QlnrneU Uniwraitg ffiibrarg Stljata, Nem ^atk BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 Cornell University Librarv CJ67 .F89 1917 + Dictionary of numismatic names their of , 3 1924 029 768 185 oim Overs A DICTIONARY OF NUMISMATIC NAMES THEIR OFFICIAL AND POPULAR DESIGNATIONS By ALBEET R FREY 12 5^^ QUAERENDA PECUNIA PRIMUM EST. HORACE, Epistles (I, I, 53). THE AMEKICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY BROADWAY AT 156TH STREET NEW YORK 1917 IgSSi Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029768185 A DICTIONARY OE NUMISMATIC NAMES THEIR OFFICIAL AND POPULAR DESIGNATIONS By ALBERT R. FREY QUAERENDA PECUNIA PRIMUM EST. HORACE, Epistles (I, i, 53). THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY BROADWAY AT 156th STREET NEW YORK 1917 1 M ^ ¥^j^ I^S ^■ ^'■^ rfrfykUii^B'oKy aa T.R.MARVIN&SO^PJ| Bosro PRINJERS S'SJ| COPYBIGHT BY THE AMEKICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY, NEW YORK, N. Y. 1917 REPRINTED FROM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUMISMATICS VOLUME L CONTENTS A Dictionary of Numismatic Names, their Official and Popular Designations. By Albert R. Feey Introduction .............. v Bibliography vii Abbreviations used in Numismatic Works ....... x Dictionary .............. 1 Geographical Index ......... . . 267 Paper Money Index ........ 311 INTRODUCTION The purport of the present book is a twofold one. The beginner will find in it definitions of such terms as he will encounter during his perusal of numismatic works in both English and foreign languages. The advanced student and collector will have his labors facilitated by the large number of citations of authorities which have been consulted in the preparation of this volume. The author has frequently had the experience of discovering that the same coin is alluded to by one or more writers under entirely different names, and what is still more per- plexing is the fact that these designations naturally fall far apart in any alphabetical arrangement. Notable examples are Cuarto and Quarto, Double and Moneta Duplex, Levant Dollar, Maria Theresa Thaler and Tallero del Levante, Glass Coins and Monnaies de Verre, Black Far- thing and Denier Noir, etc. To obviate these duplications extensive cross references have been introduced. The divisions and multiples of a standard are usually to be found under the name of the particular coin which constitutes the monetary unit; the only exceptions to this rule are where the larger or smaller denomination has so incorporated itself into numismatic history as to merit a separate description. Thus the terms Quarter Dollar, Medio Real, etc., are to be found under the substantive and not the adjective, whereas in the case of Tetradrachm, Quadrupla, etc., the opposite rule has been adopted, and these names are retained. This is not a work on the metrology of coins, and weights are only introduced where they affect the name of a denomination due to its en - larged or reduced size. Many of the Oriental monetary systems are based on the weights and quantities of certain seeds, and to cite these moneys of account would exceed the scope of the present volume. The iancient Indian weights for gold and silver are described in detail by Prinsep, in his Useful Tables (i, 212) ; R. C. Temple has enumerated the Malayan weights in the Indian Antiquary (April, 1913) ; the Chinese metrology is treated by J. A. Decourdemanche, in the Traite des Mon- naies, Mesures et Poids anciens et modernes de I'lnde et de la Chine, Paris, 1913; and the Greek and Roman standards comprise pages 222 to 225 inclusive of G. F. Hill's Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. vi Introduction The popular slang names, as well as the unusual substances em- ployed in coinage have been enumerated; these features, will be of special interest to the beginner. Special obligations are due to the officers of The American Numis - matic Society for their assistance and counsel. Mr. Edward T. Newell the President, Mr. Howland Wood the Curator, Mr. John Reilly, Jr., the Treasurer, and Mr. Sydney P. Noe the Secretary and Librarian, have all made valuable suggestions, corrections, and additions. Among other contributors should be mentioned Mrs. Agnes Bald- win Brett who has supplied notes on the ancient coins ; Mr. J. de Lagerberg who has revised the Scandinavian nomenclature ; and Mr. Dennis Mclnerney who has kindly made the Gaelic translations. Credit must also be given for assistance in general to Messrs. William F. Beller, Bernard J. Nangle, A. D. Savage, Elliott Smith, and Moritz Wormser. The difficulties attending the execution of a work of this magnitude are enormous, hence, its imperfections will not, it is to be hoped, be judged too severely. A French author has said: " La numismatiique est une maitresse dangereuse pour 1' amateur, et toujours adoree, bien que cruelle, pour ses fervents disciples; " and if the present volume will make the numismatic paths more accessible, and the stepping- stones somewhat easier, the writer will feel that his labor has not been in vain. A. E. F. LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CITED Akerman, Tradesmen's Tokens. 1849. Appel's Repertorium. 1820-29. Atkins, Coins and Tokens of the Possessions and Colonies of the British Empire. 1889. Atkins, Tradesmen's Tokens of the Eighteenth Century. 1892. Babelon, Les origines de la monnaie. Babelon, Traite des monnaies grecques et romaines. 1901-04. Bahrfeld, Das Miinzwesen der Mark Brandenburg. 1895. Batty, Copper Coinage of Great Britain. 1868-98. Betts, American Colonial History Illustrated by Medals. 1894. Blanchet, Nouveau manuel de numismatique. 1890. Bohl, Die Trierischen Miinzen. 1823-57. Breton, Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada. 1894. British Museum Catalogues. 1873-1903. Campos, Numismatica Indo-Portuguesa. 1901. Cappe, Beschreibung der Mainzer Miinzen. 1856. Cappe, Die Mittelalter-Miinzen von Miinster, etc. 1850. Cappe, Die Miinzen der deutschen Kaiser, etc. 1848-57. Cappe, Beschreibung der Colnischen Miinzen. 1853. Chalmers, History of Currency in the British Colonies. 1893. Chaudoir, Aper§u sur les monnaies russes. 1836. Chestret, Numismatique de la Principaute de Liege. 1890-1900. Chijs, van der, Les monnaies des Pays-Bas. 1851—66. Cinagli, Le Moneta dei Papi. 1848. Codrington, Manual of Musalman Numismatics. 1904. Cohen, Description des monnaies romaines. 1859-68. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, Attica. Crosby, Early Coins of America. 1875. Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India. 1891. Dannenberg, Miinzgeschichte Pommerns im Mittelalter. 1893-98. Davids, On the Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon. 1877. De la Torre, Description des monnaies espagnoles. 1852. Du Cange, Glossariam. 1875. Elliot, Coins of Southern India. 1886. Engel et Serrure, Trait6 de numismatique du moyen age. 1897-99. viii Principal Authorities Cited Fernandes, Memoria das moedas correntes em Portugal. 1856. Florez, Medallas de . . . . Espaiia. 1757-73. Fonrobert, Die Jules Fonrobert'sche Sammlung iiberseeischer Miinzen. 1878. Frey, The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501. 1914. Friedensburg und Seger, Schlesiens Miinzen und Medaillen der neueren Zeit. 1901. Friedlander, Die Miinzen der Ostgoten und Vandalen. 1844-49. Gaedechens, Hamburger Miinzen und Medaillen. 1843-74. Gaillard, Recherches sur les monnaies des comtes de Flandre. 1857. Haller, Schweizerisches Miinz- und Medaillenkabinet. 1780, '81. Head, Historia Numorum. 1911. Heiss, Monedas Hispano-Cristianos. 1865-69. Hill, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. 1899. Hoffmann, Les monnaies royales de France. 1878. Hultsch, Metrologicorum Scriptorum Reliquiae. 1864-66. Inn und Knyphausen, Miinzen und Medaillen Kabinet. 1872-77. Joseph, Goldmiinzen des XIV. und XV. Jahrhunderts. 1882. Joseph und Fellner, Die Miinzen von Frankfurt a.M. 1896. Jungk, Die Bremischen Miinzen. 1875. Kelly, Le Cambiste Universel. The Universal Cambist. 1823-35. Kohler, Vollstandiges Ducaten-Cabinet. 1759, '60. Lacroix, Numismatique annamite. 1900. Lampridius, Alexander Severus. Lane-Poole, The Coins of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan. 1892. Langlois, Numismatique de I'Armenie. 1855. Langlois, Essai de classification des suites monetaires de la Georgie. 1860. Lelewel, Numismatique du moyen age. 1835. Lenormant, La monnaie dans I'antiquite. 1878, '79. Lockhart, A Guide to the Inscriptions on the Coins of the Farther East. 1898. Lockhart, The Stewart Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins. 1915. Loon, Beschryving der nederlandsche Historipenningen. 1723-35. Madai, Vollstandiges Thaler-Cabinet. 1765-74. Madden, History of the Jewish Coinage. 1864. Mailliet, Monnaies obsidionales. 1870. Marsden, Numismata Orientalia lUustrata. 1823-25. Mateer, Coinage of Travancore. In the Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 1894. Meili, Das brasilianische Geldwesen. 1875-1905. Meili, Portugiesische Miinzen. 1890. Millies, Recherches sur les monnaies des indigenes de I'Archipel Indien et de la Pen- insule Malaie. 1871. Millingen, Considerations sur la numismatique de I'ancienne Italie. 1841-44. Mommsen, Histoire de la monnaie romaine. 1865-75. Prinoipai. AniioRiTiKS ("iTEJ) ix Munro, Coins of Japan. 1904. Nahuys, Histoire numismatique du royaume de HoUande. 1858. Netscher en Van der Chijs, De Munten van Nedeiiandsch-Indie. 1863. Neumann, Beschreibung der bekanntesten Kupfermiinzen. 1858-72. Noback, Miinz, Mass, und Gewichts-verhiiltnisse. 1850. Papadopoli, Le monete di Venezia. 1893^1912. Pichler, Repertorium der steierischen Mvinzkunde. 1865-67. Poey d'Avant, Monnaies feudales de France. 1860. Pollux, Onomasticon. Prinsep, Useful Tables. 1858. Promis, Le monete dei leali di Savoia. 1841. Promis, Monete del Piemonte. 1862-70. Raczinski, Le medaillier de Pologne. 1838-45. Ramsden, Chinese Early Barter and Uninscribed Money. 1912. Reinach, Les monnaies juives. 1888. Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Britain. 1840. Sabatier, Description genei-ale des monnaies byzantines. Sambon, Les monnaies antiques de I'ltalie. 1903. Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre Sainte. 1847. Saulcy, Numismatiques des croisades. 1847. Saurmasche Miinzsammlung deutscher, schweizerischer und polnischer Geprage von etwa dem Beginn der Groschenzeit bis zur Kipperperiode. 1892. Schlumberger, Numismatique de I'Orient latin. 1878. Schroeder, Annam, Etudes numismatiques. 1905. Schubert, Collection de monnaies et medailles russes. 1843-57. Schulthess-Rechberg, Thaler Cabinet. 1840-67. Spink, Numismatic Circular. Stevenson, A Dictionary of Roman Coins. 1889. Teixeira de Aragao, Descripgao das moedas de Portugal. 1875-80. Terrien de Lacouperie, Catalogue of Chinese Coins. 1892. Thomas, Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Dehli. 1871. Thomas, Essays on Indian Antiquities. 1858. Thurston, History of the Coinage of the Territories of the East India Company. 1890. Valentine, Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States. 1911. Verkade, Muntboek. 1848. Wood, The Coinage of the West Indies, and the Sou Marque. 1914. Zanetti, Monete d'ltalia. 1786. Zay, Histoire monetaire des colonies frauQaises. 1892. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NUMISMATIC WORKS a. b. c. Fair condition (French, assez bien conserv^). a. d. To the right (French, Ji droite; Italian, a destra). Adv. Obverse (Latin, adverso). AE. Copper or bronze (Latin, aes, cop- per). a. g. To the left (French, k gauche). AK. Silver (Latin, argentum). a. s. To the left (Italian, a sinistra). AV. Gold (Latin, aurum). B. In good condition (French, belle; Italian, buono). Br. Bronze; brass. C^. In good condition. C^. In medium condition. 0^. In poor condition. C.S. Counterstamped. T). Obverse (Italian, dritto). D. Daler. d. Pence (Latin, denarius), desgl. The same; ditto (German, des- gleichen). E. F. Extremely fine. El. Electrum. Es. Specimen (Italian, esemplare). F. In fine condition. EDO. In mint state (French, fleur de coin), four. Plated (French, fourrde). fr. In poor condition (French, fruste). G. In good condition. (>. B. Large bronze (Italian, gran bronzo). g. e. In good condition (German, gut erhalten). geh. With a ring attached (German,* gehenkelt). gel. Perforated; with a hole (German, gelocht). Gj. In good condition (Swedish, Gjuten). Gi-. Grammes. lis. Obverse (German, Hauptseite). Ins. Inscription. L. Left. I>ait. Tin (French, Laiton). lA). Small bronze (Swedish, Liten brons). Leg. Legend. M. In medium condition. M. Billon (Italian, mistiira). j\I. B. Medium bronze. Med. Medal. MM. Mint mark; marque mont^taire. ni.m. Millimeters. Mon. Monogram. Mzz. Mint mark (German, Miinzzeicheii). n. 1. To the left (German, nach links). No. Number. n. r. To the right (German, nach rechts). 0. Gold (Italian, oro). 01)v. Obverse. P. Lead (Latin, plumbum). P. B. Small bronze (Italian, piccolo (bronzo). Pee. Piece. Perf. Perforated; with a hole. Pfg. Pfennig. Pl^ Lead (Latin, plumbum). R. Right. R. Reverse. R. Rare. Rev. Reverse. Rgsdlr. Rigsdaler. R. R. Very rare. R. R. R. Exceedingly rare. Rs. Reverse (German, Riickseite). S. Scarce. schl. erh. In poor condition (German , schlecht erhalten). sch. Fine (German, schon). s. g. e. In very good condition (German, sehr gut erhalten). Sh. Shilling. Stb. Large bronze (Swedish, Stor brons). Stg. Standing. St.-gl. In proof condition (German, Stem- pelglanz). T. B. Very good (French, trfes belle). Thlr. Thaler. Tr. Perforated; with a hole (French, troupe). U. Unique (Italian, unico). Unc. Uncirculated. Val. Value. Var. Variety; variant. y. F. "\'ery fine. vorz. erh. Extremely fine (German, vorzijglich W't. erhalten). Weight. In medium condition (German, ziemlich gut erhalten). Abacis Abu-Cinco Abacis. A silver coin mentioned by Teixeira de Aragao (iii) and claimed to have been formerly in use both in Portu- gese India and in the Portuguese posses- sions in Bast Africa. Abanque. See Abenge. Abassi. See Abbasi. Abaze. See Abbasi. Abbasi. A Persian silver coin which takes its name from Shah Abbas I (A.H. 996-1038=1587-1629). It was divided into two Mahmudis, or four Shahis, or ten Bisti. In the Georgian series the Abbasi was introduced in the reign of Theimouraz II (1744-1762), and had a value of ten Bisti. The half Abbasi, called Chaouri or Sehauri, Langlois (No. 67), Fonrobert (4288, 4303) appeared in 1779 under Ereele (Hercules) II. With the Russian occupation of Georgia under Alexander I, beginning in 1801, this coin received the name of Abaze or Rial, and the currency was made to harmonize with that of Russia, as follows : 1 Abaze^ 200 Thetri=10 Kopecks. The Kopeck was again divided into tenths, one of which was called Phoul or Pul; plural Phuli. The modern Persian coinage retains this piece under the name of Abassi, and the half is called Senar. In the Afghan coin- age the Abaze is computed at one-third of the Rial. Abbey-Pieces. A name given to both coins and tokens that were issued by the great monastic establishments. Some of these pieces were not coins in the modern sense, but were intended as Tesserae Sacrae for use of pilgrims and monks who travelled from one religious house to an- other. Others, however, were legitimate coins, and the issues of the abbatial mint of St. Martin at Tours were noted during the Middle Ages. Abbesses as well as abbots enjoyed the privilege of striking coins. The most no- table are those of the Frauenmiinster in Zurich, and the abbeys of Quedlinburg, Herford, Essen, and Thorn in Brabant. Abendmahl Pfennige. See Communion Tokens. Abenge. Du Cange mentions this as being a small coin, the name of which is fouud in an agreement dated 1320 between Philip V of France and the Bishop of Tournay. An ordinance of 1330 mentions "deux soulz uz deniers et une abanque Parisis, " which is probably the same coin. Abidi. A name given to the half Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after the fourth Imam, Zainul-abidin, or Abid Bimar. Aboudjidid. The name given to certain cotton fabrics used for currency in Abys- sinia; in some localities it is known as Stamma. Abraemos. A gold coin said to have been struck by the Portuguese for their possessions in India. See Teixeira de Aragao (iii). Abschlag. A term used by German numismatists to indicate a restrike from an original die. The later impression fre- quently occurs in an entirely different metal, e.g., Dukaten-Abschlage in silver, etc. Absolutionsthaler. The name given to a medallic Thaler struck by Henry IV of France in 1595, after his reconciliation with the Pope. On the obverse of this coin is a portrait of Clement VIII, and on the reverse his own bust. Abu-Cinco. An Egyptian denomination to indicate the silver piece of five Francs. [1] Abukash Adha-ani Abukash, or Abukesh. Zanetti (i. 450) states that this was the name given to the Thaler of the Low Countries in the Levant during the seventeenth century. A simi- lar designation, Aslani, meaning a lion, was used in the Ottoman Empire to desig- nate this coin, the allusion being, of course, to the prominent figure of a lion on the obverse. Abu-Mafta. The last word in Egyptian means a cannon, and this name was applied to the Spanish Piastre in Egypt, because the Pillars of Hercules on the reverse were mistaken for cannon. Abuquelp, or Griscio. According to Kelly, this was a current silver coin of Egypt of the value of twenty Medini. Abu-tera. The name given in Egj^pt to the Levant Dollar (q.v.). It appears to be an abbreviation of Theresa. Accolated or AccoUed. See Jugate. Achaean League Coinage. About B.C. 370 several cities on the southern side of the Corinthian Gulf banded together as a means of defence against Macedonian ag- gression, and the coins issued by them are usually referred to by the above name. The monogram of the League was AX, which is frequently found on the coins. The League increased in power circa B.C. 280, and eventually included all of the Peloponnesian cities, some of which, how- ever, also struck independently. It ceased B.C. 146 with the constitution of the Eo- man province. Achesoun or Atkinson. The name some- times given to the Plack of the first coinage of James VI of Scotland. It was so called on account of Thomas Atkinson, who was master of the Edinburgh mint from 1581 to 1611. Achtbriiderthaler. The name given to a series of Thaler struck in Sachsen- Weimar circa 1605-1620, with eight busts of the princes, four on each side. They were all sons of Duke Johann Ernst. Conf. Madai (1478, 1479), who cites a variety with all the eight portraits on one side. Achtehalber, means actually "eight halves" or four, but popularly "eight less one half," or seven and a half. The term was used in Prussia for the piece of two [ and a half Silbergroschen which was equal to seven and a half Schillinge. Achtelthaler. The name given to a piece of three Groschen or the one-eighth of the Ortsthaler. It was common to Sax- ony, Brunswick, and other German States in the seventeenth century. See Ort. Acht en Twintig. See Guilder. Achter. A name given to the Marien- groschen formerly issued in Brunswick, Hanover, Westphalia, etc., because they were equal to eight Pfennige instead of the customary twelve Pfennige. Achterwiel. A popular Dutch name for the current silver coin of two and one-half Gulden. Achtzehner. See Ort. Achtzehngroscher. See Tympf. Ackey. An English colonial silver coin issued by the African Company on the Gold Coast in 1796 and 1818. There is a corresponding half Ackey. The name is a native term, used as a monetary standard, denoting twenty grains of gold dust. See Takoe. Acrimontana. A general name for coins struck at the mint of Agramont. These pieces were current in Catalonia under James I, king of Aragon (1213-1276), and in France under Louis XIV. See Blanchet (i, 165). Adarkonim. Another nanie for the Daric {q.v.}. Adelheidsdeneu-e. A name given to a variety of Deniers which have been found in great quantities in Saxony, though the exact localities where they were struck have never been determined. These coins have on one side a cross and the name otto, and on the reverse a figure of a church and the inscription ateahlht, or similar, whence the designation. Some authorities attribute these to Otto I, king of Germany (936-962) and his queen, Ade- laide or Adelheid, while others ascribe them to Otto III during his minority. Adha. A name given to the half Mohur of Nepal, struck by the Malla Rajas in the seventeenth century. See Fonrobert (2324 et seq.). See Suka. Adha-ani. The one-sixteenth silver Mo- hur introduced by the Gorkhas in the coin- age of Nepal ; it must not be confused with 2] Adhada Affonso de Ouro the Adhani, i.e., the one thirty-second of the gold Mohur. See Suka. Adhada. A money of account of Cutch and Kathiawar, and equal to the one ninety-sixth part of the Kori (q.v.). Adheeda. Another name for the silver eight-anna piece of Nepal. See Mehnder- Mulie. Adhelah. A copper coin of Hindustan and equal to one-half of the Dam (q.v.). Adiea or Adli. A billon coin, plated with gold, issued by Yussuf Pascha in Tripoli in 1827. It was forced upon the people as the equivalent of a Spanish Dol- lar, but only a few days after its introduc- tion the value of this coin depreciated over ninety per cent, and it was one of the factors that led to the revolution of 1832, which resulted in Yussuf 's abdication. Adler-pfennig, Schilling, etc. The popu- lar name for any coin having the figure of a double eagle prominently displayed; e. g., the numerous issues for Aix-la-Cha- pelle, the Thaler, Groschen, and Schillinge of Bentheim, etc. Adli. A silver coin of Dehli introduced by Muhammad III Ibn Tughlag, A.H. 725 (A.D. 1324). Its weight was 140 grains, and it was a substitute for the old Tankahor Rupee of his predecessors which weighed 175 grains. It was discontinued about A.H. 730 and the old standard re- stored. See Thomas (Nos. 180, 181). Also a piece of fifty Tankahs used in Hindustan. See Tankah. Adl Gutkah. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, and valued at nine Rupees. See Sihansah. Adolfsd'or. The name given to the gold coin of ten Thaler issued by Adolf Fredrik, King of Sweden (1751-1771). Aerosi Nummi. The name given by the Romans to billon coins {q.v.}. Aes, or more properly As. A Latin word of probably Arian origin, meaning both pure copper and a mixture of tin and cop- per. The term served afterwards in Rome as a generic word for every variety of money. The earliest types of the Aes are called the Aes Rude or Aes Infectum, i.e., tin- wrought copper. There was no monetary unit and the weight formed the basis of all exchanges. Aes Grave (heavy bronze) ; also called the Aes Libralis (i.e., pound of bronze), was the first Roman monetary unit. The basis was the As, which in its earliest form weighed an Oscan — Latin pound of twelve ounces, derived from a standard originally brought to Italy by the Phocaeans. It is of a lenticular shape and the obverse bears the portrait of Janus bifrons and the figure 1 as an indication of the value. The re- verse has the prow of a galley, probably indicative of the maritime power of Rome, which had been greatly developed by the Decemviri (B.C. 452-450), to which period these coins are usually assigned. The best and latest authorities, however, place them a century later. The divisions of the As are the Deunx or labus, 11 ounces Dextuns or Decunx, 10 Dodrans or Dodras, 9 Bes or Bessis, 8 Septunx, 7 " Semis, Semissis, or Sex :cunx, 6 Quincunx, Quicunx, or Cingus, 5 Tripns, Triente, or Trias, 4 Quarlrans, Quadrant, or Teruncla, 3 " Sextans, Sextante, or Sextas, 2 " Sescunx, IV2 " Uncia, 1 " Semuncia V2 " The multiples are the Dupondius, Tri- pondius, and Decussis ; all of these are de- scribed under their respective names. The As was reduced in weight as follows : Primitive Libral, B.C. 450 Tweiye ounces Semiiibral, B.C. .338 Six ounces Sextantal, B.C. 268 Two ounces Uncial. B.C. 217 One ounce Semi-Uncial, B.C. 89 Half of an ounce Aes Rude. The name given to the prim- itive and shapeless pieces of bronze used bj' the Romans as money previous to the Aes Signatum (q.v.). Aes Signatum. The second type of the Aes, so called because rude stamps or marks are to be found on it, signifying the weight and an approximate value. These are of oblong, square, and oval shapes. They are generally supposed to have originated in the reign of Servius Tullius (B.C. 578- r)35), but are more likely of the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. Aetolian League. See League Coinage. Affonsim. See Grosso Affonsim. Affonso de Ouro. Another name for the earliest type of Cruzado (q.v.), issued by Alfonso V of Portugal (1438-1481), and so called in honor of the ruler. [■3] Afrikanische Pfennige Albertin Afrikanische Pfennige. See Schiffs Du- katen. Aftaby. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, of tlie value of ten Rupees. See Sihansali. Aggio or Agio. A term used more in banking than in numismatics to indicate the fluctuations of exchange rates, i. e., the actual value of a coin as compared with its current exchange value. Agnel (plural Agneaux). A French gold coin first issued under Philip IV in January, 1310. It is the French form of the Agnus Dei {q.v.), with similar designs and inscriptions. The Agnel was struck in France until the period of Charles VI (1380-1422). See Denier d'Or, Gouden Lam, and Mouton. Agnus Dei. A silver coin of Castile issued by John I (1379-1390) and struck at Toledo, Burgos, and Seville. The obverse shows the Paschal Lamb, and on the reverse is a large crown. The inscription reads : "Agnus Dei Qui Tolls Pecate Mundi Misere Nobis," referring to the words in the Gospel of St. John (i : 29). See Agnel. Agod. The name given to the half Talari piece of Abyssinia. See Ber. Agontano. See Anconitano. Agostaro. See Augustalis. Aguglino. The popular name for the Aquilino {q.v.). Aguila de Oro. The name given to a variety of the Dobla de los Bxcelentes, or double Excelente, issued in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1516). It has on the reverse the armorial shields of Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Sicily sup- ported by an eagle with wings extended. Ahmadi or Ahmedi. The name given to the gold Mohur of Mysore, by Tipu Sul- tan, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, dating from the birth of the Prophet. Airgead. A Gaelic word meaning sil- ver; but Simon, in his Essay on the Coins of Ireland, doubts that it was ever ap- plied to coins of this metal. Bonn Airgead, or Airgid, means a silver medal. See Bonn. Akahi Dala. The name of the silver coins issued for the Hawaiian Islands under Kalakaua I. They are all dated 1883 and represent the value of a silver dollar of the United States. Akcheh, or Othmany. A small Turkish silver coin, the only piece issued by Ur- khan, the son of Othman I, when he in- augurated the Ottoman coinage, A.H. 729. When the Ghrush was introduced, A.H. 1099, it was divided into fifty Akchehs, but the relation of the two coins constantly altered. Lane-Poole states. Num. Chroni- cle, 3d Series (ii: 175-176), that "at first 50 Akchehs went to the Ghrush, then 40, sometimes as many as 80, and finally, in A.H. 1138, as many as 120 Akchehs went to the new Turkish unit. This last figure, however, is perhaps explained by the fact that another small silver coin, the Para, had come into existence . . . and eventu- ally usurped the place of the Akcheh." See Para. In the Tunis currency this coin had the same value as the Asper, i.e., the fourth part of the Kharub. Akhtar. A name given to the copper five-cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1792, after the adoption of his new system of reckoning. This system was be- gun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The name is the Arabic designation of the word "Star." Alamgiri. A small copper coin for- merly current in the Deccan principality. It was valued at one sixty-fourth of the Cliandor Rupee. Albansgulden. A name given to the gold coins issued by the Knights of St. Alban at Mainz, who received the privi- lege of striking coins from the Emperor Maximilian I in 1518. The niimber was limited and they were distributed to the members of the Order on St. Martin's Day (November 11), and are consequently sometimes referred to as Martinsgulden. They bear on one side a figure of St. Alban holding his head in his hand. Alberetto, or Albero, meaning a tree, was the popular name for the copper Baiocco struck by the Roman Republic in 1797. The obverse has the lictor's fasces surmounted by a Phrygian cap, which bear a fanciful resemblance to a tree. Albertin. A gold coin issued for Bra- bant, Tournay, Flanders, etc., which ob- [4-] Albertusthaler Alicomo tains its name from Albert, Archduke of Austria (1598-1621), who was governor of the Netherlands. The obverse bears his bust, together with that of his consort Elizabeth, and on the reverse is the cross of Burgundy, in the angles of which are dis- posed the figures of the date. Albertusthaler. A silver coin struck for the Low Countries by Albert, Archduke of Austria, and of the same design as the Albertin {q.v.). From the Burgundy cross on the reverse these pieces are also called Kreuzthaler and Burgunderthaler. Their value was three Gulden or fifty Patards. The coin was copied in Holstein, Bruns- wick, Brandenburg, etc. Those of Freder- ick II bear the inscription nach dem fvs DEE ALBEETVS THALER, and thosc of Fred- erick "William II, struck in 1797, read, ad NORMAM TALERORUM ALBEETi. Correspond- ing smaller silver coins of the same design as the Albertusthaler were called respect- ively Albertusgulden and Albertusgros- chen, Albulo, or Albulo del San Pietro. A base silver coin of Lucca issued during the Republican rule (1369-1805). It has, on the reverse, a figure of St. Peter holding the keys. The name is the Italian equiva- lent for the Albus. Albus. A billon coin current in Ger- many and the Low Countries in the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries. It was com- mon in Cologne, Trier, Mainz, Hessen, and the Palatinate, and gradually replaced the older Turnosgroschen. The name Grossus Albus, or Weiss- groschen was given to these coins on ac- count of their white appearance, due to the silver of which they were composed, and which compared favorably with other coins of the same era. An even earlier coin was the Denarius Albus, or Weisspfennig. It is frequently mentioned in records of the Middle Ages, and owes its name to its white, shiny ap- pearance. Both of these coins are more or less synonymous with the French Blanc, the Spanish Blanco, the Italian Bianco, and the Witten Pennine of the Low Coun- tries. The later issues of the Albus, however, hardly deserved the name, as gradually more and more copper was added to their [ material, and their color naturally became darker. See Raderalbus, and Reichsalbus. Alderman. An English slang term for a half crown. An alderman as chief mag- istrate is half a king in his own ward, and the half crown is a sort of half king. Ale-silver. Blount, in his Latv Diction- ary, 1691, states that this is the name of "a Rent or Tribute j'carly paid to the Lord Maior of London, by those that sell Ale within the City." Alexander. A gold coin of ten Lei, issued for Bulgaria under King Alexander I. Alexanders. A general name in modern parlance for the coins of Alexander the Great and those bearing the type of this monarch's coinage. The designation for these pieces in ancient times was Alexan- dreioi. See Babelon, Traite (i, 482). Alexandreion. A silver coin of four Drachmai struck circa B.C. 315-310 by Ptolemy I, king of Egypt. Alexandrian Coinage. The coinage struck under the Roman emperors at Alex- andria in Egypt. Alexandrine Coinage. The coinage bearing the types of Alexander the Great. Struck at many mints in European Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Babylonia, and North Africa from B.C. 336 down to the Roman occupation. This coinage, while invariably using the types of Alexander the Great, sometimes substituted for his name the name of a ruling king, such as Philip III, Lysimachus, Seleucus, Antiochus, and others. Alfonsino. A silver coin of the Carlino type issued by Alfonso I of Aragon, while ruler of Naples and Sicily (1442-1468). The Alfonsino d'Oro of the same king was a large gold coin, also known by the name of Ducatone d'Oro. Alfonso. A term used to indicate the Spanish gold coin of twenty-five Pesetas, it having been originally issued under Alfonso XII, and the portrait of this mon- arch is on the obverse. Alicomo. A silver coin of Ferrara, issued by Duke Hercules I (1471-1505), which receives this name from the figure of a unicorn on one side. Its value is de- termined in an ordinance of 1492 as being equal to twelve Quattrini. 5]' Alliance Coins Amoles Alliance Coins. A name given to cer- tain coins of Greece and Asia Minor, which were issued by a joint agreement between two or more cities. See Head (Introduc. § 17). Among the earliest t3^pes of Alliance pieces are those of the federal coinage of Rhodes, Cnidus, Samos, and Epliesus, B.C. 394-387. Each bore the type of its city on the reverse ; and on the ol3verse a figure of the infant Heracles strangling the snakes, and the legend 2TN (for auij.iji.a5(t7.6v). Almonds used as money. See Badam. Alms Money. iSV^ Peter's Pence. Aloethaler. In 1701 an aloe, which had been introduced to Germany a few years previously, blossomed for the first time, and in commemoration thereof the Dukes Rudolph August and Anton Ulrich of Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel struck a Tha- ler. This coin has on one side a figure of the plant in bloom, with an appropriate description. Alpaka. An alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel, and used in the composition of the twenty Heller piece of Austria of 1916. Altilik. A base silver coin of Tu.rkey in the series of Metalliks; its value is five Piastres. Altininck. See Altyn. Altmishlik, or Double Zolota. A silver coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value of one and one-half Piastres, or sixty Paras. Its weight varies from 300 to 420 grains. The name is derived from Altmish, i.e., sixty. See Utiizlik. Altun. This word in Turkish signifies gold, and after the conquest of Constanti- nople, Muhammad II, in A.H. 833, issued a gold coin named Sultany Altun, which, for brevity's sake, was called Altun. It was patterned after the Sequin, and, according to Lane-Poole, Num. Chronicle, 3d Series (ii. 167-168), "was known by various other names, according to the pre- dominant foreign commercial influence; under western influence it was called Plury (florin) ; under Persian, Shahy; and after the Conquest of Egypt, the name Ashrafy, or Sherify, which had been given to the improved coinage of El-Ashraf Bar- sabay, was transferred to the issues of the Constantinopolitan mint. ' ' Altyn, sometimes called Altininck, was a base silver coin of Russia of the value of three Kopecks or six Dengi, first issued in 1704. The date on the reverse is in Slav- onic characters, and three dots or bosses are usually found upon this side of the coin, indicative of the value. The coinage of these pieces was discontinued in 1736. Aluminium, or Aluminum. A grayish- white metal resembling silver in color but of much lighter specific gravity. It is used extensively for tokens and medals, but the emploj^ment of it for actual coins has proved rather unsatisfactory. For British East Africa and Uganda aluminium Cents and half Cents have been issued, and a one-tenth Penny was struck for Nigeria in 1907 in the same metal. It has also been employed as a money of necessity by Germany in 1916-1917. Ambrosino. A name given to both a gold and a silver coin of Milan, struck under the first Republic (1250-1310), and retained by the Sforzas to the end of the fifteenth century. They obtain their name from St. Am- brosius, the patron saint of the city, who is generally represented standing, but sometimes on horseback, with a whip in his hand, which is supposed to have refer- ence to Christ's driving the money- changers out of the temple. See Cahier, Char act eristiques des Saints dans I' Art Populaire (ii. 429), and Jameson, Sacred and Legendary Art (i. 395). Amedeo d'Oro. The popular name for the gold Lira, of the value of ten Scudi, issued by Victor Amedeus I of Savoy at the Turin mint in 1633. See Beato Amedeo. Amoles. A name given to the salt money of Abyssinia which was used as a circu- lating medium for smaller monetary trans- actions to the west of Gondar. This currency appears to have been in the form of blocks of rock-salt, about eight inches long by one and one-half inches in breadth, and of a value of from two to three pence each. It is described by Foville, Les Mon- naies de I'Ethiopie, and is mentioned as early as 1625 in the works of Don Alonzo Mendez, patriarch of Abyssinia, who trav- ersed the country, and says: "The boun- dary between the kingdoms of Daueali and Tygre is a plain, four days' journey in length and one in breadth, which they call ] Amulets Angel the country of salt, for there is found all that they use in Ethiopia, instead of money; being bricks almost a span long and four fingers thick and broad, and won- derfully white, fine and hard, and there is never any miss of it, though they carry away never so much ; and this quantity is so great that we met a caravan of it, wherein we believed there could be no less than 600 beasts of burden, camels, mules, and asses, of which the camels carry 600 of those bricks, and the asses 140 or 150, and these continually going and coming." For the purchasing powers of the Amole, or Emol, as it is sometimes called, see an interesting contribution by A. Thomson D'Abbadie to the Numismatic Chronicle (Vol. II. 1839-1840). See also Wakea and Salt, infra. Amulets. The name given to certain coins or medals that are supposed to have talismanic qualities attached to them, such as warding off evil, disease, accidents, etc. There are a large number of Chinese and Korean pieces known as Amulet coins. Ana, Ani. See Anna. Ana Ichi Sen. See Kagami Ya Sen. Anandaramen. A gold coin of Travan- core of double the weight of the Fanam. This coin appears to have been struck un- der Rama Raja (1758-1798). See Elliot (pp. 138-139). Anchor Pieces. The name given to a series of silver coins struck in 1822 under George IV of England for general use in the West Indies, Canada, and Mauritius. The issue consisted of a half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth of a dollar; on the reverse is an anchor, crowned, between the figures of value and the inscription : COLONIAR BEiTAN MONET. See Breton (857- 860). Anchors. Hesychius states that the Cypriotes called their Triobols "anchors." As no ancient money of Cyprus bears the type of an anchor. Six has believed that we should conclude that the coins called Anchors were something very different from ordinary money; Babelon, on the other hand, thinks there were very ancient pieces of a primitive epoch, and of small size, which were anchor-shaped, having flukes or recurving arms; for it is impos- [ sible tliat the anchor of any vessel, how- ever small, should have had only the value of a triobol, as Hesychius tells us. Anconitano, or Agontano. The name frequently used to describe a variety of Grosso struck at Ancona in the thirteenth centurj?, and of the value of twelve De- narii. In 1476 Sixtus IV reduced the value of this coin from ten to eight Quat- trini, and in 141)8 Pope Alexander VI issued an ordinance making the Anconi- tano one-third of the Carlino in weight and equal to two and one-half Bolognini in value. Andreas Ducat. A gold coin of Russia, of the value of two gold Rubles, struck under a ukase of February 14, 1718, and continued uiitil 1730. These coins bear the figure of the Saint on a cross, copied from the design on the Order of St. An- drew, which was instituted by Peter I in 1698. Andreas Thaler. A silver coin issiied by Ernst V of Hohnstein (1508-1552), which receives its name from the figure of the Saint on the reverse, and the inscription SANTVS ANDREAS. The coins of the Dukes of Brunswick- Liiueburg, which are also called Andreas Thaler, take this name from the mines at Andreasberg in the Ilarz Mountains from which the silver was obtained for coining them. See also under St. Andrew and St. An dries, infra. Smaller coins of similar design are known as Andreas Gulden, Andreas Pfen- nige, etc. Anepigrafa. An Italian term for a coin which has no legend, as, e.g., certain types of the half Bezzo, which have only figures and no inscription whatever. Anepigraphic Coins. A general term for coins without inscriptions. See Mon- naies Muettes. Ange d'Or. A large French gold coin first struck under Philip VI of \'^alois (1328-1350). It receives its name from the crowned angel on the obverse, who is rep- resented seated under a canopy, his feet over a dragon, holding in one hand a long cross and in the other a shield with the fleurs de lis. Angel. An English gold coin, first struck by Edward IV in 1470. It received 7] Angelet Ani its name from the design on the obverse, which represents the archangel Michael, standing with his left foot upon a dragon, and piercing him through the mouth with a spear. On the reverse is a ship, and the original inscription reads, per crucem tuam salva Nos CHRiSTE REDEMPTOR ("By thy cross save us Christ, our Redeemer"). The Angel succeeded the Noble {q.v.), and was not coined after 1634. This coin was the one used for "touch- ing for the King's Evil," probably on ac- count of its religious inscriptions. See Touchpiece. Tyler, in his History of Scot- land, 1864 (ii, 390), cites an Inventory of Jewels of the year 1488 in which are men- tioned "Twa hundredth four score and V angelis, " and Shakespeare, in The Merry Wives of Windsor (i, 3), speaks of "a legion of angels." Angelet. A half -Angel. It was of simi- lar type as the preceding and the original reverse inscription was o crux ave spes UNicA ("Hail, Cross, our only hope"). In the time of Elizabeth the motto had been changed to an abbreviated form of A DOMINO PACTUM EST ISTUD ET EST MIRA- bile in oculis nostris ("This is the Lord's doing and it is marvellous in our eyes"). The Angelet was discontinued in 1619. Angelot. A gold coin of the Anglo- Gallic series corresponding to the Angelet (q.v.), and as the latter constituted half of an Angel, so the Angelot was valued at fifteen Sols or about two-thirds of a Salute (q.v.). It was first struck by Henry VI of Eng- land about 1427, with the usual obverse of St. Michael slaying the dragon. The type ■ is found on coins of Thorn in Brabant, issued by the Abbess Margaret of Breder- ode (1531-1577) and also occurs on speci- mens issued by Henri II of Brederode (1556-1568), struck at Vianen in Luxem- burg. Under Louis XI of France (1461-1485) a series of Angelots were issued to com- memorate the foundation of the Order of St. Michael, ^ee Hoffmann (7-10). Angevin. See Monnaies Angevines. Anglo-American Money. The general name given to the coins of the American settlements struck by English rulers from the time of Elizabeth until 1776. Anglo-Gallic Coins are such as were issued by the English rulers and princes in their French territories. The earliest specimens are the Deniers of Henry II, which must have been struck previous to 1168, in which year Aquitaine was given by Henry to his son, Richard I. The last of the series of Anglo-Gallic coins are the Tournay Groats of Henry VIII, issued in 1513. Angroigne. A billon coin of Burgundy issued by Philip the Good (1419-1467) and struck at the mint at Auxonne. It has on the reverse a cross with lions and fleurs de lis in the opposite angles, and the inscrip- tion: anserna de avxone. See Blanchet (i, 394). Angster. A small base silver coin struck In various Cantons of Switzerland, but specially in Luzerne, Schwyz, Appenzell, Zug, Zurich, Schaffhausen, and St. Gallen. They are mentioned as early as 1424, and in a Miinzbuch, printed at Nuremburg by Georg Wachter in 1530, the value of the Angster is stated to be one-fourth of the Kreuzer. They occur in the coinage as late as the middle of the nineteenth cen- tury, and retained this value. The etymology of the name is dubious. Du Cange (i) states that it is a corrup- tion of Angesicht, i.e., face or visage. An- other authority derives the name from an individual named Angst, the master of a mint in Switzerland. Ang-tuk. A silver piece struck in Nepal for currency in Tibet, by the Newar King Jaya Bhupatindra Malla Deva in the year 816 of the Newar Era, corresponding to A.D. 1696. The name Ang-tuk means "number six," and it is given to the coin on account of the last figure in the date. The Tibetans call it Pa-nying Tang-ka, or "old Nepalese" coinage. It is also known as the Dung-tang, i.e., "Spear Tang-ka," or Dung-tse, i.e., "Spear-point," from the trident emblem of the Newar kings, which is minted on the reverse. It is called a Mohar in Nepal. See Tang-ka, and Conf. Walsh, Coinage of Tibet, in Memoirs Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1907 (ii), and Wood, in American Journal of Numis- matics, 1912. Ani. A gold coin of Nepal of the value of one-sixteenth of a Mohur, See Suka, and Anna. [8] Animals Aplus Animals, especially sheep and cattle, were used as basis of exchange in ancient times. In Homer oxen are frequently mentioned as the commodity by which other things were valued. The armor of Diomedes was said to be worth nine oxen, while that of Glaucus was valued at a hundred. Iliad (vi). In the same work it is stated that the first prize given to the wrestlers at the Grecian games was worth twelve oxen. See Kugildi. Anna. A copper coin of India, the six- teenth part of a Rupee. It is subdivided into four Pice or twelve Pies. It is referred to early in the eighteenth century by A. Hamilton, in A New Ac- count of the East Indies, 1727 (ii, App. 8), who states that "in Bengal their accounts are kept in Pice, twelve to an Annoe, six- teen Annoes to a Rupee." Annapolis Coinage. See Chalmers. Annengroschen. The name given to a series of silver coins issued in Brunswick, Hanover, and Hildesheim at the begin- ning of the sixteenth century. They have a figure of St. Anne standing, who is hold- ing the Christ child on one arm and the infant Mary on the other. Annenpfennig. A copper token struck at Annaberg, Saxony, with the inscrip- tion HILF HEILIGE ANNA. Annoe. An old form of writing Anna (q.v.). Annulet Coinage. A name given to certain issues in gold and silver of the period of Henry V and Henry VI of Eng- land, on account of the annulet which was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the money of these reigns. Annunciata. The popular name for a coin of the Gonzaga family, princes of Guastalla, which bears on the obverse the annunciation to the Virgin. It was equal to fourteen Soldi and was issued to the end of the sixteenth century. The type was copied in 1745 on the Quadruple d'Oro of Charles Emanuel III, king of Sardinia. Anselmino. A name given to the double Giulio issued in Mantua under Vincenzo I. Gonzaga (1587-1613). It was a silver coin of the value of twenty Soldi and re- [9 ceived this name from the figure of St. Anselm on the obverse. See Selmino. Antoniniemus, also called Argenteus An- toninianus, and Aurelianus, is a Roman double Denarius which takes its name from M. Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla (211- 217), who introduced it. This coin was distinguished from the Denarius by the fact that the Emperor's head bore a radiated crown, and there is a crescent under the head of the Empress. It was originally of moderately good silver, bmt gradually depreciated until at the time of Gallienus it was barely more than a sil- vered copper coin. It was abolished about the period of Constantine the Great. The original weight of this coin was 5.45 grammes, or about eighty grains. Ant's Nose Coins. A name given to certain small copper pellet-like shaped money of China, convex on one side and flat on the other. They are generally con- ceded to have been in use about B.C. 650- 600, and the designation "Ant's Nose Money" is due, perhaps, to the ancient practice of burying "valuable ants" with the dead. "Ghost's Face or Head Money" is also an appellation given to them, no doubt on account of their likeness to the features of a spectre of the nether world: Their latest cognomen is that of "Metallic Cowries" in imitation of cowry shells, whose shape they are supposed to follow arid which were known to be . used as a currency medium in ancient China. The most common variety is that sup- posed to be inscribed with the weight value Pan Liang, or half Tael. For a detailed account see Ramsden, Numismatic and Philatelic Journal of Japan, 1914 (iii, 4, 5), and Spink (xxiii, p. 564). Anvoire. Du Cange states that this was a kind of tribute of twenty-eight Deniers to be used for the church which the Bishop of Beauvais exacted from newly married couples. Aparas. According to Teixeira de Aragao (iii) this was a Portuguese silver eoin struck for their possessions in India. The word means to cut off, or to divide, and the coins consisted of pieces cut from the Piastre and counterstamped. Aplus. The Assyrian equivalent for the Greek Obol (q.v.). ] ApoUina Arenkopf ApoUina. The popular name used in Sicily for the gold coins of Syracuse of the period of Agathocles (B.C. 317-310), which bore on the obverse the head of Apollo. Apostel Thaler. A silver medallic Tha- ler of the Holy Roman Empire, bearing no date but issued under Rudolf II (1576- 1612). It is from designs by Christian Maler, and obtains its name from the figure of the Savior surrounded by the symbols of the twelve apostles. Appelgulden. A nickname given to the gold Gulden of the city of Cologne, issued in the latter part of the fifteenth century Cappe (No. 1244), on account of the im- perial globe on the reverse, which was fre- quently mistaken for an apple. The name was adopted throughout the Rhine Provinces and was used in the eon- temporary archives. Conf. Paul Joseph {passim). Appoints. See Assignat. Apuliense. The name given to a small silver coin struck by William II (1166- 1189) for Brindisi, Palermo, etc. The re- verse has usually a palm-tree and the in- scription APVLiENSis. Some varieties are concave. The value was equal to a Ducato d'Argento, and divisions of three, six, and twelve were issued called respectively Tereia or Terzo, Sesto, and Dodicesimo. Aqdscheh. A silver coin of Egypt, in- troduced by Ahmed III (A.H. 1115-1143), and corresponding to the Asper, or one- third of the Para. Aquilino. A silver coin, which, as its name indicates, bears a large eagle on the obverse, and is common to a number of Italian States. It was issued at Padua during the Re- publican period (1200-1318), and from its size was generally known as the Grosso Aquilino. At Treviso it was struck by Enrico II di Gorizia (1319-1323) ; at Man- tua by the Gonzaga famUy in the latter part of the fourteenth century; and at Aquila under Joanna II of Durazzo (1414- 1435) and her successors. The last-named coin was also called Cella or Trentino and had a value of half a Paolo. It bore an eagle with outstretched wings, which re- ceived the popular name of Uccello, i.e., a bird, and this in turn was corrupted to Cella. [ Arbaa. A name given to certain base gold coins of Egypt of the value of four Piastres or one-half of the Kairie. Arbol de Valencia. The billon Deniers issued by John I of Aragon (1387-1395), for Valencia, are so called. See Engel and Serrure (iii. 1346). Arcadian League. See League Coinage. Archaic Coinage. A general name for the earliest types of the Greek coins struck from circa B.C. 700 to B.C. 480. In this period "there is a gradual development from extreme rudeness of execution to more clearly defined forms characterised by stiffness and angularity of style." This is the first of the art periods according to Head's classification, and the figures on the coins usually consist of animals, heads of animals, and human heads in profile. Archer. A name sometimes given to both the Persian gold Darie and the silver Siglos, as these coins bear the figure of a bowman on the obverse. The term TO^OTOte from an archer, is also used to define these coins, and they were known by this latter name. Ardha. An Indian word meaning half, and used in conjunction with denomina- tions such as Kakini, Pana, etc. See Pana. Ardit. A corruption of Hardi or Hardit {q.v.}. Ardite. A small copper coin of Barce- lona struck by Philip III (1598-1621) and by his successors until the middle of the eighteenth century. It probably obtained its name from the fact that on the earliest types the portrait of the king separated the two letters A.R. (Aragoniae Rex). Ardpanchio. A silver coin of Cutch and Kathiawar of the value of two and a half Koris. See Panchia. Arends-Rijksdaalder. A silver Thaler issued by the United Provinces, Friesland, etc., in the latter part of the sixteenth cen- tury. The name is obtained from the em- blem of the two eagles upon the obverse. The smaller denominations, the Arends- Groot and the Arends-Schelling have the same design. The Thaler was equal to sixty Groten. Arenkopf, or Amekopf. A name given to the half Pfennig of Goslar, on account of the eagle's head appearing on the same. 10] Argenteolus These diminutive base silver coins were issued originally in the fifteenth century; they are also alluded to by the names of Scherf (q.v.) and Goslar. Argenteolus. See Argenteus. Argenteus. Another name for the De- narius, revived by Diocletian and struck 96 to the pound of silver. It was also called Argenteus mi.nutulus or Argenteo- lus, and continued to be struck until the time of Julian II the Apostate. Argenteus. Hre Talari. Argenteus Antoninianus. See Antoni- nianus. Argenteus Aurelianus. See Antonini- anus. Argenteus Minutulus. So called in con- tradistinction to the larger Argenteus An- toninianus. See Argenteus. Argentine. A gold coin of the Argen- tine Republic, introduced in 1880, and of the value of five Pesos. Argent le Roy, i.e., the King's silver. When this term was used in connection with coins issued in France during the Middle Ages it implied that the metal was 23 karats fine. In a document of 1378 the G-rosso of Charles V of France is called Argento le Roy, probably on account of the purity of the metal. Argento. In the fifteenth century this name was applied to silver coins struck by the Popes at Avignon and Carpentrasso. Argenton, or Maillechort. The name given to a mixture of nickel, copper, and zinc which constituted the basis of the Swiss coins of 1850. See Nickel. Argentum Dei. See Earnest. Argentum Oscense. See Denarius Os- ceiisis. Argentum Nigrum. See Billon. Argurion. A Greek word meaning "a piece of silver," and so used in the Gospel of St. Matthew (xvii: 27, xxvi: 15). See Pieces of Silver. Arlabaso. See Rollbatzen. Armellino. A silver coin of the value of half a Carlino, issued by Ferdinand I of Aragon, as king of Naples and Sicily ( 1458- 1494). It obtains its name from the figure of an ermine on the reverse. Arsura The type was copied by his successors, Alfonso II and Ferdinand II, and also by Francesco Maria I, Duke of Urbino (1508- 1513). The ermine being mistaken for a fox (volpe), the coin received the nick- name of Volpetta. Arnaldes, or Amaudin. The name given to a small base silver coin struck at Agen in Aquitaine, and supposed to obtain its name from Arnaldo I of Bonneville, who was bishop of Agen in the eleventh cen- tury. Poey d'Avant (ii, 143) ascribes its origin to Arnaldo de Rovinhan, bishop of Agen and the first to coin money there in 1217. The same authority (p. 145) cites an account of the year 1252 in which Ar- naldeses are mentioned as being of slightly less weight than the Italian coins of the . same period. Amekopf. See Arenkopf. Arnoldus. The ducat of Arnould, Count of Egmont and Duke of Gueldres (1423- 1472) is so called. Arrhes. A French expression meaning money given for the binding of a bargain and corresponding to Earnest (q.v.). In the American Journal of Numismat- ics (xli. 31), there is an extensive descrip- tion of the Arrhae, or "tokens of spous- age, " called by the French Deniers pour epouser. Arrow Head Money. Arrow heads of stone or metal have been used by various primitive people as objects of barter. Al- though they may be considered as prim- itive money they cannot be classed as coins. The American Indians and the Jap- anese used stone arrow heads for purposes of exchange and the Chinese used bronze arrow points. Chinese numismatists have sometimes included these in their works. See Ramsden. There is, however, a specific instance of an inscribed bronze arrow point in the Korean series known as Chun Pei {q.v.). Arsum. A name applied to any coinage of base metal resembling billon. Du Cange states that the etymology is from an old French word, ards, meaning black. Arsura. The trial of money by fire, after it was coined. — Blount, Law Dictionary, 1670. [11] Artesienne Artesienne. A general name for the coins, especially Mailles, struck at Artois, toward the latter part of the eleventh cen- tury. The type was copied in Lille, Ant- werp, Brussels, etc. See Blanchet (i, 444, 449), who refers to them by the names of Artescense and Atrebatensis. Artig, plural Artiger. A small silver coin, the fractional part of a Schilling, issued by the bishops of Dorpat and the archbishops of Riga early in the sixteenth century. They also belong to the currency of the Order of Livonia. Artilucco, or Artiluk. A silver coin of the Republic of Ragusa issued from 1627 to 1701. It had a value of three Grossetti, and was copied from the Polish Drei- groscher (q.v.). The name appears to be taken from the Turkish word altiluk, i.e., six-fold, because its equivalent in the Ottoman Empire was six Para. For a detailed account of this coinage see Resetar, in the Monatsblait der Num. Oesell. in Wien (viii, 18-21). Aruzzeh, or Tamunah, is a quarter of a Habbeh or one-fortieth of a Danik, or one forty-eighth of a Danik {q.v.) of Khwarizm. Aryandic Coinage. The name given to a series of silver coins struck by Aryandes, a satrap of Egypt, in imitation of the royal Persian coinage. Darius, from the ac- count by Herodotus (iv, 165-167), would appear to have been angry with Aryandes for issuing silver of excessive purity. No coins are extant which can be attributed to this satrap, and Hill suggests that "he coined sigii with the royal types which should only have been issued by the royal mint, and that this was the real reason of his fall." See Head (p. 845). As. See Acs Grave. Asadi Ghrush. The name given by the •Turks to the Austrian Thaler, and the Rix Daler of the Low Countries, which were the principal large silver coins current in the Ottoman Empire prior to the reign of Soleiman II, who introduced the Ghrush, or Piastre, in imitation of these coins. Marsden, however (i. 373), quotes Me- ninski, that the Utuzlik, or Zolota, a smaller coin, was "Thalerus Hollandicus floreno Rhenensi aequivalens. " [ Asper The confusion is probably due to the fact that the Piastre and the Utuzlik are of nearly the same size. Ascanische Pfennige. A variety of bracteates issued by the Dukes of Anhalt, who established a mint at Ascania, or As- caria, now Asehersleben, in the eleventh century. They are very difficult to class- ify, being without inscriptions and corre- sponding to the Monnaies Muettes (q.v.). Aschera. The name given to the quarter Piastre in the Egyptian series. It is a base silver coin of the value of ten Paras. The name for the half Piastre of the same issue is Aschreneah. Both coins were introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D. 1839. As'ek. According to R. C. Temple, in the Indian Antiquary, 1898 (p. 14), this name is given to a rough silver casting, used by the Lao tribes in the northern part of Siam. It is valued at three Rupees, though it contains only about one Rupee's worth of silver. Ashrafi, or Sherify. A Persian word meaning "noble," and applied to a gold coin issued by the Sufi, or Safi, dynasty. It corresponds in approximate size and weight to the Dinar and Sequin. The triple Ashrafi, occasionally struck, received the name of Muhr- Ashrafi. See Altun. Ashrafi. A small silver coin struck by the Emirs of El Harrar, a province of Abyssinia. About twenty-two of these were computed to a Dollar, though the value fluctuated under the different emirs. It was formerly a gold coin. In the modern Abyssian coinage it is a money of account, three being equal to a Talari. Asht. A silver coin of India and equal to one-eighth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. Aslani. See Abukash. Asmani, or Usmani. A name given to the copper forty-cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1789, after the adoption of his new system of reckoning. This sys- tem was begun in 1786, and based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after 'Usman-ibn- 'Affan, the third khalifa. See Mushtari. Asper, or Aspre. A billon coin of the value of one-third of a Para formerly cur- 12] Asprione Augustalis rent in Turkey and Asia Minor. It weighs from two to three grains. The name appears to be derived from the aawpo?, of the modern Greeks, being "white" money, as distinguished from the copper. In the Tunis currency the Asper is divi- ded into twelve Bourbes. The name is also given to a silver coin current in Rhodes in the fourteenth cen- tury and later. It was issued by the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and is the same as the Denier of Western Europe. There is a series of them struck at Tre- bizond, under the Commenes, from Manuel I (1238-1263) to Alexis IV (1417-1447), and they were copied in Georgia under Georgi VIII (1452-1469). In 1492 it was computed in Venice at 20 Tornesi, and in 1677 it was coined in the Republic of Genoa for the Levantine trade. Asprione. Du Cange cites ordinances which indicate that this was a name given to the Soldo d'Oro struck at the mint of Ravenna. Assarion. The Greek diminutive form of the Latin word As (q.v.). Assarius. The fourth part of the Follis iq.v.). It was introduced by Diocletian, and corresponds to the Dekanummion of the Byzantine Empire. Assignat. The name given to a species of paper money first issued in Prance pur- suant to an order of ^he National Assem- bly of April 19, 1790. The Republic issued them in denominations from 10,000 Livres to 5 Livres, as well as a smaller currency called Appoints as low as ten Sous. As there was an inadequate gold or sil- ver redemption fund their value soon de- preciated to one-sixth of their original worth. By an order of the Directorate of February 19, 1795, they were abolished, and the holders were permitted to exchange them for a new variety of paper money called the Mandat. This also became worthless in a short time. Essays of Assignats for 100, 50, 25, and 5 Livres struck in white metal and copper were issued in 1791. Assis. The Roman As {q.v.). Assis, plural Asses. A base silver coin of the value of six Kreuzer issued in Basle, [ Strasburg, and Luxemburg during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the Luxemburg coinage it represents a Sol or Sou, and a necessity piece of 72 Asses was issued during the siege of Lux- emburg by the French, in 1795. See Mail- liet (73, i). Atia. A copper coin struck 'for the Por- tuguese Indies at Diu, with a correspond- ing half. The issue appears to have been begun under Joseph I about 1750 and was continued until 1851. The reverses usually exhibit a cross with the four figures of the date in the angles. The value of the Atia was fifteen Reis or twenty Bazaruccos. Atkinson. See Achesoun. Atmah. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- peror of Hindustan, equal to one-fourth of the Sihansah (q.v.). Atrebatensis. See Artesienne. Atribuo. See Judenpfennige. Atsida, plural Atsidor or Atsidorna. An expression used by Swedish numismatists to signify the obverse of a coin or medal. It is a compound word meaning "the side toward the person." See Pransida. Alt. A Siamese copper coin, the sixty- fourth part of the Tical (q.v.). In the former Cambodian coinage the Att repre- sented the one four-hundredth of the Tical. Attesaal. In the constitution of Erik VII of Denmark, 1269, this monetary de- nomination is mentioned, and Du Cange states that it was current for a Tremissis, or third part of a Solidus. Aubonne. The name given to a variety of Ecu struck for Lorraine and Bar, by Monsieur d 'Aubonne, the director of the mint from 1724 to 1728. See De Saulcy, (PL xxxii). Auferstehungsthaler, i.e.. Resurrection Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer Bundes- thaler. Augslups Polleten. See PoUeten. Augustalis. A gold coin issued by the Emperor Frederick II as king of the Two Sicilies. Thej^ \\ere struck at Brindisi from 1197 to 1220, and were valued at one and a quarter gold Gulden. The design on these pieces is copied from the Roman 13] August d'Or Aurei; the Emperor's head is laureated, and he is clothed in Roman costume, from which fact they derive their name. Italian numismatists refer to this coin by the name of Agostaro. August d'Or. A gold coin of Saxony, struck originally by the electors and later by the king: It was a variety of the Pis- tole or five-Thaler gold piece. The Bphraim d'Or, a type issued by Frederick the Great, at Leipzig, from 1756 to 1758 was greatly inferior and contained only about one-third the quantity of gold of the regular Pistoles. See Ephraimiten. Augustos, or Augustari. A name given to such coins as bear the figure of the bishops of Augsburg, i.e., Augusta Vin- delicorun. These ecclesiastics struck coins after 1402. See Blanchet (ii, 92). Aur. The Icelandic equivalent for the Scandinavian Ore (q.v.). Aurelianus. See Antoninianus. Aureola, plural Aurelii. An ordinance of the mint of Venice of 1178 reads fu stampata moneta cl' argent o nominata Aurelii. The value of these coins was com- puted at two Soldi, but no specimens are known to exist. Aureus. The best known of the Roman gold coins. It succeeded the Scripulum, and appeared toward the end of the Re- public, when Sulla in B.C. 87, Pompey in B.C. 81, and Julius Cffisar in B.C. 46, issued a military gold coinage. This series forms part of the Nummi Castrenses (q.v.). The regular coinage of the Aurei began under Julius Ceesar, and their value was twenty-five Denarii. The weight of the Aureus gradually declined, and it was finally abolished when Constantine the Great established the Solidus. Under Augustus quadruple Aurei called Quaterniones were issued. Originally the Aureus was struck at the proportion of 42 to the Roman pound (327.45 grammes) but its weight gradu- ally tended to diminish, the reduction being approximately as follows : In the time of Augustus the Aureus was one forty-second of a pound, i.e., 120.3 grains ; in the time of Nero, one forty-fifth of a pound, i.e., 113.5 grains ; in the time of Caracalla, one-fiftieth of a pound, i.e., 101.05 grains; in the time of Gallienus, Axe Money one sixtieth to one-seventieth of a pound, i.e., 84 to 72 grains. Aureus Regalis. ^S^ee Royal d'Or. Aurum. The Latin generic term for money. Aurum ad Obrussam. See Obryzum. Aurum Excoctum. See Excoctum and Obryzum. Ausbeutemiinzen. The name given to both gold and silver coins and implying the product of a local mine. The earliest speci- men is probably the Saxon Ausbeutethaler of St. Katharinenberg, dated 1505. The various Dukes of Brunswick resorted to this practice extensively, and it was common in other German states as well as in Prance, Scandinavia, etc. The Ausbeutethaler frequently bear views of the mines or allusions to the place of striking. In many cases they have dis- tinctive mottoes, e.g., das land die fbuchte BEiNGT., etc. The Isargold Dukaten and the Rheingold Dukaten struck from the product of washings in these rivers are also classed with the Ausbeutemiinzen. A third variety are such pieces as bear a motto invoking a blessing on the mining operations. These are known as Bergse- gensthaler and occur for Mansfeld, the Harz Mountains, etc. Auswurf Miinzen. See Maundy Money. Autonomous Coins. A name given to coins struck by such cities and territories as required no external authority to issue them. They a^e common in the Greek series and to some extent in the Roman; but the provinces of the latter empire were usually restricted to the extent that they were permitted to strike only in cop- per. Avers, from the Latin adversus, i.e., facing. The same as obverse (q.v.). The term is used as early as the year 1715 in the catalogue of an auction sale of coins held at Gotha in Saxony. See Berliner Milmbldtter (No. 141). Awpenny. See Half-Penny. Axe Money. The common name for a rude copper currency used by the Mexican Indians. The native name is Sicca, or Sic- capili (q.v.). The shape of these pieces resembles an axe, about twenty by forty millimetres. [14] Aydans Azzalino Aydans. A variety of base silver de- Azzalino. The name given to a Testone niers issued in Flanders during the fif- issued by the Paleologi at Casale during teenth century. Du Cange cites an ordi- the fourteenth century. The word is a nance of 1450 shewing that they were corruption of acciarino, meaning a steel struck at Liege and that twenty were com- for striking fire, this device occurring on puted to the Florin. the coin. For a similar emblem, see Bri- quet. [15] Bacca di Allemagna Bahrain B Bacca di Allemagna. According to Pro- ^mis (ii. 66-), this term was used in Pied- mont for a coin of two Soldi. In 1548 a Scudo of Savoy was equal to 22^ Bacca. Bacchanalian Coins. A name given to the issues of Jahangir, Emperor of Hin- dustan, which bear on one side the ruler seated with a goblet of wine before him. These pieces appeared in 1612 and later. Bacquette. Another name for Baquette (q.v.). Badam, or Padens. The name given to the almond of Persia which was used as money in some parts of India and on the Malabar Coast. Stavorninus, in his Voy- ages to the East Indies, 1798 (iii. 8), in writing of the coinage current at Surat, says : "In the same way as cowries are made use of in Bengal, as the lowest me- dium of exchange, almonds, which are called badams, are employed for that pur- pose here; the comparative value whereof is, as may easily be conceived, more liable to variation than any other respective me- dium. ' ' J. A. de Mandelslo, who was in Gujarat about 1638, published an account of his voyages in 1669, and says of the natives that ' ' they also make use of almonds where- of thirty-six make a Peyse" (?Paisa). Bar Pfennige. A nickname given to the small silver and billon coins of the Swiss Cantons of Berne and St. G-allen, which have a figure of a bear. This privilege was granted them by Frederick III in 1475. See Blanchet (ii. 263). Baetzner. A base silver coin of Stras- burg current in the sixteenth century and later. It was equivalent to eight Deniers, or the sixth part of a Dick-Pfennig, and multiples called Dreibaetzner, or one half of the Dick-Pfennig were also issued. In the Luzerne coinage the Baetzner was equal to four Kreuzer, and silver denomi- nations of Zehnbaetzner were struck from about 1750 to 1812. [1 Bagarone, or Bagaroto. The popular name for a variety of the mezzo Bolog- nino, issued in Bologna, Ferrara, and Mo- dena, during the fifteenth century and later. In 1507 it was current in Parma at one fourth of the Quattrino. Bagattino, from hagata, a trifle. A small copper and billon coin of Venice, which appeared originally about the reign of the Doge Francesco Foscari (1423-1457), and was in use for about two centuries. It was also extensively employed at Friuli, Sebenico, Spalato, Zara, Rovigo and other Venetian colonies. At Verona it ap- pears with a date as early as 1516. The Bagattino was the Venetian unit in copper, and it was usually computed at one half of the Soldo. Baggiane, or Bagiane. A coin issued by the mint of Mirandola early in the seven- teenth century and of the value of four Soldi. An ordinance of 1693 mentions Baggiane of Modena. Bagni ( ?plural of Bagno). There is a reference in Promis (i. 316) to an order of the year 1717 which prohibits the cir- culation of coins called Bagni in the Duchy of Savoy. Bahar. According to Noback (p. 82), a money of account was formerly used at Bantam, on the island of Java, which is based on a decimal system, as follows : 1 Bahar = 10 Utaa = 100 Catties = 1000 Laxsans = 10000 Peccoes The smallest of these, the Peccoe, was computed at 30 to the Spanish Dollar, though the value fluctuated. Bahloli. 8ee Buhloli. Bahram, or Behram. A name given to the copper five cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1790, after the adoption of his new system of reckoning. This sys- tem was begun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from' the birth of the Prophet. The name of the coin is the Persian designation of the planet Mars. 6] Baiarda Bamboo Money Baiarda. A coin of the value of two Bolognini struck in Modena from 1551 to 1553. It was a variety of the Murajola (q.v.). Baiocco, or Bajocco. A coin formerly in use in the Papal States. It was orig- inally struck in base silver and later in copper, and it obtains its name from its brown color, the Italian for a bay or brown tint being bajo. But Cinagli states that the name is probably derived from Bayeux, a town of France (old name, Bajocae), where there was at one time a mint. The Baiocco was the tenth part of the Paolo, and the one hundredth part of a Scudo, and it was subdivided into five Quattrini. In 1712 Pope Clement XI issued a sil- ver coin of 80 Baiocci, and in 1796 Pius VI struck a 60 Baiocci piece at Bologna in copper. Among the obsidional pieces Mail- liet cites copper coins of two and one half and five Baiocci struck during the French occupation of Civita-Vecchia, 1796-1797; five, two and one half, and one half Baiocci for San-Severino, 1797 ; and five Baiocci for Tivoli in 1797. See Ducato. The Baiocco is mentioned by Andrew Boorde, in his Introduction to Knowledge, 1547 (179), who says, "In bras they haue Kateryns and byokes and denares. " Baioccone. The name given to a cop- per coin of the value of five Baiocci struck for the Papal States during the pontifi- cate of Pius IX. Baiochella. A billon coin issued by Six- tus V (1585-1590), for Rome, Pano, Mont- alto, Ancona, etc., and in use during the early part of the seventeenth century. The name is a diminutive of Baiocco. Baiochetto. A small silver coin issued by the Farnesi Family for Castro, Piacenza, etc., during the sixteenth century. Those of Pietro Luigi Farnese (1545-1547) are quite common and usually bear the figure of Saint Savinus on the reverse. Baiotta. Promis (ii. 174) states that pursuant to an order of February 17, 1717, a tax was levied in Piedmont consisting of a Baiotta, i.e., five Soldi. This would make it a variety of the Ducatone, but no such coin is known at the present time. [ Baisa. In a report of the United States Consulate at Maskat, Oman, dated March 23, 1911, it is stated that the only Oman coin is the copper Baisa or ' ' Maskat Pice. ' ' "It is used in retail transactions and can usually be exchanged in small quantities at the rate of twelve Baisas for one Anna of Indian currency." Bajoire. A name given to coins on which occur two or more profile portraits, one superimposed and more or less obscur- ing the one underneath. Notable examples are the English Crown of William and Mary; the Lafayette Dollar, etc. See Ju- gate. Bakiri, or Bakhri. A name given to the quarter Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after Muhammad Bakir, the fifth Imam. BeJila Asarfi. A gold coin of Nepal of the value of two Mohurs. See Suka. Balance Half Merk. See Merk. Balastraca. A name given to the Span- ish Peseta stamped with the figure 400 in a rectangle to indicate its altered value in- to Reis. There are corresponding halves and quarters, stamped respectively 200 and 100. This practice was extensively carried on by private persons in the province of Rio Grande do Sul. See Meili (ii. 355). Balboa. The unit of the gold standard of Panama, divided into one hundred Centesimos and of the same value as the monej^ of the United States. It is named after the explorer, but up to the present time has not been struck, the largest coin of Panama being the Peso, or half Balboa. Baldacchino. An Italian word meaning a canopy, and sometimes used to describe the Pavilion d'Or {q.v.). Ballardus. Du Cange cites a manuscript of the thirteenth century of the Diocese of Bourges which reads, "Henrieus de Soliaco cantor Bituricensis qui dedit de- cem libras Baliardorum ad emendos reddi- tus. " It is probably the same as the Baviardus {q.v.). Balssonaya. See Bossonaj^a. Bamboo Money. An elongated, nar- row, tablet-like shaped money supposed to 17] Banco Barbarian Coins have been derived from ancient metal checks said to have been current in the city of Tsi-an fu, the capital of Shantung, as far back as A.D. 1275, but as time went on, its circulation was not limited to this locality. They are now found in nearly all parts of China, although they appear to be most popular in the Yang-tse regions. This subsidiary money was issued by small banks, exchange houses, contractors of la- bor, etc., to serve as a medium of small exchange according to the values indicated on them. Besides the value, the names of the issuers, as well as the address of their business place, is found on a great many of them. Their field of circulation was, as a rule, purely local, although no few extended over the limits to which they were first intended. Some, on the other hand, served as checks, to be redeemed for cash on pre- sentation. Others were intended to be used as tallies for calculating the amount of a journey, a day's work, or some other such purpose. The values inscribed on them are stated, in the majority of cases, in cash, and range from 1 Kwan (1000- cash) down to 1 cash denomination. Their sizes also vary, from six inches down to a little over one inch. The inscription is usually in relief, burnt with a stamping iron, and countermarks are sometimes added afterwards to prevent fraud. See Wooden Money. Banco. The system of banco currency was instituted in the sixteenth century in Italy, when the banks sought relief from failure by application to the government for authority to reduce the weight of the Ducat, Zecchino, etc. The practice of a government to profit by the variation of weight and fineness of metal is of frequent occurrence. The Mark Banco was a money of ac- count introduced by the Bank of Ham- burg which insisted on payments by its depositors of bars of fine silver, but liquid- ated its transactions with so-called Banco Thaler, i.e., with silver coins containing more or less alloy. Frederick the Great issued a silver Banco Thaler in 1765 upon the institution of the Royal Bank. At the present day the terms Banco Thaler, Banco Daler, etc.. are usually applied to paper money issued by a national government. The Skilling Banco was a copper coin introduced in Sweden in 1819 for Avesta and in 1832 for Stockholm. It was last struck in 1855. Banderuola. Another name for the Du- catone struck by Odoardo Farnese (1622- 1646) at Piacenza. It has on one side the figure of St. Anthony holding a banner. Bankje. A Dutch term popularly used for paper money in general. Bank Note. A term used to describe a promissory note issued by a bank, and made payable in coin to the bearer on de- mand. It is a circulating medium author- ized by law. Formerly bank notes, or bank bills, as they were sometimes called, were made payable to a particular individual and the date was limited. Bank of England Dollar. See Dollar. Bank of Ireland Dollar. See Dollar. Bankportugaloser. See Portugaloser. Bankschelling, also known as Bscalin au Lion. A silver coin of West Friesland is- sued in 1676 and later. It bears the in- scription VI STVIVEES BANKGELT. Banngeld. The popular name for fines paid to the local exchequer or court during the Middle Ages in many parts of Ger- many. Ban Sen. The Japanese for numbered sen. The pieces have numbers on the back and are found in the Eiraku, Genwa and Kwanei series. Banu. A copper coin of Roumania adopted in 1867 when this country based its monetary system on the Latin Union. One hundred Bani are equal to one Leu, and ten Lei are equal to one Alexander. Baptismal Thaler. See Tauf Thaler. Baquette. The name given to a Liard struck by Louis XIII for Beam in 1642 and later. It is a small copper coin on the obverse side of which the field is di- vided into four compartments with crowned Ls and cows in the opposite corners. See Vacquette. Barbarian Coins. A general designa- tion for pieces struck from circa B.C. 400 to A.D. 300 in imitation of Greek and Ro- [18] Barb: arm Bar Money man types. To this class may be assigned the imitations of Athenian coins towards the end of the fifth century B.C. ; the imi- tations of the coins of Philip II, of Mace- donia, the Gaulish coinage, the imitations of the latter for Britain, and finally imita- tions of Roman Imperial issues. See Hill (pp. 9-10). Barbarin. A base silver coin of the Abbey of Saint Martial in Bretagne, is- sued at the beginning of the twelfth cen- tury. It obtains its name from the bearded face of the saint on the obverse. See Le- mocia. Barbarina. The name given to a silver coin of Mantua of the value of ten Soldi, which bears the figure of St. Barbara, the patron of the city. It was originally struck by Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga (1550- 1587) and was copied in Guastalla. A variety of this coin, but smaller, was issued at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and was computed at one Grosso. It was known as the Barbarina Nuova, or Barbarina col Girasole, from the sun-flower in the design. Barbary Ducat. The popular name for the Zecchino in some of the West Indian Islands where it was introduced in the latter part of the seventeenth century. See Chalmers (p. 397). Wavell Smith, the Secretary of the Lee- ward Islands, in a pamphlet entitled Two Letters to Mr. Wood, 1740, states , that these coins were "dipt of five grains of their weight ' ' and adds the following note : "When I first discovered the introduc- tion of these Barbary ducats in my office at St. Kitt's, I soon put a stop to their currency by refusing them in my office; and afterwards talking with some gentle- men, they were desirous to give them a common name. Upon which I reply 'd: — 'Christen them as sons after their fathers' name : so let them be called Toby 's and Jerry's,' for they were introduced by a rich man at Nevis, Tobias Wall, and Jere- miah Brown, another very rich man at St. Christopher. ' ' Barberine. A general name for the piece of five Soldi struck at Avignon , in 1637 by Pope Urban VIII, whose family name was Barberini. Barbonaccio. The name given to the Barbone of Lucca after its value had been reduced from twelve to nine Soldi. Barbone. A silver coin of the Republic of Lucca issued in the second half of the fifteenth century and continued to the middle of the eighteenth. The name is derived from the bearded face of Christ on the obverse, which is usually accom- panied by the inscription sanctvs vvltvs. Its value was twelve Soldi. Barbuda. A billon coin of Portugal is- sued in the reign of Fernando (1367-1383) and struck at Lisbon, Porto, Miranda, and Tuy. There is a corresponding half. On both types the ruler is depicted as crowned with a vizor over his face, and on the re- verse is a cross surcharged with a shield. The Barbuda had a value of three Din- heiros. Bar Cent. The name given to a United States copper trial or experimental piece supposed to have been struck about 1776, according to a proposed plan for a decimal coinage. It takes its name from the thirteen lat- eral bars which cover one entire side of the coin. Bareheaded Noble. See Noble. Bargellino. This word means "pertain- ing to a sheriff," and the name was be- stowed on a piece of six Denarii issued in 1316 by Lando di Agubbio, the Sheriff (Bargello) of Florence. Bari-firi. The unit of weight in the Soudan, and corresponding to 18 grammes. It is worth 14 Miscals, and each Miscal is divided into 27 Banans, the latter being a native seed. See Spink (ii. 841). Barile. A silver coin of Florence struck early in the sixteenth century and adopted by Alessandro Medici (1533-1536), the first Duke. It has a figure of St. John the Baptist on one side and a lilj^ on the re- verse. The original value was twelve Sols and six Deniers. It was copied in the Duchy of Urbino. The name is said to have been bestowed on this coin because its value represented the duty or tax on a barrel of wine. Bar Money. A name generally applied to bars of metal which are stamped with [19] Barrinha Bauri some value, and were formerly used as currency. See Bonk, and Tang. Cffisar, De Bella Gallico (v. 12) uses the phrase "utuntur aut aere aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo, ' ' i.e., "They (the Britons), use either cop- per or iron rods (that have been) weighed by a fixed weight, for coined money." Barrinha. A gold coin of bar form struck under Maria II of Portugal for Mozambique. Its value was two and one half Maticaes or sixty-six Cruzados. There was a corresponding half for one and one quarter Maticaes. Bartgroschen. See Judenkopfgroschen. Basel. Holinshed, Chronicles, 1577 (ii. 67), states that in "the same yeare [i.e., in 1158], also the King altered his coine, abrogating certeine peeces called basels. " See Ending (i. 170). BassaAaya. See Bossonaya. Bastzu-do. A tin coin introduced by Albuquerque, Governor General of Mal- acca in 1510. ■ See Caixa. Bastiao. The colloquial name for a variety of the silver Xeraphin struck at Goa in 1659. It received this designation from the figure of St. Sebastian on the obverse. Its value was three hundred Keis or five Tangas. Bat. The Siamese name for the Tical {q.v.). Bath Metal. According to Ure, Dic- tionary of Chemistry, this is an alloy con- sisting of three or four ounces of zinc to one pound of copper. It is said to have been used in the manufacture of the Rosa Americana coins. Battezone. A broad silver Grosso of Florence, issued in 1503-4. It is of the type of the Carlino {q.v.) and the baptism of Christ by St. John is represented on the obverse. The name of the coin is from the Italian battezzare, to baptize. Batzen, or more properly in the singu- lar, Batz or Batze, was the name origin- ally given to a silver coin of the size of the Groschen, which was introduced in Berne, early in the sixteenth century, when the Plappart was abolished. It was copied in the other Swiss cantons, as well as in Bavaria, Isny, Strasburg, Nordlingen, Augsburg, etc. According to the best au- thorities the name seems to be derived from the figure of the bear, the armorial device of the canton of Berne. The old German name for this animal was Betz, later Batz. The etymology from the Ital- ian pezza, a piece, is erroneous, as these coins never originated in Italy, but were copied in that country. See Rollbatzen. The original value of the Batzen was four Kreuzer, therefore 18 Batzen made the Thaler of 72 Kreuzer. It appears to have retained this ratio for a long time, because in Adam Berg's Mmizhuch, pub- lished in 1597, as low as 17 Batzen are given as the equivalent of a Thaler. In the modern Swiss coinage prior to the introduction of the Latin Union sys- tem, the Batzen was one tenth of the Franc, and equal to ten Rappen. Baubee. See Bawbee. Baudequin. A French word meaning a tent or canopy, and sometimes applied to the Pavilion d'Or (q.v.). Bauerngroschen, i.e.. Peasant's Gros- chen. A name given to the silver Groschen of Goslar on account of their poor execu- tion. These coins bore the figures of Judas with a staff and Simon holding a saw, and they were supposed to bear a resemblance to two peasants. The Bauerngroschen were originally struck about the middle of the fifteenth centiiry, and were of the value of twelve Pfennig. Bauem Thaler. The common designa- tion for a small brass token bearing the inscription web mich last stehen dem wiEDS VBEL GEHEN, and on the reverse, BEHALT MIR NICH DAS RATE ICH DICH. The object of these pieces was the fol- lowing: whenever it was necessary to con- voke an important convention of peasants living at some distance apart, the head of the community despatched a message to the nearest farmer with this token and a summons. The latter in his turn was ex- pected to notify his nearest neighbor, and each recipient pursued the same course until all had been informed. These tokens were common in Westpha- lia during the eighteenth century. Bauri. Another name for the Burrie {q.v.). [20] Baviardus Belchtthaler Baviardus, or Bauviardus. A coin' of the thirteenth century cited by Du Cange. It is a term relating to payments probably made in Berri in 1203 and 1227, and may be the same as the Baliardus (q.v.). Bawbee. A Scotch billon coin first struck in the reign of James V and dis- continued linder William III. The early varieties, issued at the Edin- burgh or Stirling mints, were of the value of one and one half pence, but in the reign of Charles II the value was raised to sixpence. The name by some is derived from has piece or has billon; others think it takes its name from Alexander Orrok, Lord of Sillebawbye, who is said to have been the first to strike these coins. Marston in The Malcontent, 1604 (In- duction), speaks of a wager "that was not worth five bau-bees, " and the coin is also mentioned by Beaumont and Fletcher, in Wit at Severall Weapons, 1647 (v. 2). Bay Shillings. See Pine Tree Coins. Bazarucco. A coin struck by the Portu- guese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and current in their possessions at Chaul, Goa, Bassein, Diu, and in the vicinity of Bombay. Specimens occur in copper, lead, and billon. In the early Goa coinage of about 1510, the Bazarucco, also called Leal, was equal to two Reis. Later it became the fifteenth part of a Vintem ; but the value fluctuated. Multiples exist as high as twenty. The coin bears on one side the armorial shield of Portugal, which is sometimes found with the letters D and B to the left and right, to indicate the mints at Diu and Bassein. The reverse designs vary; some specimens have a St. Andrew's cross with a central horizontal bar, others a sphere, and others again a cross with the four figures of the date in the angles. See Roda. Jacob Canter Visscher, in his Letters from Malabar, Madras, 1862 (p. 82), de- scribes a base coin struck at Cochin which he calls Boeserokken, consisting of an alloy of lead and tin, with the arms of the Dutch East India Company on one side. Sixty of them are equal to a Cochin Fanam. The name of this coin is frequently cor- rupted to Buzerook, and the nickname [ Tinney is also given to it, in allusion to its composition. Beads used as money. See Borjookes, and Kharf. Bean. An English slang term for a Sovereign or Guinea, and for money when used in the plural. William Harrison Ainsworth, in his novel, Rookwood, 1834 (iii. 9) has the fol- lowing passage : ' ' Zoroaster took long odds that the match was off; offering a bean to half a quid (in other words, a guinea to a half guinea), that Sybil would be the bride." Bean Money. See Cho Gin. Beard Money. See Borodovaya. Beato Amedeo, i.e., Blessed Amedeus. A name given to a silver coin of the value of nine Fiorini struck at the mints of Turin and Vercelli in 1616 by Duke Charles Emanuel I. It bears a bust of the Duke in armor and a figure of St. Ame- deus. Beato Luigl. A silver coin of Mantua issued by Vincenzo II. Gonzaga (1626- 1627) in honor of Luigi Gonzaga. Its value was half a Scudo. Beaver Skins. See Hudson Bay Tokens. Bees. See Bezzo. Bedidlik. A gold coin of the modern Egyptian series of the value of one hun- dred Piastres. It was introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D. 1839. Beghina. Du Cange cites this as being a small coin mentioned in the Pacto Ton- grensi of 1403. Begrabniss Thaler. See Mortuary Pieces. Beguinette. A name given to a variety of the Maille Blanche {q.v.) struck by Guillaume de Nancy, a moneyer of Robert, Count of Bar, from 1370-1374. See Blan- chet (i. 475). Behram. See Bahram. Beichlingscher Thaler. A Thaler of Po- land, issued under August II in 1702. The obverse bears the cross of the Danebrog surrounded by four crowned monograms. Beichtthaler, meaning "Confession Tha- ler, ' ' was the name bestowed on a medallic Thaler issued by Johann Georg II of Sax- ■21] Bekah Bertha Thaler ony in 1663. The obverse represents the feleetor standing at a table, and the coin received its name from the fact that he is supposed to have handed one of these pieces to the church every time that he went to confession. Bekah. An early Jewish weight stand- ard ; it was equal to one half of the Shekel. See Exodus (xxxviii. 26). Bell Dollar. See Glockenthaler. Bell Money. The name given to a vari- ety of early Chinese metallic currency on account of its resemblance to a bell. These coins average from 50 to 100 millimetres in height. They are described in detail by Rarasden (pp. 13-15). Bender. A slang name for the English sixpence ; it probably owes its origin to the fact that it is easily bent. Dickens in Sketches by Boz says "Niver mind the loss of two bob and a bender ; ' ' and Thackeray in The Newcomes (xi) has "By cock and pye it is not worth a bender." Benduqi. A gold coin of Morocco which appears to have been originally issued in the reign of Muley Soleiman (A.H. 1207- 1238). Benediktspfennige, or Benediktuspfen- nige. A series of religious medalets the origin of which can probably be traced to masses said in cloisters. See Kohler, Milnz- belustigungen (vi. 105). Bener Dener. This term occurs in the laws of William I as given by Ingulphus, and according to Turner, History of the Anglo Saxons (ii. 135), it signifies "better pennies." Ruding (i. 110) observes that the word bener is omitted in all the later editions of these laws, and adds that "pos- sibly the word may be nothing more than the following one, dener, mis-spelled." Benggolo. A leaden coin of Celebes, supposed to have been issued by the ruler Abdoullah de Tallo. See Millies (p. 178), Fonrobert (No. 904). Ber. The Amharic word for the Abys- sinian Talari (q.v.), of Menelik. The word primarily means silver, and thence silver money. The value expressed on the Talari is Amd Ber, i.e., one Ber. The half has Yaber Agod, i.e., half Ber; the quarter Yaber Roob or Rub, i.e., quarter Ber ; and the eighth Yaber Tenan, Temun, or Tou- mon. Berenicii. See Ptolomaici. Bergsegensthaler. See Ausbeutemiinzen. Berling. A small base silver coin of Goslar of the value of one quarter Pfennig or one half Arenkopf {q.v.). Berlinga. A silver coin of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (1412-1447). The obverse bears an equestrian figure of the Duke and the reverse has St. Ambrosius on a throne. It is a variety of the Grosso. Bemardin. A name given to the Denier issued at the mint of Anduse during the thirteenth century. These coins are char- acterized by a large letter B on the ob- verse which is supposed to stand for Ber- nard, a local ruler, although this name was borne by the Seigneurs of Anduse from 1024 until 1243. See Blanchet (i. 19). Bemer or Perner, were diminutive base silver coins current in Tyrol from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. They were copied from the Deniers of Verona, called in German, Bern, which must not be confused with the Swiss town Berne or Bern. Pour Berner were equal to one Vierer, and twenty Berner were equal to one Kreuzer, or Zwainziger. See Frey (No. 72). Bemhardsgroschen. A silver coin of Hildesheim which appeared in 1490 and which has on the reverse a half length figure of St. Bernard with a cross and mitre and the inscription sac beewardv p. See Frey (No. 345). The concluding letter of the inscription is taken to be the abbreviation of Patronus. Cappe, in his introduction shows that the choice of this saint was an error, and that the blunder occurred in the year 1298, when a new seal was ordered for the city. The patron saint of the city is Godehard, and he appears with his bishop's title S'. God : Episc. in the earliest seal and arch- ives. He further states that the last ap- pearance of St. Bernard on the Hildesheim coins occurs in the year 1552. Bertha Thaler. A broad medallic Thaler of the Canton of Solothurn which shows [22] Bes Bianchetto on the obverse St. Ursus, the martyr, re- ceiving a model of the cathedral from the kneeling queen Bertha of Burgundy. The date, A.D. 932, when this is supposed to have happened, is added. Bes, or Bessis. The two-thirds of the As of a weight of eight ounces. See Acs Grave. Besa. A copper coin issued for Italian Somaliland; it represents the value of the one hundredth part of a silver Rupee, and there are multiples of two Bese and four Bese. These pieces were first struck at Rome, from Giorgi's models, and they were au- thorized by a royal decree of January 28, 1909. In the Abyssinian coinage the one fifth of the Gersh, or one hundredth part of the Talari, is a copper coin called Besa. Besante. A Venetian copper coin struck by the Doges Girolamo Priuli (1559-1567) and Pietro Loredano (1567-1570), for Ni- cosia, in Cyprus. See Solidus. Besh. A copper coin of modern Tiirkey of the value of eight Paras or one fifth of the Piastre. Beshlik. Originally this was a silver coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value of five Paras, and weighing from 20 to 40 grains. In the modern silver currency of Turkey the Beshlik represents four and three quar- ter Piastres, and in the series of Metalliks, two and one half Piastres. The Beshlik of Egypt was originally a copper coin of the value of five Aspers or Medins; under Mahmud II (A.H. 1223- 1255) it was made of billon. The issues for Tunis and Tripoli are billon and worth five Paras. Besorg. Mandelslo in his Voyage and Travels to the East Indies, 1669 (p. 8), under date of 1638 states that at Gombroon the native currency is a copper coin called the Besorg, ' ' whereof six make a Peys, and ten Peys make a Shahi, which is worth about fivepence English." This is prob- ably the same as the Bazaruceo {q.v.). Betpfennige. See Weihemiinzen. Bettlerthaler, or Martinsthaler. A gen- eral name used to describe such coins as bear a figure of St. Martin and the beggar. [2.5 They occur in the series of Mainz, Erfurt, Magdeburg, Schwarzburg, etc., and in the coinage of Lucca where they receive the name of San Martino {q.v.). Beutel, meaning a purse, was a former Turkish money of account. The Keser, or Beutel of silver, was computed at 500 Ghrush or Piastres. The Kitze or Chise, i.e., the Beutel of gold, was valued at 30,000 Piastres. The corresponding French equivalents are Bourse d 'argent and Bourse d'or. In Egypt the Beutel was equal to 25,000 Medini, or 75,000 Aspers. Beutgroschen, meaning Groschen made of booty, was a name given to certain vari- eties of silver coins struck in 1542 by the Elector Johann Frederick of Sachsen and the Landgrave Philip of Hessen. .They were minted from captured silverware and bore the portraits of the two rulers with the inscription bevt. g. v. wolfbvt. Bezant. See Solidus. Bezemstuiver. The name given to a small silver coin issued in Priesland, Over- ysel, Utrecht, etc., from about 1620 to 1770. It had on the obverse a figure re- sembling the fasces, to indicate the union of the Provinces, and hence the French equivalent. Sou au Paisceau. Bezzo. A small Venetian silver coin in- troduced about the period of the Doge Andrea Gritti (1523-1538), and continued until the beginning of the seventeenth cen- tury. The type usually represents a flori- ated cross on one side and the lion of St. Mark on the other. The name is supposed to be derived from the Ulyrian word hecs, meaning a small piece of money. Bezzone. A copper coin of the value of six Bagattini struck in Venice by the Doge Marino Grimani in 1604. Bia. A former money of account in Siam, based on the cowrie shells of which it was equal to 200. The copper Pai {q.v.) was computed at 200 Bia. Bianchetto. A billon coin of Casale in the Marquisate of Monteferrato, of the value of one twelfth of a Grosso. It was introduced by Teodoro II, Palaeologo (1381-1418), and continued in use for J Bianco Bissolc about a century. See Maglia. The type was imitated at many mints in Savoy and Piedmont. Bianco. An Italian coin of base silver corresponding to the German Albus and the French Blanc. It appeared probably before the fifteenth century and was issued at Bologna, Venice, the Duchy of Mantua,, etc. For an extended account see Papod- opoli, Del Piccolo e del Bianco, 1887. Biancone. A base silver coin originally issued at Monteferrato in 1528 of the value of ten Soldi. It was copied in Modena, Bologna, and Reggio, and in 1558 it was computed at 13V2 Baiocchi in Perugia. Biche. A copper coin struck by the French at Pondichery for Mahe on the Malabar Coast. It corresponds to the Pice and is the fifteenth part of a Fanam (q.v.). There are divisions of halves and quarters. See Zay (p. 289). Bigati. A name given to certain issues of the Roman Denarius on account of the figures of Diana, Victory, etc., in a biga {i.e., a two^horse chariot) which appear on the reverse. They are referred to by Pliny, Historia Nat. (Ixxxiii. c. 12). See Quadrigati. Bigllone. The Italian name for Billon (q.v.). Bilibres Formae were extraordinarily large gold medallions of two pounds weight, said by Lampridius (Sev. Alex., 39) to have been struck by Elagabalus. Another name for these medallions is For- mae Centenariae, as two pounds exactly equal one hundred Aurei. No specimens have survived. Bi-lingual Coins are common to all peri- ods. When Rome controlled portions of Asia Minor the pro-consuls issued coins with both Latin and Greek inscriptions. In the Bactrian and Indo-Scythian series occur Greek and native Indian characters; on the Sicilian coins of the Middle Ages are Latin and Arabic legends, etc. In a number of modern coinages it is now common to find inscriptions in more than one language ; these are coins for over-sea Colonial possessions, e.g., China, India, etc. The coinage of the Manchu dynasty of China is bi-lingual. Bille. A slang French term for copper coins in general ; it is probably from Billon {q.v.). Billon. A base metal usually obtained by mixing silver and copper. The designation is now generally applied to any coin ostensibly called silver, but containing in reality more than fifty per cent of copper. If the proportion of cop- per is more than seventy-five per cent, the composition is called black billon, argen- tum nigrum, or nioneta argentosa. Lastly, if the coin is of copper, and is only thinly washed with silver, as in the case of some of the Scheidemiinzen {q.v.) it is called Weisskupfer, i.e., white copper. See Potin. The Encyclopaedia Britannica in an early edition of 1797 states that gold under twelve carats fine is called billon of gold. Ruding (i. 210) mentions the Turonenses nigri, that is, the black money of Tours, which was brought to England in the four- teenth century and prohibited. Billon Groat. See Blanc. Binauriae Formae were gold medallions, equal in weight to two Aurei, said by Lam- pridius (Sev. Alex., 39) to have been is- sued by Elagabalus. None have come down to us. Biniones, or medallions of the weight of two Aurei, struck by Gallienus. Binsat. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, equal to one fifth of the Sihansah {q.v.). Bir-ghrush. See Piastre. Birthday Thaler. See Geburtstagstha- ler. Bishop's Money. See Salding. Bissolo. A base silver coin of the Duchy of Milan issued by Giovanni Maria Vis- con ti (1402-1412), and retained in the coinage of Estore and Giancarlo Visconti. It had a value of one eighteenth of the Soldo. The obverse of this piece usually bears a floriated cross or a bust of St. Ambrosius ; the reverse has a crowned serpent or viper {biscia), the arms of the Visconti family, from which design the coin obtains its name. [24 Bissona Black Farthing Bissona. A silver coin struck by Louis XII of France for Milan (1500-1512), with a value of three Soldi. It has on the ob- verse the arms of Prance between two crowned vipers or serpents. See Bissolo. Bisti. A Persian copper coin of the Sufi or Safi Dynasty which appeared about the reign of Shah Abbas I (A.H. 996-1038= 1587-1629). It bore a proportion of two and one-half to the Shahi, or five Bisti equal to two Shahi, and was also equal to four Kashbegis. In the Georgian series this coin can be traced to the reign of Queen Rusudan (A.D. 1227-1247), and there is a corre- sponding half, called Nim-Bisti. See Lang- lois and Ponrobert (4249 et seq.). Bit. The central portion of the Spanish Peso or Colonato, which was cut out and counterstamped for use in British Guiana and a number of the West Indian islands. The word is also sometimes written Bitt, and is generally used as an equiva- lent for the Spanish silver Real. The value of the Bit itself was generally un- altered, but their number as an equivalent for the Spanish Dollar was increased or lowered. For details as to these fluctua- tions, see Caldecott in British Numismatic Journal (i. 294), and Wood in American Journal of Numismatics (xlviii. 89). The name was used in an abbreviated form on a brass token issued by Herman Gossling in 1771, for the island of St. Eustatius. There are two varieties, marked 1 Bt. and 1/2 Bt. The Bit, when used in computation in the Danish West Indies, is reckoned at the one-fifth of the copper cent of that country. The last coinage of the islands before their purchase by the United States had their values expressed thus : 50 bit - 10 CENTS on the dime-size silver, 25 bit on the nickel, and 10, 5, and 21/^ bit on the bronze. See Daler. Bit. A popular name in many of the western parts of the United States to in- dicate the value of twelve and one-half cents. As, however, no coin of this de- nomination was ever struck, the expression "two bits," i.e., the quarter dollar, was much more common. In Cressy (Chap. 1) one of Bret Harte's Calif ornian tales, a boy is paid "two bits" for giving some lessons. In some parts of California the Dime or ten-cent piece is called a "short bit." Bit and Bung are slang terms used bj' thieves in referring respectively to money and a purse. The old English dramatists, Thomas Dekker and Robert Greene, refer to these terms. Dekker in his Jests to make Merie, 1607 (repr. Grosart, ii. 328), says, "If they . . . once knew where the bung and the bit is . . . your purse and the money;" and in the same writer's Belman of London, 1608 (repr. iii. 122), we find a passage, "To learne . . . what store of Bit he hath in his bag." Greene in A Defense of Canny-catching, 1592 (Works, xi. 44) states, "Some . . . would venter all the byte in their boung at dice. ' ' Bita Sen. The Japanese name for bad or counterfeit coins. See Shima Sen. Bitt. See Bit. Bizante. See- Solidus. Bizzichini. Promis (ii. 180) quotes a document of the district of Cortona, dated August 17, 1727, in which are mentioned coins called Bizzichini, which are valued at a trifle over seven Soldi. Black BUlon. See Billon. Black Dogs. A cant name in Queen Anne's time for bad shillings or other base silver coin. Ashton, in The Reign of Queen Anne (ii. 225) mentions "The Art of making Black Dogs, which are Shillings or other pieces of Money, made only of Pewter double Wash'd. " See also Swift, Drapier's Letters (iii ) ■ and Crosby (p. 203). Black Dogs. This name was given to the Cayenne Sous when introduced in the English islands in the West Indies. Black Farthing. A name given to the Scotch Farthiiig issued in the reign of James III (1460-1488). There appear to be two varieties. One has on Olv. 1. rex scotorvm, with Rev. villa edinbvrg and a saltire cross in a circle. The other variety has the crowned initials I. R. on the ob- verse, and a crowned saltire cross on the reverse. [25] Black Mail Blanc Black Mail. Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, states that this is "a certain rent of money, coin, or other thing, anciently paid to persons upon or near the borders, who were men of influence, and allied with cer- tain robbers and brigands for protection from the devastations of the latter; ren- dered niegal by 43 Bliz. c. 13. Also rent paid in cattle, otherwise called neat-gild." Black Money. A general term for coins ostensibly issued for silver, but which actu- ally contain a large proportion of base metal alloy, the latter soon giving them a dark appearance. Bee Billon and Korten. The principal coins thus debased were the silver pennies, and from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries there is fre- quent mention of the Denier Noir of France, the Schwarze Pfennige of the Ger- man States, and the Swarte or Zwarte Pen- ninge which originated in Brabant and the Low Countries. They are also found in the coinage of Denmark, Ireland, Scotland, and in the Anglo- Gallic series. In the reign of Richard II Ruding (i. 457) states that "among other expedients to procure money, a writ was issued for the discovering of black money, and other subterraneous treasure hidden of old in the county of Southampton, in whosesoever hands it might be, and to seize it to the King's use. He afterwards claimed black money to the amount of 150 pounds of full weight, which had been found in that county, as belonging to him in right of his crown. ' ' As early as 1331 an ordinance was passed "that all manner of black money which had been commonly current in the King's realm, should be utterly excluded." Blacksmith Half Crown. A name given to a rudely struck half-crown of Charles I, which was issued at Kilkenny in 1642. Coins to the amount of £4000 were struck under an ordinance of "The Confederated Catholics. ' ' Blacksmith Half Groat. A variety of half groat issued in the reign of Charles I, which received its name from the barbarous workmanship. Hawkins states that the Blacksmith Half Crowns of the same pe- riod, also very rude in design, "are now generally considered to be Irish." See British Numismatic Journal (xi. 317). Blacksmith Tokens. A series of tokens of copper and brass issued about 1820 and usually classified with the Canadian "doubtful" series. The majority of them are said to have been made in Montreal by a blacksmith, from which fact the series has received its name. For a detailed ac- count see Wood, Canadian Blacksmith Cop-- pers, 1910. Black Tang-Ka. See Tang-ka. Blaffert, or Plappart, is a base silver coin of the value of three Kreuzer or six Rappen, introduced in Switzerland in the fifteenth century, and a variety of St. Gal- lon dated 1424 (Frey No. 21), is the earliest coin known bearing Arabic numer- als with a Christian era. The type was soon copied in Germany. The Hohlblaffert of Liibeck bears an eagle, that of Mecklenburg a bull's head, that of Liineburg a lion, etc. All of the preced- ing were valued at two Pfennige. In the Rhine Provinces the Blaft'ert was variously computed at three Stuber or four Albus. It was gradually abolished in the sixteenth century, the Batzen taking its place. An amusing story occurs in Cahn 's Miinz und Geldgeschichte der im Orossherzogtum Baden Vereinigten Gebiete, 1911 (p. 274), relating to a quarrel between the munici- palities of Constance and Berne because a nobleman of the former town ridiculed these coins by the name of Kuhplapperte, i.e., "cow plapparts. " Blamiiser. A silver coin of Munster, Cleve, Liege, Dortmund, etc. It is re- ferred to in an ordinance of Bishop Chris- topher Bernhard of Munster dated May 4, 1658, as a Schilling of Brabant or Blau- miiser "to be current at three Sehillinge and five Pfennige." In Liege it was com- puted at two Groschen and in Cleve at three Groschen. The name in Southern Germany was variously written Blomiiser and Blomeiser, and it is mentioned by Grimmelshausen, in Simplicius Simplicissimus, 1669. Blanc, or Blanque, also called Gros Blanc, is the name of a silver coin which was struck in France in the fourteenth century, contemporaneously with the Gros Tournois. Originally it was of very pure silver from which circumstance it probably [26] Blanca Blanquillo received its name, but the later issues de- teriorated in fineness. It was divided into Deniers, the quantity of the latter, how- ever, varied. The general type was that of the Gros, the long cross being a con- spicuous feature, and the inscription ben- EDiCTUM SIT NOMEN DOMINI, ctc, was re- tained for a long period. The later issues were characterized by various symbols, such as a sun, star, lily, etc., giving rise to distinctive titles, all of which will be found under the word Gros, infra. The Blanque appears in the Anglo-Gallic coinage issued by Henry VI of England. It was a billon groat, silvered over to hide the baseness of the metal. There existed large and small varieties, known respec- tively as the Grand Blanque or Gros Blanque and the Petit Blanque. The Blanque was struck in France as late as 1791, in which year the Caisse de Bonne Foi at Paris issued a piece of six Blancs in copper. Blanca, or Blanco. A Spanish coin of inferior silver issued from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. It receives its name from its white, shiny appearance, and corresponds to the German Albus and the French Blanc. The Blanca Agnus Dei appeared origin- ally in the reign of Juan I (1379-1390), and obtains its designation from the Pas- chal Lamb on the obverse. It was struck at Toledo, Burgos, etc. See De La Torre (No. 6430). Blanc a la Couronne. A French silver coin of the value of twelve Deniers Parisis issued by John II (1350-1364). It re- ceives this name from the large crown which is a conspicuous feature, and is also known as the Gros Blanque a la Couronne. Blanc a la Patte d'Oie. A nickname given to a variety of Blanc issued in France in 1357. It had a poorly executed figure of the fleurs de lis, which was sup- posed to bear some resemblance to the foot of a goose. Blanc a la Queue. This was struck by John II of France in 1355 to take the place of the Blanc a la Couronne {q.v.). Blanc a I'Ecu. A silver coin of Charles VII of France. It was of large size and bore a shield of fleurs de lis. Blanc a I'Etoile. A variety of the Blanc with a star in the centre. See Gros Blanque a I'Btoile. Blanc aux Trois Fleurs. A variety of Denier coined in France in 1359, but only in use for a short period. Blanc de Donne. A type of silver Gros struck by Charles V of France. It bore a letter K crowned, and was intended, as its name implies, for presentation purposes on special occasions. Blanc Guenar. See Guenar. Blancha. Du Cange cites an edition of Giacomo d'Aragona (1213-1276) which mentions solidos de hlancha moneta; and he quotes from an ordinance of 1381 the term "Blanehees," being the quantity of any article that could be purchased for a Blanco. Blanco. The Spanish equivalent of the Blanc or Blanque. The Blancos Burgales were pieces of two Deniers struck about 1258 by Alfonso X of Castile and Leon, and ninety were equal to a gold Maravedi. Bland Dollar. The popular name for the silver dollar issued in the United States from 1878 to 1904 inclusive. It owes its origin to the Bland-Allison Act of Feb- ruary 28, 1878, which provided for a mini- mum monthly silver coinage of two mil- lion dollars, and established this coin of 4121/2 grains troy as legal tender. The Act takes its name from Congress- man Richard Bland of Missouri, and Sen- ator William B. Allison of Iowa. Blank. A coin of the Netherlands, of inferior silver, issued during the sixteenth century. It was originally of the value of half a Stuiver, but its value fluctuated greatly. The name was probably derived from its white, shiny appearance when newly struck. Blank. See Planchet. Blankeel. See Blanquillo. Blanque. See Blanc. Blanquillo, or Muzuna, sometimes in- correctly referred to as Blankeel. A for- mer base silver coin of Morocco, the name of which is a diminutive of blanca, given to it on account of its white, shiny appear- ance. It was divided into twenty-four Falus. The issue terminated in the latter part of the eighteenth century. See Mu- [27] Blaumiiser Bolette Blaumiiser. See Blamiiser. Blech, meaning "tin," is a German slang term for monej^ in general. Blechmiinzen, i.e., tin coins, is a com- mon German name for the Bracteates iq.v.). Blesensis, or Blesianis. A general name for the Deniers struck by the Counts of Blois, beginning with those of Thibaud IV, called the Impostor (922-978). They gen- erally bear the head of a wolf, which in Celtic is called hlez. Blob. A popular name for the copper coin of five cents struck for Ceylon in 1909 and 1910. See Spink (xviii. 12602). Blomiiser. See Blamiiser. Bluebacks. A nickname for certain is- sues of the paper money of the Confeder- ate States, in contradistinction to the Greenbacks of the North. Blue William. Another nickname for the preceding and used in various parts of the Southern States of the United States at the time. The name is a play upon the words bill and Bill, the latter being a familiar term for the name William. Blunt. An English slang term for money available at once. It was in use at the be- ginning of the nineteenth century. Dick- ens, in Oliver Twist, says, "I must have some blunt from you to-night. ' ' Blutpfennig. The popular name for a new or red Pfennig in allusion to its ruddy color. Berthold Auerbach, in his Dichtungen (i. 14) has the line: "Ich habe keinen Blutpfennig." Bluzger, or Blutzger. A base silver coin issued in the Bishopric of Chur in the Can- ton of Graubiinden from the middle of the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth cen- tury, and also at Haldenstein during the same period. The early types have a fig- ure of the cross and Madonna, and the later issues have armorial beariugs. Constantin von Buttlar, Abbot of Fulda (1714-1726) copied them. They are computed at seventj^ to the Gulden. Blyen. See Bolette. Bo. A square coin of Annam usually assigned to circa B.C. 475-221. See Schroe- [28 der (p. 46), and Laeroix, Numismatique Annamite, 1900 (p. 52). Boars' Feet. See Hams. Bob. The common nickname for an English Shilling. J. H. Vaux, in his Flash Dictionary, 1812, has "Bob or Bobstick, a Shilling," and Dickens uses the term in the Pickwick Papers. In the Athenaum, 1864 (558), is a state- ment to the effect that the nickname is sup- posed to have originated in Sir Robert Walpole's time. See Magpie. Bocksthaler. The name given to a var- iety of silver coins struck in the bishopric of Chur, which have as a device a stand- ing ram (Bock), the armorial shield of this district. The name, Bockspfennige, or Bockler, is similarly applied to coins of Schaffhausen, which have a running ram as a design. Boddiferus. Du Cange gives citations showing that this name was given to some early base silver coins of Liege, of which 36 were equal to a Florin. Bodle. A Scotch copper coin, some- times known as the half-plack or two pence Scotch. It appeared in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and was last coined in 1697. The name is said to be a corruption of Bothwell, a mintmaster, but no documen- tary evidence to this effect is cited. Its value in England was considerably lower, as is indicated by R. Holme, in his Armoury, 1688 (iii. 2), who says, "A Bodle, three of them make a half-penny English." Bockler. See Bocksthaler. Bohmen. The name given to the popu- lar Groschen of Prague by the natives of Silesia. It is probably due to the figure of the lion of Bohemia and the inscription, DEI GRATIA EEX BOEMIE, found On theSC coins. Boeki. See Trade Dollar. Boeotian League. See League Coinage. Boeserokken. See Bazarucco. Bolette. A leaden token issued at Frank- fort a. M. as early as 1497 and in use until the beginning of the seventeenth century. Joseph and Pellner, in their work on the coinage of that city (1896, pp. 39-40), state that the Boleton, or Blyen (i.e., Blei-lead)' were of two sizes : the larger were re- ] Bolivar Borbi deemed for twelve Heller and the smaller for six Heller. Bolivar. A silver coin of Venezuela, of the same value as the Franc, and named after Simon Bolivar, the liberator. It is divided into one hundred Centimes, or Cen- tavos. For the different systems of mone- tary standards in use in Venezuela, see the Annual Report of the Director of the TJ. S. Mint, 1912, and for the Peso system, still in use to some extent, see Peso. The Boli- var is sometimes called Venezolano. Boliviano. The unit of the silver stan- dard of Bolivia, and divided into one hun- dred Centavos. The former gold Boliviano, of the same country, introduced in 1868, was equal to half an Escudo. Bolognino. Originally a silver coin of Bologna issued during the Republican pe- riod (1191-1337), and of the value of half a Grosso. It also occurs in the coinage of Modena as a Republic (1226-1293) ; was copied for Aquila, under Ludovico II (1382-1384), and is found as a billon coin in Ferrara in the thirteenth century. The half of the same coin was known as the Ferrarino. In the sixteenth century, when Bologna was under Papal rule, a Bolognino was struck in copper. Copper Bolognini were also issued for Modena under Rinaldo (1694-1737), and for Lucca early in the eighteenth century. Bone. A slang term, which appears to be confined to the United States, and which was originally applied to a silver dollar, but was afterwards used for a dollar whether of paper or metal. The name probably originated from the bone or ivory counters or chips used in the game of poker. Bon Gros. The French equivalent for Gute Groschen (q.v.). Bonk. A name given to the rectangular copper coins struck in Java from 1796 to 1818. 8ee Netscher and van der Chijs (passim), where Bonks, varying from one half Stuiver to eight Stuivers, are de- scribed. A similar coin, known as the Tang (q.v.), was issued by the Dutch East India Com- pany for Ceylon. [ Bonn. Dinneen, Irish-English Diction- ary, 1904, has : ' ' Bonn, a piece of money, a groat, a medal ; bonn airgid, a silver medal ; bonn or, a gold medal; bonn buidhe, a yel- low medal; bonn ruadh, a copper or brass medal; bonn ban, a shilling." O'Reilly, Irish-English Dictionary, has Bonn sian, a half -penny. There is a Gaelic proverb, "Is fearr caraid sa cuairt, na bonn sa sparan, " i.e., ' ' A friend at court is better than a groat in the purse." Bonnet Piece. A gold coin of James V of Scotland, issued only in 1539 and 1540, and remarkable as being the earliest dated Scottish coin. It is so called from the king's head being decorated with a bonnet, or square cap, in- stead of a crown. Its weight is 881/^ grains, and there are one third and two third pieces of similar type._ This coin is sometimes referred to as a Ducat, but this designation belongs more properly to the gold coin struck by Mary Stuart in 1558. Bonnet Type. A designation employed to classify English silver coins. Thus on some of the pennies of William I the term is used where the full-face bust, and large crown with long pendent lappets occur. Bononenus. The name given to the mezzo Grosso struck at Bologna by Pope Eugenius IV from 1431 to 1438. It has on the reverse the figure of St. Petronius seat- ed, holding in his hand the cathedral of the city. The inscription reads s. petroniv. de BONONIA. Booby Head. The popular name for one of the varieties of the cents of the United States issued in 1839. It has a large, stupid-looking head of Liberty on the obverse. Borage Groat. Jamieson, Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, states that this was a four-penny piece formerly current in Scotland, and that it may have received this name from the use of borax as an alloy in its composition. Borbi. Kelly (p. 4) states that this was an Egyptian copper coin at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and that 320 of them were equal to the Piastre, Conf. Bourbe. 29] Bord Boulton's Twopence Bord. A slang name for a Shilling. See Hog. Bordata. An Italian term applied to coins that are not perfectly round. Bord Halfpenny. Wharton, Law Lex- icon, 1864, states that this is "a customary small toll paid to the lord of a town for setting up boards, tables, booths, etc., in fairs or markets." Borgesi Neri, i.e., black Bourgeois. Ac- cording to Promis (ii. 12), this was a var- iety of base silver Denier struck in the borough of Bressa, and by an ordinance of Turin of December 15, 1335, it was valued at one eighth of the Grosso. Borjookes. The name given by the Abyssinians to glass beads of different col- ors which were formerly current as money, and which were computed at the rate of thirty to the Para. See Wakea, and Kharf . Borodovaya, or Beard Money. Among Peter the Great's measures to bring Rus- sia up to the level of European civiliza- tion was his decree that beards should not be worn. To encourage shaving he im- posed a tax, varying in amount, according to the social standing, the mercantile class paying the highest tax for the privi- lege of retaining their beards. When the tax was paid a token was given as a re- ceipt. Chaudoir cites a piece in silver, dated 1705, of the size of the twenty Kopeck sil- ver coin. Schubert (p. 103) states that the specimens in silver are modern, and did not exist in the time of Peter I. Of those in copper there were two varieties. One is like the silver piece and the other has the size and weight of a Ruble, and is square. They are dated 1699, 1705, and 1725. Boss. The native name for the African cowries formerly used as a money of ac- count on the Gold Coast. Noback (p. 311), gives the following table of equivalents: 25 Cowries = 1 Tabo. 40 Cowries = 1 Damba. 1000 Cowries = 1 Boss Dollar. 1600 Cowrles = l Cabes (small). 2000 Cowries=l Cabes (large). When converted into an actual monetary unit 1600 Cowries are equal to one six- teenth of an ounce of gold dust. Bossonaya. A Spanish billon coin struck by the Counts of Barcelona during [ 30 the thirteenth century, to distinguish the tj^pe from the contemporary issues of the Kings of Aragon. See Blanchet (i. 312). The name is also written Bassanaya and Balssonaya, and Du Cange quotes docu- ments of 1209 and 1343, the former of which states that "fiiit aspera moneta de Bassanaya quae duravit ires annos." Boston Money. In the Colonial Rec- ords of Pennsylvania, 1683 (i. 85), there is a passage reading, "their Abuse to ye Governm*, in Quining of Spanish Bitts and Boston money." The latter expression probably refers to the Pine Tree Coins {q.v.) Botdrager. The popular name for the double G^ros which was struck in Brabant and Flanders early in the fifteenth cen- tury. The name signifies "pot carrier," the allusion being to the helmet on the lion's head which looks like an inverted pot or kettle. See van der Chijs (p. 123- 125). The type was copied in the various prov- inces of the Low Countries, and the coin is also referred to as the Brabandsche Leeuw and the Gehelmde Leeuw. See Heaume. Botinat. A silver coin of Georgia which appeared in the reign of Queen Rusudan (A.D. 1227-1247), and which received its name from the fact that it was a close copy of the coins struck by Nicephoras Boto- niates of the Byzantine Empire. See Lang- lois (p. 73) ; and Fonrobert (No. 4253). Boudjou. See Budschu. Bouhamstash. A billon coin of Tripoli, introduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835. and of the value of fifteen Paras. Boulton's Twopence. A very large and beautiful copper coin, issued in 1797 at the Soho mint, Birmingham, which owes its existence to Matthew Boulton (6. 1728). Its weight was exactly two ounces, and the corresponding penny was one ounce; yet this weight rendered them unwieldy and they were only issued in the year above mentioned. See Montagu, and Spink (ix. 4519). They were long used as weights by shopkeepers, and from their size obtained the nickname of "Cartwheels." This is the first and last twopenny piece that was ever coined by authority in cop- per. Bouquet Series Bouquet Series. Sre Sou Tokens. Bourbe, also called Burbe. A copper coin of Tunis, introduced at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and of the value of one twelfth of an Asper. Bourbonnais. The name given to a var- iety of Denier and Obole struck originally by Louis VII of France (1137-1180), which have on the reverse a cross and the inscription, borbonensis. They should not be confused with the issues for Bourges by the same ruler, which have on the reverse, VRBS BiTVRicA. See Blanchet (i. 149). Bourdelois. See Denier Bourdelois. Bourgeois. This term was applied to various varieties of the billon Deniers is- sued in France and Lorraine during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. As the name implies, it was used to designate coins of the baser sort from those of pure metal. The Bourgeois Fort, i.e., the heavy Bour- geois, bore the inscription, bvrgensis for- Tis, and the Bourgeois Simple was in- scribed bvrgensis novvs. See Borgesi Neri. Bourse. See Beutel. Bousebbatash. A billon coin of Tripoli, introduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835, and of the value of seven and a half Paras. Bout de L'Isle Tokens. The name given to a series of twelve tokens which were struck at Birmingham and imported to Canada to be used as tickets or passes over three different bridges which were built to unite the Island of Montreal with the mainland. They are described in detail in Breton (p. 43), and see Repentigny (in- fra). Boutleteen. A billon coin of Tripoli, in- troduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835, and of the value of thirty Paras. Bowed Money. A term used to indi- cate coins which were purposely bent and then given as pledges of love or friend- ship. Thomas Greene, in The Art of Con- nijrCatching, 1592, has as follows: "Taking forth a bowed groat and an old penny bowed he gave it [sic] "her." A passage in the will of Sir Edward Howard, 1512, copied in Archaeologia (xxxviii. 370), reads, "I bequeathe him my rope of bowed nobles. ' ' Bracteates Box Thaler. The same as Schraubthaler iq.v.). Brabandsche Leeuw. See Botdrager. Brabandsche Mijt. See Myte. Brabandsch Schild. A gold coin intro- duced pursuant to the Ordonnantie of May 10, 1430. It was struck by Philip I, Con- stable of France and Duke of Ligny and St. Pol. It has on the obverse the full- length figure of the Duke holding an ar- morial shield. See v.d. Chijs, De Mimten . . . Brahand en Limhurg, 1851 (p. 141), and conf. Schild, infra. Brabant. A base silver coin which cir- culated in England toward the close of the thirteenth century. For a short time they were allowed to pass at the rate of two for a penny, but were prohibited in 1310. The name was probably given to them from the fact that they originated in Flanders, Bra- bant, or the Low Countries. Ending (i. 201) states that "these coins were distinguished by the names of pol- lards, crocards, scaldings, brabants, eagles leonines, sleepings, etc." Holinshed, in his Chronicle, 1577- '87 (iii. 309), adds that all these were white monies, artificiallie made of siluer, copper, and sulphur." Brabant Thaler. A variety of the Al- bertusthaler {q.v.) issued for the Low Countries, They have the Burgundy cross, in the angles of which are crowns and the order of the Golden Fleece. Brabeon. A name employed in Switzer- land to designate a certain class of medals which were distributed as awards for pro- ficiency to scholars in colleges, schools, etc. The custom appears to have originated at Basle in the latter part of the sixteenth century. They are also known as Schul- pfennige. Bracata. A Polish term signifying money that has the stamp of the Braca- tori, or mint master. Du Cange (i.) cites an ordinance of 1467 reading minuta pe- cunia hracata, etc. Bracteates. From the Latin hractea, a thin piece of metal, is a name usually given to pieces of thin silver, impressed with a die, on which the device is cut in relief. Consequently the lines and figures de- pressed on the one side appear raised on the other, and the obverse of the coin pre- [31] Bragone Brassage sents the same features as the surface of the die. They are supposed to have originated at the beginning of the twelfth century in Thuringia, and they were copied in other German provinces as well as in Switzer- land, Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and Scandinavia. They were in use until the latter part of the fourteenth century, at which time the many types of Groschen gradually supplanted them. The majority are of silver, but gold ones have been found; some of them, struck in copper and very base silver, probably served the same purpose as the tokens of succeeding periods. The name, Bracteate, however, was not applied to these coins until the eighteenth century. Their contemporary designa- tions were Pfennige, or Denarii, and that they took the place of the latter pieces and passed as current money is attested by the words numus, moneta, denarius, etc., which are occasionally found in their inscriptions. To these varieties the name Schrift Brac- teaten is usually applied. Bragone. The popular name in Italy for the Hungarian Ducat extensively struck during the sixteenth century. The word is a corruption of hrache, i.e., trou- sers, and these coins exhibit the standing figure of the ruler, with large, expansive breeches. Braise, i.e., glowing coals. A slang French expression for money, i.e., an allu- sion to ' ' coal to keep the pot boiling, ' ' Branca Moeda. A term used by Portu- guese numismatists, and corresponding to the French Blanc or Blanque. Brandthaler. The name given to a Po- lish Thaler, issued at Thorn, in 1629, to commemorate the gallant defence of that city against the Swedes under General Wrangel. There are a number of minor varieties, all exhibiting a view of the city in flames, and the inscription fides et con- STANTIA PEE IGNBM PROBATA. Brasangium. See Brassage. Brasher Doubloon. A gold coin, struck in the city of New York in 1787. It ob- tains its name from its originator, Bphraim Brasher, a goldsmith, whose place of busi- ness was at number one. Cherry Street. Brasher made application to the Legisla- [ 32 ture of the State of New York for permis- sion to strike copper coins. His petition was not granted, and in consequence only the gold Doubloons are known. Braspenning. A base silver coin of Bra- bant, Friesland, and the Low Countries, in general use during the fifteenth century and later. It appears to have been orig- inally of the value of two Stuivers, but later was equal to only one Stuiver and eight Pfenninge. Some authorities refer to it as the Dubbele Jager. See Blanchet (i. 462). Brass. The terms first, second, and third brass (or bronze), applied to Roman coins according to their sizes, is convenient but unscientific. The first brass, or Great Brass, is in reality the Sestertius; the Sec- ond Brass, or Middle Brass, is the Dupon- dius and As; and the Third Brass, or Small Brass, is the Semis and other small coins. It should further be remembered that the latter class is of copper; the larger coins are neither brass nor bronze, but composed of orichalcum, a mixture of cop- per and zinc. Brass. An English colloquial term for a copper coin, but chiefly used for the plural. The expression can be traced to the fourteenth century. Langland, in Piers Ploughman, circa 1362 (iii. 189), has "Beere heor bras on thi Bac." In his translation of the New Testament in 1526, Tindale renders Matthew (x. 9) thus: "Posses not gold, nor silver, nor brasse." At a later period the word was slang or dialect for money in general, as the following quotations indicate : "Shame that the muses should be bought and sold For every peasant's brass." — Bishop Hall, Satires, 15!)7. "Thou damned and lu.xurious mountain goat, Offer'st me brass?" — Shakespeare, King Henry the Fifth (iv. 4). "Who ne'er despises books that bring him brass." Byron, Hints from Horace (548). Brassage. A French term used to in- dicate the variation between the actual value of the metal, and the denomination stamped on the coin. This difference in former years constituted the payment which the official who struck the coins re- ceived. See Slegelpenninge. Du Cange (i.) states that as early as the thirteenth century the name Brasangium was given to the official whose duty it was ] Bravuda Briquet to determine the above-named variations. See Seignorage. Bravuda. A monetary denomination mentioned in ordinances of the reign of Duarte I, King of Portugal (1433-1438), and computed at three Dinheiros. Bread Tokens. The name given to a series of tokens extensively issued in Nu- remberg, Paderborn, and other German towns during the sixteenth century and later, which on presentation could be re- deemed for a loaf of bread. They are of various shapes and metals, and some of them bear the inscription peot or brod. A Brodmarke was struck by the Kornverein of Elberfeld in 1817. Breeches Money. A nickname given to the coins of the English Commonwealth (1648-1660) on account of the elongated shields on the obverse which bear a fanci- ful resemblance to a pair of trousers. Breite Groschen, also called Breitgro- schen, or Grossi Lati, was a name applied in the fourteenth century and later to cer- tain types of Bohemian Groschen of large module, to distinguish them from smaller pieces of the same denomination, Grossi Praecisi, which were struck contempora- neously. It should be remembered, however, that the adjective breit is employed in a gen- ral way to define the broad type, as distin- guished from the dick, or thick specimens. This accounts for such names as the Breit- pfennig of Augsburg; the Breiter Thaler, etc. See Dickthaler. Bremsenthaler. A name given to a Tha- ler of Liibeck, struck in 1537, so called be- cause a fly (Bremse) appears in the field on the obverse. The "Bremse" was the coat of arms of Nicholas von Brombsen, the Burgomaster. Brenagium. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was "a payment in bran, which tenants anciently made to feed their lords ' hounds. ' ' Brick Tea is a recognized unit of value in some parts of Burma and Tibet; the different qualities each bear a distinctive mark and pass at different prices. Clement "Williams, in Through Burma to Western China, 1864 (p. 34), has a note which seems to refer to a currency consist- ing of cakes of tea. He says : ' ' The only [33 kinds apparently known in the market at Bamo are the flat discs of China tea and the balls of Shan tea. The discs weigh twenty Tickals each; seven piled together make a packet which used to sell at one and one-half Tickals and two Ticks" [sic]. See also Terrien de la Couperie (xx) and the Am. Journal of Numismatics (xli. 79). Bridge Money. The name given to a variety of Chinese metallic currency on ac- count of their bridgelike appearance. Ramsden, who describes these pieces in de- tail (pp. 29-32), adds, "I would suggest the name of Tingle Dangle as more appro- priate, since they will probably result to be miniature token representatives of the larger musical instruments which are still to be seen in certain parts of China. ' ' The Chinese name for Bridge Money is Kiao Pi, and for Tingle Dangle money is King Shih Pi. Brillen Dukat. A gold coin of Denmark struck by Christian IV in 1647. The reverse exhibits a pair of spectacles ("Brille"), with the motto vide mira DOMi. There is a corresponding half. Brillenthaler. The name given to a variety of Thaler issued by Duke Julius of Brunswick-Liineburg at Goslar from 1586 to 1589. They are of the so-called "Wild Man" type, and from the arm of this fig- ure there hangs a skull, an hour-glass, and a pair of spectacles ("Brille"). See Louis aux Lunettes. Briot's Crown. The name given to a variety of Crown executed about 1633 by Nicholas Briot, who had been appointed at the Tower mint by Charles I in 1628. This piece, though not of very spirited work- manship, is neat and well formed, and was struck by the independent apparatus which Briot owned. There is a half crown of the same type. Briot's coins can be distin- guished by the initial B. Briquet. A silver coin of the fifteenth century issued in Brabant, Burgundy, and the Low Countries. It has on the obverse the figure of a lion holding a fire-steel in his claw. There are corresponding doubles, halves, and quarters. The word means a steel for striking fire, and the chain attached to the Order of the Golden Fleece instituted in 1429 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was decor- ] Britain Crown ated with sparkling precious stones, and golden fire-steels. The Dutch equivalent is Vuurijzer, and by this name these coins are known in Hol- land, G-ueldres, etc. See Azzalino and Fewreysen. Britain Crown. An English gold coin, struck in the reign of James I pursuant to a proclamation of October 20, 1604. Its original value was five shillings, which was raised to five shillings and sixpence in 1611. The union of the kingdoms is re- ferred to in the legend Henricus rosas reg- na Jacobus, i.e., "Henry unites the roses, James unites the Kingdoms." This coin was discontinued in 1661- '62. See Crown. Britannia Groat. A name given to the English silver fourpence which was re- vived for general circulation in 1836 and discontinued in 1856. The following cu- rious note concerning these coins appears in Hawkins : "These pieces are said to have owed their existence to the pressing instance of Mr. Joseph Hume, from whence they, for some time, bore the nickname of Joeys. As they were very convenient to pay short cab fares, the Hon. Member of Parliament was extremely unpopular with the drivers, who frequently received only a groat where otherwise they would have received a six- pence without any demand for change." British Dollar. See Dollar. Broad. Another name for the Unite (q.v.), a gold coin issued by James I of Engiaiid. In the reign of Charles II the term was used to distinguish the hammered twenty- shilling pieces from the new coins of the same value then introduced called Guineas (q.v.). The Broads were called in and declared to be no longer current in 1732-33, the majority of them having become much dim- inished in value and size by wear and clip- ping. Broad Thaler. See Breite Groschen. Brockage. A faulty piece in coining ; a damaged coin. 1)1 a report of the mint- masters under Elizabeth, temp. 1572, men- tion is made of ' ' brocage ' ' in the making of six-pences. See Num. Chron. (Ser. iv. Vol. 16, p. 75). Brod. See Bread Tokens. Bruneti Broke Money. A term used to indi- cate the cut Bracteates, Deniers, and es- pecially Pennies of the Middle Ages. The process of quartering or halving appears to be adapted to the Anglo-Saxon coinage, e.g., to the Pennies of Althelredll (978- 1016), on which the shears or chisel is guided by the cross on the reverse. The practice of cutting coins was sanc- tioned by Philip VI of Prance by an ordi- nance of May 29, 1347. See Blanchet, Les Monnaies Coupees in the Revue Numis- 7iiatique (iv. 1). In the Bury Wills, 1463 (repr. 1850, 41), there is a reference to "broke silvir. " Bronze. An alloy made of ninety-five parts of copper, four parts of tin, and one part of zinc, which has been found more serviceable for coining purposes than pure copper. A somewhat similar mixture was employed by the Greeks and Romans, but among modern nations it was not used un- til 1850, when the Swiss Government be- gan to issue coins of this metal. Prance adopted it in 1852, Sweden in 1855, En- gland in 1860, and Belgium in 1861. See Brass. Bronzo. The name given to a small cop- per coin which appears at Messina, Raven- na, etc., before the tenth century. The Bronzi are generally of very rude work- manship, and a number of types have both Latin and Cufic inscriptions. Brown. An English slang term for a copper coin, especially a halfpenny, in allu- sion to its color. Brown Money. A dialect word used both in Ireland and in Devonshire for copper coins. Briickenpf ennige. See Landsberger Pf en- nige. Brule. A copper coin struck in the Bishopric of Liege from about 1513 to the end of the century. It was valued at four Stuivers. See de Chestret (passim). Brummer. A base silver coin of Poland, struck by Sigismund III at the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is a variety of the Dreipolker (q.v.), and receives its name from Bromberg, where it was coined. Bruneti, or Bruni. A term used by Italian numismatists to indicate coins that have become greatly oxidized, and to such [34] Brusselaar Bullion pieces that are subject to oxidation on ac- count of the impurity of the metal. Brusselaar. A variety of the double Briquet issued by Maximilian in 1488 dur- ing the minority of Philip the Good. It has on the reverse an ornamented cross, with the letter B in the centre, from which circumstance it is assumed that it was struck at Brussels. See Frey (No. 298). Bryan Dollars. The name given to a series of satirical pieces issued in 1896 and 1900 during the first and second "free sil- ver" campaign of William J. Bryan. They occur in silver and other metals and are of various shapes, sizes, and designs. Brymann. A billon coin of Brabant, struck in 1381 and later. The type pre- sents two shields placed side by side, with small lions over each. For a detailed ac- count of these pieces see van der Chijs (p. 96). Their value is mentioned as being equal to four Grooten of Vilvorde. Bu. A small, rectangular Japanese gold coin, first issued in 1599. It was the fourth part of a Ryo, and bears the inscription, Ichi Bu, meaning one Bu. The Bu was also divided into four parts, each one being called Shu. The silver Bu was introduced in 1830, and continued in use until the introduction of the Meiji currency in 1870. Buaya. A copper coin of the Malay Peninsula. See Pitje. The word means a crocodile, and is probably derived from the old tin ingot money cast in this shape and minted at Selangor, etc. Buck. A slang term used in some parts of the United States for a dollar. The word is of comparatively recent origin and the etymology is unknown. Buckscha. See Kabir. Budata. A coin of Palermo issued in 1686 and prohibited and retired from cir- culation in 1698. Delia Rovere, Memorie Storiche . . . sopra le Monete basse, 1814 (129), gives an account of this debased currency and asserts that it was composed of a mixture of copper and chalk or plas- ter. Budgrook. A coin of Bombay, first is- sued under the charter of 1677, granted to the East India Company. The name is probably a variation or corruption of the Portuguese Bazarucco (q-v.). It was struck in copper, tin, and lead, and was usually computed at one forty-eighth of a Fanam. Budschu, or Boudjou. A former silver coin of Algiers, introduced at the begin- ning of the nineteenth century and divided into twenty-four Muzunas. The multiples and divisions of this coin all have their particular names, as follows : 2 Budschu, called Zudi, or Soudi Budschu; 1 Budschu, called Rial Budschu ; 14 Bud- schu, called Rebja, or Rebia Budschu ; i/g Budschu, called Temin Budschu. Biiggeli. A Swiss nickname for a coin of more or less concave form. "Biickel" means a bent back or hunch back. Bugne. A base silver coin struck in Metz and current in Lorraine during the fifteenth century and later. It is men- tioned in an ordinance of 1511 as having a value of ten Deniers. There are both municipal and episcopal types, and the usual devices bear a figure of St. Stephen, with the inscription s'. STEP-H. PROTHO'. It is sometimes called Tiercelle. See Blanchet (486). Bugslaver, probably a corruption of Bogislauer. The popular name for the small silver coins issued in Pommerania under Bogeslaus X (1471-1523) and his successors. Buhloli, or Bahloli. A coin of mixed metal, weighing about 145 grains, intro- duced by Bahlol Lodi, the Afghan ruler of Dehli, A.H. 855-894 (A.D. 1450-1488). It was the standard coin for about seventy .years. See Thomas (No. 311). Bull. A slang expression for an English Crown piece. J. H. Vaux, in his Flash Dictionary, 1812, says: "Bull, a Crown or five Shillings." Bullet Money. See Tical. Bullion. The original meaning of the word appears to have been a mint or assay office, but the writers of the sixteenth cen- tury sometimes refer to it as a place of exchange. The Termes de la Ley, 1641 (p. 43), states that "Bullion ... is the place where gold is tryed, " and Blount, in his ' Law Dictioiiarie, 1679, has: "Bullion . . signifies sometimes the Kings Exchange, or [35] Bundesthaler Butaca place whither such Gold in the lump is brought to be tryed or exchanged." The definition in use at the present time, i.e., gold or silver in the lump, as distin- guished from coin or manufactured arti- cles, can be traced to the latter part of the sixteenth centurJ^ Thomas North, in his translation of Plutarch's Lives of the Nohle Grecians and Romans, 1580 (p. 865), says: ' ' Bringing with him all his plate, both Gold and Silver, unto the Mint-master, he gave it him to put into bullion, and so to be converted into currant [sic] coin." Bundesthaler. The name is usually given to any silver coin of Convention Money {q.v.). The Schweizer Bundes- thaler is in reality a medal designed by Jakob Stampfer {ohit. 1579) to commem- orate the foundation of Swiss Independ- ence. See Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler. Bung. A slang term used by thieves in referring to a purse. 8ee Bit. Bungtowns. A name given to clumsy imitations of the English half pennies which circulated extensively in Pennsyl- vania and the other states in the latter part of the eighteenth century. The name is probably derived from the slang term, "to bung," meaning to cheat or deceive. There is an extensive list of them in At- kins. 8ee also Amer. Journal of Numis- matics (xxxiii. 67, xxxvi. 94). Bun Sen. A Kwanei sen {q.v.) having the character Bun (learning) on the re- verse. The coin was made in 1668 from the fragments of the Daibutsu, or great image of Buddha, at Nara. The last pieces to be made from the Daibutsu statue are called "Tori Sumi" Sen (gathered end- ings), which have this inscription as well on the reverse. Burbe. See Bourbe. Burgales. See Blancos Burgales. Burgunderthaler. See Albertusthaler. Burigozzo. A heavy silver Testone of the value of 32 Soldi, struck by the Em- peror Charles V for the Duchy of Milan (1535-1556). It has a bust of the Em- peror on one side and a standing figure of St. Ambrosius on the reverse. Burrie, or Bauri. A money of account in the Maldive Islands, and equal to twenty Cowries {q.v.). [ 36 Bursarlenzeichen. A series of copper tokens struck by the bursar of the guild or chapter at Munster and Paderborn from 1543 to 1633. They are of the denomina- tions of three Schillinge, 12, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 Pfennig, and one Heller. The value is on one side and a figure of St. Paul on the reverse. Many are countermarked with the arms or name of the bursar. Busch (plural Buschen). In 1493 Her- mann IV, Archbishop of Cologne, the duke of Julich and Berg, and the municipal authorities of the city of Cologne, held a conference to adjust the irregular mone- tary system then prevalent, and agreed upon the following values : Weisspf ennige, 24 to a Gulden; Blanken, 12 to a Gulden; Double Buysehen, 18 to a Gulden; Simple Buyschen, 36 to a Gulden ; Half Buysehen, 72 to a Gulden; Old Morchen (Moergyhe), 8 to a "Weisspf ennig ; Neu Morchen: 12 to a Weisspfennig. The above appears to be an early refer- ence to a small copper coin which derived its name from a bouquet or bunch of flow- ers and leaves which appeared on one side. These coins were later identified with the city of Aachen, or Aix-la-Chapelle. The obsidional pieces of six and twelve sols issued in 1597 are sometimes called Bu- schen, and in the seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries the twelve and four Hel- ler pieces had a respective value of three and one Buschen. They were struck as late as 1790 or 1792 and were abolished by the Prussian coinage system of 1821. Bussignarfi. According to Caucich, Bol- lettino di Numismatica Italiana (iii. 34), this was a name used in Ancona to desig- nate either the mezzi Ducati, or the mezzi Scudi d'oro of twenty Bolognini. Bussola, or Bussolotto. A popular name for the Grosso issued at Mantua from the period of Ludovico III. Gonzaga (1444- 1478) to Carlo II (1637-1647). The word means a pyx, and these coins have on the obverse the figure of a pyx, used for hold- ing the host. Bussolotto Papale. This was another name for the Giulio struck in Parma by Pope Clement VII, the type being copied from the preceding coin. Butaca, or Butki. A former gold coin of Morocco, the name of which is probably ] Butchers' Half-pence Byzant a corruption of the Pataca (q.v.). Its value was two Rials or twelity-seven Ukkias. Butchers' Half-pence. This term is used by Dean Swift in his Drapiers' Letters, 1724 (iii), and implies counterfeit or very base silver coins. Butgen. A silver coin issued at Campen, Groningen, Deventer, Zwolle, etc., during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It appears to have been of the value of two Plakken, and is sometimes referred to as the half Groot. See Frey (No. 459). Butki. See Butaca. Buttala. The popular name for a coin of Piacenza issued during the seventeenth century and originally of a value of ten Soldi. Its value, however, fluctuated con- siderably, as in a monetary ordinance of Sabbioneta of 1648, the ■ Buttala is men- tioned as equal to 14 Soldi, having been changed from 12 Soldi. Buzerook. See Bazarucco. Buzzard. A slang term formerly ap- plied to the silver dollar of the United States on account of the buzzard-like eagle on the reverse. Byoke. An obsolete form of writing Baiocco {q.v.). Byte. An old English form of Bit [q.v.). Byzant. See Solidus. [37] Cabes Cambist Cabes. An African money of account. See Boss. Cache. A copper coin issued by France from 1720 to 1837 for its possessions in Pondichery and Karikal on the Coroman- del Coast. Conf. Kas. There are a large number of varieties, for a detailed account of which, see Zay (pp. 273-285). Cadiere. A billon coin of Prance issued for Dauphiny by Charles V (1364-1380), and retained by his successor Charles VI. See Hoffmann (ii. 43). Anne, Queen of France and Duchess of Bretagne, struck a gold type, the Cadiere d'Oro, circa 1498. Conf. Engel and Ser- rure (iii. 972). Caduceati. See Nummi Caduceati. Cagliaresco, or Callaresifos. A small copper coin of Cagliari which must not be confused with the Cagliarese. It was orig- inally struck by Charles II (1665-1700), of the value of one sixth of the Soldo, or one three-hundredth of the Scudo. In 1711 it was reduced to one half of its original weight. Cagliarese. A copper coin of Cagliari, in the island of Sardinia. It was first struck by the Kings of Spain as rulers of Sar- dinia in the sixteenth centiiry, and the coinage extends to the beginning of the nineteenth century under the House of Savoy. Multiples of three Cagliaresi were issued as late as the reign of Victor Eman- uel I (1814-1821). It is usually computed at two Denari. Cagnolo. The popular name for a bil- lon coin issued at Mantua by Giovanni Francesco, a leader of the people. It had on the obverse the figure of a dog, and on the reverse a cross with the inscription : PER SIGNUM LIBERA NOS. Cagnone, meaning ' ' money of the stran- gers, " is, according to the Bivista Italiana di Numismatica (ix. 86), a coin mentioned in a proclamation issued at Milan in 1520 ; its nominal value was three Soldi. Caime. An inconvertible paper cur- rency used in Turkey and Cyprus and abol- ished in 1879. The word Kdim, plural Kaime, in Turk- ish, means ' ' upright, ' ' and comes to be used for a bond, hence for the Treasury note. Caixa, or Caxa. A copper coin former- ly used in the Malay Peninsula ; the name is a Portuguese word derived from the Hindu Kasu, or Kas. The common word cash (q.v.) comes from this root. A Dutch writer in the latter part of the sixteenth century refers to it as being of the size of the Duit, but with a hole in the centre. He adds that two hundred Caixas are equal to one Sata, and five Satas have the value of a Carolus Gulden or a Portu- guese Cruzado. Houtman, in his Journaal (June 11, 1596), kept in the Straits of Sunda, states that one hundred and sixteen Caxas are equal to one Spanish Real. Conf. Netscher and v.d. Chijs (p. 152). Birch, in his Commentaries, Hakluyt Soc'y (ii. 128 ff), states that Albuquerque, the Governor General, ordered a coinage for Malacca in 1510, as follows : Pieces of 2 Caixas (tin) =1 Dinheiro; 10 Dinheiros (tin) =1 Soldo; 10 Soldos (tin) =1 Bas- tardo; 5 Bastardos (tin) = 1 Malaque (silver), or 1 Catholico (gold). Calculus. The Latin name for a counter {q.v.). Calderilla. A Spanish copper coin struck by Philip IV, circa 1636 to 1654. Its value fluctuated, for while originally equal to eight Maravedis, specimens occur coun- terstamped for twelve Maravedis. Callaresifos. See Cagliaresco. Cambist. A banker. Cambistry. The science of exchange. From the Italian cambista, from camhio, meaning exchange. Ending (ii. 138) states that "in the year 1270, the keeper of the cambium was ap- pointed to assay the coins throughout the whole Kingdom. ' ' [38] Camera Carapace Money Camera. An Italian term, meaning money of exchequer, and usually found in conjunction with the name of a coin, e.g., Fiorini di Camera, Ducati di Camera, etc. Camillino. A silver coin of Correggio M'liich bears on the obverse a bust of Camil- lo of Austria, Count of Correggio (1597- 1606). Its value was two Soldi. Cammacks. Ruding (ii. 102) states that at the close of the eighteenth century ' ' the copper coinage of Ireland was in an infinitely better state compared with the silver coinage of England. The greater part of it, however, was not mint coin, but what was called Cammac's, being half pence made by a person of that name, a proprietor of copper mines, with a device upon it, not the King's face." Campulus. A coin mentioned in con- junction with the rentals of the Roman Catholic Church. Du Cange (ii. 67) thinks that it probabljr signifies the revenue at- tached to a small field. Canaries. Francis Grose, in his Diction- ary of the Vulgar Toiigiir, 1785, states that this is a slang name for Guineas ; the reference is of course to the yellow color. Candareen. The name given by for- eigners in the Far East to the Chinese Fen or Fun, the one hundredth part of the Liang, or Tael {q.v.), and the tenth part of the Mace (q.v.). Pieces are struck in the following denominations : 7.2 Candareens, equal to one tenth of a Dollar, and 3.6 Candareens, equal to one twentieth of a Dollar ; also known as five cents. As a money of account it is worth about 1.4 ■ cents. See Ch'ien and Fen. Candle Thaler. A popular name for the Licht Thaler (q.v.). Canella, or On^a. A denomination is- sued in 1843 and 1845 under Maria II of Portugal for Mozambique. It consisted of an oblong bar of silver, bearing on one side an M,and on the reverse onca — 6 ces (Cru- zados). The piece is also known as Pataca (q.v.). See Teixeira cle Aragao (xiv. 4), and Fernandas (p. 333). Canopy Type. A designation employed to classify English silver coins. Thus on some of the pennies of "William I the term is used where a full-face bust under a canopy occurs. [ 39 Canteim. A copper coin of Bulgaria. See Stotinka. Capellone. From the Italian word ca- pello, meaning "hair." The name given to a silver coin of Modena struck by Frances- co III d'Este (1737-1780), and distin- guished by the long hair on the portrait. Its value was one third of the Lira. Capones. Du Cange cites a document of the year 1250 reading .sex denarioH pro quo- libet foco . . . qui capones B. Mariae nun- cnpautur, etc., and assumes that this was a tribute to the church. Capuciae. A name given to a variety of Follari struck at Ragusa at the end of the thirteenth century. The diadem and toga on the figure on the obverse gave it the ap- pearance of being covered with a cap, hence the popular designation. A statute of the j^ear 1294 mentions, follari, qui dicuntur capuciae. Caput Aspergellis. See Skins of Ani- mals. Carambole. A name given to the silver Ecu of eighty Sols issued bj^ Louis XIV in 1686 for Flanders. The reverse has a crowned shield with the quartered arms of France and Burgundy. There were also struck divisions consisting of halves, quar- ters, eighths, and sixteenths. Carantano, also variously written Car- ano, and Charantano, and possibly a cor- ruption of Carinthia. The general name in Italy for the Grosso Tirolino. It is thus referred to as earlj' as 1509 in some cor- respondence between the Emperor ^Maxi- milian and Giacomo IV, Appiani, Signor of Piombino. During the sixteenth cen- tury and later the name was common in Venice and other parts of Northern Italj' to indicate the Kreuzer, and it was es- pecially used for the Austrian Kreuzer struck by Francis Joseph I for Milan, etc. Multiples of five and ten Carantini of this issue exist in silver. Conf. Quarantano, infra. Cara o Sella. A Spanish term meaning "face or seal" and corresponding to the English "Heads or Tails" (q.v.). Carapace Money. A name given to a variety of Chinese money, or tokens, issued in the time of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han Dynasty (B.C. 140-86). It is de- scribed in the Ch'ien Pu T'ung Cliih, a ] Carasco DoUar Carolus rare native work. The obverse, or upper side, resembles the back of a tortoise, with scales, while the lower side is hollow, trav- ersed by two "roads." The name is due, probably, to the shape and design of the objects themselves, rather than to the an- cient custom of using tortoise-shell in bar- ter. For detailed information concerning types and designs, see Ramsden, in Am. Journal of Numismatics (xlv. p. 70). Carasco Dollar. The name given to one of the coins issued by the Constitutional Provisional Government of Mexico. They were struck by orders of General Carasco, at Culiacan, the capital of Sinaloa, in No- vember, 1913. Carat. Kelly (p. 49) mentions this as a small Arabian coin and equal to one eigh- tieth of a Piastre. He maj^ have it con- fused with Kabir (q.v.). Caratto. Another name for the Pic- ciolo (q.v.), but specially applied to the coinage of Sbio. The Caratto, in copper, was issued here during the reign of Lor- enzo Giustiniani Banca (1483). Carci. The plural of Carzia (q.v.). Cardecu. See Quart d'Bcu. Card Money. The name given to a variety of promissory notes written on the backs of playing cards, which were issued by Intendant de Meules, in 1685, in Can- ada, for the payments in arrears to sol- diers. The issue continued for over thirty years. See Breton (p. 11, et seq.). Carival. A former silver coin of Bom- bay, the fifth part of a Rupee, and equal to twelve Paisa. See Noback (p. 64). Carl d'or. A gold coin of Brunswick which takes its name from Charles Wil- liam Ferdinand (1780-1806). It was usually computed the same as the Pistole, i.e., at five Thaler in gold. The name was retained, after the death of Duke Charles, until the end of 1834, when a new mone- tary system went into effect. The name is sometimes written Karl d'or. Carle. A French nickname for the Car- olus {q.v.). Carlin. A silver coin of France struck for Dauphinv by Charles V (1364-1380). See Hoffmann (12). [ Carlino. A gold coin of Sardinia issued by Carlo Emanuele III (1730-1773), and of the value of about thirty-five Lira in the present monetary system. His successor, Vittorio Amedeo III (1773-1796), struck the Carlino Nuovo in 1790. This was a much larger coin, equal to about one hundred and twenty Lira. Carlino. A silver coin, the twelfth part of the Dueato {q.v.), issued by Charles II of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily (1285- 1309). It was also called Gigliato {q.v.), and the type was copied in the Florentine series. By an ordinance of April 20, 1818, the Carlino was made the tenth of the Du- eato and equal to one hundred Grani for Naples, or two hundred Baiocci for Sicily. The Carlino of Bologna appeared under Clement VII (1523-1534), and was issued almost uninterruptedly until the middle of the seventeenth century. In Malta the Carlino was struck in sil- ver of the value of half a Tarin as early as the middle of the sixteenth century; its value, however, was reduced, and under Raimondo Despuig (1736-1741) copper Carlini were issued. Carlino Papale. A silver coin of Rome of the Grosso type. It was first struck by Urban V in 1367, and was issued by Boni- face IX to commemorate his jubilee in 1400. Karlini Papali are referred to in a Milanese ordinance of 1474, and again in a tariff of Bologna of 1588. This coin was gradually reduced in weight, and eventual- ly the Grosso took its place. Carolin, plural Caroliner. A gold coin of Sweden of the value of ten Francs. The name is probably taken from Charles John XIV (Bernadotte). It was last struck in 1868 by Charles XV. The same designation is also applied to a silver coin of Sweden issued by Charles XI and Charles XII. See Karolin. Carolingian Money. A general term for the coins struck during the Carolingian period in France, i.e., from Pepin (752- 768) to Hugh Capet {obit. 987). The name is derived from Charlemagne, who introduced monetary reforms. See Bngel and Serrure {passim), and Blanehet (i. 141). Carolus. A base silver or billon coin struck by, and named after Charles VIII 40 ] Carolus Cash of France (1483-1498). It probably re- ceived its name from the large letter K. on the obverse. It had a value of ten De- niers Tournois, and, besides the regular type, there were special issues for Bre- tagne and Dauphiny. See Hoffman {pas- sim). A proclamation of Henry VIII, dated November 5, 1522, fixed its value at four-pence sterling. (SVi? Ruding (i. 305). Carolus, or Carolus Gulden. A silver Gulden issued by Charles V for the Nether- lands. There is an extensive series of them for Besangon. They begin about 1540, and the name appears to have been retained until the end of the sixteenth century, even after the death of the Emperor. Carolus Dollar. The common name for the Spanish-American silver Dollar or piece of eight Reales when used for trade in the far East. The term is confined to the issues of Charles III (1759-1789) and Charles IV (1789-1808). Caron. A name given to the billon Marque in the Reunion Islands. Caroub. See Kharub. Carrarino. A silver coin of Padua, struck by Jacopino da Carrara (1350- 1355) and his successor Francesco I da Carrara (1355-1388). The name is de- rived from the prominent figure of a car- ra, or cart, on the obverse, which may pos- sibly be the origin of the name of the governing family. Carrettini. A general name for the money issued by the Marchesi del Caretto, Signers of Cortemiglia. In the Bivista Italiana di Numismatica (xiii. 79), a chron- icle of Piacenza of the year 1255 is cited which reads : eodem anno de mense de- cemhris mercatores fecerunt fieri monetam novum apud marchiones de Carretto quani appellahant carrettini. Cartwheel. A nickname given to the sil- ver Dollar of the United States, probably on account of its size compared to all of the other coins. The term is applied to any large coin that is unwieldy. See Boul- ton's Twopence. Carucage. A tax of one penny formerly imposed in England on every plough. See Eleemosyna Aratri. [41] Carzia. The Italian equivalent of Kreu- zer (q.v.). It is applied to copper coins issued by the Prioli Family for Nicosia in the sixteenth century, etc. Carzia. The popular name to indicate the fractional part of the money of Cy- prus, and usually applied to the Danaro. The term was copied by the Venetians in the sixteenth century. Case. A slang expression for a dollar. The etymology is uncertain, but it may be a corruption of the French caisse, i.e., money. Cash, in commerce, signifies ready money, or actual coin paid on the instant, and in this sense it has been in use since the latter part of the sixteenth century. The etymology appears to be from the French word caisse, a coffer or chest in which money was kept. Two earljr instances of the use of the term are to be found in Saffron Walden, by Thomas Nashe, 1596 (106), to wit, "He put his hand in his pocket but . . . not to pluck out anie cash ; ' ' and in Shake- speare 's King Henry V (ii. 1, 120). Cash. The name given by foreigners to the Chinese copper coin with a square hole in the centre. The term is probably derived through the Portuguese word Caixa, from the Telugu and Karanese word Kasu {q.v.), and the Tamil Kas, which, in turn, prob- ably comes from the Sanskrit Karsha, or Karshapana. The Chinese call this coin by various names, Ch'ien {q.v.) being the most common. The more modern Chinese term is Wen {q.v.), which is the word ex- pressed in Chinese characters on many of the modern copper coins that bear as well the English word Cash. The Chinese Li, the thousandth part of a Tael, is the equi- valent of the word Cash. The coin known as Cash has been for about two thousand years of an almost uni- form design, circular in shape, and with a square hole in the centre, the object of the latter feature being for the purpose of stringing (a string of Cash being known as a Kuan, Ch'iian or Tiao, g.'i;.). These coins are cast and sometimes are of fine brass, while others are a mixture of copper, spelter, and iron. The inscriptions on these coins since A.D. 621 are mostly uniform. The char- Cash Cattle acters to the right and left can be trans- lated ' ' current coin " or " currency, ' ' while those at the top and bottom are the names of the emperors, or more properly the name under which their reign is known. For the most part the value has been one li or one thousandth, though multiples of two and five have been made from early times. During the nineteenth century, fol- lowing the Tai Ping rebellion tokens up to 1000 cash in denomination were issued. In 1895 some improvement was made in the coinage, the pieces being made of uniform size and struck instead of cast. About the year 1900, when silver was no longer circulated in China by weight, but by value, copper was struck of one general design for the different provinces into which the country is divided. The new denomination consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 cash. The 10 cash in Kwang Tung Province bore the inscription one cent, probably due to the influence of the Hong Kong coinage. These new coins had a dragon on one side, and the central hole was no longer retained except for the Kwang Tung issues. Conf, also Ramsden, in Spink (xxiii. 163-169), and see Kas. Cash. The English word for the Hindu Kas or Kasu {q.v.). The word cash is used on the copper coins of Mysore about 1830 under Krishna Raja Udaiyar (1799- 1868). The inscriptions read xl cash, XXV CASH, XX CASH, X CASH, V CASH. The rare 21^, 6i^, and 121/^ cash pieces have the value in Kanarese numerals. Certain of the modern copper coins of Travancore have their values expressed in cash as well as a number of the copper coins of the British Bast India Co. In Sumatra it was a money of account and worth abovit three cents. Casquete. See Timbre de Valencia. Cassa Thaler. A silver coin of the Ducliy of Berg struck by Joachim Murat in 1807. It is frequently referred to as the Kassenthaler, but the reverse has the inscription i. bergischer. cassa. thaler. Cassiusgroschen. The name given to a silver Groschen of Bonn which has on the reverse a view of the church of St. Cas- sius, the patron saint of the city. They Avere issued under Archbishop Henrv II, Earl of Virneburg (1304-1332). [ Castellano. The name applied in gen- eral to any gold coin bearing the armorial shield of Castile, but specially to such as were one-fiftieth of the gold mare in weight. Under Pedro I, King of Castile (1350-1368), the Castellano was computed at thirty Maravedis. Castoriati. See Denarius. Castorland Token. A silver pattern struck in Paris in 1796 by Duvivier, for a French settlement in the northern part of the State of New York. It has on the reverse the figure of Ceres and a beaver in the exergue, with the motto salve magna parens prugum. For a detailed description of the token and the Colony see Hickcox, Historical Account of American Coinage, 1858 (p. 85), and Anier. Journal of Numismatics (iv. 34). Castroni. A general term for the Grossi struck in the Duchy of Castro by Pier Luigi Farnese (1545-1547). These usually have the inscription vrb. castricvs. Castruccino. A silver coin of Lucca which receives its name from Castruccio Castrucci (1316-1328). It has a crowned bust portrait figure holding a sceptre, and on the reverse the inscription imperialis, with LVCA in the exergue. Its value was equal to the mezzo Grosso. Cataa Hamsie. A gold coin of the mod- ern Egyptian series of the value of five Piastres. It was introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D. 1839. Catanesi. Forgeries of ancient Greek coins are said to be known by this term in Sicily. The name owes its origin to the activities in this line of the notorious brothers Bianchi of Catania. Catechismusthaler, or Glaubensthaler. A medallic silver Thaler issued by Ernst, Duke of Sachsen Gotha in 1668. It has the articles of belief from the catechism on both obverse and reverse. See Madai (1512). Catedra. The Spanish equivalent of the Chaise d'Or and valued at 33 Marabo- tini. Old French documents mention the Cathedra in alluding to the same coin. Catholico. A gold coin introduced by Albuquerque, Governor General of Mal- acca in 1510. See Caixa. Cattle used for payments. See Pecunia, Nowt Geld, and Animals. 42] Catty Cent Catty, or Chin. The Chinese pound, composed of sixteen Taels or Liangs, and weighing approximately one and one third of our pounds. Catty, or Chang. A Siamese weight of 2.675 lbs., avoirdupois. Treasury pieces of a spherical form have been made in silver of the value of 1, Yo, Yi, % and i/i,, Cattys, or in Ticals 80, 40, 20, 10, and 5. Catty. See Bahar. Caturvimgatimana. See Krishnala. Cauci. A term employed by Italian numismatic writers to indicate coins of concave shape. Cavalier. A name given to coins bear- ing on the obverse the figure of a knight on horseback. The term is generally ap- plied to the French and Flemish series, the provinces of the Low Countries re- taining the name Rijder {q.v.). Conse- quently the Cavalier d'Or is the same as the Gouden Rijder, and the Cavalier d' Argent is the Rijderdaelder. A silver Clros au Cavalier was struck bv John II, Count of Hainaut (1280-1304). Cavalitti. A nickname used in Bologna for the Grossi of Ferrara which bore the figure of St. George on horseback. Cavalla. According to the Corpus Nutn- morum Italicorum (xxiv. 9), this was a billon coin of Antonio I, Prince of lyLon- aco (1701-1731) of the value of four Danari. Cavallina. A necessity coin issued for Candia under Venetian rule in 1571 and 1573 to supply the lack of Danari. Speci- mens occur in both copper and base sil- ver. It receives its name from Marino Cavalli, the governor. Cavallo. A copper coin issued by Fer- dinand I of Aragon while ruler of Naples and Sicily (1458-1494), which obtains its name from the figure of a horse on the re- verse. This device was abandoned in the sixteenth century, but the coin neverthe- less retained its name. An idea of the small value of the coin can be readily obtained when we consider that 1200 went to the Ducato {q.v.) and that it was the twelfth part of a Grano, as the issues under Ferdinand IV dated 1786 to 1797 state. The coin was consequently largely struck in multiples, and pieces of 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 Cavalli are common. Cavallotto. A silver coin which, like the Cavallo, derives its name from the figure of the horse on the reverse. It was struck for Asti by Louis XII of France early in the sixteenth century ; at Carmagnola under Michele Antonio (1504- 1528) ; at Correggio by Camillo and Fab- rizio (1580-1597); at Sabbioneta by Ves- pasiano Gonzaga (1559-1591) ; etc. Caveer. See Kabir. Caveria. Du Cange (ii) cites an ordi- nance of Sancho VII, King of Navarre (1194-1234), in which viginti caverias are referred to. Cawne, or Kahan. A money of ac- count in the Maldive Islands and" equal to 1280 Cowries (q.v.). Caxa. See Caixa. Cecchine. A corruption of Zecchino iq.v.) and conf. Checquin and Chiekino, infra. Ben Jonson, in his play Volpone. 1605 (i. 3), uses the phrase "When euery word ... is a cecchine." Ceiniog. An old Welsh word meaning a pennj^ See Cianog. Ceitil, also called Real Preto, the earliest copper coin of Portugal, of the value of one-sixth of the Real, first issued bv Al- fonso III (1248-1279). It has u.sually a castle with three towers occupying a large part of the field, and was extensively struck at Lisbon, Porto, and Ceuta. The latter town in Northern Africa is sup- posed to have supplied the name of the coin. Cella. See Aquilino. Cenoglego. A name given to a variety of the silver Soldo issued in Venice under Francesco Dandolo (1326-1339), and his successors Bartolomeo Gradenigo and An- drea Dandolo. The name is derived from the kneeling figure of the Doge on the obverse. Cent. The name of a copper coin of the United States of North America, and equal to the one-hundredth part of the Dollar. The word was first used on the so-called Washington Cent of 1783, but the reg- ular coinage of the Cent and half Cent was not authorized until 1792. [43] Centavo Chahar Goshah For an early use of the word in the history of the United States coinage see A))i. Journal of Numismatics (xv. 77). The Cents are classified according to their devices, e.g., Fillet head, Turban head, Indian head, etc. They were first struck in 1793 and every year thereafter with the exception of 1815. In 1857 the size was reduced. The half Cent was abolished in 1857; the two-Cent pieces were issued from 1864 to 1873; the nickel three-Cent pieces were issued from 1865 to 1889 ; the silver three- Cent pieces from 1851 to 1873; and the nickel five-cent pieces were authorized in 1866 and are still in use. For four years, 1875 to 1878, silver twenty-Cent pieces were coined. The Cent as an equivalent of the one- hundredth part of the Dollar is also used in British North America, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Danish West Indies, Hawaii, Fiji, Liberia, Cuba, Guam, the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, North Bor- neo, Hong Kong, China, the Chinese Treaty Ports, Labuan, Sierra Leone, Sar- awak, and the Straits Settlements. In Ceylon, Mauritius and Seychelles it is the one-hundredth part of a Rupee ; and in the Netherlands and the Dutch Col- onies the one-hundredth part of the Florin or Gulden. Centavo. A copper coin of Mexico, Central America, and many countries in South America. It is almost uniformly the one-hundredth part of a Peso. Centenariae, or Centenariae Formae were large gold medallions equal to one hundred Aurei, said by Lampridius, Sev. Alex. (39) to have been struck by the Em- peror Elagabalus. Centenionalis, Centenionalis Communis, or Nummus Centenionalis. A coin first mentioned in an edict of Constantius II and Julian of the year 356 A.D. It was of bronze, slightly washed with silver, and weighed between 3.55 and 2.60 grammes. It was first introduced by Constantine the Great and continued to be issued in great numbers until after Arcadius. It was the hundredth part of the silver Siliqua. See Babelon, Traite (i. 612-614). Centesimo. A copper coin of various countries, which, as its name indicates, is the one-hundredth part of some larger and frequently standard coin. Thus, in Italy, Lombardy, Venice, and San Marino, 100 Centesimi equal one Lira; in Uruguay 100 Centesimi equal one Peso; etc. Centime. A copper coin; the one-hun- dredth part of a Franc. It bears this re- lationship in France and the French Col- onies, Monaco, Belgium, Bulgaria, Luxem- burg, Switzerland, etc. In Haiti the Centime is the one hun- dredth part of the Gourde. The multiples of the Centime exist in both copper and nickel. Centimo. The Spanish equivalent of the Centime and Centesimo. In Spain it is the one hundredth of the Peseta, and before 1871 it was the one hundredth of the Bscudo. It is used in the same rela- tion to a larger coin in Morocco, Vene- zuela, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Re- public. Centupondium. See Talent. Centussis. A multiple of one hundred Asses after the first reduction, and used as a money of account. Cepayqua. See Leal. Cercle. A French nickname for any piece of tnoney in allusion to its shape. Cervette, or Cervettoni. According to the Bivista Italiana di Numismatica (xxii. 39), this was a coin issued in Casale dur- ing the war of 1628. It received its name from the figure of a stag on the obverse. Cervia. A silver coin of Massa di Lu- nigiana, a fief of the Malaspino Family. It appears to have been originally issued under Alberico I Cibo (1559-1623), with a figure of St. Peter on the reverse, and a stag on the obverse. The latter gave rise to the nickname Lupetta for the coin, as the stag was supposed to bear a re- semblance to a wolf. The Cervia was also a coin of Casale Monferrato struck by William II Pale- ologo (1494-1518) ; it bore the figure of a stag in an enclosure. Promis (i. 185) cites a proclamation of Charles III, Duke of Savoy, dated 1529 which prohibits monete et dinari di Monferrato nomati cervoni. Chahar Goshah, meaning a square piece, is the name given to a gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, and valued at thirty Rupees. See Sihansah. [44] Chaine Money Chazza Chain Cent. The popular name for the earliest type of copper cents issued by the Government of the United States in 1793. There are several varieties, one of which reads ameei. Chaine Money. See Chany. Chaise, or Chaise d'Or. A French gold coin struck originally by Philip IV (1285- 1314) and copied by Edward III in the Anglo-Gallic series. It received this name because the ruler is seated on a Gothic throne or chair of state. A similar coin was issued in Germany by Ludwig IV (1314-1347) and the type was copied in the Low Countries under the name of Clinckaert (q.v.). Chakram, or Chuckram. A silver coin of the Hindu State of Travancore issued in the eighteenth century and later. There are multiples and divisions, and report says that Chakrams of gold had once been coined, but this, though probable, lacks confirmation. The Chakram is equal to sixteen copper Kas, and is the fourth part of the Fanam. Conf. Elliot (passim). Chalcidian League. See League Coin- age. Chalcus, or Chalkos. The earliest Greek copper coin and the eighth part of the Obol iq.v.). The etymology is probably from XaXy.6?, i.e., ore, or from Chalcis, the city that commanded the market for cop- per. It is supposed to have been first struck in the time of the Peloponnesian War, and was largely used by the successors of Alex- ander the Great. The multiples of the Chalcus were the Dekachalk (= 10 units), Octochalk (== 8 units), Pentachalk (= 5 units), Tetra- chalk (= 4 units), Trichalk (^ 3 units), Dichalk (^ 2 units). It was subdivided into the Hemichalk (= i^ unit). Chalk. See Chalcus. Challaine. See Chazza. Challies and half Challies are copper coins issued by the Dutch Government for Ceylon. They are the same as the Duit (q.v.). Chalmers' Tokens. The name given to a series of three silver pieces issued in i783 by I. Chalmers, a goldsmith of An- [ napolis, Maryland. They consist of the Shilling, six-pence and three-pence denomi- nations. For details, etc., see Crosby. Chalongia, or Chaloigne. Du Cange cites this as an example of how the word Schilling is corrupted in mediieval docu- ments. The word occurs in ordinances of Peter, Bishop of Laon, of 1377 and 1386. Chamsi. The name given to the one eighth Piastre in the Egyptian series. It is a base silver coin of the value of five Paras. Chang. The Siamese name for Catty (q.v.). Ch'an Pi, or Ch'an Pu. See Pu. Chany, or Chaine Money. A dialect corruption of China money and applied to the porcelain tokens issued by the Pinxton Cliina Works in East Derbyshire, England. These pieces are oval in shape, flat on one side and convex on the other. The convex side bears the value in large figures. Ch'ao. One of the Chinese names for their paper money. Chaouri. See Abbasi. Charantano. See Carantano. Charms, i.e., metallic tokens with pic- tures in lieu of inscriptions, were used in Japan and Korea for money at times. See E Sen. Cham. A silver coin of India and equivalent to the quarter Rupee. See Sihansali. Charon's Obol. See Naulum. Charta Magna Thaler. Another name for the Convention Thaler struck 'in 1818 by Maximilian Joseph I, King of Bavaria. It has on the reverse a figure of a tablet bearing the inscription chaeta magna BAVAEIAE. Chasperli. See Kasperle. Chaubinbank. See Chulon. Chavo. The native name in Porto Rico for the Spanish copper pieces in use on this island. Chazza. A tin coin of Malacca and probably a later name for the Bastardo (q.v.). William Barret in his Travels (circa 1550), says: "For the mony of Malacca the least mony current is of tinne stamped with the Armes of Portugall and 12 of these 45] Checquin make a Chazza. The Chazza is also of tinne with the said Armes and two of these make a Challaine. The Challaine is of tinne with the said Armes and forty of these make a Tanga of Goa good mony but not made in Malacca." Checquin, Chekin, and Chequin are all corruptions of Sequin, the latter being a colloquial form of the Zecchino {q.v.). In Hakluyt's Voyages, 1599 (ii. i., 152), he says, ' ' Euery man a chekin, which is seuen shillings and two pence sterling." Brome, Novella, 1632 (i. 2), uses the term "Here's a thousand checquines. " Massinger, in A Very Woman, 1655 (iii. 1), uses the form "chekeen"; and Wheler, in his Journey to Greece, 1682 (vi. 413), ha.s "chequin." Conf. Chickino, infra. A table adopted in the Province of Mary- land in 1763, as a standard for payments, mentions the Arabian Chequin as equal to 108 pounds of tobacco. By an act of 1781, after Maryland became a State, fixed val- uations were put on foreign coins, and among others Arabian Chequins are quoted as equal to thirteen shillings and sixpence. See Gubber. Chelin. A corruption of Shilling, and applied in lower Canada first to the silver twenty cent piece issued in 1858, and later to the twenty-five cent piece which ap- peared in 1870. Chelonai, or "Tortoises." The Greek popular name for the money of Aegina bearing the tortoise type. Chequin. See Checquin. CheraBn. A silver coin of Goa. Ser Xeraphin. Cherassi. The name of a modern Per- sian gold coin struck at coronations and of varying value. See Kelly (p. 358). Chesle-money. An English dialect word used in Gloucestershire by the coun- try people to designate the Roman coins which are frequently found in ploughing, etc. Chhi-Ke. A Tibetan coin of the value of three Annas. See Tang-Ka. Chia Ch'ien. See_ Yu Chia Ch'ien. Chianflune. See Cianfrone. Chiao. The modern Chinese name for the 10 cent coin. In some provinces the Ch'ien 5, 10, 20 and 50 cent pieces are expressed by 1/2; 1) 2 and 5 Chiao instead of by Mace and Candareens. See Hao. Chiappe di Forte. Promis (ii. 12) cites this as a money current in Turin in 1335 of which 28 were equal to a Grosso. Chiavarino. A copper coin of Frinco issued by the Counts Ercole and Claudio Mazzetti (1581-1601). The word Chiavajo in Italian means the Keeper of the Keys, and the coin receives its name from the Papal type of the keys and tiara which appear on this issue. Chickino, and Chickquin, are corrup- tions of Zecchino {q.v.}. Caesar Fred- erici in Hakluyt's Voyages, 1583 (ii. 342) mentions "Chickinos which be pieces of gold woorth seuen shillings a piece ster- ling." W. Parry, Travels of Sir A. Sher- ley, 1601 (30) uses the expression "Feed- ing her with two chickins. " Chapman, in May Day, 1611, has "Half a chickeene to cut's throat," and Greaves in Seraglio, 1653 (9), saj^s, "Six hundred thousand chicquins yearly." In the first quarto edition of Shakes- peare's Pericles, 1609 (iv. 2), Ave find men- tion of ' ' three or four thousand checkins, ' ' but in the later quartos, and in the third and fourth folios (1664, 1685), the same word is written "chickins" and "chick- eens, " thus indicating that there was no fixed rule for the spelling. Ch'ien, also written Tsien or Tsen. The common Chinese term for money which has been thus used from very early times. It probably superseded the word Ch'uan (q.v.). Specifically it applied to the round copper coins, they being the only coins made, and is synonomous to our word cash (q.v.). It originally meant the Hoe coins as the word was used for a hoe. The word has been until recent times written Tsien. It is also a weight and is then known as a Mace (q.v.) by foreigners, it be- ing the one tenth part of the Liang or Tael. Certain coins of the Hsien Feng period had the weight thus expressed on them, as well as the first struck Kwang-tung cash, which bore ' ' Treasury weight, one Ch 'ien. ' ' The words Ch'ien Pi are also used as a general term for copper money. See also Wen and Li. [46] Chienes Chon In Japan the word is Sen {q.v.) ; in Korea, Chun or Chon {q.v.) ; in Siam Salung {q.v.). Chienes, or Kiennes. A term found in an ordinance of 1380 which reads minuta iitoneta chianiata chiens che ad essi costo la somma di 15 franchi; and a document of Liege of 1382 reads certaine inonnaie que on appeloit Kiennes. Du Cange as- sumes that in all probability these are the popular names of some coins with a figure of a dog upon them. Ch'ien Fan. The Chinese name for the coin moulds in which their coins from the earliest times to about 1890 were cast. Ch'ien Pi. See Ch'ien. Chih Pi. The Chinese word now com- monly used for paper money. Chih-tsi. See Kiao-tze. Chih-tsien. The Chinese word meaning standard coinage. Chikino, like Chickino, supra, was a cor- ruption of Zecchino {q.v.). T. Sanders, in An Unfortunate Voyage to Tripoli, 1589, says "lend him 100 chikinos." Chimfram. The name given to the half Real Portuguez issued under Alfonso V (1438-1481). These coins were struck at Lisbon and Porto. The word signifies clipped and was applied to these pieces on account of their inferior weight. Chimney Money, also called Hearth Money, was a crown duty for every fire- place in a house, established 14 Charles II (c. 2). It was productive of great dis- content and was abolished by 1 William and Mary (Stat. 1. c. 10). Pepys, in his Diary, under October 15, 1666, writes, ' ' One moved that the chimney- money might be taken from the King." Chin, or Kin. The Chinese word for Catty {q.v.) or pound. The word is found on certain Ku Pu coins {q.v.) as a weight value. Another Chinese character with the same sound means gold or precious, and is sometimes used for money. The word Chin Pi is now commonly used for gold money. See Kin for a specific piece. China Money. See Chany. Chinker. A colloquial name for any- thing that chinks, as a coin or a piece of money. [47 Sir Henry Taylor, in Philip Van Arte- velde, 1834 (ii. 185), has this passage: "Are men like us to be entrapped and sold, and see no monej^? ... So let us see your chinkers. ' ' Chin Tao. See Knife Money. Chiqua. According to Du Cange this was a small coin issued by the Bishop of Grenoble in 1343. Chiquiney. A corruption of Zecchino {q.v.) and conf. Chickino and Checquin, supra. Coryat, in his Crudities, 1611 (191), refers to "chests . . . full of chiquineys. " Chise. A Turkish money of account. See Beutel. Chitopense. Ending (i. 197) states that in 1289 or 1290 the Mayor of Bordeaux ' ' made proclamation that until the feast of Saint Martin, the Chitopenses should still be current at the rate of five Chitopenses for four new Pennies, or the same number of petit Tournois. " In 1312 eight Chipotenses were reck- oned to be equal to one Sterling. Cho Gin, meaning "long silver," is a name given to oval lumps of silver, more or less diluted with copper, issued in Japan as early as 1601. They have no right to be called circulating coin. Munro states (p. 202) that "the weight was supposed to be 43 momme, but owing to uncouth form and rough casting, these pieces frequentl.y fell short of this amount. To correct the deficiency, pieces of silver of various weights were added. These have been described in some works as Bean mone.y, but this is quite incorrect, the ex- pression Mame Gin, or Bean Silver, hav- ing reference to their usually round or bean like form. They all represent Dai- koku Ten, the god of wealth, and have the year period impressed in the centre of each figure." Chon, or Chun, generally referred to colloquially as Yopchon, is a Korean word, and a general term for any copper coin, circular in form, and having a square hole in the centre. The Chinese word is Ch'ien. The Tang-bak-chon was a copper coin of Korea issued in the third j^ear of the Em- peror Tai, i.e., A.D. 1866, for the piirpose of making up the deficit in the funds for building the Kyong-pok palace. It bore ] Chonen Taiho Chugul characters meaning "worth a hundred," but having no such real value its use had to be forced upon the people, causing great distress. The Tang-au-chon was a copper coin issued in the twentieth year of the same Emperor, i.e., A.D. 1883. It had charac- ters meaning "worth five" on the reverse and was put into circulation at the value of five of the older coins, but having no such real value and being similar in size with the larger varieties of the older coins, it was often used indiscriminately with the latter. For the silver pieces with enamel centres see Daidong Chun. The modern copper Korean Chon is the equivalent and almost the counterpart of the Japanese Sen. In 1894 nickel two Chon five Fun pieces were issued in great quantities, and in 1897 silver ten and twenty Chons, nickel five Chon, and copper one and half Chons were issued. Chonen Taiho. See Jiu ni Zene. Chopped Dollars. The popular desig- nation for the Mexican silver Dollars stamped by one or more business firms in Chinese and Indo-Chinese ports as a token of their genuineness. A decision of the United States Treas- ury Department dated April 18, 1905 (No. 26281) reads as follows: "On and after May 1, 1905, the silver dollar of Mexico will be valued at $0,498, as proclaimed on April 1, 1905 (Treasury Decision 26223). The duties on mer- chandise imported from countries other than Mexico, invoiced in so-called Mexican dollars, will be computed on the bullion value as heretofore." In Treasury Decision 26560, which gives the value of foreign coins after July 1, 1905, the Mexican chopped dollar is cited for the first time, its value being given as $0,458. The word "chop" in China, India, etc., means an ofiicial impression of a seal or stamp. Ovington, in A Voyage to Suratt, 1696 (251), says: "Upon their Chops, as they call them in India, or Seals engraven, are only Characters, generally those of their Name. ' ' Simmonds, in his Dictionary of Trade, 1859, has: "Chhap, an official mark on weights and measures to indicate their ac- [ curacy; an eastern Custom-house stamp or seal on goods that have been examined and have paid duty. ' ' Cho-tang. See Tang-Ka. Christfest Thaler. See Weihnachts Tha- ler. Christism d'Or. A gold coin of Den- mark struck since 1775 by Christian VII, from whom it receives its name. Christklndl Dukat. The popular name for any of the numerous varieties of gold Ducats bearing the figure of the infant Savior. Christus Gulden. The popular name for a gold florin of Utrecht, struck by David de Bourgogne (1456-1496). It has on the obverse a figure of the Savior seated on a throne. See v.d. Chijs (xvii. 7). Chrysos. A Greek word meaning gold; the Staters were consequently known as Chrysoi Stateroi. Chu. Also variously written Schu and Tchu. A Chinese weight, equivalent to about a drachm, and occasionally found stamped on some of the earlier coins. The name may be derived from Tsu, the most southerly State of China in the last cen- turies before the Christian era. The Chu and its multiples became the standard coins of the Chinese Empire dur- ing many of the later dynasties. See Wu Tchu. Ch'uan. A Chinese word meaning funds held in reserve, also a spring. The word is also used for monej^ The word Ch'uan was eventually supplanted bj' Ch'ien (q.v.). The character for Ch'uan is found on the coins of Wang Mang (A.D. 7-14). We find the following combinations: Ch'uan Fa=coinage, Ch'uan Pi^metal money, Ch'uan Pu, or Pu Ch'uan^cur- rency. Ch'uan. The Chinese word for a string of Cash. This word has somewhat taken the place of Kuan, or Kwan. Another word is Tiao. Chuc. Annamese money of account. See Quan. Chuckram. See Chakram. Chugul. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- peror of Hindustan, valued at 27 Rupees. See Sihansah. 48] Chul on Civil War Tokens Chulon, or Chaubinbank. The name given to certain silver ingots shaped some- thing like a mower's whetstone, between four and five inches long. These pieces are characterized by rows of protuber- ■ ances on one of the surfaces, and are used in Annam and the Lao States. See Schroe- der (p. 637). Chun. See Chon. Chun Dam. The half of the Dam in the currencj' of Nepal. See Suka. Chung Pao. The Chinese name for heavy coin, and it is thus written, instead of T 'ung Pao, on many of the larger of the old type Cash. Chun Pei, meaning ' ' arrow money, ' ' was a variety of coin struck In Korea in the ninth year of King Sei-eho, i.e., A.D. 1464. One piece of Chun Pei was fixed by law to be worth three pieces of the paper money, and the coins were used as arrows in times of emergency. See Arrow Head Money. Church Tokens. A series of brass or copper counters issued by churches in Sax- ony and other parts of Germany in the seventeenth century. They were common- ly known as Kirchenpfennige, and were sold to the worshippers, who deposited them in the offertory, etc. See, also, Com- munion Tokens. Cianfrone, or Chianflune. A name given to a variety of the silver Scudo issued by Cliarles V, and also during the siege of Naples in 1528. This coin is mentioned in a monetary edict of October 8, 1533. Under PhUip III of Naples (1598-1621), the same name was applied to the silver half Ducato, which had a value of five Car- lini, and which was later known as Pataca {q.v.). Cianog, Cianoige, or Cionog. Macbain, Etymologieal Dicfianarij of the Gaelic Laiiffuage, 1896, defines this as a small coin. Conf. Welsh, Ceiniog, a Penny. In Cork, G-alway, Donegal, etc., it is used to designate a half Farthing. Cicada Money. The name given to a variet.y of Chinese metallic currency on ac- count of its resemblance to the harvest fly. Ramsden, who describes them in detail (pp. 33-34), quotes a Chiaese manual where they are mentioned as money to be fastened to wearing apparel. Cinco. A name given to the French piece of five Francs in the Dominican Re- public. Cincuentin. See Cinquantina. Cingus. Another name for the Quin- cunx (q.v.). Cinquantina, also called Cincuentin. The largest of all the Spanish silver coins of a value of fiftv Reales. It was issued by Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II. Some of the varieties struck at Segovia have a view of the aqueduct of that tovrai. Cinquina. A silver coin struck under Ferdinand I of Aragon, as King of Naples and Sicily (1458-1494). Its value appears to have been originally five Grani but the later issues being of copper were only equal to two and a half Grani. See Du- cato. In the Maltese series this coin appears at the beginning of the seventeenth cen- tury in copper and was struck as late as the reign of Emanuel de Rohan (1775- 1797). Cinquinho. A small silver coin of Por- tugal, first issued under Manuel (1495- 1521), with a value of five Reis. It was continued under the reign of John III (1521-1557) and then abolished. Cionog. See Cianog. Cisele. An expression used by French numismatists to indicate that a coin or medal has been re-engraved or tooled to bring out certain portions in relief. ' Cistophorus. A silver coin principally minted in the Kingdom of Pergamos dur- ing the second and first centuries B.C. and which was valued at three Roman Denarii. It receives its name from the representa- tion on the obverse of the cista, or mystic chest of Bacchus, from which serpents are escaping. The place of mintage of the Cistophori is often indicated by the first letters of the name of the city, the types of which appear as subordinate symbols in the field of the coin. Citharephori. At first a popular term which later became an official name for the silver Ilemidrachms of the Lycian League^ which bore the reverse type of a lyre (KtGapa, hence KiOapyjcpopoi). Civil War Tokens. See Copperheads. [49] Clean Dollars Cob Money Clean Dollars. A term used to desig- nate the unchopped Chinese Dollars ; they usually command a premium of one per cent or more over the chopped varieties. See Chalmers (p. 378). Clementi. A general term for the Grossi issued by Pope Clement VII (1523- 1534) ; a practise instituted by Julius II with the Giulio. An earlier silver coin, the Grosso Clementino, or Clementine, was struck by Pope Clement V (1304-1314). Clemmergulden. A name given to the gold florin of Gueldres and Juliers struck by Charles of Egmond (1492-1538). It has a figure of St. John the Baptist, and the inscription : karol . d-v-x . gelr . ivl '. Cliche. A term used in French numis- matic works to indicate an electrotype copy of an original coin or medal, and usually the sides are given separately to show the obverse and reverse. The ety- mology is probably from the old French cliquer, to fix. Clinckaert, or Kllnkhaert. A gold coin of Flanders and the Low Countries, issued in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It resembles the Anglo-Gallic Chaise (q.v.) and the name is probably derived from "Klinken, " i.e., to ring. There are divisions of one half and one third. Clipped. A name given to such coins as have their edges trimmed. This prac- tice was pursued by dishonest persons for the sake of retaining some of the metal. The abuse is referred to by W. Wood, in his Survey of Trade, 1719 (346). John Foxe, in his Acts and Monuments of the Church, 1596 (311), has: "About which time also . . . lewes for monie clip- ping were put to execution. ' ' Clou. Zay (p. 361) states that this name was given to the cut segment representing one eighth of the Mexican Dollar, when used in Cochin China, prior to 1879, in which year the regular French coins were issued. Clover Cent. The popular name for a variety of the 1793 cent of the United States, which has under the bust of Liberty a sprig of leaves resembling those of a clover plant. Cnapcock, or Knapkoeken. The name given to the half gold florin struck at [ Nimegue, Groningen, etc., at the beginning of the sixteenth centur^v. The obverse bears a figure of St. Stephen or St. Martin. The German equivalent is Knackkuchen, and all of these terms mean a brittle cake or as we would call it, a cracker. The nickname was bestowed on the coin from the reverse design which resembled a cake in common use. Coal Money. The name given to cir- cular pieces of jet or carved coal, which appear to be waste in Roman times from the lathes of turners, after working off rings, etc. They are found at Kimmeridge in Dorsetshire, England, but it is questiona- ble whether they were ever used as money. See Spink (xiii. 154), and Ruding (i. 4). Coban. See Koban. Cob Money. A term applied to the early Mexican and South American money, both in gold and silver, from the method of striking the coins with a hammer. They are knowTi in Mexico by the name of Maquina de papalote y cruz, i.e., wind- mill and cross money, the cross being of an unusual form, and not unlike the fan of a windmill. In the Numismatic Mamial of Eckfeldt and Dubois, we are informed that: "these were of the lawful standards, or nearly so, but scarcely deserved the name of coin, being rather lumps of bul- lion flattened and impressed by a hammer ; the edge presenting every variety of form except that of a circle, and affording ample scope for the practice of clipping. Not- withstanding, they are generally found, even to this day, within a few grains of lawful weight. Some are dated as late as 1770. They are distinguished by a large cross, of which the four arms are equal in length, and loaded at the ends; the date generally omits the thousandth place, so that 736 is to be read 1736. The letters PLVSVLTRA are crowded in, without atten- tion to order." Cob Money. A name given in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Ireland, and subsequently in some British colonies and possessions to the Spanish Dollar or "Piece of Eight." Petty, in his Political Anatomy of Ire- land, 1672 (350), refers to "Spanish pieces of eight, called cobs in Ireland," and Dinely in his Journal of a Tour in Ireland, 1681, in the Transactions of the 50] Cochrane Placks Comet Cent Kilkenny Archaeological Society (ii. II 55), says, "The most usual money . . . is Spanish Coyne knowne here by the name of a cob, an half cob, and a quarter cob." The word means something rounded, or forming a roundish lump. Cochrane Placks. In the reign of Ed- ward III of Scotland permission was given to Cochrane, Earl of Mar, to coin base money, which were called "Cochrane placks," and this was a chief charge against him, and for which he was hanged over Lauder Bridge in 1482. The Placks were called in by proclamation after his death. This coinage was probably the billon placks and black half pennies (afterwards reduced to farthings). They are said to have been made of copper, and the placks to have been current for three pennies. Cobiische Mark. See Mark. Coin. Usually a piece of metal which bears an impression conferring upon it a legal character by public or private agree- ment. Coined money probably originated in Lydia in the eighth century before the Christian era. Herodotus states that the Lydians were the first people to strike coins of gold and silver; this probably re- fers to the reform of the coinage by Croe- sus B.C. 561-546. Prior to that period electrum was probably used altogether. The use of the word in English litera- ture can be traced to the fourteenth cen- tury, and Chaucer in the Clerk's Tale (1. 1112) writes, "though the coyn be fair at eye." CoIIot. A nickname given to a counter- stamped sou of Guadeloupe. In October, 1766, Louis XV signed an edict ordering the minting of copper pieces of the value of one sou for the use of the American Colonies. These pieces were struck in 1767, and probably did not reach Guade- loupe until the following year, but they were not put in circulation. In 1793 George Henri Victor Collot was the governor of the island and on October 2 he issued an order for the release of these pieces, the latter to be counter- stamped R.P. before being put in circula- tion. These coins brought into the treas- ury an amount of 50,000 livres, and re- lieved the scarcity of the Sou Marques and the small silver. They were popularly known as Collots, after the Governor. CoUybos. A small bronze coin. A name given at Athens to the Lepton (q.v.). Hes.ychius also mentions the Dicollybos and the Tricollj'bos. Colombiano. A variet.y of the Peso is- sued at Santa Pe de Bogota from 1834 to about 1850. Its value was eight Reales. See Ponrobert, (8077, 8078, 8090). Colombina. A base silver coin of Reg- gie, issued by Hercules II (1534-1559). It has on the reverse a figure of Saint Daria, the martyr. Colon. The unit of the gold standard of Costa Rica, named after Columbus, and divided into one hundred Centimos. The Colon was not coined, but multiplies of two, five, ten, and twenty Colones have been struck since 1899. Colonato. A name given to a variety of the Spanish Peso which exhibits two crowned pillars rising from the sea. These are the so-called Pillars of Hercules, as- sumed by the ancients to be the limits of habitation. The Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain) added the motto Plus Ultra on these coins to indicate that his dominion was beyond the territory recog- nized by the ancients. Colts. (IlcoXot.) The popular name among the ancients for the silver coins of Corinth which bear the figure of the winged horse Pegasus on the reverse. See Pollux (ix. 76). Columbia Farthing. The name given to a copper token with the figure of a head and the word Columbia. Their exact origin is unknown but they were probably manufactured in England at the begin- ning of the nineteenth century and in- tended for export. Columbian Half Dollar. The name given to a silver coin of the United States struck in 1892 and 1893 to commemorate the four hundredth anniversary of the dis- covery of America. A corresponding quarter Dollar is pop- ularl.y known as the Isabella Quarter (q.v.). Comet Cent. The popular name for one of the varieties of the United States cents of 1807, which has behind the head [61] Comet Dollar Constantinati of Liberty a peculiar die-break resembling a comet in appearance. Comet Dollar. See Kometenthaler. Commeissee. See Kommassi. Commissarie. See Prestation Money. Communion Tokens. A series of tokens said to have originated in Switzerland, where it is claimed John Calvin introduced them about the year 1561 to exercise con- trol over such as presented themselves for Communion services. They were known as Abendmahl Pfennige. The Liturgy drawn up for the Church of Scotland, circa 1635, has the following rubric prefixed to the Order for the ad- ministration of the Holy Communion: "So many as intend to be partakers of the Holy Communion shall receive these tokens from the minister the night before." Spalding, Bannantyne Glut Publica- tions (i. 77), states that they were used at the Glasgow Assembly of 1638, to wit: "Within the said Church, the Assembly thereafter sitts down ; the church door was straitly guarded by the toun, none had entrance but he who had ane token of lead, declaring he was ane covenanter." The first church or sacramental token employed in America of which we have any authentic account, was used in the Welsh Run Church in Pennsylvania, which was founded in 1741, and the token is dated 1748. This church was generally known as the Lower West Conecheague Church, and the token bears the two let- ters C.C. For Canada over two hundred varieties of the communion tokens are known, and a list of them has been compiled by R. W. McLachlan of Montreal. Communis. See Centeuionalis and Fol- lis. ■ Compagnon. A name given to a vari- ety of the Gros Blanc issued by John II of France (1350-1364). See Hoffmann (XX. 41, 42). Conant. A nickname given to the silver Peso of the Philippine Islands introduced in 1903 on the recommendation of Charles A. Conant. Concave Coins. A name given to such pieces as present the appearance of a shal- low bowl, due to a convex die having been' [ used for the obverse, and a concave one for the reverse. These nummi scyphati, as they were called, made their appearance as early as the second century B.C. among the Ger- manic tribes inhabiting what is now Bava- ria and Bohemia. Later, this type of coin was extensively employed by the Byzan- tine Emperors of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Conceigao, or Conception. A gold coin of Portugal of the value of 4800 Reis is- sued by John IV in 1648 in honor of the Madonna de Conception, the protectress of the King. It has on the obverse a cross and a scriptural inscription on the reverse. Conder Tokens. See Tokens. Condor. A gold coin of Chile and of Ecuador which receives its name from the figure of the condor on the obverse. In Ecuador its value is ten Sucres and in Chile twenty Pesos. Condor Doblado. A gold coin of the value of twenty Pesos struck at Santa Pe de Bogota for the Confederacion Grana- dina. See Ponrobert (8160). Confederate Half Dollar. The popular name for a silver coin of the size of the regular issues of the United States Half Dollars, but which was struck by the Con- federate States of America in the New Orleans Mint in 1861. It is claimed that but four originals are in existence. Confederatio. The name given to a copper coin issued in 1785 with this in- scription. It is muled with a number of other dies. For details, see Crosby. Confession Thaler. See Beichtthaler. Connecticut Cents. The name given to a State coinage struck in copper from 1785 to 1788 inclusive. For varieties, etc., see Crosby. Consecration Coins. A name given to such Roman coins as were struck to com- memorate the apotheosis of a ruler, — a ceremony which celebrated his passage to the Divinities, and which was ordered either by the Senate or the successors of the deceased individual. Constantinati. Byzantine Solidi, struck by various emperors of the name of Con- stantino, were known by this term. 52 ] Constantin d'Or Copoludi Constantin d'Or, or Konstantin d'Or. The name given to the Pistole or double Dweat issued by Ludwig Constantin von Rohan-Montbazon, Bishop of Strasburg (1756-1779). Consular Coins. Roman coins struck under the government of the Consuls from circa B.C. 335-27. They are also known as Family Coins. Continental Currency. The name given to the paper money issued by the ('ongress of the United Colonies in North America. They were first made May 10, 1775, and continued in use until prohibited by the Constitution of the United States as that instrument was finally ratified and adopted in 1789. The Colonies from 1775 to 1779 issued large numbers of bills of various denomi- nations from one sixth of a Dollar to eighty Dollars ; twenty different values with eleven distinct dates. Continental Dollar. See Fugio Cent. Conto. A copper denomination of Bra- zil, introduced by Calmon Dupin, the Minister of Finance, in 1828 and 1829. These coins were put out at a fictitious value to defray the cost of a war with Buenos Aires, and were withdrawn in 1836. See Noback (p. 1020). Contorniates. A name given to certain Roman tokens or small medallions Which can always be readily distinguished by a groove encircling the entire planchet. They were first issued about the time of Constantine the Great and were continued until the close of the fifth century. Their use has not been definitely deter- mined. It is supposed that they were em- ployed at the public games in the allot- ment of prizes, or that they were used as counters in games of chance. See Numis- matic Chronicle, 1906 (p. 232). Contorno. An Italian word signifying the edge around the rim of a coin. Contragardator. From the French con- tregarder, to keep, was a former comp- troller whose duty it was to keep accounts of the mints. Ruding (ii. 252) cites the use of the term as early as 1354. Contribution Coins. The name applied to any series of coins which were issued as necessity money to pay an indemnity levied. They were frequentlj^ struck from [ the private silver of the residents and from metallic ornaments, regalia, chalices, etc., belonging to the churches. See Obsi- dional Coins. Convention Money. A form of cur- rency which was accepted by mutual agree- ment at a fixed standard within certain boundaries. In ancient times uniform types are found on the coins of the Ach- aean League, originally formed in the fourth century B.C. by some cities on the Corinthian Gulf. All these issues have AX or AXAION, the mark of the League, and over forty cities joined it before it was dissolved. The example was copied by the Aetolian, Boeotion, Ionian, and other Leagues. The Electors of Cologne, Trier, Mainz, and the Palatinate made an agreement in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries by which their gold florins were struck of a uniform weight and value. Other import- ant monetary conferences were those of various cities in the Low Countries in the fifteenth century; the coinage of the Prot- estant Rulers during the Thirty Years' War; the Convention of 1753, legalizing the Species Thaler; the one of 1865, called the Latin Union, in which the Franc, Lira (and later the Drachma and Peseta) were put on the same basis ; and lastly the Scan- dinavian Conference of 1872 between Sweden and Denmark, to which Norway became a party in 1877. The Tallero di Convenzione, struck for Venice under Francesco I (1814-1834) and later, had a value of three Lira. The term Vereins Thaler is frequently found on the coins of Leopold Friedrich of Anhalt- Dessau (1817-1871), and Alexander Carl of Anhalt-Bernburg (1834-1863). See Verfassungsthaler. Cooter. See Couter. Copeck. See Kopeck. Copetum, or Coppes. Both of these words are used in mediaeval ordinances of Holland and Flanders to designate coins with a head on the obverse and correspond- ing to the Kopfstiick (q.v.). Copkinus. A mediasval silver coin which is referred to in the Opstal homicis Friscis (cap. 21). Copoludi, or Coppoluti. A name given to such of the Piccoli and the Bagattini 53] Copper Corona of the Doge Christopher Moro of Venice (1462-1471), as were of concave shape. Conf. Papadopoli, Le Monete di Venezia (i. 285). Copper in a pure state has been practi- cally abandoned for coining purposes, it having been ascertained that bronze was more suitable. It is now used only for coins of minor denominations, but there was a period when it was made the stand- ard of value. See Aes. Copper, i.e., "a copper" (and the plural coppers), is used colloquially in England to denote any small copper coin and in the United States it means a cent. Shakes- peare in Love's Labour's Lost (iv. 3. 386) says, "our copper buys no better treas- ure," and Steele, in The Spectator (No. 509), states that "the beadle might seize their copper." Copperheads. A name commonly ap- plied to the tokens issued during the Civil War in the United States (1862-1865). In the latter part of the year 1862 the first of these copper tokens were issued in Cincinnati, Ohio, and other western cities. Many of them have on the obverse the Indian head copied from the United States cent, and this feature probably gave them their name. Some of the later issues however, were struck in brass, white-metal and silver. There are at least five thou- sand varieties, and thej^ continued in circu- lation until the end of the year 1863, when their use was prohibited. Copper Noses. A nickname given to the English silver of the fourth and fifth coinages of Henry VIII. They were great- ly debased, and having the full face of the king, they soon began to wear and show the inferior metal at the end of the nose, the most prominent part. Coppes. See Copetum. Coppoluti. See Copoludi. Coquibus. A billon coin struck by Guy II, Bishop of Cambrai (1296-1306), and copied by William I of Hainaut (1304- 1337). It has on the obverse the rude figure of an eagle which was mistaken by the common people for a cock, and the nickname was consequently applied to the coin. See Blanchet (i. 19. 461). Coral. Marco Polo in his Travels (ii. 37), states that this material was used for money in Thibet. Cordoba. A silver coin of Nicaragua, introduced in 1912 and of the size and value of the United States Dollar. It is divided into one hundred Centavos. On October 31, 1915, the Cordoba was made the only legal tender of the Republic. Cornabo. A silver coin of the value of half a Testone, issued during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Northern Italy. It occurs in the coinages of Carmagnola, Mantua, Montanaro, Casale, etc. The dis- tinguishing feature of almost every variety of the Cornabo is the figure of Saint Con- stantius on horseback. Cornado. Originally a Spanish silver coin issued under Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284), and struck principally at To- ledo. It bears a crowned bust of the king, and on the reverse a gateway of three towers. In the fourteenth century it began to appear made of billon and of much in- ferior workmanship, and it seems to have been discontinued early in the sixteenth century. Comet. A general name for money coined by the Princes of Orange in whose armorial bearings a hunter's horn appears. See Blanchet (i. 353). Comone. In an ordinance of 1522 re- lating to the value of various coins issued in Pavia, old and new Cornoni of the mints of Casale, Messerano, and Dezana are referred to, of a value of nine Soldi. Comuto. A silver coin of Savoy of the value of five Grossi, issued by Charles II (1504-1553). It has on the obverse the armorial shield with a large helmet, and on the reverse an equestrian figure of St. Mauritius. Coroa, or Crown. A gold coin of Por- tugal of the value of five thousand Reis. It was first issued in 1835. There is a half and fifth. Coroa de Prata. A silver coin of Por- tugal of the type of the preceding and of a value of one thousand Reis. It was is- sued in 1837 and designed by W. Wyon. There is a corresponding half. Corona. A silver coin of Naples, issued under Robert of Anjou (1309-1343) for the provinces, and continued by some of [54] Coronat Counterfeit his successors. It appears to have been the predecessor of the Coronato (q.v.) and obtains its name from the large crown on the obverse. The word Corona and the plural Cor- onae is used on the Austrian silver and gold issues, especially the latter. The term was introduced about 1892. See Krone and Korona. Coronat. See Royal Coronat. Coronation Coins are such as are struck specially when the coronation of a ruler takes place and usually contain some allusion to the ceremony. They occur extensively in the German series and are known as Kronungs Miinzen. Coronato. A silver coin issued by Ferdinand I of Aragon, as King of Naples and Sicily (1458-1494), and copied by his successor, Alfonso II. It receives its name from the inscription : coronatvs qvia LEGITIME CEETAViT, on the obvcrsc, which surrounds the seated figure of the king, the latter being crowned by a cardinal, with a bishop standing on the other side. On the reverse is a large cross. The Coronato del Angelo, of the same ruler, bears a representation of the arch- angel Michael slaying a dragon. Coronilla. The word means a small crown and the designation was applied in a general way to the Spanish gold coins of the value of half an Escudo which bore a crown on the reverse. Cosel Gulden, or Kosel Gulden. The name given to a silver coin of August II, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, issued in 1706 and 1707. The name is obtained from the Countess of Cosel, a mistress of the Elector. These coins differ only from the ordinary types in that on the reverse, a dot, probably a mint mark, is a distinguishing feature between the in- , terlaced shields of Poland and Saxony. Cosimo. The popular name for the Grosso of Cosmus I, Duke of Florence (1536-1574). It was valued at 160 Pic- coli. Cotale. A silver coin of Florence issued under the Republic in the early part of the sixteenth century, with a value of four Grossi. It has a figure of St. John the Baptist on one side and a lily on the re- verse. Cotrim. A billon Portuguese coin issued by Alfonso V (1438-1481). It has the figure of a coronet between two annelets. Cotterel. A washer, or broad thin ring of metal placed below the head or nut of a bolt; in several English dialects it is the nickname for a coin. In the plural, written the same, it is used to express money or coins. Counter. A token frequently struck in imitation of a real coin and usually of brass, copper, or some other inferior metal. John Skelton in The Interlude of Mag- ■nyfycence, 1526 (1. 1186) has "Nay, offer hj^m a counter in stede of a peny, " and in Dent, The Pathway to Heaven, 1601 (24) occurs this phrase: "A fool believeth every thing; that copper is gold, and a counter an angel." The last word is of course an allusion to the gold coin. The second meaning of Counter is to signify a piece of metal used for calcula- tions, e.g., in games of chance. In this sense it corresponds to the Rechenpfennig {q.v.), and it is so used by Thomas Hobbes, in his Leviathan, 1651 (i. iv. 15), who has this passage : ' ' Words are wise mens counters, they do but reckon by them; but they are the mony of fooles. " Similarly, the clown in Shakespeare's play, The Winter's Tale (iv. 3), attempts to compute his money, but says, "I cannot do't without counters." Finally the word was employed in the plural form for base coin and money in general. An example is to be found in Shakespeare's Julius Casar (iv. 3) where Brutus says : I did send To you for gold to pay my legions, Whicli you denied me: was that done Uke Cassius? Should I have answer'd Caius Cassius so? When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous, To lock such rascal counters from his friends, Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts, Dash him to pieces ! Counterfeit. This term is used in nu- mismatics both to indicate fraudulent is- sues of rare coins prepared to deceive col- lectors, and to debased current coins struck to be circulated among the general public. The limits of the present work prevent a detailed description; the reader should consult the exhaustive treatise in Luschin von Ebengreuth, Allgemeine Milnzkunde und Geldgeschichte (pp. 122-132). [55] Countermark Crocard Countermark, also called Counterstamp. A device or lettering, generally made with a punch, on the face of a regular issue, either to give it a new valuation or to indicate its acceptance as a coin of a dif- ferent country or locality from the one that struck the original piece. Coupure. This word, meaning a "cut- ting," was originally applied to the French twenty franc paper notes. It is now, however, identified with bank notes of smaller denomination, and beginning in 1914 necessity paper money called cou- pures ranging as low as a few centimes, were issued in many of the French cities. Courant. This term is generally em- ployed to distinguish the internal currency from that used in commerce and abroad, or from paper money. The Courant Thaler of Poland was is- sued under Stanislaus Augustus in 1794 and 1795. It had a value of six Zlotj^, and the reverse reads 14 i/^^ ex marca pub COLONIENS. Courie. See Cowries. Couronne d'Or. A French gold coin, introduced by Louis IX (1226-1270), and continued almost uninterruptedly to the end of the reign of Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350). It receives -its name from the large crown on one side; the reverse has an ornamental cross with fleurs des lis in the angles, and the inscription : -f-XPC :VINCIT :XPC rEEGNAT :XPC :IMPEEAT. Couronne du Soleil. A French gold coin of the sixteenth century. It was of the same weight and quality as the Eng- lish Crown of the Rose issued in the reign of Henry VIII. Couronnelle. See Ecu a la Couronne. Courte Noire. See Korten. Couter, or Cooter. A slang expression for a Sovereign. It may be derived from the Danubian-Gipsy word ctda, meaning a gold coin. Cow Money. See Kugildi. Cow Plappert. See Blaffert. Cowries. A general term for the shells of the Cyprma Moneta. The word comes from the Hindustani Kauri. The shells are abundant in the Indian Ocean and are collected especially in the Maldive and Laccadive Islands, and have been used in China as a medium of exchange from prim- itive times. They have been used in most parts of Asia and Africa up to very recent times. In Siam 6400 cowries are equal to about Is. 6d. English money. The Chinese name is Pei. In the Bengal Gazette for 1780, refer- ring to the introduction of a copper coin- age, the editor states that "it will be of the greatest use to the public, and will totally abolish the trade of cowries, which for a long time has formed so extensive a field for deception and fraud." See Allan, Numismatic Chronicle (Ser.- iv. xii. 313), and Elliot (p. 59). Bowrey, in his Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, published by the Hakluyt Society in 1905, states (p. 218) that there is a money of account in the Maldives, based on the Cowries, as follows : 1 Gunda = 4 Cowries. 5 Guntlas = 1 Burrie, or 20 Cowries. 4 BuiTies = 1 Poue or Poon, or SO Cowries. 16 Pone =: 1 Cawne, or 12S0 Cowries. 2% Cawne = 1 Eupee, or 3200 Cowries. Crabbelaer. See Krabbelaar. Crazia. See Grazia. Cremonese. The popular name for the Grosso issued at Cremona during the Re- publican rule, i.e., from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. Creutz, or Criutz. A copper coin of Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden struck in 1632 has the value as 1 Creutz or Criutz. It is the size of the i^ Ore piece. Creutzer. An obsolete spelling of the Kreuzer (q.v.). Adam Berg, in his New Milnzhuch, 1597, invariably uses the form Creutzer. Crimbal. In 1731 and 1732 the French Government issued silver coins of six and twelve Sols for the Isles du Vent, or Wind- ward Islands. An Englishman named Crimbal introduced them at Barbadoes and in that island they received the name of Crimbals. See Wood (p. 2). Criutz. See Creutz. Croat. The Spanish equivalent of the Gros. The name is usually applied to a series of silver coins issued by the Counts of Barcelona during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Crocard, or Crokard. A base coin which circulated extensively in England [56] Croce o Testa Crown of the Rose toward the close of the thirteenth century. For a short time they were allowed to pass at the rate of two for a penny, but were prohibited iu 1310. They were decried in Ireland by a proclamation of Edward I, and an ordinance of this ruler (Act 27, 1300) refers to mnuveises nionees que sunt appeUez Pollards et crokardz. See Bra- bant. Croce o Testa. An Italian term mean- ing "cross or head" and corresponding to the English "Heads or Tails" (q.v.). Crocherd. Probably an obsolete spelling of Crocard. See Halard. Crocione. A silvei- coin of Milan intro- duced under Joseph II (1780-1790). It is the Italian name for the Austrian Kron- enthaler (q.v.). Cronichte Groschen. See Kronigte. Croeseids. See Kroiseioi. Crokard. See Crocard. Cromstaert. See Kromstaart. Crookle. An obsolete Scotch term for a sixpence, and formerly common to Lanark- shire. The name is probably due to the fact that it was easily "crooked" or bent. Croondaalder. The Dutch and Flem- ish e(|uivalent of the Kronenthaler (q.v.). Crore. A money of account used in India and equal to one hundred Lacs. Crosatus, or Crozat. Du Cange cites documents of the fourteenth century in- dicating that this name was generally used to describe a coin with a cross upon it. Crosazzo. A silver coin of Genoa cur- rent from the beginning to the middle of the seventeenth century. The obverse bears a crown beneath which is the Castell di G-enova, and on the reverse is an in- scription surroiinding a cross with a star in each angle. Cross Dollar. The popular name for the Spanish silver coin of eight Reales with the Burgundian cross on the reverse. In the London Gazette, 1689 (No. 2444) mention is made of ' ' about 40 1. in Spanish Money and Cross Dollars." Cross-type. See Monnaies a la Croix. Crown. An English gold coin first is- sued in the reign of Henry VIII pursuant to a proclamation dated November 5, 1526, and originally called a Crown of the Double Rose. It was current for five shil- [ lings and was made of 22 carat gold fine only, this being the earliest example of a gold coin of less than standard fineness in England. This alloy was henceforth know]i as Crown gold, and it has been the standard for all English gold coins since 1634. In the time of Elizabeth this coin reached the low value of three shillings and four pence, and it was entirely discontinued in 1601, being superseded in 1604 by the Britain Crown and the Thistle Crown {q.v.). Crown. The English silver coin of this denomination was first issued in 1551, and formed a part of the third coinage of Edward VI. Those struck at Southwark under the direction of Sir John Yorke have a letter Y for a mint mark, and those is- sued at the Tower under Throgmorton have a figure of a ton. The double crown of the value of ten shillings first appeared in the second coin- age of James I. Crown. See Coroa, Korona, and Krone. Crown of the Rose. By a proclama- was ordered to be struck. This coin was an imitation of the French Couronne du Soleil, and it was made current for four shillings and sixpence, to which value the French coin was also raised. As the ex- portation of gold to France and Flanders did not cease, it was thought that this could be stopped by an increase in the nominal value of this and other gold coins, and consequently on November 5, 1526, an- other proclamation was issued, by which another crown, called the Crown of the Double Rose, was to be made, and which should be current for five shillings. The latter coin is the regular issue of the gold Crown (q.v.). As the existence of such a coin as the Crown of the Rose was questioned for a long time a detailed description of this great rarity follows: Ohv. A shield crowned bearing the arms of England and France quarterly, all with- in two inner circles, the innermost one linear, the outer dotted, both pierced above by the ball and cross on top of the crown, mm. a rose, legend henric' -8 : dei: gea' : EBX : agl' : z :fea'; Rev. A fuU-blown single rose of five petals, surrounding it four fleurs de lis arranged crossways, be- 57] Crozat Cut Dollar tion of August 22, 1526, a new English gold coin, called the Crown of the Rose, tween these a lion passant guardant and the letter H crowned, placed alternately, all within inner circles as on the obverse, mm. a rose, legend henric ' : rvtilans : ROSA : SINE : SPINA, the letters on both sides in Roman characters, except the letter H, the numeral Arabic. .See American Jour- nal of Numismatics (xliv, 22). Crozat. 8ee Crosatus. Cruciatus, Crucifer, Cruciger. See Kreuzer. Cruickston Dollars. A name sometimes given to the Scottish crowns of Mary and Darnley of the second issue of 1565, be- cause the yew tree on the reverse is sup- posed to represent a noted yew at Cruick- ston, Lord Darnley 's residence near Glas- gow. Cruitzer. An obsolete spelling of Kreu- zer discontinued at the end of the eigh- teenth century. See Poy. Crusade. See Cruzado. Cruzadinho. A small Portuguese gold coin issued under John V (1706-1750), and struck at Lisbon; it was copied for the colonial possessions and specimens occur with the Rio and Minas mint marks. Its value was the same as the later Cru- zado, i.e., four hundred Reis. Cruzado, also called Crusado and Cru- sade, a gold coin of Portugal, originally issued by Alfonso Y (1438-1481). It ob- tains its name from the cross on the re- verse which was placed there to commem- orate the participation of this King in the crusade against the Turks. The value of the Cruzado was originally 390 Reis, and in 1517 it was fixed at four Tostoes, or four hundred Reis, i.e., the tenth part of the Moidore. Under Manoel I (1495-1521) it was called Manoel, out of compliment to that ruler. The silver Cruzado appears under the restoration of the House of Braganza, in the reign of John IV (1640-1656). Its value was the same as the gold, but many specimens occur counterstamped 500, indi- cating that it possessed a higher value on special occasions. It was extensively struck at the mints in Lisbon, Porto, and Evora. Pedro II, in 1688, issued a Cruzado Nuevo, also called Pinto, of the value of 480 Reis, but his successor, John V, re- turned to the old standard. Cruzado Calvario. A gold coin of Por- tugal first issued in the reign of John III (1521-1557). It obtains its name from the elongated cross on the reverse, which re- sembles the cross of Calvary, and succeeds the square type of cross previously em- ployed. Cuarenta. The name given to the Cuban silver coin of forty Centavos introduced in 1915. Cuartilla. A Mexican copper coin and the same as the Cuartino (q.v.). The designation is used for issues of Alvarado, Chihuahua, Durango, Hermosillo, Guan- axuato, Sinaloa, etc. Cuartillo. The same as Cuartino (q.v.). Cuartino. A silver coin of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, the Argentine Republic, etc., of the value of one quarter Real. See Quartinho. Cuarto. See Quarto. Cufic Coins. See Kufic. Cunagium. According to Du Cange this implies tributum pro impressione typi ex- solvendum. Ruding (ii. 256) states that in 1422, Henry Somer, the keeper of the dies in the Tower of London, was com- manded by writ to deliver cunagia for the mints in this town. He adds : ' ' This, I presume, had been paid to the warden of the mint in the Tower, and was therefore to be returned by him to the treasurer of the mint, to which it properly belonged." Cuneator. A former officer in the mint who was responsible for the accuracy of the dies; he received the old and broken dies as his fee. See Ruding (i. 41). Cunnetti Type. The name given to a series of Anglo-Saxon Pennies principallj^ struck at York under Guthred (circa 877- 894) which bear on the reverse the inscrip- tion CVN. NET. TI. Cupang. This coin mentioned by Chal- mers in Colonial Currency, 1893 (p. 383) is the same as the Kepeng (q.v.). Currency. By this is meant coin or bank notes, or other paper money issued by au- thority, and which are continually passing as and for coin. Cut Dollar. The name given to the Spanish Peso or Colonato when cut into [58]- Cypraea Moneta Czvorak four, eight, or twelve segments, each of seated figure of St. Cyril the Apostle of which passed for the corresponding value the Slavs. of the fractional part. See Bit. Cyzicenes (Greek: Ku^iv-riwi) . A name Cypraea Moneta. See Cowries. given by the Greeks to the electrum Staters Cyrillus Thaler. A silver coin of 01- of Cyzicus in Mysia. miitz struck by Wolfgang, Earl of Schrat- Czvorak. The name given to the Polish tenbach in 1730. It bears on one side a silver coin of four Grossi. See Szelong. [59] Daalder Danegelt D Daalder, or Daelder. The equivalent in Brabant and the various provinces of the Low Countries for the Thaler. This coin varied in value, in some parts of the Netherlands it was the same as two Gul- den and five Stuivers, while in others it was equal to thirty-two Patards. See Dollar. Dabou. See Dub. Daelder. Sec Daalder. Dagger Money. A sum of money for- merly paid to the justices of assize on the northern circuit in England to provide against marauders. Dahab. An Abyssinian money of ac- count. See Wakea. Daidong Chun. The Korean name for silver coins with porcelain centres on reverse minted in 1882 but never put into circulation. They come in three denomina- tions, one, two and three Chun. See Um- pyo. Daing. The name given to the cast sil- ver ingots of Burmah. They are the earli- est types of money of this country. Dala. See Akahi Dala. Dalar. The Polish equivalent of Thaler and like the German type divided into thirty Groszy corresponding to Groschen. It was originally struck by Sigismund III (1587-1632). Daler. See Plate iloney, De Gortz Daler, Eigsdaler, and Species. Daler. A coin of the Danish West In- dies introduced in 1904 and equal to five Francs or five hundred Bits. It is issued in gold in four and ten Daler denomina- tions. Dam. A copper coin of Hindustan, and of about the same value as the Paisa, i.e., the fortieth part of the Rupee. Of the ]\roghuI emperors, the Damis of Akbar (1.556-1605) were minted at Lahore, Delhi, ;\Ialpur, etc. The Bahmanis of Kolbarga also employed this currency. The Phoka Dam is a Nepalese copper coin belonging to the reign of Surendra Vikrama (1847). See Thomas (p. 439 et seq.), and Sihansah and Suka {infra). [ Damareteion. See Demareteion. Damba. An African money of account. See Boss. Dampang. See Tampang. Damri. A copper coin of Hindustan and equal to one eighth of the Dam (q.v.). Danake. The Ay.yav.-f] of the Greeks. At first it designated a small silver coin in the East, but later came to be applied to a copper coin. In the Persian Empire it corresponded to the Greek Obol. It was also popularly applied to Charon's Obol (q.v.) according to Suidas and other an- cient authors. The word persisted until the Middle Ages as the Arabic daneq, the Persian dangh and the neo-Sanscrit tanka. Danaretto. See Denaretto. Danaro. The Italian equivalent of the Denier, which can be traced in Beneven- tum to the reign of Grimaldo (793-806) and was current in nearly all the Italian states, provinces, and cities. It is frequently written Denaro, and a smaller coin which was issued by the Doges of Venice from circa 1170 to 1250 is called the Danaretto, or Denaretto. There are also multiples, and under Antonio I (1701-1731) and Onorato III (1731-1793) of Monaco, pieces of eight Danari in copper were struck. Dandiprat, also but rarely written Dan- dyprat. The colloquial name for a small silver coin which was current in England at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It was probably the half Groat of Henry YII (1485-1509). Camden, in his Rr inclines, 1605 (188), refers to it thus : " K. Henry the 7th stamped a small coine called dandyprats. " DanegelL An annual tax formerly laid on the English nation for maintaining forces to oppose the Danes, or to furnish tribute to procure peace. It was at first one shilling, afterward two, and at last seven, for every hide of land except such as belonged to the church. At a subsequent period, when the Danes became masters, the Danegelt was a tax 60] Daneq Decaen Piastre levied by the Danish princes on every hide of land owned by the Anglo-Saxons. Daneq. See Danake. Dangh. A small Persian silver coin cur- rent in the seventeenth century. The Dangh was primarily a weight, hence its equivalents, in silver, came to represent the fractions of the coin. »SVe Larin and Danake. Danielsthaler. The name given to a Thaler struck in 1561 by the Princess Maria of the House of Jever. It has on the re- verse a figure of the prophet Daniel sur- rounded by four lions. Sec Madai (1734). Danik. The sixth of the Dinar and of the Dirhem : therefore of variable weight in reference to one or the other, and in respect of the varying weights of either. As one sixth of a dinar, it is equal to 12, or to 10, or to 8 habbehs, according to the number of habbehs to the dinar. Hence we find the following relations recorded : = 2 kirats (of silver, i.e., 2'/3, as there are 14 kirats or 6 daniks to the dirhem) ; or = 31/3 kirats {i.e., in relation to the dinar of 20 kirats) or = 10 habbehs or 40 aruzzehs, i.e., in reference to the dinar of 60 habbehs; or = 12 grains, i.e., in ref- erence to the dinar of 72 habbehs. Five daniks of gold = 11 ^'' /^g dirhems at Bag- dad, where the dinar was worth 14^3. The danik was the quarter of a dirhem in Khwarizm, afterward 4i/2. Danim. See Mahmudi. Darb. A silver coin of India and equiv- alent to the half Rupee. Sec Sihansah. Darby. An obsolete English slang word meaning "ready money." Hickeringill, in his Works, 1682 (ii. 20), says, "down with the dust and ready Darby," and Shadwell, in his play The Squire of Al- satia, 1688 (i. 1), uses the expression, "the ready, the Darby." Dardenne. A copper coin of Prance struck in 1711 and 1712 for Provence. Its value was six Deniers, indicated by six crowned figures L placed opposite the sides of an equilateral triangle with the figure & in the centre. Daric. A Persiarr gold coin which is supposed to have obtained its name from the figure on the obverse of the Persian King Darius. They appear to have been [ originallv issued by Darius I, the son of I-Iystaspes (B.C. 521-485). See Herodotus, liistoria (iv. 166). The King is generally represented as a kneeling bowman, and con- sequently these coins are sometimes re- ferred to as Archers (q.v.). The reverse bears an incuse punch-mark. These coins are the AotpetKoi of the Greeks, and in those parts of the Scriptures written after the Babylonish captivity, they are called Adarkonim. Ezra (viii. 26, 27), / Chron. (xxix. 7), and by the Talmudists, Darkonoth; Nehemiah (vii. 70-72). Conf. Hill, Historical (Ireck Coins (p. 27). Darkonoth. The Talmudic name for the Daric {q.v.}. Dasa. A silver coin of India and equal to one tenth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. Dauphin. A billon coin of Prance which receives its name on account of being spe- cially struck for Dauphiny. The Petit Dauphin was issued by Charles V (1364- 1380), and the Grand Dauphin by Charles VII (1422-1461). Davidsthaler. The name given to a sil- ver coin of David, Count of Mansfeld, is- sued from about 1605 to 1628. Davidstuiver. The name given to the double Gros of Utrecht issued in 1477 by David de Bourgogne, Bishop of Utrecht. See Frey (No. 182). A gold Florin issued by the same ruler with a figure of David and his harp, is commonly known as the Davidsharp, or Harpe d'or. Debased Coin is money that is lowered in character or quality. Macaulay, in his History of England (v. 3), uses the term "a debased currency." See Embase and Imbasing. Decachalk. This multiple, 10 Chalkoi, seems to have been coined only under the Ptolemaic sovereigns of Egypt. Decadrachm, or Dekadrachmon, repre- sented the multiple of ten Drachms (q.v.). Next to the Dodecadrachm it is the largest of all the silver coins struck by the Greeks, and was issued principally in the Sicilian cities. Decaen Piastre. A silver coin of the value of ten Livres, issued in the Isle of Prance in 1810. The coins were struck from metal captured in the ship Oviedor, and obtained their name from Decaen, the 61] Decalitron Demand Notes captain general. For a detailed account, see Spink (ix. 4415), and Zay (p. 265). Decalitron. The Corinthian Stater, we know from Pollux, was so called in Sicily because it equalled exactly 10 litrae of the native standard. Coins of this standard bearing Corinthian types were frequently struck in Sicily. Decanummion. See Nummus and Fol- lis. Decargyrus. A Roman silver coin first issued by Honorius, and of one half the value of the Siliqua. See Babelon, Traite (i. 581). Decenario. The name given to a vari- ety of mezzo Grosso struck by the Counts of Tyrol at Merano. Its value was ten Piccoli. See Bivista Italiana di Numis- matica (xx. 430). Decime. A copper coin of the first French Revolution, issued in 1794, from dies by Charles Wielandy, a medallist and engraver of Geneva. "When the Franc system was introduced in 1803, the Decime was made the one tenth of the Franc, a position which it nominally still holds, though no longer struck. The Decime was issued in 1838 for Mon- aco, and in 1840 for France, as a pattern for a proposed new copper coinage. Mail- liet (cii. ciii. 3-6) cites Decimes struck in 1814 and 1815 for Strasburg when block- aded by the allies. A cast Decime was issued for Santo Domingo in 1801. It is of very rude workmanship and bears the reverse inscription in three lines : un DECIME LAN 8, all of the letters N on both sides being reversed. Decimo. A silver coin of the Central American States of the value of ten Cen- tavos, or the tenth part of a Peso. For Buenos Aires there was struck in 1822 and later a copper Decimo equal to the tenth part of the copper Real of the same city ; the Real, in fact, is stamped 10 DECIM BUENOS AYRES. Declaration Type. See Oxford Unite. Decobol. Mentioned in inscriptions (C. I. G. Attic t. II, No. 387 ) was never struck, being solely a money of account. Deconcion, or A£/,(Oy/,iov, or Deunx (q.v.) was ten twelfths of the litra (or As of twelve ounces). Bronze coins of this de- nomination were struck at Centuripae in Sicily. Decunx. One of the divisions of the As, of the weight of ten ounces. It is sometimes called the Dextans. See Aes Grave. Decus. A nickname for the silver Crown of James II of England, the first issues of which had an edge inscription reading decvs et tvtamen, i.e., "an orna- ment and a safeguard." Thomas Shadwell, in his play. The Squire of Alsatia, 1688, has the phrase, "To equip you with some Meggs, Smelts, Decus 's and Georges;" Sir Walter Scott mentions the term in his novel The For- tunes of Nigel (xxiii.) thus: "noble Mas- ter Grahame . . . has got the decuses and the smelts. ' ' See Megg. Decussis. A multiple of the Roman As after the first reduction.^ It bears on the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma and on the reverse the prow of a galley and the mark X, i.e., ten Asses. De Gortz Daler, or Notdaler. The name given to a series of eleven copper coins struck in Sweden from 1715 to J.719, which are so called from Baron George Henry de Gortz, a nobleman who obtained the sanction of Charles XII to issue them. They were intended to pass for four times the value which they would have possessed if composed of an equal weight of fine silver. The death of the King in 1718, and the execution of de Gortz in the following year, put an end to the exaggerated valua- tion of these coins, and they were reduced to something like their actual worth, that is, about two Pfennige. Dehliwala. A base silver coin of the Pathan Sultans of Hindustan. They were imitated and adopted, with altered legends, by Altamsh, and his feudatories, until about A.H. 630 (A.D. 1232). See Thomas (p. 14). Dekadrachmon. See Decadrachm. Dekanummion. A name given to the quarter FoUis, consisting of ten Nnmmi. See Follis. Demand Notes. The name given to a variety of paper money issued by the United States in 1861, of values from five dollars to twenty dollars. See Greenbacks. [62] Demareteion Denarius Oscensis Demareteion, or Damareteion. The name given to a variety of Decadraclim struck at Syracuse circa B.C. 480. They were issued in celebration of the victory of Gelon over the Carthaginians at Himera and were named from Demarete, the wife of Gelon. These coins were each worth ten Attic Drachms ; the Sicilians called them Pente- contalitra on account of their weight. Conf. Hill, Coins of Ancient Hicilij (p. 56). Demy. A Scotch gold coin issued by James I. It has on the obverse the arms of Scotland in a lozenge shape, and on the reverse a St. Andrew 's cross in tressure. Its weight was usually from fifty to fifty-three grains and the half in propor- tion. Dena. A silver coin of Tuscany of the value of ten Lira struck by the Queen Maria Louisa pursuant to an ordinance of July 21, 1803. Denar. The German equivalent of both the Denarius and Denier. Denaretto. A name given to such vari- eties of the Denaro as are of small fabric. They are common to the Venetian series from the twelfth to the fourteenth cen- tury. See Danaro. Denarii Augmentabiles. See Okelpen- ning. Denarii Corvorum, or Rabenpfennige, was the name given to small silver coins struck at Freiburg in Breisgau in the fourteenth century, on account of the head of a raven on the obverse, which w^s copied from the arms of the city. Raben was later corrupted into Rappen [q.v.). Denarino. A base silver coin of Mo- dena issued during the sixteenth century. It was equal to the half Soldo. Denarius. A Roman silver coin first issued B.C. 268 with the Quinarius and Sestertius as its divisions. At that time the Aes Libralis had been reduced to two ounces in weight and the Denarius was equivalent to ten of them. The original type bears on the obverse the head of Minerva and the numeral X, and on the reverse the Dioscuri on horse- back and the legend eoma in the exergue. There is a tradition that the Romans won the battle of Lake Regilius, circa B.C. 496, by the aid of Castor and Pollux who ap- peared on the battlefield as youths riding white horses. These early types of De- narii are consequently also known as Cas- toriati. In B.C. 217 the value of the Denarius was changed to sixteen Asses, and the numeral XVI substituted, the latter being generally abbreviated by the sign * . The Denarius, in A.D. 296, was suc- ceeded by the Centenionalis as a silver coin, and the name Denarius was applied to a copper coin, commonly known as the "third bronze." See Pollis. The gold Denarius, of the same weight as the silver one and of the value of ten, was the same as the half Aureus or Quin- arius. It occurs both in the Roman Con- sular and Imperial series. The following table shows how exten- sively the silver Denarii were debased, and their corresponding values : Percentage of copper alloy Under Augustus the Denarius was one eighty-fourth of a pound, copper 60 grains 5 Under Nero the Denarius was one nine- tieth of a pound, copper .55 grains 5 to 10 Under Trajan the Denarius was one ninety-ninth of a pound, copper 51 gi'ains 15 to IS Under Hadrian the Denarius was one ninety-ninth of a pound, copper 51 grains 18 to 20 Under M. Aurelius the Denarius was one ninety-ninth of a pound, copper 51 grains 20 to 25 Under Commodus the Denarius was one one hundred and a third of a pound, copper 49 grains 25 to 30 Under Sept. Severus the Denarius was one one hundred and a fifth of a pound, copper 48 grains 30 to 55 Denarius Aereus. From the time of Gallienus the Denarius became so debased that it was little more than copper and was henceforth called D. Aereus (Vopiscus Aurelian, 9 ) . Denarius Albus. See Albus. Denarius Communis. See Follis. Denarius Dentatus. See Serrated Coins. Denarius Novus Argenteus. This in- scription occurs on a large silver coin struck for Riga in 1574. It had a value of eighteen Ferding. Denarius Oscensis. A coin of the weight of a Roman Denarius but bearing as types : obverse, a youthful or bearded male head; reverse, a horseman, was issued in the second and first centuries B.C. from vari- [63] Denaro Mancuso Desjat Deneg ous mints in Spain to facilitate exchange between the local population and the Ro- mans. This coin is spoken of as Argentum Oscense and Oscenses by Livy (xxxiv, 10; 46 ; xl, 43) . The name is derived from the city of Osca (the modern Huesca) in Tar- raconensis which was the capital of Ser- torius and, owing to the proximity of large silver mines, was the principal place of issiie of this coinage. Denaro Mancuso. See Mancoso. Denaro Provisino. See Provisino. Denga. Also called Tenga and Den- uschka. A Russian word meaning money in general. The term was first applied to silver coins struck by the Dukes of Mos- kow and Kiev, as early as the second half of the fourteenth century, and subse- quently by the free cities of Novgorod and Pskof. The Dengi were intended for cir- culation among the Tartars, and the style and denomination of the Tartar money was naturally adopted. Their form is gen- erally oblong and irregular, but nearly circular specimens have been found. In numerous instances they bear a portrait of the ruler or the same personage on horse- back. They were divided into half Denga pieces and Poluschkas (q.v.). The later issues are of billon and copper and the value of the Denga degenerated to that of half a Kopeck. These were is- sued as late as the first half of the eigh- teenth century. A copper Para or three Dengi piece was struck by Catherine II of Russia in 1771 and 1772 for circulation in Moldavia and Wallachia. Denier. A silver and billon coin, corre- sponding to the Penny, and current throughout Western Europe from the time of the Merovingian Dynasty. The name is derived from the Denarius, which it resembled in size and fabric ; and the Danaro, Dinero, Dinar, and Dinheiro, are modifications of the same coin, em- ployed according to the country or terri- tory where this type was in circulation. Its value fluctuated; under Charle- magne's reforms of the monetary system 240 Deniers were ordered to be struck from one pound of fine silver, and the Denier was valued at one twelfth of the Solidus. When the Gros Tournois and later the Gros Parisis appeared, the same ratio of twelve to one was retained for the Denier, and it was styled Denier Tournois or Denier Parisis according to the place of mintage. In the reign of Louis XVI the base silver Denier was worth only one eighth or one tenth as much as the fine silver one of Charlemagne. Last of all the Denier was struck in cop- per and its value diminished still more. Frederick the Great issued it in this metal for Upper Silesia in 1746; the copper Denier of France was equal to four Liards, or the twelfth part of the Sol or Sou. Denier a ia Reine. See Reine. Denier Bourdelois. A variety of the Denier struck by Louis XI of France and retained by his successors Charles VIII and Francis I. All the early types ap- pear to have a small shell as a mint-mark. Denier d'Or. A gold coin of Western Europe which appeared about the time of the Carlovingian Dynasty. It was exten- sively issued at Melle and occurs in the Anglo-Gallic series, where it corresponds to the Salute and was valued at 25 Sols. Denier d'Or. Another name for the Mouton (q.v.) and generally applied to such types as were struck by the Counts of Bar and throughout Flanders. Louis of Malle, Count of Flanders, by a com- mission dated April 13, 1357, ordered his moneyer, Andrieu du Porche, to strike Deniers d'or au ilouton for the Seignory of Rethel, with the inscription Ludovicus Comes Regitestensis. Denier Faible. See Lausannais. Denier Noir. See Black Farthing and Zwarte Penning. Denier Palatin. The name given to a silver coin of the Carolingian series issued by Louis I (816-840) with the inscription PALATiNA MONETA. Conf. also Moneta Pal- atina, infra. Denier Parisis. A billon coin belonging to the Anglo-Gallic series, and struck by Henry VI pursuant to an ordinance of May 31, 1424. Deniers pour Epouser. See Arrhes. Denkmiinze. A commemorative coin or medal. See Jubileums Thaler. Denuschka. See Denga. Desjat Deneg. The name given to the Russian base silver coin of five Kopecks, [64] Deuce Didrachm which was first struck at the beginning of the eighteenth century under Peter I. Deuce, also written Duce. An English dialect term for two pence. See Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, 1851 (i. 256). Deunx, or labus. A division of the As and equal to eleven ounces. See Aes Grave and Deconcia. Deventergans. A nickname given to the Grosso issued in Deventer by Frederick von Blankenheim, Bishop of Utrecht (1393- 1423). This coin bore a poorly executed figure of an eagle which was mistaken for a goose. Device. This term is used by numis- matists to describe the emblem or armorial design on a coin in conjunction with a national motto. Thus the United States uses a figure of Liberty and the words ' ' In God we trust." Great Britain has "Dieu et mon droit," etc. Devil's Bit. An English dialect term current in Lincolnshire and meaning a threepenny piece. , It is so called because proud people will not give copper at collections in church, and therefore provide themselves with the smallest silver coin. Dextans. See Decunx. Dhabbu, or Dhabu. A copper coin for- merly current in the Deccan principality ; it was valued at two of the Alamgiri Pice or one thirty-second of a Chandor Rupee. See Kori and Pice. Dharana. A silver coin of ancient In- dia, the same as the Purana (q.v.). The name is from dhri, "to hold," and probably means, according to Cunning- ham, ' ' a handful of sixteen copper Panas. ' ' See Pana. Dhebua. A rough unstamped lump of copper used in the currency system of Nepal. It was computed at four Dams. See Suka. Dhingalo, or Dhinglo. A copper coin of Cutch and Kathiawar, of the value of one sixteenth of a Kori (q.v.). Codring- ton states that "Dhingo" is a Cutch term meaning "fat," and "lo" is a masculine suffix, and he adds, "so Dingalo means something fat, hence the fattest coin. Though at present it is used for a pice [-65 and a half, I think it was originally three pice or tambios. " Diamante. A silver coin of Ferrara, corresponding to the Grosso, first struck by Borso (1450-1471) and imitated by several of his successors. It receives its name from a figure resembling a diamond on the obverse. A smaller coin of similar type is known as the Diamantino. Dibs, or Dibbs. A slang term for money and possibly a corruption of "tips," i.e., gifts for service rendered. Horace and James Smith in their Rejected Addresses, 1812, George Barnwell use the phrase "make nunky surrender his dibs," and Smyth, in The Sailor's Word-book, 1867, has, "Dibbs, a gallej^ term for ready money. ' ' Dicciottino, or Diciottino. This word means eighteen and it was used in Parma, Milan, etc., during the fifteenth century to indicate the pieces of 18 Danari struck in Savoy. Dichalkon. A Greek copper coin of the value of double the Chalcus or one fourth of the Obol {q.v.). Dicken, Dickpfennige. A popular name to distinguish coins of thick fabric, and usually applied to the silver issues of Switzerland of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. These pieces were patterned after the Italian Testones but did not have the light weight. The Dicken of Berne, dated 1492 (Frey, No. 369), is a good ex- ample. Dick Thaler, Dick Groschen. A name, like Dicken, employed to designate the thick characteristics of a coin, to distin- guish it from the broad type. See Breite Groschen, and Gros. The term Dick Groschen, or Nummi Grossi, was originally applied in the four- teenth century in Prance, Bohemia, Ger- many, etc., to coins of the Gros Tournois variety but struck on much thicker planch- ets. The Dick Thaler of Tyrol, dated 1484 (Frey No. 260), is one of the earliest of these, and its small and thick fabric was imitated in a number of the German states, as well as in Denmark. Didrachm, or Didrachmon. A Greek sil- ver coin of the value of two Drachms {q.v.). It was copied from the silver ] Die Dirhem Stater of the Persians, and is consequently frequently referred to by this name, though as a monetary unit it was soon re- placed by the Drachm. The Didrachm was extensively struck in Corinth and its colonies {see Stater, Poloi) and also in the cities of Sicily and lower Italy. Die. The stamp used in coining. An early reference to it is found in M. Smith 's Memoirs of the Secret Service, 1699 (App. 19), viz., "to bring or send to him some Deys ... to coin some mill'd Money." Digenois. See Divionensis. DikoUybon. A Greek copper coin of the value of half of the Chalcus {q.v.). Conf. Collybos (supra). Dilitron. Silver coins of two Litra in value were struck at Ehegium in Italy. See Litra. Dime. A silver coin of the United States, the tenth part of a Dollar. This coin, and its corresponding half, were au- thorized by Act of Congress, April 2, 1792. The half Dime was first coined in 1794 and discontinued in 1873. The Dime was struck in 1796 and is. still coined. See Disme. The name is probably derived from the French, dixieme. Dinar. A Muhammadan gold coin, first issued in the latter part of the seventh century. The name is derived from the Roman Denarius. The weight of the early Dinars was about sixty-six grains, but at later periods the same term was used for gold coins of greater or less weight and size. The quality of the metal was almost al- ways fine gold, the chief exceptions being the coins struck in Turkey and Morocco, some of which contain a large amount of alloy. Dinar. A money of account used in modern Persia, and computed as follows: 1000 Dinar -- 1 Kran silver 100 Dinar = 1 Senar silver .50 Dinar = 1 Shahi copper 25 Dinar = 1 Pul copper Dinar. A silver coin of Servia adopted in 1867 when that country followed the Latin Union in its monetary system. It is of the same value as the Franc, Lira, etc., and is subdivided into one hundred Paras. There are pieces of ten and twenty Dinara in gold. [ Dinders, also written Dynders. Phil- lips, in his History of Shrewsbury (pp. 199, 200), in referring to Wroxeter, has the following note: "The Roman coins found here are a proof of the antiquity of the place; the inhabitants call them bin- ders, a corruption of the Roman denarius. ' ' Dinerillo, or Dineruelo. A small cop- per coin struck by Philip III and Philip IV of Spain during the seventeenth cen- tury for Valencia and Barcelona. The name is a diminutive of Dinero. Dinero. The Spanish equivalent of the Denier. It appears to have been intro- duced about the reign of Fernando III of Castile (1230-1252), and is mentioned as late as the French occupation of Navarre under Henri II d' Albret (1516-1551). The half is called Malla. Dinero. A silver coin of Peru of the value of one half the Peseta or ten Cen- tavos. Dinga. A Burmese word signifying a coin. It is probably a corruption of Tanga (q.v.). See also the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 235-245). Dinheiro. The Portuguese equivalent of the Denier. The coinage of these pieces begins under Alfonso I (1128-1185) and extends to the latter part of the fourteenth century. See Caixa. Dinomos. The ancient name for the sil- ver piece of the value of two Nomoi struck at times in South Italy, notably at Thu- rium and Metapontum. See Mommsen- Blacas, Monnaies Romaines (i. 155). They are known to modern numismatists as Te- tradrachms or Distaters. Diobolon. A piece of two Oboli. See Obol. Dirhem. A Muhammadan silver coin, first issued in the latter part of the seventh century. The name is a modification of the Greek Drachma. The weight of the Dirhem originally was forty-six grains, but both the weight and size have under- gone many variations. Originally the Dirhem was 'one tenth of the Dinar, but this relation was not kept up. The legal Dirhem is a money of account ; the actual Dirhem of currency varied greatly in weight, e.g., in 710 the Egyptian Dirhem weighed 64 Habbehs, at other 36] Disk Dobler times 48. The divisions of the Dirhem are into 6 Daniks, or 14 Kirats, or 70 Barley- corns. Disk. An English dialect term for a half Crown. Boswell, Poetical Works, 1811, has the lines "I ask but half-a-crown a line The song be your's, the disk be mine." Disme. A pattern or experimental coin of the United States issued in 1792, with a corresponding half. See Dime. Di-Stater. The double of the gold Stater (q.v.). It occurs in the coins struck by Alexander the Great. This name also designated a silver coin equal to two silver Staters. Ditto Bolo. An obsolete copper coin of the Ionian Islands. The name is probably a corruption of di oholi. Divini, or Diwani. The Abyssinian name and equivalent of the Para. See Wakea. Ponrobert (Nos. 4989-5003) enumerates silver coins of San 'a, in Arabia, called Diwani, forty of which were equal to one Ghrush. Divionensis, Digenois, or Dijonnois. The name usually applied to the money strtick at Dijon, the capital of the ancient Duchy of Burgundy. Silver issues date from the eleventh century. See Blanchet (i. 395) and Poey d'Avaiit (iii. 192). Dixain. A French billon coin which, as its name indicates, was the tenth part of the silver Franc and later of the Ecu. In the reign of Louis XII (1498-1515) were issued the Dixain a Couronne and the Dixain du Dauphine, both of a similar type to the Douzain {q.v.). Under Fran- cis I (1515-1547) it received the name Franciscus, probably from the large letter F with the crown alDove, which is a promi- nent feature. In 1791 an essay was struck in bell- metal of a coin to equal one tenth of the Livre, and the prototype of the Decime {q.v.). It bears on one side the date in a wreath and on the reverse the word DIXAIN surrounded by the inscription METAL DE CLOCHE. DJampel, or Jampal. A silver coin of the Malay Peninsula of the value of one half the Real. See Pitje. The name is also given to the Krishnala {q.v.). [ Do-am. In the Nepalese system this is half of the Suka {q.v.). Dobla. A gold coin of Spain, intro- duced about the time of Peter I (1350- 1368) and struck at Seville, Toledo, etc. The original type bore on one side a three- turreted castle, but this was followed by the portrait variety under Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1516). The earlier variety is frequently known as the Dobla Castel- lana and the other as the Dobla a la Cabeza. The value of the Dobla, also called Dob- Ion, was two Escudos or one eighth of the Onza. There were multiples, called Doblon de a Cuatro and Doblon de a Ocho, the latter was of course the same as the Onza ; it was struck principally for Mexico and other Spanish colonies, and is com- monly known as the Doubloon. Another variety, the Dublone, was is- sued by Charles V during the Spanish occupation of the Low Countries. By a royal decree of 1849 the metric sj^stem was introduced in Spain, and the money of account was made as follows : One Doblon de Isabel was equal to ten Escudos, or one hundred Reales, or five gold Piastres. In the Italian coinage the term Dobla is generallj^ applied to the double Ducato di Oro, such as was struck by the Emperor Charles V for Naples and Sicily, etc. See Chalmers (p. 395). Dobla de la Banda. A gold coin of Castile struck by Juan I (1379-1390). It receives its name from the band crossing the shield, which was a feature of the Ordre de la Vanda (Band), an Order of Knighthood instituted by Alfonso XI. Conf. De La Torre (No. 6427). Dobla de los Excelentes. See Aguila de Oro. Doblado. Another name for the Dobla, but usually applied to the gold coin of two Escudos struck in Ecuador in 1835 and later. See Fonrobert (8298). Doblengo, or Duplo. A denomination- struck by Berenger Ramon IV, Count of Barcelona (1131-1162), and later adopted bj' the Kings of Aragon. It probably rep- resented a piece of two Deniers in value. Dobler. A name given to the billon double Oros of the Island of Majorca. It 67 ] Doblon Dog Dollars was issued as early as the thirteenth cen- tury and continued in use until the time of Philip V (1700-1746). The general type has on one side a crowned bust be- tween two roses, and on the reverse a cross or armorial shield. The later issues were struck in copper and reduced to the value of two Dineros. Doblon. A Mexican gold coin, the Onza of eight Bscudos. See Dobla. The name is still employed in Chile and Uruguay for the piece of ten Pesos. Doblone. The name given to a gold coin struck in Bologna in 1529 by the Dominicans at the time of a famine; its value was four Scudi d' Oro. The Papal mint at Rome used the same name for the Doppia da due, also valued at four Scudi d'Oro, which was issued as early as the reign of Innocent X (1644-1655). In Jlodena the Doblone was a gold coin of the value of eight Scudi struck by Francis I (1629-1637). Doblon Sencillo. This was not an ac- tual coin but a money of account in the old Spanish system representing a value of sixty Reales. Dobra. A gold coin of Portugal which was first issued in the reign of Pedro I (1357-1367) and equal to 82 Soldi. At the beginning of the reign of John V (1706-1750) appeared the Dobra de oito Escudos, and the Dobra de quatro Bscudos, valued respectively at eight and four Escudos, or 12,800 and 6400 Eeis. The former coin was commonly known as the Joannes, and in the British West In- dies, where they circulated extensively, this was abbreviated into Joe, the latter coin being called the half Joe. The striking of these coins ceased by virtue of a Portu- guese proclamation of November 29, 1732. They gradually disappeared from circula- tion, and in time the half Dobras were im- properly alluded to in some places as Joes instead of half -Joes. It should be added that in 1731 a Dobra of twenty-four and another of sixteen Es- cudos were struck. These large gold coins are illustrated by Aragao (pi. xli. 23, 24) and described by Meili. In 1750, the Dobra, now reduced to four Escudos, or 6400 Reis, received the name of Peca, and this designation continued [ until its abolition early in the nineteenth century. Dobra GentU, also known as Gentil, a Portuguese gold coin issued in the reign of Fernando I (1367-1383). Like the Chaise d'Or it represents the King seated on a throne under a canopy, and on the reverse a cross formed of five shields with- in an outer circle composed of eight castles. Doddane. Lewis Rice, in the Mysore Gazetteer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a silver coin of this name and of the value of two Annas was in circulation in the above- mentioned j^ear. Dodecadrachm. A Greek silver coin of the value of twelve Drachms (q.v.). See Hexastater. Dodiceslmo. The name given to the one twelfth of the Apuliense {q.v.). Dodkin. A diminutive of Doit {q.v.), and usually applied to inferior coins brought into England by foreign traders. Dodrans. One of the divisions of the As, of the weight of nine ounces. The reverse of this very rare coin bears an S, as in the Semis, and three bosses in addition. See Aes Grave. Dolpelthaler. A name used in Adam Berg's Miinzbuch, 1597, to describe the issues of Philip II of Spain for Burgundy and the Spanish Netherlands. The word means "clumsy" and the nickname is ap- plied on account of their coarse and thick fabric. Doewi. The Malaj^ equivalent of the word Duit. It occurs on the copper coin of Celebes dated A.H. 1250, i.e., 1834- '35. Dog. See Black Dogs. Dog Dollar, or Lion Dollar. The Leeuwendaalder of the United Provinces {q. v.). Dog Dollars. In an act of the Assem- bly of West Jersey, dated October 3-18, 1693, it is stated that "Dog Dollars not dipt," are worth six Shillings each, being of the same value as Mexican "pieces of eight" of twelve pennyweight. The Assembly of the Province of Mary- land in 1708 passed a law fixing the rates of exchange, and this act mentions Dog Dollars as being the money which was most plentiful in the Province, and with 68] Dogganey Doppia which the inhabitants were best ac- quainted; upon them the value of four shillings and sixpence was placed. In the laws of Pennsylvania, these coins are fre- quently mentioned as the Lion or Dog Dollars, and are rated in 1723 at five Shil- lings. Dogganey. See Duggani. Doit, or Doyt. The English equivalent for the Duit (q.v.). The name is evi- dently a corruption of the French d'huit, an eighth, this being their value as com- pared to the Stuiver. Doits were current in Scotland during the reign of the Stuarts, but their im- portation was prohibited in 1685. See Ruding (ii. 22). Dokani. See Nasfi. Dokdo, or Dokro. A copper coin of Cutch and Kathiawar, of the value of one twenty-fourth of a Kori (q.v.). Codring- ton states that it is from the Prakrit Duk- kado, or the Sanscrit Dvikrita, meaning "twice done," i.e., twice a Tambio. He adds that "though now used to mean one pice, it must originally have been two pice." Dolche, i.e., daggers. A name given to the ducal Groschen of Lorraine struck during the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies. The obverse of these coins bore the figure of an arm holding a short sword which was easily mistaken for a dagger or poniard. Dollar. The derivation is generally sup- posed to come from the German word Thaler (q.v.), and this in its turn takes its name from the silver coins struck about 1525 in the mining region of Joachimsthal in Bohemia. It is the unit of value of the United States and is worth ten dimes or one hun- dred cents. The silver dollar was author- ized to be coined by an Act of Congress dated April 2, 1792, and the first coins were issued in 1794. They were originally of 416 grains; reduced in 1837 to 412.5 grains. The coinage of the silver dollar ceased in 1904. The gold dollar was authorized by an Act of March 8, 1849, and abolished in 1890. It is of the weight of 25.8 grains, and was designed by James B. Longacre, the chief engraver of the mint. Many of the British (Colonies now use a silver dollar, called the British Dollar, and based on a metric system. This piece was authorized in 1895 and first struck for circulation in 1896, being intended prin- cipally for Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements. It was originally 416 grains fine. The Bank of England dollar of the value of five shillings, and the Bank of Ireland dollar of the value of six shillings were both issued in 1804. Dollar. A silver coin struck by Charles II for Scotland from 1676 to 1682, and constituting his second coinage. It is of the weight of 429 grains, the same as the Pour Merk piece of the preceding issue. There are divisions to one sixteenth of a Dollar. Donario, or Donativ. This, as the name indicates, is a coin or medal issued to com- memorate some event and not sold, but distributed on an anniversary. One of Carl Gustav of Sweden struck for Riga prior to his accession in 1645, reads : ex AVREO SOLIDO CIVITATIS EIGENSIS ME FIERI FECIT. Pietro Virgilio on his accession to the Bishopric of Trent in 1776 coined the Donario in both gold and silver for pres- entation purposes. Donativ. See Donario. Dong. Another name for the Sapeque iq.v.). A piece of 100 Dong of the Em- peror Hien-Tong of Aimam (1740-1785) is described by Lavoix (xxv. 389). Dong and Dong-thien is the Annamese equiva- lent for the Chinese Cash. Doppel in German, and Doppio in Ital- ian, means double, and is generally used in conjunction with Thaler, Grosso, etc. Doppia, from doppio, double, is the name of a former gold coin of a number of the Italian States, and the double of some recognized unit. It appears in Milan in the fifteenth cen- tury under the Sforza dynasty as a piece of two Zecchini, and it bore the same value in Malta. As a coin of two Scudi it occurs in the coinage of Genoa, Venice, Mantua, the Papal series both at Rome and Bologna, etc. [69] Doppia da Due Drachm The name is variously written as Dop- pione and Doppietta, the latter form usu- ally for Sardinia. Doppia da Due. See Quadrupla. Doppietta and Doppione. See Doppia. Doppler, like Doppia, is a general term used to express the double of any recog- nized standard, e.g., pieces of two Kreuzer, two Thaler, etc. Dorea, or Durih. A money of account of Bombay, etc., computed at six Reis. See Mohur. Dos. A Siamese gold coin of the value of ten Ticals issued pursuant to an order of King Chulalongkorn, dated November 11, 1908. The reverse has the figure of Gam- da, with a shield bearing the "Chakra" and trident. Legend, one dos siama rath (in Siamese), and the date of mintage. Do Sen. The name given by the Jap- anese to their coins with central holes that were issued from A.D. 708 to 1868, when the modern coinage began. Double. The abbreviated name for the French piece of two Deniers. In the Anglo-Gallic series the same term was ap- plied to the double Gros, and in the Irish series under Edward IV to the double Groat, which was current for eight pence. See Ruding (i. 284). The earliest varieties of this coin bear the inscription moneta dvplex and they are found in Brabant under Jean III (1312-1355). Double. A copper coin of the Island of Guernsey, introduced in 1830, and of the value of one eighth of the English penny. There are multiples of four and eight Doubles. Bronze replaced the copper in 1861. Double Key. A corruption of Dub- beltje (q.v.). Chalmers (p. 382) men- tions Double Keys, or Kupangs, as being the Dutch coin of two Stuivers. See also the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 335). Double Lorrain. A variety of the Double Tournois struck by Louis XIII of France in 1635 and 1636. It has on the reverse three lilies and the words dovble LORRAIN with the date. See Hoffmann (134, 135). Double Merk. See Thistle Dollar. [ Doublon. The French equivalent for Doblon and Doubloon. The name is used on a series of silver tokens ranging from one eighth to one Doublon struck in Paris in 1825 for Guadeloupe. See Zay (p. 203). Doubloon. See Dobla. Doudou. See Duddu. Dough. A slang term for money. Douzain. A billon French coin, which, as its name indicates, was the douzieme or twelfth part of the silver Franc and later the twelfth part of the Ecu. It appears to have been introduced in the reign of Charles VIII (1483-1498), and the gen- eral type represents on one side a crowned shield with three fleurs-de-lis, and on the reverse a cross with crowns and fleurs-de- lis in the angles. The issues for Perpig- nan have a P over the cross, and the Dou- zain pour le Dauphine has dolphins in the angles. Among the numerous other varie- ties are the Douzain de Bretagne with the letters R or N on the cross to represent Rennes or Nantes; the Douzain a la Cour- onne, and the Doiizain au pore-epic, the latter with a porcupine under t^e shield, both of which appeared under Louis XII (1498-1515) ; the Douzain a la Salamandre issued in the time of Francis I (1515- 1547) on which the shield has two crowned Salamanders as supporters; the Douzain a la Croisette of the same monarch, on which the cross appears in a quadrilobe; the Douzain aux Croissants of Henri II (1547-1559), having two interwoven cross- es on the reverse; and besides all these there are special issues for Beam, Navarre, etc. Under Louis XIII specimens occur countermarked with a lis or lily, pursuant to the ordinance of June, 1640. There is an obsidional Douzain struck for the Low Countries during the French occupation in 1672. See Mailliet (lii. 9). Doyt. See Doit. Dozzeno. The double of the Sesino (q.v.), and consequently the third part of the Grosso. It exists as a coin of Frinco in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Drachm, or Drachmon. The unit of the silver coinage of Greece, the normal weight of which in the Attic standard was 4.367 grammes, or 67.28 grains. 70] Drachma Dripmy Bit The name is derived from the Greek verb 3paTTop.flei, i.e., to grasp, to hold, liter- ally a handful, or as much as can be con- veniently held in the hand to be put in the scales for weighing. The multiples of the Drachm are : Dodecadrachm — 12 Drachms Decadrachm = 10 Drachms Octodrachm = 8 Drachms Hexadrachm = 6 Drachms Pentadrachm = 5 Drachms Tetradrachm = 4 Drachms Didrachm, or Stater = 2 Drachms But no single monetary system possesses all of these types. The Drachm was equal to six Obols or Oboli iq.v.). The first coined piece known to the He- brews was the Persian Daric (q.v.). This is rendered as Dram in the authorized ver- sion. See I Chronicles (xxix. 7), Ezra (ii. 69), and Nehrmiah (vii. 70-72). Drachma. (Plural Drachmai.) The unit and basis of the coinage of modern Greece since 1833, and also adopted by Crete in 1901. It is a silver coin of the same value as the Franc, Lira, and other coins of the Latin Union, and is divided into one hundred Lepta. Drakani, or Drahkani. Brosset, in his Hisloire de la Georgie (pp. 159, 169), states that this name is given to a gold coin, the same as the Armenian Tahegan (q.v.). Drake. A popular name for the silver milled Shilling of Elizabeth, with a mart- let, commonly called a drake, as a mint mark. They were usually struck at the York mint. See Murdoch Catalogue (No. 646). Dram. See Drachm. Dramma. A name given to the large gold coins of the mediaeval dynasties of Central India, notably the Chandellas (A.D. 1015-1150). Detailed descriptions will be found in the Journal of the Asiatic Socieiij of Bengal, 1897 (Ixvi. p. 306). Cunningham (p. 3) cites an inscription from Jaunpur of A.D. 1216, where it is referred to as equal to six Vodris, and adds that this "certainly refers to the Greek Drachm of six Oboli." Dreibaetzner. See Baetzner. Dreier. A common name for the base silver piece of three Pfennige or three Kreuzer which was struck in a number of the German States since the sixteenth cen- tury. See Sechser. Dreigroscher. A popular name for the triple Groschen which were struck in Poland, Lithuania, and some portions of Prussia in the sixteenth century. At a later period the Electors of Brandenburg issued Dreigroscher of the value of three Prussian Groschen plus four Pfennige, with corresponding larger coins called Sechs- groscher and Zwiilfgroscher. All of the above named were of base silver. Dreikaiserthaler. A name given to a variety of Thaler struck by the Emperor Ferdinand I (1556-156-1) wliieh bear the triple crowned profile busts of himself, the Emperor Maximilian I, and Charles V. They are without date. Dreilander. A name given to the double Gros when the same type was adopted by three districts or territories. Thus Jean IV of Brabant (1415-1427) struck a Dreilan- der current in Brabant, Hennegau, and Holland. The name is also written Drie- lander. Dreiling. A term formerly employed in the North German States, e.g., Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg, etc., to indicate the triple of the lowest existing denomination in use at the time, or the one fourth of some standard' like the Groschen. During the French occupation of Ham- burg in 1809 a billon piece was issued with the inscription i. dreiling. An essay of this coin struck in gold appeared in 1807. Dreipblker. The half of the Dreigros- cher, i.e., a piece of one and one half Groschen. It was common in Prussia dur- ing the seventeenth century. See Poltora. Dreissiger. A general term for a coin of thirtj^ Kreuzer. See Sechser, Zwanziger, etc. Drelzehner. The popular name for the silver coins of Dortmund, issued during the seventeenth century. They had a figure 13 stamped on them to indicate that their value was one thirteenth of the Thaler. Drie Duitstuk. See Duit. Drielander. See Dreilander. Dripmy Bit. A corruption of three penny piece ; it is an English dialect word used in Devonshire. [71] Driittainer Ducato d'Argento Driittainer, or Dritteiner. The name used in Munster to designate the Prussian coin of five Silbergroschen. See Kasten- mannchen. Dschingara. A pale gold coin with Ara- bic inscriptions issued for Gowa in Celebes, A.H. 1078, and later. It was valued at four Koupas. Conf. Millies (p. 177), and Ponrobert (Nos. 899, 901). Duarius. The common name for the base silver two Kreuzer piece struck for Hun- gary and Transylvania during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Dub. A Persian word meaning thick, and applied to various Indian coins of the Fels type having a thick or heavy module. The French equivalent is Dabou, and Zay (p. 287) states that at Yanaon in the French Indies forty-six to forty-eight Da- bous are equal to one Rupee. The Dub with multiples was also issued by the Madras East India Company in 1807 and later, ^'ee Neumann (19906), and Faluce, itiff-a. Dubbeltje, or Dubeltje, meaning twice, or double, is the popular name for the former Dutch coin of two Stuivers. In the currency of the Malaj^ Peninsula it is equal to two and one half Duits, and is called by the natives Wang Baharu, mean- ing "small change." Conf. Pitje. The word is still retained in Holland to designate the silvef coin of ten Cents. Dublone. See Dobla. Ducat. Also called Ducato and Dukat. The best known of all gold coins. It is generally supposed to have been first issued by Roger II, King of Sicily, about 1150. This coin bore the figure of Christ, and the inscription sit tibi xre dat q tv regis iste DVCAT, i.e., Sit tibi Christe datus, quem tu regis iste ducatus — "To thee, Christ, be dedicated this duchy which thou rulest. " From the last word of the inscription the coin received its name. The Ducat was extensively copied by the chief rulers of Europe, and has almost uni- versally retained its fineness. The last country to issue this denomination was Austria. There are divisions as low as one thirty- second, and multiples as high as pieces of over one hundred ducats. It also occurs in square and hexagonal shapes. See Zec- chino. Ducat. A gold coin of Scotland, struck in 1558 after the marriage of Mary Stuart to Francis, the Dauphin of France. Its weight is 118 grains. See Bonnet Piece. Ducat. A money of account in the Vene- tian Republic during the fifteenth century. Coryat, in his Crudities, 1611 (286), has the following : ' ' Now whereas the Venetian duckat is much spoken of, you must con- sider that this word duckat doth not sig- nifie any one certaine coyne. But many severall pieces do concurre to make one duckat, namely six livers [ ? livres] and two gazets, " i.e., Gazzetti. Ducatello. A silver coin of the Republic of Venice, which appeared under the Doge Marco Poscarini (1762-1763). It was evi- dently intended for foreign trade, and as late as 1823 the Ducatello is referred to in Alexandrian coinage as equal to ten Medini, or one fourth of the Piastre. Ducato. A coin struck in both gold and silver for several parts of Italy but espe- cially for Naples and the two Sicilies. In order to indicate the complicated relation- ship of these coins to their multiples and divisions the following table is appended : Ducato d'Oro = 10 Neapolitan Carlini; Ducato d'Argento = 100 Grani; the half of the silver Ducato, of the value of 50 Grani, being also known as the Pataca. Following the ordinance of April 20, 1818, there were issued the Oncetta, a gold coin of three Ducati, with double, quintu- ple, and ten Oncetta pieces, and the Ducato d'Argento, of ten Carlini or 100 Grani. In Sicily the divisions of the Ducato, prior to 1818, has only half the value of those in Naples, i.e. — s « 5 a ^ a . „„...g g I I S g OfcE-HOb 5 Eh a S <-> Naplea 1 2 S 10 40 100 200 300 600 1200 Sicily 1 10 20 200 1200 pspecially called Palermo Baiocci The silver Ducato of Ragusa, struck only in the years 1722 and 1723, had a value of forty Grossetti. See Vislino. Ducato d'Argento. A silver coin of the Danaro size, issued for Naples and Sicily, Ducato di Banco Duit Apulia, etc., as early as the twelfth cen- tury. Roger II (Ruggiero), Duke of Na- ples (1105-1130), and King (1130-1154) struck it in concave form in imitation of the Bj'zantine types, with the reverse in- scription ►!« IC XC BE IN AETERN, i.e., JcSUS Christus regnat in aeternum. It was issued in Venice under the Doge Girolamo Priuli (1559-1567), with a value of 124 Soldi. In Savoy, Duke Philibert II (1497-1504) struck pieces of the same name, and it is to be found in the currency of other Italian states. It must, however, be remembered that these latter Ducats in silver were ap- proximately of the size of a Thaler or Crown. See Romesine. Ducato di Banco. A money of account instituted by Cardinal Paletti in 1581 by which he decreed that ten Ducati di Banco were the equivalent of twelve ordinarj' cur- rent Ducati. As it was simplj^ a scheme for local profit it never went into eifect. Ducato di Camera. Another name for the Zecchino of the Papal States, which later became a money of account. Ducaton, also called Ducatone. A silver coin of crown size first struck in 1598 by the Spaniards during their occupation of the Low Countries. The original types had on one side the busts of the Archduke Al- bert and his wife Elizabeth, but the name had been previously employed to designate the Philippus Daalder {q.v.). It was usu- ally computed at thirty Stuivers. The Ducaton was extensively copied in Savoy, Milan, Parma, etc., and an issue for the Dutch Colonies bears the special colo- nial mark. An obsidional Ducaton was issued for Amsterdam in the war against Prance, 1672-1673. -Sfee Mailliet (Suppl. iii. 4-6). Ducats, always used in the plural, is a slang or colloquial term for money. Whyte Melville, in Digby Grand (vi.), has the following : ' ' From spendthrift King John downwards, the Christian has ever pocketed the ducats, and abused the do- nor. ' ' Duce. See Deuce. Duddu, also variously written Dudu, Doudou, and Tuttu. A copper coin of Southern India, the value of which varied according to the locality. In the Travan- [ core State there are varieties marked Ara Chakram, meaning half a Chakram. See Elliot (p. 139), who describes two varieties of the value of four and eight Cash re- spectively. In the Madras Presidency these coins were issued early in the eighteenth cen- tury, and in Bengal they were computed as equal to the half Paisa. When the French operated their mints at Pondichery and Karikal, they struck the Doudou, as they called it, with a rude fleur de lis on one side, and a Tamil inscription on the reverse. There is a dated variety of 1836, with the Gallic cock on the obverse. These coins were also valued at four Cash. See Zay (pp. 278, 285). Diitchen. The name given in the prov- inces of East and West Prussia to the for- mer Silbergroschen equal to one sixteenth of the Thaler. It is very extensively found in the coinages of Bremen, Holstein-Got- torp, Stralsund, etc., at the beginning of the seventeenth century. See a curious treatise on the etymology of the name by Schroder, in the Nieder- deidsches Jahrivch, 1907 (xxxiii.). Duetto. A copper coin of Florence, Lucca, etc., of the value of two Quattrini. It was issued throughout the eighteenth century and was gradually abolished from the coinage before 1850. Duffer. An English slang term for a counterfeit coin or non-negotiable money. W. S. Jevons, in his work on Money, the Mechanism of Exchange, 1875 (xxi. 289), has the following : ' ' The cheques, bills, [etc.] are regarded by thieves as 'duffer,' with which they dare not meddle." Duggani. Lewis Rice, in the Mysore Gazetteer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a copper coin of this name, and of the value of half the Duddu, was in circulation in the above- mentioned year. The Duganih, or Dogganey, probably a variant of the above, was a name some- times given to the Pice of Bombay, etc., when used as a money of account. See Mohur. Duit, also variously written Duj't, Dute, and Doit {q.v.), is a copper coin of the value of one eighth of a Stuiver, issued in the various provinces of the Low Countries 73] Duitole Asarfi Dynders from about 1580 to the beginning of the nineteenth century. According to the Muni Ordonnantie of 1586 it was equal to two Penninge. The Dutch Government also issued Duits in copper and lead for their possessions in Ceylon from 1782 to 1792, and for Java from 1764 to the early part of the nine- teenth century. See Oord, and Pitje. The name is retained in the Dutch In- dies as a popular appellation for the cur- rent one cent copper coin of Holland, and the two and one half cent piece is usually referred to as a Drie Duitstuk. Duitole Asarfi. A gold coin of Nepal of the value of four Mohurs. See Suka. Duk. The name given to a silver amulet resembling a coin, and current in Annam. It usually bears an inscription on one side, and a figure (rose, swastika, vase, etc.) on the reverse. See Fonrobert (2125, 2136). Dukat. The German equivalent of Dii- cat {q.v.). Dumare. According to Kelly (p. 232), this was a former money of account used on the Malabar coast and equal to four cowrie shells. Twelve Dumares were equal to one copper Pice. Dump. A name generally applied to any small coin of unusual thickness, irrespec- tive of the metal or value. Well known examples are the early coins of Ceylon with elephants . on the obverse ; the thick small half penny of George I of England, issued in 1718 ; the Bit {q.v.) cut out of the Span- ish Pesos ; and the centre piece of the Holey Dollar (q.v.). Dung-tang, and Dung-tse, are names given to the Pa-nying Tang-ka by the Ti- betans. See Ang-tuk. Duodeciaere. Another name for the Dodrans, which see. Duplo. See Doblengo. Duplone. A gold coin of a number of the cantons of Switzerland and adopted by the Helvetian Republic in 1800. It repre- sented in value a double Ducat or sixteen Francs, some of the issues reading 16 scHWEizER FRANKEN. Quadruples and quintuples were occasionally struck. Dupondius. A multiple of the Roman As after the first reduction. It bears on the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a galley and the mark ii, i.e., two Asses. The Dupondius continued to be coined under the Roman Emperors but in brass (in contradistinction to the As, which con- sisted of more or less pure copper). Be- cause in size it was about equal to the As it was distinguished from the latter by placing a radiate crown upon the Em- peror's portrait on the obverse. It was discontinued under Trajan Decius and Tre- bonianus. Durantlng^, or Durantini. A mediaeval money of Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne. Du Cange cites an order of the eleventh century showing that these coins were then in common use. They were probably some variety of Denier or Maille. Duriglio. The name given to the gold Pezzetta of Philip V of Spain and his suc- cessors to the end of the eighteenth cen- tury. Durih. See Dorea. Duro. The same as the Peso (q.v.). But the name Duro was used as a designa- tion on an obsidional silver piece struck for Gerona by Ferdinand VII in 1808 (Mailliet xlii. 10). In the Morocco coinage the gold piece of twenty Rials is called a Duro. Duro de Plata. See Vellon. Duro de Vellon. See Vellon. Duro Resellado. See Resellado. Dust. A colloquial term for gold dust, hence money. Wilkins, in his play The Miseries of Enforced Marriage, 1607 (iv.), has the phrase "come, down with your dust," and Smollett, in Ferdinand Count Fatiiom, 1753 (i. 122), says, "I have more dust in my fob. ' ' John G. Saxe in his poem Jupiter and Danae has the line, "open your purse, and come down with the dust." See Darby. Dvoiak. The name given to the Polish silver coin of two Grossi. See Szelong. Dvougrivenik. See Grivna. Dwi. A word meaning ' ' two, ' ' and used in conjunction with the Pana (q.v.). Dyak. A silver coin introduced by the Gorkhas into Nepal and equal to two Paisa. See Suka. Dynders. See Binders. [74] Eagle Ecu Eagle. A base silver coin current in Ireland in the latter part of the thirteenth century. For a time thej^ were accepted in England at the rate of two for a penny, but were prohibited in 1310. W. Hemin- burgh, in his Chronicon, circa, 1350 (repr. ii. 187), says Monetas . . . pessimi metalli, pollardoruni, crocarclorum, . . . aquilarum. See Brabant. Eagle. The standard gold coin of the United Sates of the value of ten dollars. Thej^ were authorized to be coined by an Act of Congress dated April 2, 1792, and were to have a fineness of .916 -/.:, and a weight of 270 grains. They were issued from 1795 to 1804 with the exception of 1802. In 1838 a new design appeared, en- graved by William Kneass, and of a fine- ness of .900, as provided by an Act of Congress dated January 18, 1837. This issue continued until the year 1907 when it was succeeded by the new design of Augustus St. Gaudens. There are also double, half, and quarter Eagles. Eagle Cent. The popular name for the cent of small size issued in the United States from 1856 to 1858. It has the figure of a flying eagle on the obverse. Earnest. Money or goods given to bind an agreement; specifically in law, the pay- ment of part of the price by the buyer of a commodity as a guarantee that he will uphold the bargain. "If any part of the price is paid down, if it be but a penny, or any portion of the goods delivered by way of earnest (which the civil law calls arrha and interprets to be emptionis venditionis contractae argu- menium), the property of the goods is abso- lutely bound by it. ' ' — Blackstone, Com- mentaries (ii. 30). "To constitute earnest the thing must be given as a token of ratification of the contract, and it should be expressly stated so by the giver. ' ' Chitty, Common Law Practice (iii. 289). [75 "Argentum Dei, God's money, i.e., money given in earnest upon the making of any bargain. " Blount, Law Dictionary, 1670. Easterling. See Esterlin. Ebenezer. A variety of the double Krone or piece of eight Marks struck by Frederick III of Denmark is so called. It was issued to commemorate the unsuccess- ful attempt of the Swedes to take Copen- hagen on February 11, 1659. The obverse has the King's initials crowned, with the inscriptions dominvs PROViDEBiT and ebenezer, the latter word referring to the memorial stone mentioned in / Samuel (iv. 1 and vii. 12). On the reverse is a hand grasping at a crown which is being severed from the arm by a sword. The motto reads soli dec GLORIA. Ebraer, or Hebraer. The name given to certain gold and silver coins of Denmark issued by Christian IV from 1644 to 1648 to commemorate the expulsion of the Swedes. The reverse of these coins bears the inscription iustus iudex, and between these words occurs the name Jehovah in Hebrew script. Ecclesiastical Coins. A name given in general to such pieces as were issued by archbishops, bishops, and abbots, to dis- tinguish them from those struck by sov- ereigns and rulers. In England ecclesiastical coins were not issued after the reign of Henry VIII. Eckige Pfennige. A common designa- tion for the mediasval German issues which were not struck on circular planchets. The word means ' ' having corners. ' ' Ecu, corresponding to the Italian scudo, meant originally a shield, from the device on the coin. Similarly the Dutch employ the term Schild, the Spaniards Esctido, etc. The silver Ecu, or Ecu Blanc, as it is frequently called, appeared under Louis XIII in 1641, and had a value of sixty ] Ecu a la Couronne Ecu du Parlement Sols. There were also struck a number of sub-divisions. See Hoffmann (passim). Under Louis XV the value of the Ecu varied at three, five, and six Livres, and under Louis XVI it was made equal to the latter figure. Ecu a la Couronne, also called Couron- nelle. A large French gold coin first is- sued by Charles VII (1422-1461). It ob- tains its name from the crowned shield, the principal design on the obverse. It was struck at Paris, Rouen, and Tournay. Ecu a la Croisette. A variety of the Ecu au Soleil issued by Francis I of France in his second coinage (1540-1547). It has a small equilateral cross on the reverse and was struck at Montpellier, Saint Andre, Lyons, Paris, and Marseilles. The type was retained by his successor, Henri 11. Ecu a la Croix de Bourgogne. See Kruisdaalder. Ecu a I'Aigle. A silver coin, the one third of the Arends-Rijksdaalder {q.v.), and having a value of twenty Groten. Ecu a la Perruque. A name given to a variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1686 and later, on account of the elaborate head-dress on the bust portrait. Ecu a la Salamandre. A variety of the gold Ecu issued by Francis I in his second coinage (1540-1547). It receives its name from the obverse design, two salamanders supporting the armorial shield of France. Ecu au Bandeau. The name given to a variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XV is- sued in 1740 and later, on account of the broad band or ribbon which is a prominent feature in the head-dress. Ecu au Briquet. A variety of the Ecu a la Couronne, having on the reverse alter- nate lozenges and fleurs de lis in the angles of the cross. Ecu au Lion. See Leeuwendaalder. Ecu au Pore-epic. A name given to the Ecu d'or of Louis XII of France, on ac- count of the porcupines on the reverse, in the angles of the cross. In 1522, in consequence of the lack of English coins, several foreign coins of both gold and silver were proclaimed current in England; among these were "crowns named Porpynes, at four shillings and four pence Sterling. ' ' Possibly this reference is to a silver coin with a porcupine on it, as Louis introduced a Gros au Porc-epie into his Franco-Italian series, which was issued at Milan. Ecu au St. Victor. See St. Victor Daal- der. Ecu au Soleil. The name given to the variety of Ecu struck by Louis XI (1461- 1483) which bears the figure of a small sun over the crowned shield of Prance. 'It was also copied by Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I. Ecu aux Colliers. A name given to a variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1684 and 1685, on account of the chains or ribbons of the Order encircling the shield. Ecu aux Lauriers. The name given to a variety of the silver Ecu struck by Louis XV in 1737 and later, on account of the reverse design which represented a crowned shield between two branches of laurels. There are divisions of one half, one filth, one tenth, and one twentieth. Ecu aux Lunettes. See Louis aux Lu- nettes. Ecu Blanc. See Ecu. Ecu de Six Livres. See Laubthaler. Ecu d'Or. A gold coin of France in- troduced by Philip VI (1328-1350). The earliest types have a figure of the King seated, holding a shield in his hand, and this was imitated by Edward III in the Anglo-Gallic series. Under Charles VI (1380-1422) the new type, with the large shield on the obverse, was struck. This variety was copied in Gueldres by Maria of Brabant (1361-1399). A Scottish gold coin issued in 1525 and again in 1543 has received the same name. See also Chaise. Ecu du Dauphine. A gold coin issued by Francis I of France (1515-1547) for Dauphiny, and struck at Grenoble, Cre- mieu, etc. It differs from the Ecu au Soleil in having the quartered arms of France- Dauphiny on the obverse. Ecu du Parlement. A variety of the sil- ver Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1680 and later. It has a bust in armor with peruke and embroidered cravat, and on the re- verse a crowned shield. [70] Ecu Heaume Engel Ecu Heaume. The name given to any variety of the Ecu on which a helmet ap- pears above the shield. See Heaume. Ecu Pistolet. A gold coin of Geneva is- sued from about 1562 to 1585. It has on the reverse a radiating sun with the motto POST TENEBEAS Lvx. A larger gold coin of the same type but struck in the following century is known as the Quadruple. Edelrost, i.e., "noble rust." An ex- pression vised by German numismatic writ- ers for patina. Egisthaler. A name formerly used in Hungary for the Convention Thaler. Eight Brothers' Thaler. Hrc Achtbrii- derthaler. Eintrachtsthaler. A name given to such coins as were struck jointlj' by two or more rulers ostensibly from pure motives of friendship, but frequently a political pur- pose of unity is also to be served. The following are the principal ones : for Baden, struck by the Margraves Bernhard and Ernst in 1533 ; for Saxony, struck by the Dukes Kasimir of Gotha and Johann Ernst of Eisenach in 1598 ; for Brunswick, struck by Julius Ernst and August in 1599 and 1617 ; and for" Stolberg, struck by Christian Friedrich and Jost Christian in 1704. All of these have the busts facing or the names of the contracting rulers and fre- quently a device of clasped hands, etc. Eiraku Sen. Originally a Chinese cop- per coin introduced into Japan in the fif- teenth century and made the sole lawful currency of Japan in 1573. The piece was coined by the Ming Emperor Cheng Tsu in 1403-1425 and has the inscription yung LO TUNG-PAD. Eiraku Tsuho is the Japan- ese pronunciation. Ekaba. A name given to a variety of glass beads used as money by the Galla tribes of Abyssinia. Those most esteemed are red with an equatorial zone of white enamel. Bee A. Thomson D'Abbadie, in the Numismatic Chronicle (ii. 1839- '40). Elk-ani. The one eighth Mohur intro- duced by the Gorkhas in the coinage of Nepal. See Suka. Ekilik. See Ikilik. [ EUectro. An abbreviation of electrotype and used in numismatics to indicate a copy of an original coiii or medal by the elec- trotype process. Electron, or Electrum. A natural alloy of gold and silver employed by the Ionian Greeks at an early period for money. The name seems to be derived from the Greek, rjAey-tpov, i.e., amber, the color of the al- loy resembling this product. It was found in considerable quantities in the river Pactolus in Lydia, and is mentioned by Plinjr and Sophocles. The electrum of Asia Minor contained approximately twen- ty-seven per cent of silver, but coins of Africa and Sicilian coins of Agathocles in this metal contain a larger percentage. The pale gold coins of the Merovingians and the Postidatsgulden of Liege, issued about A.D. 1500 and containing about fifty per cent of silver, are not natural electrum, but a mixture purposely effected. Eleemosyna Aratri. A tribute or tax mentioned in the Leges Athchtan apud Lambard, and consisting of "a penny which King Ethelred ordered to be paid for every plough in England towards the sup- port of the |)oor. " It is also known by the name of ( 'arucage. Ellilik. A gold coin of the modern Turk- ish series of the value of fifty Piastres. Elm Seed Money. See Yu Chia Chien. Embase. To depreciate coins in price or value. Holinshed, in his Chronicles, 1577 (iii. 1192), states that "the teston coined for twelue pence and in the reigne of King Edward embased by proclamation to six pence. ' ' See Debased and Imbasing. Emol. The salt money of Abyssinia. See Amole. Encased Stamps. See Postal Currency. Enest. A word meaning "female" and used in Abyssinia to designate the Maria Theresa Thaler. See Wand. Engel. The name frequently applied to any coin with the device of an angel. In Brabant the Brusselaar (q.v.) receives this name from the figure of the archangel Mi- chael on the same. An ordinance of 1404 in the archives of Frankfort a M. orders the striking of En- gels, these coins to be valued at one third oi the Turnose. Cf. Paul Joseph (p. 223). 77] Ejigelsgroschen Escalin Engelsgroschen. In the year 1490 rich silver deposits were discovered in the Schreekenberge in Saxony, and two years later mining operations were instituted. From the product of these mines the Elec- tor Frederick III (1486-1525), in conjunc- tion with Dukes Albrecht and Joliann, or- dered a new variety of Groschen to be struck in 1498. These coins had on the obverse the figure of an angel standing and holding a shield, and received the name of Engelsgroschen or Schreckeuberger. Their actual value was four Groschen and twelve Kreuzer, and they were issued for a long period bj' both the Albertinian and the Ernestinian Lines. Engelsk. A Danish coin corresponding to the Esterlin. It was current in the latter part of the fourteenth centurv. See Blan- chet (ii. 314). EngeltheJer. A silver coin of the same type as the Engelsgroschen but of a larger size and of the value of forty Groschen. It was struck for Juliers, Cleve, and Berg at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Elngenhoso. A gold coin of Portugal of the value of five hundred Eeis, first issued by Sebastian in 1562. It differed from the older Cruzado in having the date and the words IX HOC siGxo vinces in the four an- gles of the cross. The letters G.A., the initials of the engraver Guimarens, are at the side of the shield. The name of the coin means artistic or novel. Elngi Tsuho. See Jiu Ni Zene. Engrsuled, when applied to coins, means having an edge or border formed by a ring of dots or curvilinear indentations. EJiG^oigne. See Angroigne. Elimeobol (evvso^oAov) is a sum of nine Obols or 114 Drachms. A money of ac- count mentioned in inscriptions. Ejirici, or Ejiriciani. The name given to Deniers struck in Lucca, with the name of Henry II (1004-1024), but also used in the early coinage of ililan where there were several rulers named Henry prior to the first Republic (1250-1310).' Ejirique. A Spanish gold coin which takes its name from Henry IV (1454-1474) in whose reign it was struck at iladrid, Toledo, and Villalon. It has on one side the King seated on a throne and on the reverse the quartered arms of Castile, etc. There is a half or iledio Enrique of sim- ilar type. Conf. Henri d'Or. Ephraimiten. A nickname given to a series of coins of debased silver and gold issiied by Frederick the Great in Saxony from 1753 to 1756, during the Seven Years' War. The King appointed a merchant named Itzig Ephraim as mint-master and he caused these coins to be struck from dies of the j-ear 1753 found in Leipzig. They consisted principally of the August d'Oc iq.v.) and pieces of eight and four Gros- chen in silver, and they were so debased that they contained two thirds or more of base metal alloy. Thej^ were gradually withdrawn from circulation after the peace of 1763. Equipaga. A Portuguese copper coin struck for Angola and other African pos- sessions. It is the fourth of the ilacuta (q.v.). A corresponding half was called Pano. Emestus. A silver coin of the Denier tvpe issued bv Ernest of Bavaria as Bi-shop of Liege (1581-1612). See de Chestret (5.33, etc.). Ernst d'Or. The name given to the gold Pistole or piece of five Thaler struck by Ernst August, Duke of Hanover (1837- 1851). EscaJin. A sUver coin current in the various pro^ances of the Low Countries since the latter part of the sixteenth cen- tury. It is the same as the Schelling (q.v.), but the term Escalin was generally applied to such coins as were employed in the trade outside of the Netherlands proper. Thus the issues of the Compagnie van Verre of Amsterdam struck for. Java in 1601 were called Escalins or Reals, and had a value of 48 Dutes. See Xetcher and v.d. Chijs (i 4^. Yerkade (199. 4). ^Mailliet (cxxxi.) cites an obsidional Esca- lin struck for Zeeland in 1672. Escalin. A silver coin issued for Santo- Domingo and Guadeloupe. The type for the former pro\'ince was struck by order of General Leclerc about 1801. The pieces for Guadeloupe issued during the English occu- pation of 1810 and 1813 are countermarked [7S] Escalin a la Rose Esterlin with a letter G crowned, and those under French rule have the initials R. F. for Re- publique Frangaise. See Zay (pp. 227, 230). The Escalin of Curagao was com- puted at three Sons. Escalin a la Rose. See Roossclielling. Escalin au Cavalier. See Snaphaan. Escalin au Lion. See Bankschelling. Escalin au Navire. See Scheepjeschel- ling. Elscoufle. The nickname given to a coin of Flanders of the fourteenth centurj^, of the value of twelve Deniers Parisis. Dn Cange, who cites several ordinances show- ing its value, thinks that it is from the old French word escouble, meaning a kite, the eagle on this coin being mistaken for this bird. Escudillo d'Oro. A gold coin of Spain struck by Charles III about 1770 and con- tinued by his successor, Charles IV. It was valued at ten Reales. Escudo, meaning a shield, is the Spanish equivalent for the French Ecu, and the Italian Scudo. The term Escudo de Oro is generally applied to the gold Ducat type issued in the beginning of the sixteenth cen- tury, and the value appears to have been one eighth of the Doubloon. In the silver series there is an obsidional Escudo of five Pesetas issued for Tarra- gona in 1809, and another for Lerida of the same date. The silver Escudo was also extensively struck during the Spanish occu- pation of the Low Countries. Under a law of 1864 the Escudo was made the Span- ish monetary basis with a value of ten Reales. It has now disappeared as a monetary unit in Europe, and the only country where it is still in use is Chile, where the Escudo is a gold coin of the value of five Pesos. Escudo. A gold coin of Portugal origin- ally issued about 1720 with a value of 1600 Reis, and which receives its name from the large shield on the reverse. It was imme- diately adopted by the colonial possessions and struck at Rio and Minas. When the new monetary system went into effect, on May 22, 1911, the unit fixed for the entire territory of the Republic, except the possessions in India, was the [ gold Escudo, whicli contains the same amount of gold as the Milreis, and is di- vided into one hundred equal parts called Centavos, so that one Centavo is equal to ten Reis of the old system. There are mul- tiples of two, five, and ten gold Escudos, and a silver Escudo was struck, bearing the date October 5, 1910, to commemorate the proclamation of the new Republic. E Sen, or Picture Sen. Japanese tokens or charms ; they are either made at govern- ment mints or privately, and for the most part have pictures on them rather than inscriptions. They are about the size of the old Japanese copper coins and often- times passed as money. Espadim. A gold coin of Portugal is- sued by Joannes II (1481-1495), and the half of the Justo (q.v.). It obtains its name from the device of a hand holding a sword (espada). A silver coin of the same type was issued by Alfonso V (14.38-1481). See Spadin. Esphera. The name given to a gold semi- Cruzado, issued under Manuel I (1495- 1521), and struck at (ioa under the govern- ment of Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509- 1515). The obverse has the word mea (half) under a large crown, and the re- verse shows a large sphere from which the coin derives its name. See Teixeira de Aragao (i. 1). A copper coin of the same name was struck under Antonio (1580) for the Por- tuguese colonies in India. Essays, called in French Monnaies d'- essai, and in German Probemiinzen, are trial pieces, the object of which is to test the die and note the details of the design. They are frequently made of a different thickness and in other metals than the coins subsequently to be struck from the same die. See Piefort. Esterlin. A small silver coin current in the thirteenth century and later. The name is also found \\'ritten as Easterling, Sterling, and in a mint ordinance issued at Antwerp in 1525 there is a reference to Estrelin. Their characteristic is a bust or head of the ruler or mint master on the obverse, and a cross with pellets in the angles on the reverse. 79 ] Estevenante E Yien Ch'ien The Esterlins were originally introduced into England and were copied in Brabant, Flanders, various parts of France and in Germany. See Sterling. Estevenante, or Stephiuiensis. The name given to money struck in Besangon, the original issues bearing a figure of St. Ste- phen. The town had a mint as early as the ninth century. The type was imitated in other places, especially in Burgundy, and by the Princes of Orange. Etampe. See Tampe. Etschkreuzer. See Kreuzer. Etschvierer. See Vierer. Euboean League. See League Coinage. Eulendukaten. A name given to certain gold coins struck by the Emperor Charles VI from 1712 to 1715 from metal obtained from the Eule mine near Prague. A figure of an owl which they hear refers to this incident. Ewiger Pfennig. The name given to a variety of Bracteate issued by Henry II of Klingenberg, Bishop of Constance (1293- 1306). The word means eternal, and was applied to the coin because the type was retained for many years. Exagium. A piece of circular or rectan- gular bronze which was employed to deter- mine the standard weight of the Solidus. Excelente. A Spanish gold coin first issued in the reign of Ferdinand and Isa- bella. It is of the size of a Ducat and its value was eleven Reals and one Maravedi or 375 Maravedis. There are quadruples, doubles, and halves of corresponding val- ues. See Aquila de Oro. Excoctum. Axirum excoctum is a Latin term for pure gold. See also Obryzum. Elxerg^e. The lower segment usually on the reverse of a coin and separated by a horizontal bar. It frequently contains the date, initials of the designer, and in some instances the place of minting. £lxurgat Money. A name applied to the Oxford Crowns issued in the reign of Charles I, derived from the inscription on these pieces which reads : Exurgat Deus dissipenUir inimici, from the Book of Psalms (Ixviii. 1). See Oxford Unite. E Yen Ch'ien. See Goose Eye Coins. [80] Face Farthing Face. The two faces of a coin are the Obverse and Reverse (q.v.). Face. The French term for obverse. Face. A French slang expression for any coin having a portrait stamped upon it. Fadge is cited by J. H. Vaux, in his Plash Dictionary, 1812, as a slang term for a Farthing. Falconer's Half Crown. A name given to a variety of half Crown of Charles I, issued by the Scottish mint, and bearing the letter F under the horses' feet. This type was executed by John Falconer, the son-in-law of Nicholas Briot and the war- den of the Edinburgh mint. Falkendukat. The name given to a variety of the gold Ducat issued by the Margrave Karl Wilhelm Friedrich, of Brandenburg-Anspach (1729-1757). It bears on the obverse a hooded falcon, and on the reverse a falconer on horseback. A corresponding silver coin is known as the Falkenthaler. Falken Schild. The Chaise d'Or struck at Antwerp during the fourteenth century is so called, from Falco of Pistoia, the mint master. Fals. See Fels. Falsche Munzen. The German equiva- lent for counterfeit coins. Faluce, or Falus. A copper coin of Madras and vicinity, issued early in the eighteenth century, and of a value of twenty Cash, or Kas. On a Madras copper of 1801 the obverse has an Arabic inscription indicating its value to be two Falus, and the reverse in- scription is partly in English and partly in Telugu, stating a value of two Dubs. The Dub and the Falus may therefore be considered as synonymous. In 1794 a one forty-eighth copper Rupee was struck by the United East India Com- pany for the Circars, a large district on the coast of the Bay of Bengal to the north [ of the Carnatic country. In this coin an attempt was made to assimilate the Mu- hammadan with the Hindu monetary sys- tem, as the forty-eighth part of a Rupee is just equal to the piece of twenty Kas. Falus. The plural of Fels (q.v.). Family Coins. See Consular Coins. Fanam. A word probably corrupted from Panam bj^ Europeans. A name given to both gold and silver coins which are common in the southern part of India. The gold Fanam is a minute coin circu- lating in Travancore and on the Malabar Coast. The silver Fanam probably originated at the Bombay mint in the middle of the seventeenth century. The earliest types have on the obverse two C's interlinked, and on the reverse the figure of a deity, Vishnu or Swami. In Travancore the silver Fanam has a value of four Chakrams; in Madras it is equal to four Falus. A silver piece of five Fanams was issued by Denmark, in 1683, for its possessions in Tranquebar. France struck Fanams from the time of Louis XIV to the year 1837 for its possessions in Pondichery, Chandernagor, etc. There are many varie- ties, for detailed account of which see Zay (p. 295 et seq.). The Fanam struck by the French at Pondichery for use at Mahe on the Mal- abar Coast is the fifth part of a Rupee and is divided into fifteen Biches, i.e., Pice. Conf. also Elliot (part IV). In the coinage of early India the Fanam was a gold coin weighing somewhat over five grains and equal to the tenth part of the Pagoda. See Pana and Panam. Fanon. The French name for the Fa- nam {q.v.). Farthing. This word was originally feorthing, and the term "fourthling" oc- curs in the Anglo-Saxon version of the Gospels (Matthew v. 26, and Luke xxi. 2). 81] Farthing Pels At first the Farthing was the fourth part of a silver penny, and it no donbt received its name from the practice of cutting pen- nies into quarters; specimens of these have been found dating back to the time of Ed- ward the Confessor. Farthings of silver were first struck un- der Edward I for England, although John had coined them as Lord of Ireland in 1210. Gold farthings are mentioned in an Act of the ninth year of Henry V, i.e., 1421 ; and a project for coining farthings in tin was brought up about 1679, and this metal was used for them to a small extent in the latter part of the reign of Charles II. James I, in 1613, granted a patent to Lord Harington, of Exton, in the county of Rutland, to strike Royal Tokens, each of the nominal value of one farthing. These pieces were nicknamed Haringtons. The silver farthings were last coined in the reign of Edward VI, and in 1561 a three-farthing piece was ordered to be struck. This was discontinued in 15S2. The copper farthing was originally struck in the reign of James I. In 1635, a farthing token, called the Rose Farthing, or Royal Farthing, was issued; it was coined in copper, but was sometimes com- posed of two metals to make counterfeiting more difficult. It obtained its name from the rose surmounted bj- a crown on the re- verse. The proclamation of Charles II, dated August 16, 1672, made the farthing a legal tender only for sums less than sixpence. In the reign of James II the farthings were made of tin, with a square plug of copper in the centre. During the reign of Queen Anne no cop- per money was struck for currency, but patterns for farthings were minted. One of these, executed shortly before the Queen's death, gave rise to the vulgar error that only three farthings were issued in this reign. This variety was put in cir- culation and is not rare. Half Farthings were struck in 1828 and later, for use in Ceylon; one third Farth- ings appeared in 1827 to supersede the Grani of ilalta; quarter Farthings have also been issued for colonial use. Farthing. The translators of the New Testament use this word several times, and [S in each instance the original text indi- cates a different coin. In the Gospel of St. JIatthew (x. 29) the Greek text reads ijaaptov ; in St. Luke (xii. 6) the Vulgate has dupondius; finally in St. ilatthew (v. 26) and St. ^Mark (xii. 42), the Greek word is -/.oiziyzTiC. Faruki. The name given to the gold Pagoda of Jlysore by Tipu Sultan in the year A.il. 1216, i.e., 1787, that is the year following his new system of dates based on the ]\Iuludi, the year of the birth of the Prophet. The name is derived from Omar Faruk, the second Khalifa. FedereJ Coinage. See League Coinage. Fedem Thaler. A popular name for a Thaler which was supposed to be worth one Groschen more than the ordinary issues. Berthold Auerbach refers to them in his novel Barfiissele (p. 245), but does not specify what district thej^ belong to. Fedgat. A name given to pieces of coarse cotton cloth, about nine inches in width, and eighteen or twenty feet in length, which circulated as monej^ in Ethio- pia and other parts of Africa. One piece of this cloth is of the value of sixty pieces of the iron "Hashshah" {q.v.). Fehrbelliner Sieges Thaler. See Sieges Thaler. Fei. The native name for the Stone Monej^ {q.v.) used on the Island of Yap. Feingolds^den. The name given by German numismatists to the Fiorino d'Oro. Feinsilberthaler. A denomination struck bj- "William IV of Hanover in 1835 and 1836 and copied bv Ernst August in 1838. See Sehwalbach (88, 92). Feldtheder, Feldklippe. The general name for a coin struck during the course of a campaign. iS'ff ^MaiUiet (passim). The Dutch have a similar term, Velddaalder, which includes obsidional coins. Felipo. See Filippo. Fels, plural Falus. The general Arabic name for a copper coin; the name denotes any piece of money accepted by weight, though it is commonly used to indicate a particular copper issue. Possibly the name was derived from the Roman FoUis. See Pagoda. 2] Felus Fewreysen The coin is very common in Morocco, where multiples of two and four Falus occur as early as the reign of Muley Solei- man (A.H. 1207-1238). Its characteristic design consists of two equilateral triangles so overlaid as to form a six-pointed star. The type was copied in other Muhamma- dan countries. Felus. See Kasbegi. Femtia. The popular name for the Swedish bank-note of fifty Krona. Fen, or Fun. The Chinese name for what foreigners call the Candareen. The modern Chinese silver coins are found with the following values inscribed on them: 7 Mace, 2 Candareens = one Yuan, or Dollar 3 Mace, 6 Candareens = one half Yuan, or Dollar 1 Mace, 4.4 Candareens = one fifth Y'uan, or Dollar 7.2 Candareens = one tenth Yuan, or Dollar 3.6 Candareens = one twentieth Yuan, or Dollar The Fen is used in some instances as the equivalent of the Cent. In the Sino-Tibetan coinage a Tael of silver is computed at eighteen Fen. The latter coin is valued at one tenth of the Chien {q.v.). Pieces of five Fen issued for Kashgar have a square hole in the centre and Chinese characters. The Chinese rebel ruler, Wu-san-Kwei, of the Tschao-wu epoch (1673-1679), issued the Fen extensively. Fenice. See Phoenix. Feorlalnn. The Gaelic name for a Farthing. Feorthing. See Farthing. Ferding. A silver coin issued by the Bishops of Dorpat as early as 1528, and by Erik XIV of Sweden, for Reval, in 1561 and later. It also belongs to the currency of the Order of Livonia. The name means one fourth, and four were originally com- puted to the Mark, but the later issues became so depreciated that they were only worth one half the original amount. See Mite. Ferling Noble. A name given to the quarter Noble, first issued by Edward III. See Noble. Ruding (i. 222) states that in 1346 Per- cival de Porche, master of the mint, "cov- enanted to make Mailles and Ferlinges of the alloy of old sterling. The Mailles to be of the weight of the standard of the Tower of London, and 23 shillings and three pence in number to the pound." Femandino, or Ferrandino. The popu- lar designation for the Neapolitan Ducati struck by Ferdinand I of Aragon (1458- 1494) . Ferrarino. A billon coin of Ferrara. See Bolognino. Fert. A gold coin of Savoy struck by Duke Lodovico (1439-1465). It is sup- posed to have received its name from the initial letters of the motto Fortitudo Eius Rhodum Tenuit, which was used by the family since the thirteenth century. Mrs. Bury Palissfr, in Hiftforic Devices, 1870 (p. 230), demolishes the story of the de- fense of Rhodes by Amedeus IV (1232- 1253). On a ten Scudi d'Oro of Victor Amedeus I (1630-1637) the legend reads Foedere et Religione Tenemur. Both the Scudo d'Oro and the Testone of Carlo II (1504-1553), struck at Nizza, Aosta, etc., have on the reverse a shield dividing the letters fe-rt. Conf. also Forte. Ferto. The one fourth of the Mark {q.v.}. Festing Penny. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was ' ' earnest given to servants when hired or retained in ser- vice." It was called the God Penny. See Earnest. Fettmannchen. The popular name for the billon pieces of eight and six Heller which appeared from the latter part of the sixteenth to the middle of the seventeenth centuries at Cologne, Trier, Juliers, Cleve, etc. The name is said to be derived frum the short, stout figure of some saint or ecclesiastic on the obverse. Under the Abbesses of Essen (1646- 1688) their value was fixed at one one hundred and twentieth Thaler. Feuchtwanger Metal. A composition resembling nickel, which receives its name from Dr. Lewis Feuchtwanger, who en- deavored to induce the United States Con- gress in 1837 to adopt it for the manufac- ture of the minor coins. Fewreysen, or Vureysen. This is men- tioned by Bndelius, De Monetis, 1591 (pp. 250, 253), as a silver coin worth nine and one half Pfennige. It is no doubt a cor- ruption of the German word Feuer-eiseii, i.e., a steel for striking fire, and the coin 3] Fiat Money Fiver referred to is probably the Briquet (q.v.). See also Azzalino. Fiat Money. The name given to a paper currency issued by a government but which is not redeemable in coin or bullion. Fiddle. A slang English stock-exchange term and used for transactions involving the one sixteenth part of a Pound ster- ling. Fiddler. An English slang expression meaning a six pence. Grose, in A Diction- ary of the VulgUr Tongue, 1785, has, "Fiddlers' Money, all sixpences." The term may have originated from the old custom of each couple at a dance paying the fiddler sixpence. Field. The blank space on either side of a coin not occupied by the head, in- scriptions, etc. Fierer. See Vierer. Filiberto. The popular name for a gold coin, issued by Emanuel Pilibert of Savoy (1553-1559), of the value of three Scudi d'Oro. The silver coin of the same was equal to one twelfth of the silver Scudo. Filippo, or Felipo. A name given to the silver Scudo struck by Philip II of Spain and his successors for the Duchy of Milan. There are dated specimens as early as 1598, and halves, quarters, and eighths exist. The Scudo di Oro of Milan is also occa- sionally referred to by this name. Filippone. A base silver coin of Filippo of Savoy, Prince of Achaia (1297-1334) ; it was valued at one twenty-fourth of the Grosso Tornese. Filipsdaalder. See Philippus Daalder. Filips Gulden. The name given to a variety of the gold Florin issued by Philip, Archduke of Austria, for Brabant, in the latter part of the fifteenth century. There is a dated specimen with St. Philip with a sceptre and book on the obverse, and the inscription : sancte phe inteeoede pro NOBIS. 1499. The reverse has an ornamented cross, and PHS DEI GRA ARCHIDVX AVST DX BVR BRA. There is a half of the same type. See Philippus. Filler. A copper denomination of Hun- gary introduced in 1892. It represents the one hundredth part of the Korona. [ Fillet Head. The name given to a vari- ety of the United States Cents and half Cents issued from 1796 to 1807 on which the hair of the head of Liberty is tied with a ribbon. Filthy Lucre. See Lucre. Finances. The revenue of a sovereign or state, or the money raised by loans, taxes, etc., for the public service. Find. A term applied to a discovery of coins, and corresponding to the French trouvaille. Finif. A Yiddish term for the five-dol- lar bill of the United States; the word is, no doubt, a corruption of the German "fiinf, " meaning five. Finkenauge. See Vinkenauge. Fiordaliso d'Oro. See Lis d'Or. Fior di Conio. See Fleur de Coin. Fiorino. See Florin. Fip. A corruption of "fipny bit," i.e., a "five-penny bit." It was used in the Eastern Middle States for the Spanish Medio or half Eeal. Firdung. The one fourth of the Mark (q.v.). Firleyoe Mont. A Danish term mean- ing "four mints," and applied to coins which were current in the four Hanseatic cities: Liibeck, Rostock, Wismar, and Stralsund. Fisca. A former silver denomination of the Canary Islands and equal to one six- teenth of the Spanish Piastre. Fish-Hook Money. See Larin. Fish Money. A name given to a variety of copper coins issued at Olbia, in Sar- matia, which resemble a fish in shape. Au- thorities differ, however, whether these "fishes," as they are called were true coins or only commercial tokens used in the fish trade, for which Olbia was famous. Conf. Babelon (pp. 8 and 83), and von Sallet, in Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik, 1883 (x. 144). Fitpence. A corruption of fivepence. It is an English dialect term, and is used in Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, and Devon- shire. Fiver. A popular name for the five- pound note of the Bank of England. 84 ] Flabbe Florin Whyte Melville, in Digby Grand, 1853 (i.), says: "Spooner . . . loses a five-pound note, or, as he calls it, a fiver" ; and Doyle, in Sherlock Holmes, has, "I'll lay you a fiver . . . that you will never hear from him again." Flabbe. A billon coin struck in Gron- ingen from the middle of the fifteenth cen- tury, and copied at Deventer Zwolle, and other towns. It had a value of four Stui- vers. See Langrok. Flag. An obsolete English slang ex- pression for a Groat or fourpence. Thomas Harman, in A Caveat or Warening for VagaboneSy 1567 (85), says: "A flagge, a wyn, and a make (a grot, a penny, and a halfe penny)." Flan. The blank piece of metal which is to receive the impression for the coin. In old French the word is written flaon, and it is derived from flatum. The verb flare is employed to designate the casting of metal into a mold, and the Roman mint- masters were officially termed /// viri A.A.A.F.F., i.e., Triumviri auro, argento, aeri, flando, feriundo. See Planchet. Flan Bruni. An expression used by French numismatists to indicate a coin or medal struck from a polished die and corresponding to our proof. Fledermaus, meaning a bat, was the nickname given to the Groschel of Silesia, and the base silver Kreuzer of Prussia struck at the beginning of the nineteenth century, on account of the supposed re- semblance of the eagle on these coins to a bat. Fleur de Coin. A French term which, when applied to describe a coin, signifies in mint condition. The Italian equivalent is fior di conio. Fleur de Lis. An early French gold coin. See Franc a Pied. Flicca, or Flica. A popular name used in Fiume and other parts of Northern Italy for a piece of ten Soldi. Flimsy. An English slang expression for a bank-note or paper money in gen- eral, which name is probably due to the frail nature of paper as compared with metallic currency. Barham uses the term in the Ingoldsby Legends. Flinderke. A money of account used in Bremen and computed at four Groten. Jungk (p. 100) quotes a system of reck- oning based on Peter Koster's work, Neue Wohlgegrilndete lirciiur Mihize, 1664, as follows : 1 Eelchsthaler = 2 Gulden 6 Kopfstiicke 16 Dutchen 18 FliDdfrkpn 72 Groteu .1(10 Schw.ircn 72(1 Pfeniiii;i' Flindrich. A silver coin of East Fries- land, Oldenburg, etc., issued during the fifteenth century. It was valued at three Stuber. Flitter. A very small base silver coin of thin workmanship and resembling the Bracteates. The}'' appeared in Goslar as early as 1620, and later in Hameln, Lippe, Northeim, etc. Florette. A variety of the Gros struck by Charles VI of France (1380-1422) and which had a value of twenty Deniers Tour- nois, or sixteen Deniers I'arisis. It ob- tained its name from the three large fleurs de lis on the obverse. Sec Hoffmann (17- 21, etc.). The type was copied in the Anglo-Gallic series by Henry V (1415-1422). Florin. The gold Florin, according to Villari, was first coined in the Republic of Florence, in the year 1252. The ob- verse bore a full-length figure of St. John the Baptist, with the legend s. ioannes. b., i.e., Sanctus Johannes Baptista. On the reverse was a lily, the arms of the city of Florence, and the inscription florentia, usually preceded by a small cross. The excellence of the gold made the fiorino d'oro, as it was commonly called, speedily current throughout Europe, and the type was adopted by all the principal powers, as well as by other potentates who possessed the right to strike money. In England the gold Florin was first issued by Edward III in 1343, for Aqui- taine. The indenture made states that it was "to fee equal in weight to two petit florins of Florence of good weight," i.e., 108 grains, and of the same fineness, name- ly, 23 carats and 3% grains pure gold to half a grain of alloy ; and the half and quarter Florin in the same proportion. By the proclamation of January 27, 1343, these [85] Flc Follis coins were described as "one coin with two leopards, each piece to be current for six shillings, another piece of one leopard, and another piece of one helm, being re- spectively the half and quarter of the larger coin," and they were ordered to be accepted by all persons. It was, however, soon discovered that the coins were valued too high, and thej' were consequently gen- erally refused ; this led to their being dis- continued in the following year. The half Florins were commonlj^ called Leopards iq.v.). In France, King Charles "^' issued a gold coin called the Florin d"Or, which was cop- ied after the Florentine tj^pe ; it was, how- ever, not very long in use, as, according to Leblanc, i.t was considered "derogatorj' to the dignity of the crown, being bor- rowed. ' ' The gold Florin was also extensively copied in other parts of Italy, as well as in Spain, the Low Countries, and especially in Hungary and Germanj-. These imita- tions usually retained the obverse inscrip- tions of the Florentine type, but to the same were added small marks, letters, fig- ures, crowns, and similar devices ; while on the reverse the name of the mint appears in some cases, and the armorial shield of the locality or the mintmaster is frequentlj' substituted for the lily. Prior to the introduction of the Florin the coinage of the German States consisted chiefly of silver of the denarius and pfen- nig types, all of which were more or less base. The new coin was, therefore, called the Giilden Penning, or gold Pfennig, a designation which was gradually abbrevi- ated into Gulden (q.v.). Florin. The silver Florin, or fiorino d'argento, of Florence was introduced about the same time as the gold coin of the same name, its value being one tenth of the latter. It bore the rhyming Latin verse : Det tiii florere Christus, Florentia, vcre. The Florins of Germany and Aiistria are multiples of 100 Kreuzer, and those of the Netherlands of 28 Stuivers. All these coins are of the same \'alue as the silver Gulden (q.v.). Silver Florins, or two shilling pieces, were issued in England in 1?49 with the The English Florin circulated extensive- ly in "Cyprus, but was replaced by a silver coin of IS Piastres in 1901. In 1910 and after, a silver coin inscribed oxE FLORIN-TWO SHILLINGS was coiued for Australia. Florin-Georges. A gold coin of France issued by PhUip VI of Valois (1328-1350). The obverse has a figure of St. George on horseback slaying a dragon with a spear. The inscription reads : phxlippvs dei gra FEACOR REX. These Florins were struck at Languedoc, pursuant to an ordinance of April 27, 1346. Flury. A Florin. See Altun. Flusch. See ilahmudi. Fl5Tng Money. One of the names given by the Chinese to their early paper money. Foghetti. The name given to half Grossi struck in Parma by Pope Adrian VI (1522- 1523). The.v are also known as Pelegrtni, from the figure of Saint Thomas in a pil- grim's habit. Follaro. A copper coin common to a large number of the Italian states, of which the FoUis (q.v.) was the prototype. They were issued in Naples before the ninth century, those of Stefanio (821-832) having a figure of St. Januarius. Capua and Salerno struck them about the same time. At Gaeta and Mileto they appear in the eleventh ceuturj^ and at Messina, Brin- disi, and Cattaro before the termination of the twelfth. Those of the last-named town bear the figure of St. Trifon, the patron saint. Ragusa and Scutari issued them be- fore the fourteenth century, but after this period they were gradually superseded by other coins. Follis. The original meaning of this word was a purse, or a bag containing money Juven. (xiv. 2S1). After the mon- etary reform of Constantine the Great this term was employed alongside of the older sesterces (which soon disappeared) in ac- counts, i.e., so mauj- bags of gold (follis auri), of silver (follis argentei), or of cop- per (follis ad denarismum, follis denarior- um, or follis aeris). The use of this term was commonest for sums in bronze, and soon the name follis was transferred to the actual coin once contained in the follis or purse. Certain decrees of Constantine [86] Follis ad Denarismum Fractional Currency view to establishing a decimal system in the coinage. The piece was greatly objected to, on account of the omission of the let- ters D. G., or Dei Gratia, in the legend, and it received the name of the Godless, or graceless. Florin. Three quarters of a million were struck, all dated 1849. The next issue, in which the omission was rem- edied, appeared in 1851, and is a broader and thinner coin. The Florin of Edward VII, issued in 1902, shows the figure of Britannia standing on the prow of a ves- sel, her right hand holding a trident and her left resting on a shield, the Great and his immediate successors al- ready use follis as the name of a bronze coin — the numnnis cente^iionalis. In the Byzantine Empire, from the time of Anastasius, the name follis seems to have been applied to the large copper pieces of forty nummi first issued by that Emperor. Its divisions were indicated by Greek letters, as follows : M — 1 Follis, or 40 Numnil A = % Follis, or 30 Nummi K = 1/2 Follis, or 20 Nummi I = 14, Follis, or 10 Nummi (also called Deltanummion) E = % Follis, or 5 Nummi (also called Pentanummion) Later, the name came to be used for a copper coin in general and was adopted by the Arabs as Fels, pi. Falus. See Babe- Ion, Traits (i. 761-771). Follis ad Denarismum. A purse or sum of two hundred and fifty Denarii of bronze. See Hultsch, Script, (vol. I, p. 308). Follis Aeris- See Follis. Follis Argentei. A purse or sum of one hundred and twenty-five Arguria. Prom ancient sources we learn that in the Con- stantinian period a Follis Argentei was val- ued at one hundred and twenty-five Mil- larenses, or two hundred and eighteen Sili- quae plus eight Nummi of bronze. It was equal to one eighth of the Follis Auri, or nine gold Solidi. Babelon, Traite (i. 764, 765) and Hultsch, Script, (vol. I, p. 308). Follis Auri. A purse or sum of seventy- two gold Solidi, equal in weight to a gold Pound (libra). The term was also used for its equivalent in silver (one thousand silver Millarenses), or in bronze (six thou- sand bronze Denarii). Follis Denariorum. See Follis ad De- narismum. Fond. A variety of the "cut money" and equal to three Mocos or two Shillings and six Pence sterling. It was established in the Windward Islands in 1840. See Chalmers (p. 91). Fondug. See Funduk. Forint. The Hungarian word for Flor- in. It occurs usually in the abbreviated form Frnt on the Austrian silver issues specially struck for Hungary. Forli. A former money of account used in Egypt and computed at one sixth of the Medino. Fort. A rare gold coin struck at Bor- deaux by Charles of France, as Duke of Aquitaine (1469-1474). It has on the ob- verse a lion, two leopards, and two fleurs de lis, and on the reverse the quartered arms of France and England. See Blan- chet (i. 298). It is sometimes called the Samson d'Or. Forte. This term, like the Italian titolo, is used to indicate the fineness rather than the value, and in this sense it is applied to Portuguese silver coins issued under Fernando I; to those struck in Savoy dur- ing the fourteenth century under Amedeo VI, to the issues of the Fiesehi Family for Messerano, etc. See Fert. Fortuna Thaler, or Gliicksthaler. A general term for any Thaler with the fig- ure of Fortuna, such as those struck in Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel, Mecklenburg, etc. In 1623 and 1624 Christian IV of Den- mark issued Thaler for Gliickstadt, which bore the figure of Fortuna, the armorial bearings of the city. These receive the same name. Fouage. See Smoke Farthings. Fouang. See Fuang. Fourre. See Plated Coins. Fourthling. See Farthing. Fractional Currency. This term is usu- ally applied to an issue of paper money of the United States of America which ap- peared from 1862 to 1876 inclusive. The values ranged from three to fifty Cents. There are five general issues, as follows: First issue, August 21, 1S62, to May 27, 1S63. Second issue, October 10, 1863, to February 23, 1867. Third issue, December 5, 1864, to August 16, 1869. Fourth issue, July 14, 1869, to February 16, 1875. Fifth Issue, February 26, 1875, to February 15, 1876. [87] Franc Frelucques Franc. Originally a French silver coin of nearly the size of the Ecu or Crown, the latter coin superseding it in 1642. The Franc was created under Henri III by a decree dated March 31, 1575, which estab- lished its value at twenty Sols. The first Revolution created a new silver coin on which the name Franc was bestowed. By an ordinance of :\rareh 28, 1803 (7 Ger- minal, an. xi), it was decreed that the Franc was to be nine hundred one thou- sandths of pure silver, and that gold pieces of twenty and forty Francs were to be struck. At the same time the ratio of silver and gold was made at fifteen and one half to one, and the decimal system was introduced. The Franc, divided into one hundred Centimes, has been adopted bj^ the French Colonies, Belgium {see Frank), Luxem- burg, llonaeo, Switzerland, etc. The term also occurs on the gold issues for Sweden in 1868 and on the Austrian gold coins for Huugarj^ in 1880. In both instances an attempt was made to har- monize with the French decimal system but was abandoned. Beginning in 1904 the monetary system of the Danish AVest Indies was changed and fifty Franc or ten Daler pieces and twenty Franc or four Daler pieces in gold were issued, as well as two and one Francs or forty and twenty Cents in silver. Franc a Cheval. The name given to an earlv French gold coinage dating from Johii II (1350-1364). The coins received this name from the figure of the King on horseback, the type of the Gouden Rijder. They were copied in the Low Countries, and in Brabant, under Joanna (1355- 1405). Franc a Pied. An early French gold coin which receives its name from the prominent figure of the ruler standing on foot under a canopy. It was also called the Fleur-de-Lis from the large number of these devices which are found on it. It was introduced by Charles V (1364-1380), and was copied in Ligny, Provence, and the Low Countries in general. Francescone. The name given to the Scudo struck by Francis III of Lorraine (1737-1765) for Florence, Pisa, and other cities of Etruria. Its value was ten Paoli and the designation was retained in the coinage until the provisional government of 1859. Franchi. The plural of Franc in the Italian language. The word occurs on the modern series of paper money issued for Switzerland. Conf. also Frank. Franciscus. See Dixain. Franco. A silver coin of the Dominican Republic of the value of one hundred Cen- tesimos. It was introduced in 1891. Frangois d'Or. The name given to the gold double Ducat issued by Frangois III, Duke of Lorraine (1726-1737). See De Saulej' (xxxiv. 5). Fraink. A silver coin of Switzerland, struck in Luzerne, Seliwyz, and other can- tons, and the counterpart of the French Franc. Its usual divisions were one hun- dred Rappen. In the recent Belgium coinage those pieces that have Flemish legends have the spelling Frank instead of Franc. In the Napoleonic kingdom of Westpha- lia gold coins of five, ten, twenty, and forty Franken were issued from 1809 to 1813. This spelling occurs on the recent issues of paper money for Switzerland as well as the word Franc, the French equivalent. The note in question bears the triple in- scription, CIXQ FRANCS, fUnF FRANKEN, CINQUE FEANCHI. Franklin Cent. See Fugio Cent. Fransida, plural Fransidor or Fransi- dorna. An expression used by Swedish numismatists to signify the reverse of a coin or medal. It is a compound word meaning ' ' the side away from the person. ' ' See Atsida. Franzi. The name formerly used for the Levant Dollar in Arabia, and prob- ably derived from the portrait of the Em- peror Francis on the obverse. See Noback (p. 679). Frazione. A copper coin of Cagliari is- sued by the Kings of Spain as rulers of Sardinia in the seventeenth century. Fredericks d'Or. A gold coin of Den- mark struck bj' Frederick YI pursuant to an ordinance of February 3, 1827. Frelucques. Minor coins of the Dukes of Burgundy frequently referred to as be- [ S'^ ] Fretin Fun ing in use during the fifteenth century. Du Gauge thinks they were of small value, their name meaning a trifle. Fretin, or Fretone. A former base sil- ver coin of Prance. It is cited in a mon- etary ordinance issued by Charles VI in 1357 while Dauphin, and another ordin- ance of 1371 mentions "huit pieces d'ar- gent aut7-ei)ient Fretin." Friedrichsdor. A former Prussian gold coin. Although originally issued by Fred- erick William I, it receives it name from Frederick II, who struck it in large quan- tities. It was abolished when the Mark system went into effect. Frignacco, Frisaco, or Frisacense. The name given to the Deuari struck by the Patriarchs of Aqiiileja early in the thir- teenth century and copied by the Bishops of Salzburg. Du Cange cites a document of 1278 in which their value is given as equal to thirteen Piccoli of Verona. Fruste (Latin frustum). A term used by French numismatic writers to indicate a coin or medal that has been badly worn from usage. Fu. The Chinese name for a species of water-beetle. The word has been applied to the copper Cash from very early times. Fuage. See Smoke Farthings. Fuang, or Fouang. A Siamese silver coin, the eighth part of the Tical (q.v.). It is equal to two Song Pais (song mean- ing two or double). The Fuang was ex- tensively copied in Cambodia. Fuchs. A German slang or popular name for a red copper coin, and formerly frequently applied to the Pfennig. The word means a fox, and the allusion is of course to the color. Gold. Fuchs is used for a Ducat. Thus Langbein, Gedichte (ii. 137), has the lines: "Statt (ler gehofften goldenen Fiichse, Fand man nnr Kupfer in der Biiclige." Fuddea, or Fuddih. Another name for the double Pice of Bombay, etc., when used as a money of account. See Mohur. Fuerte. See Peso. Fiinfer. A billon coin of Freiburg, Lausanne, and other Swiss cantons, issued originally in the sixteenth century with a value of five Heller, and later five Kreuzer. The name is also applied to the five Kreuzer pieces of Bamberg, Salzburg, Henneberg, etc., and to the five Ferding pieces of Riga. Fiinfzehner. A silver coin of Austria, Tyrol, etc., which receives its name from its value, i.e., fifteen Kreuzer. There is a reference to this coin in the Chronica of Melchior Balthasar Kupferschmit, 1668, where he states (p. 882) that attempts were made to introduce counterfeit pieces of this denomination from Turkey into Austria. Fiirstengroschen. A silver coin of the Margraves of Meissen first struck by Bal- thaser at the close of the fourteenth cen- tury. They resembled the Breitgroschen but were somewhat less in value and size. They were extensively copied in other localities, notably in Hessen, and there is a series of them for Magdeburg from 1570 and later, their value there being twelve Pfennige. Fugio Cent, sometimes called the Frank- lin Cent, on account of the motto, "Mind your Business, ' ' which was one of the say- ings of Benjamin Franklin, was the earli- est type of Cent issued by the Government of the United States. It bears the date 1787, and there are a number of varieties. The obverse shows a sundial with the words FUGIO 1787 and the above-men- tioned motto in the exergue. The sundial and motto are copied from the similar de- sign on the so-called Continental pewter dollar struck in 1776. The latter has the initials eg fecit, hence it is assumed that Edward Getz prepared the dies. The reverse of the Fugio Cent bears an outer circle of thirteen links in a chain, indicative of the thirteen original states. An inner circle is inscribed united states, and this again encloses the motto we are one in three lines. Fuju Jimpo. See Jiu Ni Zene. Fumage. See Smoke Farthings. Fun. The denomination of certain of the modern struck coins of Korea. These were first issued about 1886. There are one Fun pieces in brass, five Funs in cop- per, and quarter Yangs in nickel with the value expressed by 2 Chun 5 Fun. See Fen and Candareen. [89] , Funduk Fyrk Fimduk, also called Fonduq. A gold Funeral Pieces. See Mortuary Pieces, coin of the Ottoman Empire, issued early PusU. A silver coin of the Bishopric m the sixteenth century, and used not only of Liege issued by Louis de Bourbon (1456- in Turkey but also in Egypt, Algiers and 1482). There are corresponding halves Tripoli. It corresponds to the Sequin, and and doubles. /See de Chestret (passim), originally weighed fifty-four grains, but at fyrk. A copper coin of Sweden which tT" ^''^f^ f Txf ? ^^^"^^ f^J\ . o X originally appeared under Gustavus Wasa Under Ahmed III (A^H. 1115-1143) ap- ^^^^^ ^ggS, and was continued until the peared the Toghralu-Funduk on which beginning of the seventeenth century. Un- the toghra or royal cipher was introduced. ^^^ Gustavus Adolf us it was struck for See Ponrobert (No. 5039). Arboga, Sater, and Nykoping. 90] Gabella Gehelmdeschelling Gabella. A silver coin of Bologna, is- sued in the sixteenth century under Popes Julius III and Marcellus II. It appears to have been a variety of the Carlino. There is a double and a triple, the latter also known as Gabellone. Gabulus Denariorum. According to Selden, History of Tithes (321), this was the legal term for rent paid in money. Ga-den Pho-dang Tang-ka. See Tang- ka. Galeazzo. A silver coin of Venice struck by the Doge Alvise Pisani (1735- 1741) for Dalmatia and Albania. It had a value of three Lira, and halves and quar- ters were also issued. Gall. A former small silver coin of Cambodia. See Kelly (p. 216). Galley Halfpence. A name given to half pennies of base metal and somewhat thinner though larger than the regal issues. The name is said to be derived from the fact that they were brought from Genoa by the gallejonen who traded in London, and a spot known as the Galley Key ( ? quay) , in Lower Thames Street, near Tower Hill, was the locality from which they were circulated. They were declared fraudvilent by Acts of Henry IV and Henry V, but continued to be brought into England until their circulation was finally prohibited by stat- ute in 1519. Gallus Pfennig. A billon coin of the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, struck by the abbots and by the civic authorities during the fourteenth century. It resem- bles the Bracteates in fabric and bears the figure of a saint. See Blanchet (ii. 264). Ganza. A former base metal coin of Burma, consisting of copper and tin. It is mentioned by a number of writers early in the nineteenth century as being equal to two or three French Sous. It was abol- ished about 1840 and the Kabean (q.v.) succeeded it. Gass. A denomination of Maskat, the four hundredth part of the Piastre. See Mahmudi. Gastmael-Penning. See Labay. Gazzetta. A copper coin of Venice which was originally struck for the Colon- ies and later adopted by the city. Pieces of one and two Gazzette were issued for Candia about 1632, and Mailliet mentions a piece of ten Gazzette struck during the war against the Turks (1646-1650). For Zante it was struck with the inscrip- tion coRFv. CEPAL. ZANTE ; and for Zara the pieces of two Gazzette have isole et ae- MATA, or AEMATA ET MOREA. It is claimed that the first newspaper ever published, which was issued at Venice, obtained its name from this coin, which was the price of a copj^, and from which the English word "gazette" is derived. The Gazzetta was issued for the Ionian Islands as recently as 1801, when those ter- ritories were under Russian protection. Geburtstagsthaler, i.e.. Birthday Thaler, is the name given to a large silver coin struck in 1666 to commemorate the eighty- eighth birthday of August, Duke of Bruns- wick- Wolf enbiittel. The obverse shows a bust of the Duke in a wreath of laurel and the inscription favstum. ivstitae. et. pa- cts. CONSORTrVM. Gedachtnismiinzen. See Jubileums Tha- ler. Geeltje. A Dutch popular name for a gold coin and derived from "geel," i.e., yellow. See Gelbvogel. In some parts of Holland the term Geel- vink, i.e., " yellow-fiiich, " is used for a Ducat or any gold piece. Gefiitterte Miinzen. See Plated Coins. Gehelmde Leeuw. See Botdrager. Gehelmdeschelling. A variety of the Schelling struck for the Low Countries at the beginning of the seventeenth century, which receives its name from the device of [91] Gelbvogel Geusenpfennige a helmet on the obverse. It was issued chiefly in Deventer and Zwolle. See Heaume. Gelbvogel. The popular name in South- ern Germany for a gold coin. The word means "yellow bird." See Geeltje. Geld, the German equivalent for money in general. Gelegenheitsmiinzen. A term used both for coins issued occasionally, and to com- memorate some special event. Gelso, possibly a corruption of Guelfo (q.v.). A term iised in Verona to describe coins of five Soldi issued from cirea 1349 to 1428. Genevoise. The name given to the Re- publican Thaler of Geneva issued in 1794. Its value was twelve Florins, but upon the adoption of a decimal system it was ex- changeable at ten Decimes. Genovino. A gold coin of Genoa in- troduced in the twelfth century. The type usuallj' exhibits a gateway on the obverse, and a cross on the reverse, with the in- scription CONRADVX REX ROMANO. There exist halves, thirds (Terzaroli), and quar- ters, the latter receiving the name of Quar- tarola. The Genovino di Oro remained as the current gold coin in Genoa until the termination of the Sforza dynasty. The Genovino di Argento dates from the sixteenth century and was of the same value approximately as the Scudo. Gentil. See Dobra Gentil. Genuini. See Januini. Geordie. See "White Geordie and Yel- low Geordie. George. An English slang term for a coin bearing the image of St. George. Grose, in his Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785, has, "George, a half-crowD piece." See Decus (supra). The English Guinea was popularly known as a "Yellow George." Robert Burns, in his Epistle to Rankine, 1784 (xii.), says, "An 'baith a yellow George to claim." George. The name given to the five- dollar gold piece issued in Canada in 1912. from the fact that it bears the head of George V. King of England. George Noble. A rare gold coin of England which appeared only in the sec- [92 ond coinage of Henry VIII, i.e., from 1526 when they were authorized, to 1533 when the divorce of Katharine of Aragon oc- curred, the latter date being fixed by the letters H and K on the obverse. It was current for six shillings and eight pence, and the half George Noble (of which only one specimen is known) in proportion. About four varieties of the Noble exist, all having the rose mint mark. The reverse legend is a quotation from a hj'mn by Pru- dentius, written in the latter half of the fourth centurj^ Georgius Triumpho. A copper coin, of the half-penny size struck in England in 1783, for circulation in the Colonies of North America. The reverse bears a figure of Liberty with the legend voce populi (q.v.). Georgsthaler. The name applied in gen- eral to any coin of Thaler size on which there is a figure of St. George slaying the dragon. There is an extensive series of them for Mansfeld during the sixteenth century and later, and thej' were also issued in Hungary and in Hanover. See Florin- Georges. Gerah. An early Jewish weight stand- ard and equal to one twentieth of a Shekel. See Exodus (xxx. 13), Leviticus (xxvii. 25), Numbers (iii. 47), Ezekiel (xlv. 12). Gerefa. Among the Anglo-Saxons this was the chief officer of the mint. See Ruding (i. 15, 137). Gerlacus. The name given to the gold Gulden struck by Gerlach, Archbishop of Mainz (1346-1371). An ordinance of circa 1400 states that this piece was of light weight compared with the Ducat. See Paul Joseph (p. 214). Gersh. See Ghrush and Guerche. GessnertheJer. A very rare silver coin of Zurich, issued in 1773, and after thirty- six specimens were struck the dies broke. It was designed by the painter and poet Salomon Gessner, and the dies were cut by Balthaser Vorster. Gettone. The Italian equivalent of Je- ton (q.v.). Geusenpfennige are not coins but small medalets bearings the figure of Philip II of Spain. After the compromise of Breda ] Gewere Giustina in 1566 certain of tiie nobles of the Low Countries were contemptuously referred to as gueux, i.e., beggars. They adopted this nickname and issued tokens with the in- scription €71 tout fidelles au roy. The re- verses bore clasped hands and a beggar's bag with jusques a porter la besace. Gewere. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1294 reading sub annuo censu . . . denarioriDii FUindrinsium monetae quae dicitur gewere; but no such coin can be identified. Ghost's Face Money, or Ghost's Head Money. See Ant's Nose Coins. Ghrush. A silver coin of the Ottoman Empire, originally issued under Soleiman II (A.H. 1099). The name recalls the Gros, Groschen, and Groat, and by travellers it was termed Piastre, which however must not be confused with the modern coin of the same name. The name of the coin is variously written Grush, Gurush, Gersch, etc. The later is- sues are of billon. See Asadi Ghrush and Guerche. Its value was forty Paras, and the issues for Egypt in billon were equal to forty Medins. The modern Egyptian nickel coin of five Milliemes is known as a Guersh. Gianuino. The name given to a variety of the silver Luigino {q.v.) of Genoa is- sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has on the obverse a crowned shield supported by two griffins, and on the reverse a Janus head with male and female faces. Gigliato. An Italian word meaning strewn or decorated with lilies. The name was originally applied to a variety of the Carlino (q.v.) issued by Charles II of Anjou, Ki]ig of Naples and Sicily (1285- 1309). The reverse of this silver coin bears a short cross surrounded with lilies. The type was copied in Piedmont, Durazzo, by the Grand Masters of the Order of Malta, etc. The Fiorini d'Oro of Florence bearing the figure of a lily are also called by the same name. Gigliato d'Oro. See Lis d'Or. Gigot. A copper coin of the value of half a Liard struck at Antwerp, Mons, Reckheim, Bois-le-Duc, and other places in Brabant during the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries. Gildepenningen. The common name for the tokens formerly issued by the numer- ous guilds in Holland. Gin Kwan. Early Japanese silver ring money (q.v.). The word "Gin" in Jap- anese means silver. Ginocchiello, meaning a ' ' Knee-piece, ' ' was the common name used in Venice in the fourteenth century for a variety of the Soldino which bore a figure of the Doge in a kneeling position. See Papado- poli (i. ix. 14). Giorgino. A billon coin of Modena is- sued by Cesare d'Este (1597-1628) and continued until the middle of the eigh- teenth century. It has a portrait of St. Geminian on the reverse. See Luigino. Girasoli. A nickname or popular name for the silver coin of 160 Sols struck at Mantua when that city was besieged by the Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629-30. The name means a sunflower and both of these objects are depicted on the coin. See Mailliet (Ixxviii. 2). Giulio. A Papal silver coin, which un- der the name of Grosso Largo was intro- duced in the thirteenth centurj^, and re- ceived its more common designation from Pope Julius II (1503-1513). In a tract entitled A Mittimus to the Jithilee at Rome, 1625, it is said to be worth eight Soldi. It was copied at Guastalla under Cesare Gonzaga (1570-1575) ; at Avignon under Gregory XIII and his successors ; at Cam- erino, Mantua, etc. Giustina. The name given to a Vene- tian silver coin originally issued under the Doge Alvise I Mocenigo (1570-1577) and continued by his successors until the latter part of the seventeenth century. The name is derived from the figure of St. Giustina on the coin, on whose name day, October 7, 1571, the battle of Lepanto was fought and the Venetians gained an im- portant naval victory over- the Turks. The coin is consequently what may be called a Victory Thaler, which is confirmed by the view of ships on the open sea, and the inscription memor. eeo. tvi. ivstina. VIBGO. [93] Giustino Go There are two varieties : the Giustina Maggiore, of a value of 160 Soldi, with divisions of one half, one quarter, one eighth, and one thirty-second, and a smaller type, the Giustina minore, of 124 Soldi, with similar divisions. The latter coin was imitated bv Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena (1597-1628), with a value of twenty Bolognini. Giustino. The name given to a variety of the silver Luigino {q.v.) of Genoa is- sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has on the obverse a crowned shield supported by two griffins, and on the reverse a figure of Justice seated. Glass Beads. See Borjookes. Glass Coins. The Nummi Vitrei, or Monnaies de Verre, originated under the Roman Emperors in Egypt, continued through the Byzantine period, and were then adopted by the Arab invaders. Those resembling Arabic coins in size, weight, and inscriptions are nothing else but standard weights issued mainly for the purpose of testing the accuracy of current coins. They were issued by the governors under the Amawee and Abbasee Khaleefehs, but were commonest under the Fatimide rulers and lasted until the Turkish conquest. Gonf. Lane-Poole, Catalogue of Arabic Glass Weights in the British Museveni, 1891. Glaubensthaler. See Catechismusthaler. Glaukes. TXauxs?, or "Owls," the pop- ular name in ancient times for the famous Tetradrachms of Athens which always bore an owl, the emblem of Athene, for their reverse type. Globe Dollar. The name given to a silver coin introduced by Charles III of Spain (1759-1788) which bears on the ob- verse the two hemispheres. It was contin- ued to the brief reign of Joseph Napoleon. Globular Coins. A term generally ap- plied to any coins more or less spherical in shape. The best examples are certain Bj^zantine coins of a considerable thick- ness and small diameter, and the so-called "Bullet" money of Siam. Glockenthaler. A series of seven Tha- ler, all dated 1643, and struck by Duke August the Younger of Brunswick Liine- [ 94 burg to commemorate the evacuation of the fortress and city of Wolfenbiittel. These coins have their divisions of halves and quarters, and with one exception they all bear the picture of a large bell. The first three varieties have the bell without a clapper ; the fourth shows only a clap- per; the fifth and sixth have the complete bell with the clapper, and the last variety has a view of the city, above which are three hands ringing the bell. For a detailed account of the inscrip- tions, circumstances of their issue, etc., see Blatter filr Milnzfreunde (No. 5, 1908). Gloriam Regni. The name given to sil- ver coins of fifteen Sols and five Sols struck in Paris in 1670 for use in the French col- onies in America. The reverse inscription reads gloriam. regni. tvi. dicent., which is taken from Psalms (cxlv. 11). See 7iz,j (p. 45). Glove Money. It was formerly the cus- tom in England for clients to send a pair of gloves to the counsel who undertook their causes, and even to the judges who were to try them. These presents usually partook of the nature of a bribe, and it is recorded that a Mrs. Croaker presented Sir Thomas More, the Lord Chancellor, with a pair of gloves lined with angels, which he returned. A bribe given under these circumstances continued to be called "glove money" long after the gloves had ceased to be a feature in the transaction. Gluckhennen Thaler. The nickname given to a silver coin of Basle, issued with- out date but struck in the latter part of the seventeenth century from designs by Priedrich Fechter. It has on the reverse the figure of a hen with a brood of young chickens. Gliicksthaler. See Fortuna Thaler. Gnadenpfennig is not a coin but a medal usually of oval form with a ring or similar attachment for suspension. They were chiefly issued for weddings of princes and the nobility, and are common to Bam- berg, Paderborn, various parts of Pom- merania, Courland, etc. Go. A Japanese word meaning five. A Gin Go Momme, i.e., "silver five momme," was issued as early as 1767. See Fon- robert (No. 1034). ] Gobbi Gosseler Gobbi, or Gobi. A popular name used in Bologna to describe the Papal Baiocci, many of which were said to have been struck at the Q-ubbio mint. Gobog. A species of copper temple money issued in the island of Java. Mil- lies (p. 23) calls these pieces medals and compares them with the Chinese temple money. Netcher (p. 141), however, gives a table of equivalents, as follows : 1 Gobog = 5 I»t6ng 400 Gobog = 1 silver Dirhem 4000 Gobog = 1 goia Dirhem ( ? Dinar) See Kangtang. Gobrecht Dollars. The name given to a series of United States pattern coins struck in 1836, 1838, and 1839, and of which there are twenty varieties. They receive their name from Christian Gobrecht, who was assistant engraver at the mint in Philadelphia, and whose name appears on some of the specimens. Godless Florin. See Florin. God Penny. See Festing Penny. Gosgen, or Gosken. A copper coinage of the city of Hameln issued from about 1580 to 1628. See Neumann (8198, etc.). Gold. The accepted standard of value. It was first coined by the Lydians, in Asia Minor, in the sixth century before our era, and has been adopted in the monetary sys- tem of nearly every country. Gold Fuchs. A gold coin. See Fuchs. Gold Thaler. A former money of ac- count in Bremen, the one four hundred and twentieth part of a pound of fine gold. It was equal to seventy-two Groten, and in 1871 silver coins were issued bearing the inscription ein thalee gold, based on the above standard. Goldy. An English dialect term for a Sovereign. It is common to a large num- ber of counties. Gontzen Pfenning. Johann Stumpf, in his Schiveizer Chronik, 1606 (393(7,), states that "Herzog Gontzen von Schwaben . . . schlug ein Miintz mit einem Lowen, die wurde lang hernach genennt Gontzenpfen- ning." Good Fors. The name given to a paper currency circulated at the Cape of Good Hope by private individuals "to the great prejudice of trade and public credit." [05 They were prohibited in 1822. See Chal- mers (p. 233). Good Samaritan Shilling. A silver piece dated 1652, which was never intended for a coin although it is an imitation of the New England and Pine Tree issues. In the American Journal of Numismatics (vii. 40) Dr. Green states that the original was "undoubtedly the work of some Eng- lish apothecary, who, without any special object in view, stamped the piece with his trade-mark. It is ' figured in F^lt 's Ac- count of 'Massachusetts Currency' (plate, p. 38)." The Good Samaritan Shilling attracted attention as early as 1767, when Thomas HoUis wrote about it to the Kev. Andrew Eliot, D.D., of Boston, and in his letter said : ' ' Shilling, No. 10, Masathvsets in Pourtraiture of the good Samaritan. Over it Fac Simile No Reverse. ... If the shilling. No. 10 . . . can be procured for T.H. in fair, unrubbed, uncleaned con- dition, he will be glad of them at any price." To this Dr. Eliot replied: "The portraiture of the good Samaritan no one among us ever heard of. I am persuaded that it was not a current coin ; but a medal struck on some particular occasion." It will be noted that the piece Hollis asked for, nearly a century before Wyatt, had "no reverse," and was a fac simile copy of an earlier issue. Goose Eye Coins. The name given to certain debased coins of China struck in the Yung Kuang period A.D. 465. The Chinese name is E Yen Ch'ien. Gorgoneion, or Gorgona. A general term for Greek coins of Olbia, Populonia, etc., which bear a representation of the Gorgon's head. Gormo, meaning "round coin," is a name given to the Indian Rupee in Tibet ; they are valued at three Tang-Kas. Goslar. See Arenkopf. Gossarius. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1192 in which diios gossarios auri are mentioned, but we can onl.y conjecture what gold coins are referred to in this passage. Gosseler. A small base silver coin is- sued in various parts of the Low Countries during the sixteenth century. It was cur- rent for the fortieth part of a Daalder. ] Gothic Crown Grano There are numerous varieties. Some of those struck at ZwoUe have an efQgy of Saint Michael; others struck at Deventer (1534) bear the figure of Saint Lievin, etc. Gothic Crown. A pattern by Wyon, struck only in the years 1846, 1847 and 1853, and occurring with both plain and lettered edges. It was never popular on account of the mediseval character of the lettering. Gottesfreund Thaler. See Pfaffenfeind Thaler. Gouden Kroon. A gold coin of Bra- bant, struck by Jean IV (1417-1427), and copied in the Low Countries. The obverse shows the quartered armorial shield of Brabant and Burgundy, above which is a large crown, from which circumstance the coin receives its name. Gouden Lam, also called Giilden Lam, and frequently abbreviated Lam, was the name given to a gold coin of the type of the Agnel (q.v.) struck by the Dukes of Holland, Brabant, Gueldres, etc. The larger coin or Mouton received the name of Groot Lam. The Gouden Lam is mentioned in the monetary records of Vilvoorden, as early as 1330. See Van der Chijs (p. 71). Gouden Leeuw. See Lion d'Or, and Leeuw. Gouden Nobel. See Rozenobel. Gouden Peter. See Peter. Gouden Reaal. See Reaal. Gouden Rijder. See Rijder. Gouden Schild. See Schild. Gouden Torens. See Torentje. Gouden Vlies. See Vlies. Gourde. A French colonial term, and equivalent to the Spanish gordo, i.e., thick. Zay (pp. 203-205) describes jetons rang- ing from one quarter Gourde to sixteen Gourdes struck in 1825 for Guadeloupe. The silver coin of this name is now the standard of value in Haiti, and is divided into one hundred Centimes. See Piastre Gourda. The piece of twenty-five Cen- times is known as the Gourdin. Go Yo Sen. (Lit. Honorable use, mean- ing here ' ' for service of the government ' '. ) A Japanese Kwanei Sen (q.v.) made to pay the workmen engaged in repairing the great temples at Nikko. [S Goz. See Mahmudi. Graceless Florin. See Florin. Graici. In the Rivista lialiana di Nu- mismatica (x. 476) mention is made of a tax in Bologna in which Graici boni are quoted as equal to eight Danari. Grain. The popular name for the Grano or one third Farthing of Malta. See Chal- mers (p. 324). Gralosken. The name given to Hun- garian silver coins of the sixteenth cen- tury, which bore on one side the armorial shield and on the reverse the seated Ma- donna with the infant Savior on her arm. According to Adam Berg, Neiu MUnzhuch, 1597, one hundred Gralosken were equal to a Thaler. Gramo. The inscription un geamo oc- curs on a private gold coin struck in 1889 by Julius Popper at Paramo in the archi- pelago of Tierra del Fuego. It is prob- ably intended for the weight of the coin and not for the denomination, as the piece is usually called a Peso. A larger gold coin of the same type is inscribed 5 GRAMOS and is known as five Pesos. Granas, or Grematas. Evidently the name of certain gold coins struck in Cra- cow during the fourteenth century. Du Cange quotes an inventory of 1366 in which they are mentioned. Granby Coppers. See Higle}^ Coppers. Grand Blsmque. See Blanc. Grand Bronze. The popular name for the Roman Sestertius of Imperial times. Grand Dauphin. Sec Dauphin. Grand Ecu. See Laubthaler. . Grande Plaque. See Gros Blanque an Lis. Grano. A small copper coin which ap- pears to have been originally issued by Ferdinand I of Aragon, as King of Naples and Sicily (1458 to 1494). Its value was the one hundredth part of the Ducato (q.v.) and multiples of two, three, five, and ten Grani were struck at later periods. The silver Grano, also called Obolo, was struck by Philip II of Spain, while ruler of Naples and Sicily (1554-1598), and mul- tiples as high as twentj'-six Grani appeared in 1686. Grave Grivna In Malta the Grano was struck in cop- per as early as the middle of the sixteenth century, but its value was much lower than the Sicilian type. In 1825 when the various British silver and copper coins were proclaimed as current in Malta, the Penny was made the equivalent of twelve Grani, and it was recommended that in addition to halfpence and farthings, a coin of the value of one third of a farthing, or a Grano, should be issued, "as many arti- cles of primary necessity are often sold here to the value of one grano." The recommendation was carried out in 1827, when "British grain" were first intro- duced. Grave. See Acs. Grave. A billon Portuguese coin issued in the reign of Fernando (1367-1383) and struck at Lisbon and Porto. The obverse has the letter F in a crowned compart- ment, and the reverse a shield between four castles. Gray. A slang term for a halfpenny with both sides alike, and used by sharp- ers. Mayhew, in his book London Labour and London Poor, 1851 (i. 199), has the following passage : "I don 't like tossing the coster lads ; they 're the wide-awakes that way. The thieves use ' grays. ' They're ha 'pennies , either both sides heads or tails." Gray Groat. A Scotch nickname for a Groat or fourpenny piece. There is a Scotch phrase or proverb, "Not worth a gray groat, ' ' which is used to imply worth- lessness. Grazia, or Crazia. A base silver coin common to several Italian states and which probably originated in Florence under Cosmo I (1536-1574). The Medici Family also issued it for Siena and Pisa, and it occurs in the coinage of Lucca and Piom- bino to the end of the seventeenth century. The name may have been derived from the inscription dei gratia usually found upon it, an early copper issue for Lodi, however, has the words i grazia in two lines. Greenbacks. The name given to certain legal-tender, non-interest-bearing notes of the United States, because the reverses were printed in green ink. Green Silver. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was "a feudal cus- tom in the manor of Writtel in Essex, where every tenant whose front door opens to Greenbury shall pay a halfpenny, year- ly, to the lord, by the name of green sil- ver or rent. ' ' Gregorina. A gold coin of Pope Greg- ory XVI (1821-1846) struck in Rome, and of the value of five Scudi. Those dated 1834 are of the greatest rarity as only eleven were made. Gregorio. A silver coin of Pope Greg- ory XIII struck at the mint of Bologna, pursuant to an order of December 14, 1574. Its value was one Paolo, and it bears the figure of St. Petronius. A double and half were also issued. Grenadine A silver coin of eight Reales, a variety of the Peso, issued at Santa Fe de Bogota from 1847 to about 1850. See Fonrobert (8102). Greschel. See Groschel. Grif. See Grivna. Griffon. A base silver coin struck in Brabant earlj^ in the fifteenth century, and corresponding to the Stuiver of the Low Countries. See van der Chijs {passim). It receives its name from the figure on the obverse of a griifin holding in its claw a short sword or briquet. The inscription usually reads : denabis simplex nomina- TVS GRIPONVS. There are corresponding doubles and halves. Grimellin. A former money of account of Tripoli. The Piastre was computed at thirteen Grimellini. Gringalet. The popular name for a coin of three Denari struck in Geneva in the sixteenth century by Johann Gringalet. Griscio. See Abuquelp. Grivna. (Plural Grivenki.) A Russian base silver coin of the value of ten Ko- pecks, or the tenth part of a Ruble. They were struck at Novgorod, Pskof, Kiev, Novotorjok and other mints, the later is- sues being in copper. Thej^ were originally of an oblong or bar form, and about 1701 the circular shape was adopted. The ma- jority of these coins have ten dots or glob- ules on the reverse, indicative of their value. [97] Groat Gros The Grif, referred to by Adam Olearius in Travels of the Ambassadors, etc., 1636 (p. 97), is the same coin. For an extensive account of the etjTnol- ogy of the name see Chaudoir (p. 17 et ff). The corresponding double, i.e., the piece of twenty Kopecks, is called Dvou- grivenik. Groat. This word, and its equivalents in German, Groschen or Grosch, in Dutch and Low German, Groot and Grote, and in Polish, Grosz, is derived from the Latin adjective grossus, i.e., thick; these coins being of a thicker and heavier fabric than the fragile Bracteates that preceded them. The English silver coin of this denomina- tion and of the value of four Pence is first referred to in Grafton's Chronicle, who states that about the j'ear 1227 a parlia- ment was held in London, which ordained that a Groat should be coined, having on one side the King's effigy, and on the other a cross reaching to the edge, "to avoyd clippjTig. " No specimens, however, are known prior to the reign of Edward III, who, by virtue of the indenture of 1351, coined "grosses" to the value of four ster- lings, and "half gros," to eqiial two ster- lings. These coins were copied from the Gros TournOis, or four Denier piece of Tours made bj^ Louis IX of France. The Groat is continuous in English coinage until the reign of Charles II when the introduction of milled coins led to its abolishment except for the Maundy issues. A double Groat was struck by Edward IV for Ireland. The Scottish Groats, in- troduced by David II, originally bore a profile instead of a full face of the ruler. In the reign of James V a one-third Groat was issued. In 1888 a Groat was issued for British Guiana and it is now current throughout the British "West Indies. iSVf Gros, Gros- chen, Britannia Groat. Grocery. An obsolete English slang term for money of small denominations such as would be likely to be paid at the grocery for purchases. Bailey, in his English Dictionary , 1721, has : ' ' Grocery, . . . small Money as Farth- ings and Half -Pence." J. H. Yaux, in the Flash Dictionary, 1812, has: "Grocery, half -pence, or copper coin, in a collective sense." Groschel, or Greschel, a diminutive of Groschen, is the designation for the small silver coins issued for Silesia during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These consisted of one quarter Groschen of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the Ger- man rulers continued the practice and struck coins at one quarter and one half of the Kaisergroschen of the respective values of one Groschel and two Groschel. A copper coin with the inscription bin GRESCHL was issued in 1763-65 by Maria Theresa for Transj'lvania. See Pataz. Grolla. A billon coin of Turin, issued by Count Edoardo (1323-1329) and men- tioned in an ordinance of December 5, 1335. It was valued at one sixteenth of the Grosso. See Promis (ii. 12). Groot. (Plural Grooten.) The Dutch equivalent of the Groschen. At the begin- ning of the seventeenth century a Daalder was usually computed at sixty Grooten. Grootken. A small Groot. A billon coin of Utrecht and Brabant of the six- teenth century and later. By an ordinance published at the Hague in 1617, its value was established at sixteen ilites. Groot Lam. See Gouden Lam. Gros. In Bohemia under King Wen- ceslaus II (1278-1305) large Denarii were struck to take the place of the Bracteates and similar small coins in use all over Europe, which were insufficient to meet the demands of increasing trade. These new coins received the name of Nummi Grossi, i.e., "thick coins," a term later ab- breviated into Grosz, plural Groszi {q.v.). They were rapidly copied by other nation- alities, and the German Groschen, the Eng- lish Groat, the Russian and Polish Grusch, and the Grote of the Low Countries, are practically sj'nonjanous terms. Their value in Deniers varied, averaging from four to ten, and sometimes even more. The Gros Tournois (q.v.) was the most popular of these, and the Gros Blanque and half Blanque of the Anglo-Gallic coin- age Mere copied after them. The name was frequently abbreviated into Blanque or Blanc (q.v.), probably on account of their light color. The double Gros occasionally received the name Drylander and Vierlander {q.v.). [9S] Gros a I'Aigle Grossetto Gros a I'Aigle. A name given to such varieties of the Gros Blanque as have a large eagle on the obverse. Specimens ex- ist for Dinant, a mint of the Counts of Namur. Gros a la Madone. See Mariengros- chen. Gros a la Marie. A variety of the Blanque issued by Mary of Burgundy (1476-1482), so called from the letter M on the obverse. Gros a Sainte Anne. See Annengros- chen. Gros au Cavalier. See Cavalier. Gros au Chatel. The name given to varieties of silver coins issued by Jean II of Brabant (1294-1312) and his successor Jean III (1312-1355). They have on the obverse a well executed castle. Gros au Lion. A variety of the pre- ceding, struck by Jean III, with the figure of a lion. Gros au Pore-Epic. See Ecu au Pore- Epic. Gros Blanque. See Blanc. Gros Blanque a la Couronne. A vari- ety of the Blanque distinguished by the prominent crown on the field. See Blanc a la Couronne. Gros Blanque a la Croisette. This vari- ety of the Gros receives its name from a small ornamented cross which is used in- stead of a cross pattee. Gros Blanque a la Salamandre. A name given to a variety of the Gros which bears two small salamanders on the field. Gros Blanque a I'Etoile. A variety of the Gros, so called from a star in the centre of the field. Gros Blanque au Lis, also called the Grande Plaque, is the name given to a variety of the Blanque, issued by Charles VII of France. It has three lilies on one side, and on the reverse the letters frac in the angles of the cross. This coin was struck at Tournay. See Hoffmann (12). Gros Blanque au Soleil. A variety of the Blanque so called from a small figure of the sun on the field. Groschen. Originally this was the Ger- man form of the Gros Tournois (q.v.) which it resembled ; even the name Turnos- [ groschen was retained and later abbrevi- ated into Turnose and finally into Grosch- en. These coins appeared first in the Rhine Provinces and Saxony, but they were rap- idly introduced throughout all Germany. The divisions in the northern part con- sisted of Pfennige and in south Germany of Kreuzer of which usually twelve, but in some instances, eight or sixteen were con- sidered an equivalent. Their composition, while originally of very good silver, be- came debased and their corresponding value reached as low as from two to four Pfennige. In the German money of account the term Schockgroschen frequently occurs. Schock is an old German word, meaning sixty, and it is commonly used in conjunc- tion with small portable articles, such as fruit, eggs, etc. It was applied to these coins on account of the quantity that were an equivalent of the Mark, as a weight ; and the term was dropped when the Gul- dengroschen or Thaler was introduced. Gros de Nesle. A billon coin of France first struck by Henri II (1547-1559), with an approximate value of fifteen Deniers. It derives its name from Nesle in the De- partment of Somme, where a regal mint ex- isted since the twelfth century. The name of the coin was frequently abbreviated to Nesle, to distinguish it from other types of the same value. Gros du Roi. A name given to the Gros Blanque of Charles VII of France which bears three lilies surmounted by a crown. Gros Heaume. See Heaume. Gros Parisis. A variety of the Gros Tournois which was made one fourth heavier. It was extensively struck by Philip VI (1328-1350) and bears fleur's de lis in the angles of the cross. Grossello. A silver coin current in Ber- gamo in 1361 and of the value of half a Soldo. See Rivista lialiana di N uinismat- ica (i. 313). Grossetto. The diminutive of Grosso, a base silver coin struck in A^enice in the latter part of the fourteenth century, and which replaced the Matapan (q.v.), a larger and thicker coin. Its value was four Soldi. The later Grossetti of Dalmatia, 99 ] Grossi Lati Grote Illyria, etc., were worth only about two thirds of the Venetian. Grossi Lati. See Breite Groschen. Grossi Praecisi. See Breite Groschen. Grosso. An Italian silver coin, the name of which is an equivalent of the Gros, Groschen, and Groat; in fact the term Gros Tournois becomes the Italian Grosso Tornese. It appeared in the fourteenth century and some varieties were current until the eighteenth. The value varied, the Grossi of Milan being worth from five to eiglit Soldi at different periods. There are mul- tiples as high as eight Grossi, and the divi- sions were the Mezzanino or one half, the Quattrino or one quarter, and the Sesino or one sixth. See Matapan. Grosso Affonsim. A Portuguese silver coin struck in the reign of Alfonso V (1438-1481), and of the value of eleven Dinheiros. For convenience the name is frequently abbreviated into Affonsim. Grosso Aquilino. See Aquilino. Grosso Clementino. See Clementi. Grosso Guelfo. See Guelfo. Grosso Largo. See Giulio. Grossone. An Italian silver coin issued by the Republic of Pisa both with Imperial and autonomous legends. It is also found in Mantua under Louis III (1444-1478), in the two Sicilies under Ferdinand and Isabella, and occurs in the Venetian coin- age of the fifteenth century. The latter variety had a value of eight Soldi, and the Florentine type was equal to seven Soldi. Grosso Romanino, also called simply Romanino. A Roman Senatorial silver coin struck by the Senator Brancaleone d'Andalo (1252-1255) and continued until about the year 1417. It has on the ob- verse an emblematic seated female figure representing Rome, with a globe in one hand and a palm leaf in the other. Grosso Tirolino. See Tirolino. Grosso Veneto. See Matapan. Grossus Albus. See Albus. Gros Tournois. A billon French coin of the value of four Deniers, originally issued by Louis IX about the middle of the fourteenth century, and extensively copied by other nations. It receives its name from the city of Tours, at which place it was first struck. The general type has on one side a chapel or city gate and the inscription TVRONis civis surrounded by a wreath of lilies, and on the reverse a cross pattee enclosed by legends in two circles, the inner circle bearing the name of the ruler and the outer one the words bndictv. sit. NOME. DNi. NRi. iHv. xpi., an abbreviation of benedictuin sit nomen domini nostri Jesu Christi. In the latter part of the fourteenth cen- tury the type was imitated in the Rhine Provinces where it received the name of Turnosgroschen, later abbreviated into Turnose. The coin enjoyed such a popularity that the term Turnois distinguished money based on the standard of Tours down to the time of Louis XIV. For an interesting treatise showing that the Gros Tournois is not an imitation of the Dinar issued at Saint Jean d'Acre in the year 1251, see Mons. Adrien Blan- chet's communication to the Compies ren- dus de I'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1901. See Groat. The Tournay Groat was the last of the Anglo-Gallic series issued by Henry VIII in 1513. The Denier, also struck at Tours, and of the same design was generally known as the Petit Tournois. Grosz. (Plural Groszy or Grosze.) The Polish name for the Gros {q.v.). The earliest issues under King Wenceslaus II (1278-1305) were of silver and read groSsi: PBAGENSES ; their popular name being Pra- ger Groschen. Later the Groszy were made of copper and thirty were equal to a Gulden. By an imperial ukase of 1841 the coinage ceased and the Russian Kopecks took their place. Grote. (Plural Groten.) The Low Ger- man equivalent of the Groschen, and the seventy-second part of the Thaler. It oc- curs in base silver and copper in the coin- age of Bremen, Oldenburg, Jever, etc. There are multiples of from three to forty- eight Groten. The issue of Groten in Bre- men can be traced to the period of Arch- [100] Grouch Guillot bishop Baldwin (1435-1442). In the year 1800, 360 Groten were equal to one Pistole. Grouch. See Ghrush. Grueso. The Spanish equivalent of the Gros. There is a series of these for Na- varre and Aragon, beginning with the reign of Juan II (1441-1479). Grusch. See Ghrush. Gubber. This is conjectured by Yule to come from the Persian Dinar-i-gabr, i.e., "money of the infidel." The name was formerly applied in India to the gold coins of Europe. C. Lockyer, in Trade of India, 1711 (vii. 201), says, "they have Venetians, Gubbers, Muggerbees, and Pagodas," and in the same work (viii. 242), "When a parcel of Venetian Ducats are mixt with others, the whole goes by the Name of Chequeens at Surat, but when they are separated, one sort is called Venetians, and all the others Gubbers indifferently. ' ' Giildener. See Guldengrosehen. Gulden Lam. See Gouden Lam. Guelfo, or Grosso Guelfo. A silver coin of Florence of the value of four Soldi or double the Popolino {q.v.). It was struck about the middle of the fourteenth century and continued in use until the period of the Medici Family. It is char- acterized by the representation of the ar- morial bearings of a large number of the Florentine nobility, e.g., the Houses of the Aceiaioli, Capponi, Guieciardini, Lanfre- dini, Pandolfi, Strozzi, Venturi, etc. Guenar, also called Blanc Guenar. A variety of the Blanc, struck by Charles VI of France (1380-1422). Its value was ten Deniers, and the obverse showed the ar- morial shield of France, while the reverse had a cross pattee with lilies and crowns alternately in the angles. The Guenar Delphinal of the same type was issued for Dauphiny, and there is a corresponding demi-Guenar in both series. It was copied in the Anglo-Gallic series by Henry V (1415-1422). See Hoffmann (22-29, etc.). Guerche, or Gersh. A silver coin of Abyssinia, the one twentieth part of the Talari {q.v.). Under the reign of Menelik, however, a decree was passed abolishing the decimal system, and making the Guerche the one sixteenth of the Talari. The name is synonymous to Ghrush {q.v.), or Piastre. Copper Guerches and their subdivisions were issued by Menelik pre- vious to the silver pieces. Guilder. The equivalent of the Gulden in the Low Countries. Two and one half Guilders were equal to one Rijksdaaler, and the Guilder is divided into 100 cents. It weighs 154.32 grains. Of the Dutch gold coins the largest is the piece of ten Guilders, sometimes called the Florin, which weighs 103.7 grains. These values also apply to the Dutch possessions in the East and West Indies. The colony of British Guiana, formerly a part of Esse- quibo and Demerara, used silver three Guilders and smaller denominations struck by George III in 1816, and bj^ William IV in 1832. The Guilder or Florin of the United Provinces was a silver coin originally struck by Priesland about 1600 and con- tinued in use until the close of the seven- teenth century. This is the piece men- tioned by Shakespeare in The Comedy of Errors (i. 1), and by other contemporary writers. It had a value of twenty-eight Stuivers, and on the obverse is the bust of a warrior who holds a sword in his right hand. This figure divides the denomination : 28 | ST. From its value the coin was ordinarily called Acht en twintig ; the half was known as Veertienstuiver, and the quarter was called Zevenstuiver. Guillaume d'Or. See Wilhelm d'Or. Guillemin. The name given to a variety of Denier issued by Guillaume I (1094- 1129) and Guillaume II (1150-1220), Counts of Porcalquier in Provence. The term was also used in Brabant, Gueldres, etc., to indicate coins struck by any one of the numerous rulers named Wil- lem, Wilhelm, or Guillaume. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1449 reading, "Dcu.r. pieces d'or c'est assavoir ung Giiillelniins de vint solz parisis." GuUIot. An ordinance of the Parlia- ment of Paris dated in July, 1378, men- tions this coin as being one sixth of the Gros Tournois. Another monetary regula- tion for Le Mans, in the Department of Maine, dated 1466, reads "quod dicti ahi- tanics Crnomanenses . . . guilloios aut semi [101] Guinea Gunda guillotos, receptione indignos quorum sex unum turo7iuin valebant tradehant." Guinea. A gold coin of England origin- ally of the value of twenty shillings, and made current by a proclamation of March 27, 1663. It received its name from the gold of which it was made, and which was brought from Guinea by the ' ' Company of Koyal Adventurers of England trading into Africa." As an encouragement to bring over gold to be coined, they were permitted by their charter to have their stamp on the coins. This device was originally an elephant, and after 1675 an elephant with a castle on its back; the stamp was discontinued in the reign of Queen Anne. Rottier made the dies, and the original issue consisted of five and two Guinea pieces, both of which were discontinued in 1753, and Guineas and half Guineas dis- continued in 1813. The Guinea of the latter date is sometimes known as the Mil- itary Guinea, as it was struck for the use of the troops then embarking for France. Quarter Guineas were issued only with the dates 1718 and 1762, and one third Guineas, or seven shilling pieces appeared from 1797 to 1813 inclusive. In the reign of William III, the Guinea was at first current for £1 8s., but was reduced to £1 6s., then to £1 2s., and finally in 1698 to £1 Is. 6d., at which rate they were received by the officers of the revenue. On December 22, 1717, the Guinea was reduced to 21s., which value it retained until abolished. See Spade Guinea. Gulnnois. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin, first issued by Edward III, and which is supposed to have received its name from the territory in which it was struck. These coins have on the obverse the King walking through a Gothic portico and at his feet two recumbent lions. The re- verse has the motto Gloria in Excelsis, etc. A silver and billon coinage of similar type has received the same name. Gulden. The gold Gulden was a name given in Germany to the Florin (q.v.). These coins gradually deteriorated in fine- ness, whereas those of Hungary and Aus- tria retained their original value and purity and were distinguished by the name of Ducats. The Ducat gradually sup- planted the gold Gulden and by the end of the seventeenth century the coinage of the latter was practically obsolete. ^ Austria and Hungary issued gold coins of eight Gulden (twenty Francs) and four Gulden (ten Francs) in recent years. Gulden. This silver coin was originally of the same weight and value as the Thaler (q.v.). However, in the latter part of the seventeenth century it was reduced in size and made of the value of two thirds of a Thaler or half of a Speciesthaler, which standard it retained with slight modifica- tions until 1871, when the Mark was in- troduced in Germany. The terms Gulden and Florin were fre- quently used synonymously. See Florin and Guilder. Gulden, also called Florin. A silver coin of Austria of the value of sixty Kreu- zer until January 1, 185.9, and after that it was made one hundred Kreuzer for both Austria and Hungary. For Lombardy- Venice and the Austrian offices abroad it was divided into one hun- dred Soldi, and for Bosnia and Montene- gro into one hundred Novica. All of the above coins were superseded in 1892 when the Krone (q.v.) went into effect, which cut the previous monetary system into one half. Guldengroschen. The earliest type is described under Thaler (q.v.). The name was applied to the new coin on account of its value being equal to that of the gold Gulden, and because up to the time of its appearance no silver coins were in circu- lation of a larger size than the Groschen. In Latin documents of the sixteenth cen- tury they are generally referred to as Unciales, from their weight, which was one ounce. The name Guldengroschen was soon ab- breviated into Giildener; the coins were popular for a time but were eventually superseded by the Thaler. See Florin. Gulden Penning. See Florin. Gunda. A money of account in the Maldive Islands, and equal to four Cow- ries (q.v.). The name is probably derived from the ganda or rati berry. [102] Gun Money Gyllen Gun Money. A debased coinage issued by James II in Ireland, from June, 1689, to June, 1690. The series consisted of crowns, half-crowns, shillings, and six- pences. The last two denominations are dated with the month as well as the year. These coins derive their name from, the circumstance that they were principally struck from metal, the product of old can- non. The reverses all bear two sceptres in saltire, through a crown, between the letters I and E. See an extended description of these coins contributed by Philip Nelson to the British Numismatic Journal (i. 187). Gute Groschen. The name given to cer- tain silver coins current in Hanover, Brunswick, Prussia, etc., during the eighteenth century. The Gute Groschen was computed at one twenty-fourth of a Thaler and must not be confused with the Mariengroschen (q.v.), which was valued at one thirty-sixth of a Thaler. Gutfreitagsgroschel. A base silver coin of Silesia, a variety of the Dreier (q.v.). It was struck by the Princes of Liegnitz, and distributed as alms to the poor on Good Friday. Musaus refers to it in one of his legends of Riibezahl. Gygeades, or Tuyahct.. A name sup- posed by some modern writers to have been given to money perhaps issued by Gyges King of Lydia. The passage in Herodotus (i. 14) from which this infer- ence is made is now interpreted differently. See Babelon, Traite (i. 468). Gyllen. The Swedish equivalent of Gulden. The Silfvergyllen was originally struck in 1528 and the Ungersk Gyllen, or Ducat, in 1568. In the following year ap- peared the Krongyllen, a gold coin so called from the crowned shield. [ 103 ] Habbeh Halb H Habbeh. A grain, i.e., a Barleycorn is equal to four Aruzzehs, one third Kirat, one eighth Dauik ; or two Barleycorns are equal to one third Tassuj or one sixtieth Dinar. See Danik. Habitant Tokens. In 1837, through an ordinance passed by the special Covincil, the four banks doing business in Lower Canada were authorized to issue regular bank tokens. As these bore the figure of a French- Canadian farmer on the obverse, they are known as the "Habitant" tokens. They came to be recognized and accepted as a regular provincial coinage. See Pap- ineau. Hacienda Tokens were formerlj^ re- deemable at a known value, on presenta- tion to the proprietor who had issued them. They are of various shapes and usually bear devices suggestive of a trade- mark, from which their place of issue can be determined. Hacksilber means cut or chopped sil- ver and is a term used by German numis- matic writers to indicate the cut and frag- mentary' coins which constitute a part of a "find." The buried treasure dating from the tenth to the twelfth centuries frequently consists of silver in bars or cakes with a mixture of both cut and per- fect coins. Halbling, or Helbling. This word means a half, and as the Pfennig was the German equivalent for the Denarius, so the Halb- ling was originally used to designate the half of this coin, i.e.. the Obolus. It occurs among the Bracteates and was the prede- cessor in Southern Germany and Austria of the Heller, and in more northern Ger- manj' of the Scherf. Haller, or Haller. The Swiss equiva- lent of the Heller (q.v.). It was issued in the Cantons of St. Gallen, Zug, etc., and 480 were computed to the Gulden. Handelheller. The name given to small thin silver coins wliich were originally struck about the begimiing of the four- teenth century at Hall in Wiirttemberg. They are without any inscription and have on one side a cross and on the other a hand, from which the name is derived. They are mentioned in an ordinance of the Emperor Wenceslaus of the year 1385, in which it stated that the cities of Augs- burg, Nuremberg, Ulm, and Hall, are the onlj' localities in which these coins are to be struck. Haha Sen, or "Mother Sen." The Jap anese name for the first impressions made from the Hori Tane Sen (q.v.) or original hand cut Sen, and from wliich the Tane Sen iq.i'.) are made. These are naturally very rare and much prized as most of them are east in pewter. See Mu Ch'ien, the Chinese equivalent. Hahnrei Thaler. The word means a cuckold and it is usuallj' applied to a class of medallie Thaler which have obscene in- scriptions. It is also used to designate a Thaler struck by Philip Reinhard I, Earl of Solms, in 1627 from silver found in the fortress of Wolfenbiittel, and dedicated to Christian IV of Denmark. Haidari, or Heideri. A name given to the double Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sul- tan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called from Haidar, a sur- name of the first Imam. Haies d'Or. The common designation for a gold coin of William IV, Count of Hainaut, in Flanders (140-1-1117), which was copied from the Ange d'Or, of Philip VI of France. Halard. A coin cited by Andrew Boorde, in his Introduction to Knowledge, 1547 (xiv. 161), who says: "They haue Norkyns, Halardes, Phenyngs, Crocherds, Stiuers. ' ' Halb. The German equivalent for one half and generallj' used in connection with Thaler, Groschen, etc. [104] Halbag Hard Head Halbag. 8ee Judenpfennige. Halber. An abbreviated form of the half of some unit of value, and extensively used in Southern Germany for half a Kreuzer, half a Pfennig, etc. Halbskoter. See Skoter. Halfje. The popular name for the cur- rent copper half Cent of the Netherlands. Halfling. The half of a Silverling or old silver Penny. Sir Walter Scott in Ivanhoe has the sentence, " 'Not a shekel, not a silver penny, not a halfling' . . . said the Jew." Half Penny. Probably no other Eng- lish coin has so many dialect forms. In Yorkshire it is called Awpenny; in West- ern Yorkshire Awpney and Haupenny; in Devonshire Hapmy ; in Cornwall Hap- peny ; in Lancashire Hawpny ; and in Cum- berland Ho 'penny. Half Shiner. A coin mentioned in the monetary ordinances of Gibraltar and in 1762 fixed at a value of eleven Dollars and two Reales. Prom this value it must have been the Johannes, which was half the Dobra. See Chalmers (p. 298). Hammered Coins date from a very early period and an interesting account of their manufacture is to be found in the Kosmo- graphie of Sebastian Miinster, which was printed early in the sixteenth century. The hammered coinage was superseded by the use of the mill and screw. The Eng- lish hammered silver money was called in during the reign of William III, and the hammered gold coins were declared to be no longer current in 1732-1733. See Milled Money. Hams, also known as Boars' Feet, is the common name for a variety of copper coins, struck by the Gallic city of Nemau- sus. They are of the shape of a ham, and th^ir exact use has not been determined. Conf. the exhaustive treatise on this sub- ■ject, bj^ Goudard, Notice sur les Medailles elites Pieds de SancjUer, Toulouse, 1880- 1893. Han. A Japanese word meaning "one half" and used as a prefix on coins, e.g., Han Shu on the coins of the Lu Chu Is- lands. [10 Hana Furi Kin, or "Raining Flowers Gold Coin." Certain thin small oval -Jap- anese gold pieces were called by this name, and were said to have been issued by Hi- deyoshi for the invasion of Korea in 1592. To this day the word Hana is used for a reward. Handsel. Earnest money on a contract ; a corruption of "hand sale." See Earnest. "Ancientlj^, among all the Northern na- tions, shaking of hands was held necessary to bind the bargain ; a custom which we still retain in many verbal contracts. A sale thus made was called hand sale, ven- ditio per mutuam manuum coniplexionem; till in process of time the same word was used to signify the price, or earnest, which was given immediately after the shaking of hands, or instead thereof." Blacks tone, Coninentaries (ii. 30). Hanover Sovereigrn. A name given to a brass medalet, dated 1837, with a gallop- ing rider on the reverse, and the inscrip- tion TO HANOVER above. The mounted figure is intended for the Duke of Cumber- land, who was very unpopular in England, and the motto signifies that his return to Hanover would be desirable. Hansatsu. Early Japanese paper cur- rency. See Kinsatsu. Hantpennige. See Pfennig. Hao. The Chinese name for the silver ten-cent piece introduced at Hong Kong under British rule, and later used on the Kwang Tung silver coins. See Chiao. Hape. A Scotch nickname for a half- penny and common to Lanarkshire. Nicholson, in his Idylls, 1870 (106), has: "Dae ye want the Citeez [Citizen]? Evenin' or Weekly? It's onlj^ a hape." Hapmy. See Half Penny. Happeny. See Half Penny. Hard Head. A name given to a Scotch billon coin first issued in the third coinage of Mary (1555-1558). The term is a cor- ruption of the French Hardit. Some authorities refer to this piece un- der the name of a Lion, from the lion rampant, crowned, which it bears. These coins, originally of the value of one and one half Pence, were struck to afford relief to the poor, who suffered much loss on account of the lack of small change. 5] Hardi Hat Piece Under James VI the value was raised to two Pence, and indicated by two pellets. The Hard Head was discontinued in the reign of Charles I. Hardi, or Hardit. An Anglo-Gallic silver and billon coin issued by Edward III, King of England, and copied by the French Kings as Dukes of Aquitaine. It bears on the obverse a half-length figure holding a sword. The Hardi d'Or is a similar coin of gold. Edward the Black Prince had them struck at Bordeaux, and Charles de France, the brother of King Louis XI, issued them for Aquitaine from 1469 to 1474. The name is probably derived from a small eopper coin issued by Philip le Hardi, King of France, and later repre- sented by the Liard. Some authorities claim that as its original value was one fourth of the Sol, the name is a corrup- tion of the English word Farthing, corre- sponding to the one fourth of the Penny. Hard Times Tokens. A popular name for a series of copper tokens struck from 1834 to 1841, and bearing inscriptions re- ferring to the movement for and against the Bank of the United States. Harf. An Abyssinian money of ac- count. See Wakea and Kharf. Haring^on. The popular name for the copper Farthing issued in the reign of James I. The term is derived from the patentee, John, Lord Harington, of Exton. He died in 1614, but the tokens continued in circulation long afterward. See Farth- ing. Harp. The colloquial name for the Groat and half Groat struck in 1536 and later, by Henrj- VIII for Ireland, on ac- count of the figure of the harp on the re- verse. In contemporary documents there is mention of ' red liarpes, ' ' being worth three Smulkyns (q.v.). See also Numismatic Chronicle (4th Series, xv. 192-229). Harpe d'Or. See Davidstuiver. Harps. The name given to a series of copper tokens issued in Canada in 1820, and later. They bear on the obverse a bust of George IV, and on the reverse a large harp, and the date. They were so popular as currency that large numbers of brass counterfeits were made. Harry Groat. A popular name for the Groat of Henry VIII of England (1509- 1547). Shackerlj' Marmion in his play The Antiquary, 1633 (ii.), has the lines: "A piece of antiquity; sir, 'tis English coin ; and if you will needs know, 'tis an old Harry groat." Harry Sovereign. The designation some- times applied to the Sovereign of Henry VII of England who first struck this coin in 1489. J. Stephens, in his Satyrical Es- say cs, 1615 (371), writes: "She hath old harry soveraignes ... to give away on her death bed." Harzgold Dukat. A gold coin of Bruns- wick and Liineburg struck bj^ the electors in the eighteenth century and which re- ceives its name from the fact that the metal was obtained from miiies in the Harz Mountains. See Ausbeutemiinzen. Hashshah. Semicircular pieces of iron, somewhat resembling the knives used by leather-cutters, are current as money in Kordofan and other African localities. Hashtkani. See Nasfi. Hassa. See Toweelah. Hat Money. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was "a small duty paid to the captain and mariners of a ship, also called primage." The custom appears to have been in force in the seventeenth century, for C. Molloy, in a work De Jure Maritime, 1676 (ii. 9, §6), says: "Petty Averidge is another small Duty which Merchants pay to the Master. . . . The French Ships commonly term the Gratuity Hat-money." Hat Money. See Tampang. Hatome Sen, or "Pigeon Bye" Sen. A very small thin coin used at one time in the Lu GhxL Islands. A hundred were strung together and a string was worth about ten Japanese Mon (q.v.). Hat Piece. A Scottish gold coin issued in 1591 to 1593, upon which the King, James VI, is represented wearing a high crowned hat. On the reverse is a lion sejant, holding a sceptre in his paw, above which, in a cloud, are the Hebrew letters for Jehovah. The legend is te. solvm. veeeor., i.e., "Thee only do I fear." The weight is seventy grains. [106] Haupenny Heller It is claimed that this coin was issued "for the purpose of hiiniionizing the Scot- tish currency with the English, and to lessen the inconvenience caused by their disagreement." It must have been counterfeited at a very early period, as Pitcairn, in his Crim- inal Trials of Scotland, 1599 (ii. 99), men- tions "False hat-peiceis, pistulettis, and crownis. ' ' Haupenny. See Half Penny. Haussp'oschen. A base silver coin struck by Frederick the Great. In course of time it deteriorated in purity to such an extent that instead of the original value, one twenty-fourth of a Thaler, it was finally worth only one forty-second of a Thaler. It was succeeded bv the Silbergroschen in 1821. Hawpny. See Half Penny. Hayaki. Japanese paper currency of the value of one half or one quarter Koban. See Kinsatsu. Hazardinar. A gold coin of Persia which the English called Mildinar, and the Eussians Rouble. It was introduced in the second year of the reign of Nadir, i.e., 1738, and had a value of one thousand Dinars. Head Silver. Wharton, in his Law Lex- icon, 1864, states that this was the name given to "dues paid to lords of leets; also a fine of £40 which the sheriff of Northum- berland heretofore exacted of the inhab- itants twice in seven years." It was abol- ished by a statute of 23 Henry VII c. 7. Heads or Tails. A phrase used to de- cide any proposition by tossing a coin in the air; the "head" representing the ob- verse, and the "tail" corresponding to the reverse. The custom dates back to ancient times, the Romans using the term "heads or ships. ' ' Macrobius, a Latin grammarian of the fifth century, in his Saturnalia (i. 7), has: Cum pueri denarios in sublime jac- tantes, "capita aut navia," lusu teste ve- tustatis exclamant. In Ireland the expression "heads or harps" was formerly common, the allusion being to the harp on the reverse of the half Pennies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. [10 The phrase is common in many modern languages. The French say a pile ou face; the Germans, Kopf oder Flitch ; the Scan- dinavians, Kron/i eller Klafve; the Span- ish, C(tra Sella; the Italians, Croce o Testa, etc. Hearth Money. See Chimney Money. Heaume, i.e., a helmet. A name ap- plied to any coin on which the helmet is a prominent feature. A silver Gros Heaume was issued by Charles VI of Prance (1380-1422), aAd Jean de Horn (1485-1505) copied the type for Liege. Louis de Male (1346-1384), Count of Flan- ders, struck the Heaume d"Or, the obverse of which shows two lions supporting a hel- meted shield under a Gothic dais. See Botdrager. The Helmpfennige of the city of Hanover issued in the seventeenth cen- tury have similar designs. Hebraer. See Ebraer. Heckmiinzen, Heckpfennige, are terms used by German numismatists to indicate coins that are below the regular standard as to size and fineness. Hecte. A Greek coin, the one sixth of the Stater {q.v.). It was struck both in gold and electrum. The electrum B[ectes of Phocaea and Mytilene are the common- est and enjoyed a wide vogue in ancient times, being known as ex-at t^wxatSsQ. Heideri. The double Riipee of Mysore. See Haidari. Heilandsmiinzen. The popular name for any coins bearing the figure of the Savior. See Salvator. Heitje. A slang term for the current silver coin of twenty-five Cents issued by the Netherlands. Helbling. See Halbling. Heliens. The name given to Deniers of Perigord which bear the name of Count Elie II (1006-1017). See Blanchet (i. 22). Heller. Originally a small silver coin which takes its name from Hall, in Wiirt- temberg, where it was originally issued in the early part of the thirteenth century. Conf. Handelheller. In the fifteenth century it degenerated to a base silver, and later to a billon coin, and was not only common throughout southern Germany, but was used extensive- ly in Silesia, Pommerania, etc. At a some- 7] Hellier Hexadrachm what later period, the Heller became a cop- per coin altogether. Its value varied ac- cording to the locality. Eight Heller were generally equal to a Kreuzer or two Heller to a Pfennig. It is still retained in Austria and in Ger- man East Africa,, being the one hundredth part of the Krone and the Rupie respec- tively. Hellier. An obsolete form of writing Heller. See Poy. Helmarc. A corruption of Halb Mark. Du Cauge cites it as a denomination used as early as 1080. Heltnpfennig. See Heaume. Helsing is defined by Wharton, in his Law Lexicon, 1864, as "a Saxon brass coin, of the value of a half penny," but it is doubtful what particular coin can be intended. Hemiassarion. The G-reek name for the half As. Pol.vbius, Historia (ii. 15). Hemichalk. The half Chalcus (q.v.). Hemichrysos is mentioned bj^ Pollux. It is the half Stater of gold and was most commonly struck at C>Tene. Hemidanake, the half of the Danake (q.v.). The Y]iJ.tSavay,r) or if}[jLiSavay,'.ov is mentioned by Hesj'chius and was a Persian coin. Hetnidaric, or half Daric, principally a money of account and so used in the well- known passage in the Anabasis of Xeno- phon (i. 3, 21), where he speaks of the T][j.i3ap£r/.a. Hemidrachm. The half of the Drachm (q.v.), and spoken of as the Triobol. It was extensively coined in ancient times. Hemihecte. The half of the Hecte {q.v.) and equal to the Obol of gold, or one twelfth of the Stater. In gold it was coined principally at Gyrene ; in electrum it appeared at manj^ mints in Asia Minor. Hemilltrion. The half of the Litra (q.v.) of silver and frequently coined at Leontini, Entella, and Syracuse. Later the Hemilitrion in bronze (commonly known by its Latin name of Semis) appeared at many mints in southern Italy and Sicily. Hemiobol. The half of the Obol {q.v.) and the one twelfth of the Drachm. The commonest examples are those of Athens. Hemisium is quoted by Du Cange as an old form of the half As. Hemistater. The half of the Stater {q.v.) or the Hemi-chrj^sos {q.v.). The TjUKJTCtTYjpov is mentioned b.v Pollux and Hesj'chius. Hemitartemorion is the one eighth of the Obol or the one forty-eighth of the Drachm. Specimens in silver were struck at Athens, other places coined their equiv- alents in bronze. Hemitetarte. The one eighth of the gold Stater {q.v.). A very rare denomina- tion. Henri d'Or. A French gold coin struck by Henri II in 1549, it being the first coin of France with a date. The reverse has the inscription dvm totvm compleat OEBEM. Conf. Enrique. Heptadrachm. The multiple of seven Drachms {q.v.). Actual specimens are not known. Heptobol. The multiple of seven Obols {q.v.). This term was often used in Egypt in monetary accounts. Heregeld. This word occurs as early as the year 1018 in a charter of King Canute. Cowel, in The Interpreter, 1607, states that it "is a Tribute or Tax levj^ed for the Maintenance of an Armj-. ' ' Conf. German lieer Geld. Herescarius. A small coin mentioned in a codex of Folquino. Herrengroschen. The name usually given to silver coins of the sixteenth cen- tury bearing a figure of the Savior. The word means "Groschen of the Master." Herring Silver. An old English term implying a payment in money for the custom of supplying herrings for the pro- vision of a religious institution. Herzogsgroschen. The name applied in general to any tj^pe of the Gros or double Gros on which the principal feature is the ducal figure. Examples exist for Diiren, struck by William I de Juliers (1357- 1361), and reading wilhelm dux-ivlia- CESis and moneta durensi. Hexadrachm. A Greek silver coin of the value of six Drachms {q.v.). It was rarely struck, thovigli specimens from the Carthaginian mint are known. [108] Hexas Hock Tuesday Money Hexas. The one sixth of the Litra {q.v.). Coins of tliis denomination were struck in southern Italy and Sicily both in silver and bronze. In bronze it corre- sponds to the Roman Sextans. Hexastater. The denomination of six Staters, better known as the Dodekadrachm {q.v.). Hexobol. A multiple of the Obol {q.v.) struck in bronze in Egypt under the Ptole- mies. Heymannchen. A nickname given to certain Prussian Mariengroschen struck in Aurich in 1761. They were a temporary money of necessity and were put forth by a mint-warden named Heymann. Hibernias. A name given to the brass half Pence struck at Limerick during the siege of 1691. These pieces were generally re-struck on Gun-money Shillings and have on the reverse a seated figure of Hibernia holding a harp. Hieronymus d'Or. A gold coin of Westphalia of the value of tive Thaler; it obtains its name from Jerome Napoleon. Higley Coppers. The name given to a variety of threepence struck by John Hig- ley of Grauby, Connecticut, from which circumstance these pieces are also referred to as Granby Coppers. Higley was born in 1673, and the coins are dated 1737 and 1739. There are a number of varieties, one of which was discovered as recently as 1913 with a wheel on the reverse. For de- tails as to this private coinage, see Crosby, and Woodford, Currency and Bntildng in Connecticut. Hip. A slang name for the current sil- ver coin of fifty cents issued for the Netherlands. Hirschgulden. A name given to the Gulden or two thirds Thaler of Wiirttem- berg which has a stag supporting the ar- morial bearings. The large silver coins of Stolberg which bear a stag standing against a pillar are known as Hirschthaler. Hirtenpfennig. A nickname given to a uniface copper coin of Buchhorn. The ar- ^morial bearings of this city are a beech tree and a horn, and from the latter figure, resembling a shepherd's horn, the name was probably coined. Histiaika. A name given in ancient times ('la-Tttzixd or 'la-tar/.ov apYuptov) to the well-known Tetrobols of Histiaea in Eu- boea. See Homolle, Bull. corr. hell. (vol. vi. 1882, p. 133). Hitarc Pfennige. The name given to a type of small silver coins struck in the Archbishopric of Cologne during the twelfth century. They were principally issued under Arnold II von Wied (1151- 1156), and Reinald von Dassel (1159- 1167). All of the coins have a church with three spires on the reverse. Ho. A Japanese word meaning treas- ure. The term is used in conjunction with Tsu, ix., currencJ^ on coins, forming two of the usual four characters on the obverse. See Pao and Tsu and conf. Munro (pp. 251, 264). Hobby Horse, also known as Stecken- reiter. The name given to both a gold and silver square coin which the Imperial Ambassador in Nuremburg ordered to be struck in the year 1650, on the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia. He was ten- dered an ovation by the youths of the city, who appeared in front of his residence riding on hobby-horses This incident is depicted on one side of the coin and the reverse bears the inscription vivat ferdi- NANDVS III. EOM. IMP. Hochmuths Thaler, also called Waser Thaler. A silver coin of Zurich struck in 1660. Hock Money. An obsolete English term for the money collected by various persons at Hocktide. In the Churchivar- dens' Accounts of St. Dunstan's Church in Canterbury, under the date 1-184-1485, occurs the following entry : ' ' Ress. by vs the seyde Wardeynes of Hockemoneye at Ester ix. s. xd. " In other old records the word is vari- ously written Hok Money, Hoke Money, and Oke Mone3r. Hock Tuesday Money. Cowel, in The Interpreter, 1607, states that this was "a duty given to the landlord, that his tenants and bondmen might solemnize the day on which the English conquered the Danes, being the second Tuesday after Easter week." [109 Hoedjesschelling Ho'penny Hoedjesschelling. A variety of the Schelling which receives its name from the figure of a hood on a staff, the latter being held in the claws of a lion rampant. It was issued only for the Province of Zee- land, and the coinage originated in 1672 and extends to about 1720. Ho Eli Sen. A large round Japanese bronze coin made in 1707 at the value of ten ordinary Sen and withdrawn two years later despite the fact that the reverse in- scription reads "For the Everlasting Use of the World." Hog. The slang name for a Shilling. R. Head, in his Canting Academij, 1673, has ' ' Shilling, Bord, or Hog ' ' ; Cruikshank in Three Courses and Dessert (412), re- marks, "What's half a crown and a shil- ling? A bull and a hog." Hog Money. The popular name for a series of coins issued for the Bermuda Islands early in the seventeenth century. It is stated that in 1515 a Spanish vessel commanded by Juan Bermudez, and con- taining a cargo of hogs, was wrecked on one of these islands, while on its way to Cuba. In 1609 George Somers was ap- pointed Governor of the Colony of Vir- ginia, and on his voyage from England he was cast away on the Bermudas, where he found a large number of wild hogs. He victualled a vessel with them, proceeding later to Virginia. In the same year, 1609, a charter was granted to the Bermuda Company by James I, and it is assumed that from about 1616 to 1624 the first coins consisting of copper shillings, six- pences, three-pences, and two-pences were struck. These pieces have on one side the figure of a hog, with the inscription sommer LSLANDS, and on the reverse a galleon. See Xumismatic Chronicle, 18S3 (p. 117), and Crosby (pp. 17, IS). Hohlbla£Fert. See Blaflfert. Hohlpfennige. A name given to certain uniface coins resembling the Bracteates but containing a smaller percentage of silver. They were originallj' issued in the northern portions of Germany, Pommerania, Bran- denburg, Jlecklenburg, etc., and were cop- ied in the Rhine Provinces in the fifteenth century and received the name of Liibische Pfennige. The latter are usually found with a raised edge, by which they can easily be distinguished from the Hohlpfen- nige. Hohlringheller. A minute base silver uniface coin of Aix-la-Chapelle, Aremberg, etc., current in the latter part of the six- teenth century. It bears a resemblance to the Hohlpfennige (q.v.) but is of much smaller module. Hok Money, or Hoke Money. See Hock MoneJ^ Holey Doll2U-, also called Ring Dollar. In the year 1813 Governor Macquarie of New South Wales procured some £10,000 worth of Spanish Dollars from the centres of which he had circular discs cut. Around the edges of the perforation, which is milled, the words new south waees, 1813, were stamped, and on the reverse five shil- lings, 1813. This coin received the name of the Holey Dollar. The circular central piece was known as a Dump ; it was countermarked %\'ith a crown and the value, fifteen pence. The Holey Dollar was current until 1829. Sec Numismatic Chron- icle (Series iii. 3, pp. 119-120). Homage Coins are such as indicate by their inscriptions that homage or respect is tendered to some ruler. They occur ex- tensively in the German series and are known as Huldigungs Miinzen. Homereus, or '0\i.TipB<.ov. This name, as we learn from Strabo (xiv. 1, 37), was given to certain bronze coins struck at Smyrna which bear the type of Homer seated. Illustrations of these coins will be found in the British Museum catalogue, loni^x (Plate xxv. Xos. 15-17). Hongre. An obsolete form of the On- garo or Ungaro. Richard Hayes, in The Negociators' Magazine, 1740. mentions "a Hongre at IdI/o Livres, '' current at Ber- gamo ; "an Hongre, or Hungarian Sequin, of about 240 or 250 Aspers," used in Con- stantinople; and "a Gold Hongre at 8I/2 Livres, " current at Bologna. Hook Money. See Larin. Ho'penny. See Half Penny. [110 Hoppers' Money Hybrid Coins Hoppers' Money. A variety of tokens or tallies, made of lead, and paid to pick- ers of hops in lieu of money. They repre- sented the amount of bushels picked and were redeemed when the work was fin- ished. See Spink (xx. 13872). Ho Pu. The Chinese name for certain copper coins issued by Wang Mang, 7-14 A.D., and meaning exchangeable cloth money. Hori Tane Sen. The Japanese name for the original hand cut model for a coin, from which carefully made impressions are made for other Sen. They are generally cut in copper, silver or ivory. See Ilaha Sen and Tane Sen. Homgroschen. The name given to a series of silver coins issued by the Elector Ernst of Saxony, jointly with his brother Albrecht and his uncle Wilhelm (1464- 1486). There are numerous varieties of mint-marks for Leipzig, Colditz, Freiberg, Zwickau, etc. Dated specimens exist as early as 1465. Sec Frey (No. 109). There are also Hornpfennige of the same design for various parts of Thuringia including the city of Erfurt. All of these coins ob- tain their names from the shield on the reverse which is surmounted by a helmet with ox horns. Horse and Jockey. A nickname for the Sovereign of George III of England, which has on the reverse St. George on horse- back in combat with the Dragon. Hosenband Thaler. A silver coin struck in Dresden in 1678 to commemorate the conferring of the Order of the Garter on the Elector Johann George II of Saxony. Hsien. A Chinese word used on the Cantonese and Hong Kong coinage of the one Cent denomination. The word is a phoneticism for the sound Cent. Hsing Yeh. See Lai Tsu. Hua. The Chinese for "exchange." The character is found on some of the an- cient coins and the word is used in the sense of exchange for money. Huan. A Chinese weight of six ounces in which fines were paid. The word also means a ring, and also a round coin in which the field and the central hole is equal. See Pi and Yuan. Huang Kai Tsu. See Kua Teng Ch'ien. Hubertusthaler. A silver coin of the Palatinate issued during the eighteenth century, which bears a figure of St. Hubert, the patron saint of huntsmen. Pie is gen- erally represented as kneeling before a stag. Duke Gerhard VI of Jiilich founded the Order of St. Hubertus, and it was reor- ganized by the Elector Palatine Johann Wilhelm in 1709. A smaller coin, called the Hubertusgroschen, was struck at Miihl- heim in 1482. See Frey (No. 233). Hudson's Bay Tokens. A name given to four varieties of brass tokens which were issued about the year 1857 and used by the Hudson's Lay Company in its trad- ings with the Indians. The largest of these tokens is of the value of one beaver skin, and the others are fractions of one half, one quarter, and one eighth. See Breton (926-929). Huitain. A name given to the one eighth Thaler of Geneva issued in 1624 and later. Huitieme d'Ecu. Sec Quart d'Ecu. Huldigungs Miinzen. See Homage Coins. Hun. The Hindustani name for the Pagoda iq.v.). Hunting Dollar. See Jagdthaler. Huo. A Chinese term for money. It is composed of the characters Hua "ex- change" and Pei "Cowries" (q.v.). Hussthaler. A general name for all coins of Thaler size which bear a portrait of Johann Huss. They are of a medallic nature and are supposed to have been struck in 1515, a century after the Re- former met his death, but were actually made at a later period. Hvid. A silver coin current in Den- mark, Oldenburg, East Friesland, etc., early in the sixteenth century. Its value was four silver Pfennige. The name may be a contraction of Korsvide (q.v.). Hybrid Coins. A name given to such coins as have an obverse belonging to one type and a reverse belonging to another. See Mule. [Ill] labus Inchquin Money labus. Another name for the Deunx iq.v.). Ibramee. A money of account of Cutch and Kathiawar, and computed at eighteen Koris iq.v.). Ichi Bu. See Bu. Icossadrachmon. The common name for the gold coin of twenty Drachma! struck in Greece in 1843 by Otto I, and continued by his successor George I. Idra, meaning a hydra, was the name given to the Testone of Hercules I, Duke of Ferrara (1471-1505), which bears the figure of this fabled monster on the re- verse. lesimok. In 1798 there was a project in Russia to make Ecus, i.e., lesimki, of 5434 Stuivers, to be used for foreign trade. Only a few essays, however, were struck, and the lesimok, as this silver piece is called, is very rare. See Chaudoir (i. 173). Ikilik, or Elkillk. A silver coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value of two Pias- tres or eighty Paras. Its weight varies from 390 to 480 grains. The name is derived from iki, i.e., two. The issues for Tunis, which appeared under Mahmud I (A.H. 1143-1168), are of billon, and valued at only two Paras. See Fonrobert (5316). Ilahi. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, of the value of twelve Ru- pees. See Sihansah. Imami. A name given to the silver Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reck- oning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The name was given in honor of the twelve Imams. Imbasing of Money. Hale, in Pleas of the Crown (i. 102), states that this con- sists of "mixing the species with an alloy below the standard of sterling." Sir Thomas More in his Utopia, 1551, uses the phrase "Bnhauncjmge and imbas- yng of coyne. ' ' See Debased and Embase. [11 Imbiamcate. An Italian expression usu- ally applied to such of the Roman bronze coins of the later Empire as were coated with tin to give them the appearance of silver. Immune Columbia. A copper experi- mental issue belonging to the colonial series of the United States. They are dated 1785 and 1786, and some varieties have the re- verse of the Nova Constellatio iq.v.). Imperial. A Russian gold coin, first struck under Elizabeth in 1745, of the value of ten Rubles. Shice 1817 only half Imperials are coined but they retain the name of Imperial. These are worth five Rubles in gold or five Rubles and 15 Ko- pecks in silver. Imperial Ducat. A former gold coin of Russia of the value of three and one tenth Rubles. These Russian Ducats appear in the coinage earlj^ in the seventeenth cen- turv and their issue ends in the reign of Paul (1796-1801). Imperiale. Frederick II, A'^iscount of Milan, struck a silver coin of this name in 1225 on the occasion of the marriage of his son Henry. The Danaro of Azzone Visconti (1329-1339) is also so called; it has the inscription mediolanvm in tliree lines. Barnabo Visconti (1354-1385) struck the Imperiale Nuovo with imperialis. The value of these coins gradually de- clined owing to the impurity of the metal and in 1410 the pieces were only worth one half of the early issues. Impression. The entire design on both the obverse and reverse of a coin. The word is also used to denote a reproduction of a coin in paper, wax, plaster, etc. Inchquin Money. A series of necessity money issued in 1642 by Lord Inchquin, "^'ice-president of Munster. They consist of the Pistole and double- Pistole in gold, and Crowns, half-Crowns, Shillings, nine Pence, six Pence, Groats, and three Pence in silver. See British Numismatic Journal (ii. 333-341). 2] Incuse Coins Irmilik Incuse Coins. A name given to such coins as present tlieir obverse or reverse types in intaglio. On early Greek coins the design often appears rained on one side, while on the other side it is sunk, or its place taken l>y a more or less crude punch. The early incuse coins of Magna Graecia tisually present the obverse type in intaglio on the reverse. The same is the case with certain mis-strikes of a later period where a similar effect has been produced, because the coin, in the hurry of striking, has remained in the die and has then left its own impress on the succeeding blank or flan. Indian Head Cent. The popular name for the small cent introduced in the United States coinage in 1858 and struck until 1909. The earlier issues were in nickel, and in 1863 bronze was substituted. Indio. A silver Portuguese coin of the value of thirty-three Reis, issued in the latter part of the fifteenth century. See Fernandes (p. 116). Inf ortiati. A term meaning ' ' to strength- en, " and applied in a general way to coins of a thick and heavy fabric to dis- tinguish them from those of a lighter and thinner type. It is used specially for the Denaro of Lucca, current in the twelfth century, to avoid the confusing of this coin with the Denaro Nuovo of the same period. The latter was of thinner fabric and was also known as the Lucchese Nuovo. Ingot. An amorphous mass of gold, sil- ver, or other metal cast in a mold and stamped with some device to pass for cur- rency. Silver ingots are known of the Greek period and both gold and silver of the Roman Empire. Copper ingots occur in the money of Java, silver ones in Japan, etc. The name has been recognized since the sixteenth century, for Stanyhurst, in his translation of Virgil's JEncid, 1583 (i.), says, "he poincted, where the vnknowne ingots of gould and siluer abounded. ' ' Ingot Money. See Yuan Pao, Shoe and Sycee. Inpierans Golt is gold with a consider- able amount of alloy. It is referred to in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430. See Paul Joseph (p. 172). Inscription. The letters or words writ- ten across the field of a coin, or upon any figure in the device. See Legend. Inspection Note. A peculiar currency of paper, founded upon tobacco valua- tions. It was introduced in the Province of Maryland in 1763, and still existed to a limited extent at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The system was akin to and based upon that which had existed for some years previously in Virginia, where it bore the name, yet more expres- sive, of Tobacco Notes. The staple was placed by the producer or owner in the public warehouses for his county, was duly inspected and branded by the proper offi- cer, who gave for it a receipt, specifying the quality and quantity of the deposit ; this receipt, or, as it was called. Inspection Note, was a legal tender for all purposes in the county wherein it was issued, and the holders possessed the right of obtaining at any time from the storehouses the amount of tobacco which the face of the note called for. This currency superseded that of the staple, which was then declared no longer to be a legal tender. Interimsthaler. The name given to a satirical silver coin struck at Magdeburg in 1550 and 1551, during the temporary declarations of peace between the contest- ing Protestant and Roman Catholic fac- tions. It has on one side the baptism of the Savior, and on the reverse the figures of Christ and a triple-headed monster. One head is that of an angel, the second bears the Papal tiara, and the third a fool's cap. Ionian League. See League Coinage. Iriden. See Regenbogenschiissel. Irlandes d' Argent. Ruding (i. 278) states that at the Parliament at Drogheda in 1460 it was enacted that ' ' a proper coin separate from the coin of England, was with more convenience agreed to be had in Ireland,'' and among the proposed coins was one ' ' of half quarter of an ounce troy weight, on which shall be imprinted on one side a lion, and on the other side a crown, called an Irlandes d 'Argent, to pass for the value of one penny sterling." Irmilik. See Medjidie. [113] Iron Coins Itzi Bu Iron Coins. There is a tradition that Lycurgus banished gold and silver from Sparta, and compelled the Lacedffimonians to use small iron bars as money, and pro- claimed it to be the only legal tender. These bars or spits received the name of At Tegea, Argos, and perhaps Heraea, iron was used in the fourth century B.C., and their types are similar to those of the silver coins of the same localities. Iron money was employed in China during the Liang dynastj', A.D. 502-556, but was discarded in the latter year when the Teh 'en dynastj^ came into power. An iron four Mon piece was issued in Japan in 1863, and iron coins were also struck by the feudal lords (Daimios) of Japan for exclusive use in their own dominions. According to Schroeder (p. 47) iron coins were issued for Annam as early as A.D. 401. The most recent coinages in iron are the German five and ten Pfennig pieces issued in 1915 on account of the scarcity of cop- per. See Kriegsfiinfer. Isabelina. The name given to the gold coins of Isabella II of Spain. Isabella. The popular name for the gold coin of 100 Reales struck by Queen Isabella II of Spain pursuant to an act of June 26, 1864. Isabella Quarter. The popular name for a quarter Dollar of the United States, is- sued only in 1893. It bears on the obverse a bust of Isabella, Queen of Spain, who gave assistance to Columbus. Isargold Dukat. A gold coin of Bavaria issued in 1830 and which receives its name from the fact that the metal was obtained from washings in the river Isar. See Aus- beutemiinzen. Itzi Bu. See Bu. [114] Jack Jane Jack. Evidently the name of an early Irish coin, as at a Parliament held at Drogheda, 1460, for the reformation of the Irish coinage, it was decreed among other measures that "the coin called the Jack be hereafter of no value and void." 8er Ruding (i. 278). Jack. A slang name for the English Farthing. The use of this term can be traced to the beginning of the eighteenth century; later the name was applied to card counters, resembling in size and ap- pearance Sovereigns and half Sovereigns. Jacobsthaler. See Jakobsthaler. Jacobus. The popular but not official name for the Unite of James I (q.v.). It was retained as late as the nineteenth cen- tury, as Macaulay uses it in his History of England, 1855 (iii. 585). Jacquesa. See Jaquesa. Jafari, or Jafri. A name given to the eighth Rupee or silver Panam of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after Jafar Sadik, the sixth Imam. Jafimske. A Russian silver coin men- tioned by Adam Olearius, in his Travels of the Anibassadors, 1636 (p. 97). He states that the Russians apply this name to the Rixdollar, and assumes it to be a corruption of Joachimsthaler. Jagdthaler. A silver coin of Bohemia struck by the Emperor Ferdinand II in 1626, from designs by Hans Rieger, of Breslau. It has on the reverse a city view and the Emperor on horseback riding to the cha.se, accompanied by a huntsman and two dogs. Jager. A base silver coin issued in many parts of the Low Countries, but especially Groningen, in the latter part of the fif- teenth century. It is sometimes known as the Halve Braspenning. See van der Chijs (passim), and for the early dated specimens, Frey. [11 Jakobsthaler. The name given to cer- tain silver coins struck in 163.3 and 1634 by Duke Frederick Ulrich of Brunswick Wolfenbiittel from metal obtained from the St. Jakob mine at Lauteiithal. They bear a figure of Jacob, the patron saint, in pilgrim's costume, and a view of the town of Lautenthal. The pieces were struck not only as simple Thaler, but also as doubles and sextuples. Jaku. Ruding (i. 187) states that in the Grntleman's Magazine for 1812 (p. 331) there is a communication from Dr. Pegge, who imagined that he had discovered the gold Penny of Henrj' III in a Jewish doc- ument under the name of Jaku. This he considers as equivalent to pure or sterling. The Jews, he says, "used Denarim and Jaku, just in the same manner as the Chris- tians applied their words Denarius and Sterlingus. ' ' Jalalah. Another name for the square Rupee struck by Akbar, Emperor of Hin- dustan and his successors. See Sihansah. Jamis Korl. See Kori. Jamodi. See Pice. Jampal. See Djampel. Janauschek Thaler. The name given to the silver Thaler and double with the head of Frankofurtia, designed by A. von Nord- heim, and struck for the city of Frankfort a.M. in 1857 and later. Joseph and Fellner in their work on the coins of this city (No. 1265) state that Fanny Janauschek, the actress, is said to have served as the model, and they add that at one time this Thaler and double Thaler were sold in the United States at high prices under the name of Rothschild Love Dollars, and the public were in- formed that the figure represented a mis- tress of Rothschild. Jane. This word is probably a corrup- tion of Genoese, and it was applied to a coin of very inferior metal brought to Eng- land by traders from Genoa. Spenser, Faerie Queene (iii. 7. 58), says: "Because I would not give her many a Jane." '] Januini Joe Januini, or Genuini. The name given to Denarii struck in Genoa. Du Cange cites ordinances showing that the term was used in 1240 and 1278. Jaquesa, or Jacquesa. A copper coin of Spain which probably received its name from Jacca or Xaca, the old capital of Aragon. It is referred to in ordinances of the fourteenth century, but Engel and Serrure (ii. 824) state that it was origin- ally struck by Sanzio Ramirez I (1063- 1094). The Lira Jaquesa or Lira Aragonese was a money of account used in Spain at the beginning of the nineteenth century and was computed at ten Reales. Jarimlik. See Yigirmlik. Jaunet. A French nickname for any gold coin in allusion to its color. ' Jeneuoser, or Jenuersch, are gold coins referred to in ordinances of Frankfort a.M. during the years 1409 and 1430. The coin is probably the G-enovino. See Paul Joseph (pp. 130, 172). Jermelik. See Yigirmlik. Jesus Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler. Jeton. A counter which can be traced in France to the thirteenth century. Some of the earliest types bear the inscription "de la chambre des comptes," and later issues have portraits, fleurs d-e lis, the makers' names, etc. The name is derived from the verb "Jeter" to throw, to cast. The pieces orig- inally served the same purpose as the Rechenpfennige (q.v.). They were first struck in copper, brass, and other base metals, but at a later period when they were intended as gifts, they were fre- quently made of silver and gold. Tournay was one of the chief manufac- turing places of Jetons during the fif- teenth and sixteenth centuries. Jettal, or Settle. A money of account formerly used in Kanara and other parts of Madras, and computed at 48 to the Pagoda. Sec Noback (p. 193). Jetton. See Jeton. Jihadiyeh Beshlik. A silver necessity coin of the Ottoman Empire issued under Mahmud II. Lane-Poole states {Niimis- matic Chronicle, 3d Series, ii. 182) that [11 the "Beshlik here means five Ghrush, and not five Para, and the coin was issued at the low weight of 410 instead of 1000 grains. ' ' Jilaleh. A silver coin of a square form and equal to the Rupee in value. Its first appearance is in the reign of Akbar (A.H. 963-1Q14), one of the Moghul emperors of Hindustan. Jingle Boy. An English slang term for a gold or silver coin, and specifically for a Guinea. Thomas Day, in his play. The Beggar of Bednall Green, 1600 (v. ) , has : ' ' Gome, old fellow, bring thy white Bears to the Stake, and thy yellow gingle boys to the Bull- ring. ' ' Jingo Kaiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. Jitney. Originally a token or counter of about the size of the current nickel five Cent piece of the United States, and later the name was applied to the coin itself. The term is now generally used in con- nection with the normal fare for trans- portation within town limits. Jiu Ni Zene. The twelve ancient Sen of Japan. They are as follows: 1. Wado Kaiho Issued In 70S A.D. 2. Mannen Tsuho " " 760 " 3. Tlngo Kaiho " " 765 " 4. Ryuhei Eiho 5. Fuju Jimpo 6. Showa Shoho 7. Chonen Talho 8. Nyueki Jimpo 9. Jogwan Eilio 10. Kampei Talho 11. Engi Tsuho " 796 " 818 " 835 " 848 " 859 " 870 " 890 " 907 12. Kengen Talho " " 958 Joachimsthaler. See Thaler. Joannes. A gold coin of Portugal, first issued in 1722 under John V from which ruler it obtains it name. Conf. Dobra; and for' an account of its underrating see Chalmers (pp. 82, 396). Joanninus. This term was originally applied to the money issued at Rhodes by the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and later to the Grossi struck by Pope John XXII (1410-1415). Jodocus Thaler. A silver coin of Jever struck by the Duchess Maria (1517-1575). It takes its name from Jodocus, the patron saint, who is figured in armor and holding a flag in his right hand. See Madai (1738). Joe. The common designation for the gold Joannes of Portugal (q.v.). <3] Joe Jux Joe. A paper currency issued about 1809 for Bssequibo and Demerara. The Joe was eiiuivalent to twenty-two British Guilders. Joey. A nickname given to the English silver fovir Pence. See Britannia Groat. Jogwan Eiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. Jora. See Zahrali. Jubilee Money. An issue in both gold and silver struck in England in 1887 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Queen Victoria's reign. These coins bear an effigy of the Qiieen modelled from life by Sir Edgar Boehm. The gold pieces consist of the five Pound piece, double Sovereign, Sovereign, and half Sovereign. The largest of the silver coins was the Crown. Jubileums Thaler. A commemorative coin, struck, as the name indicates, for a jubilee, anniversary, etc. They are also known as Denkmiinzen or Gedachtnis- miinzen. There are a number issued on the cen- tennials of the Augsburg Confession, 1530, 1630, 1730, and 1830; and in 1755 Fred- erick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, struck a Thaler on the peace of the religions. See Madai (4013). In Holland similar pieces have been issued known as Gedenkpennige. Judenkopfgroschen, or Judenkopfe. A nickname given to certain Groschen struck by Frederick II and William III of Meis- sen in the latter part of the fifteenth cen- tury. The bearded head with the peculiar pointed hat on the reverse of these coins, which constitutes one of the ornaments in the Meissen armorial bearings, was taken bj"- the populace as resembling a Jew's por- trait. Other nicknames for the same pieces are Bartgroschen and Judenhiite. Judenmedaillen. This term is applied to a class of gold and silver medals which were the product of Jewish goldsmiths of Fragile in the early part of the seventeenth century. They are cast and then re- engraved to give them the appearance of having been made about two hundred years earlier. The obverses bear portraits of Charles VI of France, the Emperor Maximilian I, etc. Judenpfennige. The name given to a series of counterfeit copper coins which originated in Frankfort a.M. in 1703, and were continued until 1822. Joseph and Fellner in their history of the coinage of this city give a list of these unauthorized pieces (Nos. 1990-2004). The issues from 1703 to 1807 are stamped 1 Theler; in 1809 appeared the 1 Atribuo, and in 1818 the one quarter Halbag. These are all rated at the value of one Pfennig. See also Spink (xi. 128)- for an ex- haustive treatise on the subject. Jugate. Placed side by side ; i.e., ac- colated or accolled. See Bajoire. Juik, Juk, or Jux. A former Turkish money of account computed at 100,000 As- pers, and in some localities at twelve Beu- tel {q.v.). Julier. The Swiss popular name for the Giulio {q.v.). Juliusloser. See Loserthaler. Jun Pei. See Chun Pei. Justo. A gold coin of Portugal issued by Joannes II (1481-1495) which had a value of about six hundred Reis. The de- vice on one side is the armorial shield, and on the other the King seated on a throne or standing before it, with the motto ivstvs VT PALMA FLOREBiT, from which inscription the coin obtained its name. There is a cor- responding half, known as Espadim {q.v.). Jux. See Juik. ■ [117] Kabe. an kanna Drick K Kabean. The name given to a form of money used in Tenasserim, a former prov- ince of Siam and later of Burma. The coins consist of a mixture of lead and tin. R. C. Temple, in the Indian Antiqxtary, 1902 (p. 51), states that 40 Kabean are equal to one Madras Rupee, and 88 are equal to a Spanish Dollar. See Ganza. Kabir, also variously known as Caveer, Kabukt, and Buckscha. An Arabian money of account computed at one eighti- eth of the Piastre. It was formerly ex- tensively employed at Mocha. See Noback (pp. 678-679). ' Kaczen Gulden. See Katzen Gulden. Kasperlein. See Kasperle. Kagami Sen, or "Mirror" Sen. The Japanese name for a form of counter re- sembling the old round Sen, but heavier and flat on one side. The designs on these are largely floral. Another name was Ana Ichi Sen. Kahan. See Cawne. Kahapana. See Pana. Kaird Turner. An obsolete Scotch term for a small base coin made by tinkers. Caird or Kaird means a tinker, and the name is common to Aberdeenshire. Spalding, History of Scotland, 1792 (i. 197), says: "The Kaird turners [were] . . . discharged, as false cuinzes. " Kairien. A name given to certain base gold coins of Egypt. The Kairie Ba.shireh was valvied at ten Piastres and the Kairie Hashreen at twenty Piastres. They were introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D. 1839. Kaisar. A proclamation of Elizabeth, of October 9, 1560, states "that the crowns named Burgundians, Kaisars, or French Crowns, then current at six shillings and four pence, should go for six shillings and no more." -Sfee Ruding (i. 338). The ref- erence is probably to the Brabantine Zon- nekroon, struck in 1544 {q.v.). [ Kaisergroschen. A common name for the silver pieces of three Kreuzer, struck in Austria, Silesia, etc. They bore on the obverse the bust of the Emperor and were computed at thirty to the Reichsthaler, or twenty to the Gulden. Kaiserthaler. See Dreikaiserthaler. Kakini. Another name for the Vodri (q.v.). -«».__.. . Kala. A silver coin of India and equal to one sixteenth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. Kalenderthaler. A silver Scudo issued by Pope Gregory XIII to commemorate the improvement in the calendar. It bears the inscription anno restitvto mdlxxxii. Kaltis. An early Indian coin mentioned by the Greeks. Cunningham (p. 2) says, "the Kaltis I take to be a gold Hun of the weight of a Kalutti seed, about fifty grains." Kammerherrenthaler. This word signi- fies a Chamberlain, and the name is given to the Prussian Thaler of Frederick Wil- liam III, struck in 1816, on which the in- scription reads k. v. preuss. instead of KOENiG VON PRBUSSEN. A Chamberlain named von Preuss was at the royal court in that year. Kampei Taiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. Kamsa. An early Ceylon copper coin which is frequently referred to by Sinha- lese writers. See Davids (sec. 12). Kangtang. The name given to a variety of the Chinese temple money, struck about the sixteenth century. Millies (p. 38) states that this money was copied in Java and received the name of Keteng, and Netcher gives it a valua- tion of one fifth of the Gobog (q.v.). Kani. See Tankah. Kanna Drick. A token struck both oval and octagonal and issued for the miners of TroUhattan (i.e., the "Cap of the Witch") in West Gothland. The Kanna is a Swedish liquid measure and the token was presumably exchangeable for a quan- tity of some beverage. 118] Kantem Katzen Gulden Kantem. A copper coin of Bulgaria. See Stotinka. Kapang. See Kepeng. Karkadona, Greek, Kap/.d8ova. Accord- ing to Suiclas, this was another name for the Danake or Charon's Obol (q.v.). Karl d'Or. See Carl d'Or. KarMno. See Carlino. Kar-ma-nga. A Tibetan coin of the value of two Annas. See Tang-ka. Karolin. A gold coin somewhat larger than the Ducat, introduced in 1732 by Karl Philip, Elector of the Palatinate, and copied in Bavaria, Wiirttemberg, Baden, Hessen, etc. See Carolin. Karolus Gulden. See Carolus. Karsha, or Karshapana. The name of both a silver and a copper denomination in the coinage of ancient India. Sec Pana. Kas. A copper coin issued bj^ Denmark from the reign of Christian V (1670-1699) to 1845, for Tranquebar. It was similar to the Cache {q.v.), issued by France for its colonial possessions. There are multiples of two, four, and ten Kas pieces, and many minor varieties, for a full account of which see Bergsoe, Trankehar-Monter, 1895 {passim). Kas, or Kash. A small copper coin of Southern India, corresponding to the Cache^ and the Kasu {q.v.). The Dutch and Danes struck it in multiples as high as fifty Kashas for their possessions. See Faluce. Kasbegi, also named Pul, and Qaz. A copper coin of Persia of the Sufi or Safi dynasty, and valued at one fourth of a Bisti. The name Kasbegi is not inscribed on these coins, but instead of this occurs the Arabic word Falvis, the plural of Fels, which is supposed to be a corruption of the Latin Follis, just as the Persian de- nomination of Pijl, applied to the same spe- cies of coin, seems to be derived from Obolus. Under Nasir al din (A.H. 1264-1314) the Kasbegi was made the one tenth of the Shahi, and equal to the Turkish Para. »See Fonrobert (4305 et seq.). Kasperle. An Austrian nickname for the one fourth Brabanter Thaler or Kro- nen Thaler, because it represented the price of admission to the Kasperle Theater, a kind of "Punch and Judy" show, popular in Vientia. The Swiss use Chasperli as an equivalent. Hebel, in his Alcnurnmsche Gedichte (iii. 142, 149, etc.), mentions "Bin Kasper- lein." Kassenmannchen. A nickname used in Westphalia and the Rhine Provinces for the Prussian piece of two and one half SilbergToschen. The small bust would account for the derivation of "Mannchen, " and the first part of the name is probably due to the fact that the majority of the coins were used to liquidate small pajinents in the state treasury. See Driittainer. Kassenthaler. See Cassa Thaler. Kasu. A Kanarese word called by Eu- ropeans "cash." This denomination is ap- plied to the small copper issues of Travan- core, sixteen of them being equal to a (Jhuckram. On the modern coinage the word is written in English ' ' Cash. ' ' In the Mysore coinage under Krishna Raja Udaiyar (1799-1868) the word Kasu followed by a numeral is frequently met with ; similarly, in the coinage of Madras, the Fels is divided into twenty Kas, the latter word being another form of Kasu. See Pagoda, and conf. Elliot (p. 59). Katerjm. An obsolete form of writing Quattrino {q.v.). Katharinengroschen. The name given to certain silver coins issued by Katharina, the widow of Frederick, Margrave of Meis- sen (deceased 1428), as guardian and trustee for her sons Frederick II and Wil- liam III. They have in the inscription the three initials, K.F.W. Katib. See Kutb. Kattersinken. A name which occurs in Adam Berg's New Miinzhuch, 1597, to des- ignate small base silver Bohemian coins of the sixteenth century. He states that six were equal to a Kreuzer but does not give the etymology of the term. Katzen Gulden. A gold coin referred to in archives of Frankfort a.M, of 1430, but which has not been identified. It is sometimes written Kaczen Gulden. See Paul Joseph (pp. 91, 172). [119] Katzengulden Kharf Katzengulden. A nickname given to the early silver coins of Ueberlingen in the Duchy of Suabia. The armorial bearings consist of a silver lion on a red field, and this design when figured on the coinage resembled a cat. A mint was established here during the thirteenth century. Kazmi. A name given to the one six- teenth Rupee or silver half Fanam of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after Musa Kazim, the seventh Imam. Kebar. Abj^ssinian beads used for money. See Kharf. Kedjer. A Javanese money of account of the value of one sixteenth Real. See Pitje. Kehlpfennig, or Kelpenning, are terms frequently found in the numismatic ar- chives of Brandenburg during the Middle Ages. It has not been determined what varieties of coins are referred to by this name, but it is assumed that they are Brac- teates or Hohlpfennige (q.v.). Conf. also Okelpenning and see Zeitschrift fur Nu- inisDiatik, 1908 (196). Keiat. The name given to the silver Rupee with the figure of a peacock, struck for Burma in 1852. There are divisions of halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths. Keizerskroon. See Zonnekroon. Kelchthaler. A silver coin of Zurich, struck in 1526. The name means ' ' Chalice Thaler," and it is bestowed on this piece because the metal used in its composition was furnished by the churches. Kelpenning. See Kehlpfennig. Kenderi. The Dutch equivalent of Can- dareen {q.v.). The Kenderi Perak is a sil- ver coin of the Malay Peninsula. See Pitje. Kengen Taiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. Kentel. Another name for the Gobog {q.v.), a variety of the temple money of Java. Kentucky Cent. This coin is so called because the letter K is on the uppermost of the pryamid of stars. The token was probably struck in England after June 1, 1792, the date of this State's admission to the Union. Kepeng, Keping, Kapang, or Kupang. The name of a copper coin iised through- out the Malay States, and reckoned at the four hundredth part of a Spanish Dollar. The word is of Malay origin and means a bit or piece. See Netscher and v.d. Chijs {passim) and Pitje {infra). Keration. Another name for the Siliqua, which see. Kerma, Greek, KlpiJ-a, dimin. Kspjjia-iiov, was used to designate any monetary frac- tion, a very small coin. Kersa. A name (Kepaa, Kspaaiov, Kopaiov) found in Hesychius to designate an Asiatic coin. Keser. A Turkish money of account. See Beutel. Kesitah. A Hebrew word meaning a lamb ; it is translated as "a piece of monej', ' ' due probably to the fact that' the weight was made in that form. See Job (xlii. 11), Genesis (xxxiii. 19), and Joshua (xxiv. 32). Kesme. The name formerly given to~the Spanish Dollar or Piastre at Nubia, Kordo- fan, etc. The money of account is based on the ounce of gold which was valued at sixteen Spanish Dollars, called Puma or Wokye. Half that amount was Nosf- Wokye, and the quarter, or four Dollars, was known as a Miscal {q.v.). The names were retained in accounts, although the actual value of an ounce of gold frequently exceeded sixteen Piastres. See Noback (p. 761). Keteng. See Kangtang and Gobog. Ketip. The Malay and Javanese name for the current silver ten Cent piece of the Netherlands. Kha-Kang. A Tibetan coin of the value of one Anna. See Tang-ka. Khap-chhe. A Tibetan coin of the value of half an Anna. See Tang-ka. Kharf. A string of beads, used as money in some parts of Abyssinia. This currency is described in detail by A. Thomson D' Abbadie, in the Numismatic Chronicle (vol. ii. 1839-1840). He states that the string consists of 120 beads, called Kharaz ; three of the beads form a Kebar, and forty Kebar a Kharf. The Kharaz are carried in bags, or tied up in the corner of a cloth. They are marked by a little dark brown [120] Kharrubeh Kinsatsu ring and vary in thickness from four to seven millimetres. Kharrubeh. The grain of the kharrub tree equals one twenty-fourth Mithkal, or one eighteenth Dirhem (or one sixteenth) equals 3 grains of corn [namely, as the Dinar is to the Dirhem, i.e., 10 : 7 : : 24 : 16 'Vf;]. As a coin, a subdivision of the Bezant of Cyprus; and a small gold coin struck on Lentil (Holy) Thursday equal to one twentieth Dinar. Kharub, or Caroub. Originally a billon coin of Tunis of the value of half an Asper. Under Abd-el-Medschid, i.e., after 1839, it was struck in copper, but retained the same value. Khizri, or Kizri. A name given to the one thirty-second Rupee, or silver half Aiina of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted his new system of reck- oning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called after Khwaja Khizr, a prophet. Khodabandl. See Mahmudi. Khori. A billon coin of Armenia. It is evidently a variety of the Tram (q.v.), but struck in baser silver. See Langlois (p. 13). _ Kiao Pi. See Bridge Money. Kiao-tze. The earlj^ Chinese name for paper money issued by private concerns. It means ' ' Changelings. " At a later date these notes were called Chih-tsi or "Evi- dences. ' ' Kia-tseh-ma. A Chinese word for the so called weight money of peculiar shape used in China from the seventh to the fourth centuries B.C. Its literal transla- tion is ' ' slip weight money. ' ' Kibear, or Kebar. An Abyssinian money of account, consisting of beads, and representing one tenth of the Para. See Wakea and Kharf. Kiennes. See Chienes. Kikkabos. Another popular name in ancient times for Charon's Obol (q.v.). Eight Kt'-Axapot were supposed to equal the YwOta (q-v.), and were therefore the smallest of the so-called Charon's Obols. Kikkar. The Semitic name for the Tal- ent (q.v.). Kilkenny Crown. See Rebel Money. Kimmeridge Coal Money. See Coal. [12 Kin. A Chinese weight, the pound, which is applied to a cube of gold, each side of which was about an inch square. It is recorded to have been used during the Tchou dynasty, about B.C. 1100. The Emperor Wang-Mang (A.D. 9-23) re-established it, with a value of ten thou- sand Chien. See Chin. King George. An English dialect term for a half Penny of the eighteenth century. It is common to Cumberlandshire. Ralph, Miscellaneous Poems, 1747 (96), has the following lines : "A fortune-teller leately com about, Anrl my twea guld King Gweorges I powt out." King Shih Pi. See Bridge Money. _ King's Picture, The. An obsolete Eng- lish dialect term for money in general. It is mentioned by W. Carr in The Dialect of Craven, in the West Biding of the County of Yorkshire, 1828. King's Silver. According to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, this was "the money which was paid to the King, in the Court of Common Pleas, for a license granted to a man to levy a fine of lands, tenements, or_ hereditaments, to another person; and this must have been compounded, according to the value of the land, in the alienation oiifice, before the fine would have passed." Kin Kwan. Early Japanese gold ring money {q.v.). Kinsatsu. A name given to Japanese paper currency, or "money cards," issued May 15, 1868. For centuries before, every great daimio had issued paper money cur- rent only in his han. When the Mikado was restored to power and the government reorganized, it followed the example of the daimios and issued scrip in various de- nominations. The cards were oblong in shape, but varied in size; two thirds of the length bore an ornamental frame con- taining the value, and the remaining third resembled a coupon, being the two rampant dragons with tails crossed and enclosing an inscription denoting the issuing office. The previous paper currency consisted of Hansatsu, of which there are a number of varieties since 1694 and which were re- deemed for the Kinsatsu, at the rate of one Yen for one Rio ; those having a value of one half or one quarter Koban were called Hayaki; and those valued at forty- eight copper Mon were named Zeni. 1] Kippermiinzen Knife Money Kippermiinzen. A name given to clipped coins which circulated extensively in many parts of Germany at the beginning of the seventeenth century; and the same term was applied to the debased currencj' issued from 1621 to 1623. Thus Kipperzwolfer exist for Corvey, Mansfeld, etc. ; Kipper-21-er for Lippe ; Kipper-24-er for Brandenburg, Reuss, etc. Kirat. The one twentieth of the legal Dinar and the one fourteenth of the legal Dirhem, but in practice its relation varies greatly, i.e., it equals one twenty-fourth, and one twentieth Dinar, and one six- teenth, one twelfth, one quarter, and under the Fatimis, one half Dirhem ; but this was a gold coin Kirat which is properly equal to one half Dirhem. In 599, under Bl'- Adil, eleven emiry Kirats were equal to one Dinar. The Kirat is equal to five Habbehs, fifteen Kirats to the Buweryhy Dirhem, and twenty to the Imamy. The Kirat was the smallest of all the former copper coins of Morocco, being equal in value to one fourth of the Fels. Kirchenpfennige. See Church Tokens. Kiri Kodama. A word meaning cut crystal jewels or gems, and applied to a variety of beads, supposed to have been used as a primitive money in Japan. See Munro (p. 5). Kistophoros (pi. Kiaxoipopot). See Cis- tophorus. Kite. A term used in commerce to des- ignate any negotiable paper issued to raise money or to obtain credit. . Maria Edge- worth, in her novel. Love mid Law, 1817 (i. 1), has the phrase, "Here's bills . . . but even the Kites, which I can fly as well as any man, won 't raise the wind for me. ' ' Kitharephoroi (Gr. KiOapijcpopoi). See Citharephori. Kit-tao. A variety of the Knife money {q.v.) of the Emperor Wang Mang, and valued at 500 Chien. Kitze. A Turkish money of account. See Beutel. Kiu-Ma. A Chinese word for weight money used in China from the seventh to the fourth centuries B.C. The word is translated saddle money. Kizri. See Khizri. Klappmiitzenthaler. A name given to a variety of the Guldengroschen which was issued by the Elector Frederick III of Saxony in conjunction with the Dukes John and Albrecht pursuant to the mint regula- tions of May 9, 1500. A later issue bears the name of Duke George in place of Al- brecht. The name is derived from the peculiar head-dress worn by the Dukes, after the fashion of that period. Kleutergeld. See Klotergeld. Klinkhaert. See Clinckaert. Klippe. A general name for coins struck on a square, rectangular, or lozenge-shaped planchet. They occur in various metals and in many instances are money of neces- sity. The etymology is probably from the Swedish Klippa, to clip, or to cut with a shears. Some of the early bracteates pre- sent the appearance of having been cut with a pair of scissors, and Christian II of Den- mark resorted to the practice early in the sixteenth century to such an extent that he received the nickname Kong Klipping. Klotergeld. J. ten Doornkaat Koolman, in his Worterhuch der Ostfriesischen Sprache, 1882, defines this as small jing- ling money. The words "Kloter" and "Kleuter" mean to jingle or to ring, and the Dutch have a similar name, viz., Kleu- tergeld. Klomp. A popular Dutch name for an ingot of gold. The word means a lump, and is analogous to the German Klumpen. Klopschelling. See Statenschelling. Knaak. A slang term for the current silver coin of two and one half Gulden of the Netherlands. Knackkuchen, and Knapkoeken. See Cnapcoek. Knife Money, or Tao, owes its origin to the practice of using metal knives for purposes of exchange. Its introduction in China cannot readily be determined, but it was during the period of H'wan, about B.C. 650, that the first metal token representing a knife or sword is supposed to have been made. This money could be exchanged for an actual weapon. For a detailed descrip- tion of these coins the works of Lacouperie and Ramsden should be consulted; the fol- [122] Knopfzwanziger Koggerdaalder lowing' are, however, the principal varie- ties: 1. The flat Knife coins of Kan Tan, the capital of the ancient state of Tchao, before B.C. 400, and situated in what is now the province of Tchihli. These are very thin and brittle, with an elongated oval at the _end of the handle. 2. The An- Yang- issue of large three and four character Knife coins issued for the state of Tsi, between the seventh and third centuries B.C. 3. The Ming series issued by the city of Ming in the state of Tchao during the civil wars in the third century B.C. The handle of these terminates in a ring. 4. The Tsi Moh issue of the third cen- tury B.C. These can be grouped into the large and small sizes. The former con- stitute about thirty varieties with different mint or serial marks. Of the smaller size there are 16 varieties, the obverse inscrip- tion is reduced from six to five characters, and the reverse has only one symbol in- stead of the usual three. 5. The Wang Mang series, taking their name from the usurper Wang Mang, who reigned A.D. 9-23 and issued these coins A.D. 9-14. These pieces are much thicker than all the preceding types and only about half as long. Furthermore, the ring at the end of the handle was replaced by the shape of a thick piece of money with a square hole in the centre. Wang Mang struck two varieties, viz., pieces valued at 500 Chien, called Kit-tao, and pieces with gilt inscriptions, valued at 1000 Chien, and called Tsok-tao. Mr. B. Torday, in a communication to the London Geographical Journal (1911), states that "one of the most interesting points among the cannibal Bakutu of the Belgian Kongo, Africa, is their use of a conventional throwing-knife as currency. The Basongo Meno also use this form of currency, obtaining it from the Bakutu, who are the manufacturers." Conf. also Ramsden (pp. 10-13). Knopfzwanziger. See Zwanziger. Knurling. See Nurling. Koban. A Japanese oval gold coin of a similar design to the Oban {q.v.), and of a value of one Ryo, or one tenth of the larger coin. It was introduced in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and Munro (p. 190) states that "it has been surmised that they were intended for the encourage- ment of trade with the Portuguese. This is quite likely, but I cannot find any defin- ite confirmation of it." In 1837 there was issued the Tempo Koban valued at 5 R.\'os, but in a few years it was discontinued. The Shin Koban, meaning "New Ko- ban," was a coin of smaller size, though of the same value, issued in 1860. The word is variously written as the following citations indicate : In Cock 's Diary, Sept. 17, 1616, he says, "I re- ceved two bars Coban gould with ten ichibos, of 4 to a Coban;" and A. Hamil- ton, in his Neiv Account of the East In- dies, 1727 (ii. 86), states that "My Friend . . . complimented the Doctor with five Japon Cupangs, or fifty Dutch Dollars." Kodama. See Kiri Kodama. Kodrantes, meaning the fourth part, is the Greek equivalent of the Roman Quad- rans, and is translated as Farthing in St. Matthew (v. 26) and St. Mark (xii. 42). Kolnische Mark. See Mark. Kopfchen. See Kopfstiick. Kortling. A diminutive Groschen com- mon to many parts of Northern Germany during the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies. There is a dated one of 1429 for Gottingen. See Frey (No. 26). Adam Berg, in his New Milnzhuch, 1597, mentions them as struck in Eimbeck, Got- tingen, Hameln, Northeim, and Hanover; and he adds that they are small silver coins of the value of three Pfennige or eighty-four to the Gulden. The name of the coin is probably derived from Groschen, low-German "Grote, " diminutive "Grotling;" and by the trans- position of the letter r we obtain "Gort- ling" and finally "Kortling," i.e., a frac- tional "Groschen." Koggerdaalder. A silver coin issued in the Province of Friesland from the be- ginning of the seventeenth century to about the year 1690. The fixed value was thirty Stuivers, but on special occasions some issues were made in gold of which the ordinary type was equivalent to about ten Ducats, and the multiples in proportion. [123] Kolhasen Gulden Kori A gold treble Koggerdaalder of 1601 was executed by the mintmaster William van Vierssen and probably struck for the Diet held in that year. A double Koggerdaalder, also in gold, was struck in the same year probably for presentation to the Stadtholder. Kolhasen Gulden. A gold coin referred to in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430, but which has not been identified. See Paul Joseph (pp. 91, 172). KoUybon. See Collybos. Kometenthaler. The name given to a medallic Thaler issued by the city of Strasburg in 1681 when this town sur- rendered to the French on September 20 of that year. It has on the obverse a figure of a comet which appeared in the preceding year, and which was associated by the superstitious with the calamity which had befallen the city. Kommassi, or Commassee. A former base silver coin of Arabia, principally used in the coffee trade of Mocha, and com- puted at one sixtieth of the Spanish Dol- lar. It was later struck in copper and its value depreciated ; three hundred and fifty to five hundred being an equivalent of the Spanish and Levant Dollars. See Noback (p. 679). Kona. A silver coin of ancient India, the half of the Karsha. See Pana. Kong-par Tang-Ka. See Tang-ka. Konstantin d'Or. See Constantin d'Or. Konventionsmiinzen. See Convention Money. Kopeck, or Copeck. A copper coin of Eussia, the one hundredth part of the Ruble. There are multiples of two, three and five Kopecks, and a division, the half Kopeck. The Kopeck existed as a silver coin of low standard as early as the sixteenth cen- turj^, but the copper issues began in the year 1704. The name is derived from Kopie jka, a spear or lance, ■ in allusion to the armed horseman carrying that weapon, a design similar and perhaps copied from the coins of Lithuania. Kopje, Kopken. See Kopfstlick. Kopparplatmynt. See Plate Money. Koppar Slantar. See Slantar. Kopfstlick. . A popular name for any coin which exhibits the head or bust of some ruler, and in this respect the same as Teston (q.v.). The designation is, how- ever, usually applied to the Austrian pieces of twenty Kreuzer or five Batzen, to the Danish twenty Skilling pieces, and to the Bavarian silver coins of twenty-four Kreu- zer. In Gueldres, Loos, and the Low Coun- tries in general, the words Kopje, Kopken, and Kopfchen are used to describe small Deniera which have a head as a prominent feature. See Flinderke and Copetum. Kopy. A Bohemian money of account. The Kopy Grossuw, i.e., Groschen, formed the basis, and was subdivided into two and four sevenths Kopy Missenky. See No- back (p. 975); Kore. A name (Kopv), pi. Kopai) errone- ously supposed by Alexandrian writers (who have, pardonably enough, been fol- lowed by modern authors) to have been given to Athenian Tetradrachms on ac- count of their type, i.e., the head of the maiden Goddess Athene. See, for correct account, Willers, Num. Zeitschr. (xxxi. p. 318). ,,H Kori. The standard of the currency of Cutch and Kathiawar; it is a small silver coin of the average value of four Annas or one fourth of the Rupee. Codrington, in the Numismatic Chron- icle, 1895 (p. 59) has described these coins and gives the following table : Silver Panchia equal to five Koris. Copper Dhabu equal to one eighth Kori. Copper Dhlngalo equal to one sixteenth Kori. Copper Dokdo equal to one twenty-fourth Kori. Copper Tanbiyo equal to one forty-eighth Kori. and the Adhada, probably a money of ac- count, equal to one ninety-sixth Kori. He further cites their equivalents in the Indian series, stating that 8 Koris equal 1 sliver Rial. 3 Koris equal 1 Hyderabad Rupee. 4 Koris equal 1 Tutta Rupee. 3% Koris and 1 Dokdo equal 1 Surat Rupee. IS Koris equal 1 Ibramee. The varieties of Koris for Kathiawar are sometimes known as Jamis Kori, from Sri Jamji, the Rao's name; while those for Porbandar are termed Rana Shahi Koris, from Sri Rana, the name upon them. Codrington (supra) traces the name Kori from the Sanscrit Kunwari. [124] Korkuraioi Stateres Kreuzer Korkuraioi Stateres (Kopxupaiot a-tax- ■qpiq). The name by which the silver Staters of Corcyra were known to the An- cients. Korn. A term used by German numis- matic writers to indicate the fineness of an alloy in coinage. It is referred to in this sense in a mint ordinance of 1409, con- tracted between Baden, Speyer, and the Palatinate. The expression probably arose from the practice of computing two hun- dred and eighty-eight barleycorns to the Mark, when the latter was a weight and money of account. See Sehrot. Korona. A silver denomination of Hun- gary divided into one hundred Filler. It was established in 1892. A gold coin of 100 Korona was issued in 1907. The Aus- trian word is Corona, or Krone (q.v.). Korsvide. A Danish silver coin of the fourteenth centurj', struck at Malmo, Aal- borg, etc. Its value was half of the Ortug, and at a later period the name appears to have been contracted to Hvid (q.v.). Korten. A name given to an inferior class of billon and copper coins current in Brabant and Flanders in the sixteenth cen- tury. Their value varied from two to three Mytes. The Ordonnantie of 1520 (§10) refers to "Korten en andere swarte penningen. " These coins had on the ob- verse the letter K crowned, for Karolus, or f'harles V. See v.d. Chijs (pp. 261, 26.3, 264). The French equivalent is Courte Noire. Kosel Gulden. See Cosel Gulden. Kou. A tin coin of the former Kingdom of Atjeh in Sumatra. Its value varied from 400 to 1000 to the Piastre. See Mil- lies (p. 106). Koupa, or Kupa. A gold coin of Celebes issued principally at Makassar and Gowa. It was struck A.H. 1251 in the former ter- ritory, and as early as A.H. 1029-1078 in the latter, bearing Arabic inscriptions on both sides. Conf. Millies (pp. 176-177) and Fonrobert (Nos. 896, 897, 900). Koupan. A former money of account at Atjeh. See Mas. Krabbelaar. A billon coin of Brabant, struck pixrsuant to the Ordonnanlie of 1536, and of the value of four Stuivers or Patards. It is also known as Crabbelaer [12 and Vliegcr, the latter name probably derived from the supposition that the eagle on the obverse was in the act of flying. Krahenplappart. Among the numerous varieties of the Plappart are some of Zu- rich with a poorly executed figure of an eagle. This was mistaken by the common people for a crow and the nickname as above was introduced. See Blaffert. Krajczar. The Hungarian name for the Kreuzer {q.v.). Kran. A silver coin of Persia of the value of twenty Shahis, and also subdi- vided into one thousand Dinars. The Kran is the tenth part of the gold Toman, and there are at present multiples in silver of two and five Kran pieces. The half Kran is known as the Penabad. See Toman. The Kran was introduced by Fath Ali Shah in 1826, and its original weight was 108 grains. Krapatalos. A humorous name em- ployed by Greek comedians to designate money used in crossing the Styx. See Naulum. Kreditmiinzen. A term used in Ger- many for any coins whose legal or marked value is higher than the actual metallic value of their composition. Kreisobristen Thaler. A silver coin struck by Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth in 1664. It has on the obverse a figure of the Margrave on horseback and on the reverse nineteen shields indicative of the various circuits under his jurisdiction. Krejcar. The Bohemian name for the Kreuzer {q.v.). Kreuzer, also written Kreutzer. Origi- nally a small silver coin which appeared in the Tyrol in the thirteenth century, and which obtains its name trom a cross which was stamjied upon it, a device perhaps copied from the Byzantine coinage. In Latin documents of this period it is re- ferred to as C'ruciatus, Crucifer, and Cru- ciger. The oldest types, called Etsehkreu- zer or Merancr Kreuzer, bore a double cross, one diagonally over the other. The Kreuzer of the later type was of copper and circulated extensively through- out all of Southern Germanj'-, Austria, and Hungary. It was usually computed at the ] Kreuzgroschen Kronigte value of four Pfennig or eight Heller. There were, however, two standards, one of which represented forty-eight Kreuzer to the Gulden and seventy-two to the Thaler, and in the other, called the light Kreuzer, sixty went to the Gulden and ninety to the Thaler. By a decree introduced Janu- ary 1, 1859, the Gulden of Austria was altered from sixty to one hundred Kreuzer. Among the various multiples are seven- teen Kreuzer for Transylvania; obsidional eighty Kreuzer for Strasburg in 1592 (Mailliet, cii. 1) ; and a piece of seven Kreuzer, 1802, struck for Austria in the war against France (Mailliet, viii. 2). The Bohemian name for this coin is Krejcar, and the Hungarian form is Kraj- czar. See Zwainziger. Kreuzgroschen. A name given to the silver Groschen issued during the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries by the Ger- man Orders of Knighthood, on account of the varieties of the Maltese cross which is found in some cases on both the obverse and reverse. The designation was also generally ap- plied to any coin of this denomination on which a cross was conspicuous. The Gros- chen of Goslar issued in the fifteenth cen- tury is so called from this feature, and one of Meissen receives the same name from a cross over the armorial shield. Kreuzthaler. See Albertusthaler. Kriegsfiinfer. The popular name for the five Pfennig piece struck by the German Government in 1915. They are made of iron instead of nickel, and to protect the iron against rusting the coins have been sub.jected to a special zinc treatment, called " sherardisiert, " named after Sherard, the inventor of the process. Krishnala, also called Djampel. A sil- ver coin of Java, the usual type having an incuse lotus flower on the reverse. A gold coin of the value of twenty-four Krish- nalas received the name of Tjaturvingati- manam. It is more or less globular in form, with an incuse reverse and Devana- gari characters. Conf. Millies (p. 10), and Fonrobert (301-310). Krbnungs Miinzen. See Coronation Coins. Kroiseioi, or Kroiseios Stater. The coins said to have been struck by Croesus, King [1 of Lydia, are so called. See Herodotus (i. 54). Kromstaart, also written Cromstaert and Krumsteert, i.e., "crooked tail." A nickname given to a silver coin of Brabant of the original value of two Groten, issued early in the fifteenth century. The ob- verse shows a lion rampant with a curved tail. The type was copied in the Low Coun- tries and also in the city of Bmden when the latter was under the domination of Hamburg, from 1433 to 1439. Krona. See Krone. Krone. A silver denomination of the Scandinavian Union and divided into one hundred Ore. It was established for the three kingdoms by the monetary conven- tion of 1875. Sweden retains the name Krona and Norway and Denmark use Krone. In Iceland the Krone is divided into one hundred Aur. Krone, plural Kronen. A silver de- nomination of Austria, introduced in 1892 and subdivided into one hundred Heller. It superseded the Gulden or Florin, which system it cut in half. There are multiples as high as one hundred Kronen. The gold ten Mark piece of Germany was originally called Krone. Kronenthaler, sometimes called Kron- thaler. A silver issue struck in the latter half of the eighteenth century for the Austrian Netherlands. On the reverse of these coins is a decorated St. Andrew's cross in three compartments of which there is a crown, while the fourth has the order of the Golden Fleece. The name is also given to other coins on which a crown is conspicuous, e.g., the issues of Ladislaus IV of Poland from 1635 to 1645; the German Thaler of Waldeck, Bavaria, etc., of the early nineteenth cen- tury, and others. See Crocione. Krongyllen. See Gyllen. Kronigte, also called Cronichte Gros- chen. A variety of the Kreuzgroschen iq.v.) of the Margrave Frederick II of Meissen (1428-1464), which bears a crown above the shield on the reverse instead of a cross. 26] Kroon Kwanei Sen Kroon. The Dutch equivalent for Krone and Crown. The Bataviasche Kroon struck in 1645 had a value of forty-eight Stuivers, and corresponding halves and quarters were also issued. See Gouden Kroon and Zonnekroon. Kroung Tamlung. The half of the Siamese Tamlung iq.v.) and equal to two Ticals. Krucier, plural Krucierze. The Polish equivalent of the Kreuzer {q.v.). They were introduced under Sigismund III in 1616. Kruisdaalder, or Kruisrijksdaalder. A silver crown issued by Philip II of Spain, pursuant to an ordinance of June 4, 1567, for Brabant and the provinces of the Low Countries. It receives its name from the obverse design, the cross of Burgundy, which separates the figures of the date. It is also known as the Ecu a la Croix de Bourgogne. See van der Chijs (passim). Krumsteert. See Kromstaart. Krysinos. See Krysus. Krysus, or KpuCTOu?, the Greek name for the Solidus. When heavily alloj^ed so that it became electrum it was called Kpuutvo?. Kuan, or Kwan. The Chinese name for a string of cash. The word now generally used is Ch'uan. Another name is Tiao iq.v.). Kua teng Ch'ien. "Lamp hanging money," the Chinese name for new year's medals or coins, which were generally heavier than the regular issues, and had oftentimes special inscriptions on them. These were distributed among the palace attendants. A popular slang name for these pieces was Huang kai-tsu, "yellow covers. ' ' Kudatama. The name given to certain stone cylindrical shaped objects, possibly used as primitive money in Japan. See Kiri Kodama and Magatama for other forms. Kiirassier Thaler. A silver coin of Prus- sia, struck in 1842 to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the installation of Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, as com- mander of the sixth regiment of cuiras- siers of Brandenburg. KuBc Coins. A term applied to such Arabic coins as bear Kufic inscriptions. The Kufic writing of the Middle Ages ob- tains its name from the city of Kufa in the Province of Irak Arabi, and is easily distinguished from the modern Arabic by its thick and angular characters. Kugildi. A term found in both Scandi- navian and early German statutes and im- plying a fixed sum in payment for healthy cows of three to ten years of age. See Amira, Nordqermanisches Obliqationen- recM, 1882, 1895 (i. 443, ii. 522), and Ridgewajr, Oriqiit of Mctdllic Ciirrntrij, 1892 (cap. 1-8). Kuhplapperte. See Blaffert. Kuna. See Skins of Animals. Kupa. See Koupa. Kupang. See Kepeng. Ku Pu. The Chinese name for the wedge shaped metallic currency. See Pu. Other names are Ch'an Pi and Ch'an Pu. Pus are known in English as Spade Money. Kutb. A name given to the copper two and one half Cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1792, after the adoption of his new system of reckoning. This sys- tem was begun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. The name of the coin in Arabic means the Polestar. Marsden (ii. 725) translates it as Katib. Kwacho. One of the many Japanese synonyms for a coin. It means ' ' Disguised Butterfly." ^^ee Ashi. Kwammon Gin Sen. See Mu-Mon Gin Sen. Kwan. This term ordinarily implies a Japanese weight equal to one thou.sand momme, or about eight and a quarter pounds. Munro (p. 58) states that in A.D. 810 a quantity of coin (probably Sen), amounting to 1040 Kwan were cast from the copper remaining in the mint, and he adds that the expression Kwan probably refers to one thousand pieces, which would indicate that it was a money of account. See Ryo and Quan. Kwan. See Kuan. Kwanei Sen. Probably the most popular coin minted in Japan. It was first made at Mito in the 3rd year of Kwan-ei (Per- manent Liberality), 1624, and was not dis- [127] Kwart Kyzikenoi continued until 1859, a period of two hun- dred and thirty-three years. It was made in nearly all of the provincial mints, usu- ally in copper or bronze but sometimes in iron. Collectors in Japan recognize over a thousand varieties of this coin. Kwart. A Dutch word meaning one fourth, and used in combinations, e.g., Kwartdaalder, etc. The name Kwartje is still used to designate the current silver coin of twenty-five Cents. Kwartnik. The name given to the base silver one fourth Groschen of Poland. It appears to have been introduced about the period of Casimir the Great (1333-1370) and continued in the coinage until the middle of the fifteenth century. Kyranaion. A gold Stater bearing the types of Alexander the Great was issued at Cyrene by Ptolemy I, and called /.'jpavat'ov xToX£[Jiai'ou. Kyrmis. An enormous copper coin, about forty-four millimetres in diameter, issued for Baghcheserai, in the Crimea, by Shahin Gerai (A.H. 1191-1197) before its annexation to Russia. See Valentine (pp. 96-98). Kyzikenoi (Kui^i5^Y]voi a-:aTr)ps(;). See Cyzieenes. [128] Labay Larin Labay, or Labbaye. A silver coin of Brabant issued by Wenceslaus and Jo hanna (1355-1405) of the value of one fourth of a Groot. A Dobbele Labbaye, also called Nummus Epularis and Gast- mael-Penning was struck in 1429. See v.d. Chijs (passim). Lac. A money of account used in India and representing one hundred thousand Rupees. See Crore. Lafayette Dollar. A silver coin of the United States issued in 1900 as a memento of the Paris Exposition and a mark of good will and appreciation to Prance for the services rendered during the Revolu- tionary War by General Lafayette. These coins were sold by popular sub- scription, and the proceeds were used to- ward paying for the erection of a statue of Lafayette in Paris. The issue con- sisted of fifty thousand pieces. Lai Tzu, or Hsing Yeh. In China cer- tain light coins issued by Fei Ti, A.D. 465 were thus called. The words mean the leaves of the Linnanthemum nymphoides, which are very light and float on the sur- face of the water. Lakshini Pagoda. A name given to a variety of the Pagoda (q.v.) which bears on the obverse a female figure, one of the Hindu deities. L'al Jalall. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- peror of Hindustan of the value of ten Rupees. See Sihansah. Lam. See Gouden Lam. Lammpfennig. A variety of bracteate struck by the Abbey of St. Gallen, Switzer- land, during the fourteenth century. It receives its name from the figure of the Paschal Lamb on the obverse. Landmiinze, or Landesmiinze. The name given to German copper or base sil- ver money which circulated only in the province or state where it was struck, to distinguish it from coins which were cur- rent throughout an entire kingdom or em- pire. The initials L. M. are frequently found on these pieces. [ 129 Landsberger Pfennige. The name given to certain small silver coins struck by Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (1428- 1464). They resemble bracteates and were divisions of the Groschen. They obtain their name from the figure of the shield of Landsberg, and the inscription land. Another name for the same pieces is Briickenpfennige, as they are supposed to have been used for paying toll over the bridge near Dresden. Langrok, i.e., "long cloak." A nick- name given to the double Flabbe, or piece of eight Stuivers issued in Groningen from about 1589 to the middle of the seven- teenth century. The allusion is to the figure of St. Martin, who is habited in a long cloak. Lappen, meaning "rags," is a common nickname for paper money in Germany, and, according to the colors on the reverses of the various denominations, they are dis- tinguished as blaue Lappen, braune Lap- pen, etc. Larding Money. Blount, in his Law Dictionary, 1670, states that "in the Man- our of Bradford, in County Wilts, the Tenants pay to the Marquis of Winchester, their Landlord, a small yearly Rent by this Name." Wharton, in the Law Le.ricon, 1864, adds that it "is said to be for liberty to feed their hogs with the masts of the lord's woods, the fat of a hog being called lard. ' ' Largo. See Giulio. Lari. A copper coin of the Maldive Islands issued A.H. 1331, i.e., 1913, and struck at Male. It bears the Arabic in- scription SULTAN MUHAMMAD SHAMS AL- DiN iSKANDAB. There is a piece of four Laris of the same date. Larin, or Lari. A species of wire money of Persia, which obtains its name from the province of Laristan, and which was for- merly chiefly current on the coasts of the Gulf of Persia. Sir John Chardin, who travelled extensively through Persia from 1664 to 1677, states that these coins were ] Lat Lead made until Lari was conquered by Abbas the Great of Persia (1582-1627) and he estimates their value at two and one half Shahis. These coins usually occur in silver, but specimens in gold exist, and are very rare. They were extensively imitated, both in Ceylon and at Bijapur. The former are first described by Robert Knox, who was kept a prisoner for twenty years, from 1659 to 1679, in the Kandian provinces of central Ceylon. He says: "There is an- other sort [of money] which all people by the King's permission may and do make, the shape is like a fish-hook, they stamp what mark or impression on it they please ; the silver is purely fine beyond pieces of eight; for, if any suspect the goodness of the plate, it is the custom to burn the money in the fire, red hot, and so put it in water, and if it be not then purely white, it is not current money." Professor Wilson, in his remarks on fish-hook money, contributed to the Numis- matic Chronicle (vol. xvi), describes some pieces of silver wire, not hooked, which were coined in imitation of the Laris, at Bijapur by the Sultan Ali Adil Shah, who reigned from 1670 to 1691. They bear on both sides legends in Arabic characters ; on one side the Sultan's name and on the other "Zarb Lari Dangh Sikka, " i.e., ' ' Struck at Lari, a stamped Dangh. ' ' Thej^ are of the same weight as the Ceylon hooks, viz., about one hundred and seventy grains troy. The Ceylon types are known in Sinha- lese under the name of Eidi, i.e., silver. For a detailed account of the Larins, the reader is referred to the treatise by Rhys Davids (sec. 68-73), Codrington (p. 118), and Allen, Numismatic Chronicle (series iv. xii. 313). Lat. The name given to a copper ingot or bar, used as money in the Lao States in Northern Siam. Their value varied from sixteen to sixty-four to a Tical. Lateres. Both Varro and Pliny refer to Roman coins of the shape of a tile or a brick by this name. Latrones. The Latin name for Tesserae (q.v.). Laubthaler. The name given to a French silver coin struck in the eighteenth century and so called on account of the branches of laurel which surround the shield of fleurs de lis. In France this coin is called the Grand Ecu or Ecu de six Livres. Under Louis XVI there were vari- eties counterstamped for Berne in Switzer- land. The type was copied in Prussia. Lauenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige. Laurel. A variety of the Unite (q.v.) of James I, of England, so called on ac- count of the laureated head on the obverse. Laurentiusg^Iden. The name given to certain gold coins issued by the city of Nuremberg from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century. They bear the figure of St. Lawrence and a gridiron on which he is supposed to have been martyred. Lausannais, or Livre Faible. A former money of account used at Neuchatel, Swit- zerland, which was computed at twelve Gros, or one hundred and forty-four De- niers Faibles. Lawenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige. Laxsan. See Bahar. Le. See Li. Lead was used for trial pieces, tokens, and counterfeit money from very early times. Among the known specimens prior to the Christian era are some belonging to the Kings of Numidia. In the second and third centuries A.D. leaden coins were issued in Egypt, especially at Memphis, and in the first and second centuries in Roman Gaul. This metal was also employed for strik- ing obsidional coins, of which there is a series, consisting of one Sol to forty Sols, issued at Woerden when that city was be- sieged by the Spaniards in 1575-1576. See Mailliet (cxxv. 1-9). There is an extensive series of Duits in lead struck by the Dutch in the eighteenth century for their possessions in Ceylon and Java. In the Danish issues for Tranquebar the leaden pieces originated under Christian IV in 1640. See Indian Antiquary (xxiv. Leaden tokens passing as half Pennies were issued to a considerable amount in England during the reign of Elizabeth; under James I all leaden tokens of private traders were abolished. See Nummi Plum- bei. [ 130 ] League Coinage Leather Money Erasmus, in his Adagia, mentions Plum- heos Angliae in use in the latter part of the reign of Henry VII ; and Budelius, De Monetis, 1591 (p. 5), states that these leaden tokens were still in circulation in his time. League Coinage. The general term used to designate such coins of the ancients as were put forth by a federation of states or cities in order to ensure a certain amount of uniformity so far as types, weight, and fineness were concerned. The principal one of the Leagues was the Achffian {q.v.). The ^tolian League issued gold, silver, and bronze B.C. 279-168, and the coins usually have on the reverse a figure of JStolia, copied from a statue dedicated at Delphi in commemoration of victories over the Gauls and Macedonians. The Arcadian League was established by Epaminondas against Sparta after the bat- tle of Leuctra, B.C. 371, and under its auspices the city of Megalopolis was founded. At this place the coins of the League were struck. The coinage of Boeotia was largely a federal currency from the earliest times, and the Boeotian shield is a characteristic feature on the issues. This may possibly refer to the shield of Athena Itonia in the temple of Coroneia, which was the meeting- place of the League. This type disappears after B.C. 288 and the League was dis- solved by the Romans B.C. 146. The cities of Chalcidice established a League B.C. 392 with Olynthus as head- quarters. The coinage is imiform with types relating to Apollo. It was dissolved circa B.C. 358, when Philip II of Mace- donia captured Chalcidice. The federal coinage of Euboea was issued at Eretria. It lasted from B.C. 411 to B.C. 336 and nothing was struck during the Macedonian occupation. After the defeat of the Macedonians at Cynoscephalae B.C. 197 the federal coinage was revived until this League was also dissolved by the Ro- mans, B.C. 146. The Ionian League was a very ancient alliance and originally consisted of the cities of Clazomenffi, Colophon, Ephesus, ErythrEe, Lebedus, Miletus, Myus, PhocEea, Priene, Chios, Teos, and Samos. Smyrna was added about B.C. 700. Under Anto- ninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius the above thirteen cities issued bronze coins in cele- bration of a festival they jointly held. An alliance between the rulers of the various Lycian cities gave rise to the Ly- cian League, B.C. 168, and lasted until A.D. 43, when the Emperor Claudius or- ganized Lycia with Pamphylia as a Roman province. LeaL A name sometimes given to the Portuguese Bazarucco (q.v.). It is usu- ally found with a large sphere within a circle as the reverse design. There is a corresponding half known as Cepayqua. Gerson da Cunha, in Contributions to the History of Indo-Portuguese Numis- matics, 1880 (pp. 11, 22), states that the Cepayqua was struck by Albuquerque at Goa as early as 1510. Leang. See Liang. Leather Money. Leather was used as currency by the Lacedaemonians, and Plato states that leather money was em- ployed by the Carthaginians in his day, and that it was probably the earliest currency of that people. These citations, however, probably refer to the skins of various ani- mals, and the stamped leather which it is claimed was used by the Romans before the introduction of a copper coinage by Numa Pompilius was perhaps an entire skin or pelt rather than a distinctive coin. There is no doubt, however, that in more modern times nations have adopted a leather coinage which frequently served the function of necessity money, and which was made redeemable for a metallic cur- rency. In the year 1241 the Emperor Frederick II issued leather coins when he was besieging Faenza for seven months, and these were later exchanged for gold Augustali which had the value of one and a quarter gold Gulden. The coins issued by the Emperor contained his portrait im- pressed in silver on the leather. More than a century earlier, i.e., in 1124, Dominicus Michieli, Doge of Venice, issued obsidional coins of leather cut from horse hides for the beleaguered city of Tyrus. This coin received the name of Michieletta from its originator. In 1360, John II, King of France, authorized the making of small leather coins with small golden [ 131 ] Lebetes Leicht Geld threads sewn or stamped upon them; this he was compelled to do as his treasury was depleted on account of a ransom of three million livres paid to the English nation. Stamped leather coins were issued by Ley- den in 1574, when the city was besieged by the Spaniards under Valdez ; they bore as a device three shields and a stag, with the letters S. M. and H. S. The Russians at an early period used skins of animals for currency and later they employed irregular discs and strips of leather rudely stamped. The word "rouble" is derived from the verb to cut, and some varieties of Russian copper money are called Puli, from poul, leather; these words are probably derived from the primitive leather currency in use in that country. See an exhaustive paper on this subject contributed by William Charlton to the British Numismatic Journal (iii. 311). In 1910 a roll of circular leather tokens was discovered in the archives of the mar- ket at Aschbach on the Danube in upper Austria. These tokens bore the crest of Philip Eder of the guild of masons and stone-cutters at Bferding (near Aschbach) and the date 1804. Leather strips were also found from which these tokens were cut. Mr. Franz Hirmann, the founder of the museum at Aschbach, has discovered among the records that at the time of the French occupation the masons and stone- workers were employed by the French in the construction of intrenchments, and were paid by the master of the guild with these leather coins which represented the value of one Groschen. See also Ruding (i. 131, 346). Lebetes. A fragmentary inscription re- cently found in Crete assesses the payment of certain fines at so-and-so many AspTjxe?, or "Cauldrons." It was therefore by this name that certain silver Staters of the fourth century B.C., all countermarked with a device representing a Cauldron (AepTj;), were known in Crete. Svoronos, Bull. Corr. Hell. 1888. (vol. xii.). Lebongo. A name given to a currency made of straw, which was in use in the Portuguese colony of Angola. Bach piece was of the value of five Reis. It was super- seded in 1693 by a copper coinage. [1 Leeuw, i.e., Lion. A gold coin of Bra- bant, Flanders, and the United Provinces. It was struck by Anthony of Brabant pur- suant to an ordinance of 1408. The Gou- den Leeuw, as it is sometimes called, was also issued by Philip the Good (1430- 1467) in Flanders and later at Mechlin. The coin receives its name from the lion on the obverse, who is in an upright posi- tion, and is sometimes depicted holding a flag or banner in his claws, ^ee Lion d'Or. Leeuwendaalder. This, and the Leeu- wengroot are of the same type as the pre- ceding and are struck in silver. The for- mer is of crown size and is also known as the Ecu au Lion. It was issued from 1576 to the close of the seventeenth century. Legal Tender Notes, also known as United States Notes. The name given to a series of paper money first issued by an Act of Congress of the United States in 1862. They have been issued in denomina- tions from $5.00 to $10,000.00, and are a Legal Tender for all debts, public and private, except duties on imports and in- terest on the public debt. Leg Dollar. The popular name in the seventeenth century for the new type of Rijksdaalder introduced about 1662 for the Province of Utrecht. On the reverse is a Knight standing with only one leg visible, the other being hidden behind an armorial shield. Legend, from the Latin legere, the words running around the coin inside of the border. See Inscription. Legierung. A term used by German numismatic writers to indicate an alloy, especially of silver and copper, or silver and nickel. The etymology is probably from the Italian legare, to bind. Legionary Coins. A name given to cer- tain Roman gold and silver coins which were issued in honor of the Legions. The earliest known were struck by Mark An- tony, and the last by Carausius. They usually have the inscription leg. Legpennlnge. See Rechenpfennige. Lei. See Leu. Leicht Geld. A term formerly used in Hamburg and applied to Pistoles, Species- thaler, etc., which circulated at a slight depreciation. See Noback (p. 320). 32] Leijcesterdaalder Lepton Leijcesterdaalder. A silver coin of Crown size issued for Gueldres, West Prisia, Zeeland, etc., pursuant to an ordi- sance of August 4, 1586, and continued until about the middle of the seventeenth century. It bears on the obverse a reputed half-length portrait of Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and on the reverse the armorial shields of the six Provinces (on some speci- mens seven), that opposed the Spanish rule. From the latter circumstance it is also known as the Unierijksdaalder. Lemocia, or Lemona. A billon coin of the Vicomtes de Limoges and copied from the Barbarin (q.v.) of Saint Martial. It takes its name from Lemovicas, the mediae- val name of Limoges. Guido VI, Vicomte of Limoges (1230- 1263), substituted his own portrait on his coinage, but the pieces were rejected and the regular Bretagne type restored. See Blanchet (i. 275). Lenticular Coins. A name given to such coins as are shaped like a lentil or a lens, i.e., thicker in the centre and gradually tapering towards the edge, as in the earliest emissions of the Roman Acs. Leone. A Venetian silver coin struck by Francesco Morosini (1688-1694) for use in the Levant. It was copied by his suc- cessor, Silvestro Valier (1694-1700). Alvise II Mocenigo (1700-1709), issued a similar coin for Zara of a value of eighty Soldi. The above coins are called respectively Leone Morosino and Leone Mocenigo, and obtain their names from the large figure of a lion on the reverse. There are divisions of halves, quarters, and eighths of the same design. Leonina. A name given to the gold two Zecchini piece of Pope Leo XII (1823- 1829). Leonine, or Lionine. A base silver coin, so called from the figure of a lion. See Brabant and Mitre. Leonzino, or Leoncino. Another name for the Tallero of Francis I, Duke of Mo- dena (1629-1658), and to that of his suc- cessor, Alfonso IV (1658-1662). Its value was four Bolognini. Leopard. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin struck by Edward III of England in 1343. It was of the value of half a Florin, and obtained its name from the crowned leopard on the obverse, though Ending states that this animal was in reality a lion. The legend on the reverse was domine. NPJ . IN . FVROKE . Tvo . ARGVAS . ME. See Florin. Leopold d'Or. The popular name for the gold coin of twenty Francs issued by Leopold 1, King of Belgium (1831-1865). Leopoldino. The silver Scudo issued by Pietro Leopoldo I, of Lorraine, and Grand Duke of Tuscany (1765-1790), is so called. In the mint regulations of 1823 its value was fixed at ten Paoli, or six and two thirds Lira, while the ordinary Scudo was equal to seven Lira. Leopoldo. The name given to the gold Ducat issued by Leopold, Duke of Lor- raine (1697-1729) ; and also to the silver Piastre of Leopold II, Duke of Tuscany (1824-1859). Lepton. Originally this was not a coin, but simply the smallest practical weight applied to gold and silver. After the in- troduction of copper money in Greece and Asia Minor the Lepton became an actual coin. At Athens seven Lepta went to the Chalcus (q.v.). In the eastern portion of the Roman Empire it was used to distin- guish the local copper coins from the im- perial issues. But, generally speaking, the word Lepton was the term used for a small copper coin and consequently varied greatly, according to time and locality. It was later equal to one half of the Chalcus {q.v.), as is confirmed from a comparison of a passage in Polybius (ii. 15) with the well known quotation from the Gospel of St. Mark (xii. 42). From Polybius we learn that the Assarius was equal to half an Obolus, or four Chalki. The Roman Quadrans was therefore equal to the Chalcus, and as St. Mark says that the Quadrans contained two Lepta, the Lepton must have been exactly one half of the Chalcus. The word Mite was employed by the translators of the New Testament simply because the coin was so very small in size, and it retained this meaning for a long period. Hyll, in his Arithmetick, 1600 (iii. 1), says, "Four Mites is the aliquot [133] Lepton Libella part of a peny, viz. 1/6, for 6 times 4 is 24, and so many mites marchants assigne to 1. peny." Jeake, in his Arithmetick, 1674 (77), states that sixteen Mites are equal to a Farthing. Coverdale, in his translation of the New Testament, 1535, renders the Gospel of St. Mark (xii. 42) as follows: "And there came a poore wyddowe, and put in two mytes, which make a farthinge. " Lepton (plural Lepta). A copper coin of modern Greece, the Ionian Isles, and the Greek Republic under Capo d'Istria. It is the one hundredth part of a Phoenix, or Drachma. The five Lepta piece is also called an Obolos. The word Lepton means thin or fragile. Lesher Referendum Dollar. See Refer- endum Dollar. Leu, or Lev. A silver coin of Bulgaria and Roumania adopted in 1867, when these countries based their monetary systems on the Latin Union. One hundred Bani are equal to one Leu. The plural is Lei, and the name of the coin is synonymous with Lira or Livre. Similarly in Bulgaria, one hundred Stotinki are equal to one Lev (plural Leba). Levant Dollar. The name given to any coin which is employed in the Levant trade, but especially to the Maria Theresa Thaler of 1780. This piece is always struck with this date for commercial purposes, and is accepted in Zanzibar, Abyssinia, Madagas- car, and many other countries. Its weight is a trifle over 433 grains, and its original fineness has been retained. In some of the African and Asiatic sections this coin is known as the Tallero del Levante, and in others as el Real. See Ernest and "Wand. Frederick II of Prussia issued Levant Dollars in 1766 and 1767 for trade with the Orient. These have his bust on the obverse and the motto suum-cuique on the reverse. Levy. A corruption of "eleven pence," and the popular name for the Spanish Real in the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware, jVIaryland, and Xew Jersey. Lewekin. In an ordinance dated July 14, 1424, and reprinted by Paul .Joseph (p. 155), a coin of this name is mentioned as being equal to one twelfth of a Groschen. Lewis. See Louis d'Or. Leycesterdaalder. See Leijcesterdaalder. Li, or Le. A Chinese weight, also the one thousandth part of the Tael of silver, and of the recent Chinese Dollar or Yuan. The Li is synonymous to the foreign term Cash. The copper Li is supposed to weigh one tenth of a Tael and it is so expressed on coins of Shun Chih (1644-1661) of the Manchu dynasty. Recent patterns of some of the copper coins have values of one, two, and five Li. The Japanese Rin is equal to the Li and the same character is used. Liang. The Chinese ounce, called by Europeans Tael (q.v.). Some of the earli- est round Chinese coins were inscribed Pan Liang (q.v.), or Half Ounce. Although the word Liang is seldom seen on coins the word has been used as a value on paper money from the tenth century. Certain coins of ITsien Feng (1850-1861) have the word Liang impressed on them as a weight. Liard. Originally a base silver coin, the value of which is difficult to determine as it was generally struck without any marks of denomination. Some early French varie- ties had a value of three Deniers, but with the decrease in worth of the latter coin the Liard decreased correspondingly and un- der Henry IV it was struck in copper and became the fourth part of the Sol. The name is probably a corruption of U ardito, the Gascon form of the Hardi or Hardit (q.v.). Liardo. A base silver coin struck in 1720 by Antonio Grimani, Prince of Mon- aco. Its value was two Denari. Libella. A Roman silver coin mentioned by Varro and stated by him to be equal to half the Sestertius. The half of the Libella was called the Sembella, and the half of the latter coin, or one fourth of the Libella, was known as the Teruncia, the last named coin being little more than a grain and a half in weight. Some authorities have doubted the exist- ence of these smaller coins altogether, and suppose them to be either copper divisions of the Denarius, or merely money of ac- count. Gronovius states that when Varro wrote there was no such coin as the Libella, but that the term signified the tenth part of a Denarius. [ i34 ] Libertina Lion d'Or Libertina. A silver coin of Ragusa, is- sued from 1791 to 1795, with a value of two Ducati or eighty Grossetti. It was copied after the Maria Theresa Thaler and received its name from the inscription LiBERTAS on the reverse. Libertini. The popular name for the Quattrini, struck in Siena in 1526, to pay the soldiers and repair the fortifications of the city, after the siege by the troops of Clement VII. Libra. The unit of the gold standard of Peru, adopted in 1897. It is divided into ten Soles, each of ten Dineros, each of ten Centavos. Libralis. See Aes Grave. Licht Thaler. The name given to a variety of silver coins struck by Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg (1568-1589). They represent the wild man holding a candle or torch in his right hand. There is a half and quarter Thaler of the same design. Lig^rino. The name given to a variety of the silver Luigino {q.v.) of Genoa, is- sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has on the obverse a crowned shield supported by two griffins, and on the reverse a bust, inscribed ' ' Liguria. ' ' Lily Root Money. The name given to a variety of Chinese metallic currency on account of its resemblance to the root of a lily cut in half. These pieces are described in detail by Ramsden (pp. 28-29). Lima Type. The word Lima, which oc- curs on certain coins of George II of England, indicates that these pieces were coined in great part from silver captured by the two British privateers, "Duke," and "Prince Frederick." This capture occurred on July 10, 1745, when the above mentioned vessels took two ships belonging to St. Malo, which were returning from Lima. Another explanation, given by Snelling, that the silver formed part of the cargo of the great Mexican treasure-ship from Acapulco taken by Anson, June 20, 174.3, is obviously unsatisfactory, because the above-mentioned inscription indicates that the metal was of Peruvian and not Mex- ican origin. The Crowns occur onlj^ with the date 1746, but there are half Crowns, Shillings, and six Fences dated 1745 and 1746. Lincoln Cent. The popular name for the copper Cent of the United States of America, first issued in 1909. It bears a bust of Abraham Lincoln on the obverse, from designs by Victor D. Brenner. Lingot. A term used by French nu- mismatic writers to describe a cast bar of metal adapted for monetary purposes and sometimes stamped with a numeral of value, etc. Linsen Dukaten. The nickname given to the one thirty-second Ducats of Nurem- berg and Regensburg, because they re- semble lentils in size. Lion. A gold coin of Scotland, first struck in the reign of Robert II (1371- 1390) and continued until 1588. It re- ceived its name from the rampant lion over the shield of Scotland on the obverse. The reverse has a figure of St. Andrew ex- tended on a saltire cross, hence the name "St. Andrew" frequently given to these coins. The weight was originally thirty-eight grains, but later it varied considerably. A larger coin of nearly double the size, but of the same type, received the name of Demy {q.v.). A Scotch billon coin has received the same name. See Hard Head. Lion. A billon coin of the Anglo-Gallic series, first issued by Edward I. It derives its name from the representa- tion, on the obverse, of a lion passant guardant, which was the heraldic liearing of Aquitaine. This device was previously incorporated by Henry II, with two lions passant guardant, the arms of Normandy, thus forming the coat since borne by the English Kings. See also Leeuw. Lion a la Haie. See Tuin. Lion Dollar. See Leeuwendaalder and Dog Dollar. Lion d'Or. A gold coin of France which appears to have been struck only in the reign of Philip VI (1328-1350). It resembles the Ecu d'Or of the same ruler, the only difEerence being the figure of a lion lying at the foot of the throne, from which it obtains its name. [135] Lion Heaume Litra The type was copied in Flanders and the Low Countries, receiving the name of Gouden Leeuw. Lion Heaume. The name given to a variety of the gold Florin issued in Flan- ders by Louis de Male (1346-1384). It has on the obverse the figure of a helmeted lion under a Gothic archway and the inscription lvdovicvs : dei : gra : com' : Z DNS ; FLANDEIE. wi1;h FLANDRES in the exergue. See Heaume. Lion Shilling. Lion Sixpence. A name given to the Shilling and Sixpence of the third type of George IV, issued in 1825. These have on the reverse a crowned lion standing on a crown, with the rose, thistle, and shamrock below. The Shilling of Edward VII bears the royal crest, a lion standing on a crown, and recalls the earlier type. Lira, plural Lire, and derived from the Latin word libra, a pound, was originallj^ a money of account in Venice. Payments of Lira di Grossi, while made in the latter coins, were based on their weight irre- spective of their number. The Doge Nicolo Tron (1471-1473) introduced the so-called Lira Tron, which bore his bust on one side and the lion of St. Mark on the reverse. It was divided into twenty Soldi of twelve Denari, and was copied by some of his successors. When Italy adopted the Latin Union standard the silver Lira was made the unit and placed on a par value with the Franc. It is divided into one hundred Centesimi. The Lira is used in the Italian colonies, in Lombardy, Venice, and in San Marino. Lira. See Pound Turkish. Lira Aragonese. See Jaquesa. Lira Austriaca. See Svanzica. Lira Jaquesa. See Jaquesa. Lira Mocenigo. See Mocenigo. Lira Tron. See Lira. Lirazza. A base silver coin of Venice issued at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and current until the termination of the Republic. Its value originally ap- pears to have been thirty Soldi, but the later specimens declined to equivalents of fifteen, ten, and five Soldi, and frequently have the value indicated on the reverse in Roman numerals. See Traro. C Liretta. A Venetian base silver coin in- troduced by the Doge Nicolo Sagredo (1675-1676) and copied by a number of his successors to the end of the Republic. For Zara the Venetians issued pieces of four, eight, eighteen, and twenty Lirette during the eighteenth century. Lirona. A base silver coin of the Ven- etian Republic, originally issued pursuant to an act of January 5, 1571, imder the Doge Alvise I. Mocenigo. It bears on the reverse the numeral X, to indicate its value of ten Gazzette. This method of in- scribing was at a later period used for the Lirazza (q.v.). Lisbonino. The double Moeda de Ouro of the Portuguese monetary system, and commonly known as the Moidore. It was the fifth of a Dobrao, and originally worth four thousand Reis, but raised to four thousand and eight hundred in 1688. See Portuguez. Lis d' Argent. A silver coin of Prance struck by Louis XIV of the value of twenty Sols. The reverse has a cross composed of eight letter L's, with fleurs-de-lis in the angles. The motto is dominie . elegisti . LiLiVM.TiBi. There are halves and quar- ters of ten and five Sols, respectively. Lis d'Or. A corresponding gold coin with the same motto and a device repre- senting two angels supporting a crowned shield. Both coins appear to have been issued only in the years 1655 to 1657, al- though essays appeared in 1653. The Ital- ians gave it the name of Piordaliso d'oro, and Gigliato d'oro. Litra. The bronze basis of Sicily, cor- responding to the Roman Libra or Pound. It was also represented by a silver coin of three Hemioboli, and under the stand- ard of Tarentum, the one tenth of the Stater, weighing 0.87 grammes. The divisions of the Siculo-Italiote bronze Litra are the following in corre- sponding terms of the Roman As: Xtxpa = As, or 12 ounces SsxwYy.iov = deunx, or 10 ounces Ti[jiiXiTptov = semis, or 6 ounces TceVTWf 7.10V = quincunx, or 5 ounces TSTpa? = triens, or 4 ounces T;piai; = quadrans, or 3 ounces l^a? = sextans, or 2 ounces ouYxi'a = uncia, or 1 ounce 136] Livonese Lo-han Cash The multiples are the ■KeVTYiy.ovTaXupov = 50 litrae SsicaXiTpov = 10 litrae TCVxaXiTpov ^= 5 litrae St'XiTpov = 2 litrae The majority of these were struck in bronze or silver, sometimes even in gold. Livonese. A silver Russian issue struck by the Czarina Elizabeth for Livonia and Esthonia, pursuant to an ordinance of October 25, 1756. They consisted of pieces of ninety-six, forty-eight, twenty-four, four, and two Kopecks, but were soon withdrawn from circulation. See, Nobaek (p. 923). Livomino, also known as the Livornina delle Torre. A silver Piastre, struck for Leghorn in 1656 by Ferdinand II de Me- dici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and by his successors, Cosimo III, and Gian Gastone. It has a view of the fortress of Leghorn on the reverse. Livre. Originally the money of ac- count in France, and computed at twenty Sous of twelve Deniers each. However, by reason of the debasement of the silver coinage this ratio could not be maintained and it sank rapidly in value, and was finally abolished in 1803 when the Franc system was established. The ratio of sil- ver to gold was then made at fifteen and one half to one, and the decimal system was introduced. Livre Faible. See Lausannais. Livre Tournois. A silver coin of France, six of which were equal to the Ecu. It was generally known simply as the Livre and must not be confused with the money of account of the same name. It was abolished in 1803 when the Franc system was adopted. Locha. A popular name of the Cuar- tillo or nickel 121-2 Centimos of Venezuela. Locumtenensthaler. The name given to a medallic Thaler of the Elector Frederick III of Saxony (1486-1525), issued in 1518 and later, on account of the inscription IMPERIQVE . LOCVMTBNES . GENEEAL . , a title conferred on him by the Emperor Maxi- milian I. Loserthaler, or Juliusloser are large sil- ver coins of the value of from two to sixteen Speciesthaler, issued by Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg (1568- 1589), and made from the product of his silver mines. These coins owe their origin to an ordi- nance of the Duke to the effect that every one of his subjects, according to their rank and station, was to redeem one of these coins (Loser, i.e., redeemer), and be pre- pared to account for the same whenever demanded. They could pawn them in case of necessity but were not allowed to sell or exchange them. By this arrangement the Duke was always kept informed as to the amount of silver money in his do- minions which he could levy upon in case of necessity. The latter exigency never arose, nevertheless these coins are scarce, although a large number were struck. They were made at Heinrichstadt, and bear on the reverse the ducal armorial shield supported by two wild men. Bee Wildemannsthaler. Losungs-Dukat. Losungs-Thaler. The name given to a gold and silver coinage struck by Gustavus Adolphus for Wiirz- burg in 1631 and 1632. The name means "Redeemer," and the coins receive their designation from the inscription ' ' Gott mit uns, " on the reverse. Lowenpfennige. This name is given to a variety of Braeteates, generally the twelfth part of the early Groschen, issued in Saxony, etc., in the early part of the fifteenth century. They obtain their name from the shield on which is a lion rampant. An ordinance of 1482 for the mintmaster Augustin Horn of Zwickau reads "die Pfennig soltn schlecht mit dem Geprege eins Lawen usw. slahen. " These coins were also called Lauenpfen- nige, and the type was copied by the city of Brunswick. The latter have the letter B above or at the side of the shield. The Lowenheller of Ludwig III, Elector of the Palatinate (1410-1436) have a crowned lion rampant, and are of somewhat smaller size. Lo-han Cash. A Chinese coin issued in the reign of Kang Hsi (1662-1722), and said to have been made from melted down Lo-han images. It can be distinguished from the other coins of this reign by the different form of the character hsi. [137] Long Cross Type Lucati Long Cross Type. The name used to describe a series of English silver Pennies ■first struck by Henry III in 1248. They have on the reverse a long double cross extending to the edge of the coin. See Short Cross Type. Lord Baltimore Pieces. An issue of silver Shillings, Sixpence, Fourpence, and a copper Penny for the Province of Mary- land in 1659. For varieties and details see Crosby. Lord Lucas Farthings. A name given to certain pattern Farthings bearing the words QVATVOR . MABIA . VINDICO . , i.e., "I claim the four seas," which legend is said to have given offence to Louis XIV. Lord Lucas referred to them in a speech in the House of Lords, on February 22, 1670- 1671, when he complained of the scarcity of money, as follows : "Of his now Majesty's coin there ap- pears but very little, so that in effect we have none left for common use but a little lean coined money of the late three former princes. And what supply is preparing for it, my Lords? I hear of none unless it be of copper farthings, and this is the metal that is to vindicate, according to the inscription on it, the dominion of the four seas. ' ' The "supply" appeared in 1672, when a copper currency for general use ap- peared, and the Farthing became a legal tender. See Ruding (ii. 14). Lorrain. See Double Lorrain. Lorraines. A name given to the Tes- toons, issued in Scotland in 1558 and 1560 from the large crowned monogram F M {i.e., Francis and Mary) between two Lor- raine crosses, which these coins bear on the reverse. Lot. The one sixteenth of the Mark {q.v.). Lott, or Solot. A Siamese copper coin, the half of the Att. See Tical. Lotterie Dukat. An undated gold coin of Pfalz-Sulzbaeh, struck by the Elector Karl Theodor (1742-1777, and in Bavaria until 1799). It has on the reverse the figure of a nude Fortuna standing on a globe and the inscriptions indvstbi^-sobs above, and hac favente below. Lotus Coins. See Padma Tanka. Louis, or Louis d'Argent. A French silver coin, first struck by Louis XIV in 1643. It is generally known by its size and its equivalent in Sols. Thus the larg- est is the Louis de 60 Sols, from which there is a graduated series of Louis de 30 Sols, de 15 Sols, de 5 Sols, de 30 De- niers, and de 15 Deniers. The Louis de Cinq Sols was specially struck for the Oriental trade, and was ex- tensively imitated. See Luigino. Louis aux Lunettes. A nickname used to designate a type of Louis d'Or, struck by Louis XVI in 1777 and later. The two shields of France and Navarre on the re- verse were supposed to resemble a pair of spectacles. The Ecu aux Lunettes was of the same design. See Brillenthaler. Louis aux Palmes. The name given to a variety of the Louis d'Or of Louis XVI which has on the reverse a crowned shield in a frame of palm leaves. Louis d'Or. A gold coin of France, first struck by Louis XIII in 1640, when the reformation of the currency took place, and continued until the Revolution of 1789, when the twenty Franc piece took its place. Its original value was ten Livres, but this fluctuated and in the reign of Louis XVI it went as high as fourteen Livres. There are divisions and multiples as high as an octuple Louis d'Or. The London Gazette of 1674 (No. 904) mentions ' ' Lewises of Gold ... Escalines of Gold." Louisiana Cent. A name given to the copper Sous inscribed colonies Francoises and dated 1721 and 1722, because they were intended for almost exclusive use in the French colony of Louisiana, which at that time included nearly all the territory between the AUeghanies and the Rocky Mountains. Lovenaar. A silver coin of Brabant, struck in 1488 during the minority of Philip the Good. The reverse inscription is taken from the Book of Psalms (cxxi. 7), and reads: fiat . pax . in . virtvte . tva. Love Thaler. See Janauschek Thaler. Lucati. The popular name for the Fiorini, with the figure of St. Martin, struck in Lucca under Republican rule {circa 1200-1342). [138] Lucchese Nuovo Lycian League Lucchese Nuovo. A Denaro of Lucca, current in the twelftli century. See In- fortiati. Lucre. An expression meaning a gain in money, and usually employed in an ill sense, or with the sense of something base or unworthy. Alexander Pope has the line, "The lust of lucre, anJ the dread of death," and Byron, in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (xii.), has: "Who racked their brains tor' lucre, not for fame." The translators of the New Testament make use of the following terms; "Not greedy of filthj^ lucre," I Timothy (iii. 3) ; "A bishop must be . . . not given to filthy lucre," Titus (i. 7) ; "Teaching things which they ought not, for fllthjr lucre's sake," Titus (i. 11); "Feed the tlock of God . . . not for filthy lucre," I Peter (v. 2). Lucullei. Tlie name given to gold coins struck in Greece under Sylla. See Blan- chet (p. 5). Liibische Pfennige. See Hohlpfennige. Liigenthaler. The name given to a Thaler struck by Henry Julius of Bruns- wick-Liineburg, in 1596 and 1597. It has on the reverse an inscription hvete.dich. PVE.DER.TADT.DEE.LVEGEN . WIBDT . WOL . EADT. For an extended account of the origin of this coin conf. Madai (No. 1111). Luigri. The common name for the" gold coin of ten Scudi, .struck in Malta by Emanuele Pinto (1741-1773) and his suc- cessors. It was of the same value as the Louis d'Or. See Beato Luigi. Lulgino. The common nickname for the silver coins of five Sols, or one twelfth Livre, originally struck by Louis XIV in 1643. They received this title in Italy, to which country they were sent in large quantities for use in the Levantine trade. See Louis. Luigino. A silver coin of Genoa issued in 1668 and later by the Banco di San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has on the obverse a crowned shield supported by two griffins, and on the reverse a figure of St. George on horseback. From the latter circumstance it is sometimes called Gior- gino. Its value represented 24 Soldi. The Luigino was also issued by the Spinola family of Eonco, Tassarolo, and Arquata; by Violante Lomellini for Tor- riglia; and by the Malaspina family for Fosdinovo (1667-1677). It was copied from the half Ecu or piece of five Sols struck at Trevoux. See Timmin, and conf. Poey d'Avant (viii. 109). Lundrenses. Ruding (i. 193-194) cites an ordinance of 1279-1280, empowering William de Turnemire of Marseilles, the master of the mint, to make Farthings throughout England. They were called Lundrenses, probably on account of the inscription londoniensis on the reverse. Lundress. W. Lowndes, in his Amend- ment to the Silver Coinage, 1695 (p. 17), states that "A Sterling . . . was once called a Lundress, because it was to be Coined only at London." Lunga. See Moneta Lunga. Lu'ong Bac. See Nen. Lupetta. See Cervia. Lushburger. A name given to a silver Penny imported from Luxemburg into England, in the reign of Edward III and forbidden in the latter country. Langland, Piers Ploughman, 1377 (xv. 342), says, "In lussheborwes is a lyther alay ( ? alloy) and yet loketh he like a sterlynge. ' ' Chaucer, in the prologue to the Monk's Tale (74) states "God woot no lussheburgh payen ye ; " and Cowell, in The Interpreter 1607, mentions Lushoborow, "a base coine vsed in the dales of King Ed. the 3. coined beyond Seas to the likenes of Eng- lish money." Ruding (i. 222) states that in 1346 "many merchants and others carried the good monej^ out of the realm, and brought in false monej^ called Lusshebournes, which were worth onlj^ eight shillings the pound or less." Lutherthaler. These are medals rather than coins, and the name is applied to pieces struck in 1661 at Eisleben, and in 1717 to commemorate the bi-centenary of the Reformation. They usually have a bust of Luther on the obverse. Lycian League. See League Coinage. [139] Maccaroni Pieces Mag M Maccaroni Pieces. See Maequina. Maccochino. See Maequina. Mace. The name given by foreigners to the Chinese Ch'ien {q.v.) or Tsien, the tenth part of a Tael or Liang. In the modern struck Chinese silver coinage the following pieces bear the name Mace : 7 MacK 2 Candareens or Dollar (Yuan) 3 Mace 6 Camlareens or half Dollar 1 Mace 4.4 Caudareens or fifth Dollar See Tael and Yuan. Mace. A gold coin of Atjeh. See Mas. Macelinus. Du Cange states that this is an old name for the Marabotin. Mach. The Annamese word for a tenth of a string of Cash. See Quan. Maequina, or Macuqina. A Spanish word meaning a clipped coin. See Cob. Chalmers states that in Jamaica "the Mexican quarter dollars were called Mac- caroni pieces, . . . which may be a repre- sentative of Maccochino, a word still used in Venezuela to denote cut money, and the name Maccaroni was transferred to the British Shilling rated as a quarter Dollar, and was in vogue in British Honduras." See Moco. Macuta. A Portuguese copper coin is- sued from the middle of the eighteenth century for Angola and other African pos- sessions. The coin has a value of fifty Reis, and the multiples from two to twelve Macutas are in silver. All of the preced- ing coins are frequently counterstamped. The low denominations are in copper. The name is probably derived from the Makua or Makuana, one of the tribes be- hind Mozambique. See Fernandas (p. 266). The Macuta was the basis of the mone- tary system in Sierra Leone in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Bonneville, Traite des Monnaies, 1806, defines it as "monnaie de compte, ou plu- tot une maniere de compter en usage parmi les negres de quelques endroits des cotes d'Afrique, particulierement a Loango sur la cote d ' Angola. ' ' See also Chalmers (p. 208). Mada. A gold coin of ancient India, the one fourth of the Pagoda. See Pana. Madonnenthaler. The name given to any coin on which the Virgin and Child is depicted, but specially applied to the is- sues of Hamburg during the seventeenth century on which the Madonna seated or standing is a prominent feature. Madonnina. Another name for the Lira struck at Genoa during the eighteenth cen- tury. The obverse has a figure of the Ma- donna and on the reverse is a crowned shield supported by two griffins. There is a corresponding doppia Madonnina and mezza Madonnina. In Bologna a silver coin of the value of six Bolognini received the same name. It was issued in the sixteenth century under Papal rule. Madonnina. A Papal copper coin of the value of five Baiocci, struck by Pius VI (1775-1798). There are varieties for Ascoli, Civita Vecchia, Fermo, Gubbio, Macerata, Perugia, Tivoli, Montalto, Mate- lica, Viterbo, San Severino, Ronciglione, etc. The half was called the Sampietrino, both coins receiving their designations from the figures represented thereon. Madridja. A nickname given to the Spanish Dobla in Morocco (where this coin formerly extensively circulated), on account of its origin. See Noback (p. 243). It represented a value of ten Miscals or Metsquals. Fonrobert (5696). Maerra Peninga. This term occurs in the Anglo-Saxon laws of Aelfred, and is translated "larger pennies." Ruding (i. 110) thinks that with at least equal pro- priety, "it might have been rendered 'pure,' or as it would now be called, 'law- ful money.' " Mag, possibly an abbreviation of Mag- pie iq.v.). An English slang name for a half Penny. It is thus defined by G. Parker, in Life's Painter, 1781 (p. 129). Dickens, in Bleak House (xxiii.), uses the phrase "It can't be worth a mag to him," and Henry Kingsley, in Ravenshoe [140] Magatama Majhawala (i. 9) says, "As long as he had a mag to bless himself with, he would always be a lazy, useless humbug." See Maggy Robb. Magatama. A piece of jade or agate in the shape of a tiger's claw, and sup- posed to have been used as a primitive money in Japan. See Munro (p. 5). Magdalon. A gold coin issued at Tar- ascon and other mints of Provence. It was struck by Renatus of Anjou (1434- 1480) and by his successors. It bears a figure of St. Mary Magdalen and the double cross of Lorraine. Maggy Robb, or Maggie Rab. Accord- ing to Jamieson, Etymological Dictionarij of the Scottish Language, this was a pop- ular name for a bad half Penny. He de- fines Magg as a cant term for a half Penny with the plural Maggs. The latter word is used in Lothian to designate the gratu- ity which servants expect from those to whom they carry any goods. The same authority cites an Aberdeen- shire saying, "He's a very guid man, but I trow he's gotten a Maggy Rob o' a wife." Mas^ster Thaler. A silver coin of Sach- sen-Weimar, struck in 1654 to commem- orate the rectorship of the University of Jena, which was conferred on Prince Bernhard. See Madai (No. 1491). Maglia. The Italian equivalent of the Maille [q.v.) At Casale under Giovanni III (1445-1464), was struck the copper Maglia di Bianchetto. For detailed ac- counts of this issue see Bivista Numismat- ica, 1867 (ii. 3), and Bevue Beige, 1866 (xi. 3). Magpie. An English slang term for a half-penny. Dickens, in Oliver Twist (viii) has: "I'm at low-water-mark myself, only one bob and a magpie." See Mag. Mah. A money of account in Abyssinia, twenty-two being equal to an Ashrafi (q.v.). Mahallak. A brass coin of El-Harrar, a province of Abyssinia, issued A.H. 1284 and after. See Valentine (p. 82). It was the one-twentieth part of the Gersh, or Ghrush. The same name was given to the first silver coin struck at Bl-Harrar by Menelik. It has a value equal to the Egyptian Piastre. Mahbub. See Mathbu and Zer-mahbub. Mahbubia. The name given to the handsome silver Rupee introduced into cir- culation in Hyderabad in 1904. It re- ceives its name from Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, the Nizam of the Dcccan, "as a com- pliment to the ruler who declined to abro- gate his currency privileges." The term Mahbubia Annas is also applied to the copper coinage of this rule. Mahmudi, also called Khodabandi. A Persian silver coin of the Sufi or Safi dy- nasty. Its value was one half Abbasi or two Shahis. It is also known as the Sad- Dinar. At Bassorah, in Asia-Minor, a money of account formerly prevailed based on the Persian system, as follows : 1 Toman = lOfi MahmfldI or MamQclIs. ^ 1,000 Danims or Danimes. = 10,000 B'lusch. According to Noback (p. 652), the Mahmiidi was also a former copper coin of Maskat, and the twentieth part of the Pia.stre or Spani.sh Dollar. It was .sub- divided into twenty Gass or Goz. Maille, from a French word signifying a mesh or a link in a suit of armor, is from its probable resemblance, applied to a small billon or base silver coin. The Maille Tierce or demi Gros and the Maille Tour- nois were issued under Philip IV of France (1285-1314). The Maille Blanche ap- peared under Charles IV (1322-1328), and other varieties are the Maille Noire, Maille Parisis, Maille Bourgeoise, and the Maille d'Or, the latter a gold coin struck in 1347 by Jehan Bougier of Arras, for the Bish- opric of Cambrai. The Maille was also common in Flanders, and there are special issues for Lille, Ant- werp, Brussels, and other towns, which re- sembled small Deniers. Maillechort. See Argenton. Maille Noble. A name given to the half Noble first issued in the reign of Ed- ward III. See Noble and Ferling. Maiorchino. The popular name for the Grosso issued in the island of Majorca. It is subdivided into eighteen Piccoli. Majhawala. Another name for the gold Mohur of Nepal of the weight of half a Tola. The word means "a middle coin." See Suka. [141 ] Majorina Mangir Majorina, or Pecunia Major. A name given to the largest size of bronze coin issued by Diocletian after his monetary re- form. After Diocletian the piece was is- sued only intermittently, notably by Ju- lian and Valentinian. Make. An obsolete English dialect and slang term for a half Penny. See Flag. In an old poem of 1547 entitled The Hye Way to the Spyttel House occurs the line : "Docked the dell for a coper meke." Sir Walter Scott, in his novel Wood- stock (xxxvi.) has, "I take it; for a make to a million." Malaque. A silver coin introduced by Albuquerque, Governor General of Mal- acca, in 1510. See Caixa. Maley Groschen. See Maly Groszy. Malkontentengulden. A series of coins struck in Hungary under Francis Rakoczy during the rebellion against Austria, from 1703 to 1711. They were issued from 1704 to 1706. Malla. The smallest of all the Spanish copper coins. Its value was one half of a Dinero, and it circulated in Majorca and Barcelona as early as the fourteenth cen- tury. The name appears to be the Spanish equivalent for Maille. Malschilling. A silver denomination of Anton Giinther, Duke of Oldenburg (1603- 1667, and copied by Adolf, Count of Bentheim-Tecklenburg. Maluco. The name given to a cast piece of eight3'' Reis, struck for the island of Terceira in 1829 during the war against Don Miguel. These coins were made from metal obtained from the bells of the con- vents. See Mailliet Suppl. (72 i.), and Fernandes (p. 312). Maly Groszy, or Maley Groschen. The word maly in Polish means small, and this name was given to certain diminutive Groschen issued in Bohemia under Rudolf II in the latter part of the sixteenth cen- tury. Eighty-four were equal to one Gul- den Thaler. Mama Gin. See Cho Gin. Mamudi. See Mahmudi. Man. The old Annamese word for a Quan [q.v.) or string of Cash. [ 142 Manah. The Babylonian form of the Mina {q.v.). Mancanza. The name. given to a Nea- politan gold coin of the value of forty Carlini or four Ducati. It was struck by Charles III in 1749, and later by Ferdi- nand IV. Its weight is two thirds that of the Oncia. Man^eau, or Man^ois. See Mansois. Mancoso, or Mancuso. A term sup- posed to have been derived from the Latin manus and consequently applied to such coins as exhibit the figure of a hand. A Solidus Mancusus of silver is mentioned at the time of Charlemagne as being equal to thirty Denarii Nuovi, and an ordinance of the Abbey of Sesto at Friuli, dated 778, refers to XX mancoseos auri. A Denaro Mancuso is found in the Papal coinage under Benedict IV (900-903), and John XII (955-964). In the Byzantine series the Soldo Mancuso occurs under Con- stantino V and Leo IV (751-775), and it was copied in Beneventum by Luitprand, a contemporary ruler (751-758). All of the preceding coins have a hand as a prom- inent figure. The Mancus d'oro was also struck by Raimond Berengar IV, Count of Barce- lona (1130-1162) who married Petronilla, Queen of Aragon. This coin has the in- scription BAEKiNOT, implying Barcelona. See Blanchet (i. 312). Finally in the Lucchese coinage the name Mancoso occurs as early as 1551, and is used for the half of the Scudo d'Oro. Mancus. An Anglo-Saxon money of ac- count mentioned in payments as early as the ninth century. An annual tribute of 365 Mancuses was made to the Pope for the maintenance of the English school in Rome, the lighting of St. Peter 's, etc. This tribute does not, however, imply 365 coins. Mancuso. See Mancoso. Mandat. See Assignat. Maneh. An early Jewish weight stand- ard, the value of which is defined in Ezekiel (xlv. 12). See Mina. Mangir, or Manghir. A copper coin of the Ottoman Empire, introduced by Murad I (A.H. 761-792). It ranged apparently at first from eight to sixteen to the Akeheh, and eventually became of equal value with it. ] Manilla Marchetto The Mangur, as it is sometimes called, finally became the fourth part of the Asper or the four hundred and eightieth of a Piastre. It was introduced in Egypt under Solei- man I (A.H. 926-974). ,S'ee Fonrobert (5006). Manilla, or Manille. A species of ring money, resembling a horseshoe, which was formerly current in the Grand Bassam, Southwest Nigeria, and other sections on the West Coast of Africa. Specimens occur in iron, tin, and copper. See Zay (p. 246-247). Mankush. An Arabic word, the past participle of the verb nakash, to engrave. It is incorrect to say that it means a coin, although it is occasionally found in poetry applied to coins as the "engraved" pieces. Mannen Tsuho. See Jiu Ni Zene. Manoel. A later name for the Cruzado (q.v.). Manouvrier Note. The name given to a rare variety of the five Dollar note of the Confederate Government, issued at New Orleans, La., in July, 1861. It re- ceives its name from the engraver, Julius Manouvrier, a Frenchman who was in busi- ness in New Orleans until about 1875. Mansois. A billon coin struck by Henry V of England in the Anglo-Gallic series (1415-1422). The reverse inscription, MONETA DVPLEX, indicates that it was a variety of the double Tournois. The name is variously written Mangois, Manceau, Manseau, Monsoys, and in Low Latin Manseus. See Ruding (i. 260). Mantelet d'Or. Another name for the Petit Royal d'Or, struck by Philip III of France (1270-1285). See Royal d'Or. Marabotin Alfonsin. The gold Dinar struck by Alfonso VIII of Castile in imita- tion of the Almoravide Dinars. These coins have the inscriptions in Arabic and the letters alf at the bottom. Marabotins. The contemporary name in Europe for the gold coins of the Almora- vides, struck in Spain and Morocco during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. See Maravedi. Maradoe. According to Kelly (p. 214), this was a former Chinese money of ac- count and computed at six hundred Cash. [ Maravedi. This coin corresponded to the gold Dinar and the Marabotin, which was struck in Spain by the Moorish dynasty of Almoravides (El-Murabitin). The coins of the Christian rulers of Spain are copied to some extent from their Moorish prede- cessors, and even the names are retained. The Maravedi appeared in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella and became the unit of the Spanish copper coinage. Mul- tiples of two, four, six, and eight Mara- vedis were issued, and frequently the val- ues were altered by means of countermarks. Its nominal value, however, was one thirty- fourth of a Real. See Bassegna Nuniis- viatica (x. 53-56). Marc. The French, Spanish, and Italian equivalent for the Mark as a weight and a money of account. The Castellano (q.v.) was based on the fiftieth part of this weight. In 1093, Philip I of France do- nated nine Marcs of silver for the restora- tion of a church which had been destroyed by fire. Marca Argenti. See Mark. Marcello. A silver coin of Venice \vhich receives its name from the Doge Nieolo Marcello (1473-1474), who introduced it. It was retained until the middle of the sixteenth century. Originally its value was ten Soldi, but later issues were struck of four, six, and eight Soldi, as well as one of five Soldi for colonial purposes. The Marcello bears on the obverse a figvire of the standing or crowned Christ, and on the reverse the kneeling figure of the Doge, in the act of receiving a banner from St. Mark. The type was copied at Mantua as early as 1529 and was retained under Francesco I Gonzaga (1540-1550). In the coinage of Modena during the sixteenth century the Grosso of five Soldi was also copied from the Marcello. Marchesino. The name given to a vari- ety of the Bolognino, struck at Ferrara during the fourteenth century, while the city was under the rale of the House of Este, called Marchesi di Ferrara. Marchetto. A copper coin of Venice, in- troduced by the Doge Giovanni Bembo (1615-1618), and continued until the latter 143] Marchiones Mark part of the eighteenth century. There is a corresponding mezzo Marchetto. The name is derived from the figure of St. Mark, which occurs on the coin. In Bergamo at the beginning of the nineteenth century trading was carried on in Marchetti, i.e., in Lira of twenty Soldi. Marchiones. See Marques. Marengo. The name given to a gold coin struck in the mint of Turin after the battle of Marengo, which occurred on June 14, 1800. It bears the head of Minerva and on the reverse the date l'an 9 or l'an 10, i.e., 1801 or 1802. The value was twenty Francs, and it was designed by Amadeus Lavy, the mintmaster at Turin. This coin is also known as the Marenghino. Margaretengroschen. The name given to some silver coins of the fifteenth cen- tury, struck by Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen, which bear the letter M in addi- tion to the ordinary inscription. Authori- ties are agreed that this represents Mar- garet, the wife of Frederick, to whom were accorded certain minting privileges. Margengroschen. See Mariengroschen. Maria. The popular name for a Spanish silver coin struck by Charles II (1665- 1700). On the reverse was a large letter M with an A crossing the same and the value. There is a Maria of four Eeales and another of eight Eeales. Maria Theresa Thaler. See Levant Dollar. Mariengroschen, or Gros a la Madone. A silver coin originallj' issued at Goslar in 1505 with a value of eighty to the Mark, and consequently inferior to the Bohemian Groschen, which were computed at sixty to the Mark. These coins received their name from the figure of the Virgin and Child on the reverse. In Adam Berg's New Miintzbuch, 1597, they are called Margengroschen, and their value is stated to be equal to ten white Pfennige. The type was copied in Hanover, Bruns- wick-Liineburg, and many parts of West- phalia. During the seventeenth century this coin was legalized at one thirty-sixth of the Thaler, or one twenty-fourth of the Gulden, and numerous multiples and divi- sions were struck. The name was retained long after the original design was abandoned, e.g., there exist pieces for Brunswick-Liineburg of twelve and twenty-four Mariengroschen with the running horse design. Marienthaler. This coin, like the Gros- chen of the same name, receives its title from the figure of the '\'"irgin and the Child on the reverse. They were originally struck at Hamburg, Goslar, and Hildes- heim, were copied in Hungary and were issued in Bavaria as late as 1871. Marigold. An obsolete slang name for a Guinea, and probably given to the coin on account of its yellow color, which is a distinctive feature of the fiower. Abraham Cowley, in his plav, The Cutter of Cole- man Street, 1663 (ii. 3), says: "I'll . . . put five hundred Marygolds in a Purse." Marjase. The Hungarian name for the Austrian seventeen Kreuzer pieces. Mark, or Marca Argenti. The Mark as a gold and silver weight is mentioned in Germany as early as the eleventh century. In the Nibehtnglied, composed between 1180 and 1190, there is mention of zeheti marc von golde, Richard I of England was ransomed for ten thousand Marks, and Shakespeare in The Comedy of Errors (ii. 1 and iii. 1) speaks of "a thousand marks in gold." It was extensively employed in Cologne during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and the Kolnische Mark in 1524 was made the accepted weight standard throughout Central Europe. As a money of account it was used for the pajTnent of large sums where the small silver coins of different sizes and' fineness were simply weighed. See Usualmark. The divisions of the Mark were : The one fourth, called Vierdung, Viert- ing, Firdung, or Ferto. The one sixteenth, called Lot. The one thirty-second, called Setin, and The one sixty-fourth, called Quentin, or Quentchen. These divisions were uniformly recog- nized, though the weight varied in different localities. Mark. The unit of the currency of Ger- many. It was introduced as a silver coin pursuant to an ordinance of December 4, 1871, and divided into one hundred Pfen- nige. . . [144] Mark Massa There are multiples of two, three, and five Marks in silver, the latter denomina- tion being now abolished. In gold there are multiples of five, ten, and twenty Marks. The ten Mark piece was originally called a Krone, and the silver coin of three Marks replaced the Thaler. Mark. A silver coin which appeared early in the sixteenth century in Scandi- navia, Livonia, Holstein, Hamburg, Lii- beck, Mecklenburg, etc., and which repre- sented approximately a half Thaler. In Sweden it was struck as early as 1512 and retained until the beginning of the eighteenth century. In Denmark its value was sixteen Skilling and it was in use to the reign of Frederick VI (1808). A Mark was issued in Livonia in 1573 for payment of the garrison of Pernau. Mark. See Nova Constellatio. Mark Banco. See Banco. Markka (plural Markkaa). A silver coin of Finland, issued in 1865 and sub- divided into one hundred Pennia. Fin- land has had a gold standard since 1877, and its coins are based on the system adopted by the Latin Union. Multiples exist in gold of ten and twenty Markkaa. Mark Newby Coppers. See St. Patrick's Money. Marmussini. A money of Milan men- tioned as early as 1473, and later regu- lated at seven to a Grosso to conform with the coinage of Savoy. See Promis (ii. 34- 35). Marque. A name given to a class of billon coins struck by France for use in its colonies. Their dates range from about 1738 to 1744, and they were received at various values. Thus in Canada they repre- sented a double Sol of twenty-four Deniers and a Sol of half that value ; in the Isles of France and Bourbon they corresponded to three Sols; in the Antilles to two Sous and six Deniers, etc. See Sol and Tampe, and conf. Zay (pp. 65-70), and Wood, in Avicriean Journal of Numismat- ics (xlviii. 129-136). Marque Blanc. The name given to the billon coin of French Guiana of the value of ten Centimes, struck in 1818. As they contained twenty per cent of silver they [ presented a whiter appearance than the Noirs or older Marques. Marques. Hugo, Comte de la Marche, established a mint at Bellac in 1211 and struck coins called Marques, or Marchiones, bearing a figure resembling a half moon. See Blanchet (i. 287). Marti. The popular name for the Cuban gold coin of the value of five Pesos issued in 1915. It bears on the obverse the head of Jose Marti, the Cuban patriot, who died in 1895 at the early age of forty-two years. Martinsgulden. See Albansgulden. Martinsthaler. See Bettlerthaler. Marzellen. This term was formerly used in Germany to designate coins with the figure of St. Mark. The Diet of Augsburg, on June 19, 1589, established their value at nineteen Kreuzer. Mas. A gold coin of the former King- dom of Atjeh in Sumatra. It can be traced to the latter part of the sixteenth century. Sir John Davis, in his Travels, 1598, states that 1600 Caixas = 1 Mas, or Mace. 400 Caixas = 1 Koiipan. 4 Koupans = 1 Mas, or Mace. 4 Ma.s = 1 l^ardaw. 4 Pardawe = 1 Tayell, or Tail. Netscher states that he has never seen the Koupan, Pardaw, or Tayell, and considers them moneys of account. Gonf. also Millies (p. 72). Masaka. A coin of Ceylon which is re- ferred to in commentaries written as early as the fifth century. It appears to have been of both metal and wood; though no specimens are now in existence. See Rhys Davids (sec. 13). Masenetta. A silver coin of Ferrara of the value of one Grossetto, with the figure of St. Maurelius on one side and a corn- mill on the reverse. It was introduced in the fifteenth cen- tury either by Duke Borso (1450-1471) or by his successor, Brcole I (1471-1505). For detailed accounts of the origin of the name and the curious devices, see Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (xviii. 560). Mashrabi. See Mushtari. Maskat Pice. See Baisa. Massa. A Latin term denoting a Flan or Blank (q.v.). 145] Massa Maundy Money Massa. A copper coin of Ceylon, speci- mens of which have been discovered dating back to the middle of the twelfth century. It was probably a later form of the ilasaka {q.v.y, and was copied by a long line of the native rulers. Massachusetts Cent. This well-known coin first appeared in 1787 and the corre- sponding half Cent in the following year. ■ It was evidently the intention to issue coins of larger denominations also, as men- tion is made in Fleet's Pocl-et Almanack for the j'ear 17S9 that "a mint is erected on Boston Neck, for coining of gold, silver, and copper, of the same weight, alloy, and value as is tixed bj' the Resolve of Congress of the 8th of August, 11786. Copper only has as yet been coined, viz : Cents and Half- Cents. " See Crosby. Masse d'Or. A gold coin of France struck only by Philip III (1270-1285) and his successor Philip IV (12So-1314). It has on one side a figure of the King seated on a throne and holding in his hand a long sceptre or mace (Fr. la masse) from which it receives its name. Masson. A silver coin of Lorraine and Bar, which receives its name from Mons. Masson, the Director of the Mint in 1728 and 1729. See De Saulcy (pi. xxxiii. 1). Masununa. See ilazuma. Matapan, or Grosso Veneto. The name given to a variety of the Grosso (q.v.) which was first struck by Enrico Dandulo, Doge of Venice, from 1192 to 1205. The etjTnology of the word is uncertain, but it is known that the Venetians took part in the fourth Crusade in the year 1204, the result of which was the annexation by Venice of several islands and territories in the Aegean Sea, among them being Morea. As the ^"enetians retained possession of this section for some time, and probably establislied mints there, the name may be connected with Cape ilatapan in ilorea. The ilatapan usuall.y has on one side a figure of the Doge receiving a banner from St. ^lark, the patron saint of Venice, and on the reverse a figure of Christ seated on a throne. These coins were extensively struck up to the beginning of the fifteenth century, and were copied by the Balkan States. The [146 Matapan was succeeded by the Grossetto {q.v.). Matfabu, or Metbuo. A gold coin of ilorocco, which appears to have been intro- duced about the period of Muley Ismail ben Scherif (A.H. 1082-1140), and discon- tinued in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Its value was one and a half Eials or twenty and a quarter Ukkias. Matica (plural Maticaes). A currency adopted by Portugal for Mozambique. See Barrinha. Matier. See ilatthiasgroschen. Matsuri Sen. A form of the Japanese E Sen (q.v.), sometimes known as "Festi- val" Sen. They are cast in such a way that several pieces form a group often very picturesque. They are made to stand up- right or to set in a holder and are tised for shrine offerings or ornaments. Matthiasgroschen. A name originally bestowed on certain varieties of the silver Groschen of Goslar, struck in 1464. They bore on the obverse a bust of St. Matthew, the patron saint of the city, whose body it was claimed was brought to Goslar by the Emperor Henrj^ III in the year 1040. These coins were of the value of six Pfennige, "and they were extensively copied in Hildesheim in 1663, in Hanover, etc., where their value was subject to consid- erable fiuctuation. The terms Matthier, Matier, or Mattier, are abbreviated names for coins of similar t.^Tje struck for Ravensberg by Frederick William of Brandenburg. They were of the value of four Pfennige, or one half of a Mariengroschen, and were used in Bruns- wick as late as the nineteenth century. Maundy Money. This money was first issued in 1670, to conform to the old cus- tom of distributing the royal bounty to certain poor persons on Maundy or Holy Thursday. The name seems to be derived from the maund or bag in which they were carried. The coins consist of silver" Four- pence or Groats, Threepence, Twopence or half Groats, and Pennies; they are not in- tended for currency but are, nevertheless, legal tender. In the reign of Victoria a considerable number of the Threepences and half Groats were exported to Jamaica and used as cur- rency there. See Wire Money. ] Maximilian d'Or Megg The practice of distributing coins to the populace dates from the time of the Roman emperors, where such pieces, called Mis- silia, were thrown to the public on days of festivity, during the performances at the circus, etc. In the German series, coins specially struck for distribution during commemorative exercises receive the name of Auswurf Miinzen, i.e., "money to be thrown out. ' ' Maximilian d'Or. A gold coin of Ba- varia, a variety of the Pistole or five Thaler. The name is principally applied to the issues of Duke Maximilian III (1745-1778). Mayili. A Kanarese word which is sup- posed to signify a token. The term Mayili Kasu followed by a numeral, and meaning "Token Cash," is found on the copper coins of Krishna Raja Udaiyar, the ruler of Mysore (1799-1868). Mayon. See Salung. Mazuma, or Masumma. This word is American Yiddish for money ; Yiddish be- ing a patois of Polish, Russian, German, and Hebrew, and American Yiddish being made up of the same languages plus Eng- lish. The word comes from the Polish- Yiddish word, Masummen, which in turn is derived from M'Zumon, being literally "Means of Sustenance." The latter is from the verb Zoman, i.e., "to feed." Meaia, or Meaja. An obsolete Spanish word, meaning a medal. Mealha. A billon coin resembling the Denier, and which appears to have been struck only during the reign of Alfonso I of Portugal (1128-1185). Mechelaar. A silver coin of Brabant struck in 1485 and later. Its value was one and a half Grooten, and the corre- sponding Dubbele Mechelaar was generally known as the Penning van drie Grooten. See Heylen (p. 64). Medaglia, Medaille. The correspond- ing names in Italian and French for a medal. Medal. A piece coined for the purpose of commemorating some historical event, or as an award for personal merit. It is never intended to pass for money. Various derivations of the word are given. Scaliger derives it from the Arabic Methalia, a sort of coin with a head upon it, and Vossius states that it comes from Meta/liiDi, metal. The most probable ety- mology, however, is from the Italian meda- glia, a term which can be traced to the fourteenth century, and which was applied to a coin outside of circulation, and valu- able only for its historical or artistic fea- tures. See Schauthaler. Medalet. A small medal. Medallion. A name generally given to very large pieces which occur in the Roman series, and which were struck by Imperial authority in gold, silver, and bronze. It is not definitely settled whether they were used as actual currency or intended as commemoration pieces. Sec Stevenson (s.v.). Mediacula. An obsolete Italian term signifying a medal. Poey d'Avant (iii. 179) cites it from the mint records of the Abbey of Cluny, and from ordinances of William, Duke of Aquitaine, A.D. 1019. Mediano. This term was used in Milan to describe the half Soldo of six Danari. Mediatino. A name given to the double Danaro, struck in Verona from 1259 to 1329. Medino. A copper coin of Egypt, the fortieth jiart of the Ghrush, the twentieth of the Yigirmlik, and the fifth of the Beshlik. A billon coin of twenty Medins is cited by Mailliet (Suppl. 23, 5) as having been struck during the French occupation of Cairo, 1798-1801. Medio. A Spanish word meaning one half, and not infrequently applied to the half Real. It was extensively used in North America during the colonial period, and to some extent after the War of the Revolution. Its value represented six and a quarter Cents. Medjidie, or Irmilik. A silver coin of the modern Turkish series of the value of eighteen and one half Piastres, though often reckoned at twenty Piastres or eightv Metalliks. Megg. A nickname for a Guinea. Thomas Shadwell, in his plaj^. The Squire of Alsatia, 1688 (i. 1), says: "Meggs are Guineas, Smelts are half -guineas. " See Decus. [147] Mehnder-Mulie Mexican Dollar Mehnder-Mulie. Kirkpatrick, in An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1811 (pp. 217-218), states that in 1793 "the sil- ver eight-anna piece, now called Mohr and Adheeda, was formerly denominated Mehn- der-Mulie, after the Prince who first struck it {i.e., Mahendra Malla, A.D. 1566), and by treaty established it in the neighboring Kingdom of Tibet." Meke. An obsolete dialect term for a half Penny. See Make. Mencalis. Du Cange states that this is the name of a Spanish coin which occurs in documents written in Latin. Menelik. The name given to the Talari issued by Menelik, King of Abyssinia. These coins were struck at Paris. Menudo, frequently called Menut, an obsidional copper coin, struck at Vich during the French occupation in 1645 ; at Barcelona in 1643 ; and in Civita Vecchia from 1642 to 1646. See Mailliet (cxx. 12- 15, Suppl. 11, No. 12), etc. These appear to have been copied from a regular type issued by Philip II and Philip III of Spain. Meraner Kreuzer. See Kreuzer. Mereau. Originally a moneyer's pass or token, which originated in France. At a later period it was used for the identifica- tion of members at council meetings, re- ligious festivals, etc. M. Blanchet, in his Numismatique du Moyen-age et Moderne, Paris, 1890, repro- duces on the cover of the Atlas a moneyer 's pass in silver of the mint of Lyons, bear- ing on the obverse a crowned bust of Fran- cis II. The Paris Cabinet des Medailles preserves similar mereaux of the mints of Grenoble, Cremieu, Lyons, Avignon, and Trevoux. That of Avignon, which is the latest in date, was issued in the name and has the arms of Cardinal de Bourbon (Charles X), who was at the time Legate of the Holy See to the Comtat Venaissin. The work of de Fauris de Saint- Vincens describes one of these silver passes, bearing the name of Louis XII, with the title of Comte de Provence, which has on reverse an initial A, evidently indicating the mint of Aix. De Courtois Revue Nnmisiuatique, 1848, (p. 66) illustrates a mereau, of small mod- ule, issued by the moneyers of Tarascon. [ Merk. A Scottish coin which owes its origin to the mediaeval Mark, which was originally a weight, next a money of ac- count, and lastly a coined piece. The Merk first appears in the Scottish series of money, as a coin, in 1591, where a "Balance Half Merk" of James VI is mentioned. See Patrick, Records of the Coinage of Scotland (i. introd. and pp. 118, 177, 253, ii. pi. 9). These were fol-' lowed by the Thistle Merk (q.v.) of 1601 and later. The value of the Merk continued to be two thirds of the Pound {i.e., 13s. 4d.), but when James VI ascended the English throne the Scottish money had so deteri- orated that it compared to the English as one to twelve. The Double Merk was also known as the Thistle Dollar. See Noble. Messir, or Mishir. A gold coin of the modern Turkish series of the value of twenty-five Piastres. Messthaler. The name given to the sil- ver coins struck by the Bishops of Sitten, in Switzerland, on which are usually de- picted a figure of St. Theodolus before an altar. Metallik, or Metallique. The name given to a variety of low grade silver Turkish coins, which constituted a large part of the ordinarjr circulation, chiefly in Asia Minor. The largest of these Metalliks when com- posed of fifty-two parts of silver and fortj^- eight of copper, is known as the Altilik, and has a value of five Piastres. When, however, the same sized coin contains only twenty-five per cent of silver, it is known as the Beshlik, and is only equal to two and one half Piastres. As the smaller Metalliks are in the same ratio, the great- est confusion formerly prevailed, which, however, was remedied in 1911 upon the introduction of the nickel coinage. Metbuo. See Mathbu. Metsqal. See Miseal. Metzblanken. The name given to the Breitgroschen of the city of Metz, struck during the fifteenth century. Mexican Dollar. Originally this was the popiilar name for the silver coin of eight Reales which was struck in Mexico and largely used in the Orient. It is mentioned in this sense as early as the beginning of 148] Mezza Milled Money the eighteenth century. Although the coin is no longer issued the name has survived to the present day and is now applied in the Far East to the Mexican Peso, which circulates for the exact amount of silver that it contains, and consequently has a fluctuating value. See Chopped Dollar. Mezza. An Italian word meaning one half, and applied to coins to indicate the half of some recognized unit. Mezzanino. An Italian silver coin of half the value of the Grosso (q.v.).' It was first issued under the Doge Francesco Dan- dolo of Venice (1326-1339). A copper Mezzanino was struck at Ra- gusa in 1795 and 1796, of the same value as the Venetian type. Michaels Gulden and Michaels Pfennige. The name given to two denominations struck by the Abbots of Beromiinster in the Canton of Luzerne. They obtain their name from the figure of the archangel Michael slaying a dragon, which occurs on the reverse of these coins. Michalati. Certain Byzantine Solidi struck in the name of the Emperor Michael bore this designation, which was probably only a popular term. Michieletta. The name given to a series of leather obsidional coins issued for the city of Tyrus, in 1124. The name is derived from Dominicus Michieli, Doge of Venice (1117-1130), who introduced them. See Leather Money. Mihon Sen. See Shiken Sen. Mihrabi. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- peror of Hindustan, valued at nine Rupees. See Sihansah. Mikron. See Obolos. Mil. A copper coin of Hong Kong, first issued in 1863. It has a round hole in the centre for stringing purposes. The in- scriptions are bi-lingual, English and Chinese, and its value is one tenth of the bronze Cent. The Chinese call it Tsian. Milan d'Or. The name given to the gold coin of twentj^ Dinara issued in Servia by Milan I in 1882. Mildinar. See Hazardinar. Milesimo. A former copper denomina- tion of the Philippine Islands; the one thousandth part of the Spanish Escudo. [ Miliarensis, or Milliarensis, Gr. MtXtap- iaiov, a silver coin, introduced by Constan- tine the Great, which at first had the value of one fourteenth of a Solidus, and ob- tained its name from being the one thou- sandth part of the pound of gold. It was coined continuously from Constantine to Justinian I. After the latter 's reign the Miliarensis was raised in weight to equal the one twelfth of the Solidus and the value changed from one and three quarter Siliquae to two Siliquae {q.v.). Military Guinea. See Guinea. Milk Penny. Srr Old Milk Penny. Mill. The constructive unit of the mon- etary system of the United States. It is a money of account and equal to the one tenth of the Cent or the one thousandth part of the Dollar. Millares. The name given to certain square silver coins struck by the Almo- hades in Spain and Northern Africa during the twelfth century. They appear to be the successors of the Miliarenses (q.v.). The name jMillares, however, is more fre- quently used for the imitations of these half Dirhems made by a number of Chris- tian cities in Spain, Southern France, and Italy for purposes of trade with the Arabs. For an exhaustive treatise on the subject see Blancard, Le Millares, 1876, and Engel and Serrure (iii. 456). Millares. The modern French name for the ancient Miliarense (q.v.). Milled Money. A name given to such coins as were made by the employment of the mill and screw process which super- seded the hammered coins (q.v.). Folkes states that "the maker of this milled money is reported to have been one Philip Mastrelle, a Frenchman, who event- ually, however, fell into the practice of coining counterfeit money, and was con- victed, and executed at Tyburn, on the 27th of Januarjr, 1569." Kenyon states that the "new process of coining, by means of the mill and screw, was intro- duced into England from France, appar- ently by a Frenchman called Eloye Mes- trell. " Hawkins, on the other hand, as- serts that "the name of the Frenchman is unknown and the whole history of the pro- cess and its employraent is involved in singular obscurity." 149] Millieme Miobolo One thing, however, is certain, and that is that from 1561 to 1575 milled coins were made in England, but as they did not win entire approval, they were discontinued and not revived until November 5, 1662, when a warrant was issued for coining by the mill altogether. Shakespeare alludes to the milled Six- pence in The Merry Wives of Windsor (i. 1). For an exhaustive treatise on the early minting operations by mill and screw, see Mr. W. J. Hocking's monograph entitled Simon's Dies in the Royal Mint Museum, with Some Notes on the Early History of Coinage by Machinery, contributed to the Numismatic Chronicle (4th Series, vol. ix.). Millieme, also called Ochr-el-guerche. A nickel coin of modern Egypt of the value of four Para, or the one tenth of the Piastre. There are multiples of two and five Milliemes in the same metal. Mill-sail Type. Many Greek coins of the Archaic period have for their reverse type a square design composed of six or eight lines radiating from a common centre to the corners and sides of the square. The resulting six or eight triangular compart- ments are alternately raised or depressed, giving somewhat the appearance of a swastika or mill-sail and from whence is derived the modern name for the design. Milreis. The money of account for Por- tugal and Brazil. One thousand Reis are called Milreis, and one million Reis is known as a Conto di Reis. The word is derived from mille, mil, a thousand, and real, rey, a King. The Rei of Manuel (1495-1521) was a small copper coin of low value which was abolished in the sixteenth century, but multiples were retained, some of which received specific names. Thus the Tostao was one hundred Reis ; the Cruzado four hundred, the Coroa five thousand, etc. A nominal gold standard has been in use in Portugal since 1854 and the gold coins consist of five and two Milreis, i.e., five thousand and two thousand Reis re- spectively. In silver the Milreis consist of one thousand Reis, and there are smaller coins of silver and bronze, the lowest being a piece of one Real. Portugal imposed her monetary system on Brazil but cut the value of the unit in two. As a consequence the silver Mil- reis of Brazil represent a value of half of the Portuguese, and the nickel coins of 400, 200, and 100 Reis, adopted in 1906, are in the same proportion. Mimigardeford Deniers. The oldest sil- ver coins of Munster are so called. The city received this name when founded by Charlemagne A.D. 803, and retained it until 1041, when the title Monasterium was adopted. These Deniers have on one side a church with three towers or steeples, and the in- scription + MIMIGAEDEFOED, Or +MIMIGEBNE- PORDE. Mina, or Manah. An early weight standard employed by the Babylonians and Greeks, and one sixtieth of the Talent {q.v.}. The Greek Mina was equal to one hundred Drachmai, and the Babylonian and Persian Mina or Manah was divided into one hundred Sigloi. Mining-pieces. See Ausbeutemiinzen. Minnespanning. A term used by Swed- ish numismatists to indicate a token or medalet issued to commemorate some spe- cial event. The word minne means mem- ory. _ Mint Condition. This term when ap- plied to coins or medals means that they are in the highest degree of preservation, or absolutely bright and perfect as when issued by the mint. Mint-Marks. Abbreviations of words on coins to indicate the place where the coin was struck. They are usually to be found on the lower part of the coin or in the exergue, but instances occur where they are placed above the head on the obverse. Minuto. The name given to a small bil- lon coin issued in Genoa in the thirteenth century during Republican rule. It was in use until about the year 1700, after which time it was struck in copper. The latter type was copied in Cagliari, Savoy, etc. Minutulus, or Argenteus Minutulus, an- other name for the Argenteus (q.v.). Compare Lampridius, Sev. Alex. (xxii. 8). Also see Siliqua. Miobolo. An obsolete copper coin of the Ionian Islands. The name is probably a corruption of medio oholos, and is applied to the half Obolos. [ 130 ] Mirliton Mite Mirliton. The name given to a variety of the Louis d'Or struck by Louis XV. It has on the reverse two interlaced cursive Ls, with a crown above and a palm-branch on each side. Mirror Sen. See Kagami Sen. Miscal. A unit of weight for bullion, prevalent in all Muhammadan countries. It is the equivalent of twenty-four Nak- hods or Peas, and the Nakhod is equiva- lent to four gandums or grains of wheat. The Committee for the Reform of the Cur- rency in Egypt experienced great difficulty in determining the exact weight, and fin- ally decided to set aside the miseal and adopt the metric system. Mr. H. L. Rabino contributed an inter- esting paper on the coins of the Shahs of Persia to the Numismatic Chronicle (series iv. vol. 8) from which the following is extracted : "When the Imperial Bank of Persia started operations in Persia in 1890, it had to import capital in bar silver to be coined in Tehran. A standard weight had to be fixed. Hajji Muhammad Hassan, Amin ez- Zarb, late Mint-master to the Persian Gov- ernment, and Mr. Rabino, chief manager of the Bank, after a series of experiments with the Mint and Bank weights, estab- lished the proportion between miscals and ounces troy as 250 miscals = 37 ounces troy, or 1 miscal = 71.04 grains. This has ever since been recognized as the equiva- lent of the miscal for bullion transactions. ' ' I must add that when the Customs Ad- ministration were preparing the New Com- mercial Convention they had no knowledge of this standard, having at the time no control over the Mint, and after weighing the heavy weights in use in their admin- istration, they fixed the equivalent of the batman Tabriz! of 640 miscals as 2.97 kilo- grammes. This equivalent is confirmed, so to say, by treaty. On taking charge of the Mint the Customs found an established standard weight for bullion, which thej^ maintained. "There is consequently now in Persia a legal weight for bullion, the miscal of 71.04 grains ; and a legal weight for merchandise, the miscal of 71.61 grains." The Miscal, also called Metsqal and Mitsqal, is a silver coin of Morocco, intro- duced by Muhammad Abd-AUah ben Is- mail (A.II. 1171-1205). Its value is ten Dirhems. See Kesme. In recent years the Chinese have struck in Turkestan bi-lingual silver coins of five, three, two, and one Miscals. Mise. An obsolete term for the double Albus or Weisspfennig. It originated from the fact that this was the amount of the stake or entrance money for playing the game of lotto formerly controlled by the Hessian government. Conf. the French Mise. Mise Money. An obsolete payment of money by way of contract to purchase some ])ai'ticular exemption. Blount, in Ancient Tenures, 1679 (p. 162) states that "The tenants shall pay him a certain sum of money called Mise-money, in con- sideration whereof, they claim to be ac- quit of all fines and amerciaments, which are recorded at that time and in Court Rolls and not levyed." Mishir. See Messir. Misqal, or Misqali. Another name for the Sanar {q.v.) in the coinage of Afghan- istan. See Miscal. Misri. See Zer-mahbub. Missilia. See Maundy Money. Mistura. A general name for Italian billon or base silver coins, but more espe- cially applied to the early issues of Asti, Cremona, Fano, the Papal coins of Avig- non, etc. I Mitad. This word is found very fre- qiiently on tokens of Latin America, and designates a half Real. Mite. The Domesday Book, circa 1086 (i. 268), mentions the term minuta, from which comes the English word mite. Ruding (i. 217) says, "a mite, in mon- eyer's weight is the twentieth part of a grain, and an indenture of the 17th year of Edward III mentions im mytisme de carafe." See Lepton and Myte. Mite. The expression "a Mite" is used mainly to indicate an extremely small unit of monetary value. In arithmetical books of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it is mentioned as the lowest denomination of English money of account. Caxton, in his Dialogues, 1483 (p. 51), has, "A peny, a halfpeny, A ferdyng, a myte ; ' ' and Jeake, in his Arithmetick, 1696 [151] Mithqal Mon (p. 77), states that there are sixteen mites in one Farthing. See Lepton. Mithqal. A dialectic form of Miseal (q.v.). Mitre. J. Simon, in his work on Irish Coins, 1749 (p. 15), states that "other for- eign coins called Mitres, Lionines, etc., from the stamp or figures impressed on them, were . . . uttered here for pennies, though not worth half a penny." See Eo- sary. Mitsqal. See Miseal. Mixti nummi. See Plated Coins. Mnaieion ((Avaieiov). A piece of one hundred Drachms. The gold Octodrachms (or one hundred silver Drachms) of Egypt were known by this name in ancient times. Mocenigo, also called Lira Mocenigo. A silver coin of Venice, which receives its name from the Doge Pietro Mocenigo (1474-1476), who introduced it. The type was similar to the Marcella {q.v.) and the coin was retained until about the middle of the sixteenth century. Its original value was ten Soldi. Moco. A West Indian silver piece cut from a Spanish Dollar. It corresponded to the Bit (q.v.), and was extensively used in the islands of Dominica and Guade- loupe. See Zay and Chalmers {passim). The name is probably a corruption of the French morceau, but Chalmers states that "Moco seems to be an abbreviation of the word Maecochino, of which the forms Maccaroni and Macquina were em- ploj'ed in Jamaica and Trinidad to denote cut nloney. " Module. A word used to indicate the diameter of a coin. Moeda. See Moidore. Morchen. See Morchen. Mogrebi. The name formerly used for the Spanish Dollar in Arabia. See No- back (p. 679). Mohar. The name used in Nepal for the Pa-nying Tang-Ka, or Ang-tuk {q.v.). Mohur, or more properly, Muhr. A gold coin of India, the issues with native inscriptions dating back to the dynasty of the Moghul emperors in the sixteenth cen- tury. The name is from the Arabic, sig- nifying the impression of a seal. See Si- hansah. The Mohurs of the Bast India Company were first struck as patterns in 1765 for Bombay, and in 1769 at the Murshidabad mint for Bengal. The English regal coin- age of Mohurs commenced soon after 1858 when the government of India was trans- ferred to the Crown. In 1899 the silver standard of India was superseded by the gold standard and the Mohur was replaced by the Sovereign. In the former money of account for Bombay, Madras, etc., the Mohur was com- puted as follows : 1 Mohur = 3 Fanams or Paunchea. = 15 Rupees. = 240 Anuas. = 750 Fudflea, or double Pice. = 1500 Pice or Dogganey (Duganih). = 1000 Doreas or Durllis. = 3000 Urdees or Urdihs. = 6000 Reis. -SeeNoback (p. 137). Moidore, or more properly, Moeda, from moneta, money, a gold coin of Por- tugal and Brazil. When originally issued under Sebastian I (1557-1578) it was given a value of five hundred Reis, but this coin was nothing but a one and one quarter Cruzado. The Moidore proper, of four thousand Reis, was first struck in the reign of Pedro II (1683-1706), and dis- continued under John V (1706-1750; some writers even limiting the period of issue from the years 1688 to 1732. It was struck much longer for Brazil, and was superseded by the gold coin of four thousand Reis, issued by Pedro I in 1823. See Chalmers (p. 396) and Lis- bonino. Molybdos (Gr. [j.6XupSo(;)=Lead {q.v.). Momme. Ordinarily a Japanese weight, but in some instances used as indicative of value. Thus in 1765 appeared a rectilinear silver coin called the Tanuma Go Momme Gin, or the five Momme Silver of Tanuma (Munro, p. 195). It was valued at the twelfth of a gold Ryo. See Kwan. Mon. A word implying a crest or badge and applied to such of the early Japanese Sen as had this decoration. See Munro (pp. 17, 36). Later the name was syn- onymous with Rin, i.e., the tenth part of the Sen. The Japanese Tempo {q.v.) was worth one hundred Mon. [152] Monarque Moneyage In the Korean coinage the Mon or Mun is the hundredth part of the present Niang or Yang. Copper pieces of five and ten Mun are issued. Monarque. A French slang expression for the silver coin of five Francs, which formerly bore a large portrait of the reign- ing emperor. Moneda Provisional. A term used by Spanish numismatists when describing ob- sidional coins. Moneta. This surname was bestowed upon Juno, of the Capitol. In B.C. 268 the Roman mint was established in the precincts of the temple of Juno Moneta. At a later period it was used to denote both the place of the mint and the minting art proper. A Denarius struck about B.C. 48 bears the head of the goddess Moneta, with the inscription moneta. On the re- verse is an anvil, die, hammer, and pincers, with T(itlls)CARISIVS. In the reign of Septimius Severus the three Monetae appear on coins. They are represented as holding each a cornucopia and a balance. Under Diocletian, Alex- ander Severus, etc., only a single figure of Moneta appears on the coins, and is usually represented in the act of dropping coins into a measure. Moneta Abatuda is money clipped or diminished. The term is used in old rec- ords and occurs in Du Fresne, Glossary. Moneta Argentosa. See Billon. Moneta di Coppella. The name given to a Seudo struck by Ferdinand II at Flor- ence in 1656. It bears on the reverse the inscription impvritate eeiecta, and was of extremely pure silver. The operation of refining gold and silver from all alloys is known as coppellazione. Moneta Duplex. See Double. Moneta Falsa, or Moneta Falsificata. The Italian equivalent for counterfeit coins. Moneta Farthing. The name given to a Farthing of David II of Scotland (1329- 1371), which is characterized by the fol- lowing curious reading : obv. moneta regis D. rev. AVID SCOTTOR. Moneta Lunga, meaning ' ' light money. ' ' In Florence it was formerly the custom to compute in Tuscan silver, called moneta huona, to distinguish it from the moneta [1 lunga of Leghorn, which was four per cent less in value. Moneta Miliarensis. See Miliarensis and Millares. Moneta Nova. A common expression on European continental coins, to denote a new coinage, which in manj^ instances was onl.y made possible by melting the coins previously in use. Moneta Palatina. A term which occurs on some of the Merovingian coins of the seventh century, which were issued by the authority of Eligius, a moneyer to Dago- bert I. Moneta Papalis. See Paparina. Moneta Spezzata. The Italian equiva- lent for fractional or subsidiary coins. The term can be traced to the verb spezzare, i.e., to split, or break. Monetarius. A mintmaster, or moneyer. The term is found on many Anglo-Saxon coins. Monetary Unit. A name given to a cer- tain coin which has been agreed upon as the base of a monetary system. From this basis are made the multiples and divisions. Money. Any material that by agree- ment serves as a common medium of ex- change and measure of value in trade. The oldest spelling appears to be mone, and in this form the word occurs in the Chronicle of R. Brunne, circa 1330. The Anglo-Saxon laws of Aethelstan, eirca 900, mention the term mynet, in the sense of money, or payment in general. Money used as a verb, i.e., to coin or mint money, is now but rarely used. George Augustus Sala, in his Diary in America, 1865 (iii. 136), says, "The American double-eagle ... is perhaps the most beau- tiful and splendid coin ever moneyed in any mint. ' ' Moneyage. This term means not only the right to coin money, but was also for- merly applied to a tax paid to some of the Norman rulers of England, in consid- eration of their refraining from debasing the coinage. Carte, History of England, 1747 (i. 482), says: "Moneyage was a duty of twelve pence paid every third year in Normandie to the Duke for not altering the coin." Hume, History of England, 1762 (i. App.) has: "Moneyage was also a general 53] Money Batterer Morelos Dollars land-tax . . . levied by the two first Nor- man Kings, and abolished by the charter of Henry I." Money Batterer. One who defaces coins, especially a person who clips or otherwise mutilates them for dishonest purposes. In a rare tract entitled Cocke Lorell's Boke (11), printed circa 1515, and reprinted by the Percy Society, occurs the passage: "Players, purse cutters, money baterers, Clolde washers." Money of Account. The general term employed to express a value not repre- sented by an actual coin, but which is computed on the basis of a number of struck pieces, the money of account repre- senting a unit value, in some instances very minute or insignificant, and in others very large. Examples are the Talent of the An- cients, the Conto of the Portuguese, the Beutel of the Muhammadans, the Indian Lac of Rupees, and the Mill in the coinage of the United States. The German numismatic writers use the term Rechnungsmiinzen, and the French say Monnaies de Compte. Money of Necessity. See Obsidional Coins. Monkey. An English slang expression meaning the sum of five hundred pounds. Monnaie, La. The familiar name for the mint of Paris, abbreviated from Hotel de la Monnaie. Monnaies a la Croix. The general name for coins exhibiting a cross but antedating the Christian era. Notable examples are Gaulish imitations of drachmae, and usu- ally assigned to the Cadurci, Volkes Teeto- sages, etc. Monnaies Angevines. A term originally used to distinguish the Deniers struck at Angers from those of Tours. Later the name Angevin or Angevine was applied to the double Gros issued in Flanders and the Low Countries which was copied from the French type. There is an extensive series struck bj' the Bishops of Metz, beginning with Thierry V (1363-1384). Monnaies de Compte. See Money of Account. Monnaies d'Essai. See Essays. Monnaies de Verre. See Glass Coins. [ Monnaies Fourrees. See Plated Coins. Monnaies Muettes. A French term ap- plied to coins that have no inscription. See Mute and Anepigrafa. Monneron Tokens. The name given to a series of copper medals issued by the brothers Monneron of Paris in 1791 and 1792, which were intended to be used for the redemption of the Assignats (q.v.). The Monnerons, who were bankers, had a patent for making these tokens, and they struck them in denominations of two and five Sols. Monsoys. See Mansois. Mopus. A slang term for a Farthing or half Penny, and also for money in gen- eral. The word can be traced to the be- ginning of the eighteenth century. Thack- eray, in Vanity Fair (vi.), mentions "the old gaff's mopus box." Morabitino. A gold coin of Portugal struck only in the reigns of Sancho I (1185- 1211) and his successor Alfonso II (1211- 1223). The figure of the ruler on horse- back probably served as the prototype of the Rider and similar gold coins adopted in Europe some time later. Moraglia. A base silver coin struck by Agostino Tizzone, Count of Dezana (1559- 1582). It was of the type of the Sesini of ilodena and bore the inscription moneta DECiENSis on the obverse, and on the re- verse s. GERMANus, with a figure of the saint. See Murajola. Morchen, also called Morchen and Miir- chen, were small uniface base silver coins, and they are mentioned in 1409 and 1425 in the mint regulations of Cologne. They circulated extensively in the Rhenish prov- inces, and their value was the same as the Heller. The name, meaning a small moor, was bestowed on them in derision, as they soon turned black on account of the small per- centage of silver they contained. See Busch. Mordowkis. A name given to imita- tions of the Kopecks made by the Mordwas and the Tartars for the purpose of orna- menting their dress. See Blanchet (ii. 193). Morelos Dollars. A name given to cer- tain Mexican cast silver pieces of eight Reales, issued from 1811 to 1813 by Gen- 154] Morisca Miinz Recht eral Jose Maria Morelos of the Republican forces, in the Province of Oaxaca. There are corresponding coins of the value of two, one, and one half Reales of the same design. The word sud on the reverse re- fers to the army of the South, of which he was the commander in chief. Morisca, or Mourisca. An early coin of Castile current in Portugal during the fourteenth century. It was computed at 312 Marabotini. Moritzpfennige. The name given to a series of silver coins issued by the Arch- bishops of Magdeburg from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. They have on the obverse a figure of the patron, Saint Mauritius, who is variously represented as standing, or with the bust only. Arch- bishop Wigmann von Seeburg (1152-1192) struck the largest and most beautiful speci- mens. Moriziotti. This term is applied to cop- per coins of the value of five Soldi, issued in Piedmont by Victor Amedeo III in 1794. Like the preceding they bore a figure of Saint Mauritius. Morphe ((j-opcpi^). The Greek term for Flan. Mortuary Pieces. A name given to such coins and medals as are struck by one monarch to commemorate the reign and acts of his predecessor. They are iisually issued very shortly after the demise of the preceding ruler, and in many instances contain both the portraits of him and his successor. The German equivalents are Sterbe Denkmiinze, Sterbe Thaler, and Begrabniss Thaler. Morveux. The name given to a variety of the Teston of Charles IX of Prance, struck at Orleans by the Huguenots. Be- low the laureated bust are the letters A and 0, one within the other. See Blanchet . (i. 161). Mostoska. See- Mustofske. Mother Sen. See Haha Sen. Mouches, or Mousches, meaning flies, was the nickname given to certain varieties of Liards, or pieces of three Deniers, issued in Avignon by Urban VIII (1623-1644). They bore on one side the figures of three bees which were mistaken for flies. [1 Mourisca. See Morisca. Mousquetaire. A name given to the billon coin of thirty Deniers, struck by Louis XIV in 1710 and 1711 for Canada. See Zay (p. 66). Mouton, or Mouton d'Or. A larger form of the Agnel (q.v.). It is generally attributed to Edward III of England during his occupation of France (1337- 1356), but, as the title "King of Prance" and the English arms are absent from this piece, a writer in the Numismatic Chron- icle (1906, p. 274) has suggested that it should be assigned to Edward, Duke of Gueldres. Moutonneaulx. Du Gauge (iii. 189) cites this as applying to a gold coin men- tioned in an ordinance of 1422. It was probably a variety of the preceding coin. Mozzi. A class of coins mentioned by Promis (ii. 12), as being current in Piecl- mont in 1335 and of the value of two to a Grosso and a half. Mu Ch'ien. "Mother coin," the Chinese word for the coins made from the hand- cut model, and which are sent to the vari- ous mints to make the Yang Ch'ien or pat- tern coins which are in turn used to make the regular cast coins for circulation. For the Japanese equivalents see Haha Sen and Tane Sen. Miickenpfennig. A copper coin of Brunswick-Liineburg, struck in 1696, which has the figure of a fly on the reverse. See Neumann (No. 7466). Miickenthaler. See Wespenthaler. Miinze. A German word, meaning a coin. Miinzfund. An expression used by Ger- man numismatists in connection with dis- coveries of coins, and the equivalent of the French "trouvaille" and the English term "find." Miinz Gulden. A gold coin of the Re- public of Luzerne, issued from 1794 to 1796. It appears to have been struck only in multiples of twelve and twenty-four, and the reverse has the value abbreviated : Mz.Gl. Miinz Recht. A right to coin money vested, with more or less reservation, in many European rulers, ecclesiastics, prov- inces, and cities. 55 ] Miinz-Zeichen Myte Miinz-Zeichen. The German equivalent for mint mark. Miirchen. See Morehen. Muter. See Myte. Muettes. See Monnaies Muettes. Muggerbee. See Gubber. Muhr. See Mohur. Muhr-Ashrafi. See Ashrafi. Muini. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor of Hindustan, valued at nine Rupees. See Sihansah. Mule. A coin, token, or medal, made by using two dies which were not originally intended for each other. The term was first generally used in the latter part of the eighteenth century, and it may have been adopted from the ' ' Token Collectors' Half -penny" of 1796, the re- verse of which represents an ass and a mule saluting each other, with the inscrip- tion, "Be assured, friend mule, you shall never want my protection." The German name for this class of coins and medals is Zwittermiinzen, and speci- mens exist dating from the early part of the sixteenth century. Mu-mon Gin Sen. The Japanese word for non-inScribed silver Sen which was sup- posed to have been made before the reg- ular Japanese inscribed coinage. Another name is Kwammon Gin Sen, or "Flower Badge Silver Sen." Mun, or Mon. The Korean name for the Chinese Wen {q.v.}. For further note see Mon. Murajola, or Muragliola, a diminutive of Moragiia (q.v.), a general term for all coins of dark color probably due to impure silver. As a coin it was first struck in Bologna and Piacenza by Paul III in 1534, of the respective values of two and four Baiocci. It was imitated in Modena in 1542, and in Ferrara, Guastalla, and Cor- reggio shortly afterward. In 1642 the mint at Bologna struck the Murajola of a value of one Bolognino. As a Papal coin its value varied consid- erably. Clement XI issued it equal to eight Baiocci in 1717 for Bologna and Ferrara; Clement XII for sixteen Baiocci; Benedict XIV in 1747 for four Baiocci; and Pius VI struck it at various mints and of numerous values. [ Mushtari. A name given to the copper forty Cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sul- tan, in 1793. This coin had previously been called Asmani (q.v.), and the change of name was necessitated owing to Tipu having given the names of the different stars to his smaller copper coins. Marsden (ii. 724) calls it Mashrabi. The word Mushtari is the Arabic designation for the planet Jupiter. Mustofske. A Russian copper coin re- ferred to by Adam Olearius, in his Travels of the Ambassadors, etc., 1636 (p. 97), and of the value of one fourth of a Kopeck. The term is also found written Mostoska. Mute. A term applied to a coin when the same is without any inscription and can therefore only be identified by the de- vices upon it. See Monnaies Muettes, and Anepigraphic Coins. Mutton Head Cent. The popular name for one of the Connecticut Cents issued in 1787. It bears one of the largest heads represented on coins of that State. See Crosby (p. 215). Muzuna. A small copper coin of Al- giers, the twenty-fourth part of the Bud- schu. It was discontinued about 1820, but the half was retained longer. In the Morocco coinage the copper Cent- imo is also known as a Muzuna. The latest coins have the value so expressed. See Blanquillo. Myddelton Token. A copper half Penny dated 1796 for the British settle- ment in Kentucky, and made payable by P. P. P. Myddelton. It was of English origin. Mynet. See Money. Myshemihecte (MuaY][jii£/,TOv), or Hemi- obol of gold. Specimens were struck at Cumae and by Pixodaros, Satrap of Caria. Myshemitetarte (ixuarjiJMTSTapTT)), or the Tritemorion of gold, equal to one and a half Drachms or nine Obols of silver. Specimens were coined at Athens but are very rare. Myte, sometimes called Mite and Miite (plur. Myten, Miiter), and the diminutive Miiterken. A billon coin of small value current in Flanders and Brabant as early as the fourteenth century and copied in 156] Myte Myte Germany and the Low Countries. The The myte occurs in the coinage of Arn- etymology is probably from the Latin hem before 1460 ; it was issued at Osna- minutia, as the name was indiscriminately bruck under Bishop Konrad von Rietberg applied to coins of small value. (1482-1508), and at Lippe it had the value in Flanders, Louis de Male (1346-1384) of a double Pfennig in the time of Bern- probably introduced it, and the Braband- hard VII (1431-1511). sche Mijt, as it was called, appeared under At a later period the name was applied Jean IV (1417-1427) and had a value of to billon coins struck at Munster, and in one sixth of a Grote. A chronicle of Lemgo 1764 it was used to designate pieces of states that "Miiter" were struck at that three Pfennige which had been reduced to place in 1497. one half of their original value. See Mite. [157] Nadiri H en N Nadiri, also called Rupi and Punsad- Dinar. A silver coin of Persia, which takes its name from the Shah Nadir, who intro- duced it in 1738. Its value was computed at five hundred Dinars. Napgen Heller, or Napfchen Heller. A nickname given to counterfeit coins of very inferior silver which appeared in Saxony in the latter part of the seventeenth cen- tury. The name was bestowed on account of their concave or bowl-like form. Nag-Tang. See Tang-Ka. Nami Sen, or Wave Sen. A certain form of the Japanese Kwanei Sen (q.v.) with waves or curved lines on the back. They are sometimes called Shi Mon, Sen or four Mon Sen, being valued at four of the regular pieces. Various other coins with waves on them were called Nami Sen, such as one of the coins of Akita Province. Nan Ch'ien. The name given to the Feng Huo Ch'ien issued by the Chinese Emperor Wu Ti (A.D. 502-548) of the Liang dynasty and to the Pu Ch'uan of Wang Mang, because if worn by a woman she would give birth to a son. Napoleon. The popular name for the twenty Franc gold coin, struck by Napo- leon I, from 1805 to 1815. Conf. also Masson, Napoleon et les Feiitmes, 1894 (p. 103), where the piece of forty Francs issued by the same em- peror is called a double Napoleon. Nasch. A money of account used in Arabia of the value of twenty Dirhems. Nasfi. A copper coin of Dehli, intro- duced by Muhammad III ibn Tughlaq, about A.H. 730. The corresponding half was known as Hashtkani, and the quarter as Dokani. See Thomas, Chronicles (Nos. 204-206). The word means a half. Naulum. The name given by the Greeks to money put in the mouths of deceased persons to insure their passage over the river Styx. [ 158 Nashe, in Saffron Walden, 1596, says: "I hearing the fellow so forlorne . . . gaue him his Charons Naulum or ferry three half pence." See Juvenal (viii. 97), and Aristophanes, Frogs (270). Navicella, or Navesella. The common name for the Papal Ducato, struck in Rome, Ancona, etc., during the sixteenth century, which bore on the reverse the figure of St. Peter in a boat. Navis. The popular name among the Romans for the reverse of a coin. The or- igin for this term is naturally to be sought among the Republican issiies where the common reverse type to be found on the bronze coins was the representation of a ship's prow. Hence the expression caput aid navis would correspond to our "Heads or tails." Neat Gild. See Black Mail. Necessity Money. See Obsidional Coins. Negenmenneke. A silver coin of Bra- bant issued in 1480-1481, and originally of the value of nine Myten. By the Ordon- nantie of February 4, 1520, its value was reduced to six Myten and it was conse- quently called Seskin or Sesken. It was extensively copied in the Low Countries. Mertens and Torfs, Geschiedenis van Anttuerpen, 1847 (iii. 325) state that this coin was employed extensively as alms for mendicants. Negotiepenning. A name given to the gold ten Florin piece of William III, King of the Netherlands (1849-1890). The twenty and the five Florin coins of the same ruler are correspondingly entitled Dubbele and Halve Negotiepenning. Nen. A silver ingot of a parallelopiped form slightly curved with an average length of 115 mill. ; a breadtli of 28 mill., and a thickness of 17 mill., and which should weigh about three hundred and seventy-eight grammes. These were used in Indo-China and Cambodia. ] Nen Bac Nisfiah Nen Bac. The name given to the Anna- mese rectangular silver bars introduced under the Emperor Ngaien-tschung (1802- 1820). They are supposed to equal in weight the native ounce, called Lu'ong, and are consequently frequently referred to as Lu'ong Bac. .SVe Fonrobert (2097, 2105). There is a half of similar shape. Neptune's Car Penny. The popular name for a copper Penny of Barbadoes, issued in 1792, which bears a figure of Neptune's car on the reverse. There is a corresponding half Penny. See Atkins (p. 314). Nesiaca Drachma, or Spa^dXY) vtiutWTt/ii, mentioned by Alexandrian writers, was a silver coin struck by the "Island League" (/.oivov Twv vr)o-tcoTuv), principally in Tenos but also with other types, in the Islands of Andros, Melos, Paros, Naxos, and oth- ers. See Babelon, Trait S (vol. i. 501). Nesle. See Gros de Nesle. Nessfijeh. See Nisfiah. Neugroschen. See Silbergroschen. New Beaver Skins. See Hudson's Bay Tokens. Newby Coppers. See St. Patrick's Money. New England Shilling. This, with the Sixpence and Threepence, were the earliest coins issued by the Colony of Massachu- setts. They are plain planchets of silver, without date, legend, or inscription, and bear on one side the figures of value and on the other the letters N.E. The shilling was made current, accord- ing to the act establishing a mint, at two Pence less than the corresponding English coin. For detailed descriptions conf. Crosby. New Jersey Cents. A State issue in cop- per from 1786 to 1788, inclusive, and all bearing the inscription nova caesakea. For details and varieties see Crosby. Ngfun Tawk. A name given to certain rough silver pieces of the Lao States. See As 'ek. Niang. The old name for the Korean Yang. It was the tenth of the Warn {q.v.). There are pattern pieces having this spell- ing. Ni Bu. A Japanese term meaning two Bu {q.v.). Nichelino. The popular name in Italy for the nickel coin of twenty Centesimi in- troduced in 1804. Nickel, when employed for coinage, is generally mixed with copper. This alloy was used by some of the Kings of Bactria in tlic second century B.C. The first national issue of a modern nickel alloy coinage was made by Switzer- land in 1850, the pieces being struck at Strasburg. The United States introduced a nickel Cent in 1856 ; Jamaica a nickel Penny in 1870; and the German Empire adopted a subsidiary nickel coinage in 1873. The word is now colloquially used to designate the five Cent piece of the United States. Nim-Bisti. See Bisti. Ninepence. This denomination in Brit- ish coinage occurs only as a part of the lozenge shaped necessity money of Newark, and also in the series of Inchquin money issued in 1642. The Newark coin is dated 1646 and bears a crown with the letters C R at the sides, and the value IX below. The Ninepence in the Inchquin series has nine annulets indicative of its value. Nippence. An English dialect term for Ninepence. Sarah Hcwett, in The I'cdsnnt Speech of Devon, 1892, has, "Eggs be awnly nippence a dizen tii-clay in tha mar- ket." Niquet. A variety of the double Tour- nois issued l)y Charles A^'I of France (1380- 1422). The obverse exhibited three fleurs de lis crowned, and the type was copied with slight modifications in the Anglo- Gallic series and in Burgundy as late as the sixteenth centurjr. iS'pp Hoffmann (34). Nisar. A gold coin of Hindustan, made for the purpose of distribution "on the occasion of great festivals, such as State processions or at marriages, when they were scattered amongst the crowd." They are usually somewhat thinner than the cur- rent coins. See Codrington (p. 120). Nisfiah, or Nisfiyeh. A gold coin of the Ottoman Empire, of the weight of about twenty grains and the half of the Zer- mahbub. The name is derived from nisf, the half. [ 159 ] Nishka Noble In the Algiers currency it is the half of the Sultany or Solthani. Nishka. A gold coin of ancient India, the quadruple Suvarna. Cunningham (p. 48) thinks that it may have been only an ingot of gold of a fixed weight. No speci- mens have thus far been found. See Pana. Ni Shu. See Shu. Nizim. See Sizinia. Noailles. A variety of the Louis d'Or, struck by Louis XV, which bears on the reverse two shields of Prance and two of Navarre, arranged in the form of a cross. Nobilis Rosatus. See Noble. Noble. A gold coin of England first issued in 1344 in the reign of Edward III, being a successor to the Florin. Its orig- inal value by proclamation was six Shil- lings and eight Pence, and no one could refuse to take them in sums of twenty Shillings and upwards. At the same time were issued half Nobles called Maille No- bles and quarter Nobles called Ferling Nobles, their value being in proportion. The name of the coin is supposed to be derived from the noble nature of the metal of which it was composed, it having only one half of a grain of alloy. The prominent feature of the coin is the great ship in which stands the King hold- ing a sword and shield, from which cir- cumstance the coins are sometimes referred to as Ship Nobles. The ship may com- memorate the naval victory which the Eng- lish fleet, commanded by the King in per- son, obtained over the French fleet at Sluys, on Midsummer Day, 1340, and as an old rhyme states : "Foure things our noble sheweth unto me, King, sMp, and sword, and power of the sea." The legend on the Noble was ihc avtem TEANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORVM IBAT, taken from the Gospel of St. Luke (iv. 30), and it was explained to mean that "as Jesus passed invisible and in most secret manner by the middest of the Pharisees, so gold was made by invisible and secret art amidst the ignorant. ' ' A legend also states that it was put upon the coins "because Eipley, the Alchymist, when he made gold in the Tower, the first time he found it, spoke these words, 'per medium eorum,' i.e., per medium ignis et sulphuris." [160] The large cross on the reverse has vari- ous letters, in the centre : E for Edward, L for the London Mint, and one struck at Calais has a C. Those of the succeeding monarchs have R for Richard II, and H for the Henries. The original weight of the Noble was one hundred and thirty-eight and six thirteenths grains; in 1346 it was reduced to one hundred and twenty-eight and four sevenths grains, and in 1351 it was further reduced to one hundred and twenty grains, although retaining the same nominal value of six Shillings and eight Pence. Henry IV, in 1412, reduced the weight to one hundred and eight grains, and Edward IV in 1465 restored it to its former weight of one hundred and twenty grains. He raised its value to ten Shil- lings, and to distinguish the new Nobles from the old ones he stamped a rose on each side of them, from which they re- ceived the name of Rose Nobles, corrupted into Royals or Rj^als, a name borrowed from the French. The white rose was the badge of the King's family. See Ryal. In the time of Henry VII a double Ryal was struck, called a Sovereign (q.v.). The Noble was copied in Burgundy and by the Archdukes of Austria. It was also closely imitated in the Low Countries un- der the names of Gouden Nobel and Rose- nobel iq.v.). In a proclamation by Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, as Governor in the Low Countries, mention is made of the various unlawful coins then current, and among them is Nobilis Rosatus, struck in Gorcum by the authority of Don Antonio, of which one side is said to agree with the English Noble. Noble. A gold coin of Scotland, first issued in the reign of David II (1329- 1371), and almost identical in type with the contemporary English coin of the same name. There appear to be no further is- sues of Nobles until the second coinage of James YI, when one was struck with the date 1580, sometimes called the Bareheaded Noble. In the fourth coinage of this mon- arch occurs the Thistle Noble (q.v.). The silver Noble of Scotland is more gen- erally known as the Half Merk. It orig- inally weighed one hundred and five grains and first appeared in the second coinage of James VI, with dates from 1572 to 1580, Noble Angels Novgorodka and a half Noble or quarter Merk was is- sued at the same time. The last appear- ance of the Noble in Scottish coinage is in the reign of Charles II, from 1664 to 1675, inclusive. Noble Angels. A name given to the Angels in the time of Edward IV, because their value, six Shillings and eight Pence, corresponded with the previous value of the Noble. Noctua. The name given to the coins of Greece, on which there is the figure of an owl, the emblem of Minerva or Pallas Athene. Nolrs. A name given to the billon Marques in the French Antilles and at Cayenne, on account of their black color. Nomlsma, derived from v6(j.o?, law, cus- tom, became among the Greeks the generic term for money. In late Roman and By- zantine times it designated a gold coin. Nomisma. The Greek name for the Solidus. Nomos (v6[Aoq) law, custom, came to be employed in the sense of a piece of money, legal money, the synonym for v6ixia-[j.o;. See also Noummos. Non Sunt. A name given to a Scotch billon coin which was issued in 1558 and 1559. It is also known as a Twelvepenny Plack. The name is derived from the reverse inscription, iam non svnt dvo sed vna CARO, i.e., "They are no more twain but one flesh," taken from St. Matthew (xix. 6), and which refers to the marriage of Marj' Stuart and Francis of France. Norkyn. See Halard. Norman Penny. The name given to a Denier of Richard I, and one of his Anglo- Gallic coins. It bears on the reverse the inscription eodvmdvco for eodomaco, and resembles the coins of Aleonor, queen of Louis, King of France. Northumberland Shilling. A name given to a Shilling struck in 1763 for distribution among the people, on the Earl of Northum- berland's public entry into Dublin as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Only two thousand were struck and the coin is consequently rare. The designer is Richard Yeo. Nosf-Wokye. See Kesme. Notdaler. See De Gortz Daler. Notmiinzen. An expression used by German numismatists to indicate obsidi- onal coins. Noumia, or Noummia (vou[j.ij,i'ov). A small Roman copper coin which appeared about the reign of Julianus II (360-363) and continued to the end of the Western Empire. Its weight was ten grains. Noummos, the Dorian form of v6|j.0(;, used in South Italy to designate- the prin- cipal silver coin issued in the many cities of this district. The Noummos here cor- responded in weight to the Corinthian Stater or Attic Didrachm. The term Noum- mos was also used to designate the silver Litra (q.v.), struck in the same locality. See Babelon, Traitc (i. 450-453). Nova Constellatio. The common name for a series of copper coins engraved by Wyon, and made in Birmingham, England, in 1783 and 1785, for use in America. See Crosby. Another series, of the same name, con- sists of three silver coins, of the denomina- tion of Mark, Quint, and Cent, which repre- sent a plan of coinage, advocated January 15, 1782, by Robert Morris. These coins are pattern or experimental pieces, and were never adopted. Novcic (plural Novcica). A copper de- nomination formerly current in Bosnia and Montenegro and equal to the one hun- dredth part of the Gulden or Florin. When the Krone system was introduced into Austria in 1892, this coin was super- seded by the Heller. Noveno, or Novene. The name given to a billon coin issued by Alfonso X of Cas- tile (1252-1284), and his successors, and struck at Burgos, Leon, Seville, etc. The general type presents a lion rampant on the obverse, and a fortress of three tow.ers on the reverse. It was discontinued in the sixteenth century. Novgorodka. The name given to the Denga struck in Novgorod in the four- teenth century, and valued at two Dengui at Moskow. See Chaudoir (p. 116). This is the money referred to by John Hasse, in The f'oines Weights and Meas- ures, used in Russia, 1554, Hakluyt, Prin- cipal Navigations, London, 1589 (p. 293), as follows : "Of silver coines there be these sortes of pieces. The least is a Pol- [161] Novini Nyueki Jimpo denga, the second a Denga, the third a Nowgrote, which is as much to say in Eng- lish, a half penie, a penie, and two pence. Novini. The name given to silver coins of Savoy and Genoa of the value of nine Danari, issued in the latter half of the fifteenth century. See Bivista Italiana di Numismatica (vi. 368). Nowgrote. See Novgorodka. Nowt Geld. In Ine's Laws, circa 693, a regulated sequence of fines is given, esti- mated in the payment of cattle, and called nowt-geld. But as the valuations here re- corded were not subjected to subsequent alteration, it is probable that the nowt- geld was disused by the Anglo-Saxons soon after Ine's time. In Scotland, however, cattle payments continued to the reign of David I (1124-1153). Numisma, the Latin form of the Greek Nomisma {q.v.). Numismata. A generic term for money. Nummi Caduceati. The name given to such varieties of the Roman Denarii as bear a representation of the caduceus or staff of Mercury. Nummi Castrenses. The name given to such coins as were issued by military com- manders to pay their armies. Well known examples are the gold coins of Rome, struck by order of Sulla, Pompey, and Julius Caesar, and a rare piece issued by Flami- nius in Greece, about the period of the Second Macedonian War, which bears his name and portrait. All of the military coinage was struck outside of Rome. Nummi Cavi. A name used by some numismatic writers to designate the Brac- teates (q.v.). Nummi Grossi. See Dick Thaler. Nummi Mixti. See Plated Coins. Nummi Plumbei. The general term for leaden coins or tokens, but specially xised for those struck by the ancients. Plautus, in his Trinummo, says: "Cui si capitis sit nummum credam plumheum." Some writers apply the name to imitations of the Denarii of the Consular and Im- perial series. Nummi Scyphati. See Concave Coins. Nummi Vitrei. See Glass Coins. Nummularlus. A Roman money changer. The term is found in English literature in the Mirour of Saluacioim (58), written circa 1450, to wit: "He ouerthrewe the hordes & shedde the monee of the Numel- ariens. ' ' Nummus, also written Numus. In Latin a generic term for monej', and the name applied to the chief current coin in any system. See Sestertius and FoUis. Multi- ples, e.g., Pentanummion, Decanummion, etc., are frequently used in describing the Byzantine coins. The Nummi of Alba and Signia in Cen- tral Italy, issued B.C. 303-268, correspond to the As of about ten Roman ounces. Nummus Aereus. A small copper coin of late Roman times (see Noumia) ; prin- cipally used as a generic term for a bronze coin. Nummus Argenteus. See Denarius. Nummus Aureus. See Aureus. Nummus Bracteatus. See Bracteates. Nummus Centenionalis. See Follis and Centenionalis. Nummus Dentatus. See Serrated Coins. Nummus Epularis. See Labay. Nummus Incusus. See Bracteates. Nummus Ratitus. A general name for Roman coins which bear the figure of a galley or the prow of a galley. Nummus Realis. See Real. Nummus Serratus. See Serrated Coins. Nunciata. A corruption of Annunciata (q.v.).^ Nurling, or Knurling. Another name for the reeding on the edge of a coin. Nusflik. A gold coin of the modern Egyptian series of the value of fifty Pias- tres. It was introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D. 1839. The corresponding silver coin of the value of ten Piastres is called Nusf. No- back (p. 243) cites the Nusf as a gold coin of Morocco of the value of half a Rial, or six and three quarter Ukkias. Nyueki Jimpo. See Jiu Ni Zene. [162] Oak Tree Coins Obryzum o Oak Tree Coins. An early silver issue for the Colony of Massachusetts. The series consists of Shillings, Sixpences, and Threepences, dated 1652, and Twopence dated 1662. See Pine Tree Coins. Conf. Crosby. O Ashi. The common Japanese name for money. The word means "Honorable Foot." Oban. The largest of the Japanese gold coins. It is oval in shape but variable in size, some specimens being six inches in length, and weighing over five ounces. The face of this coin is usually covered with symmetrical lozenge shaped flutings, and it is stamped at the ends and sides with the Government crest of the day, namely, the Kiri flower and leaves. The value, usually about ten Ryo, is painted in Japanese ink on the face by the superin- tendent of the mint. The Oban came into use A.D. 1573-1592, and was issued until about 1860. For the many varieties co7if. Munro (p. 188 et seq.). Obeliskoi. See Iron Coins. Oblongs. A nickname given by the soldiers to the bills of the Bank of the United States in allusion to their shape. The term appears to have been common in Ohio in the early part of the nineteenth century. See Cist, CincinnaU in 1859 (Pt. i.). Obol, Obolus, or Obolos. Originally a weight of ancient Greece, and later a silver coin, the one sixth of the Drachm {q.v.). The etymology of the name is uncertain, but the generally accepted theory is that it is derived from 6(3eX6c, oPeXcaxo?, i.e., a spit, or skewer, the appellation given to the earliest iron bar money which was made in this form. The normal weight of the Obol was 0.73 grammes, or 11.25 grains. The multiples of the Obol consisted of The divisions of the Obol were the fol- lowing : Tritemorlon = % o( the Obol. HemioboUon = % " " Trihemitctartemorion := % " Tetartemorion = ^ " ** HemitetartemorioD r= % " *' The last named coin was the same as the Chalcus (q.v.). By Roman times the Obol had degenerated into a bronze coin. At Athens the Obol of gold was another name for the gold Hemihecte (q.v.). The Obol was the coin which it is said was put in the mouth of deceased persons to pay to Charon for their passage over the Styx. See Naulum. Obole. A name generally given to the half Denier of the Middle Ages. The term is applied to the earliest small coins of the Gauls, and is also used to describe the base silver pieces of the Merovingian and Carlovingian dynasties. It was retained in the Hungarian coinage until the sixteenth century. Obolino, implying a small Obolo, is the name given to a silver coin of Como, issued by Loterio Rusca (1412-1416). It also oc- curs in the coinage of Enrico III to Enrico V of Milan (1039-1125), and Ludovico of Savoy (1439-1465). Pentobolon -: 5 Oboli. Tetrobolon := 4 " Triobolon z= 8 " Diobolon ^ 2 " TrihemioboUon :::; 11/2 " [ Obolo. See Grano. Obolos. A name given to the five Lepta piece of modern Greece. The Ionian Islands, under British pro- tection, 1834-1863, issued copper pieces of one, two and one half, five, and ten Oboli in 1819 and later, as well as a silver coin of thirty Oboli. The one Obolos was also known as Mikron and the silver coin as Tripenon. Obryzum, or Obrussum Aurum, is the Latin term for pure gold. This expression is signified on the gold Solidi after the reign of Constantino the Great by the let- ters OB or OBR usually found in the exergue on the reverse. 163] Obsidional Coins Oirtken Obsidionad Coins, or Siege Pieces, as they are generally called, are stamped pieces of metal struck during sieges or bj- beleaguered cities, when the customary monej- became scarce. They frequently represent a fictitious value, and a promise of redemption at some future time. The subject cannot be treated here in detail, but conf. ilailliet. Obverse of a coin is the side which bears the more important device or inscription; the other side is called the reverse. In the United States the side bearing the date is called the obverse, irrespective of device. On ancient coins the side bearing the por- trait of a ruler or the picture of a deity is always the obverse. Some writers claim that in classifying ancient coins the obverse must always be regarded as the side which received its impression from the lower die, i.e., the die supported by the anvil. Ochavo. A copper coin of Spain, the half of the Quarto (q.v.). It dates from the beginning of the sixteenth century and received its name from being valued at one eighth of the Real. It was also issued during the French occupation of Barce- lona and Catalonia (1808-1814). See Oc- tavo. Ochota. A Spanish copper coin struck by Charles III pursuant to an ordinance of May 5, 1772. Its value was two Quartos or eight Maravedis. Ochr el guerche. See Millieme. Octachalk. A piece of eight Chalks (q.v.). This multiple of the Chalk is not specifically mentioned by ancient writers but certain large bronze coins of Egypt, from their weights, were probably of this denomination. Octadrachm, or ox-iaSpa^iJLOv, represent- ing the multiple of eight Drachms (q.v.), was a coin struck not regularly, but occa- sionally in Thrace, Slacedonia, and more generally at Sidon in Phoenicia. The Octadrachm of gold (also known by the term ilnaieion, q.v.) was struck by the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kings. Octas, or Octussis. A multiple of eight Asses after the first reduction. It is doubt- ful, however, whether such a coin was actu- ally struck, or whether it was only a money of account. Octavo. A copper coin of ilexico of the value of one eighth of a Real, adopted during the Revolution of 1812-1813, and later copied by the state of Jalisco from 1S2S to about 1862. See Ochavo. Octobol (Gr. o/.TcopoAov). The multiple eight Obols (q.v.) and equal to one and one third Drachms. No coins of this de- nomination are known. Octussis, or piece of eight Asses. Never struck in bronze, but only in silver under another and more common term : Quinarius {q.v.) or half a Denarius (when this had become equal to sixteen Asses). Odelos (Gr. oSsXoq). A term for Obol {q.v.), sometimes found in Arcadia, Crete, and also at Delphi and Megara. Odoike (Gr. o5oXy,-o, 6So>,/ai), Hesyehius says, was the name of the Obol {q.v.) in Crete. Oertchen. A diminutive of Ort {q.v.). According to the monetary regulations adopted by the district ("Kreisordnung") of lower Saxony in 1568, its value was established at two Pfennige. It is of fre- quent occurrence in East Friesland and was in use in a number of the German States to the end of the seventeenth cen- tury. A similar coin, also called Oirtken, was struck for Brabant in 1512 and later with a value of twelve aivten. See Frey (No 231). Orterer. The popular name for the quarter Gulden, established by the mone- tary convention of Essling November 10, 1524. Oertli. The name given to a billon coin issued at St. Gallen, Schwyz. and other Swiss cantons during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They exist on both round and square planchets, and were equal to four Batzen. Offering Pieces. A name given to cer- tain coins of Alfred the Great, which are considerably larger in size than the then prevalent issue. Carlyon-Britton considers that they were intended for Shillings. See British Xumismatic Journal (i. 5). Ogata Sen. The -Japanese name for large specimens of their cast Sen. Oirtken. See Oertchen. [164] Okelpenning Oord Okelpenning. A variety of Denier, the precise etymology being unknown. In an ordinance of 1314, Johann V, Margrave of Brandenburg is authorized to coin certain Deniers "qui vulgariter Okelpenninge vo- canfiir." In Pommeranian archives of the year 1325 they are called Denarii Augmen- tabiles, and in Brandenburg at a somewhat later period they are referred to as Kel- penninge. See Kehlpfennig. Oke Money. See Hock Money. Okkia. See Ukkia. Oktodrachmon. See Octodrachm. Old Milk Penny. An English dialect term used in West Yorkshire to indicate a Penny of the eighteenth century which was formerly added to the standard weights to give a good weight. Olotl. See Sicca. Omnibuses. See Polleten. Onbeshlik. A silver coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value of fifteen Paras. Its weight is from sixty-five to one hundred grains. Onca. See Canello. Oncetta. A Neapolitan gold coin of the value of three Ducati, with multiples of two, five, and ten. It was made pursuant to the ordinance of April 20, 1818, double in value to the Oncia of Palermo. See Ducato. Oncia (Gr. hfv.ia, ouyxfa). The Latin Uncia, the small unit of the Siculo-Italian Litra (q.v.), of which it was the twelfth part. It was struck only in bronze, and at many cities of Sicily and Southern Italy. Oncia. A gold coin of Sicily, notably of Palermo. It was originally equal to the Oncetta of Naples, as is indicated by the value T 30, i.e., thirty Tari, on some of these pieces dated 1793, etc. By the or- dinance of April 20, 1818, it was reduced to half the value of the Neapolitan coin. See Ducato. The Oncia of Malta was a silver coin in- troduced early in the eighteenth century and ysras equal to thirtj^ Tari or two Scudi. Ongaro. See Ungaro. Onion Penny. An obsolete English dia- lect term, formerly used principally in Hampshire. The English Dialect Diction- ary cites a manuscript glossary compiled by W. Kennett, circa 1700, which reads: "At Silchester they find great plenty of Roman coins which they call Onion Pen- nies, from one Onion whom they foolishly fancy to have been a giant, and an inhab- itant of this city. ' ' On-le-vault. The popular name for the Denier Blanc of Cambrai, coined in 1347 by Jean Bougier of Arras, for Guido IV of Ventadour, the Bishop of Cambrai. It was valued at two Deniers Tournois. See Blanehet (i. 462). Onlik. A Turkish silver coin originally of the value of ten- Paras, but later slightly reduced. See Rebia. The issues for Egypt, introduced by Soleiman I (A.H. 926-974), were of cop- per, and of the value of ten Aspers ; this was followed by a billon Onlik under Mahmud II (A.H. 1223-1255) ; and finally, under Abd-el-Medschid (A.H. 1255-1277), the silver coins equal to ten Paras were made. In Tripoli the Onlik was a billon coin of the value of one fourth of a Ghrush. It does not seem to have been issued prior to the reign of Abd-el-Hamid I (A.H. 1187- 1203). Onza. A name given to the gold eight Escudo piece of Spain and the Spanish Colonies. See Dobla. Oof. An English slang term for monej^, and a corruption of ooftish, i.e., from the German auf dem Tisch, meaning "on the table." J. W. Pearee, in Modern Society (Jan- uarjr 16, 1892), says: "Oof as a current pseudonym for money has been in use for about seven years, but ooftish, which also is Whitechapel slang for coin of the realm, has been in use in England over thirty years. ' ' Oord, or Double Duit. A base silver coin, common to all the provinces of the Low Countries, and of the value of one fourth of a Stuiver. There are many varieties. Those of Gueldres, Zeeland, and Overysel have the bust of Philip II on the obverse; those of Holland a female seated figure; those of Utrecht and West Friesland the arms of the respective provinces, etc. All of the preceding types were struck in the latter part of the sixteenth century. [ 165 ] Or Osella The name of the coin is variously writ- ten: Oord, Oordje, and Ortje. Or. See Ore. Ora. Ruding (i. 114) states that this was an Anglo-Saxon money of account, and that the name is supposed to be derived from the Anglo-Saxon word ore, i.e., ore or metal. He adds that "it seems to have been brought into this island by the Danes, at least the first mention of it occurs in the league between Edward the Elder and Guthrun the Danish monarch. The exact date of this treaty does not appear, but it must have been ratified between the jj^ears 901 and 924. The Danes used this term both as a denomination of money and also as a weight." See Ore. Ordensthaler, and Ordensdukaten. The name given to such coins on which are representations of the insignia or badges of the Orders of Knighthood, etc. Thus on a Thaler of Frederick I of Prussia the chain of the Order of the Black Eagle, founded by him, is depicted ; and on a Crown of Christian V of Denmark the cross of the Order of Danebrog is pictured. Ore. The name of this coin is probably derived from eyrir, a Norse word meaning a weight of an ounce, and Latinized ora or hora. It was employed in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian computation. Schmid, Clavis Numismatica (i. 50), states that it means the same as the Latin octans, or the eighth part of the silver Mark. It appears originally as a silver coin of Sweden, in the middle of the fourteenth century, but under the name of Ortug ; while the Ore with its double is found in the early part of the sixteenth century. The silver issues ceased about 1626, since which time the Ore has been a copper coin. Erik XIV issued square silver coins of four, eight, and sixteen Ore from 1562 to 1567. After the adoption of the Eiksdaler the latter was made the equivalent of one hun- dred copper Ore, and this ratio was re- tained when the Krone was established by the monetary convention of 1875. The Icelandic form is Aur. Orichalcutn. See Brass. Ormond Money. A series of silver coins issued in 1643 under the superin- tendence of James, Marquis of Ormond, the Viceroy of Ireland. They consist of seven denominations: Crowns, Halfcrowns, Shillings, Sixpences, Groats, Threepence and Halfgroats. See British Numismatic Journal (ii. 341-348). Ort. An abbreviation, for the sake of convenience, of Ortsthaler, and used to designate the one fourth Speciesthaler com- mon to many of the German States in the seventeenth century and later. The cur- tailed form must have been officially recog- nized, as in the Swedish series, under Christina, the Ryksort or Riksort occurs, struck for Stettin, of the value of one quar- ter Rixdaler, and in Brandenburg, Gottin- gen, Brunswick-Liineburg, etc., there is the Reiclisort, with divisions of halves and quarters. The one quarter Ort is also called Aeht- zehner, i.e., one eighteenth, as this coin was equal to eighteen Pfennige or the one six- teenth part of the Thaler of twenty-four Grosehen, or two hundred and eighty-eight Pfennige. See Oord and Oertchen. Ortelin. The name given to the quarter Pfennig of Strasburg, struck in 1393. See Blanchet (i. 494). Ortje. See Oord. Ortsthaler. A Thaler of small size, com- mon to a number of the German States, and popularly designated as Ort (q.v.). Ortug. See Ore. Orty. The plural of Ort (q.v.), used in Poland to indicate the quarter Thaler. Oscenses. See Denarius Oscensis. Osella. It was the custom in Venice at the time of the Republic for the Doge to make a present on New Year's Day to the members of the Council, said present con- sisting of birds (uccelli). This practice was altered at the beginning of the six- teenth century by substituting a memorial coin of silver, which received the name Osella from the original gift. The earliest of these was struck by An- tonio Grimani in 1522, and the custom was continued, with few interruptions, until 1797. These historical medals usually bear [166] Othmany Ox Silver the name of the Doge and the regnal year, but otherwise they present a great variety of designs and inscriptions. There were occasional issues struck in gold, the earliest being that of Alvise I, Mocenigo, dated 1571, on the naval victory at Lepanto. The Dogaressa also had the privilege of coining Oselle in her own name. Of the many varieties the Osella di Mu- rano bears a date instead of a regnal year. These occur as early as 1711. See Schmid, Clavis Numifsmatica (i. 13). Conf. also Werdnig, Die Osellen oder Miinz-Medaillen der Republik Venedig. Wien, 1889. Othmany. See Akcheh. Ottavetti, or Ottavini. A type of silver coins resembling the Luigini, and current in Genoa during the seventeenth century. They were valued at eight Soldi. An or- dinance of 1667 refers to clipped or light money and mentions the Ottavetti. Ottavo. An Italian term, implying one eighth of some accepted standard, e.g., the Ottavo di Scudo di Tassarolo, issued by Agostino Spinola in 1607. Ottene. A billon coin of the value of three Deniers, issued by Louis XI of France (1461-1464), for Savona in Sar- dinia. Ottenpfennige. A name given to cer- tain Deniers of the Middle Ages, so called after Otto I, Emperor of Germany (936- 973), in whose reign they appear. These coins have on one side a cross with the inscription otto rex, and on the reverse the name of the locality. Ottino. A silver coin of eight Danari, current in Milan during the fifteenth cen- tury. It was another name for the Soldo of twelve Danari, after the same had been reduced in 1410 by the Conte di Virtii. Otuzlik. See Utuzlik. Overstrike. This term is used by nu- mismatists to describe a coin where a por- tion of the design, and especially the date, appears under another design or date. Owls (Gr. rXfltuy.e?). The familiar name for the Athenian Tetradrachms, which bear a figure of an owl on the reverse. See Glaukes. Oxford Crown. The name given to a variety of the silver crown of Charles I, dated 1644, and made by Thomas Rawlins, while mintmaster at Oxford. Behind the figure of the King on horse- back holding a drawn sword, is shown a view of the city of Oxford, in which some of the chief buildings and fortifications are delineated. See Exurgat Money; Oxford Unite. When the civil war broke out in England in 1642 the mint at Shrewsbury was removed to the New Inn Hall at Oxford, where gold pieces, consist- ing of triple Unites, Unites, and double Crowns, were struck. All of these coins have on one side a portrait of King Charles I, and bear on the other a scroll with the words Religio Protestans, Leges Aiigliae, Libertas Parlia- inenti (abbreviated), referring to the King's declaration, on September 19, 1642, that he would ' ' preserve the Protestant re- ligion, the known laws of the land, and the just privileges and freedom of Parlia- ment. ' ' The type upon which this inscrip- tion occurs is, therefore, called the ' ' Declar- ation Type." The other inscription, Exurgat Deus dissipentur inimiei, is from Psalms (Ixviii. 1). Ox Silver. See Sheep Silver. [ 167 Pacheia Paisa Pacheia, Ha^^la ipay^[i.ri, or "Heavy drachm, ' ' the term given by the Athenians to the Aeginetan Drachm, which weighed about two grammes more than their own. This name has also been applied to Di- drachms in contradistinction to the Drachms. Pada. Authorities differ as to whether this is a weight or a coin. In the Maha Vagga, edited by Mr. Dickson in the Jour- nal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1875), occurs a liturgy used at the admission of lajrmen to the Buddhist order of mendi- cants, and he translates Pada as the quar- ter of a Pagoda. Other writers recognize it as a weight of small value. For a full account of this subject, the reader is re- ferred to the work by Rhys Davids (sec. 4). Padaka., A copper coin of Kaschmir of the Gonerdiya and Gupta dynasties. See Fonrobert (2396-2400). Padens. See Badam. Padiglione. The Italian name for the Pavilion d'Or (q.v.). Padika, another name for the Tang-Ka, a silver coin of ancient India. The word means "one fourth," and is used to in- dicate the quarter of Karsha. See Pana. Padma Tanka, or Lotus Coin. A name given to a gold coin of Southern India, concave in shape and averaging about fifty- eight grains. Their peculiar form con- nects them with the coinage of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, but their date cannot be determined with accuracy, though it is later than the sixth century. The obverse shows a seven-petalled lotus flower, and the reverse is blank. Paduans. The general name for coun- terfeits of ancient coins, especially the Ro- man first bronzes; they were extensivelj^ manufactured by Cavino and Bassiano of Padua, about the middle of the sixteenth century. Pagoda. A name given to both a gold and silver coin current in Madras, Ghan- dergerry, and many parts of Southern India. For an extensive history of the derivation of the term see Thurston (p. 11). The Tamil name is Varaha, i.e., a boar, due to the circumstance that some of the older types had on the obverse the figure of this animal. The Hindustani name of the Pagoda is Hun, a word probably derived from Honnu, the Kanarese name for the half Pagoda. See Pana. The modern Pagoda can be traced to the early part of the seventeenth century and among the more prominent varieties are the Lakshmi, the Swami, the Star, and the Porto Novo Pagoda, all of which are sepa- rately referred to. The divisions of the Pagoda are usually computed as follows : 20 Kaa = 1 Fels. 4 Falus = 1 Fanam. 42 Fanams = 1 Pagoda. "But," says Codrington (p. 121), "owing to attempts made by orders to equalize the currencies of the Presidencies, the rel- ative value of the coins became altered, and we have copper coins of Madras with a variety of legends stating their value." The French equivalent, Pagode, is ap- plied to a gold coin struck in the reign of Louis XV for Pondichery. See Zay (p. 298). The Dutch introduced the Pagoda at Paliakate in the latter part of the seven- teenth century, and rated it at one hun- dred and twenty Sous. Tavernier, in his Voyages, Paris, 1676, describes it. Pal, or Phai. A Siamese copper coin, the one thirty-second part of the Tical (q.v.), and conf. Suka. Paisa, or Paissah. A copper coin of Hindustan, frequently referred to as Pice, though Paisa is probably the older name. It is found existing as far back as the sixteenth century. The value varied, being from forty to eighty to the Rupee. [168] Pala Panterino The minor coinage of Mysore, under Tipu Snltan, is usually classified by this name. In Mombasa, Zanzibar, and German East Africa, the Paisa, also called Pysa, has been introduced since 1881. Conf. also Baisa. Pala. The name given to both a gold and silver denomination of ancient India. See Pana. Palanca. The popular name given to all coins of the value of one Soldo, in Liguria, Tuscany, and Venice. Pallades. Greek coins (particularly those of Athens) with the head of Pallas are thus referred to. Palladium. An attempt has been made to utilize this rare element for medallic purposes. A communication to the Revue Beige de Numismatique, 1869 (p. 477), states that Sir Thomas Graham, Comp- troller of the English Mint, struck a medal of palladium alloyed with gold, silver, or nickel. Palpa. Promis (ii. 34) cites this as a coin of Milan referred to in an ordinance of 1473 of the Duke of Savoy; Du Cange finds "Palpas" in another monetary ordi- nance of 1465. Pana. An early copper coin of Ceylon. It is referred to in works of the fifth cen- tury and later, and is frequently alluded to under the name of Kahapana. The English traveller, Robert Knox, who was in Ceylon from 1659 to 1679, and whose writings were published in 1681 by order of the Bast India Company, states that "the King's proper coin is called a pounam (panam) ; it is as small as a spangle ; 7.5 make a piece of eight, or a Spanish Dollar." See also Rhys Davids (sees. 14-18). In the coinage of ancient India the Pana, or Karshapana, as it is sometimes called, was based on the weight of eighty rati seeds, equivalent to one hundred and forty- four grains, or nearly nine and a half grammes. The name, like the Greek Drachma, means a "handful," and is derived from pani, the hand. See Cun- ningham (pp. 4-5, and 42-44). The following table exhibits the names and weights of the early Indian coins in detail : Copper Coinh Equivalent Weight in Rati in Name Weeds or Grains. Cowries. Ardha-Kakinl or one eighth Pana 10 18 KJlkinl or Vodri, or one quarter Pana 20 36 Ardhapana. or one halt Pana 40 72 Pana or Karshilpana 80 144 Dwi-pana, or two Panas 160 288 Silver Coins Tang-ka, or PAdika, or one quarter Kftrsha 8 14.4 Kona, or one half Karsha 16 28.8 K,arshi\pana, Dharana, or Purana 32 .'57. 6 Satamana or Pala, or ten Karshfis 320 Gold Coins Fanam, or one tenth Pagoda 5.28 Mada, or one quarter Pagoda 13.20 Pratapa, or one halt Pagoda 26.40 Pagoda, Varaiia, or Hun 52.80 Karsha 57.60 Suvarna 140-144 Nishka, Pala, Satamana, or quadruple Suvarna 560-576 Panam. From the Sanskrit pana, wealth, and probablj^ corrupted by Euro- peans to Panam {q.v.). The name given to certain Travancore gold coins. These vary slightlj^ in value and receive different names, as — Kail panam (Cullian Fanam) = 4 Chuckrams, 3 Kasus. Chinna (little) panam = 5 Chuckrams. Nftnia panam = 5 Chuckrams. Vella panam = 6 Chuckrams, 12 Kasus. Veerarftya panam = 7 Chuckrams. Ananta vamen panam = 9 Chuckrams. 3 Kasus. See Panam. Panchia, or Panchio. A silver coin of Cutch and Kathiawar of the value of five Koris, or one and one quarter Rupees. It is described in detail bj^ Codrington, in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1895 (Series iii. XV. 59), who also cites a corresponding half, called an Ardpanchio. See Kori. Pandu. A silver coin of India and equal to one fifth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. Pan Liang. The name given to certain of the ancient Chinese round coins from the inscription on them. Pan Liang, or Half Ounce. This style of coin was issued during the Ch'in and Han dynasties, circa B.C. 220-86. It originally was of good weight, but gradually so deteriorated that the coinage was abolished. Pano. A former copper coin of Angola and other Portuguese possessions. See Equipaga. Panterino. See Quattrino. [169] Pa-nying Tang-Ka Para Pa-njrmg Tang-Ka. See Tang-Ka. Pao. A Chinese word, meaning treasure. The term is used in conjunction with Tung, i.e., currencj^, on coins, forming two of the usual four characters on the obverse. See Ho. Pao. The more recent Chinese word for Ting in reference to the silver ingot or shoe. It generally means the fifty Tael piece. Another name is Yuan Pao, or round ingot. Paolino. Another name for the Scudo d'Oro, struck by Pope Paul III in 1535, and bearing the figure of St. Paul. It was originally issued from the mint at Ancona, then at Rome, and later at Camerino, Bologna, Perugia, and Parma. Paolo. An obsolete Papal silver coin which obtained its name from Pope Paul III, in whose reign it was originally issued to replace the older Giulio (q.v.). In the sixteenth century it was also coined in the Duchy of Ferrara, and later by the Dukes of Tuscany, and in Modena. Ten Paoli were equal to one Scudo, and the Paolo of Tuscanj' was the fifth of a silver Florin. Conf. also San Paolo and Paul. Paparini. A name given to coins issued in the thirteenth century, which were made for the exclusive use of the subjects of the Popes. They were principally struck at Viterbo and Montefiascone. The term should not be confused with the Moneta Papalis, which is used to desig- nate coins struck at Rome and Avignon at a later period. See Ri vista Italiana (xxii. 379, xxiii. 37). Paparoni. The term given to certain coins of the same value as Piccoli in an ordinance of 1398 of the Archbishop of Orvieto. Paper. The earliest use of paper monej^ is probably the reference to be found in the Travels of Marco Polo (ii. 18), who states that it was extensivelj'' used in China. Among the obsidional coins Mailliet (Ixxi. Ixxii.) mentions various denomina- tions from five to thirty Sols issued at Leyden when besieged by the Spaniards in 1574, which are supposed to have been made from the leaves of missals. See Sao. Fapetto. A small Papal silver coin, equal to one fifth of the Scudo. It ap- pears to have been first issued under Ben- edict XIV (1740-1750), and was continued until the period of Pius IX. Papineau. A nickname given by the French-Canadians to the Pennies and half Pennies issued by the Bank of Montreal, City Bank, La Banque du Peuple, and the Quebec Bank in 1837. Pierre Papineau was the leader of the rebellion which oc- curred in this year. The coins bear on one side the figure of a native in winter cos- tume. The value of this Penny was in- creased one fifth by an order in the Coun- cil, passed August 30, 1870, which estab- lished a uniform currency of Dollars and Cents, and converted its purchasing power at two Cents. See Breton (521-522). Paplone. See Pepion. Para. Originally a silver coin of the Ottoman Empire, which came into exist- ence about A.H. 1066, and eventually took the place of the Akcheh {q.v.), although at first it had a value four times as great as the latter coin. The Para was made the fortieth part of the Piastre or Ghrush, a value it has al- waj's retained. Some of the earlier issues are rectangular in form. The modern Para and its multiples are of copper and nickel; it was instituted by Abdul Medjid, A.H. 1260, i.e., in 1844. Ten Paras are todaj^ roughly computed as worth a Metallik. Para. The name given to the smallest copper coin of Servia, adopted in 1867 when that country followed the Latin Union in its monetary system. One hun- dred Para are equal to one Dinar. King Milan issued pieces of five and ten Paras in nickel in 1883 and later. The Para of Montenegro has a somewhat higher value, as it is the fractional part of the Perper, which latter has the same value as the Austrian Krone. Nickel and copper coins respectively of ten and twenty Paras in nickel, and one and two Paras in cop- per, were struck for Montenegro at the Paris mint in 1909. Para. A copper coin of Russia issued in 1771 and 1772 for Moldavia and Walla- chia. The Para was equal to three Dengi and the double Para to three Kopecks. [170] Parali Pataca Parali. This was a subdivision of the older Leu of Roumania. Twenty-eight Parali were equal to one Leu, and on the adoption of the decimal system they were succeeded by the Bani. Pardao, or Pardau. A silver coin originally issued under John V (1706- 1750) for the Portuguese Indies, and struck principally at Goa. It was valued at half a Rupia and the type represents a bust of the ruler on the obverse and the Portuguese arms on the reverse. Varieties occur with the figures 300 stamped on them to indicate their value in Reis. Pardaw. A former money of account at Atjeh. See Mas. Parisis, or Parisis d'Or. A gold coin of France, originally struck by Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350). Its name is based on the fact that the Paris standard was one fourth above that of Tours. It was re- tained in France to the end of the seven- teenth century, but it gradually lost its technical significance. A Royal Parisis appeared in the reign of Philip IV (1285-1314) ; this was of bil- lon. The Denier Parisis was struck about the same time, and of the same composition. Parpagliola. A base silver coin of the value of two and a half Soldi struck by the Emperor Charles V for the Duchy of Milan (1535-1556). Louis XII of Prance issued it for Asti, and William II (1464-1483) for Casale. At Correggio, under Camillo of Austria (1597-1606), it had a value of three Soldi ; it was struck at Montalcino in Tuscany in 1556 and 1557, and at Mi- randola and Siena about the same time. See liassegna Numismatica (xi. 31-34). All of the preceding are probably copied from a Swiss coin, known as the Parpa'iole, which continued in use until the sixteenth century. It was quite common in the can- ton of Waadt, under Barthelemi Chuet, Bishop of Lausanne (1469-1472). Parruccone. A nickname for the Quad- rupla d 'Oro of Charles III of Spain, issued from 1761 to 1785. The word means a wig, and the allusion is to the abundance of hair and curls on the sovereign's head. Partenope. The popular name for a sil- ver coin of twelve Carlini, issued in Naples ill 1791 to commemorate the return of the rulers, Ferdinand and Caroline, from Ger- many. Parthenoi, meaning ' ' maidens. ' ' A name given to the silver coins of Athens, from the head of Pallas on the obverse. Passir, probably a corruption of the French verb passer. A name given to pieces of brass or copper resembling coins which had a weight denomination stamped on them and were used by banks, mer- chants, etc., to determine whether a coin was equal to the necessary weight standard. A well known example is the brass Louis d'Or of 1772, stamped passir. Kelly (p. 8) states that the name Passier Dukaten was used in Germany to indicate such Ducats as were deficient in weight or fineness more than one sixth of a carat. Pasteboard Coins. See Paper. Pataca, or Patacao. A Portuguese sil- ver coin of the value of three hundred and twenty Reis, which appeared in the reign of John IV (1640-1656) after the restora- tion of the House of Braganza. There are doubles and halves of corresponding values. Teixeira de Aragao (p. 219) mentions an edict of November 13, 1630, by which the value of the Pataca was fixed at six Tangas; this was evidently for the Portu- guese colonies. This coin is the one re- ferred to under the name of Patachine by "William Barret in his Book of Travels, 1684, who writes of Malacca : "There is also a sort of silver mony which they call Patachines and is worth 6 Tangas of good mony which is 360 reyes and is stamped with two letters S T which is St. Thomas on one side and the arms of Portugall on the other." In Brazil Meili catalogues specimens as early as 1695 struck at Bahia, and 1700 struck at Pernambuco. The colonial issues are frequently counterstamped with higher or lower values. See Butaca. Pataca. In the Neapolitan series this name was applied to the half of the silver Ducato iq.v.), authorized by the ordinance of April 20, 1818. [171] Pataca Pattacona Pataca, or Patack. The Species Thaler is so called in Abyssinia. See Wakea. Pataca Chica and Pataca Gourda. For- mer money of account in Algiers. The first was reckoned at eight Muzunas of twenty-nine Aspers, or two hundred and thirty- two Aspers; and the latter at three times that amount. Patacchina, also called Petacchina. A small silver coin of Genoa issued during Republican rule in the fourteenth century and in use until the period of the Sforza dynasty. Specimens struck under the French occupation (1396-1409) bear the divided arms of France and Genoa, or France and Savoy. Pataccho. A silver coin of the Princi- pality of Monaco, which appeared early in the seventeenth century. Under Onorato II pieces of four Patacchi were issued from 1640 to 1649 ; thej' have on. the reverse a cross, formed by four letters H, all crowned. Patachine. See Pataca. Pataco (plural Patacoes). A copper coin of Portugal, first issued by John III, of a value of ten Reis, and intended as a substitute for the small silver coins of the same value. It was revived from about 1811 to 1833 with a value of forty Reis. Patagon. The name given to the piece of fifty Stuivers issued in various parts of Brabant and the Low Countries during the seventeenth century. The word, like Pie- fort, means heavy. Pataque. The largest of the silver coins of the Ottoman Empire. See Yuzlik. Patard. A silver coin of Flanders, Bra- bant, Burgundy, etc., originally issued in the latter part of the fifteenth century. Its value fluctuated, although in the main it was about equal to the Dutch Stuiver. At Liege and Cambrai the Ecu d 'argent was equal to thirty or thirty-two Patards. The Daalder of the Low Countries was valued at thirty-two Patards, and the gold Florin at thirty-four. Patard. A billon coin of France, struck by Charles VI (1380-1422), and copied by Charles VII and Louis XL The last named ruler issued it for Perpignan, and Louis XII for Provence and Milan. See Hoffmann (passim). [ Pataz. The Hungarian name for the Groschel (q.v.), which was computed at three fourths of the Kreuzer. Pathenmiinzen. A term used by Ger- man numismatists for tokens presented at baptisms by the god-parents or sponsors. Patina. An oxidation produced by cer- tain soils and moisture upon copper coins. This oxidation takes a black, brown, red, blue, or green color, according to the ma- terials which have affected the surface of the coins. Patla. Another name for the gold Mo- hur of Nepal, of the weight of half a Tola. The word means ' ' a thin coin. ' ' See Suka. Patlachte. The name given to cacao beans which circulated as money among the ancient Mexicans. See Sicca. Patolquachtli. Bancroft, in Native Races of the Pacific States of North Ameri- ca, 1875 (ii. 381-382), states that among the ancient Mexicans this name was used for "small pieces of cotton cloth used as money in the purchase of articles of im- mediate necessity or of little value." Patricius Farthing. A copper coin of Ireland, struck in 1463 by Germjoi Lynch, the warden of the mints at Dublin and Trim. The obverse has a bishop's head, with the inscription patricivs, and the reverse a cross pattee, with salvatoe. Patrick. At a Parliament held at Drog- heda, 1460, before Richard, Duke of York, Lord Lieutenant, it was enacted that "a proper coin separate from the coin of Eng- land was with more convenience agreed to be had in Ireland," and among the pro- posed coins was one "having imprinted on one part of it a crown, and on the other part a cross, called a Patrick, of which eight shall pass for one Denier." See Ruding (i. 278). This probably refers to a copper half Farthing issued by Henry VI for Ireland, which bears the inscription patrik. Patriotenthaler. See Pelikanthaler. Pattacona. A nickname given in Istria to the Austro-Hungarian copper coin of four Kreuzer which was abolished about 1890. It is probably a corruption of Pata- gon iq.v.). 172] Patte d'oie Pelavillano Patte d'oie. A name given to a variety of tlie Gros Blanc a la tleur de lis, issued by John II of France (1350-1364). It has the word franc in large letters horizontally across the reverse. See Hoffmann (49, 50). Pattern. A suggested design, which may or may not be adopted. Pattern pieces are those for which the dies have been designed and cut for a proposed coinage. These models are afterwards submitted to the mint authorities for approval and have been discarded by them for various rea- sons. Paul. An obsolete English term for the Paolo iq.v.). Sterne, in Tristram Shandy (ix. 24), says : "I paid five Pauls for two hard eggs;" and James Russell Lowell in his Journal in Italy remarks: "You give the custode a paul for showing you the wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus. ' ' Paulah. A copper coin of Hindustan and equal to one fourth of the Dam (q.v.). Paunchea, or Paunschih. A former money of account of Bombay, etc., com- puted at five Rupees. See Mohur. Pavali. Lewis Rice in the Mysore Gazet- teer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a silver coin of this name, and of the value of one quar- ter Rupee, was in circulation in the above- mentioned year. Pavilion d'Or. A gold coin of France, issued by Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350). It receives its name from the canopy or tent under which the King is seated. It was copied by Edward the Black Prince in the Anglo-Gallic series, and struck at Bordeaux. Pax Type. A designation employed to classify English silver coins. The coins of Harold II all have pax across the reverse, which device was copied to some extent on the pennies of William I. These have the letters paxs (perhaps signifying pax sit), in the angles of the cross. Pe. See Prak Pe. Peack. A corruption of Wompompeeke, a variety of Wampum. See Roanoake. Peca. A Portuguese gold coin of six thousand and four hundred Reis, or four Bseudos, introduced in 1750, and repre- senting a reduced form of the Dobra (q.v.). It circulated extensively in Brazil and was struck at Rio and Bahia. Pecco. See Bahar. Pecunia. The Latin name for money, derived from pecus, a flock of sheep or a herd of cattle. This indicates that animals were the earliest mediums of exchange. Src Homer, Iliad (vi. 235). In the third century the word was used to define the Roman copper money. In the Doiiipsday Book, issued circa 1086, the word is used for cattle almost universally, and in a few instances it has the meaning of possessions or personal property. Pecunia Major. See Majorina. Pecuniola. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1600. in which this word is used as a diminutive of Pecunia and is specially ap- plied to copper coins. Peerdeke. A base silver coin issued at Nimegue, Zutphen, Zwollc, Groningen, Roermond, etc., during the sixteenth cen- tury. Its value varied slightly, being from one half to one third of the Escalin or Snaphaan. The name, like that of the Cavallo iq.v.), appears to be derived from the figure of the running horse on the ob- verse. See v.d. Chijs (passim). Pegasi. A popular name for Greek coins of Corinth, Syracuse, etc., bearing a iigure of Pegasus. They are also variously known as Polos and Pullus. Conf. Greek Peg^one. A silver coin of the G rosso type of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan. It appeared first in the reign of Galeazzo II and Barnabo Visconti (1354-1378), and was continued to the end of the fifteenth cen- tury. The types show a figure of St. Am- brosius,. usually seated, with a triple- thonged whip in his hand. See Ambrosino. The name is variously spelled Pegione, Pigione, and Picchione, and the etymology is uncertain. It is of the value of one and one half Soldi. Pei. The Chinese name for the Cowrie iq.v.). Pelanor (HeXavop, HeXavoi;). The Greek name for the iron bars long used as money at Sparta and other places in ancient Greece. Pelavillano. See Poillevillain. [ 173 ] Pelegrini Penny Poize Pelegrini. See Foghetti. Pelf, probably allied to pilfer, means money or riches, but it often conveys the idea of something ill-gotten or worthless. It was in use as early as the beginning of the sixteenth century, and Spenser, in the Fairie Queene, 1590 (iii. ix. 4), has the line, ' ' But all his mind is set on mucky pelf." Pelhauquins. The name given to cer- tain leaden jetons or tokens used for games and issued during the second half of the fourteenth century. They are described in detail by Adrien Blanchet in the Proces- verhaiix de la Societe Frangaise de Nuyiis- matique, 1907 (xxxix.). Pelikanthaler. The name given to a Thaler struck by Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg in 1599. It bears on the reverse the figure of a pelican feeding its young, and the inscription peo aris et Focis, i.e., "for home and hearth;" from this it is also known as the Patriotenthaler. For details, including the legend for- merly current, that the pelican fed its off- spring by tearing its own breast, conf. Madai. Pelliculati. See Plated Coins. Pempobolon (x£[jLxwpoXov). Another form of the word Pentobolon {q.v.). Penabad. The half Kran in the coinage of modern Persia. See Kran. Pengar. The Swedish name for money in general; it is derived from Penning, Pfennig, etc. Penge. A Danish word for money in general. Penni. A copper coin of Finland, the one hundredth part of the Markka. There are multiples of five and ten Pennia. Penning. The Dutch equivalent of Pfennig (q.v.), and applied to the Denier. There were special issues for Brabant and the Low Countries called Penning van een en een halven (one and one half) Groot; Penning van Twee Grooten {i.e., Stuiver) ; Penning van Drie Grooten {i.e., Mechelaar, and later called Tweeblankspenning) ; Penning van Ses (six) Grooten, etc. Penny (plural. Pennies and Pence). An English coin, the twelfth part of a Shil- ling. It succeeded the Denarius or Denier of the Anglo-Saxons since the eighth cen- tury and from this circumstance probably retained the abbreviation D or d. Offa, King of Mercia (757-796) is the first king to whom any silver Pennies can be attributed with certainty; and from this time this coin remained the basis until the introduction of the Groat and half Groat by Edward III. The type is almost uniformly with a portrait on one side and a long or short cross with pellets in the angles on the reverse. In 1257 Henry III struck a gold Penny, which was first valued at twenty silver Pennies and later at twenty-four; it weighed forty-five and one quarter grains. "This piece," says Ruding, "was properly a Rj^al, and the first of the sort coined in Europe : the petit Ryal of Philip le Bel being much in imitation of it, and he was the first King of France who coined Ry- als. " See Jaku. The silver Pennies struck for Ireland frequently have the bust of the King in a triangle ; those for Scotland were called Sterlings (q.v.). Thirds of Pennies are mentioned in the laws of Aelfred (872-901), and the half Pennies of Edward the Confessor may be actually thirds of Pennies, as they weigh from seven to nine grains. The earliest specimen of an English cop- per Penny is one dated 1601, which was evidently intended for a pattern. The ob- verse has a bust portrait of Elizabeth with the words the . pledge . op . On the re- verse is the royal monogram crowned, with the date and the inscription a. penny. The half Penny is not dated; it has the royal monogram on one side and a rose crowned on the other. Montagu's work cites the long series of copper Pennies and half Pence which sub- sequently appeared, and the reader is re- ferred to this book. For many of the British colonies and possessions Pennies and half Pence were also struck, and for Southern Nigeria Pen- nies in nickel and one tenth Pennies in aluminium were issued, both perforated. See Pfennig. Penny Poize. An early English weight standard used for discovering the lack of proper weight in the coins. An ordinance of the year 1205 states that "there was issued, from the mint oiSce, a penny-poize, [174] Penny Yard Pence Perkin Warbeck Groat wanting one eighth of a penny, to be de- livered to any one who would have it, to be used until Easter in the next year." Ruding (i. 211) states that about the year 1331, "a curious kind of fraud was devised by Salamon de Ripple, a monk of the Abbey of St. Augustin in Canterbury, and receiver of the tenth and fifteenth in that diocese, as deputy for the abbot. He framed a balance, which he called a penny pise, and having selected twenty shillings in old and heavy pennies, he weighed against them the money which he received ; by which means those who thought to pay only twenty shillings were forced to pay five shillings more, or three shillings and fourpenee at the least. At length a com- plaint from the whole diocese was laid be- fore the council, and the king gave order for proper inquiry to be made ; in conse- quence of which the abbot was fined eighty pounds, for the offence committed by his deputy, and was obliged to refund what had been unjustly taken, although it was done without his knowledge. ' ' Fenny Yard Pence. Berry, Encyclo- paedia Heraldica, 1828, states that certain varieties of silver Pennies receive this name, "from the place where they were coined, which is supposed to have been at Penny Yard Castle, near Ross, in Here- fordshire. ' ' Pentadrachm. A Greek silver coin of the value of five Drachms (q.v.). It was rarely struck, though specimens issued by the early kings of Macedonia are known. A gold Pentadrachm was issued for Egypt by Ptolemy I Soter (B.C. 323-284) and Ptolemy II Philadelphus (B.C. 284-247). Pentalitron, or five Litra (q.v.) piece, was struck in silver at Agrigentum. Pentanummion. A name given to the eighth part of the PoUis, consisting of five Nummi. Pentastater (7cevTaaTaT'(;poi;) are men- tioned by Pollux. They are the gold De- cadrachms of Berenice of Egypt. Pentechalkon. A Greek silver coin of the value of five times the Chalcus, or five eighths of the Obol (q.v.). Pentecontadrachm (xeVTY]7,ovT;aSpa^i;,ov) , or fifty Drachm piece, is mentioned by Pollux. There was a gold coin of this value struck by Alexander the Great and by several of the Ptolemaic sovereigns of Egypt. It is better known to us by the more common name of Distater (q.v.), double Stater, or gold Tetradrachm. Pentecontalitra. The Sicilian name for the Decadrachm (q.v.). See also Litra. Pentecostals. Ayliffe, Parergon, 1726 (p. 434), has the following: "Pentecostals, otherwise called Whitsun Farthings, were Oblations made by the Parishioners to the Parish Priest at the Feast of Pentecost." At times they were contributed by in- ferior churches or parishes to the principal mother church. Pentobolon. A piece of five Oboli. See Obol. Specimens of this denomination in silver were struck at Athens, and in bronze by the Ptolemies. Pentoncion (uevTCOY'Aiov), Latin Quin- cunx. A multiple of the Uncia (q.v.). It was struck in silver at Agrigentum and Leontini, in bronze, at Catania, Rhegium, Camarina, and by the Mamertines in Sicily. Pepion. A billon coin of Castile and Leon, issued by Ferdinand III and his successor, Alfonso X, during the thirteenth century. It was struck at Burgos, Toledo, and Cuenca. It is sometimes referred to by the name of Papione. Pepulea. The name given to coins struck in Bologna in 1338 by the Signors de Pepoli. Pequenino. A copper coin, struck for Goa and other Portuguese colonies ; it is of the value of half the Bazarucco or Leal. Pereale. The popular name for the Real, struck in Messina by Peter III of Aragon (1282-1285). Peregozi. Sec Petragordin. Perkin Warbeck Groat. In Ruding (Suppl. Plate iii. No. 33) is given the rep- resentation of a silver coin which is pre- sumed to have been struck by the Duchess of Burgundy for Perkin Warbeck, when he set out to invade England in the year 1495. On what ground this appropriation has been made, Ruding was never able to discover. The coin bears date 1494, but no evidence whatever of the mint where it was struck, or the authority by which it was coined exists. The very singular legend on the reverse mani teckel phares [ 175 ] Permische Schilling Pesson *1494* may possibly have been intended as a prophetic threat to Henry; but this sup- position is not warranted by any known record, nor is this coin mentioned by any historian of that period. The motto on the obverse, domine salvvm fac regem, is taken from Psalms xx. 9, and that on the reverse is the denunciation against Bel- shazzar. See Daniel (v. 25). The date appears to have been the chief, if not the only reason for the appropriation. Wise says, "ejus {nempe Warheck] gratia num- mum sequenteni in Burgundia cusum fuisse puianf. antiqiiarii, propter epocam inscrip- tani," Num. Bodleian. Cat. (p. 241). If it were really struck by order of the Duchess of Burgundy, it might be expected that the rose would have been made more conspicuously prominent than it is upon the coin, bearing in mind the fact that she gave Perkin Warbeck the title of "the White Rose of England." Permische Schilling. A silver denomi- nation of Belgium under Austrian rule, and valued at seven Stuivers. It was struck pursuant to a monetary convention of 1749. Perner. See Berner. Perper. The gold standard of Monte- negro, of the same value as the Austrian Krone, and subdivided into one hundred Paras. In 1910 the Vienna Royal Mint struck gold coins of one hundred, twenty, and ten Perpera pieces for Montenegro in commemoration of the fiftieth year of the reign of Prince Nicolas I. Perpero. A silver coin of Byzantine origin, current in Ragusa, Dalmatia. In the thirteenth century it was a money of account and equal to twelve Grossi; from 1683 to 1750, however, an actual coin of this denomination was issued. Peseta. The monetary unit of Spain, replacing the Escudo in 1868 when the Latin Union system was adopted. It is divided into one hundred Centimos, and there are multiples in gold of ten, twenty, and twenty-five, and in silver of five Pese- tas. The etymology is from pezzo, a piece, or portion, whence pezeta, a small piece. This is borne out by the fact that it was originally a part of the Peso ; the latter coin consisting of eight Reales, whereas the Peseta was equal to two silver or four copper Reales. In the Peruvian coinage the Peseta is a silver coin equal to the one fifth of a Sol, but its value is little more than half that of the Spanish unit. It is equal to two Dineros, or twenty Centavos. Peso. The Spanish equivalent for our word Dollar; primarily it means a weight, and by implication the weight of an ounce. This designation is apparent when it is considered that originally it was only a silver bar, the value of which was deter- mined by weighing. As a silver coin of Spain it was issued about the middle of the sixteenth century. Its value, eight Reales, is frequently found on the side of the armorial shield on the reverse; thus, VIII or 8, and from this circumstance arose the expression "Piece of Eight." The Peso at times had a value of ten Reales. By a decree of June 6, 1856, the Paraguay government decided that the Spanish Piastre should be reckoned equal to ten Reales. See Graty, Repuhlica de Paraguay (p. 403). This refers to the Peso, which is frequently termed a Piastre. In Colombia the Peso of ten Reales was introduced about 1850, an essay having ap- peared in 1849, Ponrobert (8135) ; and in Venezuela about 1863, Ponrobert (7953). Of the obsidional Pesos there were issues for Chile, Copiapo, Lima, Sombrerete, and Zacatecas. The Peso Duro is a somewhat larger coin, and of a value of twenty Reales. It was issued under Philip III (1598-1621) by Joseph Napoleon from 1809 to 1812, and by Isabella II in 1835 and 1836. See Duro. In the South American series and the Philippines the Peso is divided into one hundred Centavos. In Uruguay it is one hundred Centesimos ; and the Peso of Pan- ama is equal to one half Balboa (q.v.), or fifty Centesimos. The Peso Puerte of Venezuela is equal to five Bolivares and is divided into one hundred Centavos, and the Peso Maquina of the same country equals four Bolivares or eighty Centavos. Pesson (xsaaov), the Greek name for Tessera (q.v.). [176] Pest Thaler Petrus Schilling Pest Thaler. This, strictly speaking, is not a coin but a commemorative medal is- sued when a pestilence or plague ravaged a district, or immediately thereafter. There are well known specimens for Breslau, Hamburg, Erfurt, etc., the majority of which were struck in the sixteenth century. Petacchina. See Patacchina. Petalon (xetaXov), the Greek name for Flan iq.v.). Peter. The name given to both a gold and a silver coin of the Low Countries, which obtains its title from the prominent effigy of St. Peter on the obverse. The Gouden Peter, or Pierre d'or, first ap- peared under Jan III of Brabant (1312- 1355). It was twenty- three and one half carats fine and of half the value of the Eozenobel (q.v.). The Zilveren Peter, or Pietre d 'argent, was a silver coin issued contemporaneously with the preceding, and copied by Jan V von Arkel, Bishop of Liege (1364-1378). Petermannchen, also called Petermen- ger, were small base silver coins which bore on the obverse a bust of St. Peter in the clouds, holding a key in his right hand. They were struck at Trier as early as 1621 and had a value of nine Pfennige. Their issue appears to have been discon- tinued early in the eighteenth century. Peter's Pence. The name given to a tribute which was collected for the Roman pontiff in reverence of the memory of St. Peter. The payment was abolished in England in 1366, but not entirely sup- pressed, as Fabian in his Chronicle {temp. Edward IV) states that in some counties of England it was still collected. It was finally stopped by a statute of Henry VIII in 1533. Certain small coins of Poland and Sile- sia, probably coined for paying this offer- ing, have received the name of Peters- pfennige. The semi-ecclesiastical Pennies struck for St. Peter, at York, about A.D. 920 to 940, are commonly though incorrectly called Peter's Pence. Selden, History of Tithes (217), states that the Anglo-Saxon term Almesfeoh or Altosfeoh, i.e., alms-money, is supposed to be the same as Peter's Pence. It was like- wise called Romefeoh and Romescot. Petit Blanque. See Blanc. Petit Dauphin. See Dauphin. Petition Crown. In the year 1663 the celebrated Simon Petition Crown was pro- duced. It arose out of a trial of skill be- tween Thomas Simon, who held the office of engraver to the mint since 1646, and John Roettier, a Flemish engraver, who was brought over under the patronage of Charles II. Both made pattern pieces for a new coinage to be introduced, but Roet- tier 's work was accepted and he received orders to prepare the dies. Simon ex- pressed his displeasure at the verdict and was deprived of his office by the King. The artists' petition is on the edge of the pattern-piece and reads: THOMAS SIMON MOST . HVMBLY . PRAYS YOVR . MAJESTY TO COMPAEE THIS . HIS . TRYALL . PIECE . WITH . THE . DVTCH . AND . IF . MORE . TRVLY . DRAWN . & . EMBOSS 'd . MORE . GRACE : PVLLY . ORDERED . AND . MORE . AC- CVRATELY . ENGRAVEN . TO . RELEIVE . HIM. About twenty of these pieces were struck off with the petition, and a small number without. See Reddite Crown. Petit Royal d'Or. See Royal d'Or. Petit Toumois. See Gros Tournois. Petizza. A silver coin of Piedmont, in- troduced in 1799 with a value of seventeen Kreuzer. See Promis (ii. 192). The name was also applied to the piece of fifteen Carantani of Venice. The latter coin has the numerals XV in the exergue. Petragordin, Pierregordin, or Peregozi. The name by which the Denier of the Counts of Perigord is referred to in Me- dieval ordinances. The best known type is that of Angouleme. See Blanchet (i. 288). A document of the year 1305 states that two Florentines agreed to supply to the Count of Perigord twenty thousand Marques of a white money known as Pierre- gordins by July 25 of that year. Petros. Du Cange cites a chronicle of 1456 in which are mentioned Petros auri, meaning the gold coins of the Counts of Hainaut bearing the effigy of St. Peter. Petrus Schilling. -The common name for a silver coin struck by Hermann V of Wied, Archbishop of Cologne (1515-1546), which bears a figure of St. Peter. [177] Pettine PhilippI Pettine, meaning a comb, is the name used in Lombardy for such coins of Napo- leon I as have a radiated crown on the reverse, said crown being supposed to re- semble a comb. Pewter. See Tin. Peze. A slang French term for a Peso. Pezza. The name given to a variety of Scudo struck by the Medici family at Leg- horn. It appears to have been first issued by Ferdinando II about 1660, and was retained by Cosmo III and Giovanni Gas- tone. It is usually known as the Pezza della Eosa from the figure of a rose-bush on one side. There is a corresponding half. A gold type, struck in Florence in 1716, is known as the Pezza d 'oro della Rosa ; and the double Zecchino of this series is popularly called Rosina. Pezzetta. A billon coin of Monaco, is- sued from the period of Onorato II (1640- 1662) to the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury. It corresponds to the Piecette (q.v). There is also a mezza Pezzetta. Pezzetta Imperiale. A silver coin of Guastalla, issued in 1736, and equal to twelve Carantani. Pfaffenfeind Thaler, also called Gottes- freund Thaler. A silver coin issued by Christian of Brunswick, Bishop of Halber- stadt, in 1622, with the inscription gottes/ feevndt/dee pfaffen/feindt, and on the reverse the figure of an arm emerging from the clouds and holding a sword. These coins were struck at Lippstadt from silver taken from the shrine of St. Liborius in the cathedral at Paderborn. Pfaffen Pfennige. The name given to such varieties of Bracteates (q.v.) as were struck by religious denominations or at ecclesiastical mints. Pfauenthaler. A silver coin of crown size issued under Maximilian II, in 1563, upon his coronation as Emperor of Hun- gary. It obtains its name from the figure of a peacock on the reverse. Pfennig. The etymology of the word is unsettled. Some authorities claim it is from the Keltic word .pew, a head. Conf. Teston, Kopfstiick, etc. Others derive it from the Old High German, phantinc, or ■phentinc, meaning a pledge, and a third etymology is suggested from pfanne, a pan, due to the saucer shape of some of the bracteates. The word was formerly frequently writ- ten Pfenning, and the plural at this day is Pfennig, or Pfennige, both forms being used. In all German archives of the Middle Ages the Denarius is translated by this word. In 1271 mention is made of denarii qui dicuntur Hantpennige, and in 1223 the Council of Quedlinburg men- tions a payment of talentum Quedlinghe- burgensium denariorum quod vulgariter Vischepennige dicitur. Originally two hundred and forty of these coins were computed at the Mark of fine silver. In course of time, however, they were not only made of lighter weight, but a certain proportion of base metal was added to their composition. The copper Pfennig was introduced in Westphalia in the sixteenth century and was soon copied throughout central Europe. At the pres- ent time the Pfennig is equal to the one hundredth part of the Mark. The German Empire now issues one and two Pfennige in copper, and five, ten, and twenty-five Pfennige in nickel. Pfundner, or Zwolfer. A silver Grosch- en of the value of twelve Kreuiier, struck by Ferdinand I (1521-1564) for Tyrol, Carinthia, and Styria. It was copied by William de Bronckhorst of Batenbourg, (1556-1573), and by Michael Apafi for Transylvania. Phai. See Pai. Phan. The Annamese name for the Chi- nese Fen (q.v.). It is a weight and so intended when used on the coins. Phenyng. See Halard. Phetang. The name given in India to a bag of gold dust which is current for eight Rupees. Cunningham (p. 7) thinks that the name is "a survival of the Rig Veda name of Pindan, or collected quan- tities of gold dust." See Suvarna. Philippe. A popular name for the Ecu of Louis Philippe of France. Philippeioi. See Philippi. Philippi ($tXt7:xeiOt). Gold coins of Macedonia, which derive their name from having been issued by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. [178] Philippus Piastre They are frequently mentioned by an- cient writers, and Livy relates (Lib. xliv. c. 15) that in the year of Rome 583 (B.C. 169) ambassadors from Pamphylia brought an offering of a crown of gold for the tem- ple of Jupiter, wrought from twenty thou- sand Philippi. Later this term came to be applied to Roman Imperial coins as well. Philippus. A type of the gold Florin struck by Philip the Good (1430-1467) for Brabant. This coin was issued in 1435 and must not be confused with the Filips G-ul- den, a later gold coin (q.v.). The Philipf)us was of the Rijder type with a figure of the Duke on horseback. See v.d. Chijs (p. 150). Philippus Daalder, also called Filips- daalder. A silver coin of crown size struck by Philip II of Spain for Brabant, Flanders, and the various provinces of the Low Countries. It received its name from the large bust of the king on the obverse, and appeared about 1557, but the type was retained for many years, even after the Netherlands had become independent of Spain. Originally it was issued at the value of one half of the gold Reaal, or thirty Stui- vers ; later many divisions were made, con- sisting of one half, one fifth, one tenth, one twentieth, and one fortieth. This coin is sometimes referred to as the Ducaton (q.v.). Philistideion (iptXiattSetov v6[j.iCT[jLa), men- tioned by Hesychius, refers undoubtedly to the handsome sixteen Litra silver coins of Hiero II of Sj'racuse, bearing the por- trait of his queen Philistis. Phocaides (.), and termed Mohar by the people of Nepal. Nag-tang, or black Tang-Ka, a name given to the Nepalese coinage of Ranjit Malla Deva, bearing the Newar date 842, or 1722. Cho-tang, or "cutting Tang-Ka." A Nepalese coin since the Gorkha conquest, not struck for currency in Tibet, but gen- erally current. Conf. Walsh, Coinage of Tibet, in Memoirs Asiatic Society of Ben- gal, 1907 (ii.), and Wood, in American Journal of Numismatics, 1912. For ex- tensive historical references concerning the name, see R. C. Temple in The Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 235-244). Tankah. A standard in both gold and silver, of about one hundred and seventy- four grains in each metal, introduced by the kings of Dehli. The Tankah was di- vided into sixty-four parts, each called a Kani, and equal to four Falus. On the copper coins of Jahangir, the son of Akbar, are to be found the words BAWANi and EAij, both meaning "current coin," and corresponding in weight with the Tankah. Valentine (p. 162) de- [230] Tanner Temple Money scribes a piece of four Tankahs struck by Akbar for Kabul A.H. 996. The piece of fifty Kani (Fonrobert, No. 2917) was known as Adli. Tanner. A slang name for an English Sixpence. The word may be a corruption of Danaro, or from the Gypsy tano, mean- ing little, the coin being a small one when compared with the Shilling. Dickens uses the term in Martin Chuzzlewit (xxxvii.). Tanuma Go Momme Gin. A Japan- ese silver coin, valued at five Momme, is- sued in 1765, of rectangular shape. It is said that the metal used was from con- fiscated silver ornaments of the Japanese ladies. Tao, Tao Ch'ien, Tao Pi. See Knife Money. Tare. A small silver coin of northern Malabar, and probably struck at Calicut. It was equal to half of the Paisa. See Elliot (pp. 57-58). In some districts it is known as the Vis or Viz, and, while the value varied slight- ly, it was computed at one sixteenth of the Panam, wherever the latter coin was current. Tarelares. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1442 in which this denomination occurs as a money of Brabant. Targa. An early billon or base silver coin of the Duchy of Bretagne, of the value of two Deniers. It is mentioned in an ordinance of 1459, issued by Count Francis II. Tarin, or Taro (plural Tari). In Malta this appears as a silver coin early in- the sixteenth century, with the value of a fifth of a Ducato (q.v.). A copper issue occurs under Giovanni de la Vallette (1557-1568). Both series had various mul- tiples, some of them as high as thirty. In Naples and Sicily the same values were retained up to 1818, when the Sici- lian Taro was equivalent to half of the Neapolitan one. Tarja. An early Castilian copper coin, of about the value of one fourth of a Real. The name means a variety of shield, and this figure occurs on the coins. Tartaron, from the Greek lexapT-opov {q.v.), is a term applied in late Roman times to a bronze piece. See Du Cange, Dissert, de infer, aevi nuniism. [ Tartemorion, or Tetartemorion. The one fourth of the Obol and the one twenty- fourth of the Drachm. Aristotle mentions this as the smallest silver coin. It is known to have been struck at Athens, Colo- phon, Aegina, Elis, Tegea, Argos, and Sicyon. Tasdan. See Teastun. Tassuj. A Khwarizm coin, the one quarter of a Danik, and one twenty-fourth of a Dinar, or of a Dirhem. It was equal to two Habbehs in relation to the Dirhem ; or three Habbehs in relation to the Dinar. It varies with the Danik. See Danik. Tauf Thaler. An expression frequently found in German catalogues, and applied to coins having a representation of the baptism in the river Jordan, as referred to in St. Matthew (iii.), St. Mark (i.), etc. Tawil. See Toweelah. Tayell. A former money of account at Atjeh. See Mas. Tchen. See Chien. Tchu. See Chu. Tea as currency. See Brick Tea. Teastun. Dinneen, Irish-English Dic- tionary, 1904, has : ' ' Teastun, Teastuin. A fourpenny piece, fourpence. Ital. Tes- tone. English, Tester. Scotch Gaelic, Tas- dan, a Shilling." Teding Penny, or Tething Penny. An obsolete form of Tithing Penny {q.v.). Temin Budschu. See Budschu. Temmin. See Timmin. Temple Coins. The Drachms or Hemi- Drachms issued from the temple at Didy- ma are so called. They were of the same types as those of the coins of Miletus, and appear to be a special Milesian issue meant for religious purposes. See Hill (pp. 80- 81). Temple Money. A name given to a series of Chinese medals, dating from the time of the Sung djmasty (A.D. 960- 1127), and specially of the period of Tsing- Kang, A.D. 1126. These medals were employed at cere- monies in honor of the god Kuei-Sing, who forms a part of the constellation of Ursus Major. Conf. Kainz, Die sogenann- ten Ghinesischen Tempelmilnzen, 1895, and see also Kangtang. 237] Tempo Testone Tempo. An oblong bronze coin of Japan, first made in 1835, and of the value of one hundred Mon or Sen. Its price at first was thirty to a Ryo of former coin, this probably representing one thousand Mon, so that its actual value on this com- putation would be one to thirty-three and one third. Prom 1854 to 1859 this coin depreciated to sixty to the Ryo, and in the year 1860 to a hundred. It has now fallen to one hundred and twenty-five to the Yen, which is one to eight Mon. See Munro (pp. 148-151). Many Japanese coins and fanciful pieces of oval form are known as Tempo shaped. Tempo Koban. See Koban. Tenan, Temun, or Toumon. The name given to the one eighth Talari piece of Abyssinia. See Ber. Tenar. A gold coin of Armenia, corre- sponding to the Dinar (q.v.). The name appears to be applied to such pieces as have native inscriptions, the coins struck by the Georgians, Arabs, etc., receiving the name of Solidus or Byzant. See Lang- lois (passim). Tenga. The name of certain silver coins of the various Muhammadan States of Cen- tral Asia. The Tenga of Bokhara is worth about ten cents. See Denga. Tenner. A popular name for the ten Pound note of the Bank of England. Thomas Hughes, in Tom Brown at Oxford, 1861 (xix.), says, "No money?" "Not much; perhaps a tenner." Tercia Apuliensis. The one third of the Apuliense {'q.v.). It is also called the Tercia Ducalis, its value being one third of the Ducato d'Argento. Terlina. A billon coin struck by Louis XII of France for Asti, between 1498 and 1513. See Hoffmann (64-75). Tern. A gold coin, struck by the Counts of Barcelona during the eleventh century, and valued at one third of the Mancuso d'Oro, or one twelfth of the Quaterne iq.v.). The name is probably a corrup- tion of Dinar, which appears to be con- firmed by the fact that these coins have both Arabic and Latin inscriptions. Temar, or Temarius. The name usual- ly applied in the coinage of Poland to a piece representing a triple Denarius, or Pfennig. It was introduced by Sigismund [ 2 as III in the latter part of the sixteenth cen- tury, and copied for Posen, Lobsenz, Dan- zig, etc. Temariae formae, or triple Aurei. A gold coin, said by Lampridius, Sev.' Alex. (39), to have been issued by Elagabalus. Temiones. The name for the triple Au- rei. Specimens are known of Commodus and Gallienus. Territorial Gold. The name given to certain gold coins issued by the Oregon Exchange Company in 1849; the Mormon coinage in Utah struck from 1 849 to 1860 ; and the gold coins issued by three private firms in Colorado during the years 1860 and 1861. See Private Gold Coins. Teruncia. A small Roman copper coin, or perhaps a inoney of account. See Li- bella. The same name is also given to the Quadrans (q.v.). Terzarola. A gold coin of Genoa, is- sued under the first Doge, Simon Boccane- gra (1339-1344). It was equal to one third of the G«novino. The same name is given to a billon coin of Milan, introduced by the Visconti, in the fourteenth century, and equal to one third of the Danaro. Tesserae. A name given to certain pieces in the Roman series, the use of which has not been satisfactorily deter- mined. They exist in both bronze and lead, and usually have a figure or portrait on one side and a numeral of value on the reverse. It is generally supposed that, they- were employed as temporary substi- tutes for money, such as for admission to the ancient games, theatres, etc. Tester. See Testoon. Teston. Prom the Italian testa, a head, and therefore, strictly speaking, any coin with a head upon it; the name seems to have been first applied to certain silver pieces of Louis XII of Prance, because they bore the head of that ruler, and thus identified the coinage as a national one. Its value in Prance was later made at one quarter of the Ecu. See Tostao. Testone. The Italian form of the Tes- ton. There are remarkably fine specimens struck for Milan during the Sforza dyn- asty (1450-1500). The Emperor, Charles V, issued it for Naples and Sicily as equal to two Carlini; and at Perrara, under Al- ] Testoon Thaler fonso II (1559-1597), it had a value of eighteen Paoli. It occurs for Mirandola, Savoy, Mantua, in the Papal series, and numerous other Italian states. . Testoon, or Tester. The English equiv- alent of the Teston. It was introduced in 1504, in the third coinage of Henry VII, and was valued at twelve Pence. The coin is noted as being the first English coin which has an actual portrait of the reign- ing sovereign. In 1543, under Henry VIII, Testoons were ordered to be struck, the silver in them being of a lower grade of fineness than had been previously employed. In 1548 they were called in by proclamation, all persons being forbidden to utter or re- ceive them in payment, but the holders of any such coins could take them to the mints and receive other current coins in exchange, at the rate of twelve Pence for every piece. The term Shilling soon sup- planted the expression Testoon; Shakes- peare uses Tester in The Merry Wives of Windsor. The Testoon first appeared in the Scot- tish coinage in 1553, but these pieces were struck in France by the mill and screw process. Their value was five Shillings. Testudo. The name given to such coins of Aegina as bear the figure of a tortoise. Tetarte, TSTaptt). The one fourth of -the gold Stater, a denomination which was seldom coined. Tetartemorion. A Greek silver coin of the value of one fourth of the Obol (q.v.). See Tartemorion. Tetarteron, lexapTripov. The one fourth of the Solidus, first coined by Nicephorus I, Emperor of the East. Tetrachalk, TeTpa}(aX/,ov. The quad- ruple Chalcus (q.v.). Specimens struck at Chios and by several of the Syrian kings are known. Tetradrachm, or Tetradrachmon, repre- sented the multiple of four Drachms (q.v.), and became the most widely circu- lated coin of the Greeks. Tetranommos, or piece of four Nommoi, is mentioned in a Delian inscription. Tetras, tsxpa;. The Triens of the Ro- mans, equal to one third of the Litra, and composed of four ounces, or Unciae. Bronze specimens of this denomination are known to have been struck at Agrigentum, Menaenum, Segesta, Syracuse, and Rhe- gium. Tetrassarion, xexpaaaapiov. A piece of four Asses (in other words, the Sester- tius), by Greek writers often called Nomos. It was coined extensively under the Roman Empire in the Greek cities until the reign of Claudius. Tetrastater, or quadruple Stater. When this is coined in gold, it is called the Octo- drachm and the Mnaieion (q.v.). Tetrobolon. A piece of four Oboli, coined at Athens and a few other cities. See Obol. Tettigia. The xe-^Tiyioi xToXE|j.at/.a /puaa of the Delphic inscriptions are erroneously supposed to designate certain gold coins, but in all probability they refer to some kind of gold ornament. See Babelon, Traite (i. 519-521). Thaler. The best known of all the coins of the European continent, and one which enjoyed an uninterrupted popularity for four centuries. The demand for a large silver coin was manifested in the latter part of the fifteenth century for trade and commercial purposes, due to the great quantity of silver which was being used in Europe. By an edict dated June 4, 1474, Duke Galeazzo Maria of Milan ordered the strik- ing of a silver coin of the value of one fourth of the Ducat. In 1477 Archduke Sigismund of Tyrol founded a mint at Hall (in the vicinity of the rich silver mines at Schwaz), from which mint were issued in 1484 the so-called Gulden- groschen (q.v.) of the value of one Gulden, and approximately of the size of the Tha- ler. These new, large, silver coins were rapidly copied, and a demand was created by the development of the silver mines in Tyrol and Bohemia. At the beginning of the sixteenth centurj^ the Emperor Maxi- milian issued Guldengroschen with a bust portrait and five armorial shields on the reverse, which were copied after the me- dallic Thaler of 1479, struck to commem- orate his marriage with Maria of Bur- gundy. Brandenburg copied the Thaler in 1521, and in 1525 appeared those of Count Stephan von Schlick in Joachims- thal in Bohemia, called Joachimsthaler, or Schlickthaler. As this term was no doubt [ 239] Thaler Thirteen-pence-half-penny found too lengthy, it was abbreviated into Thaler, a designation thereafter generally adopted. These were approximately of the size of the Guldengroschen, but of some- what inferior fineness, thus yielding a larger percentage of profit to those issuing them. This fact led to their adoption sooner or later by almost every country in Europe, with variations of the name, e.g., Daler, Tallero, etc. By an ordinance of 1551 the value of the Thaler was made equal to seventy-two Kreuzer, and that of the Guldenthaler, a smaller coin, sixty Kreuzer. In 1566 the Thaler was made the legal imperial silver coin and reduced to a value of sixty-six Kreuzer in Austria and southern Germany, but in north Germany it was divided into Groschen. The latter varied according to the weight and fineness of the Thaler, and consequently there exist Thaler of twenty, twenty-one, twenty-four, twenty-five, thir- ty, thirty-two, thirty-six, and even forty- eight Groschen. This led to the general practice of applying a certain number of Groschen to make up the equivalent of a Thaler, called a Zahlthaler, and this coin suffered in proportion to the fineness or debasement of its component parts. Those Thaler, however, which adhered to the legal standard were distinguished from the Zahlthaler by the name of Spe- ciesthaler (q.v.). These were accepted throughout Germany on a regular fixed basis, and in consequence they were valued at anywhere from two to ten times of the Zahlthaler. The Speciesthaler, by an or- dinance of 1623, received the name of Reichsthaler and was made equal to ninety Kreuzer, or one and one half Gulden in southern Germany, and twenty-four Gros- chen in the northern portions. The Vienna Monetary Conference of 1857 designated the Thaler to be equal to one and one half Austrian Gulden, or one and three quarter Gulden of the South German States. Af- ter the unification of the German States into an empire a gold standard was adopted in 1873 and the Thaler was given a legal tender value of three Marks. In 1907 the Thaler was made subsidiary. There are large coins issued as multi- ples of the Thaler as high as sixteen Spe- ciesthaler {see Loserthaler), and divisions of two thirds, one third, one half, one sixth, one twelfth, one twenty-fourth, one eighty-fourth, the latter for the See of Wiirzburg, and one one hundred and ninety-second issued for Liibeck in 1706. Theler. See Judenpfennige. Thetri. In the Georgian coinage this word is the equivalent of Albus, or Weiss- pfennig. Two hundred Thetri were equal to ten Kopecks, or one Abaze. Thibronian Money, 6i^p(OVetov v6iJ,((r[j.a. Its mention by Photius has caused con- siderable discussion among the learned. Babelon, Traite (i. 474-478) gives a resume of the controversy, and finally designates certain Ephesian gold coins as probably representing this famous coinage, said to have been struck by the Spartan general Thibron. Thick 'un, and Thin 'un, are slang English terms used respectively for the Sovereign and Crown and the correspond- ing halves. Percy Clarke, in his work The New Chum in Australia (p. 143), has the following: "If he feel that it were better for him to quaff the flowing bowl, and he has a drought within him, and a friend or a thick 'un to stand by him, he is a . . . fool to refuse." Thien. The Annamese word for Ch'ien {q.v.y Thin 'un. See Thick 'un. Third Guinea. An English gold coin issued from 1797 to 1813 inclusive. See Guinea. Thirteener. A name formerly current in Ireland for the English silver Shilling, the same being worth thirteen Pence of the Irish copper currency. Lover, Handy Andy (xiv.) says: "With a bold thirteen in the treasury;" and Thomas Crofton Croker, in his Legends of the Lakes (308), speaks of "golden guineas and lily-white thirteens. " Captain Marryat, in his nove\,The King's Own (xxi.), has the following: "He says that it's two thirteens that must be paid for it. . . . Have you two shillings ? ' ' Thirteen-pence-half-penny. This sum was formerly known as "the hangman's wages," it being the fee given to the exe- cutioner at Tyburn. The name was given to the Scotch Merk, which after the union of England and Scotland was decreed to be current at 13% pence. [240] Thistle Crown Tical It is referred to by Defoe, in his novel, Colonel Jack, 1722, who mentions "A pa- per of old thirteen-pence-half -penny pieces, half and quarter pieces, with ninepences, and four-pence-halfpennies, all crooked money, Scotch and Irish coin." Thistle Crown. An English gold coin struck only in the reign of James I pur- suant to a proclamation of October 20, 1604. Its original value was four Shil- lings, which was raised one tenth, or to four Shillings and four and three quarter Pence, in 1611. The union of the king- doms is referred to in the legend Tucatur unita Deus, i.e., "May God protect the united (Kingdoms)." This coin was dis- continued in 1612, the addition to its value making it extremely inconvenient for reckoning. It receives its name from the crowned thistle on one side. Thistle Dollar, also known as the Double-Merk, is a Scottish silver coin which appears only in the third coinage of James VI, i.e., from 1578 to 1580, in- clusive. It bears a thistle with large leaves between the letters i.e. Its weight is three hundred and forty-three and one half grains, and it contains eleven parts of fine silver to one part of alloy. Thistle Merk. A silver coin of Scot- land, issued in the eighth coinage of James VI, and bearing the dates 1601 to 1604, in- clusive. The obverse has a thistle crowned, and its weight is one hundred and five grains. The half, quarter, and one eighth Merk were struck during the same period. Thistle Noble. A gold coin of Scotland, of the weight of one hundred and eighteen grains, and of a value of £7 6s. 8d., which obtains its name from the thistle on the side of the ship. The obverse has the following inscription : iacobvs . 6 . dei . GRATIA . REX . scoTORUM . and a ship with flags bearing respectively 1 and 6 at the bow and stern, with a Scottish shield crowned over the side, and a thistle-head in the waves. This piece occurs only in the fourth coinage of James VI, i.e., in 1588, and the dies were engraved Ijy Thomas Foulis. Thousander. See Miliarensis. Three Crowns Money. A name given to a variety of the Groats, half Groats, Pennies, half Pence, and Farthings, issued by Edward IV for Ireland, on account of the peculiar reverse, which bears three crowns, one above the other, with the in- scription DOMINVS HIBERNIE. Three Farthings. These silver coins were first struck by Henry VIII for Ire- land, but in the English series they were not issued until 1561 and discontinued in 1582. They have never since been coined. Three Halfpence. These were issued simultaneously with the preceding, and also abandoned in 1582. They were re- vived under William IV for circulation in the West Indies and Ceylon, but discon- tinued in the last-named island in 1870, when an issue of Cents was adopted. See Quattie. Threepence. This English silver coin first appeared in 1552 in the reign of Ed- ward VI and was discontinued in 1684. They were authorized for general cur- rency in 1845, and also formed part of the Maundy Money. From 1834 they were struck for various colonies, especially Mal- ta, Mauritius, Ceylon, Sierra Leone, and the West Indies. Henry VIII issued a Threepence for Ireland with the inscription civitas dvb- LiNiB ; this coin was, however, struck in London. Thrymsa. An Anglo-Saxon money of account and assumed to correspond to the Tremissis. In Mercia the Thrymsa was equal to three Pence, and the Continental Saxons had one Shilling of two Thrymsas and another variety of three. The name is probably derived from the Anglo-Saxon word dri, i.e., three. See Ending (i. 114). Thiiringer Groschen. The name given to a series of silver coins issued by the Margraves Balthasar and Frederick of Meissen early in the fifteenth century. In- stead of the design with the lion, as on the Fiirstengroschen (q.v.), they bear the Thuringian helmet. Tiao. A string of Chinese Cash, con- sisting in the various provinces from one hundred to one thousand of the coins, and supposed to be the equivalent of the Tael. See Kuan, and Ch'uan. Tical, or Bat. The unit of the silver coinage of Siam. It was originally in a spherical form, commonly known as Bullet [241] Tien Tin Money, and based on weight, but this type was superseded in 1861 by ordinary coins made at Birmingham in England. The Siamese series ranges as follows : 2 Lott or Salots = 1 Att, equivalent to one- slxty-fourtli Tlcal. 2 Atts — 1 Pal or Phal, egulvalent to one-thirty- second Tlcal. 2 Pals = 1 Song Pal or Sik, equivalent to one six- teenth Tlcal. 2 Song Pals = 1 Fuang, equivalent to one eighth Tlcal. 2 Fuangs = 1 Salung or Mayon, equivalent to one quarter Tlcal. 2 Salungs = 1 Song Salung, equivalent to one half Tlcal. 2 Song Salungs = 1 Tlcal or Bat. 2 Tlcals = 1 Song Bat or Kroung Tamlung, equiv- alent to 2 Ticals. 2 Song Bats = 1 Tamlung or SI Bat (Tael), equiv- alent to 4 Tlcals. 20 Tamlungs = 1 Catty or Chang, equivalent to 80 Tlcals. In 1868 a mint was established at Bang- kok, and multiples of the Tical in gold were introduced. The silver Tical weighs fifteen and thir- ty-sixth one hundredths grammes, or two hundred and thirty-seven grains troy. The Tical is also counterstamped in vari- ous ways for use in Burma. Hunter, in his Accoimt of Pegu, says : ' ' The principal money of this country is silver, which is not coined, but paid by weight. The smallest denomination is the tycal; one hundred tycals make one viss ; and these are used in weighing goods as well as money. ' ' Conf. also, for an entensive account of the Tical, both as a weight and as a coin, R. C. Temple in the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. pp. 245, 253-256), and Schroeder (p. 587). Tien. The Annamese name for a string of sixty Cash. In 1878 the Tien was re- duced to fifty. A string of six hundred Cash is called a Quan Tien. Tientje. A name given to the gold ten Gulden piece of the Netherlands. Tiercelin, or Tiercele. A coin of Hai- naut, of the value of five Deniers, and the third of the Plaisant {q.v.). See also Bugne. Tiers. A word used in numismatics to indicate the third part of any denomina- tion. There is consequently a Tiers d'Es- calin, Tiers de Lion d'Or, Tiers de Plaque, etc. Tiers de Sou d'Or, or Tiers de Sol. The name given to the gold Triens when [ 242 adopted by the nations of Western Europe. It is found in the Merovingian coinage, struck at Paris, Marseilles, Duurstede, Lyons, Viviers, etc., and of somewhat larger size, among the Visigoths of Spain from the sixth to the eighth century, with the mint marks of Cordova, Merida, Coim- bra, Tarragona, Seville, Toledo, etc. Tifiins. A nickname given to a series of tokens which, for a time, were very popu- lar in Canada as substitutes for the inade- quate legal copper currency. They derived their name from Joseph TifSn, a Montreal merchant, who imported them in large quantities from Birmingham, England, about 1825. There are several minor vari- eties and numerous imitations. Tilla. A gold coin of Kashgar in Turkestan, of Khwarizm, and of Afghanis- tan. Timbre de Valencia, or Casquete. The name given to a gold coin of twenty- four grammes, introduced by Alfonso V, King of Aragon (1416-1458), for Valencia. It varied from previous issues in having the bust of the king substituted for the helmeted shield (Scudo casque). There is a corresponding half known as medio Timbre de Valencia, or medio Casquete. See Engel and Serrure (iii. 1346). Timma. A pewter coin of Keda, Malay Peninsular, in the form of a cock on two or more rings. See Fonrobert (2255). Timmin, or Temmin. The name given in Turkey to the piece of five Sols or half Ecu, struck at Trevoux, Dombes, in Bur- gundy, in 1650. It bears the youthful portrait of Mile. Anna Maria Louisa d 'Or- leans, and was used as a jewel or decora- tion. The type was also extensively imitated in Italy under the name of the Luigino {q.v.). Conf. also Blanchet (i. 374). Timpf. See Tympf. Tin, it is stated, was used for coining purposes by Dionysius of Syracuse, but if the tradition is correct, all of these pieces have disappeared. Lenormant (i. 213) mentions a large hoard of tin Denarii of the time of Septimius Severus, found at Lyons, which appear to have been in- tended by the government for circulation in Gaul. ] Tin Tjugomarker This metal is also employed for obsidit onal issues, and Mailliet (i. 1-3) cites coins struck for Alkmar when that city was be- sieged by the Spaniards in 1573. Traders' tokens in England were occa- sionally made of tin, and a tin or pewter Farthing was struck in 1684, with the in- scription NVMMOBVM FAMVLVS, i.e., "the servant of the coinage," signifying that it is a substitute for the regular issues. These pieces have a small copper stud driven through the centre to render their imitation difficult. See Farthing. In France essays of twenty, ten, and five Francs in this metal were issued during the second republic of 1848 to 1850. Tin was also extensively used in the coinage of Java and Sumatra. See Pitje, and Chalmers (p. 381). Tin. A depreciating synonym for sil- ver, especially silver money, and which oc- curs in phrases such as "he has the tin," "pay the tin," etc. The name is said to have been first ap- plied to the small English silver coins of the eighteenth century which before their recall in 1817 were often worn entirely smooth and without traces of any inscrip- tions, etc., so as to resemble pieces of tin. Mrs. Gore, in Sketches of English Character, 1846 (6), says: "Many persons . . . remember the villanous old coinage of George III, the tin-like sixpences, which added a word to the slang dictionary. ' ' Ting. The former name for the silver ingots or shoes of China. The more mod- ern word is Pao {q.v.). The word Ting generally refers to the ingot weighing fifty Taels. Another name ' is Yin Ting. See Sycee. Tingle Dsoigle Money. See Bridge Money. Tinker. A Scotch and Irish dialect term for counterfeit bronze or copper coin. In Cruck-a-Leaghan, and Slieve Gallion, Lays and Legends of the North of Ireland, 1884 (p. 21), occur the following lines: "Sarchln' for goold^it was shurely a mock To flncT only ashes Inside av the pot, And divil a tinker among the wliole iot." See Kaird Turner {supra). Tinney. See Bazarucco. Tippelgroschen. A nickname given to a base silver coin struck by the Teutonic Order in Prussia during the war with Poland in 1520. It has two very distinct points or dots {Tiipfel) above the armorial .shield. Tir Federal. An inscription which ap- pears on Swiss shooting pieces of five Francs, issued for the cantons of Freiburg, Lausanne, etc. It corresponds to Schiitzen- thaler (q.v.). The Italian form. Tiro Fed- erale, occurs on the issues for Lugano. Tirolino. A silver coin of Bellinzona, issued early in the fifteenth century for the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unter- walden. The obverse has an eagle over a serpent, with the inscription -|- monbta — BELLizoNA. On the reverse is an eight- armed cross, four arms of which divide the inscription vei — svit — vnde — rval. This coin is frequently termed the Grosso Tirolino, but the expression Tirolino is used by some authorities to indicate a mezzo Grosso. The type was copied by the Fieschi family for Crevacuore during the sixteenth century. Tithing Penny. This is not an actual coin but the name given to a small duty formerly paid by manorial tenants to the lord, and also a payment made by lords of manors at the hundred court. Edward Phillips, in A New World of Words, or General Dictionary, 1706, has : "Teding-, Tething-, or Tithing-Penny, a Tax or Allowance formerly paid to the Sheriff from every Tithing, towards the Charge of Keeping Courts." Titolo. An Italian word used to ex- press the purity of the metal employed for coinage. See Forte. Tizzy, also written Tizzey, and Tissey. An English slang term for a Sixpence. The origin of the word is obscure, but it may be a corruption of Testoon (q.v.). The designation is found early in the nine- teenth century, and Bulwer employs it in The Caxtons (v. 1). Tjatiirvin^atimanam. See Krishnala. Tjentai. The name given to the gold coin of four Rupees, struck for Burma in 1866, i.e., with the date 1228. See Pon- robert (No. 2306). Tjugomarker. The Swedish equivalent for triple Thaler. It is usually applied to the large crown of Charles IX, struck in 1608 with the inscription iehovah * sola- 'TIVM * MEVM *. [243] Tobacco Toman Tobacco was used in many of the Brit- ish Colonies as a medium of exchange for currency. Oldmixon, in his British Em- pire in America, 1708, writing of Mary- land, says: "The Lord Proprietary had a Mint here, to coin Money, but it was never made much use of. . . . Tobacco is their Meat, Drink, Cloathing, and Money." Under the Antigua Act of November 20, 1644, "one thousand pound of good Mar- chan table tobacco in Role" was one of the- fines. In the Bermudas the "Martial Offi- cers at the Toune, " i.e., at St. George, were paid in tobacco in 1620, and later. See Chalmers (passim). Tobacco Note. See Inspection Note. Toghrali. Marsden states (i. 372) that this term "does not belong to a particular denomination, being applied to such pieces, whether of gold or silver, as are distin- guished by the toghra or royal cipher, and that of zingirli (from zingir, a chain) seems to be given only to those coins which have been pierced with a hole for the pur- pose of hanging them on a chain about the neck." Toghralu-Funduk. See Funduk. Toison. See Vlies. Tokens, or Pledges of Value, as they were sometimes called, appeared early in the fifteenth century, and Queen Elizabeth permitted municipal tokens to be struck by the cities of Bristol, Oxford, and Wor- cester. Erasmus mentions the plumhei Anrjliae, evidently referring to the leaden tokens issued in the time Of Henry VII. There were three periods in English his- tory when a large number of tokens were put into circulation, owing to the inade- quacy of the regal coinage. The first of these was from about 1601 until prohibited bj'^ a royal proclamation dated August 16, 1672, when a regal issue of copper half Pennies and Farthings was made. From 1787 to 1802 the copper coinage was again insufficient and a large quantity of tokens appeared. This series were originally de- scribed and numbered by the Rev. James Conder, and collectors consequently refer to them as the Conder Tokens. In 1811 a third and last series of English tokens ap- peared, and these continued until 1817 when an Act was passed which prohibited their manufacture and use, and persons who had issued any were obliged to redeem them by the end of the year. Among the earliest tokens issued in the United States are those struck in 1789 by Mott, an importer and dealer in silver- ware in New York City, and the ones dated 1794, of the firm of Talbot, Allum & Lee of the same place. The latter are some- times muled with English half Penny tokens of the same period. See also Copperheads, Hard Times To- kens, and Communion Tokens. Tola. An Indian weight, chieflj^ of gold or silver. The derivation is probably from the Sanscrit tuta, a balance, or tul, to weigh, to lift up. In 1833 a regulation was passed for al- tering the weight of the new Farru- khabad Rupee, and for assimilating it to the legal currency of the Madras and Bom- bay Presidencies, also for adjusting the weight of the Calcutta Sicca Rupee. The weight of the Farrukhabad Rupee was introduced as the unit of a general system of weights for government transac- tions throughout India under the native denomination of the Tola. The following scale was adopted: 8 Eattis = 1 Masha = 1.5 troy grains. 12 Mashas =: 1 Tola =: 180 troy grains. 80 Tolas (sicca weight) = 1 Seer or Sihr = 2% lbs. troy. 40 Seers = 1 Slun, or Bazar Maund = 100 lbs. troy. Tollero, or ToUore. Another form of writing Tallero (q.v.), but specially ap- plied in Tuscany to designate the Scudo issued by Ferdinand I de Medici and his successors for trading with the Levant. Toman. A gold coin of Persia, prob- ably introduced in the reign of Shah Ab- bas I (A.H. 996-1038 = 1587-1629). Its original value was ten thousand Dinars, the money of account (which must not be confused with the Arabian Dinar), and it was equal to fifty Abbasis. Under Mehemed Shah (A.H. 1250-1264 = 1834-1848 ) , a new system of coinage was introduced, and the equivalents were 1 Toman = 10 Kran. = 20 Penabad. --- 200 Shahi. = 10000 Dinar. This remained in force until the year 1875, when, under the Shah Nasr ed-din, the French monetary system, with the Kran as a basis, was adopted. At present there are [ 244] Tomin Tourelle multiples of two, five, and ten Tomans, and divisions of halves and quarters. Tomin. A word sometimes used for the Real in some of the South American coin- ages, but specifically applied to the one fifth Boliviano of Bolivia. See Fonrobert (9699). Tomino. Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1585 in which a coin of this name is mentioned as being current in the Spanish possessions. Francesco de Dino (cap. Ivii.) states that it was a piece of twelve Deniers used in Seville, and that it was valued at one sixteenth of the Castellano. Tondino, sometimes called Tondello. An Italian term signifying the disc of metal which is prepared for striking a coin. See Planchet. Tooled. Having the device or lettering on a coin or medal brought out in higher relief by means of a graver. Torellino. A variety of the Piccolo of Parma, issued under Republican rule (1260-1326), and copied by Guido of Cor- reggio (1341-1345). It received its name from the figure of a small ox on the coin, which design may have been adopted to commemorate the celebrated Torella da Strada, master of Parma circa 1220. Torentje. A silver coin of Louvain, of the value of half a G-root, struck by Wen- ceslaus and Johanna (1355-1405). A gold coin, known as the Gouden Tor- ens, was issued by Johanna pursuant to an ordinance of August 15, 1393. See v.d. Chijs (pp. 95, 107, 109, 111). The name of these coins appears to be derived from the doorways on the build- ing figured on the reverse. Tori Sumi Sen. See Bun Sen. Tomese (plural Tornesi). A base sil- ver and copper coin, common to many of the Italian states. It occurs in copper un- der Alfonso I of Aragon, King of the Two Sicilies (1442-1468). For Naples, many multiples exist, the largest being the ten Tornesi, issued from 1819 to about 1860. The name is .a modification of the Gros Tournois or Turnosgrdschen, though the style is entirely different. Its value was half of the Grano. See Ducato. Tomesello. . A copper coin of Venice, which appears to have been introduced about the period of Marino Falier (1354- [ 24 1355) and continued in use until the be- ginning of the sixteenth century. The type resembled that of the Soldino. Tomez. A Portuguese silver coin, which obtains its name from its resem- blance to the Gros Tournois. It appears to have been originally issued in the reign of Denis (1279-1325), and discontinued in the time of Fernando I (1367-1383). The half or Meio Tornez, struck by the latter monarch, was of billon. Tortoises. A familiar name for the coins of Aegina, which bear the tortoise, the symbol of Aphrodite, the patron god- dess of Aegina. The Greek name was Chelonai, XeXwvat. See Pollux (ix. 74). Tostao. A silver coin of Portugal, which appeared during the reign of John II (1481-1495), and was struck extensively at Lisbon and Porto. It had a value of one hundred Reis, and multiples exist. Under John V (1706-1750) its nominal value was eighty Reis, but this appears to have been only temporary. This is the coin frequently referred to as the Teston. Toston. A silver coin of Colombia, Bo- livia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, of the value of four Reales, or half a Peso. See Fonrobert (8218, 8259). Touch-piece. A gold coin, usually the Angel [q.v.), which was handed by a mon- arch to a patient suffering from the "king's evil," a form of scrofula. The coin was then hung around the neck of the afflicted person by a white ribbon. The practice probably had its origin in a belief in the power of kings to cure diseases, based on the miracle described in the gospel of St. Mark (i. 40-41). The Elder Pretender, Charles Edward Stuart, claimed the power of healing by touching, and so did his two sons, Charles and Henry, and some of all of these touch- pieces are still extant, those of the latter bearing the name of Henry IX. The practice of touching was repudiated by William III ; Queen Anne dispensed the royal gift at times, and George I aban- doned it. Toumon. See Tenan. Tourelle, meaning a small tower, is a name given to the half Gros of Johanna and Wenceslaus, struck for Louvain in Brabant, in the latter part of the four- 5] Tournay Groat Tresel teenth century. The coins have the figure of a tower upon them. Tournay Groat. See Gros Tournois. Toumois. A general name for any coin struck at Tours, but principally used in connection with the Gros Tournois {q.v.). Toweelah, or Tawil, meaning a ' ' long bit," is the name given to a variety of the Larin money, struck at Hasa, on the Arabian side of the Persian Gulf. See Allan, in Numismatic Chronicle (ser. iv. xii. 324). Town Pieces. The popular name for tokens issued by, or current in, a town, and which are not accepted in payment beyond the municipal limits. Toxotai, To^oTcti. The Greek popular name for the Daric. See Archer. Tra, or Trah. A pewter or tin coin of Keda in the Malay Peninsula. The usual types have either Malay or Arabic inscrip- tions. Conf. Fonrobert (2251-2254), and Millies (pi. xxii.). Beaulieu, in his Relation de divers Voy- ages Gurieux, etc., Paris, 1666 (ii. 83), states that (transl.) in writing of Keda, "they cast money somewhat of the mate- rial of French Sous, of a little better alloy, however, which they call Tras, thirty-two being worth a dollar. ' ' J. R. Logan, in the Journal of the In- dian Archipelago, 1851 (p. 58), says that in 1850 "the native Indian coin is called the Tra, a small round piece of tin, with a hole in the centre, of which 160 make a Tali, and eight Tali are worth a dollar." Trade Dollar. The name given to a sil- ver Dollar of four hundred and twenty grains, authorized by an Act of Congress, February 12, 1873, for the purpose of stimulating commerce with the Orient and to take the place of the Mexican silver Dollar. It was first struck in 1873 and discontinued in 1878, during which period approximately thirty-six million of these coins were issued. Proofs for collectors were issued by the mint as late as 1885 ; in the last named year only a few were struck. By an Act dated February 19, 1887, Congress provided that for six months thereafter all Trade Dollars presented to the Treasury should be exchanged for standard Dollars, and after that date they were worth only their metal value. The entire history of the Trade Dollar is treated in detail by Porter Garnett, in the American Economic Review (vii. 91). The Japanese also issued a Trade Dollar about the same time, known in Japanese as Boeki. See Munro (p. 213). Trah. See Tra. Traiaro, or Traiero. The Italian equiv- alent of the Dreier {g.v.). It is applied specially to coins of the value of three Carantani, but the mint of Mantua, in 1732, struck a coin of approximately half a Lira which received the same name. Tram. A silver coin of Armenia, the half of the Tahegan, and corresponding to the Dirhem. See Langlois (passim). Trambiyo. See Tambio. Tranche Cordonnee. A term used by French numismatists to indicate that the edge of a coin has a corded appearance. Trapezeta. An obsolete Italian term signifying a moneyer or mintmaster. Du Cange cites records of the tenth century where the word is used. Trsu-o. A billon coin of Venice, issued in the latter part of the eighteenth cen- tury. It had a value of five Soldi, and appears to be a variety of the Lirazza in its debased form. ' Tredesino, or Tredicina. Another name for the half Lira of Bologna, issued by Ercole I in- 1471 and later. It was usu- ally valued at three Bolognini. Tremissis. A gold coin of the Merovin- gians, dating back to the seventh century. It is practically of the same weight and value as the Byzantine Triens. It was copied at Beneventum, etc. In the Byzan- tine Empire it was only another name for the Triens or Trimisium (q.v.). Trentino. See Aquilino. Trepblcher. A silver coin of one and one half Groschen, struck in Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus and later for Riga, Elbing, etc. See Poltora. Tresel. A small" silver coin of the value of three Deniers, current in the Swiss can- tons of Freiburg, Waadt, etc. In the last mentioned locality it appeared under Guil- laume de Challant, Bishop of Lausanne (1406-1431). [ 246] Treseta Tripondius Treseta. A Spanish copper coin, issued in 1722 to 1724 for Majorca, with the value of three Doblers, i.e., six Dineros. The general type presents a bust portrait, with the value, 6, behind the head. Tresin. A billon coin, belonging to the Anglo-Gallic series and struck by Henry VI pursuant to an ordinance of June 4, 1423. It was ciirrent for three Deniers Tournois. Tressis. See Tripondius. Trial Pieces. See Essays. Trias. The fourth part of the Litra, corresponding to the Roman Quadrans. It was struck in silver at Syracuse, and in bronze at most of the Sicilian mints. Tribute Money, or the money of atone- ment referred to in Exodus (xxx. 13, and xxxviii. 26), was equal to half a Shekel. The Tribute Penny, mentioned in the gos- pel of St. Matthew (xxii. 19), was the Ro- man Denarius. Tricephalus. Another name for the Soli- dus of Heraclius, Emperor of the East (613-641), which has three heads upon it. Trichalk, or triple Chalk, Tpt'^aXxov. A coin known to have been struck in Chios and by some of the Seleucid kings of Syria. TricoUybos. See Trikollybon. Tridrachm, or Triple Drachm. The xpi- Spa!^|j,ov of Pollux was rarely struck. Spe- cimens, however, are known of Cyme, Ala- banda, and Ephesus. Tridrachms. See Quadrigati. Triens. The third of the As. It bears on the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a galley. Pour bosses are on each side, in- dicative of its weight of four ounces. See Aes Grave. Triens. A gold coin in the Byzantine series, equal to one third of the Solidus. It was introduced in the reign of Valeri- anus (254-260). The Trientes were copied by the first Gothic Kings of Spain, and also by the Merovingians. See Tremissis. Trihemiobolion. A piece of one and one half Oboli. See Obol. Specimens are known of Athens, Corinth, Leucas, Tegea, and Cranium. Trihemitartemorion. Another form of the Trihemitetartemorion. Trihemitetartemorion. A Greek silver coin of the value of three eighths of the Obol iq.v.). Specimens of Athens only are known. Trikollybon. A Greek copper coin, of the value of three fourths of the Chalcus (q.v.). At Athens it was equal to three Lepta. See Collybos. Trillina. A billon coin of Milan, of the value of one third of the Testone. It was introduced in the reign of Giovanni Maria Visconti (1402-1412), and was in use until the middle of the seventeenth century. The design on this coin, in the reign of Lodo- vico Maria Sforza (1494-1500), was made by Leonardo da Vinci during his stay at Milan. Trimisium, -cptiJ-iciov, also known as the Triens and the Tremissis, was the one third of the gold Solidus. It was very common under the later Roman and the first Byzan- tine Emperors. Trinacria. See Triquetra. Trino. A money of Perugia, issued in 1467 and after, and of the value of three Denari. These coins have the letter P as a distinguishing characteristic. Triobol, TptcopoXov, or the Hemidrachm, that is, a piece of three Obols, or half a Drachm. In gold it was struck at Carthage and by the Ptolemies of Egypt. In silver it was a very common coin, and was to be found in nearly every Greek series. Trionfo. A gold coin of Sicil}^ struck in 1490, by order of Ferdinand of Aragon, and which succeeded the gold Reale. It was computed at fourteen Tari of silver, and corresponding doubles, halves, and quarters were also issued. Under Charles VI it was revived in 1723, and bore the inscription triumphat on the reverse. Tripenon. Another name for the silver coin of thirty Oboli, struck for the Ionian Islands under English rule. See Obolos. Tripondius. A multiple of the Roman As after the first reduction. It bears on the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a galley and the sign m, i.e., three Asses. It is also known as Tressis. [247] Triquetra Tulabhara Kasu Triquetra. The name given to a type of coins on which there is a figure of three legs joined. "The design originated in Sic- ily, was called by the Greeks Trinacria from its triangular shape, and was copied in the Isle of Man. The motto on the latter coins is quocunque jesceris stabit. The name Trinacria was a popular one for the gold coin of two Oncie, struck by Ferdinand III, King of Sicily (1759-1825). It has the above-named symbol on the re- verse. Trite. The name given to the one third electrum Stater, which was struck in con- siderable numbers at Cyzicus, Phocaea, and Mytilene. Tritemorion, Tritetartetnorion, Tritete- tartemorion, meaning three Tartemorions (q.v.). A Greek silver coin, the three fourths of the Obol {q.v.). It was struck at Athens and many of the cities in the Peloponnesus. Tritetartemorion, TpiT'(]TapTr][j.6ptov. An other form of Tritemorion {q.v.). Trite tetartemorion, Tpn;r)TSTO!pTY][ji.6piov. The complete form of the term Tritemorion {q.v.). Triumph Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler. Trochiskos, Tpoxt'ay.oi;. Another name for Charon's Obol {q.v.). Trojack, or Troiack. A silver coin of Poland, of the value of three Grossi. It was struck under Sigismund III circa 1592, and continued under Johann Casi- mir. There were special issues for Riga. See Szelong. Tronetto. A silver coin of the Trentino, originally of the value of twelve Carantani but altered in 1813 to fourteen and a half. Trophy Money. Wharton, Law Lexi- con, 1864, states that this is "money for- merly collected and raised in London and the several counties of England, towards providing harness, and maintenance for the militia, etc." Troue (French). Pierced {q.v.). Trouvaille. An expression found in the works of French numismatists, and imply- ing a discovery, or "find" of coins. It corresponds to the German "Miinzfund. " Trussell. See Pile. Truth Dollar. See Wahrheitsthaler. Tschal. A very large copper coin, about fifty millimetres in diameter, issued for Kaffa by Shahin Girai of Krim (A.H. 1191-1197) before the annexation of the Crimea to Russia. See Valentine (p. 98). Tschech. See Tympf. Tschetwertak. A silver coin of Russia, of the value of twenty-five Kopecks, or one quarter Ruble. It was introduced by Peter I at the beginning of the eighteenth cen- tury, as part of his scheme for the reforma- tion of the coinage. In Poland it received the same value, and was struck in 1842 and later. Tscheu. See Chu. Tseh Ma. The Chinese name for Slip Weight Money. See Weight Money. Tsentez. The name given to a Turkish one twentieth Medjidie, or four Metalliks. Tsi. The name given to the pewter coins issued at Patha Loeng on the Malay Pen- insula. Tsien. See Ch'ien. Tsiuen. See Ch'uan. Tso. Sven Hedin, in his work Central Asia and Thibet, 1903 (ii. 433), states that the Tso is the current silver coin of Lhasa. Tso-tao. A variety of the Knife Money {q.v.) of the Emperor Wang Mang, and valued at five thousand Chien. Tsu Ho. The Japanese equivalent to the Chinese Tung Pao {q.v.). The circulating Sen is called the Tsuyo Sen in contradis- tinction to Shiken Sen, etc. {q.v.). Tughrali. See Toghrali. Tuin, or Tuyn. A silver double Groot, struck in Brabant at Maestricht in 1418- 1419, and copied in Holland. The obverse shows a lion sejant enclosed in a hedge, and from this the coin obtains its name. See v.d. Chijs (pp. 132, 137, 138). It is also known as the Lion a la Haie. Tukkuh. A general name in some parts of Hindustan for a small copper coin. In the principality of the Deccan in former days, "the money revenue of the country was paid in Tukkuhs, with many shells and little gold." Tulabhara Kasu, or Royal Weight To- ken. These coins are gold, of four sizes, made twice during the reign of each ruler of Travancore, when, according to ancient [248] Tumbling Tams Tysschen Thaler custom, the ruler presents his weight in gold to the Brahmans with elaborate cere- monies. Their metal value is worth from thirteen to two Shillings. Tumbling Tams. An English dialect term for the thick half Pennies of the reign of George III. John Gait, in The Last of the Lairds, 1826 (iv. 1) has the following: "I gave him a whole penny, twa new bawbees, gude weight, for it was then the days o' the tumbling Tams." Timg, or Tung Pao, meaning current or valuable coin. Tung Pao, Chung Pao, or Yuan Pao is found on nearly all Chinese coins. The Japanese equivalent is Tsu Ho. See Pao. Tung Pi. The Chinese words now com- monly used to designate copper money. Turchifarus. A former gold coin of the Eastern Empire. Du Cange cites a docu- ment of Michael Paleologus dated 1261, in which the term is used. Turner. A billon coin of Scotland, is- sued in 1614 after James VI had become King of England. It was of the value of two Pence. The word is a corruption of Tournois. The Turners of the third coinage of Charles I were so extensively counterfeited that a proclamation was issued by Charles II in 1661 against the forgeries. Tumey. A variety of base silver, cur- rent in Ireland at the beginning of the fourteenth century. The name is derived from it being an imitation of the Gros Tournois. In 1339 a writ was issued against the "Black Money called Tur- neys, ' ' but allowing it to pass current until other money should be provided for Ire- land. See Ruding (i. 212). Tumosgroschen. See Gros Tournois. Tutenag. An amalgam of copper, zinc, nickel, and iron, or of pewter and tin. It was extensively used in the early Indo- Portuguese coinage of Goa, etc. Tuttu. See Duddu. Tuyn. See Tuin. Tva. In Swedish an adjective, meaning two, and found in conjunction with desig- nations, e.g., Tvamarker, i.e., two Marks. Tweeblankspenning. See Penning. Twelvepenny Plack. See Non Sunt. Twelve Pound Piece. See Pistole. Twenty Pound Piece. The largest of all the gold coins of Scotland, struck by James VI in 1576. The motto on the reverse, paecere . SVBIBCTIS . & DEBELLARE . SVPERBOS, i.e., " To spare the humbled, and to crush the inso- lent," is taken from Virgil Aen. (vi. 853). Tycal. See Tical. Tympf, also called Timpf, from the name of the mintmaster, Andreas Tympf. A base silver Gulden of Poland, first issued in 1663. These coins were extensively struck under the Electors of Saxony as Kings of Poland, and also by the Electors of Brandenburg for Danzig, Konigsberg, and the Polish and Lithuanian provinces. They bear on one side a portrait of the ruler, and on the other the figure 18, i.e., eighteen Groschen. From this circum- stance they are sometimes referred to as Achtzehngroscher. In Russia, the same coin is also called Tschech, and here it was issued at the be- ginning of the eighteenth century, of the value of twelve Kopecks. There is a half Tympf of the same period. Type. In Greek : et^wv, tuto?, y^apav.irjp, aippaYii;, e7ci(j-r)iJ.ov, i:c(paaT)|xov, v.o\).]ia, ■ko(1\>.uarantano Soldo Trellino • Ungaro Vitalino Pares Nesiaca Drachma Pergamos Cistophorus Perigord Heliens Petragordin Pernambuco Pataoa Perpignan Douzain Patard Sannar Sol-sanar Sueldo Persia (Ancient) Adarkonim Archer Danake Daric Hemidanake Mina Sagittarii Satrapal Coins Siglos Toxotai 300 GEOfiKAPIIICAL INDEX Persia (Modern) Phocis Abbasi Phokikoi Bisti Phoenicia Cherassi Octadrachm Dangh Piacenza Dinar Baiochetto Dftb Banderuola Hazardinar Buttala Kasbegi Murajola Kran Piedmont 1 Larin Bacca Mahmfidi Baiotta Mildinar Bianchetto Miscal Gigliato Nadiri Moriziotti Penabad Mozzi Pul Petizza Punsad-Dinar Scaggia Rijjal Piombino i Eupi Grazia Sahebqiran Pisa 1 ! Senar Francescone i Shahi Grazia Sherify Grossone Sisad-Dinar Poictiers Poitevin Toman Poland Peru Beicblingscher Thaler Dinero Bracata ! Libra Brandthaler Peseta Brummer Peso Cosel Gulden Sol Courant Toston Czvorak i Perugia Dalar 1 Biancone Dreigroscher 1 Madonnina i Dvoiak Paolino ; Groz Trino Kronenthaler Pesaro Krucier ^ Sedicina K-wartnik Philippine Islands Orty Cent Peter's Pence Conant Polonaise Milesimo P61tora Peso Phocaea Portugaloser Schmetterlings Thaler • Hect^ Sexagina League Coinage Solidus ' Phocaides Szelag 1 Trite Szelong 1 Poland (continued) Ternar Trojack Tschetwertak Tympf Zamoscia Zloty Pommerania Bugslaver Gnadenpfennig Heller Hohlpfennlge Okelpenning Scherf Vinkenauge Witten Pondichery Biche Cache Duddu Fanam Pagoda Royalin Populonia Gorgoneion Porbandar Kori Porto Barbuda Ceitil C him f ram Cruzado Grave Pilarte Tostao Porto Novo Porto iN'ovo Pagoda Porto Rico Cent Chavo Portugal AfEonso de Ouro Aparas Barbuda Branca Moeda Bravuda Ceitil Chimfram Cinquinho Concei9ao CorOa (JEOOKAPIIK'AI. JNDEX Portugal (continued) Portuguese India (continued) Prussia (continued) C'or6a de Prata Pataca Sechsgroscher Cotrim Pequenino Sechgling Crusade Porto Novo Pagoda Silbergroschen Cruzadinho Roda Skoter Cruzado Kupia Souveranitatsthaler Cruzado Calvario Sandr-Kasu Tippelgroschen Diiiheiro San Felipe Tysschen Thaler Dobra San Joao Zopf Dukat Dobra Gentil Santo Thoni^ Zwei Drittel Engenhoso Serafin Zvrolfgroscher Equipaga Tanga Pskof Escudo Tutenag Denga Espadini Vintem Grivna Esphera Xeraphin Quedlinburg Forte Zeraphin Abbey-Pieces Grave Prague Pfennig Grosso Affionsim Bohmen Ragusa Indio Eulendukaten Artilucco Joannes Judenmedaillen Capuciae Joe Piefort Ducato Juste Prenzlau FoUaro Leal Viercheu ■ Libertina Lisbonino Priene Mezzanino Macuta League Coinage Perpero Mansel Provence Ragusino Mealha Dardenne Soldo Milreis Franc k Pied Vislino Moidore Guillemin Ratisbon Morabitino Magdalon (See Regensburg) Morisca Patard Ravenna Pataca Pataco Provins Provinois Asprione Bronzo Peca Prussia Siliqua Pilarte Achtehalber Ravensburg Portuguez Dreigroscher Matthiasgroschen Quartinho Dreipolker Reckheim Eeal Portuguez Driittainer Gigot San Vicente Diitchen Regensburg Soberano Fledermaus Linsen Dukaten Tornez Friedrichsdor Regensburger Tostao Gute Groschen Reggio Vintem Hausgroschen Biancone Portuguese India Heymannchen Colonibina Abacis Kammerherrenthaler Rennes Abraemos Kiirassier Thaler Douzain Atia Laubthaler Rethel Bazarucco Levant Dollar Denier d'Or Esphera Ordensthaler Reunion Islands Pardao Sechser Caron 301 302 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Reuss Kippermiinzen Reval Ferding Rundstiicke Rhegium Pentoncion Tetras Rhodes (Ancient) Alliance Coins Rodioti Rhodes (Modern) Asper Joanninus Riga Artig Denarius Xovus Argenteus Donario Donativ Fiinfer Schilling Liibsk Trepolcher Trojack Rio Escudo Peca Rio Grande do Sul Balastraca Roermond Peerdeke Rogoredo RoUbatzen Rome (Ancient) Aes Aes Grave Aes Signatum Antoninianus Argenteus As Assarius Assis Aurelianus Aureus Autonomous Coins Bes Bigati Brass Castoriati Centenariae Centenionalis Centussis Rome (Ancient: continued) Cingus Consecration Coins Consular Coins Contorniates Decargyrus Deconcion Decunx Decussis Dekanummion Denarius Deunx Dextans Dodrans Duodeciaere Dupondius Exagium Excoctum Follis Grand Bronze labus Lateres Latrones Legionary Coins Lenticular Coins Lepton Libella Litra Majorina Medallion Miliarensis Minutulus Moneta Xavis Xoumia Xummi Nummus Obryzum Octas Octussis Oncia Paduans Pecunia Pentoncion Philippi Plated Coins Pondo Potin Pustulatum Quadrans Rome (Ancient: continued) Quadrant Quadrigati Quadrilateral Pieces Quadrussis Quartarii Quarternariae Formae Quaternis Quinarius Quincunx Quincussis Quiniones Restitution Coins Scripulum Sembella Semis Semissis Semistertius Semuncia Senatorial Coins Senio Septunx Serrated Coins Sescunx Sestertius Sexcunx Sextans Siliqua Sitarion Solidus Spintriae Sportula Stagnate Stips Talent Tartaron Ternariae formae Terniones Teruncia Tesserae Tetras Tetrassarion Trias Triens Trimisiuni Tripondius Uncia Vicessis \^ictoriatus Votive Coins GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 303 Rome (Republic) Alberetto Provisiuo Sanpierino Rome (See Papal States) Ronciglione Madonnina Ronco Luigino Rostock Firleyoe Mont Rouen Ecu k la Couronne Roumania Banu Leii Parali Rovigo Bagattiiio Russia Altininck Altyu Andreas Ducat Beard Money Borodovaya Denga Denuschka Desjat Deneg Grivna lesimok Imperial Imperial Ducat Jaflmske Kopeck Leather Money Livonese Mustofska Novgorodka Para Piatak Piataltininck Poldenga Polpoltin Poltina Poluschka Pul Ruble Serinkie Skins of Animals Ssojuznyia Tschetwertak Sabbioneta Cavallotto Sachsen (See Saxony) Saint Andre Ecu ii la Croisette St. Eustatius Bit St. Gallen Angster Bar Pfennige Blaffert Gallus Pfennig Hiiller Lammpfennig Oertli St. Helena Venetian St. Jean d'Acre Saracenato Salemabad Purnya Salerno Follaro Salzburg Frignacco Fiinfer Riibener Schinderling Zwanziger Samos Alliance Coins League Coinage San Marino Centesimo Lira San Severino Baiocco Madonnina Santa F^ de Bogota Colombiano Condor Doblado Grenadino Santo Domingo Decime Escalin Sol aux Balances Sarawak Cent Sardinia (See Savoy) Sarmatia Fish Money Safer Fyrk Savoy (Sardinia) Amedeo d'Oro Annunciata Bacca Bagni Bianchetto Cagliaresco Cagliarese Carlino Cervia Cornuto Dicciottino Doppia Ducato d'Argento Ducaton Pert Filiberto Filippone Forte Frazione Minute Novini Obolino Ottene Patacchina Picaillon Pite Poillevillain Quadrupla Rolino Rovetti San Carlo San Mauricio Siseni Spadino Testone Zecchino Saxony Achtbrtiderthaler Achtelthaler Adelheidsdenare Annenpfennig August d'Or Ausbeutemiinzen Beichtthaler Beutgroschen 304 GEOGRAPIIUML INI)P:X Saxony (continued) Catechisniusthaler Church Tokens Eintrachtsthaler Engelsgroschen Ephraimiten Groschen Horngroschen Hosenband Thaler Jubileums Thaler Klappmiitzenthaler Locumtenensthaler Lowenpfennige Magister Thaler iSTapgen Heller Oertchen Polonaise Pramienthaler Pyramiden Thaler Rautengroschen Schlafrock Thaler Schmalkaldischer Bundes- thaler Schwertgroschen Seligkeitsthaler Seufzer Silbergroschen Sophiendukat Spitzgroschen Spruchthaler Talar Vikariats Thaler Weihnachts Thaler Zinsgroschen S chaff hausen Angster Bocksthaler Schleswig Holstein Witten Schneeberg Zinsgroschen Schwarzburg Bettlerthaler Wild em an nsthale r Schwyz Angster Frank Oertli Rossler Tirolino Scio Caratto Scotland Achesoun Atkinson Bawbee Black Earthing Bodle Bonnet Piece Borage Groat Cochrane Placks Communion Tokens Crookie Cruickston Dollars Demy- Doit Dollar Ducat Ecu d'Or Gray Groat Groat Hape Hard Heads Hat Piece Kaird Turner Lion Lorraines Maggy Robb Merk Moneta Farthing Noble Xon Sunt Penny Pile Pistole Plack Pringle Rider Byal Saint ^Vndrew Sheep Silver Shilling Spurred Groat Steenie Sterling Stickamstam Sword and Sceptre Piece Sword Dollar Testoon Thirteen-pence-half-peuny Scotland (continued) Thistle Dollar Thistle Merk Thistle Noble Turner Twenty Pound Piece Unicorn Weng White Geordie White Money White Shining Wig Yellow Boy Yellow Geordie Scutari Follaro Sebenico Bagattino Segesta Tetras Segovia Cinquantina Selangor Buaya Servia Dinar Milan d'Or Para Seville Agnus Dei Dobla Xoveno Real Tiers de Sou d'Or Tomino Seychelles Cent Slam As'Sk Att Bat Bia Bullet Money Chang Dos Fuang Globular Coins Kabean Kroung Tamlung Lat Lott GEOGEAPHICAL INDEX 805 Siam (continued) Pai Pi Porcelain Coins Salung Satang Sik Solot Song Tamlung Tical Siberia Piatak Sicily Aguila de Ore Alfonsino Apuliense Armellino Augustalis Carlino Catanesi Cavallo Cinquina Coronato Dobla Ducat Ducato Ducato d'Argento Gigliato Grano Grossone Oncia Pereale Phoenix Piccolo Picureddu Ponti Publica Quadrupla Rom^sine Saluto d' Oro Scudo di Oro Sol Coronat Tarin Testone Tornese Trionf'f) Triquetra Zanetta S icy on Tartemorion Sidon Octadrachm Siena Grazia Libertini Parpagliola Sanese d'Oro Seneselli Sierra Leone Cent JSIacuta Threepence Zenibi Silesia Denier Fledermaus (iroschel Gutfreitagsgroschel Heller Kaisergroschen Pest Thaler Peter's Pence Rempel Heller Strohthaler Zinnenthurmheller Sinaloa Carasco Dollar Cuartilla Sit ten Messthaler Smyrna Homereus League Coinage Solms Hahnrei Thaler Solothurn Bertha Thaler Sombrerete Peso Vargas Dollar Somaliland Besa Soudan Bari-flri South Alrican Republic Pond Spain Acriniontana Agnus Dei Aguila de Oro Spain (continued) Alfonsino Alfonso Arbol Ardite Balastraca Blanca Blanco Bossonaya Calderilla Cara o Sella Carolus Dollar Castellano Catedra Caveria Centimo Cinquantina Colonato Cornado Coronilla Croat Cross Dollar Cut Dollar Denarius Osceusis Dinerillo Dinero Dobla Doblado Doblengo Dobler Doblon Sencillo Doubloon Ducaton Duriglio Duro Enrique Escudillo d'Oro Escudo Excelente Globe Dollar Grueso Isabella Isabellina .Taquesa Macquina Madridja JIaiorchiuo Malla Marabotin Maravedi 3Ub GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Spain (continued) Stettin Sweden (continued) Marc Ort Criutz Maria AVitten Daler Meaia . Stockholm De Gortz Daler Medio Plate Money Donario Mencalis Polleten ! Donativ Menudo Ring Money Femtia Millarfes Eundstiicke Perding Moneda Provisional Stolberg Franc Morisca Eintrachtsthaler Fransida Xoveno Hirschguldeu Fyrk Ochavo Straits Settlements I Gyllen Ochota i Cent Kanna Drick Onza Dollar Kopparplatmyrit Parruccone Stralsund Koppar Slantar P^pion Diitchen Krone Peseta Firleyoe Mont Krongyllen Peso Schilling Liibsk Mark Piastre Vierling Minnespanning Piece of Eight Witten Xotdaler Pistareen Strasburg Assis Omnibuses Pistole Ore Baetzner Quart Batzen 1 Ort Quaterne Constantin d'Or Pengar Real Decime Kometenthaler Plat Eealito Plate Money Eeaux Kreuzer Polleten Eesellado Ortelin Semissis Styria Pfundner Riksdaler Sancheti Ring Money Seisino Rundstiicke SisoD Salvator Thaler Sueldo Skilling Zweier Tamano Sumatra Skrufthaler Tarja Cash Slant Tern Kou Slantar Tiers de Sou d'Or Mas Styfer Timbre de Valencia Pitje Sookoo Tjugomarker Totnino Trepolcher Treseta Surat Tva Triens Bad am Witten Unetos Eaal Lakria Switzerland Vellon Waal An^ster Ventein Svappavara Argenton Spalato Plate Money ! Assis Bagattino Sweden Bar Pfennige Sparta Adolfs d'or Baetzner Obeliskoi Atsida Batzen Pelanor Banco Bertha Thaler Stade Carolin Blaffert Schilling Liibsk Creutz Bluzger GBOGEAPHICAL INDEX 'Ml Switzerland (continued) Bocksthaler Brabeon Bundesthaler Centime Communion Tokens Dicken Duplone Ecu Pistolet Ewiger Pfennig Franc Franchi Frank Funfer Gallus Pfennig Genevoise Gessnerthaler Gluckhennen Thaler Gringalet Haller Hochmuths Thaler Huitain Julier Kelchthaler Krahenplappart Lammpfennig Laubthaler Lausannais Messthaler Michaels Gulden Miinz Gulden Oertli Parpagliola Piecette Pignatelle Pistole Pistole Forte Plancus Thaler Quart Eappen Rathausthaler Bossier Kollbatzen Schnabelthaler Schiitzen Thaler S^sen Spagiirli Tir Federal Tirolino Trdsel Zehner Sybaris Tibet (continued) Incuse Coins Chhi-Ke Syracuse Coral Apollina Dung-tang Demareteion Fen Hemilitrion Gormo Pegasi Kar-ma-nga Philistideion Kha-Kaiig Tetras Khap-chhe Trias Mehnder-Malie Syria Salt Alexandrine Coinage Sho-Kang Octadrachm Ta-mig-ma Satrapal Coins Tang-Ka Serrated Coins Tso Tetrachalk Yak-mig-ma Trichalk Tierra del Fuego Tabriz . Gramo Saheb'qiran Tivoli Tarascon - Baiocco Magdalon Madonnina M^reau Togoland Tarentum Stone Money Incuse Coins Toledo Litra Agnus Dei Tarragona Blanca Escudo Tiers de Sou d'Or Dobla Tassarolo Enrique Luigino P^pion Ottavo Tiers de Sou d'Or Ungaro Torriglia Taxila Luigino Purana Tortona Tegea Ziato Tartemorion Toul Trihemiobolion Spadin Tenos Tournay Nesiaca Drachma Abbey-Pieces Teos 1 Abenge League Coinage Albertin Terceira Anglo-Gallic Coins Maluco Tliorn Abbey-Pieces Angelot Ecu .'i la Couronne Gros Blanque au Lis Jeton Brandthaler Tours Thurium Groat Dinomos \ Gros Tournois Tibet Maille Ang-tuk Monnaies Angevines Brick Tea 1 Tournois 308 GEOGEAPIIIf'AT- INDEX Tranquebar Fanam Kas Royalin Transylvania Duariua Groschel Kreuzer Pfundner Poltura Portugaloser Travancore Anandaramen Cash Chakram Duddu Fanani Kasu Panani Kasi Tulabharu Kasu Varahan Trebizond Asper Trentino Tronetto Treviso Aquilino Trevoux Luigino M^reaux Trier Albus Convention Mone}' Fettmannchen Petermannchen Raderalbus Scbiisselpfennige Siliqua Trinidad Stampee Tripoli Adlea Adli Besblik Bouhamstash Bousebbatasb Boutleteen Funduk Griniellin Onlik Tunis Akcheh Asper Besblik Bourbe Ikilik Kbarub Turin Amedeo d'Oro Beato Amedeo Chiappe di Forte GroUa Marengo Picaillon Turkestan Miscal Pung Sar Tilla Yamba Turkey (See Ottoman Empire) Tuscany Dena Leopoldino Leopoldo Palanca Paolo Parpagliola Pisistbaler Tollero Tuy Barbuda Twer Pul Tyre Pieces of Silver Shekel Tyrol Berner Dick Thaler Fiinfzehner Kreuzer Pfundner Sechser Thaler Vierer Zwainziger Zweier Tyrus Michieletta [ Ueberlingen Katzengulden Ulm Handelheller Regiments Thaler United States Annapolis Coinage Bar Cent Bit Bland Dollar Blue Backs Blue William Bone I Booby Head Boston Money Brasher Doubloon I Bryan Medals Buck Bungtowns Buzzard Cartwheel Cash Castorland Token Cent Chain Cent [ Chalmers' Tokens Clover Cent Columbian Half Dollar Comet Cent Communion Tokens Confederate Half Dollar Connecticut Cents Continental Dollar Copper Copperheads Demand Xotes Dime Disme Dog Dollars Dollar Dough Dust Eagle Eagle Cent Encased Stamps Fillet Head Finif Fip Fractional Currency Franklin Cent GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 309 United States (continued) Fugio Cent Gobrecht Dollar Good Samaratin Shilling Granby Coppers Greenbacks Hard Times Tokens Higley Coppers Immune Columbia Indian Head Cent Inspection Note Isabella Quarter Jitney Kentucky Cent Lafayette Dollar Legal Tender Notes Lesher Eeferendum Dollar Levy Lincoln Cent Lord Baltimore Pieces Louisiana Cent Manouvrier Note Massachusetts Cent Mazuma Medio Mill Mutton Head Cent Myddelton Token New England Shilling New Jersey Cents Nickel Nova Constellatio Oak Tree Coins Oblongs Pelf Picayune Pine Tree Coins Pitt Token Plunk Postage Currency Postal Currency Private Gold Coins Quarter Rag Money Bed Red Money Referendum Dollar Rhino Roanoake Sawbuck United States (continued) Venezuela Seed Bolivar Sharp-Shin Centimo Shin Plaster Cuartino Silly Head Macquina Simoleon Peso Slug Venice Spondulix , Asper Sprinkle Dollar Aureola Stella Bagattino Sutlers' Checks Besante Territorial Gold Bezzo Tokens Bezzone Trade Dollar Bianco V Carantano Vermont Cents Carzia Wild Cat Money Cavallina William Cenoglego Wreath Cent Centesimo Unterwalden Convention Money Riissler Copoludi Tirolino Danaro Urbino Denaretto Armellino Doppia Barile Ducatello Sedicina Ducato d'Argento Uri Galeazzo Pistole Gazzetta R().ssler Ginocchiello Tirolino Giustina Uruguay Grossetto C'entesimo Grossone Doblon Gulden Peso Utrecht Leather Money Leone Bezemstuiver Lira Christus Gulden Lirazza Davidstuiver Liretta Grootken Lirona Leg Dollar Marcello Oord Marchetto Postulatsgulden Scheepjeschelling Matapan Mezzanine Snaphaan Michieletta Statendaalder Mocehigo Statenschelling Osella Valencia Arbol Palanca Dinerillo Petizza Sison Picciolo Timbre de Valencia Quartarolo 310 GEOGTtAPHICAL INDEX Venice (continued) Quattrino Salt iScudo della Croce Scudo di Oro Sesino Soldino Soldo Soldone Sovrano Tallero Tornesello Traro Zecchino Vercelli Beato Amedeo Verona Bagattino Gelso Mediatino Picciolo Quartarolo Vianen Angelot Vich Menudo Vienna Kasperle Viannare Wiener Pfennige Zweier Vijayanagari Ram a- tan ka Villa Franca Seisino Villalon Enrique Vilvoorden Gouden Lam Virneburg Cassiusgroschen Viterbo Madonnina Paparini Viviers Tiers de Sou d'Or Waadt Parpagliola Sesen Tr(5sel Waldeck Kronenthaler Wales Ceiniog Wallachia Denga Para Wernigerode Usualmark Westphalia Achter Bauern Thaler Frank Hieronymus d'Or Kassenmannohen Mariengroschen Pfennig Vierling Wewelinghofer Windward Islands Crimbal Decaen Piastre Pond Wismar Firleyoe Mont Witten Wiirttemberg Handelheller HeUer Hirschgulden Karolin ■Weihemiinzen Wiirzburg Losungs-Dukat Thaler Yanaon Dflb Yap Pel Stone iloney Zacatecas Peso Zamosc Zloty Zante Gazzetta Zanzibar Levant Dollar Paisa Rial Zara Bagattino Leone Liretta Zeeland Escalin Hoedjesschelling Leijcesterdaalder Oord Scheepjeschelling Snaphaan Stooter Zug Angster Haller Zurich Abbey-Pieces Angster Gessnerthaler Hochmuthsthaler Kelchthaler KrahenpJappart Rathausthaler Schnabelthaler Zutphen Peerdeke Zwickau Horngroschen Lowenpfennige Zinsgroschen ZwoUe Butgen Plabbe Gehelmdeschelling Gosseler Peerdeke Stichtsche Stuiver PAPEB jrONEY INDEX 311 PAPER MONEY INDEX Appoints Fiver Oblongs Assignat Flimsy Paper Bankje Flying Money Postage Currency Bank Note Fractional Currency Sao Blue Backs Good Fors Sawbuck Blue William Greenbacks Sehim Caime I-Iansatsu Shin Plaster Card Money Hayaki Sutlers' Checks Ch'ao Inspection Note y Chih Pi Joe Vales Continental Currency Kiao-tze Wen Coupure Kinsatsu Wild Cat Money Demand Notes Lappen William Femtia Legal Tender Notes Yin Kwan Fiat Money Manouvrier Note Yuan Pao