemy claimed to have buried 211 dead, of which most were Hagood's men. The character of the casualties was probably 120 killed, 125 wounded in our hand, and 203 captured, of which a large part were also wounded. In the Twenty-first regiment, Major Wilds, commandingj was wounded and captured ; Lieutenant Ford woimded and captured, and Lieutenants Bowles, Easterling and Atkinson were captured. In the Seventh battalion Lieutenants McKaskell, Kennedy, Isbell and Douglass were killed ; Captain Segars and Lieutenants Tiller, Ealey, King, Clybum, Taylor, and Weston wounded, and Captain Jones with Lieutenants Young, Gardner and Schley were captured. Captain Jones commanded the battalion in the action. •In 1879 Captain Daly wrote from Council Bluffs, Iowa, to General Hagood for, and received an affidavit of the facts of his part In this action. He was applying for a pension. Hagood's Brigade 299 In the Eleventh regiment, Lieutenant Minas was wounded, and Lieutenants Morrison, Bowman and Tuten were captured. Lieu- tenant Morrison commanded the regiment, which had scarcely the strength of a company. In the Twenty-fifth regiment. Captains Sellars and Gordon, with Lieutenants Kennerly, Koss, Bethea and Evans were killed. Captain McKerrall and Lieutenant Duke were captured. Sellars commanded the regiment — ^mistake, Gordon ranked Sellars. In the Twenty-seventh regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Blake and Lieutenants Muckenfuss, Hendrix, McBeth and Hogan were cap- tured. Cadet Porcher was wounded. Colonel Gaillard com- manded his regiment and escaped unhurt. Lieutenant Martin's wound in the leg proved more painful than serious. In a couple of months he was again at his post as active and efficient as ever in the discharge of his duty as aide-de-camp. Lieutenant Cassidy, of the Eleventh regiment, was noted for his gallantry; and in the ranks Sergeant Brothers, colorbearer of the same regiment, deserves especial mention. He was sick in hospital when the brigade left the trenches and hearing of the probability of its engaging the enemy, applied for his discharge, which the surgeon refused, on the ground that he was yet unfit for duty. He deserted from the hospital, joined his regiment on the march through Petersburg, and was shot down next day while heroically doing his duty. He lost his leg and was placed on the retired list. Many other noble men in the ranks perished or survived that day whose deeds deserve mention; but it is impossible to do justice to them all. - It was a heartrending sight to look along the line of the brigade, as it mustered in the Vaughn road after the action, and miss the familiar faces, without which it did not seem the same command. It was now shrunk to the proportions of a small battalion, yet so game and generous was the spirit of this body of men that the -writer believes this poor remnant could have again been led into action that day with all the dash and gal- lantry that marked their morning's work. And as the news of the fiery ordeal, through which the brigade had passed, spread through, the hospitals and field iiifirmary, the sick and wounded, who had not been present, sought their discharges, and pale and weak voluntarily hastened to rejoin their comrades and share 300 Memoirs or the War of Secession their fate. In less than a week three hundred and thirty-nine men (339) from the sick list returned to duty, one-half of whom could not have stood a five-mile march. No wonder General Hagood was sensitive to even a suspicion of recklessly wielding a blade so highly tempered and uselessly hacking it against impossibilities. There were two men who fell upon this bloody field who had done as much, each in his sphere, to give the character to the brigade which it had exhibited as perhaps any other two men in it — Moloney and Sellars. Captain Sellars had enlisted in the First South Carolina Volunteers (Hagood's) in December, I860, and was made orderly sergeant of Captain Collier's company. At the reorganization of the regiment, in April, 1862, he re-en- listed in the same company, was elected its captain, and with it joined the Twenty-fifth regiment, then being organized. He was young, probably twenty-two, at the period of his untimely death —of modest bearing, strict, yet just, as a disciplinarian, and beloved by his men. In action he was cool, determined and unflinching, and exhibited a capacity for higher command, which he would assuredly have reached had a kinder fate spared his valuable life. He always did his duty well ; had more than once distinguished himself ; and had been recommended for promotion to the vacant majority in his regiment. The place of such a man could not well be filled. Moloney — ^graduating with honor at a Northern college — engaged for a year or two in mercantile pursuits at his home in South Carolina. Then, having studied law and been admitted to its practice, was in the West perfecting his arrangements for establishing himself in Louisiana, when South Carolina seceded. Returning, he joined the First South Carolina and was made its adjutant. The foregoing Memoirs are the record of his services. In every action narrated, he was engaged, and if his name is not always mentioned, it is because the comment that must needs go with it must become monotonous — he always did his duty well and completely. His business habits, just mind, and accom- plished manner, made him invaluable in the office; and on the field he had the quick intelligence and fertility of resource of the born soldier. An incident on the 24th June illustrates his cool- ness. He had been sent to carry an order, under very heavy fire, Hagood's Brigade 301 and on his return, when some fifteen or twenty feet from the officer who sent him, a shell from a Napoleon striking the earth between them exploded at his feet, the fragments flying on. As he emerged from the smoke which enveloped him, he quietly announced, with a military salute, "Your order has been deliv- ered." Moloney was rather above the medium height, of slight but active frame, and of an intellectual and refined countenance. General Hagood was strongly attached to him, and in announc- ing his death to his family wrote, "... Words are idle to express the sympathy I feel for you in this great affliction. He was almost a brother to me ; and to the brigade his loss is irreparable. With abilities far beyond his rank, he was assiduous and thorough in the discharge of his duty ; and that with a natural urbanity which made him an universal favorite. One of the men, when he learned his fate, seized my hand and leaning on my horse's shoulder, wept uncontrollably. Wounded men, as they were borne to the rear, with their bodies torn and their limbs mangled, stopped their litter bearers to ask me after him, and express their sorrow. Generous, courteous, brave and high- toned, pure in thought and speech, ever mindful of the rights and feelings of others, jealous of his own when he thought them designedly infringed, he came up more fully to my idea of a gentleman than any man I ever knew. "Poor fellow ! As we marched that morning from our wet and comfortless bivouac, he told me that he had been dreaming all night of his mother, — may God comfort her in her sorrow." REST FOR THE WEARY. After the action on the Weldon Road, the brigade continued for some days to report to Major-General Mahone and was stationed on the southern lines of Petersburg, where there was no fighting. Hagood, had, however, on the 24th, in a communication to Colonel Brent (General Beauregard's A. A. G.), called attention to the worn and jaded condition of his men, and the fearful reduc- tion in their number ; and asked to be permitted to take them to some quiet camp where rest and access to water might recruit their physical condition. His application was returned approved by General Lee, and the neighborhood of the crossing of the turnpike over Swift Creek indicated for his camp. Mr. Dunlop 302 Memoirs op the War of Secession very kindly offered his grounds to the brigade inspector sent to select the spot, and on the 2nd September we moved to this delightful camp. Dunlop's park was near the scene of our affair at Swift Creek on the 9th May. It had been the property of an old Scotch gentleman who had accumulated a large fortune as a merchant in Petersburg and had spent years in beautifying and adorning this as his country seat. Swift Creek, a bold and handsome stream with precipitous banks, pursued its course along two sides of the park — ^now brawling in a rapid, now spreading into a deep, dark pool. Within the grounds artificial lakelets and mounds imitated nature. The native forest had been thinned and pruned into com- binations of glade and grove and single trees; straight avenues opened upon pleasing vistas, and serpentine roads and walks meandered; the grass was the freshest of green and as perfect a carpet as any woven in the loom. Wherever a prospect opened, or the shade was densest, or the murmer of the water fell gentlest upon the ear, a summer house or a rustic seat invited repose ; and from various parts of the grounds the mansion was to be seen, sometimes a glimpse, sometimes a view more or less full, but always picturesque. It was a structure in the Italian villa style, and stood upon a gentle eminence near the creek, with the grass growing up to its walls and the gravelled carriage drive approach- ing it in a graceful sweep. There were perhaps not over forty acres in this beautiful park, and it appeared much larger from the artistic skill with which it was laid off ; and up to this time it had escaped the ravages of war, though a cannon ball through one of the gables of the house, a straggler on the 9th May, attested the near proximity of con- tending armies. The old gentleman, who had delighted to adorn this retreat, had died within it while Butler's army had been on the opposite side of Swift Creek, and his son reigned in his stead. The present proprietor had been a courier for General Hagood at that time, and was now on invalid leave. Here at last the brigade was at rest. It is difficult to convey an idea of the effect upon the spirits of the transfer from the heat and the glare and the filth and the turmoil and danger of the trenches, endured so long, to the shade and water, and peaceful seclusion of these grounds. An Arab entering an oasis from the Hagood's' Bbioade 303 burning sands of the desert might approximate its conception ; a Christian arrived "where the weary are at rest and the wicked cease from troubling" would realize it. All military observances were suspended for several days. A sergeant's guard was suffi- cient for purposes of discipline and of restraining the men from straggling, or injuring the trees and shrubbery — especially when backed by a threat in general orders to send the first offender "back to the trenches" to serve with Colquitt's brigade, till his command returned to duty. From dawn till dark Swift Creek was full of the men patiently scrubbing from their persons the accummulated dust of march and trench and battle, and its banks lined with others waging vigorous war upon the grime and vermin that made their gar- ments almost uninhabitable; while the park was ornamented with groups who had undergone the cleansing process, indulging in a somnolent lethargy as profound as if inspired by hashish. Others again stretched and rolled upon the smooth and velvety surface of the grass with a kind of sensual delight. Opportunity was now taken to refit, as far as practicable, the brigade in clothing, shoes and ordnance appointments. Its com- missariat was carefully looked to; vegetable diet provided, and proper cooking enforced. The men rapidly recovered their con- dition and health. The field infirmary was almost emptied into the camp, and the patients got well faster here than there. In a short time the brigade began to show respectability in the number for duty. Then drills were established ; at stated hours the regi- mental bands enlivened the air with music; sentinels and the ceremonials of camp were resumed ; vacant offices filled by promo- tion or election, and in less than a month the brigade was itself again — sorely reduced in numbers, but ready once more "to live or die for Dixie." About the 15th of September, the other brigades of Hoke's division were relieved from the trenches and placed in reserve on the Petersburg side of the Appomattox. And on the 26th, General Lee reviewed the division, which was concentrated for the purpose for that evening. This was the only review or other military display witnessed by the writer during the campaign of '64. It was made a gala occasion by the citizens of the beleaguered town, large numbers attending. The ladies were out in full force. 304 Memoirs of the War of Secession and many were on horseback. General A. P. Hill rode on the staff of the commanding general upon a very graceful and beau- tiful silver grey ; and horse and rider showed gallantly. General Lee reviewed the troops rapidly and seemed bored by the cere- monial and glad to be through with it. He was in full uniform, with a quantity of yellow sash around his waist, and did not look like himself. Even his horse looked as if he thought it was all foolishness. After the battle of Cold Harbor and while the opposing armies still confronted each other there, the writer going to the rear in discharge of some duty was attracted by a large, powerful, well- bred horse, held by an orderly in front of the tent of a corps commander. He was a grey, perfectly groomed, and his appoint- ments, though of the ordinary regulation character, had a neat- ness about them unusual during a campaign. Just then General Lee came out of the tent and slowly approaching the horse stood thoughtfully by his side for a moment. He wore blue military pants without suspenders and a short linen sack wij;h no vest, a soft felt hat, and buflf gauntlets. He had no insignia of rank about him, and carried neither sword, pistol or field glass. Recovering from his momentary reverie, he stroked the horse kindly upon the face, and with a glance at his accoutrements that bespoke the horseman, mounted, adjusted the reins in his bridle hand, settled himself in the saddle, and rode quietly away fol- lowed by the orderly. This was his usual style. He always was mounted on the same horse, and as he passed along his lines or through his army, never with more than one attendant, and sometimes with. none, he looked more like some planter, with a taste for horses riding around his fields, than like the conventional military chieftain. This absence of "fuss and feathers" in its commander gave the cue to the whole Army of Northern Virginia. The ordinary sum- mer campaign dress of a general officer was a dark colored flannel shirt, without a coat over it, blue pants, top boots and felt hat, with a revolver buckled around his waist and a field glass swung over his shoulder. There was not a body guard in the army ; and headquarter guards were small and for the protection of property, not for ceremony and display. Among the regimental officers it was difficult to get them to wear the swords which were their Hagood's Brigade S05 badges of rank. This was, however, though contrary to regula- tions and orders, a matter of judgment as well as taste with them. They preferred to be encumbered simply with the revolver, and in this they were right. The long range and repeating firearm had made the sword for the infantry officer as antiquated as the spontoon. It was not uncommon to see them in action directing their men without any weapon at all ; and in the charge upon the enemy at the Crater, after the explosion of Grant's Petersburg mine, a South Carolina colonel — Smith, of the Twenty-sixth — was said to have led his men with a club seized for the occasion. He was also said to have been successful with his club in a hand- to-hand encounter with one of the Federal bayonets. Our period of rest was now rapidly drawing to a close, and on the night of the 28th of September the brigade was returned to the trenches, relieving Grade's brigade, which was stationed near the Baxter rpad. The enemy discovered the transfer of troops that was going on, and treated us to a most brilliant pyrotechnic display. The mortar fire was the heaviest we had yet seen at Petersburg, but the casualties were few. THE RICHMOND LINES. At 12 o'clock on the day after the brigade returned to the trenches it was hastily withdrawn and dispatched to the north of the James, Grade's men resuming their old station. On the 28th, Grant had captured Fort Harrison, a strong work on the lines of Richmond near the north bank of the river. It was feebly held by the local militia, and was easily carried by assault. Pressing on, the enemy essayed Fort Gilmer, but this was held by a company of regular artillery who had nerve enough to withstand an assault, and his career was checked. The position gained, however, seriously threatened Richmond. Fort Harrison was an important tactical point, and some mile or two of the "exterior line" to the north of it had been abandoned. The divisions of Fields and Hoke were dispatched from Petersburg to the threatened front. Hagood followed the other brigades of his division and arrived in the vicinity of Fort Harrison at 9 o'clock the next morning. General Lee was on the ground, and it was evident an effort was 20 — H 306 Memoirs op the Wae of Secession Par/- Of T/^e Richmond Lines H. Hagood's Bkiqaoe 307 to be made to recover the lost work. Towards midday it was made. Two separate storming columns of two brigades each (probably 6,000 men in all) were sent forward from different directions upon the fort, their assault having been preceded by a half-hour's heavy fire from artillery. Each column had a brigade front. They did not move in concert and were separately and disastrously repulsed. The coliimn from Hoke's division was composed of the brigades of Clingman and Colquitt, and its casualties were about 800. Fields lost not so many. The First South Carolina regiment, now commanded by Colonel J. E. Hagood, composed a part of the column of Fields, and greatly distinguished itself, but lost many of its best officers and men. Our brigade was not engaged. The Confederate commander now gave his attention to cutting off by a re-trenchment the angle of his lines held by the enemy. This was soon done, the work progressing under heavy artillery and picket fire, but the enemy not attempting to interrupt it by assault. As soon as the work was completed, the troops before Fort Harrison were relieved by militia, and General Lee again took the offensive. The enemy had occupied the abandoned portion of the "exterior line" north of Fort Harrison, and his front was thus considerably stretched out from the river, his right resting between the Charles City and Darby Town roads. Gary's brigade of cavalry and the divisions of Fields and Hoke were available. Gary moving down the Charles City road was to turn and drive in the enemy's right flank, a small brigade of infantry and a strong force of field artillery re-enforcing him for the occasion. Fields, coming down the Darby Town road, was to take up the fight at that point, and, conjointly with Gary, press the enemy upon the river. Hoke was to follow as a reserve. At daylight, on the 7th of October, the action commenced, Gary attacking with vigor. Fields took it up with success, and in a short time the enemy were driven across the Darby Town road for a mile towards Fort Harrison, doubling up along the line of the "exterior" works occupied by them. Fields now, in pur- suance of the plan arranged, followed them up, his right resting on the line of works and taking that as a directrix, Gary on his left, all outside the line of works. At this time Hoke's division 308 Memoirs of, the War or Secession was moved from its position in the Darby Town road, where it had rested during the fight, and filing to the right followed in column behind the right of the advancing Confederate line, moving parallel to the exterior line and about 200 yards inside of them. Our advance soon encountered an entrenched line strongly manned and being rapidly re-enforced. This line ran back at right angles to the line of captured works, and had prob- ably been constructed by the enemy to protect their flank, when it only extended thus far. It was, it will be perceived, parallel to Fields' line of advance. Two courses were now open to the Con- federates. First, to make a direct assault, or second, to bring Hoke before this line, and, feeling to the left with Gary and Fields' commands, turn it. Hoke's relative position was such that he could have replaced Fields in thirty minutes. The first plan was adopted, the direct attack was made and repulsed with some loss. This, terminated the day's proceedings. General Gregg, of the Texas brigade, was killed, and General Bratton, of South Carolina, was wounded in the last assault. Both were of the division of Fields. Colonel Haskell, of Gary's brigade, was severely wounded earlier in the day, after having exhibited a per- sonal gallantry that attracted much commendation. Nine pieces of artillery, 150 horses and two or three hundred prisoners were captured. The enemy's loss in killed and wounded are unknown. Our casualties of all kinds were about 200. Though the reserve was not engaged, its advance attracted artillery fire, and there were eleven casualties from shells in Hagood's brigade. The full measure of success contemplated was not realized, and at nightfall the ground regained was once more abandoned. Why General Lee did not put in his reserve is not known. The position in which Hoke was held during the fight, it will be perceived, inter- posed him between the enemy and Richmond, then open to a coup de main. Possibly it was deemed important to maintain him in it. More probably the chances of success were not deemed sufficient to warrant the shattering of the whole disposable force for the defence of this front of Richmond. For most of the foregoing details of the place and conduct of this action, the writer is indebted to a conversation with General Gary, since the war. From his own position with the reserve he saw very little of it. An impression prevailed to some' extent Hagood's Brigade 309 among Fields's subordinate officers that Hoke was derelict in not joining in the final assault. In Colonel J. R. Hagood's Memoirs of the First South Carolina Regiment, these impressions are expressied. The writer never talked with Hoke on the subject, for he gave no heed to the matter though he heard rumors of it at the time. General Lee was, however, present with the reserve during most of the day, and just before and during the last assault he was with us. This settles the fact that the part borne by Hoke was under the immediate direction of the commander-in- chief. In the evening, General Lee withdrew from the field and took up position behind Cornelius Creek, covering the New Market and Darby Town roads. Three days afterwards (10th October), he advanced his line without opposition some 400 yards and com- menced another re-trenchment, cutting off the portion of the "exterior line," now finally abandoned. It ran from Fort Gilmer northeasterly in nearly a straight line till it ran into the "exterior line" near the Charles City road. On the 13th, the enemy advanced, skirmished along the whole line, and attacked on the Darby Town road. He was repelled with a loss estimated at 1,200; ours inconsiderable. Again, on the 27th, he advanced at daylight, skirmished along our whole line as before, but this time also making partial assaults. About noon he attacked heavily on the Charles City road, and was repulsed with a loss of 2,000 men, of whom 500 were prisoners. In both these actions, our incomplete entrench- ments were defended by a single rank deployed at intervals of three to six feet, and no reserves. The troops manning the lines shifted along them as the movements of the enemy required, now closing up to repel an assault, now deploying to fill a gap, and sometimes leaving long stretches undefended except by field guns in battery. On both days, too, the enemy attacked our extreme right below Petersburg, meeting with no success. In these affairs our brigade suffered some twenty-five or thirty casualties. The completion of the re-trenchment was now rapidly pushed. The plan was small redans for field guns, 300 yards apart, with straight curtains for infantry. The parapet of curtains had a uniform base of 20 degrees ; superior slope 12 degrees ; height of 310 Memoirs of the War or Secession interior crest 7 degrees, with a banquette; and the ditch was exterior. Where forests occurred, they were cut down for from five or six hundred yards in front, and abattis and palisades were built all along the main line some sixty yards in front. A picket line was entrenched three hundred yards in front, with small detached works V-shaped and 36 yards apart. The point of the V was toward the enemy; its splay about 6 feet, length of face 10 feet, height of interior crest 6 feet with banquette — aU above ground. A chain of videttes was established 100 yards in front of picket line; they were not entrenched. As winter advanced fires were allowed on the picket line. They were built a little in rear of it* and between the detached works. During this period, the hostile videttes were in view of each other at distances of from two to three hundred yards. There was, however, no picket or artillery fire ; and the progress of our work was not interrupted except, as narrated, on the 13th and 27th of October. An ingenious arrangement of the barbette platforms in the redans was adopted by Avhich the advantages of this style of plat- form was retained and one of its disadvantages (exposure of the gunners) avoided. A little ditch two and a half feet wide, with recesses (C) for ammunition chests, was allowed around the interior slope ; in it the gunners stood, and from it mostly worked the piece. The pieces were kept by a hurter from toppling into the ditch, when run "into battery," and the platform was extended back, as at D. E. to give a fire along the rear of the curtain should a lodgment be effected. Pine pole revetments were used both here and on the infantry curtains. Winter quarters were also constructed. A continuous line of comfortable pine pole cabins, with clay chimneys, for the rank and file, ran behind the works, leaving a broad street or place of arms between it and the entrenchments. The regimental officers had their cabins, each in the relative place of its occupant in line of battle, and the general officers had their's further in rear. The fine bracing weather and cheerful labor and strict military observances, neglected through the more stirring parts of the 'See Xenopbon's Anabasis Book VII (Xenopbon's Works, 331), "In front of videttes." Hagood's Bbioade 311 312 Memoirs of the War or Secession campaign, had a fine effect upon the health and spirits of the men. To this end, the return of the sick and wounded to duty and the easy success of the last two encounters contributed. The morale of the troops was excellent. In Hagood's brigade, Colonel Graham (wounded at Walthal Junction) returning from invalided leave, resumed command of the Twenty-first. Gantt, absent on sick-leave during our service at Petersburg, was now in command of the Eleventh, Colonel Gaillard had been invalided. Shortly after the 21st of August, one of his field officers was in the hands of the enemy, and the other had been absent on wounded leave since Drury's Bluff ; so the Twenty-seventh was in charge of one of its line officers. Cap- tain Simons. Colonel Kion was at the head of the Seventh, and Captain Carson, wounded at Swift Creek, had returned to duty and commanded the Twenty-fifth. Colonel Simonton was taken sick shortly after joining his regiment at Cold Harbor, and, on his recovery, had obtained a detachment for post service in North Carolina. Pressly's and Glover's places had not been filled from the fact that a captain, senior to Carson, was in the hands of the enemy. On the staff. Lieutenant Moffett had, in recognition of his valu- able services, been promoted brigade aid-de-camp in place of Moloney; and Orderly Ryan, returning to duty from a wound, received in the trenches at Petersburg, was elected to a vacant lieutenancy in the Eleventh regiment. Captain Stoney was still absent with his wound, and his duties were, since Moffett's pro- motion, discharged by Lieutenant Mazyck in addition to his own as ordnance officer. Mazyck had throughout the campaign dis- charged his appropriate duties with great fidelity; and had repeatedly served in action as aide when circumstances permitted his absence from ordnance duties. He was a very gallant and meritorious officer. The weather continued delightful up to the 1st of November, and the vicinity of Richmond and the comparative quiet in our front permitted the limited enjoyment of the society of the capital to the divisions north of the James. The officers of Hoke's division received upon two occasions a large and distinguished party of ladies. A farm house, not too near the lines, would be obtained and cleared for dancing; the walls tastefully draped Hagood's Brigade 313 with flags and garnished with arms; the Eutaw band, of Hagood's brigade (the best at that time in the army), be detailed for attendance, and ambulances dispatched for the guests. This would be the contribution on the part of the military. At an early hour, in the forenoon, the ladies would arrive, bringing not only themselves but the edibles of the feast, and immediately take charge of the festivities. A ride along the lines, when the troops were at dress parade, would complete the day. The ladies were not only of the old residents of Richmond, but were also from other States of the South — of the families of the civil and military officers of the government drawn thither by the war. It was a charming circle; refined, intelligent and accomplished, and the times had added to it the least dash in the world of the freedom of the bivouac. They were admirable specimens of high bred Southern women, as the war developed them. Devoted heart and soul to the cause, they were ready at any time to cheer their champions in battle with brave words, or tend the sick and • wounded with gentle ministrations. Anything that wore the grey was ennobled in their eyes, and its welfare the subject of their prayers. They carried the refinement and delicacy of the lady into the self-imposed duties of the sick-nurse, regardless whether it was general officer or the humblest soldier Avho was the recipient of their kindness; and enduring their own privations bravely — banishment from home, the loss of fortune, the death of kindred — ^they were the first to brighten in the intervals of good forune, and the last to despair under the pressure of adversity. During November the weather was good and bad by turns — rain, snow, and fair alternated; but the roads remained entirely practicable for military purposes. The war, however, flagged around Eichmond. The armies of Lee and Grant having thoroughly tested each other's strength in the many desperate combats of the campaign, stood warily watching each other, until events transpiring elsewhere should bring new conditions into the next collision between them. The fate of Eichmond was in fact being decided on other fields. This campaign had shown clearly that it was impregnable to direct attack. There was but little hope in renewed assault. Siege operations promised but little more, because of the distance of the defenses from the body of the plan. With such facility for retrenchment, the task would 314: Memoihs or the War of Secession be endless. But the place had never been invested; and in its condition, with regard to supplies, an investment would certainly determine its fall. Accordingly, after the failure of the Petersburg mine, there was no further evidence of regular approaches by the enemy ; but all his efforts seemed to be given to effecting a practical invest- ment. His success on the Weldon road was in that direction, but there he was stopped. The movements and operations, narrated north of the James, were secondary to attempts made at the same time to extend his left around our right below Petersburg. They were demonstrations to cover determined efforts against the Tvestern roads into Richmond. Lee had firmly thrust him back, and now on investment the relative proportion of Lee's and Grant's armies remaining the same, was as clearly a futile hope as assault or siege approaches. It was at a greater distance from Richmond that its sources of supply must be cut. While Grant held Lee at bay, co-operative, columns, if at all, must do the work. The Valley Army, under General Early, after a varied expe- rience of invasion and retreat, victory and disaster, had accom- plished its main purpose of keeping the co-operative column of the enemy operating from that direction off of these same western roads. It was, however, badly shattered in discipline and eflSciency, and now a part of it was drawn to the lines before Richmond, while its adversary was largely transferred to the ranks "of Grant. The seasons precluded further decisive effort upon the scene of their summer operations. In the southwestern portion of the military horizon, however, a cloud was gathering ominous of the fate of Richmond, and of the Confederacy. Hood had been dispatched into Tennessee, and by carrying the war into Africa was to recall Hannibal from Italy, but instead Hannibal had marched for Rome. While Hood was going northward to meet at a disadvantage forces equal to his own, Sherman cutting loose from his base at Atlanta had marched unopposed upon the vitals of the Confederacy. The terrible results which were to follow this ill-advised strategy of Mr. Davis had not, however, yet developed themselves, and on the lines before Richmond to Lee's army, erect and defiant, there Hagood's Brigade 315 appeared, no reason why the war should not last another four years. On the 9th December, it turned very cold and the ground remained frozen hard all day; in the afternoon it commenced sleeting, and at 9 o'clock at night, while the storm was still in progress, we received orders to be ready to move at daylight, in light marching order. Accordingly, on the 10th, the divisions of Fields and Hoke, under Longstreet, marched upon a recon- naisance around the enemy's right flank. We moved around it for nearly four miles with a strong line of flankers, between whom and the enemy there was some skirmishing. It was very cold and the roads abominable with frozen slush. The men, not- withstanding, stood it well, and at night we returned to our quarters. Longstreet was probably eleven thousand strong, including artillery and some cavalry. The object of the recon- naisance did not transpire. The weather continued bad, and on the 20th at dark we were again ordered to prepare to move in heavy marching order and with three days' rations. At 3 :30 a. m., on the 21st,. the brigade started for Richmond. Kirkland's brigade had preceded it, the other brigades of the division followed. The roads were very muddy, and it was raining and freezing as it fell. We reached Richmond at 7 o'clock, crossed the river, and at 11 a. m. took the cars for Danville. Profoimd secrecy as to our destination had been observed, even brigade commanders had no intimation of it, but when the order of preparation had been extended on the 20th, the impression in the command became general that we were destined for the South to meet Sherman, and every man from the sick list that could move returned to duty, many utterly unfit to march or even travel. The troops were saturated with the freezing rain on the march to Richmond, and they were loaded on freight cars without seats or fires — ^the men so crowded as to preclude individual motion. The rain began to be accompanied by a high wind, and lying motionless in their wet garments, the men were whistled along on the train the balance of the day and all night. At day- light we arrived at Danville. The suffering was intense. One poor fellow, of the Seventh battalion, was found dead from the exposure, and a dozen others had to be borne from the cars to 316 Memoirs or the Wak of Secession the wayside hospital. General Hagood had obtained in Eich- mond a half -barrel of apple brandy for the brigade and caused it to be here issued to the men. It gave the poor fellows about one good drink apiece, and helped to thaw their half-frozen frames. This was the second spirit ration that had been issued to the brigade in Virginia. We had, however, during our whole connec- tion with Lee's army, a regular ration of genuine coffee, a luxury that we had been strangers to for two years previous. We were detained some hours in Danville for want of transportation, and it was late in the day, the 22nd, before the brigade began to go forward over the Piedmont road. The distance to Greensboro was but forty-eight miles, and it was not until the morning of the 26th that the whole brigade was transported over it, three and a half days to go 48 miles by rail ! The road and its rolling stock were evidently in bad condition, but the delays were so frivolous, and the accidents so numerous that General Hagood suspected treachery and finally got on by seizing engines and taking the trains in his own charge. It is hard to say whether there was design or only criminal mismanagement in the delay. The Confederate Congress had adjourned a day or two before, and at Danville a party of congressmen, consisting of Senators Orr, of South Carolina, Johnson, of Georgia, a senator from Mississippi and another (Leach, of North Carolina,) presented to General Hagood an order from the Secretary at War addressed to any officer using a railroad for troops to give these gentlemen transportation homeward. They were welcomed to the "head- quarters car," and for three days enjoyed its comforts. It was an ordinary freight boxcar, and in it was carried the staff horses, the baggage of the staff, the staff themselves, and their guests. From their conversation, it was evident that they were not entitled to the thanks voted by the Eoman Senate to the Consul returning from Cannae, that he "had not despaired of the Republic under difficult circumstances." They were, in fact, utterly demoralized. This was the first time the writer had ever heard any one embarked in the cause, civilian or soldier, express doubts of its ultimate success; and prophetic, perhaps patent as they were, they now made but little impression upon him, for he had long looked upon the Confederate congress for the most part in the light of the post quartermaster and commissary officers, Hagood's Brigade 317 bomb-proofs, in which prudent men evaded the hardships and dangers of the war. He believes now, when the history of this great struggle is fairly written, that the record of our congress will be that they were utterly wanting in the discharge of the high duties of their position. They had neither the courage to control Mr. Davis in his course nor the patriotism and magna- nimity when they differed with him to cordially support him in his devoted exertions. On the evening of the 26th, the larger portion of the brigade reached Wilmington and took steamer for the neighborhood of Fort Fisher at the mouth of the river. A day or two before we left Richmond, a fleet of war vessels, with transports, bearing a detachment of Grant's army, under Butler, had sailed from Hampton Eoads in Virginia to attempt the reduction of this fort which controlled the entrance into the Port of Wilmington. It had made its effort a feeble one, and failed before our brigade arrived. Kirkland's brigade had got up in time to be of some service in the repulse. On the 31st December, we were ordered back to Wilmington to lie in reserve, and the whole division was there concentrated. Here ended the campaign of 1864. The field return of the day showed of the brigade : PRESENT FOR DUTY. Officers 93 Rifles 1,298 1,391 All others present 201 1,592 ABSENT. Wounded and sick, officers 31 Wounded and sick, rifles 668 699 Missing, officers 23 Missing, rifles 554 577 Without leave, officers 15 Without leave, rifles 514 520 With leave, officers 4 318 Memoirs or the War of Secession With leave, rifles 75 '■ — 79 Detached, officers 6 Detached, rifles 122 128 In arrest, rifles '4 2,016 Aggregate, present and absent 3,608 Aggregate in beginning of campaign, 4,246. The battle casualties had been up to and including the 21st of August : Killed, officers 19 Killed, rifles 250 269 Wounded, officers 74 Wounded, rifles 1,067 1,141 Missing, officers 28 Missing, rifles 649 677 Casualties in later affairs 35 2,122 In examining these tables it must be borne in mind that among those classed as "missing" were many who filled unknown graves upon the numerous fields of the campaign just closed, and in the table of battle casualties, the "killed" are only those who died upon the field; among the "wounded" in this table are included as well as those who recovered in hospital. Among those classed as "without leave," were many who were only technically so, sick or wounded in hospital or at home; the papers of extension had not been received at brigade headquarters when their invalid leaves had expired. Still, the number "with- out leave" was unduly large and was ominous of that change in popular sentiment which now began to connive at a dereliction of duty which in the earlier years of the war was deemed by that same sentiment as little less shameful than desertion. There is another class also which shows too strong — ^the "detached." Of course among these were individuals who may have been best serving the country where they were. Still, detachment was so convenient a cloak for skulking, that among the faithful soldiers in the ranks it was considered not much more creditable than absence without leave. Hagood's Brigade 319 The summer work in Virginia had been to the mere soldier an interesting and desirable experience, and the brigade had much of which to be proud. It had borne its share in the most des- perate campaign of the war, and had won reputation where the standard of soldierly qualities was high. But how stood the Cause which had summoned these men from the pursuits of civil life ; for these years had claimed and received their devoted effort — ^was it approaching success or tottering to extinction ? Events culminated so rapidly in '65, that upon looking back to this period it is difficult to realize that but little of gloomy anticipation clouded the close of '64 in the minds of those with whom the writer was associated. Conscious of discharging their duty, and with unwavering belief in the righteousness of their cause, they looked with unreasoning certainty of faith to final success. Thus, confident of ultimate triumph in the independence of their country, whatever might become of themselves, and from the position of the brigade at Wilmington certain that winter would bring no intermission in its service in the field, they regarded the situation more in its personal than in its general aspects. Looking forward to the stem duties before them, each hoped that he would continue to do "all that may become a man" ; and reverting to the stirring events of the past; recalling the maddening excitement of the charge, the sullen anger of defeat — the thrilling triumph of victory, there came no feeling of gloom or sadness, save in the recollection of the gallant dead. Moloney, Dargan, Glover, Hopkins, Sellars, Nelson and others, comrades loved and true, who had marched with us on that bright spring day from the lines of Charleston, no longer filled our ranks. Whatever fate the future might have in store for us, for them the battle had been fought : "On Fame's eternal camping ground, Their silent tents are spread; And Glory keeps with solemn round, The Bivouac of the Dead." 320 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession CAMPAIGN OF 1865 IN NORTH CAROLINA FORT FISHEE. This work, situated at the month of Cape Fear river, was the key to the defenses of the Port of Wilmington. There were other works auxiliary to it on both sides of the river, but they were secondary in their nature; and with the enemy in possession of Fort Fisher, backed by his large naval force,. Wilmington was no longer a port of either entry or departure for the Confed- erates. The Cape Fear, flowing southeasterly, enters the sea at a very acute angle, leaving between itself and the sea but a narrow strip of land for several miles before its debouchment; and this slip finally narrows to a point. The main channel turns around this point on entering the sea and leads northward for two or three miles up the ocean front of this peninsular before an outgoing vessel can depart from, or one incoming can approach the coast. The usual bar lying off the mouth of our river-made Southern harbors is the cause. About a mile from the extremity of the peninsular, where it was quite narrow, was placed Fort Fisher, looking seaward and with its back on the river. Its trace was in general terms a redan, with one long face and one short face, meeting at a right angle. The long face conformed to the ocean front ; and a detached work, Battery Buchanan, continued the defensive arrangements south- ward toward the point of the peninsular. The short face ran back to the river, and looked northward with a view to land attack. The line of interior crest of Fort Fisher was over a thousand yards — Pollard says 1,780 yards. The sally port on the northern or land face was upon the river bank, and was strangely weak. As remembered by the writer, it was a simple palisade and gate with no ditch in its front, and something like a causeway along the river bank leading up to it. The work elsewhere had a deep and wide ditch, except just on the seabeach. Along the land face and extending to the beach were palisades. Its parapet and traverses, which were numerous, Avere of extraordinary strength. Hagood's Brigade 321 Shekh OfThemaffiOf The Cape rear fille r 21— H 322 Memoirs of the War of Secession It had the greatest profile, and was altogether perhaps the most elaborate work built by the Confederates on the coast. On the northern front, upon which only a land attack was probable, the fort had an armament of nineteen guns. The balance of its arma- ment was for naval encounter, and of the best the Confederate arsenals could furnish. The defects of the work were its sally port and the want of sufficient flanking arrangements for sweep- ing the ditch with fire. The garrison of heavy artillerists showed well in drill and dress ; had lived high and fought little during the war ; and had not been benefited by the contact with blockade running specula- tions which their position and duties had brought about. The Federal expedition in December against this work had been under command of General B. F. Butler and Admiral Porter. Grant had intended, it appears, another leader. General Weitzel, for the land forces, but as the troops for the expedition were drawn from Butler's "army of the James," and "Wilmington was also in the limits of his department, this enterprising warrior had managed to foist himself into it when by virtue of his com- mission he assumed command. The effort to take the fort was embodied in a heavy bombardment of two days (intermitting at night) by the navy, when Admiral Porter pronounced the work reduced and desired the land forces previously debarked to go in and take possession. Butler declined, and for once was probably right, notwithstanding the ridicule that has since been heaped upon him in this connection. The bombardment had been heavy but diffuse, and the defensive strength of the work was substan- tially intact. There had been but seven guns rendered unservice- able in the whole fort, two by navy fire and five by their own imperfections. Had the garrison made but the most commonplace defense, the assault would have been a bloody failure. Butler's Federal critics, however, claimed that there would have been little or no resistance by the garrison of nine hundred men holding the work, that they were demoralized by the bombardment and cower- ing in the bomb-proofs. Certain it is that his skirmishers had been pushed to within 150 yards of the ditch, not only without drawing the fire of the fort, but without developing to view a def fender on the walls. Indeed, one individual had even gone into the ditch and brought off a garrison flag which had fallen from Hagood's Brigade 323 the rampart, without being molested or apparently observed. Be it as it may, as to the morale of the garrison, Butler's refusal to assail terminated the expedition. The force composing it retired to Beaufort Harbor in North Carolina, where the land troops were debarked and appeared to await orders. On the 4th January, General Hagood went upon a twenty-day leave to his home in South Carolina, leaving his brigade under command of Colonel Graham, encamped with the division upon the plank road some three miles east of Wilmington, On his return, on the 25th January, he found his brigade detached from the division and at Fort Anderson, fifteen miles below the town, on the right bank of the Cape Fear. During this time Grant had relieved Butler and sent General Terry to command the land troops of the expeditionary force at Beaufort, giving him the addition of a brigade of infantry and a siege train. This raised the force to about 8,000 men. An immediate renewal of the attempt against Fort Fisher was ordered. On the 12th of January, a Mr. McMillan, near Topsail Sound, was said to have discovered the approach of the flotilla and sought to communicate the fact to General Bragg by telegraph. The operator was not in condition to send the dispatch. It had, therefore, to be forwarded by courier. In two hours after it was received General Hoke with his division was on the march to confront the enemy upon his landing. On the next day, the 13th, the enemy landed upon the narrow spit between the head of Masonboro Sound and the sea, near Battery Gatlin, nine miles above Fort Fisher. This he was enabled to do under cover of his fleet, which could here lie very close in shore ; an assault upon his first position was difficult. Hoke deemed it very injudicious to attack and contented himself with taking up a line parallel to the beach under cover of the sand hills and scrub forest, with a view to giving battle upon any attempt of the enemy to advance. A regiment of cavalry prolonged his right flank, and watched the space thence to the beach at a point intermediate between the landing and Fort Fisher. During the night the enemy passed between or around the cavalry, without their observing it, and when day broke Hoke discovered them on his right flank securely entrenched from the ocean beach to the river and facing Wilming- ton. He took position in the lines previously prepared from 324 Memoiks of the War of Secession Sugar Loaf to the head of Masonboro Sound. Bragg now ordered Hoke to assail the enemy's newly entrenched line. Hoke reconnoitered it in person and, deeming it unadvisable, requested Bragg himself to examine the present condition of affairs on his front. This General Bragg proceeded to do, and the result was to countermand the order of assault and the determination to re-enforce the fort, accepting practically the condition that it must stand or fall upon its own resources. Accordingly, in the afternoon of the same day (the 14th). Colonel Graham was directed to move to Gander Hall landing on the river with four regiments of Hagood's brigade and to proceed that night by steamer to Battery Buchanan, whence they were to be thrown into Fort Fisher. Graham marched with the Eleventh, Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth regiments, and the Seventh bat- talion. The Twenty-seventh regiment remaining, reported tem- porarily with Kirkland's brigade. He made a report to General Hagood upon the resumption of command by the latter, from which the following is extracted: "Shortly after arriving at Gander Hall, I received a dispatch from Colonel Anderson (Bragg's A. A. G.), directing me to embark my men on the 'Sampson' and 'Harlee' steamers, which had not as yet arrived at Gander Hall. At 7 p. m. I received another dispatch from Colonel Anderson, that the 'Sampson' would be at Gander Hall at 7 :30, and that I must use her as a lighter to load and unload the 'Harlee,' as the latter drew too much water to approach either Gander Hall or Battery Buchanan. The 'Sampson' got to Gander Hall an hour later (8 :30 p. m.) and was immediately loaded with troops, but got aground and did not get off till 9 :30 p. m. She proceeded to the 'Harlee' with the Twenty-fifth regiment. Another steamer, the 'Pettiway,' now arrived, was loaded, got aground, and remained so. Upon the return of the 'Sampson,' I transferred part of the troops from the 'Pettiway' to her, and both boats proceeded to the 'Harlee' ; found the 'Harlee' aground ; tried to pull her off with the other two boats, and failed. I then had the troops on the 'Harlee' transferred to the 'Pettiway,' and ordered her and the 'Sampson' to proceed at once to Battery Buchanan. The 'Sampson' left at once with the Twenty-first regiment; but the captain of the 'Pettiway' said he had not wood enough to take her there. I directed him to take wood from the Hagood's Brigade 325 'Harlee,' and by the time he got it aboard the 'Pettiway' was also aground, and I was informed by her captain that she would not float again before eight o'clock next morning. ... At 2:30 a. m., the 'Sampson' returned from Battery Buchanan, having landed the Twenty-first regiment,* and I again dispatched her to the same point with the Twenty-fifth regiment under Captain Carson. ..." Having reported the facts by telegraph, Graham was directed to get the remainder of his men to Battery Buchanan as soon next day as the tide would float his transports, and land if the enemy's fire would permit, if not, to wait till night. He made the effort, was driven off, and crossed to Smithville as the nearest point from which to start at nightfall. Having notified General Bragg of his arrival at Smithville, he was directed to retain his command at that point. Tliis closed the effort to re-enforce Fort Fisher, but the garri- son, with the addition of Hagood's two regiments, about 2,300 strong, was abundantly large for defense, and further transfer of troops was only necessary when those already there would need relief from arduous service. The facilities which the locality gave for this were probably about the same as those had for communication with Morris Island during the siege of Charleston. Carson had landed at Battery Buchanan about sunrise on the 15th with the Twenty-fifth regiment and had to throw his men into Fisher under a heavy naval fire. The bombardment which liad commenced in the afternoon of the 13th, after the landing had been effected, was continuously kept up — ^heavily by day, and slower at night. It was somewhat heavier than the first bombardment. Admiral Porter, before the committee of the Federal Congress on the conduct of the war, seems to say, as well as his loose and bombastic statements can be reconciled (Fort Fisher Expedition, pp. 100 and 191), that in the first bombardment the navy expended 45,000 rounds of ammunition, and in the second 50,000 rounds. The naval fire (there were no batteries established on land) was directed chiefly upon the land face, and Brigadier-General Comstock of Grant's staff, who accompanied the expedition, speaking from personal inspection, said before the same committee that at the close of •Commanded by Captain DuBose. 326 Memoirs of the War or Secession the bombardment, "so far as the earthwork was concerned, it was just as efficient as before a shot was fired." And in reference to the armament, the same officer stated that six guns and three mortars remained serviceable on the land face while "very few on the sea face were injured." These results will astonish no one who has had experience of the resisting power of earthworks and the difficulty of dismantling embrasured and traversed guns by long range shell fire. The power of artillery upon earthwork of proper slopes is little more than to deface it ; and when the lines and angles of its profile are gone, and its guns disabled as they may be by concentrated fire at close range, well sustained musketry can and should hold it against assault. Whenever properly constructed and with a profile approaching permanent work, such a fort if taken, save by regular approaches, the fault is prima facie and almost certainly with the garrison or com- mander. Such has been the teaching of experience since the days of Vauban, and the lessons of this war confirm it. The bomb- proof is a protection complete for the bulk of the garrison against the preliminary bombardment; a sufficient number can find shelter on the lines behind parapet and traverse to act as sentries and guard against sudden assault ; and with an entrenched picket line two hundred yards in front (each pair of men in a detached circular pit no larger than will contain them) , to keep the enemy from massing for assault too close to the work and to give warn- ing of an advance, an assault can never succeed while the garrison retain heart of grace. When by regular approaches the besieger can mass in safety for assault, in point of time nearer to the crest of the parapet than on the besieged in the bomb-proofs, then the conditions are changed. Admiral Porter, whose dispatches are in the "furioso" vein, asserted that he had "reduced the fort to a pulp and every gun was so injured or covered with dirt that they would not work." This is on a par with his assertion that had the 400 marines whom he sent to cover a "boarding party" of sailors in the subse- quent assault, by deploying in front of the sea face and opening fire, 'performed their duty,' every one of the rebels would have been hilled.''''* •Fort Fisher Exped., 189. Hagood's Brigade 327 At 3 p. m., on the 15th, the assault was given. The garrison, cowering in their bomb-proofs from the naval fire, had permitted the enemy to approach the work very nearly. A force of sailors and marines, 2,000 strong, were massed close upon the sea face, and three brigades of infantry had obtained similar position on the land face. Upon the signal given the fleet changed its fire to other parts of the work, and the storming columns advanced. The garrison hastily and imperfectly manned the parapet. The first advance of the infantry was feeble, and apparently they recoiled. The sailors rushed on boldly and were bloodily and com- pletely repulsed in fifteen minutes from first to last — they taking no further part in the fighting. Here the old Confederate shout of victory was being lustily given by the two regiments of Hagood's brigade* and other troops manning the sea face, when a fire in their rear called their attention to the land face. The enemy were in the fort. A detachment of the infantry column of assault rushing upon the sally port at which four uninjured field pieces remained for defense, the portion of the garrison at that point commanded by one Captain Brady, of a North Carolina regiment, cravenly surrendered without firing gun or musket.f The enemy poured in, and thenceforward on the part of the Con- federates the fight was against overpowering odds with the advantage of their defensive works gone. The majority of the garrison did their duty well, and undoubtedly made as stubborn a defence as was possible under the circumstances. It was, how- ever, more a vindication of personal pluck and character than an organized resistance. The enemy slowly won his way from gun chamber to gun chamber, the fleet firing ahead of them, and at 10 o'clock at night, after seven hours of fighting, re-enforcements brought from the lines facing Wilmington completed the work in the capture of the fort and garrison.^ •See Historical Society Papers, Vol. X, page 361. Colonel Lamb seems to Imply that these regiments were on land face. See Scrap Book, 1896, page 28, Captain Izlar's Refutation of Lamb. tThls Is on the authority of a Wilmington newspaper of the day. See also Volume XLVI, Series I, Part 1, War of Rebellion, page 436. Lieutenant Latham, of Captain Adams' light battery. Is there stated to have commanded these guns. The general statement of non-resistance Is verified. JSee Cox's March to Sea, page 137. 328 Memoirs of the War of Secession The enemy's loss in killed and wounded exceeded a thousand; the Confederate was some 400. The advance of the assailing columns was witnessed from Sugar Loaf on the Confederate lines. No serious demonstration was at any time during the assault made in aid of the fort. Such, probably, is a correct account of the fall of Fort Fisher. It is made up from such information as could be obtained after the event from the Confederates on the spot, from a study of the elaborate publications of the Federals on the subject, and from information derived since the close of the war from members of the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth regiments engaged. The defence is a page in the history of the war that redounds but little to our credit. Without the fort, there was inefficiency and indecision, and as a result a strong supporting force did nothing from first to last commensurate with its strength. Within the work, at the most critical point and time, there was a dastardly exhibition of cowardice, and there seemed to be but little of the careful provision of command. The absence of a picket line, in pits, upon the land front, the almost open gateway, the insufficiency in the number of men kept out of the bomb- proofs and on the lines, look like absolute military fatuity. Crim- ination and recrimination was rife among the Confederates after the disaster, but it is useless to perpetuate it here. Poor Whiting laid down his life in atonement of any errors he may have com- mitted in the defence, and it is certain that in the hour of trial he personally bore himself with knightly valor. And as for Bragg, disaster had already so linked itself with his fortunes, that when a few months before Mr. Davis had assigned him to the command of this department, a Richmond paper had given expression to the feeling of both army and people in the curt paragraph, — "Bragg has been sent to Wilmington, good-bye Wilmington." Hagood's brigade suffered a loss of thirty-one officers and four hundred and forty-four enlisted men in the fort, being all of the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth regiments then present for duty with the brigade, and a few individuals from the Eleventh regi- ment. But three of its officers were wounded slightly, and none killed. It is believed that the casualties among the enlisted men were in proportion equally few. Hagood's Brigade 329 THE SITUATION. With the fall of Fort Fisher, a change occurred in the condi- tions of military affairs in this quarter that materially affected the relations and objects of all the different armies of the Con- federacy, now in depleted numbers concentrating upon the small area and upon which the issue was destined to be decided. Wilmington, in a military point of view, had had value in Confederate eyes, first as a seaport, and second as a point of rail- road connection. In its first relation, it had lately become of immense consequence, being the best and almost the only point of contact left to us with the outer world. With the fall of Fisher it was hermetically sealed as a seaport, and its only value remaining was as a railroad connection on the seaboard route from Richmond to the south and west. Below Petersburg a portion of this route was already in possession of the enemy, the result of Grant's last summer operations on the Weldon road, and a detour had to be made towards the mountains to pass this point. The portion remaining to us was threatened by the troops below Wilmington and by a force at New Berne. It required a small army to guard it, and its possession by the enemy at points suffi- cient to deprive us of its use was a foregone conclusion, whenever he chose to move against it with a sufficient force. Richmond had another communication with the south by rail, running westward to Danville, and thence by Charlotte, Columbia and Branchville to Augusta, Georgia. Sherman's march through Georgia had cut the railroad communications westward of Augusta, and they had now to be repaired. This route from Richmond to South Caro- lina lay mostly close under the mountains, and it ran through the heart of the Confederacy. By transferring to it the rolling stock of the seaboard route and taking up so much of the rails as was practicable for repairs on the interior route, the communi- cations of Richmond would not have been impaired in efficiency and would then have been established solely behind our center instead of partly on an exposed flank. Bragg's troops would have been released for action, and their number was not inconsiderable. He had probably at this time 16,000 troops of all arms in his department. About 10,000 men (infantry and artillery), the fragments of Hood's army after his disastrous .Tennessee campaign, were being 330 Memoirs of the War or Secession directed upon Augusta, Georgia. About 10,000 men, a large por- tion of them unaccustomed to the field but veterans of four years' siege service, thoroughly disciplined, well equipped and of high morale were lying in and around Charleston. Butler's and "Wheeler's cavalry, under General Hampton, amounted to 8,000 men, and there were perhaps 6,000 more men in North and South Carolina (militia and reserves) available for post duty. This gave an aggregate of 50,000 men, of whom from 40,000 to 45,000 could have been massed to meet Sherman, who was now lying at Savannah with probably 70,000 men, preparing for an advance to a junction with Grant at Petersburg. Charleston was in the same category as Wilmington in a mili- tary point of view. Its value was solely as a seaport remaining partially open though its use was greatly restricted by the fall of Morris Island. To abandon its walls, rendered so illustrious by its heroic deience, would have been a severe blow to the morale of the Confederacy, and even the limited value of its port was now of great importance to us. It should, therefore, have been retained if possible. To arrest the march of Sherman was, how- ever, now the pressing necessity, before which every other consid- eration sunk into insignificance. Had, therefore, upon the fall of Fort Fisher, Wilmington been immediately evacuated and all the troops available in South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia been concentrated in South Carolina upon the line of the Combahee and Salkahatchie to Barnwell Village and thence to the Savannah river, the position would have covered Charleston and the railroad connection from Branchville to Augusta. It was a strong one, and the key line to the possession of South Carolina. Had it been forced by the enemy, then abandoning Charleston and returning before him, here a resistance could have been made that would have deflected him from important points, limited his devastation in South Carolina, harassed and weakened his force, and finally the Confederates touching a depot at Fayetteville, in North Carolina, could have given decisive battle in front of the Cape Fear as Sherman emerged from the semi-desert country between Camden and that river, and before he had refitted his troops and received the muni- tions which he had been unable to transport on his march from the steamers that met him at Fayetteville. Hagood's Brigade 331 Embracing in the view a larger field of strategy, the Confed- erates should have been re-enforced for this decisive fight from Lee's army, even at the cost of abandoning Richmond. Had the fortune of war here pronounced in our favor, Sherman's defeat so far from his natural base, the sea, could have been converted into a rout; and with his army disposed of, the failing fortimes of the Confederacy would have revived. It is true that Grant would have been on the heels of Lee, and with his command of the sea and rivers, and our wornout railroad transportation, it is doub.tful which in point of time would have had the shortest line. But in such decisive strategy, as that indicated, now lay our only hope of escaping the fate which was fast encircling us. If the columns of the enemy converging to a junction could not be beaten in detail, there could be but one result in the coming campaign. The necessity of concentration and the abandonment of all secondary points was patent, and among subordinates freely dis- cussed at the time, but the paralysis of approaching death seemed to be upon the direction of our affairs. Bragg, with the independent command of North Carolina, remained in Wilmington, as will be subsequently narrated, until he was pushed out, frittering away his strength in skirmishes, and letting the dry rot of desertion unchecked by vigorous action gnaw into his army until in a few weeks he had no troops left but Hoke's division and a regiment of cavalry. Hardee, com- manding in South Carolina, lay supinely on the coast, not even reorganizing and refitting his troops for service (but popularly supposed to be giving his attention to ignoble cotton specula- tions), until Sherman moved, and then retired before him with all the haste and disorder of a flight. With such haste and want of judgment was the withdrawal from Charleston effected that the troops (men on their first march during the war) were hurried twenty-nine miles the first night and they unpursued. Leaving the coast with upward of 10,000 men, it was said that Hardee reached North Carolina with but 4,000, and not even a combat on the way. Straggling and desertion had done the work. The cavalry of Hampton offered a skirmishing resistance to Sherman's march, and was almost all the opposition he met with in South Carolina. Consolidation of command of the troops, that 332 Memoirs or the War of Secession should have been opposing this march, at length was made by the appointing of Joe Johnston, after Columbia had fallen and when concentration for defence must necessarily take place beyond the Cape Fear. In the meanwhile the available Confed- erate force had without a battle dwindled to 30,000 men, and the already overwhelming Federal strength had received another increment. The army which under Thomas in Tennessee had confronted Hood had now been largely transferred to North Carolina, and was marching to a junction with Sherman in two columns moving respectively from Wilmington and New Berne. Beauregard was announced by General Johnston on the 16th March as second in command. The aspect of civil affairs at this time had much of painful interest. The increasing estrangement between Mr. Davis and the Congress, the enlistment of slaves, the refusal of the Trans- Mississippi Army to cross the river for service in the east, were all occasional subjects of discussion in camp. The Hampton Roads Conference had been held and its results officially announced from Richmond to be that there was no peace for us save in unconditional submission to the will of the conqueror. These matters were all talked of, but not much dwelt upon. Our information upon them was not full and we were not sure always that it was correct. Besides, four years of service in subordinate military grade is apt to give one the habit of confining his attention to the matters before him. But one unmistakable evidence of our rapidly failing fortunes was constantly forcing itself upon commanders of troops in February and March, 1865, and that was the intercepted appeals from friends at home to the soldiers to desert. Absentees, both officers and men, away upon any pretext, were also with difficulty gotten back. During Feb- ruary the brigadier commanding had five officers dropped for absence without leave from Hagood's brigade. And later two colonels of regiments sent to South Carolina to get up absentees, failing to return in due time, the brigadier himself was dis- patched by the major-general commanding the division on the same errand. The people had lost heart and their influence was reacting badly upon the soldier wearied by long and lately disas- trous service. The narrative returns to the brigade and events at Wilmington. Hagood's Brigade 333 LINES BELOW WILMINGTON. Battery Buchanan, on the extremity of Federal Point, was captured with its garrison of artillerists the night Fort Fisher fell. Hoke continued to hold the entrenched lines above, running from Sugar Loaf, a promontory on the Cape Fear river to the head of Masonboro Sound. On the right bank of the river, in the next few days. Fort Caswell and the other defences were aban- doned as high up as Fort Anderson near Orton Point, and the Confederates withdrew to the previously entrenched lines at this place. Fort Anderson was opposite Sugar Loaf, and the lines ran from this work to Orton Pond which stretches out in a south- westerly direction seven miles from the river in an air line, and nine or ten as the road ran. On the left bank of the river the Sugar Loaf lines were enfiladed or taken in reverse at will by the enemy's fleet outside, the concealment of the forest alone ren- dering them tenable, and they Avere liable to be turned by a land- ing from the sea behind them. On the right bank the line was short and strong enough against a direct attack. It could be turned by the head of Orton Pond. The river channel ran close under Fort Anderson and was not in all over six or eight hundred yards wide, though the whole river was at this point three miles in width. The fort, however, had only nine (9) guns, all 32 drs., two of which were rifled but not banded. These with their carriages were old and worn, and bore across and down the river. No gun could be brought, to bear up the river, and consequently if any portion of the fleet should have passed the fort we would have had no fire upon it, while it would have taken nearly every gun in reverse. Torpedoes in the river completed the defensive arrangements. There were obstruc- tions in the river eight or nine miles above Fort Anderson, and there was no communication between the Sugar Loaf and Fort Anderson lines, except through Wilmington, fifteen miles above. They were thus practically thirty miles apart, while, with his abundant steam transportation in the river, to the enemy they were not wider apart than five miles march. OPEKATIONS ON THE FOET ANDERSON LINES. Up to the 11th February, operations had been confined on the left bank to skirmishing and occasional shelling from the sea, 334 Memoirs of the War of Secession and on the right bank there had been occasional engagements at long range between Fort Anderson and a monitor and a gunboat from the fleet. The fort used generally a 12 dr. Whitworth taken from a field battery. Against the monitor it was of little use, but against the gunboat it was effective. The Confederate fighting strength of all arms was about 4,000 men on the left bank, and 2,300 on the right bank. Of these there was one regiment of cavalry. Colonel Lipscomb's Second South Carolina; the infantry was Hoke's division, and part of the heavy artillerists of the recently abandoned forts converted into infantry. The remaining part of these garrisons manned the heavy guns remaining in position, and there were three or four very good light batteries. The enemy, on the 11th February, had a fleet in the river of 1 monitor, 15 gunboats, 1 flagship, 1 armed blockade runner, 16 transports and 5 tugs. The armament of these vessels appeared to be 11- and 15-inch shell guns and Parrotts. Outside, the fleet was also large. At Smithville our scouts reported 500 infantry, and at Battery Lamb some two or three hundred. On the other side their force was probably 9,500 land troops (of which a few cavalry), with ability to throw on shore two thousand sailors and marines. Of the enemy's land troops two thousand or twenty- five hundred had recently arrived. The enemy were reported massing a large force at New Berne to strike at the road from Wilmington towards Petersburg. The telegraph reported that Sherman had the South Carolina railroad from Branchville to WiUiston, and, while moving on Columbia, was demonstrating at once upon Charleston and Augusta. Bragg had gone to Richmond temporarily and left Hoke in command of the department of North Carolina. Brigadier-General Hagood, having, on his return from South Carolina, relieved Brigadier- General Hebart, commanded in per- son on the Fort Anderson lines. His force was his own brigade, about 925 enlisted for duty, and the fragments of the garrisons, before alluded to, converted into infantry, and brigaded under Colonel Hedrick, Fortieth North Carolina. These numbered 805 enlisted for duty. In addition, there was Moseley's and Brad- ham's light batteries, together 132 enlisted for duty, and 152 enlisted mounted men of the Second South Carolina cavalry. Hagood's Brigade 335 The total enlisted under his command was, therefore, something over 2,000, and his force, including officers, about 2,300. On the 15th of February, the enemy made a reconnaisance in force from Smithville as far as White Spring Branch, where the road from Smithville to Wilmington forks, one going straight on up the river by Fort Anderson, the other turning westward and leading around Orton Pond. This party was met and skirmished with by Hagood's mounted force, and retired at night-fall with- out pressing vigorously. On the 16th February, the enemy passed over from Battery Buchanan to Smithville five large transports with troops, and at dark a considerable force were still visible at the wharf at Buchanan, apparently waiting transportation. Subsequent events showed that these troops were the Twenty-third Army Corps. General Scofield commanding,* recently arrived before Wilming- ton from Tennessee. It was accompanied by field artillery, a small force (probably two hundred) of cavalry, and a brigade (Abbott's) of Terry's command. General Hagood had on the 15th asked for, and on the 18th received, some fifty additional mounted men. Colonel Lipscomb was at the same time sent over to take command of this arm. This re-enforcement raised the Confederate force to 2,350 men, with which to confront fully 20,000. General Hagood now massed all his mounted forces upon right flank at the head of Orton Pond, keeping but twenty to act as a patrol in his front, and endeavoring to remedy the want of mounted men here by doubling his infantry picket and pushing them further out, say a mile and a quarter. On the 17th, the enemy advanced in force from Smithville and halted for the night in front of Hagood's infantry picket. The mounted' patrol and the infantry picket skirmished with them, and the monitor with seven (7) gunboats engaged the fort at long range. The monitor engaged at 1,000 yards, and the gunboats out of range of our 32 drs. Firing commenced at 1 :30 p. m. and continued till sunset; 170 shell were thrown into the fort; one man was wounded, and no damage done to the work. Forty-seven (47) shot were thrown by the fort at the monitor, of which ♦Cox's and Ames' divisions wltli Moon's brigade of Crouch's division, Cox com- manding. Seofleld in general command. Cox's March to the Sea, page 149. 336 Memoirs or the War of Secession several struck, doing no apparent damage. The Whitworth 12 dr. threw a few shot at the gunboats, when its ammujiition became exhausted, and it was sent back at night to the Lower Town Creek bridge to await a supply of ammunition telegraphed for to Wilmington. But thirty rounds could be obtained, and these arrived too late for any subsequent operations on the Fort Anderson lines. Colonel Simonton, Twenty-fifth regiment, was placed in imme- diate command of Hagood's brigade for all purposes of military movement. This officer had a few days before been returned to the brigade, having been detached since June, 1864, and Colonel Graham, the senior colonel, was on recruiting service in South Carolina... On the 8th of February, a communication from General Bragg had directed that "except in an extreme case, involving the safety of the command, the present position should not be abandoned." The chief danger apparently apprehended by the departBaeat commander, as exhibited in this communication, was the passage by the fort of the fleet, and he went on to say, "A point for com- munication across the river has been selected from the' mouth of Town Creek on the west to the old State Salt Works landing on the east. By this route re- enforcements can be sent to and from both detachments of the command until the fort is passed. Thus any land attack can be met." It is well to remark in passing that, th,is route of coirimunication was never established. On Saturday inorning, the 18th of February, the monitor took position within 800 yards of the foirt, and the fleet of wooden gunboats ■ anchored just beyond the ascertained range of Our smooth bore 32 drs., the rifled 32 drs, could not be brought to bear upon the position of the wooden -fleet. At 6:30 a. m., .the bom- bardment commenced, and continued till 6 p. m.' Twenty^seven hundred and twenty-three shell were thrown at the fort, nearly all of which struck the work or exploded within it. The fort fired fifty-three shot and shell, twenty of which were fired from the rifled guns at the monitor. , Of these, seven struck without doing apparent damage. The smooth bores ^ere fired at intervals, more in defiance than in the hope of injuring the enemy. The land forces of the Federals pressing our advanced skirmish line Hagood's Brigade 337 after daylight, the right was driven back, the left continuing to hold its position. General Hagood, about 9 a. m., directed this whole line to fall back upon a second line which he had entrenched in rifle pits some 250 yards in front of his entrench- ments; and sent the Second cavalry, hitherto acting as a patrol on their front, to re-enforce the right flank at the head of Orton Pond. The enemy now advanced, taking position in the skirt of woods some 600 yards in our front, and sharpshooting commenced and continued during the day. The two light batteries of Moseley and Bradham shelled the woods in our front during the same time. The enemy developed no field pieces. Colonel Lipscomb reported today with the re-enforcement of fifty mounted men, before alluded to, and was sent with them to the right and directed to take command. Entrenching tools (some 20) had on the previous evening been sent the officer then in command, and he had been instructed to strengthen his posi- tion by such available means as were practicable. These mounted troops were simply mounted infantry ; their arms were the short range cavalry carbine intermixed with Enfields. Shortly after Colonel Lipscomb arrived at his post, the enemy, who had previously appeared on his front, advanced. Sharp skirmishing ensued, and by nightfall he was pressed back a mile or more. ' Lieutenant Jones, of Bradham 's battery, was sent to his assistance and with one howitzer. Lipscomb's position was now directly across from Orton Pond to Allen Creek, covering the road leading into Fort Anderson and Wilmington road, and about four (4) miles from this last, the force in his front being thus on the right rear of the Fort Anderson position, and at that dis- tance from its sole line of communication. The casualties in the fort, which was held by Hedrick's men, from the bombardment were slight; one officer (Lieutenant Vans, Fortieth North Carolina,) being killed and six men wounded. And in this connection it is worthy of mention that not a man of the garrison took shelter in the bomb-proof, confirming the pre- vious observation of experience that traverses and parapets are sufficient protection, when the garrison is not too numerous, against anything but the heaviest mortar fire. The damage to the earthwork was considerable. The wooden revetment had grad- ually given way ; the epaulement was much torn up ; in fact, in 22— H 338 Memoirs of the War of Secession one place breached nearly to the level of the gun platform; and the traverses knocked out of shape. No gun, however, was dis- mounted, nor its working injured beyond repair during the night. The casualties in the infantry today did not exceed half a dozen. After 6 p. m. the fire of the fleet on the fort averaged one in five minutes, until 11 p. m., when it was reduced to a shot every half hour till 2 p. m. For the rest of the night it was increased to a shot every ten minutes. Working parties were kept dili- gently employed all night repairing damages, and an obstruction was made to the saUy port of the fort on the river side in view of an infantry assault up the beach. About 10 p. m., written dispatches from Colonel Lipscomb and the report of Captain Barnes, Fortieth North Carolina, acting as scout, together with the examination of prisoners and deserters, satisfying General Hagood that the force on his right and rear was large and of the three arms, and that Lipscomb's force was entirely too few to check it, he became satisfied that an evacuation was necessary to save his command. As he was, however, in tele- graphic communication with his division commander. General Hoke, and the facts as learned had been laid before him, General Hagood awaited orders and continued diligently preparing to fight the position next day. About 1 a. m., on the 19th, after sending over a staff oflScer to confer with General Hagood, General Hoke invited the expression of General Hagood's opinion upon the propriety of withdrawing from the Fort Anderson lines. It was given by telegraph as fol- lows: "1. The enemy are on my right and rear, in point of time less than three (3) hours' march. Their force is certainly, from data heretofore sent you, one-half to two-thirds of my whole strength.* It will take me three-quarters of an hour to hear of their advance, which reduces the time to two and a quarter hours. It is impos- sible for me to strengthen the small force opposed to them. You know its strength. "2. I have a very much larger force than my own 600 yards in •Two brigades wete In front of Port Anderson entrenched, and Ames' division, with two additional brigades, had turned Orton Pond. — Cox's March to the Sea, p. 149. Haqood's Brioade 339 my front, in full view by daylight, and with the fleet to co-operate. Therefore, when the force on my right rear moves, I must abandon this position, or sacrifice my conmiand. "3. I have two defiles in my rear (the bridges and causeways just behind me) to move through, and two and a quarter hours in which to extend the order, execute it, and confront the enemy on my right rear. Even at night there is a possibility of having to do this pursued by the force in my front. In the daytime it is certain, and then I can use but one bridge, on account of the fire of the fleet. Could I re-enforce my right sufficiently to hold the turning force in check, the case presented would be different." To this General Hoke replied: "Dispatch received. . . . What do you think best?" General Hagood replied: "I think this place ought to be evacuated and the movement commenced in half an hour." This last dispatch was sent at 2 :05 a. m., and at 2 :48 a. m. the reply was received from General Hoke ordering the evacuation and the taking up of a line behind Town Creek. The movement was immediately commenced. The quarter- master and commissary train had in the beginning of the fight been placed behind Allen Creek. It was ordered to Lower Town Creek bridge. The field batteries, ordnance wagons and ambu- lances were sent across Orton causeway, and there the infantry commenced to withdraw. When the infantry began to move, a dispatch was sent Lipscomb directing him to fall back quietly towards Anderson till he reached the road leading from Anderson to Wilmington via Upper Town Creek bridge, and then taking that road act as a flanking column to the main column which would move on the road to the Lower bridge. As soon as the infantry and heavy artillerists had crossed the Orton canal, orders were sent the infantry pickets in the pits ahead of the entrenchments to withdraw. It was in the early dawn when this last move was commenced, and almost simultaneously with it the enemy advanced with a heavy skirmish line at double quick, followed closely by a line of battle. The picket retired at a run, and fifty or sixty were captured. The enemy most probably had prepared for an assault at daybreak, and their advance was in pursuance of this preparation. The sluices of Orton Pond were cut, and the bridges of the canal burned. This checked pursuit, and the fleet kept back till the torpedoes opposite the fort could 340 Memoirs of the War of Secession be raised. Our march to Town Creek was undisturbed. The force in front of Lipscomb coming down between Orton Pond and Allen Creek struck the lower road upon which the main column had retreated an hour after the rear had passed. It proved to have been a larger force than Lipscomb thought. It was probably two divisions of the Twenty-third Corps, while the other division had been in our front. (See pencilled note 469.) No effort was made to "blow up the magazine of the fort or to destroy its armament, because of the shortness of the time till daylight after the order of evacuation was received ; and because General Hoke had requested by telegraph that the magazine should not be exploded before 6:30 a. m., which was later than General Hagood designed to hold the fort. ENGAGEMENT AT TOWN CREEK. Town Creek enters the Cape Fear river from the west about six miles above Fort Anderson and on the same side of the river. The upper and lower bridges had each been previously slightly fortified by General Hagood, his only communication with Wil- mington being over them, and were held by bridge guards, the upper by eighty infantry and the lower bridge by twenty. The Whitworth sent back from Anderson had been directed to stop at the lower bridge, and had there received a small supply of ammunition. The creek was forty or fifty yards wide, and was navigable for craft of four feet draft as far as the upper bridge; at its mouth, however, was a hard sand bar only one foot under water at low tide. The two bridges were the only regular cross- ings, and at both the high ground was on the southern bank. From three-quarters of a mile above the lower bridge to the river were rice fields ; above that point were rice fields at intervals, but ' not on both sides at once. The swamp was generally half a mile wide, but there were frequent bluffs where the highland approached the stream first on one side and then on the other. Between the lower bridge and the mouth there were bluffs on the north side with open rice fields and the usual dams to the highland opposite. The channel of the Cape Fear lay between Big Island and the east bank; but there were boat landings at Cowan's and above. It was between nine and ten miles between the bridges by the road we were obliged to use — about six (6) Hagood's Brigade 341 lowN Creek Coanh y / "^^ \ \ 1) ^_-s?=Jv ^^i^S^ 342 Memoirs of the War or Secession miles from the upper bridge to the cross roads at Marks' Branch, about seven (7) miles to the lower bridge to same points, and four (4) miles from these cross roads to the pontoon bridge over Brunswick river. Mallory Creek was between Marks' Cross Eoads and the lower bridge, and two and a quarter miles from the last. Cowan's landing by the road was about the same dis- tance from the lower bridge. At 9 :45 a. m., on the 19th, the main column crossed the lower bridge and went into position — ^Taylor's regiment, of Hedrick's brigade, in the entrenchments with three (3) pieces of artillery — Gantt's Eleventh South Carolina (under Captain Westcoat), picketing Cowan's — and the balance of Hagood's brigade, under Simonton and Hedrick's own regiment, the Fortieth North Caro- lina, with the balance of the artillery in reserve near the church. A 'patrol of twenty men were kept to the front down the Fort Anderson road. Lipscomb arrived soon after at the upper bridge and reported himself in position with the balance of the cavalry, eight infantry and one howitzer. General Hagood reported by telegraph his arrival to General Hoke and asked for orders. He received the following reply: "Future operations will depend on circumstances. Will tele- graph you in the morning." The enemy appeared in front of lower bridge, at 3 :30 p. m., and slight skirmishing ensued. At 5:35 p. m., Hagood tele- graphed Hoke: "Thirteen (13) gunboats in the riVer above Big. Island, and small boats ahead sounding. . . . Town Creek is a line can be held whenever occupied. I have examined several miles of it today. From my observation it can be crossed almost anywhere that sufficient troops are not stationed. Let me know your views and intentions." In reply the same evening General Hagood received the following : "Hold Town Creek till you hear from me." On the next day, the 20th, General Hoke telegraphed, "You must move your command as you think best ; at same time recollect the importance of your communication with Wilming- ton. ... I leave the matter to your judgment." And again and finally, on same day, "Dispute their advance at every avail- able point." Shortly afterwards an officer from the staff of General Bragg, who had returned from Kichmond and resumed command, was sent to General Hagood to impress upon him the Hagood's Brigade 343 necessity of delaying the enemy's advance. He stated that a large number of Federal prisoners, some ten thousand, had been sent to Wilmington, for delivery in exchange under a convention entered into between Generals Grant and Lee — that the Federal commander had been notified of it under a flag about the time he had commenced his advance; that he had declined to receive them, alleging some reason — not now remembered — ^that he was probably pressing forward in the hope of obtaining possession of them by recapture ; and that time was essential to get these pris- oners oflf, out of reach, as well as valuable commissary and quar- termaster stores — all of which were being transported slowly with our imperfect railroad facilities. These were the orders and instructions under which General Hagood acted. When the enemy's skirmishers began to press on the evening of the 19th, Lieutenant Jeffords with his mounted patrol were brought in ; and the lower bridge thoroughly destroyed. Jeffords' command was then used until late next day to patrol the north bank of the stream towards Lipscomb, meeting with Lipscomb's patrol on that bank. Colonel Lipscomb was also directed to scout to his front and left on the enemy's flank and rear, and for that purpose to keep his bridge intact until compelled by the enemy in large force to destroy it. At daylight, on the 20th, the enemy were in large force in front of lower bridge; he got a battery of Parrotts into position and pushed forward skirmishers. The fire of artillery and rifles was at this point brisk throughout the day. He seemed also to be feeling right and left for a crossing. No demonstration was made on Lipscomb. About 11 :30 a. m., the Twenty-first South Carolina was sent to relieve the Eleventh South Carolina at Cowan's. Shortly after it started a dispatch was received from Captain Westcoat, com- manding Eleventh, that the enemy were landing at Cowan's. Major Wilds, commanding Twenty-first, was immediately directed by courier to retain the Eleventh and engage the enemy. At 12 :40 p. m., he reported the enemy in force and driving him. Colonel Simonton, commanding Hagood's brigade, was directed to take the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-seventh regiments with him and, assuming command, take position at the first fork of the road 344 Memoirs of the War or Secession coming from Cowan's and hold it. At 2 :10 p. m., he reported from a point on the south road short of this fork, "The enemy are in my front and appear to be extending on the north road. From my position I cannot guard both roads. No demonstration since Major Wilds reported." General Hagood had previously ordered two pieces of artillery to Colonel Simonton. He immediately went in person and found Colonel Simonton skirmishing sharply with the enemy, his reserves and two pieces of artillery on south road (at point marked X — see Map at p. 476), and his skirmish line not reaching the north road. The enemy were endeavoring to overlap him on both flanks. A reconnaisance satisfied General Hagood that the enemy had landed in sufficient force on this flank to render the position on Town Creek inse- cure,* and with the crossing on the bar at the mouth of the creek now in his possession and the point covered by the guns of his fleet, it was evident he could fling across the bulk of his forces whenever he pleased. Considering the overwhelming number opposed to him, General Hagood determined at once to withdraw from Town Creek. His small force, however, from the necessity of his position, had been scatttered over twelve (12) miles, with the line of retreat behind the left flank, the one that had been turned. It was necessary, therefore, that resistance should be obstinately made by Colonel Simonton in order to give time to concentrate. The colonel was accordingly directed to extend his line of skirmishers to the left (so as to cover both roads) , to put a reserve behind each flank (one on each road) , to keep one piece of artil- lery with each reserve (on the south road), and to fall back making an obstinate skirmish fight, until his reserves reached the telegraph road: then to close his reserves together at the point marked Y, where General Hagood promised himself to place the other piece and to retire down the road (YZ) — making that his direction. Having made these dispositions and given these directions, General Hagood returned rapidly to his headquarters at the Church, and dispatched Colonel Lipscomb immediately to with- draw with his whole force to Marks' Cross Eoads ; called in Lieu- tenant Jeffords with his mounted men and sent him to Colonel •Three brigades of Cox's division. — Cox's March to the Sea, p. 151. Hagood's Brigade 345 Simonton to keep up the connection between his two reserves; sent Lieutenant Moffett, A. A. G., to the point G to bring word when Simonton should be driven to within 200 yards of the Tele- graph road ; . ordered the trains which had previously been sta- tioned at Marks Cross Eoads into Wilmington and sent with them his sick and wounded and two of his field pieces that had been disabled; and placed the Seventh South Carolina and the Fortieth North Carolina, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Rion of the Seventh, in line of battle on the Wilmington road (at the points K to Z). Two men were sent to bum the bridges at McElhaney's mill and cut the sluices to prevent the enemy's use of the telegraph road to intercept the retreat to Wilmington. Mr. Young, signal operator, with George Addison, courier at brigade headquarters, was sent on this duty. Colonel Lipscomb was absent from his command examining the creek above his position when the courier reached the upper bridge, and the officer next in command most improperly delayed to execute the order till Colonel Lipscomb could be found — thus losing two hours in his movement. Judging from the firing that Simonton was hard pressed. Gen- eral Hagood gave the order to Colonel Hedrick, commanding at the lower bridge, to commence withdrawing at 3 p. m. He was instructed to leave a strong rear guard in the work till he was fairly off. Lieutenant Moffett arrived before the order was fully executed and reported Simonton near the telegraph road. When Hedrick's column was within half a mile approaching Colonel Eion's lines (of the point Z), Captain Stoney was dispatched with a courier accompanying him at speed (down the road Z Y) to order Simonton to fall back rapidly, and to guide him. Stoney found on the left (of the road Z Y) a body of skirmishers very slightly engaged, and Simonton on the right (of this road and in the telegraph road) with one piece of artillery and in a line of battle (extending to the left and backward towards the skir- mishers — thus making his line oblique to the road Z Y and thrown forward towards the enemy on his right). The enemy were advanced with a heavy line of battle, and Simonton firing rapidly upon them both with his artillery and rifles. Captain Stoney delivered his order, and Simonton ordered his piece lim- bered up and his line of battle to move to the left towards the 346 Memoirs of the War of Secession skirmishers (and the road Z Y) , but the enemy pressing, him again, he revoked the order and sent Stoney to say he was too heavily engaged to withdraw. Captain Stoney was immediately returned to Colonel Simonton at the full speed of his horse to tell him "Ae must come; to throw away his artillery and make a run for it; that a line of battle was formed in his rear to protect him." Stoney arrived in time to see the overwhelming lines of the enemy sweep over Simonton — the artillery firing till the enemy got within a few feet of it, and the infantry standing by the gun and resisting till overpowered hand to hand. He did not get to Simonton, and, his own horse being shot, he became involved in the melee. The body of skirmishers, before alluded to, coming out and straggling from the right and informing Hagood of the state of affairs, he now took position behind Mallory creek, keeping out a strong skirmish line (across the road between K and Z) and the squad of cavalry under Jeffords patrolling towards the Church direct straggling in. This position he held till after dark, when stragglers ceasing to come in and Colonel Lipscomb reporting with his mounted men, his infantry and artillery beiiig in march on the Georgetown road approaching Marks's Cross Koads, General Hagood ordered a retreat. One-half of Lipscomb's mounted men formed a rear guard at the distance of a mile, and the other half was sent for- ward to hold the position of McElhaney's mill. The infantry and artillery were passed over the pontoon bridge across Brunswick river, and by steam ferry over the Cape Fear by 12 o'clock at night; and the former marched to report to Hoke who upon the left bank had fallen back to near Wilmington. The cavalry, after burning the pontoons and the railroad bridge over Brunswick river and leaving the picket on Eagle Island, crossed into Wil- mington about daylight on the 21st. In this engagement the loss was two pieces disabled and brought off, two pieces captured by the enemy, and 461 men and officers killed, wounded, and missing — all of whom were from four regiments of Hagood's brigade. Colonel Simonton carried into action six hundred irien and officers. His fault was in allow- ing his greatly inferior force to become engaged in a line of battle behind obstructions rapidly thrown up, when the occasion required him, and he had been directed, to make an obstinate skirmish Hagood's Brigade 347 fight.* Again, when ordered to withdraw, instead of facing the rear and withdrawing directly from the approaching enemy at a double quick, if necessary, he endeavored to make a flank march along the enemy's front, with, it is presumed, a view to getting a road down which to retire in column. The countiy was an open pine forest. His troops behaved with their accustomed gallantry, and to their- obstinate defense of the flank, which had been turned, was due the safety of the whole command that day. The thing would have been completed had they themselves not been sacri- ficed in the discharge of the duty. Colonel Simonton, however, was inexperienced in the command of troops in the field and his errors certainly leaned to virtue's side. Of the missing, mentioned above, Colonel Simonton subse- quently reported 330 men and officers, including wounded cap- tured by the enemy. Twenty killed upon the field is a very large estimate, and this would leave over a hundred men and officers, who, coming out of the rout and not finding the brigade that night, straggled off to South Carolina, and were no more, with very few exceptions, heard of in the war. Captain Stoney him- self, included among the missing above reported, with fifty-two men and officers came out of the rout and did not find the brigade that night. These men, misinformed on reaching the Lumberton railroad of affairs in Wilmington, took the cars to Lumberton to rejoin the brigade via Fayetteville (this, however, they never did). Captain Stoney separated from them and rejoined his command at Eockfish creek some days later. In all these operations Hagood's command fell back for four days before a force of ten to his one, taking this time to go a distance of eighteen miles and crossing two rivers. Everything that was movable was brought off, and the loss in battle was inconsiderable, when the circumstances of fighting to delay so superior a force is regarded, and especially the powerful aid the enemy derived from his navy. Without this he could not with such facility have turned the Town Creek position. The pro- priety of making the obstinate stand at Town Creek at all rests with the direction of affairs. It delayed the evacuation of Wil- mington but little and was a hazardous venture. Had the junc- tion been made at Wilmington on the night of the 19th, the •For this the country was admirably suited. 348 Memoibs of the War of Secession enemy would have got into position on the 20th near the pontoon bridge, and would at most have shelled the town with field artil- lery. The nearest point of the town to the Brunswick shore being two and a quarter miles, this would have been a mere bagatelle. Did humanity forbid exposing non-combatants to this, we would have had to evacuate the town only one day sooner. As it was, a large number of prisoners could not be got off by railroad, and were marched ahead of us to a point on the railroad beyond the Northeast river where they were placed on the cars next day for further transportation. EVACUATION OF WILMINGTON. General Hagood, on reporting at Bragg's headquarters on the arrival of his column in Wilmington, was directed to send his infantry on to Hoke, while he should remain in the town and take the command. He was also instructed, with Lipscomb's cavalry, to watch the crossings of the Cape Fear as high up as Hilton Ferry. Two light batteries and a few infantry under Colonel Jackson, the post commander, were also left with him for provost duty. In the afternoon the enemy's advanced parties drove our picket off of Eagle Island and appeared at P. K. depot, opposite the foot of Market street. General Hagood ordered a force of dismounted cavalry with a howitzer across the ferry, and soon drove the enemy back, re-establishing the picket. During the day the Federal prisoners before alluded to were marched across the Northeast river; and the able-bodied male slaves, and the horses of citizens fit for military purposes were seized by direction of General Bragg and sent in the same direc- tion. Arrangements were made for burning the naval stores and cotton stored in the town, as also shipping in the river, some half a dozen vessels. Arrangements were also made for distributing to the retiring troops as they marched through the town such portable quartermaster . stores as shoes, etc., which could not be got off by rail. At night, guards were stationed with rigid orders to put down all pillage that might be attempted by the most summary measures. At daylight, on the 22nd, Hoke had marched into and through the town. The cotton, naval stores and vessels were in flames, and as the rear guard left in the early dawn a Hagood's Brigade 349 mass of black smoke had settled like a pall over the silent town ; in its extent and density suggestive of the day of doom. The army marched up the railroad toward Petersburg to its crossing of the Northeast river, some eight or nine miles from Wilmington, crossed on a pontoon bridge, and encamped. The enemy's advance guard came on thus far and slight skirmishing ensued. On the 23rd, the army moved on to Rockfish creek unpursued, -where it remained till the oth March. It rained, more or less, during all this time, and the roads got into bad condition. The exchange of Federal prisoners heretofore declined took place during this time, we deliverine: at Northeast river and receiving on the Eichmond front. OPERATIONS NEAR KINSTON. A reference to the general map of North Carolina is necessary to an understanding of the subsequent niovements and events of the war in this quarter. Sherman was approaching from South Carolina, with Golds- boro for his objective ; and had directed co-operative columns to move from Wilmington and New Beraie to a junction with him at or near this railroad center. With Goldsboro in his possession and the roads back to the coast at Wilmington and New Berne, he could refit his army and with his united force of nearly one hundred thousand men* in hand be ready to co-operate with Grant as soon as the advancing spring released the armies in Virginia. Fayetteville was an important Confederate arsenal and depot, from which there was steamboat navigation to Wilmington. And the Neuse river was also navigable for river steamers up and above Kinston. On the 5th of March, Hoke's division began to move by rail- road for Kinston, General Hagood bringing up the rear. He left with his last- regiment on the 7th, and reached Kinston at 7 a. m., on the 8th. Lipscomb's cavalry was left to watch the enemy at Northeast river, which they had shown no disposition to cross; the light batteries and their infantry support of some •Sherman's Report to Committee on Conduct of the War, p. 366. 350 Memoirs of the War of Secession AVERrfSSMi Par/- Of Nor/-/) Cqro/ina Hagood's Brigade 351 150 men, which were on the Cape Fear river at White Hall, while we lay at Kockfish creek, were ordered to report to General Joe Johnston at Fayetteville; and the artillery and train of the division moved by highway. On arriving at Kinston it was found that the column of the enemy which was to move from New Berne, in accordance with Sherman's plans, was before the place. Scofleld had transferred from Wilmington enough men to New Berne to make, with the troops already there, some 20,000 men* and with himself in command.! He had left with Terry some- thing over 10,000 men to move at the proper time from that point. Major-General D. H. Hill, with some 2,500 effective arms- bearing men of Hood's Army of Tennessee and a brigade of junior reserves, had come by rail from the direction of Raleigh, and with Hoke's division constituted our force (between 7,000 and 8,000), which was confronting the enemy at Southwest creek two miles from the town. The regiment, heretofore spoken of as "Hedrick's brigade," had, by order of General Bragg issued at Eockfish, been assigned to Hagood's brigade, and this command was now organized as follows : 1. Rion's command, consisting of his own (Seventh) battalion and the remnants of the other four South Carolina regiments, making a regiment of twelve companies about 500 strong. 2. Hedrick's (.Fortieth North Carolina) regiment, consisting of six companies (the other four captured at Fort Fisher) , about 375 strong. 3. Taylor's command, consisting of one company, being frag- ments of the Thirty-sixth North Carolina, captured at Fort Fisher, and three (3) companies of the First North Carolina battalion of heavy artillery converted into infantry. This bat- talion was about 275 strong. When General Hagood arrived with Rion's regiment at Kin- ston, he was ordered forward to report to General Hill, by whom he was placed in reserve. Taylor's battalion and Hedrick's regiment, that had preceded him, were reporting the one to Brigadier-General Baker, of Hill's command, and the other to Clingman's brigade, of Hoke's division. •Report of Commander In Conduct of the War. — Sherman's Report, p. 366. tJohnston's Narrative, p. 79, says "3 divisions under Major-General Cox." See also Cox's March, etc., p. 155. 352 Memoirs of the War of Secession The Neuse river runs at this point nearly due east ; and South- west creek, coming from a southwesterly direction, empties into it two miles below Kinston. Kinston is on the north bank. About a mile from the mouth of the creek is a mill, with its pond backing water for some distance; and between the mill and the river the creek is not fordable though narrow and without swamp of any consequence. General Hagood was placed by the staif officer who conducted him at the fork of the Dover and Neuse road, and riding forward in person found General Hill's troops extending from the mill to the river behind slight entrenchments on the banks of the creek, skirmishing going on, and the enemy's line apparently parallel to our's and overlapping us on our right. General Hill informed him that Hoke's division had moved that morning by the upper Trent road around the head of the mill pond to strike the enemy's left flank; and that he was waiting Hoke's attack to himself advance. About 11 :30 a. m.. General Hoke's guns were heard ; and at 12 m., Hill ordered up his reserve to take the place of some junior reserves, who had become rather shaky under a moder- ately sharp skirmish to which they had been exposed; and advanced, driving the enemy easily in his front for a short dis- tance, when he received a dispatch from Bragg, commander-in- chief, that Hoke had met with considerable success and that Hill should move down the Neuse road to intercept the enemy at its intersection with the British road, down which he was retreating. Hill moved immediately with Eion's regiment at the head of his column and arriving at West's house halted to await the retreating enemy. He picketed the British road and scouted a mile or so towards the enemy without meeting even a straggler. At 4:30 p. m.. Hill received another dispatch from Bragg to march on the British road towards the enemy and attack him in the rear, but not to do so and return, if it was too late to accom- plish anything before dark. Hoke's fire still continuing without advancing from the position which he apparently held when Hill first moved, and then being but one hour and a half before dark, with the enemy between three and a half and four miles from him, Hill decided to withdraw, and returned behind Southwest creek. Hagood's Brigade 353 5oufh WedCr^k 23— H 354 Memoirs of the War or Secession Hoke's success was a thousand prisoners captured and five hundred killed and wounded of the enemy who fell into his hands. He struck the enemy unentrenched on their flank and rolled them up with but little loss to himself, until the disarangement of his own advance caused by the tangled underbrush of the forest com- pelled him to halt to arrange his lines. By the time he was ready again, and had found the enemy in the new position they had taken, night arrested further action. At the close of the day, the enemy occupied a position oblique to his first and in the general direction of the lower Trent road — his right not reaching the Neuse road. Hoke took position in front of the mill pond on the British road, his left short of the railroad. Our general line at nightfall was, therefore, en echellon, Hoke being in advance of the creek, and the second echellon on the banks of the creek — Hill's position of the moi^i- ing. That night the second echellon was occupied by reserves, and Hill's forces were sent across the creek and went into line with Hoke. Hagood's brigade was got together again. On the next day, the 9th, at daylight, Hoke marched with three brigades back across the mill, and moved by the Neuse. road around the enemy's right with a view to attack ; b]it, finding the enemy strongly entrenched, returned without making an attack. Hagood's brigade reported to Hill today and occupied hig left. It was engaged in heavy skirmishing all day. ,. On the 10th, reserves held the bank of the creek as before; Hill held the position of the advanced echellon, and Hoke moved with his whole division (Hagood's brigade returning to him) at day- light down the central road, and making a wide detour marched through a low swampy country in the woods all the time, and struck the enemy's left in his rear position on the lower Trent road. The attack was made en echellon, Kirkland's and Colquitt's brigades in advance, and Clingman's and Hagood's in the second line, and in position from right to left as named. Kirkland was the only one heavily engaged; and the position of the enemy being discovered strongly entrenched, with abattis, etc., the troops were withdrawn and returned to the position of the night before. General Hill engaged the enemy with artillery and a heavy skirmish line, when Hoke attacked; but Hoke desisting did not press. Kirkland's loss was about 300, and was the chief loss Hagood's Brigade 355 sustained in all these operations, the first day's loss of the Con- federates having been very inconsiderable. On the night of the 10th, General Hagood was informed that we were to withdraw from before Kinston. The movements of the enemy in other quarters, and the necessity of concentrating in front of Sherman was the cause. There was nothing in the local situation that required it.* The Federals had been offered battle for three successive days, and had quietly accepted the defensive role of ditch digging and waiting to be attacked. The retrograde movement commenced next morning and the enemy made no effort to molest it. Hill went by rail with his troops to Smithfield on the Neuse, some forty miles from Raleigh ; and Hoke's division marched leisurely to the same point, our brigade remaining for two or three days in Kinston without being attacked. Scouts reported that the Federal army com- menced a retreat upon New Berne at the same time that Bragg withdrew and only halted when they learned the fact of the Con- federate retrograde. Colonel Hedrick was wounded on the 8th himself, and lost three men. On the Sth, Rion lost two wounded and Taylor three. These men were all the' losses of Hagood's brigade. Hoke's column, after a pleasant riiarch through a fine planting country up the valley of the Neuse, arrived at Smithfield on the I6th March. Here General Joe Johnston was in command, and Sherman's main column before him. He had marched, unop- posed through South Carolina, spreading havoc and desolation, compelling the evacuation of Charleston and burning Columbia and numerous smaller towns, but attenipting to hold no. part of the State except Charleston. The head of his column was now near Fayetteville. Johnston's army consisted of the troops of Bragg, Hardee and part of Hood's Tennessee army, with Hampton's cavalry, prob- ably 30,000 of ali arms. Shernian's force was 65,000 to 70,000, and the appt-oachirig co-operative columns of Scofield and Teirry would raise it to a hundred thousand. With these odds against them, the Confederates were once more to try the forttine of battle. •They fell back to Goldsboro by General Bragg's order. — Johnston's Narrative, p. 380. 356 Memoirs of the War of Secession Army Tennessee 5,000 Hardee 11,000 Bragg • • 8,000 •■ 24,000 Cavalry — ^Wheeler 3,000 Cavalry— Butler 1.000 4,000 28,000 Sherman's four corps 70,000 Cavalry ^'000 75,000 Johnston's Narrative, 372, 377 and 378. BATTLE OF BENTONVILLE. From the vicinity of Kaleigh to Goldsboro, the Neuse has a southeasterly course for a distance of fifty miles ; and Smithfield is on the north bank half way between the two places. To the southward, and twenty mUes off, the Cape Fear runs parallel for half this distance; then at a little town called Averys- boro diverges to the south. Fayetteville is west of the Cape Fear and forty-five or fifty miles southwest of Smithfield. Averysboro is half way between the two places. Two roads lead out of Fayetteville, cross the Cape Fear ten or fifteen miles below Averysboro, and, uniting on the south bank of the Neuse, go into Goldsboro. From Smithfield is a road down the southern bank of the Neuse, and crossing Hannah and Mill creeks it passes by Benton- ville and enters the upper road from Fayetteville to Goldsboro. On the 16th March, Hoke's division arriving at Smithfield, crossed the river at Turner's bridge, two miles below the town, and encamped on Black creek. We had been having artillery fire all day, and at night learned that it was an engagement Hardee had had with the advance of one of Sherman's columns at Averysboro, and that he had, at its close, fallen back upon an elevation ten miles in our front. Hardee's loss was said to be 600 casualties of all kinds, and the enemy's supposed to be much larger. The Confederates were entrenched, the enemy made two direct attacks which were repulsed, and then turned our posi- tion, compelling its abandonment. Hagood's Brigade 357 IN GOLPSBORO V/anify Of Benfoni^//k 358 Memoirs of the Wab of Secession Hardee's loss was trivial until his position was turned, when Ehett's brigade of South Carolina Eegulars, commanded by Colonel William Butler, which was upon the flank, was badly cut up. The chief loss was in this brigade. Colonel Rhett had been captured a few days before. Sherman now ceased to press toward Smithfield and turned upon Goldsboro, moving by both the roads leading from Fayetteville to that point. On the 18th Johnston moved down the south bank of the Neuse — Hoke's division marching thirteen mUes to a point a little above Bentonville. On the 19th, the division went into line of battle beyond the upper road from Fayetteville to Goldsboro and on the prolongation of the western fork of the Bentonville road, and formed the left wing of Johnston's line. Hardee took the right of the Fayetteville road and was the right wing. In front of Hardee the ground. was sopiewhat elevated, with more or less clearing. In front of Hoke it was low, wet pinewoods, inter- spersed with bay gulls and sluggish drains and having consid- erable undergrowth. Butler's cavalry were skirmishing heavily with the enemy a mile in our front toward Fayetteville as we went into position, and were immediately afterward withdrawn. The enemy's skir- mishers came on after them and striking the infantry skirmish line were checked and began feeling to our left. At this time Hagood's brigade was on the left of the division, and Colquitt's brigade next to Hagood, — making the first line of battle ; Cling- man's and Kirkland's brigades constituted the second line. Gen- eral Hoke having been informed by Hagood of the enemy's moving to the left brought up Kirkland's from the second line and placed him on Hagood's left. Very soon after Kirkland's was in position, the enemy assailed, striking half of Hagood's front (Rion's regiment on the left) and the whole of Kirkland's. He was handsomely repulsed, leaving a good many dead and wounded men and abandoned rifles in our front. Our skirmish line was immediately re-established, the arms secured and the wounded brought in. Our loss was trivial, the men having with great rapidity covered themselves with log and earth obstruc- tions. Lieutenant E. H. Bell, Company C, Seventh South Caro- lina battalion, was, however, killed. He was an excellent officer of his grade, and had served with fidelity throughout the war. Hagood's Brigade 359 I L-Ovi/eR cavbttc viuue roao REFERENCES. A B — Jolinston's line, 19t]i. C E D — Sherman's 'first line, 19th. F B D^Sherman's second line, 19th. A X G Z — Johnston's line, 20th and 21st. K L M — Sherman's ITth Corps, 20th and 21st. F E D — Sherman's 14th and 20th Corps, 20th and 21st 360 Memoirs or the War of Secession The staff standing unprotected behind the line, Lieutenant Martin had the sole of his shoe taken off by a rifle bullet striking between his foot and the earth, and Major Hay, commissary of subsistence, acting as aide-de-camp on this occasion, was painfully bruised by a ball glancing from a tree. Heavy skirmishing continued on our front during the morn- ing, the enemy still feeling for our left, which was now prolonged by dismounted cavalry. Our's was not engaged, but occupied in entrenching. About ,2 p. m.. General Johnston advanced his right wing and forced back the enemy's left until it was at an angle of 45 degrees with its original position, the. point of the angle being opposite Colquitt's center; his right wing remained parallel to our imme- diate front, and by this time was well entrenched. In swinging out, Hardee had lost connection with the left wing, and about 4:30 p. m., Hoke was ordered to move out two brigades and regain it. He had thrown out a regiment from the right of Col- quitt's brigade, secured the angle of the enemy's entrenched position, and was sweeping down to the left to clear the front of Colquitt's left, and Hagood's before advancing, when an order arrived from Bragg, who had not been on the field and had heard of Hoke's movement through some aide or courier, to move both brigades straight out and make a direct attack. The order was obeyed and the works carried, though with considerable loss, over 500 men in the two brigades. General Hood was behind his center regiment, Hedrick's, commanded by Major Holland; Taylor was on the right of the brigade connecting with Colquitt, and Eion was on the left. Colquitt struck the works full, as did Taylor's regiment; Holland met with nothing but a line of battle; and Rion on the extreme left encountered only a skirmish line. After the first works were carried and the line was advancing steadily upon a second series of breastworks some 500 yards from our original line. General Hagood observed the troops on his right beginning to retire, first Colquitt (he could not see beyond that brigade) and then Taylor, and ordered his center and left back. There was nothing on his front nor on Colquitt's, as he subsequently learned from Colonel Zachery, commanding that brigade, to prevent a continued advance. The retrograde move- ment commenced with Hardee and resulted, it was said, from Hagood's Brioade 361 encountering works which could not be carried without undue sacrifice. The loss in Hagood's brigade was chiefly in Holland's and Taylor's (North Carolina) regiments, and was from fire upon them in retiring; Colquitt's men received little or no fire in their retreat. The Confederates at night re-occupied their first line of battle, but the enemy continued with their left wing bent back in the position into which it had been driven. We had been fighting all day the Fourteenth and Twentieth U. S. Army Corps, as we learned from prisoners. The loss in our division at least would have been inconsiderable and our success eminent had it not been for Bragg's undertaking to give a tactical order upon a field that he had not seen. Hardee had captured a number of prisoners and several pieces of artillery, part only of which he was enabled to bring off on account of the tangled nature of the ground and the battery horses being killed. His losses were probably 800. From subsequent information it was learned that three Federal divisions were broken. During the afternoon and night Sherman marched the Seven- teenth corps by the lower Fayet^eville road to its junction with the Upper road near the Neuse, succeeded in putting it in position on the Upper road in our immediate rear, and General Johnston, before it arrived in striking distance, next morning, the 20th, retaining the position of his right wing, swung back his left behind and nearly parallel with the upper Fayetteville road. His extreme left was somewhat refused, and prolonged and pro- tected by cavalry. Hagood occupied the left of Hoke's division, Kirkland being the right. Harrison's Georgia brigade, of Hardee's command, prolpnged and terminated the infantry line on the left. The rest of Hardee's command was in reserve behind this flank, and the Tennessee troops (of Hood's army) were on the right where they had been on the previous day and engaged in the operations of the right wing. Johnston's line was now across the two branches of the Beiiton- Ville road by which after forking it enters the Upper Fayetteville road. His wings were each broken back to protect his flanks. The Fourteenth and Twentieth corps were on his right flank and front, the Seventeenth corps was on his left and front, and 362 Memoirs or the War of Secession between the two divisions of the enemy's army was free com- munication along the Upper Fayetteville road. This position was scarcely taken when the enemy on the right attacked par- tially but heavily, Kirkland's brigade repelling the assault. On the left he deployed heavy skirmish lines, and severe skirmishing ensued but no assault. Our troops rapidly entrenched their new position. No further effort at assault was made, . but the respective skirmishers were engaged all day and night along the whole line. Next day, the 21st, the enemy having massed infantry in force on the extreme left, where Wheeler's cavalry extended and pro- tected our flank, drove him some 2,000 yards and reached the field near the church and within 100 yards of the Bentonville road, our only line of communication. Here some 200 men of Alfred Cumming's Georgia brigade and the Eighth Texas' cav- alry on horseback fell furiously upon the right flank of the enemy's advancing line, and threw it into confusion. Wheeler rallied and succeeded in forcing them back, regaining his former position. At this time Hagood's brigade and Walthal's command of 950 men of the Army of Tennessee,* detached for the purpose, arriving, took the place of the cavalry, which moved further towards Hannah creek for the protection of the flank. The enemy made no further demonstration here, but remained in line of battle with a heavy line of skirmishers engaged the rest of the day and night. When Hagood's brigade was detached to re-enforce Wheeler, the enpmy perceiving the movement immediately attacked the position he had left, but Clingman's brigade extending behind the really good entrenchments handsomely repulsed the assault. Colonel DeVorn, commanding the brigade, was, however, badly wounded, and Lieutenant- Colonel Mallett was killed. The latter General Hagood had first met at the defence of Battery Wagner in the siege of Charleston. He was a brave man and an excellent soldier. On the morning of the 22nd, General Johnston commenced withdrawing from the field, skirmish lines covering the move- ment, and by 7 a. m. had taken position behind Hannah creek •This was all that was left of Stewart's Army Corps. Hagood's Brigade 363 three miles to the rear. He was unmolested in withdrawing. The enemy felt his new position with cavalry and skirmishers, but did not press. In the afternoon, the Confederates marched for their former position on Black creek, Hoke's division bringing up the rear. Sherman moved on to Goldsboro, and the junction with the co-operative columns from New Berne and Wilmington took place. Hagood's brigade in this battle lost 249 men killed, wounded and, missing, of whom all but 17 were from the North Carolina . troops of the command. Among these were some valuable officers and men. Colonel Taylor (Thirty-sixth North Carolina) was wounded and lost his arm, and Captain E. G. Eankin (First North Carolina battalion) attracted General Hagood's attention by his heroic bearing. He was wounded and died shortly after. Our general casualties were understood to be 2,500,* and the enemy's evidently heavier.f The affair was indecisive. Johnston had evidently hoped, by falling rapidly upon one of Sherman's columns in march, to beat him in detail, and prevent his concentration at Goldsboro. While inflicting considerable injury upon the enemy, and raising the morale of that portion of his army which had been in one unvaried retreat since Atlanta, he failed to accomplish his pur- pose. With odds against him, it could only have been by that chance which so often determines military affairs that he could have succeeded. Confederate forces present : Infantry and artillery 14,100 Cavalry 4,000 18,100 Federal forces : On 19th 35,000 On 20th and 21st 70,000 •Killed, 223 ; missing, 653 ; wounded, 1,467 ; total, 2,343. — Johnston's Narrative, page 393. tJobnston puts It at 4,000. Cox (page 197) at 1,604, Johnson's Narrative, page 393. 364r Memoirs of the War or Secession FLARING UP OF THE CANDLE. THE END. On the 24th of March, the anny crossed the Neuse and went into camp on the north bank of the river above the railroad sta- tion. The distance of the enemy with cavalry intervening did away with the necessity of infantry outpost duty, and vigorous efforts were at once inaugurated by General Johnston to put his army in effective condition for further service. Drills, reviews, and inspections were the order of the day, and what was known as the consolidation Act was commenced to be enforced. This Act had been passed by the Congress some time before, but its provisions, for which there was a great necessity, had not been up to this time enforced. The supply of recruits to the Confed- erate army had for a year past failed, and indeed the Bureau of Conscription did not even efficiently return to their colors the men who upon various pretexts, legitimate and illegitimate, were at home. From the casualties of war, brigades had become regiments, regiments companies, and some organizations had almost ceased to exist. This was the condition of the armies in the field, while upon the rolls were borne men enough to con- stitute an army ample to hold the Federal hordes indefinitely at bay. Numbers of these were prisoners of war, and Grant's policy of obstructing exchange made their return too uncertain to be counted upon. There was but one course left to put the armies of the Confederacy upon a footing of efficiency sufficient to con- tinue the contest, and that was to consolidate and reorganize the good men and true, who stiU clung to their banners, into new regiments and brigades of proper strength and rely for recruits to supply the waste of war upon returned prisoners of war, and such skulkers at home as a more vigorous execution of the powers- of the conscription could return to the ranks. This consolidation was a matter of much interest to both officers and men. In our particular case, a strong feeling was manifested to unite the volunteer South Carolina troops, which had come on with Hardee, to our old brigade. There were old acquaintances, Frederick's regiment of artillery now converted into infantry, and others, comrades of ours in the siege of Charleston. These on the evacuation of Charleston had been brigaded under General Stephen Elliott, and their number had been con- siderably reduced by the hasty march from South Carolina, and Hagood's Brigade 365 casualties in the recent actions at Averysboro and Bentonville. Their addition, however, would have put the old brigade once more upon a respectable footing as to numbers in the field. Gen- eral Elliott, who was now compelled to retire from active service by a recent wound and the reopening of the wound received at the explosion of the mine at Petersburg, felt impelled to return home, and his officers and men desired it, and General Hagood requested his division commander to seek to have it done. General Hoke, for some reason, was laggard in his efforts, enough to call for a remonstrance from his subordinate. Nominally there were yet men enough on the brigade rolls, present and absent, if returned to duty, to restore it to efficiency, and General Hoke seemed more inclined to give his efforts to recovering these. After conference with General Johnston, but without previous indica- tion of his purpose to Hagood, he procured an order detailing Hagood himself to go to South Carolina on this duty. This order was handed to the brigade commander on the 30th March, and the same evening he issued a complimentary farewell order, which they had well deserved, to the North Carolinians who had been serving with us, and the following address to his own men : "Headquarters Hagood's Brigade, "Near Smithfield, N. C, 30th March, 1S65. "To the Officers and Men of Hagood's Brigade : "There are now in South Carolina, absent without proper leave from the command, 828 men. There have been captured from the brigade in its long and arduous service, 1,505 men and officers, all of whom are, or soon will be, in South Carolina on the usual exchange furlough. In the present inter- rupted state of communication, both within South Carolina and from thence to the army, General Johnston thinks it necessary to adopt some other than the usual means to secure the prompt return of these men to their standards. With, too, this large number of men or any considerable pro- portion of them back in the ranks, the different regiments of the brigade will be saved from the action of the consolidation act, and the general appreciates the natural desire of his men to finish the war in the same organization in which they have heretofore served. "Influenced by these considerations, the general commanding has ordered me to turn over the command of the brigade temporarily to the ranking officer present, and to proceed to South Carolina to secure, by my personal exertions, as far as may be, the rapid recruiting of our command. This has been done without previous intimation of his views, or without sug- gestion from me. When I learned his intention I applied to have the remnant of the brigade now here temporarily returned to the State, there 366 Memoirs of the War or Secession to gather up the absentees; but I was informed that, small as their number was, they could not be spared from the army here. Our general possesses your unbounded confidence. He had been calletl to the command at this critical juncture by the uniyersal voice of the army and the country, and it becomes us implicitly and cheerfully to carry out his views. "I shall be absent forty days, perhaps a short time longer, but so soon as the purpose of my absence shall be accomplished you have the guar- antee of my past history that I will be back where I have hitherto found the post of duty — amid your ranks. "In my absence you will not be consolidated, and although the North Carolina troops will be taken from the command, the old brigade will be kept intact and redeveloped into its old proportions as the returning mem- bers arrive. "In concluding this frank and full statement of the condition of our com- mand, let me urge upon both officers and men to give their hearty co-opera- tion in carrying out the views of our general — views dictated not only by the interest of the country at large, but by the welfare of our beloved brigade. When I return, greet me, comrades, with the announcement that in my absence no man has left his standard — that the word deserter has been expunged from the vocabulary of Hagood's brigade. "Remember your glorious record. Recall the spirit that animated you at Walthal when almost single-handed you held the invader at bay until the arrival of Beaureguard's avenging army. Think of your triumph at Drury's; your services at Cold Harbor, at Bermuda Hundreds, the sixty- seven days in the trenches of Petersburg, the bloody but glorious Sunday on the Weldon road, the Richmond lines, Fisher, Anderson Town Creek, Kin- ston, Bentonville. What men before ever made such a record in eleven months? Will you let such a history terminate ingloriously, and the ver- dict of posterity be that the men who made the record perished in the making, and that the degenerate survivors were unable to sustain the weight of glory their more gallant comrades had already won? "Officers and men of the Eleventh, Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth and Twenty-seventh, to you especially do I appeal to keep your commands together. You are the nucleus upon which your regiments must be rebuilt. Suppress any rising spirit of discontent at unavoidable unpleasantness In your present condition ; lend me your zealous efforts ; and again your regi- ments will be in the condition they were when the swords of Lqdbetter and Dargan and Glover and Hopkins flashed in your van, and their gallant spirits proudly departed to heaven from a death won In your ranks. "Johnston Hagooo, Brigadier-General." General Hagood was directed to select a detail of officers to accompany and assist him; and given transportation for them and their horses by rail as far as these roads remain in miming order. This was to the edge of Sherman's "swath" through South Carolina. Lieutenant-Colonel Eion, Seventh battalion, Hagood's Brigade 367 was left in charge of the brigade, aided by Stoney, Mazyck, Lartigue and Hay of the staff. Moffett and Martin of the staff and Captain Brooks (Seventh battalion) accompanied General Hagood; and next morning they started for South Carolina. The brigade now numbered of all grades present 493 men! This was the last time General Hagood saw it; or saw the Eed Cross flag floating over armed men in the field. Before his mis- sion in South Carolina had been accomplished, — ^before the forty days had expired — the Confederacy had gone down in blood and gloom. Captain Stoney kept a memorandum diary of events after General Hagood's departure; and the following extracts from it conduct the history of the brigade through the few days that remained to the bitter end. They at the same time give such glimpses of the general course of events, now familiar history, as were obtainable at the time by a subordinate and show, too, how in the shadow of approaching doom the ignoble traits of poor human nature are as perceptible as the heroic. "March 31st. — General Hagood having left for South Carolina. Lieuten- ant-Colonel Rion assumed command of the brigade, being the ranking officer present. The North Carolina troops, lately brigaded with us, assigned by division orders to Kirkland's and Clingman's North Carolina brigades. The division is now attached to Hardee's corps. "April 4th. — Hardee's corps reviewed by General Johnston. In the absence of Lieutenant-Colonel Rion on courtmartial duty, the brigade commanded by Captain Thomas, Twenty-first regiment. "April 7th. — Corps again reviewed in honor of Governor Vance, of North Carolina. In the afternoon he made a speech to the brigade of junior reserves lately attached to Hoke's division, speaking plainly of the critical condition of affairs, but impressing upon them that with anything like a proper discharge of duty the cause was by no means hopeless. "April 9th. — Received orders to have wagons packed by reveille tomor- row ; no intimation of what movement is on foot. "April 10th. — At 10 a. m. orders to prepare to move. At 11 :30 a. m. marched in a heavy rain; passed through Smithfleld and encamped five miles beyond on Raleigh road. Colonel Graham, Twenty-first, arrived at headquarters just before we marched, but did not assume command, being required by division commander, before doing so, to account for his pro- longed absence in South Carolina, whither he had been sent on similar duty upon which the brigade commander Is now detailed. Colonel Gantt, Eleventh, is absent under similar circumstances. Major Cleland K. Huger, of the artillery, upon today's march, intimated to me that General Lee 368 Memoirs of the War of Secess had met with a disaster ; a few hours later the army was filled with vague rumors upon the subject. "April 11th. — Marched fifteen miles and bivouacked five miles from Raleigh. Troops out of marching condition from even the short rest at Smithfield; straggled badly. "April 12th. — ^Passed through Kaleigh at midday. The city was being rapidly evacuated and immense quantities of stores destroyed and aban- doned. Captdin Segus and his company (Seventh battalion) left behind in city as provost guard. Division encamped on Hillsboro road five miles beyond Raleigh. Rumors in regard to General Lee assuming an unpleasant air of probability. "April 13th. — Marched at G:30 a. m. Camped four miles from Chapel Hill. "April 14th. — Route altered from Hillsboro to Greensboro. Marched twenty-two miles ; but little straggling. "April 15th. — Division prepared to march at 4 :30 a. m., but for some unexplained reason did not move until 6 a. m. under arms in a heavy rain during the interval. Our division was the rear of the column; the enemy following, but not pressing, and not nearer than Chapel Hill. Early in the day encountered the Haw River swollen with a freshet; crossed with much difficulty but no loss; a few men were washed away by the current but not drowned. Three miles beyond the river the direction of the march was changed to Salisbury. On this road a mill stream was encountered, about twenty feet wide, but so rapid and deep that the wagons were gotten over with difficulty. The Allemance, out of its banks, next crossed our path. A few men had succeeded in crossing by chaining their hands or by holding on to horses' tails of the mounted men, who half waded, half swam over, but the wagons were at a hopeless standstill. General Hardee was on the further bank, evidently anxious for rapid movement and nonplussed by the obstacle. At length the leading teamster was ordered to attempt the passage. With a crack of the whip, and a shout to his mules he is In and under, rises, struggles, and is swept away. Everything was again at a standstill ; the rain was falling in torrents, the river was rapidly rising, something had to be done, and our lieutenant-general determined to try to swim another wagon and team across. The order was given, and fol- lowed by the same result. Mules, wagon and teamster were swept down the stream ; and it was hard to tell which was uppermost in the struggle with the flood. The general's resources seemed now exhausted and he ordered the destruction of the train. General Hoke suggested that a more practicable crossing might be found, and he was permitted to seek it. Fonr miles higher up we crossed without difficulty at Holt's mill, and the train was saved. Encamped half a mile beyond the river after a most fatiguing day's march. Tonight, Colonel Olmstead, of the First Georgia regiment, tells me positively that General Lee has surrendered. Great God ! can it be true? I have never for a moment doubted the ultimate success of our cause. I cannot believe it. Hagood's Brigade 369 "April 16Ui. March resumed at 6:30 a. m. Roads almost impassable. To facilitate movement, the division train vfas divided — each train had its own wagons in its front with details to assist them along. Marched twenty miles and encamped with instructions to move at 4:30 a. m. tomorrow without further orders. "April 17th. At 12 last night, the order to move this morning was coun- termanded, and we remained stationary during the day. Early in the day It was reported our army was to be surrendered. This rumor was at first disregarded, but presently began to assume shape and force. The wildest excitement seized the troops. I rode to division headquarters to learn the truth. I saw Majors Cross and Adams of the staff, who informed me that beyond a doubt the army would be surrendered tomorrow. In reply to my question whether I was at liberty to make this linown. Major Adams replied, 'Yes, and you may further say that any one who desires to leave can obtain a written permit from division headquarters.' I returned to camp and made the announcement. Colonel Rion immediately ordered the brigade into line and urged them not to leave. The enemy were now sup- posed to be not only in rear, but on both flanks, and it would be difficult to escape; that if any considerable number left it might compromise the terms given to those that remained. The men seemed at this time ready to do anything that their officers advised, to march that night in the effort to cut their way out, or to remain and abide the issue where they were. All the afternoon the cavalry were passing us saying they 'were going out.' The infantry soon become almost frantic, and in every direction were rushing to beg, borrow, buy and steal horses. Disorganization was com- plete. Horses and mules were everywhere taken without the least regard to ownership. Trains were openly carried off after plundering the wagons. The division supply train was thoroughly stripped. The flags of the brigade were burned by the men in the certainty of surrender. About dark an order came from army headquarters to keep the m6n together, but with that day the army perished — a mob remained. "April 18th. — No further development of events. About dark Major Cross, A. A.-G., came to Colonel Rion with directions from General Hoke to say to the brigade that there was no truth in the reported surrender. Demoralization, however, is utter and complete; there is no spark of fight left in the troops. General Johnston expresses, we are told, great dis- pleasure at the report. It came to Hoke from corps headquarters, and is now there denied to have been warranted by anything that passed. Our remaining supplies of commissary and quartermaster stores are fully issued, but forage for the animals is failing. "April 19th. — ^A strange rumor in camp that Lincoln has been assassi- nated. In the afternoon a circular from General Johnston expressing pro- found regret at the report of his intended surrender, and positively deny- ing its truth. Accompanying the circular was a general order announcing to the army 'that a suspension of arms had been agreed upon pending negotiations between the two governments. During its continuance the two armies are to occupy their present position.' 24— H 370 Memoirs of the War or Secession "No one who has not seen and mixed with demoralized troops will be disposed to credit my statement that this announcement appeared unwel- come to many of the men. They regretted to have to remain in camp a few days longer, although the difference was between going home as prisoners of wat on parole or as freemen under an honorable peace. This was undoubtedly the prevailing sentiment with the mass. Others drew high hopes from the expression underscored in the official copy, 'the two governments.' Recognition of independence was deduced from it, whatever minor terms might be agreed upon, and when later in the evening a courier from corps headquarters reported the news that Captain Fielden, an assistant adjutant-general at army headquarters, had stated that peace was declared, and upon most favorable terms, we were in the highest spirits. The impression prevails that the United States have become embroiled with France in the matter of Mexico, and that our independence is recognized on condition of an alliance offensive and defensive between the North and South. "April 20th. — Nothing definite as to the terms of the impending peace. Rumor now has Reconstruction as the basis. The universal sentiment of the brigade is opposed to anything Vike submission or reconstruction of the accursed Union. The feeling, I noticed the other day, I am sure arose from no desire of giving up the Cause, but going home as prisoners of war included in their minds the sequence of exchange and renewal of the strug- gle. "April 21st. — General Hoke returned from Greensboro with various items of news. We are to return to the Union under the status of 1860, the rights of property to be respected, and property as defined in each State to be recognized. All laws passed since 1860 to be submitted to the Supreme Court, negro slavery to be untouched, the troops to be marched to their respective State capitals, and there ground their arms; at the capital, too, each soldier is to take an oath of allegiance to the United States. "April 22d. — There being reason to think that many of the brigade were contemplating leaving for home, Colonel Rion issued a circular advising them to remain to the end. Immediately the whole command collected at head^^rters to hear more fully from him. He addressed them at length. He stated the position of affairs, as far as known to him, and urged that their departure would be a violation of the truce, compromising their per- sonal safety, compromising General Johnston, and finally compromising their personal honor. "April 23d. — Seven men of the Seventh battalion and fifteen men of the Twenty-seventh regiment left for home yesterday and today. The division is being rapidly reduced in this way. They are going in large bodies and at all hours without an effort being made to stop them. "April 24th. — ^Desertion on the increase throughout the army. Thirty men and one .ofiicer (Lieutenant Brownlee, Eleventh South Carolina), of our brigade, left yesterday. "April 25th. — Informed that the truce would terminate at 11 o'clock tomorrow. Received orders to be ready to move at that time. iVIen still Hagood's Brigade 371 leaving In crowds. Our brigade lost thirty-nine, ail from Seventli bat- talion. "April 26th. — Marched at 11 a. m. May I ever be spared such a sight as I witnessed when the order to move was given. Whole regiments remained on the ground, refusing to obey. In the last ten days desertion had reduced Klrkland's brigade from 1,600 to 300 men ; Clingman's and the brigade of junior reserves from the same cause were each no stronger; Hagood's and Colquitt's brigades had suffered, but not so much. Now not more than forty men in each brigade followed Kirkiand and Clingman from the ground. Officers as high as colonels, not only countenanced,- but partici- pated in the shameful conduct. Major Holland, of the North Carolina troops, formerly attached to our brigade, went off with all his men, and officers of higher rank did the same. Hagood's brigade here left forty men; Colquitt's about two hundred. These commands being from South Carolina and Georgia, are willing to hold together while movement is towards their homes. I fear a march in another direction would equally reduce their numbers. For all this demoralization I must hold our higher officers responsible. All the sensational reports which have so loosened the bands of discipline originate at their headquarters, and many of them are playing first hands in the shameless appropriation of public property that is going on. This last remark applies principally to General Hardee's headquarters, and much feeling is elicited among the troops by the appro- priation there of supplies intended for and much needed by them. Halted on the Trinity College road five and a half miles from Trinity, having marched ten miles. "April 27th — Remained quietly in camp all day. Rumors rife as usual, at length culminating in the sad and solemn truth of surrender. " 'Headquarters Army of Tennessee, " 'Near Greensboro, N. C, 27th April, 1865. " 'General Order No. 18. " 'By the terms of a military convention, made on the 26th instant by Major-General W. T. Sherman, TJ. S. A., and General J. E. Johnston, C. S. A., the officers and men of this army are to bind themselves not to take up arms against the United States until properly relieved from that obliga- tion, and shall receive guarantees from the United States officers against molestation by the United States authorities so long as they observe that obligation and the laws in force where they reside. " 'For these objects duplicate muster rolls will be made out immediately, and after the distribution of the necessary papers, the troops will march under their officers to their respective States and there be disbanded. " 'The object of this convention is pacification to the extent of the authority of the commanders who make it. " 'Events in Virginia, which broke every hope of success by war, imposed on its general the duty of sparing the blood of this gallant army and of saving our country from further devastation and our people from ruin. " 'J. E. Johnston, General. " 'Official : Aecheb Andebson, Lieutenant-Colonel and A. A.-G.' 372 Memoirs or the War of Secession "April 28th. — The brigade was paid today one dollar and a quarter in silver per man, the last, I suppose, of the Confederate treasury. I shall have mine made into a medal to keep and value as received from the dying hands of my government. It is the greatest earthly satisfaction and my only consolation now, that I entered her service on the day of the inaugura- tion of this war ; was never absent from my command except by authority or from wounds, and continued in the field until the last day. "30th April. — Still in camp. Rumor seems to have tired of her occupa- tion. The stern reality of accomplished defeat is upon us. Famine begins to threaten us. "May 1st. — Still here, disorganized, dissatisfied. No right acknowledged now except might, no property safe which is not defended with pistol and rifle. Regimental and higher commanders ordered to High Point to receive paroles. Colonels sign for their regiments, brigadiers for their staff, and colonels, major-generals for their brigades, and so on. Paroles are not to be issued to individuals until we reach the end of our journeys to our respective States. "iVIay 2d. — Lancaster courthouse has been indicated as the point in South Carolina where our brigade is to disband, and there seems no reason now why we should not start for it. General Hardee has quietly slipped ofE ; General Hoke is with us still, though his division consists only of the remnants of Colquitt's and Hagood's brigades. Our brigade surrendered forty oflScers and three hundred and ten men ; Colquitt's about the same. "In all these terrible days of desertion but one ofiicer (Lieutenant Brownlee, already mentioned) had fallen away from this brigade. Our horses have for a week been reduced to one quart of corn per day, while the mules get no grain and but a handful of long forage. "Expected issues from the Federal authorities have not been received. Ten days' rations of bacon are in the brigade commissariat and no meal. No orders to leave have been received, but with famine staring us in the face. General Hoke consents to our starting. As it might, however, turn out a serious step, in the event of our not being able to get food on our route, the question of waiting for the Federal issue of supplies, or of start- ing now was submitted to the men. Of course, they voted to go. They would go with the certainty of starving. Received General Hoke's fare- well address to his division. It is full of feeling. "May 3d. — This morning at 8 a. m. our brigade started upon its last march. The Twenty-seventh led the column with seven men in its ranks ; the Twenty-fifth followed next with five; the Seventh battalion, which had not suffered so much In battle as the other regiments, had near a hundred men in ranks; the Twenty-first not quite so large, and the Eleventh regi- ment, numbering sixteen in all told, was the rear guard. We stopped at Hoke's headquarters to pay him our respects and say good-bye. He and his staff seemed to feel the occasion deeply, and their expressions of regard and good will were very grateful to us all. The last link that bound us to the army thus severed, we resulned our. weary journey homeward. At Hagood's Brigade 373 sunset we had made eighteen miles. The Washington artillery overtook and camped near us. "May 4th. — ^The men straggled ofC at daylight and are scattered widely on both sides of our route seeking provisions. The wagons are all that mark the march during the day, and at night the men reassemble as they come up to where headquarters are made. Crossed the Yadkin at Stokes' Ferry; marched twenty-eight miles and bivouacked at Colonel Kendall's farm. During the day the commissary obtained and had ground into meal twenty bushels of corn. This gives bread for the rest of the march to South Carolina, but our mules and horses are starving. "May 5th. — No incident on the march. Our animals still without forage. At night they attack the wagon covers and essay to devour them. There is no grass; gnawing rails and trees is their only feed. The country through which we are marching is of the poorest description. "May 6th. — ^Made a march without incident, passing through Monroe and camping eight miles south of it. "May 7th. — Arrived at Lancaster courthouse, in South Carolina, about 11 a. m. Halted in a grove on the edge of the village and proceeded to the work of disbandment. "We first distributed the transportation of the brigade, as directed by General Johnston, ofBcers and men taking an equal chance In the lottery, then the paroles were given out to the men and the work was done." Thus ended the military history of a body of men who struck for what they believed to be inalienable right, and staked their all upon the issue. Deo YvnMce. Individuals found their way as best they could to the ruins and desolation which were now their homes, there in patience to abide the event; the brigade, like the Cause in which it had enlisted, was dead. 374 Memoirs or the War of Secession APPENDIX In the autumn of 1864, when the brigade then attached to Longstreet's corps was serving upon the Eichmond lines, the fol- lowing rosters of its different regiments were made out and officially forwarded under directions from corps headquarters. They are correct from the organization of each regiment up to that date ; subsequent changes are not given, nor is the means of accuracy in noting them at hand. The most important, however, may be gathered from the preceding narrative. SEVENTH SOUTH CAROLINA BATTALION. Organized 22d February, 1862. Mustered into Confederate service 22d February, 1862. FIELD OFFICERS. Lieutenant-Colonel. (1) P. H. Nelson, major 22d February, 1862. Promoted lieutenant- colonel 10th July, 1862. Killed in battle 24th June, 1864. (2) J. H. Rion, captain 22d February, 1862. Major 5th March, 1863. Lieutenant-colonel 24th June, 1864. Major. (1) L. W. R. Blair, captain 22d February, 1862. Major 10th July, 1862. Resigned 3d March, 1863. (2) J. H. Rion. (See above.) (3) Vacancy not filled. STAFF. Surgeon. R. B. Hanahan, 30th March, 1863. Assistant Surgeon. (1) Chas. R. Taber, December, 1861. Promoted. (2) Wm. Weston, 2d February, 1865. Ensign. (1), A. P. Irby, 20th June, 1864. Resigned. (2) Vacant. Assistant Quartermaster. (1) Eli Harrison, 6th March, 1862. Transferred. (2) Ofiice abolished. Hagood's Brigade 375 Adjutant. (1) S. W. Nelson, 20th March, 1862. Resigned. (2 J W. M. Thomas, 12th December, 1864. COMPANY A. Captain. (1) L. W. R. Blair (see field officers). (2) B. S. Lucas, first-lieutenant 22d February, 1862. Promoted 10th July, 1862. Wounded and retired June, 1865. First-Lieutenant. (1) B. S. Lucas. See above. (2) D. Segars, second-lieutenant 22d February, 1862. First-lieutenant 27th May, 1862. (3) F. M. McCaskell, second-lieutenant 22d February, 1862. First-lieu- tenant June, 1864. Killed 21st August, 1864. (4) A. M. McCaskell, second-lieutenant Julj^, 1862. First-lieutenant 21st August, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) D. Segars. See above. (2) F. M. McCaskell. See above. (3) A. M. McCaskell. See above. (4) J. W. Gardiner, junior second-lieutenant 14th October, 1862. Pro- moted second-lieutenant 21st August, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. W. Gardiner. See above. (2) Vacant. COMPANY B. Captain. (1) J. H. Rion (see Qeld officers). (2) J. R. Harrison, first-lieutenant 22d February, 1862. Captain 5th March, 1863. Resigned. (3) J. L. Kennedy, second-lieutenant 22d February, 1862. Flrst-Ileuten- ant 5th March, 1863. Captain 23d November, 1863. Died of wounds 8th August, 1864. (4) S. W. Douglass, junior second-lieutenant 2d April, 1863. Second- lieutenant August, 1864. First-lieutenant August, 1864. Died of vrounds September, 1864. (5) J. L. Tidwell, second-lieutenant September, 1864. Flrst-Iieutenant 13th December, 1864. Captain 18th December, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) J. R. Harrison. See above. (2) J. L. Kennedy. See above. 376 Memoiks or the Wak or Secession (3) H. L. Isbell, junior second-lieutenant 22d February, 1862. Second- lieutenant 1st April, 1863. First-lieutenant 23d November, 1863. Died of wounds 27th August, 1864. (4) S. W. Douglass. See above. (5) J. li. Tidwell. See above. (6) S. H. Cook, 13th December, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. Ii. Kennedy. See above. (2) H. L. Isbell. See above. (3) S. W. Douglass. See above. (4) J. L. Tidwell. See above. (5) S. H. Cook, 8th September, 1864. Promoted. See above 13th Decem- ber, 1864. (6) J. P. Cason, junior second-lieutenant 8th September, 1864. Second- lieutenant 13th December, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) H. L. Isbell. See above. (2) S. "W. Douglass. See above. (3) R. W. Kennedy, 3d April, 1863. Killed 21st August, 1864. (4) S. H. Cook. See above. (5) J. P. Cason. See above. (6) Vacant. COMPANY C. Captain. (1) W. H. Sligh, 22d February, 1862. Resigned. (2) A. W. Pearson, junior second-lieutenant 22d February, 1862. Second- lieutenant 11th November, 1862. First-lieutenant 29th June, 1863. Captain 29th June, 1863. Resigned 25th October, 1864. (3) J. R. Mankin, junior second-lieutenant 19th November, 1862. Second- lieutenant 29th June, 1863. First-lietuenant same date. Captain 25th October, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) M. H. Howell, 22d February, 1862. Resigned 11th November, 1862. (2) F. H. Elmore, second-lieutenant 22d February, 1862. First-lieuten- ant 11th November, 1862. Resigned 29th June, 1863. (3) A. W. Pearson. See above. (4) J. R. Mankin. See" above. (5) Vacant. Second-Lieutenant. (1) F. H. Elmore. See atove. (2) A. W. Pearson. See above. (3) J. R. Mankin. See above. (4) W. D. Hill, junior second-lieutenant 7th October, 1863. Promoted same day. Hagood's Brigade 377 Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) A. W. Pearson. See above. (2) J. R. Mankin. See above. (3) W. D. Hill. See above. (4) E. H. Bell, 7th October, 1863. Killed at Bentonville in 1863. COMPANY D. Captain. (1) J. L. Jones, 2d January, 1862. Captured 21st August, 1864. Pris- oner until end of war. First-Iiieutenant. (1) W. Clyburn, promoted to Company G. (2) E. A. Toung, second-lieutenant 22d February, 1862. First-lieutenant 27fli May, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) E. A. Young. See above. (2) R. W. Young, 14th July, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) R. Moseley, 22d February, 1862. Resigned. (2) R. I. Cunningham, 19th November, 1862. COMPANY E. Captain. (1) R. E. Boykin, 22d February, 1862. Resigned 25th May, 1863. (2) P. P. Gaillard, second lieutenant 22d February, 1862. First-lieuten- ant 6th November, 1862. Captain 25th May, 1863. First-Lieutenant. (1) A. G. Sanders, 22d February, 1862. Resigned 6th November, 1862. (2) P. P. Gaillard. See above. (3) James Ross, junior second-lieutenant 22d February, 1S62. Second- rteutenant November, 1862. First-lieutenant same date. Second-Lieutenant. (1) P. P. Gaillard. See above. (2) James Ross, f (3) F. W. Lenoir, j d-lieutenant 19th November; 1862. Second- lieutenant 19th November, 1862. COMPANY F. Captain. (1) Dove Segars, 27th May, 1862. 378 Memoirs of the War or Secession First-Lieutenant. (1) Wm. McSween, 27th May, 1862. Died 1864. (2) H. D. Tiller, junior second-lieutenant 27tli May, 1864. Second-lieu- tenant 1st November, 1864. First-lieutenant 2d June, 1804. Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. E. Horton, 27th May, 1862. Died 1st November, 1862. (2) H. D. Tiller. See above. (3) A. W. Rabey, junior second-lieutenant 19th November, 1862. Pro- moted second-lieutenant 2d June, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) H. D. Tiller. See above. (2) A. W. Kabey. See above. (3) .G. P. King, 13th August, 1864. COMPANY G. Captain. Wm. Clyburn 27th May, 1862. First-Lieutenant. L. L. Clyburn 27th May, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. "Wm. J. Taylor, 27th May, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. Thomas Sligh, 27th May, 1862. COMPANY H. Captain. (1) J. H. Brooks, 14th July, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) T. M. McCants, 14th July, 1862. Killed In battle 3d June, 1864. (2) Wm. Weston, second-lieutenant 14th July, 1862. Promoted flrst- lieutenant 3d June, 1864. Resigned 20th January, 1865. Ap- pointed assistant surgeon. (3) Vacant. Second-Lieutenant. (1) Wm. Weston. See above. (2) B. J. Randall, junior second-lieutenant 14th July, 1862. Promoted 3d June, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) B. J. Randall. See above. (2) A. P. Irby, 27th October, 1864. Hagood's Brigade 379 ELEVENTH SOUTH CAROLINA REGIMENT. The officer commanding this regiment reported an absence of records ■which forbade an attempt to give a roster until 3d May, 1862, when the regiment was reorganized on re-entering the Confederate service. Colonel Wm. C. Heyward had commanded It during that period of its service. The following roster commences with the 3d May, 1862. After the reorganization Company A, commanded by captain, afterwards general, Stephen Elliott, had by the Secretary at War been permanently detached for service as light artillery. FIELD OFFICERS. Colonel. (1) D. H. Ellis, 3d May, 1862. Resigned. (2) F. H. Gantt, lieutenant-colonel 3d May, 1862. Colonel 22d No- vember, 1862. Lieutenant-Colonel. (1) F. H. Gantt. See above. (2) A. C. Izard, Captain 5th July, 1862. Major 22d October, 1862. Lieu- tenant-Colonel 22d November, 1862. Major. (1) J. J. Harrison, 3d May, 1862. Killed 22d October, 1862. (2) A. O. Izard. See above. (3) J. J. Gooding, captain 3d May, 1862. Major 27th November, 1862. STAFF. Surgeon. (1) A. E. Williams, 8th July, 1862. Assistant Surgeon. (1) J. B. Black, 25th June, 1862. Assistant Quartermaster. (1) R. P. Gantt, 9th June, 1862. Transferred (office abolished). Chaplain. (1) A. B. Stephens. (Never served with regiment after it was brigaded.) Adjutant (1) C. F. Davis, 3d May, 1862. COMPANY A. Captain Elliott commanding permanently detached. COMPANY B. Captain. (1) J. J. Westcoat, 15th May, 1862. 380 Memoirs of the "War of Secession First-Lieutenant. (1) J. H. Dawson, 3d May, 1862. Kesigned. (2) H. "W. Bowman, second-lieutenant 3d May, 1862. First-lieutenant 1st May, 1863. Second-Lieutienant. (1) H. W. Bowman. See above. (2) W. D. Ellis, junior second-lieutenant 12th May, 1863. Second-lieu- tenant same date. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) Ed Chaplain, 3d May, 1862. Cashiered. (2) W. D. Ellis. See above. (3) John Black, 15th June, 1863. COMPANY C. Captain. (1) T. D. Ledbetter, 3d May, 1862. Killed in battle 14th May, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) J. J. Guerrard, 3d May, 14th September, 1864. Died of wounds 14th September, 1864. (2) Vacant. Second-Lieutenant. (1) F. R. M. Sineath, 3d May, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) Thomas Stall, 3d May, 1862. COMPANY D. Captain. (1) J. J. Gooding. See field officers. (2) Vacant. First-Lieutenant. (1) McD. Gooding, 3d May, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) O. G. Sauls, 3d May, 1862. Resigned. (2) H. K. Huck, junior second-lieutenant 3d May, 1862. Promoted second-lieutenant. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) Huck. See above, (2) W. L Gooding. Haoood's Brigade 381 COMPANY B. Captain. (1) J. H. Mlckler, Sd May, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) Wilson Smith, Sd May, 1862. Died 24th July, 1864. (2) Thomas Tuten, second-lieutenant May, 1862. First-lieutenant 24th July, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) Thomas Tuten. (See above.) (2) Thomas Hamilton, junior second-lieutenant 3d May, 1862. Second- lieutenant 24th July, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) Thomas Hamilton. (See above.) (2) B. M. Wells, '25th November, 1864. COMPANY F. Captain. (1) B. F. Wyman, 3d May, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) J. T. Morrison, 3d May, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) W. H. Wyman, 3d May, 1862. Resigned. (2) J. M. Mixson, junior second-lieutenant 3d May, 1862. Second-lieu- tenant 18th May, 1863. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. M. Mixson. (See above.) (2) E. H. Wyman, 18th April, 1863. COMPANY G. Captain. (1) Capt. W. D. McMillan, 3d May, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) W. M. Wolfe, 3d May, 1862. Killed in battle 9th May, 1864. (2) Vacant. Second-Li eutenant. (1) J. H. Brownlee, 3d May, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) S. H. Brownlee, 3d May, 1862. 382 Memoirs of the War or Secession COMPANY H. Captain. T. E. Raysor, M May, 1862. First-Lieutenant. W. G. Wilson, 3d May, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. J. P. Minus, 3d May, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. L. C. Mellard, 3d May, 1862. COMPANY I. Captain. (1) A. C. Izard. (See field officers.) (2) W. S. Campbell, flrst-lieutenant 5th July, 1862. Captain 22d Octo- ber, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) W. S. Campbell. (See above.) (2) E. B. Loyless, second-lieutenant 5th July, 1862. First-lieutenant October, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) E. B. Loyless. (See above.) (2) J. C. Riley, 22d October, 1862. Dead. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) R. J. Dandridge, 5th July, 1862. Dead. (2) J. C. Riley. (See above.) (3) Robert Campbell, promoted second-lieutenant. (4) George K. Ryan, 25th November, 1864. COMPANY K. Captain. Fi rst-Li eutenant. (1) J. H. Murdaugh, 3d May, 1862. Resigned. (2) L. B. Murdaugh, second-lieutenant 3d May, 1862. First-lieutenant 29th September, 1863. Second-Lieutenant. (1) L. B. Murdaugh. (See above.) (2) William Johns. (See below.) Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) William Johns, 3d May, 1862. Promoted 29th September, 1863. (2) F. J. Cassidy, 4th January, 1864. Hagood's Brigade 383 TWENTY-FIRST SOUTH CAROLINA REGIMENT. Organized 12th November, 1861. Entered Confederate Service 1st Jan., 1862. FIELD OFFICERS. Colonel. Robert P. Graham, 26th January, 1862. Lieutenant-Colonel. (1) Alonzo T. Dargan, 26th January, 1862. Killed in battle 7th May, 1864. (2) George W. Mclvor, major 26th January, 1862. Lieutenant-colonel May, 1864. Major. (1) George W. Mclvor. (See above.) (2) J. Harleston Read, Sr., captain 1st January, 1862. Major 7th May, 1864. Retired October 8, 1864. (3) S. H. Wilds, captain 1st January, 1862. Major 8th October, 1864. STAFF. Surgeon. See above. (1) Theodore A. Dargan. Transferred. (2) C. Happolt. Resigned. (3) Samuel Muller, October, 1863. Assistant Surgeon. (1) W. A. Player. Resigned October, 1863. (2) E. B. Smith. Assistant Quartermaster. (1) John C. McCIenaghan. Died. (2) N. O. McDuffie. Adjutant. (1) Thomas E. Stanley. Appointed A. C. S. (2) L. F. Dozier. Appointed assistant surgeon. (3) D. R. W. Mclvor, 1st February, 1864. COMPANY A. Captain. (1) J'. Harleston Read, Sr., lieutenant. (See field officers.) (2) Vacant. First-Lieutenant. (1) Paul Fitzsimons. Resigned. (2) Thomas Ford, second-lieutenant 1st January, 1862. First-lieutenant November, 1862. 384 Memoiks of the Wak of Secession Second-Lieutenant. (1) Thomas Ford. (See above.) (2) J. H. Read, junior, 1st May, 1862. Junior second-lieutenanf Novem- ber, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) O. E. Wiggins, 1st January, 1862. Resigned. (2) J. H. Read, Sr. (See above.) (3) "W. Reese Ford, December, 1862. COMPANY B. Captain. (1) S. H. Wilds (see field officers). (2) Vacant. First-Lieutenant. (1) D. C. Milling, 1st January, 1862. Resigned. (2) J. W. King, second-lieutenant 1st January, 1862. First-lieutenant July, 1863. Resigned December, 1863. (3) J. S. Hart, junior second-lieutenant 1st January, 1862. First-lieuten- ant December, 1863. Killed 16th May, 1864. (4) J. C. Clements, junior second-lieutenant December, 1863. Second- lieutenant July, 1863. First-lieutenant 1st June, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. W. King. (See above.) (2) J. L. Hart. (See above.) (3) J. C. Clements. (See above.) (4) T. J. Cannon, October, 1863. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. L. Hart. (See abovp.) (2) J. C. Clements. (See above.) (3) T. J. Cannon. (See above.) (4) T. D. Zimmerman, 1st June, 1864. COMPANY C. Transferred to Twenty-fifth South Carolina Regiment, becoming Co. I of that regiment. COMPANY D. Captain. (1) M. G. Tant, 1st January, 1862. FI rst-Li eutenant. (1) H. P. Lynch, 25th January, 1862. Resigned. (2) J. H. Villeneure, 1st May, 1862. Retired. (3) J. D. Sanders, 28th April, 1864. Hagood's Brigade 386 Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. H. Villeneure. Promoted. (2) J. D. Sanders. Promoted. (3) A. A. Vanderford. Died 3d July, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. D. Sanders. (See above.) (2) A. A. Vanderford. (See above.) COMPANY E. Captain. (1) B. T. Davis, 1st January, 1862. Killed 28th May, 1864. (2) Vacant. First-Lieutenant. (1) A. W. Davis, 1st January, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) John A. Craig, 1st January, 1862. Killed 15th May, 1864. (2) A. P. Craig, 1st May, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. L. Freeman, 1st January, 1862. Resigned. (2) A. P. Craig. (See above.) (3) Thomas Wilkes, 1st January, 1864. Died 1st September, 1864. (4) F. Rivers, 25th November, 1864. COMPANY F. Captain. (1) J. A. W. Thomas, 1st January, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) W. L. Legett, 1st January, 1862. Resigned 1st May, 1862. (2) N. A. Easterling, second-lieutenant 1st January, 1862. First-lieuten- ant 1st May, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) N. A. Easterling. (See above.) (2) R. E. Townsend, 1st May, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) R. E. Townsend, 1st January, 1862. (See above.) (2) W. D. Cook, 1st May, 1862. COMPANY G. Captain. (1) E. C. Stockton, 1st January, 1862. Resigned. 25— H 386 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession (2) R. Dickerson, first-lieutenant 1st January, 1862. Captain 1st May 1862. Resigned December, 1862. (3) R. W. Reddy, junior second-lieutenant 1st January, 1862. Second- lieutenant 1st May, 1862. First-lieutenant same date. Captain December, 1862. Retired August, 1864. (4) Vacant. First-Lieutenant. (1) R. Dickerson. (See above.) (2) R. W. Reddy. (See above.) (3) J. M. Woodward, second-lieutenant 1st May, 1862. First-lieutenant December, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. C. Dove, 1st January, 1862. Resigned 1st May, 1862. (2) R. W. Reddy. (See above.) (3) J. M. Woodward. (See above.) (4) W. A. Bevel, December, 1862. Killed 16th May, 1864. (5) R. A. Hudson, killed June, 1864. (6) P. Bowles, June, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) R. W. Reddy. (See above.) (2) J. M. Woodward. (See above. (3) Samuel Petty, 1st May, 1862. Resigned December, 1862. (4) W. A. Bevel. (See above.) (5) R. A. Hudson. (See above.) (6) A. B. White, 25th November, 1864. COMPANY H. Captain. (1) J. F. A. Elliott, 8th January, 1862. Died December, 1863. (2) H. P. Spain. Resigned December, 1863. (3) D. G. DuBose, December, 1863. First-Lieutenant. (1) C. I. Flynn, 8th January, 1862. Resigned May, 1862. (2) H. P. Spain. (See above.) (3) D. 6. DuBose. (See above.) (4) F. D. Dalrymple. Killed 1st July, 1863. (5) W. H. Carlisle, 10th August, 1863. Second-Lieutenant. (1) H. J. Lee, 8th January, 1862. Resigned 1st May, 1862. (2) F. D. Dalrymple. (See above.) (3) D. G. BuBose. (See above.) (4) W. H. Carlisle. ( See above.) (5) H. Wilson, 10th July, 1864. Hagood's Beigadh 387 Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) W. W. Moore, 8th January, 1862. Resigned 1st May, 1862. (2) E. M. Rogers, 1st May, 1862. Resigned 10th January. 1863. (3) D. G. DuBose. (See above.) (4) W. H. Carlisle. (See above.) (5) H. Wilson. (See above.) (6) P. W. Atkerson, 10th February, 1864. COMPANY I. Captain. (1) A. M. Woodberry, 1st January, 1862. Resigned 1st February, 1862. (2) R. G. Howard, March, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) H. A. Gasque, 8th January, 1862. Resigned 1st May, 1862. (2) A. B. Jordan, 1st May, 1862. Resigned August, 1862. (3) H. M. Cannon, 7th December, 1862. Resigned 20th April, 1864. (4) H. J. Chappell, 28th April, 1864. Killed 24th June, 1864. (5) W. J. Altman, August, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) H. M. Cannon. (See above.) (2) D. Shelly, 7th December, 1862. Resigned December, 1862. (3) J. H. Jarrott, died June, 1863. (4) H. J. Chappell. (See above".) (5) W. J. Altman, June, 1863. (See above.) (6) H. M. Cannon (former first-lieutenant re-elected.) Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) O. B. Jordan, 8th January, 1862. Resigned 1st May, 1862. (2) D. Shelly. (See above.) (3) J. H. Jarrott. (See above.) (4) H. J. Chappell. (See above.) (5) W. J. Altman. (See above.) (6) H. M. Cannon. (See above.) (7) Vacant. COMPANY K. Captain. (1) J. W. Owens, 8th June, 1862. Killed. 15th May, 1864. (2) E. B. Green, 15th May, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) C. L. Sandsberry, 8th January, 1862. Killed 16th May, 1864. (2) H. J. Clifton, 16th May, 1864. 388 Memoirs of the War of Secession Second-Lieutenant. (1) B. B. Green. (See above.) (2) Vacant. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) H. J. Clifton. (See above.) (2) Vacant. COMPANY L. Captain. (1) N. C. McDuffie, 8th January, 1862. Resigned November, 1862. (2) H. Legett, 7th December, 1862. Died 2d July, 1864. (3) W. B. Baker, September, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) H. Legett, 8th January, 1862. (See above.) (2) W. B. Baker, 7th December, 1862. (See above.) (3) W. D. Woodberry, 20th September, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) W. B. Baker, 8th January, 1862. (See above.) (2) B. L. Sweat, 7th December, 1862. Dropped 7th July, 1864. (3) W. D. Woodberry, 7th July, 1864. (See above.) (4) Vacant. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) B. L. Sweat. (See above.) (2) "W. D. Woodberry. (See above.) (3) Vacant. TWBNTT-FIPTH SOUTH CAROLINA REGIMENT. Mustered Into Confederate Service 22d July, 1862. FIELD OFFICERS. Colonel. (1) C. H. Simonton, 22d July, 1862. Lieutenant-Colonel. (1) John G. Pressly, 22d July, 1862. Disabled by wounds 7th May, 1864. Major. (1) John V. Glover, 22d July, 1862. Died from wounds 19th June, 1864. (2) Vacant. STAFF. Surgeon. (1) W. C. Ravenel, 24th May, 1862. Hagood's Brigade 389 Assistant Surgeon. (1) J. M. Warren. Transferred. (2) A. J. Beale. Transferred. (3) A. G. Bradley, 13th July, 1864. Chaplain. (1) A. T. Porter. Resigned. (2) E. C. Winkler. Transferred. (3) A. F. Diclison. Resigned September, 1864. (4) Vacant. Assistant Quartermaster. (1) J. E. Adger. Transferred to brigade staff July, 1864, (office abol- ished). Adjutant. (1) George H. Moffet, 30th July, 1862. Transferred to brigade staEE July, 1864. COMPANY A. Captain. (1) James N. Carson, 30th July, 1802. First-Lieutenant. (1) H. B. Olney, 30th April, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) W. W. Finley, 30th April, 1862. Resigned July, 1863. (2) James A. Ross, 30th April, 1862. Killed 21st August, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) W. W. Finley. (See above.) (2) James A. Ross. (See above.) (3) J. S. Hannahan. Transferred. COMPANY B. Captain. (1) E. W. Lloyd, 24th February, 1862. Retired 22d August, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) Robert A. Blum, 24th February, 1862. Killed 5th September, 1863. (2) G. S. Burges, second-lieutenant (junior) 24th February, 1862 ; second- lieutenant September, 1863. First-lieutenant same date. Retired 29th November, 1864. (3) H. J. Greer, junior second-lieutenant 22d November, 1864. Second- lieutenant same day. First-lieutenant 29th November, 1864. 390 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession Second-Lieutenant. (1) R. W. Greer, 24th February, 1862. Killed 16th June, 1862. (2) J. S. Burges. (See above.) (3) R. M. Taft, 20th June, 1862. Killed 16th May, 1864. (4) J. S. Hannahan. Transferred 29th November, 1864. (5) H. G. Greer. (See above.) (6) Vacant. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) S. J. Burges. (See above.) (2) Robert M. Taft. ( See above.) (3) J. E. Bomar, 15th September, 1863. Killed 16th May, 1864. (4) J. S. Hannahan. (See above.) (5) H. G. Greer. (See above.) (6) Vacant. COMPANY C. Captain. (1) John G. Pressley, 5th September, 1861. Promoted lieutenant-colonel. (2) Thomas J. China, 30th April, 1862. Killed 18th May, 1864. (3) Calhoun Logan, 18th May, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) T. J. China, 5th September, 1861. (See above.) (2) Calhoun Logan, 30th April, 1862. (See above.) (3) S. J. Montgomery, 18th May, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) Calhoun Logan, 30th April, 1862. (See above.) (2) H. Montgomery, Jr., 5th September, 1861. Killed 5th September, 1863. (3) B. P. Brockington, 1st May, 1862. Resigned June 26, 1864. (4) S. J. Montgomery, 19th September, 1863. (See above.) (5) J. R. China, 26th June, 1864. (See above.) (6) Vacant. COMPANY D. Captain. (1) W. J. McKerrall, 15th April, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) J. G. Haselton, 15th April, 1862. Resigned 19th September, 1863. (2) D. J. McKay, 19th September, 1863. Second-Lieutenant. (1) D. J. McKay, 15th April* 1862. (See above.) (2) P. P. Bethea, 19th September, 1863. Killed 21st August, 1864. (3) M. L. Smith, 5th October, 1863. Hagood's Brigade 391 Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) P. P. Bethea, 15th April, 1862. (See above.) (2) M. L. Smith, 5th October, 1863. (See above.) (3) N. D. Currie, 27th November, 1864. COMPANY E. Captain. (1) R. D. White, 22d February, 1862. Resigned 3d September, 1862. (2) N. B. Mazyck, 3d September, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) N. B. Mazyclc, 22d February, 1862. (See above.) (2) A. J. Mims, 3d September, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) M. W. Bythwood, 22d February, 1862. Resigned 8d September, 1862. (2) A. J. Mims, 22d February, 1862. (See above.) (3) V. Due, 10th September, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) A. J. Mims. (See above.) (2) V. Due. (See above.) (3) F. E. Denbee, 13th September, 1862. Resigned 17th February, 1863. (4) Geo. M. Lalane, 17th February, 1863. Died May, 1864. (5) John E. Prince, 22d November, 1864. COMPANY F. Captain. (1) J. D. Collier, 22d August, 1861. Died October, 1861. (2) J. W. Sellers, October, 1861. Resigned 10th April, 1862. (3) M. H. Sellers, 11th April, 1862. Killed 21st August, 1864. (4) L. A. Harper, 4th August, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) J. W. Sellers. (See above.) (2) L. A. Harper. (See above.) (3) E. H. Holman, 21st August, 1864. Transferred. Second-Lieutenant. (1) E. H. Holman. (See above.) (2) O. M. Dantzler, promoted lieutenant-colonel Keitt's regiment. (3) M. H. Sellers. (See above.) (4) John G. Evans, 11th April, 1862. Killed 21st August, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) O. M. Dantzler. (See above.) (2) M. H. Sellers. (See above.) (3) L. P. Collier, December, 1861. Resigned 10th April, 1862. (4) F. E. Shuler, 10th April, 1862. Killed 16th May, 1864. (5) M. W. Wise, 11th November, 1864. 392 Memoirs of the War oi" Secession company g. Captain. (1) John v. Glover, Tth February, 1861. Promoted major. (2). James F. Izlar, 22d July, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) James F. Izlar, 15th August, 1861. (See above.) (2) S. N. Kennerly, 22d July, 1862. Killed 21st August, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) S. N. Kennerly, 15th August, 1861. (See above.) (2) Samuel Dibble, 23d August, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) Samuel Dibble, 23d August, 1861. (See above.) (2) Geo. H. Elliott, 26th July, 1862. Killed 16th May, 1864. (3) Joseph Graves, 22d November, 1864. COMPANY H. Captain. (1) S. Leroy Hammond, 26th May, 1862. Killed 9th May, 1864. (2) W. H. Bartless, 21st May, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) "W. H. Seabrooli, 26th May, 1862. Killed 21st May, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) F. G. Hammond, 26th May, 1862. Killed 9th May, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) F. C. Jacobs, 26th May, 1861. Resigned 30th April, 1862. (2) J. T. Ramsey, June, 1863. Resigned 19th February, 1864. (3) W. H. Bartless, 27th February, 1864. (See above.) (4) E. "W. Rush, 18th November, 1864. COMPANY I. Captain. (1) E. N. Plowden, 1st January, 1862. Resigned 1st May, 1862. (2) Y. N. Butler, 1st May, 1862. Resigned 1st June, 1863. (3) James C. Burgess, 17th June, 1863. Retired 29th August, 1864. (4) J. J. Logan, 29th August, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) Y. N. Butler, 1st January, 1862. (See above.) (2) James C. Burgess, 1st May, 1862. (See above.) (3) J. J. Logan, 29th August, 1864. (See above.) (4) F. B. Brown, 29th August, 1864. Hagood's Brigade 393 Second-Lieutenant. (1) James C. Burgess, 1st January, 1862. (See above.) (2) J. J. Logan, 1st May, 1862. (See above.) (3) F. B. Brovirn, 29th August, 1864. (See above.) (4) R. F. Felder. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) B. R. Plowden, 1st January, 1862. Resigned 1st May, 1862. (2) F. B. Brovra, 1st May, 1862. (See above.) (3) R. F. Felder, 17th January, 1863. (See above.) COMPANY K. Captain. (1) W. B. Gordon, December 29, 1861. Killed 4th August, 1864. (2) E. R. Lesesne, 21st August, 1864. First-Lieutenant (1) F. J. Lesesne, 29th December, 1861. Killed 9th May, 1864. (2) Charles Lesesne, 21st August, 1864. Second-Lieutenant. (1) G. N. McDonald, 29th December, 1861. Killed 10th September, 1863. (2) E. B. Lesesne, 29th December, 1861. (See above.) (3) W. Salters, 22d November, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) E. R. Lesesne. (See above.) (2) Charles Lesesne. (See above.) (3) Vacant. TWENTY-SEVENTH SOUTH CAROLINA REGIMENT. FIELD OFFICERS. Colonel. (1) P. C. Gailliard, major Charleston battalion April, 1862. Colonel 27th October, 1863. Lieutenant-Colonel. (1) J. A. Blake, 2d October, 1863. (2) Major Joseph Abney, 2d October, 1863 (previously major First bat- talion sharpshooters). STAFF. Surgeon. (1) J. L. Pressly, 2d October, 1863. Assistant Surgeon. (1) James P. Cain, 2d October, 1863. Assistant Quartermaster. (1) R. P. Smith, August, 1863. Resigned,' 1864. 394 Memoirs of the War of Secession Adjutant. (1) W. Mason Smith, killed April, 1864. (2) A. D. Simons, 1864, (18tli April). COMPANY A. Captain. (1) F. T. Miles, ITth February, 1862. Kesigned 18th April, 1864. (2) B. W. Palmer, 18th April, 1864. Killed June, 1864. (3) J. W. Axson, 16th June, 1864. Killed 24th June, 1864. (4) Vacant. First-Lieutenant. (1) B. W. Palmer, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) J. W. Axson, 18th April, 1864. (See above.) (3) Vacant. Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. W. Axson, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) J. M. Easterby, 18th April, 1864. Retired July, 1864. (3) Vacant. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) John M. Easterby, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) Vacant. COMPANY B. Captain. (1) Thos. Y. Simons, Jr., 17th February, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) Wm. Clarkson, 17th February, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) Wm. Sinkler, 17th February, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) A. H. Masterman, 17th February, 1862. Killed 16th April, 1862. (2) A. W. Muckenfuss, 16th April, 1862. COMPANY C. Captain. (1) David Ramsey, 17th February, 1862. Killed 18th August, 1863. (2) Samuel Lord, Jr., 18th August, 1863. Resigned 26th January, 1864. (3) George Brown, 26th January, 1864. Killed 22d June, 1864. (4) Vacant. First-Lieutenant. (1) Samuel Lord, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) George Brown, 18th August, 1863. (See above.) (3) James Campbell, 26th January, 1864. Hagood's Brigade 395 Second-Lieutenant. (1) George Brown, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) Henry Walker, April, 1862. Killed July, 1862. (3) James Campbell, July, 1862. (See above.) (4) H. W. Hendricks, January,' 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) Henry Walker, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) James Campbell, 16th June, 1862. (See above.) (3) H. W. Hendricks, July, 1862. (See above.) (4) George B. Gelling, January, 1864. Killed June, 1864. (5) Vacant. COMPANY D. Captain. (1) Henry C. King, 17th February, 1862. Killed 16th June, 1862. (2) J. Ward Hopkins, 16th June, 1862. Killed 16th June, 1864. (3) J. A. Cay, 16th June, 1864. First-Lieutenant. (1) J. Ward Hopkins, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) B. J. Barbot, 16th June, 1862. Resigned August, 1862. (3) J. A. Cay, August, 1862. (See above.) (4) J. T. Wells, June, 1864. Retired November, 1864. (5) Vacant. Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. J. Edwards, 17th February, 1862. ICilled 16th June, 1862 (2) J. A. Cay, 16th June, 1862. (See above.) (3) A. St. John Lance, August, 1862. Killed 15th June, 1864. (4) J. T. Wells, 15th June, 1864. (See above.) (5) C. M. Hopkins, September, 1864. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) B. J. Barbot. (See above.) (2) A. St. John Lance. (See above.) (3) J. T. Wells. (See above.) (4) Vacant. COMPANY E. Captain. (1) R. Chisholm, October, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) S- R- Proctor, 1st July, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) F. J. Dunovant, 3d July, 1862. Resigned October, 1862. (2) T. B. Crocker, October, 1862. 396 Memoirs of the War of Secession Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. G. Guignard, 23d June, 1862. Resigned October, 1863. (2) S. M. Kemmerlin, October, 1863. COMPANY F. Captain. (1) Joseph Blythe Alston, 1st July, 1862. First-Lieutenant. (1) J. G. Hugenin, 2d July, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) M. Stewart, 3d July, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) E. P. Cater, 3d July, 1862. Dropped 1864. COMPANY G. Captain. (1) Henry Buist, 30th June, 1862. Fi rst-Lieutenant. (1) E. H. Holman, 1st July, 1862. Second-Lieutenant. (1) Charles J. McBeth, 2d July, 1862. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) A. B. White, July, 1862. COMPANY H. Captain. (1) Edward Magrath, 17th February, 1862. Resigned April, 1862. (2) W. H. Ryan, April, 1862. Killed 18th July, 1863. (3) James M. Mulraney, 18th July, 1863. First-Lieutenant. (1) Wm. H. Ryan, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) James M. Mulraney, April, 1862. (See above.) (3) A. B. Allemony, 11th July, 1863. Killed 19th June, 1864. (4) Vacant. Second-Lieutenant. (1) James M. Mulraney, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) A. E. Allemony, April, 1862. (See above.) (3) John Burke, April, 1863. Retired. (4) P. R. Hogan, April, 1864. Hagood's Bkigade 397 Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) A. E. Allemony, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) John Burke, August, 1863. (See above.) (3) P. R. Hogan, August, 1864. (See above.) (4) J. F. Preston, November, 1864. COMPANY I. Captain. (1) Julius A. Blake, 17th February, 1862. See field officers. (2) W. D. Walters, August, 1863. First-Lieutenant. (1) W. D. "Walters, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) F. C. Lynch, August, 1862. Died October, 1863. (3) J. C. Salters, October, 1863. Second-Lieutenant. (1) F. C. Lynch, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) J. C. Salters, August, 1863. (See above.) (3) "W. J. Trim, 14th August, 1863. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. C. Salters, 17th February, 1862. (See above.) (2) W. J. Trim, 14th August, 1863. (See above.) (3) R. B. Seay, October, 1863. Died 15th May, 1864. (4) A. G. Cudworth, January, 1865. COMPANY K. Captain. (1) W. Clarkson, September, 1863. First-Lieutenant. (1) J. B. Gardiner. August, 1863: Killed 9th September, 1863. (2) J. G. Harris, 9th September, 1863. Second-Lieutenant. (1) J. G. Harris, 14th August, 1863. (See above.) (2) A. D. Simons, October, 1863. Junior Second-Lieutenant. (1) A. D. Simons, 14th August, 1863. (See above.) (2) R. B. Seay, 14th August, 1863. Died 15th May, 1864. This company was organized in 1863 by an order from General Beaure- gard's headquarters, and served as such until the summer of 1864. It was then by an order of the War Department, disbanded on account of some irregularity in its organization. The men were distributed and the officers prbvided for. The regiment afterwards had but nine companies. Memoirs of the War of Secession EDITOR'S APPENDIX COMPANY A, 21ST REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Read, J. Harleston Captain Ford, Thomas Captain Fitzsimons, Paul First Lieutenant Read, J. Harleston, Jr First Lieutenant Ford, William Rees Second Lieutenant Wiggins, C Third Lieutenant Ford, John First Sergeant Powers, John J First Sergeant Bath, Thomas Second Sergeant Avant, Jerry R Third Sergeant (ioude, Francis M Fourth Sergeant Goude, Matthew Fourth Sergeant Grier, G.Benjamin Fifth Sergeant ATant, Samuel Fifth Sergeant Cohen, Jacob B Fifth Sergeant Cribb, Henry First Corporal Vaux, Robert W First Corporal Owens, John Second Corporal Peal, Daniel Second Corporal Owens, Daniel Third Corporal Goude, Stevens Third Corporal Etheridge, Isaac J Fourth Corporal Cumbie, Daniel C .. Fourth Corporal Ackerman, James Altman, James Bone, Benjamin J. Bone, David Cribb, Alex. F. Cribb, A. Jack Cribb, John Cribb, Benjamin Cribb, Italy Cribb, John F. Cribb, John Cribb, Thomas J. Cribb, Wesley Privates. Cribb, William L. Cribb, Frank Cartwright, Samuel Carlisles, F. P. Collins, Grier B. Currie, W. Thomas Cumbie, Elias Cumbie, Moses S. Carter, George Cribb, Emanuel Elliott, Washington F. Exum, Zack J. Fenters, Thomas J. Gradeless, David Garrett, Wesley Goude, John Goude, Jos. Grier, Samuel J. Grier, T. Coke Grier, T. B. Grier, W. Kennedy Grouter, John Griggs, Martin Hathaway, Sam'l Hamlin, Joseph Harrelson, Frank Editor's Appendix 399 Heyward, James Moore, Robert Rawls, James L. Hinson, John Moore, Samuel Ehames, Nathaniel Holllday, Henry Nealey,' Robert Rogers, James H. Howard, Joseph A. Nichols, Frank Rowe, Jerry Hunt,' J. Eneas Owens, Leonard Rowe, Steven Jacobs, A. Jack Owens, Jesse Roberts, William Jacobs, James S. Owens, Elisha Sanders, Ephraim Jacobs, N. L. Owens, Sam Sanders, George E. King, Simeon Owens, Thomas Skipper, Allen Keily, William Owens, William Skipper, Timothy Lewis, Daniel M. Owens, William W. Skipper, Sam Mace, James C. Palmer, Asa B. Stokes, Ezander Miller, E. John Phillips, John Smith, Jordan Miller, Clayton Phillips, Nelson Springs, William Miller, B. Taylor Powers, Barfleld Turner, Jesse Moore, David D. Powers, John H. Tavean, Augustus Moore, Ebenezer Powers, James West, John M. Moore, John J. Powers, Gaidi Williams, Wilson G. Moore, John Powers, Levi Williams, James R. Morgan, Isaac Philips, E. Webb, T. T. Myers, Nicholas COMPANY B, 21ST REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Wilds, Samuel H Captain Milling, David C First Lieutenant Hart, John L First Lieutenant Clements, John C First Lieutenant King, John W. . , Second Lieutenant Cannon, Theo. J .. Second Lieutenant Dargan, Zimmerman T Second Lieutenant Dargan, Alonzo T .. .... Brevet Lieutenant Dargan, George W First Sergeant Stuckey, Edmund First Sergeant Fountain, Wm. A Second Sergeant Morse, Geo. W Sergeant McCall, J. Muldrow Sergeant King, J. P. Z Sergeant Williamson, J. Wilds Sergeant Du Bose, Alfred Sergeant Frierson, James M Sergeant Crawford, H. L Sergeant Hepburn, Clem C Sergeant Watford, L. E Coriioral Fruitt, Pinckney Corporal Beck, Caleb Corporal Fountain, James C Corporal King, T. Preston Corporal Kelley, James Corporal 400 Memoirs or the War of Secession Abraham, I. Burch, J. Blackwell Byrd, E. J. C. Beasley, David Barnes, Hubbard Bass, Jesse Beasely, Ivy Best, George Beasely, I. M. Beck, William Backus, John A. Bryant, William Bryant, W. Beasley, J. Wesley Bryant, Jesse Bryant, Jefferson Barnes, William Blackman, Wade Blaekman, Henry Bryant, Gray Collins, Joseph E. Cohen, Isaac Coats, James P. Coggeshall, Peter C. Cole, Wm. Du Bose, Theo. Du Bose, Henry K. Du Bose, Edward C. Dozier, Frank Dargan, J. Furman Dozier, Peter C. Ellis, James Ellis, Wesley Fountain, William J. Fields, James Fields, Wesley Fields, Bartholomew Frazier, John Frazier, Wm. B. Frazier, Charles Flowers, Andrew Flowers, Wesley Gandy, Epbraim Goodson, Joshua Galloway, George Privates. Galloway, James Galloway, James E. Gee, John Garner, Alex Galloway, Emory Heath, Andrew Hagood, Robert Harllee, Thomas H. Harrell, Joel E. Harrell, S. Miller Harrell, James Isgette, Allison Johnson, James T. Kelly, Harrison Kelly, Ladson Kelly, Wesley Kelly, Wiley King, Scarboro W. King, John W. Lewis, Zack Law, Augustus E. Lunn, Thos. E. Lide, Hugh R. McDonald, Wm. Moore, Frank Moore, James Mowry, Peter R. Mcllveen, John McOall, J. De Witt McCall, G. Walter Muldro, Elihu McCall, Geo. W. McLendon, Kinnon Northcutt, Travis Northcutt, John W. Northcutt, William Northcutt, Abraham Oats, Jas. P. Player, Wm. A. Parrott, J. Perry Parrott, John Parrott, James Parrott, Samuel Parrott, Frank Parrott, Jesse K. Parrott, George Parnell, Robert Parnell, Thomas Register, Ira Register, James Rhodes, J. Burt Rhodes, Joseph Rhodes, Ashton Rugg, R. P. Smith, Monroe Stewart, Wm. F. Stewart, Samuel Stuckey, Hardy Snipes, John Stokes, W. F. Stokes, Joseph Sanders, H. E. P. Sanders, James N. Truitt, Amos Williamson, Edwin P. White, Hugh B. White, James A. Witherspoon, J. Boyd Yarborough, Thos. Zimmerman, Dozier P. Barnes, Hubbard Blackman, James Blackwell, Jas. Blackwell, Henry Galloway, Chap. Gregg, Thomas Grantham, John J. Hill, Eli Kelly, Thomas Kelly, David McKenzie, William Nichols, Duncan Rhodes, Jno. J. Rhodes, Wm. E. Teel, James Williamson, Frank Walker, Jesse Warr, J. J. Warr, J. R. Editor's Appendix 401 COMPANY D, 21ST REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Tarr, Milford G. . Captain Mclver, George W First Lientenant Sanders, Samuel D First Lieutenant Lynch, Hugh P Second Lieutenant Villeneuve, Jos. H Third Lieutenant Campbell, J. C First Sergeant Wilson, Alexander J Sergeant Patrick, J. M Sergeant White, Evander F Sergeant Vanderford, Alonzo Sergeant Graffts, C. N Sergeant Wicker, Rufus W Sergeant Bryan, William D Sergeant Ousley, H. C Sergeant Grlmsley, Wesley E Corporal Williams, Alex H Corporal Chapman, B. F Corporal Powe, J. E Corporal Eddings, James Corporal Campbell, H. B Corporal Powell, Willis A Corporal Smothers, A Corporal Graffts, Charles A Corporal White, Ellison S Corporal Atkinson, Alexander Atkinson, J. Atkinson, Jas. S. T. Atkinson, William Atkinson, R. Braddock, Ellerbe Braddock, Franklyn Braddock, John Braddock, Joseph Braddock, George Braddock, Ralph Braddock, Thomas Benton, E. Brock, Calvin Brock, Thomas Brown, J. D. Chapman, Calvin E. Coker, Caleb Coker, Thomas L. Privates. Cross, Thomas Crawford, John T. Campbell, John Cross, Randall Curry, John C. Croley, Wm. H. Campion, B. Franklin Dixon, Archibald Dixon, Charles Dixon, James Dixon, Daniel Dixon, C. P. Dozier, James W. Driggers, H. C. Driggers, Rilah Edwards, Alexander Edwards, Alexander Edwards, J. V. Edwards, Edward Edwards, A. H. Edwards, Franklin Edwards, John Edwards, John H. Edwards, Joseph C. Ellerbe, A. W. Freeman, Chapman Freeman, Irvine Freeman, Hamilton Freeman, John Freeman, William Goodwin, Alexander Goodwin, William T. Goodwin, Samuel Grant, John Grant, Rilah Grant, William Grant, Thomas Gulledge, John 26— H 402 Memoies of the Wak of Secession Head, Robinson Halney, Benjamin Hatchell, W. H . Huggins, John L. Huggins, S. Johnson, John W. Kirvln, G. W. Lide, Robert T. Mclver, David R. W. McLaughlin, Alex. Ousley, J. H. Outlaw, Edward Patricli, James M. Patrick, John C. Patricia, Eli Parker, Richard Parker, Calvin Pelletier, L. L. Polk, John B. Porter, D. J. Poison, James H. Powe, Bllerbe F. Powe, James F. Powe, Joseph E. Pressley, William Richardson, Asa Robbins, Henry, Roler, William Rushing, Elijah Rye, W. W. Scarboro, William Smith, W. A. Talbot, Andrew Teal, W. Terry, Champ. P. Thomas, J. T. Thomas, J. H. Thompson, Samuel D. Thompson, W. Turnage, William A. Turnage, William H. Watson, David Watson, John Wade, W. E. Wetherford, John Wicker, W. R. Wilkes, Joseph Williams, A. H. Winburn, William Wise, Charles J. Xarborough, Geo. H. Tarborough, Moses C. Yarborough, William C. Xarborough, L. COMPANY E, 21ST INFANTRY. Davis, B.T.. Captain Davis, A. W Captain Craig, John A , ..Lieutenant Freeman, Jesse Lieutenant Craig, Alex. P Lieutenant Wilkes, Thos. W Lieutenant Rivers, Fred Lieutenant Knight, Moses E Sergeant Wilkes, A. M Sergeant Oliver, Wm. P Sergeant Boan, Archie A Sergeant Wadsworth, Lewis H Corporal Douglass, Duncan D Corporal Johnson, Nelson Corporal Craig, William D Corporal Boan, Archie E Corporal Allan, Robert A. Alexander, Benjamin F. Boan, Charles D. Boan, Richard J. Boan, Matthew Boan, James D. Boan, John Boan, Daniel Peivates. Burr, Alston Burr, Jacob Burr, Burrell Brown, Stephen Brown, William Brown, Wilson Brown, Wilson, Jr. Brown, John B. Brown, James Brown, Valentine T. Bachelor, Joel Cato, Henry Cato, John Cassidy, Andrew J. Cross, William Cross, William F. Editob's Appendix 403 Cross, Henry Crowley, Mally Crowley, Andrew J. Coley, E. B. Davis, John W. Davis, EUsha Davis, Thomas P. Davis, Thomas F. Davis, William A. Davis, Wm. B., Jr. Davis, John F. Davis, Wm. R. Dickson, John W. Dlcl^son, Richard Dickson, William Dickson, Samuel Dickson, Ellas Dixon, Henry Edwards, B. Frank Ellis, Archibald Elliott, Franklin Freeman, William Freeman, Lewis L. Freeman, John Gardner, John Gainey, Green Gainey, George Gainey, William Gandy, Ephralm Huggins, John C. Hugglns, Nathan Huggins, Jacob Hugglns, John Huggins, Solomon Jordan, William Jordan, William C. A. Jordan, Richard Jordan, Thomas M. Jordan, John Jordan, Allan Jordan, J. Henry Jordan, Wm. E. Jordan, Alex, Sr. Jordan, Alex, Jr. Johnson, Henry Johnson, John R. Johnson, Wesley Jones, John Jones, William Keith, Abel Kesiah, John H. M. Lisenby, Samuel Langley, William Langley, John B. Langley, Robert Levi, A. McFarland, Archibald McFarland, Duncan McLean, John J. McLean, John P. Merriman, Burrell Odom, William Odom, J. Kelly Odom, Morgan C. T. Odom, Gillam Odom, Elisha Oliver, Steven Parker, James Parker, Badgegood Perkins, James F. Purvis, James Purvis, William Purvis, John Purvis, Alex. Poison, Amos Poison, John Poison, Robert Polk, Robert Polk, James Perdue, Archibald Perdue, Colleton Roscoe, Joseph F. Rickett, William Rivers, Mark Tarlton, Andrew J. Turnage, Robert B. Turnage, James P. Teal, William W. Teal, T. Benj. Teal, David R. Teal, William Talbert, Archibald White, Hosea Wilkes, Daniel Young, Jeremiah B. COMPANY F, 21ST REGIMENT, INFANTY. Thomas, J. Alexander W Captain Leggettj William L First Lieutenant Easterling, Nelson A First Lieutenant Townsend, Robert E First Lieutenant Cook, William D Second Lieutenant Hamer, Phillip M First Sergeant Moore, John R First Sergeant Easterling, Andrew B Second Sergeant McCaskill, Neal C Second Sergeant Adams, William F Second Sergeant Easterling, Jesse Third Sergeant Odom, William B Third Sergeant 404 Memoirs of the War of Secession Lester, Thomas C Fourth Sergeant Quick, Herbert T Fourth Sergeant Feagan, Edward J Fourth Sergeant Mclntyre, John T Sergeant-Ma j or Moore, Alfred W First Corporal Gibson, James M Second Corporal Hamer, Robert H Third Corporal Stubbs, D. Derrick Third Corporal St. Clair, Duncan M Fourth Corporal Easterling, George W Fourth Corporal Newton, David D Fourth Corporal Adams, Joshua D. Adams, John R. Adams, William L. Anderson, John G. Anderson, William T. Barrington, Peter Barrington, Phillip Barrentine, William Bennett, Frank Bennett, Thomas Bowen, Charles Bowen, Frank L. Bigman, George Bristow, David M. Bristow, Robert N. Bristow, Wiley J. Bundy, G. Washington Butler, Elijah Butler, William, Sr. Butler, William, Jr. Calder, John D. Calder, Stanford Cottingham, Twiman Covington, Abijah B. Covington, Alfred D. Creech, David L. Clark, Archie Clark, John Cummings, Elisha Coward, John H. Currie, Neal R. David, William J. Dial, Jacob Peivates. Dunn, William Dunn, Thomas Easterling, A. Jackson Easterling, Harris R. Easterling, Joel A. Easterling, John A. Easterling, William L. Easterling, William T. Easterling, John L. Easterling, James J. Fields, Silas Fletcher, Thomas Gay, P. W. Gibson, Andrew H. Guin, George Grice, Ephraim G. Hamer, Abner C. Hamer, Charles H. Hamer, Elijah C. Hamer, James C. Hamer, Thomas C. Haywood, Anderson Haywood, Isham Haywood, William Herndon, Dave Hewstiss, George Wash- ington Howard, John Hudson, Joshua H. Jacobs, Snowden Jacobs, B. li. Johnson, Wm. D. Chand- ler Leggett, A. J. Locklear, Alexander Locklear, Sandy Manship, Aaron McCall, John N. McDaniel, Ira W. McKenzie, Joseph C. Melnague, John R. Moore, Benjamin J. Nelson, Erwin Newton, John C. Odom, D. A. Odom, S. Durant Odom, Henry Odom, James E. Odom, Samuel E. Owens, John Pate, Willis Pate, Alfred D. Peel, Eli T. Peel, Thomas Poison, William Powers, Erwin Quick, Angus Quick, Henry Quick, Jno. B. Roscoe, Alexander H. Roscoe, William M. Scott, Wash. Smith, Oholson Spears, James A. Steen, Allen Stephens, James E. Editor's Appendix 405 Stephens, Reuben Stogner, William Stogner, Thomas Stubbs, David Stubbs, Albert A. Stubbs, Campbell E. Stubbs, John B. Stubbs, Samuel F. Stubbs, Hasten W. Stubbs, Thomas E. Stubbs, Thorough- good P. Tait, William J. Terrell, William T. Thomas, Joseph Turnage, Luke Usher, M. Walters, Reuben Wallace, Thomas G. Weathersford, James Williams, Henry Williams, Samuel Willis, Allen Wise, William W. Woodall, Ransom Williams, John COMPANY G, 21ST REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Stockton, E. C Captain Dickenson, Robert Captain Reddy, R. W Captain Dove, J. Calhoun '.. .. Second Lieutenant Woodward, James M Second Lieutenant Bevil, W. A Second Lieutenant Bowles, Peter.. Second Lieutenant Boyle, John Second Lieutenant Hudson, R. A Second Lieutenant Petty, S. D Second Lieutenant Brown, Thomas J Sergeant Doten, Thomas J Sergeant Mathews, Samuel P. Sergeant Wells, EbbyM First Sergeant Codey, Moses M Corporal Brown, T. B, Corporal Rhodes, John B CorporaL Howell, T.J. . ., Corporal Pbivates. Barfield, Peter Douglass, H. Hunter, John Blackman, Wade W. Bllerby, A. Cooper Hall, Daniel Belk, James K. Ellerby, Hossack Harrell, S. K. Booth, J. D. Ellerby, Z. Hawkins, John Byrd, Mathew Parmer, Brantley Hearon, John Z. Byrd, W. Galloway, S. P. Howell, E. Byrd, John Galloway, Ferdinand Howell, J. D. Browder, John Gandy, David R. W. Hutson, W. J. Campbell, J. H. Gandy, J. Jenkins, James Cannon, L. W. Griggs, W. C. Johns, D. R. Coker, R. E. Griggs, Clement Jones, Riley Cook, B. D. Gainey, John Knight, Frank Dove, A. B. C. Gainey, Thomas W. Kelley, Simon Dagan, W. H. Gairey, Evander Kelley, Thomas Dyson, Archibald S. Graves, John Landreth, Peter 406 Memoebs of the Wak or Secession Lundy, Allison Marshall, J. R. McKissick, Wm. J. McClendon, J. M. McClendon, L. A. Miller, J. H. Morrell, E. Nettles, W. W. O'Nails, James Parker, T. F. Parnell, A. W. Poison, R. H. Poison, W. H. Poe, James Ruggs, E. T. Ruggs, Andrew J. Sandsbury, Daniel Spence, Moses E. Spell, Gillam Stanley, John T. Tiner, Hugh Tiner, John Teel, James Toler, R. E. Vann, Jerry E. Webb, E. P. Winburn, Joseph Winn, Colin Wells, T. G. F. COMPANY H, 21ST REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Elliott, John F. A Captain Spain, Hartwell , Captain Du Bose, D. G Captain Flinn, C. J First Lieutenant Dalrymple, Thos. H First Lieutenant Carlisle, W. H First Lieutenant Lee, Henry J Second Lieutenant Atkinson, Peter W Second Lieutenant Rogers, Elisha M Third Lieutenant Wilson, Harvey Third Lieutenant Moore, W. W Third Lieutenant Odom, Joel First Sergeant Lawson, W. R. S.. . First Sergeant Elliott, Z. W Sergeant DuBose, Wm. H. B Sergeant Mixon, W. P Sergeant Dalrymple, Peter L Sergeant Beasley, Abram Corporal DuBose, Henry J Corporal Stokes, Henry Y Corporal Witherspoon, David W Corporal Best, William Corporal Andrews, Thomas Abbott, Andrews, Aris Boykin, Hiram Boykin, Harrison Boykin, W. Franklin Boykin, Henry Bass, Burrell Best, James P. Pbivatbs. Best, Nicholas B. Best, Robert D. Blackman, Henry Buffkin, Hugh Blackwell, James Brown, William Beasley, Elijah Bruce, George H. Crosswell, Wm. H. Cody, M. M. Campbell, James H. DuBose, Robert S. DuBose, Andrew DuBose, Jeremiah Davis, Thomas Dean, J. L. Elliott, J. Franklin Elmore, Wilson W. Editor's Appendix ;.40J Elmore, Simpson E. Elmore, Ellis Galloway, L. C. Galloway, Timothy P. Galloway, J. Ferdinand Galloway, Thomas Galloway, Pipkin Galloway, Abram M. Grantham, Robert W. Gardner, John B. Grooms, Reese Herring, William Hearon, Joseph N. Hearon, Wm. E. Huggins, Alex. G. Huggins, John H. Huggins, W. Middleton Hurst, Henry W. Hurst, Samuel F. Hurst, Simeon Harris, Wiley M. Harris, Franklin H. Harrison, Madison W. Howell, Alex. Howell, J. Barry Harrell, Nathan Harrell, Robert Hill, James Inkles, Richard Jones, Henry Joy, Henry M. Josey, J. R. King, William King, Wesley Kelly, Thomas Lawson, Joseph T. Logan, Joseph Lee, Judge L. McLendon, Robert Mixon, M. Townsend Marshall, William H. Moore, Wesley McKenzie, Joseph R. McKenzie, Israel G. Nicholson, James Newsom, Bennett Outlaw, Benjamin Peebles, Edv^ard S. Parnell, Henry E. Parnell, T. Joshua Plummer, E. B. Quick, James D. Quick, Jesse E. Register, Calvin Red, J. F. Rogers, Evans Rhodes, John B. Stuckey, SdWfell C. Stuckey, Wiley D. Scarborough, George P. Smith, Phillip D. Stewart, Ira Skinner, Simpson Skinner, James Skinner, Wm. W. Skinner, Thomas C. Skinner, R. Zimmerman Skinner, Franklin Shumake, Morgan Stokes, Henry T. Stokes, W. Elias Thomas, Henry B. Woodham, H. Middleton Woodham, John E. Woodham, Jared Woodham, Emberry Witherspoon, David Witherspoon, Jeffer- son W. Warren, Gilham Warren, William COMPANY I, 21ST REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Woodberry, Evander M Captain Howard, Richard G Captain Gasque, Henry A First Lieutenant Cannon, Henry M First Lieutenant Shelly, David Second Lieutenant Jordan, A. Bennett Brevet Second Lieutenant Jarrett, J. Alston Second Lieutenant Altman, Wm. J Second Lieutenant Chappell, Henry C Second Lieutenant Noble, J. Hardy First Sergeant Gasque, C. Marlon Second Sergeant McDaniel, John B Third Sergeant Jordan, John S Fourth Sergeant Cannon, George H Fifth Sergeant Hucks, John R. . .. Sergeant Dozier, J. Valentine ' First Corporal Cannon, Wm. H Second Corporal Wright, John W Third Corporal Altman, J. Hamilton Fourth Corporal 408 Memoirs of the War or Secession Avant, Orlando R. Altman, Samuel S. Altman, J. Benjamin Altman, J. Wesley- Bone, John Bone, Robert G. Bailey, G. Boatright, Robert S. Brown, George W. Brown, Henry Brown, Jesse C. Brown, William J. Brown, Bvander Bellflowers, Jesse Burroughs, Thomas Camion, Samuel W. Collins, Valentine Cook, James Ervin Davis, James H. Davis, H. Foster Dozier, John F. Dozler, Tully Foxworth, Ervin J. Foxworth, Joseph B. Gasque, Ervin A. Gregg, Thomas C. Gregg, Wesley L. Gunter, William Pbivates. Ham, Charles W. Herrin, Allison W. Herrin, David F. Hewitt, Thomas Hewitt, Joseph R. James, James V. Jarrett, James B. Jarrett, Charles Ed. Jordan, W. King Lowrimore, John Lowrimore, Moses Lowrimore, Hanson L. Marlow, R. William Martin, Stephen H. Martin, McClellan, Daniel B. McClellan, Enos McDaniel, J. Randall Miller, John P. Pace, James A. Powell, Noah P. Parker, Thomas Prior, William M. Rogers, Thomas G. Rogers, J. Benjamin Richardson, Pinckney G. Richardson, E. Franklin Richardson, Thomas Richardson, David W. Richardson, J. Graves Richardson, James H. Richardson, Thomas J. Rowell, James W. Rowell, David A. Rowell, Valentine Rowell, William P. Stanley, John F. Sampson, Joseph Sampson, Samuel Shelley, John C. Shelley, Zachariah Shackleford, Stephen P. Sineath Joseph P. Tindal, Emanuel Tindal, Solomon Tucker, John Turbeville, Asa Williams, Henry S. B. Williams, John C. Williams, Jacob H. Williams, Jordan White, James H. Whaley, John H. Whaley, William M. Wall, Lawson J. Wallace, John J. COMPANY K, 21ST REGIMENT. J.W.Owens Captain Cowen, L. Sandsbury First Lieutenant Green, E. B Second Lieutenant Henry, J. Clifton : Third Lieutenant Bristow, James, T First Sergeant Brand, Alvin Second Sergeant Brockington, E. S Third Sergeant McLeod, Geo. W Fourth Sergeant Lockhart, O. Francis First Corporal Hodge, William H Second Corporal Hilary, Powers . .Third Corporal Hall, Isaac Fourth Corporal Editor's Appendix 409 Ard, Ben Ard, E. H. Anderson, Stephen H. Anderson, Brylie H. Anderson, Joel Anderson, Wiley H. Anderson, S. Pinckney Anderson, Silas Anderson, Miles K. Anderson, Jesse. Amerson, Cooper Ame^son, Capers Brand, William Bates, George W. Brown, Nelson Brown, Samuel Brown, George Byrd, George Blackwell, James H. Cade, John L. Cooper, Joel J. Carter, Ira Clifton, M. Webster Cotingham, William Cook, Ezecal Crawford, Henry I. Chandler, Daniel S. Cole, Cefus F. Dority, John DuBose, Zimmerman J. DuBose, Elias H. Davis, Thomas H. Davis, George W. Dewitt, Samuel Daws, A. S. Gray, Daniel A. Peivates. Gregg, Eli A. Gatlln, John G. Grantham, James Gowdy, Benjamin House, George Hicks, John Hall, James Hooten, John Hudson, Thomas Hodge, John 0. Hayley, James Haley, Jesse Harper, Ricks Hewitt, Thomas Jordan, Henry Jeffords, S. King- Jeffords, Joseph Jeffords, John Jeffords, Rufus J. Johnson, John W. Jackson, John Jordan, Andrew King, James Kilpatrick, Reese Kilpatrick, William Langston, John Lawrence, Moses Lee, William Loyd, Wesley McOall, John Mims, Jacob Mims, Jesse Mims, James E. Marshall, William Muldrow, Andrew McKoy, Samuel Nettles, Robert Oliver, Claton Oliver, Sidney Oliver, Lazrus Purvis, Henry Purvis, Thomas Powers, Thomas J. Pierce, John B. Revell, George W. Scaff, Samuel Scaff, James R. ScafiC, Mathew Smith, Thomas Sandsbury, Burdell Stuart, James Thornhill, Evander Thornhill, John Truitt, Pinckney Tolar, Street Tolar, Robert Vaughro, Henry H. Wilson, Geo. W. Wilson, John W. Wilson, John Wilson, Archibald S. Wilson, William C. White, Jarry Windham, William J. Windham, Samuel Wadford, Lazarus Wadford, William C. Weatherspoon, Jefferson Wadford, Nelson Wooten, John Young, William H. Young Thomas COMPANY L, 21ST REGIMENT. McDuffie, Neal : Captain Le Gette, Hanibal Captain Baker, Wm. C Captain Woodberry, Wm. D First Lieutenant Sweet, Ebenezer L Second Lieutenant Gibson, Albert Second Lieutenant Williamson, Robert L First Sergeant ^10 Memoirs or the War of Secession GasQue, A. M First Sergeant Collins, Wm. T Sergeant Huggins, Christopher. . '. Sergeant Reaves, Robert H Orderly Sergeant Willimson, Leonard Fourth Sergeant Coleman, Samson J Corporal Baker, William W Corporal Lane, Joseph V Corporal Sawyer, James A Corporal Carmichael, Franklin '. Corporal White, Augustus K Corporal Pbivates. Ammons, W. Edward Ammons, H. Calhoun Ayers, William D. Ayers, Joseph Ayers, Thomas Avant, Jordan Anderson, James R. Bailey, Nias Bailey, Wesley Bailey, Mathew Baker, John E. Baker, Benjamin B. Bird, Hugh G. Bethea, Edwin A. Brown, William Brown, John O. Beaty, Thomas Campbell, Mike C. Clarke, Robert C. Cooper, Ralph Criddle, James R. CoUins, John W. Collins, David C. Collins, Joel B. Collins, Shadrack Collins, Richard Carmichael, Archi- bald B. Carmichael, Evander Carmichael, Franklin Carmichael, Archie Carmichael, Judson D. Carmichael, Daniel M. Carmichael, J. B. Cale, E. Cohen, Isaac Carter, John Deas, Franklin Dennis, George W. Edwards, Richard W. Evans, N. J. Flowers, Elly Flowers, William Fowler, James F. Frierson, J. M. . Gardner, Daniel Gerald, John Gasque, J. Martin Gasque, Samuel O. Gasque, Wesley E. Gasque, Wm. B. R. Gasque, Henry Gibson, Robert W. Gibson, Oscar E. Gibson, John S. Godbold, Huger Godbold, Thomas W. Hair, James Huggins, S. Lewis Huggins, Wesley Huggins, Wm. D. Huggins, William Harrelson, John L. Harrelson, Timothy Harrelson, Benjamin Haywood, John W. Haywood, James Herring, Pinckney L. Harrell, Ephraim Jones, Frederick D. Jones, James A. Jordan, William James, William P. Jacobs, M. Le Gette, Henry C. Le Gette, Levi Lane, Robert L. Lambert, Robert Martin, Mac F. McCall, Barney Matthews, Samuel P. Miller, Charles W. Oliver, Alexander R. Powell, William Potter, James Porter, James Porter, S. Goss Pitman, David 6. Richardson, Stephen Richardson, John Richardson, Thomas Rogers, Jno. W. Rogers, Owen M. Rogers, Carey Rogers, Fred. G. Rogers, Bethel Rogers, T. Rowell, Valentine Rowell, William Editor's Appendix 411 Robertson,, L. D. Sawyer, Jobn Sawyer, Thomas Shelley, Joseph G. Snipes, Moses Summerford, William Shackleford, John B. Shaw, Benjamin A. Smith, Enoch Thompson, James T. Tedder, Daniel M. Townsend, Francis M. Thomas, Samuel B. Tyler, Richard • Webb, John Wise, J. M. Williamson, Bright J. Williamson, Joseph M. Williamson, David R. Williamson, Sol. M. Williamson, Samuel W. Worrell, James COMPANY A, 1ST REGIMENT. Glover, Thomas Jamison Captain Glover, John Vingard .' Captain Felder, John H First Lieutenant Izlar, Jas. Ferdinand First Lieutenant Kennerly, Samuel N Second Lieutenant Dibble, Samuel Second Lieutenant Felder, Edmund J Sergeant Williams, James A Sergeant Elliott, Geo. H , Sergeant Legare, Thomas K Sergeant Bay, W Sergeant Frederick, J. P Sergeant Fox, T. S Sergeant Zimmerman, Daniel Sergeant Izlar, Benj. P Sergeant Hook, John H Sergeant Bast, J. E Sergeant Izlar, William Sergeant Culler, L. Hayne Sergeant Andrews, Thadeus C Corporal Bowe, Daniel Jacob Corporal Shuler, B. M Corporal Wiles, Robert H. Corporal Wannamaker, Francis Marion Corporal Panning, W .Corporal Kohn, Theodore Corporal Robinson, Jude Corporal Kennerly, J. R Corporal Andrews, E. W. Austin, M. L. Avant, J. H. Antilley, F. M. Ashe, John Peivates. Ayers, D. A. Ballentine, S. Buzzard, J. C. Brickie, V. V. Brooker, A. F. Brooker, James Brunson, William Buyck, F. G. Baxter, J. D. Baxter, E. J. 412 Memoiks of the War of Secession Black, M. G. Boyd, M. T. Brickie, V. V. Brooker, A. F. Brooker, James Brunson, Wm. Buyck, F. J. Bozard, J. S. Bozard, Bull, W. A. Crawford, W. B. Crider, G. B. Cannon, James Carson, B. A. Champy, A. Champy, T. Church, W. A. Collins, A. Conner, A. A. Conner, F. Crider, J. H. Culclasure, D. J. Curtis, G. H. Culler, J. W. Dantzler, D. W. Dantzler, M. J. D. Denaux, E. C. Dolen, M. Doscher, Eiber Doyle, P. Ehney, W. L. Ehney, E. T. Ezekial, E. Fanning, John A. Felder, Samuel J. Felder, B, L. Gardner, D. Glover, "W. P. Glover, C. L. Grambling, Martin Luther Glover, Mortimer Hall, S. P. Hook, S. P. Hitchcock, L. W. Houser, B. M. Houser, F. D. Houser, J. D. Houser, G. M. Inabinet, Frank S. Inabinet, A. J. Inabinet, C. G. Irick, L. A. Izlar, L. T. Izlar, A. M. Inabinet, J. M. Izlar, B. W. Jenkins, L. W. Jaudon, P. B. Jaudon, S. W. A. Kelly, Thomas Kemmerlin, T. A. King, W. Legare, W. W. Law, W. P. Lucas, A. Meredith, W. C, Jr. Murphy, B. Myers, Esau Miller, A. V. Moody, W. A. Murph, J. C. Murrow, O. H. Meredith, W. C. Norris, T. P. Ott, W. F. Ott, J. V. Pape, F. W. Pike, Jno. C. Pool, T. C. Pooser, B. E. Pooser, J. P. Pooser, W. H., Jr. Pooser, W. H., Sr. Pooser, J. H. Prickett, J. H. Prusner, William Pooser, William Rawlinson, M. A. Rawlinson, A. S. Robinson, Murray, Ray, John D.' Reynolds, F. S. H. Reed, J. V. Reed, J. N. Riley, John W. Rickenbacker, M. Rowe, A. G. Rush, H. M. Ruple, Andrew J. Rowe, William Sabb. Riley, D. A. Sanders, B. H. Shoemaker, Ira T. Shunight, L. Sanders, J. D. D. Shuler, J. M. Shuler, J. W. Smoak, B. Z. Smoak, H. O. Staley, B. S. Stroman, D. P. Stroman, Michael Gramling Stroman, P. B. Summers, Jacob W. Summers, William Stroman, J. P. Tatum, John S. C. Taylor, W. W. Tucker, J. R. Tyler, H. Alonzo Valentine, W. W. Van Tassel, James Williams, W. E. Williams, S. W. Wolf, Z. Marion Wolf, E. M. Wolf, J. J. Wright, R. Wolf, Andrew J. Zeigler, H. H. Zeigler, M. C. Zeigler, John A. Editor's Appendix 413 COMPANY B, 1ST REGIMENT. Livingston, Daniel Captain Pou, B. F First Lieutenant Jones, James D Second Lieutenant Knotts, Joseph E Second Lieutenant Ehney, W. L First Sergeant Geiger, F. J Sergeant Menecken, J. A Sergeant Phillips, James H Sergeant O'Cain, J. A Sergeant Fanning, J. H Corporal Inabinet, James A Corporal Martin, H. O Corporal Geiger, E. Baker Corporal Axson, J. "W. Brown, J. F. Brown, E. Brown, William Brown, L. S. Brown, S. W. Brown, J. P. Bailey, J. Bennett, J. F. Courtney, P. Craft, J. S. Craft, T. W. Culclusure, A. D. Grim, D. G. Corbett, M. F. Crider, D. H. Cook, W. D. Davis, T. J. Dannelly, G. W. Douglass, M. P. Fanning, Jos. A. Flake, J. R. Flake, J. W. Flake, J. T. Flake, T. B. Furtick, J. H. Furtick, L. D. Hutto, R. S. Hutto, James Pbivates. Horsey, J. H. W. Hughes, W. F. Huffman, Jacob Huffman, J. H. S. Huffman, J. W. Hooker, David H. Hildebrand, D. L. Hooker, F. F. M. Inabinet, P. D. P. Inabinet, J. V. Johnson, P. P. Jeffcoat, H. E. Jeffcoat, S. W. Kaigler, P. G. Knotts, T. D. Lucas, J. R. Lucas, Rufus Lorick, P. C. Lorick, J. H. Martin, A. T. Martin, J. J. Mack, B. A. Mclver, J. J. Ott, James P. Peeples, Jos. B. Plimale, A. Quattlebaum, J. J. Rucker, G. Rucker, A. E. Rucker, U. S. L. Redmond, Job Robinson, Jos. F. Richter, J. J. Riley, J. W. Stevenson, Benjamin Stevenson, W. M, Stevenson, J. P. Smithheart, John Smith, J. W. Smith, W. D. Stricklin, H. S. Slagle, W. P. Sightler, T. M. Sightler, S. B. Sightler, W. S. Stabler, G. W. Schumpert, S. A. Ulmer, A. Vann, T. J. Williams, F. Williams, James Williams, M. F. Wise, A. J. Whetstone, J. A. Yon, W. P. Zeigler, D. W. Zeigler, D. A. 414 Memoirs of the War of Secession COMPANY C, 1ST REGIMENT. Klrkland, B. B Captain Brabham, J. F Captain Hayes, J. N First Lieutenant Barker, R. S Second Lieutenant Hogg, R. B Ttiird Lieutenant Barker, J. H Tliird Lieutenant Brabham, C. F First Sergeant Brabham, H. J Second Sergeant Williams, J. A Third Sergeant Breland, W. E Fourth Sergeant Young, G. F Fifth Sergeant Hayes, J. A • Fifth Sergeant Klrkland, R. C First Corporal Burke, W. B Second Corporal Wilson, L. J Third Corporal Bowers, M. C Fourth Corporal Peivates. Allen, J. M. Frohberg, H. C. Lott, Joshua Barker, Owen W. Frohberg, P. A. Lucas, C. D. Bennett, J. W. Garvin, C. H. Myers, P. O. Bennett, J. A. Gray, Joseph Mixon, Frank Best, L. C. Harrod, G. M. McMillan, F. M. Best, W. W. Harrod, Wm. P. McMillan, J. E. Billing, E. W. Harley, John E. McMillan, R. H. Blackwood, F. A. Harrison, R. R. Morris, Gideon Blackwood, T. W. Hartnett, M. Myrlck, J. W. Bowers, E. Hoover, George H. Myrick, Eli Bowers, M. Hoover, J. J. Platts, Geo. W. Brabham, W. R. Hiers, N. T. Platts, W. F. Brabham, J. Medicus Holly, J. Calvin Priester, J. B. Bonnett, R. W. Hagood, James R. Smith, C. E. Connelly, William Jenny, J. Wyman Smith, W. E. Cope, Mc. Jenkins, J. A. Smith, Moses Cradock, W. P. Johnston, C. E. Thompson, W. 0. Cone, G. P. Jones, James Williams, J. B. Creech, F. H. Loadholt, C. U. Williams, J. D. Creech, J. W. Loadholt, J. M. Williams, W. W. Curtain, Jack Lynes, B. F. Wood, Allen Deer, AndersoD Lynes, Geo. W. COMPANY D, 1ST REGIMENT. Crawford, Robt. L Captain Kirke, James H Captain Welsh, Francis M Captain Editor's Appendix 415 Perry, L. J First Lieutenant Witherspoon, John C Lieutenant Hilton, Joseph B First Sergeant Gregory, Owen Second Seregant Langely, Robert Third Sergeant Crockett, James E Fifth Sergeant Bennett, James K Third Sergeant Sings, W. G Fourth Sergeant Welsh, T. J Fifth Sergeant Sims, Michael J Sergeant Latham, I. T Second Corporal Adams, J. W Corporal Caskey, Jefferson J. Hilton, S. J. Adams, John Arant, James Arant, Samuel Bailey, E. J. Bailey, Wm. G. Bradley, Nelson Bailey, Jno. H. Blackman, John S. Blackman, Simson Bowers, Samuel J. Bush, Beverly Caskey, John D. Cauthen, William Caskey, W. R. Caskey, Thomas P. Clyburn, Jesse Crenshaw, James M. Crenshaw, John S. Cook, J. Crawford Caskey, Eli A. Corbett, James J. Deas, Sandford Doster, W. G. Flynn, James Flynn, Thomas Falle, Emanuel Falle, Samuel Pbivates Falle, J. Thomas Falle, C. C. Gregory, W. H. Gregory, D. J. Gregory, N. B. Ghent, Jackson Garris, F. M. Gettis, Franklin M. Graham, James P. Glenn, John D. Harrell, T. Hilton, William H. Hilton, T. F. Harris, William Horton, Doniver Johnson, S. S. Burdett Kirk, Robert M. Latham, Thomas A. Lamaster, James Larke, John E. Montgomery, Josiah Al McAbee, S. McQuirt, John McManus, Robert H. McAteer, J. Porter McAteer, Robt. H. Mclnnis, D. A. McAteer, F. M. Nesbit, W. E. Patrick, William Plyler, General W. Plyler, D. H. Pitman, Jethro Pitman, Bennett Perry, Robert D. Richardson, W. A. Smith, James E. Sweat, Edward Sweat, John T. Sullivan, Robert M. Small, Annias Sistare, A. J. Sutton, Zachariah Secrest, John C. Seay, John Strain, W. W. Shute, Elihu Taylor, A. J. Taylor, Alexander Taylor, J. R. Ussery, Samuel M. Watson, Levin A. Wilkerson, Thos O. Wallace, Manus Wallace, J. F. Wallace, H. J. Welsh, James V. 416 Memoirs or the War of Secession COMPANY E, 1ST REGIMENT. (July to April, 1865.) Duncan, W. H Captain Thompson, J. H First Lieutenant Wood, P. H Second Lieutenant Stansell, Jack Third Lieutenant Best, J. R. B Third Lieutenant Bryan, R. A Third Lieutenant Hair, J. M Third Lieutenant Wood, W. J .. Third Lieutenant Hall, D. P Sergeant Mixon, G. D Sergeant Ogden, D. S Sergeant Johnson, S. W Sergeant Woodward, W. W Sergeant Mixon, F. M Sergeant Thomson, Arthur Sergeant Patterson, D. P Sergeant Manville, A. P Sergeant Colding, J. C Sergeant Ogden, Isaac Sergeant Key, S. M . .Corporal Harley, Edward Corporal Best, W. T.. Corporal Cane, J. B Corporal Thomson, Arthur Corporal Sprawls, D. P Corporal Beck, Noah Bellinger, C. W. Bellinger, S. N. Bryant, William Brunson, St. M. Burckhalter, Basil Cameron, J. J. Cameron, Joe Cameron, Pink Canada, John W. Cane, J. Mi Hedge Damish, J. Chris. Diamond, James (Deserted) Dias, W. Peivatbs. Driggers, John Drummond, Augustus Drummond, John Gass, R. Gill, Val. Goodwyn, J. B. Green, JefE. Green, John Green, W. Frank Hagood, E. Augustus Hagood, Wm. A. Hagood, Thomas B. Hair, J. W. Hair, Mathias Hale, John Hall, Nathan Hayne, Job Jackson, Isaac Joel, Julius Johnson, J. F. Kapham, M. Kapham, Theodore Kitchen, W. F. Lambert, John McLain, Wiley Mixon, W. J. Morgan, J. A. Morgan, L. H. Nelson, A. P. Nelson, W. P. Editor's Appendix 417 Owens, John Parker, M. P. Pender, D. Farrar Roundtree, Job Scott, C. Scott, P. Sheppard, Joseph Stansell, John M. Stewart, C. Stlvander, W. F. Sweat, George Weathersbee, Ben Woodward, J. A. Woodward, Nick. COMPANY E, 1ST REGIMENT. (Originally Company K, from January to June, 1801.) Mangum, T. H Captain Pressley, Jno. G Captain Day, James M First Lieutenant China, T. J First Lieutenant Steedman, G. E Second Lieutenant Logan, C Second Lieutenant Guyton, H. R Second Lieutenant Montgomery, H Second Lieutenant Langley, Samuel Sergeant Allen, D. A. Ard, J. J. Ard, J. Ard, R. Ard, E. J. Brown, H. J. Brown, M. A. Baker, M. R. Baunsean, J. T. Bradshaw, J. Burgess, J. M. Browders, S. W. Brickies, J. M. Braxton, J. Brockington, B. P Blockman, W. Burckhalter, Brown, James Bryant, B. A. Blalock, J. G. Blalock, R. Brown, W. P. Brown, J. China, J. B. Pbivates. China, S. Christmas, Cook, M. D. Cook, T. J. Coker, J. S. Coker, P. J. Conner, S. S. Cameron, H. G. Cameron, J. W. Cooper, A. B. Cullum, W. P. Cannady, Wm. Cumings, J. E. Clark, J. M. Cook, J. F. Christmas, J. E. Cooper, W. N. Cooper, J. H. Cook, E. R. Dukes, W. D. Dukes, J. E. Dukes, B. F. Dennis, E. G. Dennis, S. R. Dickson, J. S. Dickson, B. E. Dunn, M. C. Epps, J. H. Evans, J. J. Ellis, E. S. Feage, R. E. Floyd, G. Fleming, L. B. Fleming, W. E. Footman, J. M. Footman, H. E. Garner, H. G. Guess, A. Gist, G. Gamble, J. R. Gamble, R. K. Graham, S. J. Guyton, J. C. Holly, L. A. Haweston, G. Hair, H. M. Hatcher, J. M. Holly, G. W. 27— H 418 Memoirs of the War of Secession Hester, J. L. Harris, J. B. Holly, C. C. Hair, N. G. W. Hair, J. W. Hall, J. W. Hart, H. H. Hogg, J. O. Hutto, J. Hair, J. J. Harvey, J. C. Heath, A. J. James, S. S. Jandow, J. J. Johnston, E. June, S. N. Jannegan, W. Jordan, A. F. Jones, W. B. Johnson, J. J. Knox, W. J. Kelly, J. W. Langley, P. G. Logan, W. D. Lyles, W. R. Lee, J. E. Lamb, Lane, J. W. Montgomery, E. P. McClure, C. W. McClary, D. E. McClary, J. L. McClary, S. A. McCormick, P. B. McCullough, J. E. McConnell, L. A. McKensie, S. Markey, J. Montgomery, S. Montgomery, S. C. Mltchum, J. S. Mitchum, G. K. Mitchum, C. S. Matthews, J. M. Matthews, R. C. Matthews, William Menet, J. A. Mitchell, A. M. Moseley, W. H. Moseley, W. P. Mims, R. H. McCreany, C. "W. Mims, J. A. Merritt, G. A. Mitchum, S. S. Nolen, J. New, M. New, J. Owens, J. O. Owens, B. Owens, S. Parker, H. G. Parsons, A. J. Price, J. M. Peacock, E. L. Player, J. N. Parsons, W. H. Parsons, F. R. Rush, E. W. Red, N. R. Ramsey, J. Sanders, J. C. Surney, "W. J. C. Shaw, W. D. J. Singletery, E. J. Slingfield, E. Sigler, A. S. Spawls, J. F. Smith, W. R. Scherarty, G. W. Schroder, H. Thigpen, J. E. Thigpen, W. N. Tisdale, A. G. Tisdale, W. W. Tyler, H. Teague, G. A. Tool, J. L. Turner, J. G. Taylor, G. "W. Waters, R. B. Wilson, P. Wilson, Jack Weeks, W. J. Weathersbee, J. E. Weaver, O. P. Wolf, W. S. Walker, Nat. Williams, H. L. Young, L. E. Xoung, W. H. Young, J. H. COMPANY P, 1ST REGIMENT. Grimes, G.M Captain Gwin, T. D Captain Weisinger, J. J First Lieutenant Southern, J. L First Lieutenant Grimes, G. W Second Lieutenant Newby, F. P Second Lieutenant Jimison, R. R Second Lieutenant Baker, T. P Third Lieutenant Kearse, J. P First Sergeant Peaster, N. A First Sergeant Editor's Appendix 419 Shockley, W. T Second Sergeant Hagood, A Second Sergeant Sweat, L. J Third Sergeant Hall, S. D Third Sergeant Gwln, J. T Fourth Sergeant Gwln, R. A Fifth Sergeant Odom, D. G Fourth Sergeant Patterson, A Fifth Sergeant Gosnell, Geo First Corporal Flircnet, Henry Second Corporal Thompson, J. L Third Corporal Hawkins, Joe Fourth Corporal Klnard, B. F First Corporal Jennings, A. B Second Corporal Rush, O. B Third Corporal Copeland, J. J Fourth Corporal Anderson, Brown Brown, Morgan Brice, T. K. Brookshire, Day Burdette, J. W. Bridges, A. Bridges, W. N. Clary, S. F. Grain, S. R. Collens, E. O. Clark, J. H. Cely, "W. H. Davis, W. R. Bmery, J. B. Harnby, W. S. Hartley, Grabial Hartley, Jeremiah Hawkles, Hamp. Hall, Thomas Hunson, G. B. Johnson, John Johnson, Pleas Lafay, P. B. Lafay, A. B. Lafay, Isaac Multy, J. A. Moore, James Morris, Harry Pbivates. Newby, William Nelson, Joseph Adams, J. J. Roy, Joseph Southern, W. R. Smith, "William Trammell, B. F. Trammell, P. L. Tor, Joseph Vermillion, T. Thomas, W. Powell ( Second Lieutenant. ) Runnels, Adams Johnson, Blias McAuly, A. A. Bishop, John West, William (First Lieutenant.) Barbers, B. J. Basset, J. J. Beard, W. T. Businger, J. J. Businger, J. A. Businger, W. C. Bennett, J. M. Bennett, W. A. Bishop, J. M. Brealmed, T. J. Carter, D. Clayton, C. R. Choen, D. A. Calsen, J. W. Copeland, J. C. Dyches, B. H. Evals, S. W. Folk, C. L. Ford, E. Furman, H. S. Gillam, J. J. Grimes, J. F. Hemingway, F. K. Hemingway, W. C. Hunter, J. B. Jeffcoat, M. M. Johms, J. S. Kearse, L. B. Kush, J. A. Kinard, G. J. Kinard, M. A. Kinard, M. O. Kirkland, J. K. Lane, W. S. Main, J. A. Main, J. W. Millhouse, C. H. Miller, C. D. 420 Memoirs of the War of Secession Mitcbell, B. Morris, W. Morris, T. Morris, R. Mase, Geo. W. McFadden, J. McMillan, H. C. Patrick, C. M. Pellon, E. Preston, A. Rentz, J. D. Rentz, W. A. Riley, G. S. Risher, H. B. Road, J. M. Road, R. L. Sease, J. D. Smith, J. Smith, J. M. Steedley, A. T. Steedley, D. O. Steedley, J. E. Steedley, R. J. Thompson, J. 11. Thompson, J. W. Zeigler, J. J. Zurox, J. W. Beard, C. Fender, J. M. Hughes, A. J. Jones, V. Loper, S. D. Morris, H. W. Pellom, H. R. Road, W. B. Smith, J. J. , Steedley, L. B. Zoney, S. S. Fender, J. S. Still, A. Hunter, H. R. Main, M. M. McKenzie, W. COMPANY G, 1ST REGIMENT. Frederick, E. J Captain Romsire, J. V First Lieutenant Trotti, S. W Second Lieutenant Dunbar, G. R Third Lieutenant Dunbar, S. S First Sergeant Asheley, R. C Second Sergeant Dunbar, T. S Third Sergeant Horey, J. I Fourth Sergeant Starling, G. W Fifth Sergeant Asheley, L. A First Corporal Wood, P. H Second Corporal Darlington, J. H Third Corporal Romsire, M. A Fourth Corporal Barker, "W. E Fifth Corporal Garvin, M. H , . . . SixtJ' Corporal Anderson, B. I. Benson, Alex. Benson, Ben Bailey, Alex. Bewmot, C. F. Bush, W. D. Bowers, B. F. Baxley, W. M. Rush, S. C. Bates, I. B. Bowers, H. C. Peivates. Black, T. ,S. Brady, J. M. Bunghman, A. T. Dunbar, F. Dunbar, R. J. Darlington, W. R. Dicks, A. Dicks, Anne Dias, W. L. Dias, H. Dunbar, Samuel Dicks, Graney Chatman, W. A. Frust, F. Goss, R. Glover, J. W. Hawley, E. H. Holman, G. W. Holland, I. I. Hall, Franklin Hallam, William Hawley, James Editor's Appendix 421 Killingsworth, I. I. Killingsworth, W. L. Killingsworth, T. H. Key, S. M. Key, Darbln Layton, F. M. Lowe, Ancil Moody, Mat Meyer, C. C. Nelson, But Newman, Steph. Newman, Geo. Nicliolson, Roger Owens, Jno. Parlier, Jno. Pucson, William Rottenberry, Wm. Romasire, G. F. Robinson, I. Roundtree, M. Rawford, Shade Roundtree, C. L. Stallings, M. C. Smith, W. H. Thomas, M. Williams, Ed. Williams, Wiley Witherspoon, M. Young, Tom COMPANY H, 1ST REGIMENT. Martin, J. V Captain Allen, A. T First Lieutenant Flowers, W. B Second Lieutenant All, W. A Second Lieutenant Brwin, E. A Sergeant Bryan, R. A Sergeant Colding, J. C I . . Sergeant Hammond, W. R Sergeant Sanders, R. T Sergeant Best, W. C Sergeant Roberts, R. C Sergeant Erwin, S. M Sergeant Minors, C. T Sergeant Bellinger, J. A. ..... Sergeant Martin, Abraham Corporal Bonnet, R.W.. Corporal Billing, E. N. . .. .. Corporal Jenkins, J. A '. Corporal Harden, W. M Corporal Gray, J. P ' Corporal Richardson, J. M. Corporal Garvin, J. W Corporal Erwin, J Corporal All, G. All, J. Allen, J. M. Ashe, T. M. Allen, W. W. Allen, J. C. Barker, J. G. Baxley, J. M. Privates. Bennett, John Bennett, James Best, W. W. Block, G. W. Bodiford, H. Bowers, E. Brown, P. Branson, W. M. Best, Wilson Barker, R. S. Barker, J. H. Bassett, M. P. Bates, J. W. Bowers, M. Barker, W. J. Bennett, J. N. 422 Memoirs or the War of Secession Billings, E. W. Black, J. R. Boils, O. S. Bradley, D. C. Bryan, H. P. Burke, Wm. Canty, James Carroll, H. Colding, T. B. Cone, G. P. Connelley, W. h. Connelley, Wm. Creech, J. Curtain, John Canty, S. C. Castilon, W. H. Cave, D. C. Daly, H. Daly, Pat Edenfield, J. L. Fennel), J. W. Fowke, G. Garvin, C. H. Garvin, W. H. Garvin, J. W. Gray, Joe Gibsinger, J. Gooding, W. M. Gray, J. A. Hall, N. Hardin, A. Hayes, J. Hewlitt, A. S. Hutto, M. Harley, W. M. Harley, J. P. Hiers, O. Hadwin, J. Hays, John Harvey,'W. J. Hiers, G. Hoover, D. Haphan, T. Hayne, B. S. Jones, James Jenkins, J. A. Johns, E. Kirkland, C. S. Lancaster, J. C. Lawton, F. A. Lipsey, W. M. Lon, A. Loadholt, M. Martin, Ben Moody, J. B. Moody, William Morris, J. Morris, R. W. Mims, F. Murden, J. J. Myrick, E. Mallard, J. Mixson, R. H. Murdaugh, J. Myrick, J. Owens, L. Oliver, James Patterson, D. Plath, Charles Priester, E. Platts, J. P. Richardson, J. M. Rouse, M. D. Shuler, W. Sightler, W. A. Sightler, A. M. Sauls, B. Smith, J. Sanders, J. Sanders, W. Strange, H. Taylor, P. Williams, J. D. Williams, D. W. Wooley, N. Williams, R. H. Wood, J. A. Young, "C. M. Young, J. F. Youmans, R. COMPANY I, 1ST REGIMENT. Stafford, Jas. H Captain Harllee, John W First Lieutenant Manning, Wm. L Second Lieutenant Murchison, Rodericlv Second Lieutenant Murphy, Duncan Third Lieutenant Butler, Gilbert First Sergeant Blue, William First Sergeant McKeller, John D First Sergeant Mclnnes, Daniel Second Sergeant McCall, Nathan Third Sergeant Carihichael, Malcolm C Fourth Sergeant Campbell, Daniel Fifth Sergeant Carmichael, Daniel A Corporal McCormack, Jno. H Corporal Editoh's Appendix 423 Loftin, Jno. H Corporal Mclnnis, Murdoch Corporal Brlgman, Arthur P Corporal Amnions, Phillip Ammons, Asa Bailey, Christopher Bethea, Holden Bolton, Britten Butler, Eli T. Butler, Alfred W. Buie, William H. Bendy, Jno. A. Burnett, John Carmichael, Alex. J. Campbell, Jno. C. Clark, Kenneth Cottingham, Stewart Crawford, Jas. D. Coward, Abner Coward, Ansel Dillon, William Easterling, Henry Evans, William T. Fitzgerald, Robt. E. Fore, Tracey Fbivates. Garner, James Gaddy, Ithanner J. Graham, Dugald Gray, Franklin Gray, Henry Hamilton, Tobias Hamilton, Tristram Hamilton, Whitton Horton, Thomas T. Hairgrove, Isaac H. Herring, Harmon Henry, Edward Herring, Daniel M. Herring, Samuel Hyat, Solomon Hyat, Jno. C. D. Hyat, James K. Hyat, John Hyat, Hugh Hyat, David Hulon, Wylie Hamilton, John Jackson, Warren A. Jackson, Charles T. Jackson, James R. Jackson, John T. Jackson, John C. McCall, John C. HcDaniel, Amos McDaniel, Joseph McDaniel, Randall McArthur, James Owens, Redlin Paul, William Stackhouse, William K. Stackhouse, Tristram F. Sherwood, Richard Surles, Archibald Taylor, Ephraim Townsend, Daniel A. Turner, John C. Turner, Joel Walter, Phillip D. COMPANY K, 1ST REGIMENT. Brown, J. J Captain Burt, W. D First Ijieutenant Bellinger, Jno. A Second Lieutenant Green, F. M Third liieutenant Hart, B. A First Sergeant Kitching, J. H Second Sergeant Gary, W. H Third Sergeant Tyler, M. V Fourth Sergeant Johnson, J. li Fifth Sergeant Ogden, D. S First Corporal Hair, J. M Second Corporal Hankinson, J. N Third Corporal Blankensie, D Fourth Corporal Thompson, A. W Sixth ,Corporal 424 Memoirs of the War of Secession Allen, B. B. Askew, G. N. Balentlne, J. C. Bates, E. Bellinger, V. W. Bellinger, S. W. Birt, W. B. Bowman, L. Brown, P. Cain, G. N. Clark, J. I. Collins, T. Damish, J. Diamond, Jas. Enicks, A. C. Giles, W. A. Goss, J. A. Green, M. V. Halford, W. Pbivates. Harley, Virgil Hext, G. B. Holman, J. F. Holland, I. Howard, D. A. Jones, J. A. Karney, I. Kelly, T. Kirkland, P. Manvire, A. P. Martin, M. H. Mims, E. Mason, B. F. Wilson, I. H. Nix, W. W. Adam, R. W. Mason, W. P. Owens, S. S. Patterson, A. A. Ray, W. T. Redd, S. Riley, J. P. Robinson, W. D. Sightler, F. M. (First in Co. B, then in K.) Stallings, C. A. Stiernder, W. L. Tyler, I. M. Tyler, R. E. Twiaal, Z. A. Ussery, W. Walker, J. N. Weathersbee, C. W. Weatherston, T. Walker, W. D. Williamston, W. Wooley, A. Yon, P. 25TH REGIMENT. FIELD OFFICERS. Simonton, C. H Colonel Pressley, Jno. G Lieutenant-Colonel Glover, Jno. V Major Moffitt, G. H Adjutant Dibble, S. W Adjutant Prendergrass, J. M Ensign Adger, J. E Quartermaster Barr, D. D Commissary Ravenel, W. C Surgeon Warren, J. M Assistant Surgeon Wardin, W. H Assistant Surgeon Beall, A. J Assistant Surgeon Bradley, A. G Assistant Surgeon Dickson, J. F Assistant Surgeon McDowall, J. E , . . . Quartermaster Surgeon Smyth, J. Adjer Quartermaster Surgeon Fersner, W. F Orderly Sergeant Hirsch, M. J Commissary Sergeant Dantzler, M. J. D Hospital Steward Editor's Appendix 425 COMPANY A, 25TH REGIMENT. iSimonton, Chas. H Captain Carson, Jas. M Captain Olney, Hiram B First Lieutenant Finley, W. Wasliington Second Lieutenant Ross, James A Second Lieutenant Hannahan, Jos. S.. Second Lieutenant Cotchett, W. Dana, Jr Second Lieutenant Owens, Wm. Capers First Sergeant Muclienf uss, W. M First Sergeant Sheppard, Jno. L ., Second Sergeant Jones, D. Henry Third Sergeant Edgerton, Jas. E Fourth Sergeant Honour, Fred. H Fourth Sergeant Ragin, Charlton H Fifth Sergeant Stevens, Jas. A Fifth Sergeant Olney, Alfred L Fifth Sergeant Miller, Frederick W First Corporal Black, C. T Second Corporal Ellis, Chas. S Second Corporal Newcomer, Jno. G Second Corporal Dickinson, Jas. H Second Corporal Phelps, Jno. B Third Corporal Muckenfuss, "W. G Third Corporal Dibble, Sam'l W Fourth Corporal Kellers, J. Fred Fourth Corporal Blackwood, G. Gibbs Fourth Corporal Rowand, C. Elliott Fifth Corporal Cowperthwait, "Wm. B Fifth Corporal Privates. Adger, J. Ellison Anderson, Sam'l "W. Baker, Henry G. Baker, E. Ballot, F. G. Barbot, Julian Barton, A. J. Berry, Thos. T. E. Beesley, E. B. Blackwood, .T. C. Blanchard, T. S. Bodow, H. R. Breese, S. Van Vecton Burn, Orville J. Burrows, Sam'l L. Burrows, F. Marion Burnham, Edward S. Bird, W. Cooper Calder, William Oalder, James Calder, Edward E. Carter, Jno. W. Chapman, Thos. B. Clayton, W. H. Cox, E. P. Conner, George D. Coste, N. E. Cross, E. Frank Cross, B. H. Cudworth, A. Dixon, Geo. W. Douglass, Campbell Dooley, W. Dukes, T. Charlton H. Dotterer, William A. Enslow, J. A., Jr. Folker, O. F. Forbes, W. H. F. Gibson, Walter E. Gowan, Peter Gallwey, William Haas, John 426 Memoirs of the War of Secession Harper, F. M. Marsh, David C- Proctor, Henry G. HaJl, John Marsh, Jas. G. Proctor, Wm. E. Honour, J. Lawrence Martin, J. S. Ramsey, J. T. Honour, Theo. A. Masters, A. W. • Reid, George Holmes, Wm. E. Mey, Florian C. Robb, James Humphries, "Wm. Mellichampe, Jas. M. Riols, A. T. Jones, J. Wall^er Mellichampe, Wm. A. Robinson, S. A. Jervey, Wm. C. Milnor, Vincent Salvo, James F. Jeter, W. L. Miller, Gustavius Seyle, Samuel H. Klinck, Jno., Jr. Mintzing,' J. F. Small, Joseph J. Kingman, Jno. W. Muckenfuss, Wm. C. Sheppard, Benjamin P. King, S. H. McNamee, Jas. V. Shelton, H. S. Kingman, Oliver H. McCabe, J. W. Shokes, G. W. Kiddell, Charles O'Sullivan, Thos. F. Shackleford, E. H. Lambert, W. Ortman, W. I. Smyth, J. Adger Lawton, J. Frampton Ortman, Julius F. Smyth, Augustine T. Lanneau, Wm. S. Patterson, W. N. Steinmeyer, Wm. H. Lee, L. S. Pennall, A. F. Schmidt, J. M. Lee, B. M. Pennall, R. E. Warren, W. Dalton Locke, P. P. Prevost, Clarence Mortimer, Jack Locke, F. Otis Prichard, Wm. (col. cook) Lovegreen, Lawrence B. Porcher,- Chas. F. Perrineau, Isaac Lucas, Benjamin Petit, J. J. (col. cook) Mahoney, D. A. COMPANY B, 25TH REGIMENT. Lloyd, Edward W Captain Hannahan, Joseph S Captain Blum, Robert A First Lieutenant Burger, Sam'l J First Lieutenant Greer, Henry I First Lieutenant Greer, Richard W Second Lieutenant Taft, Robert M Second Lieutenant Bomar, J. Edward.. Brevet Second Lieutenant Lanneau, Fleetwood First Sergeant Simons, T. Grange First Sergeant Marion, Jno. F Second Sergeant Jamison, Wm. H Second Sergeant Gyles, Frank E Second Sergeant McLeod, Robt. A Third Sergeant Oliver, Frederick K Third Sergeant Force, Alexander, W Fourth Sergeant Whittaker, Wm. M Fifth Sergeant Caldwell, J. Shapter Fifth Sergeant Gaillard, Jno. P First Corporal Hayes, LeRoyW First Corporal Laurence, B. De Treville Fourth Corporal Gray, Alfred Fourth Corporal Editor's Appendix 427 Atkinson, Anthony O. Adams, Etsell L. Baker, Geo. S. Beckman, Christian J. Bomar, Geo. "W. Blakely, R. Brown, Samuel N. Brown, T. K. Butler, H. W. Boyce, J. Jeremiah Burns, Lawrence T. Brown, J. H. Cochran, Wm. Cantwell, Pat. H. Copes, Frederick Culler, W. V. De Treville, Ed. W. Devoe, James H. Doucin, P. M. Dorre, C. Frederick Dibble, Marion W. Duff, A. Edmondson, George Estell, Henry P. Flynn, Wm. E. Flynn, W. H. Force, George H. Flyim, Charles H. Gadsden, Thomas N. Gilliland, Daniel B. Gilllland, Edward B. Glover, Jno. B. Pbivates. Glover, Leslie Gibbs, Isaac B. Grady, James T. Grady, Edward Graham, Stephen G. Grice, George D. Greer, W. Robert Happoldt, J. H. Houston, Jno. H. Hernandez, B. Johnston, Chas. H. Lanneau, J. Bennett Lebby, Thos. D. Little, Wm. Logan, E. W. Mathews, Christopher Molloy, Lawrence E. Martin, Jno. C. Mellard, J. Pettigrew Mellard, Joel P. Moffitt, Geo. H. Moore, Wm. H. Murray, D. T>. Myers, H. McCutchen, R. G. McDowell, Robt. H., Jr. McMillan, W. F. Muller, R. Ortman, Louis Ortman, Henry O'Hara, W. P. Oliver, Thos. P. Prior, Barney B. Riecke, Gerhard Renneker, Fred. W. Renneker, J. Henry Robbins, E. Frank Saltus, Samuel Schulte, J. Herman Shaffer, R. Randolph Shaffer, Wm. H. Shaffer, C. P. Simons, W. Lucas Silcox, James Silcox, Daniel S. Scherer, John Shecut, J. Eraser Smith, Jno. B. Stocker, John D. Strong, S. J. Taft, A. Walton Tavernor,, J. H. Tharen, Edward B. Trumbo, Augustus S. Warren, Benjamin W. Westendorff, Chas. H. Williamson, Chas. A. Williams, Henry H., Jr., Wittschew, E. Woodberry, Stratford B. Wilkie, Octavius West, Chas. H., Jr. Hunter, T. (col. cook) Lawrence, J. (col. cook) COMPANY C, 25TH REGIMENT. China, Thos. J Captain Logan, Calhoun Captain Montgomery, Henry, Jr Second Lieutenant Brockington, Burrows P Second Lieutenant China, J. Randolph Second Lieutenant Montgomery, S. Isaac Second Lieutenant Scott, Junius E Second Lieutenant Tootman, Jno. M Sergeant China, Samuel M Sergeant 428 ■Memoirs of the Wae of Secession McClary, G. Franklin Sergeant Mitchum, Sylvester S Sergeant Montgomery, Samuel • Corporal Epps, J. Henry Corporal Baker, Major R. D Corporal Jayroe, John W Corporal Montgomery, Isaac Corporal McKnight, Wm. H Corporal Ard, Edward G. Ard, S. Reuben Ard, James, Jr. Ard, Joseph Allen, Drue A. Adams, D. Elliott Brown, Harvey J. Brown, Madison A. Barrineau, J. Thomas Barrineau, R. Henry Barrineau, Edwin M. Barrineau, Ebbin G. Barrineau, Geo. W. Browder, S. Warren Brabham, J. Augustus Brabham, Joliu Brown, James M. Brockintou, William Cook, T. James Cook, W. Dorsey Cook, Elihu R. Cooper, Archie B. Dennis, Edward G. Dennis, Samuel R. Duke, W. David Duke, Robert E. Duke, Benjamin F. Duke, Thomas J. Duke, David M. Ellis, Ellie S. Footman, Henry E. Peagin, J. Alfred Peivates. Feagin, Madison S. Feagin, Richard Gist, George Guess, William Guess, G. Adolphus Guess, Burgess M. Gamble, Robert K. Gamble, Isaac K. Garner, Henry S. Graham, Samuel Grayson, Harvey L. Grayson, John M. Johnson, J. Bird Johnson, Edward Jaudon, Dicky J. June, Samuel N. James, Wm. E. James, Samuel S. Jones, J. Ferdinand Kelly, John W. Kelly, Elbert J. Kaler, James E. Lee, Isaac E. Logan, Washington D. Liles, Robert K. Lambert, A. Jack Mitchum, J. Sessions Martin, Ebbin R. Martin, J. James Montgomery, S. Edgar Montgomery, T. Warren Montgomery, Edward P. Montgomery, J. Alex- ander Montgomery, J. Frank- lin Montgomery, Wm. J. Montgomery, James- B. McConnell, Thomas A. Mathews, James M. McCrary, S. Alex. McCIary, Lidney B. McClary, Wm. D. Mouzon, Wm. E. Murphy, J. Calvin McCants, John E. McKnight, Daniel Baker Owens, J. Manson Parsons, Wm. H. Parsons, A. Jack Parsons, George Pressley, Hugh M. Pendergrass, Jno. M. Pendergrass, B, Robert Rush, Emory W. Shaw, H. David Smith, Erwin R. Smith, David M. Tisdale, Wm. W. Wilson, Pinckney Wilson, John Xoung, W. Henry Young, James H. Young, Levi E. COMPANY D, 25TH INFANTRY. McKerrall, Wm. Jasper Captain Haselton, James First Lieutenant McKay, Daniel J First Lieutenant Editor's Appendix 429 Bethea, Pickett P Second Lieutenant Smith, Marcus L Second Lieutenant Alford, Artemus Sergeant Richard, Meyer Sergeant Mclntyre, Joseph Sergeant Barfleld, Jesse Sergeant Sweet, David Corporal Cox, Lewis J Corporal Greenwood, E. B Corporal Herring, Jno. C Corporal Herring, Marcus C Corporal Turbeville, George Allen, John Atkinson, Tulley Barrentine, Wilson Berry, Nathan Blackman, David Barrentine, Nelson Bullard, P. D. B. Barnett, D. Beverly, Douglass Coward, Ansel Candler, William Candler, Noah Cook, Hiram Coats, Evander Cottingham, Wesley Coals, James Candler, Wm., Sr. Coleman, Louis Clark, Johnson Carter, Henry Daniel, Harllee Drew, R. Daniel, Dargan Drew, Turrentine Drew, John W. Edge, John Edge, Hamilton Foxworth, John Foxworth, W. K. Freeman, Robert Freeman, Rob. Gaddy, J. J. Graham, James Peivates. Godbold, James V. Graves, W. M. Goodbad, Eli Graham, E. Hoyt, Hugh Hoyt, Washington Herring, D. M. Hamilton, Whitner, Jr. Hunt, George Hunt, Charles Hunt, P. C. Hays, W. M. Hays, Nicholas W. Hays, W. C. Hays, H. R. Hays, R. H. Hays, A. G. Hays, Jesse H. Hays, E. W. Hays, C. Hairgrove, Wm. Hairgrove, W. H. Haselden, James Hyatt, Hugh Hyatt, John Herlong, James Ikner, James Johnson, J. F. Jordan, Jacob Jackson, J. R. Johnson, George Johnson, Barney Jones, F. D. Keever, David A. Kennedy, Evander Lane, Ferdinand Lane, Franklyn Lulidy, John Lovell, J. W. Lane, Robert Lane, S. D. Lundy, Wm. McCorkle, J. F. Mekins, Phillips B. Mekins, Oscar McKnight, J. E. Moore, G. W. Norton, Sandy Nees, John Owens, Hewitt Owens, Lott Ransom, John Rushing, James Riley, D. S. Rucker, Ruff Smith, J. K. Redman, Jake Turner, Willis, Jr. Turner, Martin Turner, Joel Tart, G. Withington, W. fJ. Watson, David Wilkes, James Wilkinson, Jaiiies Wood, John Yates, Wm. 430 Memoirs of the War of Secession COMPANY E, 25TH REGIMENT. White, Robert D Captain Mazyck, Nat B Captain Bythwood, Mat W First Lieutenant Mims, Alfred James First Lieutenant Due, "Virgil Second Lieutenant Durbee, F. Eugene Second Lieutenant Lalane, Geo. M Second Lieutenant Prince, John E Second Lieutenant May, P Sergeant Norris, E. J Sergeant Dunn, GeOjA Sergeant King, John Sergeant Sanders, Joseph T Sergeant Mahoney, William Sergeant Milligan, H. A Corporal McEvoy, P Corporal McLeish, Jno Corporal Manning, John Corporal Vocelle, Leon Corporal Kettleband, S. D Corporal Gory, P Corporal Adams, Geo. P. Arnum, M. V. Arnum, W. D. P. Abrams, A. F. W. Bilton, John J. Bilton, William Bilton, George Baljer, Fred. G. Broolis, J. D. Burns, John Bain, M. Brennan, John Boyce, W. Burck, E. Broughton, J. J. Bergen, P. J. Campsen, J. H. Carey, M. Carpenter, W. Christophel, M. Crosby, James Cohen, Julius Pbivates. Doughty, E. B. Daggett, J. W. Dunn, James Dallwick, L. Due, John E. Dufort, J. L. Easterby, S. D. Englert, John W. Flotwell, R. Farris, J. E. Frank, Joseph Foster, C. H. Pourcher, V. Fannigan, T. Funk, Gerkin, E. H. Gordon, W. C. Gordon, J. Gaymon, M. Gerry, Wm., Jr. Haselton, D. B. Hall, George Husseman, H. H. Hirsch, Melvln J. Hutson, J. H. Hudson, Ellas Hutson, Edward R. Halverson, J. H. Ittner, J. Jacobs, F. Johnson, Jno. R. Jones, J. W. Jones, William Kressell, Frank Kenny, J. Lalane, Paul B. Laler, M. ^ Long, John Leitch, Gilbert M. Lolly, J. Laverne, J. Marshburn, E. H. Mahoney, D. Martin, John Editor's Appendix 431 Mclntyre, Thomas Morris, J. Metts, John Meyers, John Nlckerson, A. J. Nickeson, G. W. O'Mara, John O'Mara, William O'Brien, D. Petit, George W. Phillips, Lemuel M. Pundt, A. M. Peck, O. M. Puckharber F. Papham, J. B. Preston, Jno. F. Ruger, Wm. T. Rosis, J. Reeves, George Rose, A. Ryan, J. Speissegger, T. W. Smith, Thomas Smith, P. Smith, Joseph Sevetus, S. Stay, W. P. Schroder, John Schroder, Glaus Seele, Charlie Stewart, Richard Sanran, H. Smith, John S. Stafford, H. R. Trainer, J. Vanderpool, Ij. Voyleberg, L. Vayler, O. Vocelle, A. COMPANY F, 25TH REGIMENT. Sellers, M. Henry Captain Harper, Leonidas A Captain Evans, John G Second Lieutenant Shuler, Franklin E Third Lieutenant Wise, Wade W Lieutenant Carson, Robert J First Sergeant Hart, Capers H Sergeant Gramling, Mike W Sergeant Fralic, W. J Sergeant Avinger, A. P Sergeant Dantzler, B. M Sergeant Dantzler, E. L Corporal Prickett, J. W Corporal Ulmer, Thomas W Corporal Way, D. A Corporal Harmon, J. W Corporal Avinger, D. J. Avinger, Lewis H. Barber, G. D. Barsh, W. F. Braddy, D. Braddy, E. W. Clayton, D. J. Clayton, W. W. Clayton, F. R. Dantzler, Arthur P. Dantzler, Henry F. Dantzler, J. N. Pbivates. Dantzler, W. H. Dantzler, Lewis W. Dantzler, George M. Dantzler, Fred. W. Dantzler, Ervin P. Davis, O. S. Davis, Thomas Davis, Morgan A. Douglas, Brince Evans, R. M. Felder, Carson E. Felder, O. J. Fertic, Boyd Fertlc, Charles Fertic, George Fertic, John Fertic, Joseph Fersner, Wm. F. Fersner, Frank Fersner, Lawrence W. Fogle, W. J. Golson, J. D. Gramling, Martin Luther 432 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession Griffin, A. B. Griffin, James Griffin, Henry Griffin, John Griffin, Silas D. Grainger, Henry E. Haigler, F. M. Haigler, F. G. Heclile, A. J. Heaner, Jno. C. Holmes, Sam Houck, Daniel D. S. Huffman, David J. Huffman, W. R. Huffman, John Jones, James Mclver, David A. Mclver, Bruner A. Murray, D. D. Meyers, Fred. Meyers, J. W. Ott, Samuel Ott, J. Frank Pailer, O. J. Parler, Leonidas Prickett, J. H. Rast, J. T. Rooke, E. C. Rucker, John Rucker, Henry Rickenbacker, Nicho- las F. Shirar, Henry Shuler, Erastus. V. Shuler, F. Pinckney H. Shuler, George L. V. S. Shuler, D. G. B. Shuler, Merrick W. Snell, W. D. Smoak, A. A. Smoak, A. E. Staley, H. J. Stroman, Charles Stroman, Emanuel Spigener, Edward Stone, Adam Smith, J. W. Smith, R. Shurlnight, Lon Strock, William Strock, E. B. Taylor, Middleton E. Taylor, Pinckney H. Thompson, D. V. Ulmer, F. F. TJlmer, G. L. Vogt, h. 0. Walling, Jos. A. Walling, R. Walling, Jas. Wannamaker, Irvin W. Way, Wad B. Wiles, Henry Wiles, William Wiles, G. A. Wiles, V. P. Zeigler, Fred. Zimmerman, R. D. Zimmerman, W. C. ST. MATTHEWS CO., 1ST REGIMENT. Barber, John Bookhart, D. B. Evans, Lewis W. Evans, R. F. Godfrey, Pink Peivates. Hungerpeler, J. T. Hart, Tom C. Jones, L. C. Mims, F. Powers, George Rush, Davie H. Shuler, P. C. Way, James F. Williams, Capers COMPANY G, 25TH REGIMENT. Glover, John V Captain Izlar, Jas. Ferdinand Captain Kennerly, Samuel N First Lieutenant Dibble, Samuel First Lieutenant Elliott, George H Second Lieutenant Graves, Joseph Second Lieutenant Izlar, Benjamin Pou Orderly Sergeant Hook, J. Hilliard Sergeant Rast, Jacob E Sergeant Izlar, William Valmore Sergeant Culler, L. Hayne Sergeant Shoemaker, Ira T Sergeant Editor's Appendix 433 PauUing, William Corporal Kohn, Theodore Corporal Robinson, Jude Corporal Kennerly, J. Eobert Corporal Adger, A. M. Austin, Morgan L. Arant, James H. Antilley, M. Furman Ashe, John Ayers, D. A. Bailey, Henry Bailey, Charles Benton, J. W. Bozard, Jacob C. Bozard, John S. Bozard, David T. Bozard, Steven E. Brabham, Lawrence F. Bronson, Marion D. Brown, Henry Brown, David Bruce, James P. Bull, W. Aiken Collins, A. Crawford, Wm. B. Crider, Geo. B. Culcleasure, D. J. Culler, W. Wesley Culler, J. W. Culler, Jacob Dantzler, J. M. Dantzler, David W. Pbivates. Dantzler, Manley J. D. Darnold, Esau Darnold, S. C. Dibble, Frederick S. Fairy, Geo. W. B. Frieze, Franz J. Froberg, H. Hall, Sylvanus Hall, Samuel R. Holman, Jas. M. O. Holstein, Joseph A. Hook, Samuel P. Hook, John. Hook, Lawrence L. Inabinet, A. Jeff. Inabinet, Frank S. Inabinet, Charles G. Inabinet, E. E. Izlar, Lauriston Theo- dore Izlar, Adolphus Madison Irick, Laban A. Irick, Alex. D. Irick, Elliott H. Jenkins, Lewis W. Meredith, William C. Moody, W. A. Murphy, Emanuel Murphy, David F. Myers, Esau Myers, Luther Myers, Fred. O'Cain, Jno. M. Ott, Elmore Ott, Elias Ott, J. David Rast, Fred. M. Rast, Lewis Rawlinson, Moses Rawlinson, Abram S. Rawlinson, Wm. J. Rives, Wm. C. Robinson, Murray Rush, Lewis F. Scott, Junius L. Sanders, Ben H. Shultnight, Low Smoak, Andrew J. Stokes, Jefferson Syphret, Obadiah J. Sanford, Jesse Tatum, Jno. S. C. Taylor, William W. Wolfe, Edward M. Wolfe. Peter COMPANY H, 25TH REGIMENT. Hammond, Sam'l LeRoy Captain Bartless, Wm. H Captain Seabrook, Whltmarsh H First Lieutenant Hammond, F. G ■'. Second Lieutenant Rush, E. W Second Lieutenant Jacob, F. Second Lieutenant Ramsey, J. T Second Lieutenant Prickett, J. H Second Lieutenant Toye, R. G First Sergeant Horton, R. A First Sergeapt 28— H 434 Memoirs or the War of Secession Oliver, F. K Sergeant Rochester, W. A Corporal Lamb, Robert , Corporal Williams, M. R Corporal Brown, F. H Corporal Fagan, J. H Corporal Adams, A. Adams, Ardas, G. Ashe, Baugh, M. Baugh, L. Bartley, J. L. Bentley, E. B. Bergin, R. H. Cunningham, W. H. Cook, Alexander Crawford, Major Chastine, W. B. Dobbins, T. C. Davis, James Davenport, J. C. Ducine, P. M. Doling, John Dunn, J. DuBose, S. C. Dougherty, F. Drose, T. C. Evans, J. R. Esta, J. Farrell, H. C. Farmer, E. Green, P. Gordon, Gray, James Peivates. Gary, J. W. Gregorie, . Hodgson, P. P. Hyman, J. C. Hyman, T. Hall, G. Hyde, J. C. Jones, Henry Jones, William James, H. V. Kelly, J. C. King, R. W. Keenan, P. Lynch, E. Long, J. Lee, Matthews, H. W. Matthews, W. J. McPeely, J. G. McAlister E. Moore, R. A. Metts, W. D. Moise, H. C. Mezzer, James Melton, E. F. Murphy, L. D. McCalvey, A. C. Maul, H. C. Mulling, F. McCoy, R. O'Donnell, E. Odom, J. A. Odom, James Powell, C. Powell, D. Powell, E. Pearson, J. W. Popham, G. H. Pundt, A. M. Peck, C. M. Reed, J. R. Ronan, P. Rivers, C. H. Rosis, J. Sears, G. P. Stephens, James Smith, James Steadham, G. D. Scott, O. H. P. Seignous, J. P. Smoak, Thompson, A. Wescoat, St. J. D. Wallace, Barney Williams, A. Wolfe, COMPANY I, 25TH REGIMENT. Butler, y. N Captain Burgess, J. C .' Captain Logan, John J Captain Brown, F. B Second Lieutenant Felder, R. P Second Lieutenant Cockran, Jno. W Sergeant Lowder, W. A Sergeant Bagnal, J. Moultrie Sergeant Editor's Appendix 435 Fleming, J. W Sergeant Arledge, Thomas W Sergeant Ridgway, Reuben P Sergeant Haley, H. V Corporal Tobias, Thomas E Corporal Freeman, Wm. D Corporal Plowden, Wm. B Corporal Evans, J. L Corporal Anderson, A. G. Barnes, James Burgess, James A. Brunson, Joslah C. Bell, Jas. M., Jr. Bell, Manning A. Burgess, D. J. Burgess, S. H. Burgess, Jno. A. Barwick, Geo. W. Brewer, J. F. Barnes, Francis Burgess, Robert B. Burgess, J. Calvin Brogden, Joseph Burgess, W. R. (M. D.) Burgess, Andrevr Cockran, Allen Cutler, James DeLoach, Nelson Davis, J. Elbert Dickson, Geo. W. Evans, Peter Evans, C. "W. Evans, J. H. Evans, T. Rush Evans, Joseph W. Ervin, L. Nelton Fleming, B. F. Fleming, H. F. Fleming, H. L. B. Fleming, W. D. Fleming, S. W. Gamble, Thomas E. Gamble, John F. Gibbons, Gabriel Hodge, A. J. Privates. Hodge, S. N. Hodge, E. S. Hodge, W. J. Haley, F. W. Haley, Isaac A. Hill, N. H. Hodge, J. N. Hodge, Jas. D. Hodge,. Samuel Herrington, Kinder Johnston, F. M. Johnson, Daniel Johnson, Jno. J. Jacobs, Mitchell Johnson, Pinckney Johnson, Neighbor Knowlton, Jno. W. Kelly, Jno. M. Lowder, C. A. Lovcder, J. J. Lowder, H. b. Lowder, J. O. Loyd, Santa McCullough, Wm. Mcintosh, John F. Mixon, A. W. Moyd, E. M. McDonald, R. D. Pelt, John Plowden, Jno. M. Plowden, J. C. Pendergrass, Jno. M. Pendergrass, B. R. Plowden, Joseph Richburg, Canty Richburg, Jas. H. Richburg, Joseph E. Richburg, Jno. A. Ridgeway, J. N. Raffield, Thomas N. Rodgers, William Rodgers, John Rodgers, Ervin Rodgers, J. Ladson Reardon, D. E. Ridgeway, Jno. M. Richburg, B. D. Richburg, J. N. Setzer, Alfred Steadham, G. D. Smith, Wm. A. Stukes, F. M. Tobias, Isaac N. Tobias, Wm. M. Tobias, F. W. Tobias, J. W. Tobias, J. Henry Tobias, Thomas N. Timmons, J. A. Timmons, Wm. J. Teetz, Martin Tlndal, A. J. White, Isaac B. White, H. Y. White, H. T. White, Wm. R., Jr. Witherspoon, B. J. Weston, Geo. W. Whitehead, R. W. Worsham, Joseph Worsham, Peter Windham, Flinn 436 Memoirs or the War of Secession COMPANY K, 25TH REGIMENT. Gordon, W. B Captain Lesesne, E. R Captain Lesesne, T. J First Lieutenant McDonald, S. W First Lieutenant Lesesne, C First Lieutenant Saltus, William Second Lieutenant Davis, T. B ■'. First Sergeant Cooper, J. J Sergeant Lifrage, T. M Sergeant Mims, J. N Corporal Hicham, W. E Corporal Micham, Sam Corporal Matthews, C. M Corporal Altman, W. T. Ard, John Ard, E. Ard, B. Barfleld, T. E. Blakeley, S. S. Browder, E. Browder, McK. Browder, W. Browder, G. Browder, B. R. Browder, J.- Byrdick, W. R. Byrdick, W. Brunson, J. H. Baggott, J. A. Blakely, T. W. Cannon, B. J. Cubstead, W. J. Cubstead, J. B. David, John Davis, John Davis, T. H. Davis, W. Pfin^ATES. Dennis, T. J. Dennis, A. J. Dennis, W. Duke, W. D. Evans, W. T. Flowers, J. J. Gamble, J. W. Gamble, A. M. Hicks, B. Hodge, J. C. Horn, W. W. Hodge, J. H. Keels, T. T. Kirby, J. H. Lamb, J. H. Lesesne, P. H. Lesesne, W. C. Lovell, B. L. Lamb, Samuel Martin, G. McConnell, S. L. McConnell, "W. H. Mictham, J. S. Mlctham, B. Mictham, T. Player, J. G. Player, J. D. Player, L. Pipkin, J. R. Rowell, W. T. Smith, W. W. Smith, F. N. Stukes, W. N. Scott, M. Scott, J. F. Scott, L. V. Salters, John Terry, G. W. Thomas, J. D. Thomas, E. Tanner, J. B. Thomas, H. B. Wilder, B. Wilder, John Wilder, L. Wilder, S. Windham, John Walters, J. P. FIELD AND STAFF OF 7TH S. C. BATTALION OF ENFIELD RIFLES. Nelson, Patrick H Lieutenant-Colonel Rlon, James H . . . . Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson, Patrick H Major Editor's Appendix 437 Blair, L. W. A Major Rion, Jas. H Major Hannahan, R. B Surgeon Tabor, Chas. R Captain and Assistant Surgeon Weston, Wm Captain and Assistant Surgeon Prof est, Wm. K Acting Assistant Surgeon Harrison, Levi Captain and Assistant Quartermaster Mosely, R Captain and Assistant Commissary Nelson, Warren B First Lieutenant and Adjutant Thomas, Wm. M First Lieutenant and Adjutant Irby, A. P First Lieutenant and Ensign Mayrant, Wm > Color Bearer and First Sergeant Outz, J. H. . . . , .• Color Bearer and First Sergeant Robertson, Jno. B Color Bearer and First Sergeant Cooper, Preston Color Bearer and First Sergeant Remington, Geo. W Color Bearer and First Sergeant Elmore, Albert R Sergeant-Major Fooshee, James W Sergeant-Major Gadsden, Christopher Orderly Sergeant Pate, Henry Orderly Sergeant Smith, Joel A Orderly Sergeant Baum, Mannes Commissary Sergeant Harrison, Jno. D Commissary Sergeant Nunnamaker, Henry. . Quartermaster Sergeant COMPANY A, 7TH BATTALION, INFANTRY. Blair, L. W. R Captain Lucas, Benj. S Captain McCaskell, Finley First Lieutenant Segurs, Dove Second Lieutenant Gardner, J. W. . Second Lieutenant McCask, Allen Second Lieutenant Hough, Moses Second Lieutenant McSween, Wm Sergeant Tiller, H. D Sergeant Horton, J. E Sergeant Hargraves, J. E ..Sergeant Newman, B. S Third Corporal ParvATBs. Burns, Isaac McLaurin, Dan'l Atkinson, W. H. Outlaw, M. J. Pitts, J. C. (Color) Outlaw, B. F. Campbell, Jno. Allen, Ellas Bethune, Daniel M. Campbell, Chas. Allen, W. A. Clyburn, Jno. H. Yarborough, W. A. Allen, W. W. Gardner, S. L. McLauren, J. A. Anderson, John (Corporal) (Corporal) Atkinson, J. J. 438 Memoirs or the War of Secession Brannar, Elias Brannon, J. E. Bateman, W. J. Blackwel], T. J. Blackwell, M. T. Blackwell, U. A. Berry, J. W. Bone, J. W. Bone, J. E. Bruce, James Barnes, E. E. Bethune, N. A. Beasley, S. Cameron, W. J. Cato, James Caston, J. W- Clyburn, J. Henry Clyburn, W. A. Copeland, Moses Daniels, W. N. Douglas, Ed. Douglas, James Davis, T. H. Dunn, T. P. DeBrubl, Jesse E. Evans, T. P. Folsom, S. T. Gardner, S. T. Gardner, T. D. Gardner, W. J. Gardner, D. W. Gee, W. N. Hall, C. L. Hall, F. M. Hall, J. M. Hall, Joseph Hall, L. McC. Hall, John J. Hall, James Hall, J. K. Hall, J. E. Hammerslaugh, S. Harris, A. T. Hough, Amos Hough, Samson Hyatt, C. "W. Hyott, J. W. Horton, Eansom Horton, J. S. Horton, J. W. Herron, J. E. Herron, Samuel Hopkins, James Holland, T. B. Johnson, Noel Jordan, Colin Jones, N. W. Jones, Calvin King, G. B. King, G. P. King, George King, J. E. Kelly, J. E. Lucas, S. D. Leach, John Marshall, A. C. Mosely, Isaac Mosely, Milberry Mosely, Reddick McCaskill, J. D. McCaskill, J. H. McCaskill, C. W. McLendon, Wm. McGourgan, A. McGourgan, Jno. McLaurin, Angus McPherson, L. B. Mixon, J. S. Mixon, L. S. Daniel, Peter Murchison, Columbus Newman, Nelson Newman, J. H. Newman, J. T. Newman, B. W. Newman, Milberry W. Nichols, Isaac Norris, George Norris, A. C. Outlaw, Curtis Parker, Michael Phillips, S. F. Rodgers, W. J. Rodgers, S. C. Rodgers, J. D. Randolph, W. F. Randolph, Thomas Radcliff, W. C. Raley, A. "W. Shaw, William Shirley, J. E. Sinclair, James Sinclair, John Stein, Henry Scarborough, B. A. Stokes, E. E. Stokes, Simeon Stokes, W. J. Stokes, Ephraim Stokes, E. J. Smith, John Shumaker, G. N. Surles, E. M. Tiller, John Tiller, J. M. Tiller, P. W. C. Turner, R. J. Turner, B. J. Warr, H. L. Waters, Thomas Watkius, E. M. Watkins, J. A. Watkins, P. H. Watkins, Jesse E. Watkins, Jno. E. Watkins, J. J. Warley, B. M. Watson, James Webb, Samuel West, Joseph West, R. E. Woodham, Jno. W. Williams, A. N. Yarborough, Wilson Yarborough, J. C. Yarborough, E. N. Young, Samuel Editor's Appendix 439 COMPANY B, 7TH BATTALION. Eion, James H Captain Harrison, Jno. R Captain Kennedy, Jotin L Captain Douglas, S. Wade Captain Tidwell, Jno. S Captain Isbelle, H. Lawrence First Lieutenant Cason, Jas. P First Lieutenant Kennedy, R. W Second Lieutenant Cook, S. Henry Second Lieutenant .Harvey, W. A Lieutenant Ptiilllps, R. W First Sergeant Duke, S. H Sergeant Smith, Joel A Sergeant Gerig, Francis Sergeant Gadsden, C. E Sergeant Rabb, Jas. K CorporaJ Dulse, H. Oscar. . , Corporal Fraser, Daniel Corporal McDonald, Jas. M Corporal Abbott, D. Abbott, John Abbott, J. Allen, J. A. Anderson, T. Bailey, J. A. Bagley, W. L. Barber, G. Barber, N. C. Barber, T. J. Barker, T. W. Baum, M. Bell, B. H. Black, L. D. Blizzard, D. A. Blizzard, E. J. Blizzard, J. T. Brazill, D. L. Bookhart, J. A. Boyd, John Broom, E. T. Broom, C. P. Boney, Jno. T. Brown, J. L. PErVATES. Brown, J. W. Brown, W. C. Carter, D. Castles, J. S. Cloud, D. G. Cloud, J. F. Cloud, T. E. Cohen, Morris Cooper, W. J. Cork, John Coleman, J. F. Cotton, J. Crawford, D. Christmas, Thos. H. Crawford, S. L. Crawford, T. Crosby, C. N. Crosby, R. F. Crumpton, Z. A. Dawkins, H. David, Morris Dickey, Chas. A. Dunbar, H. A. Dunbar, S. B. Dunlap, P. W. Dye, J. L. Easier, Adgena Easier, E. Easier, John Bastler, H. Eastler, James Estes, E. W. Estes, W. Evans, W. D. Faust, J. J. Field, B. W. Gladden, James Gladden, Silas Gibson, D. H. Goza, E. A. Gray, G. M. Grunnell, Jos. S. Hammond, H. Harrison, Eli Harrison, J. Edmunds Hayes, C. Haynes, E. W. Hagood, H. W. 440 Memoirs of the War of Secession Hagood, Joel Hagood, J. A. Hagood, G. M. Hinnant, A. R. Hlnnant, J. S. Hobbs, J. A. Hogan, M. A. HoUls, J. L. Hood, H. E. Hood, J. J. Hood, J. T. Howell, Sam'l M. Huey, A. M. Jamison, A. L. Jamison, W. H. JefCers, R. L. Jeffers, A. McK. Johnson, R. Thos. Kelly, W. D. Kennedy, A. B. Kennedy, John Kennedy, J. F. Kennedy, J. T. King, Benjamin Land, F. Lewis, B. Levister, J. Lee, J. S. McDonald, Leander McGrath, H. A. McGrath, N.C. Mclntyre, John McLain, W. McCuUy, J. Melton, L. Mobley, B. L. Mundle, J. D. Murray, W. B. Martin, G. B. Neely, J. B. Neil, J. H. Ooten, Thos. Perry, Allen Peake, D. Perry, Isaac Perry, J. J. Perry, S. G. Perry, S. N. Perry, W. F. Poteat, Jacob A. Powers, James Powers, Lawrence Propst, H. B. Propst, W. K. Price, O. P. Price, E. Rabb, W. Rains, J. M. Reid, D. J. Rimer, A. Robinson, J. A. Roe, W. P. Rose, J. A. Rose, W. C. Rosbore, J. F. Rush, W. Sharp, Scott, J. Y. Sexton, J. B. Shepard, W. W. Smith, W. W. Sims, T. Simpson, J. D. Starnes, J. W. Steel, J. A. Sterling, J. Stevenson, S. H. Stevenson, R. Stevenson, S. Stewart, J. Dallas Stewart, J. Stewart, W. Stone, J. Tidwell, C. L. Thomas, W. L. Trapp, Allen Watts, J. A. Watts, J. Wilson, John Wilson, J. Wilson, J. W. Wilson, D. Wilson, J. M. Williamson, J. C. Wooten, T. Wright, J. C. Wyrick, J. Z. Young, C. B. COMPANY C, 7TH BATTALION. Sligh, Wm, ,H.. .. Captain Pearson, A., W.,. Captain Mankin, Joel R. , • Captain Howell, Malley. . .., First Lieutenant Bell, B., H,. , .. ..,, First Lieutenant Blmore, Fr^pklin H Second Lieutenant Taylor, Wnf. ^H . , ,,,.., Second Lieutenant Sligl^, ^,,V.. Third Lieutenant Hill, Wb.. .... Third Lieutenant Davis, Elili;u..^ ., ,,..,.;., First Sergeant Telford, 'V'^pi.,. I ..,, Second Sergeant Editor's Appendix 441 Johnston, Henry Third Sergeant Wilson, W. M Fourth Sergeant McGJll, Wm. P Fifth Sergeant Hawkins, William Corporal Braswell, James Corporal Daniels, Starke Corporal Neil, R. Y Corporal Kelly, Asa C Corporal Medlin, Wesley Corporal Abbott, Wesley Antonio, L. W. Arledge, Moses Augustine, Sam Bayley, James Boyer, Moses Broughton, Edward Broughton, Frank Brown, Allen Bysander, B. Campbell, D. Campbell, John Campbell, Thos., Sr. Campbell, Thos., Jr. Cloud, D. G. Coleman, A. Cook, John Cooper, Eben Corder, Henry Corder, James Corley, Jas. D. Cotton, N. Daniels, Edward Daniels, Nathan Daniels, Starke Davis, David Davis, James Davis, John juavis, R. Davis, Thomas Davis, W. D. Dennis, Gabriel Deveaux, S. L. Dorritty, Thomas Elders, John Evans, James Pbivates. Faust, John Futril, Sam'I Garner, James Gibson, Nicholas Gibson, S. D. Goins, Ainsley Goins, Henry Goins, Ransom Goins, Wesley A. Haithcock, Hopkins Hawkins, Augustus Hawkins, Jno. C. Hawkins, Peter S. Hill, John Hill, Lonnie Hood, John Hornsby, J. Hornsby, Wesley Horton, Samuel D. Hughes, A. F. Huggins, Daniel Huson, Robert S. Hussey, George Jacobs, Chris. Jones, Wesley Justice, Hilliard Justice, William Kelley, F. Kelley, James Kelley, Pleasanton Lee, James Lomas, William Lorick, J. A. Lovett, Frederick Lovett, Robert Lovett, Thomas Jiarsh, Jonathan Martin, Asa Martin, D. Martin, Joseph Martin, Phillip Martin, Thomas Maxey, John Mayrant, James Mayrant, John McCrady, A. McCrady, James McLain, Daniel McNeill, Henry McNeill, James, Jr. Medlin, Daniel Medlin, E. Medlin, Hilliard Medlin, Isaac Medlin, John Medlin, Samuel Miles, H. Mitchell, D. D. D. Morrill, Alexander Outen, Daniel Powers, James Price, Chas. • Price, Frederick Price, George Price, Hugh Price, John Price, Thomas J. Price, Thos. N., Jr.. Rials, John Rials, Thomas Rush, William Senn, Jacob 442 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession Shannon, D. Davis Sharpe, George Sharpe, Samuel Shirley, Rich Shirley, William Sidler, Jesse Sightler, H. Smith, George Smith, Henry, Jr. Smith, Henry, Sr. Smith, John Starke, Wm. Pinckney Strange, Henry Strickland, John Thomas, W. Thompson, Sam Thornton, John Thornton, Peter H. Trapp, Levi Turnipseed, Edward Usher, J. C. Watts, William Welch, J. J. Welch, T. ±£. Wells, John Wells, William Windom, O. K. Williams, Daniel Williamson, Wade Williamson, William Wilson, M. F. Wilson, McKenzie Wilson, Thomas Wilson, Wm. M. Wooten, Dan COMPANY D, 7TH BATTALION. Jones, J. L Captain Clyburn, W First Lieutenant Young, E. A.. .. First Lieutenant Mosley, R Second Lieutenant Cunningham, R. J Second Lieutenant Young, R. W Second Lieutenant Malone, W. R First Sergeant Clyburn, L. L Sergeant Goodale, J. R Sergeant Wilson, T Sergeant Jones, W. J Sergeant Cauthen, W. C Sergeant Bell, L. C Corporal Young, M. J Corporal Young, G. W Corporal Lewis, R. T Corporal Twitty, L. M Corporal Young, W. J Corporal Sheorn, J. A Corporal Cauthen, L. M Corporal Adams, W. Allen, J. W. Atkinson, R. R. Ballard, J. F. Banks, J. M. Bailey, D. Barnes, G. W. Bell, J. L. Boon, S. Boon, Z. Privates. Boon, J. W. Brace, J. T. Brazil, L. Brown, T. W. Brown, J. T. Billings, C. T. Bryant, W. Bullock, G. N. Capell, H. Carroll, J. Cauthen, J. M. Cauthen, W. C. Cauthen, W. B. Cauthen, L. M. Clyburn, J. C. Clyburn, J. N. Copeland, D. J. Copeland, G. B. Carter, J. F. G. Coward, J. H. Editor's Appendix 443 Dabney, J. H. Holland, J. R. Rider, L. F. Dabney, J. A. Horton, T. C. Roe, A. Davis, A. E. Kelley, H. Rutledge, W. F. Dixon, G. L. Kelley, J. J. Rutledge, J. B. Denton, W. C. Kirby, F. Ryan, G. R. Duren, W. R. Latta, R. Sanders, P. Dunlap, R. M. Lewis, W. H. Self, S. Elmore, A. Meggs, S. Self, W. F. Elmore, D. Mickle, J. Spears, B. F. Farmer, J. A. Marshall, J. C. Smith, D. R. Farmer, E. J. McNeill, D. Smith, William Falconburg, J. A. McNaughton, W. D. N. Smith, W. Ferrell, J. R. Moseley, C. L. Smyrl, Thos. I. Fitzpatrick, T. Moore, W. Stokes, W. C. J. Gardner, R. J. Moseley, J. C. Stuckey, A. Gardner, W. R. Munn, D. A. Sutton, T. G. Gaskins, J. G. Munn, D. M. Thomas, J. H. Gaskins, J. B. Outlaw, R. Thome, J. R. Gaskins, R. Payton, B. M. Wall, W. Gillrane, M. Peach, D. Warren, J. M. Green, J. Pendergrass, J. White, R. J. Gray, S. P. Price, D. K. Williams, J. B. Griggs, J. Quinlin, G. M. Williams, J. N. Henderson, W. M. Randolph, H. Wilson, J. T. Henderson, J. Ray, N. Wilson, J. Herbert, S. Reaves, D. Young, A. Holland, J. C. Reaves, D. R. Vincent, J. COMPANY E, 7TH BATTALION. Boykin, B. E , Captain Gaillard, Phillip P .■ .. ..Captain Ross, James M First Lieutenant Sanders, A Second Lieutenant Lenoir, Thos. W Second Lieutenant Goodale, Jno. R Second Lieutenant Harvey, W. A Second Lieutenant Bracey, J. H Sergeant Ross, W. A '. Sergeant Atkinson, Chas. M Sergeant Gayle, J. Robert Sergeant Hox, Thomas Sergeant Richardson, Thomas Sergeant Cater, John J. . . . , Sergeant Moody, W. M Corporal Sanders, Jas. A Corporal Brown, Wm. R Corporal Benton, J. W ; Corporal 444 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession Thompson, J. S Corporal Berry, Jas. J Corporal Frost, Charles E Corporal Peivates. Anderson, W. E. Allen, James A. Allen, J. P. Ammons, Alcien Ammons, James Belt, S. Lawson Belk, Joseph A. Bracey, Ransom M. Brown, Rich C. Brown, Simon Branson, B. D. Bradley, Herbert Cater, James Cater, Wm. H. Cater, Henry Chambers, S. Oliver Chewning, Jas. H. Cheatham, W. H. Crawford, D. Cain, James Deas, Henry Dunbar, Adam H. Dunbar, Robert Dixon, Benjamin DuBose, "William C. Basterling, E. M. Goza, B. A. Gerrald, Wm. C. Goodale, Joseph Gatlin, John T. Gaillard, James E. Haley, Jno. B. Haley, James B. Haley, Ferdinand B. Hendricks, James R. Hatfield, James W. Ives, James M. Ives, William T. Jolly, John J. Jenkins, Lodolphus F. Jeffers, A. McKenzle Leach, Wm. T. Moore, L. A. Mcintosh, James McDowell, James T. McKenzie, Langdon C. Mitchell, John M. Morris, Henry Morris, William Moody, Charles E. Myers, Thos; S. Nunnery, Anderson Nunnery, Peter Nunnery, Peter P. Prescott, Thos. D. Phillips, Henry D. Shull, Martin A. Sanders, John Sanders, Garner Scott, Abijah Scott, Henry Scott, Geo. W. Scott, James J. Stuart, Dallas Thompson, Jno. A. Willson, Wm. H. Willson, S. G. Willson, John Willson, Wylie COMPANY F, 7TH BATTALION. Segar, Dove Captain McSwan, William First Lieutenant Horton, Jas. Ervin Second Lieutenant Tiller, Henry D ..Lieutenant Raley, Andrew W Lieutenant King, Gillam P Lieutenant Gardner, Stephen L Sergeant Kelly, Jas. P Sergeant Hough, Sampson Sergeant Pate, Henry Sergeant Phillips, Steven F Sergeant McCaskill, Jas. H Sergeant Gardner, Thos. D Sergeant Sowell, James E Sergeant, Turner, Benjamin J Corporal Folsom, Stephen T Corporal Editor's Appendix 445 Dunn, Thomas P Corporal Horton, James S Corporal West, Joseph Corporal Raley, Reddick Corporal Newman, Jno. T Corporal Peivates. Bone, James E. Hopkins, Lucius Pate, Levi, Jr. Bone, William W. Hopkins, Malcolm Pate, Chapman Bruce, James Hough, Laban C. Raley, Dove Barnes, Reddin E. Hough, I. Sheppard Raley, William Barnes, William Hollis, Hiram F. Radcliff, Wm. C. Bennen, Neill J. Hagood, Jesse M. Robinson, James Bell, Robert J. Holleyman, Geo. W. L. Robinson, Hilton Blacknell, Geo. P. Hogan, J. L. Rains, Muses B. Cato, James Hornsby, Jesse Smith, John Cato, Wm. T. Ingram, Moody Searles, Edward M. Cato, William Jones, Richard T. Shumake, Geo. N. Caston, Jno. W. Jones, John T. Stroud, Lilly T. Cantey, Thos. R. Jones, Nathaniel W. Stroud, Jno. M. Culpeper, Jno. H. Jones, Samuel N. Stokes, C. Spencer Copeland, Thos. R. Jamieson, C. Alex. Scott, Timothy Clanton, Lovick King, George Sutton, J. Fred Campbell, Benjamin Kennington, George W. Sowell, Wylie Campbell, James McCaskill, C. Wesley Sullivan, James Davis, Thomas H. McCaskill, Wm. P Shaw, J. Duncan Dickson, Jesse McLendon, William Turner, Benj. D. Elliott, William McLendon, Ellas Turner, Robert J. Folsom, Wm. W. McLendon, Gillis Thompson, Wm. B. Folsom, Jno. J. McGougan, Angus Thompson, Henry Gardner, D. Whitfield McGougan, John Tiller, Joseph J. Gardner, Wm. J. McGougan, Archibald Thorne, Thos. S. Gardner, Milus L. Moseley, Reddick West, Joseph Gee, Wm. N. Miller, R. Peel Watkins, Jesse E. Gibson, Nathan W. Munn, Henry J. Warley, B. M. Hall, James McCoy, Benjamin D. Watkins, Jas. J. Hall, Wm. E. Newman, John H. Watkins, Jno. E. Hall, Jacob R. Newman, B. Wylie Warr, H. L. Hall, Joseph Newman, M. W. Ware, Henry L. Holland, Thomas R. Newsom, Henry West, Richard E. Holland, James Norris, Hubert Woodham, J. Wesley Holland, Thomas Outlaw, Curtis Williams, Alex. N. Herron, James E. Pace, J. L. Williams, Jas. E. Herron, S. Samuel ' Phillip, Robert J. Warren, Wylie L. Horton, Bamsour Phillip, Chas. I. Young, Samuel Horton, Jas. Wyatt Phillip, Geo. W. Yarborough, Eben N. Horton, Thomas R. Phillip, W. Riley Yarborough, ThoS. G. Hopkins, James Phillips, S. F. Young, Sam 446 Memoirs or the War of Secessio^t COMPANY G, 7TH BATTALION. Olyburn, William Captain Clyburn, L. L First Lieutenant Taylor, W. J Second Lieutenant Sligh, Thos. W Second Lieutenant Clyburn, L. C First Sergeant Rabb, Jas. K Second Sergeant Mayrant, J. G Third Sergeant Smyrl, Thos. J Third Sergeant Smith, Joel A Fourth Sergeant Murray, Wm. B ' Fifth Sergeant Cooper, Pres Color Sergeant Shears, B. F First Corporal Daniels, Edmund Second Corporal Cooper, W. J Third Corporal Horton, Thos. C Fourth Corporal Augustine, S. W. Brown, E. T. Bagley, W. L. Broughton, E. L. Bradley, D. T. Baskins, W. D. Cooper, J. P. Corder, Jas. A. Clyburn, J. N. Dickey, C. A. Dean, G. A. Drakeford, W. H. Fields, R. H. Gaskins, J. D. Gilliam, Martin Gardner, C. L. Gardner, W. R. Gardner, H. N. Gaskins, G. W. Gay, C. B. Holland, J. R. Holland, Jno. C. Horton, J. C. Hughes, A. F. Hornsby, J. D. Honey, Henry Hall, H. H. Henson, Henry Hocutt, Richard Peivates. Hays, James Hill, J. Justice, Hilliard Justice, William Jones, L. C. JefEers, Thomas Kirby, T. Kirby, John King, Benjamin I5;ing, Edmund Latta, Robert Martin, Thomas Martin, Phillip Mikell, Joseph Motley, Samuel Morris, J. J. Marsh, James McMullin, A. L. Marshall, J. C. McKennon, L. Munn, D. D. McNeill, Henry Medlin, C. McDowell, A. J. Nelson, Columbus Nelson, Francis Outlaw, Bentley Outlaw, Richard Outlaw, Rosier Pendergrass, Joseph Price, Thos. N. Peach, William Phillips, B. D. Perry, Jno. J. Quinlin, G. W. Ryder, L. F. Roe, J. W. Robinson, J. W. Rabon, John Smith, Henry Smith, W. L. Sutton, G. Sutton, T. G. Self, G. W. Smyre, J. N. Stuckey, Anderson Tiller, H. A. Thorne, J. R. Villipigue, J. Ward, Allen Williams, J. B. Williams, J. N. West, Joseph Wilkes, William Wilson, John Wilson, W. M. Wilson, James Editor's Appendix 447 COMPANY H, 7TH BATTALION. Brooks, J. Hampden Captain McCants, Thos. M First Lieutenant Randall, B. J First Lieutenant Weston, William Second Lieutenant Irby, A. P Second Lieutenant Fooshe, J. W First Sergeant Drennan, W. A First Sergeant Walker, E. P Second Sergeant Neal, Wm. M Third Sergeant Motley, R. L Sergeant Outz, J. H Color Sergeant Rush, W. H Sergeant Gregory, J. J Sergeant Robinson, J. S Corporal Brooks, S. J Corporal Davis, W. S Corporal Johnston, J. W. I Corporal Braddy, J. G ; Corporal Hunsucker, F. Corporal Robinson, Jno. B Color Sergeant Peivatbs. Addison, H. F. Addison, Hiram Addison, J. J. Bagley, W. R. Bailey, William Bailey, J. D. Bell, John Bell, Henry Boykin, H. Bird, Peter Cheatham, Alfred Cogburn, R. M. Cothran, S. N. B. Cotton, J. L. Cotton, T. W. Dougherty, B. Douglas, B. C. Dunning, Reeves Durst, G. E. Elkins, W. F. Ellenburg, John Ellenburg, Martin Fox, James Franklin, J. M. Franklin, W. M. Furness, Mathew Gates, Robert Coleman, Jacob Gray, Joel Guillebeau, J. C. Hammond, Asa Harris, J. W. Harrison, Robert Harvely, James Henderson, J. C. Hollingworth, B. HoUlngworth, J. M. Holloway, J. S. Holloway, W. C. Johnstone, Randall G. Jones, D. M. Jones, W. H. Kennedy, A. D. Langley, T. R. Lasure, Pell Laddingham, J. W. Livingston, S. D. Livingston, Wm. McCants, G. B. McGill, A. McLaughlin, W. B. McManus, G. Milford, R. W. Martin, J. J. Miles, Stephen Miller, J. M. Miner, J. H. Miner, R. S. Powell, J. E. Prince, Oliver Roberts, D. S. Roberts, W. C. Rogers, Jasper G. Rush, H. Rush, Jacob Rush, J. H. 448 Memoiks or THE Wak or Secession Rush, J. N. Rush, W. A. Rambo, "Warren bcott, T. A. Seay, William Shinall, G. W. Strickland, Starling Sturgeon, Thomas Sturgeon, R. D. Sturgeon, J. O. Shirley, Samuel Shinall, J. Stalnaker, D. F. Stalnaker, R. Stalnaker, T. Strange, Henry Street, R. J. Smith, E. P. Talbert, M. S. Taylor, Wm. Thomas, J. S. Thomas, Jesse Thomas, W. M. Tinkler, L. D. Tyson, W. C. Vandiver, J. B. Walton, J. F. Walton, J. S. Whittaker, N. Wyrick, L. V. Wideman, E. Wideman, F. Wideman, S. B. Wooten, W. T. Wright, B. B. Wright, E. C. Young, Alex. Young, J. M. FIELD AND STAFF OF 27TH REGIMENT. Gaillard, Peter C Colonel Blake, Julius A Lieutenant-Colonel Ramsay, David Major Abney, Joseph Major Smith, R. Press Captain, Quartermaster and Commissary Smith, W. Mason Adjutant and Lieutenant Williams, Winthrop Adjutant and Lieutenant Simons, Alfred D Acting Adjutant and Lieutenant Pressley, J. L Surgeon and Major •Cain, Jos. P Assistant Surgeon and Captain Oxlade, Thomas Sergeant-Major Howland, W. E Commissary Sergeant Notte, J. O Orderly Sergeant COMPANY A, 27TH REGIMENT. (Calhoun Guards.) Miles, Francis T Captain Palmer, Barnwell W Captain Axon, J. Waring . .Captain Easterly, John M Third Lieutenant Webb, Daniel C Orderly Sergeant Baker, Henry H Sergeant Alexander, Geo. W Sergeant' Black, Samuel Sergeant Gadsden, Thomas Sergeant Smyser, J. William Sergeant Calvo, C. A Sergeant Brown, Edmonds T Corporal Britton, Richard A ' Corpotal Editor's Appendix 449 Baker, Eugene B Corporal Spady, Southey G Corporal Brltton, J. Francis Corporal Axson, Wm. J. Addison, Capers P. Brown, C. Pinclcney Brown, Josiah S. Buist, Chas. B. Balier, Barnard E. Buclsheister, J. Andrew Champlain, Jackson Choate, Ebeu Choate, TliQmas Clayton, David B. Champlain, Edward Cherry, William Caldwell, Wm. A. Davis, Calvin T. Davis, G. Easterly, Washington N. Fengas, Hippolyte V. Gibbes, J. Perroneau Heriott, Wm. B. Peivates. Hall, J. Gadsden Hall, F. M. Hammett, Ripley Horry, Edward S. Hughes, Henry M. Hughes, Edward Holmes, Isaac Innis, Chas. H. Irving, Dr. Aemelius Jervey, Theodore D. Jervey, Lewis Johnston, William Johnston, Pringle Jackson, Thomas Kingman, Oliver H. Kiddell, Theodore Martin, T. Ogier Melllchampe, Wm. S. Miot, Jno. C. Millikin, Adam E. Parker, Thomas Petigru, Dan'l Radcliff, Geo. T. . Rankin, George F. Randall, Edward Schnierlie, Vincent Smith, James B. Smith, Julius Smith, Horace Shannon, Henry Sutton, William Swinton, J. Ralphi- Tennent, Josiah S. Tennent, Gilbert V.. Trenholm, Paul C. Vincent, William Waring, Dr. Jno./B. Westendorff, Jas. S. Westendorff, Chairles Webb, Paul H. COMPANY B, 27TH REGIMENT. Simons, Thomas Y Capta'in Clarkson, William First Lieutenant Sinkler, Wm. W •• Second Lieutenant Masterman, Alfred H Second Lieutenant Muckenfuss, Allen W Second Lieutenant Chamberlain, Henry A First Sergeant Wright, J. D Second Setgeant McMahon, D Third Sergeant Bluitt, A. J Fourth Sergeant Gardner, Jas. A Fifth Sergeant Summerall, Wm. H First Corporal Buckheister, Wm. C Second Corporal Crosby, Jno. C Third Corporall McSweeny, M Fourth Corporal Masterman, Edwin J Lance Corporal Walsh, James Lance Corporal 20— H 450 Memoirs or the War oe Secession Pbivates. Arnold, John Hellers, William Phosphal, John Anderson, Wm. Harris, Jno. C. Perry, John Adams, Henry Harris, William Perry, Robert Addison, Jno. C. Hynes, James, Sr. Page, William Addison, Jos. A. Hynes, James, Jr. Page, Henry Betschman, John Horlbeck, Edward Palmer, Lewis M. Bates, Henry Hughes, Thomas Phelan, jaichael Bowers, Johnson, John l-ool, James M. Boyd, Chas. J. Johnson, Capers Pearson, John Bee, Norman Johnson, Paul T. Quinn, Bussell Burns, Edward Knight, Absolom Seabrook, E. Smyley Jalocker, Hamilton W. Kimmey, Francis E. Stutts, Mathew M. Barnett, John Kirby, Lee Seay, Henry M. Belcher, William Kirby, John M. Sweeney, Michael Conlon, Jno. B. Lamb, Wm. J. Steward, Richard Christmas, Andrew J. Lucas, George Simon, Alfred D. Carey, Thomas Littlejohn, John Symmers, Geo. W. Canten, Richard Littlejohn, George Symmers, Jno. H. Conroy, Thomas Lotz, Peter Sullivan, Andrew J. DuPre, James C. Lake, Edward Sheridan, Thos., Sr. DuPre, Joseph Lake, John Sheridan, Thos., Jr. Doyle, George W. Linstedt, Henry Stevens, John H. Donahoe, John Lindsay, Chas. T. Staley, John De Veaux, Maull, Bernard P. Sauls, Benjamin Deverin, Murphy, Timothy Smith, James Edwards, John Moss, William Smith, John Edwards, Jno. W. Mabry, Jno. G. Sutcliffe, Wm. H. Friend, Robert McCreery, William Sineath, Joseph A. Foucher, J. Victor McAteer, John Tavell, Edward Floyd, John MoUoy, John Taylor, William H. Gruber, Charles Murray, Thomas Turner, C. C. Gibbon, Michael McDowell, Robert Turner, Geo. W. Graser, George McCarthy, Lawrence Vaughan, Wm. Glbbes, J. Reeves Morrisey, Patrick Van- Wiper, Henry Herbert, Chas. W. McManus, Robert B. Wood, Robert Hollander, Matthew McLane, Wm. T. Webb, Walter Hollander, John Nunan, Cornelius Wheeler, James G. Hammett, Jno. C. Neill, Daniel Williams, Jefferson Hanahan, Whitridge Nesbitt, Wm. J. Whitlock, Wm. F. Halsall, William H. Petch, Emanuel M. COMPANY C, 27TH REGIMENT. Lord, Samuel Captain Brown, Geo. W Captain Campbell, James First Lieutenant Hendricks, H. W Second Lieutenant Editok's Appendix 451 Riley, J First Sergeant Connolly, P Second Sergeant Ristlg, W Third Sergeant Wood, W. O Fourth Sergeant Cassldy, J Fifth Sergeant Dangerfleld, R First Corporal Smith, E. P Corporal Jackson, A. M Corporal Kirby, H. N Corporal Sherer, Jno. M Corporal Anderson, J. R. Ashe, J. J. Brown, J. Butt, J. F. Berry, W. P. Barry, W. L. Bomar, W. B. Bomar, J. E. Biggers, A. J. Biter, Alex. Beardon, S. S. Brown, S. S. Blake, Charles Bagwell, Jos. B. Braner, H. Baker, F. Boesch, J. J. Breene, P. J. Brice, A. Buchanan, C. Cooper, W. Caldwell, S. A. Caldwell, A. P. Chllders, J. Chesney, G. "W. Cassldy, D. Cook, H. Davis, P. Daly, T. Drummond, J. F. Duncan, Alexander Dugan, R. B. Eggerking, F. W. Evans, L. K. Edwards, J. P. Epps, B. W. Pbivates. Edwards, P. Faulbeer, A. Ferris, J. B. Falls, E. C. Flynn, J. Glenn, M. Gill, E. H. Griffith, J. G. Harshaw, H. J. Hughes, E. Hughes, J. Hesch, C. Hines, J. Hanna, J. C. weigh, T. P. Hefifner, M. Herbert, J. C. Hamby, ,A. Hudson, H. C. Harrington, W. Jeffers, B. Jackson, W. P. Kelly, John Lay, C. Lindon, I. Leive, E. Lawton, G. W. Lowry, S. Lipscomb, W. L. McDonald, A. A. McDavitt, J. McNeill, J. McCarley, J. M. McCaffrey, J. Mlchaelis, J. H. Malone, P. Maccabee, N. P. Maccabee, J. N. Miskelly, J. W. MuUings, W. Nagle, L. Patrick, C. Pierson, D. W. Pringle, J. Quinn, J. M. Qulnn, R. Rhode, D. Robinson, A. Rees, B. F. Riley, J. Stanton, A. Sobbe, E. Seay, J. H. Sellers, R. A. Shilllnglaw, W. A. Schultiess, E. Stack, J. Schroeder, H. Shoefflin, J' Seibert, F. Smith, E. Thomas, S. A. Taylor, H. Ussery, T. B. Weddigan, E. Whitehead, B. Watson, C. Wooten, J. H. Williamson, J. West, A. J. 452 Memoirs of the War op Secession COMPANY D, 27TH REGIMENT. King, Henry C Captain Hoplsins, J. Ward Captain Cay, John A Captain Wells,- Joseph T First liieutenant Hopkins, Chas M First Lieutenant Barbot, Peter J Second Liieutenant Lance, A. St. John Second Lieutenant Stoney, Isaac D Second liieutenant Edwards, Jno. J Junior Second Lieutenant Foster, Charles First Sergeant Arnold, Thomas Sergeant Smith, W. Kirkwood.. .. First Sergeant Beckman, Wm. W First Sergeant Foster, Henry P Sergeant Gilliland, Arthur Sergeant Saylor, Henry B Sergeant Williams, Wlnthrop Sergeant Valentine, Isaac D Corporal Neufvllle, H. S Corporal Frouche, Augustus F Corporal Dingle, G. Wesley Corporal Poole, Frank S Corporal Starnes, Robert C Corporal Stegin, J. H Corporal Peivates. Armstrong, D. A. Abrams, T. H. Alley, James A. Aldrich, C. F. Arlington, C. H. Austin, Sam'l Atkinson, T. W. Barbot, A. Barbot, A. A. Ball, T. J. Ball, J. J. Bailey, Wm. A. Ballentine, G. P. Barksdale, J. C. Barksdale, Jno. Beadle, R. T. Beadle, B. A. Bee, Sandiford Bee, William B. A. Beason, Samuel Blanton, L. L. Bryson, Thos. J. Bryson, John H. Bumpers, A. Butler, John W. BuUington, D. G. Burns, W. L. Byars, N. Brown, J. S. Brown, A. J. Casey, Thomas Cash, M. S. Cannon, W. H. Colson, Andrew C. Cook, James C. Check, John Chandler, J. W. Chandler, J. J. Cleary, William Cleary, J. E. Clopton, G. W. Compton, W. B. Davis, W. A. Dewees, Thos. H. Davenport, J. C. Edgerton, Sam'l F. Ellison, A. E. Evans, E. C. Foster, Chas. B. Pickling, J. H. Fisher, Sam'l W., Jr. Fowler, Jno. F. Fowler, W. W. Fowler, James F. Fooshe, J. H. Fooshe, John Floyd, Miles Editor's Appendix 453 Garland, W. H., Jr. Garrett, E. B. Garrett, T. B. Gibbes, Allen S. Graves, W. W. Graves, W. B. Grant, A. A. Griffin, W. H. Gyles, "W. Alfred Hamilton, Jno. A. Harrison, F. M. Harrison, J. F. Haselton, E. E. Helames, J. H. Helames, W. H. Helames, Y. C. Hitch, S. G. Rowland, Wm. E. Hughes, Thos. S. Hyde, Samuel T. Johnson, Thomas N. Johnson, "Wm. W. Joel, John Kennedy, M. B. King, Wm. L. Knight, J. A. Lamotte, Henry J. Levin, S. M. Lindsay, Henry A. Lucius, J. R. Lockwood, Thos. P. Macbeth, Edward W. Macbeth, Wm. L. Mahoney, Michael Madden, Z. L. Madden, J. A. Madden, Moses Martin, H. H. Martin, L. D. Martin, S. B. Martin, L. S. Miler, David A. Miller, Daniel Milford, J. W. Milam, William Moodie, A. G. McPherson, J. M. Middleton, Thos., Jr. Moses, Edward L. Moore, W. B. Moore, R. L. Moore, J. H. McAbee, W. C. Martin, S. V. McCrady, J. P. Motes, A. X. Nathans, J. N. Nelson, Josiah Nelson, W. A. Nelson, Thomas Owings, M. J. Owens, R. O'SuIlivan, M. Pinsou, Jno. H. Pinson, Jabez R. Plane, Thomas Poole, Andrew B. Pitts, James Y. Porter, Joseph H. Pope, M. T. Posnanski, Gustavus Roumillat, A. J. A. Ray, F. T. Reeder, R. S. Ried, 0. Henry Redden, Henry Roberts, Jno. F. Rutledge, Jno. E. Saxon, J. F. Saxon, Jack Shaffer, Fred J. Stone, M. Smith, Whiteford S. Saylor, Jacob J. Strange, Perry Strange, J. A. W. Stroble, A. Stuart Suran, Henry T. Sweeney, J. R. Soxby, J. H. Switzer, L. O. Taylor, E. G. Tennant, Edward S. Tennant, Wm., Jr. Tennant, Chas. J. Terry, E. L. Theus, S. Timms, J. M. Toomer, Edward P. Tupper, James, Jr. Turner, John G. Walker, G. W. Walker, E. T. Walker, John Ware, W. A. J. Watts, R. S. Wells, Clement Wells, B. M. Watson, J. D. Withers, T. R. Withers, James Wilson, W. A. Wilson, A. B. Williams, J. C. Wheeler, G. R. Wharton, John COMPANY E, 27TH REGIMENT. Chisolm, R Captain Proctor, S. R First Lieutenant Crooker, T. B Second Lieutenant Remmerlin, S. M Brevet Second Lieutenant Cady, W. N Second Sergeant Jackson, J. M Fifth Sergeant 45i Memoirs of the "Wae of Secession Davis, J. R Third Sergeant Cady, T. N Fourth Sergeant ■VPood, F First Corporal Castin, W. J Second Corporal Watts, W.P Third Corporal Abney, J. B. Barse, D. J. Beck, M. J. Bolin, S. E. Brown, Josiah Brown, Joshua Brooker, B. D. Carson, J. C. Cartin, B. Cartin, W. C. Chapman, D. N. Crabtree, G. Coats, D. N. Craft, J. Cromer, J. R. Centerfield, S. Cockerell, J. Coffee, J. H. Dockins, L. Duncan, G. W. Duncan, T. J. Davenport, H. Fowler, R. Pkivates. Garrick, J. R. Gleaton, W. JI. Gregory, John T. Hammond, H. Hallman, J. W. Hall, J. C. Hendrix, G. S. Humphries, M. Humphries, W. L. Hull, J. M. Jackson, J. P. Jones, L. M. Jones, W. F. Jones, J. A. Kissick, J. W. Kissick, T. R. Leach, J. Murphy, J. M. Madden, L. C. McGill, A. Xates, J. C. Neal, B. Neal, R. L. Owens, J. L. Owens, W. R. Owens, J. A. Poole, John Rice, J. N. Ready, J. P. Redmore, J. L. Rumbly, A. J. Shirey, S. W. Scott, F. T. Smith, E. Smith, W. S. Slaggs, R. Thrift, John Ulm, R. M. Varnes, W. M. Walker, James Wood, Jesse Whetten, A. M. Williams, D. N. Willson, J. C. Zeigler, D. F. COMPANY F, 27TH REGIMENT. Allston, Thos. Blyth Captain Huguenin, Julius G Lieutenant Stuart, Middleton Lieutenant Cater, E. P Lieutenant Porcher, Chas. Pettegru Cadet Watts, Pickens B First Sergeant Floyd, Thos. G First Sergeant Gibbons, J. P Second Sergeant Staubs, Jacob • Third Sergeant Boozer, Jacob Fourth Sergeant Stone, W. L First Corporal Lemon, W. O Second Corporal Attaway, T. G Third Corporal Kirby, Evander Fourth Corporal Editor's Appendix 455 Boatwright, Eli Corporal Welch, Joseph Corporal Aaron, J. J. Arthur, J. T. Attaway, J. A. Aultman, Thomas Barfield, M. Barfleld, W. H. Bailey, Samuel Bladen, T. J. Bowman, J. W. D. Brodie, M. Brown, William Bryant, J. T. Butler, C. W. Birkett, W. H. Benenhaley, Jno. Benenhaley, Eandall Calder, Malcolm Calder, W. Calder, James Chandler, Isaac J. Cockerill, Wesley Coulter, Alexander Deas, Franlilyn De Loach, George De Loach, Caleb De Loach, Allen De Loach, Wm. De Loach, Milledge Dean, John Desnoyers, L. Dorman, D. Earle, T. T. Floyd, W. H. Pulmer, W. T. Galloway, S. P. Peivates. Galloway, W. T. Gant, W. H. Gibbs, Joseph Gibbs, Thos. E. Glisson, J. C. Graham, G. Goodman, J. H. Gibbons, J. C. Griffith, H. W. Hulon, Ervin Hunt, Chas. Hunt, George Healy, P. W. Healy, J. B. Jones, David Keaton, John Keels, D. E. Long, W. W. Long, Jno. M. Long, Wm. Logan, A. J. Logan, F. S. Lane, Jas. D. Lemmon, W. H. B. McDaniel, P. B. ' Jloore, J. K. Moore, S. R. Moyd, E. M. Murrell, B. L. Newberry, A. McCants Padgett, Plunkett, C. Proctor, D. Rutland, Ezekial Beddy, James Reddy, Wm. Smith, S. M. Smith, James Seay, Geo. W. Smith, J. R. Singletary, Jno. J. Tanner, Edward D. Thomas, Oliver Thomas, Rowan Thomas, Huger Thomas, James Thomas, D. R. Thornhill, B. B. Tolson, B. G. Taylor, Henry Tanner, James Turner, G. W. Traynham, A. J. Taylor, J. W. Vausse, J. J. Vausse, A. E. Walden. J. Welch, S. W. Williams, J. Woodward, J. M. Walker, Nathaniel Woodward, W. White, J. W. Welch, Samuel Weaver, J. P. Weaver, Oscar Wightman, W. S. Wright, James COMPANY G, 27TH REGIMENT. (Charleston Sharpshooters or Palmetto Guards.) Buist, Henry ..Captain Holman, Edward H Lieutenant Macbeth, Chas. J Lieutenant White, Abbott B Lieutenant 456 Memoirs or the War op Secession Hart, Thos. C. Sergeant Mims, Fletcher Sergeant Bookhart, D. B Sergeant Shuler, P. C Sergeant Way, J. F Sergeant Johnson, R. C Corporal Gordon, J Corporal Huffman, J. H. S Corporal Burke, I. J Corporal Abies, N. Andrews, W. Bailey, J. D. A. Barber, John Baum, C. Blakely, J. K. Brock, G. Bryant, B. Bryson, W. Bryson, J. Burgess, J. Burkitt, Wm. Burroughs, T. C. Campbell, W. J. Campbell, J. McD. Copeland, H. Crossley, B. Dodd, Dixon • Duckett, J. Dunn, E. Dunford, A. J. Dunford, M. Emory, J. Evans, L. W. Floyd, D. Fuller, J. Gantt, Z. Gartman, S. Gilliam, B. B. Godfrey, T. P. Gossett, W. Grice, F. Givin, T. D. Givin, W. P. Givin, J. Pbivates. Hames, G. Hart, A. R. Harvey, Wm. Horsey, W. Hays, W. Hill, B. W. Hollingsworth, W. Huffman, M. Huffman, F. Hungerpeeler, Jim Irby, S. V. James, F. James, R. Jennings, J. Johnson, H. Jordan, H. Keaton, J. Kemerllng, S. King, D. A. Knight, T. Lamb, J. Lambreth, R. Lartigue, E. J. Lamson, J. Leaird, D. Leaird, J. H. Leaird, J. J. Leaird, T. L. Leaird, I. J. Leaird, R. S. Lewis, J. R. Lewis, G. W. Lewis, T. J. Livingston, L. M. Lovett, W. L. Lucas, J. R. McMakin, W. G. Meadows, J. Moore, G. W. Moore, B. W. Neese, G. Neighbours, W. Neighbours, J. Nelson, T. Oshields, J. Perkins, T. C. Poole, L. Powers, G. Pyles, M. Rainwater, J. P. Rice, H. Riddle, S. T. Riddle, William Rodgers, A. M. Rodgers, L. P. Rourke, A. V. Shuler, C. B. Smith, William Smith, F. J. Smith, W. B. Smith, J. F. Stevens, J. Stone, J. Stone, W. A. Sumeral, J. H. Taylor, A. S. Teague, L. K. Templeton, R. J. Thomas, E. Tribble, C. B. Editor's Appendix 457 Vise, J. B. Vogt, T. P. Waldrup, B. W. Ward, J. Whitmlre, B. Whitten, M. B. Whitten, A. Wiles, P. E. Witkofsliy, J. Woofe, R. Woodward, T. J. Woodward, H. P. Wyatt, R. Zeilile, A. Mieliael, B. McKenzie, A. Floyd, H. Floyd, W. Scott, A. Jolin, Marco COMPANY H, 27TH REGIMENT. Ryan, W. H Captain Mulvaney, J. M Captain Allemong, A. A First Lieutenant Burlse, John Second Lieutenant Hogan, P. R First Lieutenant Hogan, Tlios. L First Sergeant O'Neil, F. L First Sergeant Carroll, Patrick Second Sergeant Ward, Daniel Third Sergeant Lee, Edward Third Sergeant Preston, Jno. F Fourth Sergeant Madigan, Lawrence Fourth Sergeant Lanigan, Edward Fifth Sergeant Moran, Michjsel Fifth Sergeant Harrington, Wm First Corporal Jager, J. Adolphus Second Corporal Conroy, John First Corporal Culleton, Patrick Third Corporal Doherty, Luke Fourth Corporal Brooks, Robert Bresman, Thomas Chandler, W. M. Callager, James Carmady, J. Carroll, Thomas Cavanah, Thos. Cullinane, M. Carey, Thomas Cummings, James Carroll, James Crowley, Richard Connelly, Thos. Cosgrove, James Dodds, George Divine, John L. Pbivates. Dougherty, James Driscoll, Timothy Dinan, William Dinan, Cornelius Dougherty, J. C. Dairy, Thomas Dunn, J. Edwards, James Edwards, John Egan, Thomas Fowler, James Fitzgerald, S. Flannigan, Patrick Flaherty, Thos. Fludd, Luke Flynn, James Gratton, Daniel Goodrich, Allan Goodrich, Henry Goodrich, Thomas Gleason, Thomas GafCney, R. Hartwell, Michael Hancock, J. Hayden, Thomas Hurley, Jerry Hanley, Patrick Hanley, Edward Hill, Hogan, Patrick Howard, D. Hughes, Thos. 460 Memoirs of the Wak of Secession Anderson, Wm. Alley, R. C. Bates, G. W. Bishop, H. Blackwood, O. Bridges, G. H. Bragg, D. W. Brannon, J. J. Beardon, G. L. Cantrell, E. Cantrell, T. B. Cantrell, R. H. Cannon, T. H. Carlton, J. T. Carlton, M. S. Castleberry, J. H. Crosby, J. J. Conlin, J. B. Cooksey, T. L. Chapman, M. B. Davidson, H. M. De Young, William Duberry, D. J. Dupre, J. Edwards, "W. P. Eskew, Y. D. Ford, M. D. Floyd, J. Floyd, M. Fowler, H. Foster, J. J. Pbivates. Gentry, H. Griffin, T. B. Griffin, N. Goforth, J. P. Harnes, L. B. Harnes, F. Harvey, J. Hawley, A. M. Henderson, M. Hendricks, T. M. Heller, William Hullender, M. Humphries, T. Horton, W. R. Kirby, L. Kirby, J. M. Kirby, L. C. Kay, James Lucas, George Lewis, Poser Lindsay, W. H. Lindstedt, H. Maul, B. Mayfleld, J. M. C. ■McElrath, D. T. McElrath, J. McDowell, W. G. McCarter, S. Page, J. C. C. Parris, W. B. Perry, A. J., Sr. Pearson, J. T. Pearson, A. P. Pearson, G. L Poole, E. V. Poole, L. Powers, J. A. Quinn, A. R. Quinn, L. C. Ray, W. Rodgers, J. D. Roberson, J. R. Smith, A. Smith, J. P. Spell, J. D. Turner, H. H. Turner, Wm. Turner, B. O. Timmons, A. J. Vaughau, W. S. Williams, E. Wilson, W. March, (col. musician) Williams, (col. cook) (col. cook) (col. cook) Manly, Jeffrey, FIELD AND STAFF, IITH REGIMENT. Heyward, W. C Colonel Ellis, Dan'l H Colonel Gantt, F. Hay Colonel Shuler, Wm Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, Robert Lieutenant-Colonel Izard, Allen O Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, Benj. B Major Harrison, Jno. J Major Gooding, J. J Major Eraser, Edward R Adjutant Porter Adjutant Bell Adjutant Editor's Appendix 461 Davis, Charles F Adjutant Gantt, Richard P Assistant Quartermaster Sams, B. B Commissary Williams, A, English Surgeon Black, Benjamin Assistant Surgeon Gantt, Eldred S Sergeant Ervln, Samuel Commissary Sergeant COMPANY B, IITH EEGIMENT. Westcoat, J. J Captain Bowman, H. W. G First Lieutenant Ellis, W. D Second Lieutenant Stutts, R. R Second Lieutenant Rumph, D. A Third Sergeant Piatt, John Fourth Sergeant Stutts, Geo Second Corporal Wilkinson, W , . . Second Corporal Black, John Second Lieutenant Farr, Thomas First Sergeant Martin, H. P First Corporal Pbivates. Ayer, John Groomes, H. Price, W. Atkinson, W. Groomes, B. Ritts, John Barr, James Hollins, J. Ritts, Thomas Benton, H. Hutson, J. Rivers, B. Benton, S. Howard, W. Rose, A. W. Branton, R. Harris, W. Rudd, J. L. Blumingby, D. Hucks, John Rush, S. Bishop, M. Infinger, N. Rush, James Bowman, W. Johnson, G. A. T. Rictor, N. G. Bowman, N. Johnson, John Simmons, J. L. Corley, John Lester, James Simmons, J. A. Caddin, W. Lacey, Thomas Thompson, James Caddin, R. Martin, Ed. Thompson, Thomas Cordes, G. Manning, James Varner, M. T. Dilk, W. L. Mizzles, Joe Weatherly, J. D. Doyle, A. Newton, A. Willis, J. Doyle, M. Newton, George Wood, W. Driggers, John Pendavis, R. Waldorf, A. Floyd, M. Piatt, J. H. COMPANY B, IITH REGIMENT. (Added as Supplementary Roll.) Smith, Benj. B Captain Meggett, Wm. C Captain Westcoat, Julius J Captata 462 Memoirs of the War or Secession Corbett, D. H First Lieutenant Dawson, J. H First Lieutenant Bowman, W. H First Lieutenant LaRociie, Ricliard Second Lieutenant Chaplin, E. D Second Lieutenant Ellis, W.D.. , Second Lieutenant Simmons, W. C Second Lieutenant Black, Jno Second Lieutenant Wilkinson, D. J Sergeant Freshwater, J. H Sergeant Farr, Thos Sergeant Stutts, R. R Sergeant Wilkinson, J. M Sergeant King, A. Sidney Sergeant LaRoche, Ed. D Sergeant Bunch, Jno Sergeant Rumph, D Sergeant Simmons, J. S Sergeant Simmons, J. T Sergeant Piatt, Jno Corporal Wilkinson, J. O Corporal Piatt, Jno., Jr Corporal McMillan, J Corporal Martin, H. P .''."'. ..Corporal Malloy, Lewis '. . ..Corporal Atkinson, W. Allen, J. T. Albers, James Barr, James Benton, H. Bishop, Hill Blumingburg, D. Bowman, W. Brantley, A. P. Benton, S. Bowman, W. J. Cadden, Wm. Cadden, Richard Cahill, P. Cordes, George Cordrey, J. Cammer, Lewis Davis, J. Dilk, W. L. Pbivatbs. Driggers, John Doyle, A. Doyle, Marion Daniels, A. W. Floyd, M. Gibson, O. Grimes, James Grooms, R. Grooms, H. Harris, W. Hollis, James Howard, W. Haynes, Alfred Hucks, John Hughes, O. Hutson, J. Hurdman, N. Infinger, Nat Jenkins, Geo. M. Jenkins, Jos. E. Johnson, Geo. Johnson, James Johnson, John Lacey, James Lester, Thomas Manning, Jas. Measels, John Martin, E. D. McGuire, J. J. Meagles, J. Newton, A. Newton, Geo. Pendavis, R. Prine, Wm. Ritts, John Kitts, Thomas Rector, N. G. Rivers, B. Editor's Appendix 463 Rose, A. W. Rush, James Rush, J. Rush, C. Rush, S. Rudd, J. J. Seaborn, Wm. Shaw, William Simmons, J. A. Smith, "W. Smith, "W., Jr. Thompson, John Thompson, James Terry, S. Varner, M. T. Verrell, L. Veree, Wm. Waldorf, A. Weatherly, J. D. Willis, James Willis, A. J. Wilkinson, T. W. Wilkinson, W. Wilder, Jno. B. Washer, A. E. Williams, Benj. Whatley, Aleck Wood, N. Winnougham, N. Yeadon, Richard COMPANY C, IITH REGIMENT. Ledbetter, Thos. E Captain Guerard, Jacob First Lieutenant Sineath, Tecfrick Second Lieutenant StuU, Thos. W Third Lieutenant Smidd Orderly Sergeant Ledbetter, Daniel Second Sergeant Limehouse, Thos. R Third Sergeant Weatherford, Watson Fourth Sergeant Jamison, H. A Commissary Sergeant Smith, Broglin First Corporal Redmore, Chas Second Corporal Smith, Dewey. Third Corporal Pkivates. Allen, Thos., Sr. Allen, Thos., Jr. Adams, Abner Altherson, James Barber, Frederick Barber, Benjamin Barber, Edward Barber, Joseph Barber; William Baxter, Delly Bunch, Henry Bunch, Wm. M. Bunch, Wm. Brothers, John Baxter, Daniel Bexley, John Burbage, James Brothers, James Connerley, Charles Donnelly, Benj. Driggers, Joel Driggers, Elisha Driggers, Robinson Davis, A. Dangerfield, Starling Davis, Jenkins Davis, Hamilton Driggers, Andrew Driggers, Daniel Driggers, Henry Driggers, Mack Doimelly, John Devenport, David Edminson, Charles Fryer, Edward Fryer, James Fryer, Robert Fryer, Wesley Fryer, William Grooms, James Grooms, Wesley Haggard, John Huff, Thomas Hyatt, Thomas Harrison, Benj. Howard, Abram Howard, James Howard, Wade Howard, Gabriel Mears, John Miers, Thomas Monroe, George Nettles, Richard Nettles, Rhett Powell, Thomas Parker, John Perry, William Paramore, Allen Peyler, John Stevenson, Benj. 464 Memoirs of the Wak or Secession Stoutamier, David Wiggins, Lewis Winningham, Daniel Stanby, James Wannamaker, Abner Winningham, Mdward Tumblestow, Henry Weatherford, Robert Winn, Thomas Turner, David Weatherford, Lemuel Winn, Frank Thomerson, J. G. Winter, Eobert Way, Pink COMPANY D, IITH REGIMENT. Harrison, Jno. J Captain Gooding, John J Captain Hucks, Henry K Captain Gooding, McD First Lieutenant Gooding, Wm. J Second Lieutenant Bowers, J. W Second Lieutenant Thomas, Phillip Second Lieutenant Sauls, Osborne J Second Lieutenant Jenkins, Thomas Second Lieutenant Mole, John A First Sergeant Hodge, Lewis First Sergeant Corbin, Chas " ■. . ..Second Sergeant Cook, Constantine Third Sergeant Cook, Washington Fourth Sergeant Owens, Jno. A Corporal Thomas, James Corporal Rivers, Joseph T Corporal Shipes, Wm. D Corporal Mixon, Wm. T Corporal Peivates. Altman, Abram B. Gooding, Jas. W. Rivers, Jacob M. Altman, Owen Gooding, Richard Rivers, Robert H. Altman, Edward Gray, Jacob W. Rivers, Geo. M. Bulger, Henry P. Hall, Edward Roberts, Jno. B. Brunson, Thos. D. Hall, Alexander Rentz, Charles Branson, Phil. J. Hodges, Jas. P. Sinclair, Peter D. Barnes, Wm. B. Hull, Wm. H. Stanley, Jno. J. Barnes, Sylvester Joyner, Frederick G. Stanley, George E. Bennett, Jas. W. Kearse, Blake W. Stanley, Alexander Crews, Wm. L. Kearse, John F. Stanley, Thomas Crews, Jerry B. Lewis, Wm. H. Stanley, Benjamin Crews, Chas. E. Lewis, John Shipes, John Crews, Isham Lucas, Shadrack Shipes, Jas. P. Crews, Jno. E. Lightsey, Jno. F. Strickling, Jno. C. Crews, John Mason, David A. Thomas, Vincent J. Cook, Kinsey Mason, Wm. W. Terry, John M. Corbin, Edward Matthews, Robert N. Thames, Frank Fennell, Wm. A. Owens, Thomas Tyson, Jno. A. Fennell, Geo. M. Page, Robert L. Warren, Thos. R. Gooding, Eldred B. Rivers, Frank D. Williams, Sam'l \V. Editor's Appendix 465 COMPANT E, IITH REGIMENT. Mickler, Jno. I-I Captain Smith, Wilson First Lieutenant Tuten, Thos. S Second Lieutenant Hamilton, Thomas Second Lieutenant Smith, Jesse W First Sergeant Fitts, Jno. A Second Sergeant Mew, Alex. C Third Sergeant Woods, David ; Fourth Sergeant Crosby, Alex. W Fifth Sergeant Mew, Sam'l K First Corporal Fitts, Chas. R Second Corporal Smith, Jno. W Third Corporal Morgan, A. Greene Fourth Corporal Pbivates. Airs, William Fields, Richard Mulligan, George Aul, Greene Finley, R. Augustus McFail, John Allen, John Farris, Joe McLane, Henry Aughley, Jos. J. Farris, James Nix, Henry E. Bennett, William Ghelston, Richard F. Nix, Joseph R. Bennett, R. D. Ginn, Andrew C. Nix, William Bennett, J. L. Ginn, Wm. R. Preacher, John Brooker, John Geohagan, David B. Parnell, J. R. Brooker, Edward Garvin, Hamilton Reynolds, Robert Brown, Edward Godley, Wm. B. House, William Cook, Abram Harley, Jos. N. Rivers, F. Tyler Cook, Jackson Hortou, R. Frank Rivers, Jno. D. Crapes, Jonas Horton, Geo. W. Rushing, Albert Crapes, Jefferson Horton, Henry E. Rushing, Hausford Crapes, Henry T. Hull, Enoch Ruth, John Cone, J. Cooper Hull, Samuel Shuman, W. Samuel Cooler, Prank Horton, Solomon Smith, Andrew H. Cooler, P. Hammond, Wm. R. Smjth, Ben F. Daly, Patrick Hall, Ben Smith, Charles Daring, J. Tom Hall, Edward Smith, W. Jasper Dean, Andrew Hall, Alexander Smith, Jas. W. Dean, Robert Jarrell, James L. Smith, Jas. G. DeLoach, Frank Jarrell, Richard Smitb, Thomas H. Dobson, Charles Jarrell, Robert Smith, Jno. L. Dobson, Jacob Jeffords, Thos. J. Smith, G. Washington Dobson, Jno. S. Jones, James P. Steed, W. Dobson, Wiley Law, Abner Wells, W. Barton Dobson, W. Ferdinand Law, Robert Wiggins, Ben W. Ferguson, Geo. Lawton, Ben T. Winn, Barney B. Ferguson, Willis Langballe, Fred Winn, Richard C. Fitts, Thomas H. Mulligan, Wm. H. Winningham, Geo. W. Furse, William Mulligan, Bernard Zehe, John Freeman, Albert Mulligan, A. Gideon 30— H 466 Memoirs or the War or Secession COMPANY F, IITH REGIMENT. Elliott, W. W Captain Wyman, B. F Captain Jenkins, Richard M First Lieutenant Morrison, Jno. T • First Iiieutenant Fuller, William Second Lieutenant Mixon, Jesse N Second Lieutenant Wyman, "Wm. H Third Lieutenant Wyman, E. H Third Lieutenant Jenkins, M Sergeant Moore, G. W Sergeant Smith, Bryee Sergeant Gooding, Thomas Sergeant Mixon, James Sergeant Mixon, W. B Sergeant Miley, Martin Sergeant Terry, Wm. M Sergeant Griner, Jesse Sergeant Cleland, D. B .Corporal Smith, Chas. C Corporal Crosby, D. W Corporal Blocker, A. W Corporal Parnell, Frank Corporal Anderson, Robert Blocker, Thos. Brown, Charles Boldt, Richard Condon, Jerome F. Cook, Barney Cook, John Cook, Steven Cook, Berry Cook, F. Cook, Middleton Creech, H. Crews, Edward Crews, James Crosby, Emanuel Crosby, Steven Crosby, David Crosby, George Cuthbert, F. Cuthbert, W. H. Davis, C. F. Pbivates. Davis, James Davis, Charles Deljoach, James Edwards, F. P. Ervin, Samuel Fitzgerald, Ed. Fennel], Arthur Fennell, William Fitts, Edward Freeman, Benj. Gantt; Eldred Garvin, Hausford Garvin, Wilson Gooding, Perry Griner, Ralph Hall, Ben Hall, Alex. Hall, Ed. Hamilton, Charles Howard, Charles Heape, Audley Heape, Benjamin Heape, D. B. Horton, Benjamin Horton, Moses Horton, Job Hutson, C. Hutson, B. Hutson, W. Howard, A. Hay, E. G. Jenkins, Benj. Johnson, John J. Lightsey, Henry Lubkin, F. McFeer, Henry Mears, James Mills, Benjamin Mixon, Jno. A.- Mulligan, F. J. Nix, J. D. Nix, Joseph Editor's Appendix 467 Padgett, J. R. Smith, Benjamin Walls, S. Peeples, Abram Skillings, Edward Wyman, H. Hastings Peoples, John Simmons, A. J. Wyman, Hay Phillips, John Trusals, William loumans, J. R. Rosier, R. A. Thomas, James Youmans, R. Roberts, Wilson Tuten, A. J. Toumans, Jerry Rivers, John Ulmer, Thomas Youmans, Washington Smith, Samuel COMPANY G, IITH REGIMENT. Maguire, John J Captain McMillan, W. D Captain Wolf, W. M First Lieutenant Brownlee, Jno. H Second Lieutenant Clayton, H. W Second Lieutenant Brownlee, S. H Second Lieutenant Riggs, J, S . . . . ' Sergeant DeCosta, B. A Sergeant Isaacs, Zachary Sergeant Smith, E. A Sergeant Lynes, Jacob Corporal Lemacks, M Corporal Stutts, Thomas Corporal Way, T. R Corporal Ahrens, John Bedon, John Benton, S. J. Bowen, H. H. Bradley, Mike Brownlee, W. P. Brownlee, J. W. Brownlee, P. L. Brownlee, J. P. Brownlee, E. A. Brownlee, T. W. Cantwell, J. M. Canton, Richard Carr, Terrance Clayton, M. H. Colter, Wm. Cummings, Benj. W. DeWitt, William Grlnaway, John Gosley, Henry Pbivates. Hastings, Mike Hiatt, J. H. Hutson, Robert Hutson, W. Isaacs, E. R. Larissy, O. B. Larissy, T. L. Leman, L. B. Lemacks, T. H. Lee, William Lord, Richard Lyons, Benjamin Malloy, Mike Martin, W. Martin, J. H. McMahon, Terrence Mims, Joseph Mims, David Mlms, Plnckney Muckenfuss, G. L. Muckenfuss, Isaac Muckenfuss, G. P. O'Connor, Baltz Pendarvis, J. B. Pendarvis, W. P. Riggs, B. R. Salisbury, John Scott, John Smith, John Smith, Elijah Stokes, Thaddeus Stokes, E. A. Stokes, Henry Stutts, G. H. Stutts, Jno. R. Thornely, John Tuttle, D. M. Tuttle, D. T. Tuttle, O. Viawd, Peter 468 Memoies or THE War of Secession "Wade, R. Way, B. R. Way, M. D. Way, T. H. Way, Thomas Way, William Weathers, William White, J. H. Whitsel, John Willis, Alfred Dunn, John Smith, Samure Brown, W. P. Traxler, D. H. COMPANY H, IITH REGIMENT. Weathers, Jacob Captain Cannady, D. S Captain Raysor, Thos. B Captain Howell, J. S. A First Lieutenant Wilson, W. G First Lieutenant Minus, J. P Second Lieutenant Appleby, F. B Third Lieutenant Millard, L. C Third Lieutenant Howell, F. E Sergeant Appleby, A. W Sergeant Ackman, S. W Sergeant Utsey, D. W Sergeant Appleby, A. R Sergeant Easterling, Emory Sergeant Shuler, P. W Sergeant Murray, J. E Sergeant West, John D Corporal Weeks, Zaclj Corporal Shuler, Y. B Corporal Bryant, M. C* Corporal Murray, W. B , . . Corporal Westbury, L. D Corporal Ackerman, Rogers Appleby, P. S. Beaglin, Wm. Bradwell, O. P. Brothers, C. P. Bowman, D. R. Byrd, T. D. Bull, John Bunch, Wade Bunch, W. J. Cannady, H. C. Cannady, W. T. Cannady, J. P. Cannady, L. D. Cannady, J. A. Privates. Cannady, Chas. Creel, John Currie, S. M. Crook, W. T. Clark, M. Durr, Peter E. Durr, John Ferris, W. George, W. K. Godfrey, James Harley, T. W. Harley, T. D. Harbeson, A. T. Heaton, Phillip Heaton, C. T. Heaton, Peter Hussey, W. J. Hill, David Infinger, W. A. Inflnger, G. N. Judy, J. A. Judy, J. W. Judy, Jacob Jackson, Durant Jackson, Porter Kizer, J. Lochlier, John Lochlier, W. N. Lowe, Zaek Lowe, L. W. Editor's Appendix 469 Lofton, Stephen Pendarvis, Enoch Stokes, T. M. Mallard, Isaac Pendarvis, J. X>. Stokes, J. Mallard, John Pendarvis, H. L. Thomas, H. L. Mallard, C. H. Pendarvis, J. O. Traxler, J. D. Mallard, A. H. Pendarvis, J. B. Utsey, D. D. Murray, Henry Patrick, George Utsey, C. J. D. Mizzles, G. W. Patrick, W. S. Utsey, J. C. Mizzles, T. R. Pierce, George Utsey, J. T. McAlbaney, Wm. Reeves, C. D. Wimberly, John Metts, Adams Richardson, T. D. Wimberly, J. S. Metts, Thomas Raysor, B. S. Wimberly, George Metts, John Sheider, J. W. Westbury, David Metts, David Sheider, Mack Westbury, T. H. Murray, W. Syphrett, J. W. Walters, W. J. Murray, A. D. Seigler, James West, T. D. Murray, F. M. Seigler, Urel West, J. D. Mims, J. T. Summer, Geo. T. Weeks, L. E. Proctor, S. J. Stokes, T. R. Weeks, T. M. Proctor, L. W. COMPANY I, IITH REGIMENT. Campbell, W. L Captain Loyless, Edward B Lieutenant Dandridge, Rich'd J Lieutenant Campbell, Robert Lieutenant Reilly, Jno. C Lieutenant Spell, Eldred Sergeant Langdale, Jas. S. H Sergeant Smoke, Andrew J Sergeant Sanders, Joseph Sergeant Beach, Henry T Sergeant Linder, Thomas R Sergeant Grant, Joseph Sergeant Pelham, Jas. E Corporal Sanders, Griffin G Corporal Breland, Chas. J Corporal Tant, Spartan G Corporal Williams, Jas. E Corporal Schmidt, Martin Corporal Pbivates. Avant, Jno. W. Bailey, Jas. B. Beach, L. B. Avant, Lewis B. Benton, Joshua Beach, Lones Anderson, Chas. Bazzle, John Beach, Richard B. Adams, James Bazzle, Steven Beach, Clem Adams, Henry B. Bazzle, William Bishop, Henry Buchanan, Jas. B. Beach, Joseph Campbell, Daniel P. 470 Memoirs of the War or Secession Craven, John Craven, Alex. J. Craven, Thomas Craven, James E. Craven, Martin Craven, George Carter, Joseph Carter, Henry A. Carter, Richard Carter, Reuben Carter, Isham Crosby, Steven Crosby, Jno. D. Crosby, Henry Crosby, John Crosby, Gooding Crosby, Abram Compton, Thadeus Davis, Charles C. Dawdy, James C. Dewitt, James A. Felder, David A. Gassett, James A. Griffin, James S. Hiott, Lawrence P. Hiott, Daniel Hiott, Nathaniel Hiott, Thomas Hiott, Peter Hiott, Wilson Hiott, Lucius Hiott, Jno. M. Hiott, John Hiott, Joseph Hiott, Benj. Hiott, Samuel Hiott, Malachi M. Hiott, Edward Hutson, Joseph H. Harris, William Hughes, Nathan Herndon, Henry G. Herndon, Clem Higgins, William Higgins, T. H. Higgins, Morbis D. Hickman, W. Rhett Johnson, Julius Kinard, Isaac Lemacks, Silas Larisey, Richard Lane, Edward Lane, Albert McMillan, Jas. N. Murray, Andrew Miller, Henry Martin, William Martin, Stephen Martjn, Solomon Martin, Hausford A. Martin, Henry Mitchum, Jesse Morris, Thomas Noble, James Noble, William O'Brien, Wm. Sanders, James Sanders, Lawrence Sanders, William Smith, Charles Smith, John Spell, William Simmons, Jno. M. Simmons, William Smoke, Henry Sauls, John Sauls, James Sauls, Charles Sauls, George Sauls, Peter Strickland, Henry H. Sullivan, Daniel Sullivan, George Sullivan, Wm. Sullivan, Huggins Tant, Olin Valentine, Henry Valentine, Joseph Walker, Richard D. Willis, John Way, George Wiggins, William Wiggins, Simeon AVitsell, Emanuel Warner, Henry Warren, Daniel Warren, Perry Warren, Joseph Warren, Malachi Wasson, George Warren, Richard Yewley, James Osborne, Geo. E. Pelham, Oswald G. Parker, James Robertson, Jno. C. Robertson, Lewis Ritter, Richard COMPANY K, IITH REGIMENT. Hay, Richard G Captain Boatwright, John Captain Gantt, Frederick H First Lieutenant Murdaugh, J. H First Lieutenant Murdaugh, L. B First Lieutenant Johns, William First Lieutenant Cassidy, Frank First Lieutenant Stephens, J. W Brevet Second Lieutenant Gantt, Eldred L Sergeant Editor's Appendix 471 Cummings, John Sergeant Gantt, Richard P. . .; . . Sergeant Hickman, O. B First Ctorporal Jones, Joseph R Second Corporal Godley, Wm. S .Third Corporal Cummings, Frank W. . .Fourth Corporal Adams, L. B. Boatright, Thos. W. Branch, J. E. Buchannan, J. S. Benton, James Brant, B. H. Branch, Giles Buchannan, J. D. Bishop, William Benton, Babe Beverly, Jack Broxton, John Carter, W. O. Carter, William Carter, J. R. Carter, W. J. Carter, Isham Connerly, D. C. Corbett, James Cummings, Wm. Crosby, Daniel Copeland, W. A. Copeland, J. R. Copeland, Elzy Uopson, J. W. Dopson, Nathaniel E. H. Fender, Ransom Fender, G. C. Fields, J. D. Folk, J. C. Folk, Adam L. Folk, J. J. Folk, Perry Folk, W. C. Fralix, A. E. Fralix, D. S. Fralix, T. J. Fralix, R. M. Fralix, Gabriel Pbivates. Godley, J. B. Griffin, William Green, H. B. George, Aleck Heape, John J. Hickman, J. Medicus Hickman, W. Albert Hlers, Jasper T. Hiers, W. J. Hiers, Jacob Hiers, A. J. Hiers, G. McDuffie Hiers, John Johns, A. P. Johns, John Johns, George Jones, h. B. Jones, Zack Jones, Joseph, Jr. Jones, Newton Lane, A. J. Mears, H. W. Mears, J. F. Mears, John S. Mears, James Mills, Benjamin A. Mills, John McMillan, Rich'd F. McMillan, J. H. Morris, Thomas Mills, James Murdaugh, Josiah, Jr. Nettles, William Nettles, W. D. Nettles, Cuthbert O'Quin, W. R. O'Quln, J. H. Owens, Charles J. Owens, O. B. O'Quin, Edward Padgett, Daniel, Sr. Padgett, Daniel Padgett, James Padgett, Stephen Padgett, Henry W. Padgett, Joel Padgett, L. B. Padgett, Josiah Padgett, Jacob Padgett, Frank Padgett, Martin Padgett, Abram Pelham, J. B. Peters, J. Albert Polk, Thomas Polk, Wilson O. Polk, Isaac Polk, Frank M. Polk, Jacob T. Polk, Madison Pelham, George Richardson, Jacob Richardson, James Rizer, Thomas P. Rizer, John Rentz, George W. Rentz, Aaron Rentz, Jacob, Sr. Rentz, Jacob, Jr.. Rhodes, Thomas H. Sauls, Benjamin Shaw, Jno. M., Sr. Shaw, Jno. M., Jr. Smith, Martin H. Smoke, A. E. Smoke, Joshua Stephens, B. R. Stone, Matthew R. 472 Memoirs of the War of Secession Stone, Allen B. Trowell, Jonathan Walker, Albert M. Smith, Dick Tarn, Gabriel Walker, L. B. Thomas, James E. Yarn, Aaron Walker, Henry Thomas, Martin Walling, John D. Walker, A. E. Thomas, Ransom Warren, B. A. White, Duncan Thompson, Washington Walker, John E. Wiggins, John BROOKS' BATTALION OF REGULARS. Brooks, J. Hampden Lieutenant-Colonel Goodwyn, Chas. T Assistant Adjutant, Lieutenant Martin, Vincent F Captain Brooks, U. R First Lieutenant Teuten Second Lieutenant Minott, Jno. C Captain Co. C Simkins, Bldred Acting Captain Wardlaw, David Lewis Captain Co. D Pinckney, B. G Captain Co. E Goodwyn, Chas. T Lieutenant, Acting Adjutant ORIGIN OF BROOKS' BATTALION. In 1864, when the Northern armies had the world from which to recruit their ranks, and even our slaves had been armed against us, — while the Southern armies were being rapidly depleted, and, perhaps, four-sixths of those who were fighting had been wounded — the authorities in Richmond conceived the idea of enlisting in our ranks foreigners among the Federal prisoners, hoping that, like the redoubtable Dougal Dalgett'y, they would care very little on which side they fought. To,command such an organiza- tion no ordinary oflScer was needed. Courage was a sine qua non, and he should have military knowledge, experience and judgment. Covered with wounds and with honor, Oapt. J. Hampden Brooks, who, in his own person, had illustrated the courage of the Brookses and Butlers on many a bloody battlefield, was selected to command them. A serious mistake was made in allowing a large number of Northern men to enlist, many pretending to be Englishmen. Among those selected were Irishmen, Germans, Spaniards and one Italian who could scarcely speak English. — Extract from history of Brooks' Battalion by Vincent F. Martin. These men soon decided to kill all the officers and return to the Northern army, but were betrayed by one of their own men whose name was Sinner ; he was an orderly sergeant and a vile sinner, too, in their estimation. The other orderly sergeants were courtmartialed and shot — the men sent to Florence, S. C, and locked up in prison, and the officers were soon with their respective commands again. U. R. BROOKS, Editor. Editor's Appendix 473 CHARGE OF HAGOOD'S BRIGADE* (By Joseph Blyth AUston.) Scarce seven hundred men they stand In tattered, ruQe array, A remnant of that gallant band Who erstwhile held the sea-girt strand Of Morris' Isle with iron hand 'Gainst Yankees' hated sway. Secessionville their banner claims, And Sumter, held 'mid smoke and flames, And the dark battle on the streams Of Pocotaligo : And Walthall's Junction's hard-earned fight, And Drewry's Bluff's embattled height, When, at the gray dawn of the light, They rushed upon the foe. Tattered and torn those banners now. But not less proud each lofty brow. Untaught as yet to yield : With mien unblenched, unfaltering eye. Forward, where bombshells shrieking fly. Flecking with smoke the azure sky On Weldon's fated field. Sweeps from the woods the bold array. Not theirs to falter in the fray. No men more sternly trained than they To meet their deadly doom; While, from a hundred throats agape, A hundred sulphurous flames escape, Eound shot, and canister, and grape. The thundering cannon's boom ! ♦Written in the summer of 1864, immediately after the charge referred to, which was always considered by the brigade as their most desperate en- counter. 474 Memoies of the War of Secession Swift, on their flank, with fearful crash Shrapnel and ball commingling clash. And bursting shells, with lurid flash. Their dazzled sight confound : Trembles the earth beneath their feet, Along their front a rattling sheet Of leaden hail concentric meet, And numbers strew the ground. On, o'er the dying and the dead. O'er mangle^ limb and gory head. With martial look, with martial tread, March Hagood's men to bloody bed. Honor their sole reward; Himself doth lead their battle line, Himself those banners guard. They win the height, those gallant few, A fiercer struggle to renew, Resolved as gallant men to do Or sink in glory's shroud ; But scarcely gain its stubborn crest. Ere, from the ensign's murdered breast. An impious foe has dared to wrest That banner proud. Upon him, Hagood, in thy might ! Flash on thy soul the immortal light Of those brave deeds that blazon bright Our Southern Cross. He dies. Unfurl its folds again. Let it wave proudly o'er the plain ; The dying shall forget their pain, Count not their loss. Then, rallying to your chieftain's call. Ploughed through by cannon-shot and ball. Hemmed in, as by a living wall. Cleave back your way. Editor's Appendix 475 Those bannered deeds their souls inspire, Borne, amid sheets of forked fire. By the Two Hundred who retire Of that array. Ah, Carolina ! wejl the tear May dew thy cheek ; thy clasped hands rear In passion, o'er their tpmbless bier, Thy fallen chivalry ! Malony, mirror of the brave, And Sellers lie in gloripus grave ; No prouder fate than theirs, who gave Their lives for Liberty. MONUMENT TO HAGOOD's BRIGADE NEAR PETERSBURG^ VA., SHOWING FRONT VIEW — ERECTED BY WM. V. IZLAR. MONUMENT TO HAGOOD'S BRIGADE Here A Brigade Composed of the 7th Battalion The 11th, 21st, 25th and 27th Eegiments, South Carolina Volunteers Commanded by Brig. Gen. Johnson Hagood Charged Warren's Federal Army Corps On the 21st Day of August, 1864 Taking Into the Fight 740 Men Eeturning With 273 Ko Prouder Fate Than Theirs, Who Gave Their Lives To Liberty. On the opposite or west side of the die is a 15-inch bronze shield of the State of South Carolina. On the four sides of the base of the monument are inscriptions ; that on the east or side fronting Halifax road being as follows : HAGODD'S BEIGADE. On the north side are the letters, C. S. A. On the south side are the letters, A. N. V. On the rear or west side, of the base is the following inscription telling the history of the monument: Placed Here by Wm. V. Izlar, A Survivor of the Charge Aided by Other South Carolinians. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF VOL. I. Portrait of General Hagood 2 Stevens' "Iron-Clad" Battery 35 Map of Charleston and Adjacent Coast 55 Map of Posts on Stono 58 Map of James Island and Its Lines 85 Map of Battle of Secessionville 99 Map of Two Mile District 102 Yankee Iron Clad 110 Map of Charleston and Its Defenses 130 Battery Wagner, 1863 153 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF VOL. II. Sketch of a Part of Virginia 220 Walthal Junction and Swift Creek 222 Battle of Drury's Bluff 233 Battle of Cold Harbor 256 Battle of Weldon Road 293 Part of Eichmond Lines 306 Section of Barbette Platform in Eedan 311 Sketch of Mouth of Cape Fear Eiver 321 Town Creek Country 341 Part of North Carolina 350 South West Creek 353 Vicinity of Bentonville 357 Battle of Bentonville 359 Two Views of the Monument Erected to Hagood's Brigade at Petersburg, Va 376 and 377 Index. •481 INDEX TO VOL. I. A Anderson, Major General Patton : 49, 50, 172. Anderson, Major, Federal com- mander of Fort Sumter : cheered by South esfolinians, 32; his in- adequate means of offensive oper- ations at Sumter, 33; a Ken- tuckian and Democrat, and son-in- law of Duncan L. Clinch, 34; his flag, said to have been the one he had at the surrender of Fort Sum- ter, captured, 170. Appendix by the author, giving roster of Hagood's Brigade in 1864, 374-397. Appendix by the editor, giving com- pany rolls of Hagood's Brigade, 398-427. Baker, Major : 117. Barnwell, Burwile: 47. "Battery Tines" : how it came to be so named, 187. Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T.: in com- mand at the bombardment of Fort Sumter, 17, 18, 30; succeeds General Pemberton at Charleston, 101, elsewhere mentioned, 109; 112, 113, 120, 121, 122; his report to Adjutant and Inspector General Cooper, 123-168; elsewhere men- tioned, 171, 173, 176, 177, 178. Beauregafd, Captain: 112; tells of Gordofl's (Jordan's) injurious influence, 113; efficient staff oflScer, 179. Beckman, Lieutenant: 95. Bee, Barnard B. : at the first battle of Manassas knights General Jackson as "Stonewall," and is soon afterwards mortally wounded, 36; his instructions to Colonel Hagood, 41, 42. Bee, Lieutenant: 183. Bellinger, Hon. Edmund: 16. Bellinger, S. N. : 121. Bellinger, Lieut. John A. : 98 ; killed in duel later in the war, (note) 47. Bennett, Captain: 169. Blake, Major: 170. Blandlng, Major: 117, 118. Blockade running: 53; one of the boats used for the purpose owned by a New York Yankee, 54. Blum, Lieutenant: killed, 190. Bonham, Gen. M. L. : 35, 50. Bonham, Captain Frank : gallantry of, 87. Brabham, Captain : 48. Brown, Alex H. : assistant provost marshal of Charleston, 74 ; ap- pointment of greatly approved by The Courier, 77; character of, 77; elsewhere mentioned, 78, 79, 80; elected colonel of the "Charleston Keserves," 82 ; succeeds Hagood as provost marshal, 83. Brooks, Major : extract from journal of, 185. Brooks, U. R. : preface to Hagood's Memoirs by, 9-10. Brown, Lieut.-Col. Welsman: 122. Bull, William Izard: 120; efficient staff officer, 179. Butler, B. F. : 17. Butler, Col. William: 117, 118, 169. 31— H 482 Index. Capers, Lieut-Col. Ellison: 87; marked gallantry of, 88; at Seces- sionville, 95. Charleston: defenses of, 53-59, 84- 86; lacli of artillery for proper defense of, 61, 86; Hagood's view as to the defense of, 62; 'martial law in, 69-83; incident of the "Plantier" showing the necessity of martial law, 77; cause of the fall of, 190-192; evacuation of, 193. "Charleston Reserves" : composed largely of old and prominent men, like Chancellor Lesesne, Judges Bryan and Wardlaw, and others, 82. Clingman, General : 138. Cobb, Gen. Howell: 150. Colquitt, Gen. A. H.: 121, 139, 145, 149, 150, 157 ; commended by Gen- ' eral Beauregard, 167 ; is sent to Florida and takes a prominent part in the battle of Olustee, win- ning the victory, 172; elsewhere mentioned,' 179, 180, 188, 189. Cooper, Gen. S. : Adjutant and In- spector General, C S. A., 123; mentioned 125, 120. D Dahlgren, Admiral John Adolf : con- ducted U. S. .naval operations in the harbor of Charleston, 168. Dantzler, Lieutenant-Colonel : gal- lantry of, and tribute to, 186. Daniel, a slave hero : 98. Dargan, Lieutenant-Colonel : 116. Davis, President Jefferson: 17; his remarks on the exemption of troops from malaria, 107 ; else- where mentioned, 129, 171, 173. Dearing, Lieut.-Col. St. Clair, 118. DeSaussure, State Adjutant-General of South Carolina: 81. DeSaussure, Lieutenant : wounded, 169. Dibble, Lieutenant Samuel : 47. Dickson, Chaplain : 187. Dingle, W. E. : 79. DuBarry, Capt. F. B. : 118. DuPont, Admiral in U. S. Navy: 129. Duncan, Capt. : 48 ; Succeeds Glover, but saw little service, 68. B '. .. Elliott, Major Stephen: 168, 169, 170 ; remark of Mrs. Pickens after the war when presenting- her daughter to, 175. Epitaph : written by Hagood him- self, 22. Ervin, Lieut. E. A. : killed, 16§. Evans, Gen. N. G. : commands Con- federate forces on Johns Island, 92; his report of the battle of Secessionville inaccurate, 97 ; elsewhere mentioned, 112, 126, 127, 149, 150, 151.' • F Pelder, Lieut. John H. : died of typhoid fever, 47 (note). Felder, B. I.: 47. Finnigan, General : commands the District of Florida, 172. Foote, Admiral A. H., U. S. Navy: commanded naval forces in the west, 129. Probers, carpenter: tests General Ripley's torpedoes, 59. G Gaillard, Lieutenant-Colonel : suc- ceeds the wounded Lamar, and is himself wounded, 96; elsewhere mentioned, 98. Gary, Capt. John A. : prevents ex- plosion of shell within the forti- fications (note), 187; killed, 187. Gayer, Capt. W. J. : put in charge of soldiers' passports, 79. Index. 483 Geddings, Dr. J. F. M. : chief sur- geon of Second Military District, ■ suggests sanitary regulations, 106. Gilmer, Gen. J. T.: 167. Gilmore, Gen. Q. A., U. S. A.: lays siege to Charleston, 17 ; elsewhere mentioned, 113, 119, 120, 122, 128, 131, 144, 156, 170, 174, 176, 183; accuses Beauregard of bad faith, • 184; extract from his official re- port of the siege, 190. Gist, Gen. S. E. : 89, 111, 114, 117, 125. Glassell, lieutenant in O. S. Navy: 118. Glover, Col. T. J. : 43, 47, 49, 50, 67 ; killed at second Manassas, 68. Gordon, Gen. Thomas : see Jordan. Gourdin, Pressly, Crafts, Dingle, Gantt and Whiting, Messrs., ap- pointed passport officers, 79. Gradon (Yeadon, see errata), editor of the Charleston Cowrier : 77. Grady, Henry W. : extract from speech of, before the New Torli: New England Society, 9-10. Grant, Gen. U. S. : his theory of . attrition, 191. Graham, Col. R. F. : 115, 117, 135, 136. Gregg, . Colonel : 37, 46. Guerrin, Major: 172, 173. Hagood, Gen. Johnson : portrait of, 2; editorials from The (Columbia, S. C.) State and The (Charleston, S. C.) JVews and Courier in ap- preciation of the life and services of, 11-14 ; last visit to Charleston of, 14 ; addresses Confederate veterans and old' comrades at the Charleston re-union, 15-36; sketch of the life of, 16-22 ; gallantry of, commended by General Lee, 19; becomes candidate for comptrol- ler-general of South Carolina, 19; active in redeeming the State from radical rule, 20; elected governor of South Carolina in 1880, 21; elected president of the State Agricultural and Mechanical So- ciety, 22 ; epitaph of, written by himself, 22; his introduction to his "Memoirs of the War of Seces- sion," 25-26; elected colonel of the First South Carolina- Volun- teers, 28 ; ordered to report with his regiment at Charleston;' 30 ; subsequently ordered to Morris Island, 31 ; his regiment being re- lieved from duty, he goes to Vir- ginia as a private and Carries a rifle in the Palmetto Guard of Kershaw's regiment, and is in the batt4e of Bull Eun and of Manas- sas Plains, 46; on the assembling of his regiment at Suramerville, under Special Orders, (p. 47), he returns from Virginia and resumes command of it, 48; communicates with General Anderson and the Confederate States Secretary of War, 50-51; assigned to the com- mand of the posts on the Stono, with headquarters on Coles Island, 52, 53; at the attack on Port Royal asks for his regiment to be ordered to the scene of action, but without success, 53; his description of the posts on Stono, 54-57; urges upon General Ripley a rearrangement of the defenses on the Stono, 57-59; re- ceives orders to evacuate his post, 60; his regiment called on to re- enlist, and his criticism on the subject of enlistment in general, 62-63 ; unanimously re-elected colonel, 66 ; after being relieved at Coles Island and ordered to Brin- naker's Camp Ground on the S. C. R. R., 66, is appointed provost marshal of Charleston, 70; re- 484 Index. qoests General Pemberton for de- tailed instructions as to his duties, 71; issues regulations for the government of the city, 73-76 ; calls for roll of those liable for duty, 81; claims Pemberton's promise to relieve him when the enemy landed on James Island, 83; is definitely relieved and put in command of a temporary bri- gade called ' "The Advanced Forces," 89; is sent forward to drive the enemy, 91 ; president of court which tried Colonel Duno- vant, 92 ; pushes the First South Carolina through the woods against Hamilton's battery, 95; assigned to the Second Military District of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, 98 ; promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, 100; sub- mitted to General Beauregard a paper relating to operations con- templated in his district, 101-103 ; gives general Instructions for pickets, 104-105; provides for mil- itary instruction, 108; dispatches the Seventh S. O. Battalion to General Walker's assistance at Pocotaligo, and himself follows with other reinforcements, but gets there too late for the fight, 109; relieved of the -command of the Second District, 110; chafes at his life of inactivity, 112; gets ten days' leave to go home, but while there is ordered to report at Charleston, 113; presents flag to the Seventh Battalion, 113-114 ; assigned to command of James island district, 120; in conjunc- tion with Colquitt commands eastern and western divisions of the lines, 121, 171 ; makes a recon- noisance in front of James Island, 140; relieved of the command of James Island and ordered to re- enforce Morris Island, 142; reports 600 of the enemy killed in their attack on Wagner, 143; terminates abruptly interview with the Federal General Vogdes relating to exchange of prisoners, for the reason that the truce was violated by the Federals firing on Wagner during the conference, 144; ability and gallantry of, highly commended by General Beauregard, 167; is also compli- mented by the General on being presented to President Davis, 171; notes of, to General Beaure- gard's official report, 176-190. Hagood, Mrs. Eloise Butler : Memoirs dedicated to, 5. Hagood, Col. James B. : last com- mander of the First South Caro- lina Regiment, 67; rose from the ranks and made colonel at the age of nineteen, being the young- est regimental commander in the Confederate service, 68; General Lee's estimate of, 68; tribute to, by his brother General Hagood. 69. Hamiter, Lieutenant: 95. Hammond, Capt. Leroy : 158. Harris, Col. D. B.: 162; General Beauregard's thanks to, 167 ; else- where mentioned,- 140, 146, 191. Harrison, Colonel Thirty-second Georgia : 142 ; commended by Gen- eral Beauregard, 167. Hart, Ben: 47. Haskell, Captain Charles: 134. Hatch, Colonel: 31. Hay, Major : 121. Hay, Capt. R. G. : 81. Hayne, Lieut. Isaac: 111. Hayne, Captain, and Lieutenant Blum killed by the same shell: 190. Heyward, Wm. H. : 83. Index. 485 HIU, Gen. A. P. : 9, 126. Holcotnbe, Major : 166. Hngenin, Capt. T. A.: 165, 166, 189. Huger, Major Cleland: 117. Hunter, General, Federal com- mander at Hilton Head : 129. Jamison, General : Secretary of War (or South Carolina, 41, 50. Jackson, General "Stonewall" : 36. Jaudon, private: 47. Jeffords, Lieutenant-Colonel : 179. Jenkins, Major John: 105, 111. Jenkins, Brig.-Gen. Micah : 150. Jeter, Lieutenant, and his gun : 95. Johnson, Captain : resident engineer at Sumter, 175. Johnston, Gen. Joseph E. : 122, 128, 129, 173. Jordan, Gen. Thomas, chief of Beauregard's staff (misspelled Gordon, see errata) : influence of, over Beauregard, 112 ; attacks Mr. Davis in Northern papers after the war, 113. K Kemper, Lieut.-Col. Del. : 111 ; de- scription and character of, 122, 179. Kanapaux, Captain : 165. Keitt, Col. L. M. : 117, 161, 162, 165, 166 ; commended by General Beauregard, 167; elsewhere men- tioned, 189, 191. Kennedy, John : 16. Kershaw, General : 37. Kilpatrick, Colonel: 68. King, Capt. Henry: 98. King, Hawkins S. : "The King of St. Paul's," 112. Lamar, Col. T. G. : 88 ; surprised by the enerhy at Secessionville, but by presence of mind and bravery retrieves what might have proven disastrous, 94; wounded, 95; dies of malaria, 98. Lartigue, Captain: ex-quartermaster of the First S. G. Volunteers, 46; appeinted assistant provost mar- shal of Charleston, 74 ; afterwards made quartermaster of Hagood's Brigade, 77 ; bis duties as assist- ant provost, SO; elsewhere men- tioned, 89, 111, 122. Lee, Captain : 162. Lee, Gen. R. B. : 10, 26, 59, 173. Losesne, Captain : spikes his guns, 165-166. Lieber : a renegade Southron em- ployed to arrange the Confederate States archives, 26. Lincoln, Abraham : 34. Livingston, Capt. D. : succeeds Dun- can, but does not distinguish him- self, 68. Loyd, Captain : 53. Lucas, Major J. J. (see errata) : 53. Lynch, W. F. : flag officer, 116. M Mangum, Capt. T. H. : 28 ; joins Colonel Martin's Mississippi regi- ment and becomes its major, 46. Manigault, Col. Edward, 118. Manigault, Major : 121. McCleneghan, Captain : 118. McCreery : 46. McEnnery, Colonel: 93, 96, 97. Martin, Capt. J. V. : 95, 96. Martin, Lieut. Ben : 111, 121. McGowan, General : 14. Means, Governor John H. : 16. Meredith, private : 47. Mercer, Brigadier-General : succeeds General Eipley, 81 ; elsewhere mentioned, 88, 144, 148, 149, 150. Miles, C. Richardson : assistant provost marshal of Oharletiton, 74; character of, 77; elsewhere mentioned, 80. 486 Index. Uitcbell, Captain: commands bat- teries on Morris Island, 133-134; finds his grave amid tlie ruins of Sumter, 175. Montgomery, Lieutenant : decapi- tated by a shell, 186. Moloney, Captain : 75, 81, 111, ,120, 121, 122. N Nance, Capt. "Wm. F.: 118. Nelson, Brigadier-General : 35. Northrop, Colonel : 173. O O'Cain, Watson A. (see errata) : 28, 42, e'T'. O'Cain, J. H. : 28. Ormstead, Colonel: 137. Pemberton, General: succeeds Gen- eral Lee in command of the mili- tary department of South Caro- lina, 59 ; orders Colonel Hagobd to evacuate the posts on the Stono, 60; his change of plan, criticized by military men, which he afterwards defended, 61; pro- claims Charleston under martial law, 70-71; effect of his procla- mation and how regarded by the civil authorities of Charleston, 72; his "dog" specification, 71, 73; calls on the governor for ad- ditional levies, 81; directs his lines advanced, 91 ; mentioned, 98 ; made few friends in Charleston, 100; elsewhere mentioned, 101, 109, 123, 126, 127. Pickens, Governor F. W. : called upon by the Governor of Virginia for military assistance, 37; order of, with reference to the volunteer regiments, 38, 39; speaks to the State troops at Charleston regard- ing their service, 40; condemns the first regiment to serve on the coast, 43; dismayed by the result following, 44; makes further propositions regarding the first regiment, 49. Pinckney, Lieut. C. C. : 118. "Planter," steamer: 60, 77, 78, 84. Pressley, Capt. J. G. : 48. Pressley, Lieutenant-Colonel : ex- cerpts from diary of, 188-190. Pringle, Major Motte A. : 81, 118. Pringle, Capt. Robert: story of his fish and its tragic end, 188. Putnam, Federal colonel : killed in front of Battery Wagner leading negro troops, 143 ; elsewhere men- tioned, 183. Pope, Capt. J. J. : 53. R RadclifEe, Colonel: 179, Read, Capt. B. H. : 118; efficient staff officer, 179. Reed, Capt. Sam. J.: killed, 86; death deplored, 98. Rest : poem by Father Ryan, 23. Rhett, Col. Alfred: 117, 118, 144; General Beauregard's commenda- tion of, 167. Rifle Pits: 185. Rion, Major: 139. Ripley, General : succeeds General Anderson, 51, 57, 58; advised by General Lee to abandon the posi- tion on the Stono, 59-60; owing to disagreement with General Pemberton, at his own request, relieved from duty, 81; mten- tioned, 87 ; gives report of the naval attack on Fort Sumter, 114- 119; elsewhere mentioned,^ 133, 139, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 154, 161, 165; General Beauregard's acknowledgment of valuable ser- vices of, 167; continuation of re- port of, 168-170; elsewhere men- tioned, 171, 177, 178. Index. 487 Roberts, Captain : mortally wounded, 186; a comrade ministers to him the last consolations of religion, 187. Robinson, private: 47. Rodgers, commander of the Wee- hawken: killed, 154. Rogers, Lieut. H. H. : 118. Roll of companies forming Hagood's Brigade, 398-427. Roster of Hagood's Brigade in 1864, 374-397. Rowe, Donald: 47, 67. RuflSn, Edmund: 47 (note). Ryan, Capt. John S. : member of General Ripley's staff, 118. Ryan, Captain of Charleston Bat- tery: dashing courage of, 88; killed, 142 (note)! Ryan, Father: "Rest," poem by, 23. Sanders, Capt. F. : becomes a Bap- tist preacher after being court- martialed and dismissed the ser- vice, 65. Schlrmlee, Lieutenant: 118. Scott, R. K. : falsifier, 19. Seabrook, Captain: 118. Sellars, Captain: 190. Seymour, Federal general : said to have been wounded, 143. Sharpshooting : 184. Shaw, Federal general commanding negro troops during the bombard- ment of Fort Wagner, deserted by his countrymen, 183-184. Sherman, Gen. Tecumseh: 170, 173, 190. Slmkins, Lleut.-Col. John C. : killed at Wagner, 117-118. Simons, Brigadier-General: 35. Simonton, Captain: 48, 53. Simonton, Colonel: 93, 95, 120, 121, 137. Sltgreaves, Captain: 117. Smith, Capt R. Press: 169. Smith, Norman W.: 118. Smith, Gen. W. D.: honors Colonel Hagood, 89. Steadman, Captain: 42. Steamer "Planter": her crew deserts, 60; Incident relating to, 70; elsewhere mentioijed, 77, 78, 84. Stevens, Clement C. : "Iron-clad" battery of, with diagram, 3b; death of, 36. Stevens, Captain: 46, 49 (note). Stevens, Col. C. H. : 93, 94, 96. Stevens, J. J. : Federal general : 94. Strong, Federal Brigadier-General: said to have been killed, 143. Stoney, Orderly: rescues colors, 18. Stono: defenses of, 56-59; abandon- ment of, leading to the imme- diate advance of the enemy against Charleston, terminating: in their repulse at Secessionvllle, 61. Taliaferro, Gen. W. B. : assigned to the command of James Island, 121, 171 ; elsewhere mentioned, 139, 141, 143, 145, 146; General Beauregard's commendation of, 167; takes command of the Flor- ida district, 172. Terry, General : Federal officer, 120, 121, 180. "The First South Carolina Volun- teers": field officers of, 28-29; re- enlistment of, 62-66; four new companies added, 67. The Mercv/ry on martial law, 76, 78. The Courier on martial law, 76, 78. The man who didn't "feel compe- tent to it," but afterwards preached an excellent sermon, 186. Thirty-first North Carolina Regi- ment: disgraceful conduct of, at Wagner, 142, 143. 488 Index. Tines, Sergeant: though mortally wounded, expresses patriotic sen- timent, 187. Tracy, Captain Carlos : diary of, 86-89; elsewhere mentioned. 111, 121, 183. Trapier, Major : his work in the defense of Coles Island, 117. Trezevant, Major, commanding Charleston Arsenal : ordered to collect old iron for prejectiles, 149. Tucker, Captain of C. S. Navy: ordered to attempt the capture of enemy's picket, 149, 151, 165. Tapper, Capt. S. Y. : 53. W Wagner, Lieut. -Col. Thomas M. : 118. Wagner, Lieut. W. H.: 98, 118. Walker, Lieutenant, adjutant Charleston Battery: wounded, 88. Walker, Gen. W. H. T. : 125, 127. Walker, Gen. W. S. : 127. Walpole, Captain: how he got Gen- eral Hagood a prisoner, 109-110; elsewhere mentioned. 111. Walter's Horse Artillery : 104 ; sinks a Yankee gunboat, 110-111. Wardlaw, Captain: wounded, 169. War ley, Major F. F. : 122, 182, 189. Way, Colonel: 179. Williams, Federal general: 94, 95. Woodhouse, Lieutenant: 184. Vogdes, Federal general: 144, 183; did not inquire after the body of Shaw, colonel of the negro regi- ment, 184. Yates, Lieutenant-Colonel : 117, 118, 134, 192. Yeadon (misprinted Gradon), editor of the Charleston Courier : 77. Index. 489 INDEX TO VOL. II. Abuey, Major Joseph: 195; served in Mexico, 208 ; combs his hair before attempting to execute im- portant command, 234. Abney, Segt. J. B. : mentioned for gallantry, 227. Accuracy of Confederate fire, 284. Adams, Major: 369. Addison, George: sent to burn bridge: 345. AUemoay, Lieutenant: killed, 268; his death deplored, 270. Ames, Federal general : his state- ment to General Hagood after the war, 236. Anderson, General Patton : 272, 274, 276 ; should have been shot, 277. Anderson, Colonel: 324. Andrews, Lieutenant: 272. Atkinson, Lieutenant : captured, 298. Axson, Captain : mortally wounded, 278. Baker, Colonel: 239. Battery Buchanan: troops landed at under trying difficulties, 324- 325; captured, 333. Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T. : assigned to the command of the Depart- ment of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, 217; otherwise mentioned, 232, 235; official re- port of, of battle of Drury's BlufC, 236-242; plan of battle of, 237-238; supplementary report of, 243; elsewhere mentioned, 245, 249, 254, 265, 266, 268, 276, 280, 284. Beginning of the end : 364-373. Bellinger, Private Vince: gallant action of, 226. Bethea, Lieutenant: killed, 299. Bell, Lieut. B. H. : killed, 358. Blake, Lieut-Col. J. A.: 195: dropped for overstaying leave, 208; captured, 299; elsewhere mentioned, 234. Bomar, Lieutenant: killed, in the heroic performance of duty, 248. Bowles, Lieutenant: captured, 298. Bowman, Lieut. W. G. : mentioned for gallant conduct, 249; cap- tured, 299; elsewhere mentioned, 261. Boozer, Corporal J. : mentioned for gallantry, 227. Brady, Captain : a craven North Carolinian, 327. Bragg, Gen. Braxton: 207; staff officer at Richmond, 210; men- tioned, 221, 228; countermands an order after investigation, 324 ; mentioned, 325; Bragg and dis.- aster synonymous, 328; elsewhere mentioned, 331, 334, 336, 348, 351, 352, 355, 360. Bratton, Gen. John: wounded, 308. Brooks, Capt. J. H. : to be relied upon when others failed, 234-235; conspicuous gallantry of, 248 ; elsewhere mentioned, 367. Brooks, Federal general : 225. Brothei^, Sergeant: deserts from the hospital and joins his regi- ment, 299. Brown, Pinckney: character and death of, 235. Brownlee, Lieutenant: 370, 372. Buist, Captain: 273, 279. 490 Index. Bulger, Private A. P.: commended for gallantry, 249. Butler, Gen. M. O. : 358. Butler, Col. William : 358. Butler, Gen. B. F. ("Beast") : 219, 228; outlawed by Confederate authorities, 231; elsewhere men- tioned, 235, 266, 317; right for once, 322. C Carson, Capt J. : M. : wounded, 230 ; elsewhere mentioned, 312, 325. ■ Cassidy, Lieutenant: 261; noted for gallantry, 299. Chappell, Lieutenant : General Hagood's, admiration of, 227 ; inci- dent of , pistol while dying of wounds, 279. China, Captain: killed, 248. Clemants, Lieutenant: 273. Clyburn, Lieutenant : 298. Clingman, General : wounded, 288. Colquitt, Gen. A. H. : 259; elsewhere mentioned, 236, 237, 238, 239|, 261, 265, 267, 268, 269, 360. Cooper, Adjutant-General C. S. A. : 269. Cross, Major: 369. D Daly, Captain: brave Federal offi- cer, of <}eneral Cutler's staff, 294-295; endorsed for a pension after the war by General Hagood, 297-298 (note). Dantzler, Colonel: battery named after, 250; manner of death of, 251. Dargan, Lieut-Col. A. T. : 205, 217, 221; killed at Walthal Junction, with the colors in his hands and calling on his men to rally, 224; loss mourned, 319. Davis, President Jefferson : on bat- tle-field at Drury's Bluff, 249; elsewhere mentioned, 314, 317, 328, 332. Dearing, Colonel : 242. Deo Vindice: 373. DeVorn, Colonel: 373. Dotterer, Private W. A. : commended for gallant conduct, 249. Douglass, Lieutenant: killed, 298. DuBose, Colonel : 271, 273, 275, 277. Duke, Lieutenant: captured, 299. Dunlop's Park — "Rest for tlie Weary"— 301-303. Dunovant's cavalry as skirmishers, 240. Due, Lieutenant: commended for gallantry, 226. E Early, General, 314. Easterling, Lieutenant : killed, 299. Ellis, a crossroads politician, proves incompetent as soldier, 205. Elliott, Major Stephen: 169; suc- ceeds General Walker, 252; else- where mentioned, 364, 365. Elliott, Lieutenant: killed, 248. Eschelman, Lieutenant-Colonel: 243. Evans, Lieutenant: killed, 299. F Felder, Lieutenant: wounded, 269. Fields, General: 276, 277, 307. Forces.: numbers compared, 356. Ford, Lieutenant: wounded. 273; wounded and. captured, 298. Foster, Private H. P.: commended for gallant conduct, 248. Fry, Colonel: 239, G Gaillard, Lieut-Col. P. C: 195; graduate of West Point, 207 ; else- where mentioned, 208, 248, 299, 312. Gantt, Col. F. H. : a good drill offi- cer, 205; regiment of, arms itself on the field, 214 ; elsewhere men- tioned, 229, 248, 261, 312. Index. 491 Gantt, Sergeant-Major Bldred: died from wounds, 280. Gardlng, Capt J. J. : 205. Gardner, Lieutenant: captured, 298. Gary, Gen. M. W. : attacks with vigor, 307; elsewhere mentioned; 308. Gelling, Lieutenant : mentioned for gallant conduct, 248; killed, 267; a young Scotchman, 270. Gibbons, Sergt. J. P. : mentioned for gallantry, 227. Gilmore, General, commanding oper- ations against Charleston, 210; transferred to Virginia, 217. Glover, Major J. V.: 206; succeeds to the command of the 25th Regi- ment, after the wounding of Colo- nel Pressley, 226; elsewhere men- tioned, 248, 319 ; death of, 263. Gooding, Capt. J. J. ; an incubus upon the command, 205. Goodlett, Colonel : broken for cow- ardice, 251. Gordon, Captain : killed, 299. Graham,. Col. R. F. : at Walthal, Junction, '221 ; wounded, 224 ; else-, where mentioned, 205, 217, 219, 312, 324, 325, 336, 367. Grant, Gen. U. S. : made Lieutenant- General and Commander-in-chief of U. S. armies, 218; crosses the Rapidan, 219; losses of, from the Rapidan to Cold Harbor, 202; transfers operations to the south side of the Appomattox, 264; in- vests Petersburg, 270; elsewhere mentioned, 253, 254, 259, 261, 282, 283, 288, 295, 305, 314, 322, 331; his policy as to exchange of pris- oners, 364. Greer, Sergt. H. P. : commended for gallantry,. 249. Gregg, General : of the Texas bri- gade, killed, 308. H Hagood, Gen. Johnson: attached to Nelson's Brigade in the beginning of the war, 209 ; anecdote of, 210 ; a humane commander, 213 ; or- dered to Petersburg, 217; on arriving there, ordered to the sup- port of Graham at Walthal Junc- tion, 221 ; directed to withdraw and take position along the rail- road, 223; holds the 21st Regi- ment in reserve on turnpike and afterwards rallies, 224; coolness of, 225, 228; ordered to advance, 229 ; sends flag of truce to propose exchange of prisoners, which failed, 230-231; elsewhere men- tioned, 234, 244, 246, 247, 252, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260, 261, 265, 266, 267, 277, 278, 279, 284, 288, 289, 290 ; his coolness and nerve at the battle of Weldon Road, 291 et seq. ; shoots a Federal officer un- der trying circumstances, 294-295; recommended for promotion by General Beauregard, 296-297 ; issued apple brandy, 316; else- where mentioned, 298, 300, 305, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 352, 355, 360, 361; detailed to go to South Carolina and recruit, 365-366; mentioned, 367. Hagood, Col. J. R. : First South Carolina Regiment commanded by, 307; elsewhere mentioned, 309. Hagood's Brigade: roster of, 196; history of regiments of, 204-209; General Beauregard's apprecia- tion of, 210; regulations govern- ing march of, 211-213; remains at Charleston during winter of '63-64, but soon leaves for Vir- ginia, 217 ; its first baptism of Are in Virginia, 223-226; near Peters- burg, 228; how it captured five 492 Index. pieces of artillery, 243 ; steadiness of, at Drury's Bluff, 247; else- where mentioned, 245, 250, 251, 255, 257, 263, 265, 271, 285; re- cuperates at Dunlop's Park, 301- 303; elsewhere mentioned, 307, 327, 328, 832, 336, 342, 347; reor- ganized, 351; elsewhere men- tioned, 354, 358, 361, 363, 371. Hammond, Capt. Leroy, and his brother, Lieut. F. G. Hammond, both grandsons of Col. Leroy Hammond of revolutionary fame : killed, 230. Hampton, Gen. Wade : 295, 330, 331. Hampton Roads Conference, 332. Hardee, General : 331, 356, 358, 360, 361, 364, 368, 371, 372; Harris, Colonel: staff officer, 228, 229; Indifference of to fire, 230, 263. Harper, Lieutenant : heroically saved himself from capture, 298. Harvey, Lieutenant: killed, 270. Haskell, Colonel : severely wounded, 308. Hay, Major: wounded, 360. Hedriek, Colonel: wounded, 355. Hendrix, Lieutenant: captured, 299. Heyward, Col. W. C. : 205. Hickman, Color Bearer : commended for gallantry, 249. Hicks, G. W. : 249. Hill, Gen. A. P. : 289, 295 ; statement of, to General Hagood regarding the Weldon Road battle, 296; elsewhere mentioned, 304. Hill, Gen. D. H. : arrives at Wal- thal Junction, 221; inspires and directs the operations, although General Bushrod Johnson was in command, 223; elsewhere men- tioned, 351, 352, 354, 355. Hogan, Lieutenant: captured, 299. Hoke, Major-General : arrives at Petersburg, 231; gives report of the battle of Drury's Bluff, 243- 244; elsewhere mentioned. 232, 234, 241, 246, 247, 253, 257, 265, 276, 289, 307, 308, 309, 323, 338, 339, 340, 348, 352, 354, 358, 360, 365, 367, 370, 372. Holland, Colonel, 360, 371. Hood, General: 314, 360. Hopkins, Capt. Ward: killed, 267; estimation of, 270 ; elsewhere mentioned, 319. Huger, Major Cleland K. : 367. Huguenin, Lieutenant : wounded, 273. Hunton, General: 260, 261. Irving, Private Ameliers : com- mended for gallantry, 227. Isbell, Lieutenant : killed, 298. Izard, Colonel: in ill health, 205. Izlar, Sergt. W. V. : commended for gallant conduct, 226. Izlar, Segt. B. P. : commended for gallantry, 249. Jeffords, Lieutenant: 343, 344. Johnson, Gen. Bushrod : takes com- mand of the troops at Walthal Junction, 221; elsewhere men- tioned, 223, 224, 226, 228. Johnson, Senator : 316. Jshnston, Gen. Joseph B. : 241, 332, 351, 355, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 565, 369, 370, 371, 373. Jones, Captain: captured, 298. Jones, Private J. : commended for gallantry, 249. K Keitt, Colonel: killed, 257; charac- ter of, 257. Kennedy, Lieutenant : killed, 298. Kennerly, Lieutenant: killed, 299. Kershaw, General: 255, 354. King, Lieutenant: wounded, 298. Kirkland, General: 367. Index. 493 Lalane, Lieutenant (see errata) : killed, 248. Lance, Lieut. Archy St. John : killed, 235. 'Lartigue, Major G. B. : brigade quartermaster, 215 ; elsewhere mentioned, 367. Leach, Senator from North Caro- lina, 316. Ledbetter, Capt. T. D. : killed, 235. Lee, Gen. R. B. : breaks up all corps, like pioneer corps, and orders the men to be returned to the ranks, 215; confronts Grant, 218; again confronts Grant, 253; follows Grant, 264 ; assumes the offensive, 271 ; elsewhere mentioned, 254, 259, 276, 283, 284, 303; descrip- tion of, 304; again takes the of- fensive, 307 ; elsewhere tnentiOned, 308, 309, 314. Lewis, General: 239. Life in the trenches of Petersburg, 283-288. Llghtfoot, Lieutenant-Colonel: 230. Lipscomb, Colonel: 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346. Lincoln, Abraham : reported assas- sination of, 369. Logan, Lieutenant-Colonel : acts on General Hagood's staff, 230. Longstreet, General : 259, 315. M Mahone, Major-General : 290 ; blames himself for the blunder in the Weldon Road affair, 296. Mallett, Lieutenant-Colonel : killed, 362. Martin, Lieut. Ben: Invaluable ser- vice of, 227; wounded, 294; else- where mentioned, 248, 266, 299, 360, 367. Mazyck, Lieut. Edmund: service of, to General Hagood, 227 ; elsewhere mentioned, 248,. 312, 367. McBeth, Lieutenant : captured, 299. McCauthen, Colonel : with 51st N. C, held railroad bridge, 228. Mclver, Major 6. W. : 205. MeKaskell, Lieutenant: killed, 298. McKerrall, Captain: captured, 299. McMillan, Mr. : a good citizen sol- dier, 323. Meade, General : Federal com- mander, 260. Mims, Lieutenant : 261 Minas, Lieutenant : wounded, 299. Miscarriage of a well conceived plan, and reports thereon : 271- 276. Mixson, Private A. : commended for gallant conduct, 249. Moffett, Lieutenant : mentioned for gallantry, 226; incident of the search of "Puritan" prisoners by, 282; extracts from journal of, 286-287 ; elsewhere mentioned, 312, 345, 367. Moloney, Capt. P. K. : invaluable services of, 227, 229; horse shot under him, 230; killed, 294; Ha- good's tribute to, 300; elsewhere mentioned, 231, 248, 266, 291, 319. Morrison, Lieutenant : captured, 299. Muckenfuss, Lieutenant : captured, 299. Mulvaney, Captain : captured on the enemy's works, 279. N Nelson, Lieut. Col. P. H. : com- manded the 7th Battalion, after commencing the war as a briga- dier-general, 209; murdered by negro troops, 278; elsewhere men- tioned, 230, 248, 319. New York Serald-: published card from Captain Daly vindicatory of General Hagood from the charge of murder which the Yankee papers freely lavished upon him, 298. 494 Index. O 6'Hear, Meut.. James W.: killed while aiding a wound^ comrade on the field of battle, 255. Olmstead, Colonel : 368. Orr, Senator from South .Capllna, 316. . ,' Outz, Sergt. J. H.,.. qoior bearer : killed, 248^ Owen, Maior : 240. Palmer, Captain: killed, 267. Pickett, General : 221, 227, 228. Pioileer corps of Hagood's Brigade: organization of, 214-215. Plan of retrenchment of the Rich- mond lines, 309-311. PorCber, Cadet: wounded, 299. Porter; Admiral U. S. N.: 322; else- where mentioned, 325 ; reports of, not to be relied upon, 326. ■Pressley, Lieut-Ool. J. G.: 206; wounded at Walthal Junction, 226. Pryor, Roger A. : acts as General Pickett's courier, though at one time a brigadier-general, and pilots General Hagood to the scfene of action at Walthal Junction, 221. Puritan, A Typical-: Incident of the capture of, 282. R Raley, Lieut. A. W. : wounded, 298. Ramsey, Major : la-W'yer' of 'high culture, fell at Wagner, 207. Rankiil, Gapt. R. G. : attracts atten- tion by heroic bearing, 363. Ransom, ' General : shortcomings of, 236; elsewhere mentioned, 238, ■ 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246,' 247. Raysor, Captain: 273 Regiments commanded by' lieuten- ants, 284. Rhett, Colonel: captured, 358. Riley; iLieutenaniS-: 273i Rion, Major J. H. : commenced the war as colonel of the 6th South Carolina, but lost his commission in the re-election -on taking Con- federate service, 209; conspicuous gallantry of, 248; distinguished himself in the battle of Peters- burg, 269 ; left in • charge of Hagood's Brigade, 366, 367; else- where mentioned, 312, 345, 360, 369, 370. •Ross, Lieutenant: kiiledj 299. Seabrook, Lleutenanjt: killed, 230. Seay, Lieutenant: died of exhaus- . tion, 2^5.. Segers, Capt. uove: wounded, 298; mentioned, 368. Sellars; Gapt. M. H.: 206; gallantry of, 226; killed, 299; Hagood's tribute ' to, 300 ; elsewhere men- tioned, 319. Sherman, Gen. Tecumseh : marches unopposed upon the vitals of the Confederacy, 314-315 ; his march through Georgia, 329; elsewhere mentioned, 330, 334; 355, 361, 363, 371. Shingler, Colonel: 239. Shomaker, Private L. S. : commended for gallantry, 226. Shumaker, Private J. T. : com- mended for gallant conduct, 249. Shuler, Lieutenant: killed, 248. Simonton, Col. C. H. : 206 ; rejoins his regiment, 263 ; elsewhere men- tioned, 266, 312, 336, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347. Simonton, General : 226. Sineath, Lieut. F. R. M. : blunders " into' the enemy's lines and is cap- tured, 252. Index. 495 Sligh, Lieutenant: captured, 298. Smith, Lieutenant: died of wounds. 279. ■' Smith, Colonel: fights with a club at the "Crater," 305. Special orders organizing Hagood's Brigade, 195. Stoney, Capt. W. E. : shot through the lungs at Walthal Junction, 225; sheds tears at Johnston's surrender, 227; diary of (367- 373) — Elon takes command of brigade, 367; ugly rumors afloat about Lee, 367, 368; march for Raleigh and cross the Allemance, in which there is bungling, 368; rumors more persistent of Lee's surrender and the report also of Johnston's army surrendering — demoralization, 369; rumor of Lincoln's assassination, 369 ; greater demoralization, 370 ; army melting away, 370-371 ; truce ends in surrender and terms thereof, 371 ; brigade paid off in coin, and the men begin to straggle off home, 373. Elsewhere mentioned, 312, 345, 346, 347. Stoney, Orderly Dwight : though wounded (294), recaptures flag, 295; promoted, 297. Taft, Lieutenant: killed, 248. Talliferro, General : 209. Taylor, Colonel : wounded, 363 ; else- where mentioned, 351, 360. Taylor, Lieut. William : wounded, 298 ; elsewhere mentioned, 295. Terry, Federal General: 206, 323, 351. Thomas, Captain: 367. Tiller, Lieutenant : wounded, 298. Tracy, Capt. Carlos : heroism of, at Walthal Junction, 225; has horse shot under him, 230; elsewhere mentioned, 227. Trim, Lieutenant: lost an arm and • put on retired Tist, 279. z;- Tupper, Color Bearer: mentioned for gallant conduct, 248;' Turner, Federal General : recog- nized over B. F. Butler, 26i. Tuten, Lieutenant: captured, 299. Vandiford, Lieutenant: died of wounds, 279. Vance, Governor Zeb: makes speech to reserves attached to Hoke's division, 367. Vans, Lieutenant: killed, 337. W Waggoner, Lieutenant, 17th Tenn. : heroism of, 241. Walker, General : wounding of, 252. Watts, Sergt. Pickens Butler: com- mended for gallantry, 227; a second time commended for gal- lant conduct, 248; killed, 279; high praise of, by the command- ing general, 279. Weitzel, Federal General: 322. Westcoat, Captain: wounded, 261; elsewhere mentioned, 343. Weston, Lieutenant: wounded, 298. Wheeler, General Joe : 330, 362. White, Lieut. A. B.: 273. Whiting, General : shortcomings of, 236; elsewhere mentioned, 239, 240, 242, 244; laid down his life in atonement for errors, 328. Wilds, Capt. S.- H. : takes command of 21st Regiment at Walthal Junc- tion after the wounding of Colo- nel Graham and the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Dargan, 224 ; wounded (see errata), 298; else- where mentioned, 227, 244, 248, 343. 49% Index. Williams, Private J. H. : reported by General Hagood for meritorious services, 249. Wise, Private: commended for gal- lantry, 249. Wise, General: 236, 238. Wolfe, I/ieut. W. M. : killed, 230. Young, Lieutenant: captured, 2 ■ ^^ Young, Signal Operator: sen burn bridge, 345. Zachery. Colonel: 360. iliilili' Blli.,...Lll!i^Li..j.iL.liiJi.iL!lill.!ll