Gr/V BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Hetirg W. Sage 1891 r M 9306 (^.sszMi. xs:j7:]ji>. n DATE DUE ^ vu \i aS T» ii' ^ PRINTED IN U.S.A. GN33 .056™'" ""'""""' '■"■"'>' ^'='1B.?.n?.nl,£9,n.»?nt .o« the science of anth olin 3 1924 029 899 386 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029899386 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT SCIENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY HISTORICAL REVIEW, LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION AND SELECT, ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY; WITH A LIST OF THE CHIEF PUBLICATIONS OF LEAD- ING ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETIES AND MUSEUMS JUUL DIESERUD, A. M. CHICAGO THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. LONDON AGENTS KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNEE & CO., LTD. 1908 ^.ab8\^^ COPYRIGHT BY THE OPEN COURT PUB. CO. 1908 PREFACE. The present work is an outgrowth of an earlier effort to alleviate the worries and perplexities haunting the classifier of books as well as the amateur scientist, taking up this most unsettled and vaguely limited field of study. As far back as 1894, while assistant in the Field Colum- bian Museum Library it fell to my lot to take part in the classification of its very handsome collection of anthro- pological literature, and since that time the subject has never been entirely out of my mind. Three years later, when appointed Librarian, I undertook a thorough re- vision of the classification, and in 1898 read a paper on the subject in the Chicago Library Club, a brief extract being printed in the Library Journal of the same year as well as in Public Libraries. Two years later joining the staff of the National Library, as a catalogue reviser, it became my duty to assign subject headings to its collec- tion of anthropological literature in connection with the new catalogue, and also to keep track of current books in that line, with a view to recommend new purchases. I soon found out that my classification had been prepared too hastily and more especially that its claims for the new science were too sweeping, viewed not only from the standpoint of the classifier of a universal library but even from that of the cautious, broad-minded specialist. I had evidently followed authorities that of late have been justly criticized for their aggressive zeal in en- croaching upon the legitimate field of neighboring sci- ences. 2 PREFACE. The idea then entered my mind to prepare a select bibliography of the scope and content of the science, with a view to thoroughly revising my classification and preparing an explanation and a defence of the con- clusions, which I should ultimately reach. The work was immediately begun and the result is now laid before the reader with an apology for its necessary imperfec- tions. The great bulk of my material has been found in the Library of Congress, a smaller part in the Library of the Surgeon General's Office and a few titles in the Bureau of Ethnology. The bibliography does not aim at any completeness, and no special effort has been made to record all the issues of each single work. It is to be regarded as "pieces justificatives" for the classification and for the historical introduction. This explains the rather unusual way of giving more or less extensive extracts from most of the books and papers listed and of quoting them, as a rule, in the vernacular. It has been thought that most of the readers for whom the book is intended would prefer it this way, especially since the greater part of the quotations are summarized in the first part of the work. Anthropology may after all now be said to be well out of its teens, and while certain parts of its vast boun- dary are still only dimly defined, I trust that the views here adopted are those that have the best chance of pre- vailing at least during the next few decades. At any rate the librarian and, I hope, also the scientist, generally too busy with original investigation in some corner of his field to spend much thought on questions of terminology and classification, will be sure to judge with leniency a faithful attempt to record the present state of the science. Library of Congress, Washington, D. C, Dec. 1, 1906. INTRODUCTION. As indicated in the title, my aim is not to give a history of the science of anthropology, a task that has been fairly satisfactorily accomplished already by P. Topi- nard and others. Before entering on the discussion of the scope and content of the science, it seems proper, however, to bring out a few salient landmarks in its evo- lution. The first work of modern times, in which the term anthropology was used, is said to have been the "Anthro- pologium de hominis dignitate" of 1501, by a German, Magnus Hundt (1449-1519). It dealt in a general way with human anatomy and physiology. More important for the development of the science was, however, the great anatomist A. Vesalius (1514-1564), whose famous work De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, dates from 1542. Some 150 years later Edw. Tyson (1650- 1708) practically initiated comparative morphology by his remarkable treatise entitled Orang-Outang, sive Homo sylvestris ; or the anatomy of a pygmie compared with that of a monkey, an ape, and a man, 1699. Our next important name is Charles Linne (1707- 1778), whose Systema naturae, 1735, took the bold step of including man with other animals in his great clas- sification. His subdivision of mankind into four main varieties still counts anthropologists of note among its adherents. Honorable mention is due to Buffon (1707-1788) for his Histoire naturelle de I'homme, 1749, and in 1775 Blumenbach (1752-1840) wrote his well- 4 INTRODUCTION. known essay De generis humani varietate nativa, in which he added a fifth variety, the Malay, to the four established by Linne. He is also the author of other anthropological works, in which he laid the foundation of comparative craniology, already inaugurated by Peter Camper (1722-1789), famous for the invention of the facial angle and for the introduction of measurement in physical anthropology. The work was continued by S. G. Morton (1799-1851) whose Crania Americana appeared in 1839, by Anders Retzius (1796-1860) who introduced cranial indices, and still later by Paul Broca (1824-1880), R. Virchow (1821-1902), J. B. Davis (1801- 1881), J. Thurnam (1810-1873), J. Kollmann, P. Topi- nard, G. Sergi, A. H. Keane, J. Ranke, J. Deniker, C. H. Stratz, and many others. A great landmark in another field of our science, that of prehistoric archaeology, was set in 1847 by Bou- cher de Perthes (1788-1868) with the first volume of his Antiquites celtiques et antediluviennes. The next year J. J. A. Worsaae (1821-1885) and other Danish scien- tists started the exploration of the remarkable kitchen- middens, and in 1863 Charles Lyell (1797-1875) brought out his well-known work on the antiquity of man. They were followed by Sir John Evans and other archaeologists too numerous to mention. The most important name in modern evolutionary anthropology is, however, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), whose Origin of Species, of 1859, wrought a greater revolution in this than in almost any other field of re- search. The conclusions of his general theory were, as we all know, quickly drawn by H. Huxley (1825-1895) in his Man's Place in Nature, 1863, and a few years later, 1871, by Darwin himself in his Descent of Man, Ernst Haeckel's Anthropogenic following in 1874. In the field of Ethnography and Ethnology the fol- lowing names stand out prominently: J. C. Prichard INTRODUCTION. 5 (1786-1848), the famous monogenist, author of De gene- ris huriiani varietate, 1808, later extended under the title: Researches into the physical history of man, and also of The natural history of man, first ed. 1843 ; W. F. Edwards (1777-1842), the founder of the Ethnological society of Paris, 1839; F. T. Waitz (1821-1864) whose Anthropo- logie der Naturvolker appeared 1859-72; F. Miiller (1834- 1898) author of Allgemeine Ethnographic, 1873; Oscar Peschel (1826-1875) author of Volkerkunde, 1874; A. Bastian (1826-1905) ; F. Ratzel (1844-1904) ; D. G. Brin- ton (1837-1899); J. W. Powell (1834-1902); W. H. Kolmes, W J McGee, F. Boas, and a great many others. The special field of ethnology, conceived as dealing with the comparative and genetic study of the social side of man and of his culture may be said to have been first cultivated by E. B. Tylor (Researches into the early history of mankind, 1865, and Primitive culture, 1871), by S. G. Morton, A. Bastian, and Sir John Lub- bock. Among the many other successful workers in this line, I can only mention O. T. Mason, R. Munro, C. Letourneau, A. Hovelacque, Th. Achelis, H. Schurtz (1863-1903), L. Frobenius, C. N. Starcke and E. A. Westermarck. In a much debated subbranch of our science, that of Criminal anthropology, the names of its founder C. Lom- broso and his Italian pupil R. Garofalo still stand out conspicuously. The French school headed by Professor Alexander Lacassagne, the founder of Archives de I'an- thropologie, G. Tarde and A. Corre is generally more in- clined to look for a sociological explanation of the phe- nomena, in opposition to the views of Lombroso. The rapid growth of our science in the last century is, however, best illustrated by the numerous ethnograph- ical and anthropological societies and museums which then sprang into existence. The more important of these I have judged it convenient to give in two separate 6 INTRODUCTION. lists, together with their serial publications, referring for fuller information to the soon forthcoming Hand- book of learned societies, to be issued by the Librarian of Congress on behalf of the Carnegie institution. Spe- cial mention is due to the International congress of an- thropology and prehistoric archaeology and to the history of our science in the British association and in the Amer- ican association for the advancement of science. The International Congress was founded at a meet- ing of scientists at Spezzia, 1865. It met for the first time in Neuchatel in 1866. The second meeting was held in Paris, 1867; the third at Norwich, 1868; the fourth in Copenhagen, 1869; the fifth in Bologna, 1871; the sixth in Brussels, 1872; the seventh in Stockholm, 1874; the eighth in Buda Pesth, 1876; the ninth in Lisbon, 1880; the tenth in Paris, 1889; the eleventh in Moscow, 1892; the twelfth in Paris, 1900. It issues Proceedings or Comtes rendus. Sir W. H. Flower, at the Oxford meeting, 1894, of the British association gives the following summary of the vicissitudes of Anthropology in that body: "It is only ten years since the section in which we are now taking part acquired a definite and assured position in the organization of the Association. The subject, of course, existed long before that time, and was also rec- ognized by the Association, though with singular vicis- situdes of fortune and position. It first appeared offi- cially in 1846, when the 'Ethnological subsection of Section D' (then called 'Zoology and botany') was con- stituted. This lasted till 1851, when Geography parted company from Geology, with which it had been pre- viously associated in Section C, and became Section E, under the title of 'Geography and Ethnology.' In 1866 Section D changed its name to 'Biology' with Physiol- ogy and Anthropology (the first occurrence of this word in our official proceedings) as separate 'departments' ; but INTRODUCTION. 7 the latter does not seem to have regained its definite footing as a branch of Biological science until three years later (1869), when section E, dropping Ethnology from its title, henceforward became Geography alone. The department for the first two years (1869 and 1870) was conducted under the title of Ethnology, but in 1871 it resumed the name of anthropology, given it in 1866, and it flourished to such an extent, attracting so many papers and such large audiences, that it was finally constituted into a distinct section, to which the letter H was as- signed." In the American association a section (E) of Eth- nology and geography first appeared in 1851. Ethnology failed to be represented in the Proceedings for 1854 and 1855. In 1856 a few papers are recorded under the heading Ethnology and Philology, and in 1857 under Ethnology alone. The subject is again absent from the Proceedings of 1858 but reappears in 1859. The Asso- ciation did not meet during the civil war, but in 1868 three papers on Ethnology and Archaeology were in- cluded under Natural history. From 1869 to 1872 Eth- nology was again represented separately, and in 1873 the name was finally changed to Anthropology, being Part 5 of Section B (Natural history). In 1876 it was made a permanent subsection (D) and in 1882 ultimately established as Section H. PART I. THE SCOPE AND CONTENT OF ANTHRO- POLOGY. PART I. THE SCOPE AND CONTENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY. After this rapid glance at the remarkable growth of interest in the study of man, during the last few decades, our real task begins, viz., to answer the question, what Anthropology is. The undertaking would seem to be an easy one at this date, but such is evidently not the pre- vailing opinion among those who have given serious thought to the subject. Only last year Prof. E. L. Hewitt, in a paper in the American anthropologist, ex- pressed the belief that "it would be difficult to find ten anthropologists, who would agree on what anthropology is on close definition." And a' perusal of our bibliography will, I think, convince anybody, that the statement was to the point. Leaving earlier anthropologists out of the question, we may probably safely start with the general definition of P. Topinard in his "L'Anthropologie" (1876) : "An- thropology is the branch of natural history, which treats of man and the races of man." To this broad statement few, if any, of his scientific brethren will at this date take exception. Not so when it comes to the inter- pretation of this fundamental definition. In his Elements d'anthropologie generale (1885) Topi- nard treats the question at great length, reaching the fol- lowing conclusion : "It is absolutely necessary to adhere to the fundamental division of anthropology into two branches, one dealing with the human species and its 12 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT varieties or races from a purely animal, essentially ana- tomical and physiological, point of view and the other dealing with peoples." These two main divisions he terms anthropology proper and ethnography. The latter includes sociology, while archaeology and comparative mythology are treated as accessory anthropological sci- ences. S. Zaborowski (1885) substantially agrees with Topi- nard, except that he still retains the term ethnology for the study of human varieties, historic as well as 'pre- historic, and expressly connects archaeology, not includ- ing paleo-anthropology (or paleo-ethnology, as he terms it) with ethnography. Ilovelacque and Herve (1887), on the other hand, establish four great branches : Zoological anthropology ; ethnical anthropology, dealing with comparative racial anatomy and physiology; prehistoric anthropology and finally ethnography, comprising the description, and, if possible, the classification of existent races. O. T. Mason (1891) has two main divisions: structural anthropology, dealing with the question, what man is, and functional anthropology, the study of what man does, his activity, the latter branch corresponding with Topi- nard's general ethnography. D. G. Brinton (1892) has the following four branches : (1) Somatology, or physical and experimental anthro- pology, (2) Ethnology, or historic and analytic anthro- pology, (3) Ethnography, or geographic and descriptive anthropology, (4) Archaeology. J. W. Powell (1892 and 1900) would divide the science of man into somatology, psychology and ethnology, or the science of humanities, the latter including archaeology, while ethnography "should be used to designate any description of ethnological material." A. H. Keane (1896) establishes two main branches. The first is special anthropology, which is above alLcon- OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 1 3 cerned with human anatomy. It includes the physical anthropology of races, but "hands over the detailed study of the hominidae in all their relations to the sister science ethnology" a branch of general anthropology. J W McGee in 1897 has the following two sub- divisions: (1) Physical anthropology, including soma- tology, ethnology, the latter understood as the science of races, and psychology, the study of the human brain, and (2) the science of humanity, covering the subject matter of the Ethnology of Brinton. In 1905 he uses the term demonomy for the latter subdivision, stating, how- ever, that it is sometimes styled the "new ethnology." In this modern anthropology, the peoples are not, he claims, divided into races, save perhaps in secondary and doubtful fashion, but grouped in culture-grades. The interesting scherne of E. Schmidt (1897) provides for two main divisions : natural-historical anthropology and historical anthropology or prehistory. The former is divided into physical anthropology, including zoological and racial anthropology, and into ethnical anthropology, or the science of the psycho-social characteristics of the various human groups. In this classification Racial an- thropology includes not only the comparative and deduc- tive side of the question, here termed phylology, but also the descriptive part, called phylography. G. Canestrini (1898) establishes anthropology proper, the natural history of man and his varieties or races, as a coordinate science with ethnography, which latter is an historical social discipline, largely covering the sub- ject matter of Brinton's ethnology. The International catalogue of scientific literature divides Physical anthropology into a general and a special branch. The former includes general anatomical, gen- eral physiological, social physical and comparative (zo- ological) anthropology; the latter prehistoric and ethno- logical anthropology, the last mentioned division under- 14 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT Stood as the description of peoples by countries, in- cluding a separate subdivision for "systems of classi- fication of races." K, Bahnson (1900) regards anthropology on the one hand and ethnography and ethnology on the other as two separate sciences, the former dealing with man from the point of view of natural history, the latter from that of culture history. J. Deniker (1900) also seems to regard anthropology and ethnography or ethnology as two independent sci- ences. The latter deal with ethnical characteristics, with human societies under all their aspects. This is also the standpoint of B. Hagen (1900). Ac- cording to him anthropology has chiefly to do with the comparative study of races, and exclusively from a physical point of view, while ethnology takes hold of the psychical side of man, including within its scope "Volker- kunde," ethnic psychology, sociology and even psycho- physics. P. Topinard in 1899 and 1900 substantially adheres to his old view. Anthropology proper studies man as an animal, as a species consisting of several varieties, from a morphological, biological and pathological point of view, while ethnical anthropology is concerned with peo- ples and tribes, their historic and prehistoric culture, their environment, food, industry, customs, language and religion, arts and literature, institutions, ideas and morals. The second branch is divided into ethnology and sociology. Psychology is partly placed with biology, partly with ethnology, the latter also including pre- historic archaeology. According to M. Winternitz (1900) the three main branches of anthropology are (1) Somatology, including the science of races; (2) Archaeology, for practical rea- sons a separate division, although in theory hardly dis- tinguishable from the next branch; (3) Ethnology or OF ANTHROPOLOGY. I 5 Volkerkunde, the science of the cultural development and cultural products of the various peoples of the earth. This is practically the view advocated in Brock- haus's cyclopedia. Prof. Rudolf Martin (1894 and 1901) has two main subdivisions: (1) Physical anthropology, also called mor- phology or somatology of the human races. It includes anatomy, physiology, pathology, antiquity of man, and comparative zoological anthropology. (2) Psychical an- thropology, also called ethnology or "Volkerkunde," in- cluding archaeology. Ethnography on the other hand is purely descriptive, dealing with both physical and psychical man. If restricted to the latter, the term soma- tography might, he says, be adopted for the descriptive study of peoples and tribes from a physical point of view. Meyer's cyclopedia (1902) adopts the two main branches of E. Schmidt with the same subdivisions, ex- cept that zoological anthropology seems to be partly classed with prehistory. J. Lange (1902) divides anthropology proper into three branches, viz., physical, psychical and historical anthropology. A subdivision of the former is racial anthropology, while the second branch comprises both individual, racial and ethnical psychology, (or better social psychology, according to the author). Historical an- thropology deals with the origin and descent of man. Closely related to the latter is social anthropology (the social physical a. of the International catalogue). A. C. Haddon and P. Geddes (1903) establish psy- chology as a separate branch, the two others being an- thropography or physical anthropology and ethnology, the latter including ethnography, archeaology, technol- ogy, etc. A subdivision of the former is taxonomic or systematic anthropology, the zoological study and classi- fication of races. Prof. W. H. Holmes (1903) referring more espe- l6 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT cially to museum work, establishes two divisions, one for physical anthropology and another, which he terms culture anthropology. L. Manouvrier in 1890, dealing with the subject in a broad, philosophical manner, subdivides anthropology in two dififerent ways, representing different points of view. The first gives rise to Anatomical, physiological, psychological, pathological and sociological anthropology, the second to General anthropology, Zoological a.. Eth- nography and Ethnology — the descriptive and compar- ative study of races and peoples — Prehistoric a.. Criminal a., etc., the idea being that each branch of the latter series may be dealt with from the various aspects of the former, or vice versa. The author, at this stage of his development, while excluding the larger part of what Brinton and others have termed Ethnology (manners and customs, technology, etc.) makes radical demands for his science in other directions. Thus the description of the human body, such as we find it in the anatomical treatises written for medical students, is stated to be Anthropology pure and simple. In 1904 he has, however, evidently modified his views in this respect, stating that pure Anatomical anthropology soon will be easily sep- arable from medical human anatomy. The principle of comparison is now made the great guide. "Anthro- pology deals only with anatomical, physiological, psy- chological and sociological differences," pathology being dropped from the scheme. C. H. Stratz (1904) has two main divisions: anthro- pology proper or somatic anthropology and what he terms ethnography. We thus find that the fundamental division of anthro- pology into two branches, one dealing with physical man and the other with ethnical or social man, is strongly advocated by well-known scientists like Zaborowski, Topinard, Mason, Keane, McGee, Canestrini, Bahnson, OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 1 7 Deniker, Martin, Holmes and Stratz, while others like Winternitz and E. Schmidt from mere practical consid- erations regard archaeology or prehistory as a separate branch. It will also be seen later that those who, like Powell, Haddon and Manouvrier, provide a separate division for anthropological psychology, generally make this branch of the science include too much, encroaching upon the field of psychology proper. It would therefore surely seem that for purposes of classification we are at the present state of anthropology perfectly justified in adopting two main subdivisions of our science, viz., Physical anthropology or Somatology and Ethnical anthropology also called Psychical and Culture anthropology. It must however be admitted that none of the three terms proposed for the second branch of our subject is entirely satisfactory. What we need is a word that clearly expresses its scope as a psycho- socio-cultural science. Ethnology alone is too narrow, being by common consent restricted to historic man, and the sartje objection holds good for the adjectives cultural, social and psychical. None of them will cover the whole subject without undue straining of their orig- inal sense. The best available term at present is to my mind ethnical anthropology, already freely used in many lands. Aside from the terminological difficulties the binary subdivision clearly furnishes the only logical and prac- tical solution of the question. It lays stress on the fact that the study of physical man requires an entirely different equipment from that of psycho-social man. The former cannot be successfully pursued except by persons possessing a fair stock of biological knowledge, while the latter must be a failure in the hands of people, who go to the task without a thorough training in psychology, history, sociology and technology. This is especially apparent in museum work, where the ethnological mate- l8 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT rial is a closed book to the most penetrating intellect fresh from a biological laboratory, while the remains of physical man are equally difficult to handle for the ar- chaeologist and ethnologist, if he is not at the same time familiar with anthropometrical, anatomical and physio- logical instruments and methods. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. Turning to the subdivisions of Physical anthropology, almost everybody seems to agree that human anatomy, physiology and pathology are entirely indispensable 'branches of the science. Neither can there be any valid objection against including the comparative, zoological study of man and the lower animals and of prehistoric man. Less self-evident is the inclusion of Social phys- ical anthropology, adopted by the International catalogue of scientific literature, of Systematic or Taxonomic an- thropology and of psychology. And there is still the question open in which sense and to what extent the sub-sciences mentioned make part of the system of an- thropology. In dealing with this much debated question, I shall take for my guide the excellent paper of L. Manouvrier, read before the Congress of science of the St. Louis ex- position. "Anthropology," he says, "deals only with anatomical, physiological, psychological and sociological differences. You take the whole species, or the races, or the two sexes, or any class, or single individuals, in all cases the special study of man will consist in a comparison between the various phenomena exhibited, i. e., from the fourfold point of view of anatomy, physiology, psychology and sociology. .. .Pure anatomical anthropology will soon be entirely distinct from human anatomy, as studied from the point of view of its application to medicine and surgery. What is termed human somatology is OF ANTHROPOLOGY. I9 nothing else than the study of the anatomical and physio- logical characteristics of the human species as compared with related species, or of the various human beings compared with each other. .. .Only when anatomy and physiology deal with the human body and its functions from the point of view of the general sciences of phe- nomena, rather than from that of the special science of man are they to be classed elsewhere." This statement would seem to deal a telling blow to the radical proceedings of those who without hesitation include human anatomy and physiology as a whole in the science of anthropology. Judging from the quota- tions given in our bibliography, they are not, however, very numerous. Mason is one of them and probably Ranke, McGee and Powell, while A. Ecker, Starcke, Flower, G. Herve, Martin, B. Hagen, Tylor, Keane, Dorsey, Brabrook, Haddon, Topinard, the International catalogue and possibly Holmes and Brinton, seem to include the two sciences in question only with the limi- tations laid down by L. Manouvrier. Most of them have only touched upon the subject, but P. Topinard has treated the question at some length in his Elements d'anthropologie and deserves to be quoted. "Anthropology," he says, "centralizes around its sub- ject a certain number of sciences, of which some are its special property, no other branch of human knowledge having an equal right to them, while others correspond to certain sides of the subject, and complete it, others again possess only an accessory character or serve as sources for the science. The first mentioned are anatomy, physiology, and — in theory — pathology, which, beginning with individual man, this necessary starting point, rise to the species and its subdivisions, comparing man with the animals and the various human aggregates with each other. Anthropology consults these three sciences, and 20 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT sometimes contributes to their progress, but must not proceed too far into their special field. It searches for the secret of man and his relations with the rest of nature but not for the secret of organized matter. Embryology, being a branch of anatomy, also enters directly into the natural history of man Both anthropology and medi- cine are based on anatorriy, physiology and pathology. Histological, topographical and pathological anatomy be- long exclusively to medicine, comparative anatomy and teratology to the former science. As regards physiology, the branch dealing with the mechanism of the functions of the organs belongs to general Zoology, but in practice it has largely been appropriated by medicine. The phys- iology of the brain should, however, be ceded to anthro- pology, exception being made for experimental physiol- ogy, as cultivated in medical laboratories. . . .Anthropol- ogy could not exist without comparative anatomy, com- parative physiology and even comparative pathology." Leaving alone the question, if anatomy and physiol- ogy proper should not at this date rather be classed with biology than with medicine, as vigorously main- tained by L. Manouvrier, it certainly seems a reasonable proposition that anthropology proper should not be en- cumbered by these studies, except in so far as they help to elucidate the vital question of man's relation to the rest of organized nature and the equally important question of the relation between the two sexes, and the various human races and classes. The same restrictions evidently hold good for embryology, and as we shall soon see for psychology. The position of the latter science in the system of anthropology being of a much more debatable character than any of the preceding, we shall be justified in treat- ing the question at some length. OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 21 PSYCHOLOGY. As stated by Gerland, the term anthropology was during the 18th century sometimes used to designate a comprehensive psychology, dealing with the entire mental side of the human individual, as well as with the relation between soul and body. Later, as its scope widened, the center of gravity gradually shifted over to physical man, but the anthropologists nevertheless al- ways maintained their right to deal more or less also with intellectual and moral man. And there are still those, who consider the science of the human soul in its entirety part and parcel of anthropology. A glance at our bibliography will prove this. J. Tissot (1843), J. Hunt (1865), K. Schmidt (1865), M. Perty (1873), the Spanish dictionary (1887), L. La- picque (1895), W J McGee (1897), the Anthropological Society of Washington (since 1899), D. Folkmar (1899), A. C. Haddon and P. Geddes (1903), all seem to agree in classing human psychology as a whole with anthro- pology. Others have felt that psychology is an independent science of long standing in literature as well as at the various universities, and they hesitate to appropriate it in its entirety. We consequently find that some of them would in- clude only experimental psychology, others laying claim' to physiological psychology, again others to comparative psychology or even merely ethnical psychology, while a few conservative minds exclude psychology proper in every form, contenting themselves with a general out- line of the mental evolution of man as founded on archaeology, ethnology and history (cf. Gerland, E. B. Tylor, Brabrook, Keane, etc.). Thus Alexander Bain (1886) would welcome as a branch of anthropology all the experimental researches 22 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT into the intellectual and emotional regions of the mind. O. T. Mason in 1891 seems to include only psycho- physics, while in 1882 he made more radical claims, ap- propriating "psychology dealing with mind in the lower animals and in man, its relation to the brain, and its various manifestations in different races." D. G. Brin- ton (1892) regards experimental and practical psychol- ogy as a branch of somatology, and J. W. Powell seems to agree with him. Their view is adopted by the Stand- ard dictionary. J. Ranke and B. Hagen expressly in- clude psycho-physics, the last mentioned scientist clas- sing it under ethnology. F. T. Waitz (1859) regarded the study of the rela- tion between mind and body, or physiological psychology, as an important branch of anthropology, and J. R. Bu- chanan (1888) goes so far as to say: "The new anthro- pology is chiefly concerned with physiological psychol- ogy." Comparative psychology is included by O. T. Mason (1882), as already mentioned, by W. H. Flower (1884), Meyer's cyclopedia, where it is made a branch of soma- tology, and most explicitly by L. Manouvrier (1904). P. Broca (1871) and Bertillon's dictionary (1883) expressly mention comparative psychology of races. P. Topinard in his Elements d'anthropologie (1885) seems inclined to include psychology, conceived as cer- ebral physiology, in anthropology proper. "The new psychology," he says, "resting on the comparison of man and beast and man inter se without separating the study of the organ from the study of its function and of its various manifestations in humanity, belongs in its en- tirety to anthropology, I do not say to the anthropolog- ical sciences, but to the natural history of man directly." He admits, however, that this new science at present is little more than a desideratum. Later, in 1900, he would OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 23 class psychology partly with human biology and partly with ethnology. Ethnical psychology is included by J. Ranke (1894),by Th. Wilson (1899), P. Topinard (1900), J. Lange (1902), and Haddon and Geddes (1903). C. S. Wake's state- ment (1870) that "it is with the products of thought and not with the laws of its operation, that the science of man is especially concerned," probably refers not so much to ethnical psychology as to ethnology itself, re- garded as the science of human culture. This would agree with the view of M. Winternitz (1900) who only regards ethnical psychology as an indispensable aid to ethnology, relegating it to psychology proper, which ac- cording to him is an independent science. Others follow Winternitz in excluding psychology proper in every form, merely treating it as an auxiliary science. We need only mention G. Gerland (1875), the Nuova enciclopedia (1876), E. B. Tylor (1894), G. A. Dorsey, C. N. Starcke and E. Schmidt (1897), F. Galton (1898), the International catalogue of scientific literature, R. Martin (1901) and Brockhaus's encyclopedia. J. McKeen Cattell (1898) reverses the case, regarding the anthropological sciences as auxiliary to psychology. These statements must indeed seem bewildering to the person Avho attempts to get up a rational and modern classification of this important branch of human knowl- edge. That much is clear, however : he cannot entirely disregard the claims of anthropology on the right to deal with mental as well as physical man, and he cannot, on the other hand, separate the vast mass of philosophical psychology from the subjects with which it has been linked for centuries. The radical claims of McGee, Geddes and others are certainly yet far from gaining the support of a majority of their scientific brethren. It would seem self-evident to the average unbiased. 24 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT disinterested mind, that modern experimental psychology is inseparably connected with, if not a branch of phys- iology, and should be regarded as a division of biology, the science of life phenomena, the two sister branches being anatomy and physiology. Again biology is the' great sister science of physics and chemistry, the three together forming the eminent trinity, dealing with the properties and constitution of organized as well as un- organized matter. Now anatomy and physiology are by almost unani- mous consent regarded as independent sciences, and we found that very few anthropologists laid claim to their human branch as properly and exclusively belonging to their own special field of research. We felt bound to admit that human anatomy and human physiology should be classed either with medicine or better with botanical and zoological anatomy and physiology, being best han- dled by men who combine a thorough knowledge of both the great biological kingdoms. At the same time we found that the majority of competent anthropologists, headed by the Royal Society of London, agree that somatology or physical anthropology is almost exclu- sively built on human anatomy and physiology, those two sciences being its main aids in dealing with the relation of man to the rest of the universe as well as with the human varieties or races. And we agreed with Topinard and Manouvrier in establishing comparative anatomy and physiology of man and beast and of the human varieties and classes as well defined branches of our science. But it is not clear to any unprejudiced mind that psychology stands in exactly the same relation, as in fact maintained by L. Manouvrier and others. Everybody must agree that the old introspective, philosophical psy- chology is entirely out of place in a natural science like anthropology. Its speculations about the essence of the OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 25 soul and its relations to the human body, about its in- destructibility or destructibility and the laws of the operations of its many faculties (feeling, intelligence, will, etc.) have very little to do with exact science. The day will probably come when that enormous mass of literature will be regarded as little more than repre- sentative of the "astrological" phase of the new or ex- perimental psychology, whose proper place would clearly seem to be with the rest of biology. It is true that the psychologist chiefly has to deal with man, but his field necessarily extends to the whole animal kingdom, and what counts most, his aim is not the elucidation of the question what sort of a being man is. His aim is the elucidation of the problem of the essence and laws of those life phenomena, whose manifestations are feeling, thought and will, and whose products are instinctive action in beast and man, deliberate action, material and mental culture in man alone. No sooner, however, does the psychologist employ his science as an aid to the solution of the vital question of man's relation to the rest of living beings or of the equally important question of the interrelation between the human varieties than he is enlisted as an active anthropologist, and it becomes the duty of the librarian to class such literature with the rest of anthropology. The dividing line is the aim and scope of each particular book or treatise. At present little more than a desidera- tum this new field of investigation will no doubt soon ofifer considerable help as a factor in systematic anthro- pology. But it seems clear to me that it is not the experimental method which determines the case. It was the experi- mental method that made philosophical psychology a biological science. But physiological psychology, psycho- physics and psychical pathology are not eo ipso branches of anthropology, as so many hazy thinkers curiously 26 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT enough have presumed. It is only when those sciences are taken hold of by the anthropologist for the purpose of throwing light on the vital questions mentioned above, that a piece of real anthropological literature is the re- sult. With regard to ethnical psychology, chiefly cultivated by the Germans under the name "Volkerpsychologie," it might seem as if Professors Wilson, Topinard, Haddon and Geddes, etc., were justified in classing it under an- thropology. And no doubt monographs, dealing with the mental peculiarities of, say the Chinese people, as compared with those of other nationalities, are strictly anthropological and should be found in the neighborhood of literature, dealing with Chinese mental and material culture. By common consent such a monograph would draw its material from the language, literature, religious creeds and folk-lore of the people in question, and one of its aims would be to throw light on the relation be- tween language and race, thus furnishing materials for systematic anthropology. On the other hand we must admit with Wundt, R. Martin and Winternitz, that the psychologist proper has an equal interest in this subject, and more especially in general ethnical psychology, which undoubtedly with him must take rank as the third branch of his science, the two others being experimental and introspective or philosophical psychology. The dividing line is again drawn by the aim held in view by each author. If the idea is to throw new light on the laws and processes of mental activity, then the treatise in question is psycho- logical and should be classed as such. If on the other hand it is a contribution to the study of a certain people or nationality it should be regarded as the effort of an ethnologist and classified accordingly. The psychologist as such has a right to follow up his subject in every direction, from the lowest animal to the aggregates of OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 27 the highest organized beings, called human societies, but so has the anthropologist. His subject is the natural history of man and nobody can prevent him from fol- lowing it up in its every nook and corner. In more precise terms we may say that it is the busi- ness of the psychologist to deduce and establish the laws of mind as expressed in aggregates of human beings, living in some sort of social contact. He will take up for investigation the phenomena of suggestion and the growth of ideas, originally started in a single brain, but reverberating and spreading out to others, until in some very different and much more elaborate shape, they finally become the cause of concerted action in tribes and peoples. His subject is always mind and the laws of mental phenomena. The ethnologist, on the other hand, starting with the laws and principles established by the ethnical psychologist, applies them to the mono- graphic study of the various tribes, peoples or national- ities, and further to the comparative research into the interrelation of those groups, in order to carry stones to the structure of systematic anthropology. Anatomy then and physiology and psychology are independent sciences of long standing and with well defined areas of research. But comparative anatomy, physiology and psychology of man and beast with a view to establishing their relationship is part of Zoolog- ical anthropology, while comparative anatomy, physiol- ogy and psychology of races, the two sexes, various classes of people, etc., form another division of soma- tology, more especially leading up to systematic anthro- pology, and comparative ethnical psychology is a branch of ethnical anthropology. In practice the classifier of books will no doubt frequently be puzzled on account of vague and illogical treatment of the subject on the part of many authors in the two fields. But we have reason 28 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT to believe that the near future will witness decided improvements in this respect. There is no telling but that the three branches of com- parative psychology, here classed with anthropology, may some day be united as a third branch of the science, coordinate with somatology and ethnology, a course once advocated by P. Topinard and recently outlined by C. H. Stratz. At present the binal division of anthropology seems, however, to offer decided advantages, and should not be too hastily discarded. Awaiting future develop- ment ethnical anthropology would be the proper place not merely for ethnical psychology but also for general treatises on the mental evolution of mankind, in line with the chapter in Keane's Ethnology, such outlines be- ing exclusively founded on archaeology and ethnology. Of the Social anthropology of J. Lange and the Social physical anthropology of the International cata- logue little need be said. It includes the various classes of population, in so far as special occupations are apt to influence them bodily and mentally in various ways ; further the mentally diseased and the criminals. As re- gards criminal anthropology the tendency seems of late to go in the direction of a' social explanation of the phe- nomena in question, while the famous school of Lom- broso exclusively sought it in the bodily peculiarities of the individual. But the best place for this branch of our subject is at present no doubt with physical and not with ethnical anthropology. Of our last division under physical anthropology, the Systematic or Taxonomic anthropology of Haddon, the "Systems of classification of races" of the Inter- national catalogue, the Racial anthropology of J. Lange, the Phylology of E. Schmidt, we shall deal under Eth- nology. The terms are self-explaining, but curiously enough hardly any single book or treatise has yet been devoted to the subject. The nearest approach are the OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 29 "Man, past and present," and the "Ethnology" of A. H. Keane. The latter title is really a misnomer, as pointed out by several critics, the ethnical features as now com- monly understood, playing only a small part in the treat- ment of the subject. We shall, however, soon return to this question, in dealing with the much debated terms Ethnology and Ethnography. ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY. In a general way almost everybody seems to agree that Ethnology and Ethnography should be regarded as ' branches of the science of Anthropology, but with regard to the scope and content of the two terms as well as their mutual relation, opinions still differ widely. The term ethnography, as employed by A. Balbi in his Atlas ethnographique, mainly stood for the classi- fication of peoples according to language, while that of ethnology came into vogue a few years later (1839), be- ing adopted by Mr. W. F. Edwards to express the aim of the Societe ethnologique, then established by him. The society covered almost the entire field of anthropol- ogy, but more especially the origin and relationship of the historical races of Europe. Some twenty years later, when P. Broca, the father of French anthropology, entered the field, he unfortu- nately retained the term ethnology in its original sense, defining it as the science of human races, comprising the study of their distinctive characters, their classifica- tion, their languages, their manners, creeds, industry and arts, and the parts they have played in history. In 1871, however, he speaks of descriptive anthropology, or the science of races, "which has also been termed eth- nology," stating that it borrows part of its material from ethnography, or the description of peoples. This view is substantially shared by S. Zaborowski, who in 1885 makes Ethnology represent the study of 30 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT human races from a physical point of view, while Eth- nography is made to cover the "comparative research into human culture, both general and that of various peoples, whose differences are primarily of an intellec- tual and moral character." And as late as 1889 A. de Quatrefages identifies Ethnology with the science of human races. M. E. Reclus (1885) seems to use the two terms Eth- nography and Ethnology indiscriminately, making both cover the psychology of the human species, inasmuch as they deal with its products : the customs, creeds, etc., of tribes, peoples and nations. He regards comparative ethnology (or ethnography) as a kind of paleontology of human conceptions and prejudices. A. Hovelacque (1883), on the other hand, objects to the indiscriminate use of the two terms. While Eth- nography describes races and peoples, Ethnology covers their history and culture. According to him the latter word is synonymous with sociology and had better be discarded. This is also the standpoint of Charles Letour- neau (1883). G. Vacher de Lapouge (1887) regards Ethnography as a branch of sociology, or what he prefers to call Political science. According to him the latter includes archeaology and even history, in the modern conception of the word, besides everything bearing on the evolution of human societies. The scheme does not seem to make room for any separate science of ethnology. Not so J. Deniker (1885 and 1900). According to him "Ethnography describes the ethnical groups, while Eth- nology compares them and deduces the general laws of the various phenomena of social life. But as history, political economy, etc., have already taken possession of the study of civilized peoples, there only remains for it peoples without a histo'ry, or those who have not been adequately treated by historians. There is, however. OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 3 1 a convergence of characters in mankind, and we find even to-day the trace of savagery in the most civiUzed peoples. Ethnical facts must not then be considered separately." This is exactly the standpoint of J. J. G. Reclus (1894) with the high sanction of the Encyclo- paedia britannica. Ethnology deals in a rational way with the material, social, intellectual, religious and moral development of human aggregates. The subject is, however, most satisfactorily treated by P. Topinard, the distinguished pupil of P. Broca, and perhaps the leading French anthropologist of the latter part of the 19th century. In his anthropological text- book of 1876 he makes the following statement: "For ourselves we regard anthropology and ethnology as two different aspects of the study of man. . . .The latter only concerns itself with such peoples and tribes as geog- raphy and history hand over to us, and is divided into two parts — ethnography, which is the description of each people, of its manners, customs, religion, language, phys- ical characteristics, and origin in history; and ethnology, properly so called, which looks at these in their en- semble, and as applying to all or many peoples. — It is the province of ethnology, then, to be engaged with constituent elements, with the origin and descent of peoples, and even to make a classification of them based upon their language." .- In a paper read during the same year before the Anthropological society of Paris, the author defends this position at length, being, however, met by con- siderable criticism, especially at the hands of his old teacher P. Broca, who still conceived ethnology as syn- onymous with special anthropology, the study of human races. As a consequence Topinard took the matter up for renewed consideration and in a lengthy paper "De la notion de race en anthropologic" (1879) denounced his earlier standpoint on the rather flimsy ground that 32 THE SCOPE AND -CONTENT the anthropologist had to study peoples in order to define races. He could not, however, in the long run rest content with this position and in 1885 he is in- clined to discard the much misused and ambiguous word Ethnology, dividing the science of man into two great branches, that of Anthropology proper and that of Eth- nography, each of them consisting of a general and a special subbranch, as mentioned before. Special anthro- pology deals with human races and special ethnography with the monographic description of the various peoples, their history, religion, industry, customs, etc. General ethnography, on the other hand, should "deal with the common questions that relate to every people, and from which may be deduced the laws that have governed mankind from the beginning." But when the incorrect meaning of the word Ethnology, established by W. F. Edwards has had time to disappear, he thinks, that the term may again properly be adopted as a substitute for general ethnography. In 1900 he has again somewhat modified his views, dividing the science of man into anthropology proper and ethnical anthropology, which latter is concerned with peoples and tribes, their historic and prehistoric culture, their environment, food, industry, customs, language and religion, arts and literature, institutions, ideas and mor- als. Its two main subdivisions are ethnology and sociol- ogy. Leon Rosny in 1877 distinguishes between ethnography the physical, moral and intellectual study of humanity, ethnology, which deals with the modifications of the groups of populations as traceable to external influences, climate, geographical position, food, etc., and with those elements in the customs and institutions, which are ca- pable of influencing the modification of the primitive type and the essential characteristics of the race, — and ethnogeny, dealing with the origin and migrations of OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 33 races. Ethnology is, he says, the "natural science of societies." In 1900 he insists that the study of physical man and his races belongs exclusively to anthropology. Eth- nography is both theoretical and descriptive, being de- fined as the science of human societies or as the science of the civilizations. He is now inclined to discourage the use of the word ethnology for the theoretical or philosophical side of the subject and makes no mention of ethnogeny. This seems to be the present standpoint of the Ethnographical society of Paris. L. Manouvrier in 1884 defines Ethnography as the descriptive and Ethnology as the comparative study of human groups, comprising their anatomy, physiology, psychology, language and social organization. He raises the question if Ethnology is going to disappear, to be merged into sociology, and decidedly answers in the negative, the latter science covering only part of the subject matter of the former. In 1890 he still makes Ethnology deal also with human races, and that even from a physical point of view, and still seems to exclude the study of human culture from the field of anthro- pology and ethnology. In his paper before the Congress of science and arts at St. Louis (1904) he does not mention either ethnology or ethnography, making the comparative study of man from a sociological point of view the fourth great branch of anthropology. While, therefore, in France the terms ethnology and ethnography are still now and then confused, we find that of late date they are at least not applied by com- petent scientists to the study of the human races, from a physical point of view, and leading anthropologists like J. Deniker, J. J. E. Reclus and P. Topinard even agree in making Ethnography cover the descriptive. Ethnology the comparative, developmental and more strictly scien- tific study of social man and his culture. 34 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT In England the Ethnological Society, established in 1843, did much to stamp the new science as one dealing with man in general and more especially with the great varieties called races, both from a physical and cultural point of view. When therefore in the early sixties Anthropology entered the field it found the greater part of its territory occupied by a science, which according to its etymology should merely deal with peoples and other political units. There was no way of escaping a general fight, and the leading champion of the new creed did not hesitate to throw the gauntlet. James Hunt adopts the term comparative anthropology for both zo- ological anthropology and for the study of the different races of man, for "what recent English and American writers have called ethnology." C. S. Wake (1870) also avoids the term ethnology and even makes anthropology itself "especially con- cerned with the products of thought," embracing social phenomena, language, religion and morals. Professor Flower in 1884 makes Ethnology an un- fortunate mixture of physical anthropology and true ethnology, subdividing it into General ethnology, dealing with the general laws of human variations, physical as well as cultural, and into Special ethnology (or eth- nography), the study and description of the different races. In 1894 he still speaks of "the old term ethnology or the study of peoples and races." A. H. Keane (1896) holds, that while Special anthro- pology studies the physical qualities of races, it hands over the detailed study of the hominidae in all their relations to the sister science Ethnology, a branch of General anthropology. Ethnology then takes in both the physical and psychical sides of the subject. Eth- nography on the other hand is purely descriptive, deal- ing with the usages, social and political conditions of tribes and peoples, being rather literature than science. OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 35 E. B. Tylor in 1871 regards his two well-known works : Researches into the early history of mankind, and Primitive culture, as studies in Rational ethnography, defining the latter as "the investigation of the causes, which have produced the phenomena of culture, and the laws to which they are subordinate." In 1894 he speaks of ethics, sociology and the science of culture as in- dependent sciences, which are laid under contribution by anthropology. He purposely seems to avoid the term ethnology, using the misnomer anthropology for his famous ethnical treatise. E. W. Brabrook (1896) seems to use the term eth- nography for the study of technology, customs, religious beliefs and other modes of thought. Later, however, (1899) he speaks of Ethnography, "which describes the races of mankind and ethnology, which diflferentiates between them," thus agreeing with A. H. Keane. According to R. Munro (1897) ethnology includes "the geographical distribution of the various races of man, the physical peculiarities of the bodies and fea- tures, the conformation of the skull, the size and struc- ture of the brain, the color of the skin, eyes, and hair, together with the products of the different civilizations scattered over the globe." A. C. Haddon in 1898 regards Ethnography as the "description of a special people, whether it be a small tribe, the natives of a restricted area, or a large nation; it includes a comparative study of human groups. . . .thus it deals with the classification of peoples, their origin and their migrations. Ethnology may also be divided into several branches, the four more important of which are sociology, technology, religion and linguistics." In 1903 he has got hold of the excellent term Systematic anthro- pology for the zoological study and classification of races, while Ethnology includes ethnography (the monographic 2,6 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT Study of single human groups), archaeology, technol- ogy, etc. Here again our last quotation shows a decided change of opinion also among English anthropologists. The movement is, as also indicated by the standpoint of the Encyclopaedia britannica, clearly in the direction of in- corporating the study of the race-problem in anthro- pology proper, reserving the term Ethnology for the comparative and genetic study of human culture and of social man. Among American anthropologists the line of evolu- tion is somewhat more clearly drawn, although some of the exponents of the science still persist in using the term ethnology for the science of races. O. T. Mason in 1882 speaks of "Ethnography and Ethnology, the former describing the races of man, the latter being the corresponding deductive science." In 1884 he, according to my notion, takes a long step in the right direction, making Ethnology include sociology, technology, myth- ology and religion, and speaking of the science of races as a separate branch. In 1891, however, he again makes Ethnology stand for the study of the "natural divisions of mankind," inventing the term Functional anthropol- ogy for the comparative study of human culture. The Century dictionary of 1889 speaks of descriptive anthropology or Ethnology, which describes the divi- sions and groups of mankind. It is the science of the races of man and of their character, history, customs and institutions. It quotes Kraut-Fleming, according to whom ethnography contents itself with the mere de- scription and classification of the races of man. This definition is retained also in later editions of the dic- tionary. J. W. Powell, always something sui generis, in 1890 used the term anthropology to designate the science of culture "or still better the science of humanities as OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 37 an attempt at a classification of mankind, ethnology has failed to become a science." In 1892, however, he re- instates the word Ethnology as another name for the science of "humanities" (technology, sociology, etc.). The term ethnography, on the other hand, "should be used to designate any description of ethnologic mate- rial." This view he still advocates in 1900, and with the sanction of the Universal cyclopaedia. D. G. Brinton in his well-known classification of 1892 makes Ethnology include ethnic psychology, so- ciology, technology, religion, linguistics and folklore, while Ethnography is geographic and descriptive an- thropology, dealing with the subdivisions of races and peoples. In 1895 he speaks of the latter as the study of "the separation of the species into sub-species and smaller groups," while the aim of Ethnology is to define "the universal in humanity, i. e., the universal soul or psyche of humanity." The Standard dictionary (1893) quotes Brinton under heading anthropology and under heading ethnography has the following definition : "The branch that considers man geographically and descriptively, treating of the or- igin and subdivision of races, and embracing theories of monogenism and polygenism, the study of the conti- nental areas at the time of man's appearance on earth, and the causes and consequences of migration." Eth- nography is made a branch of ethnology, which latter is defined according to the idea of Brinton. Prof. F. Starr (1894) makes Ethnology concern itself with the idea of race and races, while "the term eth- nography, as generally used, includes the description of the life, customs, languages, arts, religious beliefs, etc., of peoples." This is simply reversing Brinton's terminology, as also stated in the article. Dr. G. A. Dorsey (1897) regards the study of the varieties of man as a branch of physical anthropology. 38 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT while W J McGee in his address of the same date, retains the term ethnology in this sense, employing the expression science of humanity for the comparative study of human culture. In 1905 he adopts the term demon- omy for the latter subject, but admits that it is some- times styled the new ethnology. Mr. Duren J. H. Ward (1902) courageously makes a clean sweep of the current terminology, creating one of his own in which the ending geny plays a prominent part. His fundamental mistake is to think that anthro- pology has only to do with origins. Somatogeny is evidently a poor substitute for somatology, and Eth- nogeny equally unsuited for systematic anthropology, or the study of human races from a physical point of view. He furthermore splits up the ethnology of Brin- ton and others, classing part of it, what he terms Psy- chogeny, with the study of individual man, while So- ciogeny and Religiogeny are left with collective man. The whole scheme is in my opinion as weak and illog- ical as it is novel. Prof. W. H. Holmes (1903) introduces the signifi- cant term Culture anthropology for the study of man's works and the "creations of his developing mind." It "embodies the vast range of the essentially human ac- tivities." On the other hand Physical anthropology should "include the study of man as a species of animal, of his races and varieties, his external characters, his anatomy, physiology, pathology. . . .his ontogeny. . . .and phylogeny — the development of the species from lower forms of life." Finally it should be mentioned that the Anthropo- logical Society of Washington at present avoids the terms ethnology or ethnography as a heading for any of its sections. Turning to German anthropologists we find that Th. Waitz (1859-72) confused ethnography and ethnology. OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 39 the object of which, according to him, was an investiga- tion into the affinities of the various peoples and tribes. According to A. Ecker (1874) the second great branch of anthropology is concerned with the research into the distinguishing characteristics of races, tribes and peoples. It might, he says, be called comparative anthropology, science of races, Volkerkunde, ethnology or ethnography. C. Rokitansky of Austria (1871) also uses the term comparative anthropology, which according to him in- cludes both the science of human races and ethnology. G. K. C. Gerland (1875) defines Ethnography as the science of the present distribution of man on the earth. It is a kind of "statistics of ethnology," the latter closely related science dealing with the essential characteristics of the peoples of the earth. According to F. Miiller (1879), ethnography or eth- nology, the German "Volkerkunde," is the science of man regarded as a member of a social organization, while in the definition of A. Bastian (1884) ethnology includes the study of the religion, politics, art, technology and sci- ence of primitive man, and also the study of the archaic remains of culture among historic peoples. Prof. S. R. Steinmetz of Holland (1894) regards Ethnology as the first part of comparative culture-his- tory. Its proper task is the comparative study of the social life phenomena of peoples without a histoiy, with a view to establish the laws of their evolution and ap- pearance, to give a rational explanation of them. He curiously enough regards the Science of culture as a branch of sociology. R. Virchow (1894) uses the term "ethnische Anthro- pologic" for ethnology and ethnography. Like J. Ranke (1894-1900) he fails to define the two latter terms. T. Achelis (1896) seems to distinguish between psy- chical anthropology, dealing with the history of human culture, material as well as mental, in other words with 40 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT the mental evolution of homo sapiens, and ethnology, which latter treats the same subject from the standpoint of a comparative science, with deduction of general laws. He restricts ethnology to the study of peoples and tribes without a history. E. Schmidt (1897) makes "ethnical anthropology" one of the three great branches of the science of man. It includes ethnography (beschreibende Volkerkunde) and ethnology, which latter tries to establish the laws of the intellectual life of peoples and tribes. According to M. Haberlandt (1898) "Volkerkunde" deals with the present population of the earth, with the mental, social, moral, and physical peculiarity of each group or people. R. Martin (1901), as already mentioned, divides an- thropology into Physical anthropology and Psychical anthropology "also called ethnology and Volkerkunde." The latter includes archaeology. Ethnography, on the other, hand, deals with both physical and psychical man, i. e., human culture. If restricted to the latter, the term somatography, proposed by E. Schmidt, might, he says, be adopted for the descriptive, morphological study of peoples and tribes. Brockhaus's encyclopedia (1901) has the following lucid definition : The field of Ethnology covers the first elements of the intellectual and cultural life of humanity and therefore really includes archaeology. As "Volker- kunde" it deals primarily with the elementary thought of mankind as revealed in religion, cosmology, law, and the entire range of human culture, as "Volkskunde" with the corresponding remains of a more primitive state among civilized nations. Meyer's encyclopedia of 1902 prefers the term Eth- nical anthropology for the study of the intellectual-social phenomena of mankind. The task of ethnography is to collect and describe the material, while ethnology elab- OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 4I orates it and aims at the establishment of general laws. Archaeology or historical anthropology, covering the study of prehistoric man and his works, is treated as an independent branch. Dr. Karl Weule (1902) treats anthropology, "Volker- kunde" (ethnology and ethnography) and archaeology as three separate sciences. According to him ethnology differs from ethnography in dealing more especially with man's mental culture, his morals and customs, religious beliefs and legends. Ethnography on the other hand considers his material culture and everything connected with his daily life. This line of demarcation between the two subjects is to my knowledge entirely new. With other anthropologists of the present day he agrees in defining the chief aim of the two sciences as an attempt to solve the problem of the migrations of the various peoples, their relationship, earlier distribution and even their descent. The excellent little textbook of H. Schurtz (1903) gives a practical illustration of the prevailing German view of the science of "Volkerkunde." Starting with a brief out- line of Physical anthropology (including the classifica- tion of human varieties), anthropo-geography and lin- guistics, it next deals with ethnology (the comparative science of sociology, economics and human, culture), wmding up with a brief description of the various tribes and peoples of the earth, this by way of an ethnographic summary. Adam Gtinther (1904) also regards ethnography as descriptive and ethnology as the corresponding deductive and synthetic science. Ethnography should deal also with physical man. The science of races to him means little more than a somatic ethnography. He indicates four methods of ethnological research : the anthropologic- prehistoric, the linguistic, the psychologic-sociological and the geographic, the latter dealing with the migra- 42 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT tion of ideas, etc. The two main problems of ethnology are the establishment of the relationship of the various peoples of the earth and the mapping of their roads of migration. M. Winternitz, whose clear and logical treatise in Globus (1900) has been of such great help to the present writer, substantially agrees with the views of R. Martin, H. Schurz, the writers in Brockhaus's and Meyer's cyclo- pedias, D. G. Brinton and P. Topinard. Extensive quo- tations are to be found in the appended bibliography. After this rapid survey of our subject among the anthropologists of the four leading nations of the world, it is proper to cite a few representatives of other national- ities. The Nuova enciclopedia italiana (1879) divides eth- nology into (1) Ethnography which confines itself to the mere description of the various peoples, classing them in families and groups, and (2) Ethnogeny, whose aim is to trace their origin. The former might be called geo- graphical ethnography, the latter geological ethnography. Or one might use the term descriptive ethnology for the former and archaeological ethnology for the latter. The words ethnology and ethnography seem to be used rather indiscriminately, and the author speaks of two ethnological schools, one being based on anatomical char- acters, the other on linguistics. E. Morselli (1888) still makes Ethnology cover the study of the various races from a physical, intellectual and moral point of view, while Ethnography describes peoples and tribes. G. Canestrini (1898), on the other hand, divides the science of man into Anthropology and Ethnography. The former includes the classification of human races, while the latter deals with peoples, their language, their intellectual life, their social organization, customs, commerce, religion, myths and migrations. Al- ready in 1889, however, G. Sergi adopted the term Eth- OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 43 nology for the last mentioned line of study, regarding it as a branch of anthropology proper. The Spanish Diccionario enciclopedico (1887) still regards Ethnology as the science of races, stating, how- ever, that it deals with man chiefly from a social point of view. It is a subdivision of Ethnography (in its widest sense), whose three main branches are (1) Ethnogeny, dealing with the origin of the human species, formation of races, monogenism and polygenism, etc., (2) Eth- nography proper, dealing with the classification of races, and (3) Ethnology, which has to do with the distribu- tion of each race on our globe. It need not be pointed out that these definitions are entirely antiquated. Diaz Muiioz (1903) makes Ethnography deal with the distinctive characteristics of man regarded as belong- ing to a certain people, while Ethnology treats of the origin of peoples and of the mutual relations of the different races. Four years earlier, however, (1899) L. de Hoyos Sainz divides anthropology into three main branches : General, Descriptive and Philosophical. The former comprises somatology and ethnology: the second includes the clas- sification of races, ethnography, paleoethnology and ar- chaeology; the third zoological anthropology, origin, unity, antiquity, original home, dispersion and acclimati- zation of man. Ethnology is conceived as the science of human culture, including comparative psychology and sociology. His collaborator, T. de Aranzadi (1900) de- fines ethnography as the description of the various peo- ples of the earth and the study of the races, which they represent. In Salomonsen's excellent Danish-Norwegian cyclo- pedia (1893) K. Bahnson defines Ethnology as the com- parative research into the customs, institutions and ideas of nations and peoples, while Ethnography is the science of social man, i. e. regarded as a member of a group with 44 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT common descent, language and culture. The aim of the latter is the study and classification of peoples, not of races. It is solely guided by the criterion of language, and is especially concerned with the so-called uncivilized peoples and tribes. In the introduction to his Ethnographical textbook (1900) the author seems to regard ethnography and eth- nology on the one hand and anthropology on the other as two separate sciences, stating, however, that the latter formerly had a wider scope. The object of ethnography is the monographic study of the culture of the different peoples of the earth and also the research into their relationship as shown by their language. Ethnology on the other hand is especially concerned with the growth of social and religious ideas and with the elucidation of certain phenomena, which are everywhere identical on account of the identity of human nature. The article of C. Starcke (1897) substantially agrees with the above definition. Ethnology, he says, differs from Ethnography in not confining itself to monographic descriptions; it is a comparative science, dealing with laws more than with single facts. It might be called the History of human culture. In the Swedish encyclopedia, Nordisk familjebok, the article on ethnography, signed by Gustaf von Diiben, is much less satisfactory, dating from 1881. It correctly enough makes Ethnography cover the descriptive study of social man, but the author fails to define its relation to ethnology, on the one hand, and anthropology on the other. As our survey of the field has amply proved, the scientific world is very far from a full agreement on what ethnology and ethnography really represent. At the same time we have been able to point out a clear tendency on the part of well-known anthropologists in the leading countries to use the term race in a zoological sense, and OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 45 consequently to relegate the question of classification according to physical characteristics to physical anthro- pology, also called special anthropology (Topinard) and anthropology proper. Availing ourselves of the analo- gies furnished by botany and zoology, no better term seems to suggest itself for this branch of our science than Systematic anthropology, a designation already pro- posed by G. Sergi and A. C. Haddon. To divide this field into Phylography, a descriptive, and Phylology, a strictly scientific branch, as proposed by Prof. Emil Schmidt, seems rather unnecessary at present. The de- scriptive part of the subject can easily be provided for under Ethnography. With M. Winternitz, D. G. Brinton (1886) and others I would make systematic anthropology a subdivision of somatology instead of a separate main division of the science of man, relegating classifications founded on other than physical criteria to their proper place under Ethnical anthropology. But v^rhy not retain the old terms ethnology or eth- nography for the science of races? In the first place, because the etymology of the two words clearly goes against it. Ethnos means people, not race, and the two terms coined from it should either be entirely discarded, as proposed by some of our authorities, or else be applied to the study of man regarded as a social, tool-making being. Supported by eminent authorities in almost every civilized country, I have followed the latter course, with the restriction, however, .that Ethnography, the mono- graphic, descriptive study of the various peoples and tribes of the earth, from historical reasons and for the sake of convenience may be permitted to include also physical man. If, however, such monographs are en- tirely confined to the physical anthropology of a country, there are certainly good reasons for making such litera- ture a subdivision of ethnography under each local head- ing. And why not under the name of somatography, 46 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT proposed by E. Schmidt and rather favorably reported by R. Martin? This would then also be the proper place for the rich literature bearing on local craniology and anthropometry. With regard to the term ethnology, we find that the best authorities in many lands have practically reached an agreement. D. G. Brinton and J. W. Powell in this country, A. C. Haddon in England, J. Deniker and P. Topinard in France, K. Bahnson and C. Starcke in Den- mark, L. de Hoyos Sainz and T. de Aranzadi in Spain, G. Sergi in Italy, all agree with the majority of modern German anthropologists in making ethnology deal with man as a social being, with the comparative study of his institutions, customs, religions, morals, arts, sciences, language and technology, in short of his mental and ma- terial culture. This science draws its material from many sources. From ethnography and folk-lore (Volkskunde), both of which according to M. Winternitz and others should be strictly descriptive monographs of single peoples or groups of peoples; from philology, archaeology and pre- historic archaeology. It is a purely theoretical science, while for instance sociology, with which it has part of its subject matter in common, is also constructive and practical, besides being genetic where ethnology is largely comparative. Ethnology has formerly chiefly been concerned with peoples without a history oi: rather with peoples not commonly classed with the white race. But some of the very greatest ethnologists seem of late to agree with D. G. Brinton and M. Winternitz in breaking down this barrier. And as folk-lore is universally regarded as a legitimate ethnological study, the civilized nations are in fact already to some extent included. On the other hand, probably very few will agree with Mr. Winternitz in making Culture-history in its entirety OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 47 part and parcel of Ethnology. This seems to be losing track of the main purpose of the latter science. Like sociology, the comparative science of religions, ethics, and technology, Culture-history is clearly entitled to the rank of an independent science. The various phenomena of human culture may be studied for their own sake and not merely for the sake of the ethnical units, which produced them. They then enter the field of the his- torian, who chiefly has to do with the written records of mankind. He will more especially deal with the later and higher phases of the subject, with its manifestations in civilized peoples, who have free intercourse with other peoples of the earth. But this very fact makes these products of human intellectual efiforts less valuable as ethnical criteria, a considerable if not the greater part being loans from outside sources. Ethnology can evidently never be content with the mere tracing of the mental development of the human race, with the investigation into the growth of human activities, of social and religious ideas (on the pattern of E. B. Tylor's admirable monographs) or the estab- lishment of the laws of social phenomena and of human activity, as frequently maintained. As a branch of an- thropology it must constantly keep in view man himself. And its chief problem is probably best explained by Prof. Giinther as the elucidation of the relationship of the various peoples and tribes of the earth, as well as the tracing of their roads of migration. "The goal at which I aim," says Leo Frobenius in his Ursprung der afri- kanischen Kulturen, " is the origin of culture forms, but in the last instance this means 'the origin of peoples.' " "Racial affinities," says H. Balfour, "are frequently re- flected almost as much in the arts and customs of ethnic groups as in their physical or their linguistic characters." The object of Ethnology is evidently not so much the history of human culture, or even of psychical man, as 48 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT the investigation of the causes of the variety or similarity in cultural and social phenomena among the various peoples, and the tracing of their origin and possible relationship. If this were not the case there would be no reason for using the word Ethnology, for what was then better termed culture history or even Psychical anthropology (cf. Th. Achelis). Its method is strictly comparative, and it is, as well expressed by L. Manouv- rier, chiefly concerned with dissimilarities, like the other branches of the science of man. It does not take any- thing for granted in advance of proof. The outcome of its investigation may be the establishment of valuable evidence of the mental and physical unity of the human species, but it is clearly an unwarranted anticipation of this result to say with Brinton, and I believe Bastian, that its very aim is this definition of the "universal in humanity," its universal soul or psyche, or as expressed by K. Bahnson "to define certain phenomena which are everywhere identical on account of the identity of human nature." Such definitions are clearly too narrow. The result of ethnological research might, for all we can say at present, be proof that human nature is not everywhere identical, that a great many similarities in culture forms among even very distant races depend upon contact or ultimate relationship. In France several anthropologists, especially those connected with the Dictionnaire des sciences anthropo- logiques (1883-89), have been inclined to substitute the term Sociology or even Political science (cf. G. Vacher de Lapouge, 1887) for Ethnology. I am glad to see that P. Topinard in one of his very last writings. Science et foi (1900), takes a decided stand against this view. As already mentioned, he, however, retained both Sociology and Ethnology as coordinate branches of Ethnical an- thropology, instead of making the former a branch of the latter. Either course seems unfortunate. The term OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 49 sociology cannot possibly be strained to cover the entire field of Ethnology, as conceived by the best authorities almost- everywhere, and it is furthermore already fairly well established as the designation of a separate science, founded on Ethnography and Ethnology, it is true, but not by any means identical with any of their parts, as already maintained. The whole tendency is, to my mind, an outgrowth of a narrow and confused view, singu- larly out of harmony with the justly reputed French logic. Still worse is, of course, the attempt of S. R. Steinmetz to make Ethnology a small branch of Sociol- ogy. With regard to Political science, it has already a well defined meaning in most countries, and could not possibly be considered as an available term for the sub- ject matter of Ethnology. Other French anthropologists, especially the mem- bers of the Societe ethnographique, as represented by Leon de Rosny, seem to regard ethnology, which they prefer to term theoretical ethnography, as a combination of culture science and speculative sociology. "Its ob- ject," says de Rosny, "is the research into the laws of human progress or the appraisal of the phenomena aris- ing during the march of peoples towards a civilization, always more and more logical and in conformity with the laws of nature." And again : "The most exalted ap- plication of ethnography is to utilize all the resources of our intellectual activity for the discovery of the aim and goal of creation and for the establishment of the safest and most effective means of conforming our indi- vidual and social existence to it." This is clearly in- truding upon the fields of the philosopher, the sociologist and the practical politician. The ethnologist has other important things to attend to. As already mentioned. Prof. Th. Achelis would use the term Psychical anthropology for the study of the mental evolution of homo sapiens, as expressed by the 50 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT various products of his activity. If this opinion should gain ground, much of the extant literature generally- styled ethnological wrould have to be classed here. I need only mention Tylor's well-known monographs and, in a lesser degree the two works on "Volkerkunde" by H. Schurtz. The distinction is, however, difficult to manage, and I believe the better course at present is to discard the term, making Ethnology practically cover the whole field. I have, however, in my classification set aside a number (1015) for the mental evolution of man. It should be used only for literature dealing with the sub- ject chiefly from the standpoint of the archaeologist and the physical anthropologist, giving Ethnology the benefit of the doubt in each case. Prof. Rudolf Martin in his Inlandstamme der malay- ischen Halbinsel, adopts the term Ergology for the study of the social institutions and culture of a certain people, tribe or locality. His monograph has the three following subdivisions: (I) Geography and history, (II) Physical anthropolog)'-, (III) Ergology. The latter term is prob- ably not intended as a substitute for general Ethnology, and as a subdivision of Ethnography it certainly corhes in handy, although Ergography would seem to have been more in line with the descriptive character of such liter- ature. With regard to archaeology, scientists like J. W. Powell and R. Martin have no doubt good reasons for including it under ethnology. Historical as well as prac- tical considerations seem, however, to speak for a sepa- ration of the two, and I have in my classification in this respect followed Brinton, Winternitz and the great ma- jority of leading anthropologists. But I do not hesitate to treat general archaeology as a subbranch of Ethnical anthropology, placing it in close proximity with its sister science, ethnology. The greater part of archaeological literature is, however, local and descriptive, and most OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 5 1 librarians will no doubt find that the best way to deal with this material is to class it as a subdivision under local ethnography. It may still be asked, why ethnology as here defined (the Culture anthropology of Professor Holmes, the Science of humanity of McGee and Powell) should be classed as an anthropological science. The answer is, that man, an essentially thinking, sociable, tool-making being, cannot be understood or properly classified with- out taking into consideration the products of his thought, his social instinct and his activity. The study of these clearly belongs just as much to anthropology as the study of gregariousness and nest-building to ornithology. But the chief object in view must then always be the eluci- dation of the question what sort of a being man is, and even problems like that of man's origin and the unity or plurality of the human species will not be entirely for- eign to ethnology, as properly understood. Among the new terms proposed as a substitute for ethnology, none is happier than the culture anthropology of Professor Holmes. It is advanced by an eminent museum curator, in possession of an unusually logical mind, and it may have some chance of gaining consider- able ground. The trouble is, however, that the meaning of the word culture has to be unduly strained in order to cover the entire field of ethnology. And even in con- nection with museums and societies the term ethnolog- ical seems so well established and so appropriate, that it is likely to hold its own for a long time to come. It may be mentioned in this connection, that the proper adjective for most of the existing collections of culture material evidently is "ethnographical" instead of "ethnological." Strictly speaking ethnological museums are still a desideratum, the arrangement being with few exceptions exclusively local, with only an attempt here and there at the formation of comparative and genetic 52 THE SCOPE AND CONTENT culture series, comprising special phenomena among sev- eral peoples and tribes. The ideal anthropological mu- seum should have two main departments, one devoted to somatology and the other to ethnical anthropology, the second division representing both archaeology, eth- nography and ethnology. With the Pedagogical, Ethical, Political, Medical, Ju- ridical anthropology foreshadowed by L. Manouvrier it is yet too early to deal. A periodical like the Politisch- anthropologische Revue I would at present class with the other anthropological periodicals, if not under Polit- ical science. Pedagogical anthropology, on the other hand, is in my classification temporarily provided for under the heading Child study (643), while Ethical and Juridical anthropology have little to show that cannot easily be classed with Ethics (1545 et seq.) and Justice (1221 et seq.) under Ethnology, if not with Ethics proper and with Law. In the same manner, literature dealing with Medical anthropology can be placed under Racial pathology (700 et seq.) under the local subdivisions of Ethnography or under Medicine. Although a great deal more could be said on the sub- ject, I trust that the preceding pages will prove a fairly satisfactory clue to the ensuing classification. It goes without saying that the scheme can and should be modi- fied according to the needs of each particular library. And I can only hope that it will be flexible enough to keep step with the evolution of the science during the next few decades. For the centuries no one can build with this kind of material. PART II. CLASSIFICATION. PART II. CLASSIFICATION. OUTLINE. 1 — General. 100 — 1000 Somatology or Physical Anthropology. 120 — Zoological anthropology or Anthropo- geny. 200 — Paleoanthropology. 300 — Anatomical anthropology. 500 — Physiological anthropology. 600 — Racial psychology. 650 — Racial embryology. 700 — Racial pathology. 750 — Social physical anthropology. 800 — Systematic or Taxonomic anthropology. 1000—4000 Ethnical Anthropology. 1025 — Ethnical or Folk-psychology. 1050 — Ethnology or Culture anthropology. 1600 — Archaeology or Paleoethnology. 1800 — Anthropogeography. 1900 — Ethnography (incl. local archaeology and somatography). 56 CLASSIFICATION. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTHROPOLOGY. GENERAL. 1 Periodicals. 3 Society publications. 5 Reports of Congresses. 7 Collected essays, addresses, lectures. 9 Museums and collections. 1 1 Exhibitions. 13 Bibliographies. IS Philosophy, principles. 17 Nomenclature. 19 History. 21. Biography. 23 Dictionaries and encyclopedias. 31 Textbooks and general treatises. 35 Popular works. 37 Pictorial works. 41 Instructions. 43 Study and teaching. « METHODS. 50 General. 51 Measurement (Anthropometry). 55 Instruments. 61 Illustration (Photography, etc.). 65 Statistics. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OR SOMATOLOGY. 101 Textbooks. 103 Essays, addresses, lectures. 107 History. CLASSIFICATION. 57 Zoological anthropology or Anthropogeny. 120 General. 123 Comparative anatomy and morphology. 125 Skeleton. 127 Nervous system. 131 Comparative physiology. 135 Comparative psychology. 141 Comparative embryology. 147 The connecting link. 151 Pithecanthropus alalus. 155 Pithecanthropus erectus. 159 Other intermediate forms. 165 Descent of man. 171 Monogenism and polygenism. Paleoanthropology. 200 General. 205 Antiquity of man. 207 Original home. 209 Migrations. 211 Fossil remains. 215 Tertiary period. 217 Quaternary. 219 Paleolithic. 221 Neolithic. 223 Copper age. 225 Bronze age. 227 Iron age. 231 Special races and remains. 235 Neanderthal or Cannstatt. 241 Moulin Quignon. 245 Cro-Magnon (Reindeer epoch). 251 Crenelle. 255 La Truchere. 261 Other races. See also Archaeology, general and local. 58 CLASSIFICATION. Anatomical or Morphological anthropology. 300 General. 303 Bodily form. 305 Bodily dimensions. 309 Growth. 311 Giant growth. 313 Dwarf growth. 315 Bodily proportions. 319 Physiognomy. 323 Morphological changes related to age. 325 Skeletal system. 331 Craniology (general). 335 Craniometry. 339 Craniometrical points. 341 Lines and planes. 343 Curves. 345 Angles. 347 Prognatism. 349 Indices. 353 Cephalic. 355 Facial. 357 Vertical. 359 Cerebral. 361 Orbital. 363 Nasal. 365 Palatal. 369 Other indices. 371 Measure. 373 Capacity. 375 Sutures. Z77 Sexual characters. 381 Zoological characteristics. 385 Deformities. 387 Pathological. 389 Artificial. CLASSIFICATION. 59 391 Vertebral column. 393 Caudal appendage. 395 Shoulder girdle. 397 Pelvis. 399 Extremities. 401 Hand. 403 Foot. 405 Femur. 407 Tibia. 409 Muscular system. 411 Steatopygia. 413 Calf of leg. 415 Vascular system. 417 Nervous system. 419 Brain. 421 Convolutions. 423 Weight. 425 Spinal chord. 427 Nerves. 429 Ganglia. 431 Integument. 433 Skin. 435 Fingerprints. 437 Hair. 439 Distribution. 441 Growth. 443 Hyper- and hypotrichosis. 445 Cross section. 449 Pigmentation (inch hair and iris). 451 Bodily organs. 455 Sense. 457 Ears. 459 Nose. 461 Eyes. 463 Vocal organs. 465 Organs of digestion. 6o CLASSIFICATION. 467 Organs of respiration. 469 Urogenital organs. 471 Breasts. 473 External sexual parts. 475 Teeth. 477 Glandular and lymphatic system. 481 The two sexes. Physiological anthropology or Racial physiology. 500 General. 509 Bodily strength. 511 Attitude and movement. 513 Temperature of blood. 515 Circulation. 517 Respiration. 521 Senses. 523 Expression of emotions. 525 Reproduction. 527 In-breeding. 529 Racial crossing. 531 Heredity. 533 Puberty. 535 Menstrtiation. 537 Fertility. 541 Sterility. 545 Birth. 551 Growth and decay. 553 Growing gray. 561 Longevity. 563 Dentition. 567 Race and environment. 571 Tolerance of climate. 575 The two sexes. 581 Diet. 585 Demography and vital statistics. CLASSIFICATION. 6 1 Racial psychology or Anthropo-psychology. 600 General. 605 Capacity for acquiring and remembering. 611 Sagacity. 615 Emotions ; temperament. 621 Volition. 637 Reaction times. 641 The two sexes. 643 Child study. Racial embryology. 650 General. Racial pathology. 700 General. 703 Atavism. 707 Liability to disease. 711 Signs of degeneration. 715 Pain and healing. 721 Monstrosities. 725 Pathological growth. 735 Cretinism. Social physical anthropology. 750 General. 755 Criminal anthropology. 765 Mentally diseased. 775 Various classes of population. Systematic or Taxonomic anthropology. 800 General. 811 Artificial classifications (Linne, Cuvier, Retzius, Pruner Bey, F. Miiller). 815 Natural classifications (Blumenbach, Peschel). 821 Natural-historic classifications (Deniker, Keane, Stratz). 62 CLASSIFICATION. For classification by language (Humboldt), by mythology and religion (Max Miiller), by institutions and social organisa- tion (Ratzel), by arts and culture, by musical systems (Fetis) see Ethnology. 835 Black or melanoderm race. 837 Negroes (Nilotic, Soudanese, etc.). 839 Negroids (Bantu stock). 841 Negrillos (Dwarfs of the Congo, Akkas, Bush- men, Hottentots). 845 Negritos (Aetas, Mincopies). 847 Papuans and Melanesians. 849 Dravidas. 851 Australians and Tasmanians. 855 Other varieties. 861 Yellow or Zanthoderm race (Asiatic-Polynesian). 863 Sinitic branch. 865 Chinese. 869 Thibetans. 871 Indo-Chinese. 873 Burmese. 875 Sibiric branch. 877 Tungusic group. 879 Mongolic group. 881 Tataric group. 883 Turcs. 885 Cossacks. 887 Kirghis. 889 Finnic group. 891 Finns. 893 Magyars. 895 Lapps. 899 Arctic group. 901 Chuckchis. 903 Kamchatkans. 905 Eskimos. 911 Japanese branch. CLASSIFICATION. 63 913 Malayic branch. 917 Malayan group. 921 Polynesian group. 931 Other varieties. 941 American race. 943 North American Indian. 945 Mexican Indian. 951 Central American. 955 South American. 961 White or Leukoderm race. 963 Mediterranean branch. 965 Indo-Iranians. 966 Semites. 967 Hamites. 968 Nubians. 969 Peninsular group (South of Europe). 971 Basques. 973 Alpine branch. 972 Slavic group. 975 Nordic branch. 977 Caucasic peoples. 979 Ainus. 981 Veddas. 991 Indonesians (Tongas, Maoris, Battaks, Dayaks). 993 Other varieties. ETHNICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (OR PSYCHO-SOCIO- CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY). 1000 General. 1015 Mental evolution of man. 1025 Ethnical or Folk-psychology. (Comparative of two or more peoples). For monographs of single peoples or tribes see Eth- nography. 64 CLASSIFICATION. 1050 Ethnology or Culture anthropology. (Also called Sociological anthropology.) 1051 History. 1053 Biography. 1055 Collected essays, addresses, lectures. 1057 Textbooks and general treatises. 1059 Popular works. 1061 Pictorial works. 1063 Dictionaries and encyclopedias. 1065 - Study and teaching. Bibliographies ] Society publications I see Anthropology. Periodicals J Museums and collections ) j,^, , V see h-thnography. Instructions J ^ r j 1075 Ethnic sociology (Primitive society). 1079 Sociability of man. 1085 Primary forms of society. 1087 Family. 1089 Polygamy. 1091 Polyandry. 1092 Endogamy and exogamy. 1093 Group marriage. 1095 Levirate. 1097 Monogamy. 1099 Matriarchy and patriarchy. 1101 Degrees of relationship. 1103 Horde. 1105 Tribal system. 1107 Clans. 1109 Totemism. 1111 Village communities. 1115 Assemblies, judicial and deliberative. 1117 Masonic societies. 1119 Associations founded on age. CLASSIFICATION. 65 1123 Relation between social groups and units. 1125 Warfare. 1131 Secondary classes and forms of society. 1133 Chiefs. 1135 Priests and medicine men. 1137 Nobility. 1139 Castes. 1141 Slavery. 1143 Forms of government. 1151 Customs. 1153 Home relations. 1155 Treatment of women. 1157 Treatment of children. 1159 Treatment of the aged. 1161 Birth ceremonies. 1163 Circumcision. 1165 Manhood and womanhood. 1166 Initiation ceremonies. 1167 Menstrual seclusion. 1169 Betrothal and wedding. 1171 Ethnic mutilations. 1175 Social intercourse. 1179 Taboo. 1181 Customs relating to various occupations and undertakings. 1185 Athletics. 1187 Games and dances. 1189 Gambling and its implements. 1191 Mortuary customs. 1193 Burial. 1195 Cremation. 1197 Embalming. 1199 Exposure. 1201 Special funeral customs. 1203 Masks for the dead. 1205 Customs of war. 66 CLASSIFICATION. 1207 War dances. 1209 Treatment of captives. 1211 Mutilation. 1213 Scalping. 1215 Cannibalism. 1221 Justice. 1223 Origin. 1225 Ownership. 1227 Defence of property. 1229 Inheritance. 1231 Trials and oaths. 1233 Punishment (Wergild, vendetta, torture). 1235 Asylums. 1241 Classification of man by institutions and social organisation. 1245 Economics. 1247 Forms of securing subsistence. 1249 Hunting and fishing. 1251 Agriculture. 1253 Cattle raising. 1255 Gardening. 1257 Plantation system. 1259 Culture zones (Distribution of plants and ani- mals). 1261 Industries. 1263 Individual. 1265 Tribal. 1267 Paria. 1271 Higher forms. 1275 Commerce. 1277 Exchange or barter. 1279 Money, cowry, wampum. 1281 Weights and measures. 1300 Culture. 1305 Material culture (Ethno-technics). 1307 Fire-making and its tools. CLASSIFICATION. 1309 Use of skin and bark. 1311 Basketry. 1313 Textile art and its tools. 1315 Woodwork. 1317 Use of stone. 1319 Drilling and boring. 1321 Pottery and its tools. 1323 Metal-working. 1325 Utensils and implements. 1327 Tools. 1329 Implements of war, chase and hunt. 1331 Bows and arrows. 1333 Boomerang. 1335 Trophies 1337 Axes and hatchets. 1339 Vessels. 1341 Toys. 1343 Gambling implements. 1345 Medals. 1351 Musical instruments. 1353 Cookery. Food. 1355 Geophagy. 1357 Drugs and narcotics. 1359 Perfumery and toilet articles. 1361 Clothing. 1363 Head dress. 1365 Ornaments. 1367 Masks. 1369 Tattooing. 1371 Oil and paints. 1375 Shelter. 1377 Natural. 1379 Constructed (incl. builder's tools) 1381 Pile structures. 1383 Villages. 1385 Fortifications. 67 68 CLASSIFICATION. 1387 Furniture. 1389 Light, heat, etc. 1393 Religious furniture. 1395 Means of locomotion and transportation. 1397 Boats. 1399 Carts and sledges. 1401 Harness, saddles, bridles. 1403 Snowshoes, skates, etc. 1405 Roads and bridges. 1410 Mental culture. 1411 Esthetic arts (Esthetology). 1413 Art materials and tools. 1415 Music. 1417 Classification of man by musical systems (Fetis). 1419 Drawing. 1421 Carving and engraving. 1423 Painting. 1425 Sculpture. 1427 Decoration. 1429 Classification of man by arts and culture. 1431 Linguistics. 1433 Importance for systematic anthropology. 1435 Origin of language. 1437 Gesture and sign language. 1439 Spoken language. 1441 Knot-writing and other primitive means of communicating ideas. 1443 Written language. 1445 Pictographic. 1447 Symbolic. 1449 Ideographic (partly pictures, partly symbols). 1451 Phonetic. 1453 Forms of expression (Poetic, dramatic, prosaic). CLASSIFICATION. 1461 Grammatical structure. 1463 Agglutinative. 1465 Polysynthetic. 1467 Inflected. 1469 Monosyllabic. 1471 Classification of man by language. (Humboldt, F. Muller.) 1475 Religion and mythology. 1477 Psychological origin. 1479 Philosophy and natural history. 1481 Animism. 1483 Fetishism. 1485 Demonism. 1487 Shamanism. 1489 Polytheism. 1491 Monotheism. 1493 Atheism. 1495 Transmigration and future life. 1499 Ancestor worship. 1501 Animal worship. 1503 Totemism. 1505 Tree, water, fire and star worship. 1507 Anthropomorphism. 1509 Family and tribal religions. 1511 World religions. 1513 Mysticism. 1515 Asceticism. 1517 Religious teachers. 1519 Theocracies. 1521 Rites and ceremonies. 1523 Expiatory rites. 1525 Human sacrifice. 1527 Mortuary rites. 1529 Sacred places and objects. 1531 Magic, witchcraft, omens. 1533 Religious dances. 69 •JO CLASSIFICATION. 1535 Mythology and mythogeny. 1537 Cosmologies and creation myths. 1539 Man's origin. 1541 Hero myths. 1543 Classification of man by mythology and rehgious systems (Max Miiller). 1545 Ethics. 1547 Origin of moral sense. 1549 Moral sanctions. 1551 Religion and morals. 1553 Family ethics. 1555 Sexual ethics. 1557 Social ethics. 1561 Folk-lore and sophiology. (Volkskunde.) Local see Ethnography. Customs see 1151 fol. 1563 Periodicals. 1565 Societies. 1568 Folk-lore of children. 1569 Folk-lore of woman. 1571 Fables and other stories of animals. 1572 Plant-lore. 1573 Fairy tales (Tales themselves partly to go with fiction, partly under Ethnography). 1575 Legends and other traditions and narratives. 1577 Weather lore. 1579 Superstitious beliefs and practices (amulets etc.) 1581 Dreambooks. 1583 Folk-songs and hymns. (Songs themselves partly to go with poetry, partly under Eth- nography). 1585 Music. 1587 Primitive science, philosophy and wisdom (also called Sophiology). 1588 Riddles. 1589 Proverbs and sayings. CLASSIFICATION. 71 1590 Measure and number. 1591 Geometry. 1592 Geography. 1593 Astronomy. 1595 History. 1397 Medicine and surgery. 1599 Trepanning. Archaeology (Prehistoric) or Paleoethnology^ 1601 Periodicals. 1603 Society publications. Reports of congresses see Anthropology. 1605 Collected essays and lectures. 1607 Museums and collections. 1609 Bibliographies. 1611 History. 1613 Biography. 1615 Dictionaries. 1617 Textbooks. 1619 Popular works. 1621 Pictorial works. 1623 Instructions. 1625 Study and teaching. 1631 Geology of early epoch of man. 1633 Physical geography of early epoch of man. 1635 Prehistoric botany. 1637 Prehistoric zoology. 1639 Tertiary remains. 1641 Quaternary remains. 1643 Stone age. 1645 Kitchen middens. 1647 Stone quarries. 1651 Paleolithic age. 1653 Cave dwellings (weems). 1655 Chipped stones. 1657 Flint flakes. 72 CLASSIFICATION. 1659 Other stone remains. 1661 Other remains. 1663 Neolithic age. 1665 Polished stones. 1667 Tools. 1669 Weapons. 1671 Perforated stones. 1673 Net sinkers. 1675 Pipes. 1679 Mortars. 1681 Food vessels. 1683 Other stone remains. 1685 Other remains. 1691 Age of metals. 1693 Copper and bronze age. 1695 Tin mining. 1697 Copper mining and remains. 1699 Bronze remains. 1701 Tools. 1703 Weapons. 1705 Vessels and utensils. 1707 Other remains. 1709 Iron age. 1711 Weapons. 1713 Tools and utensils. 1715 Halstatt culture. 1717 La Tene culture. 1719 Aryan culture. 1721 Protohistoric epoch. 1725 Constructive arts. 1727 Mound structures. 1729 Sepulchral structures. 1731 Defensive structures. 1733 Pit dwellings. 1735 Lake dwellings. 1737 Terramare (= Pile dwellings on dry land). CLASSIFICATION. 73 1739 Stone structures. 1741 Cliff dwellings. 1743 Pueblos. 1745 Megalithic monuments. 1747 Monoliths and cromlechs. 1749 Circles. 1751 Labyrinths. 1753 Cairns. 1761 Implements and weapons. 1763 Of wood. 1765 Of bone. 1767 Basket work. 1769 Pottery. 1771 Textile fabrics. 1773 Glass. 1775 Tools of fire-making. 1777 Boats. 1779 Carts and sledges. 1781 Harness, saddles and bridles. 1785 Rudiments of art. 1787 Personal ornament and decoration. 1789 Objects used in sports and games. 1791 Musical instruments. 1792 Drawings. 1793 Paintings. 1794 Sculpture. 1795 Picture writing. 1797 Ideographic writing. For Local archasology see Ethnography. Anthropogeography. 1801 Textbooks. 1805 Essays and addresses. 1805 Oekumene. 1817 Influence of climate and surroundings. 1819 Migrations. 74 CLASSIFICATION. 1821 Geographical provinces. 1823 Size, boundaries of country. Local. 1831 Europe (Subdivisions as for ethnography). 1851 Asia. 1865 Africa. 1875 Australia. 1881 Oceanica. 1891 America. Ethnography. 1901 Collected essays, addresses, lectures. 1903 Museums and collections. 1905 Dictionaries. 1907 Textbooks and general treatises. 1909 Popular works. 1910 Pictorial works. 1911 Instructions. For Periodicals and Bibliographies see Anthropology. For History and Biography see Ethnology. 1915 Aryans. 1917 Semites. 1919 Gypsies. Ethnography, Local (incl. Somatography, Prehis- toric archaeology and "Volkskunde"). 1923 Europe. (For Ancient Greeks and Romans see Classical philology.) 1927 Somatography (if necessary). 1929 Archaeology (See also Prehistoric anthropol- ogy)- 1931 Teutonic peoples. 1932 Latin peoples. 1935 Slavic peoples. 1937 Lapps. 1939 Basques (see also Systematic anthropology). 1941 Archaeology. CLASSIFICATION 1943 Folk-lore. 1951 Great Britain. 1953 Somatography. 1955 Archaeology. 1957 England. 1959 Wales. 1961 Scotland. 1963 Ireland. 1965 Isles. 1967 Folk-lore. 1969 England. 1971 Wales. 1973 Scotland. 1975 Ireland. 1977 Isles. 1981 Norway. 1983 Somatography. 1985 Archaeology. 1987 Folk-lore. 1991 Sweden. 1993 Somatography. 1995 Archaeology. 1997 Folk-lore. 2001 Denmark. 2003 Somatography. 2005 Archaeology. 2007 Folk-lore. 2009 Faeroe Islands. 2011 Archaeology. 2013 Folk-lore. 2015 Iceland. 2017 Archaeology. 2019 Folk-lore. 2021 Germany. 2023 Somatography. 2025 Prussia. 75 76 CLASSIFICATION 2027 Saxony. 2029 Bavaria. etc. 2045 Archaeology. 2047 Prussia. 2049 Saxony. 2051 Bavaria. etc. 2065 Folk-lore. 2067 Prussia. 2069 Saxony. 2071 Bavaria. etc. 2085 Holland. 2087 Somatography. 2089 Archaeology. 2091 Folk-lore. 2095 Belgium. 2097 Somatography. 2099 Archaeology. 2101 Folk-lore. 2105 Switzerland. 2107 Somatography. 2109 Archaeology. 2111 Folk-lore. 2115 Austro-Hungary. 2117 Somatography. 2119 Austria. 2121 Hungary. 2123 Bohemia. 2131 Archaeology. 2133 Austria. 2135 Hungary. 2137 Bohemia. 2139 Folk-lore. 2141 German. CLASSIFICATION, 2143 Magyar. 2145 Czech. 2147 Slavonian. 2149 Roumanian. 2151 Croatian. etc. 2161 France. 2163 Somatography. 2165 Archaeology. 2167 Brittany. etc. 2181 Folk-lore. 2183 Brittany. 2185 Provence. etc. 2201 Spain. 2203 Somatography. 2205 Archaeology. 2207 Folk-lore. 2211 Portugal. 2213 Somatography. 2215 Archaeology. 2217 Folk-lore. 2221 Italy. 2223 Somatography. 2225 Archaeology. 2227 Folk-lore. 2231 Greece. 2233 Somatography. 2235 Archaeology. 2237 Folk-lore. 2245 Turkey in Europe. 2246 Somatography. 2247 Balkan States. 2248 Somatography. 2249 Servia. 77 78 CLASSIFICATION. 2251 Bulgaria. 2253 Montenegro. 2255 Roumania. 2265 Archaeology. 2267 Servia. 2269 Bulgaria. 2271 Montenegro. 2273 Roumania. 2277 Folk-lore. 2279 Servia. 2281 Bulgaria. 2283 Montenegro. 2285 Roumania. 2291 Russia. 2293 Somatography. 2295 Finland. 2297 Poland. 2299 Baltic provinces. 2301 Archaeology. 2303 Finland. 2305 Poland. 2307 Baltic provinces. 2315 Folk-lore. 2317 Finland. 2319 Poland. 2321 Baltic provinces. 2335 Asia. 2337 Archaeology. (For Hebrews, Chaldeans, History.) 2345 Siberia. 2347 Archaeology. 2351 Turkestan. 2353 Archaeology. 2357 Caucasus. 2361 Archaeology. Assyrians, etc. see CLASSIFICATION. 79 2365 Armenia. 2367 Archaeology. 2371 Asia Minor. 2373 Archaeology. 2377 Syria. 2379 - Archaeology. 2381 Palestine. 2383 Archaeology. 2387 Arabia. 2389 Archaeology. 2393 Mesopotamia. 2399 Persia. 2401 Archaeology. 2403 Folk-lore. 2405 Afghanistan. 2407 Archaeology. 2411 Baluchistan. 2413 Archaeology. 2417 India. 2419 Somatography. (Dravidas see Systematic anthropology.) 2421 Archaeology. 2423 Folk-lore. 2431 Ceylon. 2435 Archaeology. 2439 Weddas (see also under Systematic anthro- pology). 2441 Chinese empire.' 2443 Somatography. 2445 China proper. 2449 Thibet. 2451 Mongolia. 2453 Manchuria. 2461 Archaeology. 2463 China proper. 2465 Thibet. 8o CLASSIFICATION. 2467 Mongolia. 2469 Manchuria. 2475 Chinese folk-lore. 2477 Korea. 2479 Somatography. 2481 Archaeology. 2483 Folk-lore. 2485 Japan. 2487 Somatography. 2491 Archaeology. 2493 Folk-lore. 2499 Ainiis (ethnography; see also atic anthropology). under System^ 2511 Further India. 2513 Somatography. 2515 French Indo-China. 2517 Laos States. 2519 Burma. 2521 Siam. 2523 Malay Peninsula. 2531. Archaeology. 2533 French Indo-China. 2535 Laos States. 2537 Burma. 2539 Siam. 2541 Malay Peninsula. 2547 Folk-lore. 2551 2553 Andaman Islands. Archaeology. 2555 Nicobar Islands. 2557 Archaeology. 2561 Oceanica. 2563 Archaeology. 2565 Folk-lore. 2567 Malay Archipelago. 2571 Somatography. CLASSIFICATION. 2573 Archaeology. 2577 Sumatra. 2579 Archaeology. 2583 Java. 2585 Archaeology. 2589 Borneo. 2591 Archaeology. 2595 Celebes. 2597 Archaeology. 2601 Timor and neighboring islands. 2603 Archaeology. 2607 Moluccas. 2609 Archaeology. 2613 Philippine Islands. 2615 Somatography. 2617 Archaeology. 2625 Minor Islands. 2627 Archaeology. 2631 Micronesia. 2633 Somatography. 2635 Archaeology. 2639 Melanesia. 2641 Somatography. 2643 Archaeology. 2651 Papuasia. 2653 Somatography. 2655 Archaeology. 2661 Hawaii. 2663 Somatography. 2665 Archaeology. 2669 New Zealand. 2671 Somatography. 2673 Archaeology. 2681 Australia and Tasmania. 2683 Australia. 2685 Somatography. 82 CLASSIFICATION. 2687 Victoria. 2689 New South Wales. 2691 Queensland. 2693 South Australia. 2695 Western Australia. 2699 Archaeology. 2701 Victoria. 2703 New South Wales. 270S Queensland. 2707 South Australia. 2709 Western Australia. 2713 Tasmania. 2715 Archaeology. 2721 Africa. 272i Archaeology. 2725 Folk-lore. 2777 Hamitic peoples. 2781 Bantu peoples. 2785 North East Africa. 2789 Egypt. 2791 Archaeology. 2795 Nubia. 2797 Archaeology. 2801 Egyptian Sudan. 2803 Archaeology. 2807 Abyssinia. 2809 Archaeology. 2813 Somaliland. 2815 Archaeology. 2819 North Africa. 2821 Archaeology. 2825 Tunis. 2827 Archaeology. 2831 Algeria. 2833 Archaeology. 2837 Morocco. CLASSIFICATION. 2839 Archaeology. 2843 West Africa (North Central). 2847 Senegambia. 2849 Archaeology. 2853 Niger basin. 2855 Archaeology. 2861 Chad basin. 2863 Archaeology. 2867 Coast regions. 2869 Archaeology. 2873 East Central Africa. 2877 British East. 2879 Archaeology. 2883 German East. 2885 Archaeology. 2889 Portuguese East. 2891 Archaeology. 2895 West Africa (South Central). 2897 Kamerun. 2899 Archaeology. 2903 French Kongo. 2905 Archaeology. 2909 Kongo Free State. 2911 Archaeology. 2915 British Central Africa. 2917 Archaeology. 2921 Portuguese West. 2923 Archaeology. 2927 South Africa. 2931 German West Africa. 2933 Archaeology. 2937 British South Africa. 2939 Archaeology. 2943 Orange Free State (Former). 2945 Archaeology. 2949 South African Republic (Former). 83 84 CLASSIFICATION. 2951 Archaeology. 2955 Cape Colony. 2957 Archaeology. 2961 East African Islands. 2963 Madagascar. 2965 Archaeology. 2971 Mauritius. 2973 Archaeology. 3001 America. 3003 Archaeology. 3007 North America. 3009 Archaeology. 3011 Cliff dwellers. 3015 Mound builders. 3021 North American Indian. 3025 Sociology. 3027 Religion. 3029 Technology and art. 3031 Folk-lore. 3035 Customs. 3037 Ethics. 3039 Language (From an ethnical point of view) 3051 Athapascans. 3055 Algonquins. 3059 Iroquois. 3063 Muskokis. 3067 Pawnees. 3071 Dakotas or Sioux. 3075 Pacific Coast tribes. 3079 Yumas. 3083 Hopis. 3087 Pimas. 3091 Kioways. 3093 Other tribes. 3095 Eskimos. CLASSIFICATION 3101 Greenland. 3103 Archaeology. 3107 British North America. 3109 Archaeology. 3111 Folk-lore. 3121 United States. 3125 Archaeology. 3129 Folk-lore. 3135 Maine. 3137 Archaeology. 3141 Folk-lore. 3145 Massachusetts. etc. etc. 3401 Mexico. 3403 Archaeology. 3407 Chiapas. 3409 Yucatan. 3415 Central America. 3417 Archaeology. 3421 Guatemala. 3425 Archaeology. 3431 British Honduras. 3435 Archaeology. 3441 Honduras. 3443 Archaeology. 3445 Nicaragua. 3447 Archaeology. 3451 Costa Rica. 3453 Archaeology. 3461 West Indies. 3463 Archaeology. 3467 Cuba. 3469 Archaeology. 3471 Puerto Rico. 3473 Archaeology. 85 86 CLASSIFICATION. 3475 Haiti. 3477 Archaeology. 3481 Jamaica. 3483 3487 Archaeology. Bahamas. 3489 Archaeology. 3495 Other Islands. 3499 Bermudas. 3501 3515 Archaeology. South America. 3517 3521 Archaeology. South American Indian. 3525 3527 Sociology. Religion. 3531 3533 Technology and art. Folk-lore. 3537 Customs. 3539 Ethics. 3541 3551 Language (From an ethnical point of view) Colombia. 3553 3557 Archaeology. Venezuela. 3559 3563 Archaeology. Guiana. 3565 3569 Archaeology. Ecuador. 3571 3575 Archaeology. Peru. 3577 3579 Archaeology. Bolivia. 3581 3583 Archaeology. Brazil. 3587 3591 Archaeology. Chile. 3593 Archaeology. CLASSIFICATION. 3601 Paraguay. 3603 Archaeology- 3611 Uruguay. 3613 Archaeology. 3621 Argentina. 3623 Archaeology. 3631 Terra del Fuego. 3635 Archaeology. 87 PART III. BIBLIOGRAPHY. PART III. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1501 Hundt, Magnus. Anthropologium de hominis dignitate, natura et proprietatibus, de elementis, partibus et membris humani corporis. . .Liptzick, 1501. 120 1. *4° cop. 1668 Sperling, Johann. Physica anthropologia Johannis Sperlings. Ed. 3. Wittebergae, impensis hered. J. Bergeri, 1668. 16 p. 1., 780, [30] p. 16 cm. "Anthropologia physica est scientia hominis, quaternus cor- pus naturale est. Dividitur in psychologiam et somatologiam. Psychologia est scientia de anima humana. Somatologia est scientia de corpore humano." 1680 Haworth, Samuel. Anthropologia, or A philosophic discourse con- cerning man. Being the anatomy of both his soul and body. Wherein the nature, origin, union, im- materiality, immortality, extension, and faculties of the one, and the parts, humours, temperaments, complexions, functions, sexes and ages, respecting the other, are concisely delineated. By S. H. ... London, S. Foster, 1680. 18 p. 1., 211 p. 15 cm. * The size has been given in cm. except for a few titles not copied from the book. 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1749 BufFon, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de. Histoire naturelle de rhomme. {In his Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere. t. 3. Paris, 1749. p. 305-530.) (In his CEuvres completes, t. 4. Paris, 1847.) Partial Contents : — De la nature de I'homme. — De I'en- fance de I'homme. — De la puberte. — De I'age viril de I'homme. — Exemples au sujet des nains. — Nourriture de I'homme dans les differents climats. — De la vieillesse et de la mort. — Etat general des naissances, mariages, morts, etc. — Du sens de la vue. — Du sens de I'Duie. — Des sens en general. — Varietes dans I'espece humaine. 1775 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich. De generis humani varietate nativa. Gottingae, typis F. A. Rosenbuschii [1775] 8°. cop. Editio tertia. Praemissa est epistola ad vi- rum perillustrem, Josephum Banks... Gottingae, apud Vandenhoek et Ruprecht, 1795. 8°. cop. — Ueber die natiirlichen Verschiedenheiten im Menschengeschlechte; nach der 3. Ausg. iibersetzt, mit Zusatzen von J. G. Gruber. Leipzig, Breitkopf, 1798. 8°. cop. First and third edition translated into English and included in ''The anthropological treatises of .. .Blumenbach," edited by Th. Bendyshe and pub. for the Anthropological Society, London, 1865. 1798 Kant, Immanuel. Anthropologic in pragmatischer Hinsicht abge- fasst. 3. verb. Aufl. Konigsberg, Universitats- buchhandlung, 1820. xvi, 332 p. 21 cm. Contents : — Anthropologische Didaktik : Vom Erkenntniss- vermogen ; vom Gefiihl der Lust und Unlust ; vom Begeh- rungsvermogen. — Anthropologische Charakteristik : Vom Cha- rakter der Person, des Geschlechts, des Volks, der Rasse, der Gattung. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 93 1798 "Die physiologische Menschenkenntnis geht auf die Er- forschung dessen, was die Natur aus dem Menschen macht, die pragniatische auf das was er, als freyhandelndes Wesen, aus sich "selber macht, oder machen kann und soil." 1st ed. 1798; 2d. 1800. 1803 Blair, William. Anthropology; or, The natural history of man; with a comparative view of the structure and func- tions of animated beings in general . . . London, T. N. Longman [etc.] 1803. viii, [5]— 163 p. 22 cm. Chiefly confined to human anatomy and physiology; p. 156- 163 devoted to physiognomy and craniognomy. 1813 Prichard, James Cowles. Researches into the physical history of man. Lon- don, 1813. 8°. cop. An extension of his thesis De generis human! varietate. 1808. 2d ed. London, 1826. 2 v. 8°. cop. 3d ed. London, Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper [etc.], 1836-47. 5 v. plates. 221^ cm. 4th ed. London, 1851. v. 1. 22j4 cm. 1822 Heinroth, Johann Christian August. Lehrbuch der Anthropologic. Zum Behuf aca- demischer Vortrage, und zum Privatstudium. 2. verm, und verb. Ausg. Leipzig, F. C. W. Vogel, 1831. X, 518 p. 22cm. Contents : — Der Mensch als Einzelwesen (vom leiblichen Leben; vom Seelenleben, etc.). — Der Mensch in der Gesell- schaft. "Die Anthropologic ist die Lehre vom Menschen, wiefern derselbe in seiner Einrichtung und Lebendigkeit einen beson- deren und eigenthiimlichen Charakter offenbart. Dieser Cha- rakter ist die Vernunft, das moralische Prinzip, oder das Prin- zip der Freiheit." 1st ed. 1822. 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1822 Steffens, Henrich. Anthropologic. Breslau, 1822. 2 v. 20 cm. Contents: — i. Bd. Geologische Anthropologic. Uebergang zur physiologischen Anthropologie. 2. Bd. Physiologische Anthropologie. Psychologische Anthropologie. The author treats his subject from the standpoint of the hazy natural philosophy of those days. 1824 Virey, Julien Joseph. Histoire naturelle du genre humain. Nouv. ed., augm. et entierement refondue. Paris, Crochard, 1824. 3. V. plates (partly col.) 21>4 cm. Partial contents : — De la race humaine en general, et de ses rapports avec les autres etres. — De rhomme considere dans sa constitution physique, et son organisation par rapport aux autres animaux. — Des ages et des modifications qu'ils apportent dans I'homme. — De la femme et de ses attributs physiques et moraux. — Des especes et races d'hommes. — Des maladies qui attaquent I'espece humaine. — De I'homme intel- lectuel et moral. — Les societes humaine. — Coutumes particu- lieres a la race humaine. — Des animaux les plus voisins de .la race humaine. First ed. Paris, 1801. 2 v. 1825 Bory de Saint- Vincent, Jean Baptiste Genevieve Marcellin. L'homme; essai zoologique sur le genre humain (In Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle. t. 8. Paris, 1825.) 2. ed. Paris, 1827. 2 v. 24°. cop. 3. ed. Paris, Rey et Gravier, 1836. 2 v. Uyi cm. Contents : — De la place qu'occupe le genre homme dans la nature. — S'il existe une seule ou plusieurs especes dans le genre homme. — Especes du genre homme. — Si chaque espece du genre humain eut son berceau particulier. — De I'homme dans I'etat du nature, et comment il en sortit pour s'elever a la civilisation. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 95 1826 Desmoulins, Antoine. Histoire naturelle des races humaines, du nord- est de I'Europe, de I'Asie boreale, et orientale, et de I'Afrique australe, d'apres des recherches speciales d'antiquites, de physiologie, d'anatomie et de zoo- logie, appliquee a la recherches des origines des an- ciens peuples, a la science etymologique, a la cri- tique de I'histoire, etc. . . . Paris, Mequignon-Marvis, 1826. xxxiv, 2, 392 p. 6 pL, fold. tab. 21 cm. 1827 Lacepede, Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville, comte de. Histoire naturelle de I'homme. . . .Paris, 1827. 8°. cop. Paris, Pitois-Levrault et Cie. [etc.] 1839. 2 p. 1. Ixxii, 73-321 p. front., facsim. 20j^ cm. Extracted from the 21st vol. of Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles. 1831 Kant, Immanuel. Menschenkunde ; oder Philosophische Anthropo- logic. Nach handschriftlichen Vorlesungen hrsg. von Fr. Chr. Starke. Leipzig, 1831. 8°. cop. 1836 Burdach, Karl Friedrich. Der Mensch nach den verschiedenen Seiten seiner Natur; oder. Anthropologic fiir das gebildete Pub- likum. Stuttgart, Balzsche Buchhandlung, 1836. plates. 8°. Contents : — Das leibliche Leben. — Das animalische Leben. — Das Seelenleben. — Der Verlauf des Lebens. — Das Menschen- geschlecht. — Anthropologic fiir das gebildete Publikum. Un- ter Mitwirkung des Verfassers umgearb. von Ernst Burdach. Stuttgart, 1846-7. 8°. cop. 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1838 Courtet, Alexandre Victor. La science politique fondee sur la science de I'homme, ou Etude des races humaines sous le rap- port philosophique, historique et social. Paris, A. Bertrand, 1838. 2. p. 1., xv, 397, [2] p. 24>^ cm. "II s'agit ici de deux choses : d'abord, de la science de I'homme, c'est-a-dire, de cette partie de la science de Thomme qu'on appelle I'anthropologie, et qui traite de I'histoire natu- relle des races humaines ; il s'agit ensuite des applications politiques que ce sujet coraporte." 1841 Edwards, William Frederic. Esquisse de I'etat actuel de I'anthropologie, ou de I'histoire naturelle de I'homme. (In Societe eth- nologique, Paris, Memoires. Paris, 1841. v. 1. p. [109]-128.) L'histoire naturelle de Thomme ou I'anthropologie comprend la connaissance de I'homme sous les rapports du physique et du moral." 1843 Prichard, James Cowles. The natural history of man, comprising inquiries into the modifying influence of physical and moral agencies on the different tribes of the human family. London, Bailliere, 1843. 8°. cop. 2d ed. London, 1845. 8°. cop. 3d ed., enl. London, H. Bailliere; [etc., etc.] 1848. xvii, 677 p. incl. front., illus. plates. 22y2 cm. 4th ed. London, 1855. 2 v. illus., plates. French ed. in 2 v., Paris, 1843. 22>^ cm. Tissot, Joseph. Anthropologie speculative generale, comprenant : 1°, La psychologic experimentale en-elle-meme et dans ses rapports avec la physiologic; 2°, L'exposi- BIBLIOGRAPHY. 97 1843 tion et I'cxamen des doctrines de Bichat, de Cabanis. de Maine de Biran, de Berard, de Broussais, de MM. Magendie, J. Muller, etc. sur le rapport du physique et du moral; 3°, L'analyse tres-detaillee et la cri- tique de la Physiognomie de Lavater et des Legons de phrenologie de Broussais ; 4°, Enfin la psycho- logie rationelle pure. Paris, Ladrange, 1843. 2 v. 23 cm. "Je ne traite dans cette ouvrage qu'une partie de I'anthro- pologie generale, savoir : la partie speculative. II y a done aussi une anthropologie pratique generale, qui n'est autre chose que la description des moeurs." 1845 Omalius d'Halloy, Jean Baptiste Julien d'. Des races humaines ; ou. Elements d'ethnogra- phie. Paris, P. Bertrand; [etc., etc.] 184S. vii, 208 p. 22cm. "L'ethnographie, ou description des peuples, a pour but de faire connaitre les subdivisions du genre humain sous le rap- port de leurs caracteres naturels, tels que les formes et la couleur, ainsi que sous celui des caracteres sociaux, de Ian- gage, de filiation historique, de moeurs et de religion." 1847 Peipers, Eduard Philipp. Die Anthropologie, oder die Wissenschaft der Erfahrung. Der Positiven Dialektik 2. Theil. Diis- seldorf, Botticher, 1847. xiv, 342 p. 8°. cop. Prichard, James Cowles. On the relations of ethnology to other branches of knowledge. Delivered at the anniversary meet- ing of the Ethnological society, June 22, 1847. Edin- burgh, Neil & Co., 1847. 31 p. 8°. cop. Ethnology is the history of human races and includes every- thing that can be known of their origin and mutual relations. Ethnology is more closely related to history than to zoology, because it is specially concerned with the origin of peoples. 98 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1847 while natural history has to do with the history of the human species. Its handmaids are anatomy, physiology, zoology, physical geography, archaeology and history. 1848 [Burke, Luke.] Outlines of the fundamental doctrines of ethnol- ogy; or, The science of the human races. (In the Ethnological journal. London, 1848-49. [v. 1] p. 1-8, 129-141, 235-239.) "Ethnology is a science which investigates the mental and physical differences of mankind, and the organic laws upon which they depend ; and which seeks to deduce from these investigations, principles for human guidance in all the im- portant relations of social existence.. . .Ethnology divides itself into two principal departments, the scientific and the historic. Under the former is comprised everything connected with the natural history of man... under the latter, every fact in civil history, which has any important bearing, directly or indirectly, upon the question of races." Lawrence, William. Lectures on comparative anatomy, physiology, zoology and the natural history of man. . . . 9th ed. London, H. G. Bohn, 1848. viii, 396 p. xii pi. 19 cm. "I design, on the present occasion, to consider man as an object of zoology; — to describe him as a subject of the animal kingdom. I shall therefore first enumerate, and consider the distinction between him and animals, and shall then describe and attempt to account for the principal differences between the various races of mankind." First edition, 1819. 1850 Latham, Robert Gordon. The natural history of the varieties of man. Lon- don, J. van Voorst, 1850. xxviii, 574 p. illus. 22 cm. 'Bibliography": p. [xiii] — xv. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 99 1850 "The natural history of man is chiefly divided between two subjects, anthropology and ethnology. Anthropology deter- mines the relations of man to the other mammalia. Ethnology, the relations of the different varieties of mankind to each other.. . .Whilst history represents the actions of men as de- termined by moral, ethnology ascertains the effects of phys- ical influences.. . .The simple record of facts constitutes ethno- graphy, or descriptive ethnology The highest ethnological problems are those connected with, (i) the unity; (2) the geographical origin; (3) the antiquity; and (4) the future destination upon earth of man." 1852 Frankenheim, Moritz Ludwig. Volkerkunde. Charakteristik und Physiologic der Volker. Breslau, Trewendt & Granier, 1852. viii, 559 p. 22cm. "Unsre Aufgabe besteht daher in drei Theilen. Wir werden erstlich die Natur betrachten miissen, nicht bios als Schau- platz der Thatigkeit des Menschengeistes, sondern auch als eine machtig in sein Leben eingreifende Kraft ; zweitens, den Menschen nach den geistigen und korperlichen Anlagen, die er schon durch die Abstammung, unabhangig von der Er- ziehung, besitzt; drittens, die Volker unter dem Einflusse dieser Erziehung." 1853 HoUard, Henry. L'homme et des races hvimaines. Paris, Labe, 1853. viii, 296 p. 18^ cm. A plea for monogenism. Contents: — Caracteres de l'homme: i. psychologiques, 2. corporels. — Diversite du regne humain. 1856 Fichte, Immanuel Hermann. Anthropologie. Die Lehre von der menschlichen Seele. Begriindet auf naturwissenschaftlichem Wage 3. verm, und verb. Aufl. Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1876. xliii, 623, [1] p. 24 cm. 1st ed., 1856. lOO BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1859 Latham, Robert Gordon. Descriptive ethnology. . . . London, J. van Voorst, 1859. 2 V. 22 cm. Waitz, Franz Theodor. Anthropologie der Naturvolker. Leipzig, F. Flei- scher, 1859-72. 6 V. plates, fold. maps. 22 cm. "Er sieht die Aufgabe der Anthropologie in der Vereinigung dessen, was auf zwei verschiedenen Gebieten, welche sich mit dem Menschen beschaftigen, geleistet worden ist: in der Ana- tomie, Physiologic und Psychologie einerseits und in der Kuhurgeschichte mit alien sich ihr anschliessenden Wissen- schaften anderseits. . . . Waitz unterscheidet vier Hauptauf- gaben der Anthropologie: (i) Die Wechselwirkung zwischen der physischen Organisation und dem psychischen Leben des Menschen zu erforschen; (2) Die Frage nach dem ausseren Umfange und der inneren Zusammengehorigkeit des Menschen zu beantworten. . . . (3) Die Frage nach dem Naturzustande des Menschen zu erortern. . . . (4) 'Die vierte Hauptaufgabe der Anthropologie ist die der Ethnographie oder Ethnologie, die sich mit der Untersuchung der Stammverwandtschaften der einzelnen Volker und Volkerstamme beschaftigt.' " M. Winternitz in Globus, v. 78. Waitz, Franz Theodor. Introduction to anthropology Edited with nu- merous additions by the author from the first vol- ume of "Anthropologie der Naturvolker." By J. Frederick Collingwood . . . London, Anthropological society, 1863. 2 p. 1., xvi, 404, 15 p. 22 cm. (Anthropological society of London. Pub. v. 1.) See his Anthropologie. 1861 Quatrefages de Breau, Jean Louis Armand de. Di scours d'ouverture du cours d'anthropologie, professe au Museum d'histoire naturelle. (In Ga- zette medicale de Paris. Paris, 1861. 3d sen, v. 16, p. 783-792.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. lOI 1861 "II va sans dire que les caracteres physiques exterieurs, les caracteres anatomiques et physiologiques auront toujours le pas sur tous les autres. Mais devons-nous nous en tenir la, comme le voudraient quelques anatomistes exclusifs? Non. Le naturaliste qui fait I'histoire des fourmis et du castor, ne manque pas d'insister sur les instincts, les moeurs, I'industrie de ces animaux. Pourrions-nous agir autrement lorsqu'il s'agit de rhomme?. . .Les manifestations de la moralite et de la religiosite devront de meme avoir leur part dans notre etude." 1862 Bernard, Claude. Coup d'oeil sur la science ethnographique {In Revue orientale et americaine. Paris, 1862. v. 7, p. 283-87.) "La Societe d'ethnographie, d'apres sa propre definition, s'occupe de I'etude physique, morale et religieuse de Thomme." 1863 Brace, Charles Loring. The races of the Old World; a manual of eth- nology. New York, C. Scribner, 1863. xv, [13] — 540 p. 201^ cm. "Ethnology, according to its literal derivation, means the science of nations; but in the more comprehensive modern classification, nations have been divided according to descent or race, and the word has come to mean the Science of races. Perhaps for a treatise like the present, if the word were not strange to common usage. Ethnography, or a description of races, would be a more appropriate title." Broca, Pierre Paul. Review of the proceedings of the Anthropological society of Paris. {In the Anthropological review. London, 1863. v. 1, p. 274-310.) "Ethnology is then only a part of the science of man; the other part is 'general anthropology.' Henceforth they form but one science. ... Ethnology, or the science of human races, comprises the study of their distinctive characters and of their classification, their languages, their manners, creeds, industry I02 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1863 and arts, and the part they play in history [But] all the human races... form a great whole... and it is important to examine the group in its ensemble, to determine its position in the series of beings... its common characters, whether in the anatomical and physiological or in the intellectual order." Hunt, Jarpes. Introductory address on the study of anthro- pology, delivered before the Anthropological society of London. (In the Anthropological review. Lon- don, 1863. V. 1, p. 1-20.) "Anthropology is. ..the science of the whole nature of man. Biology, anatomy, chemistry, natural philosophy and physiol- ogy must all furnish the anthropologist with materials, from which he may make his deductions. While ethnology treats of the history or science of nations or races, we have to deal with the origin and development of humanity. ... We shall treat of every thing that will throw light on the physical or psychological history of man. But in doing this we require the aid of the geologist, achaologist, anatomist, physiologist, psychologist, and philologist." Jackson, John William. Ethnology and phrenology, as an aid to the his- torian. London, Triibner & Co., 1863. viii, 324 p. ISyz cm. Contents: — The place of man in the scale of being. — An- tiquity of man. — The races of mankind. 1864 Hunt, James. President's address. 1864. (In Journal of the Anthropological society of London. London, 1864. V. 2., p. Ixxx-xciii.) "Archaeology and ethnology have hitherto been kept separate, to the great injury of both sciences. They both form an in- tegral part of our science. ... Anthropology includes every science which bears directly on the science of man or mankind, and includes anatomy, physiology, psychology, ethnography, ethnology, philology, history, achseology and palaeontology as BIBLIOGRAPHY. IO3 1864 applied to man. Take either of these branches of science away, and we can no longer form a veritable science of man.. . .We only make use of these sciences so far as they will throw light on the past, the present, and the probable future of the human family." Lubach, Douwe. Anthropologic en ethnologic, [n. p., 1864?] 16 p. 24 cm. Caption title. From Kronijk voor geschiedenis en wetcnschap. A brief review of the state of the two sciences. Vogt, Karl Christoph. Lectures on man : his place in creation and in the history of the earth. . . . Edited by James Hunt. . . . London, Anthropological society, 1864. xxii, 475, [1] p. 22 cm. (Anthropological society of London. Publications.) Chiefly confined to zoological anthropology and phylology. Regards man as a distinct genus, consisting of several species or races. Advocates polygenism, the Darwinian theory and the high antiquity of man. 1865 Bendyshe, Thomas. The history of anthropology. {In Anthropolog- ical society of London. Memoirs. London, 1865. V. 1, p. 335-458). "Anthropology, or the science of man, is that science w?iich deals with all phenomena exhibited by collective man, and by him alone, which are capable of being reduced to law." Hunt, James. President's address. {In Journal of the Anthro- pological society of London. London, 1865. v. 3, p. Ixxxv-cxii.) Gives a brief history of the terms anthropology, ethnology and ethnography, showing that the first mentioned is the oldest and better known of the three. Quotes "Encyclopedie des I04 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1865 gens du monde" of 1833: "Anthropology embraces, ist. The knowledge of the structure of the body and of its parts. 2d, The knowledge of the functions of the body and of its parts. 3rd, The knowledge of the dietic rules to preserve health. 4th, The knowledge of the faculties of the soul and of the mind and of their relations With the body." The author believes that the word ethnology had better be expunged from the nomenclature of anthropological sciences. He proposes the following terms: (i) Historical anthropology, for what has also been called human palaeontology or of late paleoanthro- pology; (2) Descriptive anthropology for what "French wri- ters have hitherto called ethnography"; (3) Comparative an- thropology, for what "recent English and American writers have called ethnology," covering "the science of human races." Huxley, Thomas Henry. On the methods and results of ethnology. (/« his Scientific memoirs. London, 1901. v. 3, p. 121- 124.) From Proc. of the Royal inst. of Great Britain, vol. iv, p. 461-63. June, 1865. "Anthropology is that branch of zoology which is specially concerned with man. Ethnology is the more special science which determines the distinctive characters of the persistent modifications of mankind, ascertains the distribution of these modifications in present and past times, and searches after the causes or conditions of existence, both of the modifications and of their distribution." Labarthe, Charles de. Esquisse d'un tableau preparatoire genesiaque pour I'etablissement d'un programme scientifique de I'ethnographie. {In Societe d'ethnographie. Actes. Paris, 1865. v. 5, p. 146 fol.) cop. Prideaux, T. S. On the principles of ethnology. {In Ethnological society of London. Transactions. London, 1865. n. s. V. 3, p. 408-417.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. IO5 1865 "Ethnology to become a science must be based on induc- tion. A great quantity of facts relating to the physical and mental differences presented by mankind have, of late years, been collected by the praiseworthy industry of observers. . . . [but] we have no hesitation in expressing the opinion that the foundation stone of a durable and scientific edifice, embodying the laws of ethnology, has yet to be laid." Schmidt, Karl. Die Anthropologic. Die Wissenschaft vom Men- schen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung und auf ihrem gegenwartigen Standpunkte. ... 2. ganzlich umgearb. Auflage der "Anthropologischen Briefe." Dresden, L. Ehlermann [1865]. 2 v. illus., 2 pi. 22 cm. Contents: — i. Theil. Einleitung und Geschichte der An- thropologic. 2. Theil. A. Naturleben und Menschenleben. B. Das Gattungswesen des Menschen: I. Die Somatologie (Ana- tomic, Physiologic) ; II. Die Psychologic ; III. Die Entwick- lung der Menschheit und des Einzelmenschen. C. Die Species der Menschheit : I. Die Entwicklung des Erdorganismus. 11. Die Menschenrassen nach ihrer Physis und Psyche. III. Die Volker. D. Die Individualitaten der Menschheit. 1866 Hunt, James. Address delivered at the third anniversary meet- ing of the Anthropological society of London. (In Journal of the Anthropological society of London. London, 1866. v. 4, p. lix-lxxxi.) The author proposes to add a new division to the three recommended by him in 1865. This would make Anthropology consist of "(l) Archaic anthropology, or the past history of man, from his physical remains and works. (2) Historical anthropology, or the past history of mankind, as deduced from mythology, creeds, superstitions, language, traditions, etc. (3) Descriptive anthropology, or the description of man and mankind. (4) Comparative anthropology, or the comparison of different men and different races of men with one another in the first place, and a comparison of man with the lower animals in the second." I06 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1866 Nieto Serrano, Matias. Address as president of the Spanish anthropolog- ical society. (In the Anthropological review. Lon- don, 1866. V. 4, p. 186-197.) "Anthropology is the study of human nature, not of nature alone or humanity alone, it is the synthesis of both ideas — Man is, in fact, the object of our studies; not man in the abstract as separated from nature, but as bound up with her, living and breathing." 1867 Broca, Pierre Paul. Broca on anthropology (In the Anthropological review. London, 1867-68. v. 5, p. 193-204 and v. 6, p. 35-52.) Translated from Nouveau diet, encyclopedique des sciences medicales. "Anthropology is that science which has for its object the study of the human group considered in its ensemble, in its details and in its relation to the rest of nature. .. .We may bring all the studies relating to the knowledge of the human group under three heads, (i) It is first necessary to deter- mine the position of this group in the series of creatures., .[i. e.] Zoological anthropology. (2) The human group once characterised, circumscribed, and classed as a group in its ensemble must then be considered by itself; it must be divided and subdivided, and each of these partial groups must be studied separately. This constitutes Descriptive anthropology. Numerous physiological differences coincide with the physical differences... {2) :■ -General anthropology, which has for its object the study of the human group in its ensemble." The latter includes comparative anatomy, physiology, psychology and pathology of races; anthropometry, vital statistics, en- vironment, acclimatization, heredity, antiquity of man, poly- genism and monogerjism, etc. It is in short the biology of the human species, while the second division confines itself to the description of the various races, their physical, intellectual and social peculiarities, borrowing part of its data from eth- nography or the description of peoples. It has also been termed ethnology. BIBLIOGRAPHY. I07 1867 Broca, Pierre Paul. Anthropologic. ( In his Memoires d'anthropolo- gie. Paris, 1871-88. v. 1, p. 1-41.) Reprinted from Dictionnaire encyclopedique des sciences medicales, v. 5, p. 276 fol. See English translation of 1867. Wallace, Alfred Russel. Anthropology; address. {In British association for the adv. of science. Report. London, 1867. p. 93-94 of Notes and abstracts.) "Anthropology is the science which contemplates man under all his varied aspects (as an animal, and as a moral and in- tellectual being) in his relations to lower organisms, to his fellow men, and to the universe. The anthropologist seeks to collect together and systematize the facts and the laws, which have been brought to light by all those branches of study which, directly or indirectly, have man for their object" The physiologist, the comparative anatomist and zoologist, the psychologist, etc., each furnishes part of the needed material. 1868 Davis, Joseph Barnard. Anthropology and ethnology {In the Anthropo- logical review. London, 1868. v. 6, p. 394-399.) A plea for the amalgamation of the Anthropological and Ethnological societies of London and for the retention of the term Anthropological for the new society. 1869 Jeffries, John P. The natural history of the human races. .. .New York. Printed for the author by E. O. Jenkins, 1869. 380 p. col. front., illus., col. plates. 24 cm. Contents : — Antiquity of man. — Distribution of man. — The earth's crust. — Physical man. — Natural history of man. — [De- scription of the various races and types] The social nature of man. — Man morally considered. I08 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1870 Grandesso-Silvestri, Olinto. Critica e teorica delle scienze antropologiche. {In Gazzetta medica italiana, Provincie venete. Padova, 1870. V. 13, p. 313-316.) A plea for the use of statistical methods in anthropology. Wake, Charles Staniland. The aim and scope of anthropology. {In Journal of anthropology. London, 1870-71. p. 1-18.) The author approves of Mr. L. Owen Pike's statement : "Without psychology there is no anthropology." But "it is with the products of thought, and not with the laws of its operation, that the science of man is especially concerned." They embrace social phenomena, language, religion, and mor- als, and while physical anthropology may be of greater value as an aid to external classification, the former line of research is of greater absolute importance for the science of man, classification not being the ultimate aim of anthropology. The author does not regard the question of the origin of man as very important, and it cannot be solved by anthropology alone. This science has to do with man only after his appearance with the structure and faculties which constitute him man. 1871 Bray, Charles. A manual of anthropology, or Science of man, based on modern research. London, Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1871. xxiii, 358 p. 17^ cm. Contents : — In the beginning, — Man. — Morality. — Physics and metaphysics. — Religion. — Sociology. — Summary and con- clusions. 2d ed. London, 1883. Rokitansky, Carl, Freiherr von. Eroffnungsrede, gehalten in der constituirenden Versammlung der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien am 13. Februar 1870. {In Mittheilungen BIBLIOGRAPHY. lOQ 1871 der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Wien, 1871. V. 1, p. 1-10.) "Die Aufgabe der Anthropologie ist die Nattirgescliiclite des Mensclien. . . .Ihre wesentlichsten Grundlagen siiid die Anatomie und Physiologic ; in ihnen muss sich jede Beob- achtung vertiefen, alles was der Mensch anstrebt und schafft, an materiellen und geistigen Erzeugnissen, muss in ihnen be- griindet werden." Anthropologists were at first chiefly interested in the study of the human body and the human mind ; the great discov- eries next brought ethnography into vogue ; and with the great revival of natural science archaeology claimed the share of their attention. The author divides the science into (i) Zo- ological anthropology; (2) Comparative anthropology, com- prising the science of races and also ethnology; (3) A branch dealing with the questions of monogenism and polygenism, influence of climate and surroundings, etc. ; (4) The early history of man. — ^Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive culture : researches into the develop- ment of mythology, philosophy, religion, art and custom.. . .London, J. Murray, 1871. 2 v. 22 cm. The author regards the present work, a continuation of his "Researches into the early history of mankind," as a study in Rational ethnography, which he defines as "the investigation of the causes, which have produced the phenomena of culture, and the laws to which they are subordinate." 2d ed., 1873; 1st American from the 2d English, Boston, 1874. 3d edition revised, 1891 ; 4th ed, 1903. German translation, Leipzig, 1873; French tr., Paris, 1876-1878; translated also into Russian and Polish. 1872 Turner, Sir William. Anthropology; address. {In British association for the adv. of science. Report. London, 1872. p. 145-147 of Notices and abstracts.) no BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1872 Anthropology embraces the nature and constitution of phys- ical, psychical and moral man; it studies the differences and resemblances between man and other beings, his habits and language, his history, past, present and future. 1873 Fox, Augustus Lane. Anthropology ; address {In British association for the adv. of science. Report. London, 1873. p. 157-174 of Notices and abstracts.) Advocates the forming of special societies, to be regarded as branch sections of anthropology, devoted to (i) Proto- historic or biblical archaeology; (2) Prehistoric archeology; (3) Philology; (4) Biology, including psychology and com- parative anatomy, in so far as it relates to man; (s) Deserip- tive ethnology. 1874 Ecker, Alexander. Perty, Maximilian. Die anthropologie. {In Ar- chiv fiir anthropologie. Braunschweig, 1874. v. 7, p. 144-145.) "Unter 'Anthropologie' hat man bekanntlich im Laufe der Zeit sehr Verschiedenes verstanden. Als das Wort zuerst gebraucht wurde, verstand man darunter insbesondere die Lehre von der physischen Natur des Menschen, vsfobei man bald mehr den Bau (Anatomie), bald mehr die Lebens- ausserungen (Physiologic) im Auge hatte. Spater, am Ende des vorigen und Anfang dieses Jahrhunderts, war es dagegen die Psychologic, die sich fast ausschliesslich dieses Namens bemachtigte. Beidemal war es aber das menschliche Indi- viduum, mit welchem sich die Anthropologie beschaftigte. Die heutige Anthropologie aber hat es mit der Menschheit, d. h. mit der Gattung, Ordnung, Classe, Reich : Mensch, wie man die Abtheilung nun...nennen mag, zu thun und wird am ersten durch den Begriff: Naturgeschichte oder Zoologie der Menschheit gedeckt. — Der Verfasser. . .hat in dem ersten Band desselben die Anthropologie in dem altern Sinn, d. h. als Lehre vom menschlichen Individuum behandelt." See entry for Perty, 1874. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ill 1874 Ecker, Alexander. Die Zwecke der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur An- thropologic, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. (In Correspondenz-Blatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte [ Jahr- gang 1870]. Braunschweig, 1874. p. 41-44 and 49-53.) Defines anthropology as the natural history or zoology of man. It deals first of all with the position of man in nature. Next comes the investigation of the distinguishing traits of races, tribes and peoples. This second division may be called "comparative anthropology, science of races, Volkerkunde, ethnology or ethnography." The third division is archaeology (Urgeschichte) . Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August. Anthropogenic ; oder Entwickelungsgeschichte dcs Menschen. Keimes- und Stammes-gcschichte.... 5. umgearb. und verm. Aufl. Leipzig, W. Engel- mann, 1903. 2 v. illus., 30 pi., tables. 25 cm. 1st ed. 1874. Haeckel, Ernst H'einrich Philipp August. The evolution of man: a popular exposition of the principal points of human ontogeny and phylo- geny. . : . London, C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1879. 2 v. illus., plates. 19^ cm. Perty, Joseph Anton Maximilian. Die Anthropologic air die Wissenschaft von dam korperlichen und geistigen Wesen des Menschen. . . Leipzig und Heidelberg, C. F. Winter, 1874. 2 v. 23 cm. Contents: — i. Bd. Von dem menschlichen Individuum: Das Korperleben ; Das Geistesleben. — 2. Bd. Von der menschlichen 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1874 Gattung: Die Entstehung des Menschengesclilechtes und seine Ausbreitung in Rassen und Volker ; Die Kulturentwicklung der Menschheit. "Die Anthropologic im umfassendsten Sinn ist die Wissen- schaft von der Gesammterscheinung des menschlichen Wesens nach seiner raumlichen Ausbreitung iiber die Erde und seiner zeitlichen Entwicklung. Somatologie und Psychologie, prag- matische und theologische Anthropologie, Ethnographic und Culturgcschichte, etc., sind nur Theile der Wissenschaft vom Mcnschen." 1875 Gerland, Georg Karl Cornelius. Anthropologische Beitrage. Halle, Lippert, 1875. V p., 1 1., 424 p. 22 cm. "Definiert die Anthropologie als 'die Lehre von der mensch- lichen Gattung' ; sie ist nach ihm 'zugleich erschopfende Natur- geschichte der menschlichen Gattung, zugleich reale Grundlage der Philosophie' . . . 'Mit der Ethnologic, der Lehre vom Wesen der Volker [das zweite Gebiet der Anthropologie] steht im nachsten untrennbaren Zusammenhange die Ethnographic, die Lehre von der jetzigen Verbreitung der Menschen auf Erden, von der Art und Zeit ihrer Verbreitung. . .Sie ist also wenn man will, die Statistik der Ethnologic, die geographische Seite der Volkerkunde.' " M. Winternitz in Globus, v. 78. "Naturwissenschaftlich dehnt sie (die Anthropologie) zu- vorderst, was die Anatomie, die Physiologic, und zum Teil auch die Pathologic am Individuum betrachtet, aus auf die Menschheit im Ganzen ; sie ist also eine Anatomie, Physio- logic u. s. w. der Gattung. Sic vcrgleicht, sie misst..." Wilde, Sir William Robert Wills. Address to the Department of anthropology. {In British association for the adv. of science. Report. London, 1875. p. 116-128 of Notices and abstracts.) "Anthropology, the science of man, so called ; his origin, age and distribution on our globe, his physical conformation and susceptibility of cultivation ; his various forms of speech ; his laws, habits, manners, customs, weapons, and tools; his BIBLIOGRAPHY. II3 1875 archaic markings, as also his pictorial remains ; his tombs ; ideographic and phonetic or alphabetic writing, down to his present culture in different countries; and his manufactures, arts, and degrees of intelligence in his different phases of life throughout the world, — all are presented for investigation by this section of the association." Special subject: The early races who peopled Ireland. 1876 Dressier, Oscar. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie zum Unterricht an hoheren Schulen sowie zur Selbstbelehrung. Leip- zig, J. Klinkhardt, 1876-79. 2 v. illus. 21 cm. Contents: — I. Th. Somatologie: i. Abschnitt: Anatomic. 2. Abschnitt : Physiologic. The "II. Theil," to include Psychology, apparently never published. The work as issued is nothing but a textbook in human anatomy and physiology. The two in conjunction with psychology are regarded as branches of General anthro- pology. Special anthropology would, according to the author, deal with man as a whole. Hovelacque, Abel. Ethnologic et ethnographic (In Societe d'anthro- pologie de Paris. Bulletins. Paris, 1876. 2d ser., V. 11, p. 298-300.) "Le sujet de 1' etude de I'ethnologie et de I'ethnographie est done un sujet general, celui des populations de la terre...Si I'ethnographie est la description particuliere des populations, I'ethnologie est done I'etude beaucoup plus generale des popu- lations." Nuova enciclopedia italiana. 6. ed. Torino, 1876- 88. vol. 1. Antropologia (scienz. nat.) Anthropology is the natural history of man, being the high- est section of zoology. It draws its material from many sci- 1 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1876ences: from anatomy and physiology, which deal with the structure and functions of the human body; from psychology, which investigates the faculties of the mind; from philology, ethics, political economy, history and paleoethnology. Nuova enciclopedia italiana. 6. ed. Torino, 1876- 88. vol. 8 (1879). Etnografia. (Antrop.) Ethnography deals with the origin, physical form, intel- lectual condition, morals and religion of the various peoples of the earth. In its narrower sense it is treated as a branch of ethnology, confining itself to the mere description of the various nations, classing them in families and groups. The other branch is ethnogcny, whose task is the investigation of their entangled origin. The former might be called geo- graphical or descriptive ethnology, the latter geological eth- nography or archaeological ethnology. There are two schools of ethnologists, one basing its classification of peoples on anatomical characters, the other on language. — Peschel, Oscar Ferdinand. The races of man and their geographical distribu- tion. From the German of Oscar Peschel. London, H. S. King & Co., 1876. xiv p., 1 1., 528 p. 20 cm. Contents: — Introduction (Man's place in creation; unity or plurality, place of origin; antiquity of the human race). — Physical characters. — Linguistic characters. — Industrial, social and religious phases of development. — The races of mankind : Australians, Papuans, Mongols, Dravidas, Hottentots and Bushmen, Negroes, Mediterranean nations. — Volkerkunde. 7. Aufl. Unveranderter Abdruck des Urtextes. Leipzig, Duncker und Hum- blot, 1897. xiv, 570 p. illus. 23 cm. 1st ed. 1874. Topinard, Paul. L'anthropologie. Avec preface du professeur Paul Broca. ... Paris, Reinwald et Cie., 1876. 8°. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 15 1876 (Bibliotheque des sciences contemporaines, t. 3.) 4th ed. Paris, 1884. German translation. Leipzig, 1886-88. 2d ed. 1888. -^ Topinard, Paul. Anthropology. . . . Translated by Robert T. H. Bartley. . . . London, Chapman and Hall ; Philadel- phia, J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1878. xvi, 548 p. 20 cm. "For ourselves, we regard anthropology and ethnology as two different aspects of the study of man; two distinct sci- ences..., enjoying an independent existence, but always hav- ing, a unity of design. The former occupies itself with man and the races of mankind. . .The latter only concerns itself with such peoples and tribes as geography and history hand over to us, and is divided into two parts — ethnography ... and ethnology." See fuller quotation un'der ethnology in Part i. Topinard, Paul. Anthropologic, ethnologic et ethnographic. {In Societe d'anthropologie dc Paris. Bulletins. Paris, 1876. 2d ser., v. 11, p. 199-215.) "L'etude des races et I'etude des peuples forment done deux sujets differents auxquels des noms speciaux conviennent. La premiere. . .est de I'anthropologie au meme titre que celle qualifiee par M. Broca de zoologique ; la seconde repond a ce que W. Edwards et la Societe de Londres designaient comme etant I'ethnologie. Mais, objectera-t-on, le mot fait double emploi avec celui A'ethnograpliie. Non, car il y a deux faQons de considerer les peuples: i° chacun d'eux en particulier; 2° tous ou plusieurs a la fois, afin d'en degager les caracteres plus ou moins communs, les traits differentiels. . . C'est dans ce dernier sens, en effet, qu'il faut considerer le mot ethnologic." In the following discussion Broca defends his own con- ception of ethnology as synonymous with special anthropology, the study of human races. Il6 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1877 Oberlander, Richard. Der Mensch vormals und heute. Abstammung, Alter, Urheimat und Vcibreitung der menschlichen Rassen. Eine Volkerkunde fiir Alt und Jung. Leip- zig, O. Spamer [1877]. viii, 311 p. incl. front., illus. plates. 22 cm. "Mit den Formenverhaltnissen des Menschen, mit dem Menschen als Exemplar der zoologischen Art homo, mit der geistigen und korperlichen Entwickelung des Menschenge- schlechts, befasst sich die Mensclienkunde, die Anthropologic. ...Wir gehen nun zur Volkerkunde, zur Ethnologic iibcr, die den Menschen als ein zu einer bestimmten, auf Sitte und Herkommen beruhenden, durch geraeinsame Sprache geein- ten Gesellschaft gehorendes Individuum auffasst. . . .Eine der grossten Aufgaben der Volkerkunde besteht darin, zu unter- suchen, in welcher verwandtschaftlichen Beziehung die Volker hinsichtlich ihrer korperlichen Merkmale, ihrcr Sprache und ihrer Sitten miteinander stehen. . . . Endlich beschaftigt sich die Ethnologie mit dem Kulturzustande der Volker, welcher fiir die Eintheilung derselben in Gruppen Bedeutung hat." Quatrefages de Breau, Jean Louis Armand de. L'espece humaine. . . .3. ed. Paris, G. Bailliere et Cie., 1877. 2 p. 1., 368 p. 22 cm. (Bibliotheque scientifique internationale. xxiii.) 1st ed. 1877. — The human species. 2d ed. London, C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1881. X, 498 p. 19 cm. (International scientific series, v. 26.) 1st English ed. 1879. Rosny, Leon de. Quelques mots sur la definition de I'ethnologie et de I'ethnogenie. {In Societe d'ethnographie. An- nuaire. 1877. Paris, 1877. p. 45-52.) "L'ethnograpie est I'etude physique, morale et intellectuelle de I'humanite. . . .L'anthropologie est avant tout une science BIBLIOGRAPHY. II7 1877 naturelle qui, suivant I'etymologie de son nom...traite de I'etude de rhomme comme chef de Techelle animale et comme I'etre le plus parfait dans I'ordre psychologique. . . L'ethnologie s'occupe des modifications introduites dans les groupes de populations par les influences exterieures, par celles des milieux, c'est-a-dire par le climat, la situation geographique, le mode de nourriture, et par tout ce qui, dans les moeurs et les institutions, pent contribuer a alterer le type primitif et les caracteres essentiels de la race. En un mot, l'ethnologie est la science naturelle des societes.. . .Quand a I'ethnogenie. . . c'est la science qui s'occupe de la recherche des origines et des migrations des races." Topinard, Paul. L'art et Tanthropologie. (In Association fran- gaise pour I'avancement des sciences. Compte- rendu. Paris, 1877. p. 618-623.) Insists on the value of the study of anthropology for the artist. Speaks of anthropology as the higher unity that in- cludes and connects the study of physical man, social man, and man in his connection with the rest of nature. It deals with man in his totality, his anatomy, physiology, psychology, archaeology and ethnology. No science has a wider scope or a greater future. 1879 Huxley, Thomas Henry. Address to the Department of anthropology. (In British association for the adv. of science. Report. London, 1879. p. 573-578.) On various aspects of the study of man. "What we call the phenomena of intelligence. . .are phenomena following a definite casual order just as capable of scientific examination, and of being reduced to definite law, as are all those phe- nomena which we call physical. .. .The consideration of man, so far as his instincts lead him to construct a social economy, is a legitimate and proper part of anthropology." Similarly with the natural history of religion. 1 18 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1879 Miiller, Friedrich. Allgemeine Ethnographic. ... 2. umgearb. und bedeutend verm. Auflage. Wien, A. Holder, 1879. XV, 621 p. 22 cm. "Die Ethnographie oder Ethnologic, deutsch 'Volkerkunde,' ist die Wissenschaft vom Menschen, als Fote.j-Individuum betrachtet. Sie unterscheidet sich wesentlich von der An- thropologie, der Wissenschaft vom Menschen als Mensch, d. h. als einheitliches, sinnlich-verniinftiges Natur-lndivi- duum." 1st cd. 1873. Topinard, Paul. De la notion de race en anthropologic. (In Revue d'anthropologie. Paris, 1879. 2d ser., v. 2, p. 589- 660.) "L'anthropologie se partage en deux parties : I'anthropologie generale, qui traite de I'homme dans son ensemble et dans ses rapports avec les groupes zoologiques voisins, et Tanthro- pologie speciale qui traite des races. Mais celle-ci a un syno- nyme, I'ethnologie, et en 1876 j'avais des doutes sur la pro- priete du nom. Avec les linguistes je faisais remarquer qu'ethnos qui en grec signifie peuple, et est pris en ce sens dans ethnographie, veut dire peuple et non race dans ethno- logie. Aujourd'hui apres I'etude a laquelle je viens de me livrer, je fais amende honorable, et j'avoue que I'ethnologie est bien nommee parceque pour arriver mix races elle etudie en effet les peuples.. . .Les races se determinent essentiellement par leurs types physiques ; mais leurs types physiologiques et leurs types pathologiques sont aussi a considerer, eniin leurs parente, leurs migrations, leurs croisements se retracent par I'histoire, les traditions, I'archeologie, les langues, les religions, les usages." 1880 Dally, Eugene. De 'a place de l'anthropologie dans les sciences. Reponse a M. Wyrouboff. {In Revue d'anthropo- . logie de Paris. Paris, 1880. 2d ser., v. 3, p. 414- 423.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. I IQ 1880 "Jusqu'a ce jour I'anthropologie ii'a eu aucune pretention dogmatique. Elle est restee sur le terrain des faits. Le jour oil elle se sentira en mesure d'aborder la science abstraite, elle .representera la sociologie avec une autorite qu'aucune construction ne pourra contre-balancer, et cela parcequ'il a manque aux constructeurs les materiaux necessaires a I'oeu- vre." 1881 Diiben, Gustaf Wilhelm Johan von. Etnografi. (In Nordisk familjebok.. . .Stockholm, 1876— V. 4 (1881).) Ethnography is the description of man, regarded as a social being. It covers his physical, as well as his psychical char- acteristics, his activity, his relations to the surroundings and to other persons and groups, his customs, implements, morals, etc. No distinct line of demarcation can be drawn between ethnography and ethnology, and the two sciences furthermore frequently overlap with anthropology. — Featherman, Americus. Social history of the races of mankind. . . . London, Triibner & Co., 1881-91. 7 v. 23 cm. No more published. "The 'social history of the races of mankind,' considered in its entirety, is neither an ethnology nor an anthropology, in the technical sense of these words. .. .This work is essentially a history of human society, or a history of universal civilisa- tion. . .it may be considered as a manual of sociology, a science as yet non-existent." Topinard, Paul. Les sciences anthropologiques. (In Revue scien- tifique. Paris, 1881. v. 27, p. 19-25.) The views held are, with slight variations, those set forth in his Elements d'anthropologie generale, 1885. Archjeology, history, geography, linguistics and demography are regarded as accessory anthropological sciences. ^ Tyler, Edward Burnett. Anthropology : an introduction to the study of 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1881 man and civilization. .. .New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1881. XV, 448 p. illus. IQi^ cm. Contents : — Man, ancient and modern.^Man and other an- imals. — Races of mankind. — Language. — Language and race. — Writing. — Arts of life : tools, dwellings, fire, cookery, dress, etc. — Arts of pleasure. — Science. — The spirit-world. — History and mythology. — Society. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1904. xv, 448 p. illus. I9yi cm. (International scien- tific series, v. 62.) Edition de luxe. New York, J. A. Hill & Co., 1904. 1 p. 1., viii, 347 p. front, (port.) illus. 23 cm. (New science library, v. 9.) 1882 Fletcher, Robert. Paul Broca and the French school of anthropol- ogy. (In the Saturday lectures. . .delivered under the auspices of the Anthropological and Biological societies of Washington.. .1882. Washington, 1882. p. 112-142.) Gives the history of the establishment of the leading ethno- logical and anthropological societies of Europe and America, with a list of their chief publications. "Ethnology is the sci- ence which treats of the races of man. Linnasus and Buffon were its chief founders, but Blumenbach moulded it into the shape which it yet preserves.. . .It classifies mankind according to certain resemblances of features, color, hair, dress, weapons and the like ; anthropology takes his anatomical structure as the basis of comparison. Broca speaking of the two says : 'Ethnologists regard man as the primitive element of tribes, races, and peoples. The anthropologist looks at him as a member of the fauna of the globe, belonging to the zoological classification, and subject to the same laws as the rest of the animal kingdom.' " Hellwald, Friedrich Anton Heller von. Naturgeschichte des Menschen.. . .Stuttgart, W. Spemann [1882-85]. 2 v. illus., plates; 24j4 cm. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 121 1882 "Die Volkerkunde bewegt sich allerdings noch in den An- fangsperioden ihres Werdens, und da ist es denn uberaus er- klarlich, dass wir noch nicht zu einem feststehenden ethno- logischen Systeme gelangt sind. . . . Ich lege das Hauptgewicht auf die kulturelle Stufe der einzelnen Volker und Stamme. ... Die europaischen Kulturnationen sind... nicht einbezogen, da sie bei gleich ausfiihrlicher Behandlung wie die iibrigen Teile den Gegenstand eines eigenen umfangreichen Buches bilden miissten." Vol. 6 of the Standard natural history, edited by Kingsley, Boston, 1884-1885, is founded on this work. Le Bon, Gustave. L'anthropologie actuelle et I'Aude des races. (In Revue scientifique. Paris, 1882. v. 28, p. 772-782.) A severe criticism of the prevailing anthropological meth- ods, especially the use of average or mean in statistics, for which the author would substitute his centesimal curves. Ex- isting anthropology is little more than a branch of comparative osteology, dealing with the variations of the skull in the different human races. "If we want to get a thorough knowl- edge of the human races and a clear idea of the successive stages of the evolution of the family, of property, morals, creeds, institutions, arts, industries, etc., it will be necessary to proceed by methods, which have nothing in common with those in vogue at present." The author seems to regard ethnical psychology as the most important branch of anthro- pology. He expressly excludes archaeology, linguistics, med- ical geography, and demography from the scope of the science. Mason, Otis Tufton. What is anthropology? (In the Saturday lectures ...delivered under the auspices of the Anthropo- logical and Biological societies of Washington... 1882. Washington, 1882. p. 25-43.) Recognizes the following subdivisions: I. Aitthi-opogeny, dealing with the origin of man, the time and location of that event, etc. II. Archeology. III. Anthropobiology, dealing with the human species as a member of the animal kingdom. 122 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1882 IV. Ethnography and ethnology, the former describing the races of man, the latter being the corresponding deductive science. V. Psychology, dealing with mind in the lower ani- mals and in man, its relation to the brain and its various manifestations in different races. VL Glossology, linguistics or philology, dealing with the origin of language, its funda- mental types, and the recording of speech. VII. Technology. VIII. Sociology. IX. Comparative mythology. X. Hexiology, the science of the relations of the physical universe and social environment to human history, migrations, etc. Also in Smithsonian report for 1882. 1883 Bertillon, Louis Adolphe, and others. Dictionnaire des sciences anthropologiques ; ana- tomie, craniol<^ie, archeologie prehistorique, ethno- graphie (moeurs, arts, industrie) demographie, langues, religions. ... Paris, O. Doin [1883-89] 4 p. 1., 1128 p. 29 cm. Comprises anatomical and physiological anthropology, com- parative psychology of races, sociology, paleoethnology, myth- ology, demography, linguistics, etc., etc. The term Sociology is regarded as synonymous with Ethnology. Hovelacque, Abel. Ethnographic. {In Dictionnaire des sciences an- thropologiques. Paris, 1883-89.) "Ce mot est usite generalement avec celui d'ethnologie, et dans la raeme sens. II y a ici une erreur. 'Ethnologic,' terme dont on pourrait fort bien se passer, est synonyme de socio- logie.. . .Q\i3.r\\. a 'ethnographic,' il veut dire: description par- ticuliere des races et des peuples. . . L'ethnologie a un domaine plus genera! que I'ethnographie. Elle embrasse I'histoire et la culture des differentes races et degage de cette comparai- son le tableau de la civilisation. — Voir sociologie." Letourneau, Charles Jean Marie. Anthropologic {In Dictionnaire des sciences an- thropologiques. Paris, 1883-89.) The chief subdivisions of Anthropology are Anatomical and Physiological anthropology. Linguistics and Sociology. The BIBLIOGRAPHY. 123 1883 two first mentioned branches cover the physical side of man, the two latter the psychical, being a kind of comparative psy- chology of human races and peoples. Other divisions are General ethnography, which studies the distribution of man on the surface of the earth. Prehistoric archKology, and finally General anthropology, dealing with the origin of man and of his varieties or races, the influence of climate and surround- ings, etc. Mason, Otis Tufton. An account of progress in anthropology in the year 1881. Washington, Gov't printing ofiSce, 1883. 1 p. .1., 27 p. 23 cm. From the Smithsonian report for 1881. The author retains the subdivisions proposed in his lecture of 1882. "The description of mankind, race by race, may be called Ethnography. All discussions concerning race and the causes leading to race distinctions should be named Ethnol- ogy." He also presents a tentative scheme of nomenclature "in order to ascertain the opinion of anthropologists as to its merits." THE SCIENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY. OBSERVING AND INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE STAGE CLASSIFYING STAGE PREDICTIVE STAGE Anthropography Anthropology Anthroponomy Archaeography . Archaeology Archa:onomy Biography Biology Bionomy f Psychography Psychology [ Psychonomy or or or Phrenography Phrenology [ Phrenonomy Ethnography Ethnology Ethnonomy Glossography Glossology Glossonomj Technography Technology Technonomy Sociography Sociology Socionomy Pneumatography ' Pneumatology Pneumatonomy or or or • Daimonography ■ Dairaonology ■ Daimononomy or or or Mythography Mythology Mythonomy Hexiography Hexiology Hexionomy 124 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1883 "Anthropogeny" is left undifferentiated. The ending "geny" might, says the author, be appHed also to some of the other terms, thus giving four columns instead of three. 1884 Bastian, Philipp Wilhelm Adolf. Allgemeine Grundziige der Ethnologic Pro- legomena zur Begriindung einer naturwissenschaft- lichen Psychologie auf dem Material des Volkerge- dankens. Berlin, D. Reimer, 1884. xxxii, 144 p. 24 cm. "Der Umfang der Ethnologie wird sich, fur den augen- blicklichen Stand eigentlich in negativer Form nur, geben lassen, indem eine Volkerkunde unser gesammtes Wissen von der Menschenwelt zu umfassen hatte, soweit dasselbe nicht in dem Bereiche der Geschichtsvolker einbegriffen ist, fiir die Aspekten in Technik, Kunst, Wissenschaft, Politik, Religion und alien ihren Nebenfachern." "Die Geschichtsvolker kommen nach Bastian nur in Be- tracht, soweit es sich um archaistische Reste handelt, fiir welche es bei den Naturvolkern Parallelen giebt." M. Winter- nitz in Globus, v. 78. Cels, Alphonse. Elements d'anthropologie ; notion de I'homme comme organisme vivant et classification des sciences anthropologiques fondamentales". Tome 1. Bruxelles, Vve J. Rozez, 1884. 2 p. 1., viii, 202 p. ZSyi cm. Partial Contents : — L'homme ; organisation de sa nature, etc. — Le corps humain (somatologie). Part 2 is going to include : "L'esprit humain" and "L'homme comme etre generateur." Flower, William Henry. On the aims and prospects of the study of anthro- pology. (In Joural of the Anthrop. institute of Gt. Brit. . and Ireland. London, 1884. v. 13, p. 488-501.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 25 1884 "Ethnology is the study of peoples and races, including their physical characters, their intellectual and moral develop- ment, their languages, social customs, opinions and beliefs ; their origin, history, migrations and present geographical dis- tribution. These subjects may be treated of under two as- pects : first by a consideration of the general laws by which the modifications in all these characters are determined and regulated, i. e. general ethnology; secondly by the study and description of the races themselves, i. e. special ethnology or ethnography. Anthropology has a far wider scope. It investigates man's origin and his relations to the rest of the universe. It invokes the aid of the sciences of zoology, com- parative anatomy, and physiology. It includes the study of comparative psychology, of prehistoric archaeology and of eth- nology as defined above. Physical, mental and moral char- acters, language, social customs, arts, etc., all contribute to our knowledge of the natural classification of the races of man." Also in Nature, v. 29, p. 319-22 and in Popular science monthly, v. 25, p. 605-609. Grassmann, Robert. Die Menschenlehre und die Verkehrslehre, oder die Anthropologic und die Agathologie. Stettin, Grassmann, 1884. viii, xvi, 432 p. 8°. (In his Das Gebaude des Wissens, 5. Bd., 1. Teil.) cop. Herve, Henri Georges. L'anthropologie anatomique. (In I'Homme. Paris, 1884. V. 1, p. 225-230.) "L'anatomie a son domaine propre, qui comprend I'etude statique des etres organises . . . s'appliquant a des etres vivant ou ayant vecu, l'anatomie se rattache a la science generale de la vie, a la biologic : elle y conserve neanmoins son autonomic .... L'anthropologie anatomique ne cherche pas a decrire en detail I'individu, ou, si elle I'etudie, c'est en tant que faisant partie d'un groupe dont il importe d'abord d'etablir les caracteres generaux, pour distinguer ensuite, parmi ces caracteres, ceux qui lui sont communs avec d'autres groupes animaux de ceux qui lui sont propres." 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1884 L'Homtne, journal illustre des sciences anthropo- logiques, Paris, 1884 — 8°. Programme (in vol. 1.) Les sciences anthropologiques ont pour but la connaissance complete de I'homme. Ellas comprennent : 1°. L'anthropologie proprement dite ou histoire naturelle de I'homme se composant de : rembryologie, la biologie, la physiologie psychologique et I'anatomie humaines. Auxquelles il faut ajouter I'anatomie comparee de I'homme et des ani- maux. 2°. La paleoethnologie ou prehistorique : origine et anti- quite de I'homme. 3°. L'ethnologie : Distribution des hommes sur le globe. — Etude de leurs mceurs et habitudes. 4°. La sociologie : relations des hommes entre eux et avec les autres animaux. 5°. La linguistique : formation du langage. Rapport et filia- tion des langues. — Legendes et chants populaires. 6°. La mythologie: developpement de la religiosite. — For- mation, histoire et influence des religions. 7°. La geographic medicale : actions des climats et des phenomenes atmospheriques. — Pathologic geographique et eth- nographique. 8°. La demographic: renseignements humains divers four- nis par la statistique. Lotze, Rudolf Hermann. Ideen zur Naturgeschichte und Geschichte der Menschheit. Versuch einer Anthropologie. . . . 4.. Aufl. Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1884-88. 3 v. 19i4 cm. Contents:— I. Bd. Der Leib.— 2. Bd. Der Mensch. Der Geist. Der Welt Lauf.— 3. Bd. Die Geschichte. Der Fort- schritt. Der Zusammenhang der Dinge. English translation in 2 v., Edinburgh, 1885. Manouvrier, Leonce. L'ethnologie et I'ethnographie dans l'anthropo- logie. (In I'Homme. Paris, 1884. v. 1, p. 161-171.) "L'anthropologie est la science concrete, descriptive et com- parative de I'homme... .L'ethnographie et l'ethnologie different BIBLIOGRAPHY. 12"] 1884 par leur methode qui est descriptive pour I'une et comparative pour I'autre. Mais toutes les deux etudient. . .des groupes huniains quelconques et se completent mutuellement. . .L'eth- nologie est-elle destinee a disparaitre, fondue dans la socio- logie? Nous ne le pensons pas. De meme en effet que I'eth- nographie comprend I'etude descriptive anatomique, physio- logique, psychologique, linguistique et sociologique des divers groupes humains et des categories renfermees dans ses groupes, de meme I'ethnologie comprend I'etude comparative des groupes humains a tous les divers points de vue enumeres ci-dessus. L'etude comparative des groupes humains au point de vue sociologique n'est done qu'une partie de I'ethnologie." Mason, Otis Tufton. The scope and value of anthropological studies. {In Am. Assoc, for the adv. of science. Proceedings. Salem, 1884. p. 367-383.) Anthropology is the natural history of the genus 'homo. "The anthropologist seeks to unite all that can be known re- specting man into a comprehensive science, and to study the innumerable correlations which bind the most incongruous actions and thoughts together into harmony." Anthropogeny, prehistoric archaeology, embryology, anatomy, physiology, psy- chology, philology, the science of races, ethnology (includ- ing sociology, technology, mythology and religion), all enter into the scope of Anthropology, whose task it is to com- prehend the work of all in its synthesis. The science of man is of the greatest importance for the physician, the sociologist, the politician, the missionary etc. Also in Science, v. 2, p. 358-365, and Translation in Revue scientifique, v. Z2, p. 676-681. 1885 Deniker, Joseph. Ethnograpie, ethnologic. {In La Graiide encyclo- pedic. Paris, 1885-1901. v. 16.) "L'ethnographie, suivant nous, decrit ks groupes ethniques, I'ethnologie compare et deduit les lois generales des divers phenomenes de la vie sociale L'ethnographie, telle quelle existe actuellement, est en somme un complement de I'anthro- pologie." 128 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1885 Fauvelle, L'histoire et I'anthropologie. {In Societe d'an- thropologie de Paris. Bulletins. Paris, 1885. 3d ser., V. 8, p. 631-638.) An attack on certain statements in Victor Duruy's Histoire des Remains, and a defence of the science of anthropology. Reclus, Michel Elie. Les primitifs; etudes d'ethnologie comparee. Paris, C. Reinwald, 1903. xiv, 401 p. 1 1. 19 cm. Reissue of the edition of 1885, See English translation. ■ — . Reclus, Michel Elie. Primitive folk. Studies in comparative ethnol- ogy. New York, Scribner & Welford, 1891. xiv p., 1 1., 339 p. front. 19 cm. "The new-born science of ethnography may, I think, be considered as the psychology of the species, just as demog- raphy may stand for its physiology, and anthropology repre- sent an enlarged sort of anatomy. Demography and ethnology study the great facts of nutrition and reproduction, of nativity and mortality — one in the physical, the other in the moral nature of man. ... Ethnography too has its large totals — man- ners and customs, faiths and religions. Ages upon ages, tribes, peoples and nations, such are the quantities with which it deals, quantities at once algebraic and concrete. .. .Intelli- gence everywhere is the same thing but its developments are successive. .. .Future science will classify conceptions, even the most whimsical, will state how preposterous fancies have taken shape, will put a date upon prejudices and superstitions as upon a sort of fossils." Schaaffhausen, Hermann. Ueber den Zusammenhang der Anthropologic mit der Ethnologic und der Urgeschichte. [Eroffnungs- rede der Anthropologen - Versammlung in Wies- baden, 1873.] (In his Anthropologische Studien. Bonn, 1885. p. 645-660.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 29 1885 The author insists on the close relation between the three sciences. Anthropology deals with man from the point of view of his physical and mental nature. French translation in Revue scientifique, no. 45, 1873. Topinard, Paul. Elements d'anthropologie generale. Paris, A. De- lahaye et E. Lecrosnier, 1885. xv, 1157 p. front, illus., 4 pi. 2^y^ cm. "Nous concluons qu'il est absolument necessaire de main- tenir la distinction fondamentale de I'anthropologie en deux branches, I'une qui s'occupe de I'espece humaine et de ses varietes ou races au point de vue purement animal, essentielle- ment anatomique et physiologique, et I'autre qui s'occupe des peuples ; bien que les deux doivent etre reunies sous le nom general d'anthropologie parce qu'elles se completent et ne peuvent vivre I'une sans I'autre. La premiere est Vanthropo- logie proprement dite... la. seconde est I' ethno graphic , L'anthropologie proprement dite se divise en son tour en deux parties I'anthropologie generale. . .et I'anthropologie spe- ciale qui traite en particulier des races humaines. L'anthropologie arrive... a centraliser autour de son sujet propre, un certain nombre de sciences, les unes lui appartenant en propres et auxquelles nulle autre connaissance humaine n'a droit au meme titre, les autres qui repondent a des aspects particuliers du sujet et le completent, d'autres enfin qui n'inter- viennent qu'a titre accessoire ou a titre de renseignements. Les premieres sont Vanatomie, la physiologie et en principe la pathologic qui, partant de I'individu, ce point de depart force, s'eleve a I'espece et a ses divisions, comparant I'homme aux animaux et les coUectivites humaines entre elles ; a la physio- logie se rattache la psychologic. Quand a I'anatomie, la physiologie et la pathologic, "l'an- thropologie consulte ces trois sciences, leur apporte quelquefois son tribut, mais n'a pas a s'immiscer dans leur specialite; elle cherche le secret de I'homme, ses relations avec le reste de la nature, mais non le secret de I'univers organise. .. .L'embryo- genie, qui derive de I'anatomie, rentre aussi et directement dans I'histoire naturelle de I'homme. .. .La psychologie nou- velle, s'appuyant sur la comparaison de I'homme et des ani- 130 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1885 maux et des hommes entre eux et ne separant pas I'etude de I'organe de I'etude de sa fonction et de ses manifestations varices dans I'humanite, appartient done tout entiere a I'an- thropologie, je ne dis pas aux sciences anthropologiques, mais a I'histoire naturelle proprement dite de riiomme directe- ment. . . . L'homme, le premier de ces animaux, a done, .a plus forte raison...son anatomie propre, sa physiologie propre et sa pathologic propre. Mais que serait la connaissance d'un or- gane dans une seule especc et dans ses variations au sein de cette espece, si on ne la comparait avec la disposition du meme organe dans les autres organismes ? . . . II ne saurait done y avoir d'anthropologie sans anatomie comparee, sans physio- logie comparee et meme sans pathologic comparee.... Les secondes se resument en un mot : I' ethnographic a la- quelle se lie la sociologic, les deux concernant les peuples, seules realites tangibles pour I'anthropologiste. Les troisiemes sont I'histoire, I'archeologie, la geographic, la geologic, la pale- ontologie, la linguistique, la mythologie, la demographic, etc., c'est-a-dire les memes sciences que nous avons vucs intervenir lorsque le naturaliste voulait completer I'histoire de I'animal. . . Lorsqu'on aura oublie le sens vicieux donne au mot ethno- logic depuis Edwards, et qu'il se sera passe un temps suffisant, on pourra le reprendre, mais alors dans son acccption logique et non dangercuse, la seule a laqucllc cllc ait droit, ccUe d'eth- nographie generale, ou la partie de I'ethnographic dans laquelle se traitent les questions communes qui interessent a la fois tous les peuples, et dans laquelle se degagent les lois qui re- gissent I'humanite depuis son origine; en reservant le mot d' ethnographic non suivic d'epithete pour les elements par- ticuliers de cette etude, la description dc chacun des peuples au point dc vue de son histoire, de sa repartition, de sa reli- gion, de son Industrie, dc ses coutumcs, de son genie propre, etc. ... La sociologie est., .a tous les points de vue une branchc dc ranthropologic. . . . II faut distinguer en effet dans la sociologie, comme du reste dans ranthropologie totale cUc-meme et dans toutes les sciences reposant sur des faits, deux aspects : I'un qui est la science pure, dans laquelle on cherche les phenomenes, Icur cause, Icur liaison et leur relation avec la nature humaine ; I'autrc, qui est la science appliquee, dans laquelle on s'efforce de fairc profiter I'humanite des verites decouvcrtcs. L'anthro- BIBLIOGRAPHY. I3I 1885 pologie n'a d'autre but que de trouver la verite. . . .Elle laisse les applications aux economistes, aux legislateurs, aux mora- listes, etc., ce n'est pas son affaire.. En somme, la sociologie . . . la science de la morale... la science des religions. . .relevent de I'anthropologie par leur attaches avec: 1° la psychologie, 2° I'ethnographie. . .sous la seule condition que les applications a la pratique en soient ecartees." TABLE OF THE SCHEME OF TOPINARD. ANTHROPOLOGY. Anthropology proper jgeneral: the human species. [special: the human races or varieties. {general [= ethnology] : questions relating to every people^ special : monographic description of a particu- lar people. ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES. P ...(Human anatomy. Embryology. Human physiology. /Psychology. Sociology. Pathology. Teratology. A j History. Archeology. Linguistics. Comparative /mythology. Demography, etc. Zaborowski-Moindron, Sigismond. Anthropologie. (In La grande encyclopedie. Paris, 1885-1901. v. 3, p. 175-82.) "L'anthropologie est aujourd'hui a la fois zoologique dans son etude de I'homme compare aux animaux voisins, ethnolo- gique dans son etude toute physique des races humaines, et ethnographique dans son etude comparative des elements de culture de I'homme en general et des peuples dont les diffe- rences sont avant tout intellectuelles et morales... .La psycho- logie fait partie de l'anthropologie, a ce titre unique, qu'au- jourd'hui elle est etroitement unie a la physiologie cerebrale et n'est pas beaucoup plus qu'elle. . .mais dans la pratique il n'en est point ainsi." The author does not regard psychology proper as a branch of anthropology. But comparative psychology belongs to 132 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1885 general anthropology. Archaeology is closely connected with ethnography, while paleoethnology, dealing with the prehis- toric races of man, goes with ethnology. 1886 Bain, Alexander. The scope of anthropology and its relation to the science of mind. {In his Dissertations on leading philosophical topics. London, 1903. p. 256-267.) "In the ample bosom of anthropology, any really valuable contribution to the science of mind should have a natural place.. . .The perception of a material world, the origin of our ideas, the mystical union of mind and body, free will, a moral sense — are points that I should exclude from the topics of anthropology. .. .The true course will be to welcome all the new experiments for determining mental facts with precision, and to treat psychology with the limitations I have named, as an acknowledged member of the section." Also in Journal of the Anthrop. institute of Great Britain and Ireland, v. 15. An extract in Report of the British association for the adv. of science, London, 1886. — Brinton, Daniel Garrison. Anthropology and ethnology. {In the Icono- graphic encyclopaedia, vol. 1. Philadelphia, 1886. p. 17-184.) "Of the various branches of human learning, there are three which make man himself the subject of investigation; these are Anthropology, Ethnology, and Ethnography. They are closely allied, but, as they differ both in their methods and in their fields of research, the distinction between them be- comes an important one.... Anthropology deals with man as a zoological species." The author treats this branch under the following headings : Phys- ical characteristics of man ; psychical characteristics ; unity of the human .species ; antiquity of man, and his first home ; the origin of man; influence of physical surroundings; limits of variations in the species; the primitive condition of man; BIBLIOGRAPHY. 133 1886 the subspecies or races of men; proposed classification of races ; present relations of the races. "Ethnology. ..contemplates man as essentially a social crea- ture. ... It is much more concerned with the mental, the psy- chical, part of man than with his physical nature, and seeks to trace his intellectual development as the result of his social relations. Ethnography .. .sXso studies men in communities; but it differs from ethnology by confining itself to the collection of facts and the description of actual relations and customs. It does not undertake to explain their origin, their influence, and their sociologic significance." The author deals with Ethnology under the following head- ings : Food-supply ; sexual relation ; language ; technology or the arts ; government and laws ; religions ; civilization as the resultant of ethnic development. Labarthe, Charles de. Apergu general de la science ethnographique. {In Societe d'ethnographie. Memoires. Paris, 1886. V. 6, p. 35 fol. and 342 fol.) 1887 Achelis, Thomas. Die Principien und Aufgaben der Ethnologie. {In Archiv ftir Anthropologic. Braunschweig, 1887. v. 17, p. 265-277.) "Bezeichnen wir vor der Hand, um weitlaufige Discussionen zu vermeiden, die Ethnologie mit dem gelaufigeren Namen der Volkerkunde, so wiirde es ihre Aufgabe sein, uns in streng objectiver Darstellung ein Bild von dem ethnischen Leben der Menschheit in geistiger und leiblicher Beziehung zu ent- werfen." Diccionario enciclopedico hispana - americano de literatura, ciencias y artes. Barcelona, 1887-98. V. 2 Antropologia. Includes descriptive, histologic, topographic and embryo- logical anatomy; experimental, theoretical, genetic and evo- 134 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1887 lutionary physiology; introspective and analytical psychology; the psychical origin of science, art, law, morals, religion, etc. ; physiological psychology; the natural classification of man; his anatomical relation to the mammalia; the origin of man; materialism and spiritualism; ethnology or the science of races, including their physical and moral characters; pre- historic archaeology; logology, including linguistics, philology, glossology and graphology; the beginnings of civilization; the general history of mankind to the present time, etc. Diccionario enciclopedico hispana-americano. Bar- celona, 1887-98. vol. 7 (1890). Etnografia. Ethnography may be divided into three branches, viz., Eth- nogeny, Ethnography proper and Ethnology. The first men- tioned division deals with the origin of the human species and the formation of races; the second with the classification of existing as well as prehistoric races and with their detailed description, while the third division treats of the distribution of each race on our planet, its migrations, its development in historical time, its relations to other races and its future. The two former branches are more especially concerned with ana- tomical and physiological, the latter with social characteristics. Hovelacque, Abel and Herve, Henri Georges. Precis d'anthropologie. .. .Paris, A. Delahaye et E. Lecrosnier, 1887. 1 p. 1., xi, 654 p., 1 1. illus. 23 cm. (Bibliotheque antliropologique.). Contents : — Anthropologic zoologique. — Anthropologic eth- nique. — Anthropologic prehistorique. — Ethnographic. "L'anthropologie zoologique, c'est-a-dire la comparaison de I'homme avec les groupes animaux voisins, afin de determiner sa place dans la serie; la discussion des hypotheses que sou- levent ses origines, ainsi que de la valeur a assigner aux races humaines en histoire naturelle ; l'anthropologie eth- nique, etude des caracteres anatomiques et physiologiques de I'homme, successivement compares dans les differentes races; l'anthropologie prehistorique, qui fait connaitre les restes et I'industrie des races humaines fossiles et des peuples ante- rieurs a I'histoire; I'ethnographie, comprenant la description et, s'il est possible, la classification des races actuellement BIBLIOGRAPHY. 135 1887 vivantes: ce sont la les grandes divisions que nous avions a parcourir." Vacher de Lapouge, Georges. L'anthropologie et la science politique. {In Re- vue d'anthropologie. Paris, 1887. 3d ser., v. 2, p. 136-157.) "Les sciences anthropologiques comprennent deux grandes categories, l'anthropologie et la science politique, ou la socio- logie. ...La science politique etudie les manifestations de la vie collective de rhomme et recherche leurs lois. EUe com- prend I'ethnographie, etude monographique des peuples au point de vue du physique et des moeurs, dans I'ensemble et dans les elements de chacun d'eux. EUe comprend I'histoire dans le sens moderne du mot, avec tons ses accessoires, I'ar- cheologie et la statistique par example. Elle comprend sur- tout I'etude comparee des institutions et des religions. .. .Tout ce qui touche a revolution des societes lui appartient sans exception." 1888 Buchanan, Joseph Rodes. The new anthropology. {In New England mag- azine. Boston, 1888. v. 6, p. 127-135.) "When the true and complete anthropology comes, it will start with the familiar facts of anatomy and physiology, which have been so well established by the medical profession, and from these it will advance to a comprehension of the rela- tion of the soul to the brain and the brain to the nervous system of the body." The new anthropology is, according to the author, chiefly concerned with physiological psychology. Morselli, Enrico. Antropologia generale ; lezioni su I'uomo secondo la teoria dell' evoluzione. . . Roma [etc.] Unione tipografico-editrice torinese, 1888 — -. 28 cm. (Not quite completed in 1906.) The author would divide the science into four main bran- ches: I. Anthropology proper; whose subject is the study of humanity considered as a species. It includes zoological an- 136 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1888 thropology, comparative psychology, anthropogeography, pre- historic anthropology and phylogeny (origin, monogenism and polygenism). II. Ethnology, whose subject is the study of the various races, both from a physical, intellectual and moral point of view. III. Ethnography, the descriptive study of peoples and tribes, and IV. Anthropography, which is concerned with types and classes, including embryology, physiological anthropology (sexes, age, growth, etc.) and pathological anthropology. Pierer's Konversations-Lexikon. 7. Aufl. Berlin und Stuttgart, 1888-93. v. 1. Anthropologic. The science is divided into Somatic, psychical and historical anthropology. Psychical anthropology is restricted to the general mental phenomena, as displayed by man, and does not include ethnic psychology, which is regarded as a branch • of culture history, and in its turn includes the comparative science of religion, comparative linguistics and "Volkerkunde." Historical anthropology deals with the origin of man, his age, his relation to the various animals, the origin of races and peoples, their migrations, etc. It must not be confounded with ethnology, or "Volkerkunde," and archaeology. Somatic or physical anthropology deals with the human body and is largely founded on human anatomy, treating of the differences produced by race, sex and inheritance. The article "Ethnographic" in vol. 5 sets this and its sister science ethnology down as branches of "Volkerkunde," both dealing with man as a member of society. The former descrip- tive study is held to be concerned with the mental peculiarities and the national life of the various peoples, their manners and customs, language, arts, rehgion, etc., while ethnology in- vestigates the subdivisions of mankind into races and tribes. Strictly physical classifications of man, like that of Retzius, are however regarded as belonging to the field of anthropology proper. Vogel, K. Heinrich. Anthropologie und Gesundheitslehre fiir Lehrer und zum Selbstunterricht. Spandau, Hopf, 1888. 2 p. 1., 428, iii p. illus. 21^4 cm. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 37 1888 The title is a misnomer; deals only with human anatomy, physiology and hygiene. 1889 Century dictionary. New York, Century Co., 1889. V. 1. Anthropology. "The science of man or of mankind. It includes the study of man's agreement with and divergence from other animals; of his physical structure and intellectual nature ; of the various tribes of man with reference to their origin,customs, etc. ; and of the general physical and mental development of the human race. Anthropology thus includes physiology, psychology, so- ciology, ethnology, etc., putting under contribution all sciences which have man for their object. By some it has been divided into (a) zoological anthropology.. . . (b) descriptive anthro- pology, or ethnology, which describes the divisions and groups of mankind; (c) general anthropology, or, as M. Broca calls it, 'the biology of the human race.' " Century dictionary. New York, Century Co., 1889. V. 2. Ethnology. "....The science of the races of men and of their char- acter, history, customs, and institutions. . . . Ethnography and Ethnology bear the same relation almost to one another as geology and geography. While ethnography contents herself with the mere description and classification of the races of man, ethnology, or the science of races, 'investigates the mental and physical differences of mankind, and the organic laws upon which they depend; seeks to deduce from these investigations principles of human guidance in all the impor- tant relations of social and national existence.' Krauth- Fleming." Quatrefages de Breau, Jean Louis Armand de. Histoire generale des races humaines. Paris, A. Hennuyer, 1889. xxxiii, [1], 618 p. illus., pi., port., maps. 26 cm. Partial Contents : — Unite, origine, antiquite de I'espece hu- maine; peuplement du globe, formation des races humaines; 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1889 characteres physiques, intellectuels, moraux et religieux; types fondamentaux ; races noires, jaunes, blanches; grandes races mixtes : oceaniennes, americaines. "L'ethnologie est la branche de I'anthropologie qui a pour but de faire connaitre a tous les points de vue les diverses races humaines." Sergi, Giuseppe. Antropologia e scienze antropologiche. Messina, C. de Stefano, 1889. 2 p. 1., 383 p. 1 pi. 21 cm. Contents : — Darwin e Tantropologia. — Presente ed avvenire deir antropologia. — Antropologia biologica. — L'uomo terziario in Lombardia. — I^a sociologia e I'organismo delle societa umane. — Fra gl'Indiani d' America: Costumi funerari. — Sulla natura dei fenomeni psichici. — La stratificazione del carat- tere e la delinquenza. — Natura ed origine della delinquenza. Anthropology is the natural history of man. It includes the study of the products of human activity both in time and space, it deals with his languages, his social life and customs. There are those who would regard Anthropology and Eth- nology as separate sciences, while others regard the former as a generic term, which includes the latter. The author advocates the latter view but only on condition that Ethnol- ogy is made to cover the social side of man, his language, customs, religion and the products of his activity, instinctive as well as voluntary. It must not be confused with sociology proper, which like psychology is treated as an independent anthropological science. Serrurier, Lindor. De anthropologische wetenschappen. (In Jaar- boek van het onderwijs. Haarlem, 1889.) Wild, John J. Outlines of anthropology. (In Australasian as- sociation for the adv. of science. Report, 1888. Sydney, 1889. p. 442-445.) "The field of inquiry occupied by the anthropologist coin- cides to a large extent with the domains hitherto appropriated BIBLIOGRAPHY. I39 1889 by the historian, the philologist, the antiquarian and the eth- nologist. ... It is not intended to displace these predecessors of and cooperators in anthropological research. On the con- trary, the principal object of anthropological science is to concentrate, as it were, in a focus all the information collected up to this date by their separate labours The object of anthropology may be more strictly defined as the critical ex- amination of the intellectual and material progress of man from the earliest ages down to the present." 1890 Brinton, Daniel Garrison. Races and peoples ; lectures on the science of ethnography... Philadelphia, D. McKay, 1901. 313 p. illus., maps. 19^/2 cm. Contents : — The physical elements of ethnography. — The psychical elements of ethnography. — The beginnings and sub- divisions of races. — The Eurafrican race. — The Austafrican race. — The Asian race. — Insular and littoral peoples. — The American race. — Problems and predictions. First published in 1890. Manouvrier, Leonce. Classification naturelle des sciences. — Position et programme de I'anthropologie. (Jw Association franqaise pour I'avancement des sciences. Compte rendu. 2. partie. Paris, 1890. p. 662-682.) The author divides the sciences into two large groups, one dealing with general phenomena, and their laws, and the other with special objects. The first includes: mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology (anatomy, physiology, psychology) and so- ciology; the second: astronomy, meteorology, geography and geology, mineralogy, botany and zoology; the last mentioned science including also anthropology. Several of the sciences of the second group are connected with certain arts represent- ing human action, thus botany with agriculture and anthro- pology with what might be called anthropotechnics, including medicine, hygiene, ethics, law, education and politics. And just as of late a new branch of anthropology has been created in connection with criminal law, the author believes that the other arts may give rise to other anthropological branches : medicine and hygiene to Medical anthropology, education to 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1890 Pedagogical, and politics to Political anthropology, etc. These branches will together constitute a third division of the sci- ence. As regards existing anthropology it may be looked at from the point of view of the phenomena considered or from that of the groups. The first division gives rise to Anatomical, physiological, psychological, pathological, and sociological an- thropology, the second co General anthropology. Zoological a., Ethnography, the descriptive, and Ethnology, the comparative study of races and peoples; further Prehistoric a., Criminal a., etc. The author regards archaeology as a separate science, but makes Sociological anthropology absorb the larger part of the ethnology of Brinton and others. Powell, John Wesley. The humanities. {In the Forum. New York, 1890. V. 10, p. 410-422.) "Using the term in this sense, as an attempt at a classifica- tion of mankind by races, ethnology has failed to become a science. .. .The stream of human life is not a river with branches. . .the world has been covered with a network of streams of blood, which science cannot unravel. .. .But while we cannot classify men, we can classify the humanities... .The processes of human evolution being not biotic but cultural, the study of mankind gives rise to a new realm of science, which is denominated 'anthropology.' It might well be called the science of culture, and perhaps still better the science of the humanities." Verneau, Rene. . . .Les races humaines. . .Paris, J. B. Bailliere et fils [1890]. xii, 792 p. illus., ports. 30 cm. Forms vol. 10 of Brehm's Merveilles de la nature. Contents: — Anthropologic generale (Place dans la nature; origine ; anciennete ; berceau, migrations, acclimatation ; for- mation des races). — Les races fossiles et les races prehisto- riques. — Les races actuelles. 1891 Alsberg, Moritz. Anthropologic mit Beriicksichtigung der Urge- schichte des Menschen. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart, O. Wei- BIBLIOGRAPHY. I4I 1891 sert, 1891. 4 p. 1., 407 p. front., illus., col. pi., 2 maps. 23K cm. "Die Anthropologic — d. i. die Lehre vom Menschen als Gattungsbegriff, von seiner Stellung in der Natur, seinen Beziehungen zu den iibrigen Lebewesen, sowie von seinem Emporsteigen aus niedrigen Anfangen zu der gegenwartig von ihm erreichten hohen Stufe der Entwickelung — ist eine Spat- frucht der Naturforschung. . . . [Es sind] zwei verschiedene Gebiete zu unterscheiden, namlich : (i) die Anthropologie im cngeren Sinne {physische odcr soinatische Anthropologie), deren Aufgabe es ist, mit Hilfe des Stadiums der mensch- lichen Korperbildung die Charaktere der Gattung "Mensch," bezw. jene korperlichen Merkmale, durch welche die einzelnen Menschenrassen sich voneinander unterscheiden, festzustellcn ; sowie (2) die urgeschichtliche Forschung." Dr. Alsbcrg evidently regards "Volkerkunde" as a separate science. Buckland, Anne Walbank. Anthropological studies. London, Ward and Downey, 1891. xx, 295 p. 19i^ cm. "List of works referred to" : p. xix-xx. The author quotes the definition of Sir William Wilde in his address before the British association for the adv. of sci- ence, 1874, and then goes on to say: "Wide as this definition would appear to be, it hardly exhausts the list of subjects in- cluded under the term anthropology; for the religions and superstitions, the myths and fables of widely-separated races, form an important link in tracing the origin and migrations, the commerce and early intercourse between such races." See Sir Wilde's address, 1875. — Campbell, William Henry. Anthropology for the people: a refutation of the Adamitic origin of all races. By Caucasian. Rich- mond, Va., E. Waddey Co., 1891. 334 p. 19 cm. "Anthropology treats of the origin and natural history of mankind. As the science of man it is closely connected with ethnography, ethnology, zoology, biology, physiology, psychol- ogy, philology and sociology, all of which have man for their main subject, but are distinct sciences." 1^2 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1891 Mason, Otis Tufton. Progress of anthropology in 1890. {In Smith- sonian institution Annual report. Washington, 1891. p. 527-608.) "A complete syllabus of anthropology would include — first, what man is, and second, what man does. What man is may be denominated structural anthropology; what man does, functional anthropology." Structural or biological anthropology may again be sub- . divided in (i) Ontogeny, dealing with "the embryo of man- kind and life of the individual." (2) Anatomy. (3) Physiol- ogy. (4) Anthropometry. (s) Psycho-physics. (6) Eth- nology, "natural divisions of mankind." Functional anthropology m (i) Glossology. (2) Tech- nology. (3^ Aesthetics. (4) Science and philosophy, (s) Sociology. (6) Religion, "what man does in the presence of a spirit world." The past of human life and actions is covered by (i) Ar- chaeology. (2) Paleography, "the decipherment of inscrip- tions." (3) Folk-lore. (4) History. "In the science of anthropology, psychology is the applica- tion of measures to the activities of the mind through its ma- terial agency, the brain and the nervous system. .. .Metaphys- ical psychology, represented in the English publication Mind may be said to have fairly entered the arena of anthropology, since the revelations of consciousness are now subject to ex- perimental examination. .. .Just as soon as any set of phe- nomena or facts concerning our species may be arranged, classified, and studied after the manner of the naturalist, only then should they be admitted into the laboratory of anthro- pology." 1892 Brinton, Daniel Garrison. The nomenclature and teaching of anthropology. {In the American anthropologist. Washington, 1892. V. 5, p. 263-266.) "The term [anthropology] should be employed, and ex- clusively employed, in its widest sense only." Approves Ratzel's statement to the effect that "Ethnography is the geographic and external metliod of presenting the condition BIBLIOGRAPHY. I43 1892 of a given people; ethnology is a historical examination and presentation of its development." The author proposes the following classification (I omit some of the details) : I. Somatology: Physical and experimental anthropology. a. Internal : osteology, craniology, myology and splanch- nology . b. External : anthropometry, color, hair, etc. c. Psychology — experimental and practical. d. Developmental and comparative somatology: embry- ology, teratology, human biology, medical geography, vital statistics, etc. II. Ethnology: Historic and analytic anthropology. a. Ethnic psychology, etc. b. Sociology. c. Technology. d. Science of religion. e. Linguistics. f. Folk-lore. III. Ethnography: Geographic and descriptive anthropology. IV. Archaeology: Prehistoric and reconstructive anthropol- ogy. See also in Globus, v. 63, p. 359. J. W. Powell in commenting on the above paper states his own view of the subject. He would divide Anthropology into (i) Somatology: the biology of man, including origin and development of the human race, embryology, anatomy, phys- iology, pathology, etc. (2) Psychology, incl. psycho-physics, physiological psychology, etc. (3) Ethnology : the science of humanities, incl. technology, philology, sociology, esthetology, sophiology (incl. mythology: cult-lore and folk-lore), natural religion, almost synonymous with worship, the arts of religion, excluding theology proper. Or he would divide Ethnology into (i) Technology. (2) Sociology. (3) Philology. (4) Literature. (5) Esthetology. (6) Natural religion. (7) Sophiology: the science of the evolution of thought as ex- hibited in the lore of mankind. The term ethnography, on the other hand, should be used to designate any description of ethnologic material. Acheeology is not a distinct science, but refers only to some of the methods by which the facts of ethnology are obtained. 144 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1892 Hale, Horatio. Language as a test of mental capacity. (In Royal society of Canada. Proceedings and transactions. Montreal, 1892. v. 9, sec. 2, p. 77-112.) "Solely by their languages can the tribes of men be scien- tifically classified, their affiliations discovered, and their mental qualities discerned. .. .Linguistic anthropology is the only true science of man." Reviewed in Scientific American Supplement, no. 873 (v. 34). Munro, Robert. The rise and progress of anthropology. (In Royal society of Edinburgh. Proceedings. Edinburgh, 1892-95. V. 20, p. 215-244.) "In regard to ethnology, it is almost unnecessary to say anything. The geographical distribution of the various races of man, the physical peculiarities of the bodies and features, — the conformation of the skull, the size and structure of the brain, the colour of the skin, eyes, and hair, — together with the products of different civilisations scattered over the globe, are amongst the most essential elements which enter into this science. At the present time, indeed, great prominence is given to the collection and Assortment of such ethnological materials brought by travellers from all parts of the world." 1893 Hughes, Thomas. Anthropology: an historical sketch. (In the American CathoHc quarterly review. Philadelphia, 1893. V. 18, p. 604-627.) A superficial attack on the science. The author quotes part of O. T. Mason's article in the Smithsonian report for 1890. "Anthropology then, or the science about man's place in na- ture, is the craft for sinking a human being over head and ears in brute matter." Macalister, Alexander. Anthropology. [Presidential address], (/w British BIBLIOGRAPHY. 145 1893 association for the adv. of science. Report, 1892. London, 1893. p. 886-895.) "I have said that anthropology has not yet made good its title to be ranked as an independent science. This is indi- cated by the difficulty of framing a definition at the same time comprehensive and distinctive. M. Galton characterizes it as the study of what men are in body and mind, how they came to be what they are, and whither the race is tending. General Pitt-Rivers, as the science which ascertains the true causes for all the phenomena of human life. I shall not try to improve upon these definitions, although both are mani- festly defective. On the one side our subject is a branch of biology, but we are more than biologists compiling a mono- graph on the natural history of our species, as M. de Quatre- fages would have it. Many of the problems with which we deal are common to us and to psychologists ; others are com- mon to us and to students of history, of sociology, of philol- ogy and of religion ; and in addition we have to treat a large number of other matters aesthetic, artistic, and technical, which it is difficult to range under any subordinate category." Also in Nature, v. 46, p. 378-382, and in Popular science monthly, v. 42, p. 303-318. Schurtz, Heinrich. Katechismus der Volkerkunde. . . . Leipzig, J. J. Weber, 1893. xiv, 370 p. 17 cm. Contents : — Vergleichende Volkerkunde ( Ethnologie) . — Beschreibende Volkerkunde (Ethnographic). Serrurier, Lindor. De anthropologic in dienst der ethnologie. (In Nederl. nat.- en geneesk. congres. Handelingen. 's-Gravenhage, 1893. p. 412-420.) It. is of the utmost importance to distinguish between nat- ural races and ethnic groups. The former belong exclusively to anthropology, the latter to ethnology. Standard dictionary. New York, Funk & Wag- nails Company, 1893. v. 1. 146 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1893 Anthropology. "I. The science of man in general; the sciences of man It may be regarded as embracing somatology, or the doctrine of the human body; psychology, or the mental sciences, the doctrine of the human mind; and anthropology proper, or the doctrine of man as a rational animal, as follows : Somatology: Anthropogeny, physiology, anthropobiology. Psychology: Mental science or psychology proper, logic, es- thetics, ethics, religion. Anthropology proper: Ethnology, ethnography, anthropog- raphy, glossology, technology, sociology, history. II. (Natural science) The science of the physical facts con- cerning man and his development and history, as investigated by the methods of the inductive physical sciences. It treats of the natural history of man, including especially his phys- ical history in relation to the lower forms of animal life. (Quotes the subdivisions of D. G. Brinton.) III. The science or sciences treating of man and his activ- ities as a rational animal; anthropology proper." Standard dictionary. New York, Funk & Wag- nails Company, 1893. v. 1. Ethnography. "i. Anthrop. The branch that considers man geographically and descriptively, treating of the origin and subdivision of races, and emlwacing theories of monogenism and polygenism, the study of the continental areas at the time of man's ap- pearance on earth, and the causes and consequences of migra- tion. 'Ethnography ... studies the subdivision and migration of races, local traits, peculiarities and customs, and confines itself to matters of present observation.' D. G. Brinton, Anthro- pology, 1892. 2. Formerly, ethnology." Standard dictionary. New York, Funk & Wag- nails Company, 1893. v. 1. Ethnology. "i. The science of the natural races and families of men... . 2. Specifically, the branch of anthropology proper that con- siders man historically and analytically. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 147 1893 It embraces (a) ethnography, the study of races and race characteristics, including ethnic psychology; (b) sociology; (c) ethnotechnics; (d) the study of comparative religion; (e) linguistics, and (f) folk-lore. 'fif/jMoZogj). . .contemplates man as a social creature. It is more concerned with the mental, the psychical part of man, than with his physical nature, and seeks to trace the intellec- tual development of communities by studying the growth of government laws, arts, languages, religions and society.' D. G. Brinton, Anthrop., 1892." Starcke, Carl Nicolai and Hansen, Soren. Antropologi. {In Salomonsens store konversations- leksikon. Kjobenhavn, 1893 — v. 1.) 1. (philos.) Occupies an intermediate position between sci- ences like anatomy, physiology, and psychology, which deal with man as an individual, and others like history and culture history, that deal with him from a social point of view. Its aim is to establish and define the general laws of his existence and development. 2. (nat. his.) Ethnography, prehistoric archeology, linguis- tics, sociology, the comparative science of religions, demog- raphy, etc., and physical anthropology are so many branches of this extensive science. Physical anthropology deals with the relation of man to the animal kingdom and with the inter- relation of the various races. Another branch of the science is criminal anthropology, which from the start took cognizance only of the physical peculiarities of criminals, but lately has been drifting more and more into the fields of biology and sociology. 1894 Flower, William Henry. [Presidential address : Some account of the his- tory and present position of the study of anthropol- ogy in this country.] {In British association for the adv. of science. Report. London, 1894. p. 762- 774.) "The old term ethnology, or the study of peoples and races, has a limited and definite meaning. It treats of the resem- blances and modifications of the different groups of the human 148 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1894 species in their relations to each other, but anthropology, as now understood, has a far wider scope. It treats of mankind as a whole. It investigates his origin and his relations to the rest of the universe. It invokes the aid of the sciences of zoology, comparative anatomy and physiology. . . . Geology must lend its assistance The study of the works of our earliest known forefathers — 'prehistoric archaeology' as it is commonly called — is now almost a science by itself." Also in Nature, vol. 50, p. 387-392. Galtes, Pio. Diccionario etnografico-antropologico. Barcelona, Tip. espanola, 1894. 1 p. 1., 541 p. 16 cm. Anthropology is the science of man and his races. Martin, Rudolf. Zur Frage von der Vertretung der Anthropologic an unsern Universitaten. (In Globus .... Braun- schweig, 1894. V. 66, p. 304-306.) "Die ganze Anthropologie hat ihren natiirlichen Platz in der naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der philosophischen Fakultat. . . .Bei Uebertragung des Brintonschen Schemas auf unsere Universitatsverhaltnisse batten wir unbedingt normale Anatomic, Embryologie, experimentelle Psychologic, histo- rische Archaologie, u. s. w. auszuscheiden, weil alle diese Wissenschaften bei uns bereits seit langerer oder kiirzerer Zeit ihre akademischen Vertreter haben." The science should be divided into two great groups (a) Physical anthropology, including a course in the anatomy and physiology ot races and the so-called zoological anthropology, and (b) Psychical anthropology, including all the subjects regarded by D. G. Brinton and F. Miiller as part of ethnology and archaeology. "Der Terminus 'Ethnographic' fehlt ganz in meinem Lehr- schema, denn entweder beriicksichtigt die Beschreibung der Volker die physischen Eigenschaften, dann gehort sie in das Gebiet der physischen Anthropologie, oder sie umfasst psy- chische Leistungen derselben, dann fallt die Schilderung dem Ethnologen zu. Unsere Forschungsreisenden sind Ethnogra- phen, der akademische Lehrer aber ist entweder physischer Anthropologe oder Ethnologe." BIBLIOGRAPHY. 149 1894 Munro, Robert. On the relation between the erect posture and the physical and intellectual development of man. Presi- dential address. {In British association for the adv. of science. Report. London, 1894. p. 885-895.) The science of anthropology, in its widest sense, embraces all the materials bearing on the origin and history of mankind. ...One marked line of demarcation separates them [the subordinate departments] into two great divisions, according as they relate to the structure and functions of man's body, or to the work he has produced — a classification well defined by the words anthropology and archaeology. The former, in its limited acceptance, deals more particularly with the devel- opment of man — his physical peculiarities, racial distinctions, linguistic manifestations, mental endowments, and, in short, every morphological or mental modification he has undergone amidst the ever changing phenomena of his environment." Reprinted as chapter 2 of the author's Prehistoric problems, Edinburgh, 1897. Ranke, Johannes. Der Mensch. . . .2. ganzlich neubearb. Aufl. Leip- zig und Wien, Bibliographisches Institut, 1894-1900. 2. V. illus., col. plates, maps. 26 cm. Contents : — i. Bd. Entwickelung, Bau und Leben des menschlichen Korpers.- — 2. Bd. Die heutigen and die vorge- schichtlichen Menschenrassen. Neuer Abdruck. "Das Buch umfasst nicht das Gesamtgebiet der modernen Anthropologie, zu welcher, abgesehen von der Ethnographie, als besondere wichtige Telle die Psychophysik und Volker- psychologie gehoren. Erstere wird bei dem Abriss der Ana- tomic und Physiologic des Nervensystems. . . nur in ihren aussersten Grenzlinien gestreift, auf letztere wirft der zweite Band, namentlich das dort beschriebene stoffliche Inventar der Kulturentwicklung der Urzeit, einige Schlaglichter." 1st ed. 1885-87. Reclus, Jean Jacques Elise. Ethnography. {In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 9th ed. Philadelphia, 1894. v. 8, p. 539-550.) 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1894 Ethnography embraces the descriptive details, and ethnology the rational exposition, of the human aggregates and organi- zations known as hordes, clans, tribes, and nations, especially in the earlier, the savage and barbarous, stages of their prog- ress. Both belong to the general science of anthropology, being related to it as parts to a whole. Ethnology treats of I. The material development of man. II. Family development. III. Social development. IV. Intellectual development, language, literature, and arts. V. Religious development, myths and legends, magic and superstition. VI. Justice and morals. Sergi, Giuseppe. The varieties of the human species; principles and method of classification. Washington, Smith- sonian institution, 1894. 61 p. illus. 24 cm. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous collections. 969 [v. 38.]) "I hope... a systematic anthropology may be constituted, which may be the foundation for scientific researches upon the origin of human races, upon their number and distribution, upon their crossings, and finally, upon the possible solution of the problems of the unity or plurality of the species." Starr, Frederick. What is anthropology? {In The Chautauquan. Meadville, Pa., 1894. v. 19, p. 25-29.) "Many writers would limit anthropology to a study of the physical man. In this article the word is used in its more general sense. .. .There are at least four divisions but the names applied to them vary greatly. Perhaps the most com- monly accepted. . .are physical anthropology, ethnology, eth- nography, archjeology." Physical anthropology, or somatology, tries to find out what sort of an animal man is and who are his nearest relatives. It also studies the amount of variation in the human species. Anthropometry and criminal anthropology belong here. Eth- nology is concerned with the idea of race and races. It in- vestigates the origin of races and assails the problem of the unity of man. "The term ethnography as generally used in- BIBLIOGRAPHY. I5I 1894 eludes the description of the Ufe, customs, languages, arts, religious beliefs, etc. of peoples. Brinton calls this ethnology and Topinard special[!] ethnography." Steinmetz, Sebald Rudolf. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe, nebst einer psychologischen Abhandlung iiber Grausamkeit und Rachsucht. Leiden, S. C. van Doesburgh; Leipzig, O. Harrassowitz, 1894. 2 V. 8°. cop. "Die Ethnologie bezweckt die Vergleichung aller socialen Lebenserscheinungen der nichthistorischen Volker zur Gewin- nung der Gesetze der Entwickelung und des Vorkommens derselben und endlich zu ihrer Erklarung. . . . Das Material zu diesen Untersuchungen verschafft ihr die Ethnographic." Die Ethnologie soil "als der erste Abschnitt der vergleichenden Kulturgeschichte betrachtet werden, welche ihr Vergleichungs- material fiir die spateren Abschnitte von den kulturgeschich- ten der verschiedenen historischen Volker erhalt. Mit der Archaologie, dem Folk-lore und mehreren anderen abgezweig- ten Disciplinen (wie Demographic, Kriminologie, Oekonomie u. s. w.) bildet die allgemeine Kulturwissenschaft im weiteren Sinne (also incl. die Ethnologie) die Sociologie." Cf. Winternitz in Globus, v. 78. ' Tyler, Edward Burnett. Anthropology. (In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 9th ed. Philadelphia, 1894. v. 2, p. 94-108.) To anthropology contribute various sciences, which hold their own independent places in the field of knowledge: anat- omy, physiology, psychology, philology, ethics, sociology and the science of culture. Out of this material anthropology should elaborate as completely as maybe, the synopsis of man's bodily and mental nature and the theory of his whole course of life and action from his first appearance on earth. It treats of (I) Man's place in nature. (II) The origin of man. (Ill) The races of mankind, including the question of monogenism and polygenism. (IV) Antiquity of man. (V) Language. (VI) Development of civilization. 152 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1894 Virchow, Rudolf Ludwig Karl. Festrede. (In Berliner Gesellschaft fiir Anthropo- logie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. Verhand- lungen. Berlin, 1894. p. [497]-513.) "Die Anthropologie hat es, im Gegensatz zu der Prahistorie, an sich nicht mit der Cultur zu thun. . . [ihre] erste Aufgabe ist die objektive Erforschung des Menschen." The author uses the term "ethnische Anthropologie" for ethnography. 1895 Brinton, Daniel Garrison. The aims of anthropology. (In Science. New York, 1895. n. s. v. 2, p. 241-252.) Address by the retiring president A. A. A. S., Aug. 29, 1895. "I use the term anthropology in the sense in which it has been adopted by this association, that is, to include the study of the whole of man, his psychical as well as his physical nature, and the products of all his activities, whether in the past or in the present. By some writers, especially on the continent of Europe, the term anthropology is restricted to what we call physical anthropology or somatology, a limita- tion of the generic term which we cannot but deplore. Others again. . .would exclude from it the realm of history, con- fining it in time to the research of prehistoric epochs, and in extent to the investigation of savage nations. I cannot too positively protest against such opinions. Ethnology in its true sense represents the application of the principles of in- ductive philosophy to the products of man's faculties. ... By comparisons it aims to define in clear terms the influence which the geographical and other environment exercises on the individual, the social group and the race ; and conversely, how much in each remains unaltered by the external forces, and what rejidual elements are left defiant of surroundings, wholly personal, purely human. Thus, rising to wider and wider circles of observation and generalization, it will be able at last to offer a conclusive and exhaustive connotation of what man is. . . Its mission is 'to define the universal in humanity' — that is, the universal soul or psyche of humanity. ... It is strictly a natural science, dealing with outward things — to wit the expressions of man's psychical life, endeavoring to ascertain the condi- BIBLIOGRAPHY. 153 1895 tions of their appearance and disappearance, the organic laws of their birth, growth, and decay. . . . Some one has pertinently called it 'the natural science of social life.' " According to the author ethnography deals with the "sepa- ration of the species into its subspecies and smaller groups." Also in Popular science monthly,v. 48, and in the Scientific American suppl. v. 40 (No. 1031). Diaz de Leon, Jesus. Compendio de etnografia general, 2. ed. Aguas- calientes. Tip. de J. Diaz de Leon, 1895. 2 p. I., 259, [2] p. I9y2 cm. Ethnography, in the most comprehensive sense, is the study of human societies, dealing with their physical, intellectual, social and political evolution or with the development of civili- zation in humanity, the latter term representing the abstract totality of the societies in their different periods of develop- ment, always advancing toward a common goal, human prog- ress. Lapicque, Louis. Anthropologic. (In Richet, Charles, ed. Dic- tionnaire de physiologic. .. Paris, 1895. p. 579-582.) "C'est-a-dire que I'anthropologie est la monographic du genre homme, comprenant son etude anatomique, physiolo- gique, psychologique ; tout ce que se rapporte a I'homme rentre dans son domaine ; les traites d'anatomie dont se servent les etudiants en medecine sont de I'anthropologie pure... la philologie, I'archeologie, I'histoire, la sociologie, sont des sciences anthropologiques." Steinmetz, Sebald Rudolf. Het goed recht van sociologie en ethnologic als universiteitsvakken. 's-Gravenhage, M. Nijhoff, 1895. 8°. cop. 1896 Achelis, Thomas. Moderne Volkerkunde, deren Entwicklung und Aufgaben. Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1896. viii, 487 p. 24^ cm. 154 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1896 Contents : — Entwicklung der Volkerkunde. — Begriff und Aufgabe der Volkerkunde: Physische Grundziige (I. Begriff der Oekumene. II. Die Arteneinheit des Menschenge- schlechts). Psychische Grundziige der Volkerkunde (I. Ma- terielle Cultur. II. Geistige Cultur). — Die Volkerkunde in ihrem Verhaltniss zu den anderen Wissenschaften. "Fasst man nach der gewolmlichen Ansicht die Anthropo- logie als die Lehre vom menschlichen Individuum, so sind dadurch die Beziehungen zur Volkerkunde von selbst ge- geben. Die Doppelnatur des menschlichen Organismus, die leibliche und geistige Seite seiner Entwicklung tritt auch in der theoretischen Betrachtung hervor; zu jener Abtheilung gehoren Anatomic und Physiologic, zu dieser Psychologic und die alles umfasscnde Culturgeschichte. Wahrend es sich dort um das Problem der Entstehung des Menschcn handelt, urn die Frage einer gemeinsamen Urrasse, einer gemeinsamen Heimath, der etwaigcn Wanderungcn, die das Menschenge- schlecht iiber den Erdball auszufiihren hatte u. s. w., so wer- den wir hier uber die geistige Entstehung des Homo sapiens aufgeklart, indem wir seinen Culturschatz, der aus den be- scheidensten Anfangen zu unvergleichlichen Hohen empor- stieg, nach alien Bestandtheilen kennen lernen. Insofern . nahert sich diese psychische Anthropologic sehr der Volker- kunde, so dass beide auch haufig mit einander vertauscht wer- den; das unterscheidende Kennzeichen der letzteren ist und bleibt aber immer die Vergleichung und die dadurch bedingte Aufstellung allgemeiner Gesetze des Geschehens." Brabrook, Edward William. Anniversary address : Work of the Institute. . . . Previous presidential addresses. Unity of the an- thropological sciences. {In Journal cf the Anthrop. institute of Gt. Brit, and Ireland. London, 1896. V. 25, p. 379-404.) Takes exception to those who restrict anthropology to phys- ical man, regarding psychology and ethnography as indepen- dent and separate sciences. "We have always held, I think rightly, that the study of man includes that of all his faculties and powers, his superstitions and modes of thought, his cus- toms and his industries, the relics of his past history and the development of his powers of mind and body under all the conditions of his existence. I am glad to find that in this we BIBLIOGRAPHY. 155 1896 are supported by our American colleagues....! must also claim as within the province of anthropology, the investigation into the origin and development of the religious faculty in man." Fellows, George Emory. The relation of anthropology to the study of his- tory. {In the American journal of sociology. Chi- cago, 1896. V. 1, p. 41-49.) Cites the definition of the Century dictionary: "Anthropol- ogy is the science of the general physical and mental develop- ment of the human race." According to the author it in- cluaes sociology and belongs to the borderland of history. The historian must invade the domain of anthropology. — Keane, Augustus Henry. Ethnology. In two parts. I. Fundamental eth- nical problems. II. The primary ethnical groups . . . 2d ed. rev. Cambridge, University press, 1896. XXX, 442 p. 20y2 cm. "Of the various branches of knowledge, whose subject is man, the most comprehensive is anthropology, which in fact, taken in its broadest sense, embraces all others. But as knowledge grows, it necessarily tends to become specialized, and anthropology, the 'science of man,' is now mainly re- stricted to the study of man as a member of the animal king- dom.. . .Special [as opposed to general] anthropology is con- cerned above all with the human anatomy, and the anthro- pologist, as here understood is essentially a comparative anat- omist." While, according to the author, special anthropology studies the physical qualities of races, and to some extent deals with the main divisions of mankind, it hands over the detailed study of the hominidae in all their relations, physical as well as psychical, to the sister science ethnology, a branch of general anthropology. Ethnology necessarily proceeds by the comparative method, dealing with the antiquity of man, monogenism and poly- genism, the centre of dispersion, the number and essential ' characteristics of the fundamental human types, miscegena- 156 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1896 tion, origin of speech, influence of environment, evolution of the family, clan, tribe and nation, etc. Ethnography, on the other hand, is purely descriptive, dealing with the usages, social and political conditions of tribes and peoples. It is rather literature than science. First edition, 1895. Macalister, Alexander. Textbook of physical anthropology. Cambridge, 1896. 8°. cop. ,-— Ratzel, Friedrich. The history of mankind. .. .Tr. from the 2d Ger- man edition by A. J. Butler.. . .London, New York, Macmillan & Co., 1896-98. 3 v. illus., col. pi. maps. 25^ cm. Includes: (i) A general outline: Nature, rise and spread of civilization ; language ; religion ; science and art ; invention and discovery; agriculture and cattle-breeding; clothing and ornament ; habitations ; family and social customs ; the state. — (2) Detailed description of races: The American- Pacific group ; the light stocks of South and Central Africa ; the Negro races ; the cultural races of the Old world : Africa, Asia, Europe. "Our business in this work is to impart a knowledge of mankind as we find it to-day throughout the earth. . . . Eth- nography must acquaint us not only with what man is, but with the means by which he has become what he is, so far as the process has left any traces of its manifold inner workings. . . .We can conceive a universal history of civilization which should assume a point of view commanding the whole earth, in the sense of surveying the history of the extension of civili- zation throughout mankind ; it would penetrate deep and far into what is usually called [Volkerkunde or] ethnography, the study of the human race." First published under title Volkerkunde, 1885-88. 1897 Dorsey, George Amos. Physical anthropology. (In Science. New York, 1897. n. s. V. 6, p. 109-120.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 57 1897 Lecture delivered at the Field Columbian mu- seum, March 20, 1897. "Applying the methods of zoological investigation to man, physical anthropology asks of his ancestry, of the time of his appearance on earth, of his kinds or varieties or species, of the comparative fertility of races, of the fertility of hybrids, of the laws of heredity and descent, and of the nature and in- fluence of food, climate and environment upon man, and finally of man's relation to other animals." The data of Physical anthropology are furnished by paleon- tology, embryology, anatomy, physiology and experimental psychology. Hoernes, Moritz. Urgeschichte der Menschheit Mit 48 Abbil- dungen. 2. Aufl. Leipzig, G. J. Goschen, 1897. 157 p. front., illus. 15>^ cm. (Sammlung Goschen.) "Litteratur": p. [9]-10. Archaeology is part of Anthropology, whose aim is to inform man about his place in nature. English translation by James Loewe, London, 1900. McGee, W J The science of humanity. {In Science. New York, 1897. n. s. vol. 6, p. 413-433.) Vice-presidential address, A. A. A. S., 1897. The author divides anthropology into Physical anthropology, including somatology, ethnology, understood as the science of races (craniology, color of hair, eyes and skin, etc.) and psychology, the study of the human brain, and into the science of Humanity, including esthetology, technology, sociology, phi- lology and sophiology. "So there are three well-established and widely recognized sciences [somatology, ethnology and psychology] whose object- matter is man considered as an organism ; by some students, especially those of the last decades, they are held to constitute the whole of anthropology; by others they are combined as physical anthropology and regarded as including only the ani- 158 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1897 mal side of man, but excluding nearly the whole of the essen- tially human side — nearly but not quite, the whole, since the field of psychology is common ground. This is the view of several modern anthropologists, and is that held in this writing." Munro, Robert. Prehistoric problems. . . . Edinburgh and London, W. Blackwood and sons, 1897. xix, 371 p. illus. 22 cm. "Range and scope of anthropology: . . .From the new stand- point, anthropology has a much wider scope, and embraces the origin, development, and civilisation of mankind." It includes an elucidation of "the means by which he [man] learned to distinguish between good and evil, in consequence of which he became a responsible being, and laid the foundations of a science of conscience and ethics. To analyse and systematise the evidences on which these momentous issues are based is the special province of anthropology." The author divides the field into (i) Ethnology. (2) Language.' (3) Structural relationship of man with other living organisms. (4) Fossil remains of man. (s) Handicraft products of man, and (6) The bearing of geology on the prehistoric remains of man. Ethnology includes "the geographical distribution of the various races of man, the physical peculiarities of the bodies and features, — the conformation of the skull, the size and structure of the brain, the colour of the skin, eyes, and hair, — together with the products of different civilisations scattered over the globe." Schmidt, Emil. Das System der anthropologischen Disciplinen. {In Centralblatt fiir Anthropologic, Ethnologic und Urgcschichte. Breslau, 1897. v. 2, p. 97-102.) "Stellt folgendes Schema auf: I. Naturwissenschaftliche Behandlung: I. Physische oder somatische Anthropologic : (a) Zoo- logische Anthropologie. . . (b) Die Rassen des Men- schengeschlechtes : (i) Phylographie (beschreibende Be- handlung und (2) Phylologie (Aufsuchen der Gesetz- BIBLIOGRAPHY. 159 1897 massigkeit). 11. Ethriische Anthropologie (die geistig- socialen Erscheinungen des Menschengeschlechtes : (i) Ethnographic (beschreibende Volkerkunde). (2) Eth- nologic (Aufsuchen der Gesetzmassigkeiten im geistigen Leben der Volker). 2. Historische Anthropologie oder Prahistorie (historische Behandlung der friiheren und niederen Stufen des Menschen- geschlechtes)." M. Winternitz in Globus, v. 78. Starcke, Carl Nicolai. Etnologi. {In Salomonsens store konversations- leksikon. Kjobenhavn, 1893—. v. 6, 1897.) The science of the customs of the different peoples and tribes. It differs from ethnography in not confining itself to monographic descriptions ; it is a comparative science, dealing with laws more than with single facts. It might be called the History of human culture. 1898 Brinton, Daniel Garrison. International catalogue of scientific literature. Report of the Committee of the Royal society of London, with schedules of classification. March, 1898. Schedule Q, Anthropology. {In Science. New York, 1898. n. s. v. 8, p. 375-376.) Professor Brinton criticises its omissions. "Nothing is said of that most prominent branch sometimes called Develop- mental somatology, which investigates the influences of hered- ity and environment and the physical transformations of man (evolution, monogenism, polygenism, etc.) The whole science of ethnography, as such, is overlooked, as under the unfor- tunate heading 'races' the only subtitles are 'General works,' 'Classification by name and language,' 'Racial peculiarities' . . . Why 'administration' and 'sociology* should be separated is not obvious... A curious omission in these days is that of folk-lore from the leading titles." This is the classification proposed by F. Galton. It was not adopted. See also Galton, ,F., 1898, and McGee, W J, 1899. l60 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1898 Canestrini, Giovanni. Antropologia. . . 3. ed. riveduta ed ampliata. Mi- lano, U. Hoepli, 1898. 5 p. 1., 239 p. illus. IS^^ cm. Partial Contents : — Caratteri esterni dell' uomo, — Lo sche- letro umane. — Anomalie e mostruosita. — Malattie. — Caratteri psicologici deir uomo. — Ornamenti e deformazioni artificiali. — ■ Elezione sessuale. — Posizione sistematica dell' uomo. — Classi- ficazione delle razze umane. Caratteri delle razze umane: Po- poli australoidi, negroidi, mongoloidi, caucasoidi. — I due sessi. — Antichita, origine della specie umana. Anthropology is the natural history of man or a zoological monograph of the human species. There is, however, another science which completes it, viz. Ethnography. This is an historical-social science, dealing with peoples, their intellectual life their social organization, their customs, commerce, relig- ions, myths, and migrations. 1st edition, 1878. Cattell, James McKeen. Tlie advance of psychology; address. (In Amer- ican association for the adv. of science. Proceedings. Salem, 1898. p. 441-453.) "Under the classification of this association, anthropology and psycnology are included in one section. Several of our leading members would make psychology a branch of anthro- pology, while psychology regards ethnology and archeeology, on the one hand, and somatology, on the other, as contribut- ing much to its subject-matter." Galton, Francis. Syllabus of anthropology prepared for the Inter- national catalogue committee of the Royal society of London. (In Journal of the Anthrop. institute of Gt. Brit, and Ireland. London, 1898. v. 27, p. 361-364.) Main Divisions : General works ; museums and collections ; archfeology; anthropometry; races; industrial occupations and appliances; arts of pleasure; communication of ideas; science; BIBLIOGRAPHY. l6l 1898 superstition, religion, customs; administration [and econom- ics] ; sociology, chiefly of primitive races. The classification was not adopted. See also Brinton, D. G., 1898 and McGee, W J, 1899. Guede, H. Aide-memoire d'anthropologie et d'ethnographie, par le professeur Henri Girard [pseud.] .. .Paris, J. B. Bailliere et fils, 1898. 282 p. illus. 16 cm. "L'anthropologie est la branche de la biologic qui etudie I'espece humaine, aussi bien dans ' le passe que dans le pre- sent; elle se divise ainsi en deux grandes subdivisions: i° I'etude des races fossiles et prehistoriques; 2° 1' etude des races actuelles." Haberlandt, Michael. Volkerkunde . . . Leipzig, G. J. Goschen, 1898. 200 p. illus. 15^ cm. (Sammlung Goschen.) "Litteratur" : p. 2. The subject of "Volkerkunde" is the present population of the earth, the mental, social, moral and physical peculiarity of each group or people. Through historical ethnology it leads to archaeology. — ~ Haddon, Alfred Cort. The study of man . . . New York, G. P. Putnam's sons; London, Bliss, Sands, & Co., 1898. 1. p. 1., XXV, 410 p. 2\y2 cm. "On the Continent the term anthropology is restricted to what we in England terra physical anthropology or somatology ...the study of man as an animal... We prefer to retain the word anthropology for the study of man in its widest aspect. Ethnography is the description of a special people, whether it be a small tribe, the natives of a restricted area, or a large nation; it includes a comparative study of human groups... thus it deals with the classification of peoples, their origin, and their migrations. Ethnology may also be divided into several l62 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1898 branches, the four more important of which are sociology, technology, religion and linguistics." Appendix: The classification of anthropology proposed by Dr. Brinton. Sanchez, Jesus, Relaciones de la antropologia y la medicina. {In Gaceta medica. Mexico, 1898. v. 35, p. 193-206.) Experimental and physical anthropology or somatology, is the first of the four sections of general anthropology or the science of man regarded as an animal. Somatology is the comparative study of races, the variations of the skeleton, muscles, etc. It includes applied experimental psychology, embryology and teratology, the origin of man, comparative anatomy of man with the anthropoids, and the anatomical classification of races. 1899 Aranzadi y Unamuno, Telesforo de. Etnologia; antropologia filosofica y psicologia y sociologia compafadas. . . .2. ed., enteramente refor- mada. Madrid, Romo y Fiissel [1899]. 551 p. 19>4 cm. (Lecciones de antropologia, t. 2.) Contents : — I. Antropologia filosofica (origen del hombre, unidad, antigiiedad, patria primitiva, dispersion, aclimatacion, etc.) II. Cultura (Material, mental). Brabrook, Edward William. [Some observations on the past progress and the present position of the anthropological sciences.] (In British association for the adv. of science. Re- port. London, 1899. p. 999-1010.) Presidential address. "Anthropology is in fact a group of sciences. There is . . . physical anthropology. . . mainly based upon anatomy and physiology. There is comparative anthropology, which deals with the zoological position of mankind. There is prehistoric archaeology There is psychology, which comprehends the BIBLIOGRAPHY. 163 1899 whole operations of his mental faculties. There is linguistics, which traces the history of human language. There is folk- lore, which investigates man's traditions, customs, and beliefs. There are ethnography, which describes the races of mankind, and ethnology, which differentiates between them... .There is sociology, which applies the learning accumulated in all the other branches of anthropology to man's relation to his fellows... .The student of man must study the whole man." Also in Smithsonian report for 1898, p. 622-636, and in Nature, v. 58, p. 527-532. Folkmar, Daniel. L'anthropologie philosophique, consideree comme base de la morale. Paris, Schleicher freres, 1899. 2 p. 1., 162, [2] p. 22 cm. Insists that anthropology should include all sciences dealing with many somatology, psychology, sociology, ethnology, his- tory and statistics, while ethics, the art of moral action, may be regarded as applied anthropology, and certainly should be founded on that science. Defines philosophical anthropology as that part of philosophy, which deals with humanity, com- prising the widest generalisations of the sciences of man him- self, as well as the philosophy of action. Hoyos Sainz, Luis de. Tecnica antropologica y antropologia fisica... 2. ed. Madrid. Imp. del Asilo de huerfanos del S. C. de Jesus, 1899. 3 p. 1., 600 p. illus. 19>4 cm. (Lecciones de antropologia, t. 1.) The author divides anthropology in its widest sense into three main branches : I. General anthropology, including phys- ical anthropology, physiological anthropology and ethnology (comprising comparative psychology, sociology and culture). II. Descriptive anthropology, including classification of races, ethnography, paleoethnology, and archaeology. III. Philo- sophical anthropology, including zoological anthropology, ori- gin, unity, antiquity, original home, dispersion and acclimati- sation of man. 1st edition, 1893. 164 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1899 Keane, Augustus Henry. Man, past and present Cambridge, University press, 1899. xii, 584 p. illus., 12 pi. 20>^ cm. Contents :— General considerations (All sprung from the pliocene precursor; the "First man"; world peopled from one centre by pleistocene man; the human cradle-land; etc.). — The metal ages ; historic times and peoples. The African negro.— The Oceanic negroes. — The Mongols.— The American ab- origines. — The Caucasic peoples. McGee, W J Anthropology [The classification first submitted by the International catalogue committee]. {In Science. New York, 1899. n. s. v. 10, p. 48-50.) A severe criticism of the scheme of F. Galton. It has no place for somatology, philosophy (or mythology) etc., while a subject like sociology may be said to be represented twice, under sociology and administration. See also Brinton, D. G., 1898, and Galton, F., 1898. -.^ Topinard, Paul. Science and faith, or Man as an animal, and man as a member of society ; with a discussion of animal societies.... Tr. from the author's manuscript by Thomas J. McCormack. Chicago, Open court pub. CO., 1899. vi, 374 p. 19 cm. First published in the Monist, v. 6-9, 1895-1898. — Science et foi : L'anthropologie et la science so- ciale.. . .Paris, Masson et cie., 1900. x, 578 p. 20>4 cm. A revised and enlarged edition of the preceding. The author defines anthropology as the science of man considered from all points of view. It includes (i) Anthropology in its re- stricted sense, which studies man as an animal, and as a spe- cies consisting of several varieties or races and (2) Ethnical anthropology, which is concerned with peoples and tribes, their historic and prehistoric culture, their environment, food, BIBLIOGRAPHY. 165 1899 industry, customs, language and religion, arts and literature, institutions, ideas and morals. It is divided into ethnology and sociology. The author does not any more place human psychology in a separate third division. It is partly to be classed with human physiology and partly with ethnology. Wilson, Thomas. The beginnings of the science of prehistoric an- thropology. {In Am. assoc. for the adv. of science. Proceedings. Easton, 1899. p. 309-353.) Anthropology includes everything related to man, his phys- ical, intellectual, psychologic characteristics ; and these ex- tended through all ramifications. The author proposes the following subdivisions : ( i ) Biology and comparative anatomy. (2) Comparative psychology (Literature, language, religious creeds and cults). (3) Industry. (4) Architecture and Fine arts. (5) Sociology. 1900 Aranzadi y Unamuno, Telesforo de. Etnografia : razas negras, amarillas y blancas. . . . 2. ed., enteramente reformada. Madrid, Romo y Fiissel, 1900. 372 p. 19^^ cm. (Lecciones de an- tropologia, t. 4.) Ethnography is the description of the principal peoples and tribes of the earth and the study of the races of which they are made up. Bahnson, Kristian. Etnografien fremstillet i dens hovedtrsek Kjo- benhavn, Nordiske forlag, 1900. 2 v. illus., plates, maps. 23 cm. The author regards Anthropolgy on the one hand and Eth- nography and Ethnology on the other as separate sciences, the former dealing with man from the point of view of natural history, the latter from that of culture history. The aim of Anthropology is partly to define the relation of man to the rest of organized nature, and partly by means of comparative anatomical and physiological researches to classify and de- termine the various types of the human family. l66 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1900 Ethnography and Ethnology, on the other hand, are only concerned with peoples and tribes, not with races. The former is confined to the monographic study of single peoples or groups of peoples and to the unravelling of their relationship as shown by their languages, while the special aim of the latter is the investigation into the growth of social and re- ligious ideas. Its method is founded on the similarity discov- ered in the various phases of primitive culture all over the world, and its object is to define certain phenomena which are everywhere identical as a consequence of the identity of human nature. They are both of them, according to the author, practically confined to peoples and tribes not covered by history, i. e., other than the Aryan, Semitic and Hamitic peoples. Compare the author's article "Etnograii" in Salo- monsen's encyclopedia, v. 6, 1897. Deniker, Joseph. Les races et les peuples de la terre; elements d'anthropologie et d'ethnographie. ... Paris, Schlei- cher freres, 1900. vii, 692 p. front., illus., pi., 2 maps. 193^ cm. Contents : — Caracteres somatiques (morphologiques, phy- siologiques, psychologiques). — Caracteres ethniques (linguis- tiques, sociologiques). — Classification des races et des peuples. — Races et peuples de I'Europe, Asie, Afrique, Oceanic, Ame- rique. See also English translation. -" Deniker, Joseph. The laces of man: An outline of anthropology and ethnology. London, W. Scott; New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1900. xxiii, 611 p. incl. front., illus., 2 maps. 19j^ cm. "The science which concerns itself more especially with the somatical characteristics of the genus Homo, whether con- sidered as a whole in his relations to other animals or in his varieties, bears the name of anthropology; that which deals with the ethnical characteristics is called ethnography in some BIBLIOGRAPHY. 167 1900 countries and ethnology in others. This latter science should concern itself with human societies under all their aspects; but as history, political economy, etc., have already taken possession of the study of civilised peoples, there only remains for it the peoples without a history, or those who have not been adequately treated by historians. However, there is a convergence of characters in mankind, and we find even to- day the trace of savagery in the most civilised peoples. Eth- nical facts must not then be considered separately." Hagen, Bernhard. Ueber Entwicklung und Probleme der Anthropo- logic. {In Senckenbergische naturforschende Ge- sellschaft. Bericht. Frankfurt a. M., 1900. p. 65- 90.) "Die Anthropologic. . .hat sich aus dem grossen, ratsel- haften Buche, welches den Titel: 'Mensch' tragt, nur ein Kapitel als Spezialtummelplatz erwahit, namlich das der ver- gleichenden Rassenkunde ; und auch von diesem beriicksich- tigt sie nur die eine, die physische Seite, welche die Entwick- lung, den Bau, das Leben und die korperlichen Verschieden- heiten des Menschengeschlechtes von einst und jetzt umfasst. Die zweite, die psychische Seite, welche Volkerkunde, Volker- psychologie, Soziologie und Psychophysik umfasst, also die ganze geistige Bethatigung des Menschen, hat man von der Anthropologic als eigene Wissenschaft unter dem Namen Eth- nologie abgetrennt und zwar so griindlich, dass man fiir jeden dieser beiden Zweige kiirzlich in Berlin einen eigenen Lehr- stuhl errichtet hat." The author, of course, also includes prehistoric and zoolog- ical anthropology in anthropology proper. On page 76 he uses the term Psychical anthropology for ethnology and lin- guistics. Hoyos Sainz, Luis de. Etnografia: clazificaciones, prehistoria y razas americanas. ... 2. ed., aumentada y corregida. Ma- drid, Romo y Fiissel, 1900. 375 p. 19>4 cm. (Lecciones de antropologia, t. 3.) Contents : — Antropologia descriptiva : Clasificacion de las razas. Prehistoria. — Etnografia: Razas americanas., 1 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1900 Powell, John Wesley. Anthropology. ( In the Universal cyclopsedia. New ed. New York, D. Appleton and company, 1900. V. 1.) Also in the newly rev. ed. of 1905. "It may be divided into three departments : Somatology, Psychology, Ethnology. Somatology, or the biology of man, includes the study of man as an animal, and the classification of mankind in the zoological system. ... It also deals with the development of the individual from the germ to the adult state Psychology, as an integral part of anthropology, is the sci- ence of the human soul, though comparative psychology in- cludes the subject of the minds of the lower animals. .. .In so far as the science is physiological, it belongs to natural science; but in so far as it is spiritual — and in chief part it is spiritual — it belongs to philosophy." Ethnology. [I quote from the author's article in vol. 4.] "In common usage, the science which treats of the division of mankind into races, their origin, distribution, and various characteristics, including the whole science of man. In a more restricted sense, it is the science by which men are classified into races or groups distinguished by physical char- acteristics, as the color of the skin, the structure of the hair, the attitude of the eyes, the form of the skull, etc. ; but this has not largely prevailed. The tendency at the present time is to apply the word to that science which treats of the culture of the tribes and nations of mankind, or the origin, develop- ment and condition of industrial and decorative arts and the arts of amusement ; the arts of ^society ; the arts of language ; the arts of literature ; the fine arts ; natural religions ; and, finally, the opinions of mankind." Rhys, John. Anthropology [Presidential address]. {In British association for the adv. of science. Report, 1900. London, 1900. p. 884-896.) "The difficulties of the position of the president of this section arise in a great measure from the vastness of the field of re- search which the science of man covers. He is, therefore, con- BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 69 1900 strained to limit his attention as a rule to some small corner of it; and, with the audacity of ignorance, I have selected that which might be labelled the early ethnology of the British Isles." Also in Nature, v. 62, p. 513-519. Rosny, Leon Louis Lucien Prunol de. La science de la civilisation : Traite d'ethnogra- phie theorique et descriptive. .. .Paris, E. Leroux, 1900 — 2 parts issued. 23cm. "L'ethnographie est la science des societes humaines. Et comme la caracteristique essentielle des societes humaines est la civilisation, on peut dire que l'ethnographie est la science des civilisations. En d'autres termes, l'ethnographie est I'etude de revolution intellectuelle des societes humaines, tandis que I'Anthropologie qualifiee d'histoire naturelle de I'homme, s'oc- cupe de I'homme individual et des races d'hommes, au point de vue zoologique. . . .Le mot d'ethnologie a I'inconvenient d'avoir designe pendant un temps les etudes qu'on appelle aujourd'hui 'anthropologic.' Si le mot n'est pas destine a disparaitre, c'est a la condition qu'on lui attribue une accep- tion speciale et necessaire dans le cadre des sciences ethno- graphiques. Plusieurs savants I'ont essaye: on ne peut pas dire encore qu'ils aient completement reussi." Seibert, F. Lotze als Anthropologe. Wiesbaden, H. Ferger, 1900. 3 p. I., 131 p. 23 cm. Contents : — Allgemeine Anthropologie. — Besondere Anthro- pologie (somatische). — Psychische Anthropologie. — Anthropo- geographie. — Aeussere und innere Kultur. Sergi, Giuseppe. Specie e varieta umane; saggiodi una sistematica antropologica.. . .Torino [etc.] Fratelli Bocca, 1900. 4 p. I., 224 p. illus. 24 cm. Contents : — Basi della classificazione umana. — Metodo e classificazione. — La faccia e suoi caratteri. 170 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1900 Winternitz, Moritz. Volkerkunde, Volkskunde und Philologie. {In Glo- bus. . . . Braunschweig, F. Vieweg, 1900. v. 78, p. 345-350, 370-377.) "Die Begriffe 'Ethnologie' und 'Volkerkunde' betrachte ich — wie das wohl allgemein geschieht — als identisch; und ebenso spreche ich wohl nur die Ansicht der meisten Forscher aus, wenn ich die Ethnologie oder Volkerkunde als einen Zweig der allgemeinen Anthropologic im weitesten Sinne des Wortes als der Wissenschaft vom Menschen auffasse. Von dieser allgemeinen Anthropologic unterscheide ich die drei Hauptabteilungen : I. Somatologie oder physische anthropologie, welche sich mit dem Menschen als Naturwesen beschaftigt und im Gegen- satze zur Volkerkunde auch als Rassenkunde bezeichnet wer- den konnte. Denn daran halte ich mit Friedrich Miiller fest, dass der Begriff 'Rasse' als ein anthropologischer von dem ethnologischen Begriffe 'Volk' streng zu unterscheiden ist. II. Prdhistorik oder Urgeschichte. III. Die Ethnologie oder Volkerkunde. Sie definiere ich als die Wissenschaft vom psychischen und socialen Menschen... Ich betrachte es als die eigentliche Aufgabe der Volkerkunde, die Volker der Erde mit Bezug auf ihren Kulturbesitz und ihre Kulturentwickelung zu erforschen. . .Sie muss die Lebens- ausserungen, die Kulturen aller Volker vergleichend erfor- schen und ihr Augenmerk namentlich denjenigen Erschei- nungen zuwenden, welche alien Volkern gemeinsam oder doch fur die Entwickelung der gesamten Menschheit von hervorragender Bedeutung sind. ...Was man zuweilen noch allgemeine Kulturgeschichte oder Kulturwissenschaft nennt, geht in der Volkerkunde ohne Rest auf. Wir konnen folgende Hauptabschnitte der Volkerkunde unterscheiden. (i) Sprache und Schrift. (2) Die technischen Erfindungen und einrichtungen, zuweilen auch als 'materielle Kuliur' bezeichnet. (3) Die Religion und Moral. (4) Die Kiinste. (s) Die Wissenschaften. (6) Die gesellschaftlichen Einrichtungen Die Ethnologie beschaftigt sich mit den ge- sellschaftlichen Einrichtungen ausschliesslich von der histo- risch-genetischen Seite. Das Ziel der Sociologie ist ein ganz anderes; sie will in letzter Linie ergrunden, welche Gesell- schaftsformen den Zwecken der Menschheit am dienlichsten sind. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 71 1900 Es geht nicht an, die Forschungen des Ethnologen auf die 'Naturvolker' oder auf die 'schriftlosen' oder auf die 'unhis- torischen' Volker zu beschranken. Von der Volkerkunde unterscheidet sich die Volkskunde, ebenso wie die Ethnographic, scharf dadurch, dass sie sich immer nur die Erforschung eines bestimmten einzelnen Volkes oder einer einzelnen. . .Volkergruppe zum Ziele setzt...Zwi- schen Ethnographie und 'Volkskunde' zu unterscheiden ist nicht unbedingt n6tig...Die Ethnographie ist ebenso wenig bloss beschreibend, wie die Volkskunde bloss auf das Sammeln und Schildern beschrankt ist — ^beide sind auch forschend und erklarend. Alle Erscheinungen des Volkerlebens . . . verlangen schliess- lich eine psychologische Erklarung. Darum ist fiir die Volker- kunde . . . die Volkerpsychologie eine unentbehrliche Grund- lage, ahnlich etwa wie die Mathematik es fiir die Natur- wissenschaften ist. Und zwar betrachte ich mit W. Wundt die Volkerpsychologie als einen neben die Individual-Psycho- logie zu stellenden Abschnitt der Psychologie, welcher die- jenigen psychischen Vorgange zum Gegenstand hat, 'die der allgemeinen Entwicklung menschlicher Gemeinschaften und der Entstehung gemeinsamer geistiger Erzeugnisse von allgemein giiltigem Werte zu Grunde liegen' . . . Die notwendige Voraussetzung fiir die. . .Ethnographic ist die Lehre von der geographischen Verbreitung der Menschen auf der Erde, welche iiber die Einteilung der Volker, ihre Wanderungen, ihre Verwandtschaften und sonstigen Bezie- hungen zu einander Auskunft giebt. Ob man diese Fragen der Anthropogeographie als einem Zweige der Geographic zu- weisen oder in einem allgemeinen Teil (als 'allgemeine Eth- nographie,' wie Brinton es thut) der die Volker im ein- zelnen schildernden Ethnographie vorausschicken will, ist ziemlich gleichgiiltig." 1901 Boulay, Jean Nicolas. Principes d'anthropologie generale Paris, P. Lethielleux [1901]. xvi, 334 p. 18>^ cm. Contents : — De I'objectivite de nos connaissances. — L'etre humain individuel (I'homme et la plante; I'homme et I'animal; developpement des facultes superieures dans I'homme, etc.) — Las hommes (Origine et fin; I'homme social; la probleme social). 172 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1901 "L'anthropologie est la science de I'homme individu et de I'homme coUectif . . .dans le present et dans le passe... II est . . . rationnel de la restreindre a la connaissance des faits et des principes generaux qui nous interessent directement, aux divers points de vue organique, intellectuel, moral, social, re- ligieux. . ." Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon. 14. vollst. neu- bearb. Aufl. Leipzig, 1901-1903. v. 1. Anthropologie. Anthropology, the science of man in its widest sense, is divided into (i) Somatic anthropology, dealing with the phys- ical characteristics of man and his races, especially with the skull and skeleton, proportions of the extremities, quality and color of skin and hair, and the iris of the eye. Upon these researches is founded the answer to the question of the rela- tion between man and the higher animals, leading to (2) Archaeology (Urgeschichte), the study of the antiquity of man and his possible precursors. This science includes the investigation of the beginnings of human culture in prehis- toric times, and in this sense is sometimes called Prehistory, leading directly to (3) Ethnology, which is chiefly concerned with the primary elements of the culture and intellectual life of all mankind. Prehistory may then be properly termed Prehistoric ethnology. As "Volkerkunde" ethnology deals with the elementary thoughts of mankind as revealed by re- ligion, cosmology, law, customs, social relations, etc., as "Volkskunde" with the corresponding remnants from earlier times among the civilized nations. According to R. Wagner there is still another branch of ethnology, viz. Historical an- thropology, the investigation of the relation between the pres- ent populations of the earth and the peoples of antiquity. — Ethnographic (in vol. 6, 1902). Ethnography and ethnology are branches of "Volkerkunde," the former term being used by many to designate the descrip- tion and classification of the various peoples, while the latter covers the more strictly scientific study of race, nationality, descent, manners, customs and the products of their intel- lectual life. Both deal with man as a member of a family, tribe or people, with common culture and generally also with common language. A branch of "Volkerkunde" is Sociology BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 73 1901 with its recent subbranch Ethnical jurisprudence, while the researches into the beginnings of art have lately given rise to Ethnical esthetics. Hamy, Jules Theodore Ernest. Les debuts de ranthropologie en France. (In Revue scientifique. Paris, 1901. v. 16, p. 321-328.) Deals chiefly with the history of the Societe des observa- teurs de rhomme, founded i8oo and lasting only to 1803, and with the Societe d'ethnologie. Hutchinson, Henry Neville; Gregory, John Walter and Lydekker, Richard. The living races of mankind ; a popular illustrated account of the customs, habits, pursuits, feasts and ceremonies of the races of mankind throughout the world. . .London, Hutchinson & Co. [1901]. 8, viii, 584 p. col. front., illus. (incl. maps) col. pi. 28 cm. Issued also as v. 4-5 of The people's natural his- tory... Nev^r York, 1903. International dictionary and cyclopaedia. Phila- delphia, 1901. V. 1. Anthropology. "...I. Natural science: i. Gen.: The science of man in the widest sense of the terms. The word anthropology figures in Johnson's dictionary with the signification, 'the doctrine of anatomy; the doctrine of the form and structure of the body of man'.. .Kant gave a much wider range than this to the subject in his Anthropologic, published about the year 1789. . .Finally the Anthropological society of London defined its aim to be 'to study man in all his leading aspects, physical, mental, and historical, to investigate the laws of his origin and progress, to ascertain his place in nature, and his relation to the inferior forms of life.' In this sense ethnology is a department of anthropology. . . 2. Spec. : The science which investigates the relation in which man stands to the inferior animals. In this sense eth- nology is a cognate science to anthropology. Dr. Latham uses the word in this limited sense." 174 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1901 Martin, Rudolf. Anthropologie als Wissenschaft und Lehrfach. Eine akademische Antrittsrede. . -Jena, G. Fischer, 1901. 30 p. 23 cm. "Meiner Ansicht nach nun zerfallt die 'Anthropologie im weiteren Sinne' naturgemass in zwei, durch das Object eng verbundene Wissenschaften : in die physische Anthropologie, auch Morphologie, oder Somatologie der Menschenrassen ge- nannt, und in die psychische Anthropologie, die auch unter der Bezeichnung Ethnologie oder Volkerkunde bekannt ist. ...Die physische Anthropologie schliesst eine Physiologie, ja eine Pathologic der menschlichen Rassen ein...Sie wird auch ...jene wichtigen Fragen nach Alter und Ursprung der Menschheit zu beantworten, als auch auf Grund vergleichen- der Studien die Stellung des Menschen im zoologischen Sys- tem festzustellen suchen...In den Rahmen der Ethnologie gehort meines Erachtens auch die Prahistorie [oder Urge- schichte]." Ethnography, on the other hand, deals with both physical and psychical man. If restricted to the latter, the term Somatography, proposed by E. Schmidt, might be adopted for the descriptive study of peoples and tribes from a physical point of view. Reviewed in Nature, v. 63, supplement, p. x. Also byW. Hein in Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, v. 31. Read, Charles Hercules. Presidential address. (In Journal of the anthrop. institute of Gt. Brit, and Ireland. London, 1901. V. 31, p. 9-19.) Speaking of the International catalogue of scientific litera- ture, the author says : "The exclusion from such a scheme of every branch of anthropology except that dealing with the physical characters of man, reveals, however, a state of mind in English science that can scarcely be called scientific, and differs widely from that prevailing on the Continent or in America." He thinks that it will be found in practice im- possible to deal with physical anthropology, without taking BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 75 1901 in the vast amount of important litci-ature dealing with man as a social being. Sokolowsky, Alexander. Menschenkunde ; eine Naturgeschichte samtlicher Volkerrassen der Erde 3. Aufl. Stuttgart [etc.] Union deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft [1901]. x, [2], 316 p. front., 40 (i. e. 20) pi. 23 cm. Contents : — i. Abschnitt. Somatisch - anthrof)ologischer Teil. 2. Abschnitt. Ethnographisch-anthropologischer Teil. An ambitious, but rather unsatisfactory work. "Man hat, wie ich glaube, . . . zu einseitig die rein morpho- logischen Aufgaben in Beriicksichtigung gezogen, wahrend die biologisch-physiologische Begriindung der morphologischen Befunde zu sehr zur Seite gedrangt wurde." 1. Aufl. 1901. 1902 Frobenius, Leo. Volkerkunde in Charakterbildern des Lebens, Treibens und Denkens der wilden und der reiferen Menschheit. . . . I. Bd. Aus den Flegeljahren der Menschheit. II. Bd. Die reifere Menschheit. Han- nover, Gebriider Janecke, 1902. 2 v. in 1. 21 cm. "Die Bedeutung des Wortes "Volkerkunde' hat sich im Laufe der letzten 20 Jahre sehr merklich geandert. Sobald namlich unsere Wissenschaft einigermassen herangewachsen war... da zeigte es sich, dass in der Beschreibung der Volker d. h. der Menschen als solcher doch nur ein einziger Zweig von einem machtig und gewaltig ausgedehnten Baume zu suchen und zu finden sei....Es ist drollig, dass wir der alten Gewohnheit gemass gezwungen sind, ein Buch wie das vor- liegende eine Volkerkunde zu nennen. Richtig gefasst ist es viel eher ein Stiick Kulturgeschichte wie eine Volkerkunde. Ueberhaupt sollte man den Namen umtaufen. Wunderlicher Weise versteht fast ein Jeder heute unter der Volkerkunde eine Wissenschaft, die nur schwarze und rote, dazu obendrein hochstens noch einige gelbe Menschen als ihre Studien- objecte anerkennt und betrachtet." 176 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1902 Hoffmann-Krayer, Eduard. Die Volkskunde als Wissenschaft. Zurich, F. Amberger, 1902. 34 p. 23 cm. "Volkskunde" deals with the common people, "vulgus," with customs, superstitions, art, poetry, music, dance, language, etc., in the lower strata of a civilised nation. It can be gen- eral or special. Ethnography, on the other hand, deals or ought to deal with primitive (savage, barbaric, half-civilized) peo- ples. Holmes, William Henry and Mason, Otis Tufton. Instructions to collectors of historical and anthro- pological specimens. Washington, Gov't printing office, 1902. 16 p. 24 cm. Part Q of Bulletin of the U. S. National museum, no. 39. The anthropological instructions are grouped under the fol- lowing headings: A. Somatological collections: (i) Observa- tions on the living; (2) Anatomical collections: (3) Phy- siological processes, including vital processes in health and disease, and physiological psychology. B. Ethnological col- lections: (I) Arts and activities (relating to food, dress, habi- tations, ceramic art, textile industries, hunting, fishing, trans- portation, agriculture, commerce, etc.). (II) Communications; (III) Social life; (IV) Aesthetic culture; (V) Knowledge; (VI) Religions; (VII) Environment. Lange, J. Die Aufgaben der Anthropologic. {In Politisch- anthropologische Revue. Leipzig, 1902-3. v. 1, p. 81-86.) "Was nun die Anthropologie selbst betrifft, so gliedert man ihre Aufgaben bekanntlich in drei grosse Gebiete, in das der physischen, psychischen und historischen Anthropologie. . .Die Rassen-Anthropologie [ein Zweig der physischen A.] stellt den natur-historischen Ursprung der einzelnen Rassen und Stamme fest. . .Dieselben Unterscheidungen, wie auf dem Gebiete der physischen, konnen in dem der psychischen Anthropologie ge- macht werden,- welche sowohl das geistige Leben des Indi- BIBLIOGRAPHY. 177 1902 viduums, wie das der Gattung nach Ursachen und Gesetz- massigkeiten erforscht. . . . Die Beschreibung der seelischen Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Rassen in Bezug auf Instinkt, Temperament und geistige Begabung ist die beson- dere Aufgabe der Rassen-Psychologie, wahrend man unter der Fo/fe^r-Psychologie hergebrachter Weise die Untersu- chung der aus dam gesellschaftlichen Zusammenleben hervor- gehenden geistigen Vorgange und Bildungen der Sprache, der Religion, Sitte u. s. w. versteht. Im Gegensatz zur Indi- vidual-Psychologie sollte man sie besser ganz allgemein als 5'03!o/- Psychologic bezeichnen. . . .Die historische Anthropo- logie behandelt den Ursprung und die Herkunft des Men- schengeschlechts." "In enger Verbindung mit der historischcn Anthropologic steht die erst seit allerncuester Zeit stark in den Vordergrund tretcnde soziale Anthropologie. Sie setzt sich zum Ziel die korperlichcn und seelischen Unterschiede der Rassen, Fami- lien und Individuen in Bezug auf ihre gesellschaftlichen Wir- kungen, wie historisches Schicksal der Volker, Klassenbil- dung, Berufswahl, Auf- und Niedersteigen auf der sozialen Stufenleiter zu untersuchen und den Einfluss zu zeigen, wel- chen die organischen Grundprozesse der Variation, Ver- erbung, Anpassung und Auslese, Inzucht und Kreuzung auf den politischen und geistigen Charakter einer Bevolkerung ausiiben." Meyers grosses Konversationslexikon. 6. Ganz- lich neubearb. und verm. Aufl. Leipzig, 1902 — vol. 1. Anthropologie. The science of man as a zoological species and of his rela- tion to the rest of nature. Anthropology may be studied from two different points of view, from that of natural science or from that of history. The former gives rise to Physical or Somatic anthropology and to Ethnic anthro- pology. Somatic anthropology deals with the relation of man to the animals (zoological anthropology) and also with such differences inside the human species as are founded on sex, age, race, descent, etc. (somatic anthropology proper). In this connection it takes into consideration especially the skeleton, skull, brain, skin, hair, eyes, muscles, sense organs. 178 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1902 etc., also the proportion of the body, growth, heredity, atav- ism, as well as certain psychical phenomena. It deals with the physiological as well as purely anatomical side of man, including both normal and pathologic conditions. The subject of Ethnic anthropology are the intellectual- social phenomena, the study of man as a member of society. It deals with the economic and political conditions, with the industries, arts, commerce, religion, superstition, customs, etc., of the various peoples, especially savage and barbarous peo- ples. Also Social anthropology may come in here. The collection, arrangement and description of this material is the task of Ethnography, while Ethnology elaborates it and tries to deduce the underlying laws. Historical anthropology (prehistory) deals with the origin of man and his antiquity, with prehistoric races, the begin- nings of culture and its various streams down the ages, with prehistoric periods, in short with that part of the life history of mankind on which the written records are silent. Meyers grosses Konversationslexion. 6. ganzlich neubearb. und verm. Aufl. Leipzig, 1902 — V. 6 (1904). Ethnographie ( Volkerbeschreibung) , "Beschreibende Volkerkunde, schildert die verschiedenen Kulturverhaltnisse des Menschen. Weiteres s. Volkerkunde." Ethnologie (Volkerlehre), "Vergleichende Volkerkunde, welche die Ursachen der Ver- schiedenheiten in den Kulturverhaltnissen des Menschenge- schlechts erforscht." Ward, Duren James Henderson. Anthropology: an evoltitionary synopsis of man. ...[n. p., 1902?] 23 p. 21>^ cm. "Anthropology is the science which studies the origin of the human being and the origin of his capacities In a word, it is an evolutionary synopsis of man on scientific principles." The author establishes two main divisions of the science, one dealing with man individually, the other with man collec- tively. The former has three .subdivisions, viz. Anthro- pogeny or Paleontological anthropology, Somatogeny or Bio- BIBLIOGRAPHY. 179 1902 logical anthrop., and Psychogeny or Mental anthropology, covering in part the ethnology of Brinton. The latter is divided into Ethnogeny or Comparative anthropology, dealing with human races, Sociogeny or Gregarious anthropology, and finally Religiogeny or Cosmic anthropology. Cf. Mason, O. T., Anthropology, 1883. Weule, Karl. Volkerkunde und Urgeschichte im 20. Jahrhun- dert. Eisenach und Leipzig, Thiiringische Verlags- Anstalt, 1902. 2 p. 1. 43, [1] p. 25>4 cm. Also published in Politisch-anthropologische Re- vue, 1902. "Die heutige Anthropologic, soweit sie die Lehre von der Herkunft, dem Alter und der Stellung des Menschenge- schlechtes in der Natur ist, beginnt ihren Lebenslauf 1830. . . Ethnographic und Ethnologic beschaftigen sich nicht mehr mit dcm menschlichen Einzelwcsen, sondern mit den natiir- lichen Verbanden, der Familie, der Horde, dcm Stamme, dem Volk ; ihre Aufgabe ist cs, die Entwickclung des mensch- lichen Geistes und der menschlichen Gesellschaft im weitesten Sinne zu ergriinden Die Ethnologic bevorzugt dabci die Sitten und Gebrauche, den Kultus und den Sagenschatz, kurz die geistige Kultur, wahrend die Ethnographic den mate- riellen Besitz, das tagliche Lebcn in seinen Abwandelungen ins Auge fasst. Das Endzicl ist jcdoch gemcinsam: der Ver- glcich der volkischen Eigentumlichkcitcn iiber die ganze Erde hin dicnt beiden Wissenszweigen zur Feststellung alter Bc- riihrungcn und Zusamcnhange der Volker. Sie woUen damit zunachts die grosse Grundfrage zur Entschcidung bringen, ob die Gabe der sclbstandigen Erfindung ein Gemeingut der Menschheit sci, oder ob die Gemcinsamkeitcn des gcistigcn wie des matericllen Kulturbesitzes auf Entlehnung zuriick- gehen. . . . Sie sind damit gehalten, ein Bild der Wanderung, der Verwandtschaft, der ehemaligcn Gruppierung, ja in letzter Linie der Herkunft der Volker selbst zu liefcrn." Wilser, Ludwig. Ueber das Verhaltniss der Anthropologic zu Ge- schichte und Politik. (In Polit.-anthropologische Revue. Leipzig, 1902-3. v. 1, p. 944-951.) l8o BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1902 "So hoch der Mensch iiber Pflanzen und Tieren steht, um so viel wichtiger ist die Anthropologie als Botanik und Zoo- logie. . . . Gerade der Politiker kann aus der Anthropologie, wenn ihre Errungenschaften einmal Gemeingut sein werden, die reichste Belehrung schopfen. Ein Politiker ohne griindliche Kenntnis der Geschichte. . . wird seinen Gegnern manche Blosse geben ; zum wahren Verstandnis der Geschichte fiihrt aber, wie sich gezeigt hat, nur die Anthropologie." 1903 Diaz Mufioz, Pedro. Compendio de antropogia, higiene, escolar y peda- gogia. . . .2. ed. Salamanca, Tip. de F. Niiiiez, 1903. 633 p. 25 cm. Anthropology is the science of the nature of man, his con- stituent elements and the relations between them. The prin- cipal anthropological sciences are physiology, psychology, psy- chogeny, anthropogeny, ethnography, ethnology and the Scrip- tures. Ethnography is an anthropological science, since it deals with the distinctive characteristics of man, regarded as an ethnic unit. The same holds good for Ethnology, dealing with the origin of peoples and the mutual relations of the dif- ferent races. Haddon, Alfred Cort. President's address : Anthropology, its position and needs. {In Journal of the Anthrop. institute of Gt. Brit, and Ireland. London, 1903. vol. 33, p. 11-23.) Subdivides anthropology into three main branches : I. An- ihropography or physical anthropology, comprising (a) the comparative anatomy of man with man, (b) Taxonomic or systematic anthropology, the zoological study and classification of races, (c) Embryology, (d) Palaeontology, (e) Compara- tive physiology of man, (f) Anthropographical oecology, (g) Etiology, which seeks to reach a rational explanation of hu- man ontogeny and phylogeny. 2. Ethnology, including eth- nography (the monographic study of single human groups), archaeology, technology, etc. 3. Psychology, both individual and ethnical, incl. psycho-physics, etc. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ' lOl 1903 "I am indebted to my friend Professor Patrick Geddes for the greater part of this classification." The ethnographical monograph should include both An- thropography, ethnology and psychology. Holmes, William Henry. Classification and arrangement of the exhibits of an anthropological museum. Washington, Gov't printing office, 1903. 1 p. 1., 253-278 p. 24 cm. From the Report of the U. S. National museum for 1901. "The available materials are of two principal classes. The iirst relates to man himself as a biological unit, and the second to the works of his hands, the creations of his devel- oping mind.. . .The first division is known as physical anthro- pology, often called somatology; the second may in contra- distinction be called culture anthropology, since it embodies the vast range of the essentially human activities. . . . Physical anthropology includes the study of man as a species of animal, of his races and varieties, his external characters, his anatomy, physiologj', and pathology. It includes his ontogeny. .. [and] his phylogeny — the development of the species from lower forms of life." Rabaud, Etienne. Biologie generate at anthropologie generale. {In Revue de I'Ecole d'anthropologie de Paris. Paris, 1903. V. 13, p. 37-49.) "En effet, puisque tout se tient, puisque tout s'enchaine dans le monde vivant...la Biologie generale etait une introduction necessaire a 1' Anthropologie generale. . .De meme que la Bio- logie generale s'efforce de rechercher I'origine et de retracer I'histoire du monde vivant...de meme 1' Anthropologie gene- rale, suivant la definition de Letourneau, a pour objet de re- chercher I'origine et de retracer I'histoire du genre humain sous ses diverses formes, d'en etudier les phases et d'en dis- cerner les causes generales ou particulieres ; de suivre le genre humain dans son developpement physique, intellectuel et moral ; de supputer, dans la mesure du possible, sur les desti- nees de I'homme. . . .L'anthropologie generale, toutefois, vole l82 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1903 de ses propres ailes dans une certaine mesure.. .Elle s'adresse a I'Anthropologie zoologique. . .Elle s'adresse a FAnthropo- logie anatomique qui s'attache a la connaissance des formes et des dispositions diverses que les organes affectent dans une meme race, dans une meme espece — et comparativement dans les races et les especes differentes ; elle s'adresse a I'Anthro- pologie physiologique. . .Elle s'addresse encore a la Geographic anthropologique et lui demande s'il existe une relation quel- conque entre les climats, la nature du sol, les caracteres dis- tinctifs des races, I'acquisition de ces caracteres. A I'Eth- nologie enfin qui etudie les manifestations sensibles de I'acti- vite humaine, les moeurs, le degre du developpement- physio- logique et psychologique, etendant sa recherche aussi bien aux formes actuelles qu'aux formes prehistoriques." Schurtz, Heinrich. Volkerkunde. Leipzig und Wien, F. Deuticke, . 1903. xiii, 178 p. illus. 25j4 cm. Contents: — [ A] Grundlagen der Volkerkunde. (i) Phy- sische Anthropologic (Rasseneinteilung, Uebersicht der Men- schenrassen). (2) Anthropogeographie. (3) Sprachenkunde. — [B] Vergleichende Volkerkunde. (i) Gesellschaftslehre. (2) Wirtschaftslehre. (3) Kulturlehre.— [C] Die Volker der Erde. The "Kulturlehre" includes (l) Der stoffliche Kulturbesitz. (2) De'r geistige Kulturbesitz (Religon, Kunst, Wissenschaft.) 1904 Cels, Alphonse. Science de I'homme et methode anthropologique. ...Paris, F. Alcan; Bruxelles, J. Lebegue & cie., 1904. xi, 467 p. 22 cm. Partial Contents : — Le corps humain. — L'esprit humain. — ■ L'homme comme organisme generateur. — L'homme et la femme. — La famille. "Quant a I'ethnologie et a I'ethnographie, ce sont des sciences distinctes de 1' anthropologic proprement dite; I'une considere I'umanite au point de vue des diflferentes races qu'elle comprend, pour determiner les caracteres distinctifs de chacune d'elles ; I'autre s'occupe de la distribution geogra- phique des races." BIBLIOGRAPHY. 183 1904 Duckworth, Wynfried Lawrence Henry. Morphology and anthropology, a handbook for students. Cambridge, University press, 1904. xxvii, [1], 564 p. illus., diagrs. 221^ cm. (Cambridge biological series.) "Anthropology being now regarded as the natural history of man, it became necessary to investigate not only his bodily structure but his intellectual powers and their manifestations; not only these, but even the origins of human society, and of arts and sciences of whatever kind, were gradually added to the list, so that anthropological literature now deals with a variety of subjects so diverse as the studies of languages, of the special senses in civilized and savage races, of decorative art, of the origin of religion, of picture-writing, of children's games, of keramics, of metallurgy, and of midwifery. In fact, anthropology is no longer a single science, but a group of these." Giinther, Adam Wilhelm Siegmund. Ziele, Richtpunkte und Methoden der modernen Volkerkunde. Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1904. vii, 52 p. 25 cm. "Wir stellen fest dass die Ethnographic als ein rein be- schreibender Wissenszweig aufgefasst wird, der darauf aus- geht, von alien Volkern der Erde Tatsachen zu sammeln, die sich auf ihr korperliches, seelisches und geistiges Leben im wei- testen Umfange beziehen,und uns diese Erfahrungswahrheiten in wohlgeordneter, leicht zu iibersehender Darstellung vorzu- legen. .. .Die Aufgabe der Ethnologic ist es, aus der Fiille des angehauften Stoffes allgemeine Gesetze des Volkerlebens ab- zuleiten; ihre Methode ist ebenso eine deduktive, synthetische. . . .Da ist ja zunachst doch die Rassenlehre nichts anderes als eine somatische ethnographic." The author speaks of four methods of research, the anthro- pologic-prehistoric, *'he linguistic, the psychologic-sociological and the geographic (dealing with migration of ideas, etc.) Manouvrier, Leonce. Individualite de I'anthropologie. {In Revue de I'Ecole d 'anthropologic. Paris, F. Alcan, 1904. 14. annee. p. [397] -410.) 184 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1904 "L'anthropologie anatomique pure ne tardera pas a etre partout distincte de I'anatomie humaine envisagee au point de vue de ses applications medico-chirurgales. . . . Ce qu'on nomme la somatologie humaine, ce n'est autre chose que I'etude des caracteres anatomiques et physiologiques de I'espece humaine comparee aux especes voisines ou des divers etres humains compares entre eux. L'anatomie et la physiologie humaines font essentiellement partie de l'anthro- pologie autant qu'elles ont pour but la connaissance particu- liere des etres humains. Elles n'en sont separables que lors- qu'elles envisagent le corps de I'homme ou son fonctionne- ment au point de vue purement phenomenologique des sciences generales plutot qu'au point de vue de la connaissance spe- ciale des etres humains. Les rapports de l'anthropologie avec la psychologic et avec la sociologie sont absolument analogues.. .De meme que I'ana- tomie et la physiologie humaines elles se rattachent a l'an- thropologie dans la mesure ou elles prennent directement part a la connaissance speciale des etres humains.. .L'anthropologie etudie, sous ce rapport comme sous tous les autres, des carac- teres, c'est-a-dire des differences qu'elle interprete a la lu- miere des sciences generales. L'anthropologie ne s'occupe que de differences anatomiques, physiologiques, psychologiques et sociologiques. Si Ton en- visage I'ensemble de I'espece, ou les races, ou les sexes, ou les categories quelconques, ou enfin des individus, I'etude par- ticuliere des etres humains consiste toujours en une differen- tiation au point de vue des diverses sortes de phenomenes que ces etres peuvent presenter, c'est-a-dire au quadruple point de vue anatomo-physio-psycho-sociologique. Voila I'individua- lite de l'anthropologie." Retzius, Magnus Gustaf. Antropologi. {In Nordisk familjebok. Ny, rev. uppl. Stockholm, 1904— bd. 1.) The science of the human species may be. divided into three main branches, viz. Zoological anthropology. General anthro- pology and Descriptive anthropology. The last mentioned term is stated to be almost synonymous with Ethnology, cov- ering the comparative study of the anatomical, physiological, intellectual and moral characters of races and peoples. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 185 1904 Stratz, Carl Heinrich. Naturgeschichte des Menschen; Grundriss der somatischen Anthropologic . . . Stuttgart, F." Enke, 1904. xvi, 408p. illus., 2 pi., 3 maps. 23>4 cm. "Die Anthropologic oder Menschenkunde im weitesten Sinne des Wortes tmfasst die Erkenntnis der korperlichen Eigen- schaften der Menschheit. Sie setzt sich zusatnmen aus der Anthropologic im engeren Sinne, der somatischen Anthropo- logic, welche sich ausschhesshch mit den korperlichen Eigen- schaften befasst, und aus der Ethnographic, welche sich mit den geistigen Errungenschaften der Menschheit beschaftigt. Die Grundlage. ..der Ethnographic sind die seelischen Aeusse- rungen, wie Sprache, religiose und soziale Zustande, Kleidung, Wohnung und Gewerbe, wahrend die Seele selbst sich noch cbenso wie vor vielen tausend Jahren der naturwissenschaft- lichen Betrachtung entzieht. Eine aus beiden Seitenzweigen sich aufbauende psychische Anthropologic gehort zu den from- men Wiinschen der Zukunft." 1905 Archiv fiir Anthropologic. Braunschweig, 1866 — date. Its annual bibliographical review has of late gener?lly the following subdivisions : I. Urgeschichte und Archaologie. II. Anatomic. III. Volkcrkunde : (l) Quellenkundc (Biblio- graphieen, Zeitschriften u. s. w.) (2) Ethnologie (Methodik, Geschichte, allgemeine Anthropologic, Klima und Milieu, all- gemeinc Sociologie, spcciclle Sociologic [Ehe und Familie; Staat und Recht; Religion, Cultus, Moral, Aberglaube; Be- stattung; Anthropophagie; korpcrliche Verstiimmelungen ; Sitte und Branch; Technologic, Tracht und Schmuck; Woh- nung; Wissenschaft, Sprache und Schrift; Kunst ; Cultur- pflanzen und Hausthiere; Vermischtes] . (3) Ethnographic (allgemeine, specicUe [subdivision by countries and peoples]). IV. Zoologie. Balfour, Henry. President's address. (In Journal of the Anthro- pological institute of Gt. Brit, and Ireland. London, 1905. V. 35, p. 13-19.) l86 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1905 "The geographical and ethnological distribution of the vari- ous arts, industries, appliances and customs of man, form a subject of the utmost importance, if we are to arrive at satis- factory conclusions as to the history and evolution of culture, and the cultural inter-relationships of races and peoples. Ra- cial affinities are frequently reflected almost as much in the arts and customs of ethnic groups as in their physical or their linguistic characters....! cannot but foresee the day when it will become imperative to adopt some system of nomenclature such as that employed in zoological and botanical classifica- tion, to indicate briefly the families, genera, species and varie- ties of the various manifestations of human mental activity and culture-progress." McGee, W J Anthropology and its larger problems. {In Sci- ence. New York, 1905. n. s. v. 21, p. 770-784.) "Of late the activities themselves are grouped as arts, in- dustries, laws, languages and philosophies, and each group constitutes the object-matter of a sub-science, thus giving form to esthetology, technology, sociology, philology and sophi- ology; and these (together called demonomy, or principles of peoples), with somatology and psychology, make up the field of the fin-de-siecle anthropology — the last two corresponding, respectively, with physical anthropology of most European schools and the strictly inductive mind-science of current American schools, while the first two include archeology as their prehistoric aspects... It need now be noted only that, in the modern anthropology, sometimes styled the new ethnol- ogy, the peoples of the world are not divided into races (save perhaps, in secondary and doubtful fashion), but grouped in culture-grades, and that these culture-grades are of special use and meaning in that they correspond with the great stages of human progress from the lowly and unwritten prime to the brightness of humanity's present." APPENDIX. APPENDIX. ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL SO- CIETIES AND THEIR PUBLICATIONS. Founded. 1800 Societe des observateurs de I'homme, Paris. (Lasted only a few years). 1839 Societe ethnologique de Paris. (Lasted to 1848). Memoires. Paris, 1841-45. 2 v. 8°. Bulletin. Paris, 1846-47. 2 v. 8°. 1842 American ethnological society. New York. (Reorganized in 1871 as the Anthropological institute, whose Journal reached only the first number. New York, 1871-72. Re- vived in 1899 and reconstituted in 1900 under its original name.) Transactions, v. 1-3, pt. i. N. Y., 1845-53. 8°. Bulletin, v. i. New York, 1860-61. 8°. Bulletin of the proceedings, 1861-63. [New York, 1863?] 2 V. 8°. 1843 Ethnological society of London (Merged into the Anthropo- logical institute in 1871). Journal. London, 1848-56. 4 v. 8°. Journal, new ser., London, 1869-71. 2 v. 8°. Transactions, v. 1-2. London, 1859-60. 2 v. 8°. Transactions, new ser., v. 1-7. London, 1861-69. 7 v. 8°. 1859 Societe d'anthropologie de Paris. Bulletins, ist ser., v. 1-6; 2d ser., v. 1-12; 3d ser. v. 1-12; 4th ser., V. i-io, 1860-99. 40 V. 8°. Memoires, ist. ser., v. 1-3; 2d ser., v. 1-4; 3d ser. v. 1-2. 1860-99. 9 v. 8°. Bulletins et memoires, v. i-date. 1900-date. 8°. 1859 Societe d'ethnographie, Paris. Revue orientale et americaine, t. 1-14 and n. s., t. i-date. Paris, 1859-date. 8°. (19 v. in 1900). Annuaire. Paris, 1860-64 and 1874-91. 23 v. 8°. IQO APPENDIX. Founded. Actes. Paris, 1860-86. 10 v. 8°. Continued by Bulletin. Paris, 1887-date. 8°. Memoires (4° series) Paris, 1885 and 1886. 2 v. 4°. Otlier publications by its various affiliated societies (see R. de Lasteyrie's Bibliography). 1863 Anthropological society of London (merged into the Anthro- pological institute in 1871). Anthropological review and journal of the Anthrop. society of London. London, 1863-71. 8 v. 8°. Journal of anthropology, 1870-71. i v. 8°. Memoirs. London, 1865-70. 3 v. 8°. 1863 Imper. obscestvo lubitelej estestvoznanija, antropologii i etno- grafii, Moscow. (Imp. society of the friends of natural science, anthropology and ethnography). Bogdanov, A. P. Anthrop. vystavka. 1878-86. 4 v. 4°. Ethnograf. obozrenie (Ethnog. review). 1889-date. ^ If/fc^/l Izvestija (bulletin). 1865-76. 23 v. 4°. Russkij antropologiceskij zurnal. 1899-date. 8°. Trudy antropologiceskago otdelenija. 1865 Sociedad antropologica espanola, Madrid. (Held a couple of meetings 1865-69. Revived for a short time in 1875). Revista, v. i. Madrid, 1875. 1868 Berliner Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologie, Ethnologic und Ur- geschichte. Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic. Berlin, 1869-date. 8°. 1870 Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologie, Ethnologic und Ur- geschichte (BerUn). Archiv fiir Anthropologie. Braunschweig, 1866-date. 4°. Supplement: Correspondenzblatt. B., 1871-date. 4°. 1870 Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien. Mittheilungen. Wien, 1871-date. 8° and 4°. 1870 Mtinchener Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie, Ethnologic und : Urgeschichte. Beitrage zur Anthropologie und Urgeschichte Bayerns. Miinchen, 1876-date. 4°. 1871 Anthropological institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Lon- don. Journal. London, 1871-date. 8°. Man; a monthly record of anthropological science. Lon- don, 1901-date. 4°. 1871 Societa italiana di antropologia e la etnologia, Florence. APPENDIX. 191 Founded. Archivio per I'antropologia e la etnologia. Firenze, 1871- date. 8°. 1873 Svenska sallskapet for antropologi och geografi, Stockholm. (Founded 1873 under the name Antropologiska sallskapet. Present name since 1877). Tidskrift for antropologi och kulturhistoria. Stockholm, 1873-77. I V. 8°. Skrifter, utg. of Svenska sallskapet for antropologi och geo- grafi. Stockholm, 1878-80. I V. 8°. Ymer, v. 1-25. Stockholm, 1881-date. 8°. 1873 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Natur- und Volkerkunde Ostasiens, Tokyo. Mitteilungen, 1873-date. fol. . „ 187s Association pour I'enseignement des sciences anthropologiques, Paris. Revue de I'Ecole d'anthropologie. Paris, 1891-date. 8°. 1877 Komisya antropologii Akademii umiejgtnosci w Krakowie. Zbior wiadmosci do antropologii krajowej. v. 1-18. Kra- kow, 1877-93. 18 V. 8°. Materyaly antropologiczno-archeologiczne i etnograficzne. Krakow, 1896-date. 8°. 1878 Obscestvo archeologii, istorii i etnografii, Kasan. Izvestija (bulletin). Kasan, 1878-date. 8°. Otcety o dejatelnosti. Kasan, i87g-date. 1879 Anthropological society of Washington, D. C. Abstract of transactions, ist and 2d years. Washington, 1881. I V. 8°. American anthropologist. Washington, 1890-date. 8°. 1881 Societe d'anthropologie de Lyon. Bulletin, 1881-date. 8°. 1882 Societe d'anthropologie de Bruxelles. Bulletin, 1882-date. 8°. 1884 Anthropological society, Tokyo. Journal. Tokyo, 1886-date. 19 v. 8°. 1886 Anthropological society of Bombay. Journal. Bombay, 1886-date. 8°. 1888 Antropologiceskoje obscestvo. (Russian anthropological so- ciety) St. Petersburg. Protokoly zasedanij. St. Petersburg, 1888-igoi. Trudy. St. Petersburg, 1894-date. 8°. 1888 Geographisch-ethnographische Gesellschaft, Ziiric'i. Jahresbericht. 1900-date. ig2 APPENDIX. Founded. 18S9 Magyar neprajzi tarsasag (Hungarian ethnographical society) Budapest. Ethnographia. 1889-date. Neprajzi fiizetek (ethnographical nos.) I-IX, 1893-1903. Neprajzi konyvtar (ethnog. library) I. 1898. 1892 Polynesian society, Wellington. Journal. Wellington, 1892-date. 8°. 1893 Societa romana di antropologia, Rome. Atti. Roma, 1893-date. 8°. 1894 Societe dauphinoise d' ethnologic et d'anthropologie, Grenoble. Bulletin. 1894 Internat. Gesellschaft fiir Ethnographic, Leiden. Internationales Archiv fiir Ethnographic. Leiden, 1888- date. 4°. 189s Royal anthropological society of Australasia, Sydney. Australasian anthropological journal. Sydney, 1896-97. Continued as Science of man. .. .n. 8. Sydney, 1898-date. 4°. 1897 Gesellschaft fiir Volker- und Erdkunde, Stettin. Bericht. Stettin, 1900-date. 8°. 1898 Nederlandsche anthropologische vereeniging, Amsterdam. 1902 American anthropological association. Memoirs of the American anthropological and ethnological societies. Lancaster, Pa., 1905. 8°. APPENDIX. 193 LEADING ETHNOGRAPHICAL MUSEUMS AND MUSEUMS CONTAINING IMPORTANT ETHNOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS. Amsterdam. — Etlinographisch museum. (Founded 1838 by the so- ciety Natura artis magistra). Arona, Italy. — Gabinetto di antropologia pedagogica. (Est. 1896). Basel. — Universitat. Ethnographische Sammlung. Mittheilungen. 1894-date. 8°. Bergen, Norway. — Bergens museum. (Est. 1825). "Urda." Bergen, 1837-47. 3 v. 4°. Aarsberetning. Bergen, 1884-92. 8°. Aarbog. Bergen, 1893-date. 8°. Monografier. Bergen, 1878-date. 4°. (6 v. in 1900). Berlin. — Museum fiir Volkerkunde. (Est. as a separate museum in 1887). Ethnologisches Notizblatt. Berlin, 1894-date. 8°. Veroffentlichungen. Berlin, 1889-date. fol. Bordeaux. — Musee ethnographique et prehistorique. (Est. 1871). Bremen. — Stiidtisches Museum fiir Natur-, Volker- und Handels- kunde. (Est. 1896). Brussels. — Musee du Congo. (Est. ca. i8g8). Annales. Bruxelles, 1898-date. fol. Budapest. — Magyar nemzeti musum (Hungarian national museum; est. 1802). Termeszetrajzi fiizetek, 1877-date. 8°. Ethnographia. Buenos Aires. — Museo nacional de Buenos Aires. (Est. 1823). Anales. Buenos Aires, 1864-date. 9 v. 4° and 8°. Cambridge, Mass. — Peabody museum of American archKology and ethnology. (Est. 1866). Archseological and ethnological papers. Cambridge, 1888- 1904. 2 V. completed. 8°. Memoirs. C, 1896-1904. v. i and 2, pt. i. fol. Report, ist-38th. C, 1868-1904. 4 v. and i pam. 8°. Chicago. — Field Columbian museum. (Est. 1894). Publications. Anthropological series. Chicago, i89S-date. 8°. Christiania, Norway.— Universitetets ethnografiske musseum. (Est. 1853. In separate building since 1902). Forer. Christiania, 1904. 8°. 194 APPENDIX. Copenhagen. — Nationalmuseum. (Est. 1892. Includes a rich eth- nographical collection, started in 1849). Dresden. — K. Zoologisches und anthropologisch - ethnographisches Museum. (Est. 1553-82; Anthrop. Abth. 1868; Ethnol. Abth. 1875). Abhandlungen und Berichte. Berlin, 1887-1903. 10 v. 4°. Publikationen. Leipzig und Dresden, 1881-1903. 14 v. 4°. Edinburgh. — Museum of science and arts. (Est. 1855). Annual reports. Florence. — Museo nazionale d'antropologia e etnologia. (Est. 1869. Connected with R. Istituto di studi superiori). Gothenburg. — Naturhistoriska museum. (Est. 1861). Haarlem. — Koloniaal-Museum. (Est. 1871). Bulletin. Haarlem, 1893-date. 8°. Hamburg. — Museum fiir VoIkerTiunde. (Est. 1850). Archiv fiir Ethnographic {In Jahresb. der Hamb. wiss. An- stalten). Karlsruhe, Baden. — Sammlungen fur Altertums- und Volkerkunde. (Est. 1858). Veroffentlichungen. Heidelberg, 1895. 8°. Kiel.— Museum fiir Volkerkunde. (Est. 1886). La Plata, Argentina.- — Museo de la Plata. (Reconstituted, 1884). Anales. La Plata, 1890-date. fol. Revista. La Plata, 1890-date. 8°. Leyden. — Rijks ethnographisch museum. (Est. 1837. Present name since 1864. Contains ca. 50,000 objects.) Mededeelingen. Veroffentlichungen. Leipsic. — Museum fiir Volkerkunde. (Est. 1873). Berichte. I-XXVIIL 1873-1900. Kultur und Industrie siidamerikanischer Volker nach den Sammlungen des Museums, von. A Stiibel, etc. Leipzig, 1889-90. 2 V. fol. Lisbon. — Museu etnologico portugues. (Est. 1893). O archeologo portugues. Lisboa, 1895-date. 8°. Liverpool. — Free public library, museum and Walker art gallery. (Est. 1852). Annual report. Liverpool, 1853-date. 8°. Bulletin. Liverpool, 1898-date. 8°. London. — Department of British and Medieval antiquities and eth- nography, British museum. (British museum, est. 1753). Catalogues. Guides. APPENDIX. 195 Madrid. — Museo antropologico. (Est. 1875). Madrid.— Museo de Ultramar. (Est. 1887). Moscow. — Moskovskij publicnyj i Rumjantzovskij musej (Public Rurajantzovian museum. Since 1867 it has a separate divi- sion, the Dashkovian ethnographical museum, which derived a great number of objects from the Ethnog. exhibition of 1867. It contains, among other things 274 life-size figures representing Russian ethnic types and their costumes, a rich collection from Turkestan, etc.). Sbornik antropolog. i etnograf. statej o Rossii i stranach ei prilez. 1868-73. 2 V. Sbornik materialov po etnogr. 1885-88. 3 pts. Munich. — Bayerisches National-Museum. (Est. 1854). Fiihrer. Kataloge. Munich. — Konigl. ethnographisches Museum. (Est. 1868). Neuchatel. — Musee ethnographique. (Est. 1834). New York City. — American Museum of natural history. (Est. 1869). Annual report. N. Y., 1870-date. 8°. Bulletin. N. Y., 1881-date. 8°. Journal. N. Y., 1901-date. 4 v. 8°. Memoirs. N. Y., 1893-date. 7 v., partly incomplete. 4°. Para, Brazil. — Museu Goeldi. (Reorganized in 1894). Boletim. Para, 1896-date. 8°. Memorias. Para, igoo-date. 4°. Paris. — Musee d'ethnographie. (Est. 1880). Paris. — Musee de I'Ecole d'anthropologie. (Est. ca. 1876). Paris. — Museum d'histoire naturelle. (Est. under present name in 1793)- Annales, later Nouv. annales, continued by Archives, at pres- ent Nouvelles archives (since 1865). Paris, 1802-date. 4°. Bulletin. Paris, i8gs-date. 8°. Rio de Janeiro. — Museu nacional. (Est. 1818). Archivos. Rio de Janeiro, 1876-date. 4°. (Vol. 9, Rio de Janeiro, 1895, called Revista). Rome. — Museo preistorico, etnografico e Kircheriano. (Est. 1876). Bullettino. Roma, 1876-date. 8°. Saint Petersburg.— Muzej po antropologii i etnografii. (Ethno- graphic anthropological museum. Est. as a separate mu- seum in 1837. Belongs to the Academy of science). Sbornik [collections] I. St. Petersburg, 1900. 8°. Santiago. — Museo nacional de Chile. (Est. 1830). Anales. Santiago, 1891-date. 17 nos. fol. 196 APPENDIX. Sao Paulo. — Mtiseu Paulista. (Reorganized in 1894). Revista. iSps-date. 6 v. 8°. Stavanger, Norway. — Museum. (Est. 1877). Aarsberetning. Stavanger, 1891-1900. 10 v. 8°. Aarshefte. St., 1901-date. 8°. Stockholm. — Naturhistoriska riksmuseum. (Est. 1820; separate eth- nographical department since 1899). Stockholm.— Nordiska museet. (Est. 1872). Meddelanden. St., 1881-date. 8°. Stuttgart. — Museum fiir Volker- und Landeskunde. (Est. 1882. Contains more than 50,000 objects). Sydney. — Australian museum. (Est. 1836. Incorporated 1853)- Annual report. Sydney, 1854-date. fol. Memoirs. Sydney, i8si-date. 4 v. 8°. Records. Sydney, 1891-date. 4 v. 8°. Tiflis. — Kaukasisches Museum und Bibliothek. (Est. 1865). Berichte. 1892-date. 8°. Die Sammlungen des kaukasischen Museums. 1899-1903. 4°. Vienna. — K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum.. (New building 1889; contains ca. 120,000 objects). Annalen. Wien, 1886-date. 4°. (19 v. issued in 1904). Warsaw. — Etnograficeskij muzej. (Est. 1869? Belongs to the Uni- versity). Jezbera, Muzei dlja ngljadnago oznak. s Rossieju pri Vars. univ., 1878. Washington. — Smithsonian institution. (Est. 1846). Annual report. Washington, 1847-date. 8°. Smithsonian contributions to knowledge. W., 1848-date. 34 V. fol. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. W., 1862-date. 44 V. 8°. Washington. — Smithsonian institution. U. S. National museum. (Est. 1876). Annual report. Washington, 1885-date. 8°. Bulletin, 1-52. W., 1875-1904. 8°. Proceedings. W., 1879-date. 27 v. 8°. Washington. — Smithsonian institution. Bureau of ethnology. (Est. 1879). Annual report, ist-22d, 1879-1901. Washington, 1881-1904. fol. Bulletin, 1-22. W., 1887-1902. 8° and 4°. Ziirich. — Ethnographische Sammlung. (Est. 18 APPENDIX. 197 PROCEEDINGS, ETC., EXAMINED OF ANTHRO- POLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. American association for the adv. of science. Proceedings. American ethnological society. Bulletin. Transactions. Anthropological society of London. Memoirs. Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien. Mittheilungen. Association fran?aise pour I'avancement des sciences. Comptes rendus. Australasian association for the adv. of science. Report. Berliner Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic, Ethnologic und Urge- schichte. Verhandlungen. British association for the adv. of science. Report. Ethnological society of London. Transactions. Royal society of Canada. Proceedings and transactions. Societa romana di antropologia. Atti. Societe d'anthropologie de Bruxelles. Bulletins. Societe d'anthropologie de Paris. Bulletins. Memoires. Societe d'ethnographie, Paris. Actes. (in part). U. S. National museum. Report. Proceedings. Smithsonian institution. Report. ipS APPENDIX. LIST OF PERIODICALS EXAMINED. American anthropologist. American journal of sociology. Anthropological review. L'anthropologie. Archiv fiir Anthropologic. Archivio per I'antropologia e la etnologia. Centralblatt fiir Anthropologic, Ethnologic und Urgeschichte. Correspondenzblatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic. Ethnological journal. Globus. L' Homme. Journal of Anthropology. Journal of the anthropological society of London. Journal of the Anthropological institute of Great Britain and Ire- land. Journal of the Ethnological society of London. Journal of speculative philosophy. Materiaux pour I'histoire primitive et naturelle de I'homme. The Monist. Natural science. Nature. Petermann's Mittheilungen and supplement. Politisch-anthropologische Revue. Popular science monthly. Revue d'anthropologie. Revue d'ethnographie. Revue de I'Ecole de l'anthropologie de Paris. Revue scientifique. Science. Scientific American. Ymir. Zeitschrift fur Ethnologic. INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY. Achelis, Th., 133, 153. Alsberg, M., 140. Aranzadi, T. de, 162, 165. Archiv fiir anthropologic, 185. Bahnson, K., 165. Bain, A,, 132. Balfour, H., 185. Bastian A., 124. Bendyshe, T., 103. * Bernard, C, 101. Bertillon, L. A., 122. Blair, W., 93. Blumenbach, J. F., 92. Bory de Saint- Vincent, J. B. G. M., 94. Boulay, J. N., 171, Brabrook, E. W., 154, 162. Brace, C. L., loi. Bray, C, 108. Brinton, D. G., 132, 139, 142, 152, 159- Broca, P., 101, 106, 107. Brockhaus, 172. Buchanan, J. R., 135. Buckland, A. W., 141. Buffon, G. L. L., 92. Burdach, K. F., 95. Burke, L., 98. Campbell, W. H., 141. Canestrini, G., 1 60. Cattell, J. M., 160. Cels, A., 124, 182. Century Diet., 137. Courtet, A. V., 96. Dally, E., 118. Davis, J. B., 107. Deniker, J., 127, 166. Desmoulins, A., 95. Diaz de Leon, J., 153. Diaz Muiioz, P., 180. Dictionario enciclop., 134. Dorsey, G. A., 156. Dressier, O., 113. Diiben, G. W. J. von, 119. Duckworth, W. L. H., 183. Ecker, A., no, in. Edwards, W. F., 96. Fauvelle, 128. Featherman, A., 119. Fellows, G. E., 155. Fichte, I. H., 99. Fletcher, R., 120. Flower, W. H., 124, 147. Folkmar, D., 163. Fox, A. L., no. Frankenheim, M. L., 99. Frobenius, L., 175. Galtes, P., 148. Galton, F., 160. Geddes, P. See Haddon, A. C, 180. Gerland, G. K. C, 112. Grandesso-Silvestri, O., 108. Grassmann, R., 125. Guede, H-, 161. Giinther, A. W. S., 183. Haberlandt, M., 161. Haddon, A. C., 161, 180. Haeckel, E., in. Hagen, B., 167. Hale, H., 144. Hamy, E., 173. Haworth, S., 91. Heinroth, J. C. A., 93. Hellwald, F. A. H. von, 120. Herve, H. G., 125, 134. Hoernes, M., 157. Hoffmann-Krayer, E., 176. Hollard, H., 99- 200 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY. Holmes, W. H., 176, 181. L'Homme, 126. Hovelacque, A., 113, 122, 134. Hoyos Sainz, L. de, 163, 167. Hughes, T., 144. Hundt, M., 91. Hunt, J., 102, 103, I05- Hutchinson, H. N., 173. Huxley, T. H., 104, 117. International diet, and cyclopsedia, Jackson, J. W., 102. Jeffries, J. P., io7- Kant, I., 92, 95. Keane A. H., 155, 164. Labarthe, C. de, 104, 133. Lacepede, B. G. E., 95. Lange, J., 176. Lapicque, L., 153. Lapouge, G. de. See Vacher de La- pouge, G. Latham, R. G., 98, 100. Lawrence, W., 98. Le Bon, G., 121. Letourneau, C. J. M., 122. Lotze, R. H., 126. Lubach, D., 103. Macalister, A., 144, 156. McGee, W J, iS7, 164, 186. Manouvrier, L., 126, 139, 183. Martin, R., 148, 174. Mason, O. T., 121, 123, 127, 142, 176. Meyer's Diet., 177, 178. Morselli, E., 135. Miiller, F., 118. Munro, R., 144, 149, 158. Nieto Serrano, M., 106. Nuova enciclopedia, 113, 114. Oberlander, R., 116. Omalius d'Halloy, J. B. J. d', 97. Peipers, E, P., 97. Perty, M., in. Peschel, O., 114. Pierer's Konversations-Lexikon, 136. Powell, J. W., 140, 143, 168. Prichard, J. C, 93, 96, 97. Prideaux, T. S., 104. Quatrefages, A. de, 100, 116, 137. Rabaud, E., 181. Ranke, J., 149. Ratzel, F., 156. Read, C. H., 174- Reclus, J. J. E., 149. Reclus, M. E., 128. Retzius, M. G., 184. Rhys, J., 168. Rokitansky, C, 108. Rosny, L. de, 116, 169. Sanchez, J., 162, Schaaffhausen, H., 128. Schmidt, E., 158. Schmidt, K., 105. Schurtz, H., 145, 182. Seibert, F., 169. Sergi, G., 138, 150, 169. Serrurier, L., 138, 145. Sofeolowsky, A., 175. Sperling, J., 91. Standard Diet., 145, 146. Starcke, C. N., 147, 159. Starr, F., 150. Steffens, H., 94. Steinmetz, S. R., 151, 153. Stratz, C. H., 185. Tissot, J., 96. Topinard, P., 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 129, 164. Turner, W., 109. Tylor, E. B., 109, 119, 151. Vacher de Lapouge, G., 135. Vcrneau, R., 140. Virchow, R. L. C., 152. Virey, J. J., 94. Vogel, K. H., 136. Vogt, K. C., 103. Waitz, T., 100. Wake, C. S., 108. Wallace, A. R., 107. Ward, D. J. H., 178. Weule, K., 179. Wild, John J., 138. Wilde, W. R. W., 112. Wilser, L., 179. Wilson, T., 165. Winternitz, M., 170. Zaborowski, S., 131. 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