m The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924082990262 CORNELL UNlVERSnV LIBRARY 3 1924 082 990 262 153 yKrO-ioL Vo^rv-OL. \u\i--K^^r) ^ \f \.A^-v^j,uJ^ ^ %Ju Oy^..^ 'O'Vv-tJLAj . 7 0-rr^jJ^ 0J\^^ '■ -\i 7' '"'-• '^ ^ OJm>n>a. ■•- ) y-oo-A/-^ -.' ^ UwJ^,.. ; L.O',v'_.VA ui GUa-cw-^ '•-".■ v/i o-\j sj^A.t- ■na.axs 0.jt._^',jJ-X--v-v^ '"'-."J I ■. vA>"Y-(.„^v^r*.^%i5 H>tX-v>- V'^-^^ C cv^Qjt^-^otcv^u (vv i^6<^-,x^ -.cUc^ 1) 1 \'^a■v^^ o-Av^ /V; 1 C'wL^-*-ra EXERCISES LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION WITH EEFEBENCES TO THE GKAMMAES OF ALLEN AND GHEENOUGli, ANDREWS AND STODDARD (PREBLE), BENNETT, GILDERSLEEVE, AND HARKNESS. BY ELISHA JONES, A.M., AUTHOR OF "first LESSONS IN LATIN" AND OP "EXERCISES IN GREEK PI103E COMPOSITION," BEVISED BY JOSEPH H. DRAKE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. CHICAGO: SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY. 1901. Copyright, 1879, By S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY. Copyright, 1897, By SCOTT, FORBSMAN AND COMPANY. R. K. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., CHICAGO PEEFAOE. The aim of this little manual is simply to illustrate such con- structions as are most frequently met with in the Commentaries of Caesar, the Orations of Cicero, and similar prose. It does not pretend to teach how to turn all kinds of English into Latin ; this could not he expected of so elementary a treatise, and, per- haps, our present systems and methods of preparatory instruc- tion do not demand it : hut it designs to give the student such an introduction to the more important principles of Latin syn- tax, such an acquaintance with the more usual idioms of the language, as shall lead him towards a fuller understanding and appreciation of the great classic prose-writers of ancient Eome. With this end in view, most of the Examples and Vocabularies have been selected from the works mentioned above, and the plan is for the first twenty Lessons to accompany the reading of the Commentaries, and the second twenty the reading of the Orations ; though it is hoped that they will not be found out of place in those preparatory schools where other prose is read. The Exercises are so constructed that, in translation, the stylo of Caesar and Cicero may he imitated. The treatment of the Moods and Tenses is introduced before that of the Cases, in the belief that the learner should have as extended practice as pos- sible in those difficult subjects. On page 54 a table, based upon JY PREFACE. a similar table in Eoby's Grammar, is given, which is intended to show at a glance the changes necessarily made in the Moods and Tenses when direct Discourse passes into Indirect. In the Notes and Questions an attempt has been made to furnish the beginner all needed assistance through references to the gram- mar and by means of suggestions rather than by direct informa- tion. The principles of syntax referred to and illustrated in each Lesson are, for the most part, reviewed in several of the succeeding Exercises that they may become well fixed in the learner's memory. To make this drill-work still more thorough, there are added, for general review and examination, supple- mentary Exercises, which are to be recited without previous preparation, and which may enable the teacher to ascertain whether the scholarship of his pupils is well grounded and inde- pendent or otherwise. Great pains have been taken to make the General Vocabulary complete ; to make it answer questions likely to ar'ise respecting the use of the words employed in the Exer- cises : deficient Vocabularies are a source of great perplexity and discouragement to beginners. It is believed that these Lessons, if well mastered, will afibrd sufficient preparation, in the writing of Latin, for admission to any of our American colleges. The following plan of instruction in Prose Composition, pur- sued with marked success in many, if not most, of our best preparatory schools, is offered for the benefit of inexperienced teachers. The learner is required to fix in mind the principles of syntax to which the References direct his attention ; to com- mit to memory the Examples and Vocabularies ; and to bring to the recitation-room the Exercises carefully translated and writ- ten out. These Exercises are copied upon the blackboard, criti- cised, and corrected when necessary, by both pupils and teacher ; PREFACE. V the corrected Exercises are then transferred to a blank book and committed to memory for oral review. The accomplishment of all this will be somewhat difficult when the class is very small and the time short : but the writing upon the blackboard, to- gether with the criticisms and corrections before the whole class, should not be omitted ; that which is seen as well as heard is much better remembered than that which only enters the ear. With many obligations for suggestions from different sources, this book is sent forth in the hope that it may aid somewhat in overcoming the difficulties of Latin syntax, and that its faults may meet with that kindly criticism which has been so gener- ously awarded to its predecessors. ELISHA JONES. University of Michigan, July, 1879. NOTE TO REVISED EDITION. In this i-evision the vowels that are long by nature have been marked, and all unmarked vowels are to be considered short. Lewis's "Elementary Latin Dictionary" has been followed. The grammar references have been changed to conform with the latest editions of the more widelj- used grammars. Exercises based on passages from Caesar and Cicero have been inserted in place of the ''Exercises for General Review and Examination," and an Index has been added. Thanks are due to Professor Harold W. Johnston, editor in chief of the Inter-Collegiate Latin Series, and to Professor John C Rolfe and Mr. Lewis Reichle, of the University of Michigan, for useful suggestions. JOSEPH H. DRAKE. Univeksity op Michigan, June, 1897. CONTENTS. PAGE. ABBREVIATIONS xii Arrangement of Words and Clauses in Latin Prose : Usual Order ; How to produce Emphasis ; Position of Certain Words ; Arrangement of Clauses 3 LESSON I. — Agreement: Apposition; Predicate Word; Belative Pronouns; Relative Clause made Emphatic .3 LESSON II. — Agreement {Continuei) : Einite Verb ; Adjectives ; Adjectives witii Nouns of different Genders ; Adjectives as Nouns ; Adjectives vrith the force of Adverbs ; Adjectives designating a Certain Part ... 6 LESSON III. — Use or Pronouns : Personal ; Possessive ; Reflexive 8 LESSON TV. — Use or Pronouns (Contmued) : Demonstrative; Indefinite; Relative 10 LESSON v.— Commands and Exhortations; Prohibitions; Wishes; Voca- tive . 13 LESSON VI. — Tenses of the Indicative : Historical Present ; Present with dum, while ; Present with iam, iam difi, iam dndum, iam pridem ; Imperfect ; Euture; Perfect; Pluperfect; Euture Perfect . . .15 LESSON Vll. — Sequence op Tenses ; Einal Clauses : Sequence of Tenses ; Exceptions ; Adverbial Use of Final Clauses; Adjective Use of Einal Clauses . . . .18 LESSON VIII. —Einal Clauses {Continued) : Substantive Use of Einal Clauses ; ut omitted ... 31 ; aub- 23 -SUB- 26 28 i, etc.; dum 31 . 33 36 Viii CONTENTS. LESSON IX. — Consecutive Clauses: Adverbial and Adjective Uses of Consecutive Clauses stantive Use of Consecutive Clauses . LESSON X. — Peculiar Uses of Relative Clauses. - JUNCTIVE WITH QuiN AND QuOMINUS LESSON XI. — Conditional Sentences LESSON XII. — Conditional Sentences {Continued) : Supposition contrary to Reality ; Use of quam si, ac si Conditional Relative Clauses; Use of modo, dum, modo ...... LESSON XIII. — Concessive Clauses . LESSON XIV. — Causal Clauses. — Attbaction LESSON XV.— Temporal Clauses: With postquam, ubi, ut, simulac ; With antequam, prius- quam ; With cum ; With dum, donee, quoad 38 LESSON XVI. — Dikect and Indirect Questions : Hovr to Ask a Question ; Double Questions ; Answers ; Indi- rect Questions ; Rhetorical Questions .... LESSON XVIL— THElNriNiTiTE: Subject of the Infinitive ; Infinitive as Subject ; Infinitive with out Subject-Accusative as Object or Complement . LESSON XVIII. — The Infinitive {Continwed) .- Infinitive with Subject- Accusative as Object ; Tenses of the In finitive ; Predicate after Infinitive ; Historical Infinitive LESSON XIX. — Indirect Discourse . LESSON XX. — Indirect Discourse {Continued): Table showing the Changes made in Moods and Tenses when Direct Discourse becomes Indirect .... LESSON XXI. — The Genitive : Subjective Genitive with Nouns ; Limited Word omitted ; Sub- jective Genitive with Verbs. 56 LESSON XXII. — The Genitive {Continued) : Objective Genitive; Constructions used instead of Objective Genitive ; Partitive Genitive ; Constructions used instead 41 44 47 49 52 54 CONTENTS. ix of Partitive Genitive ; Wlien the Partitive Genitive is not to be used 59 LESSON XXIII. — The Genitive {Continued) .- Genitive of Quality ; Genitive with Adjectives ... 62 LESSON XXIV. — The Genitive (Continued) .- With Verbs of Memory ; With Verbs of Emotion ; With Verbs of Judicial Action; With Verbs of Plenty and Want; With refert and interest 04 LESSON XXV. — The Dative Case : With Transitive Verbs ; Double Construction ; With Intransi- tive Verbs ; Dative or Accusative according to Signification ; When " to " and " for " are to be rendered by ad and pro . 67 LESSON XXVI. — The Dative (Continued) .- With Compounds ; Of the Possessor ; Of the Agent; How Iji- transitive Verbs are used in the Passive .... 69 LESSON XXVII.— The Dative (Continued): Two Datives ; With Adjectives ; Other Consti-uctions with Adjectives ; Of Reference 72 LESSON XXVIII. — The Accusative : Direct Object ; With Verbs which in English require a Prepo- sition ; With Compounds ; Cognate . . -. . .75 LESSON XXIX. — The Accusative (Continued) : Two Accusatives of the same Person or Thing ; Two Accusa- tives — Person and Thing; Two Accusatives with Compound Verbs ; Limit of Motion 77 LESSON XXX. — The Accusative (Continued) : Adverbial ; Of Specification ; In Exclamations ; Of Time and Space 80 LESSON XXXI. — The Ablative : Of Separation ; Of Source ; Of Cause ; Of Agent ... 82 LESSON XXXIL — The Ablative (Continued): ■ Of Manner ; Of Accompaniment ; Of Means and Instrument ; With certain Deponents ; With certain Adjectives . . 85 LESSON XXXIII. — The Ablative (Continued) : With Comparatives ; Construction with plus, etc. ; Measure of Difference; Ablative of Quality 87 X CONTENTS. LESSON XXXIV. — The Ablative Of Price ; Of Specification ; Of Time ; Ablative Absolute . 90 LESSON XXXV. — ExpiiEssiONs or Time : T'ime When or Within Which ; Time How Long or During Which ; Use of Prepositions in Expressions of Time ; Time Befoi-e or After an Event ... ... 92 LESSON XXXVL— Place: Place From Which ; Place To Which; Place At or In Which ; Place By, Through, or Over Which; Words used like Names of Towns ; Ablative of Place At, In, or On Which ; How to express Towards a Place, etc. ... . . 95 LESSON XXXVIl. — Use oi? Paeticiples : Tenses ; Different Uses 98 LESSON XXXVIII. — The Gerund and Gekhndive . . 101 LESSON XXXIX. — The Gertjnd and Geuundive {Con- iirmed) ...... . 103 LESSON XL. — The Pekipheastic Conjtjg-ations. — The Supine 105 EXERCISES BASED ON PASSAGES EROM CAESAR AND CICERO . . .... .109 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY ... .125 INDEX 151 EXEECISES LATm PEOSE COMPOSITION. ABBREVIATIONS. A. & G. . . , . . Allen and Greeiiough's Latin Grammar. A. & S Andrews and Stoddard's (Preble) Latin Grammar B. . . ..... Bennett's Latin Grammar. G Gildersleeve's (Lodge) Latin Grammar. H. . . .... Harkness's Latin Grammar, revised edi- tion. aft. ... .... after. of confer, compare. decl. . ... declension. Ex. . . . . Example. f feminine. fr. . . . . from. gram . grammar. indecl. . indeclinable. iutr intransitive. lit . literal, literally. Ln Lesson. m masculine. n . neuter. pi . . plural. prep . preposition. pron pronoun. Ref Reference. N. B. A reference, without any mark of punctuation immediately follow- ing it, is not to be noticed. so. . . scilicet, understand. tr transitive. Vy Vocabulary. w with. EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS AND CLAUSES IN LATIN PROSE. 1. Usual Order. A. & G. 343 : A. & S. 586-592 ; 595 : B. 348 : Gr. 674, 1, 2, Eemark; 675-682 : H. 560 ; 562-568. 3. Hotv to produce EmpJiasia. A. & G. 344, Remark, a-vi: A. & S. 584; 585: B. 349: G. 672, 1, 2, Qi) : H. 561, I.-IIL ; 565, 1-3 ; 567, 1-3. 3. Position of Certain Words. A. & G. 345, a-rf ; A. & g. 590, a, h: B. 350, 1-12: G. 676, Remark 1 ; 677, Remark 2 ; 679 : H. 569, I.-VI. 4. Arrangement of Clauses. A. & G. 345, e ; A. & S. 596, (1), (2), Notes 2, 3 : B. 351, 1-6: G. 684; 685 : H. 571; 572, I.-IIL ; 570. LESSON I. AGREEMENT. REFERENCES.* 1, 2. Apposition. A. & G. 183 ; 184, a,h: A. & S. 324 ; 32.5, a, 329 : B. 169, 1-3 : G. 320 ; 321 : H. 363, 1-3 ; 364. * The numliers of the References correspond with the numhers of the ExRmples : c. g. 1, 2. Apposition is illustrated by Examples 1 and 2. 4 LATIN" PROSF. COMPOSITION. 3, 4. Fredteate Word. A. & G. 185 : A. & S. 327-329 : B. 167; 168: G. 325 : H. 362, 1. 5-8. Relative Pronouns. A. & G. 198 ; 199 ; 200, e; 201, a, g: A. & S. 342, a, I ; 343, a : B. 250, 1, 3 ; 251, 5 :, G. 614, 3, (a), (6); 615; 616 : H. 445, 1, 3, 4, 7. 9. Relative Clause made Emphatic. A. & G. 201, c: A. & S. 342, b (2), c (1) : B. 251, 4, a) : G. 620: H. 571, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. To the town of Geneva, ad oppidum Genavam. 2. We paw Caesar when boys, or ivhen loe were boys, puerl Cae- sarem vidimus. 3. Divico was elected chief, Divic5 prlnceps creatus est. 4. Who had come as ambassadors to Caesar, qui legdH ad Caesa- rem venerant. 5. With the legion, which he had with him, and the soldiers who had assembled, legione, quam secum habebat, militibusque, qui convenerant. 6. Glory, which is the fruit of valor, gloria, qui est friictus virtu tis. 7. Let them be separated from us by a wall, which I have often said, muro, id ^ quod saepe dixi, discernantur a nSbis. 8. Towns and villages which they had burned, oppida vicosque, qiios incenderant. 9. That part, which had brought disaster, suffered punishment, quae pars calamitatem intulerat, ea poenas persolvit, VOCABULARY I. across, trans, jjrep. w. ace. into, in, on, in, prep. w. ace. aft. always, semper, adv. verb.'! of motion; w. ahl. aft. ambassador, envoy, legatus, -i, m. verbs of rest. and, et, -que, ac or atque.^ river, flumen, fluminis, n. capital, caput, capitis, n. see, video, -ere, vTdi, visum. come, venio, -ire, veni, ventum. send, mitto, -ere, misi, missum. desire, wish, volo, velle, volui. soldier, miles, militis, to. elect, creo, -are, -avi, -atum. through, per, prep. w. ace. flow into, influo, -ere, -fluxi, to, towards, ad, prep. w. ace. -fluxum. with, cum, jjrep. w. abl. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 5 EXERCISE I. 1. Caesar^ sent soldiers into the city of Eoma^ 2. Sol- diers came into the city of Eome to^-Quintus Metellus, the praetor. 3. Caesar when he was a hoy came to Quintus Metellus, the praetor. 4. Caesar and Cicero were elected consuls. 5. Metellus had come as an am- bassador to Caesar. 6. The Gauls came as ambassadors through the cities of Eome and Lavinium. 7. The Moselle is a river which flows into ^, the Ehine. j^. Me- tellus, whom we saw when boys, will be elected consul. 9. Cicero was ele.cted consul, which ^ he had always desired. 10. Caesar will send across the Ehine the sol- diers who have come as ambassadors. 11. Caesar sent that legion, which ^ he had with him, across the river Ehine. 12. Metellus sent those soldiers, whom he had with him, into the city of Eome. 13. He sent soldiers into the city of Eome, which ^ is the capital of Italy. Notes and Questions. 1 id is an appositive with the clause muro disoernantur a nobis and antecedent of quod. 2 What difference in the use of et, -que, ac or atque ? See A. & G. 156, «.- A. & S. 562, (l)-{3) ; B. 3il, 1, a)-c) : G. 475-477 : H. 554, 2, 3. * Words not given in the special vocahularies may be found in the General Vocabulary. In rendering the Exercises into Latin, imitate care- fully the E.^amples. * To following a verb of motion and preceding the name of a person must be rendered by the preposition ad. '' Into; although Influere may have a direct object, Caesar repeats the preposition in. " Which; what is its antecedent ? T Make the relative clause emphatic by placing it first and the antece- dent noun in it : .see Example 9. 8 Which; see Example 6. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. LESSON 11. AGREEMENT (continued). REFERENCES. 1-3. Finite Verb. A. & G. 205, a^d : A. & S. 316 ; 319-322 ; G. 285, Exception 1 ; 287, Remarks (a), (6) : H. 463, I., II., 1-4. 4, 5. Adjective. A. & G. 186, «-d; A. & S. 332-335 : B. 234, 1, 2 ; 235, A: G. 289-291, 1,2: H. 438, 1 ; 439. 6-8. Adjective tvith Nouns of Different Genders. A. & G. 187, a 1, 6 .• A. & S. 335-337 : B. 235, B : G. 286, 1-3 : H. 439, 1-3. 9. Adjectives as Nouns. A. & G. 188, b, c : A. & S. 438, 1-3 : B. 236 ; 237 : G. 204, Notes 1-4 : H. 441, 1-2. 10-12. Adjectives with the force of Adverbs. A. & G. 191 : A. & S. 557, h .- B. 239 : G. 325, Remark 6 : H. 443. 13. Adjectives designating a Certain Part. A, & G. 193: A. & S. 442 ; B. 241, 1 :'G. 291, Remark 2 : H. 440, Notes 1, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. You and I did this, haec ego et tufecimm. 2. Neither acrrieulture iinr the practice of war is interrupted, neque agricultura nee usus belli intermittitm: 3. A daughter and one of the sons we7-e taken, filia atque unus S filiis captus ent.^ 4. Genuine friendships are everlasting, verae^ amicitiae sunt sempi- ternae.'' 5. It is perilous to cross, transire perlculOsum est. 6. All lands and seas, omnes agri et maria, or agri et maria omnia. 7. Father and mother are dead, pater et mSter wortui sunt. 8. Labor and pleasure are very^ unUhe, labor voluptasque dissi- millima. 9. The brave, fortSs ; the fair, pulchrae ; into winter-quarters, in biberna. 10. Caesar was the first to send, or Caesar was the first who sent, Caesar primus^ misit. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 7 11. They came unwillingly, or they were unwilling to come, invUi venSrunt. 12. They assembled in very great numbers, freqmntissvrm convene- runt. 13. On the top of the hill, in summo coUe ; into the middle of the city, in mediam urbem. VOCABULARY 2. alone, solus, -a, -um. middle, middle of, medius, -a, cross, transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. -um. ^ form; draw up, instruo, -ere, neither . . . nor, neque . . . ne- -struzi, -striictum. que ; nee . . . nee. frequent, frequena, gen. frequen- out of, ex, prep. w. abl. tis ; see Ex. 12. top of, summus, -a, -um. glad, laetus, -a, -um. unwilling, invitua, -a, -um. last, last part of, extremus, -a, winter-quarters, hiberna, -orum, -um. n. pi. ; properly an adj. w. caa- meantime, in the meantime, in- tra understood. terim, adv. EXERCISE 2. 1. You^ and Metellus came unwillingly. 2. Caesar and I^ were glad to come. 3. Neither the consul nor the praetor will lead (his*) soldiers across the Moselle. 4. The consul and the praetor sent^^ soldiers into the city of Eome. 5. This boy and girl are attentive and industrious. 6. It is perilous for the Germans^ to cross the river Ehine and come into France. 7. The brave and the fair come in very^ great numbers to America.^ 8. Caesar was frequently in Gaul. 9. The Sequani came alone into the middle of the city. 10. Caesar will be unwilling to send the envoy into the middle of the city. 11. The consul led his soldiers out of camp in the last part of winter.^" 12. Caesar was the first to lead Eoman^^ soldiers across the river Ehine. 13, On the top of a hill the consul formed a triple line of the legions, which he had enlisted in Gaul. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Notes and Questions. 1 Captus est agrees with unus and is understood with filia. 2 Which is an attributive and which a predicate adjective ? 3 Very unlike ; the positive with very is often rendered into Latin by the superlative ; valda [very] dissimilia would be more emphatic. ' The adverb, primum, would imply that Caesar /j-st performed the act of sending and afterwards some other act. ^ In Latin the first pei'son stands before the second ; the second before the third : e. g. ego et tu ; tu et Caesar. ^ Words enclosed in parentheses are to be omitted in translation. ^ Sent ; see Example 3 and Note 1. 8 For the Germans ; render by the Accusative. ' To America ; translate with in and the Accusative. 1" In the last part of winter ; Is a preposition necessary in the Latin equivalent ? What use of the Ablative ? 11 The adjective, Eomanus, should always follow its noun. lii See Ref. 1-3. LESSON III. USE OF PRONOUNS. REFERENCES. 1, 2. Personal. A, & G. 194, a-c; A. & S. 316, a; page 77, foot-note : B. 242, 1-3 : G. 304, 1-3 : H. 446, Notes 1-3. 3-T. Possessive. A. & G. 197, a, 1, 2, c-e: A. & S. 186, (1), (2) ; 332 ; 444 : B. 243, 1-3 : G. 312 : H. 447 ; 363, 4, 1). 8-12. Mefleasive {Reflective). A. & G. 196, a, 1, 2,/.- A. & S. 445, (1), a, (2), a; 447, a; 449, (1), a: B. 244, 1-5: Q. 309, 1-4 : H. 448, Note ; 449, 1, 4. EXAMPLES. 1. 7 am consul, C90 sum consul. 2. Who of us ? Quis nostrum ? 3. Caesar led out his troops, Caesar copias .smos eduzit. 4. Gaul is my province, provincia mea est Gallia. 5. Ariovistus led/iis troops across the Rhone, Ariovistus copias trans Rhodanum duzit. LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 9 6. The Gauls made an attack on our men, Galli in nostras im- petum feceruut. 7. Their oWn province, sua ipsorum provincia. 8. They surrendered themselves and (heir possessions to Caesar, se waque Caesari dediderunt. 9. The king demanded that Caesar send an envoy to him, rex postulavit ut Caesar legatum ad se mitteret. 10. Our soldiers having encouraged one another, nostri cohor- tati inter se. 11. All differ /j'om one another, omnes inter se differunt. 12. They give hostages to one another, obsides inter sese dant. VOCABULARY 3. amusing, delectans, -autis. from, out of, e, ex ; from, from attack, impetus, -us, m. near, a, ab ; prepositions w. ahl. betake one's self, se conferre ; lead out, -educo, -ere, -du^, confero, conferre, contuli, -ductum. conlatum. march, iter, itineris, m. ; to march, bring on, infero , inferre, intuli, iter facere ; facio, f^cere,feci, inlatum. factum chief, leading, prinoeps, -ipis, on, upon, in ; see Vy. 1, under adj. into, encourage, cohortor, -ari, -atus parts, from all parts, undiqucj^ sum. adv. entrust, oommendo, -are, -avi, state, civitas, -atis,/. -atum. surrender, dedo, -ere, dedidi, fire, set fire to, burn, incendo, deditum. -ere, -cendi, -censum. vigorously, acriter, adv. EXERCISE 3. 1. You are that consul who was the first^ to lead Eo- man soldiers across the river Moselle. 2. Who of you^ has sent envoys to the king ? 3. We shall lead out our troops from camp and make an attack on the enemy. 4 The Gauls have betaken themselves into their own^ province. 5. The enemy will betake themselves to their 10 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. (friends) and make an attack on our (men). 6. I shall surrender myself and all my (possessions) to Caesar. 7. The king demanded that we send* you to him as an envoy. 8. The' soldiers are very unwilling to go through the middle of their own city. 9. In the last part of your book is a very amusing story. 10. All these nations gave hostages to one another. 11. Our soldiers are crossing the Ehine, which^ is very perilous. 12. We shall march into the towns and villages which the enemy have set fire to. 13. The enemy came in very great numbers and occupied the top of the mountain. 14. The chief (men) will assemble from all parts and entrust themselves and their states to Caesar. 15. Our (soldiers), having en- couraged one another, made a vigorous attack^ on the Gauls. Notes and Quesfions. 1 first ; what wonlJ qui primum duxisti imply ? See Ln. II., NoTB 4. ^ of you; which form of the Genitive plural of personal pronouna is used partitively ? See A. & G. 99 6 ; A. & S. page 77, foot-note : B. 242, 2 : G. 100, Remark 2 ; 101, Remark 2 : H. 446, Note 3. s own ; see Example 7. * that we se.nd ; see Example 9. ^ which ; what is its antecedent and gender ? See Ln. I., Eef. 5-8, and Ex. 7. ^ made a vigorous attack ; translate as if it read, made an attack vigor- ously. LESSON IV. USE OF PRONOUNS (coiitinued). 1-8. Demonstrative. A. & G. 195, e,f: A. & S. 181 (l)-(4) ; 447 ; 4^, (l),a, (2) ; 450, (1), (2) : B. 246-249 : G. 305-308'; 310 ; 311, 1, 2 : H. 450, 1, 2 } 451, 3 ; 452, 1, 2. LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 11 9-13. Xnaefinite. A. & G. 202, a-c ; 203, a-c; A. & S. 454- 460 : B. 252, 1-4; 253, 1-3 : G. 313-319: H. 455-458; 459. 14, 15. Melative. A. & G. 201, e,g: A. & S. 451 : B. 250, 1-5 ; 251, 1-7 : H. 453. EXAMPLES. ^ 1. They hastened to that place, ad eum locum conteuderunt. 2. They send envoys to him, legates ad eum mittunt. 3. Caesar grasps his right hand, Caesar eiiis destram prendlt. 4. They perform the same (act), idem faciunt. 5. You also, or likewise, said, vos iidem dixistis. 6. Caesar himself hastened to them, Caesar ipse ad eos contendit. 7. You surrendered yourself, tu te ipse dedidisti. 8. They were fighting on the very banks, in ipsis ripis proelia- bautur. 9. Without any danger, sine ullo perioulo. 10. He asked that Caesar send some one, rogavit ut Caesar ali- quem mitteret. 11. If any wars should occur, si qua beUa inciderint. 12. One man from one ship, another from another, alius alia ex nave. 13. They were carried, some in one direction, some in another, alii aliam in partem ferebantur. 14. When these had betaken themselves into the town, qui cum se in oppidum contulerant. 15. They killed a multitude as great as was the length of the day, tantam multitudinem interfecerunt, quantum fuit diei spatium. VOCABULARY 4. any, any one, anybody, anything, hasten, contendo, -ere, -tendi, aliquis ; aft. si, nisi, ne, or num, -tentum. quis ; see gram, for declension. party, the one party . . . the other, as much ... as, as great ... as, tan- alter! . . . alteri. tu3,-a, -um . . . quantus , -a, -um. reach, capio, capere, cepT, cap- as soon as, simul atque.^ turn. at once, statim, adv. rescue, eripiS, eripere, eripui, direction, pars, partis,/. ereptum. grasp, prehendo (prendo), -ere, right hand, de^ctra, -ae, /., se. prehendi, prebensum. * manus. 12 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. save, servo, -are, -avi, -atum. some . . . others, alii . . . alii, singularly, egregie, adv. time, at one and the same time, some, somebody, some one, some- simul, adv. thing, aliquis ; quidam ; see withdraw, se recipere ; recipio, gram, for decl. recipere, recepi, receptum. EXERCISE 4. 1 These went^ unwillingly, but those were very glad to go.^ 2. By means of^ these (men) he will rescue himself and save his country. 3. We shall hasten to them our- selves and likewise demand hostages. 4. They betook themselves to Metellus, governor of Africa, and also* son- in-law of a king. 5. We also * sent, envoys to him^ and betook ourselves into a town singularly fortified by nature. 6. We cannot cross this river without some danger. 7. We grasped their light hands and Marcus did the same. 8. We shall send soldiers into their very^ cities, if they carry on^ any war with us.^ 9. Our army occupied as much of their city as it was able to occupy. 10. Some of the Gauls, as soon as they reached the top of the hill, began at once to fortify their^ camp. 11. Some betook themselves into cities, others into forests and swamps. 12. The one party will V(ithdraw upon a mountain, the other will betake themselves to their baggage and carts. 13. One man came from one city, another from another. 14. At one and the same time, the shouts of those who were coming with the horses were heard, and we were sent, some in one direction and some in another. Noies and Questions. 1 Also written simulatque, simul ac, and simnlac. 2 "Write the verb but once, and at the end of the entire sentence. ' By means of; per with Accusative. * Also; see Ex. 5. 5 to; see Ln. I., Note 4. " Vert/t; when used to emphasize >i noun, very should be rendered by the proper form of ipse : see Ex. 8. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 13 ' Garry on ; render by the future. 5 With us ; what is the position of cum when used with a per.ional or relative pronoun ? See A. & G. 99, e; 104, e ; A. k. S. 431, e .- B. 142, 4 ; G. 413, Eemaek 1 : H. 184, 6 ; 187, 2. ' Their; how should it be rendered? See Ln. III., Ref. 8-12. LESSON V. COMMANDS AND EXHORTATIONS: PEOHIEITIONS: WISHES: VOCATIVE. REFERENCES. 1, 3. Vse of the Imperative. A. & Gr. 269 : A. & S. 527, a : B. 281 : G. 266-268 ; 270 : H. 487. 3,, 4. Subjunctive in Commands and Exhortations. A. & a. 266: A. & 8. 472: B. 274; 275 : G. 263, 1-3 : H. 483, 3; 484, 11., IV.' 5-7. Mow to Express a Prohibition. A. & G. 269, a .• A. & S. 529 : B. 276, a-c: G. 271, 2 ; 272, 2 : H. 468; 489, l)-3). 8, 9. How to Express a Wish. A. & G. 267, b: A. & S. 473, a, b : B. 279, 1, 2 : G. 260; 261 : H. 483, 2 ; 484, I. 10. Use of the Vocative. A. & G. 241, a; A. & S. 402 : B. 171 : G. 201, Remarks 1, 2 : H. 369. EXAMPLES. 1. Leap down, soldiers, desilite, milites. 2. Lead out your (associates) ; purify the city, ediic tuos ; piirga urbem. 3. Let us not go, ne eamus. 4. Let them either go out or keep quiet, aut exeant aut quies- cant. 5. Do not hesitate, noli dubitare, nolite dubitare. 6. Do not do this, you shall not do this, hoc ne feceris. 7. Do not pardon, cave ignoscas. 8. Would that he had led out his forces 1 utinam copias suas eduzisset ! 14 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 9. that I were not living ! utinam ne viverem ! 10. May my fellow-citizens be prosperous! sint florentes cives mei! VOCABULARY 5. advance, progredior, progredi, happy, beatus, -a, -um. progressus sum. hesitate, dubito, -are, -avi, assemble, convenio, -Ire, -veni, -atum. -ventum. lead out, educo, -ere, eduzi, as soon as possible, quam pri- eductum. mum, adv. prosperous, florens, gen, floren- begin a battle, proelium. com- ti8, adj. mitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. put to flight, in fugam do, dare, break up camp, castra moveo, dedi, datum. -ere, movi, motum. right, dexter, dextra, deztrum. face about, wheel about, signa take, capture, capio, capere, converto, -ere, -verti, -ver- cepi, oaptum. sum. wing, oornu, -us, n. ; on the right flee, fugio, fugere, fugi; terga wing, a dextro cornu. verto, -ere, verti, versum. EXERCISE 5. 1. Lead out all your troops as soon as possible, general,^ and take the enemy's camp. 2. Soldiers, break up camp as soon as possible and advance into the enemy's country. 3. Wheel about ; attack the English ; put them to flight. 4. Let us likewise face about as soon as possible and make an attack on the French. 5. Let us not^ assemble in very great numbers,^ but let us flee, some in one direc- tion and some in another. 6. Let the boys and girls be both attentive and industrious. 7. Do not hesitate, sol- diers, to march through the very territory of the Gauls. 8. Do not begin the battle on the right wing, but with- draw at once upon this mountain. 9. You shall* not march through our territory. 10. May you and all your friends !)e happy and prosperous !^ 11. Would that our LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 15 soldiers had not fled! would that they were advancing into "the very territory of the enemy ! ^ 12. that our men had broken up camp ! that they were beginning battle on the left wing ! 13. Let us not surrender our- selves and all our possessions^ to Caesar. 14. Do not surrender yourselves and all your possessions to Metellus, the consul. 15. that some of the Gauls would surren- der themselves and all their possessions to me ! ^ Noies and Questions. 1 In Latin prose the Vocative usually stands after one or more words of its sentence. ^ Not ; in negative sentences expressing an exhortation or a wish, ne is generally used ; see Examples 3 and 9. ' Vert/ great numbers; see Ln. II., Eef. 10-12 and Note 3. * Shall not march ; see Ex. 6. ' What kind of a wish is expressed by this sentence ? * Possessions ; is it necessary to translate this word ? LESSON VI. TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE. REFERENCES. 1. Historical Present. A. & G. 276, (i; A. & S.466 : B. 259, 3 : G. 229 : H. 467, III. 2. Present with dum, while. A. & G. 276, e: A. & S. 468 : B. 293, I. : G. 229, Eemaek : H. 467, 4. 3. Present with iam, lam diu, iam dUdum, iam pridem. A. & G. 276, a; A. & S. 467 : B. 259, 4 : G. 230 : H. 467, 2. 4-6. Imperfect. A. & G. 277, a, c ; A. & S. 461 ; 464 : B. 260, 1-3 : G. 231-233: H. 469, I., II. 16 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 7. Future. A. & G. 278, b : A. & S. 461 : B. 261, 1, 2 : G. 242, Remark 1 : H. 470, 1. 8, 9. Perfect. A. & G. 279, a, e: A. & S. 462, (1): B. 262, A., B.: G. 235-236, Remark 1 ; 239 ; 240 : H. 471, 1., II., 1, 3. 10. Pluperfect. A. & G. 280 : A. & S. 462, (2) : B. 263 : G. 241, 1-3, Remark 1 : H.'472. 11. Future Perfect. A, & G. 281, Remark : A. & S. 462, (3) : B. 264, a: G. 244, Remarks 2, 3 : H. 473, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. They send envoys to Caesar with respect to a surrender, lega- tes ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt. 2. While he was delaying, fear seized the army, dum mordtur, timor ezercitum occupavit. 3. JVe have been living now a long time in the midst of these perils, iam diu in his periculis versamur. 4. The shouting of those, who were coming, was arising, eorum, qui veniebant, clamor oriebatur. 5. They kept making sallies from the town, ex oppldo excur- siones faciebant. 6. They were wont to talk (used to talk) more fearlessly than they fought; fortius loquebantur quam pugnabant. 7. If they are willing to hasten, they will overtake (him), si ao- celerare volent, eonsequentur. 8. The enemy fled , hostes terga verterunt. 9. He remembers all, omnia meminit ; men hated him, eum oderant viri. 10. Who had come as envoys to Caesar, qui legati ad Caesarem venerant. 11. When you are reading this, perhaps I shall have met him, cum tu haec leges, ego ilium fortasse convenero. VOCABULARY 6. because, quod, corij. for the sake of, causa : abl. of commend, laudo, -are, -avi, cause; must follow its limiting -atum. gen. delay, moror, -ari, -atus sum. sally, excursio, -onis, /. devastate, vasto, -are, -avi, scatter, rout, fugo, -are, -avi, -atum. -atum. LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 17 supplies, commeatus, -us, m. vicinity, in the vicinity of, ad, surrender, deditio, -onis, /. prep. w. ace. take part, versor, -ari, -atus when, cum (quum), conj. sum. while, dum, conj. time, now a long time, for a long winter, pass the winter, hiemo, time, iam diu, iam dudum. -are, -avi, -atum. to-day, hodie, adv. with respect to, de, prep. w. ahl. EXERCISE 6. 1. The king pitches a camp and sends envoys to the consul with respect to a surrender. 2. While the general was forming^ a triple line of battle on the top of the hill, the enemy made an attack on him. 3. The governor has been delaying^ now a long time in the vicinity of this city for the sake of^ supplies. 4. The Gauls were devas- tating the territory through which they had come. 5. The Germans used to cross the river Ehine with* rafts and boats. 6. The French kept making sallies from the town and attacks on the Germans. 7. The enemy had now for a long time been making^ sallies from the town of Geneva. 8. If our men make^ a sally from the town to-day, they will take the enemy's camp. 9. We Hkewise were wont to make sallies from the city and take part with our friends in battles. 10. Caesar marched through the territory of the Gauls, who at once surrendered themselves and all their possessions to him.^ 11. Caesar remembered all that he had ever^ seen. 12. While our general was delaying in those places for the sake of supplies, ambassadors from a large part of Gaul came to him* with respect to peace. 13. He com- mended the legions, which were wintering in the neigh- borhood of Geneva, because they had been the first to march into the enemy's country. 14. When you and I lead® our troops across the river Ehine, we shall scatter the Germans, some in one direction and some in another. 18 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Notes and Questions. 1 was forming ; see Eef. 2 and Ex. 2. '■' has been delaying ; see Ref. 3 and Ex. 3. 2 for the sake of; what must be the position of causa % See Vy. * vnth rafts; should a preposition he used in the Latin equivalent ? ^ had been making; with iam diu, etc., the Latin employs the imper- fect where the English uses the progressive pluperfect. s make ; what tense must be used ? See Ref. 7 and its Ex. ' ever, in the sense of at any time, must be rendered by umquam ; in the sense of always, by semper. " to him ; how should to him be rendered in Sentence 10, arid how in Sentence 12 ? Why ? 5 lead; with what tense should lead be rendered, and why ? See Ref. 11. LESSON VII. SEQUENCE OF TENSES. — FINAL CLAUSES. REFERENCES. 1-7. Sequence of Tenses. A. & G. 283-286 : A. & S. 524 ; 525 ; 526, a: B. 267, 1-3 : G. 225 ; 509, 1 ; 510 : H. 490 ; 491 ; 492, 1, 2 ; 493, 1, 2. 8, 9. Exceptions. A. & G. 287, a,e: A. & S. 524, a: 311, g. Remark 2 : B. 268, 1-3 : G. 511, Remarks 1, 3 : H. 495, 1.-IV. 10, 11. AdverMal use of Final Clauses.^ A. & G. 317, b: A. & S. 482, (1), (3), a,b: B. 282, 1, a : G. 543; 544, I. ; 545, 1-3 : H. 497, II., 1, 2. 12, 13. AOjective use of Final Clauses. A. & G. 317, 2 : A. & S. 482, (2) : B. 282, 2 : G. 630 : H. 497, I. EXAMPLES. 1. He stays "l that he may know, remanet "| 2. He will stay I to know, in order remanebit | ^ ^^.^^ 3. He has staid f to know, so as remanait f 4. He will have staid J to know. remanaeritj LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 19 5. He was staying Uhat he might know, remanebat ^ 6. He staid >-to know, in order remansit l-ut sciret. 7. He had staid J toknow,soastoknow;remanseratj 8. I have been waiting that you might see, exBpectavI ut vide- retis. 9. He persuades Dumnorix to attempt the same, Dumuorigi, ut idem con^retur, persuadet. 10. He strengthens the forts that he may he able more easily to pre- vent, castella communit, quo facilius prohibere possit. 11. He stopped that he might not lose time (so as not to lose time), constitit ne tempus dlmitteret. 12. He sends forward scouts to select (who are to select) a place, ex- ploratores praemittit qui locum deligant. 13. He sent forward the cavalry to delay (which was to delay) the army, equitatum, qui agmen moraretur, praemisit. VOCABULARY 7. auxiliaries, auzilia, -orum, n.pl. avoid, vito, -are, -avi, -atum. bridge, pons, pontis, m. cavalry, equitatus, -us, m. confer, couloquor, -i, -looiitus sum. cut down, intersoindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum. easily, facile, adv. excuse, exouso, -are, -avi, ^tum. fear, timor, -oris, m. force, band, body, manus, -us, /. fort, castellum, -i, n. infantry, pedites, -um, m. pi. nation, natio, -onis,/. send forward, praemitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. storm, ezpugno, -are, -avi, -atum. suspicion, suspicio, -onis,/. terrify, perterreo, -ere,-ui,-itum. EXERCISE 7. 1. Crassus and Metellus go into Italy that they may be elected^ consuls. 2. The cavalry delay in the vicinity of the enemy's camp so as to avoid^ the suspicion of fear. 3. The infantry had delayed in the vicinity of the city in order to avoid the suspicion of fear. 4. The consul was leading a large force of cavalry^ through the territory of the AUobroges, that he might terrify them. 5. Metellus sent forward his cavalry, which was to terrify the Gauls. 20 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 6. These had delayed, that they might avoid the sus- picion of fear. 7. We have been storming the city that the enemy might not^ make a sally from it.* 8. Ariovis- tus sends forward his infantry with all his cavalry, which forces are to terrify our men. 9. The Gauls sent ambas- sadors to me when I was consul, who were to confer with me^ with respect to peace. 10. The consul led with him® a large force of infantry that'^ he might more easily storm the fort. 11. Let the general send forward a part of his^ infantry to storm the fort and cut down the bridge. 12. Let us march into the enemy's country that he may not winter in ours. 13. Crassus will march into Aqui- tania and Helvetia that auxiliaries may not be sent from those nations into Gaul. 14. While the general was delaying^ in the vicinity of Geneva for the sake of-"* sup- plies, men from a large part of Helvetia came to him to excuse^ themselves. Noies and Questions. 1 Id English, purpose or desiyn is expressed by that and a. verb with may or might ; by in order, so as, who is, who was, etc. , followed by an infinitive; and very often by an infinitive alone ; see Examples. 2 Large force of, cavalry ; when a Noun is modified both by an Adjec- tive and a Genitive, the usnal order is Adj., Gen., Noun : e. g., tanta renim comiuiitatio. 8 That not in a fina-l clause should be rendered by ne. * //, ; what must be the gender of this word in the Latin ? Why ? 5 What is the position of cum when used with personal and relative pronouns ? See Ln. IV., Note 8. ^ Him; with what pronoun should him be rendered? See Ln. III., Erp. 8-12. ' That ; how may that be rendered when it introduces a final clause containing a comparative ? * Eis; when should his, their be rendered by suus 1 When by tlie Genitive of is ? ' was delaying; see Ln. VI., Ref. 2. w What jpust be the position of causa with respect to its limiting Geni- tive ? See Vy. 6. LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 21 LESSON viir. FINAL CLAUSES {continueol). REFERENCES. 1-14, Substantive Vse of Final Clauses. A. & G. 329 ; 331, a-f: A. & S. 484-490; 492, Note : B. 294 ; 295, 1-7 •, 296, 1, 2 : G. 544, II.; 546; 550, 1, 2 : H. 498, I.-III. 13-14. ut omitted. A. & G. 331, /, Remark : A. & S. 491: B. 295, 8: G. 546, Remark 2: H. 499, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. He advised that the legions unite, monuit ut sese leglouea coniungerent. 2. They ask him to choose, ab eo postulant utj^ deligat. 3. They begged him not to move, ne moveret petierunt. 4. He exhorted them to withstand the attack, cohortatus est utl impetum sustinerent. 5. He commanded that they should not throw hack any weapon, imperavit ne. quod telum relcerent. 6. He ordered these to find out, his mandavit ut cogvoKerent. 7. They persuade their neighbors to set out, persuadent finiti- mis utl proficiscUntur. 8. He employs the Senones to find out these things, dat nego- tium Senonibus uti ea cognoscant.^ 9. He feared that he would offend, ne offenderet verebatur. 10. I fear that you are not long lived, ut sis vitalis metuo. 11. I fear that I shall not bring it to pass, timeo ne non impe- trem. 12. I desire you to consider, velim esistimes. , 13. He asks him to make an end, rogat finem faciat. 14. Him he orders to go to the Belgians, huic mandat Belgas adeat. VOCABULARY 8. advance to the attack, make an advise, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. assault, signa infero, inferre, at all, omnino, adv. intuli, inlatum. beg, peto, ere, -ivi & -ii, -itum. 22 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. command, impero, -are, -avi, persuade, persuadeo, -ere, -sua- -atum, w. dat. si, -suasum. employ, negotium do, dare, report, refero, referre, retuli, dedi, datum ; lit. give employ- relatum. nifint; VI. dat. of person employed remaining, rest of, reliquus, -a, and final clause, defining the eTn- -um. ployment. throw back, reiciS, • reicere, exhort, nrge, encourage, cohor- reieci, reiectum. tor, -ari, -atus sum. unite, join together, coniungo, fear, vereor, -eri, -itus sum ; -ere, -iunxi, -iunctum, w. re- timeo, -ere, -ui ; metuo, -ere, flexive pronoun. metui. weapon, telum, -i, n. fearlessly, bravely, fortiter, adv. withstand, sustineo, -ere, -tinui, find out, cognosco, -ere, CO- -tentum. gnovi, cognitum. EXE^RCISE 8. 1. The consul advised that for the future we avoid all suspicions of fear. 2. The general exhorts both the cav- alry and infantry to advance fearlessly to the attack. 3. Crassus advises that the legions unite and make an assault on the enemy. 4. The governor betook himself to his friends^ and urged them^ to assemble in as great numbers as possible.* 5. Caesar betook himself to his men^ and commanded them not to throw back any weapon at all. 6. Metellus sent ambassadors to the king, who were to beg^ him not to cut down the bridge. 7. We shall employ these soldiers to cut down the bridge. 8. They employed us to find out what Ariovistus said* and to report to them.^ 9. They persuaded us to pass the winter in their city. 10. We have persuaded not only the boys but also the girls to be more attentive and indus- trious. 11. We fear^ that father and mother will be unwilling to come. 12. Our general feared that auxil- iaries would come from those nations into Switzerland. 13. We'have feared that you and the rest of the boys LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 23 would not be attentive. 14. The general fears that his cavalry will not withstand the attack of the Swiss. 15. Him I desired to go^ as an ambassador to the French. Notes and Questions. ^ uti, original form of at. 2 uti — oognoscant, an appositive with negotium ; what is the literal translation of this sentence ? ^ Is it necessary to render this word ? * as possible; the force of a superlative is intensified by prefixing quam : e. g., quam pliirimi, as many (men) as possible. ' who were to beg ; which use of the Final Clause ? See Ln. Vll., Ref. 12, 13. " said; render by the Imperfect Subjunctive. ' them; what pronoun should be used ? See Ln. III., Rep. 8-12. 8 Verbs and expressions of fearing in Latin are followed by ne and the Subjunctive if the object is not desired ; by ut or ne non and the Sulijunc- tive if it is desired. In such sentences ne equals that, lest; ut, ne non, equal that not : see Examples 9, 10, 11. ' to go ; see Example 12. LESSON IX. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. REFERENCES. 1-S. Adverbial and Adjective Uses of Consecutive Clauses.^ A. & G. 319, 1-3, Remark, a: A. & S. 483, a, c : B. 284, 1-3 : G. 551, 1, 2 ; 630: H. 500, I., IL 4-8. Substantive Use of Consecutive Clauses. A. & G. 332, o, b, e, f: A. & S. 494-497 : B. 297, 1-3 : G. 553, 1-4 : H. 501, L, 1, 2, IL, 1, 2, in. ; 502, 1, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. Such a change was made that our soldiers renewed the battle, tanta commutatio facta est, ut nostri proelium redintegrdrent. 24 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 2. There are so many that a prison can not hold them, sunt ita multi, ut eos career capere non possit. 3. No one will be so stupid as not to see, or tliat lie will not see, nemo tain stultus erit, qui nun videat. 4. It happened to be full moon, accidit ut esset luna plena. 5. The result was that they endured not even one attack, factum est, ut ne unum quidem impetum ferrent. 6. They made the departure seem entirely like a flight, fecerunt, ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. 7. They had caused these hedges to furnish protection, efiece- rant ut hae saepes munimenta praeberent. 8. It is a law of war that they who conquer rule, ius est belli ut, qui vicerint imperent.^ VOCABULARY 9. arise, coorior, -iri, -ortus sum. not . . . even, ne . . . quidem; the bring to pass, cause, efBcio, efB- word to be made emphatic must cere, effeci, effectum. stand between ne and quidem. defend, defendo, -ere, -fendi, remains, it remains, reliquum -fensum. est ; restat. endure, bear, fero, ferre, tuli, seize, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum. latum. so, tarn, ita, adverbs. happens, the result is, it comes to spiritedh', acriter, adv. pass, fit, fieri, factum est. storm, tempestas, -atis, / indeed, at least, quidem, adv. ; such, so great, tantus, -a, -um. stands immediately after the em- such, of such a kind, talis, -e. phatic word. suddenly, subito, adv. nobody, no one, nemo ; gen. and true, verus, -a, -um. abl. supplied from nuUus ; dat. wicked, improbus, -a, -um. and ace, nemiui, neminem. EXERCISE 9. 1. Sucli fear suddenly seized the army that it terrified the minds of all. 2. Such a storm suddenly arose that it drove our ships, some in one direction and some in another. 3. Our soldiers are so cowardly that they will not^ advance* to the attack. 4. No one is so cowardly as not to flefend himself. 5. The consul made us betake LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 25 ourselves into the middle of the city. 6. We fear that we shall not make you hear. 7. I brought it to pass that the senate sent me as an ambassador to the French. 8. The result was that the Gauls did not endure even one attack of our men but^ fled at once. 9. It happens that the very® men, who are making an assault on the Swiss, are very^ cowardly. 10. It remains for you to go^ to the general and beg him not to pitch his camp in our city, ^^il. It is a law of war that those, who have been con- quered, surrender® themselves and all their possessions. 12. The storm was so great that nobody^ came. 13. The consul advised that no one* lead his army out of winter- quarters. 14. For a long time I have been exhorting^" the cavalry to make a spirited assault on the English. 15. This is indeed true that he exhorted" us to withstand the attack. Notes and Questions. ^ In English a result is expressed by that, so that, and an Indicative ; by as, so as, and an Infinitive ; sometimes by an Infinitive alone. The pre- ceding clause generally contains some word modified by such at so: see Examples and compare Lesson VII., Note 1. 2 nt — impereut is an appositive with iiis. 8 that not ; In clauses of result, that not, that no one, that nothing, that never are to be translated respectively by nt non, ut nemo, ut nihil, ut numqnam ; in clauses of purpose by ne, ne quis, ne quid, ne umquam. * will advance; " The Present Subjunctive corr.esponds in most cases to the Present and to the simple Future of the Indicative ; but when it is im- portant to distinguish the Future from the Present, the Future Active Parti- ciple, with aim or essem, is resorted to.'' Roby, ]507. 5 but ; " If a negative proposition is followed by an affirmative, in which the same thought is expressed or continued, -que, et, or ac, is em- ployed in Latin, where in English we use but." Madvig, 433, Obs. 2. * ve7-if; see Ln. IV., Note 6. ' very ; see Ln. II., Note 3. 8 for you to go ; translate as if it read, that you go. 9 that — surrender; see Ex. 8 and Note 2. 1" have been exhorting ; see Ln. VI., Eef. 3. 11 that he exhorted; which use of the Consecutive Clause ? 26 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. LESSON X. PECULIAR USES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES. — SUBJUNCTIVE WITH QUIN AND QUOMINUS. REFERENCES. 1-9. Relative Clauses. A. & G. 320, a, I, /.- A. & S. 500, (2) : B. 283, 1,2: G. 631, 1, 2: H. 503, I.,. II., 1-3. 10-12. Subjunctive with Quin. A. & G. 319, d: A. & S. 493, (2), a, b ; 499, a : B. 283, 4 ; 284, 3; 295, 3 : G. 554, 555, 1, 2 : H. 504, 1-3, 1), 2), 4. 13, 14. Subjunctive ivith Quominus.^ A. & G. 319, c: A. & S. 493, (2), a: B. 295, 3 : G. 547 ; 549 : H. 497, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. And not any one has been found who refused to die, neque repertus est quisquam, qui mori recusm-et. 2. There was nothing with lohich to allay hunger, nihil erat, quo famem tolerarent. 3. There is nobody who does not fear you, nemo est qut te non metuat. 4. There are some who do not see, sunt qui non videant. 5. There will be some who viill desire, erunt qui velint. 6. What is there which can please you ? Quid est quod te de- lectare possit ? 7- I am the only man who could not be induced, units ego sum qui adduci non potuerim. 8. He will not be a fit man to send, non erit idoneus qui mittatur. 9. The stories are not worth reading, fabulae n5u dignae sunt quae legantur. 10. I do not doubt that he will inflict punishment, non dubito quln suppliclum sumat. 11. There is no doubt that they are the most powerful, non est dubium quln plurimum possint. 12. Thay could not be restrained from hurling weapons, retiueri non poterant quln tela conicerent. LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 27 13. Nobody was hindered from enjoying his property, nemo im- pediebatur quominus ^ eiua r§bus frueretur. 14. They will not refuse to he under their government, non re- cusabunt quominus * sub illorum imperio sint. VOCABULARY 10. allay, endure, tolero, -are, -avi, induce, adduco, -ere, -du2:i, -atum. -ductum. doubt, dubito, -are, -avi, -atum. inflict punishment, supplicium doubtful, dubius, -a, -um ; there sumo, -ere, sumpsi, siimp- is no doubt that, non est tum; to inflict punishment on dubium quin, w. subj. any one, de aliquo supplicium dwell in, inhabit, iucolo, -ere, sumere. -colui, no sup. prevent, deterreo, -ere, -ui,-itum. fit, suitable, proper, idoneus, -a, refuse, reciiso, -are, -avi, -atum. -um. restrain, retineo, -ere, -tinui, government, imperium, -i, n. -tentum. hinder, impedio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, severe, gravis, -e. -itum. time, a second time, iterum, adi'. hostage, obses. obsidis, m. andf. under, sub, prep. w. ace. and ahl. hunger, fames, -is, /. worthy, dignus, -a, -um. EXERCISE 10. 1. A storm arose which drove^ our ships, some in one direction and some in another. 2. We have nothing with which to allay our hunger. 3. There was nobody who did not fear that^ you would come. 4. There are some who fear that^ our infantry will not he able to withstand the attack. 5. Who is there in this city that will not bravely defend* himself ? 6. Divitiacus was the only man who could not be induced to give his children as hostages. 7. This is the only general who urged his sol- diers to march^ fearlessly into the enemy's country. 8. This man is not fit to be sent as ambassador to the Germans. 9. The books, which you sent me,^ are worth reading a second time. 10. We did not doubt that Ario- vistus would inflict very severe punishment on all the 28 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. hostages. 11. There is no doubt that he will inflict severe punishment on all of us.'' 12. We shall not be able to prevent even the Germans^ from uniting them- selves with the French. 13. Our army could not be restrained from making an attack on the Swiss. 14. The Eomans were not hindered from marching through the territory of the Gauls. 15. The Germans do not refuse to be under our government, but are glad to dwell in our country. Notes and Questions. ^ Some write quominus; others quo mimis. "The use of 'quominus' springs from the eupliemistic courtesy of the Latin language. It is more polite to say, ' I will hinder you so that you shall the less do what you wish,' than to say, ' quln (ut uon) facias,' ' so that you shall not do it.' So after recuso the refusal is less point-blank, as far as expression goes, with ' quominus ' than it would be with quin." Moberly's Caesar, page 225, Note P. 18. ^ which drove; the Indicative would simply state the fact that 'the storm drove our ships ' ; the Subjunctive, that ' it was of such force as to drive them ' : which mood should be used ? « that; see Ln. VIII., Note 8. * viill defend; see Ln. IX., Note 4, last part. ' to march; see Ln. VIII., Eef. 1-14. ^ me = to me = ad me. ' all of us — us all. 8 r?«r)?ia»s; what must be the position of Germanos'i Why? See Vy. IX., under not — even. — «:•!■>• — LESSON XL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. REFERENCES. 1-15. A. & G. 304, a, Xotb, d; 306 ; 307, a-d: A. & S. 4Y6, a, b, Note : B. 301-303 : G. 589-591 ; 594-596 : H. 506 ; 507, I., II. ; 50^, 1-5; 509, Note 1. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 29 4. 7. EXAMPLES. Clf they are fighting, they are| I conquering, i (If they were fighting, they] ( were conquering, 5 If they have fought, they have] conquered. If they fought, they conquered,] (If they fight (shall fight), they) ( will conquer, ) ( If they fight(shall have fought), } ( they will conquer, ) (If they shall have fought, they] 1 will have conquered, ) If they should fight, or were to fight, they would conquer. If they should be fighting, they would be conquering. If they should have fought, they would have conquered. If they should fight, they would conquer, si pugnant, viucunt. si pugnabant, vincebant. si pugnaverunt, vicerunt si pugnabunt, vincent. si pugnaverint, vinoent. si pugnaverint, vicerlnt. si pugnent, vincant. si pugnaverint, vicerint. 9. If he has come, he has brought a legiou with him, si venit, secum legionem duzit. 10. I shall not make war upon them, if they pay (shall pay) the tax, lis non bellum inferam, si stipendium pendent. 11. If he leaves (shall have left), I shall reward him, si discesse- rit ilium remunerabor. 12. If nobody should follow, I should go with the tenth legion, si nemo sequatur, cum decima legione earn. 13.' Unless relief is dispatched (shall be dispatched), I cannot hold out, nisi subsidium summittetur, ego sustinere non possum. 14. Leap down, unless you wish to abandon the standard, desilite, nisi voltis aquilam prodere. 15. But if you prefer that, betake yourself to Caesar, sin id mavis, confer te ad Caesarem. 30 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. VOCABULARY l[. alarm, commoveo, -ere, -in5vi, pay, peado, -ere, pepeudT, pen- -motum. sum. depart, discedo, -ere, -cessi, prefer, malo, malle, malul. -cessum. stay, remaneo, -ere, -mansi, nn flight, fuga, -ae, /. sup. give, do, dare, dedi, datum. tax, stipendium, -i, n. if, si; if however, but if, sin, confs. tenth, decimus, -a, -um. make upon, bring npon, infero, unless, nisi. inferre, intuli, inlatum ; w. write, scribo, -ere, scripsi, scrip- acc. and dat. turn. EXERCISE II. 1. If these boys and girls are attentive and industrious, they are happy. 2. If the flight of the Gauls has alarmed any, they have fled. 3. If the Eomans were marching through Gaul, the Gauls were making war upon them. 4. If any of the soldiers were cowardly, the general in- flicted severe punishment upon them. 5. If nobody comes, we shall go with the tenth legion alone. 6. They would not make war upon us, if we should pay the tax. 7. If hostages should be given, I should make peace with them. 8 If there should be no doubt that hostages would be given, I should be willing to make peace with them. 9. If they should not refuse to be under our government, nothing would prevent us from making peace with them. 10. Do not break up camp, unless you wish to begin a battle. 11. But if you prefer to break up camp, betake yourselves to the vicinity of Geneva. 12. If you were to wheel about, you would put the enemy to flight. 13. If you wrote these books your- self, they are worth reading. 14. If there is nobody in this city who will bravely defend himself, let us flee. 15. Stay in this place, if you wish to avoid the suspicion of fear. * LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 31 LESSON XII. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES {continued). 1-5. Supposition contrary to Reality. A. & G. 308 : A. & S. 476, a, b, Note : B. 304 : G. 597: H. 507, III. ; 510, Note I. 6. Use of quam si, ac si, etc. A. & G. 312, Remark : A. & 8. 481, a: B. 307, I : G. 602 : H. 513, II. 7. Conditional Relative Clauses. A. & G. 316 : A. & S. 500, (2), c ; B. 312, 2 : G. 593, I : H. 507, 2. 8. Use of modo, dum, dum modo. A. & G. 314 : A. & S. 504 : B. 310, I., II. : G. 573 : H. 513, I. EXAMPLES. 1. If they were fighting, they would be conquering, si pugnarent, vincerent. 2. If they had fought, they would have conquered, si pugna- vissent, vicissent. 3. If they could, they would storm the fort, si possent, castel- lum ezpugnarent. 4. If they had been able, they would have out down the bridge, si potuissent, pontem interscidlssent. 5. If the troops had come, we should be storming the fort, si copiae venissent, castellnm ezpugnaremus, 6. They shudder at the cruelty of the absent Ariovistus as if .he were present (i. e., as they would shudder, if he were present), ab- sentis Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut si adsit, horrent. 7. Whoever sees this will be compelled to admit that there are gods, or., if any one should see this, he would be compelled to admit that there are gods, haeo qui videat, oogatur confiteri deos esse. 8. Let him depart, provided he goes into exile, discedat, dum modo in exsilium eat. VOCABULARY 12. absent, absens, gen. absentis. as if, velut si, quasi, affair, res, rei, /. beset closely, urg\ieo, -ere, ursi, arrival, adventus, iis, m. _ no sup. 32 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. by, a, ab, prep. w. abl. present, be present, adsum, ad- cruelty, crudelitas, -atis, /. esse, adfui. district, regio, -onis, /. provided, modo, dum, dum mo- inform any one, aliquem certio- do, conj 's. rem facid, facere, feci, fac- regard as an enemy, pro hoste tum ; be informed, certior fio, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. fieri, factus sum. seventh, Septimus, -a, -um. in person, coram, adv. shudder at, horreo, -ere, horrui, lead down, deduco, -ere, -duxi, no sup. -ductum. well, bene, adv. on the march, ex itinere ; to be on the march, esse in itinere. EXERCISE 12. 1. If the infantry could cross the river, they would storm the fort on the marcli. 2. If the Gauls had cut down the bridge, they would not have been able to cross the river. 3. If he had not led down his army out of these districts, I should have regarded him as an enemy. 4. If he were leading down his army out of these districts, we should not regard him as an enemy. 5. Unless he leads^ down his army out of these districts, I shall regard him as an enemy. 6. But if he should lead down his army out of these districts, we should not regard him as an enemy. 7. The Sequani used to shudder^ at the cru- elty of the absent Ariovistus as if^ he were present in person. 8. The king makes us shudder at* his cruelty as if he were present in person. 9. If any one^ should be alarmed by the flight^ of the Gauls,_he would flee. 10. If the enemy had been informed with respect to our arrival, they would have fled. 11. If we should employ the Gauls to inform^ us with respect to his^ arrival, it would be well. 12. If Caesar had employed the Gauls to inform him with respect to these affairs, it would have been well. 13. If the general saw^ that the legions were closely beset^** by LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 33 the enemy, he would advise that they join themselves together. 14. If Caesar had seen that the seventh legion was closely beset, he would have advised that the legions unite and attack the enemy. 15. Nothing will prevent us from visiting^i you, provided we are not sick.. Notes and Questions. 1 leads ; what tense should be used ? ' tised to shudder at ,• see Ln. VI., Ref. 4-6. 8 as if; what may be supplied between as and ifl * shudder at; see Ln. JX., E-ef. 4-8, and Ex. 6. ^ If any one; see Ref. 7 and Ex. 7. ^ ly the fight; what does this phrase denote ? Should a preposition be used ill the Latin equivalent ? ' to inform; what must Be its construction? See Ln. VIII., Rep. 1-14, and Ex. 8. ' his; how is it to be translated ? ' saw ; what time does this verb refer to, present or past ? What tense must be used ? *" that the legions were closely beset, legiones nr^erl. ^ from visiting; see Ln. X., Ref. J 3, 14. LESSON XIII. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. REFERENCES. 1-6. Fse of Moods in Concessive Clauses. A. & Gr. 313, a-f; 326 : A. & S. 478-480, 6 ; 510, (2) : B. 308 ; 309, 1-6: G. 603- 608; 634 ; 587 : H. 514} 515, I., II., 1-3, IIL EXAMPLES. 1. I opposed you, although I saw my own ruin, tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam. 2. Although all perils threaten, I shall endure them, licet peri- cula impendeant omnia, subibo. 3 34 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 3. Although the Suevi had not been able to drive these out, yet they made them tributary to themselves, hos cum Suevi ezpellere non potuissent, tamen vectigales sibi fecerunt. 4. Although the battle was fought till evening, nobody could see an enemy in retreat, cum ad vesperum piignatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. 5. However large it is, it is too little, quamvis amplum sit, id est parum. 6. Even if the zeal of men should fail, the gods would compel, etiam si homiuum studia deficiant, dii cogant. VOCABULARY 13. although, qiiamquam, cum offend, offendo, -ere, -fendi, -fen- (quum), licet,! conj's. sum. drive out, expello, -ere, -puli, plan, c5nsilium, -i, n. -pulsum. reprimand, acoriso, -are, -avi, fight, pugno, -are, -avi, -atum ; -atum. in passive used impersonally; rout, put to flight, fugo, -are, pugnatur, it is fought, a -avi, -atum. battle is fought, they fight. safely, tiito, adv. harbor, portus, -us, m. sail, navigo, -are, -avi, -atum. however, however much, quam- scout, explorator, -oris, m. vis, covj. severely, graviter, adv. nevertheless, yet, still, tamen, teacher, praeceptor, -oris, m. adv. till late at night, ad multam now, iam, nunc, adv's. noctem. nothing, nihil, indecl. neut. suh- tributary, vectigalis, -e, adj. stantive. EXERCISE 13. 1. Although the Gauls are leading down their troops out of these districts, nevertheless we shall regard them as enemies. 2. Although our men fought bravely till late at night, still they were not able to storm the fort. 3. Although these boys and girls are now attentive and industrious, yet their teacher will severely reprimand them. 4. Although they cannot drive out the Aquitani from tHeir territory ,2 nevertheless they will make them LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 35 tributary to themselves.^ 5. Although the legions were closely beset, the seventh suddenly wheeled about and put the enemy to flight. 6. Although our troops kept making sallies from the town till late at night, still they did not rout the English. 7. Although Caesar sent for- ward scouts, who were to inform* him with respect to the plans of the G-auls, nevertheless they made no report.^ 8. Although he feared that^ he would offend the mind of Divitiacus, he urged his soldiers to withstand the attack bravely. 9. However much you desire to see us, we shall not visit you. f^. Even if the governor sends^ men to cut down the bridge, the enemy will cross the river and storm the town. 11. Even if the general should employ scouts to inform him with respect to the plans of the enemy, they would make no report. 12. Even if Caesar had been informed with respect to the plans of the Gauls, he would have urged the Eomans to send an army into their^ country. Notes and Questions. 1 licet is properly an impersonal verb, present tense ; hence it is fol- lowed only by the Present and Perfect Subjunctive ; cf. rule for Sequence of Tenses, Ln. VII., Ref. 1-7. 2 from territory ; Abl. without preposition. ^ themselves ; what pronoun should be used ? See Ln. III., Ref. 8-12. * who were to inform; see Ln. VII., Ref. 12, 13. ^ they made no report = they reported nothing. o that; how should "that" be rendered after a verb of fearing? "that not"? ' sends ; what time does this verb refer to ? What mood and tense should be used in translating it ? See Ln. XL, Examples 4 and 5. 8 their ; render with the Genitive plural of iUe because it refers to Gauls, the remoter word. 36 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. LESSON XIV. CAUSAL CLAUSES. — ATTRACTION. REFERENCES. 1-5. Causal Clauses. A. & G. 321, i ; 326 ; 341, d: A. & S. 519 ; 510, (2) ; 500, (2), b : B. 285, 286, 1-3 : G. 538-542 ; 586 : H. 516, I., IL ; 517. 6. Attraction. A. & G. 342 : A. & S. 523 : B. 324, 1, 2 : G. 663 : H. 529, 11. EXAMPLES. 1. Our men were thrown into great disorder, because they could not keep in line, nostri quod non ordines servare poterant, magnopere perturbabantur. 2. Since he makes thi.s requital, I demand this, quoniam hanc gratiam refert, haec postulo. 3. He complains because he has been forsaken, quod sit desti- tutuB,! queritur. 4. Caesar is doing a great wrong because he is making the revenues decrease, magnam Caesar iniuriam facit, qui vectigalia deteriora faciat. 5. Since he had come unexpectedly, the Eemi sent envoys, cum de improviso venisset, Remi legatos miserunt. 6. Such an opinion of the war was spread abroad, that envoys were sent by those tribes which dwelt across the Rhine, tanta belH opinio perlata est, utT ab ils nationibus quae trans Rhenum incolerent,^ mitterentur legati. VOCABULARY 14. because, quod, quia, conj's. get a firm footing, firmiter in- beyond, across, trans, prep. w. ace. sisto, -ere, institi, no sup, bring on, infero, inferre, intuli, greatly, magnopere, adv. inlatum. hitherto, adhuc, adv. complain, queror, queri, questus keep in line, ordines servo, -are, sum. -avi, -atum ; lit. keep ranks, follow, fojjow close after, subse- lately, nuper, adv. quor, -sequi, -secutus sum. ravage, populor, -ari, -atus sum LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 37 renew, redintegro, -are, -avi, support, sublevo, -are, -avi, -atum. --atum. run,curr5,-ere, cucurri, cursum. the one party . . . the other, alte- severely, graviter, adi>. ri . . . alter!, since, cum (quum), quoniam, throw into disorder, perturbo, confs. -are, -avi, -atum. spread abroad, perfero, perferre, pertuli, perlatum. EXERCISE 14. 1. Our soldiers will be thrown into great^ disorder, be- cause they can neither keep in line nor follow the stand- ards. 2. Your men were thrown into disorder, because one was running from one ship, another from another. 3. The infantry were thrown into great disorder, because they could neither get a firm footing nor follow the stand- ards. 4. Caesar did a great wrong, because he inflicted* so severe punishment on the Gauls. 5. The consul cen- sures his soldiers severely, because he is not supported by them. 6. Caesar complains because the Britons have brought on^ a war without cause. -^. Since they could no longer® withstand the attacks of our men, the one part? betook themselves into the town, the other to their bag gage and wagons. 8. The Aedui complain because the Germans, who have lately come into Gaul, are ravaging their territory. 9. Such an opinion of this war will be spread abroad, that envoys will be sent to us by the na- tions which dwell beyond the Alps. 10. Such a change was made that the soldiers, who had hitherto been cow- ardly, renewed the battle. 11. He complains because he has been hindered from renewing'^ the battle. 1 2. There is no doubt that he will inflict^ severe punishment on the infantry, because they did not advance to the attack. 13. There were some who complained,^ because the cav- alry kept making sallies from the town. 38 LATIN PfiOSE COMPOSITION. Notes and Questions. 1 quod sit destitutus ; the writer does not voucli for the reality of this reason, but states it as that given by him who complains and hence uses the Subjunctive ; had he written est instead of sit, then he would have stated it as the actual reason according to his own view. ^ quae iucolerent; "Subordinate sentences are often found with the verb in the Subjunctive, because they are stated not as a fact but as part of a thought. The principal sentence which they qualify has its verb in the Infinitive or Subjunctive." Roby, 1772. Such a construction is called "Subjunctive lij Attraction." 2 great ; see Ex. 1 . * because he inflicted; a Causal Clause, introduced by a relative pro- noun, has its verb in tlie Subjunctive. * because . . . have brought on; In translating a Causal Clause, which is to begin with quod, think whether the writer is stating the actual rea- son, according to his own view, or a reason given by some other person than himself ; in the former case render with the Indicative ; in the latter, with the Subjunctive. " no longer = not longer. ' from, reneiving ; see Ln. X. Ref. 13, 14. 8 will inflict; see Ln. IX., Note 4, and Ln. X., Ref." 10-12. " who complained ; see Ln. X. , Ref. 1-9 and Ex. 4. LESSON XV. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. REFERENCES. 1, 2. With postquam, ubi, ut, simulac. A. & 6. 323 ; 324 : A. & S. 506 : B.,287, 1-5: Q. 561 : H. 518. 3, 4. With aiitequam, priusquam. A. & Gr. 327, a: A. & S. 505 : B. 291 ; 292 : Q. 574-577 : H. 520, I, 1, 2, II. 5-7. Wit7i cum (quum). A. & G. 325 : A. & S. 509, a: B. 288, A., B. ; 289 : G. 580-585 : H. 521, I., II., 1, 2. 8-10. With dum, donee, quoad. A. & G. 328 : A. & S. 502, a ; 503, % : B. 293, 1.-III. : G. 569 ; 571 ; 572 : H. 519, 1. II., I, 2. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 39 EXAMPLES. 1. After he saw the troops, he pitched a camp, posfquam copias vidit, castra posuit. 2. When he comes, he sets forth the fear, ubi venit, timorem proponit. 3. Before the enemy recovered from fright, he led his army into the territory of the Suessiones, priusquam se hostes ex terrore recipe- rent, in Gnes Suessionum ezercitum diixit. 4. He arrived in the vicinity of the enemy's camp before the Ger- mans could find it out, prius ad hostium castra pervenit, quam German! sentire possent. 5. TVheii Caesar was in Gaul, reports were brought to him, cum esset Caesar in G-allia, ad eum rumores adferebantur. 6. When he had come, he ascertained this, cum venisset, ea cognovit. 7. He himself came to the army, as soon as there began to be a supply of food, ipse, cum prvmum pabuli copia esse incepit, ad exercitum venit. 8. He waited until the rest of the ships should assemble, dum reli- quae naves convenlrent, exspectavit. 9. Wait until he is made consul, exspectate dum consul fiat. 10. While this was taking place, he arrived, dum haec geruntur, pervenit.^ VOCABULARY 15. after, postquam, conj. frequent, creber, crebra, cre- arrive, pervenio, -ire, -veni, brum. -ventum. fright, terror, -oris, m. as a deserter, pro perfuga. hasten, contendo, -ere, -tendi, as soon as, cum (quum) pri- -tentum. mum. increase, augeo, -ere, auxi, auo- away, be away, absum, abesse, tum, tr. : cresco, -ere, crevi, afui. cretum, intr. begin, incipio, -cipere, -cepi, receive, accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum. -ceptum. before, antequam, priusquam, recover, recipio, -cipere, -cepi, eonj's. -ceptum, w. reflexive pron. bring to, adfero, adferre, attuli, return, reverter, -i, -versus sum. adlatum. set forth, propono, -ere, -posui, far, longe, adv. -positum. 40 LA.TIN PROSE COMPOSITION. take place, geror, -i, gestus sum. wait, exspecto (expecto), -are, there, in that place, ibi, adv. -avi, -atum. until, till,dum,donec,quoad,coK/s. when, ubi, cum (quum), conj's. EXERCISE 15. \ 1. When he came to them as a deserter, he set forth the fear of the Eoman people.*^ 2. After the lieutenant was informed by those scouts, whom he had sent, that all the forces of the Germans were not far away,i he led his army across the Moselle, which is in the territory of the Belgae, and there pitched his camp. 3. Metellus led his army into the country of the AUobroges, before the enemy re- covered from fright. 4. Before the enemy recover^ from fright, our general will lead his cavalry into the territory of the Swiss, who are nearest to the Germans, and hasten towards the town of Geneva. 5. When we were in Italy, frequent reports were brought to us and we were informed by letter^ that the French had made war upon the Ger- mans. 6. You hastened into Italy yourself as soon as the Germans began to make war upon the French. 7. We shall hasten into Switzerland as soon as the summer be- gins* to be hot. 8. Our general waited until the enemy assembled in very great numbers. 9. Let us not wait^ until the forces of the enemy are increased® and their cavalry returns.® 10. When we had arrived in the vicin- ity of the forest and had begun to fortify a camp, suddenly from'' all parts of the forest the enemy made an attack on our men. ll.\Whila this was taking place^ among the Helvetii, Crassus arrived in the territory of the Aquitani with those troops which he had received from^ Caesar.\ Notes and Questions. ' Were away, abesse ; what imist be the case of its subject ? 2 reSoer ; "In reference to future time, these particles (antequam, LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 41 priasquam) take the Present and Future Perfect Indicative ; rarely the Present Subjunctive." A. & G. ' hy letter ; Ablative of Means. * hegiris; render with the Future Indicative. '' l^t us not wait ; see Ln. V., Ref. 3, i, and Note 2. ^ are increased . . . returns ; see Ex. 9. ' from ; which preposition should be used, ex or ab ? * While this was taking place ; see Ex. 10 and Ln. VI., Ref. 2. ■ojttioo- LESSON XVI. DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONS. REFERENCES. 1-5. How to ask a Question, A. Sc* G. 210, a-f: A. & S. 574, a, b, c; 575-578 : B. 162, I, 2 : G. 450-456; 462-465: H. 351, I, Notes 1-3, 2. 6. Double Questions. A. & G. 211, a-d: A. & S. 580, a, I; 581 : B. 162, 4 ; G. 457-459 : H. 353, I, 2, Notes 2-4. 7, 8. Ansicers. A. & G, 212: A. & S. 582 : B. 162, 5: G. 471: H. 352, Notes I, 2. 9-14. Indirect Questions. A. & G. 334, a,f, with Note im- mediately preceding 334 : A. & S. 518 ; 579 : B. 300, 1-5 : G. 460, 1, 2 ; 467: H 528, 2, Notk ; 529, I., 1, Notes I, 3. 15. Rhetorical Questions.^ A. & G. 268 : A. & S. 475 : B. 162, 3 ; 277, a : G. 466 : H. 486, II. EXAMPLES. 1. Which states are in arms ? quae civitates in armis sunt? 2. Do you remember ? taeministine ? 3. Is not the consul brave 1 nonne fortis est consul ? 4. You do not hesitate to do that, do you ? num dubitas id facere ? 5. Pray, what hinders you ? quid tandem te impedit? 6. Is this law or the destruction of all laws ? haec utrum lex est an legum omnium dissolutio ? 42 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 7. Has he come 1 He has ; venitne ? venit. 8. Did the general lead out his army ? He did not ; eduzitne imperator exercitum? iion eduxit. 9. He inquired which states were in arms, quaerebat quae civi- tates in armis esseut. 10. He inquires of the men themselves what the reason is, quae causa sit ex ipsis quaerit. Ill I asked whether he had arrived, rogavi perveuissetne. 12. He asks whether they will come, rogat num venturi sint. 13. The enemy were waiting (to see) whether our men would cross, si nostri transirent hostes exspectabant. 14. The tribunes were not decided as to what they would do, non satis tribuuis constabat quid agerent. 15. Why, pray, should you fear ? quid tandem vereamini ? VOCABULARY 16. adopt, insists, -ere, institi, no or, aut ; in double questions, an : '•^ sup. or not, in direct questions, au ask, rogS, -are, -avi, -atum. nou; in indirect, necne. decided, be decided, determined, peril, be in peril, in periculo, satis constat, w. dat. of per- versor, -ari, -atus sum. son; I am decided, determined, plan, ratio, -5nis,/. satis mihi constat; lit. it please, delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, stands sufficiently firm for pray, who pray 1 what pray 1 me. quis tandem? quid tandem? find out, reperio, -Ire, repperi size, magnitudo, -inis,/. or reperi, repertum. whence, unde ; w. verbs of motion. how great, quantus, -a, -um. where, ubi ; w. verbs of rest. inquire, quaero, -ere, quaesivi whether, in double indirect ques- or quaesii, quaesitum. tions, utrum ne island, insula, -ae, /. (enclitic^) : in single indirect live, vitam dego, -ere, degi, no questions, num, si. sup. whither, quo ; w. verbs of motion. EXERCISE 16. 1. Pray, who are you and where do you live? 2. Whence do you come and whither are you going ? 3. What is there which can^ now please you in this city ? LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 43 4. Are not these books worth reading* a second time ? /S: What, pray, hinders you from visiting^ me ? 6. Has the general whom I saw in the city arrived ? He has. 7. Do you hesitate to surrender yourself and all your property to me ? I do not. 8. Will the French make peace with the Germans or make war upon them^? 9. The Germans are waiting (to see) whether the French will cross^ the river Ehine. 10. We shall ask these envoys whether they have come to see^ us. Al- They inquired of us^ how great was^" the size of the island. 12. They can find out neither how great is the size of the island nor what tribes dwell (on it). 13. We are not de- cided (as to) what we shall do or what plan of battle we shall adopt. 14. Our friends asked us whether we would come to visit them or not. 15. When the soldiers found out in how great peril the camp and general were, they advanced to the attack. Nofes and Quesiions. 1 Called also Dubitative or Doubting Questions ; also Questions of Appeal. (utrum itiirus sis an remansSrus. itunisne sis an remansurus. itiirus SIS an remansurus. iturus sis remansurusne. ' can; what mood .should be used ? Why ? See Ln. X., Eef. 1-9. * wcyrfh reading ; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9, and Examples. » from visiting; see Ln. X., Rbf. 13, 14, and Examples. 6 See Kef. 6. ' will cross ; in Indirect Questions referring to future time, the future active participle with the proper form of esse is generally used ; see Note 2. ' to see ; what does this denote ? What must be its construction ! ° of us; qnaero is followed by e, ex, or a, ab, and Abl. of person; see Ex. 10. w was ; Indirect Questions are subject to the same rules for sequence of tenses as Final and Consecutive Clauses : see Ln. VII., Ebf. 1-7. 44 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. LESSON XVII. THE INFINITIVE. REFERENCES. I, 2. Subject of the Infinitive. A. & G. 240, /; A. & S. 530: B. 184: G. 343, 2: H. 536. 1-5. Infinitive as Subject. A. & G. 270, a; Note imme- diately preceding 270 : A. & S. 531 : B. 327 : G. 422 ; 535 : H. 538. 6-10. Infinitive tcitliout Subject-Accusative as Object or Complement. A. & G. 271, Note, a; A. & S. 532, a: B. 328: G. 423 : H. 533, I., I, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. It was reported that horsemen were approaching, nuntiatum est eguitSs accedere. 2. We ought to measure out corn, nos frumentum metlri oportet. 3. Tou might have given bach the hostages, vobis obsides reddere licuit. 4. It pleased a part to defend the camp, parti placuit castra de- fendere. 5. They begged permission to do that, petieruut uti sibi id facere liceret. 6. Gaul ought to he free, libera debet esse Gallia. 7. He hastens to depart from the city, maturat ab urbe proficucl. 8. They dared to cross the river, ausi sunt transire fliimen. 9. Tbey began to fortify a camp, castra munlre ooeperunt. 10. Nobody could see an enemy, hostem videre nemo potuit. How to express can, could, may, might, ought, must. II. I can do this, hoc facere possum. 12. I could do this, hoc facere poteram or potui. 13. I could have done this, hoc facere potui. LATIN PEOSB COMPOSITION. 45 r mihi hoc facere licet. (.hoc faciam licet. ( mihi hoc facere licuit. ( hoc facerem licuit. - hoc facere debeo. me hoc facere oportet. -hoc faciam^ oportet. rhoc facere dSbux. I ought to have done this j me hoc facere oportuit. '-hoc faceremi oportuit. T i J ii. • ^ me hoc facere necesse est. I must do this ,...■< C hoc faciam^ necesse est. 14. I may do this 15. I might have done this 16. I ought to do this 17. 18. VOCABULARY 17. able, be able, can, possum, posse, potui. accustomed, be accustomed, he wont, soleo, -ere, solitus sum. attempt, Conor, -ari, -atus sum. begin, incipio, -cipere, -oepi, -ceptum ; coepT and coeptus sum, coepisse ; coeptus sum only used w. pass, infill. dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. determine, statuo, -ere, statu!, statutum. hasten, make haste, maturo, -are, -avi, -atum. leave off, cease, desino, -ere, de- sivi or desii, desitum. may, one may, it is allowed, it is permitted, licet, licere, licuit or licitum est. must, one must, it is necessary, it is unavoidable, necesse est ; necesse, an indecl. neut. adj. ought, one ought, it behooves, it is proper, oportet, -ere, opor- tuit ; ought, be under obliga- tion, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. prefer, wish rather, choose rather, . malo, malle, malui. report, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. unwilling, be unwilling, not wish, nolo, nolle, nolui. willing, be willing, wish, desire, volo, velle, volui. EXERCISE 17. 1. We begged permission^ to appoint a council of all Gaul. 2. The Gauls will beg permission to depart as soon as possible. 3. It has been reported that the French are making war upon the Swiss. 4. You ought to have ex- horted the soldiers to fight^ bravely. 5. Those soldiers 46 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. ought not to have prevented the enemy from cutting down* the bridge. 6. The French could have crossed the river yesterday but they cannot to-day. 7. You might have gone, if you had been willing^ to ask. 8. If you do not prefer to surrender yourselves and all your posses- sions, you must flee. 9. When our cavalry had begun^ to advance, the enemy were iieeing. 10. Let us not'^ attempt to begin the battle on the left wing. 11. Our army is accustomed to delay in the vicinity of large towns for the sake of^ supplies. 12. The infantry did not dare to cross the river, because it was® very wide and deep. 13. Do not hesitate^" to cross the river, although it is wide and deep. 14. Pompey, since he was unwilling to flee, had determined to fight. 15. The governor hastened to go back into Italy as soon as possible. 16. Cease to fear that^^ the English will declare war against the Germans. Notes and Questions. > See A. & G. 331 c./Eemabk : A. & S. 491 : B. 295, 8 : G. 553, 4, Remark 1 : H. 501, I., 1 ; 502, 1. 2 We begged permission ; see Ex. 5. " to fight ; what does this denote and what must be its mood ? * from cutting down; see Ln. X., Eef. 10, 12. " if you had been wilting ; what kind of a supposition ? see Ln. XII., Eef. 1-5. ^ had begun; see Ln. XV., Eef. 5-7. ' not ; which negative should be used ? See Ln. V., Note 2. 8 for the sake of; what must be the position of causa? See Vy. 6. 9 because it was; in this clause how would quod followed by the Sub- junctive differ in sense from quod followed by the Indicative ? See Ln. XIV., Note 5. w Do not hesitate ; how is a prohibition expressed iu Latin ? See Ln. v., Eef. 5-7. " fear that; see Ln. VIII., Note 8. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 47 LESSON XVIII. THE INFINITIVE {continued).' REFERENCES. 1-6." Infinitive with Subject-Accusative as Object. A. & G. 272, Remark : A. & S. 533, (l)-(5) : B. 331 : G. 527 ; 532 ; 533 : H. 535, I.-III. l-e.' Tenses of the Infinitive. A. & G. 288, a, f; 336, A, Note 1 : A. & S. 538, a, b; 539 : B. 270, 1-4 : G. 530 : H. 537, Note 3. 7, S. Preaicate after Infinitive. A. & G. 272, a, 1, 2 : ' A. & S. 531, c; 532, b : B. 328, 1, 2 : G. 535, Remark 3 : H. 536, 2, l)-3). 9. Bistorical Infinitive. A. & G. 275 : A. & S. 530, a ; B. 335: G. 647: H. 536, 1. 1. He 2. He says thinks believes hopes hears rejoices , said thought believed hoped heard rejoiced. EXAMPLES. rhave conquered, that the Gauls-j are conquering, [.will conquer, {had conquered, were conquering, would conquer, dicit putat credit Gallos erat andit ,gaiidet dixit puta-rit credidit Bperavit Gallos audivit gavigns . est TICISSO. Tin cere. victnrds (esse) or fore ut Galli Tin- . cant. Ticisse. vincere. Ticinrog(esse) or fore ut Galli Tin- Cerent. 3. He ordered the third Line to fortify the camp, tertiam aciem castra munire iussit. 4. They do not permit wine to be imported, vinum importari non sinunt. 5. I see that some one is absent, videS abesse non neminem. 6. They say that they will not return, negant sese reversuros.i 7. I wish to be good, volo esse bonus or vol5 me esse bonum, 8. I may be good, mihi bono esse licet. 9. Caesar importuned the Aedui, Caesar Aeduos flagitaie. 48 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. VOCABULARY 18. accept, accipio, -cipere, -cepi, hope, spero, -are, -avi, -atum. -oeptum. lieutenant, legatus, -i, m. already, iam, adv. order, iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum, announce, nuntio, -are, -avi, promise, poUiceor, -eri, pollici- -atum. tus sum. approach, appropinquo. -are, recover, recupero, -are, -avi, -§vi, -atum. -atum. believe, credo, -ere, credidi, ere- right, ius, iuris, n. ditum. terras, condicio, -onis, y. deny, say not, nego, -are, -avi, think, puto, -are, -avi, -atum ; -atum. arbitror, -ari, -atus sum. give back, reddo, -ere, reddidi, tower, turris, -is, /. ; ace. sing. redditum. turrim. EXERCISE 18. 1. The consul believes that the Gauls will neither send^ envoys nor accept^ any^ terms of peace. 2. He hopes that the Aquitani have recovered their hostages and returned into their own country. 3. Our commander thinks that the Germans are marching into Switzerland in order that auxiliaries may not be sent from that nation into France. 4. The envoys said that they would report^ these things to their friends and return to Caesar. 5. The lieutenant announced that the Germans were leading* a part of their troops across the river. 6. They promised that they would either give hostages or surrender themselves and all their possessions to the consul. 7. When the Gauls saw the tower approaching,^ they sent legates to beg for^ peace. 8. The consul began to march into those places in which he had heard that there were Germans. 9. He says that he ought not'^ to be hindered in his right by the Eoman people. 10. He says that Ariovistus was not hindered from returning into Germany. 11. The general ordered his lieutetiant to lead a part of his troops to the river and LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 49 cut down the bridge. 12. I shall ask whether he prom- ised or not that he would give back the hostages. 13. There is no doubt that he thinks that we could have crossed'* the river, although it was very deep and wide. Noies and Questions. 1 In Caesar's Commentaries the Future Active Infinitive is very often written without esse. 2 any; aliquam or ullam? See Gen. Vy. under "any." " would report ; what is its time relative to the time of the principal verb said ? What were the exact words of the envoys ? * were leading ; wh^t were the lieutenant's words ? What tense of the Infinitive must be used ? 6 approaching ; translate by the Infinitive. 8 to beg for ; what is denoted by this Infinitive, and with what construc- tion must it be rendered ? See Ln. VII., Note 1. ' says . . . not ; Latin -idiom, denies. 8 could have crossed ; compare Ln. XVII., Ex. 13. LESSON XIX. INDIEECT DISCOURSE. Answer the following questions : What is a Direct Quotation 1 An Indirect ? Direct Discourse or Oratio Recta ? Indirect Dis- course or Oratio Obliqua? In Indirect Discourse, what mood is used in the principal clause of a declarative sentence 1 What mood in subordinate clauses 1 When Direct Discourse becomes Indirect, what changes are made in the pronouns ? What verbs and expres- sions are followed by the Indirect Discourse ? For the answers consult the Examples and Notes of this Lesson, and the following References : A. & G-. 335, Remark ; 336, a ; also Note on pages 369, 370 : A. & S. 514-516; 533, (1) : B. 313 ; 314; 244, 2: G. 508, 2; 648-650; 660, 1-5: H. 522, 1, 2; 513, I.-III.-; 524; 526. 4 50 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. EXAMPLES. Examples 1, 3, 5, V are Direct Discourse ; 2, 4, 6, 8 are the same changed to Indirect Discourse. 1. He is hopeless with respect to that influence which he possesses, de ea, quam habet, gratia desperat. 2. Caesar finds that he is hopeless with respect to that influence which he possesses, Caesar repperit ilium de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare. 3. I have not made war upon the Gauls, but the Gauls upon me, non ego Gallis, sed Galli mihi bellum intulerunt. 4. Arioyistus declared that he had not made war upon the Gauls, but the Gauls upon him, Ariovistus praedicavit non sese Gallis, sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse. 5. I wonder what business the Koman people have in my Gaul, which I have conquered, mihi mirum videtur, quid in mea Gallia, quam vicl, populo Romano negoti sit. 6. Ariovistus answered that he wondered what business the Roman people had in his Gaul, which he had conquered, Ariovistus re- spondit sibi mirum videri, quid in sua Gallia, quam vicisset, populo Romano negoti esset. 7. Since he makes me this requital, this is what I demand of him, quoniam banc mihi gratiam refert, haec sunt, quae ab eo postulo. 8. He said that since he made him this requital, this was what he demanded of him, dixit quoniam banc sibi gratiam referret, baec esse quae ab eo postularet. VOCABULARY 19. conquer, vinco, -ere, vioi.victum. manner, in what manner, quern- demand, postulo, -are, -Svi, admodum, adv. -atum; I make this demand of multitude, multitildo, -inis, /. him, ab eo boc postulo. on this side of, cis, prep. w. ace. especially, praesertim, adv. private property, res familiaris. find, reperio, -ire, repperi and reply, answer, responded, -ere, reperi, repertum. respond!, responsum. kno>\', soio, scire, soivi or scii, requital, make requital, gratiam scitum. refero, referre, retuli, rela- law, right, Itis, iiiris, n. turn ; I shall make you this re- LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 51 quital, tibi hanc gratiam true, verus, -a, -um. referam. unoccupied, be unoccupied, vaco, rule over, impero, -are, -avi, -are, -avi, -atum. -atum, w. dat. with, at, near, at the house of, settle, consldo, -ere,- sedi, -ses- apud, prep. w. ace. sum. EXERCISE 19. vl. Caesar finds that Dumnorix always has about him- self a large number of cavalry, and that he has increased his private property. 2. The envoy said he knew* that those things which we had reported were true. 3. The ambassador reported that all the rest of the Bel- gians were in arms, and that the Germans, who were dwelling on this side of the Ehine, had united themselves witt them. 4. The king replied that he would not give back the hostages, which he had received, but® would make war upon the tribes who dwelt beyond the Alps,^ 5. Ariovistus answered that it was a law of war, that those who had conquered should in what manner they wished rule over^ those whom they had conquered. 6. The general says that since they have made him this requital, he will make this demand of them, that they at once give back'' the hostages. 7. The king thinks that since he has made you this requital, you ought not to de- mand that he give back the hostages. 8. The lieutenant reports that his general will make the Roman people this requital, provided they shall make^ peace with him. /9. Caesar replies that no fields, which can be given espe- cially to so great a multitude without wrong, are unoc- cupied in Italy ; but they may settle, if they wish, in the territory of the Gauls, whose ambassadors are with him. Notes and Questions. 1 "When a statement is directly made, a question directly put, or a supposition directly expressed, the language is said to be direct, ordtio recta." Bdhy. 52 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 2 "Tffhen a statement, question, or supposition is reported in a form which makes it dependent in construction on some such word as said, the language is said to be oblique or indirect {ordtio obllqua)." Boby. 2 When Direct Discourse becomes Indirect, the forms of ego and meus are usually changed to those of sui, suus, ipse, if they refer to the subject of the verb on which the Indirect Discourse is made dependent; otherwise to those of is or ille. ^ knew; wliich tense must be used ? See Ln. XVIII., Rep. 1-6''. ^ but; "If a negative proposition is followed by an affirmative, in which the same thought is expressed or continued, que, et, or ac, is em- ployed in Latin, where in English we use but." Madvig, 433, Obs. 2. ^ should . . . rule over ; what would be ,±he construction in Direci Discourse ? See Ln. IX., Eef. 4-8. ' give back ; construction in Direct Discourse 1 See Ln. VIII., Kef. 1-14. 8 provided they shall make ; see Ls. XII., Kef. 8, LESSON XX. INDIRECT DISCOURSE {continued). Answer the following questions : When Direct Discourse is made Indirect, what does an Indicative in the apodosis — conclusion — of a conditional sentence become? A Subjunctive of the active voice'? A Subjunctive of the passive voice ? What does an Indicative in the protasis — conditional clause — become 1 Into what mood is an Im- perative changed ? What mood does an interrogative sentence take ? What changes are made in the tenses ? For the answers consult the Examples of this lesson, the Table on page 54, and the following References : A. & G. 337, a, b ; 338, Note 2 ; 339 : A. & S. 515- 517, (1), (2), Note; 518 : B. 315-321: G. 651-656 : H. 523, II., 1, 2, III. ; 527, 1.-III. EXAMPLES. 1. If he departs I shall reward him, si discesserit {fut. perf. ind.), ego ilium remunerabor. 2. He ^eclares that if he departs, he will reward bim, praedicat si discesserit (yerf. suhj.), se ilium remuneraturum esse LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 53 3. He declared tliat if he should depart, he would reward him, praedicavit si discessisset, se ilium remuneraturum esse. 4. If hostages should be given, I should make peace, si obsides dentur, pacem faciam. 5. He answers that if hostages should be given, he would make peace, respondet si obsides dentur, pacem se esse facturum. 6. He answered that if hostages should be given, he would make peace, respondit si obsides darentur (dentur), pacem se esse facturum. 7. If hostages had been given, I should have made peace, si obsides dati essent, pacem fecissem. 8. He answers, or he answered, that if hostages had been given, he would have made peace, respondet, or respondit, si obsides dati essent, pacem se fuisse factilrum. 9. If I should make peace, hostages would be given, si pacem faciam, obsides dentur. 10. He says that if he should make peace, hostages would be given, dicit, si pacem faciat, futurum esse, or fore, ut obsides dentur. 11. He said that if he should make peace, hostages would be given, dizit, si pacem faceret, futurum esse, or fore, ut obsides da- rentur. 12. If I had made peace, hostages would have been given, si pacem fecissem, obsides dati essent. 13. He says, or he said, that if he had made peace, hostages would have been given, dicit, or dixit, si pacem fecisset, futurum fuisse ut obsides darentur. 14. But if you persist, remember, sin perseverabis, reminiscere. 15. He said, but if he should persist, he must remember, dixit sin perseveraret, reminisceretur. 16. Let him engage in the contest when he wishes, cum volet, congrediatur. 17. He answered that he might engage in the contest when he wished, respondit, cum vellet, congrederetur. 18. If I am willing to forget, I cannot lay aside the memory, can I ? si oblivisci volo, num memoriam deponere possum ? 19. He answered, if he should be willing to forget, could he lay aside memory 1 respondit, si oblivisci vellet, num memoriam deponere posse ? 54 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. TABLE stowing the Changes made in Moods and Tenses when Direct Discourse becomes Indirect. I. Moods. 1. Principal Clauses : Statements. Direct Discourse. Indirect Disoodrse. Indicative becomes Infinitive. Active Subjunctive va. file &\mi-\ , (Future Active Participle willi osis of a conditional sentencej I. esse or fuisse. Passive Subjunctive in the apod- ^ I fore, or futunim esse or fuisse, osis of a conditional .sentencej (^ with ut and the Subjitnttive. 2. Principal Clause.? : Questions. Indicative, 1st OT Si -person, . becomes Infinitive. Indicative, 2d person, . . . becomes Subjunctive. Subjunctive remains Subjunctive. 3. Principal Clauses : Commands or Prohibitions. Imperative becomes Subjunctive. Subjunctive remains Subjunctive. i. Subordinate Clauses of All Kinds. Indicative becomes Subjunctive. Subjunctive remains Subjunctive. II. Tenses, 1. When an Indicative or a Subjunctive of Direct Discourse passes into a Subjunctive of Indirect Discourse. {Present, often Imperfect, when made dependent upon a Principal Tense ; Imperfect, some- times Present, when made dependent upon an Historical Tense. ( Perfect, often Pluperfect, when made dependent \ become \ upon a Principal Tense ; Pluperfect, some- Future-Perfect J y tin^gg Perfect, after an Historical Tense. Imperfect remains Imperfect. Pluperfect remains Pluperfect. 2. When an Indicative of Direct Discourse passes into an Infinitive of Indirect Discourse. Present remains Present. Future or Future-Perfect . . becomes Future Participle with esse Perfect "j Imperfect^ I become Perfect. Pluperfect j LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 55 VOCABULARY 20. danger, periculum, -i, ?i. maimer, in no ordinary manner, declare, praedico, -are, -avi, non mediocriter, adv. ^tum. pleasing, gratus, -a, -um. disturb, perturbo, -are, -avi, prepared, paratus, -a, -um. -atum. reward, remiineror, -ari, -atus entire, totus, -a, -um. sum. forget, oblivisoor,-i, oblitus sum. try, experior, -iri, expertus sum. high-born, nobilis, -e. understand, intellego, -ere, -lexi, kill, iuterficio, -fioere, -f§ci, -lectum. -fectum. EXERCISE 20. Translate sentences 1-6 into Indirect Discourse, making 1, 3, 5 dependent upon dicit, and 2, 4, 6, upon dixit. (l. If the Gauls who dwell on this side of the Alps de- ' part,^ the Eomans will reward them. 2. You are the only person who has ever led^ troops across the Ehine. 3. If the Gauls had staid in Italy, there could have been no friendship between them and me.^ 4. If you wish to conquer, wheel about and advance fearlessly into the enemy's country.) 5. Can I forget that this is my native country and that I am the consul of these people*? 6. While Caesar was delaying^ in the vicinity of Geneva for the sake of supplies, such fear suddenly seized the en- tire army that it disturbed the niinds of all in no ordinary manner. 7. He declared that if they wished to try a second time, he was prepared to fight a second time. 8. Ariovistus replied, that if he should kill Caesar, he would do a favor^ to many high-born men among the Eoman people.'^ 9. The king answered, that if we had surrendered our town to him, his private property would have been greatly increased. 10. He said that he under- stood with how great danger you had done^ that. 11. He says that if we had not come, the enemy would have cut down the bridge. 56 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Notes and Questions. 1 depart; which tense should he used in Direct Discourse and which in Indirect ? See Examples 1 and 2. ■2 has led; what mood is necessary in Direct Discourse ? See Ln. X., Ref. 1-9 and Ex. 7. 2 between them and me; translate as if it read, for we with them. * people; is it necessary to translate this word ? ^ was delaying ; what tense would be used in Direct Discourse? See Ln. VI., PvEF. 2. ^ a favor; gratum. ' among the Roman people ; render by the genitive. 8 you had done ; what mood would be necessary in Direct Discourse ? See Ln. XVI., Ebf. 9-14. LESSON XXI. THE GENITIVE. REFERENCES. 1-3. Subjective Genitive ivith Nouns. A. & Gr. 214, a; 223, e: A. & S. 350 ; 351 ; 353, (1); 358, (2) : B. 199; 198, I: G. 363, I : H. 396, I., II. 3-6. Idmitea Word Omitted. A. & G. 214, b: A. & S. 353, d, e: G. 362, Remark 3 : H. 398. 7-12. Subjective Genitive with Verbs. A. & G. 214, c, d: A. & a. 357 : B. 198, 3 : G. 366, Remarks 1-3 : H. 401, Notes 2, 3 ; 402. EXAMPLES. 1. The fear of the people, the running together of all the good, the faces and looks of these, timor populi, concursus bonorum omnium, horum ora voltiisque. 2. For the sake of aid, auxili causa. 3. Unpopularity caused by severity is very much more to be dreaded than that caused by negligence, is it not ? num est vehementius severitatis invidia quam nequitiae pertimescenda? 4. For the purpose of avoiding suspicion, suspicionis vitandae, .ic. causa. 5. Quintus, son of Marcus, Quintus Marci, sc. fllius. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 57 6. With respect to my danger and that of the state, de meo peri- culo et rei publicae, sc. perictilo. 7. It is the part of wisdom to see, sapientiae est videre. 8. It is the duty of the consul, consulis est. 9. It is your duty to care for the state, vestrum est rei publicae providere. 10. It was foolish to think of peace, erat amentia pacem cogitare. 11. The fifth class consists of murderers, quintum genus est parricidarum. 12. I shall grant that the fault belongs to Ligarius, coafitebor culpam esse Ligari. VOCABULARY 21. avert, drive away, depello, -ere, never, numquam (nunquam), depulT, depulsum. adv. care for, provided, -ere, -vidl, retain, hold, teneo, -ere, -ui, ten- -visum, w. dat. turn, criminal, facinorosus, -i, m. separate, seiungo, -ere, -iiiazi, decide, decerno, -ere, -orevi, -iunotum. -cretum, state, res publica, rei publicae,^! desolation, vastitas, -atis, /. troubled, anxious, sollicitus, -a, destruction, ezitium, -i, n. -um. establish, constituo, -ere, -ui, v/elfare, prosperity, salus, -litis,/ -utum. whole, on the whole, uuiversus, foolish, stupid,amens,^en. amen- -a, -um. tis. wisdom, sapientia, -ae,/ highest, summus, -a, -um. wise, sapiens, gen. sapien'tis. house, tectum, -i, n. withdraw, deficio, -ficere, -feci, itis theduty,part of, est w,/»re(f. -fectum; to withdraw from gen. allegiance to the king, a rege misfortune, calamitas, -atis, /. deficere. EXERCISE 21. 1. Cicero said that Catiline was bringing to destruction and desolation the temples of the immortal gods and lives^ of all the citizens. 2. Catiline was hindered by Cicero from bringing^ to destruction and desolation the houses of the city. 3. Those men who have withdrawn from alle- 58 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. giance to the state ought^ never to retain the rights of citizens. 4. Cicero said that they who had withdrawn* from allegiance to the state had never in the city of Eome retained the rights of citizens. 5. The orator saw that the senators were troubled not only with respect to their danger and that^ of the state, but also, if that should be averted,^ with respect to his. 6. It is the duty of the senate to care for the highest welfare of the state. 7. Do not doubt'^ that it is^ your duty^ to care for the state. 8. It is the part of wisdom to see that the misfortunes^ of many citizens cannot be separated from that^ of the state. 9. The consul says that the fifth class consists of criminals. 10. Cicero said that the colonies which Sulla had established in Etruria consisted on the whole of very good citizens and very brave men. 11. There is no doubt that it was foolish^'' to think of peace when the enemy was already in the city. 12. It will be wise^" to delay in the vicinity of this town for the sake of aid. 13. The consul said that the senate ought fearlessly to decide with respect to its own highest welfare and that of the Eoman people. 14. Let us at once carefully and fearlessly de- cide^^ with respect not only to our own welfare, but also to that of the Eoman people. Noies and Questions. ^ lives; the Latin often has a noun in the singular number where the English requires the plural. 2 from bringing; what constructions may depend upon verbs of hinder- ing ? See Ln. X., Eef. 10-12 and 13, 14. 3 ought; see Ln. XVII. , Examples 16, 17. * had withdrawn ; what mood must be used in a subordinate clause of Indirect Discourse ? See Ln. XIX. ^ that; see Eef. 3-6 and Ex. 6. ^ should he averted; Pluperf. Subj. ' Domot doubt; how is a prohibition expressed in Latiu ? See Ln. V., Eef. 5-7. LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 59 8 that it is; what construction usually depends upon a negative clause expressing or implying doubt ? See Ln. X., Kef. 10-12. " your duty ; instead of the predicate Genitive of a personal pronoun, the Nominative or Accusative of the possessive is generally used ; see Ex. 9. 1" With adjectives of one ending, the Genitive masculine, instead of the Nominative or Accusative neuter, is generally used in ». predicate after esse to avoid ambiguity ; e. g., it is wise, sapientis est (it is of a wise man). 11 Let us . . . decide; see Ln. V., Rbf. 3, 4. LESSON XXII. THE GENITIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-3. Objective Genitive. A. & G. 217 : A. & S. 353, (2) : B. 200 : G. 363, 2 : H. 396, III. 4, 5, 12. Constructions used instead of Objective Geni- tive. A. & G. 217, a,c: A. & S. 353, b ; 358, (2), a : H. 396, Note 1. 6-8. Partitive Genitive. A. & G. 216, a, 1-4 : A. & S. 354 ; 355: B. 201, 1-3 : G. 367-372 : H. 397, 1-4. 9. Constructions used, instead of Partitive Genitive. A. & G. 216, c, d: A. & S. 358, (5) : B. 201, I, a: G. 372, Remark 2 : H. 397, Note 3. 10. When the Partitive Genitive is not to be used, A. & G. 216, e: G. 370, Remark 2 : H. 397, 2,Note. EXAMPLES. 1. The destruction of the commonwealth, perniciem rei piib- licae. 2. From dangers to the commonwealth, a rei piiblicae peri- culis. 3. A leader in the war, dux belli ; preparation for war, com- paratio belli. 4. By the love of the gods for you, deorum erga vos amore. 60 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 5. With danger to himself, suo periculo. 6. Which of us do you think knows not what plan you adopted '! quid consill ceperis quein nostrum ignorare arbitraris ? 7. There is no one who does not contribute as much good-will as he can, est nemo, qui non tantum, quantum potest, conferat voluntatis. 8. No one of these, horum nemo ; sufficient garrison, satis praesidi ; some place, aliquid loci ; one of whom, quorum alter ; where in the world are we, ubinam gentium sumua ? the bravest of the soldiers, militum fortissimi. 9. One of the sons, iinus e Hliis. 10. The welfare of all of us, saliitem omnium nostrum. 11. There is not one slave, servus est nemo. 12. With respect to the destruction of all of us, de nostro om- nium^ interitu. VOCABULARY 22. as much ... as, tantus . . . quan- former, vetus, gen. veteris. tus. garrison, protection, praesidium, bestow, impertio, -ire, -ivi or -u, -T, n. -xtum ; w. ace. of direct object plot, oogito, -are, -avi, -atum. and dat. of indirect. preparation, oomparatio.-onis,/. contribute, devote, confero, con- renown, gloria, -ae,/. ferre, contuli, conlatum. save, conservo, -are, -avi, -atum. due, be due, debeor, -eri, debi- sufficiently, sufficient, satis, adv. tus sum. surely, profecto, adv. endeavor to bring about, molior, the one . . . the other, alter . . . -iri, -Ttus sum. alter. forgetting, forgetfulness, oblivio, -onis,/. EXERCISE 22 V 1. Do not doubt that the leader of the enemy is in the sentite, endeavoring to bring about the destruction of the commonwealth. : 2. No one can prevent the commander of that camp from endeavoring to bring about^ the destruc- tion of the commonwealth. 3. There were in that most digniflfed council of the earth, those who were plotting^ LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 61 with respect to the destruction of all^ of us. 4 Provided my destruction is separated* from dangers to the common- wealth, I shall not he unwilling to die.^ 5. The city has been saved by the highest love of the immortal gods for you, but with danger to me. 6. AU of us desire to know who wiU be® leaders in this war. 7. There was not one slave who did not contribute to the common welfare '^ as much good-will as he dared and as he coiild. 8. Cicero said that he would bestow* upon LucuUus as much praise as was due to a brave man and great commander. 9. There is no doubt that the general devoted all the remaining time, not to forgetting the former war, but to preparation for a new. 10. Who of us^ does not know what pro- tection the city has ?^'' 11. There is no one of these who does not know^^ that the city has sufficient garrison. 12. There wUl surely be some place for my renown amid the praises for this man. 13. Two kings were captured, of whom one had slaughtered the bravest of our soldiers, the other had murdered one of my sons. Nofes and Questions. 1 omnium; "A possessive in any case may have a genitive in appo- sition." A. & G. ^from endeavoring to bring about; see Ln. X., Ref. 10-12. ^ were plotting ; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. 4 is separated; see Ln. XII., Ref. 8. s I shall not be unwilling to die; see Ln. II., Eep. 10-12. " will be; how should it he expressed ? See Ln. XVI., Note 7. ' to the common welfare ; ad w. ace. 8 would bestow; what mood and tense must be used ? See Ln. XVIII. , Ref. 1-6^. ^ofus; see Ln. III., Note 2. i" has; see Ln. XYL, Ref. 9-14. 1* does not know; see Ln. X., Ref. 10-12. 62 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. LESSON XXIII. THE GENITIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-5. Genitive of Qtiality. A. & G. 215, a,b; 252, a; A. & S. 356; 371 ; 372: B. 203, 1-5: G-. 365, Remarks 1, 2; 380, 1, 2: H. 396, v.; 404, Notes 1, 2; 405. 6-13. Genitive with Adjectives. A. & G. 218, a-c ; 234, d. A. & S. 359-361 ; 362, (4) : B. 204, 1-3: G-. 374 ; 375 : H. 399, I., 1-3, 11. EXAMPLES. 1. In a contest of such a kind, in eius modi certamine. 2. Rocks of great weight, magni ponderia saxa. 3. All which is of such a character, quae sunt omnia eius modi. 4. The depth of the river was about three feet, fluminia erat altitude oirciter pedum triwm. 5. It is worth while for me, est mihi tanti. 6. Mindful of you, memorem vestri. 7. Unacq^uainted with affairs, ignarus rerum. 8. Very skilful in wars, bellorum peritissimus. 9. Like the truth, veri simile. 10. Peculiar to Caesar, proprium Caesaris. 11. Not sharing in renown, expers gloriae. 12. He is made participant in the public council, fit publici con- sili particeps. VOCABULARY 23. anxiety, soUicitudo, -inis, / exile, ezsilium (exilium), -i, n. beyond, more than, praeter,yrej3. fond, loving, amans.t/en. amautis. w. ace. full, plenus, -a, -um. decide, adjust, dliudico, -are, greedy, avidus, -a, -um. -avi, -atum. help, succurro, -ere, -ourri, -cur- eager for, appetens, gen. ap- sum, w. dat. petentte. like, similis, -e. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 63 massacre, iuternecio, -onis, /. submit to, endure, subeo, -ire, -ii, narrow, small, parvus, -a, -um. -itum, w. ace. of such a kind, of such a charac- the other, oeterus, -a, -um ; pi. ter, eius modi ; often written the rest. eiusmodi. unacquainted with, ignorant, igna- onaccountof,propter,/)rep. 10. ace. rus, -a, -um. participant, particeps, gen. par- unfortunate, miser, misera, mi- ticipis. serum. rouse, incite, inflammo, -are, unpopularity, invidia, -ae, /. -avi, -atum. zeal, studium, -i, n. skilful, practically acquainted with, peritus, -a, -um. EXERCISE 23. 1. The soldiers could not be prevented from hurling rocks of great weight. ^. Would that all my fellow-citi- zens were^ men of great valor. 3. The depth of the river which we crossed was said to be about nine feet. 4. All of us seem to be of so narrow a mind that we think^ all things will perish at one and the same time with our- selves. 5. That war was of such a kind that it ought to have roused your minds to the highest zeal. 6. All those quarrels were of such a character that they were decided by a massacre of citizens. 7. It is worth while for me to submit to unpopularity, provided Catiline goes^ into exile. 8. It would be worth while for me to submit to unpopu- larity, if only Catiline would go into exile.* 9. The Eo- mans more than the other nations were always eager for glory and greedy for praise. /M). No one can be found so like you that he will not go into exile. 11. There is no doubt that all of us are very fond of leisure. 12. Since no one is unacquainted with trouble, all ought to know how to help the unfortunate. 13. It is said that Caesar^ was practically acquainted with the arts not only of peace, but also of war. 14. This man hopes to be made^ participant 64 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. in the council of his nation. 15. When we were waging war, we were full of anxiety on account of love for our country.' Notes and Questions. 1 would . . . were ; what mood and what tenses are used to express a wish that cannot be fulfilled ? See Ln. V., Ref. 8, 9. 2 that we think ; what must be the construetiou of this clause ? Is it used adverbially or substantively ? See Ln. IX. ^ goes ; what mood is necessary after dum mode ? * What kind of a supposition is expressed by this sentence ? To what time does it refer ? What mood and tense must be used ? ^ It is said that Caesar ; the Latin prefers the personal construction : Caesar is said. * to he made ; fore ut flat. ' for our country ; see Ln. XXII., Eef. 1-3. LESSON XXIV. THE GENITIVE {continued). REFERENCES. 1-3. With Verbs of Memory. A. & G. 219, a-c .• A. & S. 385, a, b ; 366 : B. 206 : G. 376 : H. 406, II. ; 409, 1. ; 410, I., 1, 2. 4-8. With Verbs of Emotion. A. & G. 221, Or-c: A. & S. 363 ; 364 : B. 209, 1, 2 : G. 377 : H. 406, 1. ; 409, III. 9, lO. With Verbs of JuMeial Action. A. & G. 220, a, h ; A. & S. 367 : B. 208, 1, 2 : G. 378 : H. 409, II. ; 410, IIL 11. W^ith Verbs of Plenty ana Want. A. & G. 223: A. & S. 409, a ; 414, a: B. 212, 1, 2 : G. 405, Note 2 : H. 410, V., 1. 13-14. With refert and interest. A. & G. 222, «i .• A. & S. 368-370': B. 210 ; 211 ; G. 381 ; 382 . H. 406, III. ; 408, I.-IV. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 65 EXAMPLES. 1. I remember your constancy, memini constantiae tuae. 2. Forget murder, obliviscere caedis. 3. He was reminding us of his extreme poverty, admonebat nos egestatis. 4. Pity such labors, miserere laborum tantorum. 5. We pity them, eorum nos miseret. 6. Do not pity your brothers, cave te fratrum misereat. 7. The Athenians repented of the act, fact! Atbenieuses pae- nituit. 8. Of what should I be ashamed 1 me quid pudeat? 9. He was accused of treason, acciisatus est proditionis. 10. He was condemned for treason in his absence, abseus pro- ditionis damnatus est. 11. I need your counsel, indigeo tui oonsili. 12. It is of great importance to Cicero, magni Ciceronis interest. 13. It matters little to me what you say, parvi mea refert quid dicas. 14. Who is there to whom it is important that this law remain ? quis est ciiius intersit istaru legem manere ? VOCABULARY 24. absent, in one's absence, absens, need, indigeo, -ere, -ui, no sup. gen. absentia. negligence, nequitia, -ae, /. accuse, acciiso, -are, -avi, -atum. old, senex, gen. senis. ashamed, something causes one to pity, misereor, -eri, miseritus be ashamed, pudet, pudere, sum; miseret, miserere, mi- puduit or puditum eat ; I am seruit, impers. ashamed, me pudet. poor, pauper, gen. pauperis. condemn, damno, -are, -avi, remember, memini, -isae. ^tum. remind,admonish,admone6,ere, inactivity, inertia, -ae, /. -ui, -itum. it is of importance, it concerns, it repent, paenitet, paenitere, pae- matters, interest, -esse, -fuit ; nituit. re-fert, -ferre, -tulit. sound, sanus, -a, -um. kindness, beneficium, -i, n. treason, proditio, -onis,/. military affairs, res militaris. 66 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. EXERCISE 24. 1. Do not forget me and that I am your consul. 2. We ought to forget others' ^ faults, but remember our own. 3. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man. 4. It is of great importance to a general to be practically acquainted with military affairs and to have brave soldiers. 5. It is of little importance to me whether he comes to visit^ you or not.^ 6. I fear that he will remind me of my negligence and inactivity. 7. There is no doubt that we have been accused of treason in our absence. 8. Cicero said that he condemned himself for inactivity and negligence. 9. All of us hope that you will not be condemned* for treason. 10. The consul says that he will never repent^ of his acts. 11. Magistrates were not ashamed to come into this place, since our ancestors had adorned^ it with the spoils of fleets. 12. Of what should we be ashamed' when we have done all we can?^ 13. All ought to pity those who do not pity themselves. 14. There is no doubt that every one needs a sound mind and a sound body. 15. If Caesar should re- pent^ of his kindness, this man would be condemned for treason. Noies and Questions. 1 other^ ; render with the possessive adjective alienus, a, um. '■^ to visit; see Ln. VII., Ref. 10-11. ^ or not ; how should it be expressed in an indirect question ? See Vy. 16. '^ will not be condemned; "The future infinitive is often expressed by fore (futHrum esse) ut with the subjunctive — necessarily where there is no supine stem." A. & G. 6 will . . . repent ; see Note 4. * had adorned; see Ln. XIV., Ref. 1-.5, and Ex. 5. ' should we he ashamed; see Ln. XVI., Ref. 15. ^ all we can ; the relative is rarely omitted in Latin. ^ If . . . should repent ; what kind of a supposition ? LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 67 LESSON XXV. THE DATIVE CASE. REFERENCES. 1-3. With Transitive Verbs. A. & G. 225, u, e: A. & S. .373 ; 374, (2) : B. 187, I.: G. 345 : H. 382 ; 384, II., I)-3). 4, 3. Double Construction. A. & G. 225, d: A. & S. 379; B. 187, I., a: G. .348 : H. 384, II., 2 . 6-11. With Intransitive Verbs. A. & G. 226; 227, a, e: A. & S. 374, (1); 375; 376 : B. 187, II.: G. 346: H. 384, I.; 385, I., II., Note 3. 13, 13. Dative or Accusative according to Signification. A. & G. 227, c: A. & S. 378: G. 346, Note 2 ; H. 38.5, II., 1. 14, 15. When "to" and "for" are to be rendered by ad and pro. A. & G. 225, b ; 236, Remark : G. 345, Remark 2 : H. 384, 3, I), 2). EXAMPLES. 1. To you our country stretches out her hands, vobis manus tendit patria. 2. No destruction will be prepared for the city, nulla pernicies moenibus comparabitur. 3. Death, with which they threaten me, mors, quam mihi minitantur. 4. He presented books to me, libros mihi donavit. 5. You presented your clerk with a ring, scribam tuum anulo donasti. 6. If this has happened to no one, si hoc contigit nemini. 7. Nor could I persuade myself, nee mihi persuadere poteram. 8. It was necessary to obey the senate, parere senatui necesse erat. 9. Cease to spare me, mihi parcere desinite. 10. They chose to serve the Roman -people rather than to rule over others, servire populo Romano qiiam imperare aliis malue- runt. 68 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 11. We seem to do enough for the republic, satisfacere rei pu- blicae videmur. 12. If you consult me, or if j'ou ask my advice, si me consulis. 13. Consult for yourselves, or consult your interests, consulite vobis. 14. I wrote a letter to Pompey, litteras ad Pompeium scrips!. 15. They used to speak for liberty, pro libertate loquebantur. VOCABULARY 23. angry, be angry, irascor, -i, iratus obey, pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum. sum. pardon, ignosco, -ere, ignovi, choose rather, prefer, malo, malle, ignotum. • malui. please, placeo, -ere, -uT, -itum. consult, ask advice of, consulo, pray, beseech, quaeso, -ere, -ivi or -ere, consului, consultum, w. -ii, -itum. ace. : w. dot., consult for, con- present, dono, -are, -avi, -atum. suit the interests of. rule over, command, impero, -are, crime, soelus, sceleris, n. -avi, -atum. decree of the senate, senatus satisf}', do enougb, satisfacio, consultum. -facere, -feci, -factum. drive out, eicio, eicere, eieci, serve, servio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, eiectum. -itum. except, praeter, prep. w. ace. threaten, minitor, -ari, -atus for, in behalf of, pro, prep. w. abl. sum. happen, contingit, pf. contigit. truth, verum, -i, n. intrust, comxaendd, -are, -avi, write, scribo, -ere, soripsi,scrip- -atum. tum. EXERCISE 25. 1. Our country intrusts to you the temples of her gods and the lives of her citizens. 2. They threatened my brother with the severest punishment that they might drive him out into exile. 3. If this should happen to me, I should choose to go into exile rather than to obey the decree of the senate. 4. They could not persuade them- selves to go^ into exile. 5. These men are angry with me because I have driven out^ their brother into exile. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 69 //6. Our ancestors chose to rule over themselves rather than to serve a king. 7. The decree of the senate pleased me so very much that I vv^rote^ a letter to my brother with respect to it. 8. Pardon me, I pray, if I speak the truth freely. 9. May the gods pardon* all your crimes, the sen- ate cannot. 10. All exhorted me to consult^ for my own life and v^elfare. 1 1. You ought to consult for the inter- ests of those men in their absence, since they are your fellow-citizens. 12. Let the consul ask the advice of the senate (as to) whether he ought^ to drive out this man into exile or not. 13. Our orators speak more fearlessly than they fight for their country. 14. He presented his son with many books, worthy to be read'^ a second time. 15. They thought that they would satisfy the city, if they should avoid the suspicion of fear. Notes and Questions. 1 to go; see Ln. VIII., Ref. 1-14. 2 because I have driven out ; what moods may be used after quod and with what difference in signification ? See Ln. XIV., Uef. 1-.5, and Note 5. ' that I wrote; what is expressed by this clause ? What must be its construction? See Ln. IX., Eef. 1-3. * May . . . pardon; see Ln. V., Kef. 8, 9. ^ to consult; see Kote 1, ' whether he ought ; what kind of a question ? What must be its mood ? ' worthy to be read; see Ln. X., Eef. 1-9. o»{o LESSON XXVI. THE DATIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-7. With, Compounds, A. & G. 228, a, b ; 229, b: A. & S. 377, (1) ; 380, a, b: B. 187, III. : G. 347 : H. 386, 2. 70 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 8-11. Of fil e Pos sessor. A. & G. 231, Remark, a, b, c: A. & S. 384 : B. 190, 1 : G. 349, Remark 5 : H. 387, Note 1. 12. Of the Agent. A. & G. 232, a, c ; A. & S. 383, b: B. 189, 1 : G. 354 : H. 388, 1. 13j 14. How Intransitive Verbs are used in the Passive. A. & Q. 230 : A. & S. 387 : B. 187, IL, b: G. 217 : H. 465, 1. EXAMPLES. 1. I withstood you by my own efforts, per me tibi obstiti. 2. This day you will prefer to the greatest manifestations of joy for you, hunc tu diem tuis maximis gratulationibus antepones. 3. The senate would have laid violent hands on me, mibi seuatus vim et manus intulisset. 4. He met me, se mihi obvium tulit. 5. I went to meet you, ego tibl obviam ivi, 6. Take this fear from me, hunc mihi timorem eripe. 7. We wrested the sword from his hands, ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus. 8. The gates have no keeper, nuUus est portis custos. 9. Marcellus has me as witness, Marcello sum testis. 10. They said that Cethegus had had a dispute with the rest, Cethego cum ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt. 11. His name is Caesar, ei Caesari nomen est, or ei nomen Caesar est, or ei nomen Caesaris est. 12. I see that war has been undertaken by me, mihi bellum sus- ceptum esse video. 13. When they wished no one to be pardoned, cum ignosci nemini vellent. 14. I am envied, you are envied, he is envied, mihi invidetur, tibi invidetur, ei invidetur. VOCABULARY 26. controversy, dispute, controver- force, vis, vis, /.; by force, per sia, -ae, /. vim. disturbance, tumultus, -us, m. fruitful, fertilis, -e. effort, by his own efforts, per se. lay violent hands on, vim et envy, invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visum. maniis infero, inferre, in- fertile, opimus, -a, -um. tuli, iulatum. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 71 meet, se obvium ferre ; go to rage, madness, furor, -oris, m. meet, obviam (or obvius, -a, surpass, antecello, -ere, no perf. -um) eo, ire, ivi, itum. nor sup. neighbors, finitimi, -orum, m. pi. take from, eripio, eripere, eripui, prefer, antepono, -ere, -popui, ereptum. -positum. very much, vehementer, adv. protection, praesidium, -i, n. withstand, thwart, obsto, -are, provision, make provision, pro- obstiti, obstatum. video, -ere, -vidi, -visum. witness, testis, is, m. and f. EXERCISE 26. 1. We withstood your villaay and rage by our own ef- forts. 2. Do not hesitate^ to thwart this man's villanies and madness by your own efforts. 3. They would choose^ to lay violent hands^ on this man rather than to bring war upon their country. 4. We prefer this day to all the spoils of war that we have been able to take. 5. Our fields are so fertile and fruitful that they surpass the fields of our neighbors. 6. They met us in a forest when we were making* a journey through Switzerland. 7. If you come to visit me, I shall go to meet you. 8. They took this money from us by force that they might make war upon their country. 9. We have very many books which are not worth reading^ at all. /^tQ. If we had had^ this dis- pute with the rest, we should not have pardoned them. 11. The king would be very much envied, if the Eomans should present® him this city.^ 12. This man said that his name was Marcellus and that he should make a jour- ney into Italy. 13. You have me as witness that Catiline could^ not persuade you to make war upon your country. 14. Cicero said that provision had been made by him that the city might have sufficient protection without any dis- turbance. 15. If we should make war upon the state, we should not be envied," but should be condemned for treason. 72 LATIN PHOSE COMPOSITION. Notes and Questions. 1 do not hesitate; how may a prohibition be expressed ? See Ln. V., Eef. 5-7. 2 ioo«Zd choose; see A. & G. 265 : A. & S. 474 : B. 280, 2 : G. 257, 1,2: H. 485. , 8 violent hands; what is Eendiadys ? A. & G. page 429 : A. & S. 659, (14) : B. 374, 4 : G. 698 ; H. 636, III., 2. * we were making; see A. & G. 325 : A. & S. 509, a: B. 288, 1, B: G. 585: H. 251, II., 2. ^ which are not worth reading at all ; Latin idiom, not at all worthy which {so that they) are read; for the construction see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9 and Ex. 9. ^ What kind of a supposition is expressed in sentence 10 ? What in sentence 11 ? ' him this city ; what are the different constructions for these words ? See Ln. XXV., Ref. 4, 5. 8 that Catiline could ; Accusative and Infinitive depending upon testis, which has the force of a declarative verb. " we should not be envied; see Ref. 13, 14, and Examples. oXKo LESSON XXVII. THE DATIVE {continued). REFERENCES. 1-3. Two Datives. A. & G. 233, a: A. & S. 385 ; 386: B. 191, 2: G. 356: H. 390, L, II. 4-7. mth Adjectives. A. & G. 234, a.- A. & S. 388; 389: B. 192, 1 : G. 359 : H. 391, I. 8, 9. Other Constructions with Adjectives. A. & G. 234, 6, c, d, 2, e: A. & S. 390, (l)-(4) : B. 192, 2, Note : G. 359, Remarks 1-5 *: H. 391, II., 1-4. 10, 11. Of neference or Interest. A. & G. 235: A. & S. 381: B. 188: G. 352: H. 384, II. 2). EXAMPLES. 1 . Whose affair.s ought to be a care to you, quorum res vobis curae esse debent. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 73 2. Whom have you protected with your fleets 1 cui praesidio classibus vestris fuistis ? 3. Who bring you enjoyment, qui vobis fruotui sunt. 4. My country is dear to me, patria mihi cara est, 5. Most unfriendly to you, inimicissimi vobis. 6. Your good-will is pleasant to me, est mihi iiicunda vestra voluntas. 7. I think him very like a god, eum simillimum deo iudico. 8. Who are fit for friendship, qui ad amicitiam sunt idonei. 9. I thought that it was my duty to keep the army as near as possible to the enemy, esse ofScium meum putavi exercitum habere quam proximum hostem. 10. The sight of Cethegus hovers before my eyes, versatur mihi ante oculos aspeotus Cethegi. 11. For you alone has the murder of many citizens been un- punished, tibi iini multorum civium neces impiinitae fuerunt. VOCABULARY 27. agreeable, gratus. -a, -um. safety, salus, -atis, /. ally, socius, -i, m. stand, sto, stare, steti, statum. annoying, molestus, -a, -um. suited, accommodatus, -a, -um. cannot but, facere n5n possum threaten, immineo, -ere, no perf. quin, w. siibj. nor sup. care, oura, -ae, /. unfriendly, inimicus, -a, -um. comitium, comitium, -i, n. voice, voz, voois. dear, carus, -a, -um. weapon, telum, -i, n. defendant, reus, -i, m. protection, praesidium, -i, n. ; to enjoyment, fructus, -tis, m. protect any one, alicui prae- forbearance, venia, -ae, /. sidio esse, near, prope, adv.; nearest, prozl- mus, -a, -um. EXERCISE 27. 1. If my voice has been a means of safety for any one,' surely I ought to be pardoned.^ 2. If the general had protected the city with his troops, he would not have been condemned for treason. 3. I cannot but think that this province has brought great enjoyment to the Eoman 74 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. people. •^. We fear that this army will not be^ a great protection to the Roman people. 5. Their* country, tem- ples, and gods were very dear^ to all the Romans. 6. Cice- ro asked Catiline whether the light could® be agreeable to him, when he knew'^ that there was no one^ of the senators who did not know® that he had stood^ in the comitium with a weapon, 7. He said that the commonwealth ouglit to be a very great care to us. 8. Cicero did not think that many could be found who were fit for friendship. 9. He besought the judges to grant ^^ him forbearance, suited to the defendant and not annoying to them. 10. Two kings, most unfriendly not only to you but also to your allies and friends, have now for a long time been threatening ^^ entire Asia. 11. It is the general's duty^^ to keep both the in- fantry and cavalry as near as possible to our city. 12. Our ancestors both acquired much territory and waged many wars for us. 13. I can not but think that fear of this man will hover continually before your mind. Notes and Questions. ' means of safety fw any one = for safety to any o'/ie. ^ to be pardoned; see Ln. XXVI., Eef. 13, 14. " will not be : .see Ln. VIII., Note 8. * their ; see Lx. IV., Ref. 1-8. ^ very dear : see TjN. II., E.EF. 6-8. 6 could; see Lx. XVI., Ref. 9-14, and Ln. XVII., Ex. 12. ' when he knew ; cum w. sulij. because there is an accessory notion of i:a,use. * there was no one ; he had stood ; see Ln. XVIII., Ref. 1-6" and 1-6'. ' who did not know ; see Ln. X. , Ref. 1-9. 1" to grant ; see Ln. VIII., Ref. 1-14. '1 have . . . been threatening ; see Ln. VI., Ref. 3. '2 It is the general's duty ; see Ln. XXL, Ref. 7-12 and Examples. LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 75 LESSON XXVIII. THE ACCUSATIVE. REFERENCES. 1-3. XHreet Object. A. & G. 237, a: A. & S. 392 ; 393 : B. 172: G. 330: H. 371; 464, I., II. 4-8. With Verbs ivhich in English require a Prejpo- sition. A. & G. 237, b, c: A. & S. 392, Note : B. 175, 2, b): G. 330, Remark 1 : H. 371, TIL, Note 1. 9-11. With Compounds. A. & G. 237, d; 228, a: A. & S. 377, (2): B. 175, 2, a), I), 2) : G. 331 : H. 372. 12-15. Cognate. A. & G. 238 : A. & S. 396 : B. 176, 4 : G. 332: H. 371, I., 2, 1), II. EXAMPLES. 1. Defend the name and velfare of the Roman people, populi Rflmaui nomen salutemque defendite. 2. I hope the gods will requite me as I. deserve, spero deos mihi ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam. 3. You have thanked me, mihi gratias egistis. 4. Honors, which they despair of, honores, quos desperant. 5. Citizens grieved ior mj' misfortune, elves meum casum doluerunt. 6. I shudder greatlj' at the annoyance, vexatiouem per- liorresco. 7. Catiline breathing out crime, Catilinam scelus anhelantem. 8. They do not complain of this as much as they fear it, nou tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. 9. Citizens who stand about the senate, cives qui circumstant seiiatum. 10. The}' crossed the river, flumen trausierunt. 11. They approached me, me adierunt. 12. You seem to have won a victory, viotoriam vicisse videiis. 13. Hi' has fought batth-s, piignavit proelia. 76 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 14. What should I reply 1 or What reply should I make 1 quid respondeam ? 15. All have one and the same opinion, omnes sentiunt unum atque idem. VOCABULARY 28. as, atque, ac, conj. rampart, vallum, -i, re. as much ... as, tarn . . . quam. requite, gratiam' refero, referre, boldness, audacia, -ae, /. retuli, relatum. deserve, mereor, -eri, meritus shudder greatly at, perhorresoo, sum. -ere, perhorrui, no sup. despair of, deapero, -are, -avi, stand about, around, circumstS, -atum. -are, -steti, no sup. ditch, fossa, -ae, /. surround, put around, circumdo, feel, think, have opinion, sentio, -are, -dedi, -datum. -ire, sensi, sensum. thank, gratias^ ago, -ere, egi, feel thankful, gratiam^ habeo. actum, go to, approach, adeo, -ire, -ivi the same ... as, idem . . . qui. or -ii, -itum. wretch, sceleratus, -i, m. grieve for, doleo, -ere, -ui,-itum. win a victory, viotoriam vinco, live, vivo, -ere, vixi, no sup. -ere, vici, victum. question, quaestio, -onis,/. EXERCISE 28. 1. We ought to hope that all the gods will requite^ us as we deserve. 2. The senate thanked the consul in very strong terms because he had driven out^ that wretch into exile. 3. We cannot but think that v/e ought to surround the city with a rampart and a ditch.^ ^. Let us not stand about the senate, but let us go to the consul and ask his advice.* 5. They inquired of us^ whether we despaired of the city's safety. 6. There was not one slave who did not shudder greatly at^ the boldness of citizens. 7. There is no doubt that the citizens grieved very much for the misfortune of the state. 8. They were not wont to com- plainj of this as much as they feared it, that Catiline would go^ into exile. 9. We did not doubt that you had LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 77 fought a great battle and won a great victory. 10. What reply should I make to the envoys, if they should ask my advice ? 11. If they had asked my advice, I should have made the same reply as you made. 12. Since there is no one who does not know® that you did not grieve for the misfortune of the commonwealth, what reply will you make ? 13. This is the only question in respect to which all citizens have one and the same opinion.^" 14 While I live^^ I shall feel thankful to you for that which you have done for me. 15. Provided you go to the consul and ask^^ his advice, I shall thank you in strong terms. Noies and Quesiions. 1 Observe that gratia is always in the plural with agere ; with referre and habere mostly iu the singular ; that they take the Dative of the person whom one thanks, etc. ; and pro with the Ablative of that for which one thanks, etc. '' had driven out ; what mood should he used ? See Ln. XIV., Note 5. 3 city . . . ditch; see Ln. XXV., Ref. 4, 5. * ask his advice; see Ln. XXV., Ref. 12, 13, and Examples. 5 of Its ; see Ln. XVI., Note 9. ^ who did not shudder greatly at; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. ' wont to complain; see Ln. VI., Ref. 4-6,' and Ex. 6. 8 that Catiline would go ; Accusative and Infinitive, appositive with hoc. " who does not know; see Note 6. 1' have . . . opinion; see Note 6. n while I live; what time is denoted, and what tense must be used? 12 go and ask; see Ln. XII., Ref. 8. LESSON XXIX. THE ACCUSATIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-4. Two Accusatives of the saine Person or ji'Afng. A. & G. 239, 1, a: A. & S. 394, (1), a : B. 177, 1, 2 : a. 340 : H. 373. 78 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 5-10. Two Accusatives — Person and Thing. A. & G. 239, r, Remark, d: A. & S. 394, (2), a: B. 178, 1, 2 : G. 339, Remark 2 : H. 374, Notes 1-4. 11, 12. Two Accusatives with Compound. Terbs. A. & G. 239, b: A. & S. 394. (3): B. 179 : G. 331, Remark 1 : H. 376. 13-15. Irimit of Motion. A. & G. 258, 6; A. & S. 425; 426, (1), a: B. 182 : G. 337 ■ H. 380, I., II., 2, 1). EXAMPLES. 1. The people elected Marius consul, Marium consulem popu- lus creavit. 2. Marius was elected consul by the people, Marius consul a populo creatus est. 3. You have- made the Senate firmer, senatum firmiorem fecistis, 4. Jupiter, whom we call the preserver of this city, luppiter, quein statorem huius urbis nominamus. 5. The consul asked Silanus his opinion, consul Silanum sen- tentiam rogavit. 6. Silanus, the first to be asked his opinion, Silanus, primus sententiam rogatus. 7. He teaches boys rudiments, pueros elementa docet. 8. I shall teach him to be silent, docebo eum tacere. 9. Let them teach him what sort of a man Roscius was, doceant eum qui vir Roscius fuerit. 10. I advise them as follows, eos hoc moneo. 11. Whom Caesar had led across the Rhine, quos Caesar tra- dilxerat Rhenum. 12. He ascertained that the Belgians had been led across the Rhine, reperiebat Belgas Rhenum esse traductos. 13. He will betake himself to Marseilles, se Massiliam conferet. 14. Men go into the country, rus homines eunt. 15. He asked the Gauls why they had come to his house, quaesi- vit a Grallis quam ob rem domum suam venissent. VOCABULARY 29. advise, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. choose, deligo, -ere, -lEgi,-lectum. call, najjie, appello, -are, -avi, country, rus, riiris, v. ; rus in -atum ; nomino, -are, -avi, country a.f contrasted with urbs. -atum. fnilhfiil, fidelis, -e. LATIN PROSE- COMPOSITION. 79 hold, teneS, -ere, -ui, tentum. stupid, stultus, -a, -um, home, homeward, domum. suitable, tit, proper, idoueus, -a, Latin, speak Latin, Latine lo- -um. quor, -i, locutus sum. teach, show, doceo, -ere, -ui, doc- opinion, sententia, -ae, /. turn. rudiment8,elementa,-orum,n./)Z. tried, proved, probatus, -a, -um. set out, proficiscor, -i, profectus sum. EXERCISE 29. 1. The EoDian people could have elected Catiline con- sul, but they wished to condemn him for treason. 2. Marcellus ought to have been elected consul, but the people accused him of treason in his absence. 3. There was no one so stupid as not to see^ that you had made the senate better. ^. This man, whom we call our friend and ally, is suitable to be sent^ as ambassador to the Bel- gians. 5. Silanus,the first to be asked his opinion, because he had been elected consul, decided that punishment ought to be inflicted upon those who were held in cus- tody. 6. I should be glad to teach^ you to speak Latin, if only I could speak Latin my.self. 7. He says that I ought to have shown the judges what sort of a man the defendant was.* 8. We advise our fellow-citizens as fol- lows : ^ let them not stand about the senate or despair of the commonwealth. 9. When the general was informed that the Belgians had already led a part of their troops across the Rhine, he set out with three legions and came to that part which had not yet crossed the river. 10. Cati- line's friends reported that he,^ having been driven out into exile, would betake himself" to Marseilles. 11. Let us ask the envoys why they went home and not to Geneva. 12. The gates have no keeper, let us go into the country. 13. He sent money to Ephesus to him^ whom you chose out of all vour friends as the most tried and faithful. 80 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITIOlf. Notes and Questions. • as not to see; cf. Ln. IX., Note 1. ^ suitable to be sent; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9, and Ex. 8. ' I should be glad to teach; see Ln. ]L, Ref. 10-12. * was ; what mood is necessary, and why ? ^ as follows; hoc. ^ ha; see Ln. IV., Kef. 1-8. ' Ae . . . would betake himself; what would these words be in Direct Discourse ? * to him ; express in Latin, I sent to him ; I gave to him ; I wrote to him. oit^o LESSON XXX. THE ACCUSATIVE {continued). REFERENCES. 1-6. Adverbial. A. & G. 240, a, b : A. & S. 397 : B. 176, 3: G. 332 : H. 378, 2. 7. Of Specification.^ A. & G. 240, c. Note : A. & S. 398, a : B. 180: G. 338 : H. 378, I. 8. In Exclamations. A. & G. 240, d: A. & S. 400 : B. 183: G. 343, 1: H. 381. 9-13. Of Time and Space. A. & G. 240, e.- A. & S. 423: B. 181: G. 335, Remark 1 ; 336, Remark 4: H. 379. EXAMPLES- 1. Why are yoii silent ? quid tacea ? 2. What reason is there why we should doubt t quid est quod dubitemus ? 3. You have very great influence, vales pliirimuin. 4. Have the countenances of these moved you in no respect ? nihilne te horum ora moverunt ? 5. I had foretold that they would come at that time, id tempo- ris eos ventiiros praedixeram. 6. They live for the most part upon milk, mazimam partem lacte vivunt. 7. Like a god in countenance and shoulders, 6s humerosque deo similis. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 81 8. O wretcheil state I O condicionem miseram ! 9. You are sixty years old, annos sexaginta natus es. 10. More than forty years old, annos natus maior quadraginta. 11. He has had a residence at Rome many years, domicilium Romae multos annos babuit. 12. Throughout these years, per hosce annos. 13. Zama is five days' journey from Carthage, Zama quinque dierum iter a Cartbagine abest. VOCABULARY 30. about, circiter, adv. milk, lac, lactis, n. acorn, glans, glandis, /. night-guard, uocturnum prae- always, semper, adv. sidium. band, manus, -us,/. old, natus, -a, -um. countenance, os, oris, n. pace, passus, -us, m. ; mille pas- day, dies, diei, m. sus, a mile, dissolve, dimitto, -ere, -misi, to be feared, pertimescendus, -missum. a, -■am., fut. pass. part. flesh, caro, carnis, /. wait for, praestolor, -ari, -atus havepower, influence, valeo, -ere, sum, w. dal. -ui, -itum ; to have very great influence, pliirimum valere. EXERCISE 30. 1. Why should I urge you,^ by whom men have already been sent forward to Marseilles, that they may wait for you in the vicinity of that city ? 2. Cicero asked Catiline whether the night-guard of the Palatine had in no respect moved him. 3. The case itself speaks and that^ always has very great influence. 4. What reason is there why we should hesitate* to delay a few days in the vicinity of Marseilles for the sake of aid? 5. It is said that our ancestors lived for the most part upon acorns and milk. 6. Although Caesar was in the senate at that time, he came home because the senate had been dissolved. 7. There is no doubt that this boy resembles^ his father in countenance. 8. war greatly to be feared, since its 6 82 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. leader will have^ this band of wretches ! 9. Cicero was sixty-four years old when he was murdered.'^ 10. I am fifty years old ; how old are you ? I am more than sixty. 11. While the enemy were delaying^ many days for the sake of supplies, we marched fifty miles into their coun- try. ^12. They did not doulpt that our army had pro- tected the province^ of Sicily many years. 13. The consul sent forward scouts, who were to choose-"^ a place suitable for a camp, about six hundred paces from the enemy. Notes and Questions. ^ Also called "Greek Accusative," and " Synecdochical Accusative." ^ Why should I urge you ? what kind of question 1 See Ln. XVI., I!ef. 15. ^ and tlmt ; quae. * we should hes-itate ; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. ' resembles = is like. ^ will have; see Ln. IX., Note 4, last pari. ' when he v>as murdered; see Ln. XXVI., Note i. * were delaying ; see Ln. VI., Ref. 2. ' had protected the province ; see Ln. XXVII., Kef. 1-3, 1" who were to choose; see Ln. VII., Note 1. LESSON XXXI. THE ABLATIVE. REFERENCES. 1-3. Of Separation. A. & G. 243, a-e : A. & S. 413 : B. 214, 1-3 : G. 390 ; 405; 406 : H. 413 ; 414. 4. Of Source. A. & G. 244, o ; A. & S. 405, a: B. 215, 1, 2 : G. 395: H. 413; 415,11. 5-10. Of Cause. A. & G. 245, h, c: A. & S. 404, (l)-(3), a-c: B. 219, 1, 2 : G. 408, Remark 2 : H. 416, Xote 1. 11. Of Agent. A. & G. 246, h : A. & S. 406 : B. 216 : G. 401 : H. 415. 1. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 83 EXAMPLES. 1. Free the republic from fear, libera rem publicam metu. 2. He resigned the magistracy, magistratu se abdicavit. 3. We were without harbors, portubua carebamus. 4. Apollo was born of Jupiter and Latona, Apollo love natua est et Latona. 5. By my order, meo iussu. 6. By a decree of the senate, seuatus consulto, 7. E.'cult because of your robbery, ezsulta latrociulo. 8. Who shine in purple, qui fulgent purpura. 9. No one is hapjiy who lives in accordance with that law, bea- tus est nemo qui ea lege vivit. 10. While they were pleased with their estates, dum praediis delectantur. 11. He was not driven out by me, a me non eiectus est. VOCABULARY 31. ally, sooius, -i, m. free, release, relieve, libero, -are. appoint, constituo, -ere, -ui, -avi, -atum. -utum. harbor, portus, -us, m. born, be born, descended, na- invite, invito, are, -avi, -atum. scor, -i, natus sum. moment, punctum, -i, n. be without, deprived, careo, -ere, order, by order, iussu, ahl. sing. -ui, -itum. masc. blockade, obsidio, -onis, /, pirate, praedo, -onis, m. deprive, piivo, -are, -avi, -atum. please, delecto, -are, -avi, -atum. exult, run riot, ezsulto,-are,-avi, resign, abdico, -are, -avi, -atum ; -atum. w. ace, of reflexive pron. and find, reperio, -ire, repperi and ahl. of that which one resigns. reperi, repertum. EXERCISE 31. 1. Cicero said that if Catiline had staid in the city, although they would have withstood' all his plans, never- theless they would never have freed the republic from peril. 2. Let Metellus be considered a distinguished man, since he twice released his city from blockade and the fear of slavery. 3. The senator does not think that those who 84 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. have attempted to deprive us all of life, ought to live a moment of time. 4. If you had compelled the defendant to resign the praetorship, the senate would have thanked you in very strong terms. 5. Two citizens were found who relieved 2 you of this care, and promised that they would murder me in my bed. 6. We fear that^ for many years* our country will be not only without provinces but also without harbors. 7. It was said^ that Caesar was descended from Trojan blood. 8. Caesar did not think that death had been appointed by the immortal gods for the purpose of punishment. 9. He asked the senators how many cities of the allies they supposed had either been taken by the pirates or abandoned because of fear. 10. Let us live in accordance with the laws that we may not^ go into exile by order of the consul. 11. They asked me why I was so pleased with the dwellings and temples of their city. 12. Let him exult by reason of his crimes, that he may seem not^ to have been driven out by me to stran- gers but invited to his friends. 13. Do not run riot be- cause of your great crimes, but resign your office at once, go to the temples of the immortal gods, and beg for par- don.' Nofes and Questions. 1 would have withstood ; what mood is used in a, subordinate clause ol indirect discourse ? 2 who relieved ; i. e. of such a character that they relieved ; what mood is necessary ? What use of that mood ? 3 that ; how should it he rendered after a verb of fearing ? * for many years ; what case is used to express duration of time ? ^ It was said; see Ln. XXIIl., Note 5. ^ that . . . not; how expressed in a final clause ? See Ln. IX., Note 3 ' beg for pardon ; translate as if it read, beg thai they pardon you. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 85 LESSON XXXII. THE ABLATIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1. Of scanner. A. & G. 248, Remark : A. & S. 410 : B. 220 : G. 399, Note 1 : H. 419, III., Note 2. S, 3. Of Accompaniment. A. & Q. 248, a, Note : A. & S. 410 : B. 222, 1 : G. 392, Remark I : H. 419, I., 1, I). 4, 5. Of Means and. Instrument. A. & G. 248, c: A. & S. 407 : B. 218 : G. 401 : H. 420. 6-§. JVitn certain Deponents. A. & G. 249 : A. & S. 419: B. 218, 1 : G. 407 : H. 421, I. 9-11. With certain Adjectives. A. & G. 245, o; 254, h, 2 : A. & S. 418 : B. 226, 2: G. 397, Note 2; 401, Remark 6: H. 421, III. EXAMPLES. 1. They think that they will perish with less pain, minore dolore perituros si arbitrantur. 2. He began to follow with all his troops, cum omnibus copiTs sequi coepit. 3. He was following close after with all his troops, subsequeba- tur omnibus copiis. 4. Not yet do I wound those with my voice who ought to be slain with the sword, quos ferro trucidari oportet, eos nondum voce volnero. 5. Large multitudes of the enemy were destroyed in many battles, magnae hostium copiae multis proeliis sunt deletae. 6. My voice has performed its duty, mea vox officio fiincta est. 7. Enjoy fortune and renown, fruere fortiina et gloria. 8. Whose service I make use of, quorum opera iitor. 9. You said that you were satisfied with the murder of us who had staid, te nostra, qui remansissemus, caede contentum esse dicebas. 86 Latin peose compositiok. 10. Trusting to you I shall defend your right, fretus vobis, ves- trum ius defeudam. 11. Prisons worthy the crime of desperate men, custodias dignas scelere hominum perditorum. VOCABULARY 32. butcher, slay, trucido, -are, -avi, pain, dolor, -oris, m. -atum. perform, fungor, -i, functus sum. darkness, tenebrae, -arum,/, pi. satisfied, oontentus, -a, -um. deservedly, merito, service, opera, -ae, /. destroy, deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum. sword, gladius, -i, m. guards, oustodiae, -arum, /. pi. take possession of, occupo, -are, hide, obsouro, -are, -avi, -atum. -avi, -atum. hostile, infestus, -a, -um. trusting to, fretus, -a, -um. impious, nefarius, -a, -um. use, make use of, employ, utor, justly, iiire. uti, iisus sum. long since, iam pridem, adv. unjustly, iniiiria. night-attack, nocturnus impetus, watches, vigiliae, -arum, /. pi. EXERCISE 32. 1. We took possession of Marseilles by a night-attack, before you were able to protect that city with garrisons, guards, and watches. 2. I could not understand why they thought that they would die with less pain in company with many than (they would) if^ they should die alone. 3. If I were unjustly accused by my fellow-citizens, I should choose^ to go into exile rather than to be seen by the hostile eyes of all. 4. Let us hasten with all oui troops to the enemy's camp and take possession of it by a night-attack. 5. The enemy, because they remembered our former victory,^ could not be prevented from butcher- ing our soldiers with their swords. 6. I cannot but think that we shall destroy large multitudes of the enemy in many battles. 7. This wretch, who ought long since to have been led to death, has been attempting to lay waste the whole earth with fire and sword. 8. What (reason) is LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 87 there why* you should stay longer in this city, when you know that the night with its darkness cannot hide your impious crimes ? 9. You will never repent of having per- formed^ your duty to your country.^ 10. The senate deservedly and justly thanked the praetors because their service, which I had employed, was fearless and faithful.''' 11. We feared that they would not be satisfied with the punishment of you who had staid^ in the city. 12. The enemy, trusting to the large number of their troops, attacked us vigorously. Notes and Questions. 1 than . . . if; sea Ln. XII., Rbf. 6. ^ If I were . . . accused, . . . I should choose; what kind of a supposi- tion ? To what time does it refer ? See Ln. XII., IJkf. 1-5. 3 oictory ; what case do verbs of memory govern ? ' what reason is there why; see Ln. XXX., Ex. 2, and Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. ' of having performed ; render with the perfect infinitive. 8 to your country ; see Ln. XXII., Ref. 1-3. ^ because . . .faithful; translate as if it read, because I had employed their fearless and faithful service, ' had staid; see Ln. XIV., Ref. 6. o»«> LESSON XXXIII. THE ABLATIVE {continued). REFERENCES. 1-3. With Comparatives, A. & G. 247, a, Remark 6; A. & S. 416, a, b: B. 217, I, 2 : G. 398 : H. 417, 1, Note 1. 4-6. Construction with plus, etc. A. & G. 247, c ; A. & S. 416, c ; B. 217, 3 : G. 296, Remark 4 : H. 417, Note 2. 7-9. Measure of Difference. A. & G. 250, Remark: A. & S. 415 : B. 223 : G. 403 : H. 423. 88 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. lO, 11. Of Quality.^ A. & G. 251, a: A. & S. 411, a: B. 224: G. 400, Remark 1 : H. 419, II., 2, l)-4). EXAMPLES. 1. Who (was) more illustrious than Theniistocles? quis clarior Themistocle ? 2. What can he said (that is) more reasonable than this request ? quid hac postulatione dici potest aequius ? 3. This evil has spread more widely than we think, latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum. 4. Wiien he had been sick more than a year, cum pliis anuum aeger fuisset. 5. You are more than sixty years old, amplius annos sexaginta natus es. 6. Catiline had not more than two thousand soldiers, Catilina non amplius duobus milibus militum habuit. 7. My country is much dearer to me than my life, patria mihi vita mea multo est carior. 8. You came a little while ago into the senate, venisti paulo ante in senatum. 9. The less certain the life of man is, the more ought the state to enjoy the life of an eminent mnn, quo minus certa est hominum vita, hoc magis res publica frui debet summi viri vita. 10. You exhort him to be of good courage, iubes eum bono esse animo. 11. A man of such moderation, vir tanta temperantia. VOCABULARY 33. acquire, consequor, -i, -seciitus mild, mitis, -e. sum. praise, laus, laudis. ago, a little while ago, paulo request, demand, postulatio, ante. -onis, /. compassion, misericordia,-ae,/ savageness, atrocitas, -atls, /. evidence, testimonium, -T, n. spread, dissemino, -are, -avi, influence, auctoritas, -atis, /. -atum. Just, fair, reasonable, aequus, -a, the . . the, quanto . . . tanto, -um. quo . . . eo or hoc. kindness, humanitas, -atis,/. widely, late, adi'. long, longer, longest, diu, diutius, diutissime, refers to time. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 89 EXERCISE 33. 1. Because the consuP was not moved by savageness of heart but by kindness and compassion, he asked the senate who was milder than himself. 2. Who of the Eomans was more illustrious than Cicero, who more powerful than Caesar ? 3. What could we have asked that was more just than this request ? 4. There is no doubt that this evil has spread more widely than any one supposes. 5. If the Swiss had not had more than five thousand soldiers, we should have put them to flight. 6. This man was con- sidered worthy of the highest praise, because he had often said^ that his country was much dearer to him than his life. 7. There is no doubt that the men who stand about* the senate and whose voices you could have heard* a little while ago, are more fearless than you. 8. The more severe the siege was, the more numerous were the letters and messengers that were sent^ to Caesar. 9. This man is of such kindness and courage that the longer he stays with us the happier we are. 10. Why ought this man, who is already more than eighty years old, to be led to death by order of the consul? 11. If we did not have less than a thousand infantry, we should take possession of that city by a night-attack. 12. I have always been of such a mind as to think that nothing could be better than friendship. 13. Although these wretches are of a better' disposition than part^ of the soldiers, nevertheless they will be put to death with the sword. 14. Let this general have ever- lasting fame,'' because he has twice freed our city from blockade and the fear of slavery. Notes and Questions. 1 Ablative of Quality ; also called Ablative of Oharacieristic ; Ablative of ^ consul : put this word in the principal clause. 90 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 3 because he had often said; what mood should he used, and why ? * stand about . . . could have; should these verbs be rendered by the Subjunctive in accordance with Ref. 6, Ln. XIV. ? 5 the more numerous . . . sent ; translate as if it read, the more numerous letters and messengers were sent to Oaesar. 8 than part ; qaam pars is preferable to parte as it avoids a succession of ablatives. ' have . .'. fame; sit with Ablative of Quality. o>Ko LESSON XXXIV. THE ABLATIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-5. Of Price. A. & G. 252, a-d: A. & S. 408 : B. 225: G-. 404: H. 422, Notes 1, 2. 6, 7. Of Specification. A. & G. 253 : A. & S. 412 : B. 226 : G. 397 : H. 424, Note 1. 8-10. Of Time. A. & G. 256: A. & S. 424: B. 230 ; 231: G. 393 : H. 429. 11-16. Ablative Absolute. A. & G. 255, a, d, NoTE : A. & S. 422, a, d, (2) : B. 227 : G. 409 ; 410, Remarks 1-3 : H. 431, 1^. EXAMPLES. 1. This man sold his country for gold, vendidit hie auro pa- triam 2. He sold an oration for tvrenty talents, viginti talentis oratio- uem vendidit. 3. He hired a house at no great price, oondiixit non magno domum. 4. No curse has cost the human race more than anger, nulla pestis hiimano generi pliiris stetit Tra. 5. The judges do, not care a straw for the state, iudlces rem pUblicam flocci non faciunt. 6. Asia surpasses all lands in fruitfulness, Asia iibertate omni- bus terris antecellit. 7.,,i A town, Bibrax by name, was eig;ht miles distant, oppidun}, uomine Bibrax, ^berat milia passuum octo. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 91 8. What did you do last night 1 quid prozima nocte egisti ? 9. You were at the house of Laeca that night, fuisti apud Laecam ilia nocte. 10. You will hear within three days, triduo audietis. 11. You do not hesitate to do that when I order it, or at my bid- ding, do you 1 uum dubitas id imperante me facere ? 12. Since no one hinders we shall carry on war, uiillo iiupedieute bellum geremus. 13. By destroying him danger is averted, illo sublato depellitur periculum. 14. In the consulship of Lepidus and Tullus, Lepido et TuUo consulibus. 15. Which have been managed in his absence, quae illo absente gesta sunt. 16. Without stirring up any public commotion, uiillo tumultii publice oonoitato. VOCABULARY 34. commotion, tumultus. -iis, m. mercy, miserioordia, -ae,/. conspiracy, coniuratio, -onis, /. name, nomeu, -inis, n. cost, sto, stare, steti, statum. pnbliclv, publice, adv. enter upon, iugredior, ingredi, sell, vendo, -ere, vendidi, ven- ingressus sum ; w. in and ace. ditum. fruitfulness, productiveness, uber- sesterce, sestertius, -i, m. .- u, sil- tas, -atis, /. ver coin worth nearly four hire, condiico, -ere, -diixi, -du- cmts. ctum. stir up, concito, -are, -avi, -atum. justice, aequitas, -atis,/. variety, varietas, -atis,/. EXERCISE 34. 1. My brother's son fears that he shall not be able to sell his house for twenty thousand sesterces. 2. Last year we could have hired a house in this city for five thousand sesterces. 3. Although the Eomans conquered the Gauls in manybattles,^ nevertheless the victories cost them much blood. 4. This general does not seem to care a straw for the lives of his soldiers. 5. He said that Asia was so fertile and fruitful that it surpassed all lands' 92 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. both in the productiveness of its fields and variety of its fruits. 6. We think that a city, Marseilles by name, is about ten miles distant. 7. There is no doubt that you surpassed yourself yesterday in justice and mercy. 8. I cannot but think that he has entered upon this war under the guidance of the immortal gods. 9. It happened that in the consulship of Cicero many wretches formed^ a conspiracy against the republic. 10. I shall attempt to make him resign* his praetorship without stirring up any public commotion. 11. Since the enemy did not hinder, we marched through their territory. 12. Within ten days you will hear that he inflicted severe punishment upon his slaves because his wife had been murdered. 13. The state will be freed from great danger by killing this man. 14. I asked the defendant why he was at the house of Marcellus last night,^ and what he had done the night before. 15. He came in my absence to hire^ my house. Notes and Questions. 1 in many battles; see Ln. XXXII., Kef. 4, 5. 2 lands; see Ln. XXVI., Ref. 1-7. 8 formed; see Ln. IX., Ref. 4-8. * resign; see Ln. IX., Ex. 6. 5 night ; put the word night in the second clause only. 6 to hire; what does this infinitive denote ? LESSON XXXV. EXPRESSIONS OF TIME. REFERENCES. l-». Time TVhen or TVithin WhicU. A. & G. 256 ; 259, a, c: A. & S. 424, h: B. 230 ; 231 : G. 393 : H. 429. LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 93 4, 5. Time How Zong or During Which. A. & G. 256; 259, c ; A. & S. 423 : B. 181 : G. 336, Remark 4 : H. 379. 6-8. Use of Prepositions in Expressions of Time. A. &G. 256, a; 259,6; A. &S.427: B. 181,2: G. 336, Remark 2; 394, Remark : H. 379, 1 ; 429, 1, 2. 9-12. Tim.e Before or After an Event. A. & G. 259, d: A. & S. page 353, foot-note: B. 357, 1: G. 403, Note 4: H. 430, Note 1, l)-3). Note 3. EXAMPLES. 1. He finished the war in the middle of summer, bellum media aestate confecit. 2. You will hear within three days, tiiduo audietis. 3. You wished to kill me at the last consular election, prozimis comitiTs consularibus me interficere voluisti. 4. He has had a residence at Rome many years, domicilium Romae multos annos habuit. 5. He has reigned twenty-three years, annum tertium et vice- simum regnat. 6. Throughout these years, per hosce annos. 7. Caesar ordered the gates to be shut towards evening, sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi iussit. 8. It cannot be suppressed for all time, non in perpetuum com- primi potest. 9. A few days afterwards the senate was freed from danger, liberatus perioulo pauois post diebus senatus. 10. The act was performed three days afterwards, post diem tertium gesta res est. 11. An envoy had been killed a few years before, paucxs ante annis legatus interfectus erat. 12. You were quaestor fourteen years ago, quaestor fuisti abhlno annos quattuordecim. 13. On the 31st of October, in the consulship of Lepidus and Tul- lus, pridie Kalendas Novembres, Lepido et TuUo c5nsulibus ; which may be abbreviated to prid. Kal. Nov. Lepido et TuUo coss. 14. On the 1st of June all was changed, Kalendis liiniis mutata omnia. 15. For the 28th of October, in ante diem quintum Kalendas Novembres ; or, in a. d. v. Kal. Nov. 94 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. VOCABULARY 35. check, restrain, hinder, reprimo, midnight, a little after midnight, -ere, -press!, -pressum. paulo post mediam noctem. decree, deoerno, -ere, -crevi, perhaps, fortasse, adv. -cretum. short, brevis, -e. evening, towards evening, sub suppress, comprimo, -ere, -pressi, vesperum. -pressum. finish, conficio, -fioere, -feci, thanksgiving, supplicatio,-6nis,/ -fectum. time, for all time, in perpetuum, following, posterus, -a, -um. sc. tempus. light, da3-light, lux, luois,/. ,• a while, for a little while, pauli- little beCore daylight, paulo sper, adv. ante lucem. yesterday, day before yesterday, memory, within the memory of nudius tertius. man, post hominum memo- riam. EXERCISE 35. 1. If you had carried on the war more vigorously, you would have finished it in the last part of winter. 2. Who can be so stupid as to think^ that the Gauls will come within five days to attack us ? 3. I heard day before yes- terday that you wished to kill me at the last consular election. 4. Men came on the following day that they might urge^ us to inarch^ either towards evening or a lit- tle after midnight. 5. If Catiline alone should be killed,* the conspiracy would perhaps be checked for a little while, but it would not be suppressed for all time. 6. He says that this king, who has already reigned twenty-four years,^ is much younger than his brother. 7. He has lived many years in this city, and throughout these years no one has been angry with him.^ 8. If this has happened to no one within the memory, of man, will you not go into exile ? 9. There is no doubt that men can be found whp •will relieve j'ou of this care and promise to kilF me LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 95 in my bed on that very night, a little before daylight. 10. We cannot but think that you could have finished the war many years before. 11. Because so many nations surrendered to him within so short a time, a thanks- giving was decreed for the twenty-sixth of December.^ 12. This wretch promised that for three thousand ses- terces^ he would kill you on the twenty-fifth of October. 13. Five days afterwards he would have been condemned for treason, if we had not protected him. 14 We had a long controversy with these men three days ago. 15. Would that I could have been present on the first of August ! ^^ Notes and Questions. 1 as to thmir; see Ln. IX., Eef. 1-3. 2 that they might vrge; see. Ln. VII., Eef. 12, 13. ' to march; see Lk. VIII., Ref. 1-14. * If . . . killed; in what two ways may this be expressed? See Ln. XL, Eef. 1-15, and Ln. XXXIV., Kef. 11-16. ' has reigned . . . years ; see Ex. 5. ' angry with him; see Ln. XXV., Eef. 6-11. ' to kill ; verbs signifying hope, promise, undertake, are followed by the Accusative of the Personal Pronoun and the Future Infinitive. ' for the twenty-sixth of December; for determining how to write this and similar dates, see A. & G. 259, e ; 376, a-d: A. & S. 424, c, f; 660, (4), S, Note 1 : B. 371, 1-7 • G. page 491 : H. 641-645. ° for three thousand sesterces; see Ln. XXXIV., Eef. 1-5. 1" of August ; sextilis, -e. LESSON XXXVI. PLACE. REFERENCES. i 1, a. Tlaee. from, wUich. A. & G. 258, a: A. & S. 425 ; 426, (I) : B. 229, 1, 2 : G. 391 : H. 412, I., II. 96 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 3, 4. Place to which. A. & G. 258, 6 : A. & S. 425 ; 426, (1), /"; B. 182, 1,2: G. 337 : H. 380, I., II. 5-7. Place at or in tvhieh. A. & G. 258, c, 1, 2 : A. & S. 425 ; 426: B. 228: G. 386; 411: H. 425, I., II., 2. 8-10. Place by, through, or over which. A. & G. 258, ff ; A. & S. 407, c; B. 218, 9 : G. 389 : H. 420, 3). 2, 4, 7. Words used like Names of Towns. A. & G. 258, c. Remark rf; A. & S. 426, a: B. 229, 1, h) : G. 337, Remarks 1-3; 391 ; 411, Remark 2 : H. 412, 1 ; 380, 2, 1) ; 426, 2. 11, 12. Ablative of Place at, in, or on which. A. & G. 258,/, 1, 2: A. & S. 426, c : B. 228 : G. .385-389 : H. 425, 2. 13-16. JIow to express towards a Place, etc, A. & G. 258, u. Note 1, c, Note 1: A. & S. 427: B. 182, 3: G. 337, Re- mark 4 : H. 380, 1 ; 412, 3, Note. EXAMPLES. 1. He set out from Rome, Roma profectus est. 2. He set out from home, domo profectus est. 3. He will betake himself to Marseilles, si Massiliam couferet. 4. Men go into the country, rus homines eunt. 5. He had a residence in Rome, domioilium Romae habuit. 6. Themistocles, a very eminent man at Athens, said, Themisto- cles, summus Athenis vir, dixit. 7. Consultations which he had at home, deliberationes quas habebat domi. 8. We shall march through Athens, iter per Athenas faciemus. 9. He set out by the Aurelian way, Aurelia via profectus est 10. The corn, which he had brought up the river Arar, frumento, quod flumine Arare subvezerat. 11. All things have been brought into a state of peace on land an*' sea, omnia sunt terra marlque pacata. 12. What poisoner in all Italy 1 quis tota Italia veneficus ? 13. Towards Rome, in or into the vicinity of Rome, ad Romam. 14. Near Rome, ad Romam, apud Romam. 15. From Rome, from near Rome, a Roma. 16. From Rome, out of Rome, e Roma. LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 97 VOCABULARY 36. annex, join to, adiungo, -ere, safe, tutus, -a, -um. -iunzi, -iunctum. sea, mare, maris, n. carry up, subveho, -ere, -vexi, set out, proficiscor, -i, profec- -veotum. tus sum. difficult, difficilis, -e. still, even now, etiam nunc, adv. field, in the field, militiae. strong, firm, firmus, -a, -um. middle, medius, -a, -um. summon, voco, -are, -avi, -atum. nearly, paene, adv. vici.ssitude, varietas, -atis, /. perform, gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. way, road, via, -ae, / EXERCISE 36. 1. Cicero said tliat Pompey, within forty-nine days^ after he had set out from Bruudisium, annexed the whole of Cilicia to the government^ of the Eoman people. 2. He asked whether the consul had already gone from home or^ was still at Geneva. 3. We answered that he had set out for Athens five days before. 4. Since we had already had a residence at Marseilles for many years, we set out from that city and came to Eome. 5. The orator asked the senate what place on the whole sea had had so strong a garrison throughout those years that it was safe. 6. He says that yesterday, when he had been nearly killed at his own home, he summoned the senate into the temple of Jupiter Stator. 7. This envoy has come to tell how great deeds our general has performed* at home and in the field, on land and sea. 8. He fays that this war, although it is great and difficult and has been carried on with^ much vicissitude on land and sea, will be wholly finished^ by tiais man in the middle of summer. 9. If we had set out from Eome ten days ago, we should have gone by the Appian Way. 1 0. We ought to have used the corn, which we had carried up the river Ehine in our ships." 11. In the consulship of Metellus we lived in the country, but 7 98 , LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. five years afterwards we came to the town of Brundisium. 12. This man came from near Eome, and has now set out towards Naples. 13. Let us stay in the vicinity of this city until our friends arrive.^ 14. Let us go into the country before our friends come^ to visit us. 15. What man in all America is so cowardly as not to be willing to die for^" his country ? Notes and Questions. 1 uoithin forty-nine days; render as if it read, on the forty-ninth day. 2 to the goBcrnment ; repeat the preposition ad. 3 or ; how should it be rendered in a double ijuestion ? ^ has performed ; see Ln. XVI., Eef. 9-14. '" with; render with in. ^ will he finished; see Ln. XXIV., Note i. ' in our ships; see Ln. XXXIL, Ref. 4, 5. * until . . . arrive; see Ln. XV., Ref. 8-10. 5 before . . . come ; see Ln. XV., Kef. 3, 4. '" for; how should it be translated? See Ln. XXV., Ref. 14, 15. «,XKo« LESSON XXXVII. USE OF PARTICIPLES. REFERENCES. 1-10. Tenses. A. & G. 290, 6, d: A. & S. 543-545 : B. 336, 1-5 : G. 282 ; 283 : H. 550. I-IO. IHfferent Uses. A. & G. 289; 291, a, b; 292, a: 293, a, c: A. & S. 546 ; 547, a, b: B. 337, 1,2: G. 437 ; 438 ; 536 ; 537 : H. 548 ; 548, 1-5, Notes I, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. I summoned to my presence Gabinius, (who was) surmising nothing as yet, Gabinium ad me, nihil dum suspicantem, vocavi. 2. Shall we i)ut up with Catiline, (who is) longing to lay waste the earth 1 Catilinam, orbem terrae vastare cupientem, perfe- remus ? LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 99 3. His arrival kept back Mithrirlates (who had been) puffed up by an unusual victory, huius adventus Mithridatem insolita in- flatum victoria contiuuit. 4. Who saved this same city (after it was) founded and enlarged, qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. 5. Having laid waste the fields and set fire to the villages, they hastened towards Caesar's camp, agros depopulati, vicis iucensis, ad castra Caesaris contenderunt. 6. After roaming about they came through to the Rhine, vagati ad Hhenum pervenerunt. 7. I crossed the Rhine because I had been invited by the Gauls, transii Rhenum arcessitus a Gallis. 8. He assigned to Cassius the burning of the city, attribuit urbem inflammaudain^ Cassio. 9. Pray what would have been the result if (the shops) had been burned 1 quid tandem (tabernis) incensis futurum fuit ? 10. After, or since, the founding of the city, post urbem condi- tam. VOCABULARY 37. alarm, commoveo, -ere, -movi, lay waste, vasto, -are, -avi,-atum. -motum. learn, cognosce, -ere, cognovi, attack, aggredior, aggredi, ag- cognitum. gressus sum. long, long for, desire eagerly, cut down, ocoido, -ere, -cidi, -ci- oupio, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itum. sum. new, novus, -a, -um. earth, orbis terrarum or terrae; put up with, bear with, endure, orbis, -is, m. perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. hither, oiterior, citerius. set fire to, burn, incendo, -ere, invite, send for, arcesso, -ere, incendi, incensum. arcessivi, arcessitum. sight, conspectus, -us, m. keep back, restrain, contineo, take away, remove©, -ere, -movi, -ere, -tinui, -tentum. -motum. EXERCISE 37. 1. Ought we, the consuls, to put up with these men, ^ who are longing to lay waste the whole earth ? 2. After setting fire to many villages^ they hastened towards Eome 100 LATIN i-ROSE COMPOSITION. by the Appian way. 3. The king said that he crossed the Ehine because he had been invited by the Gauls. 4. Cae- sar, having been alarmed by these letters, enlisted two new legions in hither Gaul. 5. He summoned to his presence^ the generals who knew nothing as yet^ with re- spect to the affair. 6. The general kept back his soldiers in camp who' had been greatly alarmed by the arrival of the enemy. ,7. He assigned to Catiline all the citizens to be robbed and butchered. 8. Pray, what would you have done if all the villages had been burned ?* ^. The lieu- tenant, after taking away the horses out of sight and ex- horting the cavalry to fight bravely, began the battle on the left wing. 10. The consul ordered his troops after they had been led^ out of camp to wheel about and ad- vance to the attack. 11. The enemy having attacked our army on the march, cut down a large number of the infantry. 12. Since the founding of the city this is the only case that has been met with® in which all patriotic citizens agreed.'^ 13. After learning these facts we hast- ened into the vicinity of Marseilles. 14. Although I have been invited I shall not cross the Ehine. 15. Since the consul has learned these facts, he will invite the conspira- tors into the country and set fire to all their houses. Nofes and Questions. ^ after setting Jin to milages ; Latin verbs, except deponents, have no perfect active participle ; hence the necessity for the ablative absolute which is used to supply this want. 2 to his presence ; see Ex. 1. ° nothing as yet ; nihil dum. * if . . . lumed ; render by the ablative absolute. ^ after they had been led ; translate as if it read, having been led. ° this . . . met loith ; translate as if it read, this case alone has been met ' agreed ; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. 8 See Gildersleeve, 279 Rem. ; 431. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. lOl LESSON XXXVIII. THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. REFERENCES. l.§. A. & G. 295-298, a: A. & S. 548 ; 550, b, c; 551 : B. 338, 1 ; 339, 5, 6 : G. 425-428, Remark 1 : H. 541 ; 542, I., Note I ; 543. EXAMPLES. 1. Practice in speaking, dicendi exercitatio. 2. Night made an end of besieging, finem oppiignandi nox fecit. 3. Opportunity for hurling javelins, spatium pila coniciendi. 4. They went out for the purpose of plundering, praedandi causa egressi sunt. 5. He gave the signal for beginning battle, proeli committendi Bignum dedit. 6. For the purpose of killing the cou.suls, consulum interfici- endorum causa. 7. This most strongly fortified place for holding the senate, hie tnuuitissimus babendi senatiis locus. 8. For the purpose of saving themselves, sui conservandi causa. VOCABULARY 38. besiege, oppiigno, -are, -avi, observe, oognSsco, -ere, cognovi, -atum. cognitum. encourage, cousolor, -ari, -atus practice, exercitatio. -ouis, /. sum. prepare, paro, -are, -avI, -atum. give up, abandon, abicio, -icere, privilege, power, potestas, -atis,/. -ieci, -iectum. save, conserve, -are, -avi, -atum. keep, asservo, -are, avi, -atum. style, genus, -eris, n. leading men, chief men, princi- suffer, permit, patior, pati, pas- pes, -um, m. pi. bus sum. lessen, levo, -are, -avi, -atum. unusual, inusitatus, -a, -um. threats, minae, -arum, /. pi. violence, vis, vis, /. 102 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITIOK. EXERCISE 38. . 1. After encouraging the defendant, I asked him to make an end of entreating. 2. The orator asked the judges to suffer^ him to make^ use of an unusual style of speaking. 3. Have you not often observed how great^ influence this orator exerts^ from this very place by rea- son of copiousness in speaking ? 4. Would that I had* the privilege of coming into this place ! 5. If this wretch should give up his plan of making war, it would be said^ that he had been driven. out into exile with violence and threats. 6. For the purpose of avoiding suspicion, you dared to ask^ the consul to keep^ you at his home. 7. Never, fellow-citizens, for the purpose of lessening my unpopularity, have I asked you not to lay violent hands upon these conspirators. 8. I asked whether citizens were fleeing from Eome for the purpose of saving themselves or of checking your designs. 9. Let him, if he wishes, make use of arms for the purpose of defending himself. 10. Give the signal for beginning battle, if you wish us to advance to the attack. 11. We fear that this man will prepare a band for the purpose of killing the consuls and leading men of the state. 12. There is no doubt that this orator has had great practice in speaking. 13. If you had had greater practice in fighting, you would not have fled for the purpose of saving yourself. 14. When night had made an end of besieging, a man of very great influence^ among his friends came to beg for peace. 15. Who is so stupid as to think that citizens have fled from the city for the purpose of saving themselves ? Notes and Questions. 1 to suffer . . . to make ; should each of these Infinitives be rendered with an Infinitive ? 2 how great; quantum; see Ln. XXX., Ref. 1-6. LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 103 * exert influence ; valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum; what mood must be used ? 4 Would that 1 had ; see Ln. XXVI., Ref. 8-11, and Ln. V., Eef. 8, 9. 5 it would he said; see Ln. XXIII., Note 5. ° to ask , . . to keep; see Note 1. ' of very great influence; see Ln. XXXIII., Kef. 10, 11. LESSON XXXIX. THE GERUND AND GEKUNDIVE (continued). REFERENCES. 1-9. A. & G. 299-301 ; 294, d: A. & S. 551, a, Note b, e; 552, (2): B. 338, 2-5 ; 339, 2-4, 7: G. 429-433 : H. 542, II., III., Note 2, IV.; 544, 1, 2, Notes 1, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. The consul gives attention to appeasing the gods, consul pla- candis dis dat operam. 2. For making a camp, ad castra facienda. 3. One of whom could furnish sulijects for writing, quorum alter res ad scribendum adbibere poterat. 4. He invited Gauls for the purpose of overturning the founda- tions of our government, ad evertenda fundamenta rei publicae Gallos arcessit. 5. He assigned to Cassias the city to he set on fire, or the firing of the city, attribuit urbem inflammandam Cassio. 6. They have strengthened the conspiracy by not believing, oon- iurationem non oredendo corroboraverunt. 7. By badly managing their liusiness, male gerendo negotio. 8. In punishing Lentulus, in Lentulo puulendo. 9. With respect to choosing a commander, de imperatore de ligendo. VOCABULARY 39. choose, deligo, -ere, -legi, -lee- debt,aesalienum, aerisalieni,n. turn. ^ desire, voluntas, -atis, /. confer, consign, mando, -are, draw, portray, exprimo, -ere, -avi, -atum. -pressi, -pressum. 104 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. fall into, incido, -ere, incidi, no manage, gero, -ere, gessi,gestum. sup. portraiture, imago, -inis, /. historian, rerum auctor, rerum provoke, lacesso, -ere, -ivi or -ii scriptor. or -i, -itum. invested, ocoupatus, -a, -um. revenue, vectigal, -alis, n. lie in wait, insidior, -ari, -atus silent, keep silent, taceo, -ere, -ui, sum. -itum. look at, intueor, -eri, intuitus strengthen, corroboro, -are, -avi, sum. -atum. maintain, retineo, -ere, -tiuui, stake, is at stake, agitur. -tentum. torch, fax, facis, /. EXERCISE 39. 1. You ought to give attention to tilling your fields. 2 He sent men to promise^ a large number of ships for transporting the army. 3. This king, having been pro- voked, thought that an opportunity was offered him^ for taking our city. 4. I fear that they will not cease^ to lie in wait for the consul at his own home and to prepare torches for firing the city. 5. How many portraitures of distinguished men, drawn not only to be looked at* but also to be imitated,* do you think historians have left us ?^ 6. We could have overcome^ you, not by fighting but by keeping silent. 7. You ought not to strengthen this con- spiracy by not believing. 8. It remains for me to speak^ briefly with respect to choosing a commander. 9. I have^ as much influence^ as you have given me by conferring honors. 10. The orator said that he had as much capa- bility as an almost daily practice in speaking had been able to bring him. 11. Our property is at stake, invested in farming your revenues. 12. By badly managing their business these men have fallen into great debt. 13. There is no one who thinks^" that there can be any cruelty in punishing the consul. LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. 105 Notes and Questions. 1 to promise; see Ln. VII., Eef. 12, 13. 2 Mm; see I.N. III., Ref. 8-12, and Ln. XXVI., Eef. 1-7. " will not cease ; see IjN. VIII., Note 8. * to be looked at ... to he imitated ; render with ad and the Gerundive. us; see Ln. XXV., Eef. 1-3. ° we could have overcome; .see Ln. XVIL, Ex. 13. ' for me to speak; see Ln. IX., Erf. 4-8. 8 I hare, etc. When the thing possessed is a quality of the possessor, the possessor is usually put in the Ablative with in, and the thing possessed in the Nominative with est: e. g. / have wisdom, in me est sapientia; I have as much natural ability, as, etc., ingei^ in me tantum est, quan- tom, etc. ' influence; see Ln. XXII., Ef.f. 6-8. 1° who thinks; see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9. LESSON XL. THE PEEIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. —THE SUPINE. REFERENCES. 1-3. First Periphrastic Conjugation, A. & Gr. 129; 293, a, c: A. & S. 229, (I): B. 115; 270, 3; 304, 3,6: a. 129; 246; 247: H. 233. 4-9. Second Periphrastic Conjugation. A. & G. 129; 294, h,c: A. & S. 229, (2) : B. 115 ; 337, 7, b) : G. 129 ; 251 : H. 234 ; 466, Note. 5, 7. Dative of Agent. A. & G. 232 : A. & S. .383 : B. 189 : G. 355 : H. .388. 10, 11. Supine in -um. A. & G. 302, Remark : A. & .S. 554 : B. 340, 1 : G. 434 ; 435 : H. 545, Notes 1,2; 546, 1-4. IS. Supine in u. A. & G. 303 : A. & S. 555 : B. 340, 2 : G. 436, Remark 4 : H. 547, 1, 2. ego sum, eram, etc. iturus. 106 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. EXAMPLES. 1. I am, was, etc. about to go, I am, was, etc. likely to go, I am, was, etc. going to go, I am, was, etc. intending to go, I am, was, etc. to go, 2. They seem to me more likely to make vows against the repub- lic than to bear arms, magis mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam quam arma laturi. ?j. What would have been the result if the shops had been burned 1 quid tabernis incensis futurum fuit ? 4. A proper limit in speaking must be sought, modus in dicendo quaerendus est. 5. We must contend with extravagance, cum luxuria nobis certandum est. 6. Whatever will need to be cut off, or wiiatever will have to be cut off, I shall not suffer to remain, quae resecanda erunt, non patiar manere. 7. I did not need to fear, verendum mihi non erat. 8. The highest welfare must not be too often endangered, non est saepius summa salus periclitanda. 9. If he were a private citizen, he ought to be chosen, si privatus esset, erat deligendus. 10. I shut out those, whom you had sent to me to pay their re- spects, excliisi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum miseras. 11. He came to Rome to demand aid, Romam venit auxilium postulatum. 12. It is difficult to say how much we are hated, difficile est dictu quanto in odio simus. VOCABULARY 40. address, adloquor, -i, -locutus defend, defendo, -ere, -fendi, sum. -fensum. ask for, demand, postulo, -are, disaster, calamitas, -atis,/. -avi, -atum. hated, to be hated, in odio esse, assassin, murderer, sicarius, -i, m. w. dat. of person by whom complain, queror, -i, questus hated. qjim. now, nunc, iam, adv. decide, iudico, -are, -avi, -atum. neighbors, finitimi, -orum,m.^Z. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 107 pay one's respects, saluto, -are, to-day, hodiernus dies, hodi- -avi, -atum. erni diei, m. safe, salvus, -a, -um. very difficult, perdifScilis, -e. spirit, animus, -i, m. EXERCISE 40. 1. Believe me,^ fellow-citizens, this assassin is not in- tending to go into exile. 2. These men seem to us more likely to withdraw from allegiance to the republic than to carry on war with her enemies. 3. These assassins must be driven out into exile if we wish'^ the city to be safe. .,4. We must either live with our fellow-citizens or die for them.^ 5. You must defend this city not only from* dis- aster but also from* the fear of disaster. 6. The senators mast decide to-day with respect to their own lives" and the lives^ of their wives and children. 7. We did not need to fear that our enemies would not give up their plan of making war. 8. In what spirit^ ought you to bear this, that citizens have fied^ from Eome for the purpose of saving themselves. 9. If we wish to be good citizens, we must defend the name and welfare of the state. 10. We ought to thank the immortal gods because we have won so great a victory. 11. Many came to me on that day^ to pay their respects and to complain^ be- cause the consul had dissolvedi'* the senate. 12. I must address ray fellow-citizens with respect to the election of consuls.^^ '^. It is very diflficult to say how much you are hated by all your neighbors. 14. If this were the best thing to do, I should not suffer you to live a moment of time. Notes and Questions. 1 7ne; see Ln. XXV., Ref. 6-11. 2 if we wish, etc. ; what kind of a supposition is expressed by this sentence ? 108 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 3 fm Ihcm; see Ln. XXV., Kef. 14, 15. * from; a. 5 lives ; see Ln. XXI., Note 1. s In what spirit; see Ln. XXXII., Ref. 1. I that citizens ham fled ; render with Accusative and Infinitive, apposi- tive with hoc. 8 on that' day ; what time is denoted hy the Ablative ? What by the Accusative ? ^ to pay their respects and to complain; .see Examples 10 and 11. w had dissolved ; which mood is preferable? See Ln. XIV., Eef. 1-5 and Note 5. II with respect to the election of consuls ; translate as if it read, with respect to electing consuls. EXERCISES. EXERCISE I. SEE LESSONS I.-IV., AND CAESAK'S GALLIC WAR, II., 1-3. For -Oral Translation. 1. Who was the first to inform Caesar (that) the Belgae were giving hostages to one another ? 2. Labienus was not the first to inform Caesar (that) the Belgae were conspir- ing with one another. 3. This was brought to Caesar him- self through many rumors. 4. Labienus himself said the same. 5. The Gauls were unwilling for the Germans to live among them. 6. The Germans had led their army into Gaul. 7. Caesar instructs the Gauls to find out the same thing. 8. The legion which he has with him he leads against the Belgae. 9. Some said one thing, others another. 10. Some advanced toward one town, others toward another. 11. Some do not wish the Germans to pass the winter in Gaul, others are desirous of new forms of government. 12. The Kemi themselves were ready to give hostages. 13. All the other Belgae were not ready to give themselves and their (possessions) ^to Caesar. Write in Latin. After the ^war with the Germans,^ Caesar returned^ into hither Gaul. While^ there* he was informed (that^) the Belgae were giving hostages to one another^ in order to prepare for^ war. They'^ had two reasons for making a conspiracy: first, because they thought^ (that^) Caesar 110 LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. would lead^ the Eoman army against them, ^^as Ario- vistus was now^" conquered^^ ; second, because they were stirred up^ by the men of influence, who were eager for royal power. As soon as Caesar received the news, he gave to Quin- tus Pedius, his lieutenant, the two legions which'^ had been enlisted in hithar Gaul. A few days after, ^^^ he himself set out toward the territory of the Belgae. The Eemi, a tribe of the Belgae,^* immediately^^ sent envoys to him to say (that^) they had always been friends of the Eoman people ; ^^and then^" would do all they could^" to assist^^ him, but they could^^ not prevent the remain- ing Belgae from plotting against him or from making a league^" with the Germans. Notes; — ^ war with the Germans = German war. ^ See English- Latin Vocabulary. 3 A. & G. 276, e: A. & S. 468 : B. 293 : G. 229, E : H. 467, 4. * in that place. ^ A word inclosed between parentheses i.s not to be translated. ^ in. . .for; ut with the Imperfect Subjunctive. 'Da- tive of possessor with erant. 8 a. & G. 321, i; A. & S. 519; B. 286, 1; G. 539; H. 516, I., II. ' Future Infinitive, i" iam. ^^ o.s . . . conquered- Ablative Absolute. ^^ gge Lesson I., Example 5. i^ post with the Accu- sative. ^* See Lesson I., Examples 1 and 2. ^^ sine mora. ^^ and then; turn quoque. ^' could = by which they would he able; use Imperfect Subjunctive in a Relative Clause. ^^ Use the Infinitive depending upon posseut. ^' Present Infinitive. 2" making a league; see English-Latin Vocabulary under agree. EXERCISE II. SEE LESSONS V.-VIII., AND CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR, II., 4-6. For Oral Translation. 1. .^k them what they can do in war. 2. Do not hesi- tate to lead the Belgae across the Ehine. 3. Let them LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Ill drive out the Gauls. 4. Do not lead the Teutons into our territory. 5. While Divitiacus was king among the Bellovaci he had power over Britain. 6. The Bellovaci have now for a long time been very powerful among the Belgae. 7. The Condrusi and Eburones were usually called Germans. 8. Caesar urged Divitiacus to keep the forces of the enemy from uniting. 9. Divitiacus led troops into the territory of the Bellovaci to lay waste their fields. 10. Caesar pitched his camp on the banks of the Axona, in order to protect the rear of the army. 11. The command was given to the Belgae that they should attack Bibrax. 12. Caesar employs the soldiers to fortify the camp with a wall and a moat. 13. He feared the wall would be cleared of its defenders. 14. I desire that the Belgae clear the wall of its defenders. 15. Iccius came to Caesar to persuade him to furnish aid to the defenders. 16. He fears they cannot hold out longer. Write in I.atin. The envoys informed Caesar (that^) the Belgae had in early times crossed the Ehine and taken possession of the land^ in Gaul, which they stilP held because of their courage. Furthermore* (that^) the Bellovaci and the Suessiones, the two most powerful^ tribes of the Belgae, had about one hundred and fifty thousand soldiers. Caesar, fearing^ that he could not^ conquer so large a force without allies, took the Eemi into alliance^ with him. He then^ ordered Divitiacus to lead the Aedui into the territory of the Bellovaci and lay waste their fields, in order that the forces of the enemy might be kept from uniting. He himself led his army across the Axona and pitched his camp about eight miles from Bibrax, a town of the Eemi. 112 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. This^" town was assaulted by the Belgae so fiercely-"^^ that Iccius, a man of very high rank among the Eemi, fearing^ the attack could not be resisted, sent messengers to Caesar to ask^^ for aid. Notes : — ^ See Exercise I., Note 5. ^ agros. ^ etiam tunc. * porro. ^ Use the proper form of valeo in a Relative Clause ; i. e. quae duae nationes; compare Kote 10. ^ Use a Subjunctive in a. Causal Clause. ' See Lesson VIII., Examples 9-11, with the grammar references. * See Vocabulary under /riOTcfaAip. ^ delude. ^^ Quod; a Relative instead of a Demonstrative is often used at the beginning of a seutence in order to make a closer connection of thought with that which precedes, n so fiercely ; tam aoriter. i^ Use the proper form of peto. EXERCISE III. SEE LESSONS IX.-XII., AND CAESAR'S GALLIC VS^AR, II. 7-9. For Oral Translation. 1. Caesar sent so many soldiers to aid the townsmen that a desire for fighting was inspired in the Eemi. 2. The desire for fighting was so great that hope of getting possession of the town left the enemy. 3. The smoke from the fires was so great that it showed (that) the camp extended more than eight miles in breadth. 4. This was not a suitable place to pitch a camp. 5. The lieutenant is not a fit man to test the valor of the 'enemy. 6. This is the only legion which can be arranged in line of battle. 7. There was no doubt that the enemy would surround our men. 8. The enemy could not be prevented from surrounding our men. 9. The cavalrymen did not refuse to test the bravery of the enemy. 10. If the Bel- gae were leading their troops across the river, our men LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 113 would attack them. 11. The Belgae lay waste the fields of the Eemi, as if this would be of advantage to them- selves. 12. Let them tear down the bridge, provided they do not lay waste the fields of the Eemi. 13. If they had led their troops across the river, they would have captured the fortress. 14. Whoever leads troops across the river will capture the fortress. Write In I/atln. ^As a large number of Balearic slingers and Cretan bow- men were sent^ to assist the townsmen, the Belgae with- drew ^from the neighborhood of^ the town and pitched their camp about two miles from the Eomans. Caesar ^refused to incur^ danger until* he had made trial of what his soldiers could do. When he found out by the cavalry battles, which were fought daily, (that) his (men) ^were desirous® of advancing against the enemy, he left two legions in camp to be used^ as a re- serve, and placed his line of battle on the hill where the Eoman camp had been pitched. The enemy drew up their forces ''over against'' him. Eacy army waited to see whether the other would be- gin the battle. When Caesar found out that the enemy Mid not intend to fight,^ he led his troops back into camp. The Belgae forthwith hastened to lead their troops across the Axona with the intention of laying waste the country of the Eemi. Notes : — ^As . . . sent ; use the Ablative Absolute. ^ from . . . of; ab. What would ex mean ? ^ Refused to incur ; use the proper form of recuso. * See Lesson XV., References 8-10. ^ were desiroiis ^^ wished. • essent in a Kelative Clause. ' over against ; contra. * uterque. ' (;j,(j . . . fight; use a Future Infinitive. 8 114 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITIOIT. EXERCISE IV. SEE LESSONS XIIL-XVL, AND CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR, II., 10-12. For Oral Translation. 1. Although our men fought fiercely, the enemy slew a large number of them. 2. Although they attempted to lead the cavalry across, they were driven back by the great number of javelins. 3. Because they saw they were in a disadvantageous place, they did not attempt to advance. 4. They returned home because their provisions had begun to fail. 5. They delayed no longer because they wished to assist their (friends). 6. Since it was best to return home, they determined to march out of camp at daybreak. 7. Caesar kept the cavalry in camp until he had found out (that) the enemy had departed. 8. When he learned this through the scouts, he feared treachery. 9. While he was keeping his cavalry in camp, he found out this fact. 10. Caesar led the army to Noviodunum before the enemy recovered from fright. 11. Who led the army into the territory of the Sues- siones ? Caesar. 12. Did the Suessiones collect in the town on the next night or on the day after ? 13. Caesar sent forward scouts to find out whether the enemy had departed or not. 14. The vineae were moved forward so quickly that the Gauls who were in the town were terrified. Write in liatin. ^After a fierce^ fight^ on the bank of this river the enemy found out (that) they were in a disadvantageous LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 115 position, and determined to return home. All were brought to this decision the more readily^ because they had learned that Divitiacus was advancing into the territory of the Bellovaci, and this tribe could not be prevented from* returning to the defence of its own (people). Having settled upon this plan, they set out from camp late^ at night with all their forces. At daybreak Caesar sent three legions with Quintus Pedius and Arunculeius Cotta as commanders to cut down the fugitives. These, following up the enemy, "kept killing" them throughout the whole day, and at nightfall^ returned to Caesar. The day afterward Caesar advanced into the territory of the Suessiones and made an attack on their town of Noviodunum, but was not able to capture it, ^because the walls were high and the moat broad.^ Realizing^ that he must^" employ vineae^^ and towers,^^ he made ready a large number of them, and so terrified the towns- men by the extent of his works that they surrendered. Notes: — '^Aflcr . . .fight, use the impersonal construction of pugno. 2 acriter. " readily = easily. * See Lesson X., Example 12. ^ See Latin Vocabulary under miiltus. ^ kupt killing; what tense? See Les- son VI., Rbfeeences 4-6. " Compare daybreak above. * because . . broad; use the Ablative Absolute. ^ cum with the Subjunctive, i" neeesse esse. 11 What case ? See Lesson XXXII. , Rbfekbnces 6-8. EXERCISE V. SEE LESSONS XVI.-XX., AND CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR, II., 13-15. For Oral Translation. 1. Caesar ought to receive the hostages. 2. He could have received the two sons of the king. 3. If they wish, 116 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. they may withdraw into the town. 4. He said, if they wished, they might withdraw into the town. 5. All the Bellovaci must come into the power of the Eomans. 6. The women may seek peace from the Eomans; we must fight. 7. We ought to have asked peace of the Romans. 8. He argues that we might have asked peace of the Romans. 9. He thinks the Suessiones must give up their arms. 10. Divitiacus says the Bellovaci will be friends of the Romans. 11. He says they would cause great disasters to the state, if they should revolt. 12. He argues in their behalf that all would have endured many insults, if they had been reduced to slavery. 13. He said the chief men would return to him. 14. He could not understand how great a disaster it was. TVrite in Latin. ^After the surrender of the Suessiones,^ Caesar ad- vanced with his army against the Bellovaci. When they^ had withdrawn into their largest town, they sent old men to Caesar to say (that) they desired peace of the Romans. ^Divitiacus spoke to Caesar in their behalf. "Believe* me, Caesar," says^ he, " the Bellovaci, who have always hitherto^ been faithful to us Aedui, have been driven by their chiefs to revolt from us and make war upon the Roman people. Those who were leaders in this plan fled to Britain as soon as they had found out what a great disaster they had brought upon the state. We Aedui, therefore,^ in behalf of the Bellovaci, ask you to be kind to them. If you do, the influence of the Aedui will be increased with all the Belgae." ^ Caesar answered (that) out of respect for Divitiacus he would do what was asked, but as the Bellovaci were very LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 117 powerful among the Belgae, he would demand' many hostages. Having received the hostages he made peace with the Bellovaci as^ Divitiacus wished. Notes : — ^ After . . . Suessiones, use the Ablative Absolute in place of tlie temporal clause. ^ See Exercise II., Note 10. ^ Divitiacus . . . Be/gae; note that in this paragraph we have the Indirect Discourse of tlie text changed to Direct Discourse. * crede. ^ inquit. " itaque. ' Use the proper form of postulo. Why not of posco ? See Vocabulary. 8 id qnod. EXERCISE VI. SEE LESSONS XXf.-XXIV., AND CICERO'S ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE, I. 1-4. For Oral Translation. 1. You ought to call all good men together. 2. It is foolish to call wicked men together. 3. Each one of them was pointed out for slaughter. 4. It is the duty of the consul to restrain wicked citizens. 5. It is your duty to slay wicked citizens on account of a suspicion of sedition. 6. Who of us will see that the senate receive no injury ? 7. Let us not accuse the senate of inaction. 8. In such great danger we forget the advice of the brave. 9. It is worth while for us not to forget the state. 10. Eemem- ber that the chief men of the state have fled from Eome. 11. You had many associates in your madness. 12. It makes great difference to me whom you lead out with you. 13. It is of great importance to us to have a decree of the senate of this kind. 14. They have become sharers in the madness of this fellow. 118 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. "Write in Liatin. Why pray, Catiline, ^liave you the unbridled effrontery^ to come^ into the senate, although you know (that) there is no one of us who is unaware of your conspiracy ? In former times there was no lack of authority for^ restrain- ing wicked citizens ; for* C. G-racchus was killed because the senate feared that he would bring some evil upon the state. Do you beware, therefore,^ lest I should order you to be slain ''in accordance with^ a decree of the senate. We know, senators, (that) this fellow, Catiline, has a camp in Etruria ; nevertheless we fear that, if we should order him to be slain, some one would think we had acted cruelly. But if he continues to live among us, he must'' be held in check by strong guards, so that he may not be able to stir. Believe me, Catiline, unless you change^ your mind and forget® your conspiracy, you will be caught; for* I know your plans, and on October 21 I said in the senate the consuls would thwart you and (that) the senators need not flee from the city to save themselves. I know (that) when you were at the house of Laeca you divided up the parts of Italy and settled whither each confederate in your villainy should go, and (that) two Eoman knights were sent to slay me. But I shut them out when they had come, and thus disappointed you. Notes : — ^ have . . . effrontery ; use the proper form of sum, with a Genitive of Quality in the predicate. 2 iq come; ut with tlie Subjunctive. 5 qua, with Subjunctive in a Relative Clause. * enim; for its position see A. & G. 345, i; A. & S. 590, a: B. 345: G. 484, R.: H. 569, III. '' igitur ; for position see Note to enim. ^ in . . . with ; ex. ' See Les- son XVII., Example 18. s gee Lesson VI., Reference 11. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 119 BXBRCISB VII. SEE LESSONS XXV.-XXVII., AND CICERO'S ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE, I. 5-7. for Oral Translation. 1. Let us be thankful to the immortal gods because the attempts of Catiline have been thwarted. 2. He plots against all good men. 3. I cannot persuade him to de- part. 4. What marks of disgrace are not branded into your reputation ? 5. He offers a sword to every youth. 6. Loss of fortune threatens us. 7. The light of heaven is very pleasing to us. 8. The consul resists the wicked- ness of Catiline. 9. Pity is due our friends. 10. If this happens to me, I shall bear it. 11. In your case alone, Catiline, has this crime been unpunished. 12. If he flees from the city he will relieve me from fear. 13. He is a deadly curse to the state. 14. I am envied because 1 have been a means of protection to the state. 15. The state has no slaves whom it fears to that degree. 16. Let us fight for our country which is the parent of us all. Write in I.atin* Since these are facts, it will be better for^ Catiline to go to the camp of Manlius with all his friends, and free the city from the fear of this curse, so deadly to us all. Let us, senators, be grateful to Jupiter Stator, that^ the wicked efforts of those who have plotted against the state have been thwarted, and the city defended by the ^per- sonal care of the consul.^ Why, pray, should Catiline remain in the city, where ruin of his fortune threatens him ? How long can the 120 LATIN PEOSE COMPOSITION. light of heaven be pleasing to him in a place where all know that he made preparation to slay the consuls and chief men of the state ? Which he would have done, if the good luck of the Eoman people had not stood in his way. Eeally, Catiline, if my fellow-citizens feared me as I know tliey* fear you, I should consider that I ought^ to leave my native country and avoid the presence of those who accuse me of murder. Notes: — ^ ut witlia Siilijunctive. ^ cum, causal, s The order .should be Adjective, Genitive, Noun. * Use proper form of Idem. ^ See Lesson XVII., Example 16. EXERCISE VIII. SEE LESSONS XXVIII.-XXX., AND CICERO'S ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE, I. 8-10. For Oral Translation. 1. Consign Catiline to custody. 2. If you consign Cati- line to custody, you will free us from fear. 3. Let the senate lay violent hands upon Catiline. 4. The life of all these citizens who surround you is of little value. 5. We ought to have thanked the good citizens, because they surrounded the senate. 6. Let Catiline go to Marseilles. 7. They call robbery war. 8. You demand an answer. 9. If Catiline asks me my opinion, he will find out what I think. 10. wretched me, what disaster threatens ! 11. Why do I speak ? I can move you in no respect. 12. Betake yourself to Marseilles, where through all the years you may revel in pleasure. 13. The citizens will call me father of (my) country. 14. The Eomans ought to have called Cicero the father of (his) country. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 121 Write in Ijatin. Nevertheless, senators, because you cannot use force against Catiline, he will not go out of the city. First he comes to me, then to Quintus Metellus, in order to ask for aid. He demands that I should consult you, and says he will submit to whatever you decree. But why should I await an expression of opinion, when I know that you are now willing to escort him to the gates ? Yet after all I need^ not speak ; for^ this fellow cannot be recalled from his wickedness by a sense of shame, who has at his house a silver eagle to which he has set up a shrine of villainies. Let him go then to his band of scoundrels, with whom he may revel in pleasure. We shall consider it sufficient that we have driven him from the consulate and com- pelled him to flee into exile. Notes: — i See Lesson XVII., Example 18. " See Exercise VI., Note 4. EXERCISE IX. SEE LESSONS XXXL-XXXIV., AND CICERO'S ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE, I. 11, 12. For Oral Translation. 1. Depart from the city ; free us from fear. 2. He dis- regards the welfare of the state because of fear of danger. 3. He ought to be hurried to death by us. 4. He ought to be punished with the severest punishment. 5. Let him speak with no fear of unpopularity. 6. He ought to be sent from the city with all wicked citizens. 7. He wastes Italy with war. 8. We punish the leaders in the con- 122 LATIN PEOSB COMPOSITION. spiracy with death. 9. If my country should use these solemn words, I should not disregard them. 10. Our ancestors thought wicked citizens were worthy of death. 11. No one is more stupid than he who does not see that a conspiracy has been made. 12. He is much more stupid than you. 13. Unpopularity threatens a man of great virtue. 14. They acted cruelly in this. 15. Since this parricide is slain, I shall not dread his friends. 16. Catiline ought at this hour to be punished with death. "Write in iLatin. Does the state complain of the gentleness'^ of her con- sul ? Does she ask what I am doing ? why I allow this chief of villains to depart from the city ? why I do not lead him away to prison, hurry him to death ? Does she say that I may inflict the severest punishment upon him, inasmuch as he no longer holds the rights of a Eoman citi- zen, because he has conspired against his native country, which ought to be dearer to him than life itself ? I an- swer (that) I know all these things, but I feel that ^it would be better for us'^ all, if we could drive Catiline out of the city to the camp of Manlius, in order that then even^ the most unsophisticated should see that he was a traitor.* Furthermore,^ if he should go, he would take out with him all the ^wrecked and ruined^ men, and would thus free the state from fear ^without raising any disturbance.^ KoTES : — 1 genileneni ; dementia. ^ benefit us the more; use plus with the proper form of proaum. ^ quidem. ' proditor. ^ porro. * wrecked and ruined; translate, by one word. See Text, ''without. . . disturbance; Ablative Absolute of oonoito with the proper subject. LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION. 123 EXERCISE X. SEE LESSONS XXXV. -XL., AND CICERO'S ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE, I. 13. For Oral Translation. 1. For many days we have lived among the perils of conspiracy. 2. During the year of my consulate this con- spiracy has been hid in the state. 3. If we gather together into one place, they will cease to plot against us. 4. They lie in wait for me at my house. 5. They came to my house on the following day a little before daylight. 6. They beset the senate house with swords ten days ago. 7. When I was consul the wicked plotted against me. 8. They prepared firebrands for burning the senate house. 9. We drink cold water to relieve the fever. 10. Whatever shall need to be made known, I shall bring to light. 11. It is difficult to punish the dead. 12. They join with good men to punish the rob- bers. 13. If he is a robber, he ought to be punished. 14. Is he going to inscribe on his forehead what he thinks concerning the state ? 15. Let us not make good men our enemies by not punishing the robbers. Write in l.atin. The death of Catiline would relieve the state for a short time, just as cold water seems to relieve those who are ill ; but as a sick man grows worse, if he drinks water, so the state would be much more violently tossed by this fever of conspiracy, if relieved by the punishment of Catiline, because his accomplices would still remain in the city. 124 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. Let us therefore banish him, along with all those who have plotted against us. We must also promise such harmony among us that are left in the city that wicked (men) may be at once exposed and overpowered. May Jupiter Stator for all time to come protect the walls, the temples, and the dwellings of this city, which he himself has founded, from those who have chnspired together for the purpose of slaying all the good (men) and destroying the state. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. Numerals and Pronouns not given in this Vocabulary can be found in the Grammar. For Abbreviations see page xii. Words with definitions in SMALL CAPITALS are Synonyms. A. abandon, reliuquo, -ere, reliqui, relictum, leave behind; ab- icio, abioere, -ieci, abieotum, THROW FROM Or AWAY. able, am able, possum, posse, potui. about, oiroiter, adv., used w. nu- merals ; oiroum, prep. w. ace. absence, in one's absence, absens, gen. absentis; he was con- demned in his absence, absens damnatus est; he came in your absence, te absente ve- nit. absent, absens, gen. absentis. accept, accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum. accordance, in accordance with, see Ln. XXXI., Ref. 5-10. account, on account of, propter, prep. w. ace. accuse, accuso, -are, -avi, -atum. accustomed, be accustomed, soleo, -ere, solitus sum. acorn, glans, glandis,/ acquainted, practically acquainted with, peritus, -a, -um, w. gen. acquire, comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, BRING orpuT together ; oonsequor, -i, -seciitus sum, FOLLOW thoroughly, FOLLOW CLOSE AFTER, REACH, OBTAIN. across, trans, prep. w. ace. act, factum, -i, u. address, adloquor, -i, -locutus sum. ad j ust, adiiidico, -are, -avi, -atum. admonish, admoneo, -ere, -monui, -monitum. adopt, iusisto, -ere, -stiti, no sup. adorn, orno, -are, -avi, -atum. advance, progredior,-gredi,-gres- sus sum ; advance to the attack, signa infero, inferre, intuli, inlatum. advice, ask advice of, see under ask. advise, moneo, -ere, -ni, -itum. Aedui Aedui, -orum, m. pi. affair, res, rei, / 126 AFEICA — AEEIVAL. Africa, Africa, -ae, /. after, postquam, conj. against, in, contra, prep's w. ace. ago, a little while ago, paulo ante ; ante is an adoerb ; for paulo see Ln. XXXIII., Ref. 7-9. agree, consentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensum. agreeable, gratus, -a, -um. aid, auxilium, -i, n. alarm, commoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum. all, omnis, -e, every, the whole, ENTIRE, pi., ALL {pc-rsons), ALL (things) ; totus, -a, -iim, all THE, the whole, ENTIRE, TO- TAL; iiniversus, -a, -um, all taken toijellier, whole, entire, UNIVERSAL ; ciincti, -ae, -a, all uniteil in a body, all to- gether. allay, tolero, -are, -avi, -atum. Allobroges, AUobroges, -um, m. pi. ally, socius, -i, m. almost, prope, adv. alone, solus, -a, -um. Alps, Alpes, -\vivci,f. pi. already, iam, adv. although, quamquam, licet, cum (quum), cimfs ; see Ln. XIII. always, semper, adv. ambassador, legatus, -i, m. ambuscade, insidiae,-arum, f. pi. America, America, -ae, /. amid, inter, prep. w. ace. among, inter, prep. w. ace. , in, prep. w. abl. and ace. ancestors, maiores, -um, m. pi. and, et, que, ac or atque, confs. angry, be angry with, irascor, -i, iratus sum, w. dat. annex, adiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iuuctum. announce, niintio, -are, -Z.vi, -atum. annoying, molestus, -a, -um. another, alius, -a, -ud. answer, respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -sponsum. anxiety, sollicitiido (solicitu- de), -inis, /. anxious, soUicitus (solicitus), -a, -um. any, any body, any one, any thing, aliquis ; in a negatire sentejice, iillus ; after si, uisi, ne, and num, quis ; for the declension see grammar under Indefinite Pron's : after prep, sine, iillus. Appian Way, Appia Via, Ap- piae Viae, /. appoint, indico, -ere, -dixi, -dic- tum, declare publicly, pro- claim ; constituo, -ere, -ui, -iitum, PUT together, estab- lish, arrange. approach, appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, come near to, DRAW NIGH, w. dat. ; adeo, adire, adivi or adii, aditum, GO TO, w. ace. Aquitaiii, Aquitani, -orum, m. pi. Aquitania, Aquitania, -SLe,f. Ariovistus, Ariovistus, -i, m. arise, coorior, -iri, -ortus sum arras, arma, -orum, n. pi. army, exercitus, -iis, m. arrival, adventus, -iis, m. ARRIVE — BE AWAY. 127 ainve, pervenxo, -venire, -venx, -ventum. art, ars, artis, yi as, atque, ac, conj. ; as a deserter, pro perfuga, m. as if, velut, velut si, quam si, conj's ; see Ln. XII., Ref. 6. as much ... as, tantus . . . quan- tus, -a, -um ; tam . . . quam. us soon as, simul ac (atque) ; cum (quum) primum. as soon as possible, quam pri- mum, adi). ashamed, something causes one to be ashamed, pudet, pudere, puduit or puditum est; I am ashamed of the soldier, me militis pudet. Asia, Asia, -ae, /. ask, rogo, -are, -avi, -atum ; ask advice of, consulo, -ere, con- sului, oonsultum, w. ace; ask for, demand, postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, w. ace. assassin, sicarius, -i, m. assault, make an assault, signa infero, inferre, intuli, inlatum; to make an assault on the ene- my, in hostes sigua inferre. assemble, convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum. assign, attribuo, -ere, attribui, attributum. at all, omnino, adv. at one and the same time, simul, adv. ; at once, statim, adv. at that time, illo tempore, see Ln. XXXV., Ref. 1-3; id temporis, see Ln. XXX., Rep. 1-6, and Ln. XXIL, Ref. 6-8. at the house of, apud, prep, with ace. Athenians, Athenienses, -ium, m. pi. Athens, Athenae, -sitam., /. pi. attack, impetus, -us, m.; to at- tack the enemy, impetum in hostes faoere. attack, impetum facio, faoere, feci, factum; ingredior, in- gredi, ingressus sum ; to attack the enemy, in hostes impetum facere. attempt, conor, -ari, -atus sum. attend, give attention, operam do, dare, dedi, datum. attentive, attentus, -a, -um. auxiliaries, auxilia, -orum, n. pi. avert, depello, -ere, depuli, de- pulsum. avoid, vito, -are, -avi, -atum. B. badly, male, adv. baggage, impedimenta, -orum, n. pi. band, company, manus, -us,/. battle, proelium, -i, n. ; pugna, -ae, /. ,• pugna appears to he limited to a fight between indi- viduals or armies. be able, can, possum, posse, potui. be accustomed, be wont, soleo, -ere, solitus sum. be angry with, iraacor, -i, -iratus sum, w. dat. be away, absuia, ^t^e^^^ ^ui. 128 BE BORN — BKUNDISIUM. be born, descended, nascor, -i, natus sum. be in peril, ia perioulo versor, -all, -atus sum. be present, adsum, adesse, adfui. be under obligation, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. be unoccupied, vaco, -are, -avi, -atum. be unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolni. be without, be deprived, careo, -ere, -ui, -itum. bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latum ; bear with, perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. because, quod, quia, conj's. bed, lectulus, -i, m. before, ante, prep. w. ace; ante- quam. priusquam, conj's; the night before, superiore iiocte, see Ln. XXXIV., Rep. 8-10. beg, beg for, oro, -are, ^vi, -atum ; peto, -ere, ivi or -ii, -itum. began, coepi or coeptus sum, coepisse, defective vm-b ; coep- tus sum is only used with pas- sive injinitioes. begin, inoipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum ; begin a battle, proe- lium committo, -ere, -misi, -missum. Belgians, Belgae, -arum, m. pi. believe, credo, -ere, credidi, creditum. beseech, quaeso, -ere, -ivi or -ii, no sup. beset closely, urgueo (urgeo), -ere, ursi, no sup. besie^, oppiigno, -are, -Svi, -atum. bestow, impertio, -ire, -ivi or ii, -itum. betake one's self, si conferre ; confero, conferre, contuli, coulatum. better, melior, melius, gen. me- lioris. beyond, across, trans, prep. w. ace. ; beyond, more than,prae- ter, prep. w. ace. blockade, obsidio, -6nis,y. blood, sanguis, sanguinis, m. boat, linter, lintris,/". body, corpus, corporis, n. boldness, audacia, -ae,/. boi'n, be born, uascor, -i, natus sum. book, liber, libri, m. both . . . and, et . . . et. boy, puer, -i, m. brave, fortis, -e. bravely, fortiter, adv. break up camp, castra moveo, -ere, movi, motum. briefly, a few things, pauca,-6rum, n. pi. bridge, pons, poutis, m. bring, bring to, adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatum. bring on, bring upon, infero, in- ferre, intuli, inlatum; to bring war upon the Gauls, Gallis bellum inferre. bring to destruction, ad exitium voco, -are, -avi, -atum. bring to pass, e£5cio, -ficere, -feci -fectum. Britons, Britanni, -orum, m. pi. brother, frater, fratris, m. Bruudi.sium, Brundisium, -i, n. BUSINESS —CONSISTS. 129 business, negotium, -i, n. but, sed, autem ; butif, sin, conj's. butcher, trucido, -are, -avi, -atum. by, a, ab, prep. w. abl. C. Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m. call, appello, -are, -avi, -atum, ADDRKSS, CALL by name, en- title ; nomiiio, -are, -avi, -atum, NAME, CALL by name ; voco, -are, -avi, -atum, sum- mon, CALL by name, name. camp, castra, -orum, n. pi. can, possum, posse, potui; can- not but, facere non possum quin, 10. subj. capability, faoultas, -atis,/. capital, caput, -itis, n. capture, capio, capere, cepi, oaptum. care, cura, -ae,/. care for, provideo, -ere, -vidi, -visum, w. dat. carefully, diligenter, ado. caiTy on war, bellum gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. carry up, subveho, -ere, -vexi, -veotum. cart, carrus, -i, m. case, causa, -ae,/. ; res, iei,f. Catiline, Catilina, -ae, m. Catulus, Catulus, -i, m. cause, causa, -ae,/. ; cause, bring to pass, eiScio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum. cavalry, equitatus, -us, vi. cease, desino, -ere, -ivi or-ii, -itum. censure, accuso, -are, -avi, -atum. change, commutatlo, -onis, /. check, reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. children, liberi, -orum, m. pi. choose out, choose, deligo, -ere, -legi, -leotum. choose rather, malo, malle, malui. Cicero, Cicero, -ouis, m. Cilicia, Cilicia, -ae,/. citizen, civis, -is, m. and f. city, urtas, urbis,/. class, genus, -eris, n. colony, colonia, -ae,/. come, venio, -ire, veni, ventum. comitium, comitium, -i, n. command, impero, -are, -avi, -atum, w. dat. commander, imperator, -oris, m. commend, praise, laudo, -are, -avi, -atum. common, commiinis, -e. commonwealth, res publica, rei ptiblicae, / commotion, tumultus, -us, m. company, in company with, cum, prep. w. abl. compassion, misericordia, -ae, f. compel, cogo, -ere, coegi, ooac- tum. complain, complain of, queror, -i, questus sum. condemn , damno, -are, -avi, -atum. confer, talk with, conloquor, -i, -locutus sum. conquer, vinco, -ere, vici, victum. consider, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. consign, intrust, mando, -are, -avi, -atum. consists, est w. pred. gen. See Ln. XXr., Ref. 7-12. 130 CONSPIKACY - • DEEP. conspiracy, coniuratio, -6nis,f. conspirators, coniurati, -orum, }n. pi. consul, consul, -is, m. ; in the con- sulship of Metellus, Metello consule ; see Ln. XXXJV., Ref. 11-ie. consular, cousularis, -e. consult, consulo, -ere, consului, conaultum, w. ace. ; w. dat., consult for, consult the interests of. continuallj', perpetuo, ado. contribute, confero, conferre, contuli, oonlatum. controversy, controversia, -ae, /. copiousness, copia, -a.e,f. corn, frumentum, -i, a. cost, sto, stare, steti, statum. council, concilium, -i, n. countenance, os, oris, n. country, terra, -ae, /., land, EARTH, coa.NTRY ; patria, -ae, /., NATIVE COUNTEY, FATHKR- LAND ; rus, ruris, /»., country as opposed to ciiy ; into the country, rus; in the country, ruri ; see Ln. XXXVI. courage, bravery, virtus, -iitis, /. cowardly, ignavus, -a, -um. Crassus, Crassus, -i, m. crime, scelus, -erls, n. criminal, facinorosus, -i, m. cross, transeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum. cruelty, criidelitas, -atis,y. cultivate, colo, -ere, colui, cul- tum. custody, custodia, -ae, /. cut, cut down, oocido', -ere, -cidi, -Cisum, STRIKE DOWN, CUT DOWN, Kii.i., SLAY ; intsrscin- do, -ere, -scidi, -scissum, cut ASUNDER, HEW TO PIECES, CUT DOWN. D. daily, quotidiauus, -a, -um. danger, periculum, -i, n. dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. darkness, ten ebrae, -arum, y. pZ. day, dies, -ei, m. and f. ; to-day, hodie. daylight, a little before daylight, paulo ante liioem. dear, carus, -a, -um. death, mors, mortis, /. ; put to death, neco, -are, -avi, -atum. debt, aes alienum, aeris alieni, n. decide, decern6,-ere, -crevi, -cre- tum, properly predicated of a public body or officer, as of a senate, or consul ; diiudico, -are, -avi, -atum ; iudico, -are , -avi, -atum, give sentence, tiECiDE as a judge ; be decided, satis constat, w. dat. of person ; e. g. I am decided, satis mihi constat. declare, praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, CRY IN PUBLIC, proclaim ; in- -dico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, dk- CLARR PUBLICLY, PUBLISH ; to declare war against a city, urbi bellum indicere. decree, decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cre- tum ; decree of the senate, se- natiis consultum, -i, n. deed, factum, -i, n. deep, altus, -a, -um. DEFEND — DUMNOEIX. 131 defend, defendo, -ere, -feudi, -fen- sum. defendant, reus, -i, m. delay, moror, -ari, -atus sum. demand, postulo, -are, -avi,-atum; I make this demand of him, ab eo hoc postulo. denies, says not, nego, -are, -avi, -atum. depart, discedo, -ere, -cessi, -oessum ; decedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. deprive, privo, -are, -avi, -atum ; be deprived, careo, -ere, -ui, -ituni. depth, altitudo, -iuis.yl descended, be descended, nascor, -i, uatus sum. deserter, as a deserter, pro per- fuga. deserve, mereor, -eri, -itus sum, deservedly, merito, ado. design, consilium, -i, n. desire, volo, velle, volui; a de- sire, voluntas, -atis,/. desolation, vastitas, -atis, /. despair of, despero, -are, -avi, -atum; see Ln. XXVIII., Kef. 4-8. destroy, deleo, -ere, -evi. -stum. destruction, exitium, -i, n., a GOING OUT, GOING TO NAUGHT, ruin; interitus, -us, m., a GOING AMONG tilings SO aK to be no longer seen, becoming lost, GOING TO ruin; pernicies, -ei, /., KILLING UTTERLY, SLAUGH- TBR,OVEBTHROW,DESTRUCTrON. determine, statuo, -ere, -ui, -iitum. devastate, vasto, -are, -avi, -atum. devote, confero, oonferre, con- tuli, conlatum. die, morior, mori, mortuus sum. difficnit, difiioilis, -e. dignified, gravis, -e. direction, pars, partis,/. disaster, calamitas, -atis,/", disorder, throw into disorder, per- turbo, -are, -avi, -atum. disposition, auinrus, -i,' m. disjmti', contioversia, -ae,y. dissolve, dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missura. distant, be distant, absum, ab- esse, afui. distinguished, egregius, -a, -um. district, regio, -onis,/. disturb, perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum. disturbance, tumultus, -us, m. ditch, fossa, -ae, _/. Divitiacus, Divitiacus, -i, m. do, facio, facere, feci, factum. do not, etc. ; see Ln. V., Ref. 5-7. doubt, dubito, -are, -avi, -atum; there is no doubt that, non est dubium quin, w. suhj. doubtful, dubius, -a, -um. draw, delineate, exprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum; draw up troops, instruo, -ere, -striixi, -striictum. drive away, depello, -ere, depuli, depulsum; drive out, expello, -ere, expuli, expulsum ; eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum; drive a ship, navem defero, deferre, detuli, dslatum. due, be due, debeor, -eri, debitus Dumnorix, Dumnorix, -igis, m. 132 DUTY- ■ FALSE. duty, ofBcium, -i, n. dwell, dwell in, incolo, -ere, . -colui, no sup. dwelling, domicilium, -i, n. E. eager, appetens, f/en. appetentis. earth, orbis terrarum, orbis terrae ; orbis, -is, m. easily, facile, ado. elective, be effective, valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. eifoit, by his own effort, per se. either . . . or, .aut . . . aut. elect, creo, -are, -avi, -atum. employ, utor, uti, iisus sum ; negotium do, dare, dedi, da- tum ; I shall employ you to do this, tibi negotium dabo ut hoc facias. encourage, cohortor, -ari, -atus sum. KXHOUT, ANIMATE, AD- MONISH ; consolor, -ari, -atus sum, COMFORT GREATLY.CIIEER. end, finis, -is, m. endeavor to bring about, molior, -iri, -itus sum. endure, fero, ferre, tuli, latum ; tolero, -are, -avi, -atum ; subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum ; perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, enemy, hostis, -is, m. and f., an ENEMY of one^s conntry ; inimi- CUS, -i, m., A PERSONAL ENEMY. English, Angli, -orum, m. pi. enjoyment, fruotus, -us, m. enlist, conscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptum. enter upon, ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum; I shall enter upon the war, in bellum in- grediar. entire, totus, -a, -um ; see all. entreat, oro, -are, -avi, -atum. envoy, legatus, -i, m. envy, invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visum. Ephesus, Ephesus, -i, /. especially, praesertim, adv. establish, constituo, -ere, -ui, -iitum. Etruvia, Etruria, -ae, f. even it', etiam si. evening, towards evening, sub vesperum. ever, semper, always ; umquam (unquam), at any time. everlasting, sempiternus, -a, -um. every one, quisque, quaeque, quodque, quioque, quidque. evidence, testitnonium, -i, n. evil, malum, -i, n. except, praeter, prep. w. ace. excuse, ezcuso, -are, -avi, -atum exhort, cohortor, -ari, -atus sum exile, exsilium, -i, n. exult, ezsulto (exulto), -are, -avi, -atum. ej'e, oculus, -i, m. F. face, OS, oris, n. face about, signa converts, -ere, -verti, -versum. fact, res, rei, f. faithful, fidslis, -e. fair, pulcher, pulchra, pul- cbrum. fall into, incido, -ere, -cidi, no sup. false, falsus, -a, -um. FAME- - FORGET. 133 fame, gloria, -ae,/. far, longe, ado. farm revenues, vectigalia exer- oeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. father, pater, patris, m. fault, culpa, -ae, f. fear, timor, -oris, m. ; metus, -iis, m. to fear, vereor, -eri, -itua sum ; timeo, -ere, -ui ; metuo, -ere, -ui. fearless, fortis, -e. fearlessly, fortiter, adc. feel, have feeling, sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum. feel thankful, gratiam habeo, -ere, -ui, -ituro. fellow-citizen, ciyis, -is, m. fertile, opimus, -a, -um. few, pauci, -ae, -a. field, ager, agri, m. ; in the field, militiae. fifth, quintus, -a, -um. fight, pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, used impersonally in the passive ; e. g. pugnatur, it is fought, they fight. find, invenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- tum, COME UPON, discovkh; reperio, -ire, repperi and re- peri, repertum, meet with, FIND out; cognosco, -ere, c6- gnovi, cognitum, become ac- quainted VSriTH, LEAHN, KNOW. finish, coniicio, -ficere, -feci, -fec- tum. fire, set on fire, inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum ; with fire and sword, caede et inoendiis. firm, firmus, -a, -um. firmly, firmiter, ado. first, primus, -a, -um ; first to, first who ; see Ln. 11., Ref. 10-12 fit, idoneus, -a, -um. flee, fuglo, fugere, fiigi, fugitii- rus ; terga verto, -ere, verti, versum. fleet, classis, -Is,/. flesh, caro, oarnis,_/. flight, fuga, -ae,/. ; put to flight, in fugam do, dare, dedi, da- tum. flow into, influo, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxuiu. follow, follow close after, subse- quor, -i, sectitus sum. following, posterus, -a, -um. fond, amans, gen. amantis. foolish, stupid, amens, gen. amen- tia. foot, pes, pedis, m. footing, get a firm footing, .lee get. for, pro, /irep. w. abl. ; nam, conj. for a long time, now for a long time, iam diu. iam dudum, ado's , see Ln. VI., Ref. 3. for the future, in reliquum tem- pus. for the most part, maximam partem; see Ln. XXX., Ref. 1-6. for the sake of, causa, aid. and placed after its limiting gen. forbearance, venia, -ae,/. force, vis, vis, / ; by force, per vim; force, band, manus, -us, /. ; forces, troops, copiae, -arum, f.pl. forest, silva, -ae,/. forget, obliviscor, -i, oblitus sum. 134 FORGETTING — HAPPENS. forgetting, forgetfulness, oblivio, -onis,/. form, make, facio, facere, feci, factum ; form, draw up, in- struo, -ere, -struxi, -struotum. former, vetus, gen. veteris. fort, castellum, -i, n. fortify, munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. found, build (ci city), condo, -ere, condidi, conditum. four, quattuor. France, Gallia, -ae,/. free, set free, libero, -are, -avi, -atum ; free, liber, libera, li- berum. freely, libere, adv. French, G-alli, -orum, m. pi. frequent, frequeiis, gen. frequen- tiS, KEPKATED, OFTEN" ; cre- ber, crebra, crebrum, thick, CLOSE, NUMEROUS. frequently, often rendered l)y the adjective frequins. friend, amicus, -i, m. friendship, amicitia, -ae,/. fright, terror, -oris, m. from out of, e, ex, prep, u: ahl. ; from, away from, from near, a, ab, abs, prep. w. ahl. fruit, fructus, -ns, m. fruitful, fertllis, -e. full, plenus, -a, -um. future, for the future, in reli- quum tempus. G. garrison, praesidium, -i, n. gate, porta, -ae, y. Gauf Gallia, -ae,/. Gauls, Galli, -orum, m. pi. general, imperator, -oris, m. Geneva, Genava, -ae,/ Germans, Germani, -orum, 7n. pi. Germany, Germania, -ae, /. get a firm footing, firmiter in- sisto, -ere, institi, no sup. girl, puella, -ae,/. give, do, dare, dedi, datum : give back, reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditum ; give up, abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum. glad, laetus, -a, -um. g\ory, gloria, -ae,/. go, eo,ire,ivio)ii, itum; go back, redeo, redire, redii, reditum; go to, adeo, adiie, adivi or adii, aditum. god, deus, dei, m. good, bonus, -a, -um. good-will, voluntas, -atis, / good health, be in good health, valeo, -ere,--ui, -itum. government, imperium, -i, re. governor, propraetor, -oris, m. ; proconsul, -is, m. grant, do, dare, dedi, datum. great, magnus,-a, -um ; how great, quantus, -a, -um. greatly, magnopere, adv. greedy, avidus, -a, -um. grieve for, doleo, -ere, -ui, -itum; see Ln. XXVflL, Ref. 4-8. guidance, under the guidance of the gods, diis ducibus, see Ln. XXXIV., Rkf. 11-16. guards, custodiae, -arum, /. pi. H. happens, it happens, comes to pass, the result is, accidit, HAPPY — ILLUSTRIOUS. 13£ -isse ; contiagit, contigisse, contigit; fit, fieri, factum est ; these verbs are often used with a substantive clause as sub- ject ; see Ln. IX., Rep. 4-8. happy, beatus, -a, -um. harbor, portus, -us, m. hasten, make ha^te, mattiro, -are, -avJ, -atum ; contendo, -ere, -tendi, -teutum. hated, to be hated, in odio esse, w. dat. of person hy whom hated. have, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. have power, influence, valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum ; to have very great influence, plurimum valere. he, she, it, is, ea, id. health, be in, or be in good — , valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. hear, audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. heart, cor, cordis, n., the physical organ ; also the heart as the seat of feeling ; animus, the SOUL considered as the seat of feeling, feeling, heart. help, succurro, -ere, succurri, succursum. Helvetia, Helvetia, -ae, / hesitate, dubito, -are, -avi, -atum. hide, obscuro, -are, -avi, ^tum. high-born, nobilis, -e. highest, summus, -a, -um. hill, collis, -is, m. hinder, impedio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, entangle, embarrass, HINDER ; reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum, press back, keep BACK, restrain, HINDER. hire, conduco, -ere, -diixi, -duc- tum. his, her, its, suus, -a, -um, when referring to the same person or thing as the subject of its sen- tence, otherwise eius ; see Ln. HI. historian, rerum auotor, or re- rum scriptor. hither, on this side, near, citerior, citerius, gen. citerioris. hitherto, adbuc, adv. hold, teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum. home, homeward, domum ; at home, domi ; see Ln. XXXVL honor, honor, -oris, m. hope, spes, spei, /. ; to hope, spero, -are, -avi, -atum. horse, equus, -i, m. hostage, obses, obsidis, m. and f. hostile, infestus, -a, -um. hot, fervidus, -a, -um. house, domus, -us, /. , the generic word ; tectum, -i, n., that which covers, the roof, by metonymy HOUSE ; at the house of, apud, prep. !«. ace. hover, versor, -ari, -atus sum. how great, quantus, -a, -um. how many, quot, indecl. adj. ; quam multi, -ae, -a. however, however much, quam- vis, conj. hunger, fames, -is, /. hurl, conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iec- tum. I. I, ego, mei. if, si, conj. ; if only, modo, dum, dum modo, conj''?. ignorant, ignarus, -a, -um. illustrious, clarus, -a, -um. 136 IMITATE — JOURNEY. imitate, imitor, -ari, -atus sum. immortal, immortalis, -e. impious, nefarius, -a, -um. in, in, prep. w. abl. in behalf of, pro, prep. w. abl. in no ordinary manner, non mediocriter, adv. in no respect, nihil ; see Ln. XXX., Ref. 1-6. in order to; see Ln. VII., Note 1. in person, coram, adv. in the meantime, interim, adv. in the vicinity of, ad, prep. w. ace. in what manner, quemadmo- dum, adv. inactivity, inertia, -ae, /. incite, inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum. increase, augeo, -ere, auzi, auc- tum, transitive; cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, intransitive. indeed, at least, quidem, adv., placed immediately after the em- phatic word. induce, adduco, -ere, -duzi, -duc- tutn. industrious, studiosus, -a, -um. inevitable, inevitabilis, -e. infantry, pedites, -um, m. pi. inflict punishment, supplicium sUmo, -ere, sUmpsi, sumptum ; to inflict punishment on a sol- dier, de milite supplicium sumere. influence, auctoritas, -atis, /. ; have influence, exert influence, valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. infdl-m any one, aliquem certio- rem facio, facere, feci, fac- tum ; be informed, certior Go, fieri, factus sum. inquire, quaero, -ere, quaesivi or quaesii, quaesitum. intrust, commendo, -are, -avi, -atum. into, in, prep. w. ace. invested, occupatus, -a, -um. invite, send for, arcesso, -ere, arcessivi, arcessitum ; invi- to, -are, -avi, -atum. island, insula, -ae,/. it, is, ea, id. it is allowed, it is permitted, one may, licet, licere, licuit or lioitum est; see Ln. XVII. , Ex's 14, 15. it is of importance, it matters, it concerns, interest, -esse, -fuit ; see Ln. XXIV., Rep. 12-14. it is proper, it behooves, one ought, oportet, oportere, oportuit; se'elis. XVJL, Ex's 16, 17. it is the duty of, part of, est !«. pred. gen. ; see Ln. XXI. , Ref. 7-12. it is unavoidable, it is necessary, one must, necesse est, see Ln. XVII., Ex. 18; necesse is an indecl. adj. Italy, Italia, -ae, /. J. join to. annex, adiungo, -ere, -iunzi, -iunctum. join together, unite, coniungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctum. journey, iter, itineris, «. ; to journey, iter facio, facere, feci, factum. JUDGE — LESSEN. 137 judge, iudex, iudicis, in. July, of July, QuintUis, -e, adj. Jupiter Stator, luppiter Stator, lovis Statoris, m. just, aequus, a, -um. justice, aequitas, -atis,/. justly, iiire, abl. of manner. keep, preserve, adservo, -are, -avi, -atum; keep, hold, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum; keep, restrain, con- tineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum ; keep in line, ordines servo, -are, -avi, -atum. keeper, custos, -odis, m. kill, interfioio, -fioere, -feci, -fac- tum. kindness, beneficium,- -i, n., fa- vor, SERVICE, something done for another; humanitas, -atis, /, PHILANTHROPIC BEHAVIOR, PHILANTHROPY, HUMANITY: humanitas describes a person's character; beneficium, his act. king, rex, regis, m. know, know how, scio, scire, scivi or scii, scitum; not know, nescio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum. L. land, terra, -ae, /. large, magnus, -a, -um. last, last part of, extremus, -a, -um; last year, proximus an- nus. late, till late at night, ad mul- tam noctem. lately, nuper, adv. Latin, speak Latin, Iiatine lo- quor, -i, locutus sum. Lavinium, Lavinium, -i, n. law, lex, legis, /., bill, enact- ment, statdte; ius, iiiris, n., RIGHT, LAW, whether natural, human, or divine; written or unwritten; also statute law, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, Con- sidered as a whole; lex refers to a particular enactment. lay violent hands on, vim et ma- nus infero, inferre, iutuli, in- latum ; see Ln. XXVL, Note 3. lay waste, vasto, -are, -avi, -atum. lead, duco, -ere, duxi, ductum; lead across, traduoo, -ere, -duxi, ductum; lead down, deduce, -ere, -duxi, -ductum ; lead out, ediico, -ere, -duxi, -ductum ; lead to, addiioo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum. leader, dux, ducis, m. andf. leading men, priucipes, -um, m. P^- _ _ _ learn, cognosce, -ere, cognovi, cognitum. leave behind, leave, relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum. leave off, cease, desino, -ere, desivi or desii, desitum. left, sinister, sinistra, sinis- trum. legate, legatus, -i, m. legion, leglo, -onis,/. leisure, otium, -i, n. less, minor, minus; gen. mino- ris. lessen, levo, -are, -avi, -atum. 138 LET US MERCY. let us, Mm, etc. : see Ln. V., Ref. 3,4. letter, litterae, -arum, /. pi. lie in wait, insidior, -ari, -atus sum. lieutenant, legatus, -i, m. life, vita, -ae,/. light, daylight, lux, luois, /. ; a little before daylight, paulo ante lucem. like, similis, -e, likewise, idem ; see Lx. IV., Ref. 1-8, Ex. 5. line, line of battle, acies, -ei,f. little, parvus, -a, -um. live, vivo, -ere, vixi, no sup. ; vitam dego, -ere, degi, no sup. long, long for, desire eagerly, cupio, cupere, cupivi or cu- pii, cupitum. long, a long time, longer, longest, diu, diutius, diHtissime, ado. long, longus, -a, -um. long since, iam pridem, ado. look at, intueor, -eri, intuitus sum. love, amor, -oris, m. ; to love, amo, -are, -avi, -atum. Luoullus, Lucullus, -i, m. M. madness, furor, -oris, m. magistrate, magistratus, -iis, m. maintain, retineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum. make, facio, facere, feci, fac- tum; make an assault, see as- sault ; make requital, gratiam refero, referre, retuli, rela- tum. — I shall requite you, tibi gratiam referam ; make upon, infero, inferre, intuli, inlatum. — ^to make war upon the Gauls, Gallis bellum in- ferre; make use of, utor, uti, iisus sum, w. abl. man, vir, viri, m., A man as dis- tinguished from u woman ; ho- mo, -inis, m. and f., man, a HUMAN BEING. manage, gero, gerere, gessi, ges- tum, many, miilti, -ae, -a ; many times, saepe. Marcellus, Marcellus, -i, m. march, iter, itineris, n. ; to march, iter facio, facere, feci, factum ; on the march, see under on the march. Marcus, Marcus, -i, m. Marius, Marius, -i, m. Marseilles, Massilia, -ae,/. massacre, internecio, -onis,/. may, see Ln. XVIL, Ex. 14. meantime, in the meantime, in- terim, adv. meet, to meet, se obvium ferre ; you met me, mihi te obvium tulisti; go to meet, obviam (or obvius, -a, -um) eo, ire, ivi, itum; I shall go to meet you, tibi obvius ibo; meet with, iuvenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, to. ace. memory, within the memory of man, post hominum memo- riam. mercy, misericordia, -ae,/. MESSENGER — NOW. 139 messenger, nuntius, -i, m. Metellus, Metellus, -i, m. middle, middle of, medius, -a, -um. midnight, a little after midnight, paulo post mediam noctem. midst of, medius, -a, -um. mild, mitis, -e. mile, mille passiis or passuum. military affairs, res militaris, rei militaris. milk, lac, lactis, n. mind, mens, mentis, /, under- standing, intkllect, reason; animus, -i, m., will, desire, PURPOSE ; feeling, affection, SENTIMENT. misfortune, calamltas, -atis, /. moment, punctum, -i, n. money, pecunia, -ae,/. more, plus, pluris, n. ; amplius, magis, ado's. Moselle, Mosella, -ae, m. and f. mother, mater, matris, /. mountain, mens, moutis, m. move, moveo, movere, movi, motum. much, multus, -a, -um. multitude, multitude, -inis,/.- murder, see kill. murderer, sicarius, -i, m. my, meus, -a, -um. N. name, nomen, nominis, u. ; to name, see call. Naples, Neapolis, -is,/. narrow, contracted, small, par- vus, -a, -um ; narrow limits, angustiae, -arum,/, ipl. nation, natio, -onis, /. ; gens gentis,/. nature, natiira, -ae,/. near, prope, ado. nearest, proximus, -a, -um. nearly, paene, ado. need, indigeo, -ere, -ui, no sup. negligence, nequitia, -ae, /. neighborhood, in the neighbor- hood of, ad, prep. w. ace. neighbors, Hnitimi, -orum, m. pi. neither . . . nor, neque . . . ne- que, iiec . . . nee. never, numquam (nunquam), ado, nevertheless, yet, still, tamen, ado. new, novus, -a, -um. night, nox, noctis, /. ; night be- fore, nox superior ; till late at night, ad multam noctem. night-attack, nocturnus impe- tus ; nocturnus, -a, -um ; im- petus, -lis, m. night-guard, nocturnum praesi- dium ; nocturnus, -a, -um ; praesidium, -i, n. no, niillus, -a, -um. nobody, no one, nemo, geti. and abl. supplied fro7n niillus. not, non, ne, ado.; not even, ne . . . quidem, w, the em- phatic word between ne and qui- dem ; not one slave, nemo ser- vus ; nor, neque, neve, conj's. not only . . . but also, non solum . . . sed etiam. not yet, nondum, adv. nothing, nihil. now, nunc, iam, ado's. 140 NUMBER — PASS THE WINTER. number, numerus, -i, m. ; in great numbers, frequentes, see Ln. II., Ref. 10-12. numerous, creber, crebra, cre- brum. obey, pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum. observe, cognosco, -ere, cog- novi, oognitum. occupy, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum. of such a kind, of such a charac- ter, eius modi. offend, offendo, -ere, -fendi, -fen- sum. offer, offero, offerre, obtuli, ob- latum. office, munus, muneris, n. often, saepe, adv. old, senex, gen. senis; old, hav- ing been lorn, uatus, -a, -um; he is twenty years old, viginti annos natus est. on, in, prep. iv. ace. aft. verhs of motion, w. ahl. aft. verhs of rest. on account of, propter, prep. w. ace. on the march, ex itinere, in itinere; to stoi-m a town on the march, oppidum ex iti- nere expiignare ; to be on the march, in itinere esse. on this side of, cis, prep. to. ace. once, at once, statim, ado. one, unus, -a, -um. only person who, see Ln. X., Ref. 1-9 and Ex. 7. opii^on, seiitentia, -ae, /. , oriN- lON, DECISION, SEXTENCK, .judg- ment; opinio, -cnis, /. , opin- ion, SUPPOSITION, CONJECTURE, BELIEF. opportunity, occasio, -onis, /. or, aut ; in double questions, an. or not, in direct double questions, an non ; in indirect double ques- tions, necne. orator, orator, -oris, m. order, in order that, ut, conj. ; see Ln. VII., Note 1. order, by order, iussu, abl. sing. m. order, command, iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum. ordinary, in no ordinary manner, non mediocriter, adc. ought, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum; debeo denotes a moral obliga- tion ; see also Ln.XVIL, Ex's 16 and 17. our, noster, nostra, nostrum. out of, e, ex, prep. w. abl. overcome, aupero, -are, -avi, -atum. own, see Ln. III., Ref. 3-7. P. pace, passus, -us, m. ,■ a thousand paces, a mile, mille passuum. pain, dolor, -oris, m. Palatine, Falatium, -i, n. pardon, ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum. part, pars, partis, /. ; for the most part, maximam partem ; see Ln. XXX., Ref. 1-6. participant, particeps, gen. par- ticipis, adj. pass the winter, hiemo, -are, -avi, -atum. PATKIOTIC — PRIVILEGE. 141 patriotic, bonus, -a, -um. pay, pendo, -ere, pependi, pen- sum; pay one's respects, sa- lute, -are, -avi, -atum. peace, pax, pacis,/. perform, fungor, fungi, functus sum, EXECUTE, DISCHARGE, observe; gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, MANAGE, WAGE, TRANS- ACT, ACCOMPLISH. perhaps, fortasse, adv. peril, periculum, -i, n.; be in peril, in periculo versor, -ari, -atns sum. perilous, periculosus, -a, -um. perish, pereo, -ire, -ii, periturus. permission, see Ln. XVII., Ex. 5. permit, allow, suffer, patior, pati, passus sum. persuade, persuadeo, -suadere, -suasi, -suasum. pirate, praedo, -onis, m. pitch a camp, castra pono, -ere, posui, positum. pity, misereor, -ere, miseritus sum; m.iseret, miserere, mi- seruit; see Ln. XXIV., Ref. 4-8. place, locus, -i, m. ; pi. loci and loca, locorum, m. and n. ; take place, geror, -i, gestus sum. plan, consilium, -i, n., deter- mination, RESOLUTION, PUR- POSE; ratio, -onis,/., course, manner, METHOD, FASHION. please, delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, w. ace. ; placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, w. dat. pleasing, gratus, -a, -um plot, cogito, -are, -avi, -atum. Pompey, Pompeius, -i, m. poor, pauper, gen. pauperis. portray, ezprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. portraiture, imago, -inis, /. possession, possessio, -onis, /. ; often omitted after possessive pro- nouns : e. g. he surrenders him- self and his possessions, se sua- que dat ; take possession of, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, w. ace. powerful, potens, gen. potentis. practically acquainted with, peri- tus, -a, -um, w. gen. practice, exercitatio, -onis, /. praetor, praetor, -oris, m. praetorship, praetura, -ae, /. pi-aise, laus, laudis, /. ; to praise, laudo, -are, -avi, -atum. pray, quaeso, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itum; pray who? pray what? quis tandem ? quid tandem ? prefer, malo, malle, malui; antepono, -ere, -posui, -posi- tum : I prefer my country to your city, tuae urbi patriam meam antepono ; I pi-efer going to staying, ire malo quam remanere. preparation, comparatio, -onis,/. prepare, paro, -are, -avi, -atum. prepared, paratus, -a, -um. present, dono, -are, -avi, -atum. present, be present, adsum, adr esse, adfui. prevent, diterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum. private property, res familiaris, rei familiaris, /. privilege, power, potestas, -atis,/ 142 PRODUCTIVENESS EEJOICE. productiveness, ubertas, -a.tis,f. promise, polliceor, -eri, pollici- tus sum. proper, idoneus, -a, -um. property, res, rerum,/. pi. ; bona, -orum, n. pi. ; often omitted af- ter possessive pronouns ; private property, res familiaris, rex familiaris, /. prosperous, florens, gen. florentis. prosperity, see welfare. protection, praesidium, -i, n. ; to protect any one, alicui prae- sidio esse, see Ln. XXVII., Ref. 1-3 ; to protect with for- tifications, guards, etc., tnuuio, -ire, -ivi, -ituni. provide for, provideo, -ere, -vidi, -visum. provided that, modo, dum, dura modo, confs. See Ln. XII., Ref. 8. province, provincia, -ae, /. provision, make provision, pro- video, -ere, -vidi, -visum. provolie, exasperate, enrage, la- cesso, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itum. publicly, piiblioe, adv. punish,punio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum. punishment, supplicium, -i, n. : to inflict punishment upon any one, de aliquo supplicium sumo, -ere, sumpsi, siimptum ; to suffer punishment, poenis persolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solu- tum. purpose, for the purpose of, causa, ahlative of cause and stands after its limiting genitive. put around, circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, see Ln. XXV., Ref. 4-5. put to death, neoo, -are, -avi, -atum. put to flight, in fugam do, dare, dedi, datum ; fugo, -are, -avi, -atum. put up with, bear -vfiih, endure, perfero, perferre, pertuli, per- latum. Q. quarrel, dissentio, -onis,/. question, quaestio, -oma,f. Quintus, Quintus, -i, m. R. raft, ratis, -is, /. rage, furor, -oris, m. rampart, vallum, -i, n. ravage, populor, ^ari, -atus sum. reach, capio, capere, cepi, cap- tum. read, lego, -ere, legi, leotum. receive, aocipio, -cipere, -cepi, -oeptum. recover, recupero; -are, -avi, -atum ; recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, w. reflexive pronoun. refuse, reciiso, -are, -avi, -atum. regard as an enemy, pro hoste babeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. reign, regno, -are, -avi, -atum. rejoice, exsulto (exulto), -are, -avi, -atum, kejoice exceed- INr.I.Y, RUN RIOT, EEVEL, EX- ULT ; laetor, -ari, -atus sum, FEK.L .joy, be very GI.AD, BE JOYFUL. KELEASE — SAFELY. 143 release, libero, -are, -avi, -atum. relieve, libero, -are, -avi, -atum. remaining, reliquus, -a, -um. remains, it remains, restat; re- Uquuin est. remember, memini, meminisse. remind, admoneo,-ere,-ui, -itum. renew, rediutegro, -are, -avi, -atum. renown, gloria, -ae,/. repeat, repeto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itum. repent, paenitet, -ere, paenituit; see Ln. XXIV., Rep. 4-8. reply, respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -sponsum. report, rumor, -oris, m. ; to re- port, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, ANNODNCB, DECLARE, MAKE known; refero, referre, re- tuli, relatum, bring back, RELATE, RECITE, REPEAT. reprimand, accGso, -are, -avi, -atum. I'equest, postulatio, -onis, /. requite, make requital, see under make, rescue, eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum. residence, domicilium, -i, n. resign, abdioo, -are, -avi, -atum; he has resigned the praetorship, S8 praetura abdioavit. respect, in no respect, nihil; see Ln. XXX., Ref. 1-6. rest of, reliquus, -a, -um ; the rest, oeteri, -a, -um. restrain, reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum ; retineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum. result, the result is, accidit ; fit ; see Ln. IX., Ref. 4-8. retain, hold, teneo, -ere, -ui, ten- tum. return, reverter, -i, -versus sum ; reverto, -ere, reverti; the present, imperfect, and future tenses have the passive form ; the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect the active form; redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. revenue, vectigal, -alls, n. reward, remuneror, -ari, -atus sum. Rhine, Rhenus, -i, m. right, iiis, iuris, n. ; dexter, dextra, dextrum, adj. river, flumen, flumiuis, n. road, via, -ae, f rob, spolio, -are, -avi, -atum. rock, saxum, -i, n. Roman, Rotnauus, -a, -um. ' Rome, Roma, -ae, /. rouse, inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum. rout, fugb, -are, -avi, -atum. rudiments, elementa, -orum, n. Pl- rule over, impero, -are, -avi, -atum, w. dat. run, curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum ; run riot, exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum. S. safe, tatus, -a, -um, well guard- ed, secure, out of danger ; salvus, -a, -um, unharmed, uninjured, well, sound. safely, tuto. 144 SAFETY — SLAUGHTER. safety, salus, -utis,/. sail, navigo, -are, -avi, -atum. sake, for the sake of, causa. sally, ezcursio, -onis, /. same, the same, idem. satisfied, contentus, -a, -urn. satisfy, satisfacio, -facere, -feci, -factum. savageness, atrocitas, -atis,/. save, servo, -are, -avi, -atum ; conserve, -are, -avi, -atum ; conserve is servo intensified hy the prefix con, and properly sig- nifies KEEP THOROUGHLY, SAVE COMPLETELY. say, dico, dicere, disi, dictum ; say not, nego, -are, -avi, -atum. scatter,iout,fugo,-are, -avi, -atum. scout, ezpl orator, -oris, m. sea, mare, maris, n. seize, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum. see, video, -ere, vidi, visum. seem, videor, -eri, visus sum. self, ipse, -a, -um. sell, vendo, -ere, vendidi, ven- ditum. senate, senatus, -iia, m. senator, senator, -oris, m. send, mitto, -ere, misi, missum. send for, cause to come, arcesso, -ere, arcessivi, arcessitum. send forward, praemitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. separate, seiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iiinctum. Sequani, Sequani, -orum, m. pi. serve, servio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. service, aid, opera, -ae, /. set fir? to, incendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum. sesterce, sestertius, -i, m. ; a small silver coin, worth nearly four cents. set forth, propono, -ere, -posui, -positum. set out, march, depart, pro- ficiscor, -i, profectus sum. settle, consido, -ere, -sedi, -ses- sum. seventh, septimus, -a, -um. severe, gravis, -e. severely, graviter, adv. ship, navis, -is, /. short, brevis, -e. shout, clamor, -oris, m. show, doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum. shudder at, horreo, -ere, no perf. nor sup., governs ace. ; shudder greatly at, perhorresco, -ere, -horrui, jio sup., governs ace. Sicily, Sicilia, -ae,/. sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum. side, on this side of, els, prep. w. ace. siege, oppugnatio, -onis, /. sight, conspectus, -us, m. signal, signum, -i, n. Silanus, Silanus, -i, m. silent, keep silent, taceo, -ere,-ui, -itum. since, cum (quum), quoniam, conj's ;• see Ln. XIV., Ref. 1-5. singularly, egregie, ado. sixty, sexaglnta. size, magnitudo, -inis, /. skilful, practically acquainted with, peritus, -a, -um; see Ln. XXIII., Ref. 6-12. slaughter, occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum. SLATE — SUPPOSE. 145 slave, servus, -i, m. slavery, servitus, -utis, /. small, parvus, -a, -um. so, tarn, ita, sic, adv's ; so great, tantus, -a, -um ; so very much, tain vehementer. so as to, see Ln. IX., Note 1. soldier, mUes, militis, m. some one, something, some, ali- quis, quidam, nescio quis ; see Ln. IV., Ref. 9-13. some . . . others, alii . . . alii, son, niius, -i, m. son-in-law, gener, generi, m. soon, as soon as possible, quam primum. sorrow, dolor, -oris, m. sound, healthy, well, sanus, -a, -um. speak, loquor, -i, locutus sum ; dico, -ere, dixi, dictum. spirit, animus, -i, m. spiritedly, acriter, adv. : to make a spirited assault, acriter signa inferre. spoils, spolia, -orum, n. pi. spread, dissemino, -are, -avi, -atum. spread abroad, perfero,'perferre, pertuli, perlatum. stand, sto, stare, steti, statum. stand about, stand around, cir- cumsto, -stare, -steti, -statum. standard, signum, -i, />. stake, (something) is at — , agi- tur. state, res publica, rei publicae,/ stay, remaneo, -ere, -mansi, no sup. still, etiam nunc, tamen, ai/r'.i. stir up, concito, -are, -avi, -atum. storm, ezpugno, -are, -avi, -atum ; a storm, tempest, tempestas, -atis, /. story, fabula, ae,/. stranger, alienus, -i, m. straw, floccus, -i, m.; not to care a straw for any one, aliquem flocci uon facere. strengthen, corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum. strong, Hrmus, -a, -um. stupid, stultus, -a, -um ; amens, gen. amentis. style, genus, generis, n. submit to, Bubeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, w. ace. such, so great, tantus, -a, -um ; such, of such a kind, talis, -e; such ... as, tantus . . . quan- tus, when referring to size ; talis . . . qualis, when referring to kind, nature, quality. suddenly, subito, adv. suffer, patior, pati, passus sum. sufficiently, sutficient, satis, adv. suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. suited, accommodatus, -a, -um. Sulla, Sulla, -ae, m. summer, aestas, -atis,/. summon, voco, -are, -avi, -atum. supplies, commeatus, -us, m., used in both sing, and plural. support, sublevo, -are, -avi, -atum. suppose, e^stimo, -are, -avi, -atum ; than we, you suppose, than any one supposes, after a comparative, may be rendered by opinione; see Ln. XXXIII., Rep. 1-3. 146 SUPPRESS ■ ■ THREATEN. suppress, comprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. surely, profecto, ado. surpass, excel, antecello, -ere, no perf. nor sup. ; supero, -are. surrender, dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditum ; a surrender, de- ditio, -6nis,_/! surround, circumdo, -are, -dedi, -datum, suspicion, suspicio, -onis, /. swamp, palus, -udis, f. Swiss, Helvetii, -orum, m. pi. Switzerland, Helvetia, -ae,/. sword, gladius, -i, m. T. take, capio, capere, cepi, cap- tum; take away, removeo, -ere, -m6vi,-niotum ; take from, eripio, eripere, eripui, erep- tum ; take part, be engaged in anything, versor, -ari, -atus sum ; take place, geror, -i, ges- tus sum ; take possession of, occupo, -are, -avJ, -atum, w. ace. tax, stipendium, -i, n. teach, doceo, -ere, docui, doc- tum. teacher, praeceptor, -oris, m. tell, dico, -ere, dizi, dictum ; narro, -are, -avi, -atum. temple, templum, -i, n. tenth, decimus, -a, -um. terms, condicio, -onis, /. ; in very strong terms, amplissi- mis Verbis. terrify, perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum. territory, fines, -ium, m. pi. than, quam, adv. ; see also Ln. XXXIII., Ref. 1-3. thank, gratias ago, agere, egi, actum. thankful, feel thankful, gratiam habeo, -ere, -ui, -itiun. thanksgiving, supplicatio (sub- plicatio), -onis,/ that, ille, is, dem. pron's : see Ln. IV., Rep. 1-8; that, in order that, ut ; that not, ne, ut non ; see Lessons VII.-X. the . . . the, quanto . . . tanto ; quo . . . eo ; see Ln. XXXIIL, Ref. 7-9. the one . . . the other, alter . . . alter ; the one party . . . the other, alteri . . . alteri. the other, ceterus, -a, -um. the same, idem ; at one and the same time, simul, adv.; at the same time, eodem tempore, or lino tempore ; the same . . . as, idem . . . qui. the second time, iterum, ado. their, suus, -a, -um, tvhen referring to same person or thing as the subject of its sentence, otherwise eorum. there, in that place, ibi, adv. think, puto, -are, -avi, -atum; ar- bitror, -ari, -atus sum ; think upon, think of, cogito, -are, -avi, -atum ; w. ace. this, hie, see Ln. IV., Rkf. 1-8. threaten, immineo, -ere, no perf. nor sup. ; threaten frequently or much, niinitor, -ari, -atus sum. THEEATS — USE. 147 threats, minae, -arum, /. pL through, throughout, per, prep, w. ace. throw back, reicio, -ioere, -ieci, -iectum; throw into disorder, perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum. thwart, obsto, -stare, -stiti, no sup. till, cultivate, coIo, -ere, colui, Oultum. till, until, dum, donee, quoad, conj's ; till late at night, ad multam noctem. time, tempus, -oris, n. ; for all time, in perpetuum, sc. tem- pus ; at one and the same time, simul, adv. ; now for a long time, iam diii, iam diidum, ado\s ; the second time, a second time, iterum, adv. to, ad, prfp. w. ace. to be feared, pertimescendus, -a, -um. to-day, bodie, adv. ; hodiernus dies, hodierni diei, m. together with, iina cum, w. abl. top of, summus, -a, -um. torch, fax, facia,/. towards, ad, prep. w. ace. tower, turris, -is, /, ace. ginrj. tur- rim. town, oppidum, -i, n. transport, transporto, -are, -avi, -atum. treason, proditio, -onis, /. tribe, natio, -6nis,_/! tribune, tribunus, -i, m. tributary, vectigalis, -e. tried, probatus, -a, -um. triple, tlireefold, triplex, gen. -ids. Trojan, Troianus, -a, -um. troops, copiae, -arum, /. pi. trouble, calamitas, -atis,/. ; ma- lum, -i, n. troubled, anxious, sollicitus (so- licitus), -a, -um. true, verus, -a, -um. trusting to, fretus, -a, -um, w. abl. truth, verum, -i, n. try, ezperior, -iri, ezpertus sum. twice, bis, nxim. ado. two, duo, duae, duo. ■ y ■:: ^ ■ . •-' ■ U. unacquainted with, ignarus, -a, -um; see Ln. XXIIL, Ref. 6-12. under, sub, prep. w. ace. understand, intellego, -ere, -lexj, -Iectum. unfortunate, miser, misera, mi- serum. unfriendly, inimious, -a, -um. unite, coniungo, -ere, -iiinxi, -iiinctum, lo. pers. pron. unjustly, iniiiria, abl. of manner. unless, nisi, conj. unoccupied, be unoccupied, vaco, -are, -avi, -atum. unpopularity, invidia, -ae, /. until, till, dum, donee, quoad, eonfs ; see Ln. XV., Ref. 8-10. unusual, iniisitatus, -a, -um. unwilling, invitus, -a, -um; be unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui ; I shall be unwilling to come, invitus veniam. upon, in, prep. w. ace. urge, cohortor, -ari, -atus sum. use, utor, uti, iisus sum. 148 VALOR — WIN A VIOTOKY. V. valor, virtus, -utis, /. variety, varietaa, -atis, /. very, valde, adv. ; see also Ln. II., Note 3; when a noun is to be emphasized, ipse is used: e. g. the very city, urbs ipsa. very difficult, perdifBcilis, -e. very many, permulti, -ae, -a. very much, vehementer, adv. vicinity, in or into the vicinity of, ad, prep. w. ace. vicissitude, varietas, -atis, / victory, victoria, -ae,/. vigorously, acriter, adv. village, vicus, -i, m. villainy, scelus, -eris, n. violence, vis, vis, f. violent hands, see lay. visit, viao, -ere, visi, visum. voice, vox, voois, / W. wage, carry on, gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. wagon, carrus, -i, m. wait for, await, wait to see, ex- specto (ezpecto), -are, -avi, -atum. wait for, praestolor, -ari, -atus sum. wall, murus, -i, m,, generic term; moenia, -iumi, n.pl.,ciTY walls, RAMPARTS, BULWARKS ; paries, parietis, m., wall op a house. war, bellum, -i, n. watchee, vigiliae, -arum,/, pi. way, via, -ae,/ weapon, telnm, -i, n. weep, fleo. Here, flevi, fletum. weight, pondus, -eris, n. welfare, prosperity, salus, -utis. / ; highest welfare of the gov- ernment, summum imperium. well, bene, adv. what sort of a, qui, quae, quod, inierr. pron. wheel about, signa converts, -ere, -verti, -versum. when, cum (quum), ubi, adv's. whence, unde, adv. where, ubi, adv. whether, utrum, num — ne ; see Ln. XVI. while, dum, conj. ; for a little while, paulisper, adv. ; it is worth while, tanti est, see Ln. XXIII,, Ref. 1-0 ; a little while ago, paulo ante. whither, quo, adv. who, which, what, qui, quae, quod, relj pron. ; quis, quae, quid, and qui, quae, quod, interrog. pron. ; who is to, who was to, etc. ; see Ln. VII., Note 1; who pray? quis tandem? whole, wholly, see all. why, cur, quid, see Ln. XXX., Ref. 1-6. wicked, improbus, -a, -um. wide, latus, -a, -um. widely, late, adv. wife, uxor, -oris, /. ; coiunx or coniux, -ngis, /. willing, be willing, volo, velle, volui. win a victory, victoriam vinco, -ere, vici, victum. WING — ZEALOUS. 149 wing, cornu, -us, n. ; on the right wing, a dextro cornu. winter, hiems, hiemis, /. ; pass the winter, hiemo, -are, -avi, -atum; winter-quarters, hiber- na, -orum, n. pi., so. castra. wisdom, aapientia, -ae, /. wise, sapiens, gen. sapientis. wish, desire, be willing, volo, velle, volui. with, in company with, cum, prep. w. abl. ; with, near to, at the house of, a.pu&, prep. w. ace. ; with respect to, de, prep. w. abl. withdraw, deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum ; to withdraw from al- legiance to the king, a rege deficere ; withdraw, betake one's self, se recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum. without, sine, prep. w. abl. ; be without, careo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 10. abl. withstand, obsto, -stare, -stiti, no sup.,w. dat. ; sustineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, w. ace. : to with- stand an attack, impetum sus- tinere. witness, testis, m. andf. worthy, dignus, -a, -um ; it is worth while^ tanti est, see Ln. XXIII, Ref. 1-5. would that, see Ln. V., Rkf. 8, 9. wound, volnuB (vulnus), -eris, n. ; to wound, volnero (vulnero), -are, -avi, -atum. wretch, sceleratus, -i, m. write, scribo, -ere, scrips!, scrip- tum. wrong, iniiiria, -ae,/. Y. year, annus, -i, m. yesterday, heaterno die ; day before yesterday, niidius ter- tius (nunc dies tertius). yet, tamen, adv. young, iuvenis, -e. your, tuus, -a, -um, wlien address- ing one per.ion ; vester, vestra, vestrum, when addressing more than one. i Z. zeal, studium, -i, n. zealous, studiosus, -a, -um. INDEX. The Roman numerals refer to Lessons, the Arabic to grammar references. Ablative, xxxi.-xxxiv. absolute, xxxiv., 11-16. of accompaniment, xxxii., 2, 3. of agent, xxxi. , 11. of cause, xxxi., 5-10. of characteristic, xxxiii.. Note 1. of description, xxxiii.. Note 1. of manner, xxxii., 1. of means andinstrument, xxxii., 4,5. of measure of difference, xxxiii., 7-9. of place at or in which, xxxvi., 11, 12. of place from which, xxxvi., 1, 2. of price, xxxiv., 1-5. of quality, xxxiii., 10, 11. of separation, xxxi., 1-3. of source, xxxi. , 4. of specification, xxxiv., 6, 7. of the way by which, xxxvi., 8-10. of time, xxxiv., 8-10 ; xxxv., 1-3. with certain adjectives, xxxii., 9-11. with certain deponents, xxxii., 6-8. with comparatives, xxxiii., 1-3. Absolute, ablative, xxxiv., 11-16. Accompaniment, ablative of, xxxii., 2,3. Accusative, xxviii.-xxx. adverbial, xxx., 1-6. Accusative, cognate, xxviii., 12-15. dative or, xxv., 12, 13. Greek, xxx.. Note 1. in exclamation, xxx., 8. infinitive with subject, xviii., 1-6. infinitive without subject, xvii., 6-10. of direct object, xxviii., 1-3. of limit of motion, xxix., 13-16. of place to which, xxxvi., 3, 4. of specification, xxx., 7. of time, XXXV., 4, 5. of time and space, xxx., 9-13. per with, xxxvi., 8-10. synecdochical, xxx.. Note 1. Accusatives, two of same person or thing, xxix., 1-4. two — person and thing, xxix. , 5-10. i^-o with compound verbs, xxix., 11, 12. with compounds, xxviii., 9-11. with verbs which in English re- quire a preposition, xxviii,, 4-8. Adjective, agreement of the, ii. , 4,5. consecutive use of adj. clauses, ix., 1-3. use of final clauses, vii., 12, 13. Adjectives, ablative with certain, xxxii., 9-11. as nouns, ii., 9. constructions with,, xxvii., 8, 9. dative with, xxVii., 4-7. 152 INDEX. Adjectives, designating a certain part, ii., 13. genitive with, xxiii., 6-12. with force of adverbs, ii., 10- 12. with nouns of different genders, ii., 6-8. Adverbial accusative, xxx., 1-6. consecutive use of adv. clauses, ix., 1-3. use of final clauses, vii., 10, 11. Adverbs, adjectives with force of, ii. 10-12. ad, when to be rendered by "to,'-' XXV., 14, 15. Agent, ablative of, xxxi., 11. dative of, xxvi., 12 ; xl., 5-7. Agreement, i., ii. Answers, xvi., 7, 8. anteqnam, temporal clauses with, XV., 3, 4. Apposition, i., 1, 2. Arrangement of words and clauses, p. 3. Attraction, xiv., 6. Causal clauses, xiv., 1-5. Cause, ablative of, xxxi. , 5-1 0. Characteristic, ablative of, xxxiii., Note 1. Cognate accusative, xxviii., 12-15. Commands, etc., subjunctive in, v., 3, 4. Comparatives, ablative with, xxxiii., 1-3. Complement, infinitive without ac- cusative as, xvii., 6-10. Compounds, accusative with, xxviii., 9-11. dative with, xxvi., 1-7. Compound verbs, two accusatives with, xxix., 5-10. Concessive clauses, use of moods in, xiii., 1-6. Conditional relative clauses, xii., 7. sentences, xi., xii. Conjugations, the periphrastic, xl. Consecutive clauses, ix. adverbial and adjective uses of, ix., 1-3. substantive use of, ix., 4-8. cum (quum), temporal clauses with, XV., 5-7. Dates, how to write, xxxv., Note 8. Dative, xxv.-xxvii. double construction, xxv., 4, 5. of reference or interest, xxvii. , 10, 11. of the agent, xxvi., 12 ; xl., 5,7. of the possessor, xxvi., 8-11. or accusative, xxv., 12, 13. with adjectives, xxvii., 4-7. with compounds, xxvi., 1-7. with intransitive verbs, xxv., 6-11. with passive intransitive verbs, xxvi., 13, 14. transitive verbs, xxv., 1-3. Datives, two, xxvii., 1-3. Deponents, ablative with certain, xxxii., 6-8. Description, ablative of, xxxiii., Note 1. Difference, ablative of measure of, xxxiii., 7-9. Direct object, accusative of, xxviii., 1-3. questions, xvi. Discourse, indirect, xix., xx. donee, temporal clauses with, xv., 8-10. dum, present with, vi,, 2. dum modo, use of, xii., 8. temporal clauses with, xv., 8- 10. Emotion, verbs of, witli genitive, xxiv., 4-8. Emphasis, how to produce, p. 3, 2. Emphatic, relative clause made, i., 9. Exclamations, accusative in, xxx., 8. Exhortations, etc., v. subjunctive in, v., 3, 4. INDEX. 153 Final clauses, vii., vlii. adjective use of, viii., 12, 13. adverbial use of, vii., 10, 11. substantive use of, viii., 1- 14. Finite verbs, ii., 1-3. " for," when rendered by pro, xxv., 14, 16. Future, vi., 7. perfect, vi., 11. Genders, adjective with nouns of different, ii., 6-8. Genitive, xxi.-xxiv. objective, xxii., 1-3. partitive, xxii., 6-8. partitive, constnictions used in- stead of, xxii., 9. partitive, when not used, xxii., 10. of quality, xxiii., 1-5. subjective with nouns, xxi., 1-3. Subjective with verbs, xxi., 7- 12. with adjectives, xxiii., 6-12. with interest, xxiv., 12-14. with refert, xxiv., 12-14. with verbs of en)otion, xxiv., 4-8. with verbs of judicial action, xxiv., 9, 10. with verbs of memory, xxiv., 1-3. with verbs of plenty and want, xxiv., 11. Gerund, the, xxxviii., xxxix. Gerundive, the, xxxviii., xxxix. Greek accusative, xxx., Note 1. Historicalinfinitive, xviii., 9. pre.sent, vi., 1. iam, present with, vi., 3. Imperative, use of the, v., 1, 2. Imperfect, vi., 4-6. Indicative, tenses of the, vi. Indirect discourse, xix., xx. question, xvi. Infinitive, xvii., xviii. as subject, xvii., 1-5. historical, xviii., 9. predicate after, xviii., 7, 8. subject of, xvii., 1, 2. tenses of, xviii., 1-6'. without subject accusative, xvii., 6-10. with subject accusative as ob- ject, xviii., 1-6'. Instrument, ablative of, xxxii., 4, 5. Interest, dative of, xxvii., 10, 11. interest, genitive with, xxiv., 12- 14. Intransitive, passive verbs, dative with, xxvi. , 13, 14. verbs, dative with, xxv., 6-11. Judicial action, genitive with verbs of, xxiv., 9, 10. Limit of motion, accusative of, xxix., 13-15. Locative, xxxvi., 6-7. Manner, ablative of, xxxii., 1. Means, ablative of, xxxii., 4, 6. Measure of difference, ablative of, xxxiii., 7-9. Memory, verbs of, with genitive, xxiv., 1-3. modo, dnm, dum modo, use of, xii., 8. Moods, table showing changes in, p. 54. use of in concessive clauses, xiii., 1-6. Motion, accusative of limit of, xxix., 13-15. Nouns, adjectives as, ii., 9. objective genitive with, xxi., 1-3. Object, accusative of direct, xxviii., 1-3. infinitive without subject accu- sative as, xvii., 6-10. infinitive with subject accusa- tive as, xviii., 1-6*. 154 INDEX. Objective constructions used instead of, xxii., 4, 5, 12. Objective genitive, xxii., 1-3. oratio obliqua, xix. oratio recta, xix. Order, usual, p. 3, 1. Part, adjectives designating a cer- tain, ii., 13. Participles, use of, xxxvii. Partitive genitive, xxii., 6-8. constructions used instead of, xxii., 9. when not used, xxii., 10. Passive, intransitive verbs, dative with, xxvi., 13, 14. Perfect, v., 8, 9. future, vi., 11. Periphrastic conjugations, the, xl. Place at or in which, xxxvi., 5-7. ablative of at, in, or on which, xxxvi., 11, 12. by, through, or over which, xxxvi., 8-10. from which, xxxvi., 1, 2. toward a, xxxvi., 13-16. to which, xxxvi., 3, 4. Plenty, genitive with verbs of, xxiv., 11. Pluperfect, vi., 10. plus, construction with, xxxiii., 4-6. Position of certain words, p. 3, 3. Possessor, dative of, xxvi., 8-11. postquam, temporal clause with, XV., 1, 2. Predicate after infinitive, xviii., 7, 8. word, i., 3, 4. Prepositions in expressions of time, XXXV., 6-8. Present, historical, vi. , 1. with dum, vi., 2. with iam, etc., vi., 3. Price, ablative of, xxxiv., 1-5. priusquam, temporal clauses with, XV., 3, 4. prif, when to be rendered by for, XXV., 14, 15. Prohibition, how to express, v., 5-7. Pronouns, demonstrative, iv., 1-8. indefinite, iv., 9-13. personal, iii., 1, 2. possessive, iii., 3-7. reflexive (reilective), iii., 8-12. relative, i., 5-8 ; iv., 14, 15. use of, iii., iv. Quality, ablative of, xxxiii., 10, 11. genitive of, xxiii., 1-5. Questions, direct and indirect, xvi. double, xvi., 6. how to ask a, xvi., 1-5. indirect, xvi., 9-14. rhetorical, xvi., 15. quam si, ac si, use of, xii., 6. quln, subjunctive with, a., 10-12. quoad, temporal clauses with, xv., 8-10. quominus, subjunctive with, x., 13, 14. Reality, supposition contrary to, xii., 1-5. Reference, dative of, xxvii., 10, 11. re-fert, genitive with, xxiv., 12-14. Relative clauses made emphatic, i., 9. conditional, xii., 7. peculiar uses of, a., 1-9. Relative pronoun, i., 5-8; iv., 14, 15. Rhetorical questions, xvi., 15. Separation, ablative of, xxxi., 1-3. Sequence of tenses, vii., 1-7. SI, use of quam si, ut si, xii. , 6. simulac, temporal clause with, xv., 1, 2. Source, ablative of, xxxi., 4. Space, accusative of, xxx., 9-13. Specification, accusative of, xxx., 7. ablative of, xxxiv., 6, 7. Subject accusative, infinitive with, as object, xviii., 1-6'. infinitive without, xvii., 6-10. of the infinitive, xvii., 1, 2. INDEX. 155 Subjective genitive with nouns, xxi., 1-3. verb, xxi., 7-12. Subjunctive in commands, v., 3, i. with quin, x., 10-12. with quominus, x., 13, 14. Substantive use of consecutive clauses, ix., 4-8. final clauses, viii., 1-14. Supine in u, xl., 12. in um, xl., 10, 11. Supposition contrary to reality, xii., 1-5. Synecdochical accusative, xxx.. Note 1. Temporal clauses, xv. Tenses of the indicative, vi. of the infinitive, xviii., 1-6". of participles, xxxvii., 1-10. sequence of, vii., 1-7. table showing changes in, p. 54. Time, ablative of, xxxiv., 8-10; XXXV., 1-3. Time, accusative of, xxx., 9-13 ; XXXV., 4, 5. before or after an event, xxxv. , 9-12. expressions of, xxxv. prepositions in expressions of, xxxv., 6-8. " to," when to be rendered by ad, XXV., 14, 15. Toward a place, how to express, xxxvi., 13-16. Towns, words used like names of, xxxvi., 2, 4, 7. Transitive verbs, dative with, xxv., 1-3. u, supine in, xl., 12. ubi, temporal clauses with, xv., 1, 2. um, supine in, xl., 10, 11. ut omitted in final clauses, viii., 12-14. ut, temporal clauses with, xv., 1, 2. Verb, finite, ii., 1-3. Verbs, dative with intransitive, XXV., 6-11. dative with passive, intransi- tive, xxvi., 13, 14. dative with transitive, xxv., 1-3. of emotion, genitive with, xxiv., 4-8. of judicial action, genitive with, xxiv., 9, 10. of memory, genitive with, xxiv., 1-3. of plenty and want, genitive with, xxiv., 11. subjective genitive with, xxi., 7-12. two accusatives with com- pound, xxix., 11, 12. Vocative, use of the, v., 10. Want, genitive with verbs of, xxiv., 11. Way by which, ablative of, xxxvi., 8-10. Wish, how to express a, v., 8, 9. Word, predicate, i., 3, 4. Words, position of certain, p. 3, 3.