m4p I I I' '. ' 'M! •^:> , I I'll! I III L !i h li'i ' . •. 1 _ um iii,"t"ii, II ■^.. "I '1,1! "! " * 111 "ill ipi ■! ' I '"'"'"'yi' i.pffv'iiii I ii 111'' ii I ' 1, ' ' ■ i!'i"|'ViW|lkiiili|l|'N' ijiliifiS h [IV I lllll Ii I III f r T w\ 3 'wriMi I/I'll fi', ri M aiatmll ItttttcraitH Slibrarg Htljata, Neva ^ack BERNARD ALBERT SINN COLLECTION NAVAL HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY THE GIFT OF BERNARD A. SFNN, 97 1919 Cornell University Library VF160 .A3 1852 Exercises In small-arms and field artill olin 3 1924 030 896 918 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924030896918 EXERCISES SMALL-ARMS AND FIELD ARTILLERY: ABKANQED FOE THE NATAL SERYICE, ORDER OF THE BUREAU OF ORDNANCE AND HYDROGRAPHY OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. ' PART I. SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. PART II. SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. PART III. FIELD ARTILLERY WITHOUT HORSE. PART IV. SMALL AND BROADSWORD EXERCISES. PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED BY T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS, 1852. XJ. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. . December 22, 1851. Sir : In compliance with the orders of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, of May last, directing me to prepare a Systen\ of Small-Arm Company and Battalion Drill, and Field Artillery, and Small and Broadsword Exercises, I have the honor to report the following pages. I have carefully avoided a departure from the established drills of the Army, confining myself to such selections and rearrangement as appeared to me best adapted to the circumstances and wants of the Naval service. Part IV., on the Small and Broadsword, is entirely by Mr. Seager, who instructs on those arms at this Institution ; also all the plates. I am, very respectfully, &c., Henry H. Lockwood, Prof. U. S. Navy. To Commodore Charles Morris, Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and HydrogTwphy of the Navy D^artment. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. — SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. I. Organization and formation of a company. [PI. 1, fig. 1.] Posts of officers, guides, &c. [PI. 1, fig. 2.] . General remarks on company organization and formation. 11. Position of the soldier. III. Alignments. ...... " by file forward and to the rear. [PI. 2, figs. 1 and 2.] " forward and backward. . General alignment. . ... Rules to be bbserved in aligning. IV. To pass from two ranks to one rank. [PI. 3, fig. 1.] V. To open ranks for inspection, &c. [PI. 3, fig. 2.] To inspect company. [PI. 4.] . VI. The manual of small-aems. [Pis. 5 to 8, both inclusive.] VII. Loading — in ten times. [Pis. 9 to 12, both inclusive.] " — in four times. .... " —at will. ..... VIII. Fieing— by company — by platoon — by file. [PI. 13, fig. 1.] " — to the rear and resuming the front fire. [PI. 13, fig. 2.] " — by file in open order. . " — to ascertain if the pieces have been discharged. IX. To stack arms, &c. [PI. 14.] .... X. To face to the right, left, and about. [PI. 15, fig. 1.] . XI. Balance step. [PI. 15, figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5.] XII. Makching in line— mark time— change step — halt, &c. [PI. 16.] " '• rules for . XIII. " " oblique. [PI. 17.] XIV. Wheeling, preliminary observations on " from a halt. [PI. 18.] " on a march. [PI. 19.] XV. Turning to the right or left. [PI. 20.] . XVI. Maeching by a flank. [PI. 21, fig. 1.] " " " to file to the right or left. [PI. 21, figs. 2 and 3.] " " " rules for . . . " " " to mark time — halt — front and dress . XVII. " " " to form line on the right or left. [PI. 22, fig. 1.] " " •' to form line to the front. [PI. 22, fig. 2.] . " " " to form line faced to the rear. [PI. 23.] XVIII. A COLUMN OF PLATOONS formed by a wheel. [PI. 24, fig. 1.] H " " by facing towards a flank and coming up by file [PI. 24, fig. 2.] K " " by breaking to the rear from the right or left of platoons. [PI. 24, fig. 3.] ... XIX. " " " put in motion and the direction changed. [PI. 25.] XX. " " " wheeled into line. [PI. 26.] .... page 11 12 13 14 15 15 15 16 17 17 17 17 19 24 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 35 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 49 VI CONTENTS. A coLUMM or PLATOONS brought into line, by facing towards a llank, break- ing oiT, and coming up by file. . 50 " " " brought into line, by filing a flank to the front. [PI. 28, fig. 1.] . . ... 50 XXI. " " " formed on the right or left into line. [PI. 27, fig. ].] 51 XXII. " " " gains ground to the right or left. [PI. 27, fig. 2.] . 51 XXIII. To ADVANCE OR EETEEAT by the right or left of platoons. [PI. 28, fig. 2.] . 52 XXIV. Movements by the centre of company or platoons. . . .53 To advance by the centre. [PI. 29, figs. 1 and 2.] . 53 Advancingbythecentre, to form line to the front. [PI. 29, fig. 3.] 53 " " " " to the right. . . 53 " " " " to the left. . 54 To retreat by the centre and reform line. [PI. 30.] . 54 XXV. To break into platoons and reform line, on a march. [PI. 31.] . . 54 XXVI. To break off files to the rear and bring them again into line. [PI. 32,] . 55 XXVII. To CHANGE FRONT, to the right or left. [PI. 33, fig. 1.] . . .56 " " to the rear— countermarch. [PI. 33, fig. 2.] . . 57 PART II. — BATTALION EXERCISES. XV. XVI XVII. XVIII. I. Organization and formation of a battalion. [PI. 34.] Reception and posting of colors. [PI. 35.] II. To FORM OPEN ORDER and again close the ranks. [PI. 36, fig. 1.] III. Firing— by company— by wing— by battalion— by file. [PI. 36, fig. 2.J " to the rear, and resuming the proper front. [PI. 37, fig. 1.] IV. A COLUMN OF COMPANIES formed by a wheel. [PI. 37, fig. 2.] " " " "by breaking from the right (or left) and marching to the front, or towards the left or right. [PI. 38.] . . .66 " " " " by facing towards a flank and forming up by file. [PI. 39, fig. 1.] . . 67 " " " " by break off, from the right or left flank, to the rear. [PI. 39, fig. 2.] . 67 V. " " " " in mass or at half distance. [Pis. 40 and 41.] 68 VI. To FOKM COLUMN OF ATTACK. .... . . 69 VII. A COLUMN OF COMPANIES put in motion, and the direction changed. [PI. 42.] 79 VIII. " " " moving in rout. ... .71 IX. " " " reduces its front by forming platoons or sections. [PI. 43.] 72 " " " reduces front by breaking files to the rear. [PI. 43.] 72 " " " reduced by a flank movement. [PI. 43.] . . 73 X. " " " (open) closed to half distance, or in mass. [PI. 44, %-!•] • .... 73 XI. " " '< (in mass or at half distance), opened to full dis- tance. [PI. 44, fig. 2.] . . . .74 XII. " " " countermarches. [PI. 45.] . . .75 XIII. " " " halted and dressed. [PI. 46, fig. 1.] . . 75 XIV. A COLUMN OF COMPANIES FORMED INTO LINE by a Wheel. [PI. 46, fig. 2.] . 76 by facing and forming up by file. 76 by a flank movement. . 77 on the reverse flank. [PI. 47.] 77 to the front. [PI. 48.] . . 78 faced to the rear. [PI. 49.] 79 after a portion has changed di- rection. [PI. 50.] . . 80 CONTENTS. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. To DEPLOY A COLUMN CLOSED IN MASS, On the leading company. " " " " on the rear company. " " " " on an intermediate company. [PI. 51.] To CHANGE FRONT forward, on the right (or left) company. [PI. 52.] " " to the rear, on the right (or left) company. " " on an intermediate company. [PI. 53.] . To advance by the Sanks of companies and reform. [PI. 51, fig. 1.] To advance by the centres of companies and reform. [PI. 54.] To retire by the flanks of companies and reform. To retire by the centres of companies and reform. . . . . To ADVANCE OK HETIKE, IN LINE. [PI. 55, figS. 1 and 2.] Advancing or retiring in line to pass obstacles. [PI. 56.] " " to halt and rectify the alignment. [PI. 55, fig. 3.] Marching bt a flank, and filing to the right or left. [PI. 57.] " " " to form on right (or left) by file into line. [PI. 58.] To FORM SQUARE. [PI. 59.] ....... To reduce square. . . . . . PAGE 82 83 84 84 85 86 87 90 91 92 94 95 95 96 PART III. — FIELD ARTILLERY EXERCISES. Nomenclature of the piece. [PI. 60.] ..... " " carriage — vertical projection. [PI. 61.] " " " —horizontal projection. [PI. 62.] " " limber — vertical projection. [PI. 63.] . " " " — horizontal projection. [PI. 64.] I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. ^I. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. Exercise of the single 'piece. Forming and stationing the crew. Stations of the members of the crew. [PI. 65.] Distribution of equipments. Unlimbering — front — rear — right — left. [PI. 66.] Limbering — front — rear — right — left. [PI. 67.] Service or field ordnance Loading and firing by detail. [Plates 68, 69, 70, 71, and 72.] " " without detail^quiek time " " in action — quickest time Change of parts and stations Exercise and service with reduced crews To MOVE the piece by hand. [PI. 73.] " " " with bricoles. [PI. 74.] " " " with drag-ropes. [PI. 75.] " " " and fire with the prolonge fixed. [PI. 76.] Changing wheels. To dismount the piece. . To carry the piece. .... To dismount the carriage. To mount the piece. .... To right an over-turned carriage. Exercises with several pieces, -maniBZivring as a battery. XVII. Organization of a battery. XVIII. Battery formations, order in column of sections. [PI. 77, fig. 1.] " " of pieces. [PI. 77, fig. 2 ] . " " order in line. [PI. 78, fig. 1.] . « " order in battery. [PI. 78, fig. 2.] . 99 . 101 102 . 103 . 104 . . 106 110 111 112 113 114 116 120 . 122 125 126 127 128 129 130 . 131 132 132 133 133 Vlll CONTENTS. fig. 1.] '■] Remarks on battery organization and formation. XIX. Battehy in line, to form a column of pieces. To tlie front. [PI. 79, fig. 1.] To the right or left. [PI. 79, fig. 2.] From the right to mount the left. [PI. 80, In retreat. [PI. 80, fig. 2.] On an interior piece. On centre section. [PI. 81, fig. 1.] General remarks on forming column. XX. Battery in column, to form line. To the front. [PI. 82.] . Faced to the rear. [PI. 83.] To the left (or right). [PI. 84.] On the right (or left). [PI. 85.] To deploy column on centre section. [PI. 81, fig. 2.] XXI. Battery in column, to form in battery. To fire to the front. To fire to the rear. To fire to the right. To fire to the left. [PI. XXII. To CHANGE FRONT. " " forward on the right piece. [PI. 87.] " " to the rear on the right piece. [PI. 88.] " " on an interior piece. [PI. 89.] XXIII. To advance in line, change direction, &c. To gain ground to the right or left, by a flank movement. To retreat in line. ..... XXIV. FlEINS. " to the front. . ... " to the rear. [PI. 90, fig. 1.] . " to the right or left. .... echellon to the right or left. [PI. 91.] " to the right, left, and front. [PI. 90, fig. 2.] . " advancing or retreating, by half batteries. [PI. 92.] PART IV. — SMALL AND BROADSWORD EXERCISES. Smallsword Exerdse. I. Balance motions. [PI. 93.] II. Take the swoed. [PI. 94] Exercises in the four simple parades " in the several parries. [Pis, " in quinte and flanconnade. " in the counters. III. Salute .... Position of the sword under arms. To salute with the sword or sabre. Color salute. Broadsword Exercise, IV. Positions. . . V. Balance Motions. VI. Practice at the target, VII. Practice in the assault. PA&E . 133 [Pis. 95, 96, and 97.] 95, 96, and 97.] [Pis. 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, and 104 154 154 154 156 • 157 158 159 159 159 160 EERATA. Page 13, line 6th, for " the centre" read " the 2d file from the right." Page 15. The paragraph "A corresponding alignment, &c.," should come in at the bottom of the page. Page 19. "Drop the left hand to the side," at the end of the 4th para- graph, should close the 3d instead. Page 20, line 4th, /or "that hand" read "the right hand." Page 21, line 11th, /or "raise" read "seize." Page 38, line 16th, /or "with the shanks" read "with the shank." Page 34, line 8th,, /or " file leaders" read " file closers." Page 44, lines 11th and 12th from bottom, for "captain" read "guide." Page 48, line 7th, for " guides left" read " guides right." Page 61, line 9th, for " a color bearer" read " two color bearers." Page 78, 2d line from bottom, insert " (the captain halting in his own person)" after the word "left." Page 100, 6th line from bottom, for " from in rear" read " form in rear." Page 107, bottom line, for "that hand up" read "that hand down." Page 115, 5th line from bottom, for " 1st and 2d loader on the right" read " 1st and 2d loader on the left." PAET I. SMALL-AM COMPAIT EXERCISES. COMPANY EXERCISES. I. ORGANIZATION AND FORMATION. From fifty to one hundred rank and file, four guides, one captain, and two or three lieutenants, may be organized as a company of Infantry, and exercised as such. A smaller number of rank and file, with a proportional reduction of lieutenants and guides, may, under a captain, be exercised as a company ; but platoon move- ments, with less than fifty men, would seldom be used. Colors may be carried in a company, but are not usual; if carried, they are borne by a guide or other non-commissioned officer. One or more pioneers may likewise accompany a company. The music of a com- pany consists of one fifer and one or more drummers ; for skirmishers, one bugler. In the absence of one or more commissioned officers, the others that remain succeed them. In the absence of all, the 1st and 2d guides take their places, so far as to fill the posts of captain and 1st lieutenant. With two commissioned officers present, the guides do not succeed, except to command platoons or sections. TO ASSEMBLE AND FORM COMPANY. The 1st guide causes the music to beat "the Assembly," on the company parade or other appointed grounds. After a propeV interval of time, the 1st guide posts the 2d guide at the point where he de- signs the left of the company to rest, and commands Fall in Company — Left — Face — Size — March. The men, with arms at a shoulder, take their places according to height, the smaller coming first, behind the guide thus posted. 12 SMALL-AEM COMPANY EXERCISES. In two ranks form Company — MarcHi [PI. 1, fig. l.J The guide on the left, together with the man next him, face to the front, the remainder of the company mark time, and come up suc- cessively ; the 2d man from the left covering the 1st — the 3d on the right of the 1st — the 4th covering the 3d. All face to the front as they come up, stand fast, and dress to the left under the supervision of the 2d guide. In like manner, each odd numbered file from the left comes up to form the front rank, and each even file to form the rear. Should a front rank man remain uncovered in the rear rank, the rear rank man covering the 2d file from the right will cover him. The distance from rank to rank, measuring from the back of the front rank man to the breast of the rear rank man, is thirteen inches. During this formation, the 3d and 4th guides stand in rear of the company and assist in bringing the men to their place. When all the men have come up and are dressed, 2d guide commands — Front. The 1st guide then brings the men to an order, causes the files to call their numbers from the left, divides the company into platoons and these again into sections, numbered respectively from the right, takes post on the right of the company, and commands — Company — Rest. The captain and lieutenants now appear, and with the guides, music, &c., take the following POSTS OP OFFICERS AND GUIDES OF A COMPANY IN LINE. [PI. 1, fig. 2.] The Captain on the right of the front rank, touching the 1st man with his left elbow. \st or right guide — guide of the 1st platoon and 1st section — in the rear rank, covering the captain. When the captain leaves his post on the right, this guide takes his place in the front rank. The other officers and guides constitute the rank of file closers, and take post in rear of the rear rank, two paces distant — thus : The 2d or left gvMe — guide of the 2d platoon and 3d section — opposite the second file from the left. When the company acts singly this guide has post when in line on the left of the front rank. The \st Lieutenant equidistant between the left guide and the centre of the 2d platoon. ORGANIZATION AND FOEMATION. 13 The 2d Lieutenant opposite the centre of the 1st platoon. The 3cZ Lieutenant opposite the centre of the 2(i platoon. The 4ith Lieutenant opposite the centre of 1st section. The Sd guidS — guide of 2d section — opposite 2d file from the left of the 1st platoon. The 4:th guide — guide of 4th section — opposite the centre of the 2d platoon. If there be other petty officers, these are posted on the right and left of the company, according to size, and act as files. Music on the right of the company at the distance of four paces. In flank or column movements, it precedes the leading flank or column by this distance, changing place when necessary by the rear. The pioneer or pioneers of a company, on the right of the line of file closers. Colors are posted on the right of the front rank of the 2d platoon, and manoeuvre with it. The above are the posts when all are present, and the captain is in command or instructs. REMARKS. Whenever officers or guides shift to the right or left, they do so by the front. A column of platoons or sections is said to be right in front, when the 1st platoon or 1st section leads ; and left in front, when the 2d platoon or 4th section leads. As a rule, the guide of a column is at the left when the right is in front ; at the right when the left is in front. In a column of platoons or sections, their chiefs stand in front of their centres at the distance of half the front of platoon or section. In flank movements of a company, the 1st lieutenant leads by the side of the right guide when the right flank is in front, or by the side of the left guide when the left flank leads. In both cases that guide which leads is in the front rank, the other in the line of file closers. In flank movements of platoons or sections, their chiefs lead at the elbows of the guides of these platoons or sections respectively. Files in the front rank, that may fall or otherwise be displacedj are for the time replaced by those that cover them in the rear rank. 14 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. Files should be required to remember their numbers, and also who stand on their right and left. Whenever a column or company is put in motion, the cadence, common, quick or double quick, should be given befofe the cominand March. As a rule, the passage from one order to another is made in quick time. Common time requires ninety steps of twenty-eight inches each to the minute. Quick time requires one hundred and twenty steps of the same length in a minute. Double quick requires one hundred and forty of the same length. The commands are of two kinds; those of caution, printed through- out this text in italics, and those of execution, printed in , small CAPITALS. It will be understood that when the person giving the command is not named, it is the captain or other officer in command. Should there be an officer superior to and independent of the captain, instructing the company, the duties laid down here for the captain are his, and the captain performs those of the 1st lieutenant. II. POSITION OF THE SOLDIER. 1. Heels on the same line. 2. Heels more or less closed, according to the figure of the man. 3. Toes equally turned out, at an angle somewhat less than a right angle. 4. Knees extended, but not stiff. 5. Body erect on the hips. 6. The upper part of the body inclined forward. 7. Shoulders square. 8. Arms hanging naturally, elbows near the body ; palms of the hands turned a little to the front, with the little fingers near or in rear of the seams of the pantaloons. 9. Face directly to the front, with the chin drawn in, but without constraint. 10. Eyes cast directly to the front, and fixed on an object fifteen paces to the front. C' .^ !5\ I. D g I 5s k Si D ffl 1 O! P D D D D D D D D r t ^ ^ ^ ? ^ D □ ^li^nfnent by fil^. ^^- '^- "Sy /Ue^— ri^kt /brward- dress. mm m pnnnnQDPnnaooa a Q □ D a "Jy /He -riff ht backwards -drMS. " S D n D □ □ P D D D ALIGNMENTS. 15 III. ALIGNMENTS. PRELIMINARIES. ' Eyes — Eight. Turn the head gently so as to bring the inner corner of the left eye on a line with the buttons of the coat, the eyes fixed on the line of eyes of the men in, or supposed to be in, the same rank. Front. Bring the face to the front again. Eyes — Left. Front. These movements of the head should not derange the squareness of the shoulders, which will happen if the movement of the former be too sudden. ALIGNMENTS BY FILE. Place the two front rank men on the right flank, two paces to the front, and, having aligned them, command By file — Bight forward — Dress. [PI. 2, fig. 1.] A corresponding alignment may be made to the rear, by the command By file — Bight bachwards — Dress. [PI. 2, fig. 2.] Each man — beginning with the third from the right — steps up two paces, shortening the last so as to find himself about six inches be- hind the new alignment, which he ought never to pass ; he then turns his head and eyes to the right, and moves up steadily by steps of two inches until he finds himself in the exact line of his neighbor, whose elbow he will slightly touch without opening out his own. Care must be observed that, in so doing, he does not derange the position of the head, the line of the eyes, or the squareness of the shoulders. Front. Turn the head and eyes to the front, and remain firm. The same may be executed by the left flank. 16 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. ALIGNMENTS FORWARD. Should the line upon whicli it is desired to efstablish the company, be two or more steps in advance of its present position, command Company right (or left) for'ward — Dress. If in rear of the position occupied by the company, command Right (or left) backwards — Dress. At which the men step back a foot beyond the line, and dress up to it as before. GENERAL ALIGNMENT. Hight (or left) — Dress. The whole company, except two files previously placed in advance as a basis of alignment, move up to within six inches of the line, turn the head and eyes towards the flank named, and gaining steadily by steps of two inches, come on to the line, until each man can see the breast of the second man from him, but no further. In dressing, the captain stands in the front rank on the flank named. The right guide dresses the rear rank if the dress be to- wards the right ; the left guide if towards the left. After the word front, no one will move, though he may be out of dress. Front. Bring the head and eyes to the front. RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN ALL ALIGNMENTS. 1. Arrive steadily on the line with calmness and precision, and avoid precipitation. 2. Do not bend the body back, nor the head forward. 3. Turn the head only so far as to see the line of eyes, or to per- ceive the breast of the second man towards the basis. 4. Avoid passing the line of alignment. 5. At the word ^' front," stand fast, though not yet aligned. 6. At the command iA«8 or that file forward or back, the file named alone will move. PI. 3. ForinoMoiv uiy open, order. Fassin^ fromy two to OTtS' rank. ^ 1 t B .^ ^^ (f D B 1 1 i ■i ■ on n D- □ □ n nn ' DD DQ DD DD DD DD DD d ^ OPEN RANKS AND INSPECT. 17 IV- TO PASS FROM TWO RANKS TO ONE RANK. In one rank form Oompany — March. [PI. 3, fig. 1.] The left guide faces to the left at the first command, and at the word March, steps ofl" in the prolongation of the line of the company, the 1st Lieut, being at his right elbow. iThe man standing next him in the front rank faces to the left and follows ; then the man on the left of the rear rank ; he in turn is followed by the second in the front rank, and he by the one that covers him ; and so on in succes- sioit. If the file next to the right be uncovered, the man in the rear rank covering the first right file, will cover the second before turning into the file. \ The above prestipposes that the company had been formed in two ranks on the left.' If, however, the formation into two ranks had been by the right, the return to it must be by the right' also. This rule is general. V. TO OPEN RANKS AND INSPECT. Attention. To the rear open order. [PI. 3, fig. 2.] Right and left guides, make six steps; to the rear in the back step, of fourteen inches each, and halt. The captain sees them aligned parallel to the line of file closers. March. Rear rank and file closers step back,; until the rear rank is beyond these guides, halt and are dressed to. the right by the right guide, who afterwards commands — Front. Thus disposed, arms may be inspected by first bringing the company to an order and commanding Inspection of Arms. [PI. 4.] l«f motion. — [Fig. 1-] — Face once and a half to the right on the left heel, carry the right foot perpendicularly to the rear of the alignment about six inches from, and at right angles to the left, 18 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXBECISBS. seize promptly the piece with the left hand, a little above the middle band, incline the muzzle to the rear without displacing the heel of the butt, the rammer being turned to the front. 2d motion. — [Fig. 2.] — Seize the head of the rammer, draw it as in "load in ten times," (p. 23,) and let it glide to the bottom of the bore. 3c? motion. — Face promptly to the front, seize the piece with the right hand, and retake the position of ordered arms. The captain or other inspecting officer then passes along the ranks, having first put up his sword, and inspects the arms, equip- ments, and dress of, each man. Each man, as he passes, raises smartly his piece with the right hand, seizes it with his left between the tail-band and lock, and holds it, lock to the front, with the left hand as high as the chin and opposite the left eye. [Fig. 3.] The inspec- tor takes the piece with his right hand at the small or handle, brings it down into his left and inspects it. After inspecting the piece he returns it, holding it as he received it ; the man receives it with his right hand between the tail-band and lock, and replaces it in the position of order arms. [Fig. 4.] When the officer has passed, the man retakes the position described under the first motion of inspection of arms, returns rammer and faces to the front. The inspector passes along the whole of the front of the front rank, and returns by the rear of the same, raising the covers of the car- tridge boxes, which have been unbuttoned by the men. Should the bayonets be unfixed at the command, inspection of arms, the men fix bayonets at the same time that they draw rammers. Inspectiojv ofJ.r>ns I-l. 4. MANUAL. 19 VI. MANUAL. Position at shoulder arms. [PI. 5, fig. l.J The piece in the right hand, the barrel nearly vertical, and resting in the hollow of the shoulder, the guard to the front, the arm hanging nearly at its full length near the body, the thumb and forefinger em- bracing the guard, the remaining fingers closed together and grasping the small of the stock just under the cock. The command being at a shoulder arms, the instructor commands : — Order— Arms. [PI. 5, fig. 2.] Is* motion. — Detach the piece with the right hand slightly from the shoulder, the barrel vertical, seize it promptly with the left hand half way between the lower bands, loosen the grasp of the right hand, and lower the piece with the left till the butt is within four inches of the ground ; seize it with the right hand as high as the hip, the little finger in rear of the piece. 2d motion. — ^Extend the right arm, bring the piece to the ground without shock, the beak of the butt on a line with and against the small toe, the elbow near the body, the barrel vertical, and held be- tween the thumb and forefinger extended along the stock, the other fingers extended and joined ; drop the left hand to the side. Shoulder — Arms. 1st motion. — Eaise the piece vertically with the right hand without changing the position of the elbow, until the hand is as high as the right breast ; seize it with the left hand under and against the right, drop the right hand and grasp the piece at the swell of the stock, the thumb and forefinger embraciilg the guard. 2d motion. — Press the piece against the shoulder, and drop the left hand quickly to the side. Support — Arms. [PI. 5, fig. 3, (a.)] 1st motion. — Raise and detach the piece slightly ; seize it with the left hand at the lower band. 20 SMALL-AEM GOMPANT EXERCISES. 2d motion. — Carry the piece to the left shoulder, turning at the same time the barrel to the front, and changing the position of the fingers of the left hand to effect it ; then grasp the small of the stock "with that hand about two inches below the guard, and bring the left forearm between the cock and right hand horizontally across, the body, the cock resting on the forearm, and the left hand open on the right breast. Sd motion. — Drop the right hand quickly to the side. Carry — Arms. 1st motion. — Grasp the piece with the right hand under and against the left forearm, seize it with the left hand at the lower band, the thumb extended, the left forearm along the, stock ; detach the piece slightly from the shoulder. 2d motion. — Carry the piece vertically to the right shoulder with both hands, turning the guard to the front ; change the position of the right hand so as to embrace the guard with the thumb and fore- finger, the right arm nearly straight ; steady the piece against the shoulder with the left hand open, the fingers joined. Sd motion. — Drop the left hand quickly by the side. As carbineers — Support- — Arms. [PI. 5, fig. 3, (5.)] Bring the piece with the right hand obliquely across the body, the barrel resting in the hollow of the shoulder ; embrace or cover the right hand with the left extended. Carry — Arms. Disengage the hands, and let both fall to the sides, the right grasping the piece. Present — Arms. [PI. 5, fig. 4.] 1st motion. — With the right hand bring the piece erect, opposite to the middle of the body, the rammer to the front, at the same time seize the piece with the left hand above the lock, the little finger against the uppeir end of the lock plate, the thumb extended along the stock, the forearm horizontal and resting on the body without constraint. IdoMtt^al: Tl.5. MANUAL. 21 2d motion. — Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand, the guard resting on the forefinger, elbows near the body. Shoulder — Arms. 1st motion. — Bring the piece to the right side, shift the position of the right hand so as to embrace the guard with the thumb and forefinger ; steady the piece against the shoulder with the left hand open and as high as the elbow. 2d motion. — Drop the left hand quickly by the side. Trail— AiLMS. [PI. 6, fig. 1.] 1st motion. — Drop the muzzle to the front till the barrel has an inclination of about 15 degrees, raise the piece at the same time with the left hand above and near the lower band, the thumb against the stock ; grasp it with the right hand about three inches below the left. 2d motion. — ^Extend the right hand without depressing the shoul- der, lowering the muzzle till the barrel is nearly horizontal, drop the left hand by the side ; if bayonets are fixed, retain the inclination of 15 degrees from the vertical. Order — Arms. At the word order, bring the piece to the right side with the right hand, the barrel vertical ; at the word arm,s, let it slip through the hand to the ground without shock. Trail— Aims. Throw up the piece and seize it with the right hand just below the lower band ; incline the muzzle to the front till the barrel has an inclination of 15* degrees, if bayonets are fixed; if without bayonets, nearly horizontal. Shoulder — ^Arms. At the command shoulder, raise the piece vertically with the right han^ ; at the word arms, execute wiat has been prescribed for coming to a shoulder from the position of ordered arms. 22 SMALL-AEM COMPANY EXERCISES. Arms — At will. [PI. 6, fig. 2.] Carry the piece at pleasure on either shoulder, with one or both hands on the butt, the muzzle elevated. Shoulder — Arms. Ee-take quickly the position of shoulder arms. Order — Arms. (As prescribed.) G^roMwi— Arms. [PI. 6, fig. 3.] Is* motion.- — With the right hand turn the piece, the barrel to the left, advance the left foot, and bending the body, place the piece on the ground, the barrel straight to the front. 2c? motion. — Rise up, bringing the left foot back to its place, and drop the hands by the side. Take — Arms. Ist motion. — Advance the left foot, and bending the body to the front, seize the piece just above the lower band. 2d motion. — Rise up and take the position of ordered arms. Charge — Bayonet. [PI. 7, fig. 2.] 1st motion. — Raise the piece with the right hand, in half-facing to the right on the left heel, and bring the hollow of the right foot opposite to and three inches from the left heel. [PI. 7. fig. 3.] 2d motion. — Drop the piece forward into the left hand, which will seize it a little above the lower band, the barrel up, the left elbow supported against the body; with the right hand seize the handle below the guard, this hand supported against the hip, the point of the bayonet at the height of the eye. Shoulder — Arms. [PI. 7, fig. 4.] 1st motion. — Face to the front, bring up the right foot, raise the piece with the left hand, bring it erect against the right shoulder, the rammer to the front ; with the right hand, at the same time, embrace the cock and guard. Hcumuvl. FL. 6\ Mtzfutal'. I'l. 7. MANUAL. 23 2d motion. — Quit hold with the left hand, and drop this hand to the side ; lengthen the right arm at the same time. Unfix — Bayonets. [PI. 8, fig. 1.] 1st motion. — ^Bring the left hand promptly to the middle band, detach slightly the piece from the shoulder. [PI. 8, fig. 2.] 2d motion. — Lower the piece with the left hand, seize it with the right above the lower band, rest the butt on the ground, letting the piece slip through the left hand ; bring the right hand immediately to the bayonet. Sd motion. — Wrest ofi" the bayonet and return it to the scabbard ; next seize the piece with the right hand a little above the lower band ; drop the left hand at the same time by the side, and take the posi- tion of ordered arms. Shoulder — Arms. (Same as from ordered arms.) Fix — Bayonets. 1st and 2d motions. — As those of unfix bayonets; except that at the end of the second motion the right hand will be brought to seize the bayonet by the socket and shank, so that the socket may extend about an inch above the hand. Sd motion. — Draw the bayonet from the scabbard with the right hand, carry and fix it on the muzzle ; next seize the piece with the right hand above the lower band, and drop smartly the left hand by the side. Shoulder — Arms. (Same as from ordered arms.) As heavy Infantry — Shoulderr—^^MS. [PI. 8, fig. 3.] 1st mofe'ow.^-Detach the piece from the shoulder, bring it erect between the eyes, seize it with the left hand at the height of the neck, grasp the handle with the right hand, this hand as high as the elbow, the rammer to the front. [PI. 8, fig. 4.] 2d motion. — Raise the piece with the right hand, the thumb extended along the counter-plate, turn the barrel to the front, support the piece against the left shoulder ; at the same time drop the left hand and place it under the butt. 24 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. [PI. 8, fig. 5.] Sd motion. — Drop tte right hand to its side. As Light Infantry — Shoulder — Arms. 1st motion. — With the right hand seize the piece at the handle, turn the lock to the front. 2d motion i—'Ga.rr J the piece with the right hand erect against the right shoulder, the rammer to the front, the right arm nearly straight, the right hand emhracing the guard and cock ; steady the piece with the left hand at the shoulder. Sd motion. — Drop the left hand by the side. VII. LOADING. TO LOAD IN TEN TIMES. The company being at shoulder arms, the instructor commands : Load in ten times. 1. Load. [PI. 9, fig. l.J 1st motion. — Seize the piece with the left hand as high as the shoulder, carry the right foot to the front and place it with the heel opposite and adjoining the hollow of the left, carry the piece across the body to the left side and extend the right hand. [PL 9, fig. 2.] 2d motion. — Release the hold with the right hand, and with the left let the piece descend to the ground without shock, the piece touching the left thigh, and the muzzle near the centre of the body ; carry the right hand quickly to the cartridge box, and open it. , 2. ^awdZe— Cartridge. [PI. 9, fig. 3.] Seize a cartridge with the thumb and next two fingers, and place the folds between the teeth. 3. Tear— Caetrid&b. - [PI. 9^ fig. 4.] Tear the paper down to the powder, hold the cartridge between the thumb and next two fingers, near the top ; in this position place it in front of and near the muzzle, the back of the hand to the front. J/fl/i!J,'f/ . PI. 3. LOADING. 25 4. Charge — Cartridge. [PI. 9, fig. 5.] Fix the eye on the muzzle, turn quickly the back of the right hand to the body, in order to discharge the powder into the barrel, raise the elbow to the height of the wrist, shake the cartridge, force it into the muzzle, and leave the hand reversed, the fingers together, but not clenched. 5. Draw — Rammer. [PI. 10, fig. 1.] \st motion. — Drop smartly the right elbow, and seize the rammer between the thumb and forefinger bent, the other fingers shut, draw it smartly by extending the arm, seize the rammer again at the middle between the thumb and forefinger, the hand reversed, the palm to the front, the fingers extended, the nails up, the eyes following the movement of the hand ; clear the rammer from the pipes by again extending the arm. [PI. 10, fig. 2.] 2d motion. — Turn rapidly the rammer between the bayonet and the face, closing the fingers, the rammers of the rear rank grazing the right shoulders of the men of the same file in front, respectively, the rammer parallel to the bayonet, the arm extended, the butt of the rammer opposite to the muzzle, but not yet inserted, the eyes fixed on the muzzle. [PI. 10, fig. 3.J Zd motion. — Insert the butt of the rammer and force it down as low as the hand. 6. Ram — Cartridge. Support the rammer in its place by pressing it with the thumb whilst extending the arm to its full length, seize the rammer between the right thumb extended and the forefinger bent, the other fingers closed ; with force ram home twice, and seize the rammer at the little end, between the thumb and forefinger bent, the other fingers closed, the right elbow touching the body. 7. Return — Rammer. \st motion. — Draw briskly the rammer, re-seize it at the middle between the thumb and forefinger, the hand reversed, the palm to the front, the nails up, the fingers extended, the eyes following the movement of the hand ; clear the rammer from the barrel by extend- ing the arm. 3 26 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. 2d motion. — Turn rapidly the rammer between the bayonet and the face, closing the fingers, the rammers of the rear rank grazing the right shoulders of the men in the same file in front, respectively, the rammer parallel to the bayonet, the arm extended, the little end of the rammer opposite to the first pipe, but not inserted, the eyes fixed on that pipe. [PI. 10, fig. 4.j Sd motion. — Insert the little end, and with the thumb, which will follow the movement, force it as low as the middle band, raise quickly the hand a little bent, place the little finger on the butt of the rammer and force it down ; lower the left hand on the barrel to the extent of the arm without depressing the shoulder. 8. Oast — About. [PI. 10, fig. 5.] 1st motion. — With the left hand bring up the piece vertically against the left shoulder, seize it smartly with the right hand at the handle, and slide the left hand down as low as the chin. [PI. 11, fig. 1.] 2d motion. — Make a half face to the right on the left heel, bringing the left toe to the front ; place at the same time the right foot behind -and. at right angles with the left, the hollow of the right foot against the left heel ; carry the piece opposite to the right shoulder, and bring it with the right hand into the left, which will, at the same instant, seize it at the tail-band, the thumb extended along the stock, the butt under the right forearm, the handle against the body and about two inches under the right breast, the muzzle at the height of the eye, the guard turned a little out, the left elbow supported against the side ; at the same time place the thumb of the right hand on the hammer, the fingers remaining under and against the guard. 9. Prime. [PI. 11, fig. 2.] Half-cock the piece, brush ofi" the old cap, and with the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand take a cap from the pouch or pocket, place it firmly on the cone by pushing it down with the thumb, and seize the piece at the handle. 10. Shoulder — Arjis. 1st motion. — Make a half face to the left and bring up the right foot ; bring up the piece against the right shoulder with the left Zoa jE'1..9. ZocuUng. Tl. lO. LOADING. 27 band and steady it there, at the same time changing the right hand to the guard. 2d motion. — Drop smartly the left hand to the side. Ready. [PI. 11, fig. 3.] Is* motion. — Half face to the right on the left heel, place the right foot behind and at right angles with the left, the hollow of the right foot against the heel of the left ; grasp the piece with the left hand as high as the elbow, and detach it about four inches from the body. [PI. 11, fig. 4. j 2d motion. — Raise the piece vertically with the right hand, slip it through the left, and grasp it half way between the lower band and heel, the hand as high as the neck, the left elbow down, the rammer to the front ; place the right thumb on the head, of the cock, the fingers supported against the guard and the small of the stock ; cock by depressing the elbow, closing it smartly to the body, and seize the small of the stock with the right hand. [PI. 11, fig. 5.J Aim. [PI. 12, fig. 2.] Lower the muzzle quickly to the front, support the piece with the left hand, the thumb extended along and the fingers pressing the stock, the butt against the right shoulder, the right arm horizontal, the head inclined to the right, so as to bring the right eye in a line passing through the points of sight, and directed upon the object aimed at ; the left eye closed, the forefinger of the right hand lightly touching the trigger. The rear rank man will step with the right foot six inches to the right, bend the knee slightly, and aim midway between the pieces of the men in front. [PI. 12, fig. 1.] For aim kneeling, see [PI. 12, fig. 3]. Fire. Press the forefinger against the trigger, and remain perfectly steady. Load. 1st motion. — Bring down the piece quickly with both hands, depress the butt by extending the right arm, and carry it with the arm thus extended to the left side, the barrel to the front and oppo- 28 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. site the left shoulder, the left hand at the height of the chin, the back of the hand to the front, the left forearm touching the stock ; at the same time face to the front and carry the, right foot forward, the heel against the hollow of the left foot. 2d motion. — Let go the. piece with the right hand, and let it de- scend through the left to the ground without shock, and take the position of load in ten times. FROM FIRE TO SHOULDER ARMS. Shoulder- — Arms. \st motion. — Face to the front and carry up the right foot ; at the same time depress the right; hand, raise the- barrel to the shoulder with the left, and steady-it there. 2d motion. — Drop the left hand. FROM AIM TO RECOVER ARMS. Recover — Arms. Withdraw the finger from the trigger, throw up the muzzle smartly with the left hand, and retake the position of ready from a shoulder. The rear rank draws back the right foot.. . READY FROM A SHOULDER TO COME TO A SHOULDER. Shoulder — Arms. [PI. 12, fig. 4.J 1st motion. — At the word shoulder, place the right thumb on the head of the cock, the forefinger on the trigger, the others under and against the guard, let the cock gently down to half-cock, and seize the small of the stock with' the right hand. 2c? motion. — At' the word arms, face to the front and bring up the right foot, depress the right hand and let the piece slip through the left to the middle band ; press the piece to the right shoulder with the left hand. Zd motion. — Drop the left hand. READY, FROM THE POSITION OF PRIME. [PI. 7, fig. 1.] -V Ready. Place the thumb of the right hand on the hammer, (the "fingers • Xocuiina, FLU. LOADING. 29 remaining under and against the guard,) cock the piece, and bring the right hand to the small. Aim. Raise the butt to the shoulder, and take the same position as in aiming from ready from a shoulder. AT READY FROM A PRIME TO SHOULDER ARMS. Shoulder — Arms. 1st motion. — At the word shoulder, place the thumb of the right hand on the head of the hammer, the forefinger on the trigger, the other fingers under and against the guard, let the hammer gently down to half-cock. 2c? motion. — Face to the front, bring up the right foot, and at the same time depress the right hand, and with the left bring up the bar- rel to the shoulder ; slip the left hand to the middle band and press the piece to the shoulder. 3cZ motion. — Drop the left hand. TO LOAD IN FOUR TIMES. Load. Execute the. motions of loading, handle cartridge, tear cartridge, charge cartridge. Two. Draw rammer, enter it as far as the band, and ram twice. Three. Return rammer, cast about, and prime. Four. Come to a shoulder arms. TO LOAD AT WILL. Load at will — Load. All the motions are executed without interval ; ending with shoul- der arms, or, if specially ordered, ready from prime. 30 SMALL-ARM COMPANT EXERCISES. VIII. FIRING. TO FIRE BY COMPANY. Fire hy company. The captain takes post opposite the centre of his company and four paces to the rear of the line of file-closers. The right and left guides fall back into the line of file-closers. This disposition for the captain and guides is general throughout the firings. [PI. 13, fig. 1.] . Commence firing. Company — Ready — Aim — Fire — Load. Which are severally executed as under Loading ; the loading being always at will. For the oblique fire, the captain precedes the word aim by the words, right (or left) oblique ; — at which the right (or left) shoulder is thrown back and the object steadily viewed. At the word load, pieces that load at the breech remain in the intervals aimed through, until brought to a shoulder. TO FIRE BY PLATOONS. Fire hy platoons — Commence firing. First platoon — Ready — Aim — Fire — Load. And after a portion have loaded and returned to a shoulder, Second platoon — Ready — Aim — Fire — Load. And so continue alternately. The fire by sections may be executed in the same way — the order of fire being 1st, 3d, 2d, 4th. TO FIRE BY FILE. Fire hy file. Company — Ready. Commence — Firing. At the last command the men aim together, fire and load indivi- dually, as briskly, consistently with safety and coolness, as possible. FIRING. 31 To try tte distance, or to reserve a portion of the pieces charge'd, the command would be instead of " commence firing ," " ly the right of company" or " hy the right and left of company" " commence firing;" at which pieces from the flanks are brought down in suc- cession, beginning at the flank or flanks and progressing towards the centre ; observing, however, that no one brings down his piece to the position of aim, until the preceding file brings his piece back to that of load. By this means a portion of the pieces are kept charged. TO FIRE TO THE REAR. Fire to the rear. The captain places himself in front of his company, at the distance of six paces, and commands Company — about — Face — Company — Eeady, &c. At which the company faces about, the file closers and right and left guides pass by the nearest flank and place themselves opposite their former positions in front of the company — now become the rear. [PI. 13, flg. 2.] TO RESUME THE FRONT FIRING. Fire to the front. At which the company is faced about, and the officers and guides resume their positions for front flring. TO EXECUTE THE FIRE BY FILE WITH OPENED RANKS. Fire by file, as in open order. By the right of company, {or by the right and left of company,) Commence — Firing. The file or files indicated step to the front until four paces in ad- vance of the front rank — the rear rank man making the last step to the right oblique, so as to uncover the front. They aim deliberately, fire, bring their pieces to a shoulder, face about, retake their posi- tions in the rank (the rear rank man leading), and load. The next file steps out to the front as the preceding one faces about. 32 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. TO STOP THE FIRE IN ALL CASES, command Qeam — Firing, or cause a roll with taps from the drummer ; at wMch the pieces are reloaded, if necessary, and shoulder arms resumed. The com- mand " cease firing" is repeated by every commissioned officer and guide. Remarks. ^In firing with blank cartridges, it should not be for- gotten to enjoin on the men to observe, before loading, if smoke issues from the touch-hole or barrel — a certain indication that the piece has gone off. If no smoke issues, instead of reloading, they should simply prick and prime. The length of charge in ramming would likewise serve to detect errors, if not otherwise discovered. With a view to greater safety, as also to know the condition of the arms, inspections should take place after firing. Care should be had that the hammer stands at half cock. Very serious accidents have arisen from allowing the hammer to rest on the nipple. TO ASCERTAIN IF THE PIECES ARE OR ARE NOT CHARGED. Spring — Rammers. At which the position of inspection of arms is assumed, and the rammer drawn. But as the inspector approaches, the piece is not thrown up. To determine the point in question, the inspector takes, or causes the men tiQ .take,, the rammers by the small end, and spring them into the pieces. The rammer is returned, and position of order-arms resumed, as in inspection of arms. IX. TO STACK ARMS, DISMISS COMPANY, &c. Form the company in two ranks, bring it to an order, and tell off the files in couplets, beginning on the right. J^irin^. :pl j3. To the' froTtt. Ji'ront rank. I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I n I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 I r I N I I I I M II I I I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I i^^r Tiear rank. iZLi na aa an s To t//-e ri'ar Tronic ra>^. I N II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IN I I I I I I HT Ji^ar rank. STACK ARMS. 33 Stack— AB.MS. [PI. 14, fig. l.J The front rank man of every even-numbered file passes his piece to the front, seizes it with his left hand above the middle band, and places the butt behind and near to the right foot of the man next on his left, the barrel turned to the front. At the same time, the front rank man of every odd file passes his piece to the front, seizes it with the left hand below the middle band, and hands it to the man next on the left. The latter receives it with the right hand two inches above the middle band, throws the butt about thirty-two inches to the front, opposite his right shoulder, inclines the muzzle towards himself, and locks the shanks of the bayonets of this and his own piece ; the lock of this second piece towards the right, and its shank above the other. The rear rank man of every even file projects his bayonet forward and introduces it, using both hands, between the bayonets of the other two pieces, with the shanks above their shanks. He then abandons the piece to his file leader, who receives it with the right hand under the middle band, brings the butt to the front — holding up his own piece and the stack with the left hand — and places it between the feet of the man next on the right, lock towards the rear. The stack thus formed, the rear rank man of every odd file passes his piece into his left hand with the barrel to the front, and sloping the bayonet forward rests his piece against the stack, which is now complete. [PI. 14, fig. 2.] The men now resume the position of the soldier without arms. TO DISMISS THE COMPANY, command Break ranks — March. TO REFORM AND RESUME ARMS. Company — Fall in. The files fall-in in order, standing in two ranks opposite to and in rear of their respective pieces. Attention — Company — Take — Arms. The rear rank men of the odd files first withdraw their pieces from the stacks ; the front rank men of the even files seize their own 34 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. pieces with the left hand,and those of the front rank men of the odd files with the right ; the rear rank men of the even files seize their pieces with the right hand at the middle band, advancing for this purpose the right foot. The stack is raised by these files, and the shanks parted. The front rank odd files receive their pieces from the hands of the man next on their left respectively. All resume the position of order arms. Those file leaders that bear fire arms rest them against the nearest stack after the ranks are broken, and retake them before, the company is reformed, unless otherwise directed. TO PASS FROM A POSITION OF ATTENTION TO ONE OF BASE, command In your places — Rest. When neither steadiness of position nor silence is required, but the left heel as also the butt of the piece must remain in place. The same command could be given at a support. To allow greater freedom, command Company — Rest. The men may now leave their places, but not the ground. But before this enlarged freedom is allowed, arms should be either stacked or grounded. TO RESUME ATTENTION. Attention-^ Company. X. FACINGS. Company — hy the right (or left) flanh — right (or left) — Face. Slightly raise the left toe, and turn towards the flank indicated on the left heel ; at the same time bring the right heel to the side of the left and on the same line, so that the present line of heels shall be precisely at right angles with the former line. Staxfdn^ of ^rms. I'l. M. BALANCE STEP. 35 Company right (or left) half — Face. Executed as the full face, except that the new line of heels shall be at half a right angle with the former. Company — About — Face. 1st motion. — [PI. 15, fig. 1.] — At the word ahovt, turn on the left heel and bring the left toe to the front ; at the same time carry the right foot to the rear, the hollow opposite to and three inches from the left heel, the feet square to each other. 2d motion. — At the word face, turn on both heels, raise slightly the toes, extend the hams, face to the rear, and bring the right heel to the side of the left. When under arms as heavy infantry, turn the left hand at the word about, so as to bring the lock of the piece to the front, and seize the inner corner of the cartridge box with the right hand. At the word /ace, quit hold of the cartridge box, let the hand fall to the side, and restore the barrel to the front. XI. BALANCE STEP. Bight foot— FoKWARj). [PI. 15, fig. 2.] At the word right foot, rest the weight of the body on the left leg, but hold both legs straight. At the word forward, smartly but without a jerk, carry forward the right foot twenty-eight inches, the sole near the ground, the ham extended, the toe a little depressed, and, as well as the knee, slightly turned out. Ground. [PI. 15, fig. 3.] Press the weight of the body forward, plant the right foot firmly but without shock, and rest the weight of the body on the right leg ; raise the left foot and hold it in rear, with the leg slightly bent, and with the toe raised an inch above the ground. Left foot— Fo-RWAR-D. [PI. 15, fig. 4.] Carry forward the left foot and hold it in precisely the same man- ner as was the right. 36 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. Ground. [PI. 15, fig. 5.] Plant the left foot, and raising the right hold it extended to the rear. Halt. Bring whichever foot may be extended to the rear, along-side the other. XII. TO MARCH IN LINE OR BY THE FRONT. [PL 16.] Company forward — Guide Right — Common Time. The captain places himself in front of and opposite to the centre of the company, distant four paces. The right guide replaces him in the front rank, and takes up covering points in advance on which to direct his march. The body is inclined forward slightly, the weight of the body rests on the right leg, but the left is held straight. March. Carry forward the left leg smartly, but without a jerk, the leg ex- tended, sole near to the ground, the ham extended, the toe a little depressed, and as also the knee slightly turned out. Press forward the weight of the body, plant the left foot twenty-eight inches in ad- vance of the right, and rest the weight of the body on the left leg. In like manner carry forward the right leg, toe pointed and knee turned out, plant it without jar twenty-eight inches in advance of the left. Thus continue until the command Marie time — March. At the word march, which should be given as a foot comes to the ground, complete the step, and make a semblance of marching by advancing first one foot and then the other without gaining ground. To RESUME THE MARCH, Command Forward — March. -Facinff and Ji7/>emy marc/ufi^ in, line to //w /ronl,. _pi, jff MARCH IN LINE. 37 To CHANSE THE STEP, command Change step — March. Finisli the step, bring up tlie foot in rear to the side of that plant- ed in front, and step off with the first. To HASTEN THE MARCH, command Quich time — March. At which steps of the same length as in common time are taken, but at the rate of one hundred and twenty per minute. The march in quick time is regulated by the same principles as in common time, but the impulsion of the quick step rendering the men liable to forget themselves, the cadence of the step must be rigidly observed, as well as erectness of person and length of step. To RESUME COMMON TIME, command Common time — March. To CHANGE THE GUIDE, command Company — Gruide — Left. At which the left guide immediately takes up points in advance, and the dress and touch is towards him. To HALT THE COMPANY, command Company — Halt. Complete the step with the foot then raised and bring up the other to its side. The word halt should be given as a foot comes to the ground, and no one should move after this, however much he may be out of posi- tion. In movements in quick time, the word halt should be given rather earlier than for common time. RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN MARCHING IN LINE OR BY THE FRONT. 1. Rest the weight of the body on the right foot at the word " for- ward." 2. Depress the toe, but without constraint or affectation. 38 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. 3. Turn the knee and toe slightly out. 4. Press the upper part of the body forward. 5. March with the ham extended. 6. Plant the foot flat without shock. 7. Pass the foot near the ground. 8. Keep the face and eyes direct to the front. 9. Touch lightly the elbow towards the guide. 10. Do not open out the elbow or arm. 11. Yield to pressure coming from the side of the guide, and resist that that comes from the other side. 12. If the touch of the elbow be lost, recover it gradually. 13. If in advance or in rear of the alignment, correct by shorten- ing or lengthening the step by degrees almost insensible. To SUM UP, the alignment can only be preserved during a march, by observing the regularity of step, the touch of the elbow, the squareness of shoulders with respect to the line of direction ; for if the step of some be longer than that of others, a separation of elbows and loss of alignment is inevitable ; or if the touch of the elbow be not strictly kept, it is impossible for an individual to judge whether he marches abreast his neighbor, or whether there is or is not an interval between them. TO MARCH BACKWARDS. Company backwards — Gruide right (or left) — March. Carry the left foot to the rear, plant it fourteen inches behind the right, follow with the right, and so on successively. XIII. THE OBLIQUE STEP. Which in swiftness corresponds to that of the direct step, but differs in the manner of making it, its length and direction. This should not be undertaken until the men have acquired the habit of taking well the direct step in common time. [PL 17, fig. 1 {a).] To show the principles of this step, cause the men to carry the right foot obliquely to the right and front, twenty- WHEELING. 39 six inches from the left and eighteen inches to the right, turning in the toe a little, in order to keep the shoulders square to the front. [PI. 17, fig. 1 (6).] At the command two, carry the left foot by the shortest line eighteen inches in front of the right heel, plant, and stand firm. Continue this exercise at the commands one, two, or right, left, until the habit of keeping the shoulders and head square to the front is confirmed. When this is attained, command Company — Right oblique — Guide right (or left) — Maech. Step ofi" with the right foot, conforming to the principles before given, and observe particularly to keep the shoulders square to the front, without which the line cannot be preserved parallel to any other line. The same number of steps are taken as in the direct march. [PI. 17, fig. 2 (a and 6).] The oblique march to the left is exe- cuted on corresponding principles. To RESUME THE DIRECT MARCH, command Forward — March. The next step after the word March, will be direct. REMARKS. The object of this step is to gain ground to the right or left, with- out changing the direction of the front ; so soon, therefore, as the men can oblique without deranging the shoulders, the length of step need not be insisted on, provided ground be gained to the right or left. XIV. WHEELING. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. Wheelings are of two kinds. Prom a halt, or on a fixed pivot ; and on the march, or on a movable pivot. Wheeling on a fixed pivot takes place, in passing from the order in line to the order in column, and from column to line. Wheelings 40 SMALL-AKM COMPANY EXBKCISES. on a movable pivot are made in changes of direction in line or column, -when the change is made in the direction or side from the guide. In wheeling from a halt, the pivot man turns in his place, without advancing or receding. Wheeling on a march, the pivot man takes steps of full nine inches, to clear the wheeling point before the next subdivision arrives on the same ground. In every case, the man on the wheeling or outer flank takes steps of twenty-eight inches, and the dress is towards this flank. When the wheel is made from a halt, the touch is towards the pivot ; when on a march, both touch and dress are towards the outer flank. The movement of turning to the right or left takes place only when the change of direction is made to the side of the guide, and care must be had not to confound it with the movement of wheeling. WHEELING FROM A HALT, OR ON A FIXED PIVOT. [PL 18, fig. 1.] Company — Rig ht — Wheel . The 1st lieutenant steps out in front of the centre, and facing the company, and cautions to touch to the right and dress to the left. March. The right guide stands fast, the pivot man makes a full face to the right, the others step off with the left foot, turning the head a little to the left, but preserving the touch towards the pivot. The guide, or man on the left or wheeling flank takes steps of full twenty-eight inches, casts his eyes, from time to time, along the line, and feels constantly the elbow of the next man, but never pushes him. The others regulate their steps according to their proximity to the flanks, dressing towards the wheeling and touching towards the pivot flank. For the purpose of elementary instruction, the company may be wheeled round the entire circle once or twice before halting. In this case, the right guide retires and the pivot man faces at right angles, from time to time, as may be necessary. Ordinarily, the company will be halted, when the wheeling flank has yet two pace^ to make to complete the right angle, by the captain commanding The ObUtfue Step. Fl.17. ''fw fi-ont <2' 7valt. Ti.ia. Fiff.2. "CoTupany haZt—Ie/b dress; " "Front. " m s " CoTnparvy r^ht wheel:. "Marchy." Whedm^ whilst irv TTzotzoiv. I'l.lS. ' CoTnpany forward, __Jfa/rch'." u^mmmmi^^^^msi^^m^mim^fssmmtisssi^ss^k mmm.4=^4^^ms^^^^^ Fi^. 2. ' Co7?tpany ri^hi wkeefl "March.. " WHEELING ON A MARCH. 41 Company — Halt . No man stirs after the word halt. The captain steps to the flank opposite the pivot, and places the left guide in the direction desired for the line, leaving between him and the pivot man the space re- quired to contain the other men ; then commands Left — Dress. The pivot man remains firm ; files next to him breaking to the rear if the space is not sufficient to contain them. The company is dressed on the left guide and the pivot man as a basis. Front. The pivot man takes his post by closing in, if necessary, and files that may have broken to the rear come on the line. The right guide takes his post. WHEELING ON A MARCH OR WITH A MOVABLE PIVOT. [PI. 19.] The company on a march with the guide left, if desirous to change direction towards the right or from the guide. Go'/hpany — Right wheel — March. [Fig. l.J The first command should be given when yet four paces from the wheeling point, the captain facing the company. At the word march, the wheel is executed in the same manner as from a halt, except that the touch of the elbow remains towards the outer flank, and that the pivot man, instead of turning in his place, conforms himself to the movement of the marching flank, feels lightly the elbow of the next man, takes steps of nine inches and thus gains ground forward in describing the arc of a small circle. The front may be concave, but never convex. The guide at the marching flank measures carefully, with his eyes, the ground over which he has to pass and describes the arc of a circle, without sufiisring himself to be turned aside by either circumstance or person. Company — Forward — March. [Fig. 2.] The word forward should be given when yet four paces are required to complete the change of direction. 4 42 SMALL-AKM C.OMPANX EXERCISES. At the word march, given tlie instant the wheel is completed, the guide on the marching flank directs himself straight forward : all retake the full step and bring the head and eyes to the front. The captain who during the wheel faced the company faces to the front. XV. TtJKNING. [PI. 20.] This is a change of direction towards the same side with the guide. When yet four paces from the point of change, command Company — Left turn — And when abreast of the turning point — March. The leading guide faces at right angles, if no other direction be given, and moves in that direction without changing the cadence or length of step. The entire company at once break off, advance the off shoulder, or that from the guide, and come up by quickening the step to their places in line or column. As they successively arrive abreast the guide, they align themselves on him and" the portion of the company already up, gain the touch of the elbow and retake the step from the guide. XVI. MARCHING BY A FLANK. [PI. 21.] Company hy the right (or left) flank — Bight (or left) — Face. [Fig. l.J The company faces towards the point indicated. The ofiicers and guides face with the company. Company forward — Common time — Ist. Lieut, takes his post by the front elbow of the leading guide now in the front rank ready to' lead the company. iluin^e' ofd^ectioTv by a^ iurn^. Fl. 20. .V.v^'' 'd □ '-□, s ^J^.J... J'iff. 2. XS ' CoTnficaiy ri^ hi turn. 'L^ "March. " D, \ ' ^^-y X -- ^ — ,'^^C50 - Wc^^cs o ~ \ '^c:^^^ -.' OO ~ :-:oo- o - 'O0 O ^ '-O0 . ^~oo ~r~oo o -r-oo ~^>oo ^ ~-:.c^<> _ z p a □ a a marching by a flank. 43 March. Company steps off in the cadence named. File closers keep oppo- site their respective files. If the right leads, the left guide steps into the rank of file closers — if the left leads, the right guide steps into the line of file closers. The Captain marches abreast the com- pany, but may go elsewhere if needful. RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN MARCHING BY THE FLANK. 1. That the step be made according to the principles prescribed for the direct step. 2. That at each step the advanced heel of each following man be planted about six inches in advance of the opposite heel (yet on the ground) of the man immediately preceding. 3. That (to avoid treading on the heels of the man that precedes) the knees be not bent. 4. That the head of the man who immediately precedes, covers the heads of all those in front of him. Company — Halt. At the word halt, each man comes to a stand still, nor will any one stir though he may have lost his distance. This rule is neces- sary, to accustom the men to constant preservation of distance. Front — Face. Face to the left if marching by the right flank ; if by the left flank, to the right. TO FILE TO THE BIGHT OR LEFT. [PL 21, figs. 2 and 3.] By file right (or fe/«)— March. The leading guide turns towards the side indicated ; if this be to- wards the front he moves in the arc of a small circle with shortened steps, if from the front with full steps. The 1st Lieut, conforms to the movements of the guide. The point should be kept by a marker, or guide designated for that purpose. Each file as it arrives at the point, wheels as though the front and rear rank man of the same constituted a column ; the man on the 44 SMALL-AEM COMPANY BXBKCISBS. inner flank shortening his steps and the man on the outer keeping the full step. File closers mark time whilst their files are wheeling, or if the file be by the front rank lengthen out the step to keep oppo- site their respective files : they are responsible that the files do not open out, and that the rear rank men dress on their front rank files. XVII. MARCHING BY THE RIGHT (or LEFT) FLANK, TO FORM LINE. 1st. To FIRE TO THE LEFT (or EIGHT). Command. Company — Mark time — March. Halt — Front — Face — Right — Dress — Front. 2d. To FIRE TO THE EIGHT (or LEFt). [PI. 22, fig. 1.] On the right hy file into line — March. The rear rank marks time — also the file closers. The leading guide turns to the right, moves six paices to the rear and halts. The 1st. Lieut, then takes post outside the guide and occu- pies himself ^ in dressing the files of the two ranks as they come on the line. The first file of the front rank marches straight on until one pace beyond the point where the guide filed to the rear. He then breaks off' to the rear and places himself on the left of the cap- tain. The succeeding front rank men, in like manner, continue to march on until one pace beyond the turning point of the preceding, then break. to the rear and step to the left of the company already in line. The rear rank men continue to mark time, until three of the front rank are established on the line, then move forward, break off to the rear when opposite their file leaders and cover them. A fire by file could be opened as the line was being formed. Note. — The same might be effected by the command Countermarch by file left — March, when the file is through a semicircle ; and after- wards Halt — Front — Face — Right — Dress — Front. Ifarchln^ by a flanJz mtdy fiUn^'. ri. ;?J. "FUe left; ^ March. " EMM ,^ Fi^. 3. 'File ri^M^-Marcfv: Fi^. 2. [sa^ S Fi^.l ' CoTnpoMy hy the riffhtflanlt- riffJtt faxe-l^ " forward -Marchy. " ca a CC3 cn Fl. ;32. ' Company on, the- ru/Jit by file- into Uru-^Mar&tv." E B D' a D D D ' Cojnpany front into line— ifoi^ch/. " "Guide left for ri^kt./ " / ' ' •■ ^ ■ ^ ^/ ' . , ' • , / ^, y ^ / / / nK \\ V. c <\ To forffv into luiC' fa-ced- to the rear. I'l.^S. Oo,/' ,'/ / / /' ,- .' 0 ' "Jii(fki clre^s..-/ro?vt." BREAK INTO COLUMN FROM A HALT. 45 3d. To THE FRONT. [PI. 22, fig. 2.] Company into line — March. Leading guide continues to move straight on. The men and file closers advance the right (or left) shoulders, break off, come up by a diagonal line, in quick time, successively on the left (or right) of the leading guide. Rear rank men cover. All touch and dress to the guide as they come up. The line established, guide right or left is given. 4th. Faced to the rear. [PI. 23.] Captain faces his company, and commands Company — Hear into line — March. Leading guide advances three paces, halts and faces about. The 1st lieutenant -takes post before the guide, who now covers him. The men advance the shoulder towards the front rank, break off, move in a diagonal line in quick time, the file closers and rear rank leading, so as to come up on the former right (or left) of the guide, but a pace in advance of him ; then halt, face about, touch and dress towards him, the rear rank covering. XVIII. TO BREAK INTO COLUMN OF PLATOONS FROM A HALT. [PL 24.] 1st. By a wheel. [Fig. 1.] By plaioons right wheel. Chiefs of platoons (1st and 2d lieutenants) step out two paces in front their respective platoons. March. The covering guide stands fast, and the right front rank man of each platoon faces to the right. Chiefs of platoons halt their pla- toons before the wheel is complete, and pass to the point where the left of platoons will rest. 46 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXBECISBS. The guide of each platoon now places himself on the point where the left of his platoon is to rest — the guide of the second covering the first, and each leaving room between himself and the pivot man for the platoon. Chiefs of platoons command 1st (or 2d) Platoon — Left — Dresb, and afterwards Feonx. Then pass to the front and centre at half platoon distance. File closers move with the rear rank of their platoons. [Fig. 1 (S).J 2d. By faoino towards a flank and coming up into line. Column of platoons to the right. Chiefs of platoons take post to the right, and in front of their platoons. By the right flanh — Right — Face. The company faces to the right, the right guide standing fast. The guides of the platoons are now placed in position where the left of their respective platoons will rest, by the chiefs of platoons. By platoons into line — March. [Fig. 2.] Right front rank man of each platoon stetnds fast — the others advance the right shoulder, break off, and come- up diagonally in quick time on the left of the right man of their respective platoons. The pktoons are then dressed in the same manner and by the same commands as in forming a column of platoons by a wheel. 3d. By breaking from a flank to the rear into column. By the right of platoons to the r&ar into column. Company hy the right flanh — Right — Face. [PI. 24, fig. 3.] The company faces to the right. The right files of platoons face about, the rear rank men of these files make a step to the, right oblique — the front rank man takes post faced to the rear in the rear rank. The guides of platoons put themselves in advance of the front files which are broken to the rear. The chiefs of .platoon take posi- tion Tvith the breast , against the left elbow of the left file of the preceding platoon. The chief of the first standing as though another platoon were on Kis right. To form a cokinm ofplutooTis. Tl. .?^/. -Fi^. 3. I I □ a D a A- A a □ 02 aBaBaag^aaaBoae "£y ihC' ri^kt ofplaiooTis to t7ie rear into cohcmn/JL^ ' CoTftpofzy iy tke' ri^ht: /^cnk— ri^ht face-'U'JdarcTt'. " S 'bj ^iff.2. I'iff.I. '"^y frlaivons ri^ht D □ a a a "March/." ■F^.2. " ColufTwv of platoons to the tt^Ti^— Comficayy iy the ri^ht flank ri^htfux^ "£yplatocms into Hfte-L PUT COLUMN IN MOTION AND CHANGE DIKECTION. 47 March. Chiefs of platoons stand fast and observe the files pass. When the head of a platoon has marched to the rear a distance equal to its front, its chief commands Is* (or 2d) Platoon — Mark time — March. Halt — Front — Face. The left file now places his elbow to the breast of his chief, who then commands — 1st (or 2d) Platoon — Left — Dress — afterwards Front. When the chief takes post in advance of the centre and the guide on the left flank. Remarks. — Sections may be formed to the right by either of these methods. The word section (1st, 2d, 3d, or 4th) replacing that of platoon (1st or 2d). The chiefs and guides of sections perform the same duties throughout, as those laid down for chiefs and guides of platoons. When a company acts singly, the captain (or officer in command) marches outside the column. The officers next in rank respectively, commanding platoons. When acting in conjunction with other com- panies, the captain commands 1st platoon, and the 1st lieutenant the 2d platoon. XIX. TO PUT A COLUMN IN MOTION AND CHANGE DIRECTION. [PI. 25.] (A column of platoons is supposed right Lu front, with the guide at the left.) OolurUn forward — Guides left — March. The leading guide takes up points on the line of direction, and continues to assume other points as these are severally reached. He is responsible for the cadence, and length of step, and for the direction. The other guides on his flank, follow in his steps covering him, and observe not to vary the distance from the leading guide. The 48 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. front rank men touch and dress to the guides, and the rear rank men cover their front rank files. The chiefs of platoons occasionally face towards their platoons to observe the correctness of the march, &c. Should the step be lost at any time, the call to "the step" is made. A change may be made at any time from common to quich time by commanding Quick time — March; or Uhe guides may be shifted to the other flank by commanding Column — Guides left. Should the distance be lost by any platoon, it must be regained gradually. TO CHANGE DIRECTION TOWARDS THE GUIDE. The captain commands Change direction to the left ; [Fig. 2.] and marks the point where the change is to be made. This should be at least ten paces in advance. The chief of the 1st platoon faces his platoon, and at six paces from the point of change, commands 1st platoon — Left turn — and when the guide of the 1st platoon is directly abreast the point, March. The guide turns to the left, and the platoon breaks off and comes up as in turning with an entire company. The chief of the second platoon also faces his platoon, and com- mands 2d platoon — left turn — and when abreast the point of change, March. This platoon makes the turn exactly as the first did. TO CHANGE DIRECTION FROM THE GUIDE ; [PI. 25, fig. 3.] that is, towards the right when the guide is left. Change direction to the right. The point should be marked as before, and when within six paces the chief of the 1st platoon faces his platoon, and commands 1st platoon — Might wheel — and when abreast the point, March, . J w/^i-nn/ o/'plutoons march fbrwftn/ und c/ianqe dir<'c/J4'7i . IX l TTTp ; I" I T-n ,' a D Q 1-^ I I I I I irTTT-i ; I ' n □ ' J^orward TnarcA-. IQI Mc;. 3. ,# \' yi"MiffM wkeel—lfarch^. ^s 2^1^.2. "left, W^" \ ^mmmss^Msm csS^ m "Column forward c/iddes i |XI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M '1 1 M 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 /^ 1 n □ IN 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 M : 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 n □ TO FORM LINE ON THE KEVEESE FLANK. 49 at ■whicli the 1st platoon begins the wheel on a movable pivot. The wheel continues until the platoon is at right angles to the former direction, unless some other direction be given. When complete, chief 1st platoon commands 1st platoon — Forward — Makch. The succeeding platoon continues to march straight forward until its guide is abreast the point of change, then begins the wheel. A column of sections would change direction from or towards the guide in like manner. It will be observed that as the guide may at any time be changed, it is in the power of the directing officer to effect a change of direction by either of these methods at all times. TO HALT THE COLUMN. Column — Halt. This command should be promptly repeated by chiefs of platoons, and as promptly obeyed. All remain steady, though there may be errors in interval, dress, &c. Errors in these and other particu- lars may be corrected by causing the column to mark time ; after which it may be halted or may resume the march, by the command forward — March. XX. A COLUMN RIGHT IN FRONT, TO FORM LINE FACED TO THE LEFT. 1st. By WHEELING INTO LINE. The captain or other directing officer halts the column and rectifies the position of the left guides, then commands Left — Dress. Each chief of platoon or section repeats, and going to the left of his platoon dresses it — then commands Front. 50 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. Left into line wheel. [PI. 26, fig. l.J Chiefs face their commands and caution, tovxih to the left and dress to the right. March. Guides stand fast. The left platoons or sections wheel as explained in wheeling from a halt, and are halted by their chiefs when the right has yet two paces to make to complete the wheel. The chiefs then fall into the line of file closers, and the captain commands Company — Right — Dress. [PI. 26, fig. 2.] Afterwards Front. When the guides who until then have re- mained in front, pass by the flanks to their places in line. 2d. By facing the column to the left and bringing the files into line. Form line to the left. By the left flank — Left — Face. The guides stand fast. Company into line — March. Files break ofi" and come up as heretofore explained. The captain dresses the company to the right, and at the command front, the guides retire from the front. 3d. By filing the right flanks to the front. This is executed whilst the company is yet on the march. Company hy the right flank — By file left — Guides shift to the right, and chiefs of platoons prepare to lead them. March. Guides continue direct to the front. The platoons face towards the guides and file in after them to the front. When the head of the 2d platoon comes in up to the rear of the 1st, the chief and guide of the 2d retire, and the 2d platoon closes in with the 1st. WTuelina inlo Une' an^l dressing. JPl. ^issp^ Fi^. 2. Company ri^Tit dress. "FroTtt. " COLUMN GAINS QKOUNB BT A FLANK MOVEMENT. 51 The company afterwards marks time, halts, and facing to the front dresses to the right. Each of these methods may be used for bringing a column with the left in front into line faced to the right. XXI. A COLUMN EIGHT IN FRONT, TO FORM LINE FACED TO THE RIGHT. (This is executed on the march.) On the right into line — Column — Guides — Right. [PI. 27, fig. l.J The captain places himself where the right of the company is to rest, some six paces to the right of the right flank, and several paces in advance of it. The chief of the leading platoon faces his platoon, and when it is within six paces of being abreast the point indicated as the right, commands 1st platoon — Right turn — followed by March, when exactly abreast. The platoon turns to the right, comes up so that the right file shall cover the elbow of the officer or marker placed at the point referred to ; it then halts and dresses to the right. The succeeding platoon in like manner turns when the 2d platoon has marched up abreast the left of the 1st. If desired, firing by file may begin from the right. XXII. A COLUMN ON THE MARCH, RIGHT IN FRONT, TO GAIN GROUND TO THE RIGHT (or LEFT) BY A FLANK MOVEMENT. Company — By the right flank. [PI. 27, fig. 2 (a).] Guides shift to the right flank. March. All face to the right without breaking, and led by the chiefs of platoons, move in that direction. 52 SMALL-ARM COMPANY BXBECISES. TO RESUME THE MARCH TO THE FRONT. Company front — March — Gruide — ;Lbft. [PI. 27, fig. 2 (J).] All without halting face to the front, and resume the direct march. The movement may be executed when the left is in front, and is applicable alike to a column of sections and to a single company. Whilst marching by a flank, the platoons or sections may be filed to the front, and thus the company be reformed. • XXIII. TO ADVANCE BY THE EIGHT (or LEFT) OF PLATOONS. [PL 28, fig. 2.] Advance hy the right of platoons. By the right flank — Right — Face. Company faces to the right ; the right files of the platoons break off to the front. The guides and chiefs place themselves in advance to lead ; the files face towards the flank indicated. March. All step off, the files in rear filing in after those broken to the front. To RETREAT FROM EITHER FLANK, command Retreat hy the right (or left) of platoons. By the right (or left) flank — Right (or left) — Face — March. Executed as the preceding, except that the first files face about, the rear rank men obliqueing to the right (or left) and rear, the front rank men stepping into their places. The same movements may be executed by the company in line, or in column of sections. In all cases of a movement to the front or rear by the right or left of platoons or sections, the guide of that division which would be in rear, if the movement were changed to the front, keeps the proper distance from the other. To f/tii/t ground tv the ri^hi and resiuTie the front. /'/ ;■.■/. 'Company /rontJ.'JIarc/t. " Guide le/h fo?~ri^kt./ faj 1 I I -I I i~i I I I "i CU CD I7N C3 TT1 □ R n " CoTnpany by the- ri^ht /lank ^2^ar eft. Tz^.l. J'ormm^ into line- on the- reversed flank. " Cotn-pcaiy on the ri^ht into lifie " Column guides r^kt '—Harcfv. Fl. ^8. " .-dih'attce by A/te ri^M? " ' ('oni/>rmv f>y the ri^h^ flank ri^Ti^ face-^IfanA: \ ' Co?)if>anv by tke ri^ht fla?i^£. iy file riffkt/^2Iarck/. isaa B □ □ . r~r~i - 1—1 E] U^ I I I I I I M I I I M I I |-><| II I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I \ El a a □ a n ' ^dvoftce by ^t& cs/vt/'-e^ ofid refonny. I'l. ^S. Fi^.S. " Compawy wtto line- d^ca^c^. ' WM//M0^^^i& 1 'W//J(////M///AWJWW//M//l J J 1 _□![::] ^ J \ ^ J, u-x ■ [ ■ 1_J- ■ -, ■ / Lj \ ' ^ ( I \ \ \ \ / / , / ' / ' ' ' / / / / i>y (/ic centre and reform^ in^ /uu-. i^/.. 30. □n -Fi^.J. u. -m nr \ \ \ \ \ \ ta □ □ □ D □ OBflHEBeB oaBBBaoa E @ D I I I I MTH □ Q 'Seireat fy t/ie- centre Co?M/>an.j> inwards /af/'l "March. " IS izi tzi a- □ □ □ 'Company rear ifiio line- Mizrck. ^■1 coTnpany hreoAs inio pl(itX)on^ cmd reforms company FT/. 31. D D D P D □ cm ElD nrrr s Fz^.l. "Break mto platoons - "Fontv company— 2fan^." BREAK OFF FILES AND BRING THEM UP. 55 1st platoon forward. CJiief of the second, steps to its front and centre, and orders Bp the right flank. March. 1st platoon marches directly on. The right guide, if the guide be left, shifts to the left. The second platoon faces to the right and marks time until unmasked by the first ; then mores forward until in column. Then by the command front — march, guide — left, is brought to the direct march again. • TO REFORM COMPANY. Form company. [Fig. 2.] Chief 1st platoon — 1st platoon hy the right flank; chief 2d pla- toon — 2(i platoon forward. March. 1st platoon marches by the right flank, as heretofore explained, until it uncovers the 2d — then front — MARCH, and if necessary mark time — MARCH until the 2d platoon comes abreast. When the platoons are abreast, the command forward guide left follows. A company may be broken into sections by this method, and again reformed. Its application to a column left in front is mani- fest. XXVI. TO BREAK OFF FILES TO THE REAR AND BRING THEM INTO LINE. Three files (or any number) from the left (or right) to the rear — March. The files indicated face towards the company, and file in after the next two files thereof; the front rank after the first, and the rear rank after the second files not broken off. Should the files be broken off from the side next the guide, he closes in to the nearest front rank file remaining in line. Other files may, in a similar manner, be broken off, those already in rear obliqueing so as to cover the proper files remaining unbroken. [PI. 32, fig. 2,] 56 SMALL-ARM COMPANY EXERCISES. Files may also be broken off from a column of platoons or sec- tions ; but it is necessary in tliat case that tbe files broken off should be from the left -when the i^ight is in front, and from the right when the left is in front, to allow a subsequent flank movement without first bringing up the rear files. At least seven files in a column of platoons, and five in a column of sections, should remain unbroken. It is important that files to the rear should keep well closed. Flank movements with files broken off should always be made from that flank which remains entire. Files broken off will in this case conform to the movement, and file i-n after the unbroken portion. TO BRING UP THE REAR FILES. Rear files into line — March. [PI. 32, fig. 3.] The files to the rear advance the shoulder next the company, break off, quicken the step and come up in succession to their places in line. The guide of that flank opens out to give room, at the first command. Should only a portion of the files be ordered up, as Three rear files into line, the three nearest the company come up into line : the remaining rear files oblique and cover the last two now in line. Files to the rear stand in the same order as when in line ; the flank file bringing up the rear. If file closers are in rear of files to be broken off, these march abreast the same files they previously covered. XXyil. TO CHANGE FRONT. (The company being formed in line, and at a halt.) 1st. To THE RIGHT. Company — Change front to the right. By the right fianh — Bight — Face. The left guide places himself in front of and facing the right, and at company distance. The captain steps out in front of the right, faces the company, and commands i^i-. 6'.:- To )edu4X fivjit fy breaJcui^ offnle^_to bri/u^ //„■ sa??2s into Ime a^am. £] ^ I I I I I I I I I I I I M I I f> line_ Fi^. ^. 0?ie /Ue, /ram le/bto rea/: J£arch-. " iS:i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 13a □ a C3 a □ a " On-e- file, fiom, left to /rtir (Y/ani/e of /ro/it. Ti. en c:e3 cm ^ n— I ^. D D n D D B Fi^.l ^3 tkkkV.'-S 1^ ^^?^^ g 5 5 1 — 1 — I 1 ^^=^ 1 — P — ! h ^ I 'is ^ ?■ ^ '11 5: V ;: 7 ^1 .> i' ^ /• is i ; i / ^ ^ ' '' ^ M=! a a tal 'Company into line, March: TO CHANGE FRONT. 67 Company into line — March. [PI, 33, fig. 1 (S).] Right front rank man stands fast, the others move diagonally, in quick time, and come up successively on his left. All the rear rank men cover their file leaders. Captain dresses the company to the left, and commanding front, he and the guides resume their posts in line. 2d. To THE LEFT. Change front to the left — Company — By the left flank — Left — Face. Right guide comes out and posts himself at company distance, and in front of the left guide. Company into line — March. Executed as the foregoing. Company dressed to the right. 3d. To THE REAR. Countermarch — Company — By the right flank — Right — Face. [PL 33, fig. 2 («).] Guides face about — company faces to the right and breaks off to the rear. 1st lieutenant takes post at the left elbow of the right front rank man. Countermarch, hy file left — March. The company is led by the 1st lieutenant around the right gtiide, and brought parallel to its former position, distant one pace- When the right is within a pace of the left guide, the 1st lieutenant com- mands Mark time — March — Halt, Front — Face — Bight — Dress. The company is dressed on the two guides as a basis j at the word Front, given when the dress is completed, the guides shift to their proper flanks. A countermarch may likewise be made, when the company is marching by a flank. In this case the guides file with the company. A countermarch in, all cases must be made by the front, in order to avoid crowding the line of file closers ; that is, by filing to the left when the right flank leads, and to the right when the left flank leads, 5 PART II. SMALL-IEM BATTALIO]^ EIEECISES. BATTALION EXERCISES. I. ORGANIZATION, FORMATION, &c. Four or more companies constitute a battalion, and may be exer- cised as such. The oflScers of a battalion, besides those attached to the compa- nies, are termed the field and stafi" ofiicers, and are as follows : — Field officers. — A colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, and a major. Staff. — An adjutant, one or more medical officers, and a quarter- master. In addition to these, there are a color bearer, color guard, and the music, as also a sergeant-major, and a quarter-master sergeant. The adjutant and quarter-master are usually subalterns of the line ; the sergeant-major, and quarter-master sergeant, color bearers, and color sergeants have the rank of sergeants ; and the color guard, three in number, who cover the color sergeant and color bearers, that of corporals. Two boys are selected as right and left markers. The positions of these officers, staff, ^c, as well as the position of the companies in line, may be studied in Plate 34. Flank companies, though not absolutely necessary to the organiza- tion, are important in operations in the field. They are thrown out as skirmishers or flankers, and are very useful in broken grounds, to guard against ambush or surprise. Absent field officers may be supplied from the captains according to rank, staff officers from the subalterns and sergeants of the line. FOKMATION. The adjutant and sergeant-major mark out the ground where the battalion is to form, and post the markers where the right and left 62 SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. shall rest. The quarter-master and quarter-master sergeant distri- bute arms and ammunition. The colors, both regimental and state, are kept at head-quarters, and are not brought on the ground until after the battalion is established in line ; in the mean time, the color rank takes post on the line between the markers, and is the basis of the formation. This disposition made, the adjutant signals the music to " JeaiS off." The companies, previously foTmed on their respective company parades, are marched out, the centre companies preceding. As they successively arrive in rear of their places' in the line, they are dressed on the basis, and afterwards brought to an order and rest by their respective captains. The adjutant standing on the right then commands. Attention battalion — Shoulder — Arms. Right Dress — Front. '; At the command shoulder arms, the field and staffitake post, and at the word/raw^, the markers retire to their posts on the right and left of the line of file closers. '-' The adjutant then passes down the line, files to the front when opposite the centre, takes post half way between the colonel and the 'line, faces the latter and commands, : Battalion — Present— Arms. The adjutant then faces about, salutes the colonel and informs him that the battalion is formed. The colonel directs the adjutant to take his post, acknowledges the salute of the battalion by uncovering, draws his sword and takes command. RECEPTION AND POSTING OF COLORS. [PI. 35.] The colonel designating one of the flank or. other .companies as an escort, its captain puts it in motion, formed in column of platoons right in front, with the music of the battalion in froat, and the color bearers and guard between the platoons. This company forms line in front of the entrance to head-quarters, or other depot of colors, music on the right, color bearers and guard in the centre. The color bearers and a subaltern then-jidvance to the front, en:ter the building or tent, receive the colors, come out and halt before D TL34. ^ . '-/ " ' ■?*i rk S; sy l^ W 1 >*r 5" •& H 00 ^ ^ ?> 5n > $i ^ 1 1 f ->i > !^ t^ K '^ TO OPEN AND CLOSE RANKS. 63 the escort. The captain orders arms to he presented and the drums to beat ; he then faces the colors and salutes them. The color bear- ers droop the colors, and pass to their places in line whilst the com- pany shoulders arms. The captain then brings the escort into co- lumn as before, (colors, &c. between the platoons,) puts it in motion, and, the music playing, approaches a flank of the battalion. When arrived opposite to, and twelve yards from a flank, the odors and guard file out of the column, pass down the line — now at a shoulder — and form facing the battalion opposite the centre distant ten paces. The escort, in the mean time, with the music, now silent, passes by the rear to its place in line. The colonel, who with the other field and stafif officers, has ap- proached to within four paces of the Hne, brings the battalion to a present, faces the colors, and salutes ; the color bearers droop the colors by way of acknowledgment. The colonel brings the battalion to a shoulder, and with the other field and stafi" officers, color bearers and color guard, take their proper places in line. II. TO OPEN AND CLOSE RANKS. [PI. 36, fig. 1.] Rear rank — Open order. The covering guides and the left guide of the left company take six steps of fourteen inches each to the rear, and are aligned parallel to the line of file closers by the lieutenant-colonel. March. The rear rank steps back a little beyond the line of guides, and is aligned on it by the right guides. The file closers also step back and are aligned on the left file closer, by the lieutenant-colonel from the right, that file closer having placed himself just two paces in rear of the line of guides. Front. This disposition of the ranks is convenient for exercise at the manual and for inspection. During such exercises the colonel super- 64 SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. intends the front, and the lieutenant-colonel the rear rank, each standing where they can best observe. To close the ranks the colonel commands. Rear rank — Qlose order- — March. Rear rank men close in to the front and cover their file leaders. Right guides dress them to the right. III. FIEING. [PL 36, fig. 2.J TO FIRE BY COMPANY. Fire hy Company. Captains and covering guides, and the lieutenant and guide on the left of the battalion, retire by the flanks of their companies, the former to the rear and centre of their respective companies, the guides and lieutenant to Ijhe rank of file closers. The field and stafi" retire to the rear, opposite their places in front. Music takes post in rear near the colonel. The color guard falls back so as to bring its front rank in the rear rank of the battalion. It does not fire. The colonel may move to any position where his voice can best be heard. These dispositions are general for every kind of front firing. Commence Firing. The captain of the first company opens the fire, by the command : 1st company — Ready — Aim — Fire — Load. The 3d, 5th, 7th, follow in succession. When all the odd num- bered companies have fired, the even numbered companies fire in succession, beginning on the right. After the first fire the succession is not observed. To stop the fire, the colonel commands, cease firing, or causes a roll with taps from the drum; at which, every officer and guide repeats, cease firing, and the men load their pieces, and come to a 2"/. .^5. ¥s^&. dO 5 ^ to- \ ■ D Tl. .i-A'. D D k) FIRING. 65 shoulder ; wMlst the officers and guides, and field and staff resume their proper stations. This rule is general for every species of firing. TO FIRE BY WING. Fire hy wing — Bight wing — Ready — Aim — Fire — Load. Left wing — Ready — Aim — Fire — Load. Each wing must hold' its fire until a portion of the files of the other wing have come to a shoulder. TO FIRE BY BATTALION. Fire by battalion — Battalion — Ready — Aim — Fire — Load. TO FIRE BY FILE. Fire by file — Battalion — Ready — Commence Firing. The right file of every company aims and fires, and the other files successively, as in firing by file in the company exercise. TO FIRE TO THE REAR. [PL 37, fig. 1.] Fire to the rear — Battalion — About — Face. Field and stafi" officers, music, &c. pass to positions in front, corre- sponding to their former positions in rear of the line. Company officers and guides pass by the nearest flank of their respective companies to positions in front the line, corresponding to their former positions in rear. All the firing beforenamed may be employed when firing to the rear. The terms right and left remain as before. Firing either to the front or rear, the aim may be oblique to the right or left if de- sired and so expressed. To resume the proper front after firing to the rear. Battalion — About — Face. Company officers and guides, music, &c. resume their proper posi- tions in line. 6Q SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. Note.— -Frequent inspections of arms and springing of rammers should take place after firing. If smoke does rio^ issue from tlie rent or muzzle, the man may know his piece missed fire, and without re- loading will simply overhaul the priming. IV. METHODS OP PASSING FROM LINE INTO OPEN COLUMN. TO "WHEEL TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT INTO COLUMN. [PL 37, fig. 2.] By companies — Right-r— Wheel. Captains step out in front of their companies and caution, to touch to the right and dress to the left. The lieutenant on the left the bat- talion steps into the line of file closers. , March. Companies wheel to the right. Each captain posts the left guide so that he shall cover the guides in front of him and be at company dis- tance ; then commands left dress, afterwards front, and takes his post iii column, in front of, and at half company distance from the centre of his company. TO BREAK FROM THE RIGHT, TO MARCH TO THE LEFT, or TO THE FRONT. The commands in the preceding manoeuvre are preceded by that of hrefiJe to the right to march to the^ left [PI. 38] ; or, hreah to the right to marvh to the front. This movement is identical with the foregoing, with th«se excep- tions : the right company, instead of wheeling to the right, marches forward (guide right) twice the extent- of its front. In this case, the column, when put in motion, turns to the left or marches to the front, at the command, column forward — guide left — March, without fur- ther intimation from the colonel. Markers should be posted at the turning points or point. '; . Fl. 37. It ri. 33. "£reak /Torn the riaht in march to t7i€^ le/i^ dy companies rifffttwTieel MccrcJi-. " TO FORM OPEN COLUMN. 67 A corresponding movement from the left to march to the front or rigJit may be made. TO FORM COLUMN BY FACING TOWARDS A FLANK AND BRING- ING THE COMPANIES INTO LINE. [PL 39, fig. 1.] Column of companies to the right. Battalion hy the right flanh-^^Itight — Face. The captains step out and caution their men as to the next move- ment. Right guides, now in the front rank, do not face. By companies into line — March. Right front rank man of each company stands fast; the others break off and come up successively on the left. Rear rank covers the front. The left guides are then posted, covering and at proper distances, the companies dressed on them : at the command eront from any captain, his right guide takes post on the right, and he in front of, and opposite the centre of his company. TO BREAK INTO COLUMN, BY FILING THE RIGHT OR LEFT OF COMPANIES TO THE REAR. [PL 39, fig. 2.] By right of companies — Rear into column. Captains step out and caution their companies as to the next movement. Battalion^Bight — Face. Battalion faces to the right, and twC files on the right of each company break to the rear. Each captain places himself faced to the rear, with his breast touching lightly the left elbow of the left front rank man of the company next on the right of his own. The captain of the right company stands as though a company stood on his right. March. Each captain stands fast and observes his company, led by the right guide, file by him to the rear ; as the last file wheels, he com- mands — Company — Halt — Front — Face. The left guide posts 68 SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. himself in front of his captain, pressing his breast slightly with his arm. The captains dress the companies to the left, command front, and take their posts in column. This method is necessary when there is not space in front the line to wheel into coluian, or when the pivot flank is required to move on the prolongation of the line. The formation to the left into column is executed in the same ge- . neral manner as to the right. Divisions of more than one company, as also sub-divisions of pla- toons or sectipns, may be formed into column on principles akin to the foregoing. V. TO FORM A CLOSE COLUMN, OR A COLUMN AT HALF DISTANCE. Olose column of companies on the left company, right in front [PI. 40], or Column of companies at half company distance, on the left com- pany, right in front. The captain of the left company cautions it to stand fast, those of the other companies to hreaTc to the front. Battalion — By the left flank — Left — Face. All face to the left, and break ofl" to the front, except the left company, which stands fast. March. The companies are led into column in front of the left company by their captains. The right guides precede the companies and cover the right guides already in column, so as to mark the points where the several companies shall enter the column. Captains lead their several companies in rear of their respective right guides until abreast the left guide of the left company. Then halt, front face and left dress. The left guides face towards and cover the left PL. 39. ^o HTL nn. p P ; TD. xi. nn.-- n i^L 40. r>c /' /' /' /' / n^ / ^ I- If if I' 5 I ^ f^c Tl. 4J. ' ^7ose colunm of ccmpaniM on i^ /bitri/i co??tfiany,ri^htift /ront^ SattaMon inwards face—. TO FORM LINE ON THE REVERSE FLANK. 77 3. BY A FLANK MOVEMENT. (This is executed on a march.) Com/panies hy the right flank hy file left. The captains prepare to lead their right guides, who now become the directing guides. March. The right guides march directly forward. The files face towards this fiank, and successively file to the front after these guides. Officers and guides now have the same position as in marching by a flank. To form line., halt the battalion, face it to the front and dress it to the right; guides on the line if necessary. XV. TO FORM LINE ON THE EEVERSE FLANK. [PI. 47.] The lieutenant-colonel posts markers on the right of the line to be occupied and somewhat in advance of the right company. On the right into line — Column — Guides — Right. Captain of the leading company facing his company, commands, company right t/urn, and when abreast of the 1st marker, March. This company turns ' to the right, and the right guide so directs his march as to bring the man next himself against the 1st marker. The captain halts and dresses the company on the markers. The succeeding companies continue the march and turn to the right as they arrive respectively abreast of the left of the preceding company. The left guides throw themselves on the line of guides, coverin'g the markers. Captains take post on the left of the left file of the companies on their right, and dress their companies to the 'right. 78 SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. The lieutenant-colonel rapidly rectifies the position of guides as they come up on the line. Gruides — PoST. Note. — In this formation, the command commence firing, may follow the arrival of the leading company on the line. At this command the markers and guides already on the line retire, and no more left guides come on the line, and the captains open a fire by file with their respective companies. The line should be at least four paces from the flank of the column. It may be parallel to or at an angle with the line of direction. In the latter case, the guides should so direct their companies as to bring their turning flank within four paces of the line at the moment of turning. XVI. TO FORM LINE TO THE FRONT (OPEN COLUMN OR COLUMN AT HALF DISTANCE). [PL 48.J Halt the column if in motion. Place markers at company dis- tance, in advance of the leading company, so that they shall mark the direction of the new line. Front into line. Companies hy the leftfianJc — Left — Face. The leading company does not face ; its captain cautions it forward, guide right. The other companies, in facing to the left, break off to the front so that the leading files will stand facing the points where the right of their respective companies will rest. March. Leading company marches in line forward, and is halted near to, and dressed on the markers. The other companies are led by the left flank, by the captains of the same towards the points where their right will rest. When within two paces of the line they file to the left, and when parallel to and abreast their positions in line, halt, and face to the front. The left guide now posts himself on the TO FORM LINE FACED TO THE REAR. 79 line of guides, so that he will stand abreast the second or third file from the left of his company in line. The captain also takes post on the left of the left file of the preceding company, and dresses the company forward to the right. G-uides — Post. The companies might approach the left points of their positions in line, and form front into line when near it. Front into line on the rear company may be executed in nearly the same manner ; but it would be better to close column in mass, and deploy column, as will be shown. XVII. TO FOEM LINE FACED TO THE REAR. [PL 49.] The colonel causes markers to be established by the lieutenant- colonel on a line at company distance in advance of the leading company, either parallel to or at an angle with the same. Into line faced to the rear. Column right — Face — March. Or if the column be in motion, Column ly the right flank — March. Each captain leads his company towards that point in the line where its left flank will rest. The left guide precedes his company, and quickly establishes himself on the line of guides, to mark the left point of his company. The company crosses the line in rear of the left guide, passes two paces beyond, files to the left, halts when abreast its position in line, faces to the front, and dresses to the right on the line. Field officers rectify the position of guides, as they come on the line. Guides — Post. To form line faced to the rear on the rear company is executed in 80 SMALL-ARM BATTALION BXBKCISBS. very nedrly the same manner. The rear company countermarches, and the others face to the left, and break off to the rear. To form on an interior company, this company countermarches, whilst those in rear of it face to the right, and break off to the front ; and those in front face to the left, and break off to the rear. The formation into line faced to the rear when the left is in front, is made in the same general manner. XVIII. TO FORM INTO LINE AFTER A PORTION OF THE COLUMN HAS CHANGED DIRECTION. 1. A COLUMN RIGHT IN FRONT, OF WHICH FOUR COMPANIES HAVE CHANGED DIRECTION TO THE RIGHT ON THE PROLON- GATION OF THE LINE. [PI. 50.] Halt the column and rectify the position of those companies that have changed direction. Left into line wheel. Rear companies, to the front into line. Captains of those companies that have changed direction caution — touch to the left and dress to the right. Captains of the rear companies, except the one in advance, face their companies to the left, and cause them to break to the front. Captain of the leading rear company commands /orwarc^ — guide — right. Makch. The first of the above class of companies fotm into line by a wheel to the left. The first rear company marches forward, the right guide directing his march so as to stand in rear of his place in line.' The left guide posts himself on the line of guides. The other rear companies form front into line. Cruides — Post. ^or??t tine to ^5^ fronl. jPl. 48. "J^roni into lme^Co?n/>anies iy ^le^ lefti /lank, le/b fac&^ Jkfarck-. " I'l. 4&. "Mto li/ie faced to tke rearH: Column ri^kt face -Mar cfi^. c=? ri. 60. c ^ r I TO FORM LINE, COLUMN CLOSED IN MASS. 81 2. A COLUMN RIGHT IN FRONT OF WHICH THE FOUR LEADING COMPANIES HAVE CHANGED DIRECTION TO THE LEFT. Rectify the position of those companies that have changed direc- tion. Left into line wheel — Rear companies into line faced to the rear. March. Those companies that have changed direction, wheel to the left "!n3. rear companies face to the right, hreak to the front, and foi. into line faced to the rear. Guides — Post. Left in front ; these two movements can be executed in the same manner — Right into line wheel, rear companies ^e. XIX. TO FORM LINE FEOM. A COLUMN CLOSED IN MASS. This may be accomplished by taking wheeling distance, and form- ing into line to the left, on the right, to the front, or faced to the rear, as before explained. But a preferable method is to bring the column in mass, fronting the direction required, and then deploy. These changes of front, if to the rear, are effected by a counter- march, executed as in full column, except that the alternate members or divisions of the column face in opposite directions, before filing in the countermarch. When the change of front is to the left or right, the lieutenant colonel posts markers on the line to be occupied by the leading com- pany. Charge front to the left on the leading company. Battalion hy the right flank^Right — Face. All face as ordered, the leading company breaking to the front. 82 small-abm battalion exercises, March. The leading company files to the front, and, coming abreast the markers, halts, fronts, and dresses up to them. The others move by the right flank, enter the column at close column distance, halt and dress. Should the entrance be by the directing flank of the column, that is, by the left flank when the right is in front, or the reverse, the captain of each company, instead of entering the column, halts in his own person, wheta abreast the guide of the preceding company, and permits his company to pass him, afterwards causes it to mark time, halt, face to the front and dress. TO DEPLOY A COLUMN CLOSED IN MASS. 1st. On the LEADING COMPANY. The lieutenant-colonel posts the markers four paces in front of the head of column, and abreast of it. On first company — Deploy column. Battalion — By the left flank — Left — Face. All the companies face to the left except the 1st company ; the captain of that commands Forward, guide right. March. The 1st company marches forward, halts one pace from the line, and dresses on the markers towards the right. All the other companies move by the left flank led by their several captains, except that the captain of the 2d stands fast in his own person and permits his company to file past him. When he judges the head of his company to be in advance of him a distance equal to its front, he commands — company mark time — March — Halt — Front — Face — Forward — Guide — Right. The company marches up to the line ; the left guide posts himself on the line of guides covering the markers ; the captain takes post on the left of the preceding company on the line, and commands — company — Bight — Dbess — Front. XO DEPLOY COLUMN. 83 When the captain of the Sd company hears the command mark time — MAECH — by the company on his right, he halts in his own person, permits his company to march by him, and executes the particulars laid down for the preceding company. The other com- panies do the same. After the last company is on the line and dressed, the colonel commands Guides — Post. Where the left is in front or the left company leads, the movement would be identical with the foregoing, except that the rear companies face to the right and march up to the line with the guide left. 2d. On the rear company. On the left company — Deploy column. Lieutenant-colonel posts markers on the line abreast of the lead- ing company. Battalion — By the right flanh — Right — Face. All the companies face to the right, except the last company, which stands fast. March. All the companies thus faced march off, led by their captains, except that of the company next to the last, who stands fast in his own person. The rear company stands fast until unmasked by the company next in advance of it, then marches up to the markers by the command — company forward — Gfuide left — March. The rest of the movement corresponds to that when the deploy- ment is made on the leading company. Left in front, the deployment on the rear company is identical with the foregoing, except that the flank movement is made by the left, and that the companies move up to the line with the guide right. In deployments on the rear company, right in front, the right guides come out on the line; left in front, the left guides. 84 SMALL-AKM BATTALION EXERCISES. 3d. To DEPLOY ON AN INTERMEDIATE COMPANY. On 2)d company deploy column — Battalion^— Outward — Face — March. [PL 5.1, fig. 1.] Lieutenant-colonel posts markers as before. -The captains next in rear and next in front the company named stand fast. The guide and dress is towards the intermediate company, the captain of which steps into the rear rank whilst the next right ' company is being dressed. Gruides — PoST. At which captains and guides take .their proper stations. REMARKS ON DEPLOYMENTS. Though laid down for close column, the above methods will serve for a column at half distance, and even for an open colunm, by closing the latter. To-, deploy a column of attack so nearly corresponds to the de- ^ployment of a column on an intermediate company, that detail is unnecessary. The command is deploy column simply. XX. CHANGING FRONT. 1. FORWARD, ON THE RIGHT COMPANY. [PI. 52.] The colonel causes two markers to be posted on the new Une, which may be at any angle with the present; these markers to indi- icate the position to be occupied by the right company. The right company is then wheeled, or otherwise established on these markers. Change front forward on the first company. Battalion — By the right flank — Iiig^f-—F4.C'E. All the companies face to the right, and break off ;t,o the front. -P/. Jl. t 5J. ■I ta S. c c to change front. March. The companies march to the front, led by their respective captains ■who direct the leading flank to the position where the right of the company will rest after the movement is made. As this line is approached, the left guide comes rapidly forward and posts himself, covering the markers on the line of guides. The company when within eight paces of the line is formed, front into line, and when in rear of its position in line, is halted, fronted, and dressed to the right on the line. 'o^ Guides — Post. 2. FORWARD, ON THE LEFT COMPANY. Markers- posted as before, and left company established on them. Change front forward on the left company. Battalion — By the left flank — Left — Face. March. Each company after facing is led to the point where its left will rest ; the right guide takes post on the line and the company is brought in rear of its position, and dressed to the left. Cruides — PoST. 3. TO THE REAR, ON THE RIGHT COMPANY. Face the right company- about, and wheel it to the left, advance it half company distance and again face it about. Then post markers in front of it, and dress to the right. Change front to the rear on the first company. Battaliow — By the right flank — Bight — Face. Companies face to the right, and break oflF to the rear. March. Each company is directed towards the point where its left is to rest; passes the line beyond the left guide, who has preceded, files 86 SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. to the left wlieii a pace beyond, and forms in rear of its position. Afterwards /TO%i ajid.cZrass to tlie right. Or it may cross the line ■where its right will rest,', form reAr into line when -two paces beyond, and afterwards be dressed as before. (?Mic?es-T-PoaT. 4. TO THE REAR ON THE LEFT COMPANY. Left company posted to the rear on the markers. Change front to the rear on the left company. Battalion— By the left fianJe^Left — Face — March. Each company is led by the left flank, filed in rear of the right guide, who precedes the company, and dressed to the left. Guides — Post. 5. TO THE RIGHT (or LE.PT) ON AN INTERIOR COMPANY (the 5th). If, for instance, the change is to be made on the 5th company, and thiat the left wing is to be thrown forward and the right wing to the reatr' — Wheel the 5th company to the right — face the 4th about — wheel it towards the 5th— /ace it about, and dregs both on markers. The same may be effected by facing the 5th to the right, and forming it as a ,company front into line, and facing the 4th to the left and forming rear into line ; then dressing on the markers. Change front on 5th company — Left wing forward. Battalion — Inward — Face — March. [PI. 53.] The companies of the right wing execute the movement change front to , the rear on the ith company. The companies of the left wing execute the movement change front forward on the 5th com- pany. The captain of the 4th company, for the time, steps into the rear rank, that the 3d may be dressed to the left. Guides — Post. Tl. " Chofi^e front /brwM-d o/i t^e ri^ht co?npany— £athilwn by the- riaht flank rufht face March/. m Jk t ^ JPl. S3. " Cha?ipe front on tAe 5^ cotn/iany " Ze/t Wn^ forward— BattalioTi inward /hce'—qidck JMarch^. TO ADVANCE BY THE RISHT OF COMPANIES. 87 XXI. TO ADVANCE BY THE EIGHT (or LEFT) OP COMPANIES, AND REFOKM THE LINE. [PI. 51, fig. 2.] Advance hy the right (or lef£) of companies. Battalion hy the right (or lef£) of companies — Right (or left) — Face. Companies face to the right (or left) and break to the front. March. Companies move to the front, carefully preserving the dress and distance from the leading company ; that is, from the left company, when advancing by the, right, and from the right company when ad- vancing by the left of companies. TO REFORM THE LINE. Halt the battalion and dress the heads of companies, and correct the intervals if deemed necessary. By companies into line — March. , Leading guides face to the right (or left) and the companies break off and come up as in single companies; then dress to the right (or left). Gfuides — Post. Note. — The success of this method depends on the heads of com- panies preserving the interval and dress. If this be done, it is not necessary to halt the battalion before reforming line. By simply changing the order of march, when thus advancing to the front, the battalion would be formed in column of companies ; right in front, if the advance be by the left flank ; left in front, if the advance be by the right flank. SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXBRCISBS. XXII. TO ADVANCE BY THE CENTRES OF COxM- PANIES AND REFORM THE LINE.' [PI. 54.] Advance hy theeentres of coinpanies. Companies — Inward — Face. P -[Fig. l.j Each company faces towards its centre, and the centre files form to the frdnt. ' : ;/ March. Companies advance as in the drill for a single company, carefully preserving the intervals and dress from the right. TO REFORM THE LINE. Companies into line — March. ,£Fig. 2.] Companies form line, as in the company exercise, close in to the centre, and are dressed to the right. The leading guides face to the right. Guides — Post. Advancing -thus to the front by the centres- of companies, a column, of companies, right in front, could be formed by commanding Companies — On right into line — Mauch, [Fig. 3.] Left in front by commanding Companies — On left into line — March. The formation of the- .several, companies being, the same as for a single company in the company exercise. .;v 4. CD C fe -"^XL - '8" ^ tsE Q "-■--^■a^ CD riffl ^ 03 -'=qn-| ^ I , 1 M s^' ^ K na P3 CO 5i C- I. CD ,_ S - - -C fe _ Bo ;^ a •Si S^ ^ >■ ^ r S^ s □ 8 ' E E ^_ _ s~ I I 1 1 M 1 1 CO BO ^ o i /III r r^ "~^°^o bE TO EBTIRE BY THE CENTRES OF COMPANIES. 89 XXIII. TO RETIRE BY THE RIGHT (or LEFT) OF COMPANIES, AND REFORM THE LINE. Retire hy the right (or lef£) of companies. Battalion — By the right (or left) flank — Bight (or left) — Pace. Executed on principles corresponding to the advance by a flank. To reform THE LINE, command Companies — Bear into line — March. At whicli the several companies reform into line, as in the case of a single company. The leading guides face to the right (or left), and the companies are dressed in the same direction. Gfuides — Post. XXIV. TO RETIRE BY THE CENTRES OF COM- PANIES, AND REFORM THE LINE. Betireby the centres of companies. Companies — Inward — Face — March. Executed by the several companies, as for a single one. Regard being had to dress and interval from the right company. TO REFORM. Companies — Bear into line — March. Executed as for a single company. Leading guides face towards the right. The companies close to the centres and dress to the right. Gfuides — Post. 90 SMALL-AEM BATTALION EXERCISES. XXV. TO ADVANCE OR RETIRE IN LINE. [PI. 55.] TO ADVANCE IN LINE. The colonel stands in rear of the centre of the battalion, behind the color sergeant, and establishes the lieutenant-colonel on a line passing through himself and the color sergeant, and perpendicular to the battalion. [Fig. 1.] Battalion — Fokward. The color rank, i. e., the color sergeant and color-bearers, step six paces to the front; the color-guard replacing it in the front rank. The lieutenant-colonel establishes the front rank in the line of direc- tion to the front. Two guides or markers take post six paces in front of the flanks of the battalion, and dress on the color-rank. The lieutenant-colonel now takes post somewhat to the right and front of the right centre company, and the major to the left and front of the left centre company, which they endeavor to keep cor- rectly aligned as a basis. March. [Fig. 2.] The entire battalion steps off and keeps the touch and dress to the centre. The color sergeant carefully marches directly to the front, seeking for masking objects on which to direct his steps, whilst the guides or markers on the flanks dress on him, and the companies keep six paces distant from their line. When advancing to a charge, at the distance of ten paces from the enemy, the colors and guides resume their places in line, and the field and staff officers and music take post in rear of, and opposite to their respective places in front. TO RETIRE IN LINE. Battalion — About — Face. Battalion — Forward. Color-rank, guides, and markers are posted as before, six paces in advance the line of file closers. Covering guides step into the line of file closers. Captains take their places. TO PASS OBSTACLES. 91 March. The success of the movement depends mainly on the dress of the file-closers. TO REFORM TO THE FRONT. Battalion — Halt — About — Face. Colors, guides, markers, captains, field, staff, and music resume their places in line. Guides — On the line (or Colors and guides — On the Line). [Fig. 3.] Centre — Dress — Front — Q-uides — Post. XXVI. TO PASS OBSTACLES WHEN ADVANCING IN LINE. [PI. 56, fig. 1.] 1. BY A SINGLE COMPANY. — company^-Pass obstacle. The captain of the company named throws himself two paces in front ; and, if of the right wing, commands — company — By the left flank, by file right — March. The company faces towards the flank indicated, and files in after the two right files of the company next on the left. The captain marches by the side of the covering guide, who steps into the front rank. Should the company named be of the left wing, it faces to the right, and files to the left after the two left files of the company next on the right. To BRING the company INTO LINE, — company — Into line — March. At which the company forms front into line, by coming up diago- nally, as in the company exercise. Remarks. — The interval left by a left company, passing an obsta- cle by the flank, must be carefully kept by the captain of the com- 92 SMALL^ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. pany next on tKe left ; that made by a right company passing obsta- cle must be kept by the left guide of the company next on the right, who moves up to the front rank of his' company for that purpose. 2. BY MORE THAN ONE COMPANY. Thus if the obstacle occur before the four left companies, Four left companies — By the right jflank — To the rear into column. The captains of ;those companies take post in front of the right of their companies, and caution to face to the right. Quick — March. These companies face to the right, and led by their respective captains disengage to the rear, and marching in quick time, form open column in rear of the left company not broken off. As each company arrives in- column,; its captain commands ; • ' 'Fronf^M'AB.GTi — Cfuide left. To REFORM LINE. [PI. 56, fig. 2.] ij Hear conipanies — Into line. Captains of rear companies respectively command — company— By the right fianh — By file left — Quick-r^M.A.^C'B.. The companies are led by their captains towards the points to be occupied by 'the rights of their companies respectively. Within two paces, they form front into line, as with a single company, and recover the touch, idi;ess, and step of the battalion* ; Remarks. — When retiring in line, obstacles are. passed' |)y a single company, by filing, in rear of the outer flank of the company next to- wards the centre ; by two or more companies by forming open column of companies, rear i^ank leading, in rear of company next towards the centre. When the color company has to, pass an obstacle, it forms in rear of the right files of the company on the left. The colorg retire to the ranks of the company by the command from the colonel, and resume their places in front the line, when the company is brought up again. If the advancing battalion, with a company broken off", has to re- To advance in li/u and correct tke alu//tnuri/. <5' ^ Ch7 s: Ly 0t7 n^ fi. D-Tir /•/. Fi^.l. Fi^.2. " 6'.^' (I- 7^ com/xznies, by the> ri^At flank, to tke rear into ^ cchmm _ March. " ^ , ^ -^ \MM 21 W % ^ >^ "2V¥' compcuyy, pass obstacle^ March'. " r^' y O^ TO HALT A BATTALION IN LINE AND DRESS IT. 93 tire, and that company cannot be brought up into line, then it does not face about with the battalion, but stands fast, except the leading files, which break towards the space left vacant by the company. When the battalion is put in motion, in retreat, that company countermarches, and forms in front (now become the rear) of the files behind which it was before marching. XXVII. TO HALT A BATTALION ADVANCING IN LINE, AND ALIGN IT. Battalion — Halt. If it is not intended to advance again or to give a general align- ment, the colonel commands Colors and guides — Post. He may then cause the line to be aligned generally by commanding Captains — Rectify the alignment. The captains first align themselves correctly on the central basis under the supervision of the field ofiicers, then align their respective companies. Should a company be some distance in advance of the line, face it about and march it to the rear of the line before align- ing it. To efiect a more particular alignment, the colors and guides are not ordered from the front, but are established on the desired line ; then command Guides — On the line. [PI. 55, fig. 3.] Right guides of the right wing and left guides of the left wing place themselves on the line, facing the colors and covering the gene- ral guides. The captains of the right wing shift to the left of their respective companies ; the captain of the left company of that wing does not shift, but steps into the rear rank. Battalion — Centre — Dkess. Companies step ofi" together and are accurately aligned by their 94 SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. captains, those of the right wing to the left, those of the left to the right. Colors and guides — Post. XXVIII. TO MARCH: THE BATTALION BY A EJJANK. Battalion— By the right flank — Rig1i^i—¥ ace. Forward— Mksjg^. [PI. 57, figrl.] At the word forward, the r^ght guides takeithe places of their captains, who take post at the left elbows of-^eSe guides. The lieutenant and. guide on the left of the battalion remain in their respective ranks. When faced to the left and 'the command /ori^'arc^ is given, the captains and right guides remain in and face with their ranks, whilst the guide on the left of the battalion takes post- in the front rank, with the lieutenant at his right elbow. [PI. 57, fig. 2.] The lieutenant-colonel marches opposite the leading flank, and the major opposite the colors, six paces [distant fromvthe line. .File right (or left) — March. Executed in the same manner as for, a single cOmpany. Markers are posted at the- filing points. Oountermarch-^By file left (or n^^i)-^MARCH.' The march is continued through' a half circle. This movement should always be to the left when marching by the right flank, to the right when marching by the left flank. Halt. Front— ^'Fkg^. Companies — Bight — Dress. Gry Rectify the alignment. t5 Pl^. 57. ^ Marchmff hy S^ riffht or le/t flank and fUmg. ■^a-, "I" I i I 5^ §- t5J ^ \<^%0^ TO FORM SQUARE. 95 XXIX. MARCHING BY THE RIGHT FLANK, TO FORM LINE FACED TO THE RIGHT. [PI. 58.] The lieutenant-colonel places markers at the points where the right and left of the leading company will rest. This line should be four paces behind the line of file closers. On right — By file into line — [Fig. 1.] And when the leading file is abreast the first marker — March. The files successively move to the rear as in the company exercise. The left guide of each company, except the leading one, takes post on the line of guides abreast the point where the left of his company will rest. Guides — Post. The corresponding manoeuvre by the left flank is executed in like manner by the commands. On left — By file into line. [Fig. 2.] Here, however, all the captains at that command pass to the heads of their companies, whilst the lieutenant on the left passes into the line of file closers. The right guides, except that of the leading com- pany, come out on the line of guides. XXX. FORMATION OF SQUARE. [PI. 59.] To form square, close an open column to half distance. If prac- ticable, a column of attack, or at least one of grand divisions (two companies) should be formed. [Fig. 1.] The battalion being disposed in column, whether of companies, of grand divisions, or of attack, command — Form square — [Fig. 2.] Chief of the leading division cautions stand fast. Chiefs of the 96 SMALL-ARM BATTALION EXERCISES. riglit sub-divisions of the interior divisions command right wheel. Chiefs of the left sub-divisions of the interior divisions command left wheel. Chief of the rear division commands forward. March. The several divisions and sub-divisions move as ordered. The rear division comes up to the ground before occupied by the pre- ceding one, halts and faces about, by order of its chief. Field and staff oflScers, music, colors, &c. take post within the square. [Fig. 3.] If preferred, the sub-divisions of the interior divisions could face to the right and left, or outwards, at the command form square, and at the command march, break off and form into line as in the com- pany exercise. XXXI. TO REDUCE SQUARE. Reduce square — Chief of the leading division commands forward. Chiefs of the right sub-divisions of the interior divisions of the column face them to the left, and command file left. Chiefs of the left sub-divisions of the interior divisions of the column face them to the right, and command file right. Chief of rear division commands about — face. March, The several divisions and sub-divisions execute the commands. The leading one halts at half column distance ahead. The sub-divisions of the interior divisions close in to the centre and face to the front. vififf hy ch& ri^ht /or left tlunk, to form line to the ri^kt 'or le-tt j,^ ^q Forrmn^ Sqiutre. Fl. 59. na —Pi " '.9. X y / ' v> \ ^ na nl ' / ' •' O'/' / .' ' '- y !fc -V ^^ '. ^O \ ~^ > \ \ \ *^ \ ^ y ^ s Co "?1 ^ ^ ^^ I ^ ^ s ^T^- r^ -m ""B' ^ !>-' ^ PAET III. FIELD ARTILLERY WITHOUT HORSE. Fij'O/ r> Fou>7d€r Qj/i //)/-"//x(\J 1^1.60. t^ ^ V bs "S :s ^ :^ > ,^ ^ •k ;* N N b- V '^ i* ?' i S S ^ V "■«; ^ N »■, ^ >tl N fc«^ s N ^ ,-■ ^ ts i- ^ 5 * ~ 4 >■ S X ^ i ^ & ^. -^s- s X JS ■N ^ ^ J, ^■^ X ^ ■^ ^ >. N 1' §5 ^ 1 ^ ■^ 1 ?5 5, 15 ^ s. 1 ^a^e. yK/iieal _F/v/f<-tfo/i o/'ti ^) I'd/\ Crit/t Cfiyr/'ti/e yv. 07. ^^ •^ -^ 1- ^ ^. '^ -^ ■^ .^ ^ J- 3 ;3i Ssi J/o/'/,\i'////r/ I"/-,///'/'//,!//, /I/ 'a. 6' I'd?: fr) /(/I iK/-na/Jt J"/, oy. 2 . S/iorn/'-' ri/ft/ iror//f /wo/^. S. Jtiff/U i/'O/ii/f //""/■. S. Jfead nt'A'n- lioti.i. d . 7'ra/inn>f> />■'/// .vyz/^w /wtwved. 7 . //m,:/ flf'r/ij/i ialts. S. ..&<■ icdy. ^. Truftjuon /y/z/A-.y W. WihsAa- Av/r A'/- /lafids/iiAes. //. J^i/i,i-/j.'r/.- ,»v/y'/. /?. £ye/>/a/es ^/ui,s/>s /^ su///><>/t sfioii.ffe^ A?. Zock r/ur//: A'l-f /i/,l/,- ,1/ld I'l?// f4. jProlo/lffe /iifi.i ,r/i1 ^i, <^ ^ ?>3 S ^ ^ ^ I' s- §^ I' r ^1 &" I- lift I 5; ^ s ■ IS t: r ?\i '\! '■■; \l ^» N ^ t^ N S3 !^ :« ^•f ^ 5 =; s HI ? r^ II HorfA-r/ifa/ J^ro/f'iV((y/i r>/' ,'r'fa/ r/vu/ Zi/nfier 2^1.64. fl -: ^ > X J ^ 5^3 §^^ s > > 5 s. ?■ ■5^, N ?, '--, S^ ^ *~ ^ I s~ ;; 1^ <; rc , n , 1 the tongue. Zd supernumerary ) ° Should there be a caisson with the piece, one or more of the super- numeraries will be sent to it, and will assist in keeping up the supply of ammunition. * Note. — With the piece limbered, the front is towards the tongue. With the piece unlimbered, the front is towards the muzzle. III. DISTRIBUTION OF EQUIPMENTS. The 1st and 2d captains distribute the equipments at the command from the officer acting as chief. Take equipments ; and replace them at the command, Replace equipments. The Is^ ventman takes the tube box, which he buckles about his waist ; he puts the thumb-stall on his left thumb, and his right thumb through the ring of the priming wire, or hangs it on his right wrist. 1st port-fireman takes the port-fire case, if one is used, which he hangs from the right shoulder to the left side. 1st shot and wadman, ■\ 2d shot and wadman, > each take a passing-box. Powder hoy, J The 2d captain wears the notched sight about his neck. When bricoles are used, they are worn from the left shoulder to the right side over the other equipments by all except the 1st and 2c? captains, 1st and 2d shot and wadmen and> powder boy, and such supernumeraries as may be at the caisson. ^■w», w O UhUmbered. F.B. Stations of t/u; crew. o ^ Fl. 66. ^ ^A Zinvbered'. iJ O II^.'' ^ ^?^ Sup.y ",- I'^'supy o o o III '' ! I ' -^j^ Sp. i ^.'^^. O IN G Sup.y S-up? O Q o I>.B. O J f* Sup.y o O 2V^Sp o ^■^'•^'*F;lr^3l=dns3 o c n o O l[! I'^ Cap* J! li II II i 1 i u \ V I ^^Cap.* I y.'^* ^A 9 UNLIMBERING. 103 Brag ropes, when used, are carried by the supernumeraries, or such other spare men as may be designated by the officer acting as chief of the gun. IV. UNLIMBERING AND COMING INTO ACTION. [PI. 66.] 1. TO THE FRONT. [Fig. 1.] The officer acting as the chief ^ommands Action — Front. 1st captain unkeys, and assisted by the 2d captain, raises the trail from the pintle, and then commands, Forwaed. 1st and 2d shot and wadmen at the end of the tongue, assisted by the auxiliaries, move the limber to the left about, then to the rear, slightly inclining to the right, then again to the left about, and bring it directly in rear of the piece, the tongue towards the gun, and distant six yards from the end of the trail handspike. At the same time that the limber is carried off, the 1st sponger and 1st loader bear down on the muzzle, the 1st and 2d captains raise the trail by the handles, and the 1st ventman and 1st port-fireman seize the wheels next them. Thus manned, the right wheel is turned back, and the left forward, and the piece is carried about with the muzzle to the front. As soon as it is brought about, the trail is lowered. The 1st port- fireman removes the handspike from its rings and passes it to the 1st captain, by whom it is fixed in the trail. The 2d captain levels the gun ; 1st loader takes out the tompion ; 1st ventman lays off the apron, uncoils the lanyard, and cleans out the vent. All then take their stations. 2. TO THE REAR. [Fig. 2.] The officer acting as chief commands In — Battery. At this command the piece is unlimbered as before, but the limber without first going about is carried to the rear inclining to the right. 104 FIELD ARTILLERY — SINGLE PIECE. and brought to the left about with the tongue towards the piece. The piece remains in its place, and the handspike is fixed. 3. TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. [Pigs. 3 and 4.] The officer acting as chief commands : — Action — Right (or Left). V- The piece is unlimbered, and placed in the required direction, whilst the limber wheels to the left (or right), and takes its place in rear by reversion to the left (or right). 0AI8S0N. In action front, the caisson goes to the left about, moves to the rear, and at the proper distance comes again to the left about. In action to the rear, it passes the piece by the right, moves on to its proper distance, and comes to the left about. In action right {or left), it wheels to the left (or right), moves on and takes up its proper position by coming to the left about. Remarks. — Unlimbered, the tongue (or leading horse) of the cais- son is eleven yards from the limber box. In each of the above cases, so soon as the piece is unlimbered, the handspike is entered by the 1st captain, and the 2d captain re- moves the apron and levels the gun. V. LIMBERING. [PI. 67.] 1. TO THE FRONT. [Fig. 1.] The officer acting as chief commands Limber to the front — Limber up. The piece is brought about as in unlimbering in action front : the handspike is then removed by the 1st captain of the gun, and passed to the. 1st port-fireman, who puts it up. Unlimi>erin^. J'l. 66. 'Action /ront. 4. '..Jawn /eft. y,3 "miction ru//it. Zimderinff. "limber to tke /ronyC-Umher itp. Fuf. 2. Ivn^ier to the^ rearl^ liniier up. JPL 67. \~J "limJ^er fe/i —' "ZimSer up. " ijg^lf "^^^^^■- LIMBERINa. 105 The limber, manned as in unlimbering, passes the piece by the right, inclines to the left, and is brought in front of the piece, back- ing if necessary. When the limber is at its proper position, the 1st captain commands Halt — Limber up — ;upon which the limber halts; 1st and 2d captains raise the trail by the handleg,. assisted by the 1st sponger and 1st loader, who bear down at the muzzle; 1st ventman and 1st port-fireman at the wheels, together with the 1st and 2d captains, 1st sponger and 1st loader, run the piece forward and throw the lunette over the pintle bolt ; 2d captain keys ; and all take their proper stations at the piece limbered up. 2. TO THE KEAR. [Fig. 2.] The officer acting as chief commands Limber to the rear — Limbbe, up. The piece is not moved, but the handspike is taken out and put up. The limber is brought on the right side, then wheeled to the left about and backed up to the trail. The piece is then limbered up as before. 3. TO THE EIGHT (or LEFT). [Figs. 3 and 4.] The trail is thrown to the right (or left), and the limber brought in front of it, after which the handspike being put up, the piece is limbered up as before. CAISSON. In limbering to the front, the caisson closes up to half distance. In Umbering io the rear, it stands fast unless ordered to move, or to go about. , In limbering to the right (or left), it advances, wheels to the left or right and establishes itself at the proper distance in rear of its piece. 106 FIELD ARTILLERY — SINGLE PIECE. VI. SERVICE OF FIELD ORDNANCE. For the instruction of new men, the loading and firing should be executed by detail, the leading features of which are the same as in the general service df field ordnance. The officer acting as chief of the piece gives the commands, and superintends their execution. 1. TO LOAD BY DETAIL. Load hy detail — Prepare to Load. 1st sponger obliques first to the right and then to the left, and brings his person just opposite the muzzle and half way between the piece and the wheel. He now takes the sponge from its hooks, and holds it in both hands, sponge head inward, handle horizontal, right hand up, left down. He carries the right foot thirty inches to the right, bends the right knee, raises both hands until the handle of the sponge is as high as the bore of the piece, and slips the left hand up to the rammer head. [PI. 68, fig. 1.] He brings the sponge head to the face of the muzzle and stands ready to enter it, with the back of the right hand up, that of the left, down. Ist loader obliques first to the left and then to the right, and takes his station just abreast the muzzle, half way between it and the wheel. Ist ventman steps up between the breech and wheel, unkeys the rammer, and holding the priming wire in the right hand, cleanses out the vent. After this he wipes off the vent field with the ball of Ms left thumb, which is covered with a thumb-stall, and then securely closes the vent with that thumb. In executing these duties, in order not to incommode the captains of the gun, he holds his elbow up and his fingers, on the left of the piece. [PI. 68, fig. 2.] Is* port-fireman takes the slow match from its socket, sticks it in the ground to his right and rear ; then takes the port-fire stock from its socket with his right hand, and seizing the lighted end of the slow match with his left, blows the match. If locks are used, he lays back the hammer, uncoils the Ian- Prepare to load/. <^'j If TL 68. TO LOAD BT DETAIL. , 107 yard and handles it. If friction primers are used, he prepares the hook and string. [PL 69, fig. l.J 1st captain of the gun places himself on the left of the handspike, seizes it at the end with the right hand, and supporting himself with the left hand at the centre, bends the right knee, looks over the top of the piece along the line of sights, directs the 2d captain to "elevate," or "depress," and moves the trail to the the right or left till he brings the piece to bear. [PI. 69, fig. 2.] 2d captain of the gun springs to the left side of the breech, and if quarter sights are used, places the left thumb nail on the proper notch; if tangent sights, puts the sight to the proper notch. To familiarize the men to the range and eleva- tion he should name both. He next seizes a handle of the elevating screw with his right hand, draws back his right foot, bends his left knee, and elevates or depresses, as directed hj the 1st captain, until the line of sights bears on the object. Powder 6ot/ advances to meet the shot and wadmen, from whom he receives a passing-box with the proper charge, giving his own in exchange. If the ball is not fixed, it will be carried in the hand. He moves in a trot, and places himself in rear of the 1st loader. 1st and 2d shot and wadmen busy themselves in getting ammuni- tion into the passing-boxes, and passing it to the powder boy. If there be a caisson, the supply will be kept up from it, by them and such supernumeraries as may be attached to it. Grreat care must be taken by them to keep the lid of the ammunition and passing- boxes open as short a time as possible. Sponge. [PI. 70, fig. 1.] 1st sponger inserts the sponge head, drops his left hand behind his thigh, holds his shoulders square with the piece, straightens his right knee, and throwing the weight of the body on the left leg, the knee of which is bent, forces the sponge to the bottom of the bore. He gives it two or more turns from him or with the worm, at the same time keeping it pressed against the bottom of the bore. Next straightening the left leg and bending the right, he with- draws the sponge, seizes the staflF near the sponge head with the left hand, the back of that hand up, and bringing the hands together 108 FIELD AETILLBRT — SINGLE PIECE. near the middle of tlie staff, giving it a cant at the same time, throws the spofige head over. , The sponge is now held with the rammer head next the piece, the hands extended to the ends of the staff, the back of the left up, that of the right down. Remaining in this position until the 1st loader has inserted the charge, he follows it with the rammer head, and carries the left hand to the right. 1st loader faces -from the piece and takes the ammunition from the powder boy; then faces towards the piece, holding the powder behind him beyond the reach of sparks, and watches the withdrawal of the sponge. When the sponge is clear of the bore, he enters the ammunition entire, and stands ready to assist the 1st sponger if necessary. [PI. 70, fig. 2.] 1st ventman keeps the vent securely closed until the sponge is fairly withdrawn, then uncovers, clears the vent with his priming wire, and again closes it. 1st port-fireman lights his port-fire. When this is accomplished, he faces towards the breech and holds the port-fire firmly in the right haiid, nails up, port-fire stock touching the tire of the wheel, flame near the ground. 1st and 2d captains of the gun continue carefully to give the piece the proper elevation and direction. Powder hoy, standing near the 1st loader with the passing-box under his right arm, removes the cover with his left hand, so that the ammunition may be removed. When it is removed he returns to meet the shot and wadmen; striking the box, now held inverted, on the bottom, as he passes along, to remove such sparks as may have lodged there. Having received the full box, he returns to his station. Shot and wadmen prepare other ammunition, and keep up the supply for the limber-box from the caisson. One of them advances at the proper time to meet the powder boy, with whom he exchanges a full box for the empty one. Load. Is* sponger throws the weight of his body with the rammer, bends the left leg and rams home. The charge is pushed, but not driven violently to the bottom of the bore. [PI. 71, fig. 1.] Straightening the left leg he jerks out the ram- mer with his right hand, allowing it to slide through the hand to the Spo/i^e cmd ZoinI . .PL 6.9. Fu/.l. /■/xi .2. Spo7iffe. FL 7/1. TO LOAD BY DETAIL. 109 middle of the staff; then grasps it firmly with that hand, and seizes it close to the rammer head with the left, back of the left hand up ; he places the rammer head just over the face of the muzzle, above the bore, and stands in that position until the 1st ventman feels for the charge. Should the 1st ventman call "Home," the 1st sponger gives the sponge head a cant with the right hand, at the same time quitting hold of the staff with the left, grasps the, staff firmly with the right, holds it from him, and stepping back to his station, brings the rammer head down on his right toe. Should the 1st ventman call "Ram home," the rammer is again introduced, the charge rammed, and the rammer withdrawn, as before. \st loader stands ready to assist the 1st sponger, if necessary, and Steps back to his station at the same time with him. \st ventman keeps the vent securely closed until the rammer is fairly withdrawn ; then uncovers and feels for the charge. [PI. 71, fig. 2.] Should he feel it, he calls "Home," and steps back to the station. Should he not feel the charge, he calls "Ram home," and again closes the vent. After returning to his station, he opens the tube-box with the left hand, takes out a tube or primer with the right, and again closes the box with the left, holding the tube between the thumb and fore-finger of the right. Ig^ captain, 2d captain, Powder hoy, \%t and 2c? shot and wadmen, \st port-fireman, complete the duties assigned under the head Sponge, if not already executed. 1st sponger, 1st loader, Powder boy, 1st shot and wadman, 2d shot and wadman. , Eeadt. > stand fast. 1st ventman steps up to the breech, passing the tube or primer into the left hand ; he pricks with the right, and enters the tube or pri- mer with the left hand, then places the left hand flat upon it. 110 FIELD AETILLEET — SIBTGLE PIECE, 1st port-fireman stands ready with the lighted port-fire. H a lock or hammer is used, he steps back with the right foot, until the lanyard is brought taut, it being led clear of the wheel. 1st captain of the gun springs to windward, or where he can have the best view of the efi"ects of the fire. 2d captain takes his proper station. Fire. [PI. 72.] 1st sponger ^ 1st loader 2d captain Powder loy 1st and 2d shot and wadmen remain as in Ready. 1st ventman removes his hand from the vent and resumes his station. 1st port-fireman slowly raises his hand clear of the wheel, keeps the back df the hand down, brings the port-fire rather in front of the vent, and as soon as the Ist ventman is clear of the wheel applies the flame to the primer. He then lowers the port-fire and resumes his station. When using a lanyard, he pulls strongly on it, as soon as the 1st ventman is clear of the wheel, and resumes his station. 1st captain, as'soon as he shall have observed the efiocts of the fire, returns to his station, and (if ordered) runs up the piece to its former position. In this the other men at the gun will assist by lay- ing hold of the wheels. To continue the loading by detail, the command Prepare to load is given, on which the exercise goes on as before. 2. TO LOAD AND FIRE WITHOUT DETAIL. The officer acting as chief of the piece commands Load. "Which the 1st captain of the gun repeats. AH the duties down to Ready are executed without further directions. The 1st captain takes position to the right or left, to observe the effects of the fire, and commands Loading PI 71. Firiiic/- Fl. 7' & 'M'M) to load and fibb in action. ih Rbadt. Which being executed, the officer acting as chief, commands Fire. 3. TO LOAD AND FIEE IN ACTION. The officer acting as chief of the piece commands Load. Which the 1st captain of the gun repeats. All the duties to Ready are performed as before. The officer acting as chief of the piece, at the proper moment, commands Commence — Firing. At which the 1st captain of the gun commands Ready — Fire. As soon as the discharge of the piece is observed, the men step into their places and reload the gun without further orders, except, perhaps, as to the elevation by. the 1st captain. The piece should be run up to its place after each discharge, if thought necessary by the chief. The gun reloaded, the 1st captain, as before, commands Ready — Fire. Should the officer acting as chief command Commence firing before Load, the 1st captain of the gun commands Load. And afterwards Ready — Fire. 112 FIELD AKTILLBET — SINaLE PIECE. , In both cases, to suspend the firing, the officer acting as chief commands Cease — Firing. Except when retiring with fixed prolonge, the piece, if loaded, should always be discharged after the command Cease firing, unless orders to the contrary are given. In no case should a piece be lim- bered up or dismounted without discharging it, or withdrawing the charge. Afterwards, to put up the implements. 1st sponger steps in between the muzzle and wheel, turns the staff so as to bring the rammer head to the rear, and places the sponge on its hooks ; 1st ventman securing it in rear. Should the sponging have begun before the command Cease firing is given, it is finished before the sponge is put up. 1st loader, should he have ammunition in his hands, delivers it to the powder boy who comes for it. Is* ventman receives the rammer head from 1st sponger and keys it. 1st port-fireman shifts the port-fire stock into his left hand, cuts off the lighted end, and replaces the stock in the socket. He also puts up the slow-match. If locks are used, he half-cocks or lets down the hammer, coils the lanyard around it, or unhooks it and carries it in his hand, as the mode of using it may require. Is* and '2d captains repeat the order, Cease firing. Powder loy delivers the passing-box in his possession to the shot and wadmen. Shot and wadmen return the ammunition in the passing-boxes to the limber-box, and secure the lid. They hang the boxes over the limber. All return to their stations, as in Art. II. 2. 4. CHANGE OF PARTS AND STATIONS. The officer acting as chief of the piece commands Change Stations. At which the men remove their equipments and lay them at their feet. EXERCISE WITH REDUCED CREWS. 113 March. Is* sponger takes the station and equipments of the Is* ventman. Is* ventman " " Is* shot and wadman. Is* shot and wadman " " 2d shot and wadman. 2d shot and wadman " " \st port-fireman. 1st port-fireman " " 1st loader. The 1st and 2d captains may be changed with each other, or with any of the men by special order. The 1st and 2d parts may be changed by special order, and super- numeraries may be ordered to change with any of these parts. 5. SERVICE AND EXERCISE WITH REDUCED CREWS. The second parts replace the first as fast as these last are dis- abled, the places thus left vacant being filled by supernumeraries, if there be any. When all the supernumeraries are exhausted, vacancies among the 1st parts are supplied by such 2d parts as may not have been required for the crew proper. When, finally, all the parts not enumerated in the service of the piece are exhausted, the distribution of duties is as follows: — The 1st man disabled is replaced by the 2d shot and wadman, whose duties are added to those of the 1st. The 2d man disabled is replaced by the 1st shot and wadman, the powder boy taking the ammunition from the limber-box and passing it to the 1st loader, who leaves his station and advances to meet the powder boy. The 3d man disabled is replaced by the 1st port-fireman, whose duties are added to those of the 2d captain. The 4th man disabled is replaced by the 2d captain; the 1st captain doing his own duties and those of the 2d captain and 1st port-fireman. The 5th man disabled is replaced by the 1st ventman ; the vent is now served by the 1st captain from the left side of the breech. The 1st captain also performs his own duties and those' of the 2d captain. The port-fire or lock-string is passed to the right side of 114 FIELD ARTILLERY — SINGLE PIECE. the breech, and the 1st sponger having loaded the piece, lays the sponge head against the knob of the wheel, and fires off the piece. The 6th man disabled is replaced by the 1st captain, ■whose three- fold duties are performed by the officer acting as chief of the piece. Should all the men on one side of the piece be disabled at the same moment, every alternate man on the opposite side will pass over until some other means can be taken to fill the vacancies. Should it be found that the duties of powder boy and 1st loader cannot be filled by one individual, the chief of the piece will assist in the sup- ply of ammunition, as in no case must the supply fail. VII. TO MOVE THE PIECE BY HAND. [PI. 73.] 1. TO THE FRONT— PIECE LIMBERED. [Fig. 1.] The officer acting as chief commands By hand — Forward. 1st shot and wadman advances to the end of the pole and forms a loop with the fore chains, the 2d shot and wadman ta,kes a hand- spike from the rings and passes it through this loop ; both stand behind the handspike ready to guide the tongue. 1st and 2d captains place themselves at the chase. 1st and 2d spongers seize the spokes of the left hind wheel with both hands. 1st and 2d loaders seize the spokes of the right hind wheel with both hands. 1st and 2d ventmen seize the spokes of the left fore wheel with both hands. , 1st and 2d port-firemen seize the spokes of the right fore wheel with both hands. Supernumeraries seize hold of the pole and trace hooks. Powder hoy stands outside and on the left of the head of the pole, or, if so ordered, in advance of the pole. March. All acting together, urge forward the piece. TO MOVE IHB PIECE BY HAND. 115 2. TO THE FRONT— PIECE UNLIMBERED. [Fig. 2.] By hand — Advance. 1st and 2d captains stand ready to seize tlie end of the handspike. 1st sponger and 1st ventman '' lay hold of the spokes of the wheels. on the right 1st loader and 1st port-fireman on the left 2d sponger and 2d loader lay hold of the breast hooks. 2d ventman and 2c? port-fireman stand at the breech ready to push. 1st and 2d shot and wadmen advance to the end of the pole and raise it. Supernumeraries lay hold of the polo and trace hooks. Powder hoy stands in rear of the limber-box. Makch. Acting together, all urge forward the piece. The limber follows at its proper distance. The trail is not raised unless necessity requires it. 3. TO THE REAR— PIECE UNLIMBERED. [Fig. 3.] By hand — In eetkbat. 1st and 2d captains facing to the rear, stand ready to raise the trail. 1st and 2d ventmen on the tight, "j . . , , ■, i n 1 ^ J „ , ^ J. ^i ( lacing towards the rear, lay hold 1st and 2d port-jiremen on the >• » , , ^ f. j of the spokes. 1st and 2d sponger on the right, ■> stand ready to urge at the head 1st and 2d loader on the right, J of the carriage and at the chase. la* and 2d shot and wadmen advance to the end of the pole, and carry the limber to the left about. Supernumeraries at the pole and trace hooks. Powder boy places himself in the rear of the limber-box. 116 FIELD ARTILLERY — SINGLE PIECE. MABCHi . The limber and piece more to the rear with the proper distance between. The trail is now kept clear of , the ground. In moving the piece by hand, either limbered or unlimbered, all halt and resume their stations at the command. Halt. In moving to the rear — -fieee unlimbered, the limber remains faced to the rear, unless the command, In battery, follows that of Salt, VIII. TO MOVE THE PIECE WITH BRICOLES. [PL 74.] Bricoles, or drag-ropes, are used when the piece is to be moved without horses, to such distances, and over such grounds, that it can- not be done conveniently by hand. This should, if possible, be done by the 2d parts and supernumeraries only, so as not to fatigue the men that actually serve the piece. Not less than four supernumeraries are required for 6 pdr. guns and 12 pdr. howitzers, and eight for 12 pdr. guns and 24 pdr. howitzers, whea the 1st parts do not assist in moving them. Those that are to use the bricoles, wear them over their other equipments, from the left shoulder to the right side, neatly done up, with the hook outwards, and so that the knot will draw out when the bricole is hooked on and hauled taut upon. Note. — This exercise is drawn up on the presumption that the 1st as well as the 2d parts have bricoles and. assist in moving the piece. Should the 1st parts not be required for this service, four supernu- meraries should have bricoles, and should hook on at the places herein laid down for the 2d sponger, 2d loader, 2d ventman, and 2d port-fireman, who, instead of doubling on the 1st parts respectively, will hook on with bricoles at full length. To move th& piece- by hand. Fig. J. To tfie. ironi -piece limiered. "By hand'L'Torward-'Mardv'. n. 73. li i i' 1 Sup? M 1 1 P.B. l^S&W. j--^_i-_zii.. -**• jL. .V^r—- fe F=-- Sup? Z'^SkW. I'^fl^I. I'^ki^F.F. Fig. Z. To ike iront ^ pie-ce. urdimbered,. "By handj^ Advance. Mardv. l^'^S&.W. Z'Si-W Z^C. F.^c: FiB.F. F.''L . Z^TF. ^Z^Z. Z'^V. I Z'^Sp. jsty jst^p Z'^ S&W. F^SJW Fig. 3. To the rear -piece imUmiere^. "By hMfiJ. . In reireat-Mardl' . r.'PF „ Z^F.F T'r.'^ z'^v. TO MOVE THE PIECE WITH EEICOLBS. 117 1. FORWARD— PIECE LIMBERED. [Fig. 1.] With hricoles — Forward. 1st sponger hooks on at the washer-hook of the left hind wheel. 1st loader hooks on at the washer-hook of the right hind wheel. 2d sponger doubles on 1st sponger \ having the bricole shortened 2d loader doubles on 1st loader ) one-half. 1st ventman hooks on at the washer-hook of the left fore wheel. 1st port-fireman hooks on at the washer-hook of the right fore wheel. 2d ventman doubles on 1st ventman \ having the bricole 2d port-fireman doubles on 1st port-fireman i shortened one-half. 1st captain places himself at the left side of the chase. 2d captain jplacea himself at the right side of the chase. 1st shot ana wadman forms a loop with the forechains. 2d shot and wadman- detaches a handspike. Jhey pass the hand- spike through the loop and place themselves behind it, 1st shot and wadman on the left, 2d on the right side. Supernurneraties hook on at the trace hooks or lay hold at the pole : 1st, 3d, &g. on the left side ; 2d, 4th, &c. on the right. Powder boy takes his station as guide. The bricole is hooked and held taut by the hand next the piece. March. All act together and urge the piece onward. The shot and wad- men direct the tongue, and are governed by the movements of the guide. Halt. All stand fast with taut bricoles. To YOUR STATIONS. Those with bricoles face outwards, unhook with the hand next the piece, resume their stations, and do up their bricoles. 2d shot and wadman replaces the handspike. All resume their stations. 118 FIELD ARTILLBBT — SINGLE PIECE. 2. FORWARD— PIECE UNLIMBERED. [Fig. 2.] 1st sponger 1st loader 2d sponger 2d loader Isf ventman Xst part-fireman 2d ventman 2d port-firemcm 1st captain 2d captain 1st shot and wadman 2d shot and wadman Supernumeraries Powder hoy With hricoles — Advance. V hoot on at the breast-hooks. "I double on 1st sponger and Ist ) loader. >■ hook on at the washer-hooks. "I double on 1st ventman and 1st / port-fireman. > stand at the handspike. > advance to the end»of the pole. "I hook on at the trace-hooks or lay / hold of the pole, in rear of the ammunition chest. March. All urge the piece and limber forward, keeping the latter at its proper distance. Halt. All stand fast with taut bricoles. To TOUR STATIONS. As in the former case. 1st sponger 1st loader 2d sponger 2d loader 1st ventman 1st port-fireman 3. TO THE REAR— PIECE UNLIMBERED. With hricoles — In retreat. I hook on to the washer-hooks. V double on them. hook on to the handles of the trail. TO MOVE THE PIECE WITH BKICOLES. 119 2d ventman > i , i i „ , ^ ^ V double on them, za port-jiremcm } 1st captain ) , , n , . . >■ go to the chase. 2a captain j ° 1st shot and wadman \ advance to the end of the pole and 2d shot and wadman ) carry the limber to the left about. \ hook on at the trace hooks, or lay Supernumeraries v hold of the pole. They assipt in J carrying the limber about. 1 takes station in rear of the am- 1 munition box. Powder hoy March. All urge the piece and limber in retreat, keeping the former at the proper distance from the latter. The captains guide the trail by bearing down at and pressing against the chase. Halt. All stand fast with taut hricoles. To YOUR STATIONS. As in the other cases. If the word Salt, is followed by In battery, the limber is carried about, after which, To your stations is given. 4. TO SUPPORT IN RETREAT. This is necessary when the piece, limbered or unlimbered, has to pass down a declivity. 1st sponger and 1st loader (or spongers and loaders) — Support in RETREAT. The men designated take the bricoles from their shoulders and un- hook, then hook on at the breast-hooks, if the piece is moving forward or in advance. If to the rear, the ventmen and port-firemen should be designated for this duty, who hook on at the trail-handles. In both cases, the bricole is held in the hands. 120 FIELD ARTILLERY — SINGLE PIECE. To bring ttem up to their stations — 1st loader and 1st sponger (or spongers and loaders) — Stations. At wMch the men supporting, in the descent, unhook, replace their bricoles, and again hook on at their proper hooks. IX. TO MOVE THE PIECE WITH DKAG-ROPES. [PI. 75.] The drag-ropes are carried, hooked on, and led out by the super- ^UIneraries, or, if there be no supernumeraries, by such of the 2d parts as may be designated. 1. FORWARD— PIECE LIMBERED. [Fig. 1.] With drag-ropes- — Fokward. The drag-ropes are hooked on to the outer trace hooks and led out. The supernumeraries man the inside of these ropes, standing be- tween them and the pole. If there be no supernumeraries, the 2d parts occupy these positions. The 1st parts lay hold at those outside handles that are nearest the wheel. The 2d parts lay hold on the outside or inside, as may be required to make the number equal on both sides the rope. The captains, shot and wadmen, and powder boy, take the same stations as in moving the piece forward with bricoles. March. All urge forward the piece. Halt. All stand fast but keep hold of the ropes. To YOUR stations. All go to their stations. The supernumeraries first unhook and coil the ropes. To inovf With bricoles. fig.l.''Wit}h bricoles- Forwajd . Mardi" FL. 74. P.B. "TT jup.' FLgZlorwarAipief^ unlimbered/. "With, bricales-Advano}^ March'! istSiip^ v''\.?.r. ■ 2 . Supy l^tL. -^■"^Sp, Fi^.3. "Wutv tricoles ^ Irv retreat- March" Fig -4. "Spongers n.s. Order in- Zine. ru 78. ;1|1; iJft: ;-¥i: '^W :'-Kfi '^\ ^"^-^ Af 4^+ i i rh I i r"ii \ \\ \ li — 1 1 ii — 1 1 ii — 111 Order in HaJicrv. flk ife: :fiJ^; .v^: ;t^ik .'tJH'. ^^.■. .c. o O o o ^ ^ ^ -ti^ I K=4 |c^i ij 4^ fij^ ji til iif fii 4ck BATTEKY FORMATIONS. 133 2. ORDER IN LINE. [PI. 78, flg. 1.] The carriages of the pieces form the front line ; the caissons the rear, all limbered and having their tongues towards the front. The captain is 4 yards in front of, and opposite to the centre of the line of pieces, hut may go elsewhere if required. Chiefs of sections midway between the head of pieces, and dressing on them. Chief of caissons opposite the centre, and 4 yards behind the rear line of carriages. Each chief of piece on the left and near the head of his piece. Trumpeter, when not required to follow the captain, 4 yards from the right flank, dressing on the heads of pieces. Music on his right. Interval between the carriages, 10 yards. Distance between the lines, 8 yards. 3. ORDER IN BATTERY, [PI. 78, fig. 2,] Is that in which the pieces are prepared for action ; the muzzles of the pieces and the tongues of the limbers and caissons being turned towards the enemy, and forming three parallel lines. The captain is generally at the centre, midway between the limber and piece, but may go elsewhere if necessary. Each chief of section, in the centre of his section, midway between the lines of pieces and limbers ; he may, however, change his place if necessary. The chief of caissons opposite the centre, four yards in rear of the line of caissons. Each chief of piece midway between his piece and limber. Interval between the pieces, 10 yards. Distance from end of handspike to head of limber, 6 yards. Distance from rear of limber to head of caisson, 11 yards. Remarks. — These formations should be always preserved in the manoeuvres. But on the field of battle, the front in battery would be,' commonly, more extended; the pieces being so posted as to obtain the greatest advantages from the nature of the ground, and the caissons sheltered as much as possible. When 'the battery retires firing, the limbers and caissons remain 134 FIELD ARTILLERY — BATTERY. faced to the rear, after the first retrograde movement, that they may be ready to continue it. Although the caisson usually follows the piece, it may, if necessity requires, precede it. During the manoeuvres, the trumpeter must not leave the captain. On receiving orders from the captain, he takes the place assigned him in the formations. Should the caissons be detached, the intervals and distances are kept up to afford room for wheeling. The length of caisson and tongue is eight yards. The double column is a particular case of formation in column, with a front of two pieces. It is formed on the centre pieces, the pieces being arranged in column of pieces in rear of these. Trumpet and bugle calls are used when the commands cannot otherwise be heard. Chiefs of sections always repeat the commands of captain. And chiefs of pieces those of chiefs of sections. The powder boys act as guides ; the alignment is made on the head of pieces, except in battery, when it is made on the hind wheels. The command attention, is given by the captain at the commence- ment, and on each renewal of exercise, but afterwards only when he thinks it necessary to fix attention. The front of a battery, in the order in battery, is the front of the line of pieces. In all other formations it is in the direction of the head of pieces, in other words, towards the pole. When the proper front is preserved, the first piece will always be on the right. The term half battery, right and left, has the same extent as half battalion or wing. All passages of carriages are by the right, and all going about by the left. When it is necessary to move a carriage along a slope, where a small jerk may overturn it, a drag rope should be fastened to the lowest side of the carriage, passed over the top of it, and held by two or three men marching on the upper side of the slope: a small effort, by these means, will prevent a carriage from overturning on a very steep slope. If the roads be diflScult, from ascents or other causes, a portion of the carriages should be halted, and the whole strength applied to the others. These, in turn, assist the first. REMARKS ON BATTERY ORGANIZATION AND FORMATION. 135 In descents, the men must hold back, for which purpose a rope may be passed round the tulip and secured with long ends to hang on by. In holding back with bricoles, always remoye them from the shoulders. It may be necessary also to lock the wheels. In passing ditches, fix prolonge and remove the handspike. The prolonge should always be used when artillery is retiring slowly in action. In passing bridges or defiles, where the enemy is expected on the other side, the pieces alone should pass: the caissons following afterwards. Pieces may be fired down slopes by fixing prolonge, running the piece down the slope, chocking the wheels, or, if necessary, locking and digging a trench along the slope for the wheels to rest in. A caisson must remain with a disabled piece, but not so a piece with a disabled caisson. Great care should be paid to the preservation of distances and intervals. Officers commanding pieces will give the , necessary commands for holding back, without waiting for orders. Officers of pieces will designate those who are to hold back ; those nearest the muzzle, or farthest in rear are generally designated. Intelligent officers, or others, should be kept in advance of artillery, to reconnoitre the ground and advise as to the best road. Artificers employed with batteries should not labor on the march, but reserve their energies for duty at its close. 136 FIELD ARTILLERY — BATTERY. XIX. BATTERY IN LINE, TO FORM A COLUMN OF PIECES. 1st. To the front. 3d. To the right (or left) to march 2d. To the right or left. to the left (or right). 4th. In retreat. 1. TO THE FRONT. [PI. 79, fig. 1.] Attention. On the 1st piece — Front into column. Chief of the line of caissons commands: Caissons, forward trot march. At which the caissons close upon their pieces.* Chief 1st piece commands, 1st piece forward/-^ Other chiefs of pieces command — piece right oblique — March. 1st piece moves forward and the others oblique to the right into the column, each piece being followed by its caisson. 2. TO THE EIGHT (or LEFT). [PI. 79, fig. 2.] Column of pieces to the right. Chiefs of pieces command — piece right wheel — March. The pieces wheel to the right ; the leading piece, followed by its caisson, moves off in that direction ; afterwards the others in succes- sion, as the caisson of the preceding piece is established in column. 3. FROM THE RIGHT TO MOVE TOWARDS THE LEFT (or THE REVERSE). [PI. 80, fig. 1.] By pieces — Break from the right to move towards the left. Chief of 1st piece, 1st piece forward. Other chiefs — piece stand fast. * This command and movement, with regard to the line of caissons, is general whenever a change of order from line to column takes place. To torm cohtmfh ofpiece^s. Fl. 79. ' 0?i If. piece fi-ont into cohtinn-2farch" i4^ I , A \^ }M m m ^ i^-\ ff|H fi|l4 |^|-^ -MfH +i|]h fflH -fin Hi\ ■nil 4^ / / ^ "Attention— I?ito Nne faced to the- redf—lfarch' ' Ch.If!^ piece,- "If!' piece- forward " other c^Mfs'L^ piece riffht obUqite. " ^t To /.//I' /<■/{ ,>.w 'I'u ^-f- /'/ ^-^ -4:.-i ^-tA- 'A, yr -i- -#^- 4 m # 19f "AttcTvtion^To die, left; into lif^ji^IfarcA- CAisfs of pieces,— pie^ /eft wheeL" 4p+ ^5+ ■19-1 ^^f Orb the ru/ht into li^ve. Fl. 6S. \<^ - /ro?t^ /brward- on the' ri^kt pieces — Ch. JfP piece. iJlJfP /l)iec€>-.Siffkt: wheelJL ocker chiefi of pieces, 'Lpiece'-JRi^hti obUqueJl. "March.. " i. - -> I ,' tff --4f (ii ,.-^^f^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -h "h t k t Change of fronts To the' rear, otv th& ri^kt pu-cf. -Pi. 38. ".Attention _ Chanff& front to tAe rear, on- t^e ru J^iec&p ofid cai'SOTis lett aboiit wTi-eel Ck. If^ piece^; " If!^ piece- le/b wkeel.l!_ . "ifarck. " f ^ ^ +1+ t ,L '■ -.--I -ti_ ^^-i ^ 145 Maech. The trail of the 3d piece is throTvn to the left, and its limber wheeled to the left, and brought in rear of it. The limbers of the 1st and 2d pieces wheel to the left about ; these pieces and limbers then move in retreat obliquely to the right, until they find themselves on the new line, to the right of, and at proper distances from the 3d piece. The 4th, 5 th, and 6th pieces move in advance obliquely to the right until they find themselves on the new line to the left of, and at proper intervals from, the 3d. The caissons wheel to the left into column, file to the right, and when opposite their places respectively, wheel to the right and dress up to the proper interval in rear of the line of pieces. The same method, or one very similar, applies when the left wing is thrown to the rear ; and when the change of front is made on any other interior piece than the 3d. Note. — Corresponding changes of front may be made with the battery in line. The commands are identical, and the execution differs only in detail. XXIII. TO ADVANCE IN LINE, CHANGE DIRECTION, &c. Battery forward — Gfuide right (or left) — March. Each piece, followed by its caisson at the proper distance in rear, moves forward, keeping the proper interval from and dress towards the directing flank. Battery — Bight (or left) wheel — March. Pivot gun executes the wheel with locked wheels, others oblique, observing the interval from the pivot, and dress on the directing flank, and regulating their speed by their relative positions, with re- spect to the latter. The line may be concave, but never convex. The guide must always be on the flank opposite to the change of direction. Line of caissons wheels on the same ground as the line of pieces. 146 FIELD ARTILLERY — BATTERY. Battery — Forward — March. Line of pieces move forward, leaving the line of caissons to com- plete the wheel. The latter in due time follows. Battery — Right oblique — March. Each piece and caisson obliques as ordered, observing that the line shall remain parallel to itself, as in the corresponding infantry move- ment. Battery — Forward — March. Pieces and caissons resume the direct march. Pieces and caissons — Bight wheel — March. Each line forms a separate column, and marches in the same direc- tion, in parallel lines and at the proper distance. Pieces and caissons — Left wheel — March. Each piece and caisson wheels to the front, thereby re-forming the order in line, and moves in that direction. Battery — Guide right (or left). The intervals and dress are kept from the directing flank. Battery — In retreat — Pieces and caissons — Left about wheel — March. Each piece and caisson wheels about and moves in retreat, regard being had to interval and dress. Pieces and caissons — Left about wheel — March — Battery — Halt — Bight (or left) — Dress. Remark. — Corresponding movements with the pieces unlimbered, or in battery, may be made. In this case there are three lines in- stead of two as before. In retreating whilst in battery, the limbers and caissons alone go about, the pieces moving in retreat. The com- mands do not differ from the foregoing. C/ia?z//e of /rond^ou an interior pi ere. I^l. 8-9. .■Ittentio7i^cAan^e /ront orv th& J.'^ pie^:e-Zefi' win^^ forward— (^. S.''^ piece ,J1 Sr^ piece- ritjr/it wAee^il C^kie/s Jf^ and ^7t pieces,— piece l&/^ aioi^t wheel! C/u>/i 4!^ S.'^^ and S^ piec^/H—pi^r-e ri^kt obUc/ice—Marcky." t 1^ ■|fef" f&h >-~-^__ ^ ,'-W ■m- -m- 4. ! -M FIRING TO THE FRONT — REAR — RIGHT OR LEFT. 147 XXIV. FIRING. 1. TO THE FRONT. If the battery be advancing in column form line to the front, and then action front ; or form battery to the front in the first instance. If the advancing column be formed on the centre section, deploy and form action front. If the battery be retreating in column, form into line faced to the rear and action front, or simply into lattery faced to the rear. If the battery be advancing in line, form action front; if retreat- ing in line, unlimber in battery. 2. TO THE REAR. If advancing in column, form into line faced to the rear, and then unlimber into battery ; or form simply into battery to fire to the rear. If retreating in column, form front into line and action front, or front into battery. If advancing in column on the centre section, deploy and unlimber in battery, in which case the caissons pass the pieces. If retreating, /rowi into battery and action front. If advancing in line, unlimber in battery. If retreating in line, action front; in both of which cases the caissons pass behind the pieces. If advancing or retreating in battery, halt and command fire to the rear. [PI. 90, fig. l.J 3. TO THE RIGHT or LEFT. If in column, form on or to the right or left into battery by the methods laid down in Art. XXI. ; or if there be but little room, halt the column, and command action right (or left), as the case may re- quire. If in line, change front and form action front. If in battery, change front simply. 148 FIELD AETILLERY — BATTERY. 4. ECHELLON TO THE RIGHT or LEFT. This method, by Avhich the fire of an advancing battery, in line, or in battery, may be directed to the right or left, has the advantage of preserving the front, so that the line may be re-established by simply dressing forward the pieces in the rear. By pieces, from the left — Front into 'ecAeZfoji^-MAHCH. [PI. 91.] The entire battery, except the left piece, moves forward with the guide left. The left piece at once forms action left, and may open the fire. When the piece next to the left has fully uncovered the left piece, it halts and forms action left in like manner. When the 3d piece from the left has uncovered the 2d piece froin the left, it halts and forms action left. And so in like manner each piece halts and forms action left, when it shall have uncovered the piece on its left. If the pieces be in battery, at command front into echellon, they need not limber up, but may move forward, halt, and open a fire to the left at the proper moment. A retreating battery could perform the same movement at the command — Bi/ pieces-^-From the left in retreat into echellon. Whether retreating or advancing, the line would be reformed by the command — Bight dress. 5. TO THE FRONT (or rear) AND BOTH FLANKS. [PL 90, fig. 2.] Fire to the front, right and left — March. The right section forms echellon to fire to the right. The left section forms echellon to fire to the left. The centre section moves forward until it has uncovered the others and forms action front. The caissons do not advance. With a battery of four pieces, the 1st and 4th would fire to the right and left, and the 2d and 3d to the front. To fire to the rear and flanks all the caissons pass their pieces, and the centre pieces unlimher in hattery. If the battery be already in hattery, the pieces are not limbered up, but take the positions assigned, and open the fire. A fire to the right and left, or to the front and right (or left) could To th& rear. ' ^ttefUion Fire lx> /S?^ rear. " PI. S'". ^', 0f *bf, At h ^. 1^ .-~j i«(- 1 •H-f Fiff.2. To t^ froTit and' holh- flanks. "Attention Fire tx> ?5?«- frojit, riffM and i ^' +|4 H|+ +f^- f il^ k h 'h 4^ J/( ecJiellon to lAe^ le/i^ or riffh^J " ^ttentiony^Sy pieces from th& left- I^ront wvto eckdion March, " n. 91. 'i\ . 'f \ i i \ i .y t t + + ^ A h. A ^ 1^ 4ef 1^ ^ .Idvaiu-i/u/ Oy //{///' 6 (lotteries. " Attention ^Mre advancut^ iy ha.lf 6(^tteries- "Iiie//lt half battery -^ Advance. " FL 92. 14 lA+ ti+ tH t + ^ t^ i^ tk ^ ^ * H-H- +D}- S f ■l^|4 t t t A ■)i+ li A ^ ^^ tSt 4t -1^ TO FIRE, ADVANCING OR RETREATING, BY HALE-BATTERIES. 149 be opened by causing the half-batteries to form echellon towards their respective flanks ; but in all these cases the line of caissons remains in line. 6. ADVANCING (or RETREATING) BY HALF-BATTERIES. Fire advancing hy half-batteries — [PI. 92.] Might half-hattery — Advance. The right half-battery, if in action ceases firing (limbers up to the front, or remains unlimbered, as may be thought best), and advances to the new position pointed out by the chief of battery : then re- opens the fire. The left half-battery, if in action, continues the fire during the advance, taking care to direct the fire in such a manner as not to en- danger the half-battery in advance. When the right half-battery is established, and has reopened the fire, the left advances, passes the right, and opens a fire at such point in advance of the first as may be pointed out by the chief of battery. The right half-battery again advances, and afterwards the left; and so on successively, until another disposition is indicated by the command — Battery — Right (or left) — DrbSS. To FIRE RETIRING BY HALF-BATTERIES, is executed in a Corre- sponding manner, by the commands Fire, retiring hy half-hatteries — Right half-lattery — Retire. A battery may be thrown forward, or in retreat, by sections, or even by pieces in manner corresponding, the commands being — Fire advancing (or retiring) hy sections (or pieces) — \st section (or 1st piece) — Advance (or retire). The use of the prolonge in firing greatly facilitates the execution of these and other corresponding movements. It should be fixed whenever a battery is brought into action, with the probability that a change of position will be required. PART IV. SMALL AID BROADSWORD EXERCISES. SMALLSWORD EXERCISE. The practice begins mtliout the sword, with the — I. BALANCE MOTIONS. [PI. 93.] Attention. Body erect, heels close, hands hanging down at ease, shoulders back, chest open, head erect. First position — One. Half face to the left, left hand grasping the right arm above the elbow, right supporting the left elbow in the hollow of the hand, head to the front, feet at right angles, heels together, right foot pointing front, shoulders square to the left, knees well together. Two. Bend the knees, pressing them out, body erect, weight resting on left leg. Three. Move right foot eight inches to the rear of left foot, toe lightly touching the ground, foot held vertically, knees well pressed out. Four. Move right foot smartly eighteen inches in. advance of the left heel, heels in line, weight of body well on left leg. 11 154 smallsword exercise. Rest. Come up smartly to one. These balance motions should be well practised in squad. II. TAKE THE SWORD. [PL 94.] THE SIMPLE PARADES. The first practice should be in the four simple parades of Carte, Tierce, Demi-circle, and Octave. Carte — On guard. Step out smartly, eighteen inches, with the right foot, body well up, head erect, chest full, waist in, shoulders square to the left, weight well on left leg, knees pressed out, heels in line, feet square, sword held firmly but lightly in hand, wrist flexible, opposite the mark or nipple of the breast, elbow rather in ; the left arm at an easy curve raised behind the head, hand open, fingers together ; hold the sword with the two first fingers, the thumb along the handle, not too near the shell or guard, the points of the fingers up, the button of the sword opposite the hollow of the shoulder. March. Right foot forward six inches, eye over the button and on your adversary's eye; follow with the left foot, same distance, and come to a steady guard. Not too fast, count one, two, or right, left. Practise this well, till you can march and not totter when coming on guard. Retire. Left foot back six inches, right foot follows. Come on a steady guard. LoNSE— Carte. [PI, 95, fig. 2.] Step out thirty-six inches, knee quite perpendicular to the instep, left knee well straightened, left arm brought down along the left side Ba/ancc Mi'lit///.s. I'l. &3. Oj #• ■t^ On/ ffiuord/. Fl. 94. KK ? \> EXERCISE IN TIBKCE. 155 but not touching, palm to the front, fingers straight, body well up, head erect, right hand higher than the head, fingers pointing up, button low as the shoulder, see over and outside the arm. On guard. Come up without a jerk ; steady on guard. Marc h — Longb — Retire — Longe — On guard. Change — Tierce. You were on guard in Carte. Drop your point close under your adversary's sword, and come up on the left side of his blade ; turn your wrist, your thumb comes more to the top, your knuckles to the right, your fingers down, the sword held with a stronger grasp. Longe, [PI. 96]. Out smartly, head well up, see your adversary inside of your arm. On guard — March — Change — Longe carte — On guard. Retire — Change — Tierce — Longe — On guard. Rest. Come to the first positron, the sword button on the right foot, left arm by the side. On guard — In carte. Change — Demi-circle. Extend your arm, hand high as the hollow of the shoulder, point below the mark, fingers up, opposition on the right of your adver- sary's blade. Change — Octave. Pass your sword over but close to his sword, the hand still in carte, but the blade opposed in tierce. Longe — Octave. Longe with the hand high as the chin, hit in the flank, rather above the hip. 156 smallswoed exercise. On guard — Change — Demi-circle, Make your change close, keep a steady hand. LoNGB — Demi-circle — On guard. [PI. 97.] Carte — ^Longe — Tierce — Longe — Demi-circle — Longe — Octave — Longe. On guard — Carte — Beat. By a circular movement of the wrist, briskly engage his blade in the feeble with your forte, pass down with half circle, bringing your point toward his hand, but well up at the same time. On guard — In carte — Disengage — One. Without changing your hand, drop your point under his blade ; by relaxing your grasp, bring it up closely on his left. Disengage — One, Two. Finding an opposition to your first disengagement by the same movement, drop your point and return to carte. Disengage — One, Two, Three. Bring it back to the first disengagement. Disengage — One — Longe — Disengage — One, Two — Longe. Disengage — One, Two, Three — Longe. THE PARRIES. Parrt— Carte. [PI. 95, fig. 1.] When your adversary longes in carte, keep your point before you for a return, that by moving your hand inside, say six inches, you may carry his point clear of your left ear ; be careful not to move ,the whole blade, lest he makes a reprise or double thrust. KiPOSTE. Having made your parry, return your longe immediately ; but keep cool, do not flurry yourself, and come quickly on guard. parries in carte, demi-circle, tierce, and octave. 157 Parry — Tierce. Keep your point well before you, contract the arm slightly and raise your hand, that you may throw his point clear of your right ear. Parry — Demi-circle. [PL 97.] Parry inside — your point in the centre, but lower than your hand. Parry — Octave. Parry outside, wrist bent toward the centre, point low. Longe — Second. Your guard being in tierce, drop your point by a semi-circular movement, and longe at the flank. Parry — Second. By the demi-circle parade. Parry— Prime. [PI. 96.] A longe in tierce is made, draw your hand back in tierce as high as your brow, point low and obliquely to the left front. Return — Second. Requiring neatness in parry, but very sure return; the adversary will Parry Demi-circle. LONGE— QUINTE. Your adversary holding a high guard in carte, drop your point to a horizontal, and longe in close under his hand ; this parade, being very rarely successful, is seldom used. ELANCONNADE. Your adversary longes tierce ; you engage his feeble with your forte, and, by a circular motion and strong wrist, throw him off, at the same moment making a flank longe. This is also done from carte engagements, but is seldom successful. 158 SMALLSWORD EXERCISE, THE COUNTERS. Your adversary disengages ; at the same moment that he drops his point, follow over and oppose on the side he left. This should be constantly practised in the four simple parades. Change from counter-carte to tierce, then Counter — Tierce. Change to demi-circle. , Counter — Demi-circle. Change to octave. Counter — Octave. Change to carte, and repeat. This is very good practice. Cut over the point. Instead of disengaging under the sword, throw your sword back till it clears your adversary's point, and then longe when at guard. Cut — One — Two. Finding opposition at the first cut, return back the same way and longe. Cut — One — Disengage. " But never disengage and then cut, it always exposes you in the attempt. Cut — One — Two — Disengage. Cut one, two — disengage one, and longe Double. Your adversary's point being low and he wary, pass your point in a complete circle round his point, and if he should follow close thrust immediately on arriving home ; then — Double — One — Two. Making two circles before you longe. SALUTES. 159 In all doubles and counters take care to keep your circle as small as possible, or you will expose yourself to a time-tbrust. III. SALUTE. Being at attention, preparing for an assault, your sword by your side, beld by tbe finger and thumb, three inches from the guard or shell, the blade along your leg, raise your hand very slowly till above your eye — so as to see your opponent below the palm — pass your hand over to the grip of your sword, draw it through your finger and thumb till it lays across your eye, and at the same time bend your knees ; step out smartly, throw your point over, and come on guard ; make a double beat with your foot, come to attention with your heels close, body erect, sword perpendicular, hand with the wrist turned inward, and as high as your mouth ; bring the point down over your left ear, circling close to your body, and as you come up, change your hand from tierce to earte ; spring to your position and be on guard, and remain steady prepared to receive your adver- sary's thrust. POSITION OF THE SWORD OR SABRE UNDER ARMS. The caeey. The gripe in the right hand, which is supported against the right hip, the back of the blade against the shoulder. TO SALUTE WITH THE SWORD OR SABRE. Three times [ov pauses). One. At the distance of six paces from the person to be saluted, raise the sword or sabre perpendicularly, the point up, the flat of the blade opposite to the right eye, the guard at the height of the shoulder and the elbow supported on the body. 160 SMALLSWORD EXERCISE. Two. Drop the point of the sword or sabre by extending the arm, so that the right hand may be brought to the side of the right thigh, and remain in that position until the person to whom the salute is rendered shall be passed, or shall have passed, six paces. Three. Raise the sword or sabre smartly, and resume the position first prescribed. Note. — On parade, the officer remains in the second position so long as the men are at a present. COLOK SALUTE. In the ranks, the (jolor-bearer, whether at a halt or on a march, always carries the heel of the color-lance supported at the right hip, the right hand generally placed on the lance at the height of the shoulder, to hold it steady. When the color has to render honors, the color-bearer salutes as follows : At the distance of six paces slip the right hand along the lance to the height of the eye ; lower the lance by straightening the arm to its full extent, the heel of the lance remaining at the hip, and when the person saluted shall be passed, or shall have passed six paces, bring back the lance to the usual position. Note. — The color, in bad or windy weather, except in saluting, will be borne furled and cased. The heel or ferrule of its lance ought to have, for support, a leather stirrup or socket, suspended from a belt, the latter buckled around the waist of the color-bearer. lofiqe Curti- , Furry Carte. Zonffe Tiercel Farry I^ne PI. 96. Ioiu]t' iijui fariy DmiLdrcle^. P^- 91. BROADSWOED EXEECISE. IV. POSITIONS. First position — [In two motions.) One. Hands to the rear ; right hand under the left elbow. The left hand grasps the right arm near and above the elbow. Two. Half face to the left ; head to the front. Feet at right angles ; right heel in front of the left heel. Second position — {In two motions.) One. Knees bent and pressed outward ; heels together ; body erect. Two. Step out twenty-two inches, and come smartly on guard. Caution. — The guard requires the body to be erect, resting lightly on the left leg, with the knees well pressed out, the right knee being in a line perpendicular to the instep ; head well up ; chin brought rather in ; chest open, breathing freely ; shoulders square to the left and drawn back; the waist drawn in; the body well balanced on the hips, that the right foot may be freely advanced or drawn back at will. For these preparatory positions, and the balance motions, the practice for the smallsword and for the broadsword is the same. 162 BROADSWORD EXERCISE. V. BALANCE MOTIONS. One. Being on guard, move the right foot to the rear and left, the toe resting on the ground eight inches from the left heel; the knees well bent. Two. Extend the left leg. Three. Bend the left leg, falling into number one. Four. Come on guard. Five. Come up to the first position. Caution. — All these movements must be made with ease and grace; the body being well supported on the left leg ; the right foot moving freely without changing the poise of the body. On guard — Third position. LONGE. Step out smartly from guard, keeping the left foot firm ; strongly straighten the left leg, placing the right foot thirty-six inches from the left (more or less according to size.) Right knee in a line per- pendicular to the foot. Recover lightly to the first position. Front — Attention. Drop the hands by the side; half turn to the right; feet at right angles; shoulders square to the front ; head up ; chest full. First position. Half face to the left. practice at the tak6bt. 163 Second position. On guard. Single attack. Appel, or give a smart beat with the heel and flat of the foot. Body steady. Double attack. Give a double beat of the foot. Caution. — The use of the appel is to give yourself the assurance of a well-balanced body and steady guard. It is also used after the salute to show your opponent that you are ready for the assault. Being well practised in the preparatory movement, the learner takes the sword and places himself opposite the target, the centre of which is at nearly the height of the shoulder. VI. PRACTICE AT THE TARGET. [PI. 98.] Attention — Draw — Swords. At the word draw, pass the hand across the body, seize the sword- knot, passing the hand through the loop ; give a couple of turns in- wards to fasten it, and grasp the handle of the sword ; draw it half. At the word swords, clear the scabbard ; bring the hand back to the right hip, the elbow a little bent, the edge to the front. Slope — Swords. Let the point fall lightly against the shoulder. Carry — Swords. Resume the grasp. Prepare to perform sword exercise. First position — Right prove distance. Extend the arm to the right; left shoulder square to the front; sword edge to the rear, the point clear of the shoulder of the right file. 164, BROADSWOED EXERCISE. Slope Sword — Front prove distance. Step out to the third position. Extend the arm ; lower the point to the centre of the target. In both these movements, the sword is held with the pummel of the hilt in the palm of the hand, the thumb on the back, the fore-fingers stretched along the handle. Slope Sword — First position. Guard — Second position. pPl. 99.] Elbow bent, the edge upwards, the hand high as the head and over the right foot, the point lowered and inclined to the front, form- ing an angle through which you look. Left shoulder rather forward. Inside Guard. [PI. 99.] Point to the front ; edge to the left ; hand as low as the elbow. Make the single attach. Outside Guard. [PI. 99.] Edge to the right, point to the front, hand outside and before the right hip. Mahe the single attach. Assault — First position. Kaise the hand to the front ; the elbow bent rather toward the centre, the point resting on the shoulder, the edge inclined to the right. Cut One. [PI. 101.] Sweep the sword diagonally down from No. 1 to No. 4 on the tar- get, turning the knuckles as it descends so as to bring the point up to the rear of the left shoulder, on which it rests. Cut Two. Sweep diagonally down from No. 2 to No. 3, turning the wrist till the sword is perpendicular, the arm extended on a line with the shoulder, the edge to the rear. Cut Three. [PI. 102.] ' Cut upwards from No. 3 to No. 2 ; bring the sword to the left shoulder, perpendicular, the edge to the rear. practice at the target. 165 Cut Four. Sweep up from 4 to 1, the sword extended to the right, the hand high as the shoulder, the edge to the rear. Cut Five. [PI. 103.] Cut horizontally; turn the wrist so as to bring the edge to the left and the point to the rear over the left shoulder. Cut Six. Cut horizontally till the point comes to the rear over the head'. Edge up. Cut Seven. [PI, 104.] Cut vertically down to the centre of the target. Point. Draw in the elbow close to the body, wrist high as the breast and the edge upwards and towards the left. Point to the centre of the target. N. B. — There are two other points, from the head and from the hip ; but they are mostly useful in cavalry charges. The use of the smallsword gives all the advantage in the practice of points in the broadsword. Guard One. [PI. 101,] Grasp the hilt; the edge to the left; the point well to the front; wrist as high as the elbow. Guard Two. Knuckles up ; edge to the right ; the point to the front ; hand as high as the elbow, and held well outside the body. Guard Three. [PI. 102.] Wrist and edge to the left and as high as the shoulder. Point down towards the front and centre. Guard Four. Wrist and edge to the right. Point to the left, hand as high as the shoulder. 166 BROADSWORD EXERCISE. Guard Five. [PI. 103.] Hand as high as the shoulder, sword perpendicular, point down, edge to the left. Guard Six. Edge to the right ; sword perpendicular and clear of the body. Guard Seven. [PI. 104.J Hand high as the head ; elbow raised; left shoulder brought for- ward; point oblique to the front. Left Parry. [See PI. 100.] Lower the wrist to the line of the shoulder, the t^umb at the back of the grip ; the edge to the right ; the hips well pressed back ; the sword perpendicular. By a turn of the wrist, drop the point to the rear, and form a circle from left to right. Right Parry. Drop the point to the rear in a circle from right to left of your body. MOULINETS. [PI. 100.] An exercise in which the right and left parry, and left and right parry alternate. These give suppleness and strength to the wrist ; and by attention and quickness form the best guard for' bayonet or boarding-pike thrusts. VII. PRACTICE IN THE ASSAULT. Form Line — Front. From the right by twos — Call off — One, two — One, two, ^o. Cover by the right — Dress. Draw swords — Half face to the left. Slope Swords. pbacticb in the assault. 167 Carey Swords. Right prove distance. Front prove distance — First position. Extend the arm straight before you, letting your point touch your adversary's hilt ; the pommel of the hilt in the palm, the thumb along the back of the grip ; the edge to the right. Step back or forward so as to touch the shell of your adversary's hilt, without bending your body from the perpendicular. Slope Swords — Engage. On guard. Inside and outside guard. The edge of your sword resting lightly against your adversary's edge, eight or ten inches from the point. No. 1. Cut one (in third position). No. 2. Parry one. — As No. 1 steps out to the third position, giving a quick cut at the same moment, you spring up to the first position, and receive the cut on the edge of your sword, on the forte or lower half of the blade. Always take the cuts on your forte, and deliver the cuts within eight inches of your point, so that you may clear your blade ; give it a slightly sawing move towards you as you deliver your cut, so as to cut the dress and assist the blow ; being at close quarters, this saves any jar to the hand, especially with a heavy sword, Roman sword, or cutlass. No. 2 having parried, cuts two. Parry one, and cut three. No. 1. Parry three, cut four. No. 2. 'Parr J four, cut five. No. 1. TavYjfive, cut six. No. 2. 168 BROADSWOED EXERCISE- No. 1. Parry six, cut seven. No. 2. Parry seven, and longe point. No. 1. Left parry. Slope Sword — First position. In the assault, it would be extremely dangerous to introduce the cuts of the target practice, although by them you learn the formation of the cuts. Your adversary constantly keeping your sword engaged, your cut is consequently confined to a more limited sweep. Practice, therefore, to give your cut with strength, "from the forearm chiefly, so as to expose as little of your person as possible. So, also, in close fight it would be almost impossible to get up to the first posi- tion, to parry all his blows ; still, keep your left foot firm, and let your right play freely in the longe, and in the parry. Keep your eye fixed on his eye; never look at his sword, or to a certainty you will miss your parry. Change your attack often, to baffle his guards. Cut one, two at the head, three at the wrist. Cut one at the right leg. Cut five at the neck, side or arm, as you see your opening ; but always be ready to parry. If your ground is rough or slippery, advance, retreat, or traverse. Right traverse. Step off with the right foot sideways, say twelve inches, and im- mediately follow with the left foot so as to come " on guard" as before you changed ground. Left traverse. Step ofi" sideways to the left, with your left foot, and follow with your right foot, by which you force your adversary to change also, thus working a traverse in a circle, the centre of which will be half- way between your right foot and the right foot of your adversary. In the march to retire, is made in the same manner as in the smallsword. In all this, hold your sword firmly, with a straight and flexible wrist ; with your left foot well planted ; and with a steady poise of the body. Nothing is so dangerous as a shuffling, uncertain .guard. The Tar^ei. I^l. .98. ^ >> •a^. j-ii<: i/i..u,/'c/