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HI8T0EICAL SKETCH 
 
 OP 
 
 SALEM. 
 
 16 2 6. 
 
 1879 
 
 UK'R'NJDABIE 
 
 CIIAS. S. OSGOOD AKD H. M. BATCHELDBR. 
 
 SALEM: 
 
 ESSEX INSTITUTE. 
 
 1879. 
 
A -to 7xi 
 
 dopgtfsSft, 1879, 
 
 By CHAS. S. OSGOOD and H. M. BATCHELDEE. 
 
 ■WEIGHT & POTTER FEINTING COMPANY, 79 MILK STREET, BOSTON. 
 
Eo tilt Mtmoti^ 
 
 or 
 
 EDWARD AUGUSTUS HOLYOKE, M.D., LL.D., 
 AND HIS ASSOCIATES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 OKGANIZATION OF THE ESSEX HISTOEICAL SOCIETY, 
 
 i;|)ts Folume 
 
 IS GRATEFULLT INSCRIBED. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 That there is no elaborate and exhaustive history of Salem seenas 
 strange, when we see the accumulated material that lies ready to take 
 shape and form under the hand of the master. It is not because there 
 have been none among her citizens competent to perform the arduous 
 and responsible task, for the published portion of her history relating 
 to the witchcraft delusion, shows what the same hand might have 
 wrought in the wider field. Let us hope, that ere long some chron- 
 icler may be found, whose love for the old city may induce him to 
 devote the years necessary to prepare a thorough and complete 
 narrative, and, while giving us a standard history, make for himself 
 a lasting monument. 
 
 The future historian will find in the two editions of Felt's "Annals 
 of Salem" a valuable collection of facts and dates relating to the 
 history of the city from its first settlement to about the year 1845, 
 and the publications of the Essex Institute, which are especially 
 devoted to the preservation of documents, memoirs, and facts having 
 reference to such history, will be of invaluable assistance to him in 
 his labors. 
 
 The sketch contained in this volume presents the salient points in 
 the city's history, and brings that history down connectedly to the 
 present day. The facts are gleaned from authentic sources, and many 
 of them are stated for the first time in these pages. While this little 
 volume does not claim to present more than an outline of the events 
 connected with the history of Salem, yet it is believed that the reader 
 will find much herein of interest, and will gain a good general knowl- 
 edo'e of the subjects treated of in the various chapters. 
 
vi Preface. 
 
 The essentially new feature in this sketch is the chapter devoted to 
 commerce. No attempt has heretofore been made to present a con- 
 nected account of this most brilliant episode in the history of Salem. 
 Probably no port in this country can point to such a wonderful record. 
 The houses of Salem to-day are full of unique and curious articles 
 gathered in former years from all quarters of the globe, and the stories 
 of the daring and venturesome voyages of the early mariners, are still 
 repeated as family traditions in many of her households. In the prepa- 
 ration of this chapter, liberal use has been made of the original records 
 of the custom-house, which contain a complete list of all vessels and 
 their cargoes entered at Salem since 1789, and reference has also been 
 had to the files of contemporaneous newspapers. 
 
 Thanks are due to many friends for advice and assistance, especially 
 to Dr. Henry Wheatland, for general information and valuable aid, 
 and to Augustus D. Small, Esq., for facts connected with the history 
 of the public schools. 
 
 The volume is presented to the public with the hope and in the belief 
 that it will meet, in a measure at least, the desire for a connected 
 sketch of the history of Salem brought down to the present time, and 
 will give a better insight into the interesting and remarkable story of 
 the city's progress, than can be gained from the pages of any other 
 single volume. 
 
 Salesi, May, 1879. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Historical Sketch of- Salem from the First Settlement to the time of the 
 
 Witchcraft Delusion, 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Sketch of the Witchcraft Delusion, with an account of the Trials and Execu- 
 tions, 21 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Sketch of Salem from the time of the Witchcraft Delusion to the Adoption of 
 
 a City Charter, . ' 38 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Sketch of Salem since the Adoption of a City Charter, .... .55 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 History of the Formation of the Churches of Salem, . . . .79 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Sketch of the Establishment of the Public Schools of Salem, . . .102 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 The Literary, Benevolent, and other Societies of Salem, 110 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Sketch of the Commercial History of Salem, with Biographical Notices of 
 
 Prominent Merchants, 126 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Sketch of the Manufacturing and Business Interests of Salem, .... 228 
 
viii Tahle of Contents. 
 
 Page 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Biographical Sketches of Some of the Noted Men of Salem, 239 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Short Sketches of Matters of Interest connected with the History of Salem, . 249 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 The Salem of To-day. — Her Place among the Cities of the Commonwealth, . 270 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 List of Illustrations, 273 
 
 CORRIGENDA 
 
 Wherever the words " St. Peter's Street " occur, read " St. Peter Street." 
 
 Page 59 — The Hon. David Roberts, ex-mayor, died in Salem March 19, 1879. 
 
 Page 63 — Charles S. Osgood, Esq., was appointed Register of Deeds for the south- 
 ern district of Essex County, March 31, 1879, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the 
 death of Ephraim Brown, Esq. He accepted the office April 1st, thereby vacating 
 the seat he then held as a Representative from Salem in the Massachusetts House 
 of Representatives. 
 
 Page 114 — six lines from top. This exhibition of antique relics was under the 
 auspices of the Ladies' Centennial Committee, and not of the Essex Institute, 
 though held in Hummer Hall. 
 
 Page iifi— twenty-one lines from top. For " 1877 " read " 1876." In the next 
 line, for " the following season " read " the two following seasons." 
 
 Page 141 — sixteen lines from top. For " May " read " June." 
 
 Page i45— eighteen lines from top. For " Gibant " read " Gibaut." Thirty- 
 three lines from top. For " were 115 " read " was 116." 
 
 Page 174 — twenty-eight lines from top. For " was eleven " read " were eleven.'' 
 In the next line, for " was 58 " read " were 58." 
 
 Page 270 — first line. For " the readers '! read " the reader." Nine lines from 
 top. For " the students " read " the student." 
 
SKETCH OF SALEM. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SALEM FROM THE FIRST SETTLEMENT TO THE 
 TIME OF THE WITCHCRAFT DELUSION. 
 
 The history of ajicient Salem forms one of the most interesting 
 chapters in the history of the settlement of this continent. The early 
 settlers came hither, not attracted by a mild and even climate, where 
 with little exertion the various products of the earth could be ob- 
 tained ; not as to a land flowing with milk and honey, and rich in all 
 those natural advantages that more favored climes offer to the so- 
 journers within their borders ; but with the knowledge that on the 
 bleak and rock-bound shores of their newly chosen home they must 
 endure hardship and privation and suffering, and a constant and 
 never-ceasing contest and strife for their very existence. Driven 
 from their home in England by religious persecution and oppression, 
 these sturdy and courageous men sought to establish iu a new world 
 a haven of refuge for themselves, and for all others who, led by a de- 
 sire to worship God according to the dictates of conscience, free from 
 religious bigotry and intolerance, might come to join them. No desire 
 to amass large fortunes, no expectation of a life of ease and comfort, 
 no dreams of conquest, or of political power and renown, brought the 
 founders of Salem across the ocean to establish on these shores the 
 germ of a new State and nation ; but, actuated by a nobler ambition, 
 impelled by an inborn love of liberty and freedom, undaunted by 
 perils and afflictions, and unflinching in the face of adversity, they 
 sought in a foreign clime that relief from persecution which was 
 denied them in their native land. Few communities can boast a 
 nobler origin as to the motives and character of their founders. 
 
2 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 Roger Conant, with his companions, came to Salem, then called 
 Naumkeag, in 1626. They had previously settled at Cape Ann, and 
 engaged in a planting, fishing, and trading enterprise, having re- 
 ceived a charter or indenture for that place under date of Jan, 1, 
 1623, old style, or Jan. 12, 1624, new style. The original indenture, 
 over the signature of Lord Sheffield, is now in the possession of the 
 Essex Institute. Being unsuccessful in their venture they removed 
 to Salem, and established here a plantation, receiving encouragement 
 from friends in England who took measures to secure a patent. 
 
 Among those who came with Conant were John Lyford, John Wood- 
 bury, John Balch, Peter Palfray, Richard Norman and son, William Al- 
 len, and Walter Knight. The Rev. John White, of Dorchester, a famous 
 Puritan divine, who was deeply interested in the settlement at Cape 
 Ann, hoping to secure there a retreat for such of his countrymen as 
 were subject to severe trials because, while adhering to the govern- 
 ment of the national church, they could not approve of what they 
 deemed its faults, and who "grieved in his spirit" when the Cape was 
 abandoned, wrote to Conant urging him and his associates not to 
 forsake Naumkeag, and encouraging them to expect a patent for their 
 better protection. Many of them, however, became discontented 
 with their new abode ; and it required much reasoning and persuasion 
 to prevent them from accompanying their pastor, Mr. Lyford, to 
 Virginia. Mr. Conant says, writing of the settlement of Naumkeag, 
 that "in the infancy thereof, it was in great hassard of being deserted. 
 I was a meanes, through grace assisting me, to stop the flight of those 
 few that then were heere with me, and that by my vtter deniall to goe 
 away with them who would have gone either for England or mostly 
 for Virginia, but thereupon stayed to the hassard of our lives." In 
 spite of discouragement and discontent among his companions, and 
 the fear of hostilities from the surrounding Indians, Conant and many 
 of his followers remained " the sentinels of Puritanism on the Bay of 
 Massachusetts." 
 
 An interest in this plantation having been aroused in England, it 
 was deemed best to send one of their number across the sea, to 
 explain their condition ; and for this purpose John Woodbury 
 was selected, and he went, and remained abroad some six months. 
 As a consequence of the newly awakened interest, and the applica- 
 tion of Mr. White for license and protection, a grant was obtained 
 
Early Settlement. 
 
 from the Council for New England, by a written document dated 
 March 19, 1628, new style, which conveyed the soil then denominated 
 Massachusetts Bay to Sir Henry Roswell, John Endicott, and others. 
 The bounds of the colony so granted were "between three miles to 
 the northward of Merrimac river and three miles to the southward of 
 Charles river, and in length within the described breadth from the 
 Atlantic ocean to the South sea." The grantees selected from among 
 their number John Endicott — "a man of dauntless courage; benev- 
 olent though austere ; firm though choleric ; of a rugged nature 
 which his stern principles of non conformity had not served to mel- 
 low " — as a " fit instrument to begin this wilderness work." He was 
 appointed governor of the plantation, Matthew Cradock being gov 
 ernor of the Massachusetts Company in London ; and in June, 1628, 
 he set sail for Salem in the "Abigail," accompanied by his wife and a 
 band of emigrants. They cast anchor in Salem harbor on the 6th of 
 September, O. S. Conant and his companions were gathered on the 
 shore to receive them, and the scene presented to the view of the 
 voyagers must have been striking and impressive. Uniting with those 
 already here, Endicott founded the oldest town in the Colony, soon 
 to be called Salem ; and extended some supervision over the waters 
 of Boston harbor, then called Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Until this time, the Massachusetts Company acted under the patent 
 from the Council for New England ; but this was a grant of property 
 in the soil, rather than an authority to establish municipal govern- 
 ment, and the company solicited, and on the 4th of March, 1629, 
 Charles I. put the broad seal of England to the letters-patent for 
 Massachusetts. This created a corporation under the name of the 
 "Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England," 
 and was the instrument under which the Colony of Massachusetts 
 continued to conduct its affairs for fifty-five years. 
 
 Among those named in this charter were Sir Plenry Roswell, John 
 Endicott, Richard Saltonstall, and Matthew Cradock. It gave power 
 to the freemen of the company to elect annually from their own num- 
 ber a governor, deputy, and eighteen assistants, on the last Wednes- 
 day of Easter term, who were to meet once a month or ofteuer, " for 
 dispatching such businesses as concerned the company or plantation." 
 Four times a year, the governor, assistants, and all the freemen, were 
 to be summoned to "one great, general, and solemn assembly," and 
 
SJcetcJi of Salem. 
 
 these "great and general courts" were invested with full powers to 
 choose and admit into the company so many as they should think fit 
 to elect, and constitute all requisite subordinate officers, and to make 
 laws and ordinances for the welfare of the company and for the gov- 
 ernment of the lands and inhabitants of the plantation, " so such laws 
 are not repugnant to the laws and statutes of the realm of England." 
 Matthew Cradock was the first home governor under this charter, and 
 John Endicott the governor of the plantation. A duplicate of the 
 charter was sent over to Endicott, and is now deposited in Plum- 
 mer Hall, in the keeping of the Salem Athenaeum, reposing in the 
 very settlement where it was once the Magna Charta on which the 
 council at Naumkeag made their laws and grounded their authority. 
 
 After the organization under the charter, the company made haste 
 to send over colonists, and six vessels were despatched, containing 
 eighty women, twenty-six children, and three hundred men, with "one 
 hundred and forty head of cattle." The company were careful to 
 make plentiful provision of "godly ministers." The Rev. Francis 
 Higginson and the Rev. Samuel Skelton came over among the pas- 
 sengers in the "Talbot," and reached Salem June 29, 1629. In Mr. 
 Higginson's journal, referring to their arrival, he says: "By God's 
 blessing we passed the curious and difficult entrance into the spacious 
 harbor of Naimkecke and as we passed alofig it was wonderful to 
 behold so many islands replenished with thick woods and high trees 
 and many fayre green pastures." In a letter written in 1629, by the 
 same hand, we. find, "that Naimkecke contained at that time about 
 half a score of houses built and a fayre house newly built for the 
 Governor," and that in all, about two hundred planters were settled 
 there. 
 
 After the arrival of Higginson, Gov. Endicott set apart the 20th 
 of July, 1629, "to be a solemn day of humiliation for the choyce of 
 a pastor and teacher at Salem." The vote was taken by each one's 
 writing in a note the name of his choice. Such is the origin of the 
 use of the ballot on this continent. Skelton was chosen pastor, and 
 Higginson teacher. Higginson lived but a short time after his ar- 
 rival. He left his native land hoping to gain health and strength in a 
 new country ; but his hopes were all in vain, and he died at the early 
 age of forty-three. He was greatly loved by his people, and his tal- 
 ents were of a high order. A primitive writer of New England de- 
 
Early Settlement. 
 
 scribes him as "a man indued with grace, apt to teach, mighty in the 
 Scriptures, learned in the Tongues, able to convince gainsayers." 
 
 All the freemen under the charter met in " Great and General 
 Court till 1634," when deputies became a part of the Legislature ; and 
 it was ordered that the whole body of freemen be excused from at- 
 tending the four annual General Courts, except that for election of 
 magistrates in May. This continued till 1663, when a vote passed 
 that the freemen should choose part of their number to assemble 
 at the court of election, and choose a governor and other magis- 
 trates. This latter change was so unpopular that it was repealed 
 the subsequent year. The people Avere apprehensive that they might 
 lose their political heritage, so jealous were they, even then, of any\, 
 encroachment on their political rights, which might be subversive of i 
 their liberty. The charter made provision for a common seal for the 
 company, and such a seal in silver was sent to Endicott in 1G29. The 
 Indian which is to-day a part of the seal of our Commonwealth, was 
 a principal figure on this colonial seal. 
 
 Shortly after Endicott's arrival at Salem, the colonists found them- 
 selves unprovided with suitable food and shelter, and sadly afflicted 
 with sickness. Being destitute of regular medical attendance, 
 word was sent to the Colony at Plymouth, and Dr. Samuel Ful- 
 ler was sent to Salem. The visit of Dr. Fuller was not without 
 results other than those which attended his ministrations to the needs 
 of the sick. He was the means of strengthening the friendship between 
 Gov. Bradford at Plymouth, and Gov. Endicott, and of interesting the 
 colonists at Salem in the congregational form of worship followed 
 by the people of Plymouth. The Massachusetts Company at London 
 was still attached to the Church of England, its liturgy and forms, 
 and gave no encouragement to Messrs. Higginson and Skelton, who 
 adopted the congregational discipline of Plymouth. Some of the 
 Salem colonists also clung to their old faith, and Messrs. John and 
 Samuel Brown wrote letters of complaint to the company at London, 
 whereupon they were charged by Gov. Endicott with factious conduct 
 and sent back to London. Upon their arrival they made complaint 
 of Endicott and his ministers, "concerning some rash innovations 
 begun and practiced in the civil and ecclesiastical government." 
 
 The difficulties arising from having the government of the planta- 
 tion in London now began to be apparent; find Gov. Cradock, at a 
 
G STcetcli of Salem. 
 
 meeting of the company proposed, "for weighty reasons to transfer 
 the Gouernment of the Plautacon to those that shall inhabit there, 
 and not to continue the same in subordination to the Company heere 
 as now it is." This matter was fully discussed at several meetings of 
 the company at London, until at the meeting of Aug. 29, 1629, it was 
 decided " by erecon of hands that the Gouernment and Pattent should 
 be settled in New England, and accordingly an order to be drawne 
 vpp." Having decided to transfer the government to New England, 
 Gov. Cradock resigned, and Messrs. John Winthrop, Richard Salton- 
 stiiU, Isaac Johnson, and John Humphrey were put in nomination for 
 the position, the first named being chosen " with full consent by erec- 
 cou of hands." 
 
 Winthrop was a man well fitted for the difiieult task in which he 
 was to engage. "An honest royalist, averse to pure democracy yet 
 firm in his regard for exis^ng popular liberties ; in his native parish a 
 conformist, yet wishing for 'gospel purity '; disinterested, bravd, and 
 conscientious, his character marks the transition of the reformatio!! 
 into virtual republicanism ; when the sentiment of loyalty which it was 
 intended to cherish, gradually yielded to the irresistible spirit of civic 
 freedom." Winthrop, with a company of emigrants, arrived in Salem 
 harbor, in the "Arbella," June 12, 1630, after a long and stormy pas- 
 sage, bringing with him the original charter, now deposited in the 
 State archives at Boston. 
 
 After the long vo3'age, the shores of their new home must have 
 been a welcome and attractive sight. Arriving in the month of 
 June, when all Nature is at her best, before the heat of summer 
 has scorched the foliage and robbed the fields of their freshness, 
 it was a fair and attractive landscape that greeted the eyes of 
 these weary and tempest-tossed travellers. Winthrop writes, that 
 "most of our people went on Sliore upon the land of Cape Ann, which 
 lay very near us, and gathered store of fine strawberries." But while 
 Nature had donned her choicest robes to welcome them, they were 
 doomed to disappointment at the unexpected condition in which they 
 found the colonists. More than eighty had died the winter before ; 
 that terror of our climate, consumption, had fastened upon Higcin- 
 son, and he was slowly wasting away ; others were weak and sick ; 
 and the corn and bread was scarcely sufficient for a fortnight's supply. 
 To add to Winthrop's distress, his son Henry, who arrived iti the 
 
The Commoners. 
 
 harbor of Salem July 1st, iu the ship "Talbot," was drowned while 
 crossing the North River to visit the Indian settlement of wigwams. 
 
 With Winthrop came Isaac Johnson, and his wife, the Lady Arbella 
 Johnson, a daughter of the Earl of Lincoln, who, with a woman's 
 dev6tion, left "a paradise of plenty and pleasure which she enjoyed 
 in the family of a noble Earldom" for this "wilderness of wants," 
 that she might accompany her husband in his voluntary exile. She 
 died within a month of her arrival, and was buried in Salem. 
 
 After remaining at Salem about a week, "Winthrop proceeded with a 
 party iu quest of some more attractive place^of settlement. He traced 
 Mystic River to its source, and, after an absence of three days, re- 
 turned to Salem to spend the Sabbath. When ten or eleven vessels 
 had arrived, the colonists kept the 8th of July as a day of thanks- 
 giving. Winthrop selected Charlestown as the seat of government, 
 and early in August, with much cost and labor, the removal was made 
 from Salem. Ten weeks after the landing, the first Court of Assistants 
 was held at Charlestown. 
 
 With the coming of Winthrop and the superscdure of Endicott, 
 Salem ceased to be the capital town; but the record of her people dur- 
 ing the first two years of the Colony will always remain as an example 
 of fortitude in the face of danger and suffering, and of a supreme 
 reliance on that overruling Power who guided their footsteps to this 
 trackless wilderness. Neither death nor danger nor disaster could 
 turn them from the path iu which conscience told them they 
 should walk ; and we of to-day do well to pause, and, turning back 
 the pages of history, contemplate the heroic virtues, the unflinch- 
 ing devotion to duty, the dauntless courage which endured through 
 sorrow and suffering and death, which will make the names of the 
 Puritan fathers of Salem respected so long as a free people shall enjoy 
 the blessings of civil and religious liberty, and so long as the printed 
 page shall endure to preserve the record of their acts. 
 
 The Commoners. — The territory of Salem was included in that held 
 by the corporation of the Massachusetts Company, under their patent. 
 Nearly all the early settlers were " freemen," and had an interest in the 
 common lands. We find in the earliest records the "freemen " of the 
 town exercising- the power of granting land to individuals. With 
 increasing population this method of holding the lands became un- 
 wieldy and cumbersome, and in 1713 the then owners of the com- 
 
8 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 mou lands under the province laws became organized into a quasi 
 corporation with the title of "commoners." In 1713 the "common- 
 ers" granted all the highways and burying-places and common lands 
 lying within the town bridge and block-houses, to remain forever for 
 the use of the town of Salem ; and the Common was then dedicated 
 forever as a " training field." In 1714 the "commoners," at a meeting 
 held at "ye meeting house of ye first parish in Salem," voted that 
 Winter Island be wholly reserved and granted for "ye use of ye 
 fishing," rights to use the same to be let by the selectmen of Salem ; 
 and the same year the Neck lands were granted and reserved to the 
 town of Salem jTor a pasture for "milch cows and riding horses," 
 the same to be fenced at the town's charge. 
 
 In 1722-23, Feb. 26, the grand committee of the commoners who 
 had charge of affairs reported the whole number of rights to be 1,132, 
 and the number of acres held 3,733. Several distinct proprietaries 
 were formed under an Act of the colonial Legislature ; and the com- 
 moners of the two lower parishes, having 790 rights and 2,500 acres 
 of land lying between Spring Pond and Forest River, organized them- 
 selves into a corporation. This organization continued till 1855, 
 when they were incorporated into the Great Pasture Company ; and 
 by that company the last of the common lands, about 400 acres in ex- 
 tent, are now held. 
 
 House-lots and Town-ways. — After the arrival of Gov. Endicott, 
 in 1628, the town was regularly laid out in house-lots; and the first 
 houses built in Salem appear to have been located in what is to-day 
 the most central part of the city. "Washington Street was the first 
 street, and was laid out four rods wide, connecting the two rivers and 
 the primitive highways which ran along their banks at the point where 
 they approach nearest together. A fort was enclosed between this 
 street on the east and North and Summer streets on the west, and 
 was built near the western corner of Sewall and Lynde streets, on the 
 highest land in that part of the town. The manner in which the 
 house-lots in the central part of the town were originally laid out 
 seems to indicate that the earliest settlement was made in the vicinity 
 of Elm Street and Washington Street, upon the South River. Be- 
 tween these streets the lots were small, irregular, and not in conform- 
 ity with the plan upon which the rest of the town was laid out. East 
 of these, all.along the South River to the Neck, house-lots were laid 
 
The Indians. 
 
 out running back from the river ; and along the North Eiver, west of 
 North Street, were larger house-lots, also running back from that 
 river. Essex Street was probably a way that came gradually into use 
 along the ends of these lots ; and, as they were all of the same depth 
 from the river, this street acquired, and has retained, the same curves 
 the river originally had. Among the earliest ways laid out iu Salem 
 was one along the shore eight feet wide, Essex Street, which, as just 
 stated, ran along the end of the water-lots, and Daniels, Elm and 
 Central streets, which probably led to promontories and town land- 
 ings. 
 
 The Indians. — Before proceeding further with our narration, let us 
 turn for a moment and consider the condition of the aboriginal inhab- 
 itants of this territory, found here on their arrival by the early settlers. 
 A "great and grevous plague" had, a few years previously, swept 
 away the larger portion of the Indian tribes living hereabouts, so that 
 but a small remnant were found inhabiting the region about Salem. 
 Tradition seems to point to an Indian settlement on the north side of 
 the North River, and to another on Marblehead shore. Indian remains 
 have been exhumed at the lower part of the city and on the Marble- 
 head side of the harbor, and it is related that, down to 1725, a com- 
 pany of Indians paid an annual visit to Salem and encamped on the 
 side of Gallows Hill. It is very likely that some, if not all of them, 
 were descendants of those who once occupied this territory. 
 
 In 1686 the inhabitants of Salem fearing that, by a possible forfeit- 
 ure of their charter, the land they held might be taken from them, 
 endeavored to provide for such a contingency by obtaining from the 
 Indians then residing around Salem, for the sum of £40, a deed of the 
 territory within the town limits. Such a deed was drawn and formally 
 executed on the eleventh day of October, 1686, and the original now 
 hangs on the walls of the city hall. 
 
 Town Government. — In 1635 the township of Salem comprehended 
 the present towns of Beverly, Danvers, Manchester, Marblehead, 
 Middleton, Pcabody, and a part of Topsfield, Wenham, and a part of 
 Jjynn. Marblehead was recognized as a distinct settlement in 1635, 
 and was incorporated in 1649. Wenham was incorporated in 1643 ; 
 Manchester in 1645; Topsfield in 1650; Beverly in 1668 ; and Dan- 
 vers, which then included the present town of Peabody, in 1757. 
 Salem cannot strictly be said to have been ever incorporated. Gov. 
 
10 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 Winthrop, on his arrival, Iq 1630, found it the only settlement or 
 town in the Colony, except, perhaps, Charlestown. It was recognized 
 as a town by the government of the Colony, and indeed it had been 
 established as such before the existence of any authority here supe- 
 rior to that of its own government. Upon the settlement of Boston 
 and other places, town governments sprang up and were gradually 
 moulde<l into the form in which they have continued until this time, 
 and which constitutes one of the peculiar institutions of New Engr 
 land. Their origin was not derived from the authority of the Gen- 
 eral Court, but, like that of all governments, was from the necessity 
 of the case. Their foundation was in the voluntary though tacit 
 compact of the proprietors and settlers of the different towns. 
 
 It 'was necessary that some form of town government should be 
 established, and as early as 1633 the inhabitants chose several of 
 their principal proprietors, then styled "Townsmen," and not till 
 some years afterwards " Selectmen," to whom were intrusted the 
 principal concerns of the town. These held regular meetings, at 
 which the important affairs of the town were transacted, and their 
 proceedings were afterwards brought before general or town meet- 
 ings for confirmation. The first records of the town of Salem bear 
 date, the "Book of Grants," Oct. 1, 1634, and the "Town Records," 
 Dec. 26, 1636, a portion of the record being in the handwriting 
 of Gov. Endicott. 
 
 Tow)i and Court Houses. — Town-meetings were held, prior to 
 1655, in the first meeting-house. 
 
 About 1677, a building for town purposes was erected in the 
 middle of "Washington Street, anciently called School Street, near 
 what is now Lynde Street and facing Essex Street. Its upper part 
 was fitted up for the accommodation of the court. In this building 
 the innocent victims of delusion charged with the crime of witchcraft 
 were tried, and here was anxiously agitated the question of submis- 
 sion to the Commissioners of Charles II. 
 
 In 1719, a building was erected, the lower story to be used for 
 town purposes and the upper for the courts. This building stood on 
 Washington Street, its northern wall nearly coinciding with the line 
 upon which stands the southern parapet of the Eastern Railroad tun- 
 nel. Here for nearly half a century the freeholders held their town- 
 meetings, and the selectmen consulted upon municipal affairs. In 
 
Town and Court Houses. 11 
 
 this building the session of the Provincial Congress was held October 
 5, 1774, which is referred to more at length hereafter. 
 
 In 1785, a building was erected for the joint use of the town and 
 county. It stood in the middle of Washington Street, its west side 
 facing the Tabernacle Church, and fronting Essex Street. The ex- 
 pense of its erection was divided between the town and county. 
 Town-meetings were held here until the erection of the town hall in 
 Derby Square in 1816, when the town sold its interest in the building 
 to the county, and it was thereafter used exclusively to accommodate 
 the courts and court records until the building of the Eastern Eail- 
 road tunnel, in 1839, compelled its removal. The present granite 
 court-house was thereupon erected in 1841 ; and twenty years there- 
 after, in 1861, the brick court-house was built, in which to-day all the 
 courts are held, save the probate court, which still holds its sessions in 
 the granite building. 
 
 In 1816, the town hall and market-house now standing on Derby 
 Square was built, and the lower part was opened as a market, Nov. 
 26, 1816. The town hall was first used on the occasion of President 
 Monroe's visit to Salem, July 8, 1817, and from that time until the 
 town was incorporated as a city it continued to be used for all town- 
 meetings. 
 
 Modes of Punisliment. — While speaking of the courts where sen- 
 tence was passed on the offender, it may be well to note the ancient in- 
 struments of punishment by which that sentence was carried into effect. 
 In 1638, Isaac Davis is paid for a pair of stocks, and in 1657, two 
 persons " undertake to make stocks sufficientlie and to sett vp the 
 whipping post." Both of these were formerly placed in Washington 
 Street, near Essex Street. The county court orders, Nov. 27, 1666, 
 that a cage shall be erected in Salem, in which to display wrong- 
 doers, and in 1715, Miles Ward is paid by the county for making a 
 pillory. It was erected in front of the court-house and near the 
 whipping-post. On Sept. 28, 1630, the Court of Assistants order 
 that two persons shall sit in the stocks here four hours for being 
 accessories in crime ; and June 14, 1631, Philip Ratclif is sentenced to 
 be whipped, have his ear cropped, and be banished for hard speeches 
 against Salem church as well as the government. On Dec. 4, 1638, 
 the Assistants order a resident of Salem to sit in the stocks, on lec- 
 ture day, for travelling on the Sabbath. 
 
12 8TcetcIi of Salem. 
 
 Mary Oliver seems to have given the magistrates mucli trouble, 
 lu January, 1642, she was presented for neglect of public worship. 
 In February, 1644, she was sentenced to be publicly whipped for re- 
 proaching the magistrates, and in August, 1646, she had a cleft stick 
 put on her tongue for half an hour, for slandering the elders. She 
 was finally banished from the town. On May 14, 1714, an inhabitant 
 of Salem is found guilty of passing counterfeit bills. He is sentenced 
 to the pillory, to have his ear cropped, to be imprisoned twelve 
 months, branded with F on his right cheek, and pay £30. The 
 pillory, stocks, and whipping-post ceased to be used as a means of 
 punishment in 1805 ; but it is still a question whether a certain class 
 of offenders, especially those guilty of wife-beating or cfuelty to 
 children, could not be more effectually punished at the whipping- 
 post than by our present sj'stem of punishment, 
 
 Salem Neck seems to have been the place for the execution of 
 criminals. Jan. 16, 1772, Bryan Sheehan was hanged there in the 
 presence of 12,000 people, the Rev. Mr. Diman preaching a sermon ; 
 and Dec. 21, 1786,. Isaac Coombs, an Indian, suffered the same fate, 
 his crime being the murder of his wife. Jan. 14, 1796, Henry Black- 
 burn, an Englishman, and a chimney-sweeper in town, was hanged 
 there for murder. In 1821, May 10, Stephen M. Clark, of Newbury- 
 port, aged seventeen, was hanged on Winter Island, for setting fire 
 to a stable, by which a dwelling-house was consumed. Since then 
 executions have taken place in the yard of the present jail on St. 
 Peter's Street. 
 
 Prisons. — For the confinement of prisoners, provision was made 
 June 30, 1668, for the building of a prison. It was located near the 
 south-western end of the first meeting-house ; and June 29, 1669, 
 Benjamin Felton was appointed its keeper. In 1684, a new prison was 
 built near the corner of Federal and St. Peter's streets, at the charge 
 of the county, on common land given by Salem. Its dimensions were 
 thirteen feet stud and twenty feet square. A curious custom pre- 
 vailed for a long time, of allowing the keeper of the prison the per- 
 quisites of selling liquor to his prisoners. The county, in 1813, 
 built the present stone jail which standi at the foot of St. Peter's 
 Street. 
 
 Almshouses. — While providing accommodation for criminals, the 
 town was also careful to provide for care of the poor; and, in 1698, 
 
Roger Williams. 13 
 
 authorized the selectmen to hire a house for their accommodation. 
 In 1719, a building was finished for their occupancy, located on the 
 site of the present State Normal School. This building was after- 
 wards enlarged, and, in 1750, overseers of the poor were for the first 
 time chosen. May 16, 1770, upon report made by Dr. E. A. Holyoke, 
 the town votes to build an almshouse and workhouse upon the north- 
 east part of the common, at a cost of £452 lawful money ; and in 1772, 
 upon the completion of the building, rules are adopted for the manage- 
 ment of the inmates. The rooms in the old almshouse were rented 
 by the town till 1807, when it was taken down to allow of the erection 
 of a registry office. On the 30th of November, 1816, the present 
 brick almshouse on the Neck was ready to receive the poor, and Paul 
 Upton was its first master. 
 
 Roger Williams. — In February, 1631, Eoger Williams arrived in 
 Boston, and a few weeks afterwards the First Church at Salem invited 
 him to succeed Higginson as their teacher. Mr. Williams, in the 
 short time he had been in Boston, had made himself obnoxious to the 
 government, and a letter was written from the Court to Mr. Eudicott 
 to this effect, "that whereas Mr. Williams had refused to join with the 
 congregation at Boston because they would not make public declara- 
 tion of their repentance for having communion with the churches of 
 England while they lived there, therefore they marvelled they would 
 choose him without advising with the Council." The Salem church, 
 however, chose Williams their teacher, despite the remonstrance. 
 He remained there but a short time, when he went to Plymouth, and 
 became assistant to the pastor of the church there. He was invited 
 back to Salem, and returned ; but was not immediately called to the 
 clerical office. When it was proposed to appoint him to the place 
 lately vacated by the death of Mr. Skeltou, the Massachusetts magis- 
 trates interfered, but he was, nevertheless, installed. The magistrates 
 soon found additional cause for complaint ; and when Salem applied 
 to them for a grant of land, they replied that "because they had 
 chosen Mr. Williams for their teacher and so offered contempt to the 
 magistrates their petition was refused." The next General Court un- 
 seated the deputies from Salem, till their constituents should apologize 
 for having "exceedingly reproached and vilified the magistrates and 
 churches," and adopted the following resolution : — 
 
 "Whereas Mr. Koger Williams one of the elders of the church of 
 
14 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 Salem hath broached and divulged divers new and dangerous opinions 
 against the authority of magistrates as also writ letters of defamation 
 both of the magistrates and churches here, and that before any con- 
 viction and yet maintaineth the same without retraction, it is there- 
 fore ordered that the said Mr. Williams shall depart out of this juris- 
 diction within six weeks now next ensuing ; which if he neglect to 
 perform it shall be lawful for the Governor and two of the magistrates 
 to send him to some place out of this jurisdiction not to return any 
 more without license from the Court." 
 
 The six weeks was extended to the next spring ; but, in the mean- 
 time, the magistrates, thinking he was better out of the country, sent 
 a vessel from Boston to take him to England. Williams, hearing 
 of this, left Salem three days before the vessel's arrival, and made 
 that memorable journey in midwinter through the deep snows of a 
 New England forest, guided only by a rude compass through the 
 pathless wilderness. This compass is preserved at Providence, 
 among a people who look back with a just pride upon the history of 
 this remarkable man, whose daring and heroism well fitted him to be 
 the founder of a new State, The house in which he lived while in 
 Salem is still standing, on the north-western corner of Essex and 
 North streets. 
 
 John Endicott charged with Assault. — The methods of communica- 
 tion in these early days were rude and primitive, and journeys were 
 made, whenever practicable, by water. In April, 1631, John Endi- 
 cott, then one of the Court of Assistants under Gov. Winthrop, Avas 
 charged with an assault upon Thomas Dexter, and being found guilty 
 was fined 10s. In reference to this mattei%, Mr. Endicott writes to 
 Gov. Winthrop a quaintly worded letter, which shows that human 
 nature has not changed much since our early days, although it would 
 be thought strange if one of our present governors should be found 
 guilty of an assault, even under the provocation so naively stated in 
 Endicott's letter, which is dated at Salem, April 12, 1631, and which 
 proceeds as follows : — 
 
 Eight Worshipfui, — I did expect to have been with you in person at the Court 
 and to that end I put to sea yesterday and was driven hack again, the wind beinff 
 stiff against us. And there being no canoe or boat at Saugus, I must have been con- 
 strained to go to Mystic and thence about to Charlestown, which at that time durst 
 not be so bold, my body being at this present in an ill condition to wade or take cold 
 
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Jolin Endicott. 15 
 
 and therefore I desire you to pardon me. The eel pots you sent for are made ; -n'hich I 
 had in my boat, hoping to have brought them with me. I caused him to make but two 
 for the present ; if you like them and his prices (for he worketh for himself), you shall 
 hare as many as you desire. He sells them for is. a piece. Sii-, I desired the rather to 
 be at Court, because I hear I am much complained of by goodman Dexter for striking 
 him. I acknowledge I was too rash in striking him, understanding since it is not lawful 
 for a justice of the peace to strike. But if you had seen the manner of his carriage with 
 such daring of me with his arms akimbo, &c., it would have provoked a very patient j 
 man. But I will write no more of it, but leave it till we speak before face to face. 
 Only thus far further that he hath given out if I had a purse he would make me empty 
 it ; and if he cannot have justice here he will do wonders in England, aud if he cannot 
 prevail there he will try it out with me here at blows. Sir, I desire that you will take 
 all into consideration. If it were lawful to try it at blows, and he a fit man for me 
 to deal with, you should not hear me complain ; but I hope the Lord hath brought me 
 off from that course. I thought good further to write what my judgment is for the 
 dismissing the court till corn be set. It will hinder us that are far off exceedingly, aud 
 not further you there. Men's labour is precious here in corn setting time, the Planta- 
 tions being yet so weak. I will be with you, the Lord assisting me, as soon as conve- 
 niently I can. In the meanwhile I commit you to his protection and safeguard, that 
 never fails his children, and rest 
 
 Your unfeigned and loving friend to command, 
 
 Jo. Ekxiicott. 
 
 Cutting out the Red Cross. — A few years later, March 4, 1635, 
 Endicott was again summoned before the court, on the charge of 
 having mutilated the English ensign at Salem by cutting out the red 
 cross. At that time a strong opposition was felt towards Popery, in 
 all its signs as well as services, and the bold act of Endicott was! 
 secretly approved by the principal men of the Colony. Had it not: 
 been for fear of the consequences, for in England the act was con- 
 strued as one of rebellion, no notice would have been taken ofi 
 Endicott's act ; but the General Court felt constrained to bring in 1 
 some sentence against him, as a sign of their loyalty. They recom- 
 mended that he should be admonished and left out of ofBce for a year. 
 In consequence of this he lost his election as assistant. One of Salem's 
 distinguished authors, in speaking of this occurrence, says : " It is one 
 of the boldest exploits which our history records. And forever hon- 
 ored be the name of Endicott ! We look back through the mist of 
 ages, and recognize in the rending of the Red Cross from New Eng- 
 land's banner, the first omen of that deliverance which our fathers 
 consummated after the bones of the stern Puritan had lain more than 
 a century in the dust." 
 
 House of Representatives, — On the 14th of May, 1634, the Gen- 
 
16 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 eral Court defined the powers of the Legislature, and provided 
 that the whole body of freemen should be present at only one of the 
 four General Courts to be held each year, and that their deputies 
 should act fully for them in the three others. The addition of rep- 
 resentatives to the assistants and governor was an imitation of the 
 House of Commons in England. The House of Representatives in 
 this Colony was the second in America. One had already been 
 formed in Virginia. The Salem representatives were Messrs. John 
 Holgrave, Roger Conant, and Francis Weston. 
 
 Bir Henry Vane. — On the 9th of July, 1636, Salem was visited 
 by Sir Henry Vane, the new governor of the Colony, then only 
 twenty-four years old. He came to this country iu consequence of 
 his non-conformity, and to escape the displeasure of the Bishop of 
 London. After his return to England, and on the accession of 
 Charles H., he was tried for high treason, and beheaded June 14, 
 1662. 
 
 8alem in 1634. — Wood, in " New England's Prospect," gives the 
 following description of the town as it was during the year 1634 : 
 " Salem stands on the middle of a necke of land very pleasantly, 
 having a South river on one side and a North river on the other side. 
 Upon this necke where most of the houses stand, is very bad and 
 sandie ground, yet for seaven years together it hath brought forth 
 exceeding good corns, by being fished but every third year. In 
 some places is very good ground and good timber, and divers springs 
 hard by the sea side. There likewise is store of fish, as Basses, 
 Eels, Lobsters, Clammes &o. Although their land be none of the 
 best, yet beyond these rivers is a very good soyle, where they have 
 taken farms and get their hay and plant their corne ; there they cross 
 these rivers with small Cannowes, which were made of whole pine 
 trees, being about two foote and a halfe over and twenty foote long. 
 In these likewise they goe a fowling, sometimes two leagues at sea. 
 There be more cannowes in this towne than in all the whole Patent, 
 every household having a water horse or two. This town wants an 
 alewive river which is a great inconvenience. It hath two good har- 
 bors, the one being called winter and the other summer harbors, 
 which lieth within Derbins Fort which place, if it were well fortified 
 might keepe shippes from landing forces in any of those two places." 
 
 Town Records. — In January, 1644, "The seaven men chosen for 
 
Early Town Becords. 17 
 
 the year ensuing" for the government of the town of Salom were 
 John Endicott, "William Hathorne, William Lord, Jeffrey Massey, 
 Peter Palfray, Thomas Gardner, and Henry Bartholomew, and they 
 agree that if either of them are absent from their meetings without 
 good excuse he shall pay 4s. The town records about this time con- 
 tain some curious and quaintly worded entries. In order to insure 
 an attendance at church, it was ordered, on July 7, 1644, "that 
 twoe be appointed every Lord's day to walk forth in time of God's 
 worshippe, to take notice of such as either lye about the meeting 
 house without attending to the word or ordinances, or that lye at 
 home or in the fields without giving good account thereof, and to 
 take the names of such persons and to present them to the magis- 
 trates whereby they may be accordingly proceeded against." 
 
 In 1676, "three constables are to be at the three great doors of the 
 meeting-house, and allow none to go out till all the exercises are fin- 
 ished. All the boys are to sit on the three pair of stairs in the meet- 
 ing-house, including those of the pulpit. One constable is to keep 
 the dogs out of the meeting-house." 
 
 In a book entitled "Truth held forth and maintained," published in 
 1694, by Thomas Maule, it is stated that "In the church of Salem, 
 the women in time of service have their faces covered with a veil, 
 which practice did not many years continue ; and y^hen this practice 
 was laid aside, they had for the more order in their church to keep 
 people from sleeping, a man that wholly tended with a short clubbed 
 stick, having at one end a knob, at the other a fox tail, with which he 
 would stroke the women's faces that were drowsy, and with the other 
 would knock unruly dogs and men that were asleep." 
 
 As showing the importance attached by our fathers, at that early 
 day, to popular education, we find on the town records, under date of 
 Sept. 30, 1644, an order "that a note be published on next Lecture 
 day that such as have children to be kept at school would bring in 
 their names and what they will give for one whole year, and also that 
 if any poore body hath children or a childe to be put to schoole and 
 not able to pay for their schooling, that the towne will pay it by a rate." 
 
 The General Court, at its session of October, 1647, orders "every 
 town consisting of fifty householders to have a school for reading and 
 writing, and of one hundred families to have a grammar school, so as 
 to fit scholars for college"; and further enacts, no doubt much to the 
 
18 SJcetch of Salem. 
 
 discomfiture of the younger portion of the community, " that if any 
 young man attempt to address a young woman without the consent of 
 her parents or, in their absence, of the Count]/ Court, he shall be fined 
 £5, for the first offence, £10 for the second, and imprisonment for the 
 third." Several instances of such fines being imposed appear on the 
 records of the court. 
 
 In 1654, the persons chosen to conduct the business of the town 
 having been called, for the most part, the " seven-men," began to have 
 the title of " select-men," and on the 27th of May of that year an order 
 was passed, "that any townsman duly warned, and declining to take 
 part in public meeting, either in person or by proxy, should be fined 
 18d." On August 22d, the General Court appoints Samuel Archer, of 
 Salem, to examine all persons going out of Massachusetts, to see that 
 they carry no more than 20s. in coin to pay expenses. 
 
 Persecution of the Quakers. — Although the founders of Salem left 
 country and friends that they might worship according to their own 
 belief, they rigorously excluded from among their number all who 
 held different religious views. The stern and uncompromising nature 
 which had prompted them to separate from the church in their native 
 land, and cross an ocean to establish a church where the gospel 
 should be preached according to their understanding of its doctrines, 
 would not brook interference on the part of any person or sect. The 
 religious intolerance from which they had suffered did not deter them 
 from being equally intolerant to others of a differing belief. They 
 banished Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, and they fined and 
 whipped and hanged the Quakers. 
 
 In 1658, Samuel Shattuck, Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick, 
 Nicholas Phelps, Joshua Buffum, and Josiah Southwick, all of Salem, 
 and all Quakers, were ordered to leave the Colony before the next 
 election day. And on the 11th of May, 1659, Daniel and Pro- 
 vided Southwick, the two children of Lawrence and Cassandra South- 
 wick, having no home to shelter them, and no one being allowed to 
 harbor them under severe penalties, were arrested as vagabonds, and 
 the treasurer was authorized to sell them to any of the English nation 
 in Barbadoes or Virginia, as slaves. Provided Southwick was bap- 
 tized at the First Church Dec. 6, 1639, and was therefore, at the date 
 of this event, probably a little over twenty years of age. Chris- 
 topher Holder and John Copeland, of the Friends denomination, 
 
The Quakers. ]9 
 
 being at Salem Sept. 21, 1657, the former attempted to address the 
 people after the minister had done. They were both secured till the 
 next day, and then sent to Boston, where they received thirty stripes 
 each, and were imprisoned nine weeks. 
 
 William Eobinson and Marmaduke Stevenson, Quaker ministers 
 journeying from Virginia and Rhode Island, held open-air meetings in 
 Salem in the year 1659, and were soon after both executed on Boston 
 Common by the Puritan magistrates, being sentenced to death by 
 Gov. Endicott. 
 
 On the 16th of November, 1662, the wife of Robert Wilson, for 
 going through Salem without any clothes on, as a sign of spiritual 
 nakedness in town and Colony, was sentenced to be tied to a cart's 
 tail, uncovered to her waist, and be whipped from Mr. Gedney's 
 gate to her own house, not exceeding thirty stripes. Her mother 
 Buffum and sister Smith, being abettors of her conduct, were sen- 
 tenced to be tied on each side of her, with nothing on to their waists 
 but an under garb, and to accompany her the distance mentioned. 
 Of this conduct there is no doubt the Friends in Salem disapproved. 
 Edward Wharton, who was actively engaged in spreading the doc- 
 trines of the Friends, was apprehended in Boston, in May, 1664, and 
 ordered by the governor to be whipped and carried to his house in 
 Salem. 
 
 Thomas Maule, who in 1688 built the first Quaker meeting-house, 
 was on the third day of May, 1669, sentenced to be whipped for say- 
 ing that " Mr. Higginson preached lies and that his instruction was 
 the doctrine of the devil." Maule was a remarkable man, and a mer- 
 chant of no inconsiderable business. His house was on the south 
 side of Essex Street, on the spot where the house of James B. Cur- 
 wen now stands. The building was demolished in the year 1852. 
 Here it was that the Quakers of Salem, in 1680 and for several years 
 thereafter, held their meetings for worship and business. 
 
 In 1694, Maule published a book, entitled " Truth held forth and 
 maintained," with a desire to explain and defend the views of the Qua- 
 kers ; whereupon the governor and council directed the sheriff to search 
 his house and burn all the obnoxious volumes he could find. Maule 
 was arrested and indicted for publishing and putting forth a book 
 " wherein is contained divers slanders against the churches and gov- 
 ernment of this province " ; and for saying at the honorable court at 
 
20 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 Ipswich, in May last, "that there were as great mistakes in the 
 Scriptures as in his book." He was tried by a jury and acquitted, 
 despite the adverse rulings of the presiding justice. 
 
 8ir Edmund Andros. — In 1689, Sir Edmund Andros passed 
 through Salem on his way to Boston from Pemaquid, where he had been 
 to suppress Indian hostilities. The Colony charter had been abro- 
 gated, and Andros was the appointed ruler of New England. During 
 his stay in Salem, he had a conference with the Eev. Mr. Higginson, 
 the aged minister of Salem, and, in the presence of a large company, 
 asked him if all the lands in New England did not belong to the king. 
 Higginson answered him in the negative, stating two reasons for his 
 position : first, that the colonists held by right of just occupation ; and 
 second, by right of purchase from the Indians ; therefore the lands in 
 New England are the subjects' property and not the king's. ' After 
 much discussion, Sir Edmund said at last, with much indignation, 
 " Either you are subjects or you are rebels." The foregoing was a part 
 of the testimony of Mr. Higginson after Sir Edmund was displaced. 
 The latter part of the same year, Andros was arrested and imprisoned, 
 and a provisional government was formed, which elected the venerable 
 Simon Bradstreet, resident in Salem, to be its president, and "Wait 
 Wiuthrop to command the militia. The General Court again con- 
 vened, and Salem sent her deputies, and, during the year 1690, 
 raised troops to serve against the Eastern Indians. 
 
Salem Witchcraft. 21 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 SKETCH OF THE WITCHOEAFT DELUSION, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE 
 TRIALS AND EXECUTIONS. 
 
 Salem is famous the world over as the scene of the witchcraft delu- 
 sion of 1692. It was no new delusion that had taken root and sprung 
 up in the Colony, for executions for witchcraft, and charges of "com- 
 muning with the Devil " had been recorded from the earliest days of 
 history ; but the Salem witchcraft was regarded as a deep plot to 
 destroy the Christian church in New England and set up the kingdom 
 of Satan, whose individual efforts were supposed to be directed to- 
 wards this object. It was religious fanaticism and ignorance, always 
 the strongest incentive to action, that led to the deplorable results 
 hereafter recorded, and made the year 1692 a memorable .one in the 
 annals of Salem. 
 
 There were isolated cases of accusations before the general out- 
 break. In September, 1652, the grand jury presented John Brad- 
 street, of Eowley, "for suspicion of having familiarity with the 
 Devil." On the 28th of that month he was convicted in court, at 
 Ipswich, of lying ; and this being a second offence, he was fined to 
 pay twenty shillings, or else be whipped. In 1658, John Godfrey, 
 of Andover, was accused of causing losses in the estates of several 
 people, ai^d "some affliction in their bodies also." No sentence was 
 ever imposed on Godfrey, though the case was several times in court ; 
 and about 1659, he sued his accusers for defamation. He is reputed 
 to have challenged, and even courted, the imputation of witchcraft. 
 In November, 1669, "Goody Burt," a widow, was prosecuted, a phy- 
 sician testifying that " no natural cause " could have led to such effects 
 as were wrought by her. Her operations were mainly in Lynn, Mar- 
 blehead, and Salem. Philip Reed, the physician, preferred similar 
 charges against Margaret Gifford, "a witch," in 1680 : but no record 
 of action against her appears. In 1679, Caleb Powell was arrested 
 for bewitching, or, as the warrant specified, "for suspicion of work- 
 
22 SJcetch of Salem. 
 
 iag with the Devil to the molesting of William Morse aud his family." 
 This man was not found guilty, but "so much suspicion" was proved, 
 that he was ordered to pay the costs of court. The arrest of Mr. 
 Morse's mother was next demanded, on charge of causing the trouble ; 
 and as Essex County courts could not be relied on for convictions in 
 these cases, she was tried in Boston before the highest court in the 
 Colony. She was found guilty, and the death sentence was imposed 
 on her ; but she was twice reprieved. A new trial was granted by the 
 House of Deputies, but was refused by the magistrates ; and, finally, 
 she was released. The " witchery " in this case was caused by the 
 mischievous son of Mr. Morse. Margaret Jones and Ann Hibbins 
 were also sentenced as witches. These, aud similar instances, wrought 
 up the public mind to that pitch of anxiety, that the people were in 
 condition to succumb to the far greater excitement of 1692. 
 
 Briefly traced, the history of the Salem witchcraft is here narrated. 
 During the winter of 1691-92, a company of young girls were in the 
 habit of assembling at the residence of the Rev. Samuel Parris, the 
 clergyman of Salem Village, then including what is now Dan vers 
 Centre, Danversport, Tapleyville, Putnamville, and a part of Danvers 
 Plains. At the social parties held at the minister's house, the arts of 
 fortune-telling, palmistry, necromancy and magic were practised, till 
 considerable skill in this direction was altaiued. After a little time, 
 these people began to ascribe their peculiar actions to supernatural 
 agencies, and the whole neighborhood became intensely interested, 
 then alarmed, and an examination by the village physician, resulting 
 in pronouncing them "bewitched," capped the whole, and the witch- 
 craft delusion had taken root, to grow apace, and to lead to the terri- 
 ble tragedies that the page of history records. 
 
 The persons who were of the party that met at the house of Mr. 
 Parris, and who acted in the opening scenes, are thus named and de- 
 scribed by the late Hon, Charles W- Upham of Salem, in his valuable 
 and exhaustive volumes entitled " Salem "Witchcraft " : Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Mr. Parris, was nine years of age ; she performed a 
 leading part in the first stages of the affair. Abigail Williams, a niece 
 of Mr. Parris, was eleven years old ; she acted conspicuously from 
 the inception to the end of the excitement. Aun Putnam, a daughter 
 of the parish clerk, was twelve years old ; this girl was in many re- 
 spects the leading agent in the mischief that followed. Mary Walcot, 
 
Salem Witchcraft. 23 
 
 seventeen years of age, was a daughter of Jonathan Walcot. Mercy- 
 Lewis was also seventeen ; she lived as a servant in the house of 
 Thomas Putnam ; she was responsible for much of the crime and hor- 
 ror connected with the affair. Elizabeth Hubbard, aged seventeen, 
 was a niece of Mrs. Dr. Griggs, and lived in her family. Elizabeth 
 Booth and Susannah Sheldon, each eighteen years old, belonged to 
 families in the neighborhood. Mary Warren, twenty years of age,, 
 and Sai-ah Churchill, of the same age, were servants in the families 
 of John Procter and George Jacobs, Sr. These last two acted prom- 
 inently in the tragedy, actuated, it is reputed, by malicious feelings 
 towards their employers. Mrs. Ann Putnam, mother of the girl 
 mentioned above, Mrs. Pope, and Mrs. Bibber, living in Wenham, 
 acted with the "afflicted" children. 
 
 Matters went from bad to worse. The bewitched at first had ex- 
 hibited their afflictions, by such strange actions as creeping under 
 benches and chairs, making wild gestures, and uttering strange excla- 
 mations. They would be seized with spasms, and apparently suffer 
 dreadful tortures. The next feature was the extension of these actions 
 to the time of the church services. The minister would be iutei'- 
 rupted in his services ; and Ann Pntnam is mentioned as having such 
 severe attacks, that she had to be held to prevent her breaking up 
 the meeting. Mr. Parris invited neighboring ministers to assemble 
 at his house, and unite in a day of prayer, invoking the aid of God 
 for rescue from the terrible visitation. The same feats were per- 
 formed in their presence, and the clergy corroborated the opinion of 
 the doctor, that the Evil One had taken possession of the spirits of 
 these people. This expression was the last straw. Public opinion 
 all turned in one direction now, and the belief that these people 
 were bewitched became almost universal. It was demanded of the 
 "afflicted ones" who it was that bewitched them, for it was the ac- 
 cepted doctrine in those days, that the devil acted, not directly, but 
 through some human agent, or witch. Tituba, an Indian servant of 
 • Mr. Parris, Sarah Osburn, who was bedridden, and Sarah Good, a 
 woman of ill-repute, were accused, and on the 29th of February, 
 1692, warrants were issued for their arrest, the complainants being 
 Joseph Hutchinson, Edward Putnam, Thomas Pntnam, and Thomas 
 Preston. 
 
 On March 1st, an examination of the accused was held before John 
 
24: Sketch of Salem. 
 
 Hathorue and Jonathan Corwin, the two leading magistrates in the 
 vicinity. These magistrates " entered the village in imposing array, 
 escorted by the marshal, constables and their aids, with all the trap- 
 pings of their offices," and a great crowd gathered to hear the testi- 
 mony taken. The examination was held in the meeting-house, Silrah 
 Good being arraigned first. Her bad name in the community made 
 the people all the more ready to receive the charge against her. She 
 stoutly denied all the charges preferred, as did also Sarah Osburn ; 
 but Tituba, the Indian, admitted that she had pinched, and otherwise 
 hurt the children, and declared that she was inspired to do it by the 
 devil, who had bid her serve him. She also accused Sarah Good and 
 Sarah Osburn of participation in the bewitching of the afflicted ones. 
 This woman was perfectly familiar with the whole affair ; and evidently 
 she had been used as an instrument to give effect to the delusion ; 
 perhaps, says Mr. Upham, being frightened into confessing what she 
 never did, and accusing the others of what she was instructed to ; or, 
 perhaps, being promised immunity from punishment if she acknowl- 
 edged her own guilt, and fixed a greater responsibility on the other 
 women. Under date of March 7, the court records show that all three 
 were sent to the jail in Boston, the magistrates having held them for 
 trial. All that is known of them after this is very indefinite. The 
 jailer's bill seems to indicate that Sarah Osburn died May 10. Tituba 
 is recorded as being " sold for her fees " about a year later. 
 
 Martha, or " Goody " Corey, the third wife of Giles Corey, was the 
 next person accused. She was examined March 2l8t, and the records 
 appear in the handwriting of Mr. Parris. She was committed to 
 Salem jail. Rebecca Nurse was arrested on the 24th, and was ex- 
 amined, and she, too, was cast into jail. Martha Corey was a church- 
 member, and was evidently a person perfectly free from the terrible 
 delusion. Rebecca Nurse was a person of acknowledged worth. She 
 was of infirm health and advanced in years. Each of these two women 
 declared and protested their entire innocence, but the result of any 
 examination was a foregone conclusion, and each new person accused 
 was fully committed for trial, the flimsiest evidence being admitted as 
 conclusive. Dorcas, a little daughter of Sarah Good, between four 
 and five years old, was arraigned and committed with her mother to 
 Boston jail. 
 
 Mr. Upham, in his work on this dark delusion, says : — "There was 
 
Salem Witchcraft. 25 
 
 no longer any doubt in the mass of the community that the devil had 
 effected a lodgment at Salem Village. Church-members, persons of 
 all social positions, of the highest repute and profession of piety, emi- 
 nent for Visible manifestations of flevotion, and of every age, had 
 joined his standard, and become his active allies and confederates." 
 "The public mind was worked to red heat, and now was the moment 
 to strike the blow that would fix an impression deep and irremovable 
 upon it." Deodat Lawson preached a sermon that " re-enforced the 
 powers that had begun their work. It justified and commended 
 everything that had been done, and everything that remained to be 
 done." It was printed and endorsed by several of the most eminent 
 divines in the country. 
 
 One week passed before any further action was taken ; but on April 
 8th, complaints against Sarah Cloyse and Elizabeth Procter, " for high 
 suspicion of sundry acts of witchcraft," having been preferred, war- 
 rants for their arrest were procured. Their examination was before 
 a representation of the government of the Colony, headed by the 
 deputy-governor, Thomas Danforth, and took place in the meeting- 
 house of the First Parish. A number of witnesses were examined, 
 and all testified that the accused had "hurt" them, — choked and 
 pinched them, and "tormented" them. Mr. Upham, after a careful 
 examination of all the records and papers relating to those terrible 
 days of evil doing, concludes that nothing was worse than this exami- 
 nation before the deputy-governor and members of the council. As 
 a result of the examination, Sarah Cloyse, John Procter and his wife 
 Elizabeth Procter, were held for trial, and were confined in the jail 
 at Boston, with Eebecca "Nurse, Martha Corey, and Dorcas Good. 
 On April 18th, warrants were issued against Giles Corey and Mary 
 Warren, of Salem, Abigail Hobbs, of Topsfield, and Bridget Bishop, 
 of Salem, the second mentioned being one of those who had before 
 been an accuser. She was cast into prison, and was several times 
 examined by the judges, till she appeared to the magistrates and the 
 people to have been delivered from the devil's clutches, and was then 
 released. Mr. Upham expresses the opinion that she played an im- 
 portant part as one of the party of conspirators to develop and carry 
 on a deep-laid plot — for such he considers the whole phenomena. 
 After her discharge from jail, she appeared as a witness in ten prose- 
 cutions. Giles Corey was examined in the village meeting-house 
 
 4 
 
26 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 April 19th. Abigail Hobbs "confessed," and secured immunity from 
 heavy punishment, though she was imprisoned, as was the custom to 
 do with those who confessed, that they might be held in subjection. 
 Bridget Bishop was examined at the same session of court before 
 which Mary Warren was arraigned, and all of the four mentioned 
 were incarcerated in jail. 
 
 On the 22d of April, "William Hobbs, his wife Deliverance, Nehe- 
 miah Abbot, Jr., Mary Easty, and Sarah Wilds, all of Topsfield or 
 Ipswich, Edward Bishop, Sarah his wife, Mary Black, a negro, and 
 Mary English, wife of Philip English, all of Salem, were arraigned 
 at the house of Lieutenant Nathaniel Ingersoll. The first-named of 
 these was committed, but was bailed out and the bail forfeited, the 
 parties not deeming it expedient to have him come into court. At 
 the May term the next spring, the fine was remitted, and he was dis- 
 charged by proclamatibn. Abbot was dismissed, — the only one 
 reported to have been after an examination, — and it is not quite cer- 
 tain that he was not re-arrested, for a man by the name of Abbot is 
 recorded to have been, though the Christian name is not given in the 
 records. The other seven were all committed, as was the rule. 
 Records of their trials exist only in the cases of Edward Bishop and 
 his wife. 
 
 The judges — Hathorne and Corwin — showed signs of relaxing 
 their stern methods of conducting the trials, and Thomas Putnam 
 wrote a letter to them immediately, in which he urged them to be a 
 terror to evil-doers, and assured them that, though the people would 
 never be able to make them recompense, a full reward would be given 
 them of the Lord God of Israel, whose cause and interest they had 
 espoused. 
 
 On April 30th, warrants were granted against Philip English, of 
 Salem, Sarah Morrel and Dorcas Hoar, of Beverly. Marshal Herrick, 
 the ofiicer entrusted with the serving of the warrants, returned that 
 for English with the indorsement, "Mr. Philip English not to be 
 found. G. H." The others were duly taken into custody. On the 
 6th of May, English was arrested in Boston, examined, and committed 
 to jail , from which he and his wife escaped, and fled to New York. 
 After the delusion had run its race, they returned to Salem, and con- 
 tinued to reside there. He was one of the leading men of the town, 
 a merchant, owning twenty-one vessels, beside much real estate. 
 
Salem WitcTicroft. 27 
 
 Just what became of Sarah Morrel is not known. She did not suffer 
 the death penalty, and was probably one of those long imprisoned, 
 but finally discharged. Dorcas Hoar was a widow, and among other 
 accusations brought against her in court was the killing of her hus- 
 band. She protested her innocence of all charges, and reproached 
 her accusers by crying out in court, "Oh, you are liars, and God will 
 stop the mouths of liars." She suffered the common fate of impris- 
 onment. Susanna Martin, of Amesbury, was arrested on a warrant 
 bearing date April 30, and was examined on May 2d, and her name 
 was added to the list of the imprisoned. 
 
 In the letter, previously referred to, written by Sergeant Thomas 
 Putnam to Judges Corwin and Hathorne, reference was made to " high 
 and dreadful" things to be disclosed, that would make "ears tingle." 
 This proved to be the arrest, probably planned long before it was 
 made, of the Kev. George Burroughs, who was settled in Salem in 
 the fall of 1680, but who was at this time preaching in the frontier 
 settlements of Maine. He was a graduate of Harvard College in the 
 class of 1670, and is known to have been a man of great ability and 
 of sterling worth. The plans looking to his arrest go to show what a 
 deep and firm hold the superstition had taken among the people, else 
 the arrest of a former pastor would not have been tolerated. The 
 order for his arrest was issued in Boston by Elisha Hutchinson, a 
 magistrate in that place,, and was addressed to John Partridge, of 
 Portsmouth, field-marshal of the provinces of New Hampshire and 
 Maine. It bore date April 30, 1692, and commanded his arrest on 
 suspicion of " confederacy with the devil." The " afflicted children " 
 became as if influenced by him, and various charges of bewitching 
 were brought against him. One deposition, that of Ann Putnam, 
 taken by her father, and sworn to, is as follows : — 
 
 "The Deposition of Ann Putnam, who testifieth and saith, on the 20th day of April, 
 1692, at evening, she saw the apparition of a minister, at which she was grievously 
 affrighted, and cried out, ' Oh, dreadful, dreadful! here is the minister come ! What ! 
 are ministers witches too ? Whence came you, and what is your name ? for I wiU com- 
 plain of you, though you he a minister, if you lie a wizard.' Immediately I was tor- 
 tured hy him, being racked and almost choted by him. And he tempted me to write 
 in his book, which I refused with loud outcries, and said I would not write in his book 
 though he tore me all to pieces, but told him that it was a dreadful thing, that he, 
 which was a minister that should teach children to fear God, should come to persuade 
 poor creatures to give their souls to the devil. ' Oh, dreadful, dreadful ! tell me your 
 name that I may know who you are.' Then again he tortured mo, and urged me to 
 
28 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 ■write in his book, whioli I refused. And then, presently, he told me that his name -was 
 George Burroughs, and that he had had three wives, and that he had bewitched the two 
 first of them to death ; and that he killed Mrs. Lawson because she was so unwilling 
 to go from the village, and also killed Mr. Lawsonjs child because he went to the east- 
 ward with Sir Edmon and preached so to the soldiers ; and that he had bewitched a 
 great many soldiers to death at the eastward when Sir Edmon was there ; and that 
 he had made Abigail Hobbs a witch, and several witches more. And he has continued 
 ever since, by times, tempting me to write in his book, and grievously torturing me 
 by beating, pinching, and almost choking me several times a day. He also told me 
 that he was above a witch. He was a conjurer. 
 
 [Signed] Ann Putnam." 
 
 Burroughs was brought to Salem, May 4. On the 9th, his examina- 
 tion was held before a special sitting of the magistrates, Judges William 
 Stoughton, of Dorchester, Samuel Sewall, of Boston, and Hathorne 
 and Corwin, of Salem, being on the bench, the former acting as chief 
 justice. A private examination was first held before the magistrates 
 and ministers alone, and then he was taken into the public court; 
 and, as he entered, " many, if not all the bewitched, were grieviously 
 tortured," according to the records. As a matter of course, he was 
 committed. George Jacobs, Sr., and his grand-daughter, Margaret 
 Jacobs, were the next victims, and were arrested May 10. They 
 were examined at the house of Thomas Beadle. On the same day of 
 their examination, a warrant was issued for John Willard ; but he had 
 fled from the town, and was subsequently arrested in Groton. About 
 the same time, Alice Parker and Ann Pudeator, of Salem, were taken 
 into custody. They were examined July 2, the same sort of evidence 
 — in fact, no evidence at all — being offered. 
 
 On May 14, the following parties were subjects of warrants : 
 Daniel Andrew, George Jacobs, Jr., his wife Eebecca Jacobs, Sarah 
 Buckley, and Mary Whittredge, of Salem ; Elizabeth Hart and 
 Thomas Farrar, Sr., of Lynn ; Elizabeth Colson, of Reading, and 
 Bethiah Carter, of Woburn. Andrew, with Jacobs, Jr., heard of 
 warrants for their arrest, and fled from the country. Sarah Buckley 
 and her daughter, Mary Whittredge, were not tried till January, 1693, 
 when they were acquitted. Mary Easty, who had been arrested April 
 22, and discharged May 18, was again' arrested. May 20, as one Mercy 
 Lewis asserted that she was " afl3.icted," and could not be delivered 
 from her tortures till Mary Easty was again in irons. Testimony was 
 given that Mercy Lewis's afflictions ceased the same afternoon that her 
 " witch " was incarcerated. 
 
Salem Witchcraft. 29 
 
 The following parties were next " charged " and arrested : On May 
 21, the wife of William Basset, of Lynn, Susanna Eoots, of Beverly, 
 Sarah Procter, of Salem. A few days later, Benjamin Procter and 
 Mary Derich, of Lynn, and wife of Robert Pease, of Salem.. On the 
 28th, Martha Carrier, of Andover, Elizabeth Fosdick, of Maiden, 
 Wilmot Read, of Marblehead, Sarah Rice, of Reading, Elizabeth 
 How, of Topsfield, Capt. John Alden, of Boston, William Procter, 
 of Salem, Capt. John Flood, of Rumney Marsh (now Chelsea), Mrs. 
 Toothaker and her daughter, of Billerica, and Abbot, of Tops- 
 field or Wenham. On the 30th, Elizabeth Paine, of Charlestown. On 
 June 4, Mary Ireson, of Lynn. Many others were complained of, and 
 warrants for them issued ; among them Mary Bradbury, of Salisbury, 
 Lydia and Sarah Dustin, of Reading, Ann Sears, of Woburn, Job 
 Tookey, of Beverly, Abigail Somes, of Gloucester, Elizabeth Carey, 
 of Charlestown, and Candy, a negro woman. 
 
 In commenting on the trials, Mr. Upham calls special attention to 
 the fact that " every idle rumor ; everything ^that the gossip of the 
 credulous, or the fertile imaginations of the malignant could produce ; 
 everything gleaned from the memory or the fancy that could have an 
 unfavorable bearing upon an accused person, however foreign or 
 irrelevant it might be to the charge, was allowed to be brought in 
 evidence before the magistrates, and received at the trials.'' -That 
 " children were not only permitted but induced to become witnesses 
 against their parents, and parents against their children. Husbands 
 and wives were made to criminate each other as witnesses in court." 
 The Rev. Cotton Mather, a clergyman of Boston ; a man who, accord- 
 ing to his own declaration, believed that " no place has got such a 
 spell upon it as will always keep the devil out," gave an account of 
 the proceedings of the courts. In the conclusion of his report of the 
 trial of Martha Carrier, he wrote as follows ^ " This rampant hag was 
 the person of whom the confessions of the witches, and of her own 
 children among the rest, agreed that the devil had promised her that 
 she should be queen of hell."^ John Alden, mentioned above, was a 
 son of John Alden, of Plymouth, one of the founders of the Colony 
 there. He made his escape from jail in September of the eventful 
 year, and fled to Duxbury, telling his relatives there that he was flee- 
 ing from the devil. 
 An Andover woman, who was sick with a fever, became the cause 
 
30 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 of a terrible outbreak in that town. Her husband was informed by 
 the " afflicted girls " at Salem that she was suffering from witchery, 
 and, once alarmed, Andover became the scene of another act in the 
 sad tragedy. More than fifty people were imprisoned, and several of 
 them were hanged. Dudley Bradstreet, the local magistrate, commit- 
 ted forty or thereabouts, and then refused to act further, which so 
 exasperated the people that they threatened the judge and his family 
 with punishment for his refusal to assist in banishing the evil ones, 
 and they were obliged to flee from the vicinity. The prisons at 
 Salem, Ipswich, Boston, and Cambridge were full of parties awaiting 
 trial for the crime of witchcraft. 
 
 About this time Sir William Phipps became governor under the 
 royal charter, and a special court of oyer and terminer was created 
 for witchcraft trials. "William Stoughton, of Dorchester, was chief 
 justice, and Nathaniel Saltonstall, of Haverhill, Maj. John Richards, 
 of Boston, Maj. Bartholomew Gedney, of Salem, Wait Wiuthrop, 
 Capt. Samuel Sewall, and Peter Sargent, of Boston, his associates on 
 the bench. Saltonstall resigned, and Jonathan Corwin, of Salem, 
 succeeded him. Before this court the final trials and convictions 
 occurred, though a doubt has been raised as to the legality' of the 
 court, it being a question whether the governor and council under the 
 charter had power to create it without the concurrence of the General 
 Court. The new government did away with the office of marshal, 
 held by George Herrick, and created that of sheriff, to which George 
 Corwin, of Salem, was appointed. 
 
 The jail at Salem, where many of the victims were lodged, was 
 located on "Prison Lane," now St. Peter's Street, and the court- 
 house, where the trials took place, was on " Town-house Lane," now 
 Washington Street. The meeting-house, where examinations had 
 been held, was at what is now the south-east corner of Essex and 
 Washington streets, the present site of the "First Church." The 
 old "witch-house, "the residence of Judge Corwin, which every stran- 
 ger visiting Salem asks to see, was used for conferences and sessions 
 of the grand jurors, and is not entitled to the prominence in connec- 
 tion with the witchcraft trials that many have given it. The house is 
 still standing at the corner of Essex and North streets. 
 
 The trials opened in June, 1692. The attorney-general, Thomas 
 Newton, had located at Salem to conduct the trials in behalf of the 
 
(■ I- 
 
 Salem Witchcraft. 31 
 
 government. He addressed a letter to the secretary of the Province, 
 in which he expressed the idea that progress would probably be slow, 
 " as the afflicted cannot readily give their testimonies, being struck 
 dumb and senseless for a season at the name of the accused." No 
 complete records of the doings of this special court are in existence, 
 but several depositions are on file in the county records. At the first 
 session of the court, Bridget Bishop was the only " witch " tried. She 
 was dragged before the assembled crowds through Prison Lane, up 
 Essex Street, into Town-house Lane, to the court-house. Cotton 
 Mather relates that " there was one strange thing with which the 
 court was newly entertained. As this woman was, under a guard, 
 passing by the great and spacious meeting-house, she gave a look 
 towards the house, and immediately a demon invisibly entering the 
 meeting-house, tore down a part of it, so that though there was no 
 person to be seen there, yet the people, at the noise, running in, found 
 a board which was strongly fastened with several nails, transported into 
 another quarter of the house." 
 
 Owing to the lack of records of the testimony in this and other 
 cases tried before this special court, no exact account of the trial can 
 be given. By diligent research on the subject, our best authority, 
 Mr. Upham, collected many interesting facts from various documents 
 of the day now preserved in the archives of Essex County. The Rev. 
 John Hale, of Beverly, appeared in court, and testified that he had 
 examined the body of the woman whose death was attributed to the 
 influenced acts of Bridget Bishop, and that, in his judgment, it was 
 " impossible for her, with so short a pair of scissors, to mangle herself 
 so without some extraordinary work of the devil, or witchcraft." 
 The " bewitched " woman evidently committed suicide. She was 
 known to have been an insane person. Samuel Shattuck and his 
 wife swore to a deposition, which asserted the belief that a child of 
 theirs was bewitched through this woman. They testified that the 
 child, a young boy, had been afflicted with fits ; had acted strangely, 
 as if controlled by an evil spirit, and had lost power over himself, so 
 that he fell into fire or water, or lay as if dead. These things 
 occurred and strengthened as the Bishop woman " came oftener to the 
 house," according to the testimony offered. A son of Mr. John 
 Cook, who lived on the same street with Shattuck, testified, that 
 " about five or six years ago, one morning, before sun-rising, as I was 
 
32 SJcetch of Salem. 
 
 in bed, before I rose, I saw goodwife Bishop, alias Oliver, stand in 
 the chamber, by the window ; and she looked on me and grinned on 
 me, and presently struck me on the side of the head, which did very 
 much hurt me ; and then I saw her go out under the end window at a 
 little crevice, about so big as I could thrust my hand into. I saw her 
 again the same day, — which was the Sabbath day, — about noon, 
 walk across the room ; and having at the time an apple in my hand, 
 it flew out of my hand into my mother's lap, who sat six or eight foot 
 distance from me, and then she disappeared. And though my mother 
 and several others were in the same room, yet they affirmed they saw 
 her not." 
 
 , John Bly, who had purchased a hog of Bridget Bishop, testified to 
 strange actions of that animal, and to his belief "that said Bishop had 
 bewitched the sow." William Stacy swore that on his way to mill, 
 " being gone about six rods from her, the said Bishop, with a small 
 load in his cart, suddenly the ofi"-wheel slumped, or sunk down into 
 a hole upon plain ground ; that this deponent was forced to get one 
 to help him to get the wheel out. Afterwards, this deponent went 
 back to look for said hole, where his wheel sunk in, but could not find 
 any hole." He also testified that on another occasion, " after he had 
 passed by her, this deponent's horse stood still with a small load going 
 up the hill ; so that the horse striving to draw, all his gears aiid tack- 
 lings flew to pieces, and the cart fell down." 
 
 John Louder, who lived with John Geduey, Sr., as a servant, gave 
 lengthy testimony, including the following absurd declarations : " I, 
 going to bed about the dead of night, felt a great weight upon my 
 breast, and, awakening, looked, and, it being bright moonlight, did 
 clearly see Bridget Bishop, or her likeness, sitting upon my stomach, 
 and, putting my arms ofl!" of the bed to free myself from the great 
 oppression, she presently laid hold of my throat, and almost choked 
 me, and I had no strength or power in my hands to resist or help 
 myself; and in this condition she held me to almost day. Some time 
 after that, I, being not very well, stayed at home on a Lord's Day ; 
 and on the afternoon of said day, the doors being shut, I did see a 
 black pig in the room coming towards me ; so I went towards it to 
 kick it, and it vanished away." He also claimed that a "black 
 thing" appeared to him, and assured him that if he would "be ruled 
 by him he should want for nothing in this world." He brings Bridget 
 
Salem Witchcraft. 33 
 
 Bishop into connection with this apparition, by affirming that just 
 after its appearance to him he saw her, and, "seeing her, had no 
 power to set one foot forward." John Bly, Sr., and William Bly, a 
 lad of fifteen, testified that in working in the removal of a cellar-wall 
 of the house where Bridget Bishop lived,, they found "several pup- 
 pets made up of rags and hogs' bristles, with headless pins in them, 
 with the points outward." Such is a fair sample of the loose and 
 utterly unconvincing testimony on which this poor woman was con- 
 victed and executed in those dark days of 1692. 
 
 It is but natural in these later days, to condemn, at first thought, 
 all the actors in those terrible tragedies ; but more deliberate reflection, 
 after a careful examination of the history of the afi"air as it comes 
 down to us, tends to more charitable thoughts. We of to-day can 
 form no definite idea of the feelings of the people who lived amidst 
 those scenes. They were of Puritan stock, with the deepest reverence 
 for their Maker, and a holy horror of neglecting to do all they were 
 able to drive out any emissaries of the dark power that might oppose 
 the right. Let us have only pity for those who were drawn into the 
 whirlpool of public sentiment and public action of the day, and char- 
 itable thoughts and free forgiveness for those who, evidently from 
 some unexplained reason, sought to establish and perpetuate such 
 horrible delusions. 
 
 Bridget Bishop was executed the week after her trial, and her death- 
 warrant is the only one preserved. The original document is framed, 
 and hangs in the office of the clerk of the courts, at Salem. The 
 court re-assembled June 29, and tried and sentenced Sarah Good, 
 Sarah Wildes, Elizabeth How, Susanna Martin, and Rebecca Nurse, 
 and these were hanged July 19. Quite a general opposition occurred 
 to the execution of the last named. Nathaniel Putnam, Sr., at 
 the solicitation of Francis Nurse, husband of the condemned, wrote 
 a defence of her character, and a similar document was drawn up 
 for public approval. This was signed by thirty-nine of the towns- 
 people. 
 
 It was customary, under order of the court, to cause an examina- 
 tion to be made of the entire bodies of the accused, that any " witch 
 mark " on them, might be found. Marshal Herrick, after examining 
 George Jacobs, reported that he found a " witch teat about a quar- 
 ter of an inch long or better, with a sharp point drooping downwards, 
 
34 SJcetcTi of Salem. 
 
 so that I took a pin, and run it through the said teat, but there was 
 neither water, blood or corruption, nor any other matter." This was 
 regarded as the " devil's mark," but it may readily be supposed 
 that some infirmity of the flesh would be found on a man advanced in 
 years as Jacobs was. These declarations were received in court as 
 evidence. 
 
 On August 5, George Burroughs, John Procter, Elizabeth Procter 
 his wife, George Jacobs, Sr., John Willard, and Martha Carrier were 
 tried and condemned. With the exception of Elizabeth Procter, they 
 were executed August 19. Thirty-two inhabitants of Ipswich addressed 
 a petition to the Court of Assistants, at Boston, in behalf of John 
 Procter. This petition was headed by the Eev. John Wise, and the 
 list of signers contained the names of many of the best people of that 
 town. Another document in his favor was presented, and in court, 
 evidence was offered to prove that one of the witnesses against him 
 had sworn contrary to what she had stated outside. These facts furnish 
 evidence that the persecutions did not receive universal sanction and 
 approval. A tradition exists to the effect that the body of George 
 Jacobs was buried on his own farm, about a mile from the present 
 city of Salem. Eemains, undoubtedly his, were exhumed in 1864, and 
 were re-interred in the same place. 
 
 The court sat again, the last time, on the 9th of September. On 
 that day * Martha Corey, * Mary Easty, * Alice Parker, *Ann Pudeator, 
 Dorcas Hoar, and Mary Bradbury were condemned and sentenced ; 
 and on the 17th,* Margaret Scott, *WilmotEeed, * Samuel Ward well, 
 *Mary Parker, Abigail Faulkner, Eebecca Eames, Mary Lacy, Ann 
 Foster, and Abigail Hobbs were also sentenced. [Those whose names 
 are indicated by a star were executed on the 22d.] By order of the 
 governor, Sir William Phipps, Abigail Faulkner, daughter of the Eev. 
 Francis Dane, of Andover, was pardoned, having laid in jail under 
 sentence of death for thirteen weeks. The reason assigned for the 
 pardon, the only one granted during the proceedings, was " insufficient 
 evidence." The nineteen, who have been chronicled in the above brief 
 narrative as suffering the death penalty, were the only ones who were 
 executed ; for, though it was some time before the excitement died 
 away, there was an abatement in its violence that saved the other con- 
 demned persons from suffering the sad fate of their neighbors and 
 fellows. Without a single exception the executed protested their 
 
Salem Witchcraft. 35 
 
 innocence to the very last, most of them making dying declarations on 
 the scaffold. The hangings took place on a slight eminence, just 
 removed from the town, and now known as Gallows Hill, from the sad 
 tragedies whose final acts were enacted thei-e. 
 
 One of the most remarkable cases on record, of heroic perseverance 
 and unbroken persistence, is that of Giles Corey, husband of one of 
 the executed, himself in jail at Ipswich, charged with witchcraft. He 
 determined that his lips should remain sealed when arraigned in court, 
 and that he would not answer to the inquiry, " guilty or not guilty." 
 There are no records of the proceedings taken by the court when the 
 prisoner failed to answer, but tradition has it that he was crushed to 
 death. In a field somewhere betAveen Howard Street Cemetery and 
 Brown Street, Salem, is the locality designated by Mr. Upham. It is 
 related that Corey urged that the weight might be increased, for his 
 death was the only way to end the matter, as he should not answer ; 
 and he did not. Not a word bordering on an acknowledgment of 
 guilt, or an attestation of innocence, escaped his lips. He knew that 
 death was the penalty, if he pleaded not guilty, and he would not 
 confess to a crime of which he was innocent. This man was eighty- 
 one years old ; and the barbarous death penalty inflicted on him by 
 the officers of the law, tended to awaken the people to a realization of 
 the grave responsibility resting on them as a Christian community. 
 Doubts began to be felt in the public mind as to the justice of the 
 prosecutions, and the inevitable sentence and execution. But the 
 delusion had not reached its end. 
 
 The leaders in the prosecutions did not delay a new method of 
 attempting to sustain the popular opinion in the course it had been 
 running. The day after the death of Giles Corey, Thomas Putnam 
 addressed a letter to Judge Sewall, reading as follows : " Last night, 
 my daughter Ann was grievously tormented by witches, threatening 
 that she should be pressed to death before Giles Corey ; but through 
 the goodness of a gracious God she has had, at last, a little respite. 
 Whereupon there appeared unto her (she said) a man in a winding- 
 sheet, who told her that Giles Corey had murdered him by pressing 
 him to death with his feet ; but that the devil there appeared unto 
 him, and covenanted with him, and promised him that he should not 
 be hanged. The apparition said God hardened his heart, that he 
 should not hearken to the advice of the court, and so die an easy 
 
36 SJcetch of Salem. 
 
 death ; because, as it said, it must be done to him as he has done to 
 me. The apparition also said that Giles Corey was carried to the 
 Court for this, and that the jury had found the murder ;, and that her 
 father knew the man, and that the thing was done before she was 
 born." 
 
 This "revelation" had some effect ; but the tide had turned, and the 
 delusion was destined to die away as suddenly as it had appeared. 
 The court adjourned the latter part of September, never to meet again. 
 Though public opinion cannot be proved to have been the direct agent 
 in causing the cessation of the prosecutions, yet it doubtless exerted a 
 telling influence. Mr. Upham says that the sudden quieting down has 
 been generally attributed to the fact that the " afflicted children " 
 became over-confident of their power, and struck too high. When it 
 was hinted that the Rev. Samuel Willard, and that two ladies of high 
 social standing, one the wife of Gov. Phipps, and the other of the Rev. 
 Mr, Hale, of Beverly, were to be accused, it brought to the excited 
 people a realizing sense of the errors into which they had fallen, and 
 with returning reason came a reaction which stopped the spread of the 
 delusion, and opened the prison doors to the accused. The Rev. Mr. 
 Hale had acted with the accusers, but when his wife was cried out against 
 he stood up nobly in her defence. The community soon began to feel 
 that the girls at Dr. Parris's had perjured themselves, and as this feel- 
 ing gathered strength the storm which had raged so fiercely subsided. 
 
 It is a wonder, perhaps, that the reaction did not lead to the prose- 
 cution, or at least to the moral arraignment of the " afflicted children," 
 but it did not, no doubt fortunately, for the reign of blood had been 
 full terrible enough. Sir William Phipps, by his executive authority, 
 divested the court of its power, and that tribunal was stricken from 
 the lists of Courts in the Colony. It was superseded by a new court, 
 known as the Superior Court of Judicature. Its judges were William 
 Stoughton, chief justice, Thomas Danforth, John Richards, Wait 
 Winthrop, and Samuel Sewall, associates. This court sat at Salem 
 in January, 1693, and acquitted Rebecca Jacobs, Margaret Jacobs, 
 Sarah Buckley, Job Tookey, Hannah Tyler, Candy, a negro woman, 
 Mary Marston, Elizabeth Johnson, Abigail Barker, Mary Tyler, Sarah 
 Hawkes, Mary Wardwell, Mary Bridges, Hannah Post, Sarah Bridges, 
 Mary Osgood, Mary Lacy, Jr., and condemned Sarah Wardwell, 
 Elizabeth Johnson, Jr., and Mary Post. These three were not ex- 
 
Salem, Witchcraft. 37 
 
 ecuted, however, being discharged by order of the governor in the 
 following May. After this many others were tried, but all were 
 acquitted, and the number released in May, 1693, was about one hun- 
 dred and fifty. Ann Foster and Sarah Osburn died in jail, and it 
 is probable that others shared the same fate. Several had escaped 
 from prison, and the whole number arrested and committed must 
 have been several hundred. Those acquitted, or released by the 
 governor, were obliged to pay all charges. 
 
 Such, briefly told, is the history of the " Salem witchcraft," — a sad, 
 sad tale ; one not likely to be repeated in any nation. It has not 
 been without its moral lessons. Let us hope that the memory of those 
 who sufiered death as condemned "witches," may remain green in 
 history. The courage that faces the scafibld or the press, rather than 
 confess to an uncommitted crime, is worthy of an epitaph engraven on 
 the hearts of all who follow in the Christian world. 
 
38 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 SKKTCH OF SALEM FROM THE TIME OP THE WITCHOEAFT DELUSION 
 TO THE ADOPTION OF A CITY CHAKTEE. 
 
 While the ■witchcraft delusion was at its height, Sir William Phipps 
 arrived in Boston, bringing the new charter from William and Mary. 
 This charter constituted Massachusetts, Plymouth, Maine, and Nova 
 Scotia one province, of which William Phipps was appointed gov- 
 ernor by their majesties. The people hoped for a restoration of 
 their former chartered rights. In this they were doomed to disap- 
 pointment, but were still greatly rejoiced at obtaining so many con- 
 cessions in their favor. Gov. Phipps arrived in Boston May 14, 
 1692, and superseded Bradstreet, who was then the acting governor 
 of the Colony. 
 
 Simon Bradstreet. — The venerable Simon Bradstreet, who had 
 been the last governor under the colonial charter, died in Salem 
 March 27, 1697. He was born in England in 1603, and came to 
 Massachusetts in 1630, as one of the Assistants. Mr. Bradstreet was 
 deputy-governor in 1673, and so continued to 1679, when he was 
 elected governor. He served in that office till the charter of Massa- 
 chusetts was made void, in 1686. When Sir Edmund Andros was 
 deposed by the people, in 1689, Mr. Bradstreet was again chosen gov- 
 ernor, continuing in office until 1692, when Sir William Phipps, ap-" 
 pointed by their majesties, came and took his place. "He was a man 
 of deep discernment, whom neither wealth nor honor could allure 
 from duty. He poised with an equal balance the authority of the king 
 and the liberty of the people. Sincere in religion and pure in his life, 
 he overcame and left the world." His house in Salem occupied the 
 site on Essex Street, next west of Plummer Hall, and was taken down 
 in 1750. 
 
 Ferries and Bridges. — At a very early period in the history of the 
 settlement of Salem, ferries were established as a means of communi- 
 
Ferries and Bridges. 39 
 
 cation with the surrounding country. It is agreed by the town, Dec. 
 26, 1636, that John Stone shall keep a ferry betwixt his house on the 
 neck and Cape Ann side, during the space of three years, and shall 
 charge twopence from a stranger, and one penny from an inhabitant. 
 This was the ferry to Beverly. Sept. 25, 1637, George Wright is 
 granted certain land on the neck to build on, and five acres on the 
 forest side for planting and " to keep a ferry between Butt point and 
 Darby fort." This ferry was from the point of rocks on the southern 
 side of the neck to Naugus Head. There ^was at that time quite a 
 settlement in the immediate vicinity of Butt point. Some time sub- 
 sequently, possibly as late as 1725, when Timothy Day of Gloucester 
 contracted to find materials, except iron, and make a causeway for 
 the passengers "on y" flatts by Coll. Turners," the location of the 
 Salem end of the ferry was changed to the foot of Turner Street. 
 When Marblehead was incorporated, in 1649, Salem reserved to it- 
 self the right of the ferry, and the appointment of the ferrymen. 
 The Beverly ferry was continued, with numerous changes of rates and 
 ferrymen, until the opening of Essex Bridge, Sept. 24, 1788. The 
 ferry to Naugus Head was used till about 1785, wheu it was abandoned 
 altogether. 
 
 The Mill Bridge, over South Kiver, was built about 1664. The 
 bridge over North Eiver was built in 1744, and, in 1789, became the 
 property of the town. The proposition to build a bridge from Salem 
 to Beverly, in 1787, met with violent and determined opposition on 
 the part of the Salem people. They assembled in town-meeting and 
 instructed their representatives to oppose the granting of a charter, 
 alleging as a reason that the navigation of North Eiver would be 
 destroyed ; and they invited the adjoining towns to join in the remon- 
 strance, and to use their utmost endeavors to prevent the accomplish- 
 ment of the project. In spite of the opposition, however, a charter 
 was granted, and, Sept. 24, 1788, the bridge was opened to the pub- 
 lic as a toll-bridge. The tolls were removed in 1868. A bridge was 
 built over South Kiver, in a line with Central and Lafayette streets, 
 in 1805. It was built at the expense of Ezekiel Hersey Derby and 
 others, and was accepted by the town in 1810. 
 
 The General Court at /Salem, — In 1728, a dispute having arisen 
 between Gov. Burnet and the General Court, in reference to his 
 salary, the governor orders the General Court to meet at Salem 
 
40 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 October 31st. And to accommodate them, the town has "the new 
 town and court house fitted up." Salutes are fired as the governor 
 arrives. He informs the House that he removed them from Boston 
 because the people there endeavored to influence representatives from 
 other places against granting him a salary. The House hold that 
 they should not be mov6d from Boston, and desire the governor to 
 order them back again, and they prepare a memorial to His Majesty 
 " setting forth the reasons why the House cannot settle a salary on the 
 Governor for the time being." The House having refused to do any 
 business in Salem, holding that they should sit only in Boston, the 
 governor, on December 12th, adjourns them to the Ship Tavern, and, 
 on the 20th, prorogues them. April 2, 1729, the Greneral Court again 
 meets in Salem, and Gov. Burnet renews his call for fixing his salary, 
 and again the question is put " whether the House will come into any 
 further consideration of settling a salary on the Governor at this 
 session," and decided in the negative ; and, on the 18th of the same 
 month, the governor dissolves the Legislature, after informing the 
 members that he had not ordered them any pay, because they had 
 refused to do business one-third of their sessions, and to compensate 
 him as the king required. The town of Salem votes to pay its 
 representatives out of the town treasury. 
 
 On May 28th, the Legislature meets again in the court-house, 
 which the town has had newly painted for its reception. Immediately 
 after the Council is formed, the governor prorogues them to June 
 25th, without delivering a message, at which time they again assem- 
 ble, and July 7th, without transacting any business, are adjourned to 
 meet at Cambridge, August 21st. In the midst of his controversy 
 with the representatives. Gov. Burnet dies September 7th. He was 
 a son of the celebrated Bishop Burnet. 
 
 Jonathan Belcher is appointed governor in his stead, and reaches 
 Boston in August, 1730, and, like his predecessor, has a dispute 
 with the Legislature about his salary, and May 31, 1733, in his 
 speech to the House, says : "In obedience to His Majesty I must inform 
 you he still expects, that you make provision for the support of his 
 government according to his Eoyal instructions " ; but the House 
 still refuses to grant the governor a fixed salary. Finally the House 
 votes to supply the treasury with £76,500 in bills of credit, and in 
 this manner the matter is adjusted. A misunderstanding arises soon 
 
The Stamp Act. 41 
 
 after in regard to raising money to supply the treasury, and the gov- 
 ernor complains bitterly of the action of the representatives in not 
 following his instructions in relation to taxation. The Legislature 
 agrees to supply the treasury with £100,000 in bills, and £900 is 
 granted for fortifications at Salem. May 27, 1741, the General 
 Court met, but was dissolved by Gov. Belcher, on the 28th, because 
 they encouraged the formation of the Land Bank, which he says will 
 injure unwary persons who will take the notes for money " which 
 have no honest or solid foundation." A part of the proprietors of this 
 bank lived in Salem. 
 
 Earthquakes. — Salem was visited by an earthquake, Nov. 18, 1755. 
 Dr. E. A. Holyoke says in his diary, that " about 4 h. 15 m. we were 
 awakened by a greater earthquake than has ever been known in this 
 country. Tops of chimnies and stone walls were thrown down, and 
 clocks stopped by the shake. I thought of nothing less than being 
 buried instantly in the ruins of the house"; and on March 8, 1756, 
 town-meeting was opened with prayer, by the Eev. Mr. Barnard, and 
 several Province laws were read against profaneness and other immor- 
 alities, to the inhabitants, this seriousness being occasioned by the 
 recent earthquake. March 12, 1761, another severe earthquake was 
 felt in Salem, described as much the same as the one of five years 
 before. 
 
 Stamp Act. — On the 13th of June, 1764, the House accepted a draft 
 of a letter to their agent in London against the Sugar Act and the 
 Stamp Act, though the latter had not gone into efiect. In this letter, 
 the House maintains that^Parliament has no right to tax this Province, 
 because it is not represented in the House of Commons. The inhab- 
 itants of Salem at once took firm and decided ground in regard to 
 what they considered an encroachment of their rights and liberties, 
 and at a town-meeting held Oct. 21, 1765, it was voted "that instruc- 
 tions be given to our representatives with regard to a late act of Par- 
 liament commonly called the Stamp Act." Benjamin Pickman, Joseph 
 Bowditch, Edward A. Holyoke, William Pynchon, and John Higgin- 
 son are appointed to draft such instructions. 
 
 On their report, the town sent instructions to Andrew Oliver and Wil- 
 liam Brown, their representatives, stating "that the Inhabitants of Salem 
 being fully convinced that the Act, lately passed by the Parliament of 
 Great Britain, commonly called the Stamp Act, would if carried into 
 
42 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 execution be excessively grevious and burthensome to the inhabitants 
 of this his Majesty's loyal Province ; and productive of the most fatal 
 consequences to our trade, as it must soon drain us of the medium nec- 
 essary for carrying it on, and be very injurious to Liberty, since we 
 are therein taxed without our consent, having no Eepresentative in 
 Parliament. But if in any sense we are supposed to be represented, 
 most certainly it is by such only as have an interest in laying burthens 
 upon us for their own relief, and further as we are thereby deprived 
 of another most valuable right, that of trial by juries and instead of 
 it have the power of the Courts of Admiralty further extended, which 
 must be unfavorable to Liberty. As these are some of our sentiments 
 of this act and as we would give a public testimony of our disapproba- 
 tion thereof — we do hereby request you to do everything you legally 
 can towards obtaining a repeal of the Stamp Act." 
 
 Town Records. — Several curious entries are found on the town 
 records about this time. It was voted in 1768, at town-meeting, 
 that the selectmen be desired to petition the General Court in behalf 
 of the town for an act for a lottery to raise a sum of money to be 
 applied towards paving Main Street in said Salem ; and the same year 
 the following vote appears on the town records : " Voted, that it is 
 the mind of the town that proper means be used for preventing slaves 
 especially on election days (so called) from wearing swords, beating 
 drums and making use of powder." The townsmen, however, did 
 not approve of slavery; for we find that they voted. May 18, 1773, 
 that the representatives of the town be instructed to use their utmost 
 endeavors to ptevent the future importation of negroes, "their slavery 
 being a thing repugnant to the natural rights of mankind and highly 
 prejudicial to the Province." But as late as Jan. 24, 1769, there 
 appears in the "Gazette," of Salem, an announcement that a very 
 strong, healthy negro boy is to be sold, and buyers are asked to 
 " inquire of the printer." 
 
 Duty on Tea. — Hardly had the rejoicings ceased over the repeal 
 of the Stamp Act, which, March 18, 1767, was "joyfully commemorated 
 through the Colonies," when the imposition of new duties on paper, 
 glass, and teas caused great dissatisfaction among the people. On 
 the 13th of February, 1768, the House directs a letter to the "several 
 Houses and Burgesses of the British Colonies on the Continent, setting 
 forth their sentiments with regard to the great difficulties that must 
 
Duty on Tea. 43 
 
 accrue by the operation of divers Acts of Parliament for laying taxes 
 and duties on the Colonies with the sole and express purpose of rais- 
 ing a revenue. June 21st the Governor lays before the House a letter 
 which expresses his Majesty's displeasure for their resolve for writing 
 to other Colonies on the subject of their intended representations 
 against some late Acts of Parliament and that it was the King's pleas- 
 ure that the House rescind their vote." The House voted, ninety-two 
 to seventeen, not to rescind. The Salem representatives, "William 
 Brown and Peter Frye, voted with the minority, and were exposed to 
 much reproach therefor. 
 
 That the people of Salem did not sympathize with the views of 
 their representatives is shown by their vote in town-meeting, July 
 18, approving the late vote of the House not to rescind, and thanking 
 them "for their firmness in maintaining our just rights and liberties," 
 a protest against such approbation being signed by only thirty of the 
 inhabitants. Sept. 6, the merchants and traders of Salem meet at the 
 King's Arms Tavern and unanimously vote " not to send any further 
 orders for goods, and that from Jan. 1, 1769, to Jan. 1, 1770, they 
 will not import, nor purchase of others any kind of merchandise from 
 Great Britain except coal, salt and some articles necessary to carry on 
 the fishery," and that they will not import any tea, glass, or paper 
 .until the Acts imposing duties on these articles are repealed. 
 
 On September 7th, one Row, for giving information that a vessel 
 in the harbor was about to elude the payment of duties, was carried to 
 the Common, tarred and feathered, set upon a cart, with the word 
 "Informer," in large letters, on his breast and back, and carried 
 through Main Street, preceded by a crowd, and bidden to flee out of 
 town. He went to Boston, and was rewarded by the Crown officers 
 for his sufferings. 
 
 The inhabitants of Salem, in town-meeting, held May 27, 1769, 
 vote, after discussion, "that Messrs. Richard Derby, Jr., and John 
 Pickering, Jr., the Representatives in General Court, be instructed 
 to endeavor that inquiry be made into the conduct of the troops sta- 
 tioned among us, and that his Majesty's loyal subjects of this Prov- 
 ince may be protected and secured against any violence or oppression ; 
 that, with regard to the revenue laws lately enacted, we esteem them 
 our greatest grievance, as well as the unhappy cause of most others 
 we now labor under ; our obtaining full and effective relief from them 
 
44 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 you will, therefore, consider as the most weighty charge lying upon 
 you. We earnestly recommend to you to use every means that may 
 tend to restore the harmony and affection not long since subsisting 
 between Great Britain and the Colonies, but which the late measures 
 have, unhappily for both, greatly interrupted, and, if persisted in, 
 may, in the end, totally destroy : but, at the same time, you are to 
 keep the strictest watch over our essential constitutional rights and 
 privileges, that none of them be in the least infringed upon." 
 
 On the first day of May, 1770, Samuel Flagg, Eichard Derby, Jr., 
 Warwick Palfray, Jonathan Ropes, Jr., John Gardner, Eichard Man- 
 ning, Thomas Mason, James King, and David Northey, are chosen, 
 in town-meeting, a committee of inspection and correspondence ; said 
 committee to offer to the inhabitants of the town a paper to sign 
 against using tea or foreign goods ; and at the same meeting it is 
 voted " that we do further agree to and with each other that we will 
 not suffer any foreign tea to be used in our families, and that we will 
 not buy any kind of goods whatever of those persons who shall sell 
 said tea after the first day of the present month ; and further, that we 
 will not employ any person that shall use it themselves, or shall suffer 
 it to be used in their families." 
 
 On September 27th, " considering the memorial of the Committee 
 on Inspection respecting the infamous conduct of John Appleton, 
 Peter Frye, Abigail Eppes, and Elizabeth Higginson, who, in breach 
 of a solemn agreement, took their imported goods by violence out of 
 the hands of the committee, it was voted that a memorandum, setting 
 forth their conduct, be read at every annual town-meeting, in March, 
 for the space of seven years next ensuing, immediately before the 
 choice of town officers," and that an account of their " base and infa- 
 mous behaviour " be published in the " Essex Gazette " for the space 
 of one year. 
 
 Meeting of the Provincial Assembly. — The action of the town just 
 narrated was but a prelude to what was soon to follow ; and it was 
 the fortune of Salem to be the theatre of the opening scenes in the 
 great struggle that was to end in the independence of the Colonies. 
 There is no year in the annals of Salem so memorable, and crowded 
 so full of historic events, as the year which began on the first day of 
 June, 1774. Here, during that time, were convened the last Provin- 
 cial Assembly and first Provincial Congress ; here were chosen the 
 
The Provincial Assembly. 45 
 
 first delegates to the Continental Congress ; here the assembled Prov- 
 ince first formally renounced allegiance to the Imperial Legislature ; 
 here was made the first attempt to enforce the last oppressive Acts of 
 Parliament, and here that attempt was resisted ; and here, though no 
 mortal wound was given, was shed the first blood of the American 
 Revolution. If Salem had no history save that contained in the 
 record of this eventful year, she would still be entitled to a high place 
 among the historic cities of this country. 
 
 On the 13th of May, 1774, Gen. Thomas Gage arrived in Boston. 
 He was the first British soldier appointed to the office of governor. 
 On the 25th of the same month the General Court met at Boston, and 
 a week later Gov. Gage adjourned them, to meet in Salem on the 
 7th of June. The governor proceeded to Salem on the Thursday 
 before the Assembly met, and the next Saturday he was received with 
 great parade, ending with a brilliant ball at the old Assembly Hall on 
 Cambridge Street. 
 
 The Assembly met on the 7th of June, but the session lasted only 
 eleven days. The House passed five Resolutions, protesting against 
 the removal to Salem. No further political measure transpired in either 
 branch until the 17th, when the House passed a Resolve, appointing 
 as delegates to the Congress at Philadelphia, James Bowdoin, Thomas 
 Cushing, Samuel Adams,, John Adams, and Robert Treat Paine, the 
 purpose of the Congress, as indicated by the Resolve, being "to 
 consult upon measures for the restoration of harmony between Great 
 Britain and the Colonies." The expenses of the delegates were also 
 provided for. This action displeased Gov. Gage, and he ordered a 
 proclamation for dissolving the General Court to be prepared by 
 Thomas Flucker, the secretary of the Province. The proclamation 
 was dated June 17, 1774, and with it the secretary proceeded to the 
 town house, where the General Court was in session. 
 
 On arriving he found the door locked and the messenger on guard. 
 He " directed the mess«nger to go in and acquaint the speaker that the 
 secretary had a message from bis Excellency to the honorable House, 
 and desired he might be admitted to deliver it." The messenger 
 returned, and said he had informed the speaker, as requested, "who 
 mentioned it to the House, and their orders were to keep the door 
 fast." Thereupon the secretary proceeded to read the paper upon the 
 stairs, in the presence of the assembled multitude, and afterwards in 
 
46 STcetch of 8alem. 
 
 the council chamber. Thus ended the last General Court held in 
 Massachusetts under a provincial governor, and such, too, were the 
 dramatic incidents attending the choice of the first five delegates to 
 that congress which, by successive elections, continued throughout 
 the war. 
 
 Governor Gage had taken up his residence at Danvers, in the man- 
 sion of Robert Hooper, now known as the " Collins House ; " and two 
 companies of soldiers, from Castle William, land in Salem, march 
 through the town, and encamp near the governor's abode. On the 
 12th of August, a Halifax regiment land, and are quartered on the 
 neck. On September 10th, they march from the neck through the 
 town, are joined at Danvers South Parish, now Peabody, by the guards 
 from the governor's headquarters, and together they proceed to Boston. 
 
 On Thursday the 1st of September, writs for calling a new General 
 Court, to be held at Salem, on the fifth of the next month, were issued 
 by the governor's order; but a week before the first day of the session, 
 he published a proclamation, excusing the representatives elect from 
 appearing at, or holding, a General Court. 
 
 Notwithstanding this proclamation, when the 5th of October arrived 
 ninety of the representatives assembled. Among them were men of 
 tried courage and determination, who were bent on executing the 
 purpose they had in view, whether the governor appeared or not. 
 We can imagine with what eag^r expectation the people watched their 
 proceedings, and how earnestly the throng about the old town-house 
 discussed the momentous questions of the day. That they might not 
 be charged with unseemly haste, the assembly did no formal business 
 on the first day. At three o'clock the next morning there was an 
 alarm of fire, and when the representatives assembled they found 
 twenty-four buildings, including the Eev. Dr. Whitaker's meeting- 
 house, destroyed, and the town-house itself scorched and blistered. 
 
 The assembly now organized, and John Hancock was chosen chair- 
 man, and Benjamin Lincoln, clerk. A committee was appointed to 
 consider the governor's proclamation, and the assembly adjourned. 
 On Friday, the 7th of October, the committee reported four resolu- 
 tions, declaring that the grievances which they set forth were such 
 as " in all good governments " had " been considered among the great- 
 est reasons for convening a parliament or assembly," and that the proc- 
 lamation was further proof of the necessity of " most vigorous and 
 
View on Essex Street. 
 
 ''^J^^^ri^^^S 
 
 VrEW ON VVashinoton Street. 
 
 Hellotype Printing Co., Boston 
 
Leslie's Retreat. 47 
 
 immediate exertions for preserving the freedom and constitution" 
 of the province. The resolutions were adopted, and thereupon the 
 following vote was passed : " Voted, That the members aforesaid do 
 now resolve themselves into a Provincial Congress, to be joined by 
 such other persons as have been or shall be chosen for that pur- 
 pose, to take into consideration the dangerous and alarming situa- 
 tion of public affairs in this province, and to consult and determine 
 on such measures as they shall judge will tend to promote the true 
 interest of His Majesty, and the peace, welfare and prosperity of the 
 province." 
 
 Having thus solemnly renounced the authority of parliament, and 
 affirmed the fundamental right of the people to institute a govern- 
 ment, when in their judgment the regular administration had over- 
 stepped the limits of the constitution, they adjourned to more com- 
 fortable quarters at Concord, to meet on the following Tuesday. 
 Here they organized the Congress, by raising Hancock to the presi- 
 dency, and electing Lincoln secretary. They continued their sittings 
 at Concord and Cambridge, and by midsummer three sessions had 
 been held, had transacted business, and finally dissolved. On the 
 day of their dissolution, they again assembled, by the recommenda- 
 tion of the Continental Congress, as an independent government 
 under the charter. The vote of the assembly at Salem, on the 7th 
 of October, 1774, was the legitimate act of the Province, in the only 
 way in which the Province could express its pleasure. From this fact 
 the movement in Salem derives a peculiar significance, and it can 
 be justly claimed as the first official act of the Province by which 
 she put herself in open, actual opposition to the home government.* 
 
 Leslie's Betreat. — The winter of 1774-75 came on, and found the 
 breach between the Colonies and the mother country growing wider 
 and wider. Military stores had already been seized, in various places, 
 by the British troops, under orders from Gen. Gage, when, on a Sab- 
 bath afternoon in midwinter, a detachment of about three hundred 
 British soldiers, under Col. Leslie, land at Marblehead, and march 
 through the town towards Salem, with the purpose of seizing cer- 
 
 * In preparing this brief account of the meeting of the Provincial Congress, liheral 
 use has heen made of an address delivered by Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Esct-, before the 
 Essex Institute, Oct. 5, 1874, in which the subject is elaborately and exhaustively 
 treated. (See Sist. Coll. Essex Institute, vol. xiii., page 1.) 
 
48 SJcetch of Salem. 
 
 tain cannon loaned to the Provincial Congress. Maj. John Pedrick 
 hastened to Salem to give the alarm, and, as the troops marched along 
 through the " South fields," they were obliged to stop and repair the 
 bridge at the South Mills, which the inhabitants had torh up to delay 
 their passage. Hastily repairing it they cross, and the advance guard 
 march towards Union Wharf as a decoy, while the main body advance 
 towards the North Bridge, halting a few minutes at the court-house. 
 It was about four o'clock on the afternoon of Sunday, Feb. 26, 1775. 
 The inhabitants of Salem were already aroused. Pastors dismissed 
 their congregations, and repaired with them to the scene of action. 
 Capt. Mason, living near the old North Church, shouted the alarm 
 cry at the door : " The regulars are coming I " and then hastened to 
 the bridge. Leslie and hia men arrived at North Bridge, attended 
 by a concourse of people, and found the draw raised to prevent their 
 further progress. He requested Kichard Derby, who owned part of 
 the cannon,* to exert his influence for their surrender, and received 
 the reply : " Find them if you can ; take them if you can ; they will 
 never be surrendered." 
 
 On the other side of the river was Timothy Pickering, who had 
 just been chosen colonel of the First Eegiment, with forty armed 
 militia ready to dispute Leslie's passage across the stream. Leslie 
 threatened to fire on the people, when Capt. John Felt, who had 
 " kept close to Leslie every step from the court-house," said to him : 
 "You had better not fire, for there," pointing to the other side of the 
 river, " is a multitude, every man of whom is ready to die in this 
 strife." 
 
 On the top of the raised leaf of the draw, on the opposite side of 
 the stream, the more adventurous spirits had clambered. They called 
 to the soldiers in strong and defiant language, and received in reply 
 a threat that if they did not desist they would be fired upon. " Fire 
 and be d — d ! " calls out Capt. Joshua Ward, in language more forci- 
 
 * Mr. Gideon Tucker, who died in 1861, aged eighty-three, related that when a boy 
 six or seven years old, being with his father, at his wharf, in North Salem, there was 
 pointed ont to him the place where the cannon were piled. They were owned, he was 
 told, by various persons, and had been landed from merchant vessels, a general peace 
 making them unnecessary. When the alarm came that Leslie was on the road from 
 Marblehead, these cannon were carried off by the farmers, and were placed on land 
 owned by Col. Mason, near the present head of School Street. There they remained 
 tin about 1793. 
 
Leslie's Retreat. 49 
 
 ble than elegant. Three gondolas lay on the west side of the bridge, 
 and Jonathan Felt, a shipmaster, Frank Benson, and Joseph Whicher, 
 the foreman in Maj. Sprague's distillery, fearful that the enemy might 
 use them to cross in, set about scuttling them to render them useless. 
 A scuffle ensued between the soldiers and those in the gondolas, and 
 Whicher received a wound from a bayonet, drawing blood, and of 
 which he was afterwards exceedingly proud. Others were somewhat 
 scratched, and a bloody struggle seemed imminent. 
 
 While matters were fast tending to a disastrous conflict, the Rev. 
 Thomas Barnard of the North Church appeared as a mediator between 
 Leslie and the people. " You cannot," said he, " commit this viola- 
 tion against innocent men, here, on this holy day, without sinning 
 against God and humanity. Let me entreat you to return." " And 
 who are you, sir ? " answered Leslie to this remonstrance. The young 
 minister replied, " I am Thomas Barnard, a minister of the gospel, 
 and my mission is peace." He suggests the compromise by which 
 honor is to be saved, on one side, and no guns lost on the other. 
 Leslie agrees that if the draw is lowered, and he permitted to lead his 
 men thirty rods beyond, he would then countermarch and leave the 
 town. Col. Pickering consents, a line is drawn and guarded by 
 Pickering's men, and the haughty Briton crosses, turns in the face of 
 the enemy, and proceeds expeditiously back to Marblehead, and from 
 thence to Boston. 
 
 For the first time in the history of the Colony, the military author- 
 ity of Great Britain had received a check ; for the first time, blood 
 had been spilt in a strife between the Colony and the mother country ; 
 and that the struggle was not as bloody and memorable as that at 
 Lexington, which took place soon after, was due to the prudence and 
 .caution and forbearance of Col. Leslie. A single shot, and the brave 
 and determined men of Salem who stood at North Bridge, under the 
 lead of the gallant Felt, would have left few of the British soldiers to 
 report to Gen. Gage the result of their expedition. A flag-stafi" now 
 marks the spot on which the townspeople stood, in their opposition to 
 the encroachment of the British troops on that eventful winter Sab- 
 bath in 1775. 
 
 Salem Militia. — Leslie's expedition roused the people of Salem 
 to a sense of their danger ; and on the 14th of March following, all 
 persons on the alarm-list receive warning to meet in " School Street," 
 
 7 
 
50 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 and on the 25th, the town votes to raise two companies of minute-men 
 " whose attachment to their country can be relied on." On the 19th 
 of April, Benjamin Pierce, of Salem, is killed at the battle of Lexing- 
 ton. Col. Pickering, with three hundred soldiers, march as fast as 
 they can from Salem towards Lexington, but do not arrive in sight of 
 the enemy till the last of them are retreating through Charlestown. 
 For the failure to arrive in season, the Salem troops are greatly cen- 
 sured ; the inhabitants are highly indignant at this unjust censure of 
 their soldiers, and call a town-meeting, Aug. 10, 1775, to make state- 
 ment of the facts to the General Court. This is done at length, the 
 statement beginning as follows : " On the 19th of April, very soon after 
 the barbarous deeds of the King's troops at Lexington, the inhabitants 
 mustered in arms, and near three hundred marched off and directed 
 their course according to the intelligence they were continually receiv- 
 ing on the road, of the situation of the troops. Thousands of men 
 nearer, much nearer the scene of action, either stayed at home, or 
 arrived no sooner than the Salem militia." 
 
 This statement is sent to the General Court, which body there- 
 upon votes : " In House of Representatives, August 17, 1775. On 
 a petition from the town of Salem complaining of many illiberal 
 reflections being cast by some individuals respecting the conduct 
 of said town, in the present dispute between Great Britain and 
 the Colonies. — Eesolved : — That notwithstanding many ungenerous 
 aspersions have been cast on said town, there is nothing appears to 
 this court, in the conduct thereof, inimical to the liberties and 
 privileges of America, but on the contrary, in many instances, its ex- 
 ertions have been such as has done its inhabitants much honor, and 
 been of great advantage to the colony." 
 
 Benedict Arnold. — On the 14th of September, 1775, a detachment 
 of troops sent from the headquarters at Cambridge, by Gen. Wash- 
 ington, stop for dinner at Salem, on their way to attempt the capture 
 of Quebec. This remarkable expedition was commanded by Benedict 
 Arnold, then high in favor with Washington ; and his indomitable 
 courage and unfailing resources made the passage of the trackless 
 woods of Maine by his troops a possibility. Congress, for this ser- 
 vice, made Arnold a brigadier-general ; and, while we execrate his 
 subsequent treachery, this should be remembered to his credit. 
 
 Salem in the Revolution. — From 1775 till the news of the decla- 
 
The War of 1812. 51 
 
 ration of peace was received, April 3, 1783, Salem bore an honora- 
 ble part in the contest that was waged for liberty and freedom. She 
 furnished. men to fill the ranks of the army, and money and clothing 
 for its support. Her people were ready to sacrifice all, if need be, 
 in the cause of independence and for the establishment of the rights of 
 the Colonies. 
 
 At a town-meeting, held Wednesday, June 12, 1776, the following 
 stirring and patriotic address to their representatives was adopted by 
 men who knew the meaning of the brave words they used : — "To the 
 Gentlemen who represent the inhabitants of Salem in the present 
 General Court. Gentlemen : We the inhabitants of the town of Sa- 
 lem in town meeting legally assembled hereby advise you that if the 
 Honorable Congress shall for the safety of the United American colo- 
 nies declare them independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain we 
 will solemnly engage with our lives and fortunes to support them in 
 the measure." 
 
 After the Revolution. — The War of the Revolution having been 
 brought to a successful termination, the inhabitants of Salem turned 
 their attention to the avocations of peace. Commerce flourished here 
 with unexampled prosperity, and the white sails of Salem's ships were 
 unfurled in every port in the known world, and carried the fame and 
 name of Salem to the uttermost parts of the earth. Salem was at 
 the height of her commercial prosperity during the period from the 
 close of the Eevolutionary War to the time of the embargo, in 1808. 
 She had eight hundred men on the ocean imperilled by the declara- 
 tion of war in 1812. 
 
 Being so largely engaged in commerce, her people naturally looked 
 with alarm upon the opening of a contest that might sweep their ves- 
 sels from the seas and destroy millions of their property. They 
 assembled in town meeting June 22, 1812, and chose a committee to 
 draft a memorial to Congress praying that the country might be saved 
 from an " unjust and ruinous war." The committee consisted of the 
 most respected citizens of the town : Jacob Ashton, Joseph Peabody, 
 William Orne, Willard Peele, Samuel Putnam, Benjamin Pierce, 
 Samuel Upton, John Pickering, and Nathaniel Bowditch. Their 
 memorial declared that war was unnecessary ; that it was impolitic, 
 because an immense amount of property would be abandoned to the 
 cruisers of Great Britain ; and that the inhabitants of Salem would 
 
52 SJcetck of Salem. 
 
 individually sustain immense losses. But the remonstrance came too 
 late. The official announcement of the declaration of war was received 
 the next day. 
 
 After war had been formally declared, Salem stood ready to assist 
 in bringing it to a successful issue. An instance of the patriotic feel- 
 ing which pervaded the very class that at first thought the war unnec- 
 essary and impolitic, may be found in the alacrity with which they 
 fitted out a vessel and sent for the remains of Lawrence and Ludlow, 
 the dead heroes of the memorable fight between the " Chesapeake " 
 and "Shannon." This celebrated naval contest was fought on the 
 1st of June, 1813, so near the shores of Salem that many of the citi- 
 zens witnessed it from the heights in the vicinity, Legge's Hill being 
 a very prominent point of view. 
 
 Lawrence was only in his thirty-second year, but had before dis- 
 tinguished himself for his bravery and skill. The famous expression 
 of the dying hero will never be forgotton. After he had been mor- 
 tally wounded, and carried below, he issued from the cock-pit his 
 memorable orders, "Keep the guns going," "Fight her till she strikes 
 or sinks ; " and when he knew that the enemy had carried the spar- 
 deck, he sent the emphatic message to the gun-deck, " Don't give up 
 the ship." No officer was left on the deck of the "Chesapeake" 
 undisabled, higher in rank than a midshipman. 
 
 When the particulars of the fight were received from Halifax, 
 whither the "Chesapeake" was taken, the patriotic merchants and 
 navigators of Salem made arrangements to recover the remains of 
 Capt. Lawrence. Capt. George Crowinshield, Jr., projected the 
 undertaking, and fitted and provisioned the brig " Henry," entirely at 
 his own expense, had her commissioned with a flag of truce, and 
 sailed for Halifax for the purpose of soliciting the body. The 
 "Henry" was manned by Salem shipmasters, who volunteered their 
 services to perform the voyage. Capt. George Crowninsheld, Jr., 
 was commander; Capt. Holten J. Breed, first officer; and Capt. 
 Samuel Briggs, second officer. The brig sailed from Salem on Satur- 
 day, August 7, and returned on Wednesday, August 18, with the 
 bodies of Capt. James Lawrence and Lieut. Augustus C. Ludlow, 
 both victims of the sea-fight off the shores of Salem. 
 
 The funeral observances, which took place on Monday Aug. 23, 
 1813, were on a scale of unwonted and imposing magnitude. The 
 
Tlie War of 1812. 53 
 
 Vice-President of the United States, Elbridge Gerry, and a large 
 number of distinguished officers of the army and navy were present. 
 On the day of the funeral every vessel in the harbor and at the 
 wharves, and all the flag-staffs in town, wore the- American ensign at 
 half-mast. The brig "Henry," clad in sable, lay at anchor in the har- 
 bor. At half-past twelve o'clock the remains were placed in barges, 
 and, preceded by a long procession of boats, filled with seamen uni- 
 formed in blue jackets, with a blue ribbon on their hats, bearing the 
 motto, "Free Ti-ade and Sailors' Rights," were rowed by minute- 
 strokes to the end of India (now Phillips) Wharf, where hearses 
 were ready to receive them. From the time that the boats left the 
 brig until the bodies were landed, the U. S. brig "Rattlesnake " and 
 the brig "Henry," in which they were brought, alternately fired 
 minute-guns. A procession was formed at the head of India Wharf, 
 under the direction of Maj. John Saunders, which, escorted by the 
 Salem Light Infantry, Capt. James C. King, moved through a part of 
 Derby Street, Hardy, Essex, North, Lynde, Coutt, Church, and 
 Brown streets, to the Howard Street Church, where the funeral 
 oration was pronounced by the Hon. Joseph Story, and the rites of 
 sepulture performed by the Rev. Mr. Henshaw, of Marblehead, Capt. 
 Peabody's company of artillery firing minute-guns from Washington 
 Square. The bodies were temporarily deposited in the tomb of Capt. 
 George Crowninshield, in the Howard Street Cemetery. 
 
 Such were the honors that Salem paid to the two youthful heroes 
 who lost their lives while defending the flag of their country. Law- 
 rence was thirty-one ; Ludlow, twenty-one. Short as had been their 
 lives, they had so conducted themselves as to gain the gratitude of 
 their countrymen and the respect and admiration of their opponents. 
 
 During the war, details from the several military companies were 
 employed in constructing defences at " Juniper " and Hospital point, 
 and in guarding the most prominent positions on the Neck. A large, 
 heavy-timbered observatory was built just inside the "great pasture" 
 gate, which stood until demolished by the storm of Aug. 1, 1815. 
 Salem sent out a large number of privateers during this war, of which 
 some notice is given in a succeeding chapter. 
 
 From the close of the war until the adoption of the city charter, 
 in 1836, no very notable event marked the history of Salem. The 
 calm and placid stream flows quietly along unnoticed, while the 
 
54 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 brawling and dangerous rapids fix our attention. History is little else 
 than the record of disasters. War and turmoil, rebellion and riot, 
 and their results, fill the larger part of the pages of history. IJappy 
 is the town whose record is short, because it is a record of peace 
 and prosperity. 
 
 City Government. — As early as the year 1805 the subject of a city 
 form of government was seriously considered, but the project took no 
 definite shape until Jan. 29, 1836, on which day a town-meeting was 
 called, upon petition of Joseph Peabody and others, to ascertain the 
 sense of the town in relation to a city charter, the Hon. Leverett 
 Saltonstall presiding. A committee of three persons was chosen from 
 each ward, on motion of E. H. Derby, who, together with the select- 
 men, were to constitute a committee to consider and report upon the 
 expediency of a change in the form of government. 
 
 On the 15th of February the committee reported in favor of the 
 change, and the meeting adopted a resolve " that it is expedient to 
 adopt a city form of government." The selectmen were instructed to 
 petition the General Court in behalf of the town for an Act of incor- 
 poration as a city, and a committee was appointed to draft a city 
 charter. This committee consisted of Messrs. Leverett Saltonstall, 
 Nathaniel Silsbee, Jr., Perley Putnam, Nathaniel J. Lord, Benjamin 
 Merrill, Nathaniel L. Eogers, and Joseph G. Waters ; and fifteen 
 hundred copies of their report were printed and distributed forthwith. 
 At a meeting of the committee on February 20th, it was voted that a 
 charter for the city be obtained as soon as may be. 
 
 The Act "to establish the city of Salem" was approved March 23, 
 1836, by Edward Everett, governor of the Commonwealth. War- 
 rants were now issued for a town-meeting, to be held April 4, 1836. 
 This meeting was held in the town hall, the Hon. Benjamin Merrill 
 presiding ; 802 votes were cast, of which 617 were for the charter, and 
 185 against it. 
 
 This action closed the history of the town of Salem, — a history 
 extending over two centuries, and replete in its earlier years with 
 stirring events and honorable actions, and making a record of which 
 any town might bo justly proud. 
 
City Government. 55 
 
 CHAPTEK lY. 
 
 SKETCH OF SALEM SINCE THE ADOPTION OF A CITTT CHARTER. 
 
 Salem was the second city incorporated in the Commonwealth, the 
 Act granting a city charter being dated March 23, 1836. Boston was 
 incorporated Feb. 22, 1822 ; and Lowell, April 1, 1836. The charter 
 of Salem was modelled after that of Boston. It provided for a city 
 government, to consist of a mayor, six aldermen, and twenty-four 
 common councilmen. The only change in this respect that has 
 since been made has been the addition of one member to the board 
 of aldermen. This was done by statute of 1878. The city charter 
 having been accepted April 4, 1836, the selectmen issued their war- 
 rants for an election of mayor and members of the city council 
 on the twenty-fifth day of April, 1836. At this election 1,104 
 votes were cast for mayor, of which the Hon. Leverett Salton- 
 stall received 752 votes, and was elected. Perley Putnam had 260 
 votes, George Peabody 56, and David Putnam 36. Samuel Holman, 
 Jr., George Peabody, Henry Whipple, David Pingree, John Waters, 
 and Oliver Parsons were chosen to constitute the board of alder- 
 men. 
 
 The organization of the new city government took place on Monday, 
 May 9, 1836, at ten o'clock, in the Tabernacle Church. Prayer was 
 offered by the Eev. Dr. Brazer, and David Cummins administered 
 the oath of office to the mayor-elect. Mayor Saltonstall delivered his 
 inaugural address, and at its close the two boards retired to rooms in 
 the court-house, formerly used as a town hall. John Glen King was 
 chosen president, and Nathaniel Cleaves clerk of the common council. 
 Joseph Cloutman was elected city clerk, and the new government was 
 ready to commence its labors. The city council continued to hold its 
 sessions at the court-house until the present city hall was ready for 
 occupancy. 
 
 City Han. — On the third day of April, 1837, Mayor Saltonstall, 
 
56 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 with Aldermen Peabody and Parsons, and Councilmen Putnam, Rogers, 
 Shepard, and Russell, were appointed a committee to report what 
 measures were expedient to be taken to provide suitable accommoda- 
 tions for the city council and officers of the city ; and May 19, 1837, 
 they reported that it was expedient to erect a city hall on Court, 
 now Washington Street. A committee of five was appointed to 
 superintend its erection; and on the 24th of May, 1838, the mayor, 
 as chairman of the committee, reported that the city hall was ready 
 to be occupied, and Thursday, May 31, the first meeting of the city 
 council was held therein. Mayor Saltonstall delivering an address upon 
 the occasion. The cost of the city hall, completed and furnished, 
 together with the land, was $22,878.69, which sum was wholly paid 
 from the surplus revenue hereafter referred to. The city hall was 
 enlarged, in 1876, during the administration of Mayor Williams, who 
 delivered a dedicatory address May 8, 1876. The cost of the improve- 
 ment was about $24,000 ; and, as enlarged, it will doubtless supply 
 the needs of the city for many years to come. 
 
 The city hall has this noteworthy fact connected with its history : It 
 is the only building that has been, or probably ever will be, built in 
 Salem with surplus revenue returned by the United States govern- 
 ment, because the cofiers of the nation were full to overflowing. The 
 income from customs duties and the sales of public lands so far ex- 
 ceeded the estimates that the secretary of the treasury found his, 
 receipts to be $40,000,000 in excess of his needs ; and that sum was, 
 by Act of Congress, distributed among the States, which, in turn, 
 made a distribution among the cities and towns, Salem's share of 
 this surplus revenue was $33,843.49. 
 
 City Seal. — An abiding place having thus been provided for the 
 city officials, attention was turned to procuring an appropriate muni- 
 cipal seal ; and March 11, 1839, an ordinance was adopted, providing 
 for the seal as at present used by the city. The design was adopted 
 substantially as drawn by Mr. George Peabody, then a member of the 
 board of aldermen ; and the ordinance before-mentioned provided that 
 the following be the device of the seal of the city, to wit : In the centre 
 thereof a shield, bearing upon it a ship under full sail, approaching a 
 coast designated by the costume of the person standing upon it, and by 
 the trees near him, as a portion of the East Indies ; beneath the shield, 
 this motto : "Dtvitis Indice usque ad ultimum sinum," signifying "To 
 
City Oovernment. 57 
 
 the farthest port of the rich East ; " and above the shield, a dove, bear- 
 ing an olive-branch in her mouth. In the circumference encircling the 
 shield, the words ''Salem condita, A. D. 1626," " Oivitatis regimine 
 donata, A. D. 1836." The engraver, Mr. Stott, of Boston, substi- 
 tuted a female for the male figure intended by the ordinance, appar- 
 ently without authority from any one. The seal of a city should be 
 characteristic and unique, so that it could not fitly be borne by any 
 other city ; for it is an enduring link between the past and the future. 
 It should bear upon its face an epitome of the city's history. The 
 seal of Salem seems to meet the conditions of an historic work. It 
 fitly typifies and commemorates that commercial enterprise that dur- 
 ing the first half of this century gave Salem a peculiar distinction 
 among the cities of the earth, and carried the fame of her merchants, 
 as well as the flag of the country, into unknown seas.* 
 
 Mayors. — A brief notice of the men who have been assigned the 
 position of mayor and of president of the lower branch of the city 
 government will be of interest, as indicating the character of the 
 municipal government of Salem. 
 
 Leverett Saltonstall was the first mayor, serving from May 9, 1836, 
 to Dec. 5, 1838, when he resigned to take the seat in Congress to 
 which he had been elected, and where he served until 1843. He was 
 born in Haverhill, June 13, 1783, and graduated at Harvard in 1802. 
 He was a member of both branches of the State Legislature, and Pres- 
 ident of the Senate in 1831. Harvard conferred upon him the degree 
 of LL. D. in 1838. He was an active member of the American 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society. He was a distinguished lawyer, a graceful and pleasing 
 orator, and a man universally respected and beloved. He died May 
 8, 1845. 
 
 Stephen C. Phillips was mayor from Dec. 5, 1838, to 1842. He was 
 born in Salem, Nov. 4, 1801, and graduated at Harvard in 1819. 
 From 1824 to 1829 he was a representative to the General Court; in 
 1830-31, a member of the State Senate; and 1832-33, again in the 
 House. He was a representative to Congress from 1834 to 1838, and 
 in 1848 and 1849 Free Soil candidate for governor. Mr. Phillips was 
 
 * For a full account of the proceedings on the adoption of the city seal, see an article 
 by Eobert S. Eantoul, Esq., in Historical Collections of Essex Institute, Vol. VIII., 
 page 3. 
 
 8 
 
58 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 deeply interested in the cause of education, and on his retirement from 
 the office of mayor he gave the whole of his salary to the city for the 
 benefit of the public schools. He was lost by the burning of the 
 steamer "Montreal" on the St. Lawrence River, June 26, 1857. 
 
 Stephen P. Webb served as mayor in 1842, '43, and '44, and again in 
 1860, '61, and '62. He was born in Salem, March 20, 1804, and 
 graduated at Harvard in 1824. He was mayor of San Francisco for 
 one year from the autumn of 1854, which was during the stirring 
 times of the vigilance committee. He was city clerk in Salem from 
 1863 t0'1871. 
 
 Joseph S. Cabot was mayor four years, in 1845-46-47 and '48. He 
 was born in Salem, Oct. 8, 1796, and died June 29, 1874. In 1829 
 he was chosen president of the Asiatic Bank, and continued in that 
 office till his death, with brief intervals, when he was bank commis- 
 sioner. He was greatly interested in horticulture, and was president 
 of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. He was also president of 
 the Salem Savings Bank, and of the Harmony Grove Cemetery Cor- 
 poration. 
 
 Nathaniel Silsbee, Jr., was mayor four years, — in 1849-50, and 
 again in 1858-59. He was born in Salem, Dec. 28, 1804, and gradu- 
 ated at Harvard in 1824. He was for many years Treasurer of Har- 
 vard College. 
 
 David Pingree served as mayor in 1851. He was born in George- 
 town, in 1795, and died in Salem, March 31, 1863. He was a promi- 
 nent merchant, president of the Naumkeag Bank from its organization 
 in 1831 ; and president of the Naumkeag Cotton Company from its 
 establishment till his death. 
 
 Charles W. Upham was mayor in 1852. Born in St. John, N. 
 B., May 4, 1802, he graduated at Harvard in 1821. He was set- 
 tled over the First Church in Salem from 1824 to 1844. He was a 
 member of the thirty-third Congress 1853-55, and a representative to 
 the General Court in 1849, 1859, and 1860 ; a member of the State 
 Senate in 1850, 1857, and 1858, — the last two years being president 
 of that body. Mr. TJpham is quite celebrated as an author, — the 
 "History of Salem Witchcraft," and "Life of Timothy Pickering" being 
 among his most recent productions. He was at various times editor 
 of the " Christian Register " and " Christian Review." His death oc- 
 curred June 15, 1875. 
 
City Government. 59 
 
 Asahel Huntington served as mayor in 1853. He was born in 
 Topsfield, July 23, 1798, and graduated at Yale in 1819. He was 
 county and district attorney, appointed first in 1830. In 1845 he re- 
 signed as district attorney ; but in 1847 he was again elected to that 
 office, and served till 1851, when he was appointed clerk of the courts 
 for Essex County, which office he held till his death. He was twice a 
 representative to the General Court, and was president of the Essex 
 Institute. He was greatly interested in the cause of temperance. He 
 died Sept. 5, 1870. 
 
 Joseph Andrews served as mayor in 1854-55. He was born in 
 Salem Dec. 10, 1808, and died in Boston Feb. 8, 1869. He was 
 captain of the Salem Light Infantry and brigadier-general of the State 
 militia, which position he held in 1861, at the opening of the Eebellion. 
 He commanded at Fort Warren, in Boston harbor, and had charge 
 of the State troops sent to that station prior to their departure for 
 the seat of war, and until it ceased to be used for that purpose. He 
 was a bank official. 
 
 William S. Messervy was mayor in 1856-57. He was born in 
 Salem Aug. 26, 1812. Appointed as territorial ^secretary of New 
 Mexico in 1853, he was at one time the acting-governor. 
 
 Stephen G. Wheatland served as mayor in 1863-64. He was born 
 in Newton, Aug. 11, 1824, and graduated at Harvard in 1844. He 
 served as representative to the General Court for several years, and 
 is a lawyer by profession. 
 
 Joseph B. F. Osgood was mayor in 1865. He was born in Salem 
 July 1-, 1823, and graduated at Harvard in 1846. He has served in 
 both branches of the State Legislature, and is the present judge of the 
 first district court of Essex County, having been appointed on the 
 establishment of the court in 1874. 
 
 David Roberts served as mayor in 1866-67, resigning on account 
 of a disagreement with his board of aldermen, Sept. 26, 1867. He 
 is a lawyer, has served in the lower branch of the State Legislature, 
 and is the author of a book on Admiralty Law and Practice. He was 
 born in Hamilton, April 5, 1804. 
 
 William Cogswell was elected mayor, Sept. 26, 1867, on the res- 
 ignation of Mayor Roberts, and served in 1868-69, and again in 
 1873-74. He was born in Bradford, Aug. 23, 1838, and graduated 
 at the Harvard Law School. He entered the War of the Rebellion as 
 
60 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 captain in the 2d Mass. Regiment, and rose to the rank of brevet 
 brigadier-general. He was with Sherman during his memorable 
 march through Georgia. In 1870-71 he was a representative to the 
 General Court. A lawyer by profession, he now holds the office of 
 State inspector of fish. 
 
 Nathaniel Brown was mayor in 1870-71. He was born in Salem, 
 March 18, 1827, and was a captain in the merchant service for many 
 years. He is president of the Salem Marine Society, and delivered 
 the address on the centennial anniversary of the incorporation of that 
 society in 1871. 
 
 Samuel Galley served as mayor in 1872. He was born in Salem, 
 April 13, 1821, and is by trade a house-painter.' He served as repre- 
 sentative in the General Court in 1870 and 1871. 
 
 Henry L. Williams served as mayor in 1875-76. He was born in 
 Salem, July 23, 1815. He is president of the National Exchange 
 Bank, and of the Salem Five Cent Savings Bank, and was for a long 
 time a director of the Eastern Eailroad. 
 
 Henry K. Oliver was mayor in 1877, '78, and '79. He was born in 
 Beverly, Nov. 24, 1800, and graduated at Harvard in 1818. He was 
 adjutant-general from 1844 to 1848, and was State treasurer during the 
 war, from 1861 to 1866. He has been interested in the labor question, 
 and was chief of the State bureau of labor for several years. He 
 served as mayor of Lawrence in 1859, and as agent of the State 
 board of education in 1858 and '59. At the Philadelphia exhibition 
 in 1876, he was one of the judges of musical instruments. He was 
 a member of the first common council of Salem. Mr. Oliver was 
 a teacher by profession, and taught many years in Salem, being the 
 first teacher of the English High School. He was afterwards agent of 
 the Atlantic Cotton Mills at Lawrence. 
 
 Presidents of the Common Council. — John Glen King was presi- 
 dent of the common council in 1836-37. He was born in Salem, 
 March 19, 1787, and died July 26, 1857. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1807, and was one of that corps of scholars who gave the type and 
 character to the Essex bar. He was a member of both branches of 
 the State Legislature, and one of the founders of the Essex Historical 
 Society. 
 
 Eichard S. Rogers was president in 1838. He was born in 1790, 
 and was an active merchant in the firm of N. L. Rogers cS; Bros., who 
 
City Government. 61 
 
 were pioneers in the United States of the Zanzibar and New Holland 
 trades. For many years, down to 1842, they were engaged in foreign 
 commerce with the East Indies, and were among the most distinguished 
 merchants of Salem. He died at Salem, June 11, 1873. 
 
 John Russell was president in 1839-40-41. He was born in Boston 
 in 1779, and was an apprentice in the office of the "Columbian Centi- 
 nel." He served as colonel of the Salem Artillery Regiment ; was 
 president of the Salem Charitable Mechanic Association, a representa- 
 tive to the General Court, and cashier and president of the Bank of 
 General Interest. He died in Salem, April 12, 1853. 
 
 Joshua H. Ward was president in 1842-43-44. He resigned Sept. 
 2, 1844, on his appointment as judge of the court of common pleas. 
 He was born in Salem, July 8, 1808, and graduated at Harvard in 
 1829. He was the youngest judge upon the bench, being only thirty- 
 six at the time of his appointment. He left a lucrative practice to 
 take the seat, and won the respect and esteem of all who had occasion 
 to attend the courts. He served repeatedly in the lower branch of 
 the State Legislature, and died at Salem, June 5, 1848. 
 
 David Putnam was chosen president on the resignation of Judge 
 Ward, Sept. 5, 1844, and served during the remainder of the year. 
 He was born in Danvers, in 1780, was a dry-goods merchant, and 
 brigadier-general in the State militia. He died in Salem, May 15, 
 1866. 
 
 Joseph G. Sprague was president in 1845-46-47. He was born in 
 Danvers in 1786, and was for twenty years the cashier of the Naum- 
 keag Bank. He died Dec. 1, 1852. 
 
 Jonathan C. Perkins was president in 1848. He was born at 
 Ipswich, Nov. 21, 1809, and graduated at Amherst College in 1832. 
 He was State senator in 1849, and was appointed a justice of the court 
 of common pleas in 1848, which position he held till the abolition of 
 the court in 1859. For several years he was the city solicitor. He 
 was one of the trustees of Amherst College. H^edited and annotated 
 several valuable legal works. His death occurred at Salem, Dec. 12, 
 1877. 
 
 Benjamin Wheatland was president in 1849-50-51. He was born 
 in Salem, May 27, 1801, and graduated at Harvard in 1819. He was 
 agent of the Newmarket Manufacturing Company for many years, and 
 died in Salem, Dec. 28, 1854. 
 
62 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 John Whipple was president in 1852-53. He was bom in Hamil- 
 ton, and died Aug. 6, 1876, at the age of seventy-five years. He was 
 a manufacturer of furniture, and represented Salem in the lower 
 branch of the Legislature. 
 
 Daniel Potter was president in 1854-55. He was born in Ipswich, 
 March 24, 1800, and was by trade a blacksmith. He has been a repi-e- 
 sentative to the General Court, and for many years a deputy sheriff for 
 Essex County, having served continuously in the latter office since 
 1855. 
 
 John Webster was president in 1856. He was born in Salem, Sept. 
 10, 1804, and was in early years a master mariner, making voyages to 
 Zanzibar and other ports. He is now treasurer of the Newmarket 
 Manufacturing Company. 
 
 William C. Endicott was president in 1857. He was born in Salem, 
 Nov. 19, 1826, and graduated at Harvard in 1847. He was appointed 
 one of the justices of the supreme judicial court in 1873, and is now 
 upon the bench. He was for several years the city solicitor. He 
 takes an active interest in science and literature, and is the present 
 president of the Peabody Academy of Science. 
 
 Stephen B. Ives was president in 1858. He was born in Salpm, April 
 12, 1801, and was a bookseller and publisher. He has served in the 
 lower branch of the Legislature, and has always taken an active part 
 in municipal affairs. 
 
 Henry L. Williams was president in 1859, and mayor during the 
 years 1875-76. 
 
 James H. Battis was president in 1860. He was born in Salem, Dec. 
 10, 1819, and is a manufacturer of cigars. He has been storekeeper 
 at the Salem custom-house. 
 
 Stephen G. Wheatland was president in 1861-62, and mayor dur- 
 ing the years 1863-64. 
 
 William G. Choate was president in 1863-64. He was born in 
 Salem, Aug. 30, 1830, and graduated at Harvard in 1852. He was 
 assistant attorney-general of Massachusetts. He has practised law 
 in New York City^since 1865, and was appointed Judge of the United 
 States Court for the Southern District of New York in 1878. 
 
 Gilbert L. Streeter was president in 1865, and again in 1870-71-72. 
 He was born in Salem April 30, 1823, and is the editor of the Salem 
 " Observer," and an officer in the First National Bank. 
 
City Government. 63 
 
 Charles S. Osgood was president in 1866-67-68 and '69. He was 
 born in Salem March 13, 1839. He served in the board of aldermen 
 two years, and in the common council seven years. He was deputy 
 collector of the port of Salem from 1864 to 1873 ; and represented 
 Salem in the Massachusetts House of Kepresentatives for six years, 
 from 1874 to 1879, inclusive. 
 
 William M. Hill was president from 1873 to Jan. 14, 1875, when 
 he resigned to accept the position of city marshal, which office he 
 held until 1877, when he was appointed on the State Detective Force. 
 He was born in Salem Aug. 16, 1831, and is by trade a currier. 
 
 George W. Williams was chosen president on the resignation of Mr. 
 Hill, Jan. 14, 1875, and held the position during the remainder of the 
 year. He was born in Salem, Oct. 2, 1839. 
 
 George H. Hill was president in 1876. He was born in Salem 
 July 14, 1842, and is in the drug business. 
 
 Arthur L. Huntington was president in 1877-78. He was born in 
 Salem Aug. 12, 1848, and graduated at Harvard in 1870. He is a 
 member of the Essex bar. 
 
 William A. Hill was president in 1879. He was born in Marble- 
 head, June, 28, 1840, and is in the leather business. 
 
 Such is a brief history of the men who have been prominent in the 
 government of Salem since its organization as a city. It includes the 
 names of many who have attained great eminence in their different 
 walks in life, and the name of no one appears there who has not 
 striven to increase the prosperity and add to the material welfare of 
 the city. 
 
 The years from the adoption of the city charter to the opening 
 of the War of the Rebellion in 1861 were quiet and uneventful 
 years in the history of Salem. During that period the commercial 
 prosperity of the city, already declining, continued to decrease, and 
 her ships engaged in foreign commerce were mostly entered and cleared 
 at the great commercial cities. The opening of the Eastern Railroad 
 to Boston Aug. 27, 1838, and the increased facilities for travel, have 
 tended to concentrate business at the great centres of trade, and 
 Salem no longer holds her place as one of the principal cities engaged 
 in foreign commerce. Other avenues of business have been opened, 
 however, which will be noticed more at length in a succeeding 
 chapter. 
 
64 Bketch of Salem. 
 
 Salem in the Civil War. — We have seen in the preceding chapter 
 that, during the War of the Revolution, the people of Salem, in town- 
 meeting assembled, declared themselves ready to support the cause 
 of freedom with " their lives and fortunes," and that upon her soil the 
 first blood of that contest was shed. When, nearly a century later, 
 civil war hung like a black and angry cloud over the nation, and 
 threatened to rend it asunder, Salem again took a prominent and 
 honorable part in defence of the national honor and life. The 
 complete history of Salem in the civil war would contain a record of 
 the movements of every regiment, battalion, and unattached company 
 from Massachusetts, and a description of the cruises of many of the 
 war vessels of the government. On the 16th of January, 1861, Gov. 
 John A. Andrew issued the order which caused the non-combatants to 
 leave the. ranks of our militia organizations and their places to be filled 
 by those who were willing to enter upon active service in defence of 
 the country. 
 
 The Salem Light Infantry, on Monday evening, April 9, 1861, gave 
 an exhibition drill and ball at Mechanic Hall, at which Gov. Andrew 
 was present. At the close of the drill, he addressed the company, 
 expressing the pleasure he had derived from witnessing the brilliant 
 and beautiful exhibition. He closed by saying that he hoped there 
 would be no occasion for their services in the field ; but, if duty called, 
 he had no doubt that they would promptly rally to the defence of the 
 starry flag, under which their fathers had marched to battle. The 
 governor did not realize that the catastrophe he dreaded was so near 
 at hand. Within the week, on the morning of Friday, April 12, Fort 
 Sumter was fired on, and the loyal men in the North sprang to arms. 
 On the 15th of April, President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling 
 for 75,000 men to march to the defence of the country; and on 
 Thursday, the 18th of April, but little more than a week from the 
 evening of the ball, the brave men who danced there to the soft and 
 melodious music of the waltz, followed the stirring and martial strains 
 of the band, to defend with their lives, if need be, the insult to the 
 national flag that floated from the battlements, of Sumter. 
 
 The Salem Light Infantry, Capt. Devereux, was the first company 
 to leave Salem ; but the Mechanic Light Infantry, Capt. Pierson, and 
 the City Guards, Capt. Danforth, were not far behind, — both those 
 companies leaving Salem on Saturday morning, April 20. Eight 
 
The Civil War. 65 
 
 days after the first gun opened on Fort Sumter, three full companies 
 had left Salem for the scene of action. The Salem Light Infantry, 
 called also the Salem Zouaves, formed part of the 8th Regiment ; 
 and on their departure from Boston, Gov. Andrew closed his address 
 to them as follows : "Mr. Commander, — Go forth with the blessing 
 of your country and the confidence of your fellow-citizens. Under 
 the blessing of God, in a good and holy cause, with stout hearts and 
 stalwart arms, go forth to victory. On your shields be returned, or 
 bring them with you. You are the advance-guard of Massachusetts 
 soldiers. As such, I bid you God-speed and farewell." 
 
 The city council met on Friday evening, April 19th, and appropri- 
 ated $15,000 "for the benetit of those of our fellow citizens who have 
 so promptly and so nobly responded to the call of their country," and 
 the private citizens did all in their power to encourage and assist 
 them. 
 
 The noble record of the three months' volunteers, who so promptly 
 obeyed the orders issued by Gov. Andrew in April, their valuable 
 services rendered on land and water, the rescue of the frigate " Con- 
 stitution," the brave deeds of the men of the 5th Regiment at Bull Run, 
 the salvation to the Union of the city of Baltimore ; in all these 
 historic events Salem volunteers bore an honorable part, and acquired 
 in their short career an experience which fitted them for efficient 
 service in the regiments which they found forming on their return. 
 Out of the ranks of the Salem Light Infantrj', known sometimes as 
 the Salem Zouaves, twenty-six officers were commissioned. 
 
 When the call came for a response from the light batteries of the 
 State, the old Salem Artillery, under Capt. Charles Manning, was one 
 of the first in the field, with the title of the 4th Light Battery. In 
 the heavy artillery regiments assigned to the defence of our border 
 cities, but transformed later into infantry regiments, the city was so 
 well represented that the First Heavy Artillery alone contained be- 
 tween two and three hundred Salem men. When Gen. Banks made 
 his successful retreat down the Shenandoah Valley, the 2d Massachu- 
 setts Lifantry performed the arduous and responsible duties of rear 
 guard, and Company C of Salem, under command of Capt. William 
 Cogswell, received especial mention for brave and meritorious con- 
 duct. This regiment was present at Antietam, at Gettysburg, at 
 Avery sborough, and on the march from Atlanta to the sea. In the brave 
 
66 8hetch of 8alem. 
 
 Irish regiment, the 9th Massachusetts, the city was ably represented 
 by a full company, under Capt. Edward Fitzgerald, and they partici- 
 pated in the memorable battles of the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Capt. Arthur F. Devereux, when he returned from the three months' 
 campaign, accepted the position of lieutenant-colonel in the 19th 
 Massachusetts Regiment. A large number of the officers of this regi- 
 ment were Salem men, and a full company, recruited by Capt. Charles 
 U. Devereux, was afterwards connected therewith. This command 
 performed good service on the Peninsula, on the Potomac, and at An- 
 tietam, Gettysburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and before 
 Eichmond. Capt. John F. Devereux recruited a company from this 
 vicinity and joined th^ 11th Massachusetts Kegiment. The organiza- 
 tion of the 23d Regiment included two Salem companies : Company 
 A, under Capt. E. A. P. Brewster ; and Company F, under Capt. 
 George M. Whipple. In this regiment were more than two hundred 
 men connected with this city, and it participated in the battles of New- 
 bern, Kingston, and Goldsborough, and saw active service in front of 
 Petersburg. In the 40th Regiment there were twelve commissioned 
 officers and forty-eight enlisted men from Salem. The colored regi- 
 ments, the 54th and 55th Massachusetts, which performed such valiant 
 service at Fort Wagner and the surrounding islands, contained Salem 
 men in their ranks. 
 
 In the nine months' regiments, Salem furnished one full company, 
 under command of Capt. George Wheatland, Jr., to the 48th, and one, 
 under Capt. George D. Putnam, to the 50th Regiment. These regi- 
 ments saw service in Louisiana and before Port Hudson. The Salem 
 Cadets, under Maj. J. L. Marks, from whose ranks the three years' 
 troops had drawn very freely, enlisted for 100 days, and were assigned 
 to garrison duty in Boston harbor. The 13th Unattached Company, 
 Capt. Robert W. Reeves, was stationed at New Bedford. The 1st 
 Company of Sharpshooters, under Capt. John Saunders, and the 2d 
 Company, under Capt. Lewis H. Wentworth, performed their es- 
 pecial work in a manner to reflect credit upon themselves and the city. 
 
 In the navy, the first enlistment was in April, 1861, and, between 
 that date and the close of the war, nearly four hundred men represented 
 Salem in the different squadrons and flotillas. We find them with 
 Dupont, with Farragut, with Porter, on the "Kearsarge," and on the 
 sinking " Cumberland. " 
 
The Civil War. 67 
 
 In the early days of the war there were two funerals in Salem, 
 which first brought home a full realization of the horrors of war. Brig. 
 Gen. Frederick W. Lander was born in Salem, Dec. 17, 1822. He 
 was a successful engineer and surveyor, and a valuable employee of 
 the government. On the breaking out of the war he offered his ser- 
 vices to Gen. Scott, and was appointed in July, 1861, a brigadier- 
 general of volunteers. He distinguished himself at Ball's Bluff, where 
 he was wounded, and March 2, 1862, he died of congestive fever, ag- 
 gravated by his wounds. His funeral took place in Salem, March 8th, 
 in the presence of a large assemblage of mourners. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Henry Merritt, of the 23d Massachusetts Eegiment, 
 was killed at the battle of Newbern, March 14, 1862. He was a 
 brave and faithful officer, and his funeral occurring on Friday, March 
 21st, so soon after that of Gen. Lander, caused a general feeling of 
 sadness in the community. 
 
 More than three thousand men entered the service from this city, 
 and more than two hundred were killed. Fifty shared the suffering 
 endured in the rebel prisons, and hundreds bear to-day the scars of 
 honorable wounds. Such is briefly the record of Salem in the civil 
 war, and it is a record of which she may be justly proud. 
 
 The members of the Salem High School Association have placed a 
 marble tablet on the wall of their school-room, bearing the names of 
 those scholars who entered the service of their country. Salem has 
 as yet erected no monument or memorial hall to perpetuate the mem- 
 ories of her gallant sons; but their surviving comrades of the Grand 
 Army, on each returning spring, strew flowers on their graves as a 
 token that they are still held in affectionate remembrance. 
 
 Grand Army Post. — With the close of the civil war, there sprang 
 up, all over the country, organizations composed of the soldiers and 
 sailors who had been honorably discharged from the service of the 
 country, and Imown as the Grand Army of the Republic. Salem has 
 one of the largest Posts in the State. It is numbered 34, named the 
 Phil. H. Sheridan, and was chartered Nov. 15, 1867, its charter 
 members being George H. Pierson, George A. Fisher, George M. 
 Whipple, Eobert W. Eeeves, E. H. Fletcher, John P. Tilton, John 
 K. Lakeman, E. A. Phalen, and John P. Reynolds. Its commanders 
 have been in the order named as follows : George H. Pierson, John 
 R. Lakeman, Charles H. Chase, James G. Bovey, Gilman A. Andrews, 
 
68 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 John W. Hart, J. Frank Dalton, William H. Eastman,' and Charles J. 
 Sadler, the latter commanding in 1878. Its present membership is 
 314 ; but it has reached the number of 525, which is believed to be 
 the largest number ever attained by any Post in the State. It has 
 furnished two members of the national staff, one member of the 
 council of administration, one department commander, one member 
 of the department council of administration, and three members of 
 the department staff. It has raised and disbursed over $20,000 in 
 charity. In 1874, Congress, by enactment, recognized this Post by 
 a donation of four rebel cannon and thirty-six cannon-balls, which 
 will, undoubtedly, be used to ornament the large and beautiful burial- 
 lot given to the Post by the city, in the cemetery on Orne Street. 
 The discriminating and conscientious disbursement of its charity fund, 
 and its scrupulous observance of Memorial Day, early won for the 
 Post the confidence of the Salem community, which it still fully enjoys. 
 
 Memorial Hall and Public Library. — There is as yet no memorial 
 erected in Salem to the memory of her brave sons who died in the 
 late civil war, but the failure to agree upon the particular form the 
 memorial should assume seems to be the principal reason for the 
 delay. The common council, in 1869, passed an order to a second 
 reading appropriating $28,000 for a soldiers' monument ; but the order 
 failed of a final passage, many thinking that a memorial hall was the 
 best form of testimonial. 
 
 In 1873 it was again discussed by the city council on a proposition' 
 to establish a memorial hall in connection with' a free public library. 
 A petition was received from E. S. Eantoul and others, asking for the 
 establishment of a public lijbrary, which was referred to a committee 
 consisting of Aldermen Oliver P. Kicker and William A. Brooks, and 
 Councilmen Charles S. Osgood, George W. Williams, and John H. 
 Conway. This committee gave public hearings, which were fully 
 attended, and, on July 14th, a minority of the committee, Messrs. 
 Osgood and Williams, reported in favor of making a proposition to 
 the Salem Athenaeum, Essex Institute, and Peabody Academy of Sci- 
 ence, for the free use of their collections of books ; the city agreeing 
 to erect a fire-proof building in the rear of Plummer Hall, suitable 
 for containing a memorial hall, to provide for the proper care and 
 custody of the books, and keep the same forever as a free public 
 library. The societies named were inclined to consider the proposition 
 
The Water Worhs. 69 
 
 favorably, but a majority of the committee reported in favor of refer- 
 ring it to the next city government, which report was accepted by the 
 city council, and no further action has as yet been taken regard- 
 ing it. 
 
 Gity Water- Works. — The greatest public enterprise that Salem has 
 ever engaged in was the introduction of water from Wenham Lake, 
 and, before giving a history of it, it may be interesting to briefly 
 notice the private companies that have, to a greater or less degree, 
 supplied the city with water. From the settlement of the town 
 until 1796, there is no record of any public association of citizens 
 for the purpose of securing a supply of water. But in that year 
 there was an organization of citizens " for the purpose of supplying 
 the inhabitants generally of Salem and Danvers with pure spring 
 water." On the 30th of December, 1796, a meeting was held at the 
 Sun Tavern, with Jacob Ashton chairman, which appointed a com- 
 mittee of three to "procure an act of incorporation and to purchase 
 the necessary logs, contract for boring the same, and do such other 
 acts as were necessary to forward the business." This was the begin- 
 ning of the Salem Aqueduct Company. 
 
 An Act of incorporation was obtained by the Salem and Danvers 
 Aqueduct Company, March 9, 1797. The comjsany organized April 
 7th, and William Gray, Jr., was president. In 1798, the corporation 
 built a reservoir on Gallows Hill, ten feet deep, and about tweiaty- 
 four feet square. In the spring of 1799, the corporation began to 
 supply water from the present sources of the aqueduct to the inhabi- 
 tants. Their operations were at first primitive and simple, consisting 
 of a large-size fish hogshead for a fountain and a sajjling of three-inch 
 bore for the main pipe. A new fountain was built in 1802. In 1804 
 the three-inch bore gave out, and logs were substituted with a bore of 
 five inches. The estimated cost was at least $20,000. In June, 1814, 
 complaints began to be made of a failure of water, and, in 1816, the 
 proprietors voted to discontinue all branches leading to manufactories, 
 distilleries, stables, and similar establishments. In 1817, the corpo- 
 ration purchased a piece of land on Sewall Street, on which a reser- 
 voir of 22,000 gallons capacity was subsequently erected. In 1834, 
 a charter was obtained for a new aqueduct company, but the old com- 
 pany voted to reduce its water rates, and the plan of building a new 
 aqueduct was abandoned. In 1834, a six-inch iron pipe — the first 
 
70 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 used by this company — was laid down in Essex Street from North to 
 Newbury Street. In 1839, a new main, without branches, was laid 
 from the fountain to the reservoir at Gallows Hill. 
 
 In November, 1839, this new main was extended from Gallows 
 Hill to the main iron pipe, near Summer Street. In 1849, an iron 
 pipe was laid through Union Street to the Naumkeag Mills, which 
 were authorized to draw wate:^ during the night. In May, 1850, 
 leave was granted to lay a log to Spring Pond, and in 1851 a twelve- 
 inch iron pipe was laid from the fountain to the head of Federal 
 Street. A new reservoir was also built, capable of holding 652,000 
 gallons, and the company gradually laid iron pipes in the place of the 
 wooden logs. Everything now went smoothly till 1858, when the 
 tanners and curriers demanded a larger supply of water. They laid 
 their complaints before the city government, and a conference was 
 had with the aqueduct company. The eflTect of this complaint was 
 the laying of an additional six-inch iron pipe from Federal through 
 Boston and Essex streets to Summer, and the twelve-inch main was 
 extended into Spring Pond. Complaints still continued of a short 
 supply of water, and, in 1865, a connection was made with Brown's 
 Pond, a sixteen-inch main was laid from the fountain to the head of 
 Federal Street, and great expense was incurred in building dams. 
 These last.expenses were incurred with the hope of deterring the city 
 from building a system of city water works, but the supply was still 
 insufficient, and the construction of the works to take water from 
 Wenham Lake was vigorously pushed forward. 
 
 The history of this company shows how immensely the requirements 
 of our city have increased in seventy years. Starting with a fish 
 hogshead and saplings of three-inch bore in 1799, it had in 1865 
 absorbed the whole of Spring and Brown's ponds, and the aqueduct 
 fountain, with a capacity of 600,000 gallons per day, and still the 
 supply was inadequate to the demand. This company is now confined 
 almost entirely to supplying the town of Peabody. 
 
 Salem Water- Works. — The first action of the city council upon 
 the subject of a water supply was in July, 1858, when a committee 
 was appointed to confer with the aqueduct company in regard to an 
 increased supply. The result of this conference was the laying of 
 an additional main by the aqueduct company. In 1863, the condition 
 of our water supply became such that the citizens again invoked the 
 
The Water WorJcs. 71 
 
 aid of the city government, and, on the 12th of October, John Ber- 
 tram and ninety-three others petitioned the city council " to take the 
 necessary measures to procure from the Legislature power to estab- 
 lish city water works," which petition was referred to a committee 
 consisting of Aldermen George R. Chapman and Francis W. Pickman, 
 and Councilmen Eufus B. Gifibrd, Gilbert L. Streeter, and Charles 
 Lamson. On their report, the mayor was requested to petition the 
 Legislature to grant to the city such powers as will enable it to con- 
 vey a sufficient supply of pure water for domestic and manufacturing 
 purposes from Humphrey's, Brown's, and Spring ponds, and the springs 
 in the land of the Salem and Danvers Aqueduct Company. 
 
 On the 23d of November, the city council chose in convention 
 Stephen H. Phillips, James B. Curwen, and James Upton a com- 
 mittee, with authority to collect evidence, showing the necessity of a 
 larger supply of water, and present the same to the Legislature. This 
 committee examined the different sources of water supply, and on 
 their suggestion a supplementary petition was presented to the Legis- 
 lature, asking that Wenham Lake be included in the sources of supply 
 for the city water-works. This petition was presented to the Leg- 
 islature, and on the 29th of February, 1864, a hearing was had. 
 This hearing was very protracted. The city was represented before 
 the committee by Robert S. Rautoul, Esq., and the petition met 
 with sharp opposition from the Aqueduct Company and others. 
 An Act was approved, however, May 13, 1864, which provided that 
 the city may take water either from Wenham Lake, or from Brown's 
 and Spring ponds, and that the city council shall make careful inves- 
 tigation as to the sources mentioned, and determine by joint ballot, at 
 least fourteen days before the first Monday of December, 1864, from 
 which source the city will take the water, in the event of the accept- 
 ance of the Act by the citizens ; the Act to be void, unless accepted 
 by a majority of the voters, at a meeting to be held on the first Monday 
 of December, 1864. 
 
 The committee of citizens reported to the city council May 23, 
 1864, and a committee of the city council, consisting of Aldermen 
 John Webster, Peter Silver, and Nathaniel G. Symonds, and Council- 
 men Richard C. Manning, John C. Osgood, James F, Almy, Thomas 
 Quinn, Rufus B. Gifibrd, and Charles S. Osgood were appointed to 
 investigate the sources of supply, and report thereon to the city 
 
72 8Tcetcli of Salem. 
 
 council. This committee examined both sources thoroughly and care- 
 fully, and on the llth of November reported, recommending "that 
 the city council decide to take Wenham Lake as the source of sup- 
 ply." On the 14th of November their report was accepted, and in 
 joint convention it was decided by a vote of twenty-two to five to 
 select Wenham Lake as the source of supply. On the fifth day of 
 December next following, the citizens voted to accept the Act of May 
 13, 1864, by a vote of 1,623 yeas to 151 nays. 
 
 On the 22d of May, 1865, the city council passed an ordinance, 
 providing "for the choice of three water commissioners, who shall, 
 under the direction of the city council, commence .the work of con- 
 struction," and Stephen H. Phillips, James B. Curwen, and James 
 Upton were chosen ; but Messrs. Curwen and Upton declining, on 
 the 26th of June, Franklin T. Sanborn and Peter Silver were elected 
 in their stead. The board met in July, and Mr. Phillips was chosen 
 chairman. James Slade was appointed engineer ; Charles H. Swan 
 assistant engineer; and Daniel H. Johnson, Jr., clerk. 
 
 The commissioners were in favor of proceeding at once with the 
 construction of the works, and asked the city council to place $40,000 
 at their disposal. A disagreement now arose between the water com- 
 missioners and the city government, the former contending that they 
 were authorized to proceed at once with the work, and bind the city for 
 all expenses incurred ; and Mayor J. B. F. Osgood taking the ground, 
 in a communication sent by him to the city council, Sept. 11, 1865, that 
 no money could be expended except that raised by a ^ale of the water- 
 loan bonds, and stating that he had refused to sign the warrants to 
 enable the commissioners to draw money from the city treasury. 
 About this time two petitions were received by the city council, 
 asking for delay in the construction of the water-works, and one asking 
 that they be completed forthwith. These petitions were referred to a 
 committee, before whom numerous public hearings took place ; and 
 Oct. 22, 1865, they made a lengthy report, signed by Abner C. 
 Goodell, Jr., Charles S. Osgood, James F. Almy, and Thomas 
 Nichols, Jr., favoring no unnecessary delay in the construction of the 
 works. Alderman Chapman submitted a minority report, with an 
 order directing the commissioners to suspend all work until the city 
 council shall instruct them to commence. Both reports were widely 
 . circulated through the city. 
 
The Water WorTcs. 73 
 
 The season of 1865 was very dry. The disagreement between the 
 water commissioners and Mayor Osgood, and the consequent delay in 
 pushing forward the work, caused much uneasiness among the citizens ; 
 and prior to the municipal election of Jan. 1, 1866, public meetings 
 were held, pamphlets were issued, and the matter was earnestly and 
 warmly discussed. At the election it was the main issue before the 
 people, and a city government favoring no delay was chosen by a 
 large majority. 
 
 The new city government organized Jan. 22, 1866 ; and the Hon. 
 David Roberts was qualified as mayor, and Charles S. Osgood, Esq., 
 was elected president of the common council. Mayor Roberts, in 
 his address, said that "the project so emphatically endorsed should, 
 with all reasonable despatch, be pushed to its final completion." An 
 ordinance establishing the Salem water loan, and authorizing its issue, 
 was passed Feb. 12. On the same day, the commissioners advertised 
 for proposals for the construction of a reservoir on Chipman's Hill in 
 Beverly; and on April 17, the proposal of Messrs. Collins & Boyle 
 was accepted. On the 18th of May, work was commenced on the 
 reservoir. 
 
 Caleb Foote and others petitioned the supreme court for an injunc- 
 tion, restraining the city from constructing works to cost over $500,000, 
 and from payment of interest in coin. Their petition was dated May 
 30, 1866, and a hearing had June 16, on which day Judge Gray de- 
 clined to issue an injunction. The matter was then carried before the 
 full court, who, after hearing arguments, dismissed the petition, and 
 decided that the city was not restricted by the Act to an expenditure 
 of $500,000, and that the payment of the interest in coin was not 
 illegal. On the 5th of July, the commissioners notified the city 
 council that they had decided to purchase a Worthington pumping- 
 engine for the sum of $40,000. One of the commissioners, Mr. 
 Stephen H. Phillips, resigned July 9, and Mr. Willard P. Phillips 
 was elected to fill the vacancy. The proposal of Messrs. J. W. & J. 
 F. Starr to furnish 6,000 feet of thirty-inch and 25,000 feet of twenty- 
 inch iron pipe was accepted Oct. 8. On April 15, 1867, the proposal 
 of Boynton Brothers for building a pipe bridge and syphon at Bass 
 River was accepted. Early in May, the laying of the supply-main 
 was commenced ; and in July every portion of the work beyond the 
 limits of the city was under contract. The total expenditure to July 1 
 
74 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 had been $213,176.85. During the month of October the twenty- 
 inch supply-main had been laid from the reservoir to Beverly Bridge, 
 and from there nearly to the junction of Boston and Federal streets. 
 Upon the 4th of November four of the iron pipes, furnished by the 
 Messrs. Starr, were found to be deficient in weight, and the laying of 
 pipe was at once discontinued. This resulted in a lawsuit, in which 
 the city was successful in recovering damages against the Messrs. 
 Starr. On Nov. 18, the syphon was lowered into place by the Messrs. 
 Low of Boston. Up to Jan. 1, 1868, the total amount expended was 
 $445,736.86. 
 
 In consequence of the great cost of the works, the amount being 
 largely in excess of the estimates, there was another contest at the 
 municipal election in January, 1868 ; but the friends of the water 
 project again triumphed, although by a comparatively small majority. 
 On the 3d of February, 1868, the commissioners contracted with 
 George H. Norman, of Newport, R. I., to furnish and lay the iron 
 and cement distribution-pipes, and to set hydrants and gates ; and on 
 April 15 he commenced laying them. The Legislature, by an Act 
 approved March 19, 1868, provided for a further loan of $500,000, 
 making the whole amount of the water loan $1,000,000. 
 
 On the 12th of October, Mr. Norman commenced putting in service- 
 pipes, and on the 31st of the same month he had laid in the streets of 
 the city 127,000 feet of distribution-pipe, and set 196 hydrants and 
 228 gates. On Tuesday, November 24, the force-main was completed. 
 The pumping-engine was put in order, and on November 25, at mid- 
 night, the pumping began, and at four o'clock on Thanksgiving morn- 
 ing, November 26, there was a foot of water in the reservoir. On the 
 afternoon of November 29, water was let into the supply-main, and 
 the section extending to the Gloucester Branch Railroad crossing 
 was filled and tested, and November 30, the supply-main and 
 syphon at the river were filled, and the first water from Wenham 
 Lake reached Salem. On Wednesday, December 2, the filling ot 
 the distribution-pipes in the city was commenced, and on Christmas 
 morning the water was let into the service-pipes, and the houses of 
 the citizens were supplied. The total expenditures to Dec. 31, 1868, 
 were $919,771.94. 
 
 On the first day of January, 1869, the city government made an 
 inspection and examination of the works at Wenham, and after return- 
 
The Water WorJcs. 75 
 
 ing to the city hall the hydrants were tested, and seven of them, all 
 in sight from the corner of Washington and Essex streets, were 
 opened ; and to each of the seven, six lines of hose were attached, so 
 that forty-two streams were playing at once, and the trial was entirely 
 satisfactory. During 1869, the reservoir was sodded, fences were 
 built, and the works completed, and on the 19th of November, 1869, Mr. 
 W. P. Phillips, chairman of the water commissioners, formally trans- 
 ferred the charge of the Salem Water- Works to the city council, and 
 delivered an address upon the occasion, from which most of the fore- 
 going facts and figures are taken. The amount expended up to the 
 date of transfer was about $1,060,000. 
 
 Wenham Lake, the source of supply, is situated partly in Beverly 
 and partly in Wenham, and has an area of 320 acres. Its extreme 
 depth is fifty-three feet, and its distance from the city hall by the 
 pipe line is four and six-tenths miles. Its capacity is from two to 
 three million gallons per day, and its level thirty-one feet above mean 
 high tide. The reservoir, situated on Chipman's Hill, Beverly, is four 
 hundred feet square, and has a capacity of twenty million gallons, and 
 when filled the surface of the water is one hundred and forty-two feet 
 above mean high tide. The supply-main can deliver five million gal- 
 lons in twenty-four hours, and retain a head of eighty-eight feet, or 
 three million gallons, with a head of one hundred and twenty-two feet. 
 At first merely nominal rates were established for the use of water, 
 but in 1873 regular water-rates were prescribed. In 1877, the num- 
 ber of Wenham water-takers was 6,895, and water was supplied to 
 sixty-seven tanning and currying, besides numerous other manufact- 
 uring, establishments. The receipts from water-rates in 1877 were 
 $35,646. 
 
 The history of the introduction of Wenham water has been recited 
 somewhat at length, because it is the most extensive and important 
 work that the city ever accomplished. The plan at the outset met 
 with determined opposition from a portion of the citizens, and the 
 municipal elections, when the water question was at issue, were hotly 
 contested. The project has now stood the test of time. It is ten 
 years since the water from Wenham Lake first flowed through the 
 streets of Salem, and to-day those most bitterly opposed to the plan 
 in the beginning are willing to acknowledge the benefit derived from 
 the copious and bountiful supply of pure water which Salem now 
 
76 Sketch of 8alem. 
 
 enjoys. The works are substantially built, and will compare favorably 
 with any in the country. 
 
 The Fire Department. — The introduction of Wenham water worked 
 an entire revolution in the methods employed for extinguishing fires. 
 The fire department previous to this time had consisted of three 
 steam fire-engines and five hand-engines, and there were between four 
 and five hundred members of the department ; now there are two 
 steamers, six hose-carriages, and one hook-and-ladder carriage, with 
 a total force of less than two hundred men, and no Vity is better pro- 
 tected or less liable to extensive fires. The first fire-engine used in 
 Salem was bought by Richard Derby and others, March 20, 1749, 
 and in the olden time most householders hung in the entries of their 
 houses a number of leather buckets, to be ready to render prompt 
 assistance in case of fire. 
 
 Great Fires. — Salem has sufiered at different intervals from severe 
 fires, the first of importance occurring Oct. 6, 1774, wheu the Eev. 
 Dr. Whitaker's meeting-house, the custom-house, eight dwellings, and 
 fourteen stores were burned. The town-house caught, but was saved. 
 An aged lady was burnt to death in one of the houses. At four 
 o'clock, on the morning of Aug. 22, 1816, a fire broke out on the 
 corner of Liberty and Water (now Derby) streets, and sixteen build- 
 ings were burned and three badly damaged. No very destructive fire 
 occurred again until Dec. 18, 1844, when, shortly before eleven o'clock 
 at night, a fire was discovered which destroyed twenty buildings, 
 including Concert Hall, seven being on Front, four on Lafayette, and 
 nine on Fish (now Derby) streets. The loss was $100,000, the largest 
 loss by fire that ever occurred in Salem. At one o'clock, on the 
 morning of June 8, 1859, a fire broke out in the stable of the Mansion 
 House, on Essex Street, and fourteen horses and the hostler, I. L. 
 Hatch, perished in the flames. Twelve or fifteen buildings, including 
 the Mansion House, were destroyed, the total loss being $68,400. The 
 Franklin Building was consumed by fire, Oct. 21, 1860. The loss was 
 $20,000, the insurance having expired the day previous to the fire. 
 The last great fire occurred on May 14, 1866, when the Lynde Block, 
 on Essex Street, and eight or nine other buildings, were destroyed, 
 the total loss being about $70,000. 
 
 City Officials. — Since the adoption of a city charter, there have 
 been but three city clerks. Joseph Cloutman served from 1836 to 
 
Police Department. 11 
 
 1862; Stephen P. Webb from 1863 to November, 1871, when he 
 resigned and Henry M. Meek, the present city clerk, was chosen in 
 his stead. 
 
 Thei'e have been five city treasurers : Jonathan Hodges in 1836 ; 
 Joseph Felt from 1837 to August, 1853, when he resigned and Henry 
 B. Smith was elected to fill the vacancy. Mr. Smith served until 
 1859. Charles E. Symonds served from 1859 to March, 1865, when 
 he resigned and Henry J. Cross, the present city treasurer, was 
 elected in his place. 
 
 The only city official who has served continuously since the organi- 
 zation of the city is the present city messenger, William Mansfield. 
 He was appointed constable and town messenger March 12, 1821, 
 and has been in the employ of the town and city ever since ; having 
 received his appointment as city messenger in 1836. 
 
 Police Department. — With the government of a city or town there 
 must always be connected a police department. John Woodbury 
 wa^ appointed constable at Salem in 1630, and, in early years, the 
 inhabitants watched by turns. A contract was made, Nov. 10, 1676, 
 with Arthur Hughes " to be bellman and to walk the streets from ten 
 o'clock until day-break and to give notice of the time of night and 
 what weather according to custom." About 1817, the custom of call- 
 ing the hour and weather was abandoned. In 1666, the meeting- 
 house was used for a watch-house, and afterwards a building, used for 
 that purpose, stood in the middle of Washington Street, about as far 
 north as the north end of the Stearns Building. It had a soldier in 
 full uniform on the top of it. In 1725, it received a coat of paint, — a 
 rare covering for those days. The bellman just mentioned, not only 
 acted as a watchman, but it was his duty, by an order made in 1673, 
 to ring the bell at five o'clock in the morning, and nine o'clock in the 
 evening, "as an admonition to improve the light of day and keep good 
 hours at night." After 1774, the bells of the North and East churches 
 were rung at one and nine o'clock, p. m. The present police force 
 consists of a marshal, assistant-marshal, captain, sergeant, and thirty- 
 eight men. 
 
 Police Court. — The Salem Police Court was established June 23, 
 1831, and the Hon. Elisha Mack was appointed justice, which office 
 he resigned four or five years afterwards, and was succeeded by the 
 Hon. Joseph G. Waters, who held the office until the abolition of the 
 
78 8Tcetck of Salem. 
 
 court in 1874, at which time the First District Court of Essex County 
 was created, and the Hon. J. B. F. Osgood was appointed justice. 
 The new court includes in its jurisdiction, Salem, Danvers, Beverly, 
 Hamilton, Middleton, Topsfield, and Wenham, and its sessions are 
 held in the Flint Building on Washington Street. 
 
 Population. — Salem has gradually increased in population since the 
 first settlement of the town. In 1638, there were about 900 inhabi- 
 tants ; in 1776, 5,337; in 1800, 9,457; in 1810, 12,617; in 1820, 
 12,731; in 1830, 13,886; in 1840, 15,082; in 1850, 20,264; in 
 1860, 22,252 ; in 1870, 24,117 ; and in 1875, 25,958. By the census 
 of 1875, the valuation of Salem was $26,312,272, of which $11,988,627 
 was personal estate. 
 
Tie Churches. 79 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 HISTORY OP THE FORMATION OF THE CHURCHES OF SALEM. 
 
 The precediug chapters have briefly sketched the history of Salem, 
 under its town and city government. It is the purpose of this chap- 
 ter to give, as succinctly as possible, an account of the formation of 
 the diflerent churches, the history of some of them being a part of the 
 history not only of Salem, but of the State and country. 
 
 The First Congregational Society of Salem dates its organization 
 from the year 1629, and was the first Protestant church organized in 
 America. There had previously been meetings for religious worship, 
 but no attempt to form a regularly constituted church-organization. 
 On the 20th of July, 1629, Samuel Skelton was chosen pastor, and 
 Francis Higginson teacher. On the 6th of the following August, 
 which day was observed as a day of fasting and prayer, they were 
 duly ordained in their respective offices. Gov. Bradford, of Plym- 
 outh, and some others, "coming by sea were hindered by cross 
 winds that they could not be there at the beginning of the day, but 
 they came into the assembly afterward and gave them the right hand 
 of fellowship wishing all prosperity and a blessed success unto such 
 good beginnings." 
 
 The original covenant of the church is as follows : " We covenant 
 with the Lord, and one with another and do bind ourselves in the 
 presence of God to walk together in all his ways, according as he is 
 pleased to reveal himself unto us in his blessed word of truth." 
 
 The original meeting-house, a small, single-story structure, stood 
 on a portion of the site now occupied by the present church edifice, 
 on the south-eastern corner of Washington and Essex streets. There 
 is a tradition that the exact location of this building was on the cor- 
 ner of the lot at the opening of Higginson Square. The original 
 building was erected in 1634. In 1639, it was enlarged by the addi- 
 tion of a second structure. The original building was discovered 
 
80 Sketch of 8alein. 
 
 some years since on the premises of David Nichols, in the rear of the 
 tanneries under the brow of Witch Hill, through the active agency of 
 the late Francis Peabody. It is stated that it had been used at one 
 time as an inn on the old " Boston Koad." The subject was investi- 
 gated by the Essex Institute, and all doubts as to its being the original 
 church were subsequently removed. The original meeting-house was 
 twenty feet long, seventeen wide, and twelve feet in the height of its 
 posts. It consisted of a single room, with a gallery over the door. 
 The frame of the church was carefully removed to the rear of 
 Plummer Hall, and covered in, where it is preserved as an inter- 
 esting relic. 
 
 The Rev. Francis Higginson was born in England in 1587. He 
 was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, and received his first de- 
 gree in 1609. He was settled. over one of the parish churches in 
 Leicester, where he proved a very popular preacher. It is said of 
 him, that "He was a good scholar, of a sweet and affable behaviour, 
 and having a charming voice, was owe of the most acceptable and 
 popular preachers of the country." He was ejected from his living, 
 and forbidden to preach in England, on his adoption of the doctrines 
 of the Non-Conformists. He was well qualified to be a chief agent in 
 the great enterprise for which be was sought ; and, though his career 
 was brief in the New World, he accomplished his work, and lived to 
 secure the foundation of his church. He died Aug. 6, 1630, exactly 
 one year after his ordination. 
 
 The Kev. Samuel Skelton, the first pastor, was born in England in 
 1584, and was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, taking his first 
 degree in 1611. He survived his colleague about four years. He 
 died Aug. 2, 1634. He received a grant of land at the "New Mills," 
 near the "Orchard Farm," which was at one time known as "Skel- 
 ton's Neck," and is now comprised in Danversport. . 
 
 The Rev. Roger Williams was first settled as Mr. Skelton's col- 
 league or "teacher," upon the death of Mr. Higginson. He was born 
 in Wales, in 1599, and was educated at Oxford. He was a thorough 
 Non-Conformist. He landed at Boston in February, 1631. He ac- 
 cepted an invitation extended to him by the Salem church to become 
 its teacher, and was settled on the 12th of April, 1631. His settle- 
 ment was so strongly opposed by the governor and magistrates that 
 he was induced to leave Salem before the close of the summer, and 
 
The CTiurcJies.' 81 
 
 to become the assistant of Mr. Ealph Smith, at Plymouth. In 1633 
 he returned to Salem and again became the assistant of Mr. Skelton. 
 After the latter's death he was sole minister of the church, until 
 November, 1635, when the renewed opposition of the magistrates 
 drove him from Salem into exile, and he went forth into the wilder- 
 ness to found the future State of Rhode Island upon the basis of civil 
 and religious freedom. He died in that Colony in April, 1683. The 
 cause of his offending was the divulging of obnoxious opinions, de- 
 claring that the ministers of Boston had conformed in a sinful degree 
 to the English church, and ought to declare their repentance, and that 
 the royal patent could give them no title to lands without a purchase 
 from the natives ; that the civil power could not rightly punish breaches 
 of the Sabbath, nor in any way interfere with the rights of conscience. 
 
 The Eev. Hugh Peters was the successor of Mr. "Williams. He 
 was born at Fowey, in Cornwall, in 1599, and received the degree of 
 A. M. from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1622. He was afterwards 
 lecturer at St. Sepulchre's, in London. In 1629, when Laud com- 
 menced his persecutions of the Puritans, he went to Holland, and was 
 pastor of an independent church at Rotterdam. He came to this 
 country from Holland, arriving Oct. 6, 1635. He was settled over 
 the First Church in Salem, Dec. 21, 1636. He speedily took a 
 prominent part in the town affairs, aiding in reforming the police, 
 stimulating industry and encouraging the spirit of improvement. 
 During his administration as pastor, a water-mill was erected, also 
 a glass-house and salt-works. The planting of hemp was com- 
 menced and a market was established. Commerce received earnest 
 attention. The pastor planned the mode of conducting the fishing 
 business, the coasting and the foreign voyages, and the building of 
 vessels. One of three hundred tons was undertaken under his influence. 
 Mr. John Fisk, of King's College, Cambridge, assisted him in the 
 ministry. Mr. Peters returned to England in 1641 to represent the 
 Colony upon the matter of excise and trade. He was in high favor 
 with Cromwell, and fell a martyr to his cause, after the Restoration, 
 Oct. 16, 1660. 
 
 The Rev. Edward Norris was born in England in 1579; came to 
 Salem in 1639, and joined the church in December of that year. He 
 was ordained colleague to Mr. Peters, March 18, 1640. After the 
 latter's departure, he was sole minister until his death, Dec. 23, 1659. 
 
82 SJcetch of Salem. 
 
 The Rev. John Higginson, the son of Francis, was born at Clay- 
 brook, England, on the 6th of August, 1616, and came to New Eng- 
 land in 1629. He was educated in the Colony, was chaplain at 
 Saybrook from 1636 to 1640, and was located at Guilford and Hart- 
 ford, Conn., at diflferent periods. He left Guilford with the inten- 
 tion of returning to England in 1659, but, being driven into Salem by 
 stress of weather, he left his ship and accepted an invitation to settle 
 over the church there. He was ordained August 29, 1660, and con- 
 tinued in the ministry until his death, Dec. 9, 1708. During his 
 ministry (July 4, 1667), the brethren and sisters on the Bass 
 Eiver side applied for dismission to form a church by themselves. 
 Sept, 20, 1667, the new organization was effected, and the Rev. Mr. 
 Hale was ordained as their minister. The church at Marblehead was 
 formed Aug. 13, 1684, its members having formally withdrawn from 
 the mother church the 6th of June previous. Nov. 10, 1689, the 
 members of the church from Salem Village presented their petition 
 for dismission to form a new society. On March 8, 1703, brother 
 John Massey was presented with the old worn-out great Church 
 Bible, he being considered as the first "town-born child."* It was 
 given to him and delivered to him before the brethren. A new church 
 edifice had also been built in the year 1670. 
 
 The Rev. Nicholas Noyes was born in Newbury, Dec. 22, 1647 ; 
 took his degree at Harvard in 1667 ; was ordained teacher of the 
 First Church, Nov. 14, 1683 ; and died Dec. 13, 1717. He was 
 a fine scholar and able preacher, but was swept away with others 
 by the witchcraft delusion. Mr. Noyes was the last ordained teacher 
 under the old title. The church at the middle precinct, now Peabody, 
 withdrew and was dismissed June 25, 1713. 
 
 The Rev. George Curwin, son of Hon. Jonathan Curwin, was born in 
 Salem, May 21, 1683 ; graduated at Harvard in 1701 ; was ordained 
 pastor and colleague. May 19, 1714, and died Nov. 23, 1717. 
 
 The Rev. Samuel Fisk was the grandson of John Fisk, the assistant 
 of Hugh Peters. He was born in 1689 ; graduated from Harvard in 
 1708, and was ordained pastor over the First Church, Oct. 8, 1718. 
 On this occasion the assembly met in a new house of worship on the 
 same site as the others. This latter house was commenced May 21, 
 
 * Massey was the first town-bom child then living. 
 
The Churches. 83 
 
 1718, and was opened for public worship July 13. The settlement of 
 Mr. Fisk caused another division, and Nov. 14, 1718, the members 
 living in the east part of the town applied for dismission, which was 
 granted Dec. 25, and the company withdrew to form the present East 
 Church. 
 
 Nov. 4, 1727, a public meeting was held to take proper observ- 
 ance of a terrible earthquake which visited the town on the " Lord's 
 day night last, at half an hour after ten," — October 29, 1727. Both 
 parishes met on this occasion, and there was a vast assembly. 
 
 Mr. Fisk introduced so many new practices in church management 
 differing from those of his predecessors as to cause great disaffection 
 and uneasiness in the parish. He refused to call regular church meet- 
 ings and held them only when he stayed the church after the religious 
 exercises. His course finally led to his expulsion from the church and 
 pulpit in 1735. He and his followers claimed to constitute the First 
 Church after their dismission. Mention' is made by the pastor in 
 his records of the house of Joseph Orne, as being "the dwelling 
 house where the First Church met and worshipped God for several 
 Lord's days after it was (with its Pastor) driven together from the 
 public meeting house, on Lord's day, April 27, 1735." A fierce 
 controversy continued for some time after this event in regard to 
 the matter. The church thus formed at Joseph Orne's, subse- 
 quently became the Third Church. Mr. Fisk died in Salem, April 7, 
 1770. 
 
 After Mr. Fisk's expulsion the members remaining in the old 
 church proceeded to reorganize. Aug. 5, 1736, the brethren adhering 
 to the ancient principles of the church, met at the house of Benjamin 
 Lynde and renewed the ancient covenant. Mr. John Sparhawk was 
 chosen at this meeting to be the minister. He was born in September, 
 1713 ; graduated at Harvard in 1731 ; settled Dec. 8, 1736 ; died 
 April 30, 1755. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Barnard was born at Andover, Aug. 16, 1716; 
 graduated at Harvard in 1732 ; installed pastor of the First Church 
 Sept. 17, 1755 ; died Aug. 5, 1776. The North Church withdrew 
 upon the settlement of Mr. Barnard's colleague, the Eev. Asa Dunbar, 
 and organized July 19, 1772. 
 
 The Rev. Asa Dunbar was born- in Bridgewater, May 26, 1745; 
 graduated at Harvard in 1767 ; ordained as colleague with the Eev. 
 
84 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 Thomas Barnard, July 22, 1772 ; resigned April 23, 1779. He died 
 in Keene, N. H., June 22, 1787. 
 
 The Rev. John Prince, LL. D., was born in Boston, July 22, 1751 ; 
 graduated from Harvard in 1776 ; ordained pastor of the First Church 
 Nov. 10, 1779. In 1817 the church received a legacy of $3,000 from 
 Charles Henry Orne, which when accumulated to $5,000 was to form 
 a permanent fund for the support of the minister. The church was .at 
 the same time incorporated as the " First Congregational Society in 
 Salem." In February ,^1824, a meeting was called to settle a colleague. 
 Mr. Henry Colman having preached as a candidate, a number were in 
 favor of his settlement, but the majority were opposed, and his sup- 
 porters withdrew and formed the Barton Square Church. Dr. Prince 
 died June 7, 1836. 
 
 The Rev. Charles W. Upham was ordained as colleague Dec. 8, 1824. 
 He continued in the pastorate until his resignation, Dec. 8, 1844. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas T. Stone was installed as pastor July 12, 1846, 
 and his ministry terminated by vote of the church in February, 1852. 
 
 The Rev. George W. Briggs was installed as pastor Jan. 6, 
 1853, and continued in the ministry until March, 1867, when he 
 resigned to accept a pastorate in Cambridge. He was the second 
 minister who came to the church from the ancient church of Plym- 
 outh.* 
 
 * These sketches of pastors and teachers of the First Church are mainly from " New 
 England Congregationalism," by Daniel Appleton White. Felt's "Annals of Salem" 
 mentions George Burdet as a preacher, 1635-1637 ; John Whiting, 1657-1659. Dr. Bent- 
 ley's " Description and History of Salem " says that, in 1672, Mr. Charles Nicholet, from 
 Virginia, came to Salem and was invited to tarry for a year as an assistant minister. 
 After two years he was chosen to continue for life, the vote being " taken in the con- 
 gregation and not in the church." The church remonstrated, and in 1675, the General 
 Court declared its disapprobation of a vote taken contrary to a law of the jurisdiction, 
 and the established usages of the church. The pastor objected to Mr. Nicholet, stating 
 that in his judgment the doctrine preached was " inconsistent in terms, the measures 
 unfriendly to peace, and the duty without any mutual assistance." Mr. Nicholet 
 explained, corrected his expressions, and promised caution, but the animosity could 
 not be removed. A new meeting-house was built " on the northern part of the Com- 
 mon." [Although Dr. Bentley says " the northern part of the Common," it is definitely 
 settled by the town records that the location of this meeting-house was not far from 
 the present north-eastern gate of the Common. The building of this church seems to 
 indicate a desire on the part of people living in the eastern portion of the town to 
 form a new society, which they did later. See "East Church."] Mr. Nicholet saw no 
 prospect of peace, and " after many farewell sermons," in 1676, departed from America 
 forever. 
 
The Churches. 85 
 
 The Rev. James T. Hewes succeeded Dr. Briggs in 1868, remain- 
 ing with the society till 1875. The present pastor is the Rev. Fielder 
 Israel, who was installed March 9, 1877. 
 
 The society will observe its two hundred and fiftieth anniversary in 
 August, 1879'. 
 
 The Friends Society. — There were Quaker services as early as 
 1657. They were first held in private houses. In 1688 Thomas 
 Maule built the first Friends meeting-house, which stood on the south 
 side of Es=«x Street, next east of the late Rev. Dr. Emerson's dwell- 
 ing-house. This was sold to Maule for £25 in 1716, the Friends 
 having built another meeting-house on Essex Street, on a part of 
 the site of the Quaker burying-ground. The Quakers now worship 
 in a brick church on Pine Street, built in 1832. This sect has no 
 settled ministry, their ministers, like Paul in his day, working with 
 their hands, or pursuing some lawful occupation, to provide for 
 their own support and that of their families. Women, as well as 
 men, are acknowledged as ministers. Among the ministers acknowl- 
 edged and recorded as such, from time to time, by the Salem 
 monthly meeting of Friends (comprising the meetings of Salem and 
 Lynn), are the names of Micajah Collins, Mary Newhall, Moses H. 
 Bedee, Avis Keene, Elizabeth Breed, Jane Mansfield, Benjamin H. 
 Jones, William O. Newhall, Abigail Bedee, Sophronia Page, Henry 
 Chase, Hannah Hozier, Lydia Dean, Mary Chase, Daniel Page, Ruth 
 Page. Three of these, Micajah Collins, Moses H. Bedee, and Sophro- 
 nia Page (all now deceased) travelled very extensively in the 
 ministry, attending meetings of the society, and preaching publicly 
 otherwise, through New England and at the South and West. 
 
 7726 East Church. — On Nov. 14, 1718, the brethren and sisters 
 residing in the eastern part of the town applied to be released from their 
 covenant obligations in the First Church, that they might organize a 
 church of their own, and settle the Rev. Robert Stanton as their pas- 
 tor. This is the first mention on the records of any desire on their part 
 to leave the parent church, but prior to this time steps had been taken 
 to establish a new church organization, and a new house had been built. 
 This house was raised Aug. 27, 1717, and was opened for public 
 worship in May, 1718. For a long period before this, efi'orts had 
 been made for a separation, but the First Church opposed it. The 
 old records tell us, that for a long time before the new church was 
 
86 SJcetch of Salem. 
 
 built, those members of the old society residing in this eastern dis- 
 trict had neglected to attend the meetings at the First Church on the 
 Lord's Day, and some of them had pretended to be members of the 
 Church of England in Marblehead, and had made a practice of going 
 back and forth in boats " across our harbor, until it appeared more 
 like a day of frolicking than the Lord's day." The new church stood 
 on "Grrafton's Lane," upon what is now the corner of Hardy and 
 Essex streets. This house was used for public worship until the 
 erection of the present edifice, which was dedicated Jan. 1, 1846. 
 The Eev. Samuel Wigglesworth preached at the first opening of the 
 church, in May, 1718. There continued to be trouble between the 
 people and the First Church about a separation, and an appeal was 
 made to the General Court. Dec. 25, 1718, the First Church finally 
 voted the desired dismission, and on the 8th of April, 1719, the Eev. 
 Eobert Stanton was ordained as pastor of the new church, the third 
 within the present limits of Salem, which from its location was known 
 as the East Church. The Eev. Cotton Mather, of Boston, preached 
 the ordination sermon on this occasion. The first pastor was ordained 
 April 8, 1719, and died May 3, 1727, in his thirty-ninth year. Wil- 
 liam Jennison, his successor, graduated at Harvard in 1724 ; ordained 
 over the East Church May 22, 1728 ; resigned in September, 1736 ; 
 and died April 1, 1750. James Diman was born Nov. 29, 1707; 
 ordained over the East Church May 11, 1737; and died the 8th of 
 Oct., 1788. He was a native of Long Island, graduated at Harvard 
 in 1730, and was librarian of the University from 1735 to 1737. 
 William Bentley, the famous divine of 1812, was born June 22, 1759. 
 He was ordained over the East Church, as colleague to the Eev. Mr. 
 Diman, Sept. 24, 1783, and continued in the ministry until his death, 
 in Salem, Dec. ,29, 1819. He graduated at Harvard in 1777, and 
 was tutor at the University for three years. He took an active part 
 in the politics of the day, and was editor for several years of the 
 "Essex Eegister." He was the author of an historical sketch of 
 Salem. He took strong Arminian grounds, and under his lead the 
 church became practically Unitarian in 1785, and was one of the first 
 churches in America to adopt that faith. In the war of 1812, on one 
 occasion, when the frigate "Constitution" was chased into Marble- 
 head by British frigates, this patriotic pastor locked up his church, 
 and at the head of his people, in full ministerial garb, hastened to 
 
The Churches. 87 
 
 Marblehead to aid in the defence of the town and frigate. Dr. 
 Bentley died in December, 1819, and Edward Everett preached his 
 fiineral discourse. James Flint was born in Eeading, Dec. 10, 
 1779 ; graduated at Harvard in 1802 ; and was installed over the 
 East Church Sept. 19, 1821. A colleague pastor, the Eev. Dexter 
 Clapp, was settled in 1851. Dr. Flint continued as associate pastor 
 till his death, March 4, 1855. During Mr. Flint's pastorate the old 
 church was abandoned, and the present freestone edifice was erected 
 on Brown Street, opposite Newbury. It was dedicated Jan. 1, 1846. 
 Dexter Clapp was bom July 15, 1816; installed Dec. 17, 1851, and 
 resigned in February, 1864, on account of ill-health. Samuel C. 
 Beane was born Dec. 19, 1835 ; installed, Jan. 1, 1865 ; resigned, 
 Dec. 8,- 1877. George H. Hosmer, of East Bridgcwater, accepted 
 the invitation to become the pastor of the East Church, Nov. 17, 1878, 
 and was installed Jan. 2, 1879. 
 
 8t. Peter's Church was erected on "Prison Lane" in 1733, on 
 land given by Philip English and his connections, and was opened for 
 worship June 25, 1734. It was the fourth church in Salem. The first 
 Episcopal preacher was the Eev. John Lyford, who came with Conant 
 in 1626. At the end of a year he accepted an invitation to preach 
 in Virginia. There were Episcopal services, from time to time, after 
 Lyford's departure, but no movement to form a church organization 
 until 1733. The Eev. Charles Brockwell was the first rector of St. 
 Peter's Church. He was a graduate at Cambridge, Eng., and entered 
 on his duties Oct. 8, 1738. He resigned in 1746, and died April 20, 
 1755, aged fifty-nine. Mr. Brockwell was succeeded by the Eev. Wil- 
 liam McGilchrist. He was born 1703 ; was settled in 1747 ; and died 
 April 19, 1780. He was obliged to suspend his ministerial functions 
 in 1777, because the Legislature passed a law prohibiting the reading 
 of the Episcopal service, under a penalty of £100 and one year's 
 imprisonment. He resumed his duties as rector shortly before his 
 death. The church was in a very dilapidated condition, from the 
 depredations of its violent and angry opponents. The Eev. Eobert 
 B. Nichols was chosen an assistant to Mr. McGilchrist, and was paid 
 by subscription. The Eev. Nathaniel Fisher followed, and next came 
 the Eev. Thomas Carlile, a famous divine of his day. He was born 
 at Providence, E. I., in 1792 ; was a graduate of Brown University 
 in 1809 ; became rector of St. Peter's Church in 1817 ; resigned Oct. 
 
88 Sketch of 8alem. 
 
 6, 1822; and died March 28, 1824. The rectors succeeding Mr. 
 Carlile, in the order of their ministry, have been the Revs. Henry 
 W. Ducachet, Thomas W. Coit, Alexander V. Griswold, John A. 
 Vaughan, Charles Mason, "William E. Babcock, George Leeds, Wil- 
 liam Eawlins Pickman, James O. Scripture, E. M. Gushee, and 
 Charles Arey. The present Gothic stone structure was erected in 
 1833. A willow-tree in the angle of the church, at the corner of St. 
 Peter's and Brown streets, has grown from a slip from the tree over 
 the grave of Napoleon at St. Helena. 
 
 The Tabernacle Church resulted from a division of sentiment among 
 the members of the First Church. In 1735, the Rev. Samuel Fisk 
 was pastor of the First Church. On the 27th of April of that year, 
 according to a record kept by himself, he and his supporters, or, as 
 he states it, " the First Church," were driven from the public meet- 
 ing-house by their opponents, and were obliged to hold their services 
 in the dwelling-house of Joseph Orne. Mr. Fisk claims that he car- 
 ried the majority of the church with him, and that they were of right 
 the First Church ; and there followed a long and bitter controversy 
 between the two parties. Mr. Fisk carried the church book, contain- 
 ing the records with him, and continued to use it in the new church, 
 refiising to give it up to those who stayed behind. It was not 
 until 1811 that the book was recovered from the heirs of Mr. Fisk. 
 Dr. Bentley says, " Mr. Fisk was dismissed from the First Church in 
 1735, and accepted a new house provided by his friends in the same 
 street, westward on the north side of the street." The late Samuel 
 M. Worcester states, that " for twenty years, the present Tabernacle 
 Church alone was called the First Church." The minority of the First 
 Church, by the aid of a Council and the Legislature, dismissed Mr. 
 Fisk, the pastor, on the 18th of April (O. S.), 1735. Having held 
 together and hired preaching for about a year, they were duly organ- 
 ized as a church in 1736, under the style of " the Church and Parish 
 of the Confederate Society in Salem." More briefly, they were called 
 the " Confederate Church," while their brethren, who had been sepa- 
 rated from them, were called by others "the First Church of Christ 
 in Salem." The records of the First Church show that Mr. Fisk 
 departed from the ancient usages and customs, and introduced many 
 innovations which caused the separation. The present Tabernacle 
 Church was the result of this" separation, and in 1762 surrendered the 
 
The ChurcJies. 89 
 
 title of First Church. The new society took the name of the "Third 
 Church of Christ in Salem." The designation of Tabernacle formally 
 appears in the church records of 1786. The new house was built in 
 1735, according to Bentley, on the same street, a little " farther to the 
 westward, on the north side of the street." It stood for nearly forty 
 years, until burned down on the night of the 6th of October, 1774. 
 The ancient site of this meeting-house was probably that of the pres- 
 ent " King " Building. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Fisk became the pastor in 1735, and so continued 
 until 1744. The Eev. Dudley Leavitt, his successor, was ordained 
 Oct. 23, 1745, and died Feb. 7, 1762. The Rev. John Huntington 
 was ordained Sept. 28, 1763, and died May 30, 1766. The Rev. 
 Nathaniel Whitaker, D. D., the fourth pastor, was installed July 28, 
 1769. Previous to his installation, the church unanimously voted, to 
 adopt "his plan of Church government," which was Presbyterian. 
 The government of the church was by an eldership or session, of 
 which the pastor was moderator, and member ex officio. April 27, 
 1772, some forty or fifty families, being offended, withdrew to form a 
 new church. 
 
 On Nov. 27, 1773, a majority of the church requested the pastor to 
 join with them in applying to the Boston Presbytery, " to take the 
 Church under their watch and care." This action was taken in accord- 
 ance with the conditions of Dr. Whitaker's settlement. The church 
 was accordingly received in May, 1774. The church voted, Feb. 11, 
 1784, to reassume the congregational mode of church government. 
 The relation with Dr. Whitaker was dissolved Feb. 26, 1784. Dr. 
 Whitaker was endowed with great energy and determination. He 
 was the first to introduce Presbyterian doctrines in Salem, and in so 
 doing encountered great opposition. His ministry was not altogether 
 harmonious. His congregation, although agreeing to become Pres- 
 byterian, in 1769, was not formally so until June, 1774. Upon the 
 destruction of the first meeting-house, the doctor at once set about 
 the construction of a tabernacle in the form of a tent, a rectangular 
 parallelogram, and pyramidal in roof, — on the model of Whitefield's 
 Church in London. The society was much crippled by the with- 
 drawal in 1772. Of the £536 subscribed for the new house, £238 
 came from abroad. The house was raised in 1776, and opened for 
 public worship in 1777. It was not finished at this time. The house 
 
90 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 stood in a large field, in a somewhat unsettled neighborhood, on about 
 the present site. From^the time of the burning of the first house, 
 Dr, Whitaker had no fixed salary. Collections were taken every Sun- 
 day for his support. He was an ardent patriot through the Eevolu- 
 tion, but he became very unpopular with his congregation, and the 
 feeling against him continued to grow stronger, until it culminated in 
 his dismission in 1784. He died Jan. 21, 1795. 
 
 The Eev. Joshua Spaulding was ordained Oct 26, 1785, and was 
 dismissed April 23, 1802. During his ministry, the church, built by 
 Dr. Whitaker, was greatly improved. It was not until 1794, twenty 
 years after it was undertaken, that this house was decently and toler- 
 ably finished. In 1804, the dome and belfry were carried away entire 
 in a gale, and landed in an adjoining garden. A steeple was raised 
 in 1805, at the front of the church, and in its improved form the 
 church remained until demolished, March 9, 1854. Chief among the 
 many associations hovering around this old tabernacle, is the fact that 
 it was the cradle of the Massachusetts Missionary Society and of the 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. It was in 
 this church, Feb. 6, 1812, that the first foreign missionaries to India 
 were ordained. The Eev. Samuel "Worcester, D. D., was born in 
 Hollis, N. H.,Nov. 1, 1770, and died June 7, 1821. He graduated 
 at Dartmouth, 1795, and was installed as pastor of the Tabernacle 
 Church April 20, 1803, after a five years' ministry in Fitchburg. 
 The Eev. Elias Cornelius was settled as his associate July 21, 1819. 
 The Eev. Mr. Cornelius was dismissed Sept. 29, 1826. The Eev. 
 John P. Cleaveland, D. D., was ordained Feb. 14, 1827; dismissed 
 April 23, 1834. The Eev. Samuel M. Worcester, D. D., installed 
 Dec. 3, 1834, was born at Fitchburg, Sept. 4, 1801 ; graduated at 
 Harvard in 1822 ; studied at Andover Theological School, and was 
 assistant teacher at Phillips Academy in Latin and Greek ; professor 
 of rhetoric and oratory at Amherst College from 1823 to 1834 ; pas- 
 tor of the Tabernacle Church for a quarter of a century, until Dec. 
 3, 1859. He represented the town of Amherst in the General Court ; 
 was a member of the State Senate, and a representative from Salem 
 in 1866. He died "at Salem Aug. 16, 1866. Dr. Worcester was a 
 man of remarkable talents, and an able preacher. The present church 
 edifice was erected in 1854, during Dr. Worcester's pastorate. The 
 corner-stone was laid April 26th, and the building was dedicated 
 
The Churches. \ 91 
 
 ] ■ 
 December 3d of that year. The Kev. Charles Kay Palml c was 
 
 ordained Aug. 29, 1860, and was dismissed June 13, 18721 The 
 Eev. Hiram B. Putnam was installed Dec. 31, 1873, and was dis- 
 missed March 15, 1877. The Rev. DeWitt Scoville Clark is the pres- 
 ent pastor. He accepted the call to the pastorate Nov. 17, 1878, and 
 was installed Jan. 15, 1879. 
 
 The North Church is the sixth religious society in point of age in 
 Salem. Its first proprietors, on account of a division among the mem- 
 bers of the First Parish in regard to the settlement of a colleague pas- 
 tor in 1770, separated from that parish, and on the 14th of February, 
 1772, purchased land for a church-site on the corner of North and 
 Lynde streets. This estate is now occupied by the Hon. Otis P. 
 Lord. This separation was harmonious, and the relations between 
 the churches continued to be of the most friendly character. There 
 were forty-two associates in the purchase, and John Nutting, who 
 sold them the land, was the forty-third proprietor. March 3d, fol- 
 lowing, the proprietors of this land met at the town hall, and organ- 
 ized the society known as " The Proprietors of the North Meeting 
 House," popularly called " the North Society." William Browne, Ed- 
 ward Augustus Holyoke, Joseph Blaney, Samuel Curwen, John Felt, 
 Eichard Ward, and Clark Gay ton Pickman were chosen a committee 
 to superintend the building of a church. The foundation of the house 
 was laid May 11, 1772, and the building was opened for public wor- 
 ship, Aug. 23, 1772. The structure was of wood, with a tower and 
 spire, on Lynde Street. In 1796, the spire, being deemed unsafe, 
 was taken down, and replaced by a cupola. This house was 
 known as " the large new meeting-house," and was frequently used 
 for civic celebrations. It continued to be used as a house of worship 
 for sixty -four years, until the erection of the present stone edifice on 
 Essex Street. The building passed from the bands of the society in 
 1836, and remained standing for many years, being used for manu- 
 facturing purposes. It was last used as a manufactory of floor oil- 
 cloths. 
 
 On the 16th of May, 1772, fifty-two brethren and sisters were dis- 
 missed from the First Church, at their own request, to form the new soci- 
 ety ; and July 19th, this company met at the Pickman house, opposite St. 
 Peter's Street, still standing on Essex Street, in the rear of the stores 
 numbered 167 to 171, and proceeded to efiect a church oi-ganization. 
 
92 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 The covenaat of the First Church was adopted as that of the new 
 church ; aud twenty to thirty more members were added, prior to the 
 ordination of the minister. It was voted, Aug. 20th, that this should 
 be called the North Church. Oa the same day, Thomas Barnard, Jr., 
 was chosen pastor. Dr. Barnard was ordained Jan. 13, 1773. His 
 ministry continued until Oct. 1, 1814, the date of his death, a period 
 of nearly forty-two years. He was peculiarly fitted for his high call- 
 ing. A little more than two years after his ordination, came that 
 memorable Sabbath afternoon in February, 1775, when Col. Leslie, 
 with a battalion of the British 64th, marched past his church, through 
 Lynde and North streets, on the way to the North Bridge to seize can- 
 non supposed to be concealed thereabouts. An account of the stir- 
 ring scenes that took place there, and the part performed by Mr. Bar- 
 nard, have been recounted in a preceding chapter. Dr. Barnard was 
 born in Newbury, Feb. 5, 1748; graduated from Harvard in 1766; 
 studied theology with Dr. Williams of Bradford, and received the de- 
 gree of Doctor of Divinity from the Universities of Edinburgh and 
 Providence, in 1794. His father, an uncle, a grandfather, and a great- 
 graudftither were all ministers. He died suddenly, on the 1st of Octo- 
 ber, 1814. Dr. Barnard was a fine scholar. He delivered the Dudleian 
 lecture at Cambridge, in 1795 ; and a discourse at Salem, upon the death 
 of Washington, in 1799, which was printed "by desire of the town.'' 
 John Emery Abbot, Dr. Barnard's successor, was born at Exeter, 
 N. H., Aug. 6, 1793; graduated at Bowdoin in 1810; studied for the 
 ministry at Cambridge University, and also with the Rev. W. E. Chan- 
 ning ; was ordained pastor of the North Church, April 20, 1815 ; and 
 died at Exeter, N. H., on the 7th of October, 1819. He was the son 
 of Dr. Benjamin Abbot, for more than half a century the principal of 
 Phillips Academy at Exeter. John Brazer, the third pastor, was born 
 at Worcester, Mass., Sept. 21, 1789; graduated from Harvard in 
 1813 ; tutor of Greek at Harvard, 1815 to 1817 ; professor of Latin, 
 1817 to 1820 ; ordained pastor of the North Church, Nov. 14, 1820 ; 
 delivered Dudleian lecture at Harvard in 1836, and received the de- 
 gree of Doctor of Divinity in the same year; died, Feb. 26, 1846, at 
 Huger plantation, Cooper Eiver, near Charleston, S. C. During 
 Dr. Brazer's ministry, the present stone church was erected. It was 
 dedicated June 22, 1836. Octavius B. Frothingham succeeded Dr. 
 Brazer, and was ordained March 10, 1847. He resigned April 9, 
 
Tlie Churches. 93 
 
 1855, to accept a pastorate in Jersey City, N. J. The Eev. Charles 
 Lowe was installed pastor, Sept. 27, 1855, and resigned July 28, 1857. 
 The Eev. Edmund B. Willsor^, the present pastor, was installed June 
 5, 1859. 
 
 8outh Church. — When the old "Third Church" meeting-house 
 was burned, Oct. 6, 1774, the greater portion of the society, on ac- 
 count of dissatisfaction felt with the pastor, the Eev. Dr. Whitaker, 
 purchased the old Assembly House, on Cambridge Street, as their 
 place of worship. This society claimed to be the " Third Church," 
 just as Dr. Whitaker's church had claimed to be the First Church when 
 it left the parent society with the Eev. Samuel Fisk. On Dec. 19, 
 1774, it was voted that the new meeting-house should be called the 
 " South Meeting House " ; but the name Third Congregational Society 
 was retained until the subscribers to the purchase of the Assembly 
 House were incorporated as " The Proprietors of the New South Meet- 
 ing House in Salem," March 15, 1805. The corporate name was 
 changed to the South Church by an Act passed April 14, 1838. The 
 present edifice was erected in 1804, on the present site, adjoining the 
 old Assembly House, which stood where the vestry does now. Its 
 dimensions were 66 by 80 feet, and it had a spire 166 feet high. Its 
 architect was Samuel Mackintire. The first spire was blown over by 
 the violent gale of September, 1804, but was replaced by the present 
 symmetrical and beautiful piece of architecture. The church was 
 dedicated Jan. 1, 1805, and was remodelled in 1860. 
 
 The Eev. Daniel Hopkins was the first settled pastor, and was 
 ordained Nov. 18, 1778. He was born in Waterbury, Conn., Oct. 16, 
 1734 ; graduated from Yale College in 1758 ; he came to Salem in 
 1766, and preached in the Third Church for a time, after the death of 
 Dr. Huntington. In 1775, he became a member of the Provincial 
 Congress, which position he accepted at the urgent demands of his 
 townsmen, and to the detriment of his private interests. He was 
 chosen pastor of the South Church, March 15, 1776 ; but his duties as 
 Congressman prevented his ordination until Nov. 18, 1778. He con- 
 tinued in the ministry until his death, Dec. 14, 1814. The Eev. 
 Brown Emerson was ordained as Dr. Hopkins's colleague, April 24, 
 1805. He was born in Ashby, Mass., Jan. 8, 1778 ; he graduated at 
 Dartmouth College in 1802 ; and was licensed to preach in February, 
 1804, by the Essex North Association. Dr. Emerson celebrated the 
 
94 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 fiftieth anniversary of his pastorate in 1855, and retained his connec- 
 tion with the church until his death, July 25, 1872. The Kev. Israel 
 E. Dwinell was ordained as colleague . pastor to Dr. Emerson, Nov. 
 22, 1849. He was born in East Calais, Vt., Oct. 24, 1820, and grad- 
 uated at the University of Vermont, in 1843. He resigned his pas- 
 torate in 1863, and was succeeded by the Kev. E. S. Atwood, the 
 present pastor, who was installed Oct. 13, 1864. 
 
 The First Baptist Society was organized in 1804, in a vestry erected 
 near the site of the present meeting-house, on Federal Street. The 
 church was regularly constituted, Dec. 24, 1804, with sixteen mem- 
 bers. The society was incorporated in 1806. A new church was 
 dedicated Jan. 1, 1806. It was remodelled in 1868 ; partially de- 
 stroyed by fire, Oct. 31, 1877, and restored and repaired in 1878. 
 
 The Rev. Eoger Williams, third pastor of the First Church, from 
 1633 to 1636, is claimed as the first Baptist preacher in New Eng- 
 land. The first pastor of the First Baptist Church was the Rev. Lucius 
 Bolles, D.D., who was born Sept. 25, 1779; graduated at Brown 
 University in 1801 ; was settled over the First Baptist Church, Jan. 
 9, 1805 ; resigned, Aug. 6, 1834; died in Boston, Jan. 5, 1844. His 
 succcessors, in the order of their pastorates, have been the Revs. Ru- 
 fus Babcock, John Wayland, Thomas D. Anderson, Robert C. Mills, 
 D.D., for twenty-five years ; and George E. Merrill, the present pas- 
 tor. 
 
 The Howard Street or " Branch Ohurch" as it was originally called, 
 was formed Dec. 29, 1803, its members being a number who left 
 the Tabernacle Church on account of dissatisfaction felt at the dis- 
 missal of the pastor, the Rev. Joshua Spaulding. After uniting with 
 the church at Rowley for a time, the disaffected members held services 
 in Salem, in Jacob Lord's house. Carpenter Street; then in a vestry, 
 built in 1802, on Baptist Hill, and, in 1804, a meeting-house was built on 
 Howard Street, and Mr. Spaulding was installed April 17, 1805. 
 On Aug. 23, 1813, the bodies of Capt. James Lawrence and Lieut. 
 Augustus C. Ludlow, who had been killed on board the frigate 
 " Chesapeake," in her engagement with the " Shannon," were buried 
 from this church. Judge Story delivering a eulogy. Dr. Spaulding 
 resigned May 4, 1814, left Salem, and moved to South-East, in New 
 York. He died Sept. 26, 1825. The Rev. Henry Blatchford was 
 the next regular pastor, and he was followed by the Rev. William 
 
Tlie Churches. 95 
 
 ■Williams, the Rev. John Todd, the Rev. George B. Cheever, the Rev. 
 Charles T. Torrey, the Rev. Joel Mann, the Rev. M. H. Wilder, 
 the Rev. E. W. Allen, and the Rev. C. C. Beaman. The church 
 changed from Congregational to Presbyterian, March 25, 1815, and 
 was restored to the original faith, June 4, 1828. The church several 
 times suffered from depressions, and finally, Oct. 2, 1864, its pastor, 
 Mr. Beaman, resigned, and the society quietly passed into history. 
 The church was let for a time to the New Jerusalem Society, and by 
 authority of the Legislature, granted by request of the proprietors, 
 the church property was sold at auction, June 28, 1867. The pro- 
 ceeds of the sale of the communion plate were divided among those 
 members of the church who remained in its fellowship at the time of 
 
 The Freewill Baptists, sometimes called Christians, formed a 
 society in Salem, in the year 1806, with the Rev. John Rand as its 
 pastor. A meeting-house was erected for this society, on English 
 Street, in 1807. In 1819, a second house was erected at the corner of 
 Essex and Carlton streets. In 1828, the third house was built on 
 Herbert Street. In 1840, the latter house passed into the hands of 
 the Seaman's Society, and the Freewill Baptists became extinct as an 
 organization. A portion of them continued with the Free Church or 
 Campbell wing until 1850. Mr. Rand's successors iu the ministry 
 were, the Revs. Abner Jones, Samuel Rand, Moses How, Abner 
 Jones, George W. Kelton, William Andrews, William Coe, and 
 Christopher Martin. 
 
 The Universalist Church dates its organization from Feb. 5, 1810. 
 Universalism was first preached in Salem, by the Rev. Samuel Smith, 
 in 1804. From this time meetings were held in private houses by 
 the leaders of the infant church : Ballon, Murray, Turner, Jones, 
 and Barnes. The corner-stone of a church edifice was laid August, 
 1808, and the building was dedicated June 22, 1809, the Rev. George 
 Richards being the preacher of the sermon. The succession of clergy- 
 men has been Edward Turner, June, 1809, to June, 1814; Hosea 
 Ballon, Sept., 1815, to Oct., 1817; Joshua Flagg, Dec, 1817, to 
 March, 1820; Barzillai Streeter, June, 1820, to Aug., 1824; Seth 
 Stetson, June, 1825, to March, 1828 ; Lemuel Willis, Dec, 1828, to 
 May, 1837; Matthew H. Smith, Nov., 1837, to April, 1840; Linus 
 S. Everett, May, 1841, to April, 1846 ; Eben Fisher, May, 1847, to 
 
96 STcetch of 8alem. 
 
 Oct., 1853 ; Sumner Ellis, Jan., 1854, to Sept., 1858 ; Willard Spauld- 
 ing, March, 1860, to Dec, 1869 ; Edwin C. Belles (the present pastor) , 
 June, 1871. 
 
 The church edifice,- of brick, is one of the oldest in the city, the 
 South and the First Baptist only exceeding it in age. It has several 
 times been remodelled, — in 1840, 1855, and 1878. At the last date, 
 as well as in 1857, extensive changes were made in the outside of the 
 building or its surroundings, as also in its interior arrangement and 
 decoration. Its pews have sittings for one thousand people. Over 
 three hundred families are connected with the parish ; and its Sun- 
 day school, organized in 1829, numbers nearly six hundred mem- 
 bers. 
 
 In this parish was formed, in 1832, the Female Samaritan Society, 
 one of the most efficient charities of Salem. During the war, 1861-64, 
 this society sent more than two hundred young men to the ranks of 
 the United States Army. The church celebrated its fiftieth anniver- 
 sary in 1859, and, with the published proceedings of that occasion, 
 may be found much historical and biographical material relating to its 
 early years. 
 
 A Roman Catholic Church was organized in Salem, in 1811. The 
 first Eoman Catholic services in Salem were held in 1806, by the Et. 
 Kev. John Cheverus, Bishop of Boston ; and were subsequently held 
 in the intervening years, until 1811, by the bishop and Father Matig- 
 non. In the latter year, a church was organized in a school-house on 
 Hardy Street, by the Rev. Dr. O'Brien, who officiated as its priest 
 for two years. From 1813 to 1819, services were held occasionally 
 by Matignon and Cheverus. The meetings were of a missionary 
 character. The Rev. Paul McQuade was the settled pastor from 
 1818 to 1822. During his pastorate, the St. Mary's Catholic Church, 
 a wooden edifice, was erected in 1821, at the corner of Mall and 
 Bridge streets, on land deeded for the purpose, in 1810, by Simon 
 Forrester, an Irishman by birth, and a successful merchant. The 
 land was to be used only for Catholic religious purposes forever. In 
 1826, the Rev. John Mahoney was settled as pastor, and from his time 
 the succession has been unbroken. In 1842, the church was enlarged, 
 and the first Catholic parochial school was taught in this city. In 
 1849, the congregation at St. Mary's having greatly increased, the 
 St. James Church, on Federal Street, was built, and the "upper 
 
The Churches. 97 
 
 parish " organized. St. Mary's Church continued to be occupied until 
 1857, when the Church of the Immaculate Conception was erected on 
 Walnut Street, and the old edifice abandoned. It remained standing, 
 unused, for twenty years longer, when it was torn down, in 1877, as 
 unsafe. 
 
 A Methodist Episcopal Church was first organized in Salem, in 
 1821. In 1823, the wooden church in Sewall Street (now Wesley 
 Chapel) was built by the Kev. Jesse Fillmore, the first pastor. His 
 ownership of the property caused dissension in the society, and its 
 early history was stormy and troubled. The Eev. Mr. Fillmore was 
 settled in 1822, and remained for a period of ten years, the church 
 not then being a member of the General Conference. It did not 
 unite with the latter until February, 1835. In March, 1841, a second 
 Methodist Society was formed, by a withdrawal from the first ; the 
 Eev. N. S. Spaulding was its first pastor. A new house of wor- 
 ship was erected in Union Street. The second society continued to 
 occupy this meeting-house, until 1851, the members of the first 
 church gradually joining with it, until the two societies were merged, 
 in 1844, and the house in Sewall Street passed into the hands of the 
 Second Universalist Society. 
 
 In 1851, a new and larger house was deemed necessary, and the 
 present house, at the corner of Lafayette and Harbor streets, was 
 dedicated, Jan. 5, 1853. The pastors are changed every three years. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. Daniel D. Steele, D. D. 
 
 In 1872, the meeting-house in Sewall Street was repurchased, 
 and consecrated as " Wesley Chapel." It is occupied by a Methodist 
 Society, formed by the withdrawal of members from the Lafayette 
 Street Church. Its first pastor was the Rev. Joshua Gill. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. W. H. Meredith. 
 
 The Seaman's Society was formed in August, 1823. Its first meet- 
 ings were held under the auspices of the Moral Society. It was in- 
 tended to furnish a place for religious worship for sailors in port, and 
 sea-faring men generally. Eleazer Barnard, settled in 1824, was its 
 first pastor ; he was followed by Benjamin H. Pitman, and Michael 
 Carlton. The society first worshipped on Derby or "Long Wharf." 
 Subsequently the chapel in Herbert Street was purchased from the 
 Freewill Baptists, and was occupied for many years, until, with the 
 decline of Salem's commerce, the society gradually diminished, and 
 
 13 
 
98 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 finally ceased to exist. The chapel is now owned and occupied by 
 the St. Joseph's French Catholic Church. 
 
 The Independent Gongregational Church in Barton Square, or, as it 
 is more generally termed, the Barton Square Unitarian Church, jvas 
 formed in 1824. On the 10th of May in that year, $13,000 was sub- 
 scribed to build the house, and to pay the salary of the pastor, the Rev. 
 Henry Colman. The corner-stone of the church edifice was laid July 4, 
 and in December the dedication ceremonies took place. The society 
 was incorporated Jan. 24, 1825, and the Rev. Mr. Colman was in- 
 stalled Feb. 16. Mr. Colman's ministry lasted seven years, when he 
 resigned and retired to private life, his health failing him. The Rev.' 
 J. W. Thompson was pastor of the church from March 7, 1832, to 
 March 7, 1859 ; the Rev. A. M. Haskell from Jan. 1, 1862, to May 
 2, 1866 ; the present pastor is the Rev. George Batchelor. The society 
 observed its semi-centennial in 1874. Its place of worship has been 
 once remodelled ; and refitted in 1877. 
 
 The Central Baptist Church, formerly called the Second Baptist, 
 was organized in 1825. Its first pastor, the Rev. George Leonard, 
 was settled August 23, 1826. The church was regularly constituted 
 in January of the latter year, with " eleven brothers and twenty-one 
 sisters," who were dismissed from the First Baptist Church for the 
 purpose. In June, 1826, the present meeting-house was dedicated. 
 It was remodelled in 1867, and again improved in 1877. Mr. Leon- 
 ard's successors have been the Revs. Robert E. Pattison, Cyrus P. 
 Grosvenor, Joseph Banvard, D. D., Benjamin B. Brierly, William H. 
 Eaton, D. D. , Daniel D.Winn, D.D. , S. Hartwell Pratt, David Weston, 
 D. D., and W. H. H. Marsh. The church is located at the foot of 
 Federal Street, on St. Peter's Street. 
 
 A Mission Chapel, for the use of the colored people, was erected in 
 1828, on South Street, afterwards Mill Street, and now New Wash- 
 ington Street. It stood on the hill between New Washington Street 
 and Harbor Street. James P. Lewis was a missionary among the 
 colored people in 1831. This church was originally known as the 
 "Union Bethel Church." February 25, 1839, it was reorganized, 
 under the title of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, with John N. 
 Mars as its pastor. In 1842 it held the name of Zion's Methodist 
 Church. Samuel Palmer was its minister in 1845, and it was known 
 as the Wesleyan Methodist Connection. The society continued, with 
 varying fortunes, till about 1861, when it ceased to exist. 
 
The Churches. 99 
 
 The Oromhie Street Church was founded in 1832, a church organ- 
 ization being effected on May 3d of that year. There were 139 mem- 
 bers, who withdrew from the Howard Street Church in 1831, upon the 
 resignation of the Eev. "William Williams as pastor of that church, 
 on account of a difference of views on the slavery question. His 
 resignation was prompted by a desire to promote harmony. Those 
 who withdrew worshipped under Mr. Williams, at first holding meet- 
 ings in Lyceum Hall. In 1832, the old Salem Theatre building, on 
 Crombie Street, was purchased, and the Eev. Mr. Williams was 
 settled as pastor November 2 2d of that year. He was dismissed 
 March 1, 1838, and the pastors since that time have been the Eev. 
 Alexander J. Sessions, from June 6, 1838 to Aug. 22, 1849 ; the 
 Eev. James M. Hoppin, March 27, 1850, to May, 1859 ; the Eev. 
 J. H. Thayer, Dec. 29, 1859, to Feb. 19, 1864; the Eev. Clarendon 
 Waite, April 10, 1866, to Nov. 26, 1866 ; and the present pastor, 
 the Rev. Hugh Elder, ordained Jan. 29, 1868. 
 
 The Free Ghurch was formed in 1839. In 1837, Campbellite opin- 
 ions were embraced by a portion of the Freewill Baptists, which 
 caused a division in the society of the latter, and two years later 
 resulted in a separation. The new society rejected all creeds, and, 
 according to its own phraseology, desired to be called an "assembly 
 of Christians," and not " Christ-ians." A church was formed in 1840, 
 with its place of meeting in Masonic Hall, No. 27 Washington Street. 
 William W. Eaton was the first settled pastor, in 1843. He was 
 succeeded by David O. Gasldll, in 1847. During the latter's 
 pastorate the society ceased to exist, about 1850. 
 
 A Mormon Ghurch was formed Jan. 1, 1842. Ten years previous, 
 Joseph Smith, the famous Mormon prophet, came to Salem, with two 
 elders, and preached the new dispensation. Erastus Snow and 
 another made a second visit in September, 1841. Snow remained as 
 a preacher, and organized a church, which, in 1843, had a member- 
 ship of one hundred. During this year a number removed to Nauvoo, 
 then the seat of the Mormon faith in Illinois, and the society was 
 dissolved in 1844. 
 
 The Second Universalist Society was organized in 1844, and the 
 first public meeting was held in Lyceum Hall, on May 12th of that 
 year, the Eev. Thomas Whittemore supplying the desk. Subse- 
 quently, meetings were held for a time in Mechanic Hall ; then in the 
 
100 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 Sewall Street Church, and finally in Phoenix Hall, Lafayette Street. 
 The Rev. Day K. Lee was the first settled pastor. He was succeeded 
 by the Eevs. Benjamin F. Bowles, S. C. Hewett, and E. W. Reynolds. 
 On June 6, 1852, the society voted to discontinue its meetings. 
 
 A Second Advent Church was formed April 13, 1845. On Oct. 
 10, 1842, a camp-meeting had been held, by the disciples of Miller, 
 in North Salem. Arrangements were subsequently made for holding 
 public worship. The society now worships in Holyoke Hall, Essex 
 Street. 
 
 Grace Ohurch, Episcopal, was organized in 1858, by members who 
 withdrew from St. Peter's Parish. The present Gothic meeting-house 
 was erected in that year, on land adjoining the Brown Emerson 
 estate, on Essex, between Monroe and Flint streets. Its rectors 
 have been the Rev. George D. Wildes, the Rev. Joseph P. Kidder, 
 and the Rev. James P. Franks. 
 
 JSTew Jerusalem Ohurch. — On July 7, 1794, William Hill, boarding 
 in town, strongly maintained the doctrines of Emanuel Swedenborg. 
 Maj. Joseph Hiller is mentioned as one of the first converts to the 
 faith in Salem. The first "meeting for worship was held in 1840, 
 at the house of Mrs. Burleigh, on Lynde Street. But four persons 
 were present. The Rev. O. P. Hiller, a grandson of the collector, 
 preached the new faith at Lyceum Hall, to an audience of four 
 hundred persons, on the evening of July 24, 1844. Eighteen 
 years later, the Rev. T. B. Hayward was invited to come to Salem, 
 by the people then interested in the " heavenly doctrines." From his 
 efibrts sprang " Salem Society of the New Jerusalem Church," con- 
 sisting of thirteen members. The society was organized Jan. 25, 
 1863. The present meeting-house, on Essex Street above North, was 
 erected in 1871, and dedicated April 18, 1872. The pastors have been 
 the Revs. Abiel Silver, L. G. Jordan, and A. F. Frost. 
 
 The Calvary Baptist Church was formed in October, 1870, being 
 the third Baptist society. It was constituted with about ninety mem- 
 bers, who withdrew from the Central Baptist Church upon the settle- 
 ment of the Rev. David Weston. It was designed as a free church, 
 and was organized in Mechanic Hall, March 7, 1871. The church 
 continued to worship there until February, 1873, when it removed to 
 the Bethel in Herbert Street. The present meeting-house was 
 erected in the last-named year on land presented by Mrs. John 
 
The Churches. 101 
 
 Dwyer. It was dedicated Nov. 17, 1873. Its pastors have been 
 the Revs. S. Hartwell Pratt, D. Henry Taylor, and William A. 
 Keese. The church is located at the corner of Herbert and Essex 
 streets. It was incorporated March 17, 1874. 
 
 FreneJi Church. — The St. Joseph's French Catholic Society 
 worships in the Seamen's Bethel, on Herbert Street. It was formed 
 in 1874. Services in French are also conducted at the rooms of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association, these services being in the Prot- 
 estant form. 
 
 Sunday Schools. — Nearly every church in the city has connected 
 with it a Sunday school, for the religious training of the children and 
 younger portion of the society. The Sunday-school libraries of Salem 
 contain an aggregate of over 8,000 volumes, and some of the churches 
 have libraries for the adult portions of the societies and for the pastors. 
 
102 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 CHAPTEK yi. 
 
 SKETCH OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF SALEM. 
 
 t 
 
 In New England the school-house and the church were considered 
 inseparable, and we naturally turn from the history of the churches 
 to an account of the establishment of the schools. The honor of 
 leading in the establishment of a public school is claimed in behalf 
 of both Salem and Boston. This claim cannot, with absolute con- 
 fidence, be awarded to either city. The earliest recorded votes of 
 the people (in Boston, 1635; in Salem, 1640) mention the employ- 
 ment of teacher in such terms as to indicate the prior existence of 
 that office. Further, it is known that, in fact, the Eev. John Fisk 
 did discharge the stated duties of teacher in Salem as early as 1637. 
 Besides, the arrival of Endicott preceded by two years the settlement 
 of Boston. 
 
 Latin and Migh School. — The records of the first school show 
 at the earliest moment a tree of vigorous fibre and no uncertain hold. 
 Mark the continuity of this school's existence I A complete peda- 
 gogical succession, with scarcely a missing link in the line of descent, 
 and with none at all for more than one hundred years. Probably not 
 a school in the world can bring such proof of continuous existence 
 during two hundred and forty-one years. The identity is indisputable. 
 
 The masters of the Latin Grammar School have been : John Fisk, 
 1637-39; Edward Norris, 1640-70; Daniel Eppes, Jr., 1670-72; 
 Edward Norris, 1672-76; Daniel Eppes, Jr., 1677-99; Samuel 
 Whitman, 1699-99; John Emerson, 1699-1712; John Barnard, 
 1712-13; Obadiah Ayres, 1713-16; Samuel Andrews, 1716-18; 
 John Nutting, 1718-47 ; Peter Frye, 1747-51 ; Jonathan Sewall, 
 1751-56; William Walter, 1756-58; Daniel Eppes, 1758-59; 
 Nathan Goodale, 1759-70; James Diman, Jr., 1770-72; Antipas 
 Steward, 1772-82; Belcher Noyes, 1782- ; Thomas Bancroft, 
 -96 ; Nathaniel Eogers, 1796-97 ; David Kendall, 1797-98 ; Daniel 
 
The PuUic ScJiools. 103 
 
 Parker, 1798-1810 ; Moses Stevens, 1810-18 ; James Day, 1818-23 ; 
 Theodore Eames, 1823-30; George Nichols, 1830-30; Amos D. 
 Wheeler, 1830 33 ; and Oliver Carlton, 1833-56. 
 
 The masters of the English High School have been : Henry K. 
 Oliver, 1827-30 ; Elisha Mack, 1830-30 ; William H. Brooks 1830- 
 38; Eufus Putnam, 1836-52; Eichard Edwards, 1852-53; and 
 Albert G. Boyden, 1853-56. 
 
 The masters of the Girls' High School have been : Edwin Jocelyn, 
 1845-49 ; Charles N. Wheeler, 1849-54 ; and Moses P. Chase, 1854 
 -56. 
 
 In 1856, the three schools were consolidated into the present High 
 School, and the masters have been : Jacob Batchelder, 1856-61 ; Wil- 
 liam J. Rolfe, 1861-62; George H. Howison, 1862-64; Abner H. 
 Davis, 1864-68 ; and John W. Perkins, 1868- . 
 
 The sites of the original school have been, as far as known, the 
 following : On " Court " Street, upon the eastern half of the pres- 
 ent Washington Street, over against Mr. Robert Brookhouse's resi- 
 dence ; in 1760, in the centre of Washington Street, over the 
 northern end of the tunnel, occupying a new brick building; in 
 1785, for awhile in hired quarters, awaiting the erectiou of a two- 
 story wooden building, just north-east of the same end of the tun- 
 nel, the chamber of that house being its room; in 1819, on Broad 
 Street, in a new brick building, now (1878) occupied by a primary 
 school. It was here that the Boys' Euglish High School was estab- 
 lished, afterwards to be united with the Latin School. In 1856, the 
 consolidated school, the Girls' High School being combined with the 
 foregoinff schools, was located in a new edifice of brick, where it still 
 remains. 
 
 The year 1845 was the first time that names of citizens were 
 bestowed upon the public schools. The old Latin School was called 
 the Fisk School ; the Boys' High, the Bowditch ; the Girls' High, the 
 Saltonstall ; the English Grammar Schools, in the various parts of the 
 city, the Phillips, Hacker, Pickering, Browne, Higginson, Bentley, 
 and Epes. The Fisk and the Bowditch, in 1854, were united and 
 received the title Bowditch ; in 1856, the Saltonstall was incorporated 
 with them into the present High School, which bears no honorary 
 name. The branches of instruction in the Latin School were, at first, 
 English, Latin, Greek, good manners, and the "principles of Chris- 
 
104 8Tcetch of Salem. 
 
 tian religion" (1677). Later (1699), writing, ciphering, and read- 
 ing are mentioned. Tiien (in 1801), English grammar, composition, 
 and geography are added to the list of studies, and writing and 
 arithmetic are mentioned, as though for some reason — perhaps, as 
 being taught in the English School — they had been temporarily dis- 
 continued. Terra time, in the good old days, was " all the year 
 round," or nearly so. The vacations prescribed in 1770 were as fol- 
 lows : General election, commencement day and the rest of that 
 week, fasts, thanksgivings, trainings, Wednesday and Saturday after- 
 noons. These were, properly, holidays, and not vacations as we now 
 term them. The " glorious Fourth " was not yet ushered into being. 
 The boys of 1700 were obliged to rise and breakfast early. From 
 March to November, school opened at seven, A. m. ; the rest of the 
 year at eight, a. m. The school day ended at five and four, p. m., 
 for the respective seasons. 
 
 Grammar /Schools. — In 1712 the first grammar school, anciently 
 called a writing school, was established, Nathaniel Higginson teacher. 
 The site was the old watch-house "in the north end of the town"; 
 i. e., upon ground extending to Essex Street and into Washington 
 Street, west of the location of the Stearns building. The successors 
 of Higginson, till 1785, were Swinerton, Gerrish, Gale, Hart, Ford, 
 Dawson, and Edward Norris. In 1785 the Centre School-house is 
 erected ; the upper story occupied by the Latin school and the lower 
 part by this English school. At the same time the number of English 
 schools increases : One is established in Dean Sti*eet, Isaac Hacker 
 teacher ; one on East (now Forrester) Street, John Watson teacher. 
 In 1807 another is added, on School Street, taught by William B. 
 Dodge. In 1819 South Salem is similarly favored : William Carnes is 
 placed in charge of a school on South (now Washington) Street. In 
 1821 a like school was opened in Williams Street, with Samuel Burrill 
 for teacher. These schools were the progenitors of our present gram- 
 mar schools. They were originally organized for boys. In 1793 girls 
 were admitted to the three schools then existing ; namely, the Centre, 
 Dean Street, and East Street schools, but not as associates and equals 
 of the boys. To them an hour following the morning session and an 
 hour after school at night was given. In 1827 they were granted two 
 schools for themselves : on Beckford Street, Henry J. Hamilton, 
 teacher; and on East Street, Rufus Putnam, Jr., teacher. In 1835 
 
The JPublic Schools. 105 
 
 they are admitted to equal privileges with boys in the North Salem 
 school ; and, in 1841, likewise to the South Salem school, in which year 
 additional provision for both boys and girls is made by the establishment 
 of a grammar school on Aborn Street, under Charles Northend. There 
 are now (1841) four boys' grammar schools : two for girls, and three 
 for both sexes. In the same year (1841) the Centre, Williams 
 Street, and East Street schools (three of the boys' schools) are united 
 and suitably called the Union School, located between Bath (now 
 Forrester) and Essex streets. In 1845 this school is called by the 
 honored name, Phillips ; the boys' school on Dean Street is called the 
 Hacker ; the Beckford Street girls' school is yclept Higginson ; and 
 that on East Street, Bentley ; the mixed school in North Salem re- 
 ceives the appellation, Pickering ; that in South Salem, Browne ; and 
 that in Aborn Street, Epes. The consolidation of the Hacker, Hig- 
 ginson, and Epes, under4he title Bowditch, in 1870, completed the 
 present system of grammar schools : one for boys, one for girls, and 
 three for both sexes. After some changes, the names and locations of 
 these schools and the date of erection and material of their present 
 edifices, are as follows : Phillips, Herbert Street, 1869, wood ; Bent- 
 ley, Essex Street, 1861, brick ; Bowditch, Dean Street, 1870, brick ; 
 Pickering, School Street, 1862, brick; Browne (now called Holly 
 Street School), Holly Street, 1874, wood. Though the first English 
 (grammar) school was established in 1712, it was nearly one hundred 
 years (1807) before the fourth school was opened. The population of 
 Salem in 1712 is computed at 2,600 ; in 1800, it was 9,457 ; now (1878) 
 it is set at 26,000. The number of pupils in 1718, at the first school 
 above named, was 54. In 1803, the three English (grammar) schools 
 and the Latin school contained 213 boys ; of whom perhaps 180 were 
 in the former schools: now the number is above 1,200. In 1816 
 grammar and geography were added to the course, which had consist- 
 ed of the "three E's." Up to that time private schools seemed to 
 eclipse the public schools. Better management and an adjustment of 
 the course of studies to the popular needs gave larger success to these 
 schools. At the present day, in addition to studies named above, 
 spelling, history, music, drawing, and some study of the Constitution 
 of the United States, are embraced in the school-work. Female 
 assistants in the boys' grammar schools, all under masters, began to 
 be employed in 1839 ; for a year or two previously such teachers had 
 11 
 
106 8Tcetch of Salem. 
 
 been serving in the East Female Scliool. Now one of the five prin- 
 cipals is a female, as are all of the assistant teachers in this class of 
 schools : four male teachers, twenty-five female teachers. 
 
 Primary Schools. — The first record of a primary school is in 1729, 
 when Samuel Browne donated to the town £240, the interest of 
 half this sura to be devoted to the education of poor children in the 
 grammar (Latin) school, one-quarter to be similarly applied for poor 
 children in the English school, thp remaining fourth part to be simi- 
 larly invested " for the learning of six very poor children their letters 
 and to spell and read" in "a woman's school." The same gentleman, 
 in 1731, remembers the Latin, the English, and " the woman's school" 
 by a donation of £50 each. We have also other incidental mention 
 of the public care to bestow instruction upon the young and unlettered. 
 In 1773 a class of boys not fitted to remain in masters' schools are 
 put under female teachers. In 1801 three public schools are opened 
 to children of both sexes of five years old and upwards. These, with 
 their teachers, were as follows : Lynn Street, Mrs. Holman ; Church 
 Street, Mrs. Lamperel ; East Street, Miss Carlton. This number in- 
 creases to seven in 1820. There are now twelve primaries, employ- 
 ing forty-eight female teachers. 
 
 Colored /School. — A school for colored children was organized in 
 1807, Chloe Minns being appointed teacher, and was supported till 
 1823 : the same teacher, apparently, having continued in charge all 
 the time. In 1826 a school of the rank of writing school is kept by a 
 colored man for colored children. An eflfort, in 1827, to re-open the 
 primary is unsuccessful. In 1830 the right of a colored girl to enter 
 the girls' high school was questioned, but affirmed. In 1834, in con- 
 sequence of a remonstrance against permitting colored girls to attend 
 that school, instruction for them is provided in the chamber of the 
 Centre School-house, which the Latin school once occupied ; William 
 B. Dodge is teacher till 1841, and Thomas B. Perkins then till 1843, 
 when race distinction in public schools ceases. 
 
 Evening School. — An evening school of a private character was 
 taught in 1770, and again, in 1772. Mr. Steward proposed to in- 
 struct twelve poor boys, from January to April, 1774, on Monday, 
 Wednesday, and Friday evenings. His compensation came from the 
 Brown fund, placed at the disposal of the committee. In 1823 an ap- 
 propriation of seventy-five dollars is made for an evening school for 
 
The Public Schools. 107 
 
 young men over fifteen years of age, Mr. Hood, teacher. In 1847 
 the city missionary provides free evening instruction. The next year 
 Mr. Ball, assisted by "many ladies and gentlemen," conducts schools 
 two evenings a week for males and two evenings for females. This 
 school is generously continued until, in 1850, the city authorities come 
 to its support with an appropriation of three hundred dollars, the 
 same gentleman remaining in charge. In 1854 a school was main- 
 tained one season at the charge of the city, under instructors already 
 employed in the day schools. Finally, from 1869 to the present time, 
 there have been public evening schools free to males and females who 
 would be benefited by them. The one for males is now in charge of 
 a female principal, with six young teachers as assistants ; that 
 for females is conducted by a female principal, with three such 
 assistants. 
 
 The Naunikeag School was opened in 1869, as a half-time and fac- 
 tory school. Such it continued until 1878, the present year, when it 
 lost both these distinctive features. Miss Margaret A. Dunn was its 
 teacher during that entire period. This school is now a miscellaneous 
 one, supplementary to the graded system. In 1869 the school com- 
 mittee made the study of drawing a regular branch in all the day 
 schools. In 1872 evening schools of drawing were inaugurated. 
 There has been no discontinuance of either policy to the present time. 
 From 1872 to 1877 a special instructor of the art was employed in the 
 day schools. 
 
 Music. — In 1842, a teacher of vocal music in all the public schools, 
 imder masters, except the Latin, was employed; compensation, 
 $150. The next year, twice that amount was paid for such instruc- 
 ■ tion, under three teachers. In 1848, the exercise seems to have 
 been generally neglected, but the committee feel unable to put the 
 study upon a permanent basis. In 1868, the branch receives due 
 attention, and, from that time to 1877, a regular instructor is em- 
 ployed in all the day schools. By the dismissal of special instructors 
 of these arts in the day schools, the committee did not intend to allow 
 the neglect of the arts themselves ; but relied upon the educated skill 
 of the teachers in the schools to continue and direct the practice. 
 
 School Committee. — Originally it was the custom for the voters 
 to manage the schools at towii-meetings. As schools grew more 
 numerous, and more frequent attention to details was required, it was 
 
108 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 found impossible to exercise the proper control in this wa}'. The 
 selectmen were first intrusted with this responsibility; but, in 1712, 
 an occasion calls for a board of committee, — the selection of a 
 teacher for the Latin school. These men were Samuel Browne, 
 Josiah Wolcott, Stephen Sewall, John Higginson, Jr., and Walter 
 Price. Samuel Browne, in 1729, stipulated that the schools upon 
 which his donations were bestowed should be committed to men 
 chosen for that special duty. The people elected the committee till 
 1836, when, at the incorporation of the city, this power was delegated 
 to its council ; but it was restored to the people in 1859, where it still 
 resides. From 1836 to 1847, the number of members was twenty- 
 five ; since then it has been a board of eighteen elected, and the 
 mayor and president of the common council, ex officio. The com- 
 mittee have made annual reports in print, regularly, since 1848. For 
 some time previously, statements concerning the schools were included 
 as part of the city government's report. The executive office of super- 
 intendent was established in 1865. Jonathan Kimball was the first 
 superintendent, and held the office until 1872, when it was discon- 
 tinued for a year. Augustus D. Small has filled the office from 1873 
 to the present time. 
 
 The /Salem State Normal School was founded in 1854 ; the Kesolve 
 of the Legislature for its establishment having been approved April 
 
 16, 1853. The State board of education decided June 2, 1853, to 
 locate the school at Salem, and the city furnished the site and erected 
 the building, receiving from the State $6,000, the amount appropriated 
 by the Legislature. The site was formerly occupied by the registry 
 of deeds, and the buildings of that department were removed for the 
 school building. The cost to the city, over and above the $6,000 ap- 
 propriation by the State, and $2,000 contributed by the Eastern Rail- 
 road, was about $5,200. The building was dedicated Sept. 14, 1854, 
 Gov. Emory Washburn presiding. An address was delivered by the 
 Hon. George S. Boutwell. The school was opened Sept. 13, 1854, 
 Eichard Edwards being the first principal. He is now principal of the 
 Bloomington (111.) State Normal School. His successor was the late 
 Alpheus Crosby. He was a celebrated Greek scholar, and was a man 
 of note among literary people. He resigned in July, 1865, and de- 
 voted the remainder of his life to literary pursuits. He died April 
 
 17, 1874, aged sixty-three. Prof. Daniel B. Hagar succeeded Prof. 
 
The Public Schools. 109 
 
 Crosby, and the school to-day is under his supervision. The school 
 has always been a prosperous institution of learning, and the attend- 
 ance of pupils never was so large as within the last three years. 
 The expenses of pupils at this school are very moderate. Tuition is 
 free to those who comply with the condition of teaching in the public 
 schools of Massachusetts. For the assistance of those who find even 
 the moderate expenses burdensome, the State makes an annual appro- 
 priation, one-half of which is distributed, at the close of each term, 
 among pupils from within the Commonwealth who merit and need 
 aid. The institution has a valuable library, containing, in works of 
 general reference and reading, and in text-books, about nine thousand 
 volumes. It has, also, a fair supply of philosophical apparatus, and 
 a museum containing a large collection of specimens illustrating vari- 
 ous departments of science. 
 
 Originally the school building was sixty-seven feet square ; but an 
 addition has been built, and a French roof added, making it now one 
 of the finest public buildings in the city. 
 
110 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 CHAPTER YII. 
 
 THE LITERARY, BENEVOLENT, AND OTHER SOCIETIES Ol" SALEM. 
 
 Sketches of institutions that have an educating or refining influence 
 on the people appropriately follow an account of the churches and 
 schools ; next come benevolent institutions and societies, and those 
 akin to them ; and, lastly, miscellaneous societies. 
 
 The /Salem Athenceum was incorporated in 1810, being formed by a 
 union of the Social and Philosophical Libraries. The first of these 
 dates its origin to a time when Salem was a small provincial town, 
 1760. In that year, a library was formed, and called the Social 
 Library. It was the outgrowth of a social evening club, composed of 
 gentlemen of extended literary attainments : among them, Benjamin 
 Lynde and Nathaniel Eopes, judges of the superior court; Andrew 
 Oliver, judge of the court of common pleas; William Pynchon, a 
 lawyer ; the Eev. William McGilchrist ; the Eev. Thomas Barnard ; 
 Stephen Higginson, a merchant ; William Browne, judge of the su- 
 perior court; Col. Benjamin Pickman, and Dr. E. A. Holyoke. In 
 1797, this library received an Act of incorporation. The Philosophi- 
 cal Library was founded in 1781. An American privateer had cap- 
 tured the vessel on which a part of the library of the celebrated Dr. 
 Eichard Kirwan had been shipped across the Irish Channel, and the 
 books were brought to Beverly and sold. These were purchased by a 
 company of Salem gentlemen, and the library was thus started. It 
 was the combination of these two libraries that formed that of the 
 Salem Athenaeum, which institution was incorporated in March, 1810. 
 The call for the first meeting was signed by E. A. Holyoke, William 
 Orne, Nathaniel Silsbee, and Samuel Putnam. Eooms in the Central 
 Building, Central Street (then Market Street), were opened July 11, 
 1810. In 1815, the library was removed to rooms in Essex Place ; in 
 1825, to rooms over the Salem Bank; in 1841, to Lawrence Place; 
 
The Essex Institute. Ill 
 
 and in 1857, to the present rooms in Plummer Hall. This building 
 was erected from a fund of $30,000 bequeathed to the Athenaeum for 
 the purpose in 1854 by Miss Caroline Plummer. The building was 
 completed in 1857. It is occupied jointly by the Athenteum and 
 Essex Institute. The present number of volumes in the Athenaeum 
 library is about sixteen thousand. They have been principally 
 obtained by money arising from the annual assessments and from the 
 sale of shares, though the library has received valuable donations and 
 several legacies. 
 
 The Essex Institute was formed in February, 1848, by the union of 
 the Essex Historical Society and the Essex County Natural History 
 Society, the Act of incorporation receiving the approval of the gov- 
 ernor Feb. 11, 1848. As a preface to a sketch of the Institute it 
 will be appropriate to allude briefly to the two societies by the 
 union of which it was formed. 
 
 The Essex Historical Society was formed April 21, 1821, mainly 
 through the efforts of the late Mr. George A. Ward. It had for its 
 objects " the collection and preservation of authentic memorials relating 
 to the civil history of the county of Essex, and the eminent men who 
 had resided within its limits ; also all facts relating to its natural his- 
 tory and topography." In response to a petition to the General 
 Court signed by Dr. Edward A. Holyoke and twenty-five others, an 
 Act of incorporation was granted and approved June 21, 1821. Dr. 
 Holyoke was the first president of the society. It had been expected 
 that a valuable collection of material for a library, chiefly manuscripts, 
 belonging to the Kev. Dr. William Bentley, who had died several 
 months previously, would be placed in the possession of the society, 
 by the executors of his will, but in this its founders were disap- 
 pointed. However, the institution flourished, and a good collection 
 of portraits and curiosities was soon gathered ; and besides, the nu- 
 cleus of a library. These collections were first deposited in Essex 
 Place ; then in a room over the Salem Bank, and afterwards in Law- 
 rence Place, till the formation of the Institute. 
 
 The Essex County Natural History Society was formed Dec. 14, ' 
 1833, with Dr. Andrew Nichols, of Danvers, as president, and Mr. 
 John M. Ives, of Salem, as secretary. An Act of incorporation 
 was not petitioned for until 1836, and bears date February 12th of 
 that year. A meeting to complete the organization was held in Tops- 
 
112 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 field April 16, 1834, and the society immediately commenced the 
 collection of a library of standard works and a cabinet of specimens 
 in natural history. The cabinet and library were first deposited in 
 Essex Place ; subsequently in the Franklin Building ; in Masonic 
 Hall, Washington Street ; and in Pickman Place, Essex Street — this 
 being the last place of deposit before the union with the Essex His- 
 torical Society. 
 
 Soon after the organization of the Natural History Society, atten- 
 tion was directed to horticulture, and the first public exhibition was 
 held July 11, 1834. The series of exhibitions that followed were 
 very instrumental in diflfusing throughout the community a general 
 and extensive taste for horticultural pursuits. The society issued 
 one volume — three numbers, dating in 1836, 1838, and 1851 — of 
 the " Journal of the Essex County Natural History Society," and 
 during the winter of 1837-8, a course of six lectures was delivered. 
 under its auspices. 
 
 During the autumn of 1847, several meetings of the two above- 
 described societies were held to effect a union, and a plan drafted by a 
 committee chosen for the purpose, was adopted Jan. 14, 1848. An 
 Act of incorporation was obtained on the 11th of the following month, 
 and on the 1st of March, by its acceptance, the Essex Institute was 
 formed. The Hon. Daniel A. White was the first president. The 
 Institute at first consisted of three departments — the historical, the 
 natural history, and the horticultural. A department of fine arts has 
 since been added. The president of the Institute is chief officer of 
 each department, but a special vice-president is assigned to each, 
 with as many curators as are required for the successful advancement 
 of the work. The means of carrying out the plans of the institution 
 are secured by a library, embracing not only books, but documents, 
 newspapers, and manuscripts ; by a museum comprising all collec- 
 tions of history and science ; by meetings at the rooms, or in various 
 parts of the county, in the summer season, for the discussion of his- 
 torical or scientific subjects ; by courses of lectures or musical enter- 
 tainments ; by exhibitions under the charge of the horticultural or 
 fine arts departments ; by publications. 
 
 The library now contains about 30,000 volumes and 100,000 pam- 
 phlets, embracing valuable works on history, art, science, religion, 
 and the classics ; besides files of newspapers, public documents, pro- 
 
Library Room, Plummer Hall. 
 
 Historical Room, Essex Institute. 
 
 Heliotype Printing Co., Boston. 
 
Hie Essex Institute. 113 
 
 ceedings of historical, scientific, educational, agricultural, and other 
 societies. This large and extremely valuable library has been 
 obtained principally^ by donations or exchanges. Among the largest 
 donors of valuable books have been the Hon. Daniel A. White, who 
 at various times gave large numbers of books, in all about 8,000; 
 Mrs. Eliza L. Eogers, Ichubod Tucker, Thomas Cole, Nathaniel 
 Silsbee, Jr., W. D. Pickman, and Mrs. J. S. Cabot. Any person 
 residing in the county of Essex may be chosen a resident member, 
 and any person without the county, a corresponding member. The 
 annual fee is three dollars, and this entitles to the taking from the 
 library of any circulating books, and the privilege of reading at the 
 rooms any book belonging to the Salem Atheu^um Library. 
 
 The natural history collection is now in charge of the Peabody 
 Academy of Science, having been so disposed in 1867, together with 
 the museum of the East India Marine Society. At the time of this 
 arrangement, the Institute collection numbered over 125,000 speci- 
 mens, and in a number of classes of the anim.ll kingdom was inferior 
 to only one or two in the country. The historical collections are still 
 preserved separately, and are extremely valuable also. They include 
 valuable portraits of people of local and general prominence. 
 
 The regular, special, and field meetings are free to the public, and 
 all are cordially invited to attend them. They attract large numbers 
 of people inclined to historical and scientific matters. The "field 
 meetings," as those held in the summer season about the county are 
 styled, are an Essex Institute featui'e, and are a very successful means 
 of reaching the general public, and securing a vastly more extended 
 interest in scientific branches, and a more liberal support for the work 
 of the institution. 
 
 The lectures and concei'ts given under the auspices of the Institute 
 are of the very highest order, and exert a powerful influence in elevat- 
 ing the public taste for history, science, and music. Some of the 
 leading men of this and other countries have been introduced to 
 Salem audiences, and even to the American people, by the Essex 
 Institute ; and some of the fSinest music performed in the city has 
 been at the concerts at the Institute rooms. 
 
 The exhibitions have uniformly been successful, whether of agri- 
 cultural and horticultural products, or of works of art or antiquities. 
 The former are held annually, with an occasional special exhibit, and 
 
114 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 the contributions are not confined to Salem, but frequently towns in 
 remote parts of the county send valued acquisitions to the collec- 
 tions. The art exhibitions bring before the public eye many beauti- 
 ful and valuable paintings and other works of art, that would not be 
 allowed to be taken from their places in libraries and parlors under any 
 other auspices. Only one collection of antique relics has been exhib- 
 ited. This was in 1875, and was the wonder and admiration of all who 
 attended. There were displayed for the first time in public the very 
 choicest and most highly treasured antiquities, that are preserved in 
 the old Salem families, and carefully guarded by successive genera- 
 tions. Such relics as were displayed at this exhibition are never 
 allowed to become parts of any museum or public collection. 
 
 The publications have always been valuable. From 1848 to 1868, 
 inclusive, six volumes of the "Proceedings of the Essex County 
 Institute" were published. In April, 1859, the publication of "The 
 Historical Collections " was commenced. This is still continued. It 
 contains abstracts from old town and church records, old journals and 
 diaries, and papers of an historical character read before the meet- 
 ings. One volume of the " American Naturalist," commenced in 
 1867, was published under the auspices of the Institute, and its pub- 
 lication was then transferred to the Peabody Academy of Science. 
 " The Bulletin " was started in January, 1869, and its publication is 
 still continued, one volume per year being issued. It contains a 
 record of the meetings of the society, short papers of an historical 
 character read before the Institute, scientific communications, and 
 a general report of its proceedings. Other publications have occasion- 
 ally been issued. 
 
 The rooms of the Institute are in Plummer Hall, which is shared 
 with the Salem Athenaeum, by a vote of that society, the objects of the 
 Institute being in accordance with those which Miss Plummer men- 
 tioned in her will as those to which the building was to be devoted. 
 The library and other collections of the Essex Institute have grown 
 from modest beginnings to magnificent and unusually valuable collec- 
 tions. The institution is thoroughly appreciated, and its name and 
 fame have reached all quarters of the country and world. Under the 
 direction and personal supervision of Dr. Henry Wheatland, its presi- 
 dent, the work of the Institute is successfully carried forward by a 
 devoted corps of workers, and its usefulness increases yearly. 
 
Peahody Academy of Science. 115 
 
 At the rooms in Plummer Hall are also deposited the libraries of 
 the Essex Agricultural Society, and the Essex South District Medical 
 Society. 
 
 Peahody Academy of Science. — In this institution Salem has a 
 substantial remembrance of the wise liberality of the late George 
 Peabody, the famed London banker and philanthropist. Under date 
 of Feb. 26, 1867, Mr. Peabody addressed to Francis Peabody, Esq., 
 of Salem, Prof. Asa Gray, of Cambridge, the Hon. William C. Endi- 
 cott and George Peabody Russell, Esq., of Salem, Prof. Othniel C. 
 Marsh, of New Haven, Conn., Dr. Henry Wheatland and Abner C. 
 Goodell, Jr., Esq., of Salem, Dr. James E. Nichols, of Haverhill, 
 and Dr. Henry C. Perkins, of Newburyport, a letter, enclosing an 
 instrument of trust, naming them as trustees of a fund of $140,000, 
 " for the promotion of science and useful knowledge in the county of 
 Essex." 
 
 After naming the trustees and the amount given, the letter read as 
 follows : " Of this, my native county, I have always been justly proud, 
 in common with all her sons, remembering her ancient reputation, her 
 many illustrious statesmen, jurists, and men of science, her distin- 
 guished record from the earliest days of our country's history, and 
 the distinction so long retained by her as eminent in the education and 
 morality of her citizens. I am desirous of assisting to perpetuate her 
 good name through future generations, and of aiding, through her 
 means, in the diffusion of science and knowledge ; and after consulta- 
 tion with some of her most eminent and worthy citizens, and encour- 
 aged by the success which has already iittended the efforts and re- 
 searches of the distinguished scientific association of which your chair- 
 man is president, and with which most of you are connected, I am led 
 to hope that this gift may be instrumental in attaining the desired end. 
 I therefore transmit to you the enclosed instrument, and a check for 
 the amount therein named, one hundred and forty thousand dollars, 
 with the hope that this trust, as administered by you and your success- 
 ors, may tend to advancement in intelligence and virtue, not only in 
 our good old county of Essex, but in our Commonwealth and in our 
 common country." 
 
 According to the terms of the instrument of trust, $40,000 was 
 applied to the purchase of the East India Marine Hall, containing the 
 extensive and valuable museum of that society, and of land under and 
 
116 8Tcetch of Salem. 
 
 adjoining that building. The $100,000 forms a permanent fund. 
 Arrangements were soon made for the transfer of the collections of 
 the East India Marine Society, and the natural history collection of 
 the Essex Institute, to the charge of the trustees of the Peabody Acad- 
 emy ; and these two valuable museums were combined in one, and 
 re-arranged in the hall of the East India Marine Society, which had 
 been refitted for the purpose. An Act of incorporation was granted to 
 the Peabody Academy by the State Legislature, April 13, 1868* 
 Prof. F. W. Putnam was ' elected director of the museum ; and asso- 
 ciated with him in the great work of re-arranging and properly classi- 
 fying the collections, Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, 
 Prof. Edward S. Morse, and Mr. Caleb Cooke, all curators in the 
 natural history department of the Essex Institute. 
 
 From the organization of the academy, its work ha^ been steadily 
 progressive. From 1868 to 1876, the "American Katuralist," a 
 monthly magazine, devoted to science and natural history, was pub- 
 lished under its auspices. It has since been transferred to a Philadel- 
 phia publishing house. The museum has been open free to the public 
 six days in each week, thousands visiting it each year. No better 
 general collection exists in the country ; and in some departments, it 
 is unrivalled. A " Summer School of Biology " was organized in 1877, 
 and was continued the following season. It was under the direction 
 of Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., who was assisted by a corps of scientific 
 gentlemen, including Mr. James H. Emerton, Mr. John Robinson, the 
 Eev. E. C. BoUes, and Mr. Caleb Cooke. This school furnished to 
 students in natural history valuable facilities for the conduct of their 
 studies. 
 
 77ie Salem Lyceum dates back to Jan. 18, 1830, when the organiza- 
 tion was started. The earlier lectures were given in various churches ; 
 but the present Lyceum Hall was built in 1831, and the success 
 of the institution increased from that time. Judge Daniel A. White, 
 the president of the Lyceum, delivered the first lecture, Feb. 24, 1830, 
 and an efi"ort was made to have home talent largely represented in the- 
 list of lecturers. Among the Salem lecturers who appeared in Lyceum 
 courses in the earlier days of the institution, were Francis Peabody., 
 Jonathan Webb, Henry K. Oliver, Dr. Abel L. Pierson, Charles W. 
 Upham, and Eufus Choate. Some of the most noted men of the time 
 have, year after year, lent their talents to the success of the Salem 
 
Interior — Peabody Academy of Science. 
 
 Interior — Peabody Academy of Science. 
 
 Heliotype Printing Co., Boston. 
 
Musical Societies. 117 
 
 Lyceum : among them, Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, Ralph Waldo 
 Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Charles Francis Adams, A. P. 
 Peabody, Horace Mann, Robert C. Winthrop, Jared Sparks, George 
 Bancroft, and Caleb Cushing. The Lycenm has always maintained a 
 high standard in the selection of its lecturers, and few similar organi- 
 zations can show such a fine record. The fiftieth annual course of 
 entertainments was opened Nov. 13, 1878, with a lecture by the Hon. 
 Henry K. Oliver, mayor of Salem ; his lecture being an historical 
 sketch of the society. 
 
 The Young Men's Union was oi-ganized in 1855. It maintains a 
 reading-room in Peck's Block, Washington Street ; and each season 
 presents a fine course of lectures, concerts, and other entertainments. 
 As a rule these have been largely patronized. They have always been 
 of a high order. 
 
 Musical Societies. — Salem has always been noted for its musical 
 talent, and its devotion to musical study and practice. Early in this 
 present century, an attempt succeeded in the publishing, by Mr. John 
 Appleton, of a work intended to supplant the imperfect and unique 
 church music then in general vogue, by a more sober, solemn, and de- 
 votional style, and, at the same time, pleasing in melody, accurate 
 and rich in harmony. No organized music society, however, appears 
 till 1818, when the Handel Society was formed, continuing about 
 three years, and studying the highest order of music. In 1821, but 
 existing a very short time, the Haydn Society started. 
 
 The first more permanent association was the Mozart Association, 
 organized by the eflforts of Gen. Henry K. Oliver, in May, 1825. It 
 had a very successful career of about ten years, giving concerts, with 
 music from the classic authors, and exerting a marked influence upon 
 the taste and skill of the several church choirs in the city, the leading 
 members of which were enrolled among its numbers. Hon. John 
 Pickering was its president, Henry K. Oliver vice-president, con- 
 ductor, and organist, and the Hon. Leverett Saltonstall first director. 
 The first organ ever built by the celebrated brothers Hook, of Bos- 
 ton, was used by this society. Their concerts were always well 
 patronized, and the prospect of a permanent existence was so very fa- 
 vorable that an application was made in 1834 to the Legislature for an 
 Act of incorporation to enable the society to purchase and hold real 
 estate whereon to erect a music hall. The Act passed both branches. 
 
118 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 but was vetoed by Gov. Lincoln, on the ground that he considered it 
 " inexpedient to encourage the incorporating of institutions of so 
 limited a public benefit I " This discouragement seems to have oper- 
 ated unfavorably on the continuance of the society. 
 
 The next association for musical purposes was the Salem Glee Club, 
 organized in 1832, of which the leading spirits were Gen. Henry K. 
 Oliver, John Chadwick, Warwick Palfray, William Kimball, Charles 
 Lawrence, Charles G. Putnam, William Brown, Leverett Saltonstall, 
 and W. H. Prince. The club was under the presidency and instruc- 
 tion of Gen. Oliver, who selected its library, comprising all the best 
 works of Horsley, Callcott, Spofforth, Lord Mornington (father of 
 the Duke of Wellington), Danby, Bishop, and others. The club 
 continued about twenty-two years. On its breaking up, its library 
 was presented to the Harvard Musical Association, of Boston. 
 
 The Salem Academy of Music was organized Aug. 31, 1846, with 
 W. H. Prince as president. It existed for several years. 
 
 The Salem Choral Society was organized Feb. 5, 1855, and gave 
 its first concert Dec. 25, 1855. It rendered sacred music. J. F. 
 Tuckerman was its first president, and a council of advice consisted 
 of Asahel Huntington, Leverett Saltonstall, James M. Hoppin, Alfred 
 A. Abbott, W. H. Prince, O. B. Frothingham, Otis P. Lord, and 
 Joseph Andrews. ' 
 
 Among organizations of less note may be mentioned the Salem 
 Philharmonic Society, organized Sept. 25, 1849 ; the Union Singing 
 School, 1847 ; and the Salem Musical Education Society, of later date. 
 
 The Salem Oratorio Society was organized Nov. 17, 1868, with 
 a membership of about three hundred persons. It was gathered 
 mainly by the personal efforts of Mr. Francis H. Lee, an amateur. 
 Its success has been very great ; mastering, under the instruction and 
 lead of Mr. Carl Zerrahn, the principal works of Handel, Haydn, 
 Mendelssohn, and rendering them to the public in a manner to excite 
 the praise of the severest musical critics, — one of whonii, in a leading 
 musical journal, declared that there never had been heard in this country 
 such marvellous chorus singing. The fame of the society spread far 
 and wide, and it was selected, at the Peace of the World Jubilee 
 at Boston, in 1872, as one of the societies to sing the double choruses 
 of Handel's " Israel in Egypt," over against the Handel and Haydn 
 Society of Boston. 
 
Marine Societies. 119 
 
 The Salem Schubert Club was formed in May, 1878, for practice 
 and performance of English glees and madrigals. Its membership is 
 about sixty mixed voices. The society is under the direction of Mr. 
 William J. Winch, of Boston. The first public performance was 
 given at Plummer Hall, Jan. 14, 1879. 
 
 27*6 Salem Marine Society, the most ancient organization in the 
 city, originated in March, 1766, when eighteen shipmasters consti- 
 tuted the society. The Act of incorporation was received in 1772. 
 The early meetings were held at the houses of members, and later 
 at the public houses. The society now has rooms in Franklin Build- 
 ing, corner of Essex and Newbury streets, which it owns. The late 
 Thomas Perkins bequeathed to the society his buildings known as 
 Franklin Place, and the first meeting was held there Nov. 28, 1833. 
 The building was badly damaged by fire Jan. 29, 1845, again Jan. 
 4, 1859, and totally destroyed Oct. 21, 1860. The last time the 
 insurance had expired a few hours before the fire ; but the generosity 
 of the insurance company, and liberal contributions of citizens, aided 
 substantially in erecting the present fine structure. The subscrip- 
 tions amounted to over $14,000. The objects of the institution, from 
 its formation, have been charity, and progress in navigation. These 
 principles have been closely adhered to. 
 
 The East India Marine Society is one of the oldest associations 
 in the country, having been organized Oct. 14, 1799. Capt. Benjamin 
 Hodges was the first president ; Jacob Crowninshield, treasurer ; 
 and Capt. Jonathan Hodges, secretary. Its chief objects were "to 
 assist the widows and children of deceased members, who may need 
 it, out of the funds of the society " ; " to collect such facts and obser- 
 vations as tend to the improvement and security of navigation " ; 
 " to form a museum of natural and artificial curiosities, particularly 
 such as are to be found beyond the Cape of Good Hope, or Cape 
 Horn." The by-laws provided that " any person shall be eligible as a 
 member of this society, who shall actually have navigated the seas near 
 the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn, either as master or commander, 
 or as factor or supercargo of any vessel belonging to Salem, or, if 
 resident in Salem, of any vessel belonging to any port in the United 
 States." These conditions were always observed, and under them 
 348 joined the society up to the time that its museum was, with that 
 of the Essex Institute, placed in charge of the Peabody Academy of 
 
120 ^Sh^tch of Salem, 
 
 Science (1867), Of these, 278 had died, leaving seventy surviving 
 members. The charity bestowed was frequently outside of the chan- 
 nels prescribed in the by-laws. Much attention was paid to im- 
 provement in navigation. The earliest journal written in the records 
 of the society was by Nathaniel Bowditch, who was for some years 
 master or supercargo on voyages from Salem to the East Indies. The 
 museum of curiosities collected was a very remarkable and extremely 
 valuable one, and makes a prominent part of the collections now dis- 
 played by the Peabody Academy. The society first occupied a room 
 in a building on the corner of Essex and Washington streets ; next a 
 building in the rear of the present Downing Block, and in 1825 moved, 
 into the East India Marine Hall, on Essex, nearly opposite St. Peter's 
 Street. The opening of this new hall was celebrated by a procession 
 and dinner, at which President Adams, Mayor Quincy, of Boston, 
 Judge Story, of the United States Supreme Court, and President 
 Kirkland, of Harvard College, were present. The organization of the 
 society is still maintained, aud its charity fund is continued. 
 
 The /Salem Fraternity is an exceedingly worthy institution. It 
 was organized in April, 1869, and maintains, free to all, a reading- 
 room, amusement room, and library, in the Downing Block, Essex 
 Street. The library contains upwards of 2,000 volumes, and free 
 instruction is given in various branches by competent teachers. Its 
 labors are mainly among such young people of both sexes as are em- 
 ployed in the city, but who have no home associations. Its objects 
 are appreciated by the charitably disposed, and its influence is con- 
 siderable. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association was organized in 1858. 
 It has rooms at No. 194 Essex Street, which are open to all, day and 
 evening, and where religious services are frequently conducted on 
 week days and on each Sunday. 
 
 Temperance Societies. — Salem has had, first and last, a host of tem- 
 perance organizations. Washington Total Abstinence Union, from 
 1841 to 1847 ; the Martha Washington Society, in connection with the 
 first named ; Young Men's Temperance Society, 1843 ; Henfield Di- 
 vision, Sons of Temperance, 1844, and still in existence ; Salem Divi- 
 sion, 1846 ; Young Men's Division, 1859 to 1865 ; Phillips Division, 
 1859, and Abraham Lincoln Division, 1866, both still maintained; 
 Independent Division, Daughters of Temperance, and Zephyr Union 
 
Charitable Societies. 121 
 
 Daughters ; Social Council, 1859 ; Essex Temple of Honor, 1856 ; 
 Meteoric Temple of Honor, 1866, and still existing ; Cadets of Tem- 
 perance, 1848 ; Naumkeag Tent, Independent Order of Rechabites, 
 1844 ; Ocean Tent of Eechabites ; Daughters of Eechab ; Father 
 Mathew Temperance Society, 1848, and still maintained ; Temper- 
 ance Watchmen, 1851; Young Men's Catholic Temperance Society, 
 1857, and still existing; Bands of Hope; Minnehaha Lodge, Order 
 of Good Templars (1862), and Siloam Lodge, 1866, both in existence 
 now; Young Men's Temperance Volunteers, 1867; the present Ee- 
 form Clubs; Ladies' Christian Temperance Union, and others. Each 
 one has done what was within its power to check the evil of intem- 
 perance, and with greater or less degree of success. 
 
 The Plummer Farm ScJiool is a reformatory institution for boys, 
 founded by bequests of Miss Caroline Plummer, — one of $10,000 ; one 
 of $8,000 ; and, besides, the residue of her property after paying other 
 legacies. The legacies were accepted, according to the terms of Miss 
 Phimmer's will, by the city council, and the mayor and .aldermen 
 chose ten trustees to have charge of the institution. An Act of in- 
 corporation was granted by the Legislature, May 21, 1855. The 
 amount of the fund July 1, 1856, was $25,462.23. To this the city 
 added $8,000, and interest on the whole was allowed to accumulate 
 till 1870, when the school building was erected on Winter Island, on 
 lands owned by the national government, which granted their use for 
 the school. The building is a handsome French-roof structure. Mr. 
 C. A. Johnson is principal of the school. The school fund now 
 amounts to $50,000. 
 
 The City llelief Committee is composed of the pastors and one 
 delegate from each church, and delegates from charitable societies, 
 who act with the assistance of an agent in dispensing charity among 
 the worthy poor of the city. Funds are furnished by the churches and 
 by general contribution. 
 
 The 8alem Hospital was organized April 7, 1873, a fund having 
 been contributed for its formation by Capt. John Bertram and other 
 citizens. The hospital building is located on Charter Street. This 
 institution supplies a want long felt in the community. 
 
 The Salem Dispensary, organized in February, 1820, and incorpo- 
 rated in .1831, had for its object the relief of poor people, by afford- 
 
122 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 ing medicine and medical advice gratuitously. Its labors ended on 
 the formation of the Salem Hospital, which assumed its mission. 
 
 Old Ladies' and Old Men's Homes. — About 1860, the late Robert 
 Brookhouse tendered a large brick house on Derby Street, corner of 
 Orange, to be converted into a "home" for old ladies. A fund was 
 raised, mainly by subscription, the Eev. Michael Carlton, who had 
 been the agent of the Moral Society, collecting a large part of the 
 money, and " The Association for the Eelief of Aged and Destitute 
 Women " was incorporated April 4, 1860. The home was opened the 
 following year, the building having been refitted for the purpose. 
 This house was built in the early part of the present century, by B. 
 W. Crowninshield. ~"' ' ' 
 
 The Old Men's Home, corner of Derby and Turner streets, was 
 opened in 1877, and is maintained by its founder, Capt. John Ber- 
 tram. 
 
 The Masons. — There are in Salem six branches of the Masonic 
 fraternity. Essex Lodge, F. A. M., was erected March 9, 1779, 
 under authority from the Massachusetts Grand Lodge, descending 
 from the Grand Master of Scotland. This charter was returned to 
 the Grand Lodge, March 6, 1789, it being found impossible to con- 
 tinue the lodge, as so many of its members were mariners and absent 
 at sea. Another charter was granted, and the lodge formally consti- 
 tuted June 8, 1792. The lodge was suspended on account of the 
 anti-Masonic excitement from 1833 to 1845. Starr King Lodge was 
 chartered March 9, 1865, twenty-two members having demitted from 
 Essex Lodge for the purpose of forming it. Washington Royal Arch 
 Chapter was constituted in September, 1811 ; suspended from March 
 17, 1835, to September, 1852; since which time companions have 
 demitted to constitute Sutton Chapter, Lynn ; William Ferson Chap- 
 ter, Gloucester ; Amity Chapter, Beverly ; Holton Chapter, Danvers. 
 Salem Council of R. S. M. was constituted June 3, 1818. Winslow 
 Lewis Commandery of Knights Templars, under the jurisdiction of 
 the Grand Commandery of Massachusetts and Rhode' Island, was insti- 
 tuted June 27, 1865. Sutton Grand Lodge of Perfection, under the 
 authority of the Supreme Council of Inspectors-General of the thirty- 
 third degree of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, 
 for the Northern jurisdiction of the United States of America, was con- 
 stituted and established April 8, 1864. 
 
Seligioiis Associations. 123 
 
 The Odd Fellows. — During the latter part of the summer of 1843, 
 Adrian Low and Thomas Harvey, both residents of Salem, and mem- 
 bers of the order of Odd Fello-ws, the former of Siloam Lodge, and 
 the latter of Oriental Lodge, conceived the idea of organizing a 
 lodge in their own city, and the necessary steps were at once taken. 
 A special meeting of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts was held at 
 Salem, Nov. 6, 1843, and Essex Lodge was formed, fifteen members 
 being admitted. In January succeeding, this lodge had a membership 
 of thirty, and in June, 1876, its members numbered 335. A charter 
 for a new lodge in Salem was granted in 1846, and on the 18th of 
 November, Fraternity Lodge was organized, with twenty-nine mem- 
 bers, that number withdrawing by card from Essex Lodge. Its mem- 
 bership in June, 1876, was 205. Both of these lodges have excellent 
 records of work done within the order, and of charity bestowed on 
 sick members. Both are in flourishing condition to-day, and have 
 the promise of brilliant futures. Naumkeag Encampment was insti- 
 tuted June 26, 1845. Union Degree Daughters of Eebecca is the 
 title of the female branch of Odd Fellowship in Salem. 
 
 Religious Associations. — Three religious associations, that are 
 strictly county organizations, are so intimately connected with Salem 
 that they properly find a place in this sketch. 
 
 The Essex Congregational Club, embracing in its membership prom- 
 inent ministers and laymen, in the.Trinitarian Congregational churches 
 of Essex Count}', had its origin in the meeting of the "American 
 Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions," which was held in 
 Salem in 1871. The arrangements for that meeting were in the hands 
 of a committee from various towns and cities in the county. After 
 the session of the "Board," the committee assembled for a social even- 
 ing ; and at that meeting a committee was chosen to take measures 
 for the formation of an Essex County Congregational Club, in order, 
 in the words of the resolution, "to perpetuate the pleasant intimacie^ 
 formed, and to promote better acquaintance among the churches of the 
 vicinity." For various reasons no further steps were taken until Nov. 
 12, 1872, when a meeting of representative Congregationalists was 
 held in the South Chapel, all preliminaries arranged, and a constitu- 
 tion drafted. The first regular meeting was held in Central Hall, 
 Central Street, Jan, 6, 1873. The constitution adopted, was, with 
 two or three slight alterations, the same as that of the " Boston 
 
124- BTceich 6f SaUrn. 
 
 Congregational Club," TS'hich was organized in 1869, and was the pio- 
 neer association of the kind iu the United States. 
 
 The exercises of the club are a supper, a brief social meeting, and 
 a formal session, at which carefully prepared essays on practical topics 
 are read, and the reading is followed by a general discussion. Al- 
 though the club is organized on a denominational basis, it is widely 
 catholic in its spirit, and from time to time the presence and utterances 
 of men of all varieties of religious faith have been welcomed. The 
 representatives of the local and metropolitan journals are uniformly 
 present ; and the public press has given wide currency to papers that 
 were considered of special importance. Its growth in strength and 
 usefulness, and its extended reputation, entitle it to be ranked as one 
 of the institutions of Essex County, and an institution that exerts no 
 small influence for good over the religious communions that are repre- 
 sented in it. It holds six meetings a year, usually on the second 
 Monday of alternate months. 
 
 The Salem Baptist Association was formed in 1826, and was then 
 composed of nineteen churches, made up of 2,178 members. Its 
 first session was held at Lynn in 1828. It now includes twenty-four 
 churches, composed of about 4,500 members. The Salem Pastoral 
 Union is an organization of thirty-five years' standing, and is con- 
 nected with the Salem Baptist Association, its members consisting of 
 pastors of the churches composing that association. 
 
 The /Salem Charitable Mechanic Association was organized Oct. 1, 
 1817, and the' Mechanic Hall Corporation in 1839. The former has a 
 library and reading-room in the Mechanic Hall Building. For many 
 years, commencing in 1828, this society maintained lecture courses 
 under the name of the Mechanic Lyceum. 
 
 The Salem Mutual Benefit Association is a mutual life-insurance 
 company, as is also a lodge of the Eoyal Arcanum recently organized 
 in the city. The headquarters of the Essex County Odd Fellows' Mut- 
 ual Benefit Association are also in Salem. 
 
 The Harmony Grove Cemetery Corporation was organized in 1839, 
 and incorporated in 1840; cemetery consecrated June 14, 1840. The 
 cemetery contains about sixty-five acres, and is beautifully laid out, 
 and finely kept. The remains of George Peabody, the philanthro- 
 pist, are here interred. 
 
 Miscellaneous Societies. — The American Association for the Ad- 
 
Miscellaneous Societies. 125 
 
 Tancemeut of Science has its headquarters in Salem, occupying a 
 room on the second floor of the Banls building, on Central Street. 
 Prof. F. W- Putnam is the permanent secretary. The library of this 
 association is a very large and valuable one, and its volumes are sent 
 all through the country among the leading scientists. The business 
 of the association is done almost wholly by mail and express, and few 
 people comprehend its wide scope. The Salem Female Charitable 
 Society was organized in 1801, and incorporated in 1804; the Sa- 
 maritan Society was organized Dec. 10, 1832 ; the Salem Female Em- 
 ployment Society was incorporated May 1, 1867 ; the Seamen's Widow 
 and Orphan Association was formed in 1833, and incorporated in 
 1844 ; the Seamen's Orphan and Children's Friend Society organized 
 Feb. 25, 1839, and received an Act of incorporation in 1841. A 
 new " home " has just been completed and opened on Carpenter Slreet. 
 The City Orphan Asylum of Salem Sisters of Charity is the successor 
 of the Looby Asylum, founded by the late Thomas Looby in 1866. 
 It is situated on Lafayette Street, the building being a new one of 
 brick, and perfectly adapted for the uses to which it is put. St. 
 Peter's Guild, organized in 1872, is devoted to charitable work, under 
 direction of the rector of St. Peter's Church. There are also in the 
 city at the pr-esent time lodges of the United Order of American Me- 
 chanics, Knights of Pythias, Knights of Honor, American Protestant 
 Association, United Order of Red Men, and others of lesser note. 
 
126 SJcetch of Salem. 
 
 CHAPTEE YITI. 
 
 SKETCH OF THE COMMERCIAL HISTORY OP SALEM, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL 
 NOTICES OF PROMINENT MERCHANTS. 
 
 The commercial record of Salem, the most brilliant chapter in her 
 history, is yet to be written. The old shipmasters, whose record is a 
 part of that history, are many of them still living among us ; but their 
 numbers are gradually diminishing, and before many years nothing 
 will be left for the historian to glean from but the written and printed 
 page. This history is so full of important events, and so crowded 
 with interesting details, that it is not possible in the limits of a single 
 chapter to do more than touch, in the briefest manner possible, upon 
 some of the salient points. Perhaps the facts here stated may show 
 what a wealth of material lies ready to be moulded into shape, and 
 induce some chronicler worthy of the theme to undertake the inter- 
 esting task of gathering it together for preservation. So, ere it be 
 too late, the record may be preserved and handed down as a precious 
 legacy from Salem of the past to Salem of the future. 
 
 Salem was undoubtedly chosen as a good place for settlement by 
 Roger Conant, who describes it as "a fruitful necke of land," because 
 of its harbors and rivers. Situated on a peninsula, with North Eiver 
 on one side, and South Eiver on the other, all parts of the town were 
 readily accessible by water. Salem was from the first, and of necessity, 
 a maritime place. The Massachusetts Company that sent John Endi- 
 cott to Salem was a trading company, and the Home governor, Mat- 
 thew Cradock, writes to Endicott, in 1629, to send as return cargoes 
 " staves, sarsaparilla, sumach, two or three hundred firkins of sturgeon, 
 and other fish and beaver." 
 
 The early, long-continued, and staple trade of Salem was in the 
 product of the fisheries. The harbor and rivers swarmed with fish, 
 and so plenty were they that they were used for manure. From 1629 
 to 1740, Winter Island seems to have been the headquarters of the Salem 
 fishing trade, and that trade was the staple business of Salem down to 
 a much later period. In 1643, the merchants of Salem were trading 
 with the West Indies, with Barbadoes and the Leeward Islands. 
 
Salem Commerce. 127 
 
 Between 1640 and 1650, the commercial career of Salem received 
 an impetus, and her vessels made voyages not only to the mother 
 country, but to the West Indies, Bermudas, Virginia, and Antigua. 
 Her wealth was great in proportion to her population, and Josselyn, 
 writing in 1664, says, "In this town are some very rich merchants." 
 In 1663, William Hollingworth, a Salem merchant, agrees to send 
 one hundred hogsheads of tobacco from the River Potomac by ship 
 from Boston to Plymouth in England, the Island of Jersey, or any 
 port in Holland, and thence to said island, for £7 sterling per 
 ton. 
 
 From 1670 to 1740, the trade was to the West Indies and most 
 parts of Europe, including Spain, France, and Holland. From 1686 
 to 1689, inclusive, Salem is trading to Barbadoes, London, Fayal, 
 Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Antigua. The great majority other ves- 
 sels are ketches from twenty to forty tons, and carrying from four 
 to six men. Only one ship appears among them, and her tonnage is 
 but one hundred and thirty tons. In 1698-99, registers are taken out 
 for two ships of eighty and two hundred tons, a barque, three sloops, 
 and twenty ketches. John Johnson, of Salem, in 1693, "having for 
 nigh three years followed the trade of boating goods," to and from Bos- 
 ton, " sometimes twice a weeke," complains to Gov. William Phipps, 
 of the cost of entering and clearing. 
 
 In 1700, the foreign trade of Salem is thus described by Higginson : 
 " Dry Mercha,ntable Codfish for the markets of Spain, Portugal and 
 the Straits. Refuse fish, lumber, horses and provisions for the West 
 Indies. Returns made directly to England are sugar, molasses, cot- 
 ton-wool, logwood and Brasiletto wood, for which we depend on the 
 West ladies. Our own produce a considerable quantity of whale and 
 fish oil, whalebone, furs, deer, elk and bear skins are annually sent to 
 England. We have much shipping here and freights are low." 
 
 Philip English. — A good type of the Salem merchant of this 
 period may be found in Philip English. He came to Salem before 
 1670, and in 1675 married the daughter of another Salem merchant, 
 Mr. William Hollingworth. In 1676, he is at the Isle of Jersey, 
 commanding the ketch "Speedwell." He had so flourished in 1683 
 that he put up a stylish mansion on the eastern corner of Essex and 
 English streets. It was one of those ancient mansion-houses for 
 which Salem was once noted — a venerable, many-gabled, solid struct- 
 
128 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 ure, with projecting stories and porches. Down to 1753 it was known 
 as English's great house. It stood until 1833, long tenantless and 
 deserted, and when torn down a secret room was found in the garret, 
 supposed to have been built after the witchcraft furor as a place/ of 
 temporary security in case of a second outcry. 
 
 In 1692, Philip English was at the height of his prosperity. He 
 was trading with Bilboa, Barbadoes, St. Christopher's, and Jersey, as 
 well as with several French ports. He owned twenty-one vessels, 
 besides a wharf and warehouse on the neck, and fourteen buildings in 
 the town. It is probable that his wife was over-elated by their pros- 
 perity, and forgot her humble friends of former days ; for she is 
 now called " aristocratic," and the prejudice thus engendered against 
 her doubtless led to her being "cried out" against for witchcraft. 
 Both Mr. English and his wife were so accused. From 1694 to 1720, 
 Mr. English sends ketches to Newfoundland, Cape Sable or Acadia, 
 to catch fish, and sends these fish to Barbadoes or other English West 
 Indies, Surinam, and Spain. He also had a number of vessels running 
 between Salem and Virginia and Maryland. The ketch of those days 
 was two-masted, with square sails on the foremast, and a fore and aft 
 sail on the mainmast, which was shorter than the foremast. The 
 schooner, which gradually supplanted the ketch, first appears in our 
 Salem marine about 1720. 
 
 Mr. English was put into Salem jail, so says Felt, in 1725, for 
 refusing, as an Episcopalian, to pay taxes for the support of the East 
 Church. About 1734 he retired from trade, and in 1735, he was put 
 under guardianship as being clouded in mind. He died in 1736', aged 
 about eighty-six years, and was buried in the Episcopal church-yard. 
 
 Richard Derby. — About the time that Philip English retired from 
 trade we find Eichard Derby the master of the sloop " Kanger," about 
 to sail from Salem for Cadiz and Malaga. Salem, at this time, has 
 about thirty fishing vessels, much less than formerly, and the same 
 number which go on foreign voyages to Barbadoes, Jamaica, and other 
 West India Islands ; some to the Wine Islands ; others carry fish to 
 Spain and Portugal. In 1739, Mr. Derby sails in the "Eanger" to 
 St. Martin's, and in 1742 he is master and part owner of the "Volant," 
 bound for Barbadoes and the French Islands. In 1757, he retired from 
 the sea and became a merchant of Salem, relinquishing his vessels to 
 his sons, John and Bichard. 
 
Richard Derby. 129 
 
 The commerce in -which Mr. Derby was engaged was pursued in 
 vessels ranging from fifty to one hundred tons. His vessels, laden 
 with fish, lumber, and provisions, cleared for Dominica, or some 
 Windward Isle in the British West Indies, and then ran through the 
 islands for a market. The returns were made in sugar, molasses, 
 cotton, rum, and claret, or in rice and naval stores, from Carolina. 
 With the returns from these voyages, assorted cargoes were made of 
 oil, naval stores, and the produce of the islands, for Spain and Ma- 
 deira ; and the proceeds remitted partly in bills on London, and 
 partly in wine, salt, fruit, oil, iron, lead, and handkerchiefs, to 
 America. The commerce of these days was bold and adventurous. 
 Few vessels exceeded sixty tons burden, and they were exposed not 
 only to the dangers of the seas, but also to the buccaneers and French 
 and English cruisers. During the French War, from 1756 to 1763, j 
 Mr. Derby owned several ships, as well as brigantines, carrying each 
 eight or ten cannon. He was owner of part of the cannon which Col. 
 Leslie was sent down from Boston by Gen. Gage to capture in 1775. 
 He was born in Salem, Sept. 16, 1712, and died there Nov. 9, 
 1783. 
 
 Dr. Edward A. Holyoke, writing of the commerce of Salem in 
 1749, says: — "The commerce of this town was chiefly with Spain 
 and Portugal, and the West Indies, especially with St. Eustatia. The 
 cod fishery was carried on with success and advantage. The schoon- 
 ers were employed on the fishing-banks in the summer, and in the 
 autumn were laden with fish, rum, molasses, and the produce of the 
 country, and sent to Virginia and Maryland, and there spent the win- 
 ter retailing their cargoes, and in return brought corn and wheat and 
 tobacco. This Virginian voyage was seldom very profitable, but as it 
 served to keep the crews together, it was continued till more advan- 
 tageous employment offered." 
 
 The commerce of Salem did not receive any decided impetus till the \ 
 close of the Revolutionary War. From that period until the embargo ' 
 preceding the War of 1812, the commercial prosperity of Salem was 
 at the zenith. The three most prominent merchants of that period ; 
 were Elias Hasket Derby, William Gray, and Joseph Peabody. They \ 
 owned a large proportion of the shipping of Salem, and their vessels 
 penetrated every port and brought home the offerings of every clime. 
 They made the name of Salem familiar wherever trade penetrated or 
 
130 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 Tcivilization ventured, and the name of the Salem merchant a synonym 
 for honor, intelligence, and vigor the world over. 
 
 Mias Hasket Derby. — The second son of Eichard Derby, Elias 
 Hasket, was born in Salem, Aug. 16, 1739. At an early age, he 
 entered the counting-room of his father, and from 1760 to 1775 he 
 took charge of his father's books and engaged extensively in trade 
 with the English and French islands. At the commencement of the 
 Eevolutionary War, he had seven sail of vessels in the trade of the 
 West Indies. Many of the rich men clung to the mother country, 
 but Mr. Derby espoused the cause of the colonists. His trade and 
 that of Salem was ruined by the war. Indignant at the oppressive 
 course of Great Britain, Mr. Derby united with his townsmen, and 
 Salem fitted out at least 158 armed vessels during the Kevolution. 
 
 From 1771 to 1785 the tonnage of Salem declined, and did not 
 revive till the opening of the India trade, when it increased with 
 astonishing rapidity, as appears by the following table : — 
 
 Tonnage of Salem. — In 1768, 7,913 tons; 1771, 9,223 tons; 1781, 
 8,652 tons; 1791, 9,031, tons ;* 1800, 24,862 tons; 1807 (252 ves- 
 sels), 43,570 tons. 
 
 On the 15th of June, 1784, the barque "Light Horse" was sent by 
 Mr. Derby to St. Petersburg, with a cargo of sugar, and opened the 
 American trade with that place. For a short time Mr. Derby sent 
 ships to Spain and the West Indies. But his daring and venturesome 
 spirit was not content to follow only in the footsteps of his predeces- 
 sors, and he turned his eyes to the Cape of Good Hope and the far- 
 distant Indies, and determined to measure his strength with the incor- 
 porated companies of England and France and Holland, which then 
 entirely monopolized the commerce of the East. 
 
 In November, 1784, he despatched the ship "Grand Turk," of 300 
 tons, Capt. Jonathan IngersoU, on the first voyage from Salem to the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Although this voyage was not very successful,' 
 it gave Mr. Derby an insight into the wants and prices of the Indian 
 market, and Nov. 28, 1785, he cleared the same vessel under com- 
 mand of Ebenezer West, for the Isle of France, with the purpose to 
 visit Canton ; went to the Isle of France, Batavia, and China, and 
 
 * THs table is from a list of Salem property, valued and returned to the General 
 Court. A return from the custom-house puts the tonnage in 1791 at 14,570 tons, and in 
 1794 at 16,788 tons. 
 
Elias Hasket Derby. 131 
 
 returned to Salem in June, 1787, with a cargo of teas, silks, and 
 nankeens, making the first voyage from New England to the Isle 
 of France, India, and China. 
 
 In December, 1787, Mr. Derby again despatched his ship "Grand 
 Turk" on a voyage to the Isle of France, under the charge of his son, 
 Elias Hasket Derby, Jr. The "Grand Turk" was sold at a great profit, 
 and the son remained at the Isle of France until the arrival, about a 
 year afterwards, of the ship "Atlantic," when he proceeded to Surat, 
 Bombay, and Calcutta, and first displayed our ensign at those ports. 
 He bought at the Isle of France the ship " Peggy," sent her to Bombay 
 for cotton, and then back to Salem, where she arrived June 21, 1789, 
 with the first cargo of Bombay cotton. One of his vessels was the 
 first to display the American flag at Siam, and another made the first 
 voyage from America to Mocha. 
 
 In February, 1789, Mr. Derby sent, for the first time, the ship 
 "Asti-ea"on a direct voyage to Canton. American ships were now 
 following the lead of the " Grand Turk," and we find fifteen there in 
 1789, five of them belonging to Salem and four to Mr. Derby. In 
 1790 he imported into Salem 728,871 pounds of tea. In May, 1790, 
 the brig " William and Henry," Capt. Benjamin Hodges, owned by 
 Gray & Orne, entered this port with a cargo of tea, which was 
 among the first of such cargoes imported in an American bottom. 
 When Mr. Derby first engaged in the India trade there were no banks, 
 and he rarely purchased or sold on credit. While his large ships were 
 on their voyages to the East, he employed his brigs and schooners in 
 making up the assortment for cargoes by sending them to Gottenburg 
 and St. Petersburg for iron, duck, and hemp ; to France, Spain, and 
 Madeira for wine and lead ; to the West Indies for spirits ; and to 
 New York, Philadelphia, and Eichmond,fOr flour, provisions, iron, 
 and tobacco. In the brief space of fourteen years, from 1785 to 1799, 
 he made 125 voyages, by at least thirty-seven difierent vessels ; of 
 which voyages, forty-five were to the East Indies or China. Among 
 the officers of his ships who were afterwards distinguished, were the 
 Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee, late United States senator from Massachusetts, 
 and Dr. Nathaniel Bowditch. 
 
 In 1798, the nation appeared to be on the eve of a war with France, 
 and was without a navy. John Adams was president, and the admin- 
 istration, in June, 1798, passed an Act authorizing the president to 
 
132 SJcetch of Salem. 
 
 accept such vessels as the citizens might build for the national service, 
 and pay for them in a six per cent, stock. Subscriptions were opened 
 in Salem, and Mr. Derby and Mr. William Gray each subscribed $10,- 
 000, and William Orne and John Norris, each $5,000, and in a brief 
 period some $74,700 was subscribed. Mr. Enos Briggs, who had 
 built many of Mr. Derby's fastest ships, was instructed to build a 
 frigate, to be called the "Essex." The keel was laid April 13, 1799, 
 and September 30th following she was successfully launched. She 
 proved the fastest ship in the navy, and captured property to the 
 amount of two million dollars. Admiral Farragut served on the 
 " Essex " as a midshipman. 
 
 Mr. Derby erected a costly edifice on the site now occupied by 
 Derby Square, and laid out walks and gardens from Essex Street to 
 a terrace which overhung the South Kiver. This mansion he occupied 
 but a few months before his death. Mr. Derby made one more- bril- 
 liant voyage before he closed his career, although he did not live to 
 ascertain its results. Hostilities between France and the United States 
 had commenced when Mr. Derby sent a ship of 400 tons, called the 
 "Mount Vernon," equipped with twenty guns, manned by fifty men, 
 and loaded with sugar, to the Mediterranean. The cost of the cargo 
 was $43,275. The vessel was attacked by the enemy, but escaped, 
 and arrived safely in America with a cargo of silks and wines, and 
 realized a net profit of $100,000. Before her arrival, Mr. Derby 
 died, Sept. 8, 1799, and left an estate which exceeded a million dol- 
 lars, and was supposed to be the largest fortune left in this country 
 during the last century. 
 
 Among the many eminent merchants of Salem, Mr. Derby should 
 be named first. He led the way to India and China, and opened 
 for Salem that extensive foreign commerce which will always hold a 
 prominent place in her history. 
 
 William Gray. — During Mr. Derby's later years William Gray 
 was a prominent merchant of Salem. He was born in Lynn, June 27, 
 1760, moved to Salem at an early age, and entered the counting- 
 room of Richard Derby. He became one of the largest ship-owners in 
 Salem, and followed the lead of Mr. E. H. Derby in sending ships to 
 Canton and ports in the East Indies. In 1805, Salem had fifty-four 
 ships, eighteen barques, seventy-two brigs, and eighty-six schooners, 
 five ships building, and forty-eight vessels round the Cape. In 1807, 
 
JosepJi Peahody. 133 
 
 sixty ships, seven barques, forty-two brigs, forty schooners, and three 
 sloops in the merchant service, and 100 fishermen and schooners ; and 
 of these William Gray owned fifteen ships, seven barques, thirteen 
 brigs, and one schooner, or one-fourth of the tonnage of the place. 
 
 From 1801 to 1810 inclusive, the duties collected at Salem amounted 
 to 17,272,633.31, and these were the years of Mr Gray's greatest 
 activity. His former mansion is now the Essex House. About 
 1808, he left the Federal party and joined the Democrats, uphold- 
 ing Jefferson in the Embargo Act of that year. Party feeling 
 ran high, and Mr. Gray, finding a growing coolness towards him 
 among many of his former associates, left Salem in 1809 and moved 
 to Boston, where in 1810 and 1811. he was chosen lieutenant-gover- 
 nor, and where he died, Nov. 3, 1825. During his life he accumulated 
 a great property. As a merchant he was industrious, far-seeing, and 
 energetic ; as a citizen, patriotic and public-spirited, and he may well 
 be classed among Salem's " princely merchants." 
 
 Joseph Peabody. — Contemporary with Mr. Gray was another emi- 
 nently successful merchant, Joseph Peabody, who lived to see the 
 decline of that commercial prosperity to which he had contributed so 
 largely. He was born in Middleton, Dec. 9, 1757, and during the 
 Revolutionary War he enlisted on a privateer, and made his first 
 cruise in E. H. Derby's "Bunker Hill," and his second in the "Ean- 
 ger." In 1782, he made a "trip to Alexandria in the " Ranger," as 
 second officer ; and on his return the vessel was attacked by the 
 enemy and Mr. Peabody was wounded. After peace was restored he 
 was promoted to a command in the employ of the Messrs. Gardner, 
 of Salem, and soon realized a sufficient sum to purchase the vessel 
 known as the "Three Friends." He retired from the sea in 1791, 
 and engaged actively in commerce. The brig "Three Friends," 
 Joseph Peabody, master, entered from Martinico in June, 1791, with 
 a cargo of molasses and sugar consigned to Mr. J. Gardner, and this 
 was probably his last voyage. During the early years of the present 
 century he built and owned eighty-three ships, which in every instance 
 he freighted himself. His vessels made thirty-eight voyages to Cal- 
 cutta, seventeen to Canton, thirty-two to Sumatra, forty-seven to St. 
 Petersburg, and thirty to other ports of Europe. He shipped at 
 different times 7,000 seamen, and advanced thirty-five to the rank of 
 master, who entered his employ as boys. 
 
134 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 The disastrous effects of the embargo and war were shown in the 
 diminution of vessels in the foreign trade of Salem, from 152 in 1807 
 to fifty-seven in 1815. In 1816, forty-two Indiamen had sailed and 
 sixteen returned since the war. In 1817, Salem had thirty-two ships, 
 two barques, and eighteen brigs in the India trade, and from 1808 to 
 1817 the arrivals from foreign ports were 936 ; which yielded an 
 annual average of duties of $378,590. In 1821, 126 vessels were 
 employed in foreign commerce, fifty-eight of them in the India trade, 
 the largest being the ship " China," H. Putnam, master, 370 tons. 
 
 A few facts relating to the connection of Mr. Peabody about this 
 time with the China trade are interesting. In 1825 and 1826, the 
 " Leander," a little brig of 223 tons, brought into Salem cargoes from 
 Canton, which paid duties amounting, respectively, one to $86,847.47, 
 and the other to $92,392.94. In 1829, 1830, and 1831, the " Suma- 
 tra," a ship of only 287 tons, brought cargoes from the same port, 
 paying duties of $128,363.13, in the first case; $138,480.34, in the 
 second ; and $140,761.96, in the third, — the five voyages paying duties 
 to an aggregate of nearly $587,000. No other vessel has entered 
 Salem paying $90,000 in duties. Both brig and ship were owned by 
 Mr. Peabodj', and were commanded on each voyage by the same gen- 
 tleman, Capf. Charles Roundy, who still lives in Salem, a good type 
 of that class of master mariners whose energy and fearlessness car- 
 ried the name of Salem to the remotest ports, and whose uprightness 
 and business integrity made that name an honored and respected one 
 in those far-off countries. Among the commanders of Mr. Peabody's 
 vessels still living in Salem, are Charles Eoundy, Oliver Thayer, 
 Joseph Winn, Peter Silver, and Thomas M. Saunders. Mr. Peabody 
 died at Salem, Jan. 5, 1844. 
 
 John Bertram. — These brief notices of a few of the prominent 
 merchants of Salem, should not be closed without some reference to 
 the last of their number, whose vessels arrived in her harbor from ports 
 beyond the Cape of Good Hope. It is a curious coincidence, that our 
 first merchant, Philip English, is supposed to have been born on the 
 Isle of Jersey, and that our last merchant, John Bertram, first saw 
 the light on that same island, Feb. 11, 1796. Mr. Bertram came to 
 Salem at an early age; and in December, 1813, we find him sailing 
 from Boston in the schooner " Monkey " as cabin-boy. He arrived in 
 Charleston, S. C, early in 1814, and left there in an American 
 
John Bertram. 135 
 
 privateer in March. The privateer was captured, and he was taken 
 to Bermuda and confined in the Bermuda and Barbadoes prison-ships. 
 Having been born on the Isle of Jersey, and being familiar with the 
 French language, he was released, as a Frenchman, after which he 
 shipped on an American schooner and started for home, but was again 
 taken prisoner, and carried to England, where he arrived in April, 
 1815, after peace had been declared. 
 
 In 1824, with P. I. Farnham and others, Mr. Bertram chartered the 
 schooner " General Brewer," and, in company with Capt. W. B. Smith, 
 sailed for St. Helena. When a few days out, he met the brig "Elizabeth," 
 of Salem, .Story, master, bound also for St. Helena. Capt. Story 
 came on board the " General Brewer," and took tea with Capt. Ber- 
 tram ; and each was desirous that the other should not know his des- 
 tination. They each announced themselves as bound for Pernambuco. 
 Capt. Bertram suspected, however, that the "Elizabeth" was bound 
 to St. Helena, and he was extremely anxious to arrive there first, and 
 dispose of his cargo. As night came on, in order to lighten his vessel, 
 he had his entire deck-load of lumber passed aft and thrown overboard, 
 and by crowding on all sail, day and night, he arrived at St. Helena, 
 disposed of his cargo, and was coming out of the harbor just as 
 the " Elizabeth " arrived. From St. Helena, Capt. Bertram went to 
 Pernambuco, on his way to Salem. After his return home, he pur- 
 chased the "Velocity," of 119 tons burden, and, with Capt. W. B. 
 Smith, again set sail for St. Helena. He went from there to the (]ape 
 of Good Hope, and thence to the Rio Grande and the coast of Pata- 
 gonia, at which latter place he remained, engaged in trading for hides, 
 while Capt. Smith made trips up and down the coast in the "Velocity." 
 After being at Patagonia for some time, Capt. Bertram and Capt. 
 Smith both sailed for Pernambuco in the "Velocity," and there found 
 Capt. Thomas Downing, of Salem, in the brig " Combine," of 133 tons 
 burden. They purchased the "Combine" of Capt. Downing, and 
 Capt. Bertram returned in her to Patagonia. Capt. Smith came back 
 to Salem in the "Velocity," and arrived there in August, 1826, with 
 a cargo of 208,291 pounds of beef, consigned to Peter E. Webster. 
 After trading for awhile on the coast, Capt. Bertram returned to 
 Salem in the "Combine," arriving Dec. 14, 1826. He afterwards 
 made another trip to Patagonia in the "Combine," returning to Salem 
 in July, 1827, with 135,122 pounds of beef. He was on the coast of 
 Patagonia for about three years. 
 
13G STcetch of Salem. 
 
 On his final return to Salem, the firm of Nathaniel L. Eogers & 
 Bros, offerfed him an interest in the ship " Black Warrior," of 231 
 tons burden, and he sailed in command of her from Salem in Decem- 
 ber, 1830, for Madagascar, Zanzibar, and Mocha. Capt. Henry F. 
 King, of Salem, was with him on this voyage, serving as his clerk. 
 He loaded with a large quantity of gum-copal in bulk, and estab- 
 lished a trade there which he has continued to the present time. He 
 returned from this voyage March 31, 1832. Mr. Bertram was con- 
 nected in this business in the early years with Michael Shepard, Na- 
 thaniel Weston, and Andrew Ward. 
 
 From 1845 to 1857 he was trading with Para. He sent, in December, 
 1848, one of the first vessels from Massachusetts to California after 
 the gold discovery, and the favorable accounts he received from her 
 induced him to send three vessels from Salem the next spring with 
 full cargoes, and two others shortly after. He also engaged in the 
 California trade with Messrs. Glidden & Williams, of Boston. While 
 Capt. Bertram was engaged in the California trade he built, with oth- 
 ers, the ship " John Bertram," 1,100 tons, at East Boston, and she was 
 launched in sixty days from the time of laying her keel, and in ninety 
 days was on her way down Boston harbor with a full cargo on board, 
 bound for San Francisco. Although many predicted that a vessel 
 built so hastily would not last long, their predictions have not been 
 verified, and the ship is still afloat sailing under a foreign flag. She 
 sailed for San Francisco on her first voj'age Jan. 10, 1851. Capt. 
 Bertram has been connected with the building and management of 
 several railroads in the West. He founded, and has maintained at his 
 own expense, the " Old Men's Home," and he was largely instrumental 
 in establishing the Salem Hospital. As a merchant, he was enterpris- 
 ing and energetic; as a citizen, public-spirited and charitable. His 
 name worthily closes the long list of eminent merchants who have 
 given Salem a history unparalleled in the annals of commerce. 
 
 Salem Merchants. — Among other prominent Salem merchants, 
 were John Turner, who died in 1742 ; Edward Kitchen ; and Thomas 
 Lee, who died July 14, 1747. These men followed Philip English. 
 The name of Pickman has been intimately connected with the com- 
 merce of Salem. Benjamin Pickman,. who was born in 1706, and 
 died in 1773, was very successful as a merchant. His trade was largely 
 with the West Indies. Timothy OrnOi^ who died July 14, 1767 ; Jo- 
 
Canton Trade. 137 
 
 seph Cabot, who died Nov., 1781 ; William Orne, who was born Feb. 
 4, 1751, and died Oct. 14, 1815 ; George Crowninshield, who was 
 born Aug. 6, 1734, and died June 17, 1815, and who lived in a house 
 on the site of the present custom-house ; George Crowninshield, Jr. , 
 who was born May 28, 1766, and died Nov. 26, 1817 ; Thomas Per- 
 kins, who was born Apr. 2, 1758, and died Nov. 24, 1830 ; Nathaniel 
 West, who was born Jan. 31, 1756, and died Dec. 19, 1851 ; Joseph 
 Lee, born May, 1744, and died in 1831 ; Pickering Dodge, Gideon 
 Tucker, Robert Stone, Dudley L. Pickman, Jerathmael Peirce, Aaron 
 Wait, Nathaniel Silsbee, John W. Rogers, Nathaniel L. Rogers, 
 Robert Brookhouse, Robert Upton, David Pingree, Tucker Daland, 
 Michael Shepard, Stephen C. Phillips, Edward D. Kimball, and 
 Charles Hoffman — were all prominently connected with the commerce 
 of Salem, and their individual careers would well repay the labors 
 of the biographer. 
 
 The enterprise and vigor displayed by Salem merchants, in seeking 
 new ports for trade, is something almost unparalleled. Rejmolds, 
 who made a tour round the world in the U. S. vessel "Potomac," 
 writing of Salem, in 1835, says : "When peace arrived, and our inde- 
 pendence was acknowledged, the merchants of Salem were among the 
 first to explore new channels of trade, disdaining to confine themselves 
 to the narrow track of a Colonial commerce. With a few erroneous 
 maps and charts, a sextant, and ' Guthrie's Grammar,' they swept 
 round the Cape of Good Hope, exhausted the markets of the Isles of 
 France and Bourbon, and pushing onward entered the Straits of Babel- 
 mandel and secured the trade of the Red Sea. They brought from 
 Madras, Calcutta and Bombay the best of their staples, and had their 
 choice of the products of Ceylon and Sumatra." 
 
 Canton Trade. — The close of the War of the Revolution, found the 
 merchants of Salem in possession of many large and fast-sailing ves- 
 sels, which had been built for use as privateers. Being too lai'ge to 
 be profitably engaged in the coasting-trade, or on the short voyages to 
 the ports heretofore visited by Salem ships, their owners determined 
 to open to distant countries new avenues of trade, and bring to Salem 
 the products of lands lying in the remotest quarters of the globe. 
 
 They boldly entered into competition with that great and powerful 
 monopoly, the East India Company, which Queen Elizabeth incor- 
 porated on the last day of the sixteenth century ; a company whosQ_ 
 
 18 
 
138 STcetcJi of Salem. 
 
 governor, Josiah Child, formerly an apprentice, sweeping one of the 
 counting-rooms of London, became the possessor of boundless wealth, 
 the companion of nobles, and one from whom King Charles II. gra- 
 ciously accepted a gift of ten thousand guineas ; a monopoly which 
 held in its powerful grasp the whole trade of England with the distant 
 East, issuing its edicts from the India House on Leadenhall Street, 
 to its subjects in India, commanding them to disregard the votes of 
 the House of Commons ; and which, as late as the year 1800, when the 
 ship "Active," of Salem, George Nichols, master, arrived at Liverpool 
 from Salem, with a cargo of Surat cotton, compelled her to carry it to 
 London and dispose of it from the warehouses of the company in that 
 city. 
 
 Elias Hasket Derby opened the trade with China, and on the 28th 
 of November, 1785, cleared the ship "Grand Turk," Ebenezer West, 
 master, for the Isle of France, with the purpose to visit Canton. This 
 vessel went to the Isle of France and China, and returned to Salem in 
 June, 1787, with a cargo of teas, silks and nankeens, making the first 
 voyage from New England to the Isle of France, India and China. 
 
 In the year 1790 there were three arrivals from Canton. The 
 brig " "William and Henry," Benjamin Hodges, master, 150 tons, in 
 May, to Gray & Orne ; the ship "Astrea," James Magee, master, and 
 Thomas Handasyd Perkins, supercargo, of 330 tons, in June, to 
 Elias H. Derby, with a cargo of tea paying $27,109.18 as duties ; and 
 the ship "Light Horse," Ichabod Nichols, master, 266 tons, in June, 
 to Elias H. Derby, with a cargo of tea, paying $16,312.98 as duties. 
 There is no year when the direct arrivals from Canton numbered more 
 than three. The trade at this time must have been unprofitable, for 
 Mr. Derby seems to have abandoned it, and we find no further arrival 
 from Canton till 1798, when the ship "Perseverance," Richard Wheat- 
 land, master, enters in April, with a cargo of tea and sugar, to Simon 
 Forrester, paying in duties $24,562.10. The ship "Elizabeth," Daniel 
 Sage, master, arrived in June, 1799, to William Gray, and the ship 
 "Pallas," William Ward, master, to Samuel Gray, William Gray, and 
 Joseph Peabody, with a cargo of tea and sugar, paying a duty of 
 $66,927.65, arrived in July, 1800. 
 
 In May, 1802, the ship " Minerva," M. Folger, master, belonging 
 to Clifford Crowninshield and Nathaniel West, entered from Canton, 
 and was the first Salem vessel which circumnavigated the globe. She 
 
Canton Trade. 139 
 
 sailed round Cape Horn, stopped one degree south of Chiloe, went to 
 the Island of Mas-a-Fuera, where she took seals, wintered south of 
 Lima, and proceeded to China. She came home round the Cape of 
 Good Hope. 
 
 The ship " Concord," Obed Wyer, master, entered from Canton in 
 July, 1802, with a cargo of tea, to Gideon Tucker and Pickering 
 Dodge, paying a duty of $20,477.53 ; and in April, 1803, the ship 
 "Union," George Hodges, master, to Ichabod Nichols and thirtj^-nine 
 others, entered with a cargo of tea, paying a duty of $43,190.79. 
 The ship " Friendship," William Story, master, arrived from Canton, 
 Sumatra, and the Isle of France, in August, 1804, to Jerathmael 
 Peirce, with tea, coffee and pepper, paying a duty of $31,514.19. 
 The ship "Eliza," William Richardson, master, arrived in May, 1807, 
 to Peirce & Wait, and the ship "Hercules," James M. Fairfield, mas- 
 ter, with a cargo of tea and cassia, paying a duty of $45,575.98, 
 in March, 1808, to Nathaniel West. In April, 1810, the brig 
 "Pilgrim," Charles Pearson, master, arrived to Richard Gardner, and 
 the ship "Hunter," Philip P. Pinal, master, with a cargo of tea, sugar- 
 candy, and cassia, to Jerathmael Peirce, in May, 1810. 
 
 The brig "Active," William P. Richardson, master, arrived with a 
 cargo of tea and cassia, consigned to James Cook, and paying duties 
 to the amount of about $32,000. The "Active" left Salem June 1, 
 
 1810, and went to the Feejee Islands, Avhere she remained till July 26, 
 
 1811. She arrived in Salem March 27th, 1812, 118 days from Can- 
 ton. 
 
 The brig "Canton," Daniel Bray, Jr., master, arrived in May, 1817, 
 from Canton and Marseilles, to Joseph Peabody and Gideon Tucker, 
 having performed the voyage to Canton and Europe in eleven months 
 and twenty-five days. The ship "China," Benjamin Shreve, master, 
 cleared for Canton May 24, 1817, and arrived in Salem March 30, 
 1818, with a cargo of tea, nankeens and silks, to Joseph Peabody and 
 others, and paying a duty of $15,348.56. In January, 1819, the ship 
 "Hercules," James King, Jr., master, arrived with a cargo of tea and 
 sugar, paying a duty of $51,765.49, and consigned to Nathaniel West, 
 Jr., and others. The ship " Osprey," Stephen Brown, master, arrived 
 from Canton, via Boston, in July, 1819, 117 days from Canton, to 
 W^illiam P. Richardson, and the ship " Midas," Timothy Endicott, 
 master, entered from Canton via Boston, to Pickering Dodge, with a 
 
140 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 cargo of tea, cloves and sugar, in September, 1819, 143 days from 
 Canton. In February, 1820, the ship "Friendship," Thomas Meek, 
 master, entered from Canton to Pickering Dodge and others, with a 
 cargo paying a duty of $21,677.44. 
 
 The brig " Leander," owned by Joseph Peabody, made three voy- 
 ages direct from Canton, entering in March, 1825, in April, 1826, and 
 in July, 1829. Charles Roundy was master on the first two voyages, 
 and N. Smith on the last; the cargoes paying duties of $86,847.47, 
 $92,392.94 and $84,043.82 respectively. The ship "China," H. Put- 
 nam, master, entered from Canton in April, 1825, to Joseph Peabody 
 and others, paying a duty of $22,987.32. 
 
 The ship " Sumatra," owned by Joseph Peabody, made six voyages 
 direct from Canton, entering in April, 1829, in April, 1830, in Octo- 
 ber, 1831, in June, 1834, in December, 1836, and in October, 1841. 
 Charles Eoundy was master on the first four voyages, and Peter Silver 
 on the last two. "When returning on the last voyage, Capt. Silver 
 speaks the ship " Echo," dismasted, with 140 passengers, bound for 
 New York. He could not board the distressed vessel at once, because 
 of the storm then prevailing, but lay by until he was able to send his 
 boat and supply her with sails and provisions. He took on board his 
 own vessel 24 of the passengers, including several sick ladies, and 
 lauded them at Holmes' Hole. For the kind and timely assistance 
 rendered, Capt.. Silver was presented by the passengers with a silver 
 pitcher, and each of his mates with a silver cup. 
 
 The ship " Eclipse," William Johnson, master, entered from Canton 
 in August, 1832, consigned to Joseph Peabody. 
 
 The above-named comprise all the vessels that entered at the Salem 
 custom-house direct from Canton, bringing a full cargo of Canton 
 goods. There were many other Salem vessels that went there in the 
 course of their voyages, or that cleared from Salem for Canton and 
 returned to other ports. The ship "St. Paul," Charles H. Allen, 
 master, and owned by Stephen C. Phillips, went to China from Ma- 
 nila, and on her return to Salem in March, 1845, brought part of a 
 cargo of tea and other merchandise from China. All the direct trade 
 from Canton to Salem after 1825, was carried on by Joseph Peabody. 
 
 Among the vessels that cleared for Canton was the ship "Brutus," 
 Eichard Crowninshield, master, March 7, 1798. The ship "Gov. 
 Endicott," Benjamin Shreve, master, cleared for Canton, May 5, 
 
India Trade. 141 
 
 1819, and experienced a tremendous gale on July 31st, during which 
 the whole watch, consisting of the second mate and seven men were 
 washed overboard and lost, and her mizzen-mast and rudder were 
 carried away. She arrived at St. Salvador in a crippled condition on 
 the 26th of September. 
 
 India Trade. — India was visited soon after the close of the Revolu- 
 tionary War by Salem vessels. The trade was opened by Elias Hasket 
 Derby, and the ship "Atlantic," commanded by his son, was the first 
 vessel to display the American ensign at Surat, Bombay and Calcutta. 
 This was in the year 1788. The ship " Peggy " arrived in Salem June 
 21, 1789, with the first cargo of Bombay cotton brought to this coun- 
 try, consigned to E. H. Derby. The brigantine " Henry," Benjamin 
 Crowniushield, master, of 125 tons burden, and manned by eight men, 
 arrived at Salem from Madras, Bengal and the Isle of France, con- 
 signed to E. H. Derby and John Derby, Jr., January 10, 1791, and 
 on May 13, 1793, the ship " Grand Turk," Benjamin Hodges, master, 
 of 564 tons burden, and owned by E. H. Derby, arrived from Madras 
 with 1,031,484 pounds of sugar, 500 bags of saltpetre, 464 pieces of 
 redwood, 3,900 hides, 709 bags of ginger, 830 bags of pepper, and 
 22 chests of tea, the cargo paying a duty of $24,229.65. The 
 schooner "Polly and Sally," George Crowninshield, master, and con- 
 signed to Eichard Crowninshield, with sugar, pepper and coflee, 
 arrived from Bengal in May, 1794. The brig "Enterprise," William 
 Ward, master, entered in August, 1794, from India, consigned to 
 William Gray. The ship "Henry," Jacob Crowninshield, master, 
 entered from India and Cowes, in November, 1794, to E. H. Derby. 
 The ship " Washington," Benjamin Webb, Jr., master, entered July 
 11, 1795, from Calcutta via Boston, with a cargo of sugar to John 
 Fisk. The ketch "Eliza," Stephen Phillips, master, appears to be the 
 first vessel to arrive at Salem direct from Calcutta. She entered 
 October 8, 1795, with a cargo of sugar to E. H. Derby. The "Eliza" 
 cleared from Salem for the East Indies, December 22, 1794, with an 
 outward cargo of 48 casks of brandy, 22 barrels of naval stores, and 
 106 pairs of silk stockings. 
 
 There were five arrivals from India in 1796. February 23d, the 
 brig "Friendship," George Hodges, master, to Joseph Osgood, Jr., 
 from Calcutta; April 18th, the snow "Peggy," Joseph Eopes, master, 
 to E. H. Derby, from India; April 18th, the ship "John," Jona. 
 
142 Slcetch of Salem. 
 
 Moulton, master, to William Gray, from Calcutta ; August 16th, the 
 brig "Hind," Jona. Hodges, master, from Calcutta, and September 
 20th, the ketch "Eliza," Stephen Phillips, master, to E. H. Derby, 
 from Calcutta. There were four entries from India in 1797. In May, 
 the bark "Essex," John Eopes, master, to William Orne, from Cal- 
 cutta; in May, the ship "William and Henry," John Beckford, mas- 
 ter, to William Gray, from Bengal; in May, the ship "Benjamin," 
 Eichard Gardner, master, to E. H. Derby, from Calcutta and the Cape 
 of Good Hope; and in July, the ship "Betsey," Nathaniel Silsbee, 
 master, from Calcutta and Madras, consigned to Daniel Peirce and 
 Nathaniel Silsbee, with sugar, coffee and pepper, paying a duty of 
 $10,753.20. 
 
 During the year 1798 there were nine entries from Calcutta; the 
 largest number of entries in any single year. The years 1803 and 
 1818 show the same number. The entries, all from Calcutta, were, 
 in January, the ship "Eecovery," Joseph Eopes, master, to E. H. 
 Derby ; in January, the ship " Lucia," Thomas Meek, master, to Wil- 
 liam Gray ; in March, the bark " Sally," Benjamin Webb, master, to 
 Thomas Saunders cS; Co. ; in March, the brig " Good Hope," Edward 
 West, master, to Nathaniel West ; in March, the brig " Adventure," 
 James Barr, Jr., master, to John Norris ; in March, the ship "Betsey," 
 Josiah Orne, master, to Samuel Gray & Co. ; in March, the ship 
 " Mary," Nicholas Thorndike, master ; in May, the ship " Sally," 
 Josiah Obear, master ; and in July, the ship " Belisarius," John Crown- 
 inshield master, to George Crowninshield & Sons, with a cargo of 
 sugar, 10,767 pounds of sugar-candy, and 118,215 pounds of coffee, 
 from Calcutta and the Isle of France. 
 
 There were but two entries in 1799. The ship "Eecovery," Joseph 
 Eopes, master, entered May 7th to E. H. Derby. This vessel had 
 touched at Mocha on her outward passage, and displayed the Ameri- 
 can flag for the first time at that port. The ship "Ulysses," Josiah 
 Orne, master, entered July 10th, to William Gray. Both entries 
 were from Calcutta. The above-named vessels comprise all that 
 arrived from India prior to the year 1800. 
 
 The limits of this chapter will pot permit a full list of the subse- 
 qiient entries, but the names of a few are given as showing the Salem 
 merchants and shipmasters engaged in this trade. The ship "Active," 
 Timothy Bryant, master, with a cargo of 180,000 pounds of cotton 
 
India Trade. 143 
 
 to Bryant & Nichols, entered from Bombay in August, 1800. The 
 ship "Vigilant," James Clemmons, master, entered from Bombay in 
 February, 1801, with a cargo of cotton to Simon Forrester. The bark 
 "Eliza," Benjamin Lander, master, entered from Calcutta in July, 
 1801, with a cargo of sugar and other merchandise to Joseph White. 
 The ship "Hazard," Henry Tibbetts, master, entered from Calcutta in 
 May, 1802, with sugar, cigars, and cordage to John and Kichard 
 Gardner, paying a duty of $16,298. 
 
 The brig " Sally," "William Ashton, master, entered from Calcutta 
 in February, 1803, to Jacob Ashton & Co., with a cargo of sugar 
 payiug a duty of $10,631.54. The ship "Lucia," Solomon Towne, 
 master, entered from Calcutta in August, 1804, with a cargo of sugar, 
 indigo, and cheroots, to William Gray and others, and paying a duty 
 of $24,001.08. 
 
 The ship "Argo," Stephen Field, master, entered from Calcutta in 
 March, 1805, with a cargo of sugar to Philip Chase and others, and 
 paying a duty of $32,799.47. The ship "Mary Ann," Edward Nor- 
 ris, master, entered from Calcutta in April, 1806, with a cargo con- 
 signed to John Norris, and paying a duty of $14,797.68. The ship 
 "Franklin," Timothy Wellman, 3d, master, entered from Calcutta in 
 October, 1806, with a cargo of sugar to Joseph Peabody, and paying 
 a duty of $19,734.60. The ship " Friendship," Israel Williams, mas- 
 ter, entered from Madras in November, 1806, with a cargo of pepper, 
 coffee, and indigo to Peirce & Wait, paying a duty of $21,093.21. 
 The ship "Exeter," Thomas B. Osgood, master, entered from Bengal 
 in October, 1807, with 356,043 pounds of cotton, 11,141 of indigo, 
 and 80,731 of sugar, paying a duty of $16,331.21, and consigned to 
 Benjamin Pickman, Jr. 
 
 The ship "Union," William Osgood, master, entered from Calcutta 
 in September, 1811, with a cargo to Stephen Phillips, and paying a 
 duty of $26,408.23. The ship "Kestitution," David D. Pulsifer, 
 master, entered from Calcutta in October, 1812, with a cargo to 
 Simon Forrester, and paying a duty of $51,526.33. The brig " Cara- 
 van," Augustine Heard, master, entered from Calcutta in March, 
 1813, with a cargo to Pickering Dodge, paying a duty of $26,975. 
 The bark "Patriot," Nathan Frye, master, entered from Calcutta in 
 March, 1816, to John H. Andrews. 
 
 In October, 1816, forty-two vessels had cleared for India since the 
 
144 BTcdcIi of Salem. 
 
 close of the war of 1812, and sixteen of them carried out three mil- 
 lion hard dollars. The ship "Malabar," Josiah Orne, master, entered 
 from Bombay in June, 1817, with a cargo of cotton and pepper to 
 John W. Kogers, paying a duty of W8,769.40. The ship "Endeav- 
 our," Timothy Bryant, Jr. , master, entered in September, 1817, to 
 Dudley L. Pickman, The brig " Alexander," David A. Neal, master, 
 entered from Bombay in September, 1817, with cotton to Jonathan 
 Neal. 
 
 The ship " Gentoo," Nathaniel Osgood, master, entered from Cal- 
 cutta in Juno, 1818. The cargo of this vessel, as was often the case 
 with large vessels sent on distant voyages, was the property of a large 
 number of persons. It consisted principally of sugar and cotton,v 
 and the consignees were Pickering Dodge, Nathaniel Silsbee, Francis 
 and George Lee, John Belknap, Francis Quarles, Samuel P. Gardner, 
 Baker & Hodges, Henry Pickering, John Derby, Philip & A. Chase, 
 Samuel G. Derby, John W. Eogers, John Stone, Humphrey Dever- 
 eux,' Nathaniel Osgood, and Samuel G. Perkins. The whole duty 
 paid was $29,270.55. The brig " Lawry," John Holman, master, 
 entered from Calcutta in May, 1820, to John Derby, and paying a 
 duty of $20,693.99. 
 
 The brig "Naiad," Nathaniel Osgood, master, arrived from Calcutta 
 in January, 1821, with a cargo to Pickering Dodge, paying a duty of 
 about $24,000, The ship "Aurora," Robert "W. Gould, master, 
 arrived from Siam in January, 1823, with a cargo of pepper and 
 coffee to Willard Peele. The brig "Ann," Charles Millett, master, 
 arrived from Bombay, in November, 1825, to Henry Prince. The 
 brig " Reaper," J. F. Brookhouse, master, entered from Bombay in 
 February, 1830, consigned to Robert Brookhouse. The brig " Nereus," 
 Thomas Farley, master, entered from Bombay in April, 1830, con- 
 signed to John "W. Rogers. The ship "Catherine," Joseph Winn, 
 Jr., entered from Calcutta in October, 1831, consigned to Joseph 
 Peabody. The brig " Quill," S. I. Shillaber, master, entered from Bom- 
 bay in October, 1832, consigned to N. L. Eogers & Brothers. The 
 brig " Cherokee," W. B. Smith, master, entered from Bombay in Feb- 
 ruary, 1837, consigned to Michael Shepard. The ship "William and 
 Henry," Charles H. Fabens, master, entered from Bombay in Sep- 
 tember, 1839, consigned to David Pingree. 
 
 In 1842, there were three entries from Calcutta. The ship 
 
India Trade. 145 
 
 " Gen. Harrison," "W. Lecraw, master, in February ; the ship " Isaac 
 Hicks," Newell, master, in September; and the ship "New Jersey," 
 Barry, master, iu December ; all with cargoes consigned to Francis 
 Peabody. The last entry at Salem from ports iu India was that of 
 the bark " Brenda," H. Bridges, master, in August, 1845, with a 
 cargo of pepper and cordage to Michael Shepard, paying a duty of 
 $31,793.65. 
 
 A detailed history of these India voyages could not fail to be inter- \ 
 esting, and would contain many thrilling accounts of the perils of the ' 
 sea. In January, 1788, the ship "Juno," Henry Elkins, master, and 
 owned by E. H. Derby, cleared for the East Indies, and when forty 
 hours out was found to be sinking. Every effort was made to free 
 her, but without success, and in twenty minutes she went down. 
 The crew escaped in one of the ship's boats, and were picked up and 
 taken to Demerara. In 1793, the ship " Astrea," on a trading voyage 
 from Madras to Pegu, was seized by the king of the latter place as a 
 transport for stores to his army in Siam, who had gone thither to 
 attack its forces. Capt. Gibant and his second mate were detained as 
 hostages for the performance of the voyage. In March, 1802, the 
 ship "Howard," Benjamin Bray, master, from Calcutta, was lost at 
 Grapevine Cove, Gloucester. The captain, second mate, and two 
 seamen were drowned. On Thursday, Oct. 28, 1819, the brig 
 " Naiad," Nathaniel Osgood, master, arrived at Salem from Calcutta, 
 with a cargo consigned to Pickering Dodge. On the Monday night 
 previous the "Naiad " was struck by lightning, and the second mate, 
 Mr. William Griffen, of Salem, was instantly killed. He was on the 
 maintopsail yard at the time, and on being struck fell into the water 
 with his clothes on fire. The first mate was knocked down, and one 
 of the men severely injured. The vessel received but trifling damage. 
 
 From the year 1800 to 1842, inclusive, only the years 1809, '14, 
 '15, '38, '39, and '41 passed without an entry at Salem from some of 
 the ports of India. The whole number of entries during that period 
 from Calcutta were 115, the years 1805, '6 and '7 showing 17, and the 
 years 1816, '17 and '18 showing 21. There were twenty entries from 
 Bombay during the same time ; six from Bengal ; six from Madras ; 
 three from Siam ; and two from Ceylon. During the periods from j 
 1802 to 1807, and from 1816 to 1822, there was the greatest activity/ 
 iu the Calcutta trade. 
 
146 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 From 1816 to 1840 the Salem trade with Calcutta was mainly car- 
 ried on by Joseph Peabody. He was the owner of the famous ship 
 "George," which made voyages between Salem and Calcutta with the 
 regularity of a steamer. The " George " was built in 1814, for a 
 privateer, by an association of ship-carpenters, who were thrown out 
 of employment by the war of 1812. Peace came on before she was 
 sold, and Capt. Peabody bought her for $16 per ton. She measured 
 328 tons, and was a full-rigged ship. The " George " made twenty 
 voyages to Calcutta between 1815 and 1837. She sailed from Salem 
 May 23, 1815, on her first voyage, and arrived home June 13, 1816, 
 109 days from Calcutta. The length of her voyages was surpris- 
 ingly regular, varying but a few days in all her passages between 
 Calcutta and Salem. She sailed from Salem Aug. 5, 1836, on her 
 last voyage, reaching Salem on her return May 17, 1837, 111 days 
 from Calcutta. Her commanders were William Haskell, Thomas 
 West, Samuel Endicott, Thomas M, Saunders, Jonathan H. Lovett, 
 Jr., and Benjamin Balch, Jr. Her supercargoes were Daniel H. 
 Mansfield, Ephraim Emmerton, Jr., George W. Endicott, Samuel 
 Endicott, Samuel Barton, and James B. Briggs. Her cargoes paid in 
 duties $651,743.32. After her last voyage to Calcutta she was sold 
 to Jefferson Adams and Caleb Smith, and went to Rio Janeiro, where 
 she was condemned, about Jan. 12, 1838. Mr. Peabody imported 
 from Calcutta, between 1807 and 1840, about 1,050,000 pounds of 
 indigo, of which the ship " George " brought, in seventeen voyages, 
 755,000 pounds. 
 
 Batavia Trade. — In the Indian Ocean, near the island of Sumatra, 
 lies the island of Java, and here again Salem vessels were the first 
 to display the American ensign. There was quite an extensive trade 
 with this island in the early days of Salem's commerce. Of the 
 seventy-two arrivals from Batavia, between the years 1796 and 1855, 
 thirty-five were previous to the year 1807, and seventeen during the 
 years 1817, '18, '19, and '20. From 1806 to 1816 there was no 
 arrival. 
 
 The brig "Sally," Benjamin Webb, master, cleared for Batavia, 
 Sept. 30, 1795, and entered from the same place Sept. 6, 1796, with 
 a cargo of pepper and sugar to Thomas Saunders & Co. The schooner 
 "Patty," Edward West, master, cleared for Batavia Sept. 26, 1795, 
 with wine, brandy, gin, tobacco, lead, and iron, and entered from 
 
LTJ 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
Batavia Trade. 147 
 
 that place, on her return, Oct. 3, 1796, with pepper and sugar, con- 
 signed to Nathaniel West. The bark " Vigilant," John Murphy, mas- 
 ter, entered in February, 1797, with 238,746 pounds of coffee, and 
 168,604 pounds of sugar, consigned to Simon Forrester. The brig 
 "Eunice," Enoch Sweet, master, entered in July, 1797, with coffee, 
 sugar, and pepper, to George Dodge and others. The brig "Star," 
 John Burchmore, master, entered in November, 1797, to John Norris 
 & Co. The bark "Elizn," Gamaliel Hodges, master, entered in Feb- 
 ruary, 1798, and again in December, 1799, to Joseph AVhite. The 
 brig "Olive Branch," Jonathan Lambert, Jr., master, entered in 
 1798, consigned to Ashton & Lambert. The ship "Friendship," 
 Israel "Williams, master, entered July 4, 1798, with 301,687 pounds 
 of coffee, and 111,087 pounds of sugar, to Peirce & Wait, and pay- 
 ing a duty of $18,376.13. The brig "Exchange," William Richard- 
 son, master, entered in August, 1798, to Ezekiel H. Derby. The 
 ship "Hazen," Jonathan Hodges, master, entered in August, 1798, 
 consigned to William Orne. The ship "Franklin," James Devereux, 
 master, entered in October, 1801, with 315,742 pounds of coffee, 
 164,699 of pepper, and 155,797 of sugar, consigned to Joseph Pea- 
 body, and paying a duty of $29,709.40. The same vessel, with the 
 same master and consignee, entered in March, 1804, and May, 1805. 
 
 The ship "Margaret," Samuel Derby, master, entered in June, 
 1802, with coffee and other merchandise, consigned to John Derby 
 and Benjamin Pickman. The "Margaret" cleared for Sumatra Nov. 
 19, 1800, with $50,000 in specie, twelve casks of Malaga wine, and 
 two hogsheads of bacon. She left Salem Harbor on the 25th of 
 November, and anchored in Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, Feb. 4, 
 1801. Leaving Table Bay February 10, she reached Bencoolea 
 Eoads, Sumatra, on the 10th of April, 136 days from Salem. With- 
 out stopping to trade at Sumatra, the vessel proceeded to Batavia, 
 arriving there on the 25th of April. AVhile at Batavia, Capt. Derby 
 made a bargain with the Dutch East Lidia Company to take the 
 annual freights to and from Japan ; and left for that place with his 
 cargo June 20, 1801. 
 
 The "Margaret" arrived at the port of Nagasaki July 19, being 
 obli"'cd to fire salutes, and dress the vessel with flags, before enter- 
 ing port. Mr. George Cleveland, who was clerk for Capt. Derby, 
 gives an interesting description of his visit to the city of Nagasaki. 
 
148 SJcetcJi of Salem. 
 
 "In the first place," he says, "we went to Facquia's, an eminent stuff 
 merchant. Here we were entertained in such manner as we little 
 expected. We had set before us, for a repast, pork, fowls, meso, 
 eggs, boiled fish, sweetmeats, cake, various kinds of fruit, and sacky, 
 and tea. The lady of the house was introduced, who drank tea with 
 each of us, as is the custom of Japan. She appeared to be a modest 
 woman. The place wo next visited was a temple, to which we 
 ascended from the street, by at least two hundred stone steps. Adr 
 joining this was the burying-ground. We went next to the glass- 
 house, which was on a small scale ; thence to a lac-ware merchant's, 
 where we were entertained with great hospitality. Thence we went 
 to a tea-house, or hotel, where we dined. After dinner, we were 
 entertained with various feats of dancing and tumbling. Towards 
 dark, we returned to the island, and so great was the crowd in the 
 streets to see us pass, that it was with difficulty that we could get 
 along. The number of children we saw was truly astonishing. The 
 streets are narrow, and at the end of every street is a gate, which is 
 locked at night. The houses are of two stories, built of wood. 
 
 " The Japanese observed one fast when we were there. It was in 
 remembrance of the dead. The ceremonies were principally in the 
 night. The first was devoted to feasting, at which they fancy their 
 friends to be present ; the second and third nights the graves are 
 lighted with paper lamps, and, situated as they are on the side of a hill, 
 make a most brilliant appearance. On the fourth night, at three o'clock, 
 the lamps are all brought down to the water, and put into small straw 
 barques, with paper sails made for the occasion, and, after putting in 
 rice, fruit, &c., they are set afloat. This exhibition was very fine. 
 
 "As the time was approaching for our departure, we began to 
 receive our returns from the interior, brought many hundred miles. 
 These consisted of the most beautiful lacquered ware, such as waiters, 
 writing-desks, tea-caddies, knife-boxes, and tables. We also received 
 a great variety of silks, fans in large quantities, and a great variety of 
 porcelain. The East India Company's cargo had already been put on 
 board. The principal article was copper in small bars. The com- 
 pany's ships have been obliged to take their departure from the 
 anchorage opposite Nagasaki on a certain day to the lower roads, no 
 matter whether it blew high or low, fair or foul, even if a thousand 
 boats should be required to tow them down. We, of course, had to 
 
Batavia Trade. 149 
 
 do as our predecessors had done. Early in November, we went to 
 this anchorage, and remained a few days, when we sailed for Batavia, 
 where we arrived safely after a passage of a month." 
 
 This account is interesting, because the "Margaret" was the first 
 Salem vessel, and the second American vessel, to visit Japan. The 
 ship "Franklin," of Boston, commanded by Capt, James Devereux, 
 of Salem, was the first American vessel which traded with Japan, 
 having been employed to make the same voyage as the " Margaret," 
 ^wo years previously. Commercial intercourse was not opened with 
 Japan till half a century later ; the American treaty, the result of 
 the expedition, imder Commodore Perry, which opened her ports to 
 the world, being dated March 31, 1854. Previous to this time, all 
 the trade with Japan was in the hands of the Dutch, who were obliged 
 to submit to the grossest indignities. 
 
 The ship "Henry," John Barton, master, entered from Batavia in 
 July, 1802, to John Derby and Benjamin Pickuian. The ship 
 "Herald," Zachariah F. Silsbee, master, entered in May, 1804, to 
 Nathaniel Silsbee. The brig "William," arrived Aug. 31, 1802, con- 
 signed to Jonathan Mason. She lost her captain, John Felt, and her 
 mate, by sickness, during the voyage. The ship "Mary and Eliza," 
 Nathaniel Hathorne, master, arrived in October, 1804, with coffee, 
 nutmegs, sugar, and mace, to Joseph White. The bark " George- 
 town," George Ropes, master, arrived in April, 1806, to Stephen 
 Phillips. The ship "Henry," Benjamin Russell, master, arrived in 
 May, 1806, to Edward Russell and others. The ship " Hercules " 
 made two voyages, entering in March, 1816, and March, 1817, to 
 Nathaniel West, commanded on the first voyage by Edward West, 
 and on the second by James King, Jr. The ship "Erin," Nathan 
 Cook, master, entered in November, 1819, to Henry Pickering. The 
 brig "Franklin," John White, master, entered in September, 1820, 
 to Stephen White. The brig "Roscoe," J. M. Ropes, master, entered 
 in August, 1827, to Charles Saunders. The bark "Henry," R. 
 Wheatland, master, entered in December, 1835, consigned to Samuel 
 Cook and others. 
 
 The ship "Union," William Osgood, master, from Pulo Penang, 
 with a cargo of pepper and tin, consigned to Stephen Phillips, was 
 cast away on the north-west point of Baker's Island Feb. 24, 1810, 
 during a snowstorm, and lost, with most of her cargo. 
 
150 ShetcTi of Salem. 
 
 The brig "Java," Nathaniel Osgood, master, from Batavia, went 
 ashore on the bar off Nausefe, Cape Cod, on the night of February 9, 
 18132, in a snowstorm. The crew narrowly escaped, in the boats. 
 The cargo, consisting of 585,000 pounds of coffee, 13,500 pounds of 
 nutmegs, and 94,000 pounds of block-tin, was owned by Jonathan 
 Neal. The vessel was a total wreck. 
 
 The ship " Sumatra," Peter Silver, master, made two voyages from 
 Batavia, arriving at Salem in September, 1842, and August, 1843, 
 consigned to Joseph Peabody. Capt. Silver had a strange experience 
 on one of these voyages. He sees a vessel in distress, and, bearing 
 down, finds her to be the bark "Kilmars," of Glasgow, with no per- 
 son on deck except a female, who seems almost frantic. He sends a 
 boat and brings her on board. She was about eighteen years old, 
 and wife of the commander of the bark. Two months before, the 
 vessel had sailed from Batavia, with a cargo of sugar for Europe. 
 The crew, shipped at Batavia, were many of them discharged con- 
 victs. The captain received an intimation that the crew contemplated 
 obtaining possession of the vessel, and, when it became certain that 
 such was their intention, he charged the ringleader with the design, 
 and, in the altercation that followed, shot and wounded him. He 
 then succeeded in confining the crew in different parts of the vessel, 
 and endeavored, with the help of two boys, to navigate his vessel 
 back to Batavia. In the early morning, before the vessel was dis- 
 covered by Capt. Silver, the captain with the two boys had started in 
 a boat for the shore to procure help. The cajstain's wife, finding her 
 husband missing, was fearful that he had been killed by the mutineers, 
 but she found that they were still confined. Dreading lest they would 
 soon break out, she took her stand on the rail, determined to throw 
 herself overboard if they regained the deck. Only twenty minutes 
 after she was taken from the "Kilmars," the crew broke out, took 
 charge of the vessel, and made sail. In order to avoid a collision, 
 Capt. Silver steered away from the vessel, and arrived at Batavia, 
 where he placed the lady under the charge of the Dutch Government. 
 The "Kilmars" subsequently reached Angier, where the authorities 
 took possession of her, and adopted measures for the trial of her crew. 
 The captain and the boys were picked up in the Straits of Snnda. 
 Anxiety and overwork had made him partially insane. When he left 
 his vessel he had expected to be able to return at once with help. 
 
Sumatra Trade. 151 
 
 The ship "Eome," Nathaniel Brown, master, arrived from Batavia 
 in December, 1842, consigned to B. "W. Stone. The last arrivals in 
 our harbor from Batavia, were the bark "Buckeye," in August, 1853, 
 and the bark "Witch," in November, 1855, both consigned to Edward 
 D. Kimball. 
 
 Sumatra Trade. — Salem sent the first vessel that ever sailed direct 
 from this country to Sumatra, and a Salem captain commanded the 
 last American vessel that brought a cargo of pepper from that island. 
 In the year 1793, Capt. Jonathan Games, of Salem, being at the port 
 of Bencoolen, learned that pepper grew wild on the north-western 
 coast of Sumatra. On his return to Salem he made known his dis- 
 covery to Mr. Jonathan Peele, who immediately built a schooner, and 
 gave Games the command. The vessel was called the "Rajah," and 
 was of 130 tons burden, carrying four guns and ten men. In 1795 he 
 set sail for Sumatra, the destination of the vessel and the object of 
 the voyage being kept a profound secret. The " Eajah " cleared at 
 Salem, Nov. 3, 1795, for India, having on board 2 pipes of brandy, 
 58 cases of gin, 12 tons of iron, 2 hhds. of tobacco, and 2 boxes of 
 salmon. The vessel was absent eighteen months, during which time 
 her owner, Mr. Peele, had no tidings from her. At la^t she enters 
 Salem harbor, with a cargo of pepper in bulk, the first to be so im- 
 ported into this country. This cargo was sold at a profit of seven 
 hundred per cent. Such an extraordinary voyage created great excite- 
 ment among the merchants of Salem, and they were all anxious to 
 discover in what part of the Eastern world the cargo had been pro- 
 cured. But the matter still remained a secret. Gapt. Games was 
 preparing for another voyage ; and the Salem merchants, determined 
 if possible to penetrate the mystery, despatched several vessels to the 
 port of Bencoolen, where it was known Games got his first knowledge 
 of the trade. They were not successful, however, and had to make 
 up their voyages in some of the ports of India. But the secret voy- 
 ages to Sumatra did not long continue. By the first of the present 
 century the mystery was penetrated, and the whole ground open to 
 competition. 
 
 The brig "Eajah" made several voyages to Sumatra under command 
 of Capt. Games, entering at Salem in October, 1799, with 158,544 
 pounds of pepper, and in July, 1801, with 147,776 pounds, the last 
 time consigned to Jonathan & Willard Peele. 
 
152 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 The firm of George Crowninshield & Sons were largely engaged in 
 the early Sumatra trade. The ship "Belisarius," Samuel Skerry, Jr., 
 master, made several voyages for this firm, entering at Salem in July, 
 1801, with 320,000 pounds of pepper, in July, 1802, with 306,542 
 pounds, and iu September, 1803, with 276,459 pounds. The ship 
 "America" made two voyages, commanded by John Crowninshield on 
 the first, and Jeremiah Briggs on the second, and entering in Novem- 
 ber, 1801, with 815,792 pounds of pepper, paying a duty of $53,- 
 842.27, and clearing January 2, 1802, on the second voyage, return- 
 ing in October, 1802, with 760,000 pounds, paying $50,031.76. The 
 ship " Concord," Jonathan Carnes, master, made two voyages, enters 
 ing in November, 1803, and in August, 1805. The ship "John," 
 John Dodge, master, entered in October, 1807, and the ship "Fame," 
 Holten J. Breed, master, in April, 1812, with 623,277 pounds of 
 pepper, paying a duty of $37,396.62, consigned to this firm. 
 
 Joseph Peabody entered upon this trade early. Among his vessels 
 were the ship "Ciucinnatus," John Endicott, master, which entered in 
 September, 1803, with 307,824 pounds of pepper ; and in November, 
 1807, commanded by William Haskell, with 347,000 pounds. The 
 ship "Franklin," Samuel Tucker^ master, which entered in September, 
 1810, with 539,585 pounds. The ship "Janus," John Endicott, 
 master, which entered in December,' 1809, with 537,989 pounds, and 
 in December, 1810, with 547,795 pounds. The "Janus" sailed from 
 Salem April 1, 1810, and arrived at the Vineyard on her returuj 
 November 26, 1810, making one of the shortest voyages ever made 
 from Salem to Sumatra and back. These were among Mr. Peabody's 
 early voyages. He continued the trade until about the time of death, 
 in 1844. The ship " Sumatra," Peter Silver, master, which entered in 
 July, 1838, and the ship "Eclipse," George Whitmarsh, master, which 
 entered in February, 1840, in February, 1841, and in December, 1842, 
 and the ship "Lotos," Benjamin Balch, Jr., master, which entered in 
 November, 1841, were among the later voyages. 
 
 Abel Lawrence & Co. were the consignees of the brig " George 
 Washington," Timothy Bryant, master, which entered in November, 
 1803, and of the ship "Putnam," Nathaniel Bowditch, master, which 
 entered in December, 1803, with 425,000 pounds of pepper, and 42,- 
 000 pounds of coffee, from Sumatra and the Isle of France, and pay- 
 ing a duty of $27,634.67. Capt. Bowditch afterwards became dis- 
 
Sumatra Trade. 153 
 
 tinguished for his mathematical works, and achieved a world-wide 
 reputation by his treatises on navigation. 
 
 The ship "Good Hope," George Cleveland, master, entered in 
 January, 1805, consigned to Nathaniel West. The ship "Freedom," 
 John Keith, master, in January, 1805, consigned to Jonathan & Wil- 
 lard Peele. The bark "Eliza," Joseph Beadle, master, entered in 
 August, 1806, consigned to Joseph White & Co. The ship "Union," 
 George (Peirce, master, entered in October, 1806, consigned to Ste- 
 phen Phillips, with 465,271 pounds of pepper, paying a duty of $28,- 
 506.26. The ship "Eliza," James Cook, master, entered in October, 
 1807, with 1,012,148 pounds of pepper, consigned to James Cook, 
 and paying a duty of $66,903.90. The ship "Herald," Z. F. Silsbee, 
 master, entered in December, 1809, consigned to James Devoreux. 
 The bark "Active," William P. Kichardson, master, entered in Decem- 
 ber, 1809, consigned to John Dodge, Jr. The bark "Camel," Holten 
 J. Breed, master, entered in July, 1816, consigned to William Sils- 
 bee. The bark "Eliza and Mary," Nathaniel Griffen, master, con- 
 signed to William Fettyplace, entered in April, 1823. The brig 
 "Jane," Thomas Saul, master, entei'ed in November, 1823, consigned 
 to Willard Peele. The brig " Persia," Moses Endicott, master, in 
 July, 1824, with 160,000 pounds of pepper to Dudley L. Pickman. 
 The ship "Friendship," Charles M. Endicott, master, entered in July, 
 1831, consigned to William Silsbee, and the ship "Delphos," James 
 D. Gillis, master, entered in October, 1831, consigned to Z. F. Sils- 
 bee and others. The bark "Malay," J. B. Silsbee, master, entered in 
 November, 1836. The bark "Borneo," C. S. Huntington, master, in 
 April, 1842, consigned to Z. F. Silsbee. 
 
 David Pingree was the consignee of the ship " Caroline Augusta," 
 which entered in August, 1842, and in November, 1845. She was 
 commanded on the first voyage by E. D. Winn. Tucker Daland was 
 the consignee of the brig "Lucilla," which entered in June, 1842, and 
 in November, 1846. H. W- Perkins was master on the first voyage, 
 and D. Marshall on the second. This was the last vessel to arrive at 
 Salem from the coast of Sumatra. 
 
 The trade with Sumatra was, at one time, mainly carried on by 
 Salem merchants, and a large proportion of the pepper consumed, 
 was distributed to all countries from the port of Salem. From the 
 year 1799 to 1846 inclusive, but five years (1813, '14, '15, '22 and 
 
 20 
 
154: Shetch of Salem. 
 
 '37) passed without an entry at Salem from the Island of Sumatra. 
 During that period there were 179 arrivals, the years 1809, '10 and 
 '23 showing ten each, the largest number in any single year. 
 
 Although the direct trade between Salem and Sumatra ceased in 
 1846, Salem vessels and Salem shipmasters were engaged in it until a 
 much later date. The last Salem vessel on the coast was the ship 
 "Australia," J. Dudley, master, owned by Stone, Silsbee & Pickman. 
 She was there in 1860. There is no direct trade to-day between the 
 United States and Sumatra. Capt. Jonathan Carnes, of Salem, com- 
 manded the first American vessel that ever procured pepper from the 
 Island of Sumatra, and a Salem captain was master of the last Amer- 
 ican vessel that visited that coast. The bark " Tarquin," Thomas 
 Kimball, master, and William F. Jelly, mate, both of Salem, arrived 
 at New York in 1867, and this arrival closed the American trade with 
 the Island of Sumatra. The "Tarquin " was owned by John L. Gard- 
 ner, of Boston. 
 
 The energy and fearlessness of our early navigators was something 
 almost marvellous. In vessels of but one hundred and fifty tons they 
 boldly set sail for ports never before visited by Americans, and with- 
 out chart or guide of any kind, made their way amid coral reefs and 
 along foreign shores. Even as late as 1831, when a United States 
 vessel was despatched to the island, no chart of the coast could be 
 found in the possession of the government. The U. S. frigate " Po- 
 tomac" sailed for the East Indies in 1831, and in the journal of her 
 voyage it is stated that it was the original intention of the commander 
 to prepare charts and sailing directions for the guidance of other mar- 
 iners, but that "this duty has been much more ably performed than it 
 could have been with our limited materials. For this important ser- 
 vice our country is indebted to Capt. Charles M. Endicott and James 
 D. Gillis, of Salem, Massachusetts. The former, who was master of 
 the 'Friendship,' when she was seized by the Malays at Quallah- 
 Battoo, has been trading on this coast for more than fifteen years, 
 during which period he has, profitably for his country, filled up the 
 delays incidental to a pepper voyage, by a careful and reliable survey 
 of the coast, of which no chart was previously extant which could be 
 relied on. Capt. Endicott has since published the result of his labors 
 in a well executed chart, which comprises all that portion of the coast 
 which is included between Sinkel, in 2° 18' and 4° 15' north. Actu- 
 
Sumatra Trade. 155 
 
 ated by a like commendable zeal for the commercial interests of his 
 native country, Capt. Gillis has extended the surveys to latitude 5° 
 north, and published an excellent chart, accompanied also with sailing 
 directions. These are important acquisitions to our knowledge of this 
 coast, and will increase the security of our merchants and mariners. 
 We gladly embrace this opportunity to acknowledge our obligations to 
 both these gentlemen for much valuable information and many inter- 
 esting facts." 
 
 Salem, therefore, was not only the first at Sumatra, but the first to 
 make it safe for others to follow her lead, and as long as American 
 vessels visited the coast their commanders were provided with copies 
 of the charts prepared by these Salem shipmasters. 
 
 The dangers of the coral reefs were not the only ones our mariners 
 had to contend with. The natives of the island were cruel and 
 treacherous, and ready to commit any atrocity for the sake of plun- 
 der. While the ship "Friendship," Charles M. Endicott, master, lay 
 at Quallah-Battoo, she was attacked by the native Malays. The first 
 mate, Charles Knight, was killed, and several of the seamen wounded. 
 Capt. Endicott was ashore at the time, receiving the pepper to be sent 
 on board. Observing something unusual in the conduct of those 
 aboard the ship, Capt. Endicott determined to return to her at once, 
 but hardly had he started with his men when crowds of Malays began 
 to assemble on the banks of the river, brandishing their weapons and 
 otherwise menacing him. At the same time three Malay boats, with 
 forty or fifty men each, came out of the river and pulled toward the 
 ship. Convinced that the only way to recover the ship was by obtain- 
 ing assistance from some other vessel, Capt. Endicott directed his 
 boat's course to Muckie, a port about twenty-five miles distant, where 
 he knew two or three American vessels were lying. Arriving there 
 he found three vessels, among them the brig "Gov. Endicott" of 
 Salem, H. H. Jenks, master, and the ship "James Monroe," J. Por- 
 ter, master, of New York. These vessels proceeded at once to 
 Quallah-Battoo. The " Friendship " was meanwhile in the possession 
 of the Malays, who plundered her of the specie and every other 
 movable article. Four of her crew jumped overboard at the time of 
 the attack, and swam a distance of two miles before they could find a 
 safe place to land. After wandering about in the bushes, almost 
 without food, for three days, they found a canoe and made their way 
 
156 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 to the residence of a friendly native named Po Adam, who furnished 
 them with clothing and carried them aboard one of the American 
 vessels. Upon the arrival at Quallah-Battoo of the three vessels, 
 before mentioned, an attack was made upon the town, and the 
 " Friendship " was boarded and recaptured. Her voyage having been 
 broken up, the "Friendship" returned to Salem, where she arrived 
 July 16, 1831, About a year thereafter the U. S. frigate "Potomac," 
 before referred to, bombarded Quallah-Battoo as a punishment for 
 the conduct of the natives towards an American vessel. 
 
 Another Salem vessel, the "Eclipse," had a somewhat similar expe- 
 rience on the coast of Sumatra, in 1838. While the mate and four 
 hands were ashore, a party of Malays boarded the vessel and killed 
 the captain, Charles P. Wilkins. The crew, finding themselves, over- 
 powered, escaped, some by ascending the shrouds, and some by jump- 
 ing overboard and swimming ashore. The Malays then plundered 
 the ship of specie, opium, and everything else of value, and departed- 
 with their ill-gotten gains. The men aloft descended, lowered their 
 boat, and rowed to a French bark lying at an adjoining port. The 
 next morning the crew returned to the vessel, and during the night 
 they set sail and left the island. The " Eclipse " had a sad ending. 
 She sailed from Sumatra July 10, 1849, under command of Capt. 
 Daniel Cross, and was never after heard from. She had on board a 
 cargo of pepper, consigned to Tucker Daland and Henry L. Williams. 
 
 Manila Trade. — In the eai'ly days of Salem commerce, when her 
 enterprising and energetic merchants were seeking to establish trade 
 with hitherto unknown countries, and her ships were ploughing the 
 waters of seas which had never before floated an American vessel, the 
 ship " Astrea," commanded by Henry Prince, and owned by that king 
 among merchants, Elias Basket Derby, entered the harbor of Manila, 
 the capital city of the Philippine Islands, situated on the island of 
 Luzon. Obtaining there a cargo of 750,000 pounds of sugar, 63,695 
 pounds of pepper, and 29,767 pounds of indigo, she entered at Salem 
 in May, 1797, and paid a duty on her car^o of $24,020. A journal 
 of this voyage, kept by Nathaniel Bowditch, afterwards so famous as 
 a mathematician, is on the files of the East India Marine Society. 
 The "Astrea" left Salem March 27, 1796, and went to Lisbon, Ma- 
 deira and Manila, arriving at the latter place Oct. 3, 1796. On the 
 passage home, Feb. 18, 1797, the ship sprung aleak, and two men 
 
Manila Trade. 157 
 
 were obliged to be kept at the pumps constantly from that time till 
 the 22d day of May, 1797, when the vessel arrived at Salem. 
 
 From 1797 to 1858, the date of the last arrival from this port, there ; 
 were eighty-two entries at Salem from Manila. The period from 1829 
 to 1839 shows the largest number of arrivals, thirty of the eighty-two i 
 entries being made during that time. 
 
 The ship "Folansbe," Jonathan Mason, Jr., master, entered in May, 
 1799, with sugar and indigo, consigned to John Collins & Co. The 
 ship "Laurel," Daniel Sage, master, entered in July, 1801, with 115,- 
 133 pounds of indigo and 124,683 of sugar, consigned to William 
 Gray, and paying a duty of $32,382.26. The ship "Fame," Jere- 
 miah Briggs, master, entered in March, 1804, consigned to Jacob 
 Crowninshield. The ship " Essex," Joseph Orne, master, entered in 
 May, 1805, with sugar and indigo, consigned to William Orne, and 
 paying a duty of $18,443.70. The ship "Horace," John Parker, 
 master, entered in May, 1806, consigned to William Gray. The 
 ship " Exeter," Thomas B. Osgood, master, entered in June, 1806, 
 with 14,589 pounds of indigo and 702,064 of sugar, consigned to 
 Benjamin Pickman, Jr., and paying a duty of $23,526.33. 
 
 From 1806 to 1816, there seems to have been no entry from Manila 
 at the port of Salem. The ship " Endeavour," Timothy Bryant, mas- 
 ter, entered in May, 1816, consigned to Nathan Robinson. The ship 
 "Perseverance," Samuel Hodgdon, master, in May, 1820, consigned 
 to Willard Peele. The brig "Ann," Charles Millett, master, in July, 
 1824, consigned to Henry Prince. The brig "Peru," William John- 
 son, Jr., master, in April, 1825, consigned to Stephen C. Phillips. 
 The ship "Endeavour," James D. Gillis, master, in September, 1826, 
 consigned to Nathaniel Silsbee. The bark " Derby," Allen Putnam, 
 master, entered in March, 1827 ; in April, 1829, J. H. Eagleston, 
 master ; and again in July, 1832, J. W- Chever, master, consigned to 
 Stephen C. Phillips. The ship " Mandarin," William Osgood, master, 
 entered in March, 1830, consigned to Pickering Dodge. The ship 
 "Sumatra," Charles Roundy, master, entered in November, 1832, 
 consigned to Joseph Peabody. The brig " Charles Doggett," William 
 Driver, master, entered in November, 1832, consigned to Eichard S. 
 Rogers. The ship "Lotos," George W. Jenks, master, entered in 
 June, 1832, consigned to Pickering Dodge. The ship "Brooldine," 
 Charles H. Allen, master, entered in April, 1837, consigned to Ste- 
 
158 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 phen C. Phillips. The ship " Caroline," Charles H. Fabens, master, 
 entered in April, 1842, consigned to David Pingree. 
 
 The ship "St. Paul," belonging to Stephen C. Phillips, was almost 
 as famous in connection with Salem's trade with Manila, as was the 
 ship " George " in the Calcutta trade. The " St. Paul " made twelve 
 voyages between Salem and Manila. She sailed on her first voyage 
 from Salem June 3, 1838, and arrived at Manila in 100 days, which 
 was the shortest passage made by the ship from Salem to Manila. 
 She reached Salem on her return in April, 1839, 148 days from 
 Manila. Joseph Winn, Jr., commanded the ship on this voyage, 
 having also been master on her previous voyage from New York to 
 Manila, and back to Salem, where she arrived for the first time April 
 29, 1838. On her second and third voyages she was commanded by 
 George Peirce, and entered at Salem April 4, 1840, and July 7, 1841. 
 Joseph Warren Osborn was master on the fourth and fifth voyages, 
 and she arrived at Salem Aug. 8, 1842, and Jan. 8, 1844, making on 
 the last voyage the long passage of 188 days. On her sixth, seventh, 
 eighth and ninth voyages, she was commanded by Charles H. Allen, 
 entering at Salem Mar. 17, 1845, Mar. 12, 1846, Mar. 19, 1847, and 
 April 6, 1848. William B. Davis was master on her tenth voyage, 
 sailing from Salem May 18, 1848, and returning Mar. 26, 1849. Ou 
 her eleventh and twelfth voyages she was commanded by Charles H. 
 Allen, returning to Salem on her eleventh voyage Jan. 7, 1851, and 
 sailing from Salem on her twelfth voyage July 5, 1851. On the 
 9th of December, 1851, she went ashore on Masbata Island, in the 
 Straits of San Bernardino. She was subsequently raised and sold to 
 Spanish parties, but never returned to Salem. 
 
 The last arrival at Salem from Manila was the bark " Dragon," 
 Thomas C. Dunn, master, which entered in July, 1858, with a cai'go 
 of hemp, consigned to Benjamin A. West. Salem merchants con- 
 tinued the trade with Manila for some time thereafter, but their ves- 
 sels entered and cleared at other ports. Tucker Daland and Henry 
 L. Williams, Henry Gardner, B. W. Stone & Brothers, and Silsbee 
 & Pickman were extensively engaged in this trade. The two last 
 named firms still continue the trade with Manila. 
 
 Isle of France Trade. — In the Indian Ocean, not far from the 
 eastern coast of Madagascar, lies a small island, called the Isle of 
 France, or Mauritius. The climate of this island is remarkably fine. 
 
Isle of France Trade. 159 
 
 Throughout the year the thermometer ranges from 76° to 90° in the 
 shade. The Dutch formed a settlement there in 1644, but subse- 
 quently abandoned it. A more successful attempt to form a perma- 
 nent establishment was made by the French in 1721. It remained in 
 French hands until the year 1810, when it was taken by the British 
 in an expedition uiider Gen. Abercromby, and has since remained a 
 British possession. 
 
 When the merchants of Salem, after the close of the Kevolutionary 
 War, sought to establish commercial intercourse with foreign ports 
 never before visited by American vessels, the Isle of France was 
 among the first places to which they sent their ships to bring home 
 cargoes of sugar, which was the staple article of export. Elias Has- 
 ket Derby despatched the " Grand Turk," Ebenezer West, master, 
 there in November, 1785, and she returned to Salem in June, 1787, 
 making the first voyage from New England to the Isle of France. In 
 December, 1787, the "Grand Turk" made another voyage to the Isle 
 of France, under the charge of Elias Hasket Derby, Jr. He sold the 
 vessel, and remained on the island about a year, when he went to 
 India and thence back to Salem. 
 
 Of the arrivals at the Isle of France in 1789, ten were from Salem, 
 five from Boston, two from Philadelphia, one from Virginia, three 
 from Baltimore, one from Beverly, and one from Providence. 
 
 The schooner "Richard and Edward," George Crowninshicld, mas- 
 ter, entered Jan. 4, 1790, consigned to George Crowninshicld. The 
 brig " William," Thomas West, master, entered in December, 1791, 
 consigned to William Gray. The ship " Henry," Jacob Crowninshicld, 
 master, cleared for the Isle of France June 25, 1791 . She was of 190 
 tons burden, and carried ten men. Her outward cargo consisted of 60 
 boxes of wax and 50 boxes of sperm candles, 18 barrels hams, 3 M feet 
 of oairs, 14 tons iron, 13 hhds. tobacco, 17 casks oil, 102 bbls. beef and 
 pork, 27 casks ale, 6 kegs flints, 287 bbls. flour, 424 cases and 190 jugs 
 of Geneva, 25 boxes soap, 6 boxes chocolate, 43 kegs lard, 62 quintals 
 fish, 6 hhds. W. I. rum, 12 bags pimento, 16 cannon, 88 cwt. shot, 
 1 hhd. 4 crates ware, 40 bbls. tar, 4 bbls. pitch, 30 M lumber, 175 
 casks powder, 7 saddles and bridles, 12 tables, and 5 desks. She 
 entered on her return in November, 1792, with 172,749 pounds of 
 sugar consigned tp Elias Hasket Derby. The brig "Hind," John 
 Beckford, master, entered in January, 1793, consigned to William 
 
160 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 Gray. The brig " Peggy," Amos Hilton, master, entered in August, 
 1793, consigned to John Fisk. The ship "Aurora," Thomas Meek, 
 master, entered in March, 1794, with 424,034 pounds of sugar con- 
 signed to William Gray. 
 
 The ship " Benjamin," 161 tons, Nathaniel Silsbee, master; cleared 
 for India Dec. 10, 1792, and entered in July, 1794, from the Isle of 
 France with cotton, indigo, sugar, and pepper consigned to Elias H. 
 Derby. Her outward cargo consisted of tobacco, cordage, shocks, 
 iron, lead, salt provisions, earthen ware, &c. Capt. Silsbee was but 
 twenty years old when he assumed command of the "Benjamin." 
 The brig "Peggy," John Edwards, Jr., master, entered in May, 1795, 
 consigned to John Fisk. The brig "Rose," John Felt, master, entered 
 in July, 1795, consigned to Elias H. Derby. The ship "Belisarius," 
 George Crowninshield, Jr., master, entered in July, 1795, with tea, 
 coffee and indigo consigned to George Crowninshield & Co., and 
 again in October, 1796, with the same description of cargo. The 
 brig "Hope," Samuel Lambert, master, entered in June, 1796, con- 
 signed to Ashton & Lambert. The ship " Martha," George Ropes, 
 master, entered from the Isles of France and Bourbon in May, 1797, 
 with 416,993 pounds of coffee, 136,617 of sugar, and 13,262 of cot- 
 ton, consigned to Elias H. Derby, and paying a duty of $23,317.88. 
 The ketch "Eliza," Stephen Phillips, master, entered in July, 1797, 
 consigned to Elias H. Derby. The brig " Katy," Job Trask, master, 
 entered in July, 1797, consigned to Benjamin Pickman, Jr. 
 
 There were nine entries at Salem from the Isle of France in 1798 ; 
 the largest number in any single year. Among the entries were the 
 ketch " Brothers," John Felt, master, in April, consigned to Ezekiel 
 H. Derby; the ship "Martha," John Prince, Jr., master, in June, 
 consigned to Elias H. Derby, with 260,000 pounds of coffee, 336,603 
 of sugar, and 17,803 of cotton, paying a duty of $24,943.47 ; and 
 the bark "Vigilant," Daniel Hathorne, master, in October, consigned 
 to Simon Forrester. 
 
 The trade with the Isle of France was largely carried on by Elias 
 Hasket Derby, g,nd after his death, in 1799, the Salem trade with this 
 island decreased. The years 1797 and 1798 show seventeen arrivals 
 and were the years when the most trade was carried on between Salem 
 and this island. There were a few direct arrivals after 1798. The 
 bark " Two Brothers," Samuel Eea, master, entered in April, 1806, 
 
^om^^;^^^ 
 
 
Mocha Trade. 161 
 
 consigned to Thorndike Deland. The brig " Sukey," Henry Prince, 
 Jr., master, entered in August, 1808, consigned to Stephen Phillips. 
 There were a few arrivals in later years, and some vessels bound to 
 or from other ports touched at this island ; but the largest direct trade 
 was prior to the year 1800. 
 
 Mocha Trade. — On the 26th of April, 1798, Capt. Joseph Kopes, 
 in the ship "Recovery," left Salem, bound direct for Mocha, Arabia 
 Felix, with $50,000 in specie, and arrived at that port on the 9th of 
 September. This was the first American vessel that ever displayed 
 the stars and stripes in that part of the world. The captain says that 
 the arrival of the strange ship was viewed with great interest by the 
 authorities, who could not divine from whence she came, and made 
 frequent inquiries to know how many moons she had been coming, 
 Capt. Ropes went from Mocha to Calcutta, and thence to Salem. The 
 first vessel to arrive at Salem from Mocha with a full cargo of cofiee 
 was the ship "Recovery," Luther Dana, master, which arrived in 
 October, 1801, with 216,286 pounds of coffee consigned to Elias H. 
 Derby, 7,485 pounds to Henry Prince, 11,825 pounds to Nathaniel 
 Bowditch, 34,917 pounds to Clifford Crowninshield, and 33,181 
 pounds to Nathan Robinson, and paying a duty of $16,844.39. The 
 ship "Ulysses," Henry Elkins, master, entered from Mocha and Mus- 
 cat in January, 1802, consigned to George Crowninshield & Sons. 
 The brig "Edwin," Joseph J. Knapp, master, entered in November, 
 1803, consigned to Charles Cleveland & Co. The ship "Bonetta," 
 Benjamin Russell, master, entered from Mocha in February, 1804, 
 with 268,851 pounds of coffee consigned to Benjamin Pickman, Jr. 
 
 In 1805, there were eight arrivals from Mocha, the largest number 
 in any single year ; and during that year there was lauded at Salem 
 over two million pounds of Mocha coffee. The entries were : the ship 
 "Margaret," Henry Elkins, master; the ship "Two Sons," Thomas 
 Rail, master; and the ship "America," Benjamin Crowninshield, 
 master, — all consigned to George Crowninshield & Sons ; the brig 
 " Suwarrow," William Leach, Jr., master, consigned to William Leach 
 and others ; the bark " Eliza," Joseph Beadle, master, consigned to 
 Joseph White ; the ship " Mary," Samuel King, master, from Aden, 
 consigned to John Norris ; the ship " Commerce," Thomas Bancroft, 
 master, consigned to Nathaniel West ; and the bark " Mary," Daniel 
 Bray, Jr. , master, consigned to Benjamin Pickman and John Derby. 
 
162 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 George Crowninshield & Sons had three vessels which entered from 
 Mocha in 1806 : the ship " Margaret," Henry Elkins, master ; the ship 
 "John," William Fairfield, master; and the brig "Telemachus," Ben- 
 jamin Frye, master. The ship "Franklin," Timothy Wellman, 3d, 
 from Mocha and Aden, entered in December, 1808, with 532,365 
 pounds of coffee consigned to Joseph Peabody, and paying a duty of 
 $26,618.25. The brig " Coromandel," William Messervy, master, 
 entered in October, 1813, with a cargo of coffee consigned to John 
 Derby, and paying a duty of $28,587.60. The brig "Beulah," 
 Charles Forbes, master, entered from Mocha in April, 1820, con- 
 signed to John W. Rogers. The brig " Ann," Charles Millett, master, 
 entered in May, 1827, consigned to Michael Shepard. After the 
 opening of the Zanzibar trade the vessels engaged in that trade visited 
 Mocha and obtained a part of their cargo there, and to the account of 
 that trade reference may be had for later dates. 
 
 Madagascar Trade. — The American trade with the Island of Mad- 
 agascar was opened by Nathaniel L. Rogers & Brothers, eminent 
 and enterprising merchants of Salem. Robert Brookhouse was 
 also among the pioneers in this trade. The brig "Thetis," Charles 
 Forbes, master, appears to be the first vessel to enter, with a full 
 cargo, from that island. She arrived in November, 1821, with 216,- 
 519 pounds of tallow consigned to J. W. & R. S. Rogers. The brig 
 "Beulah," Charles Forbes, master, which entered from Mocha in 
 April, 1820, cpnsigned to John W. Rogers, touched at Madagascar on 
 her passage, and brought from there a small quantity of tallow. This 
 appears to be the first American vessel to trade at Madagascar. The 
 brig "Climax," G. W. Grafton, master, entered in March, 1822, con- 
 signed to Robert Brookhouse. The brig " Thetis," William Bates, 
 master, made three voyages, entering in January, 1823, in February, 
 1824, and in January, 1825, consigned to Richard S. Rogers. The 
 brig " Reaper," Robert Brookhouse, Jr., master, entered in December, 
 1824, consigned to Robert Brookhouse. The brig " Nereus," B. W. 
 Brookhouse, master, entered in December, 1825, consigned to 
 Nathaniel L. Rogers. The brig " Susan," Stephen Burchmore, mas- 
 ter, entered in August, 1826, consigned to Robert Brookhouse. 
 
 At the time of the opening of trade with Madagascar, Zanzibar was 
 a small settlement, and no trade was carried on there, — gum-copal, 
 the principal staple, being carried to India by the Sultan's vessels, to 
 
Zanzibar Trade. 163 
 
 be cleaned. The trade with Zanzibar was an extension of the Mada- 
 gascar trade. The vessels subsequently engaged in that trade usually- 
 touched at Madagascar and Mocha, and made up their cargoes in 
 part in each place. In the account of the Zanzibar trade will be 
 found the later arrivals. 
 
 Zanzibar Trade. — As Salem had been first at Sumatra and Mada- 
 gascar, so she was first at Zanzibar. But little of the uncleaned gum- 
 copal, which was the staple article of export, was brought to this 
 country until after the " Black Warrior," belonging largely to N. L. 
 Rogers, and commanded by John Bertram, was there in 1831. Capt. 
 Bertram arrived in Zanzibar while the Sultan's frigate was lying in 
 the harbor ready to carry the gum-copal to India, and made a bargain for 
 what was on hand and for future cargoes. The "Black Warrior " arrived 
 in Salem in March, 1832, with the first large .quantity of uncleaned 
 gum-copal that had been imported into this country. For some time 
 thereafter, the gum-copal trade was monopolized by Salem merchants, 
 and all the gum-copal used was distributed from the port of Salem. 
 
 But the "Black 'Warrior," although taking the first large cargo from 
 Zanzibar, was not the first vessel to open trade with that port. The 
 brig " Ann," Charles Millett, master, and owned by Henry Prince <fe 
 Son, left Salem March 12, 1826, for Mocha. When she arrived there, 
 in June, Capt. Millett found a great scarcity of breadstufi's, and, 
 leaving a clerk in charge of the business, he left Mocha for Zanzibar 
 and Lamo, where he obtained a cargo of small grain, and purchased 
 ivory and other articles for the homeward cargo. The " Ann" went 
 from Zanzibar to Mocha, and from thence to Salem, arriving May 9, 
 1827. This was the opening of American trade with Zanzibar. The 
 same vessel made a second voyage to Zanzibar, leaving Salem August 
 9, 1827, and arriving home April 10, 1829, having visited many new 
 ports on the east coast of Africa. On the passage home, February 
 20, the "Ann" lost her masts and was otherwise badly wrecked. She 
 also lost her mate and two men. For their skill and success in navi- 
 gating the vessel into port, the insurance companies presented the 
 commander with a service of plate, his clerk, John Webster, with a 
 silver pitcher, and the rest of his men with $330. 
 
 The three-masted schooner " Spy," Andrew Ward, master, appears 
 to be the first vessel to enter at the Salem custom-house from Zanzi- 
 bar. She arrived at Salem August 11, 1827, 110 days from Zanzibar, 
 
164: STcetch of Balem. 
 
 with a cargo consigned to Nathaniel L. Eogers & Brothers. Capt. 
 Ward reported that the " Susan," Burchard, master, touched at Zan- 
 zibar about the 1st of March, and that the "Fawn" of Salem had also 
 been there. The "Spy" was the first three-masted schooner seen 
 hereabouts, such a rig at that time being very uncommon. 
 
 On the 12th of January, 1825, the brig "Laurel," Lovett, master, 
 owned by Robert Brookhouse, left Salem for South America. Finding 
 markets dull, the captain sailed for ports east of the Cape of Good 
 Hope ; and about the lOtb of July left Port Louis, Mauritius, for 
 Zanzibar, stopping at the Island of Johanna on the way. This was 
 the first time the American flag was displayed at that island, and the 
 king gave a reception in honor of the event. The vessel arrived at 
 Zanzibar the 20th of July, 1825, and, although not the first to open 
 trade, seems to be the first to have displayed the American flag at that 
 poi't. From Zanzibar the "Laurel" proceeded to Mombas, and from 
 there to Patta, Lamo, and other small places, in all of which she ap- 
 pears to have displayed the American flag for the first time. The 
 "Laurel" arrived in Salem, on her return passage, June 3, 1826. 
 
 From the year 1827, when the " Spy " entered from Zanzibar, to 
 the year 1870, when the last entry from that port was made at Salem, 
 \ there were 189 arrivals from Zanzibar. The period from 1840 to 
 1860 was the time of the greatest activity in this trade, 145 of the 
 189 entries being made between those years. Nathaniel L. Eogers 
 & Brothers, John Bertram, Michael Shepard, David Pingree, Joseph 
 Peabody, Andrew Ward, Nathaniel Weston, James B. Curwen, 
 Ephraim Emmerton, Tucker Daland, Michael W. Shepard, George 
 West, and Benjamin A. West were among those engaged in this 
 trade. 
 
 Among the earlier arrivals were the brig " Cipher," S. Smith, mas- 
 ter, in March, 1834 ; the brig " Tigris," John G. Waters, master, in 
 July, 1834, consigned to David Pingree ; the brig "Thomas Perkins," 
 J. P. Page, master, in November, 1834, consigned to Putnam I. 
 Farnham; the brig "Leander," J. S. Kimball, master, in April, 1836, 
 and again in August, 1837, consigned to Joseph Peabody; the brig 
 "Palm," N. W. Andrews, master, in November, 1836, consigned to 
 John Bertram; the brig "Cherokee," W. B. Smith, master, in April, 
 1837, consigned to Michael Shepard; the bark "Star," E. Brown, 
 master, in November, 1839, again in 1842, W. B. Smith, master, 
 
Zanzibar Trade. 165 
 
 and again in September, 1846, in October, 1847, and in January, 1849, 
 William McFarland, master, consigned to Michael Shepard ; the brig 
 "Richmond," William B. Bates, master, in October, 1840, to Eph- 
 raim Emmerton; the brig "Eolla," A. S.Perkins, master, in January, 
 1841, and again in January, 1843, consigned to David Pingree ; the 
 brig "Eattler," E. Brown, master, in May, 1841, and again in 1843, 
 J. Lambert, master, consigned to Michael Shepard ; the bark 
 "Brenda," Andrew Ward, master, in March, 1844, with 142,124 
 pounds of dates and other merchandise, consigned to Michael Shep- 
 ard and John Bertram ; the brig " Richmond," William B. Bates, 
 master, entered in December, 1845, consigned to Ephraim Emmerton ; 
 the bark "Eliza," A. S. Perkins, master, entered in May, 1846, con- 
 signed to George West and David Pingree ; the bark " Orb," W. 
 Cross, master, entered in November, 1846, and again in March, 1848, 
 C. F, Ehoades, master, consigned to Tucker Daland; the bark 
 "Sophronia," B. R. Peabody, master, entered in January, 1849, and 
 again, E. A. Emmerton, master, in October 1850, consigned to Eph- 
 raim Emmerton ; the bark "Iosco," Groves, master, entered in Jan- 
 uary, 1852, consigned to Michael W. Shepard, and again in December, 
 1852, consigned to John Bertram. 
 
 Space will not permit the enumeration of any large proportion of 
 the arrivals from this port, but enough have been given to indicate 
 the merchants who were engaged in the Zanzibar trade. Many of the 
 vessels touched at Madagascar and Mocha, and obtained a part of 
 their cargoes at those places. For years this trade was largely in the 
 hands of Salem merchants, and Salem was the principal point of dis- 
 tribution for ivory, gum-copal, and Mocha coffee. 
 
 Among the vessels lost while engaged in this trade, was the bark 
 "Peacock," Joseph Moseley, master, and owned by John Bertram, 
 which was wrecked on a reef near Majunga, Madagascar, August 6, 
 1855, and with the cargo was a total loss. The bark " Arabia," John 
 Wallis, master, and owned by Benjamin A. West, sailed from Salem on 
 her first voyage, July 4, 1857. On the passage home, on May 9, 1858, 
 while off the Cape of Good Hope, she fell in with the "Ariadne," 
 bound from Bombay to Boston. This vessel being in a crippled and 
 sinking condition, her crew, twenty-three in number, were taken on 
 board the "Arabia." The supply of water was inadequate for so 
 large an addition to their number, and Capt. Wallis thought it pru- 
 
166 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 dent to enter Table Bay and procure an additional supply. At the 
 entrance to the bay, the " Arabia" was becalmed. The night was dark, 
 and about 2, A. M., the vessel struck on a reef and became a total 
 loss. The cargo was saved and sold. The bark "Iosco," Claussen, 
 master, and owned by John Bertram, was wrecked on a reef, off 
 Zanzibar, July 7, 1858. Both vessel and cargo were lost. The bark 
 "Guide," McMullan, master, and owned by John Bertram, was 
 wrecked on the Eas Hoforn, east coast of Africa, on the night of 
 September 4, 1860, and with her cargo was a total loss. The bark 
 "Jersey," James S. Williams, master, and owned by John Bertram, 
 was built at Salem in 1869, and was wrecked at Madagascar on her 
 first voyage. 
 
 The large importation of uncleaned gum-copal, which prior to 1832 
 had been sent to India to be cleaned, led to the establishment, in 
 Salem, of a factory, at the foot of Turner Street, by Jonathan Whip- 
 ple, to clean and prepare the gum for the market. Prior to the estab- 
 lishment of Mr. Whipple's factory, Daniel Hammond had been 
 engaged in cleaning the gum, but Mr. Whipple was the first to estab- 
 lish the business on an extensive scale. At first the gum was cleaned 
 by being scraped with a knife. Mr. Whipple soon introduced the 
 process of washing it with an alkali. The uncleaned gum was depos- 
 ited in tubs of alkali liquor and allowed to stand over night. It was 
 then taken and placed upon large platforms in the open air, and care- 
 fully dried and brushed. The gum was then sorted as to size and 
 color. 
 
 This business was established about 1835, and increased very rap- 
 idly. Mr. Whipple commenced by employing four or five men, but at 
 the time of his death, in 1850, the number of men employed averaged 
 thirty-five or forty, and the amount of gum cleaned each year was 
 about 1,500,000 pounds, the gum losing in weight about one-quarter 
 part during the process of cleaning. Mr. Whipple was succeeded by 
 his sons, who continued the business under the name of Stephen 
 Whipple & Brothers. The business was prosperous until the year 
 1861, when an import duty of ten cents a pound was imposed on the 
 uncleaned gum. The gum was thereafter cleaned, on the coast of 
 Africa before shipment, and the business diminished until it was 
 finally abandoned altogether. 
 
 The trade with Zanzibar, Madagascar, Arabia, and the east coast 
 
Cape of Good Hope Trade. 167 
 
 of Africa has been continued by Salem merchants from the summer 
 of 1826, when the "Ann" was there, to the present day. In 1846, 
 Salem had nine vessels there. The firm oi John Bertram still con- 
 tinue the trade, but their vessels no longer enter the port of Salem. 
 The last arrival at Salem from Zanzibar was the bark " Glide," May 
 1, 1870, and this was also the last arrival at Salem of any vessel from 
 beyond the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope Trade. — When the merchants of Salem, at 
 the close of the Eevolutionary War, sent their vessels on long voyages, 
 the Cape of Good Hope was among the first places visited. In this , 
 as in most other trades established with distant countries, Elias Hasket 
 Derby was the first to lead the way. In 1781, he built at the South 
 Shore a fast sailing ship of 300 tons, called the " Grand Turk," for 
 use as a privateer. She carried twenty-two guns, and was remarkably 
 successful in capturing prizes. In November, 1784, Mr. Derby 
 despatched this vessel, under command of Jonathan Ingersoll, on the 
 first voyage from Salem to the Cape of Good Hope. The cargo of 
 the " Grand Turk " consisted in part of rum, which was sold to an 
 English East Indiaman and delivered at the Island of St. Helena. 
 Erom there she returned to Salem, via the West Indies, arriving in 
 1785. A striking incident is connected with this voyage of Captain 
 Ingersoll. He bought in the West Indies Grenada rum enough to 
 load two vessels, sent home the "Grand Turk," and returned himself 
 in the "Atlantic." On his passage to Salem he rescued the master 
 and mate of the English schooner " Amity," whose crew had mutinied 
 and set their officers adrift in a boat. After their arrival at Salem, 
 Capt. Duncanson of the " Amity " was sitting one day with Mr. Derby 
 in his counting-room, and while using his spy-glass he saw his own 
 vessel in the offing. Mr. Derby promptly manned one of his own 
 brigs, put two pieces of ordnance on board of her, and, taking with 
 him the English captain, boarded and recaptured the "Amity." 
 
 Mr. Derby purchased a vessel which had been captured from the 
 British during the Revolutionary War. He named her the "Light 
 Horse." This bark he sent, in January, 1787, to the Cape of Good 
 Hope, under command of John Tucker, The captain wrote his first 
 letter from Table Bay, dated May 15, 1787, giving an account of a 
 sale of part of the cargo. From the Cape he went to the Isle of 
 France, sold the remainder of his cargo, loaded with cofl"ee, and some 
 India goods, and returned to Salem, arriving in January, 1788. 
 
168 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 The brig " Hope," of one hundred and sixty tons burden, carrying 
 eight men, made an annual voyage between Salem and the Cape of 
 Good Hope for six consecutive years, entering at Salem in February, 
 1790, in August, 1791, in July, 1792,' in June, 1793, in May, 1794, 
 and in July, 1795. She was commanded on the first three voyages 
 by Jonathan Lambert, and on the last three by Samuel Lambert, and 
 her cargo was consigned, on each voyage, to Jacob Ashton and others^ 
 The schooner "Euth," Jonathan Lambert, Jr., master, entered in 
 July, 1796, consigned to Jacob Ashton and others. The ship 
 "Betsey," Jeremiah L. Page, master, entered in May, 1804, con- 
 signed to Abel Lawrence & Co. 
 
 Coffee, wine, pepper, sugar, ivory and aloes were among the articles 
 imported. Most of the direct trade with the Cape of Good Hope, was 
 carried on before the commencement of the present century, and Jacob 
 Ashton and Jonathan Lambert appear to have been largely engaged in it. 
 
 Australian Trade. — Wherever a new channel of trade was opened 
 for Americans, Salem was either the first to open it, or her vessels 
 followed closely after the pioneers. She was found asking for ad- 
 mission to the port of Sydney, in 1832, and by a special order of the 
 council, passed that year, the ship "Tybee," Charles Millett, master, 
 was allowed to enter that port. This vessel was owned by Nathaniel 
 L. Rogers, and others, and was the first American vessel to enter the 
 ports of Australia. The "Tybee" entered at Salem from Sydney 
 Jan. 20, 1835, again in March, 1836, and again in June, 1837. 
 Joseph Rogers commanded her on these voyages, and her cargo con- 
 sisted mainly of wool. The ship " Black Warrior," William Driver, 
 master, entered from Sydney in September, 1835, and the ship 
 "Shepherdess," J, Kinsman, master, in May, 1836, both bringing 
 cargoes of wool. All the above-mentioned cargoes were consigned 
 to Nathaniel L. Rogers & Brothers. This trade did not prove profit- 
 able, aiid it was not long continued, the direct entries at Salem, 
 from Sydney, being confined to the years 1835, '36, and '37. 
 
 Feejee Islands Trade. — The enterprise of Salem merchants seems 
 not to have been confined by the limits of the civilized world, but to 
 have extended to all habitable countries, however remote and however 
 peopled. Salem was as familiar a name to the cannibals of the Feejee 
 Islands, during the first half of the present century, as it was to the 
 savages of Africa and Madagascar. In many of those wild countries, 
 
Feejee Islands Trade. 169 
 
 the untutored inhabitants thought Salem comprised all the remainder 
 of the outer world about which they knew so little. Capt. William 
 P. Kichardson, of Salem, was at the Feejee Islands, in the bark 
 "Active," in 1811. He sailed from Salem June 1, 1810, and left the 
 Feejee Islands, July 26, 1811, for Canton. He arrived at Salem 
 March 27, 1812, 118 days from Canton. This was the first trading 
 voyage from Salem to the Feejee Islands. Commercial intercourse 
 with these islands began about 1806, probably by vessels of the East 
 India Company. 
 
 When Commodore Wilkes went on his famous exploring expedi- 
 tion, he took with him, as pilot and interpreter, Capt. Benjamin 
 Vanderford, a Salem shipmaster who, having made many voyages to 
 these islands, was familiar with the customs and language of the 
 natives. Capt. Vanderford died March 23, 1842, on the passage 
 home ; and the commodore, writing of him, says : "During the cruise 
 I had often experienced his usefulness. He had formerly been in 
 command of various vessels sailing from Salem, and had made many 
 voyages to the Feejee Islands. During our stay there, he was par- 
 ticularly useful in superintending all trade carried on to suppl}' the 
 ship." Commodore Wilkes was indebted to another Salem captain 
 for bringing one of the vessels of his squadron, — the "Peacock," — 
 safely into port, on the 12th of July, 1840. Capt. J. H. Eagleston, 
 of Salem, who was trading there at the time, rendered him this im- 
 portant service. The commodore, in his report to the government, 
 says: "The squadron is much indebted to Capt. Eagleston for his 
 attention and assistance. I am also indebted to him for observations 
 relating to gales." 
 
 Capt. Eagleston made voyages to these islands between 1830 and 
 1840, in the bark "Peru," the ship "Emerald." the brig "Mermaid," 
 and the ship "Leonidas." On one of his passages in the "Leonidas" 
 he caught several albatrosses, and tied to the neck of each a quill 
 containing a slip of paper, on which was written " Ship Leonidas, of 
 Salem, bound to New Zealand." One of these birds was caught by 
 a French vessel off the Cape of Good Hope, several hundred miles 
 away from the spot where it was first caught by Capt. Eagleston. 
 The news reached Salem March 21, 1840, and was the first news of 
 this vessel since she sailed, on the 9th of August. Capt. Eagleston 
 sailed for Stephen C. Phillips, who was a prominent merchant of 
 
170 Slcetch of Salem. 
 
 Salem, from about 1828 to the time of his death in 1857. Mr. 
 Philli{)s was largely engaged ia trade with the Feejee Islands, with 
 Manila and other Eastern ports. In 1846, Salem had six vessels en- 
 gaged in trade with the Feejee Islands. The usual voyage was from 
 Salem to the Feejee Islands, where the vessel would remain collecting 
 the beche-de-mer, a sort of sea-slug found on reefs and in shallow 
 water, and after drying and preparing them for the market, carry 
 them either to Manila to exchange for sugar and hemp, or to China to 
 exchange for tea ; the voyage usually consuming about two years. 
 Salem almost monopolized this trade, and, in a work, written in Lon- 
 don, in 1858, by Thomas Williams and James Calvert, missionaries 
 at these islands, it is stated that the traffic in sandal-wood, tortoise- 
 shell, and beche-de-mer, "has been, and still is chiefly in the hands 
 of Americans from the port of Salem." There are many curious 
 articles at the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem, which were 
 brought from the Feejee Islands during the early voyages. 
 
 Among the Salem merchants engaged in this trade, were Nathan- 
 iel L. Kogers & Brothers, Stephen C. Phillips, Samuel Chamber- 
 lain & Co., and Benjamin A. West. The bark "Zotoff," Benjamin 
 Wallis, master, made several voyages to the Feejee Islands. Capt. 
 Wallis, on two of these voyages, covering a period from 1844 to 1850, 
 was accompanied by his wife, who, upon her final return, wrote an 
 account of her travels, in a book entitled "Life in Feejee." She 
 mentions seeing the brig "Elizabeth," the bark "Samos," Capt. H. J. 
 Archer, the bark "Pilot," Capt. Hartwell, and the brig "Tim Picker- 
 ing," all of Salem, during the first voyage. The "Samos " was after- 
 wards condemned at Manila. The "Tim Pickering," Walden, master, 
 while lying at Ovalou, in the Feejee Islands, was driven ashore in a 
 severe gale, April 5, 1848, and became a total loss. Capt. Benjamin 
 Vanderford was at the Feejee Islands about 1819, in the ship "Indus," 
 and about 1822, in the "Roscoe." The bark "Dragon," Thomas C. 
 Dunn, master, sailed from Salem Feb. 22, 1854, and arrived at the 
 Feejee Islands, a distance of 16,770 miles in eighty-five days, making 
 the shortest passage ever made from the United States. She crossed 
 the equator in twenty days, aiid passed Port Philip, New Holland, 
 seventy-three days out. She reached Salem from Manila Sept. 4, 
 1856, with 1,170 bales of hemp, consigned to Benjamin A. We(st. 
 
 The seamen of Salem, visiting these islands, were exposed to peril 
 
JFeejee Islands Trade. 171 
 
 of their lives from the ignorant and deceitful inhabitants, and to 
 disaster to their ships from hidden reefs, of the existence of which 
 they were unaware. In August, 1830, the brig "Fawn," James 
 Briant, master, and owned by Robert Broolihouse, was lost at the 
 Feejee Islands, and Capt. Charles Millett, of the ship " Clay," gave 
 captain and crew a passage to Manila. The ship " Glide," in March, 
 1832, is driven ashore at Tackanova, and lost. Her boat's crew were 
 attacked by the natives at Ovalou, Dec. 26, 1831, and two of them 
 killed. In the same gale which destroyed the " Glide," another Salem 
 vessel, the brig "Niagara," was lost, at an island 140 miles from 
 Tackanova. 
 
 The brig "Charles Doggett," owned by Nathaniel L. Eogers & 
 Brothers, and commanded by George Batchelder, was at Kandora, 
 one of the Feejee Islands, in September, 1833, and her crew were 
 curing the beche-de-mer for the East India market. They were attacked 
 by the natives for the sake of plunder, aud five of the crew were 
 killed, including Charles Shipman, the mate. The remainder escaped 
 in the boats, but were all more or less injured. James Magoun, of 
 Salem, who had lived among the islanders several years, was danger- 
 ously wounded. On the way to Manila, the vessel touched at the 
 Pelew Islands, and the crew were again attacked by the natives, and 
 a boy was killed. The vessel reached Salem, from Manila, in October, 
 1834. 
 
 The story of a previous voyage of the "Charles Doggett," under the 
 command of William Driver, is one of most romantic interest, and 
 deserves a place in history. As an introduction, it may be well to 
 give a brief account of the mutiny of the "Bounty," which, though 
 an oft-repeated tale, is still one of thrilling interest. Capt. William 
 Bligh was sent by the British Government in the " Bounty," in Decem- 
 ber, 1787, to Tahiti. He reached that island iu October of the fol- 
 lowing year, and remained there six months, collecting bread-fruit 
 plants, with which he started for Jamaica. Twenty-four days out, 
 on the 28th of April, a part of the crew mutinied, and forced Capt. 
 Blich and eighteen men into the ship's launch, which they cast adrift, 
 turaing their own course back to Tahiti. The captain and his com- 
 panions arrived, on the 14th of Juno, after sufiering almost incredible 
 hardships, at the island of Timor, a distance of 3,600 nautical miles 
 from the place where they were abandoned. The mutineers, after 
 
172 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 staying at Tahiti for some time, fearing pursuit, sailed eastward, 
 taliing with them eighteen natives, six men and twelve women, and 
 leaving part of their comrades at Tahiti. They landed at Pitcairn 
 Island, a solitary island in the Pacific Ocean, lying at the south-east 
 corner of the great Polynesian Archipelago, having an area of only 
 one and a quarter square miles. Here they took up their residence, 
 and burned the "Bounty." From the time they left Tahiti in 1792, 
 nothing was heard of them, until an American, Capt. Folger, touched 
 at the island in 1808. At this time, all the men, save Alexander 
 Smith, and several of the women, were dead. The island was visited 
 by British vessels in 1825 and 1830. 
 
 In 1831, their numbers had increased to eighty-seven, and the 
 island was scantily provided with water. At their own request, they 
 were transported by the British Government to Tahiti. All the 
 original settlers were dead, and their descendants had been reared 
 away from contact with the world, and were, despite their wild 
 ancestry, virtuous and religious. Never having looked upon vice, 
 they found themselves among a people where virtue was unknown. 
 Disgusted with the immoralities of the Tahitians, the most loose, vo- 
 luptuous and unchaste people that exist under the tropic sun, they 
 yearned with a homesick longing for the isolation and quiet of the 
 little island that had so recently been their home. 
 
 It was at this time that the brig " Charles Doggett," William Driver, 
 master, and owned by Nathaniel L. Rogers & Brothers, arrived at 
 Tahiti. These poor homesick people besought Capt. Driver to take 
 them back to their native island. For their own sake, but above all 
 for the sake of their children, they desired to leave this land of sens- 
 ual indulgence. Capt. Driver finally consented to carry them, sixty- 
 five in number, back to the island, fourteen hundred miles away, from 
 whence they had so recently arrived, taking in pay some old copper, 
 twelve blankets, and one hundred and twenty-nine dollars in mission- 
 ary drafts. They left on the 15th of August, 1831, and were lanffled 
 on Pitcairn Island on September 3d, after an absence of about nine 
 months. In 1855, finding their numbers again too large for the islaiid, 
 for they now numbered 202, they petitioned the British government, 
 and in 1856 were removed to Norfolk Island. In 1859 two ''famjfies, 
 in all 17, returned to Pitcairn Island. An English writer in sp/saking 
 of them says, " From their frequent intercourse with Europe/fns, the 
 
South American Trade. 173 
 
 Pitcairn Islanders have, while retaining their virtuous simplicity of 
 character, and cheerful, hospitable disposition, acquired the manners 
 and polish of civilized life, with its education and taste." 
 
 May it not well be said that a Salem vessel saved this people from I 
 sinking into the immoral life that surrounded them at Tahiti, and that ; 
 in their strange and romantic history there is no chapter more impor- ; 
 tant than that which records the assistance rendered them by Salem 
 in their time of need? 
 
 South American Trade. — The trade between Salem and South 
 America has been quite extensive. This trade began early and contin- 
 ued to be prosecuted after trade with other foreign countries had been 
 abandoned. On the 25th of August, 1789, the schooner "Lark" ar- 
 rived from Surinam with sugar and cocoa. The brig "Katy," Nathan- 
 iel Brown, master, cleared for Cayenne in April, 1798, with fish, 
 flour, bacon, butter, oil, tobacco, candles and potter's ware. The 
 schooner " Sally," Daniel Procter, master, cleared for Cayenne in 
 March, 1802. For forty years, from 1820 to 1860, there was con- i 
 stant commercial intercourse between Salem and the ports of South j 
 America. 
 
 Para was the port most frequently visited, there having been 435 
 arrivals at Salem from that port, mainly between the years 1826 and 
 1860. The largest number of arrivals in a single year was in 1853, 
 when 20 vessels entered. The last entries were in 1861. Kubber, 
 hides, cocoa, coffee and castana nuts were among the articles imported. 
 A few of the entries from Para are given, to indicate the merchants en- 
 gaged in this traffic. The schooner "Betsey," James Meagher, master, 
 entered from Para in March, 1811, with cassia, coffee and cocoa, con- 
 signed to John Howard. The schooner "Four Sisters," Joseph Ervin, 
 master, in August, 1811, with 138,000 pounds of cocoa, to "William 
 Orne. The schooner "Eesolution,"EdwardBrown, Jr., master, in July, 
 1812, consigned to Jeremiah L. Page. The brig "Mercator," Samuel 
 B. Graves, master, in September, 1817, to Eobert Upton. The 
 schooner "Cyrus," Benjamin Kussell, master, in March, 1820, to 
 Eobert Upton. The schooner " Charles," Eichard Smith, master, in 
 August, 1822, to Michael Shepard. The schooner "Phoebe," Benj. 
 Upton, master, in December, 1824, to Eobert Upton. The schooner 
 "Leader," Nathaniel Griffen, master, in April, 1826, to Eichard Sav- 
 ory. The schooner "Dollar," Thomas Holmes, master, in April, 
 
174 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 1826, to David Pingroe. The schooner "Cepheus," Charles Holland, 
 master, in August, 1826, to Joseph Howard. The brig "Romp," 
 Clarke, master, in December, 1828, to Thomas P. Pingree and Michael 
 Shepard. The schooner "Gazelle," Warren Strickland, master, in 
 August, 1830, to James Brown. The brig " Abby M.," E. Wheat- 
 land, master, in October, 1830, to Gideon Tucker. The brig "Ame- 
 thyst," John Willis, master, in July, 1831, to Kobert Upton. The 
 brig "Fredonia," S. K. Appleton, master, in September, 1832, to 
 Benjamin Creamer. The brig "Deposit," G. E. Bailey, master, in 
 January, 1842, to James Upton. This vessel made regular trips be- 
 tween Salem and Para. The brig " Mermaid," C. Conway, master, in 
 April, 1842, to P. I. Farnham. The brig "Eagle," M. S. Wheeler, 
 master, in December, 1842, to Benjamin Upton. The brig "Deposit," 
 under command of Charles Upton, entered in March, 1844, and made 
 several voyages thereafter, consigned to Luther Upton. The brig 
 " Granite," S. Upton, master, entered in October, 1844, and made 
 regular trips to S. F. Upton. The brig " Battler," C. W. Trumbull, 
 master, entered in July, 1846, and made a number of voyages con- 
 signed to John Bertram. The brig "M. Shepard," H. B. Manning, 
 master, entered in March, 1853, and continued for some time in the 
 trade, consigned to John Bertram. Messrs. Phippen & Endicott were 
 the last among the Salem merchants engaged in this trade. There 
 were two entries in the year 1861, and these entries closed the trade 
 of Salem with Para. 
 
 There has been a large trade between Salem and Cayenne, begin- 
 ning in the last century. The whole number of arrivals from this 
 port between the years 1810 and 1877, was about 300. The largest 
 number of entries in a single year was in 1835, when there was eleven 
 entries from that port. From 1835 to 1840 inclusive, there was 58 
 entries. The Cayenne trade was the last foreign trade engaged in by 
 Salem merchants at the port of Salem. 
 
 Among the entries from that port was that of the brig " Trial," Eben 
 Learock, master, in June, 1810, with molasses and coffee, consigned 
 to Francis Quarles. The schooner " Eachel," Mark Knowlton, master, 
 in August, 1812, to John Winn. The brig " Eeturn," Henry King, 
 master, in March, 1813, to Thomas Perkins. The schooner "Essex," 
 Thomas Cloutman, master, in May, 1816, with cocoa, molasses and 
 almonds, to William Fabens. The brig " Eambler," W. D. Shatswell, 
 
South American Trade. 175 
 
 master, in February, 1821, to William Fabens, and in February, 
 
 1828, to Benjamin Fabens. The brig "Cynthia," in July, 1821, to 
 J. H. Andrews, in 1824 to Michael Shepard, and in 1825, to David 
 Pingree. The brig "General Jackson," Shatswell, master, in May, 
 1826, to P. I. Farnham. The brig "Jeremiah," Joshua F. Safford, 
 master, in June, 1821, to David Pingree. The brig "Rotund," Jo- 
 seph R. Winn, master, in May, 1825, to Benjamin Fabens. The 
 schooner " Betsey and Eliza," Benj. Pickering, master, in August, 
 
 1829, to Joseph Shatswell. The schooner " Numa," D. R. Upton, 
 master, in March, 1833, to Robert Upton. The brig "Romp," Peter 
 Lassen, master, in September, 1851, to Joseph Shatswell. The brig 
 "Esther," W. H. Fabens, master, in February, 1850, to Benjamin 
 Fabens, Jr., and in August, 1850, Peter Lassen, master, to Charles 
 H. Fabens. The bark "Lawrence," Fabens, master, in September, 
 1851, to Charles H. Fabens. 
 
 David Pingree and Joseph Shatswell were largely engaged in this 
 trade. The Fabens family for four generations have carried on the 
 trade between Salem and Cayenne. William Fabens began it about 
 1816, Benjamin Fabens about 1825, Charles H. Fabens about 1850, 
 and Charles E. and Benjamin H. Fabens about 1869. The successive 
 generations have prosecuted the trade continuously from 1816 to the 
 present day. The last-named removed the business to Boston in 
 1877, and now carry it on from that port. The last arrival at Salem 
 from a South American port was the schooner " Mattie F.," which was 
 entered from Cayenne, by Messrs. C. E. & B. H. Fabens, March 21, 
 1877. The entry of the "Mattie F." closed the foreign trade of 
 Salem. 
 
 The trade between Salem and Buenos Ayres is the next in impor- 
 tance. From 1816 to 1860, inclusive, there were 121 arrivals at 
 Salem from this port. The period of greatest activity was from 1841 
 to 1860. Robert Upton, James Upton, David Pingree, and Benja- 
 min A. West were among the merchants principally engaged in this 
 trade. The entries from this port include that of the brig "Nancy 
 Ann," John B. Osgood, master, in April, 1816, to Stephen Phillips. 
 The ship "Diomede," Samuel L. Page, master, in March, 1817, to 
 Philip Chase. The brig " Cambrian," H. G. Bridges, master, in June, 
 1823, to Joseph Peabody. The brig "Bolivar Liberator," James 
 Garney, master, in January, 1831, to P. I. Farnham. The bark 
 
176 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 " Chalcedony," J. E. A. Todd, master, entered in April, 1841, and 
 made several voyages thereafter, commanded by Capt. Todd, and a 
 number after 1849, with George Upton as master. She was con- 
 signed on these voyages to James Upton. The bark " Three Broth- 
 ers," Welch, master, entered in May, 1843, consigned to David Pin- 
 gree. The brig "Cherokee," Mansfield, master, entered in October, 
 1843, consigned to Michael Shepard. The brig "Gazelle," Dewing, 
 master, in November, 1843, to John Bertram. The brig "Olinda," 
 S. Hutchinson, master, in December, 1843, to Gideon Tucker. The 
 bark "King Philip," George Upton, master, in June, 1844, to James 
 Upton. The brig " Gambia," G. E. Bailey, master, in September, 
 1848, to Benjamin A. West. The bark "Maid of Orleans," Charles 
 Upton, master, in September, 1848, and on several subsequent voy- 
 ages, consigned to James Upton. The bark " Manchester," S. Upton, 
 master, in May, 1853, to Robert Upton. The brig "Russell," in 
 August, 1854, to George Savory. The bark " Salem," in August, 
 1860, to James Upton. The last entry at Salem from Buenos Ayres 
 was in 1860. 
 
 Rio Grande was a place with which Salem merchants traded 
 quite extensively. Hides and horns were the principal articles im- 
 ported. From 1817 to 1860 there were about 155 arrivals at Salem 
 from that province, and of that number, 100 were during the time 
 from 1845 to 1854, inclusive. The largest number of arrivals in 
 a single year was seventeen, in the year 1851. The Uptons were 
 largely interested in this trade, as they were in most of the Salem 
 trade with the ports on the eastern coast of South America. Robert 
 Upton, James Upton, Benjamin Upton, Luther Upton, and H. P. 
 Upton and David Pingree, George Savory, Thomas P. Pingree, Ben- 
 jamin Webb and David Moore, were among those engaged in trade 
 with Rio Grande. 
 
 From the list of entries from that place at Salem a few are given. 
 A complete list would hardly interest the general reader. The brig 
 "Trader," John Eveleth, master, entered in June-, 1817, with tallow, 
 consigned to Edward Lander. The brig "Rotund," John Ingersoll, 
 master, in July, 1822, to Gideon Tucker. The brig "Cynthia," 
 Shillaber, master, in October, 1828, to David Pingree. The brig 
 "Abby M.," R. Wheatland, master, in October, 1829, to Putnam I. 
 Farnham and others. The brig " Quill," Thomas Farley, master, in 
 
South American Trade. 177 
 
 November, 1831, to Nathaniel L. Eogers & Bros. The brig "Mer- 
 maid," George Savory, master, in May, 1841, to Benjamin Upton. 
 The brig "Northumberland," Kane, master, in November, 1842, to 
 Thomas P. Pingree. The bark " Chalcedony," J. E. A. Todd, master, 
 in October, 1846, to James Upton, and in May, 1847, to Luther Up- 
 ton. The brig "Russell," E. F. Savory, master, in May, 1847, to H. 
 P. Upton. The bark "Wm. Schroder," J. E. A. Todd, master, in 
 March, 1848, to Eobert Upton. The bark "Wyman," J. Madison, 
 master, in July, 1849, to James Upton. This vessel made many 
 trips between Salem and Rio Grande, commanded by George Har- 
 rington. The bark " Sophronia," E. A. Emmerton, master, iu July, 
 1849, to Ephraim Emmerton. The schooner "Maria Theresa," O. 
 Baker, Jr., master, in August, 1849, to D. R. Bowker. The brig 
 "Draco," E. S. Johnson, master, in October, 1849, and in April, 1850, 
 to David Moore. The brig "Prairie," E. Upton, master, in Novem- 
 ber, 1850, to George Savory and others. The bark "Delegate," D. 
 Marshall, master, in January, 1851, to Benjamin Webb and others. 
 The bark " Arrow," in June, 1860, to James Upton. There were two 
 entries from Rio Grande in 1860, and with those entries the Salem 
 trade with that place closed. There was a single entry from Rio 
 Grande in 1870, but neither vessel nor cargo was owned by Salem 
 merchants. 
 
 The Salem trade with Montevideo began about 1811, and ended in 
 1861. There was no entry from this port between 1811 and 1823. 
 The largest number of entries was during the years 1847, 1848, and 
 1853. Eobert Upton, James Upton, and Benjamin A. West were 
 among those engaged in trading with that port. Hides and horns 
 were the principal articles imported. The brig "Hope," Benjamin 
 Jacobs, master, entered in June, 1811, consigned to Thomas Per- 
 kins. The ship "Glide," Nathan Endicott, master, entered in No- 
 vember, 1823, consigned to Joseph Peabody. The brig "Dawn,'» 
 C. Davis, master, in April, 1833, to Putnam I. Farnham. The brig 
 "Chalcedony," George Upton, master, in May, 1839, and in October, 
 1847, to James Upton ; and in March, 1848, to Luther Upton. The 
 bark "Zotoff," G. E. Bailey, master, in January, 1853, and again in 
 August, 1853, to Benjamin A. West. The bark "Peacock," Upton, 
 master, in April, 1853, to Eobert Upton. The bark "Argentine," 
 George Upton, master, in June, 1853, to James Upton. The bark 
 
178 Slcetch of Salem. 
 
 "Miquelou,"S. Hutchinson, in July, 1853, to E. H. Folmer. The 
 brig "Mary A. Jones," in January, 1860, and again in July, 1860, 
 to Benjamin A. West. There was a single entry in 1861, the last 
 entry at Salem from Montevideo. 
 
 In the years 1824 and 1825 there were twenty-four entries from 
 Maranham. From 1817 to 1858 there were 110 entries. Joseph 
 Howard and James Brown were among those most largely interested 
 in this trade. The brig " Henry," George Burchmore, master, entered 
 from Maranham in January, 1817, consigned to Stephen White. The 
 brig "Anson," Hasket D. Lang, master, in May, 1819, to P. & A. 
 Chase. The brig "Alonzo," George K. Smith, master, in August, 
 1819, to Joseph Howard. The brig "Betsey," Timothy Eopes, mas- 
 ter, in August, 1819, to George Nichols. The schooner "Mermaid," 
 John Willis, master, in April, 1824, to Pickering Dodge. The 
 schooner " General Brewer," George Gale, master, in August, 1825, 
 to Stephen White. The brig "Stork," Stephen Gale, master, in 
 November, 1825, to James Brown and others. The brig "Calliope," 
 George Creamer, master, in March, 1826, to Eobert Upton. The 
 schooner " Spy," Benjamin Eussell, master, in April, 1826, to Na- 
 thaniel L. Sogers & Bros. The brig " Edward," Thomas C. Whit- 
 tredge, master, in May, 1826, to Thomas Whittredge. The schooner 
 " Sally Barker," P. Quarles, master, in June, 1826, to Michael Shep- 
 ard. The brig "Stork," Oliver Thayer, master, in July, 1826, to 
 Joseph Howard. The brig " Cynthia," Benjamin Shillaber, master, 
 in April, 1827, to David Pingree. The brig "Wm. Penn," S. K. 
 Appleton, master, in January, 1836, to John F. Allen. The brig 
 " Amethyst," R. Hill, Jr., master, in February, 1837, to James Upton. 
 The brig "Palm," in September, 1840, to Thomas P. Pingree. The 
 schooner " East Wind," in June, 1858, to Phippeu & Endicott ; and 
 this entry closed the Salem trade with Maranham. 
 
 Surinam was visited early by Salem vessels. The period of the 
 greatest activity in this trade was between the years 1797 and 1810. 
 There were twelve arrivals at Salem from this place in 1799, and the 
 same number in 1804. There were two entries in 1860, the last 
 made at Salem from Surinam. Coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton, molasses, 
 and distilled spirits were the principal articles imported. 
 
 The schooner "St. John," W. Grafton, master, entered from Suri- 
 nam in October, 1791, consigned to Joseph Waters. The brig"Lydia," 
 
South American Trade. 179 
 
 Eben. Shillaber, master, in August, 1796, to William Gray. The brig 
 "Tliree Friends, John Eudicott, master, in October, 1796, to Jonatlian 
 Gardner and Joseph Peabody. The schooner " Cynthia," Hezekiah 
 Flint, master, in December, 1796, to Joseph Peabody and Thomas 
 Perliins. The schooner "Diligent," James Buffington, master, in 
 February, 1797, to Joseph Sprague & Sons. The brig "Katy," 
 Nathaniel Brown, master, in August, 1798, to Benjamin Pickman, Jr. 
 The schooner "Fame," Downing Lee, master, in April, 1798, to 
 Samuel Gray and John Osgood. The brig "Neptune," Robert Barr, 
 master, in May, 1797, to John Barr. The ship "Henry," Stephen 
 Webb, master, in June, 1799, to Elias H. Derby. The ship "Beli- 
 sarius," Edward Allen, master, in August, 1799, to George Crownin- 
 shield & Sons. The schooner "Helen," Samuel King, master, in 
 November, 1799, to Benjamin West. The ship "Atlantic," Eben 
 Learock, in April, 1804, to Joseph Peabod3^ The bark "Active," 
 John Endicott, master, in July, 1804, to Benjamin Hodges. The 
 schooner "Union," Moses Yell, master, in December, 1807, to 
 Michael Shepard. The brig "Nabby," Hardy Phippen, master, in 
 April, 1808, to Samuel Archer, 3d. The biig "Union," Timothy 
 Kopes, master, in October, 1823, to John H. Andrews. The brig 
 "Rambler," S. Upton, master, in March, 1829, to Benjamin Fabens. 
 The brig " Cynthia," John G. Waters, master, in August, 1829, to 
 David Pingree. The ship "William and Henry," C. H. Fabens, mas- 
 ter, in January, 1838, to David Pingree. The brig " Mary Francis," 
 in July, 1855, to Joseph Shatswell. The bark " Lawrence," in April 
 1857, to Charles H. Fabens. The brig "Elizabeth," in April, 1860, 
 and in August, 1860, to Benjamin Webb. The above mentioned 
 entries are given to show the names of the Salem merchants engaged 
 in trade with Surinam. 
 
 There were three entries at Salem for Rio Janeiro in 1810. The 
 largest number of entries in a single year was in 1824, when six 
 vessels entered from that port. The schooner "Mercury," Edward 
 Barnard, Jr., master, entered from that port in June, 1810, consigned 
 to Nathaniel West. The brig "New Hazard," Edward Stanley, mas- 
 ter, in July, 1810, to John Gardner, Jr. The ship "Marquis de 
 Someruelas," Thomas Russell, master, in July, 1810, to John Gardner, 
 Jr., and Michael Shepard. The ship "John," Jeremiah Briggs, mas- 
 ter, in March, 1811, to George Crowninshield. The brig "Cora," 
 
180 STcetch, of Salem. 
 
 P. P. Pinel, master, in December, 1811, to Jerathmael Pierce. The 
 brig " Alonzo," Philemon Putnam, master, in April, 1823, to Joseph 
 Howard. The ship "Friendship," Eichard Meek, master, in Novem- 
 ber, 1823, and again in November, 1824, to George Nichols. The brig 
 "Pioneer," Andrew Ward, master, in April, 1824, to John "W. Rogers. 
 The brig " Edward," Thomas C. Whittredge, master, in August, 1824, 
 to Thomas Whitredge. The brig "Eoscius," J. Kinsman, master, in 
 November, 1824, to Robert Upton. The brig "Thomas Perkins," B. 
 Shillaber, master, in September, 1832, to Michael Shepard. The bark 
 "Eichard," J. Hodges, master, in November, 1832, to Joseph Hodges. 
 The bark " Imaun," Batchelder, master, in April, 1852, to Benjamin 
 A. West. The entry of the "Imaun," closed the Salem trade with 
 Eio Janeiro. The principal articles imported were coffee and sugar. 
 
 In August, 1832, the brig " Mexican," of Salem, owned by Joseph 
 Peabody, and commanded by John G. Butman of Beverly, left Salem 
 for Eio Janeiro, having on board $20,000 in specie. On Sept. 20th, 
 between the hours of 8 and 9 A. M., she was hailed by the piratical 
 Spanish schooner "Pinda," Commander Gibert. The pirates came 
 on board the " Mexican," and threatened all hands with instant death 
 unless the specie was immediately produced. They obliged the crew 
 to bring the boxes containing it on deck, when they at once trans- 
 ferred it to the schooner. They then ransacked the cabin and rifled 
 the captain's pockets, taking his watch and money. Not being suc- 
 cessful in finding any more specie aboard the brig the pirates returned 
 on board their schooner. In eight or ten minutes they came back, 
 apparently in great haste, shut all the crew below, fastened the com- 
 panion-way, fore scuttle and after hatchway ; stove the compasses to 
 pieces in the binnacles, and cut away tiller-ropes, halliards, braces 
 and most of the running rigging. They then took a tub of tarred 
 rope-yarn, and what they could find combustible about the deck, put it 
 into the caboose house and set it on fire. As soon as the pirates left, 
 the crew of the " Mexican" reached the deck, through the cabin scuttle, 
 which the pirates had neglected to secure, and extinguished the fire, 
 which in a few moments would have set the main-sail on fire and 
 
 • 
 
 destroyed the masts. The crew immediately repaired damages, as far 
 as possible, and set sail for home, where they arrived October 12. 
 It was doubtless the intention of the pirates to burn the brig, but 
 seeing another vessel in the distance, and being eager for more plun- 
 
South American Trade. 181 
 
 der, they did not stop to fully accomplish their design, and the crew 
 thus escaped a horrible fate. The " Mexican " had a crew of 13 men 
 all told, and those now living are John Nichols, John Battis, Jacob 
 Anderson and Thomas Fuller, all of Salem, and Benjamin Larcom of 
 Beverly. 
 
 Our government ordered a vessel to cruise in pursuit of the pirate, 
 but she soon gave up the chase as hopeless. The piratical vessel was 
 afterwards captured by an English vessel, and on August 27, 1834, 
 H. B. M. brig" Savage," Lt. Com. Loney, from Portsmouth, England, 
 arrived in Salem harbor with sixteen of the pirates as prisoners. 
 They had an examination in Salem, and then were taken to Boston 
 and tried before Chief Justice Story. Five of them were hanged 
 June 11, 1835. Bernardo de Soto, the mate of the "Pinda," when 
 master of the Spanish brig "Leon," had in 1831, at great personal 
 risk, rescued seventy-two persons from the burning ship " Minerva," 
 of Salem, Capt. George W. Putnam, and for the bravery and 
 humanity displayed by him on this occasion he was pardoned by 
 President Jackson. 
 
 Pernambuco was a port at which many Salem vessels touched for 
 orders. There were not a great many direct entries at Salem from 
 that port. The largest number was in 1826 when there were six 
 entries. Among the entries were the brig "Welcome Return," 
 Jeremiah Briggs, master, in September, 1809, consigned to Josiah 
 Dow. The schooner "Hannah," Edward Briggs, master, in June, 
 1810, to Josiah Dow. The brig " Alonzo," Isaac Killam, master, in 
 August, 1811, to John Derby. The schooner " Rising States," Samuel 
 Lamson, master, in March 1812, to James Cook. The ship "En- 
 deavour," Nathaniel L. Rogers, master, in May, 1812, to John For- 
 rester. The brig " Levant," Samuel Rea, master, in October, 1812, 
 to Joseph Peabody. The brig " Cora," Philip P. Pinel, in September, 
 1815, to Jerathmael Pierce. The brig "Eliza," Stephen Gale, master, 
 in November, 1819, to Benjamin Barstow. The brig " Eliza & Mary," 
 S. Benson, master, in November, 1825, to S. White and F. H. Story. 
 The brig " Olinda," R. Wheatland, master, in December, 1825 and in 
 June, 1826, to Gideon Tucker. The brig "Washington," A. Marshall, 
 master, in August, 1826, to William Fettyplace. The brig "Ame- 
 thyst," R. Hill, Jr., master, in May, 1836, to Robert Upton. The 
 brig "Mermaid," George Savory, master, in May, 1840, to Putnam I. 
 
182 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 Farnham. The brig "Gazelle," J. Dewing, master, in March, 1841, 
 to Joseph Shatswell, The entry of the "Gazelle" closed the direct 
 trade between Salem and Pernambuco. The principal article imported 
 thence was sugar. 
 
 Bahia, Paraiba, and Patagonia on the eastern coast, and Valpariso, 
 Lima, and Guayaquil on the Avestern coast of South America, were 
 among the places from which vessels entered* at the port of Salem. 
 The trade with these places was not very extensive. The brig 
 "Blakely," Benjamin Fabens, master, entered from Bahia in July, 
 1819, with molasses consigned to William Fabens. The brig "Lion," 
 J. P. Felt, master, entered from Bahia in June, 1821, consigned to 
 John Dike. The brig "Augusta," SethEogers, master, entered from 
 Bahia in March, 1824, consigned to Gideon Tucker. The brig "Mer- 
 cator," Aaron Miller, master, entered from Bahia in September, 1826, 
 consigned to John F. Andrew. The schooner " Generous," E. B. 
 Hooper, master, made several voyages in 1832 and '33 between 
 Salem and Paraiba, consigned to Michael Shepard. The ship " China," 
 H. Putnam, master, entered from Lima in July, 1828, consigned to 
 Joseph Peabody. The brig "Herald," Aaron W. Williams, master, 
 entered from Guayaquil in August, 1824, consigned to George Nichols. 
 The brig "Phoenix," George Hodges, Jr., master, entered from 
 Guayaquil in December, 1826, with 166,120 pounds of cocoa, con- 
 signed to Moses Townsend. The brig "Java," Nathaniel Osgood, 
 master, entered from Guayaquil in January, 1829, and proceeded to 
 New York. 
 
 West Coast of Africa Trade. — If the natives on the West Coast of 
 Africa have been temperate, they have been so in spite of the efforts 
 of the Salem merchants to supply them with the materials for in- 
 temperance. The trade opened eai'ly, and Oct. 6, 1789, the schooner 
 "Sally," and Oct. 8, 1789, the schooner "Polly" cleared for Senegal, 
 each with a cargo of New England rum ; and from that time forward, 
 Salem has contributed largely to spread a knowledge of the virtues 
 and good qualities of New England rum, of the astounding effects of 
 gunpowder, and of the consoling influences of Virginia toba.cco, among 
 the savage tribes of the West Coast. The Salem trade with this 
 \ coast has been quite extensive. The period of the greatest activity 
 ,' was between the years 1832 and 1864. During that time, there were 
 558 arrivals at Salem from the West Coast of Africa. From 1844 to 
 
"li^ -od^i^^^i^^^J. 
 
 ^'"^f^**. 
 
 . 'm^iSrj^tSSKB:^:^^ 
 
 (^^^;^^^OUC^^<^-y^i^-l^ ^i^^^U^ 
 
West Coast of Africa Trade. 183 
 
 1860, only the years 1854 and 1855 show less than twenty entries. 
 Robert Brookhouse, Daniel Abbot, Putnam I. Farnham, David 
 Piugree, William Hunt, Charles Hoffman, Edward D. Kimball, and 
 George West, were among those engaged in this trade. Hides, 
 palm-oil, peanuts, and gum-copal were the principal articles imported. 
 Among the entries, were the brig "St. John," Thomas Bowditch, mas- 
 ter, which entered from Sierra Leone in June, 1796, consigued to Henry 
 Gardner & Co. ; the brig "Sukey," John Edwards, master, which 
 entered from Senegal in July, 1801, consigned to Henry Prince & Co. 
 The brig " Star," Eichard J. Cleveland, master, entered from Goree in 
 July, 1808, consigned to John Derby. The brig "Siren," James 
 Vent, master, entered in March, 1828, consigned to Robert Brook- 
 house. The schooner "Fredonia," Charles Hoffman, master, in Sep- 
 tember, 1829, to Daniel Abbot. The brig "Shawmut," J. Emertou, 
 master, in July, 1831, to Robert Brookhouse. The schooner "Com- 
 plex," J. Burnham, master, in June, 1832, to Richard S. Rogers. 
 The schooner "Dollar," John Stickney, master, in September, 1835, 
 to Putnam I. Farnham. The brig "Seliua and Jane," Joseph Rider, 
 master, in August, 1836, to David Pingree. The brig "Elizabeth," 
 N. Frye, master, in March, 1837, and in November, 1837, J. A. 
 Phipps, master, consigned to William Hunt. The brig "Richmond," 
 H. Breed, master, in April, 1837, to Ephraim Emmerton. The brig 
 "Cipher," J. Rider, master, in August, 1839, to Charles Hoffman. 
 The brig "Tigris," N. A. Frye, master, in December, 1840, to Robert 
 Brookhouse. The brig "Richmond," William B. Bates, master, in 
 January, 1842, to Ephraim Emmerton. Tlie brig "Malaga," S. 
 Varney, master, in October, 1844, to E. G. Kimball. The brig 
 "Herald," P. Ayres, master, in February, 1845, to William Hunt. 
 The brig "Hamilton," H. Tufts, master, in March, 1847, to Edvvard 
 D. Kimball. The brig "Fawn," J. Rider, master, in June, 1847, to 
 George West. The brig "Tam O'Shanter," J. R. Francks, master, 
 in February, 1848, to Benjamin Webb. The brig "Ohio," Josiah 
 Webber, master, in April, 1848, to Edward D. Kimball. After 
 1848, the trade was largely in the hands of Robert Brookhouse, 
 Edward D. Kimball, and Charles Hoffman. The last arrival at Salem 
 from the West Coast of Africa was the brig "Ann Elizabeth," from 
 Sierra Leone, which was entered by Charles Hoffman, in July, 1873. 
 Salem merchants are still engaged in this trade, but their vessels do 
 not enter the harbor of Salem. 
 
184 8Tcetch of Salem. 
 
 West India Trade. — The early trade of Salem was mainly in the 
 product of her fisheries. The first settlers came hither for the pur- 
 pose of establishing a fishing and trading post, and among their first 
 acts was the building of stages, ou which fish could be dried and pre- 
 pared for consumption. The islands of the West Indies, offered a 
 market for the exchange of the fish for other products, such as sugar, 
 cotton, and tobacco, and it was natural that a trade between Salem 
 and those islands should commence at a very early period. The 
 island of Barbadoes, one of the Caribbean group, was one of the 
 earliest places at which Salem vessels traded. Salem was trading 
 with Barbadoes as early as 1647. William HoUingworth, then a 
 merchant in Barbadoes, writes to his mother, Mrs. Eleanor HoUing- 
 worth, at Salem, under date of Sept. 19, 1687, that "fish now att 
 present bares a good rate by reason ye Newfoundland men are not 
 yet come in but I believe itt will be low anuffe about three months 
 hence. Oyle will be ye principal commodity. Pray lett my brother 
 see this letter I cannot tell what to advise him to send as yett besides 
 oyle but in a short time wee shall see what these Newfoundland men 
 will doe, what quantity of fish they bring in, and then I will advise 
 him further." 
 
 The ketch "Providence," John Grafton, master, on her passage 
 from Salem to the West Indies, in September, 1669, was cast away on a 
 rock, in a rainy night, and six of the crew were drowned. The mas- 
 ter, mate, and a seaman remained on the rock till morning. They 
 then succeeded, with difficulty, in reaching an island about half a 
 mile away, where they found another of their company. There they 
 remained eight days, sustained by salt fish ; and the last four days by 
 cakes made from a barrel of flour which had been washed ashore. After 
 four days they found a piece of touch-wood and a flint, and with the 
 aid of a small knife, they struck fire. They framed a boat, with a 
 tarred mainsail and some hoops, and then fastened pieces of boards to 
 them. With a boat so made, they sailed ten leagues, to Anguilla and 
 St. Martin's, where they were kindly received. Joshua Ward was 
 one of these suff'erers. 
 
 The dangers to which these early navigators were exposed we can 
 hardly realize. With no correct charts, and with the rudest instru- 
 ments, they had no method of fixing their exact location while at sea. 
 The dangers of approaching coasts were also vastly greater, owing to 
 
West India Trade. 185 
 
 the want of light-houses. Boston light-house was first lit up in 1716 ; 
 Thatcher's Island light-house, in 1771 ; and Baker's Island light-house 
 in 1798. It is related that in 1788, a schooner from Bilboa, bound for 
 Marblehead, was only saved from shipwreck by a seaman first seeing 
 the rock in our harbor, called " Satan," close to the bows (thei-e was a 
 snow-storm at the time) , and shouting the fact to the crew ; the captain 
 being then for the first time aware of his true longitude on the coast. 
 
 Salem was trading with the Barbadoes for cotton in 1685, for in 
 September of that year, as the small-pox raged there, the selectmen 
 order " that all cotton-wool imported thence shall be landed on Baker's 
 Island." In 1686, the governor issues a pass to the pink " Speedwell," 
 Thomas Beadle, master, to go to Barbadoes ; to the ketch " Hannah," 
 John Ingersoll, master, for Fayal and Barbadoes ; to the ketch 
 " Industry," Lewis Hunt, master, for St. Christopher's ; and to the 
 ketch "Penelope," Edward Hilliard, master, also for St. Christopher's. 
 In 1688, a similar pass is issued to the ketch " Diligence," Gamaliel 
 Hawkins, master, and the ketch "Virgin," John Allin, master, both 
 bound for Antigua; and in 1689, to the pink "Dove," Zebulon Hill, 
 master, and the ketch " Jas. Bouaventure," Philip Prance, master, both 
 bound for Barbadoes. In 1688, Philip English is trading with St. 
 Christopher's. 
 
 The records of our early commerce are vague and fragmentary, but 
 enough is known to indicate that the Salem trade with the West Indies 
 was continued, in a greater or less degree, from the year 1638, when 
 the ship " Desire " made a voyage to New Providence and Tortuga, and 
 returned laden with cotton, tobacco, salt, and negroes (slaves), the 
 latter the first imported into New England, to a very late period in 
 her commercial history. In 1639, the first importation of indigo and 
 sugar seems to have been made, and in 1642 eleven vessels sailed 
 from New England for the West Indies with lumber. The custom- 
 house records prior to the Revolution have disappeared. Tradition 
 tells us that they were carried to Halifax at the breaking out of the 
 war. They have never since been found, and we must content our- 
 selves with such information as can be gleaned from other sources. 
 
 In 1736, Eichard Derby, the father of Elias Hasket Derby, was 
 trading at the West Indies. He continued to prosecute the trade 
 until 1751, when he relinquished it to his sous. The law imposing a tax 
 on sugar and molasses created great dissatisfaction among the Salem 
 
 21 
 
186 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 merchants, and there were many forfeitures in consequence. It was 
 upon a petition of James Cockle, Collector at Salem, for a warrant to 
 search for smuggled molasses, heard at the old State House in Boston, 
 February, 1761, that James Otis made his immortal plea against writs 
 of assistance. 
 
 While the trade between Salem an*!! the West Indies was probably 
 continuous from 1638 down to quite recent times, the last entry from 
 Havana being in 1854, the period of the greatest activity was from 
 1798 to 1812. The entries frpm Havana and Martinico were four 
 each in the year 1797, while in 1798 there were 21 from Havana, and 
 13 from Martinico. The largest number of arrivals from Havana in 
 a single year was in 1800, when there were 41 entries from that port. 
 During that year there was imported into Salem over eight million 
 pounds of sugar. In 1805, there were 28 entries from Havana, and 
 44 from Martinico. Between 1798 and 1812 there were 332 entries 
 from Havana, and 232 from Martinico. There was a large trade 
 in the latter part of the last century between Salem and Aux Cayes, 
 Port an Prince, and the other ports of the island of St. Domingo, and 
 with the island of St. Eustatia. But while Salem vessels were found 
 in almost every port in the West Indies, Havana and Martinico were 
 the principal places with which trade was carried on. 
 
 A list of the merchants engaged in this trade would include the 
 names of almost every one interested in commerce during the years 
 that the West India trade flourished. Benjamin Pickman was engaged 
 extensively in this trade, and amassed a large fortune in it. In recog- 
 nition of the service rendered him by the codfish, which was the 
 principal article of export to the West Indies, Mr. Pickman had a 
 carved and gilded e^gy of that fish placed on the side of each stair 
 in the principal hall of his house, which he built in 1750 and which 
 still stands on Essex Street, next the East India Marine Building. 
 The front of this house is uow hidden by a block of stores. 
 
 It is not possible, in the space allotted to this chapter, to give any 
 extended list of the vessels entering from the West Indies. In the 
 palmy days of this trade Salem was a point of distribution for large 
 quantities of sugar and coffee, and the buyers from all parts of the 
 country must have given a bustling and busy aspect to streets now 
 quiet and almost deserted. It was a custom in those days to make 
 up the cargo of a large vessel by inducing various persons to send 
 
Russia Trade. 187 
 
 adventures, the owner of the vessel getting a commission for buying 
 and selling. The brig " Massiifuero," Andrew Haraden, master, 
 entered from Havana in September, 1805, with 150,000 pounds of 
 sugar consigned to Joshua Ward, Jr., 9,000 to Timothy Wellman, 
 6,000 to Ebcn Seccomb, 62,000 to S. B. Doane, 2,000 to William 
 Monroe, 20,000 to Eobert Hooper & Sons, 4,000 to John Jenks, 
 65,000 to William Gray, 4,000 to Benjamin H. Hathorne, 5,000 to 
 Joshua Pope, 3,000 to Joshua Phippen, Jr.,and with a small quantity 
 of merchandise consigned to Benjamin West. Among other entries 
 from Havana, we find the ship " Mount Vernon," Elias H. Derby, 
 Jr,, master, which entered in May, 1799, with 500,000 pounds of 
 sugar, consigned to Elias Hasket Derby, and paying a duty of $12,- 
 842.15 and the ship "Martha," Nicholas Thorudike, master, which 
 entered in December, 1799, with 400,000 pounds of sugar; the two 
 vessels landing nearly a million pounds of that commodity. In Octo- 
 ber, 1809, the schooner "Neutrality," Benjamin Fabens, master, 
 entered from St. Bartholomew's, with sugar and coflfee consigned to 
 William Fabens. The Fabens family for several generations have 
 been engaged in trade with the West Indies and Cayenne. The last 
 vessel to enter at Salem from Havana was the brig " Vincennes," on 
 June 29, 1854, consigned to Phillips, Goodhue & Bowker. 
 
 Russia Trade. — Salem vessels opened the American trade with 
 St. Petersburg. On the 15th of June, 1784, the bark "Light 
 Horse," Capt. Buffinton, was sent by Elias Hasket Derby with a cargo 
 of sugar, and she was the first American ^^vessel to trade at St. 
 Petersburg. 
 
 Salem merchants, in the palmy days of her commerce, were largely 
 engaged in trade with Russia. There have been about 289 arrivals 
 from the ports of Russia at Salem. The period of the greatest activ- 
 ity in this trade was from 1797 to 1811 inclusive, 162 of the 289 
 entries having been made during that time. The largest number of 
 entries in a single year was in 1811, when there were 31 entries. The 
 war caused a suspension of the trade, and in 1812 there were but 
 three entries, and none in 1813 and 1814. In 1815 there were nine 
 entries, and the trade continued till 1829, when it ceased almost 
 entirely, there having been but about six entries after that year. The 
 last vessel to enter from St. Petersburg was the ship "Eclipse," 
 Johnson, master, to H. L. Williams, in September, 1843. All the 
 
188 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 East India merchants carried on more or less trade with Kussia, and 
 brought from there duck, hemp and iron, with which to make up their 
 cargoes for the East. Elias Hasket 'Derby, William Gray, Joseph 
 Peabody, Nathaniel West, William Orne, Nathaniel Silsbee, Gideon 
 Barstow, Thomas Perkins, Peirce & Wait, Stephen Phillips, Stephen 
 White, Pickering Dodge, Simon Forrester, William Silsbee, Joseph 
 White, Dudley L. Pickman, John H. Andrews, James Devereux 
 and Samuel Orne were among the Salem merchants engaged in this 
 trade. A few of the earlier entries are given, showing the diflferent 
 ports from which the vessels arrived. 
 
 The brig " Ceres," Thomas Simmons, master, entered from Russia, 
 in October, 1789, with 1,546 pieces of sail-cloth and sheetiug, 180 
 bundles of hemp, 948 bars of iron, and 359 cwt. cordage. The brig 
 "Iris," Benjamin Ives, master, entered from St. Petersburg, in Octo- 
 ber, 1790. The brig "Hind," John Bickford, master, cleared for the 
 Baltic, June 17, 1790, with 600 barrels of tar, 10 barrels of turpen-- 
 tine, 4 hhds. tobacco, 27 casks of rice, 21 hhds. N. E. rum and 73 
 chests Hyson tea, and entered from St. Petersburg, on her return, in 
 November, 1790. The ship " Commerce," John Osgood, master, 
 entered from St. Petersburg in December, 1790, again in November, 
 1791, and again in September, 1792. All these vessels were owned 
 by William Gray. The brig "Good Intent," M. Haskell, master, 
 entered from Russia in December, 1791, agaiu in November, 1792, 
 and again in November, 1793, cousigned to Simon Forrester. The 
 brig " Polly & Betsey," Gamaliel Hodges, master, entered from St. 
 Petersburg ia November, 1794, consigned to Joseph White. The 
 bark " Essex," John Green, master, entered from Russia in January, 
 1795, and agaiu in October, 1795, consigned to William Orue. The 
 bark " Vigilant," Richard Wheatland, master, entered from Russia in 
 October, 1795, consigned to Simon Forrester. The brig " Hopewell," 
 James Dowling, master, entered from St. Petersburg in September, 
 
 1797, consigned to Nathaniel West. The bark "William," Benjamin 
 Beckford, Jr., master, entered from St. Petersburg in January, 1798, 
 and agaiu in August, 1798, consigned to William Gray. The brig 
 "Neptune," Robert Barr, master, entered from Russia in October, 
 
 1798, consigned to John Barr. 
 
 The first entry from Archangel appears to be that of the ship 
 "Perseverance," Richard Wheatland, master, in October, 1798. She 
 
JEuropean Trade. 189 
 
 proceeded to Boston with her cargo. The brig "Fanny," Jesse 
 Smith, master, entered from Archangel in November, 1798, with 
 hemp, cordage, candles and soap, consigned to John Derby, Jr. The 
 ship " Cincinnatus," Samuel Endicott, master, entered from St. Peters- 
 burg in November, 1799, consigned to Joseph Peabody. The brig 
 " Good Hope," Nicholas Thorndiko, master, entered from St. Peters- 
 burg in October, 1801, consigned to Nathaniel "West. The ship 
 " Mount Vernon," Samuel Endicott, master, entered from St. Peters - 
 burg in September, 1804, consigned to Joseph Peabody. The 
 brig "Admittance," C. Sampson, master, entered from St. Petersburg 
 in September, 1805, consigned to John Osgood. The brig " Augusta," 
 Timothy Haraden, master, entered from Archangel in September, 
 1810, consigned to Joseph Peabody. The ship " Friendship," Edward 
 Stanley, master, entered from this same port in September, 1811, 
 consigned to Jerathmael Peirce. The ship " America," Samuel Briggs, 
 master, entered from Riga in April, 1812, consigned to Benjamin W. 
 Crownin shield. The ship "Herald,* Eleazer Graves, master, entered 
 from Archangel in August, 1815, consigned to Nathaniel Silsbee. 
 The brig " Saucy Jack," Nathaniel Osgood, master, entered from 
 Archangel in November, 1815, consigned to Pickering Dodge. 
 
 Among the later arrivals was the brig " Niagara," Oliver Thayer, 
 master, which entered from Cronstadt in September, 1828, consigned 
 to Joseph Peabody. 
 
 The two last arrivals from Archangel appear to have been the ship 
 "Diomede," Samuel L. Page, master, which entered from that port 
 in October, 1820, and the schooner "Regulus," George Chin, master, 
 which entered in November, 1820, consigned to Edward Lander and 
 others. The last arrival from Cronstadt was the brig " Mexican," H. 
 Johnson, master, which entered in August, 1836, consigned to Joseph 
 Peabody. There was no other arrival from Russia until September, 
 1843, when the ship "Eclipse," Johnson, master, entered from St. 
 Petersburg, the last vessel to arrive at Salem from that port. 
 
 Trade with Spain and Portugal. — Among the earliest ports to 
 which Salem sent the product of her fisheries for a market, were those 
 of Spain and Portugal. This trade began before the year 1700, in 
 which year Higginson speaks of the foreign trade of Salem as being 
 in "dry merchantable codfish for the markets of Spain and Portugal." 
 Bilboa and Lisbon were among the ports earliest visited. In 1710, 
 
190 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 the ship " Macklesfield," a frigate of 300 tons, belonging to London, 
 and from Lisbon, was cast away outside of Baker's Island and lost. 
 In February, 1715, the ship "Hopewell," loaded with fish for Bilboa, 
 and anchored in the harbor, was driven ashore on the rocks in South 
 Field. Most of her cargo was unloaded before she was got off. 
 Bilboa and Lisbon are mentioned as ports with which Salem vessels 
 traded from 1714 to 1718. Philip English was trading at Spanish 
 ports from 1694 to 1720 ; and Eichard Derby from 1732 to 1757. 
 The last entry from Bilboa was in 1809, The years 1803 and 1807 
 show each eight entries from Lisbon. From 1800 to 1808 the trade 
 with Spain and Portugal was at its height. Bilboa, Cadiz, Barcelona, 
 Malaga, Tarragona, Alicaut, Lisbon, and Oporto were among the 
 ports from which Salem vessels brought cargoes. After the war of 
 1812 there were but few entries from either of those ports, saving 
 that of an occasional cargo of salt from Cadiz. 
 
 The ship " Astrea," Henry Prince, master, entered from Alicant in 
 April, 1799, with 58,003 gallons of brandy and 4,446 gallons of wine, 
 consigned to Elias H. Derby, and paying a duty of $20,930.59. The 
 brig "Favorite," Henry Bust, Jr., mdster, entered from Bilboa in 
 December, 1800, consigned to Peter Lander & Co. The schooner 
 " Willard," from Alicant, in July 1800, with red wine and brandy to 
 Willard Peele & Co. The brig "Essex," Joseph Orne, master, from 
 Barcelona, in July, 1800, with red wine and soap to William Orne. 
 The brig "Nancy," Thomas Barker, master, from Tarragona, in 
 October, 1801, with brandy to Samuel Gray. The brig "Minerva," 
 Archelaus Eea, master, from Alicant, in May, 1802, with brandy and 
 salt to William Gray. The snow "Concord," William Leech, Jr., 
 master, from Oporto, in September, 1802, with port wine, &c., to 
 William Gray. The brig "Hannah," Clifford C. Byrne, master, from 
 Malaga, in November, 1802, with wine, &c., to Joseph White. The 
 ship " Kestitution," John Derby, 3d, master, from Lisbon, in April, 
 1805, with wine, figs, and salt to Simon Forrester. The bark 
 "Active," William P. Richardson, master, from Malaga, in June, 
 1807, with 23,746 gallons of Malaga wine to Timothy Wellman, Jr. 
 The brig " Washington," Nathan Story, master, from Barcelona, in 
 July, 1807, with red wine, brandy, and soap consigned to Stephen 
 Phillips. The brig " Sukey and Betsey," Caleb Cook, master, from 
 Malaga, in November, 1807, with wine and raisins to Edward Allen. 
 
European Trade. 191 
 
 The ship " Sally," Nathan Cook, master, from Lisbon, in September, 
 1824, -with salt, &c., to James Cook. The last entry from Lisbon 
 was in 1829. The principal articles imported from Spain and Portu- 
 gal were salt, wine, brandy, and soap. 
 
 Trade with other European Ports. — Pi-ior to the war of 1812 Salem | 
 vessels were to be found in all the principal ports of Europe, and i 
 Salem merchants were trading with Copenhagen, Gottenbnrg, Stock- 
 holm, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Kotterdam, London, Liver- 
 pool, and Bordeaux. The principal trade with Copenhagen was 
 between 1796 and 1807 ; there were 8 entries in 1799 ; with Gotten- 
 burg, from 1809 to 1812, and from 1820 to 1823, there being 13 
 entries from that port in 1810 ; with Antwerp, from 1817 to 1830, 
 there being 9 entries from that port in 1827 ; with Hamburg, from 
 1798 to 1802, there being 5 entries in the last-named year; with 
 Amsterdam, from 1802 to 1806, there being 5 entries in the first- 
 named year; and with Bordeaux, from 1794 to 1807, there being 12 
 entries in 1804 and the same number in 1805, the whole period show- 
 ing 69 entries. There were only occasional entries from the other 
 ports. The last entry from Copenhagen was in 1816 ; from Amster- 
 dam, in 1823 ; from Antwerp, in 1836 ; from Hamburg, in 1828 ; 
 from Gottenburg, in 1837 ; from Rotterdam, in 1834 ; and from Bor- 
 deaux, in 1815. 
 
 From Copenhagen the brig "Francis," J. Wallace, master, entered 
 in March, 1792, and again in November, 1792, with iron and glass con- 
 signed to William Gray. The early trade with Copenhagen seems to 
 have been carried on largely by Mr. Gray. John Fisk, Ezekiel H. 
 Derby, Joseph Peabody, Thomas Perkins, and George Crowninshield &, 
 Sons were also engaged in this trade. The whole number of entries 
 from Copenhagen was 45. The last entry was the schooner "Rover," 
 Josiah Dewing, master, in August, 1816, consigned to Pickering 
 Dodge. 
 
 From Gottenburg, the schooner "Nancy," Richard Derby, master, 
 entered in August, 1791, with iron consigned to E. H. Derby, Jr., & 
 Co., and John Fisk. The ship "Nancy," J. Devereux, master, 
 entered in August, 1792, consigned to John Fisk. From 1794 to 
 1804 there were no entries from this port. The ship "Rising States," 
 Benjamin Beckford, Jr., master, entered in February, 1804, with 
 hemp to William Gray. The schooner " Saucy Jack," Benjamin 
 
192 Sketch of Salem, 
 
 Upton, master, in September, 1809, with glass to Timothy Wellman, 
 Jr. The brig "Neptune," Henry King, master, in December, 1810, 
 with cordage, steel, and sheet-iron to John Saunders. The ship 
 "China," Hiram Putnam, master, in October, 1820, with iron to 
 Joseph Peabody. The brig "Jane," Thomas Saul, master, in July, 
 1820, with iron to "Willard Peele. The brig " Koscoe," J. Briggs, 
 master,' in October, 1825, with iron to Charles Saunders. The brig 
 "Cynthia," Benjamin Shillaber, master, in October, 1826, to David 
 Pingree. The ship "Borneo," I. Nichols, master, in September, 
 1835, with iron consigned to Z. F. Silsbee. The brig "Leander," J. 
 S. Kimball, master, in August, 1836, to Joseph Peabody. The whole 
 number of entries from Gottenburg was 61. The last entry was the 
 brig " Mexican," in July, 1837, consigned to Joseph Peabody. 
 
 From Antwerp, the ship "Messenger," Edward Stanley, master, 
 entered in June, 1817, consigned to John Fbrrester. The brig 
 "Nancy Ann," John B. Osgood, master, in August, 1817, to Stephen 
 Phillips. The brig "Naiad," Nathaniel Osgood, master, in July, 
 1823, to Gideon Barstow and others. The brig "Indus," Thomas 
 Moriarty, master, in April, 1826, to Pickering Dodge. The brig 
 "Centurion," William Duncan, master, in May, 1826, with linseed 
 oil to Nathaniel "West, Jr. The ship " Friendship," Nathaniel Osgood, 
 master, in May, 1827. The brig " Niagara," Oliver Thayer, master, 
 in August, 1829, to Joseph Peabody. The whole number of entries 
 from Antwerp was 55. The last entry was the brig " Curlew," J. 
 Cheever, master, in October, 1836, consigned to Edward Allen. 
 
 From Amsterdam, the brig "Peggy," Jonathan Derby, master, 
 entered in September, 1794, with glassware, paint, iron, steel, and 
 ribbons, consigned to Benjamin Pickman, Jr. The ship "Essex," 
 Solomon Stanwood, master, in September, 1800, with 42,871 pounds 
 of cheese, 5,000 pounds of nails, and 8,000 gallons of gin to Nathan- 
 iel West and William Gray. The ship "Minerva," Matthew Folger, 
 master, in September, 1802, with gin, steel, and cheese to West, 
 Williams & Crowninshield. The whole number of entries from 
 Amsterdam was 23. The last entry was the ship " Endeavour," James 
 D. Gillis, master, in October, 1823. 
 
 From Hamburg, the schooner "John," Benjamin Webb, master, 
 entered in December, 1792, with steel, glass, and spirits, consigned to 
 John Fisk. The schooner " Patty," Edward Allen , Jr. , master, in Octo- 
 
European Trade. 193 
 
 ber, 1794, with gia, brandy, hemp, and bohea tea to Nathaniel West. 
 The brig "Hope," Benjamin Shillaber," master, in October, 1794, to 
 John Nurris. The brig " Salem," Oliver Obear, master, in June, 
 1799, with gin and hemp to William Gray. The ship "Friendship," 
 Israel Williams, master, in July, 1799, to Peirce & Wait. The brig 
 "Thetis," John Fairfield, master, in November, 1799, to Jonathan 
 Gardner. The schooner "Cynthia," John H. Andrews, master, in 
 November, 1801, to Pickering Dodge and others. The brig "Helen," 
 Samuel C. Martin, master, in December, 1816, with iron to Hum- 
 phrey Devereux. The brig "Koscoe," Benjamin Vanderford, master, 
 in September, 1823. The whole number of entries from Hamburg was 
 36. The last entry was the brig "Texel," Samuel Wells, master, in 
 January, 1828. 
 
 From Rotterdam, the ship "Peggy," James Very, master, entered 
 in August, 1791. The ship "Active," George Nichols, master, in 
 August, 1803, with gin to Benjamin Hodges & Co. The bark 
 "Georgetown," Joshua Safford, master, in September, 1806, to Pick- 
 ering Dodge. The brig "Indus," John Day, master, in November, 
 1823, with white lead, nutmegs, and mace to Henry Prince. The 
 whole number of entries from Rotterdam was 16. The last entry was 
 the ship "Borneo," C. Prescott, master, in May, 1834. 
 
 From Bordeaux, the brig "Essex," John Green, master, entered in 
 November, 1790, consigned to Orue & Saunders. The brig " Colum^ 
 bia," Henry Rust, master, in April, 1792, to William Gray. The brig 
 " Nancy," Edward West, master, in July, 1794, with wine and sweet- 
 meats to John Derby, Jr. The brig " Favorite," Peter Lander, master, 
 in October, 1795, to John Norris & Co. The schooner "Betsey," Israel 
 Williams, master, in November, 1796, with brandy, wine, and cheese, to 
 Peirce & Wait. The brig " Exchange," William Richardson, master, 
 in May, 1797, with claret wine and brandy to Ezekiel H. Derby. The 
 schooner "Jason," Benjamin West, Jr., master, in June, 1797, to 
 Benjamin West& Son. The brig " Nancy," Jonathan Neal, master, in 
 August, 1797, to William Gray. The brig "Catherine," Daniel Gould, 
 master, in May, 1803, to Joseph Peabody. The brig "Pompey," 
 James Gilchrist, master, in March, 1804, with wine and 21,772 
 gallons of brandy to Joshua Ward. The ship "Prudent," Edward 
 Ford, master, in July, 1804, to Nathaniel West. The brig "Edwin," 
 Penn Townsend, master, in October, 1804, with wine and prunes to 
 
 25 
 
19i Sketch, of Salem. 
 
 Moses Townsend. The brig " Industry," J. Cook, master, in Febru- 
 ary, 1805, to William Orne. The ship "Algol," Thomas Folinsbie, 
 master, in October, 1807, with wine to Nathan Eobinson. The whole 
 number of entries from Bordeaux was 75. The last entry was the 
 schooner "Cyrus," Benjamin Upton, master, in November, 1815, with 
 brandy, yellow ochre, and prunes to Robert Upton. 
 
 From Stockholm the ship " China," H. Putnam, master, entered in 
 August, 1823, consigned to Joseph Peabody. The brig "Centurion," 
 Samuel Hutchinson, master, in October, 1829, with iron, consigned 
 to Gideon Tucker. 
 
 From Christiania, the brig "Industry," Samuel Smith, master, in 
 March, 1812, with iron hoops and window-glass to William Orne. 
 The brig "Cuba," Josiah B. Andrew, master, in November, 1816, 
 with iron, steel and glass, to John Andrew. 
 
 On the 7th of January, 1796, the ship "Margaret," of Boston, 
 John Mackay, master, with a valuable cargo from Amsterdam, went 
 ashore in Salem harbor on the eastern Gooseberry, during a snow- 
 storm. The captain and three others perished on the wreck. The 
 rest were saved by men from Marblehead. On the 11th of the 
 same month, the brig "John," Ebenezer B. Ward, master, from 
 Loudon, was lost on the Great Misery, during a snow-storm. There 
 was, at this time, no light on Baker's Island, and these shipwrecks 
 led the Salem Marine Society to send a memorial to Cfangress, dated 
 in February, 1796, in which it is stated that "much of the property, 
 and many of the lives of their fellow-citizens are almost every year 
 lost in coming into the harbor of Salem, for want of proper lights to 
 direct their course. No less than three vessels, with their cargoes 
 and sixteen seamen have been lost the present season." The Act 
 authorizing the erection of a light-house on Baker's Island, was ap- 
 proved April 8, 1796, and the lights were shown for the first time 
 January 3, 1798. 
 
 Mediterranean Trade. — Besides the Spanish ports on the Mediter- 
 ranean, Salem vessels visited Marseilles, Genoa, Naples, Leghorn, 
 Messina, Palermo, Smyrna and Trieste. Salt, wine, brandy, figs, 
 raisins, almonds, candles and soap were among the articles imported 
 from those ports. Leghorn and Marseilles were the ports most fre- 
 quently visited. From 1804 to 1808 there were 46 entries from the 
 former and 20 from the latter port. From 1821 to 1829 there were 
 
Mediterranean Trade. 195 
 
 41 entries from Leghorn and 17 from Marseilles. The last entry from 
 Leghorn was in 1841, and from Marseilles, in 1833. The principal 
 trade with the Mediterranean ports was from 1800 to 1808. 
 
 From Leghorn, the ship "Martha," John Prince, Jr., master, en- 
 tered in July, 1799, with 40,893 gallons of wine, 18,490 gallons of 
 brandy, and 6,744 pounds of soap, consigned to Elias H. Derby, and 
 paying a duty of $12,840.12. The ship " Lucia," Thomas Meek, mas- 
 ter, in July, 1800, with brandy, soap, &c., to William Gray, and pay- 
 ing a duty of $20,301. The brig " Sukey," Samuel Sweet, master, 
 in August, 1800, to Simon Forrester. The ship " Friendship," Israel 
 Williams, master, in September, 1805, to Peirce & Wait. The brig 
 "Betsey," Andrew Tucker, master, in June, 1806, with soap, tallow, 
 figs, currants, raisins, almonds and candles, to Joseph Peabody and 
 Gideon Tucker. The ship "America," Joseph Ropes, master, in June, 
 1807, to Nathaniel Silsbee. The ship "Hope," James Barr, master, 
 in November, 1807. The brig " William and Charles," Isaac Killam, 
 master, in November, 1807, with soap, candles, currants and wine, to 
 Michael Shepard. There were no entries from Leghorn from 1808 to 
 1816. The ship " Sophia," Jonathan P. Felt, master, entered in 
 April, 1816, consigned to Charles H. Orne. The ship "Eliza," Wil- 
 liam Osgood, master, la January, 1821, to Stephen Phillips. The 
 brig "Essex," William Fairfield, master, in January, 1822, with can- 
 dles, soap, raisins, &c., to Nathaniel Silsbee. The ship "Two Broth- 
 ers," William Messervy, master, in February, 1823, to Holten J. 
 Breed. The brig "Gov. Endicott," H. C. Mackay, master, in Octo- 
 ber, 1823, to Pickering Dodge. The brig "Malay," J. Richardson, 
 master, in May, 1825, with lead and currants to Nathaniel Silsbee. 
 The bark "Patriot," John Marshall, master, in August, 1826, to John 
 H. Andrew. The ship "Janus," Henry G. Bridges, master, in Au- 
 gust, 1829, with salt, wine, and letter paper, to Gideon Tucker. The 
 brig "Amazon," Oliver Thayer, master, in March, 1832, with salt, 
 &c., to Joseph Peabody. The last vessel to arrive from Leghorn was 
 the brig "Mexican," H. Johnson, master. Slie entered in September, 
 1839, in March, 1840, and in September, 1841, consigned on each 
 voyage to Joseph Peabody. The whole number of entries from Leg- 
 horn was one hundred and thirteen. 
 
 From Marseilles, the schooner "Union," Stephen Field, master, en- 
 tered in October, 1802, consigned to Edward Allen. The ship 
 
196 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 "Ulysses," William Mugford, master, in August, 1804, with prunes, 
 almonds, 18,199 pounds of soap, 48,233 gallons of wine, and 1,571 
 gallons of brandy, consigned to William Gray. The ship " Endeavour," 
 James Buffinton, master, in July, 1805, with 44,902 gallons of claret 
 wine, &c., to Simon Forrester. The brig "Industry," Jonathan Cook, 
 master, in March, 1806, to William Orne. The brig " Sukey," Sam- 
 uel B. Graves, master, in November, 1807, to Nathan Pierce. The 
 schooner "Agawam," Francis Boardman, master, in June, 1816, to 
 John Dodge. The ship "Perseverance," James Silver, master, in 
 October, 1816, with salt, brandy and claret wine, to Willard Peele 
 and William Fettyplace. The brig " Cygnet," Samuel Kennedy, mas- 
 ter, in July, 1823, with wine, to Stephen White, The brig "Java," 
 William H. Neal, master, in September, 1823, with 35,295 gallons of 
 red wine, 1,045 gallons of oil, and 9,708 pounds of soap, to Jonathan 
 Neal. The ship " Endeavour," J. Kinsman, master, in December, 
 1827, to Dudley L. Pickman. The ship "Messenger," James Buffin- 
 ton, master, in January, 1828, to John Forrester. The ship "Ben- 
 gal," J. Eichardson, master, in August, 1830, to Pickering Dodge. 
 The whole number of entries from Marseilles was fifty-three. The 
 last entry was the brig "Roque," T. Seaver, master, in February, 
 1833, with salt, &c., to Joseph Peabody. 
 
 From Naples, the ketch "John," Stephen Phillips, master, entered 
 in March, 1799, with 25,000 gallons of brandy and 46,417 pounds of 
 soap, consigned to Elias H. Derby, and paying a duty of $11,299. 
 The brig " Cruger," John Barton, master, in July, 1800, with soap 
 and wine, to John & Eichard Derby. The ship "John," Daniel 
 Bray, master, in May, 1804, with 32,437 gallons of wine, to Benjamin 
 Pickman, Jr. The brig "Belleisle," Samuel Leech, master, in August, 
 1805, to Pickering Dodge and Nathan Eobinson. The ship "Hercu- 
 les," Edward West, master, was seized in Naples in 1809, but Capt. 
 West had the good fortune to obtain her release in order to transport 
 Lucien Bonaparte and family to Malta, thus saving his ship from con- 
 fiscation. The "Hercules" was owned by Nathaniel West. The 
 schooner "Joanna," Jonathan Hassam, master, entered in January, 
 1810, with brandy, &c., to Samuel Gray. The last entry from Naples 
 was the ship "Francis," William Haskell, master, in August, 1810. 
 This vessel was purchased of the Neapolitan government by the Amer- 
 ican consul, to bring home the crews of American vessels confiscated 
 
Mediterranean Trade. 197 
 
 by order of that government. She brought 214 persons, a large 
 number of whom belonged in Salem. The Salem vessels and cargoes 
 condemned at Naples were valued at $783,000. 
 
 The ship " Margaret," of Salem, William Fairfield, master, left 
 Naples AprQ 10, 1810, with a crew fifteen in number, and thirty-one 
 passengers. On Sunday, May 20, a squall struck the ship, and she 
 was thrown on her beam-'cnds. As every person on board was on 
 deck at the time, they all reached either the bottom or side of the 
 ship, the waves at the time making a continual breach over her. 
 Monday morning the sea was tolerably smooth, and one of the boats 
 having been repaired, Capt. Fairfield and fourteen men left the ship in 
 her, and were picked up on Saturday, May 26, by the brig "Poacher," 
 of Boston. The sufferings of those left on the wreck can hardly be 
 imagined. After the long-boat had departed, they raised a signal of 
 distress. On the 28th, a gale swept away the stage they had erected, 
 and the provisions they had gathered, except a small quantity of wine 
 and salt meat. On the 30th, they made another stage over the fore- 
 castle, and so kept themselves out of the water. June 3d, one of 
 the number died of fatigue and famine. For seven days they had 
 nothing to drink each day but an allowance of three gallons of wine 
 for all, and a glass of vinegar for each man. Many could not resist 
 the temptation to quench their thirst from a pipe of brandy which had 
 been saved from the cargo. On the 5th, twelve of their number, 
 overcome by their hardships and privations, died ; and another on the 
 next day. By the 6th, the whole of the upper deck had gone, and no 
 food was left but beef and pork, which could not be eaten, because 
 there was no fresh water. Since the time of the disaster, May 20, 
 four vessels had passed in sight of the sufferers on the wreck, and 
 added the pangs of disappointed hope to their other trials. 
 
 On the 7th, five of the number left the. wreck in a small yawl. 
 These were John C. Very, E. A. Irvin, and Jeptha Layth, of Salem; 
 Henry Larcom, of Beverly; and John Treadwell, of Ipswich. They 
 left about ten survivors on the wreck, and from these no tidings ever 
 came. Who can imagine their agony, as hope gradually faded out, 
 and they, died one by one in mid-ocean. The escape of those in the 
 small boat is a remarkable instance of human endurance amid suffer- 
 ings and hardships almost incredible. For sixteen days after leaving 
 the wreck they had nothing to sustain them but brandy, a gill in 
 
198 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 twenty-four hours ; and to quench their thirst were obliged to resort to 
 most revolting means. On the night of June 22d there was a fall of 
 rain, and water was caught in handkerchiefs suflScient to partially allay 
 their thirst. June 23d, Treadwell, worn out with fatigue, hunger, and 
 thirst, died without a struggle. The same day they caught some 
 rudder iSsh, which was the first food they had eaten since they left the 
 wreck. On the 28th, Layth died, leaving three survivors in the boat. 
 The next day, with a heavy sea running, they lost their oars and mast, 
 and having nothing to steer by they gave themselves up for lost. 
 They had already been passed by three vessels, when on the 30th they 
 saw another in the distance, and strained every nerve to get in her 
 track. In this they were successful, and Capt. Stephen L. Davis, of 
 Gloucester, the master of the vessel, received them and treated them 
 with great care and kindness. Tossed about in a small and shattered 
 boat for twenty-three days, with scarcely any food or water to sustain 
 them, exposed to storms and gales in which it seemed hardly possible 
 that such a craft could keep afloat, their escape from such extraordi- 
 nary perils and privations is hardly paralleled in the history of marine 
 disasters. 
 
 From Messina, the ship " Prudent," Benjamin Crowninshield, mas- 
 ter, entered in December 1803, with 11,406 gallons of red wine, 
 6,413 gallons of white wine, 4,303 gallons of brandy, and 9,810 
 pounds of soap, consigned to Nathaniel West. The ship "Two 
 Brothers," John Holman, master, in October, 1804, to Israel Williams. 
 The brig "Louisa," Richard Ward, Jr., master, in August, 1810, to 
 James Cook. The brig " Harriot," Samuel Becket, master, in Octo- 
 ber, 1811, with soap, raisins, almonds and wine, to Nathaniel Silsbee. 
 The brig " Eliza and Mary," Thorndike Procter, master, in August, 
 1818, to Stephen White. The last entry was the brig "Centurion," 
 Samuel Hutchinson, master, in June, 1831, with Currants, oil, &c., 
 to Gideon Tucker. 
 
 From Smyrna, the brig "Independence," Nathaniel L. Eogers, 
 master, entered in April, 1810, to Dudley L. Pickman. The brig 
 "Reward," James Hayes, Jr., master, in July, 1810, with almonds, 
 raisins and figs, consigned to Charles H. Orne and Dudley L. Pick- 
 man. The brig "Resolution," Samuel Eea, master, in April, 1812, to 
 Joseph Peabody. The brig "Hope," John Beckford, master, in De- 
 cember, 1829, with 125,000 pounds of figs, to Daniel Abbot and 
 
California Trade. 199 
 
 Robert Stone. The last entry was the brig "Leander," James Silver, 
 master, in January, 1831, with salt, figs, raisins and wool, to Joseph 
 Peabody. 
 
 From Trieste, the brig"Texel," Charles Hill, master, entered in 
 December, 1825, with olive oil and lead, consigned to John W. Rog- 
 ers. The bark "Eliza," Samuel Benson, master, in July, 1829, with 
 hemp and glass, to Stephen White. 
 
 The brig "Persia," John Thistle, master, from Trieste for Salem, 
 belonging to Silsbee, Stone & Pickman, and having a cargo of rags 
 and sumac, was wrecked in the storm of March 5, 1829, on a rocky 
 shore near Brace's Cove, about a mile and a half below Eastern Point, 
 Gloucester, and all on board perished. 
 
 From Genoa, the brig "Nereus," David A. Neal, master, in March, 
 1822, with raisins, &c., to John W. Eogers. The brig "Rebecca," 
 J. P. Andrews, master, in July, 1831, to John H. Andrew. 
 
 Among other entries was that of the brig "Telemachus," Penn 
 Townsend, master, from Constantinople, in May, 1810, with cordage, 
 figs, raisins and currants, to David Burditt. 
 
 J^ova Scotia Trade. — About the year 1840 the trade between 
 Salem and Nova Scotia, and the other British provinces on the east- 
 ern coast of North America, began to be vigorously prosecuted, 
 mainly by English vessels, whose captains often owned both ship and 
 cargo. . This trade increased very rapidly. Wood, coal, and plaster 
 were among the principal articles of import. In 1840, there were fif- 
 teen entries; in 1845, 107; in 1850, 391; in 1855, 328; in 1860, 
 215; in 1865, 118; in 1870, 117; in 1875, 59; in 1878, 53. Dur- 
 ing the thirty- years from 1841 to 1870, inclusive, there were 5,724 
 entries. The period of the greatest activity was from 1848 to 1857, 
 inclusive, when there were 3,253 entries, or an average of 325 for 
 each year. 
 
 California Trade. — A letter giving definite information of the dis- 
 covery of gold in California, reached Salem in October, 1848. The 
 brig "Mary and Ellen" was then fitting for sea. A cargo suitable 
 for the California trade was at once put on board, by Stephen C. 
 Phillips and others, and the brig, under command of Capt. J. H. 
 Eagleston, was cleared Oct. 27, 1848, for the Sandwich Islands via 
 ■ California. Salem again takes the lead, for this was the first vessel 
 to sail for California from Massachusetts after the gold discovery. 
 
200 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 Both vessel and cargo were sold in California. The first vessel that 
 cleared from Massachusetts for San Francisco direct, with an assorted 
 cargo and passengers, was the barque " Eliza," of Salem, loaded by 
 John Bertram and others, and commanded by Capt. A. S. Perkins. 
 She left Salem, Dec. 23, 1848, and arrived at San Francisco, June 1, 
 1849. Alfred Peabody, of Salem, was among the passengers, and 
 upon his arrival he found that Capt. Eagleston had already sold the 
 "Mary and Ellen," and her cargo. John Beadle, Jr., Dennis Rideout, 
 George P. Buffum, George W. Kenney, and Jonathan Nichols, all of 
 Salem, were passengers with Mr. Peabody. 
 
 The bark "Lagrange," Joseph Dewing, master, sailed from Salem 
 for San Francisco March 17, 1849,. taking as passengers the "Salem 
 ,and California Trading Company," among whom were Joseph Dewing, 
 Anthony Francis, Nicholas Bovey, J. K. Vincent, P. Gilman, John 
 H. Pitman, H. B. Bogardus, H. A. Tuttle, C. R. Story, A. Bobbins, 
 John McCloy, George Harris, C. C. Teele, Joseph L. Bartlett, Wil- 
 liam P. Leavitt, Thomas B. Flowers, Eben Chapman, Charles E. 
 Brown, William H. Sibley, O. A. Gordon, John H. Dakin, Daniel 
 Couch, D. A. Nichols, Moses Prime, Edward Fuller, William Brown, 
 B. F. Symonds, William Sinclair, and James Stewart, of the Trading 
 Company, and Nathaniel Osgood, and Richard H. Austin, all of 
 Salem. On board the same vessej. were twelve passengers from 
 Dianvers, four from Lynn, two each from Manchester and Beverly, 
 four from Gloucester, and about ten from other places. 
 
 The ship " Elizabeth," J. S. Kimball, master, was cleared for San 
 Francisco April 3, 1849, by W- P. Phillips. Brackley R. Peabody 
 and Robert M. Copeland, of Salem, went as passengers. The bark 
 "Ann Parry," William M. Harron, master, was cleared June 20, 1849, 
 for San Francisco, by Benjamin Webb. James C. Briggs and Wil- 
 liam H. Clark, of Salem, passengers. The ship " Talma," William 
 B. Davis, master, cleared Sept. 11, 1849, and the bark "Backus," 
 A. D. Caulfield, Jr., master, cleared Nov. 28, 1849, for San Fran- 
 cisco. In the "Backus," Joseph Allen, Charles R. Julyn, Thomas 
 W. Taylor, William Stafford and William H. Brown, went as pas- 
 sengers. 
 
 The ship " Crescent," John Madison, master, cleared for Benecia, 
 California, Dec. 3, 1849. She had been purchased by the Salem 
 Mechanics' Trading and Mining Association, and was loaded with 
 
Salem Tonnage. 201 
 
 130,000 feet of lumber, framed, and made ready for erection into 
 liouses ; and the framework of a small steamboat. On the 6th of 
 December the " Crescent " left Salem with the following-named mem- 
 bers of the association as passengers : Albert Lackey, Thomas J. 
 Gifford, Dean C. Symonds, John Madison, Thomas Dickson, Jr., 
 John H. Newton, Jonathan Davis, Eben Waters, Nathaniel Jenkins, 
 John D. Chappie, Edward A. Wheeler, George S. Nichols, John P. 
 Dickson, Joshua Pope, Gilman Andrews, Israel Herrick, Charles L. 
 Hardy, William Graves, William P. Buffum, Asa A. Whitney, Wil- 
 liam H. Searles, James Gardner, Payne Morse, Benjamin S. Board- 
 man, Samuel H. Larrabee, and John Nichols, all of Salem, and a 
 number from Lawrence, Fitchburg, Lynn, Newton, in all numbering 
 about sixty-one. She arrived at her destination. May 26, 1850, and 
 was sold, with her cargo, very soon after arrival. 
 
 During the gold excitement a large number of Salem residents 
 went to California, sailing from other ports. Stephen C. Phillips 
 and John' Bertram were among those engaged in the California 
 trade. 
 
 Salem Tonnage. — Li 1793, twelve ships were owned in Salem; | 
 in 1807, sixty; and in 1833, only twenty-nine. In 1825, there were 
 thirty-two ships, five barks, ninety-five brigs, sixty schooners, and 
 six sloops owned in Salem, measuring 34,224 tons — the ship "Nile," 
 of 400 tons, was the largest; and in 1828, thirty ships, 102 brigs, 
 eight barks, and thirty schooners — the largest being the ship " Ara- 
 bella," of 404 tons. In 1833, there were 111 Salem vessels engaged 
 in the foreign trade. 
 
 For some time after Salem ceased to be a port to which vessels from 
 foreign countries brought their cargoes, Salem merchants continued 
 to own a large amount of tonnage, but they transacted their business 
 mainly in Boston and New York. At the present time (1879), there 
 are scarcely more than a dozen vessels hailing from Salem engaged in 
 the foreign trade. The ships "Sumatra," 1,073 tons, and "High- 
 lander," 1,352 tons, owned by Benjamin W. Stone; the ships " Soo- 
 loo," 963 tons, "Mindoro," 1,021 tons, "Formosa," 1,253 tons, and 
 "Panay," 1,190 tons, owned by Silsbee & Pickman ; the barks 
 " Glide," 493 tons, and "Taria Topan," 631 tons, owned by John Ber- 
 tram ; the ship "Cultivator," 1,508 tons, owned by Paul Upton and 
 others ; the brigs " Mary E, Dana," 219 tons, and "Lizzie J. Bigelow," 
 
202 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 130 tons, and the schooners "Cayenne," 88 tons, and "Charles H. 
 Fabens," 301 tons, owned by C. E. & B. H. Fabens, are all that are 
 left to carry the name of Salem to foreign lands. 
 
 Where once vessels were arriving, sometimes two in a single day, 
 from India or other remote ports, but a solitary schooner found her 
 way into Salem harbor from a foreign port, other than those from the 
 British provinces, during the year ending June 30, 1878, and she 
 brought a cargo of coal from England. At the custom-house, where 
 in the week ending Sept. 15, 1798, seven Salem vessels, three ships, 
 one bark, and three brigs cleared for Copenhagen, there was cleared 
 during the year ending June 30, 1878, one vessel to the West Indies, 
 and one to Liverpool ; the single entry and the two clearances being 
 in the month of December. The whole number of foreign entries for 
 that year was seventy-nine, of which eight were American vessels, 
 and the total tonnage was 8,183. The number of foreign clearances 
 was ninety-six, of which nine were American vessels, the total ton- 
 nage being 10,090. 
 
 Whale Fishery. — After the decline of the foreign commerce of 
 Salem it was hoped that the whale fishery might be successfully pros- 
 ecuted, and for a short time there was quite a fleet of whalers hailing 
 from this port. Stephen C. Phillips was agent in 1841 for the ships 
 " Elizabeth," 398 tons, and " Sapphire," 365 tons ; and the barks 
 " Emerald," 271 tons, "Eliza," 240 tons, "Henry," 262 tons, and 
 " Malay," 268 tons. John B. Osgood was agent in the same year for 
 the ships "Bengal," 300 tons, "Izette," 280 tons, " Jas. Maury," 395 
 tons, and "Mount Wollaston," 325 tons; and the barks "Eeaper," 
 230 tons, and " Statesman," 258 tons. Nathaniel Weston was agent 
 for the bark "Palestine," 248 tons. The "Malay" was lost July 27, 
 1842, on Europa Rocks in Mozambique Channel. The "Eliza" was 
 condemned at Tahiti June 15, 1843, and the "Statesman" at Tal- 
 cahuana, Nov. 3, 1844. 
 
 During the year ending April 1, 1837, sperm oil to the value of 
 $124,440, and 108,065 gallons of whale oil, valued at $40,866, were 
 landed at Salem. There were 432 hands employed in this business. 
 During the year ending April 1, 1845, there was landed at Salem 
 45,705 gallons of sperm oil, valued at $39,306, and 18,345 gallons of 
 whale oil, valued at $5,686 ; the number of hands employed being 
 110. The hopes entertained at the outset in regard to the whale 
 
The Gustom-House. 203 
 
 fishery were destined never to be realized. Felt says, in 1847, "there 
 are two whalers from Salem. The prospect is that this perilous em- 
 ployment, recommenced in hope as to its increase, continuance and 
 profit, will soon terminate in disappointment." Benjamin Webb had 
 some vessels engaged in this fishery, and John C. Osgood was agent of 
 the last whalers that hailed from the port of Salem. This business 
 was abandoned several years ago and to-day (1879) no whalers are 
 owned in Salem. 
 
 Coasting Trade. — While Salem has lost her foreign trade, 
 the harbor of Salem is not entirely barren of vessels ; for a large 
 amount of tonnage, larger even than when she was at the height of 
 her commercial prosperity, engaged in the coasting trade, brings coal 
 to Salem for distribution to the mills of Lowell and Lawrence. In 
 1870, there entered the harbor, 1,812 coasting vessels, having an 
 aggregate tonnage of 213,514; and 1,237 vessels, measuring 203,798 
 tons, entered during the year ending June 30, 1878. The Salem 
 and New York Steamship Company maintained a line of steam 
 packets between Salem and New York from July, 1871, to June, 1872. 
 
 The " Massachusetts," the first steamboat to enter Salem harbor, 
 arrived from New York in July, 1817, and was employed for a short 
 time in making excursions in the bay. She was regarded at the time 
 as a great curiosity and attracted considerable notice from the towns- 
 people. 
 
 The Gustom-House. — Hand in hand with commerce come the col- 
 lectors and officers of the customs revenue. Before 1819, and 
 during the palmy days of Salem commerce, there was no govern- 
 ment building for the accommodation of such officers. Salem has 
 been established as a port of entry at least since' 1658. In 1663, 
 Hilliard Veren was collector; and in 1683, Marblehead, Beverly, 
 Gloucester, Ipswich, Rowley, Newbury, and Salisbury are annexed 
 to the port of Salem by order of the Court of Assistants, and it is 
 decreed that this port and Boston shall be lawful ports in this 
 Colony, where "all ships and other vessels shall lade or unlade, any 
 of the plantations enumerated goods, or other goods from foreign 
 ports, and nowhere else, on penalty of the confiscation of such ship 
 or vessel, with her goods and tackle, as shall lade or unlade else- 
 where." 
 
 At an early period, commerce seems to have centred about 
 
204 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 Creek Street and the locality of the present Eastern Kailroad Sta- 
 tion. This is the supposed location of the "Port House on the 
 South river" mentioned in an order of the Quarterly Court in 1636. 
 All the "cannowes of the South Syde, are to be brought before the 
 Port House att the same time to be viewed by the Surveiors." 
 These "cannowes" were used for transporting passengers to North 
 and South Salem before the days of bridges, and in them they some- 
 times went fowling " two leagues to sea." There was another port 
 house on North River, and much business was done in former years 
 on that side of the town. 
 
 The Custom-House for thirty-four years was in a building on the 
 corner of Gedney Court, erected in 1645, and known as the French 
 house, having been tenanted by French families. In 1789, it was on the 
 site of the present bank building in Central Street. Maj. Hiller was 
 the collector. In 1805, it was removed, under Col. Lee, to the Central 
 Building on the opposite side of the street, where a carved eagle and 
 shield, lately restored, still mark the spot. In 1807, it was in Essex 
 Street for a time, opposite Pluramer Hall; in 1811, it was on the 
 corner of Essex and Newbury streets ; and in 1813, in the Central 
 Building again, where Col. Lee resided, and whence, in 1819, it was 
 removed to the government building erected for the purpose at the 
 head of Derby Wharf, where it now remains. This building stands 
 upon land bought of the heirs of George Crowninshield, and was the 
 site of the Crowninshield mansion-house, which was removed to 
 make way for the present structure. It was "intended to accommo- 
 date a hoped-for increase in the commercial prosperity of the place — 
 hopes destined never to be realized — and was built a world too large 
 for any necessary purpose, even at the time when India was a new 
 region, and only Salem knew the way thither." This custom-house 
 is a substantial, two-story brick building, with a large warehouse in 
 the rear, the whole surmounted by a cupola, from which the inspect- 
 ors can watch for incoming vessels. It is now out of all propor- 
 tion to the business of the port, and the time is not far distant 
 when it will be abandoned for some smaller quarters. 
 
 There has been collected in imposts at the port of Salem, since 
 the organization of the Union in 1789, more than twenty-five millions 
 of dollars. From August 15, 1789, to 1791, the amount col- 
 lected was $108,064.48, and the number of foreign entries was 205. 
 
Foreign Arrivals. 205 
 
 From 1791 to 1800, inclusive, the duties were $2,949,817.19, and 
 the foreign entries 1,508. From 1801 to 1810, inclusive, the duties 
 were $7,272,633.31, and the foreign entries 1,758. From 1811 to 
 1820, inclusive, the duties were $3,832,894.81, and the foreign entries 
 835. From 1821 to 1830, inclusive, the duties were $4,685,139.58, 
 and the foreign entries 1,226. From 1831 to 1840, the duties were; 
 $1,987,509.12, and the foreign entries, 903. From 1841 to 1850,1 
 the duties were $1,534,558.58, and the foreign entries 2,327, From 
 1851 to 1860, inclusive, the duties were $1,816,676.42, and the 
 foreign entries 3,693. From 1861 to 1870, inclusive, the duties were 
 $846,741.74, and the foreign entries, 1,420. The large increase in the 
 number of foreign entries since 1841 is due to the large trade then 
 carried on between Salem and Nova Scotia. From 1871 to 1878, , 
 inclusive, the duties were about $223,911.96. The duties for the 
 quarter, ending December 31, 1807, when the embargo was officially 
 announced in Salem, were $511,000, which is the largest amount ever 
 collected at Salem in a single quarter. The goods were imported in 
 22 ships, 3 barks, 19 brigs and 23 schooners. In 1868 there was 
 collected in duties $118,114.37, of which $30,000 was paid in a single 
 month. In 1878 the whole amount collected was only about $11,000, 
 of which only about $3,600 was for direct imports. 
 
 Foreign Arrivals. — As an indication of the changes that took place 
 in the foreign trade of Salem it will be interesting to note at periods 
 of ten years the different ports from which vessels arrived. 
 
 In 1790, the foreign entries at the custom-house were : from Cadiz 
 4, St. Martin's 15, St. Eustatia 14, Bristol 2, Cape of Good Hope 2, 
 Aux Cayes 10, St. Lucia 6, Corinna 2, Guadaloupe 9, Cape Francois 
 11, Isle of May 3, Lisbon 7, Port au Prince 15, Bilboa 4, Canton 4, 
 Cape'de Verde 2, Malaga 2, Martinico 5, St. Ubes 2, St. Petersburg 
 4, and one each from St. Mark's, New Brunswick, Nantes, Gottenburg, 
 Bordeaux, St. Domingo, Gibralter, St. Croix, Turk's Island, Isle of 
 France, Hispaniola, St. Sebastian, Oporto, Ireland, Antigua and 
 Trinidad. 
 
 In 1800, the foreign entries were : from Cape Francois 8, Curacoa 3, 
 Purt au Paix 2, Hamburg 3, Martinico 13, Havana 41, Cadiz 4, Suri- 
 nam 2, Trinidad 5, St. Thomas 2, La Guayra3, Bilboa 7, Corunna 2, 
 Gibralter 3, Lisbon 4, Alicant 5, St. Christopher's 3, St. Lucia 3, 
 Port Republican 4, Barcelona 2, Leghorn 4, Naples 2, St. Petersburg 
 
206 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 3, Copenhagen 2, and one each from Honduras, Jamaica, Tobago, 
 Turk's Island, Isle of May, Demerara, Cumana, Calcutta, Port 
 Dauphin, L'Archahaye, Nova Scotia, St. Bartholomew's, Port Liberty, 
 Eussia, Cap,ton, Liverpool, Parimaribo, St. Ubes, Bombay, Cayenne, 
 Madras, Amsterdam, London, Sumatra, Halifax, Genoa, Malaga, 
 Nassau and Batavia. 
 
 In 1810, the foreign entries were : from St. Bart's 10, Tonningen 12, 
 Sumatra 10, Malaga 2, Naples 2, Liverpool 3, St. Domingo 4, Bara- 
 coa 2, Cadiz 4, Cayenne 2, Gottenburg 13, La Guayra 2, Havana 
 26, Canton 2, Smyrna 2, Matanzas 8, Valencia 2, Turk's Island 2, 
 Pernambuco 2, Eio Janeiro 3, Messina, 3, St. Pierre's. 3, Point Petre 
 3, Martinique 2, Cronstadt 2, Archangel 7, St. Lucia 2, Trinidad 2, 
 Surinam 2, St. Petersburg 3, and one each from Calcutta, Porto Rico, 
 Palermo, Algesiras, Constantinople, Cumana, Kiel, Angostura, Jac- 
 quemel, Gustavia, Malta, Gibralter, Exuma, Buenos Ayres, Chris- 
 tiana, Stralsund, St. Ubes, Cape Henry, Guadaloupe, Nevis, Riga, 
 Madras, St. Vincent's and Pillau. 
 
 In 1820, the^ foreign entries were : from Cape Henry 3, Port au 
 Prince 4, Havana 5, Canton 2, St. Pierre's 8, Sumatra 6, Amsterdam 
 3, Maranham 3, Para 3, Leghorn 4, Calcutta 6, Batavia 7, St. Salva- 
 dor 3, Surinam 3, St. Jago 2, Matanzas 3, Manila 3, Isle of May 2, 
 Gottenburg 5, West Indies 2, Bermuda 2, St. Andrew's 5, Antwerp 
 2, St. Petersburg 6, Archangel 2, Cayenne 3, and one each from 
 Samarang, Martinico, Java, St. Thomas, Mocha, South Sea Islands, 
 Jeremie, Liverpool, Malaga, Marseilles, Africa, Cronstadt, St. Lucia, 
 Havre de Grace, Point Petre, St. Michael's, Pernambuco, Padang, 
 Cape Haytien, Port au Prince and St. John's. 
 
 In 1830, the foreign entries were: from Maranham 5, Para 11, 
 Cayenne 7, Sumatra 4, Calcutta 2, Manila 4, Matanzas 4, Port Royal 
 
 2, St. Jago 5, Marseilles 3, Porto Rico 3, Cape de Verde 2, Africa 3, 
 Havana 5, Point Petre 3, Buenos Ayres 4, Montevideo 3, Rio Grande 
 
 3, Paraiba 2, Antwerp 3, St. Andrew's 2, and one each from Mar- 
 tinico, Surinam, Crooked Island, Siam, Cadiz, Majunga, Bombay, 
 Smyrna, St. Thomas, Canton, Trieste, Halifax, Pernambuco, St. Sal- 
 vador, Madagascar, St. Pierre's, Girgenti, Campo Bello, Cronstadt 
 and Liverpool. 
 
 In 1840, the foreign entries were : from Surinam 2, Cayenne 10, 
 Para 11, Africa 15, Zanzibar 7, Montevideo 3, Sumatra 3, Indian 
 
Custom-House Officers. 207 
 
 Ocean 3, Pernambuco 3, St. Jago 4, Manila 2, Maranham 3, Wind- 
 sor, N. S., 8, Cadiz 3, Pictou 2, Sidney, N. S., 4, and one each from 
 Pulo Penang, Cardiff, Legliorn, Porto Kico, Calcutta, St. John's, 
 St. Ubes, Rio Grande, Glasgow, Bridgeport, Ceylon and Martinico. 
 
 In 1850, the foreign entries were : from Nova Scotia 391, Para 15, 
 Africa 22, Eio Grande 13, Zanzibar 9, Cayenne 6, New Brunswick 2, 
 St. Martin's 2, Buenos Ayres 6, Surinam 2, Newport, Eng., 3, and 
 one each from Penang, Havana, Matanzas, Manila, Turk's Island, 
 Prince Edward Island and Aquilla. 
 
 In 1860, the foreign entries were : from Nova Scotia 215, Para 7, 
 Africa 25, Cayenne 10, Montevideo 2, Zanzibar 4, Surinam 2, Rio 
 Grande 2, Buenos Ayres 2, and one each from Mozambique, Shields, 
 Eng., Sunderland, Eng., Port Praya, Newcastle, Eng., and Trapani. 
 
 In 1870, the foreign entries were : from the British Provinces 117, 
 Cayenne 3, Newcastle, Eng., 2, an done each from Zanzibar, Africa, 
 Eio Grande, Cape Verde Islands and Sunderland, Eng. 
 
 In 1878, the foreign entries were : from the British Provinces 53, 
 and none from any other ports. 
 
 Collectors of Customs. — The successive collectors since the Revolu- 
 tion have been Warwick Palfray (born, Oct., 1715; died, Oct. 10, 
 1797), from 1776 to 1784; Joseph Hiller (born, March 26, 1748; 
 died, Feb. 9, 1814), 1784 to 1802; William R. Lee (born, 1744; 
 died in office, Oct. 26, 1824), 1802 to 1824; James Miller, 1825 to 
 1849 ; Ephraim F. Miller, 1849 to 1857 ; William B. Pike, 1857 to 
 1861; Willard P. Phillips, 1861 to 1865; Robert S. Rantoul, 1865 
 to 1869; Charles W. Palfray, 1869 to 1873; Charles H. Odell, 
 1873 to the present time. 
 
 Deputy Collectors. — The deputy collectors, under the present 
 organization, have been: Charles Cleveland, from 1789 to 1802 
 William W. Oliver, 1803 to 1839 ; John B. Knight, 1839 to 1843 
 Ephraim F. Miller, 1843 to 1849 ; J. Linton Waters, 1849 to 1854 
 Henry E. Jenks, 1854 to 1857 ; Chipman Ward, 1857 to 1859 
 Henry Derby, 1859 to 1861; Ephraim F. Miller, 1861 to 1864 
 Charles S. Osgood, 1864 to 1873; J. Frank Dalton, 1873 to the 
 present time. 
 
 Surveyors. — The surveyors during the same period have been, 
 Bartholomew Putnam, from 1789 to 1809 ; George Hodges, 1809 to 
 1817 5 John Saunders, 1818 to 1830 ; James Dalrymple, 1830 to 1834 ; 
 
208 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 Joseph Noble, 1834 to 1838 ; Edward Palfray, 1838 to 1841 ; Stephen 
 Daniels, 1841 to 1843 ; Nehemiah Brown, 1843 to 1846 ; Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne, 1846 to 1849; Allen Putnam, 1849 to 1854; Lewis 
 Josselyn, 1854 to 1857 ; Ebenezer Dodge, 1857 to 1861; William 
 C. Waters, 1861 to 1863; Charles F. Williams, 1863 to 1865; 
 Joseph Moseley, 1865 to 1871; Charles D. Howard, 1871 to 1875, 
 when the office was abolished. 
 
 Naval Officers. — The naval officers have been William Pickman, 
 from 1789 to 1803; Samuel Ward, 1803 to 1812; Henry Elkins, 
 1812 to 1829 ; John Swasey, 1829 to 1842 ; Abraham True, 1842 to 
 1846 ; John D. Howard, 1846 to 1849 ; William Brown, 1849 to 1853 ; 
 Charles Millett, 1853 to 1858; John Ryan, 1858 to 1860; Joseph A. 
 Dalton, 1861 to 1865, when the office was abolished. 
 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne. — The two most prominent names in this list 
 are those of Nathaniel Hawthorne and James Miller. The. one, the 
 unequalled master of romance ; the other, " New England's most dis- 
 tinguished soldier." Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, July 
 4, 1804, in the house now numbered twenty-one on Union Street. 
 He was a descendant of Maj. William Hathorne, who came with Gov. 
 Winthrop in the " Arbella." The name is an old and honored one in 
 Salem, and prominently connected with its early history. On the 
 death of his father, in 1808, he lived for a time with his maternal 
 grandfather, Richard Manning, on Herbert Street. For a year he 
 lived in Raymond, Maine, and then returned to Salem. He graduated 
 at Bowdoin College in 1825, in the same class with the poet Longfellow. 
 He was appointed weigher and gauger at Boston in 1838, and was 
 removed in 1841 for political reasons ; he was surveyor at Salem 
 from 1846 to 1849; and consul of the United States at Liverpool 
 from 1852 to 1856. 
 
 The fame of Hawthorne as a writer was of very slow growth. In 
 1828, he published anonymously the romance, "Fanshawe," and in 
 1837, "Twice-told Tales." In 1840, after having been a resident of 
 Lenox, as well as of Concord, he drifted back to the old family mansion 
 in Union Street, where, writing in the solitude of his chamber, he says : 
 " Here I sit, in my old accustomed chamber, where I used to sit in days 
 gone by. Here I have written many tales. If ever I have a biographer 
 he ought to make mention of this chamber in my memoirs, because here 
 my mind and character were formed ; and here I sat a long, long time, 
 
Custom-House Officers. 209 
 
 waiting patiently for the world to know me, and sometimes wondering 
 why it did not know me sooner, or whether it would ever know me 
 at all — at least till I were in my grave." Some years later he pub- 
 lished " The Scarlet Letter," and there was no longer any doubt whether 
 the world would ever know him. This romance has become one of 
 the classics of our language, and the subtle genius of the great story- 
 teller has reflected a halo of interest around the custom-house which 
 brings curious travellers from far and wide to visit it. The room he 
 occupied ; the desk on which fie wrote ; the stencil-plate with which 
 he put his name on packages ; the room in which he tells us he found 
 the manuscript, telling the sad, strange story of Hester Prynne, 
 were, until a few years, preserved and examined with interest by 
 tourists. The custom-house was refurnished in 1873, and his desk 
 was deposited by his successor in office with the Essex Institute. 
 
 About 1849 he removed to Lenox, and there wrote " The House 
 of the Seven Gables." The scene is located in Salem. The work 
 added to his growing fame as an author. Among his later works are 
 "The Blithedale Komance," and "The Marble Faun," — the one a remin- 
 iscence of his residence at Brook Farm, the other of his abode in Italy. 
 He died in Plymouth, N. H., May 19, 1864, while making a short 
 journey, in the company of his friend and class-mate. President 
 Franklin Pierce. 
 
 James Miller was born in Peterboro, N. H., in 1776. He was bred 
 to the law, and left the courts for the camp, on being appointed by 
 Jefierson, in 1808, a major in the 4th U. S. Infantry. He was with 
 Gen. Harrison throughout his famous western campaign of 1811 ; 
 then followed Brownstown, Chippewa, and Lundy's Lane, and from 
 the last dates his national fame and his brigadier's commission. At 
 that battle Maj. Gen. Brown was in command, and was disabled, and 
 Scott of the First Brigade was also disabled. It was plain that a 
 certain hill, whose frowning front bristled with artillery, was the key 
 to victory. At this juncture Col. Miller was called on to storm the 
 work. "I'll try, sir!" was Miller's reply, and as he says, with his 
 regiment reduced to less than three hundred men, he at once obeyed 
 the order. Two regiments ordered to his support quailed and turned 
 back. "Col. Miller," says the oflicial records, " without regard to 
 this occurrence, advanced steadily and carried the height." "Not one 
 man at the cannon," says he, in writing to his wife, " was left to put 
 
 27 
 
210 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 fire to them." The memorable words, "I'll try sir!" were at once 
 embossed upon the buttons of his shattered regiment, which was pre- 
 sented with a captured gun for distinguished gallantry. On the fol- 
 lowing November Congress voted him a gold medal bearing his 
 likeness, his famous words, and the names of Chippewa, Niagara, and 
 Fort Erie. He was also presented with a sword by the State of New 
 York. Gen. Miller was governor of Arkansas Territory in 1819. 
 He died July 7, 1851, in Temple, N. H. 
 
 Mr. Cleveland and Mr. Oliver are remarkable among the deputy 
 collectors. The former was born in Norwich, Conn., June 21, 1772, 
 and died June 5, 1872, coming within sixteen days of living out the 
 century. At the age of ninety-eight he attended Mr. Oliver's funeral, 
 who died at ninety-one. Mr. Oliver was connected with the custom- 
 house forty-six years. He was born in Salem, December 10, 1778, 
 and died December 29, 1869. 
 
 Jonathan Pue, now immortalized in " The Scarlet Letter," became 
 "searcher and surveyor" in 1752, and died suddenly in office, March 
 24, 1760. In 1734 William Fairfax, whose name was afterwards 
 pleasantly associated with that of Washington, left the collectorship 
 of this port and removed to Virginia. 
 
 Marine Insurance Companies. — The rapid increase in the shipping 
 at this port which took place after trade was opened between Salem 
 and the East Indies, led to the organization of a number of insurance 
 companies where the merchant could insure ship and cargo. At the 
 different offices of these companies the merchants assembled in the 
 evening to transact their business, to read the papers, and to hear 
 the general gossip of the day. Here the shipmasters recounted the 
 perils they had encountered, and compared notes with each other re- 
 garding the voyages from which they had just returned ; and here, in 
 the busy days of Salem's commerce, all was bustle and activity and 
 life. Many of the offices were retained long after the business had 
 greatly diminished, and became a place where the retired shipmasters 
 of Salem resorted to discuss the news of the day, and recount the 
 departed glories of the past. 
 
 The Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company was incorporated 
 March 7, 1803, William Gray and others incorporators, and was 
 located in the building on Essex Street, facing Central Street ; Nathan- 
 iel Bowditch was its President for many years ; the Merchants' Insur- 
 
Ship-Building. 211 
 
 ance Company, Peter Lander, President, was located in the store now 
 occupied by Asa Hood, on the west side of Essex House yard; the 
 Salem Commercial Insurance Company was incorporated in 1818, N. 
 Silsbee, Joseph Story and others incorporators ; George Cleveland, 
 for many years. President. The Mercantile Insurance Company, in- 
 corporated in 1825, John Winn, Jr., President, was located on the 
 western corner of Essex and St. Peter's streets. After that company 
 gave up business, the Essex Insurance Company was formed and oc- 
 cupied the same location. The Oriental Insurance Company, incor- 
 porated in 1824, was located in the East India Marine ' building, and 
 subsequently removed to Asiatic Bank building. The Social Insur- 
 ance Company was incorporated March 1, 1808, and revived June 5, 
 1830, for ten j'ears, to settle old claims. The Salem Marine Insur- 
 ance Company, which was incorporated in February, 1856, and com- 
 menced business in February, 1857, is the only marine insurance 
 company now doing business in Salem. William Northey is President, 
 and F. P. Richardson, Secretary. 
 
 Ship-Building. — It was natural that early attention should have 
 been given to ship-building, in a settlement where the staple article 
 of trade was the product of the fisheries. In 1629 the Home Com- 
 pany sent six ship-builders to Salem, of whom Robert Moulton was 
 chief. Salem Neck was used for ship-building from the very earliest 
 period. So many people were located in that vicinity in 1679 that John 
 Clifford was licensed to keep a victualling house for their convenience. 
 In 1636, Richard HoUingworth, a ship-builder, who came to Salem 
 in 1635, gets a grant of land on the neck from the town, and builds 
 a ship of 300 tons there in 1641. It is most probable that prior to 
 1637, Robert Moulton and his shipwrights built several small decked 
 vessels for the fisheries and for trading. The Home Company order 
 three shallops to be built in Salem in 1629, doubtless for fishing pur- 
 poses. From 1629 to 1640, Salem had not much shipping of her own ; 
 but in the latter year, the Rev. Hugh Peters, of the First Church, a 
 man of great energy and sagacity, interested the people in ship-build- 
 ing, and in a few years an abundant supply of vessels were built. 
 Salem became noted as one of the principal places in the Colony for 
 building vessels. 
 
 From 1659 to 1677, there appear to be four noted ship-builders in 
 Salem, one of whom, Jonathan Pickering, gets a grant of land about 
 
212 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 Hardy's Cove from the town, to himself and heirs forever, to build 
 vessels upon. From 1692 to 1718, seven ship-builders appear prom- 
 inent in Salem, among whom are Joseph Hardy and William Becket. 
 In 1662 the town authorities endeavor to accommodate, at Burying 
 Point, near the footof Liberty Street, those desirous of graving vessels. 
 In 1676 Salem is said to be one of the principal places for building ves- 
 sels, at £4 per ton. Of the 26 vessels belonging to Salem in 1698-99, 
 seventeen were built here. From 1700 to 1714 inclusive, "registers 
 wei'e granted to 4 ships, 3 barks, 9 brigs, 24 sloops and 19 ketches 
 belonging to Salem. They ranged from 15 to 90 tons, and 40 of 
 them were built here. In 1705 the ship "Unity," of 270 tons, was 
 built in Salem, for Boston and London merchants, and in 1709 Joseph 
 Hardy built the brig "American Merchant," of 160 tons burden. In 
 1712 a sale is recorded by Ebenezer Lambert, shipwright, of Salem, 
 of ye good sloop "Betty," lately built, of about 80 tons burden, to 
 Benjamin Marston, of Salem, for £240, or £3 per ton. 
 
 Vessels were built or repaired in Salem on the neck, including 
 Winter Island ; on the creek running iuto South River, near the foot 
 of Norman Street ; at the Burying Point near the foot of Liberty 
 Street, and at other places on the South River ; at Frye's Mills on the 
 North River; and at Hardy's Cove. Referring to the creek running 
 into the South River, Felt says, writing in 1842, that "its course was 
 from the South River, below the mills, and up between Norman and 
 High streets. A century since boys would go in boats from its waters 
 to a swamp in Crombie Street, and collect eggs from blackbirds' 
 nests. Britton's Hill, running from Summer Stre^, formerly had a 
 ship-yard, whence vessels were launched into the creek. An octogen- 
 arian vividly remembers a brig of 150 tons, which was built on the 
 margin of the same waters." It seems hardly credible that the prin- 
 cipal commerce and shipbuilding of the town was at one time carried 
 on in this locality, for scarcely a vestige remains to-day of the creek 
 or cove, and the South River is gradually disappearing from view, 
 and at this point runs through a covered culvert. 
 
 The Beckets have been famous as ship-builders in Salem. The ship- 
 yard of the Beckets was situated between Phillips Wharf and Webb's 
 Wharf. This place has been known as Becket's Beach, and is directly 
 in front of the old mansion-house built by John Becket about 1655. 
 It was occupied by the Beckets as a shipyard from 1655 to 1800, a 
 
Ship-Building. 213 
 
 period of 145 years. After 1800, Retire Becket built his vessels on 
 land further/to the eastward. 
 
 The most famous vessel built by Retire Becket, was the yacht 
 "Cleopatra's Barge," of 191 tons burden, whose owner, Capt. George 
 Crowninshield, spared no expense in her construction or in her ap- 
 pointments. She was built for a pleasure-trip to the Mediterranean, 
 and excited wonder, even at Genoa, for her beauty, luxury and mag- 
 nificence. She was launched October 21, 1816, in the presence of an 
 immense concourse of people. During the winter of 1817 the harbor 
 was frozen over to the Haste and Coney Island, and this vessel having 
 returned from her voyage, a great many people drove over the ice in 
 sleighs to visit her. Retire Becket also built, in 1799, the brig "Ac- 
 tive," of 206 tons, in which William P. Richardson made the first 
 trading voyage from Salem to the Feejee Islands, in 1810 ; in 1800, the 
 ship "Margaret," of 295 tons, which made the first voyage from Salem 
 to Japan, leaving Salem November 10, 1800, under command of 
 Samuel Derby; and in 1794, for Elias H. Derby, the ship "Re- 
 covery," of 284 tons, which, under command of Joseph Ropes first 
 displayed the stars and stripes at Mocha. He also built for Elias H. 
 Derby in 1798, the ship "Mount Vernon," of 356 tons; for George 
 Crowninshield & Sons, in 1804, the ship "America," of 473 tons, 
 famous as a privateer in the war of 1812 ; for Z. F. Silsbee and James 
 Devereux, in 1807, the ship "Herald," of 274 tons. The last vessel 
 built by Mr. Becket was the brig " Becket," of 128 tons, for John 
 Crowninshield in 1818. 
 
 Ebenezer Mann came to Salem from Pembroke in 1783, and in the 
 same year commenced building vessels in a yard near Frye's Mills on 
 North River, and continued in the business until about the year 1800. 
 Among the vessels built by Mr. Mann was the brig "William," of 182 
 tons, in 1784, for William Gray; the brig "Fanny," of 152 tons, in 
 1785, for Benjamin Goodhue ; the bark "Good Intent," of 171 tons, 
 in 1790, for Simon Forrester; the schooner "Betsey," of 108 tons 
 in 1792, for Jerathmael Peir.ce ; the brig "Hind," of 157 tons, in 
 1795, for William Orne ; the ship " Good Hope," of 188 tons, in 1795, 
 for Nathaniel West; the bark "Eliza," of 187 tons in 1796, for Jo- 
 seph White; and the ship "Prudent," of 214 tons, in 1799, for 
 Nathaniel West. 
 
 Christopher Turner, who came to Salem from iPembroke, where he 
 
214 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 was bora in 1767, continued the business of ship-building at Frye's 
 Mills after Mr. Mann retired. He built, among others, the schoone" 
 "Essex," of 114 tons, in 1800, for William Fabens, for the West 
 India and Cayenne trade. The ship "Pompey," of 188 tons, in 
 1802, for William Orne. She was afterwards sold to Joshua Ward, 
 made into a brig, and commanded by James Gilchrist. The 
 ship " Hope," of 282 tons, in 1805, for J. & J. Barr. The ship 
 "Hunter," of 296 tons, in 1807, for Jerathmael Peirce. The brig 
 "Romp," of 232 tons in 1809, for Nathaniel Silsbee. She was com- 
 manded by William Lander, and was confiscated at Naples, in 1809, 
 on her first voyage. The ship "Rambler," of 286 tons, in 1811, for 
 George Nichols. She was captured by the British in 1812, while 
 commanded by Timothy Bryant. Mr. Turner built, at Union Wharf, 
 for George Crowninshield, the sloop "Jefferson," of 22 tons, for a 
 pleasure-yacht. She was launched in March, 1801, and is believed 
 to have been the first regular yacht built in the United States. 
 
 David Magoun built, on the neck, between the gate and Col. John 
 Hathorne's house, in 1805, the ship "Alfred," 200 tons, for Joseph 
 White. 
 
 Barker & Magoun built, at the same place, the schooner " Enter- 
 prize," 200 tons, in 1812, and the schooner "Gen. Stark" in 1813. 
 
 Enos Briggs was one of the most noted ship-builders in Salem. He 
 came here from Pembroke in 1790, and built the ship " Grand Turk," 
 of 560 tons, for Elias Hasket Derby. She was built on the lot of 
 land next east of Isaac P. Foster's store, and was launched March 
 10, 1791, and replaced the ship "Grand Turk," of 300 tons, which 
 was sold at the Isle of France in 1788. Having built, the "Grand 
 Turk," Mr. Briggs returned to Pembroke for his family. They arrived 
 at Salem July 4, 1791, and the sloop in which they came brought, 
 also, the frame of a dwelling-house, which he erected on Harbor 
 Street, and which, for many years after his decease, was occupied by 
 the family of his daughter, Mrs. Nathan Cook. Mr. Briggs was born 
 in Pembroke July 29, 1746, and died in Salem Oct. 10, 1819. His 
 shipyard in Salem was located between Peabody and Harbor streets, 
 west of the Naumkeag Cotton Mills. Here he built, for Elias Hasket 
 Derby, in 1792, the ship "Benjamin," of 161 tons, which was after- 
 wards commanded by Nathaniel Silsbee; in 1794, the ketch "Eliza," 
 of 184 tons, which, under command of Stephen Phillips, made some 
 
Ship-Building. 215 
 
 of the early voyages to Calcutta and the Isle of France ; in 1795, the 
 ketch " John," of 258 tons, and the ketch " Brothers," of 148 tons ; and, 
 in 1796, the ship "Martha," of 340 tons. For George Crowninshield 
 & Sons, he built, in 1794, the ship "Belisarius," of 261 tons. For 
 Peirce & "Wait, in 1797, the ship "Friendship," of 342 tons, after- 
 wards commanded by Israel Williams. For Joseph Peabody, in 
 1798, the schooner "Sally," 104 tons; in 1798, the brig "Neptune," 
 160 tons ; in 1801, the brig "Catherine," 158 tons ; in 1803, the ship 
 "Mount Vernon," 254 tons; in 1804, the ship "Janus," 277 tons; in 
 1805, the ship "Augustus," 246 tons; in 1807, the ship "Francis," 
 297 tons; in 1811, the ship "Glide," 306 tons; in 1812, the brig 
 "Levant," 265 tons; and in 1816, the ship "China," of 370 tons. 
 For Nathaniel West, in 1794, the schooner "Patty," 111 tons, which, 
 under command of Edward West, made one of the earliest voyages 
 from Salem to Batavia; and in 1801, the ship "Commerce," 239 tons. 
 For Benjamin Pickman, in 1803, the ship "Derby," of 300 tons. 
 For Simon Forrester, in 1805, the ship "Messenger," 277 tons. For 
 William Gray, in 1806, the ship "Pactolus," 288 tons. Mr. Briggs 
 built, while in Salem, fifty-one vessels of 11,500 tons, among them 
 the famous frigate "Essex," of 850 tons, built in 1799, and referred 
 to elsewhere. 
 
 Elijah Briggs, on the death of his cousin Enos, continued the 
 business of ship-building at the yard in South Salem. He built for 
 Pickering Dodge, in 1819, the ship "Gov. Endicott," 279 tons; in 
 1828, the ship "Lotos," 296 tons; in 1828, the ship "Mandarin," 
 295 tons; and in 1829, the ship "Rome," 344 tons. For Jonathan 
 Neal, in 1820, the brig "Java," 225 tons. For John Forrester, in 
 1823, the ship "Emerald," 271 tons. For Joseph Peabody, in 1824, 
 the brig "Mexican," 227 tons, and the brig "Amazon," 202 tons. 
 For Gideon Tucker, in 1825, the brig "Olinda," 182 tons. Mr. 
 Briggs was born in Scituate July 17, 1762, and died in Salem May 
 29, 1847. 
 
 Elias Jenks and Ichabod E. Hoyt continued the business of ship- 
 building in South Salem down to 1843, and built their vessels a little 
 to the westward of the spot occupied by Enos Briggs. They built 
 for Joseph Peabody, in 1827, the ship "Sumatra," 287 tons ; in 1831, 
 the ship "Eclipse," 326 tons; in 1833, the ship "Naples," 309 tons; 
 and in 1837, the ship "Carthage," 426 tons. For Nathaniel L. 
 
216 BTcetch of Salem. 
 
 Eogers & Brothers, in 1828, the ship "Crusoe," 350 tons. For the 
 Messrs. Silsbee, in 1831, the ship "Borneo," 297 tons; and in 1840, 
 the ship "Sooloo," 400 tons. For Thorndike Deland, in 1836, the 
 schooner "William Penn," 125 tons. For David Pingree, in 1843, 
 the bark "Three Brothers," 350 tons. 
 
 In 1834, there had been built in Salem for the foreign trade since 
 1789, sixty-one ships, four barks, fifty-three brigs, three ketches, and 
 sixteen schooners, measuring 30,557 tons. 
 
 On the 1st of December, 1825, there was launched from the ship- 
 yard of Mr. Cottle, in North Salem, near Orne's Point, a schooner of 
 40 tons, built for the use of the American missionaries at the Sand- 
 wich Islands. She was called the " Missionary Packet," and sailed 
 from Boston Jan. 17, 1826, for the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Samuel Lewis built, in 1849, the bark "Argentine," for Robert 
 Upton, and in 1850 the brig "M. Shepard," 160 tons, for John 
 Bertram. 
 
 Justin Carter built, in 1854, under the superintendence of A. H. 
 Gardner, and on the eastern side of Phillips Wharf, for Edward D . 
 Kimball, the bark " Witch," 417 tons ; and subsequently, at the same 
 place, for other parties, the ship "Europa," 846 tons. 
 
 Edward F. Miller, whose shipyard was at the point of land in 
 South Salem opposite the end of Derby Wharf, built for E. W. Ropes 
 & Co., in 1855, the brig " Mary Wilkins," 266 tons ; and in 1859 the 
 bark "La Plata," 496 tons. For Benjamin A. West^ in 1857, 
 the bark " Arabia," 380 tons. She was lost at the Cape of Good Hope 
 on her first voyage. For John Bertram, in 1856, the bark " Guide " ; 
 in 1861, the bark " Glide," 493 tons ; in 1869, the bark " Jersey," 599 
 tons, which was lost at Madagascar on her first voyage ; and, in 1870, 
 the bark "Taria Topan," 631 tons. For John C. Osgood and others, 
 in 1862, the brig " Star," 250 tons. 
 
 Joshua Brown built, near Miller's shipyard, the schooner "Prairie 
 Flower," 106 tons. This vessel was launched on the 27th of April, 
 1858. She sailed from Salem Tuesday, June 8, 1858, for Boston, to 
 obtain a.part of her fishing outfit. A large party of young men were 
 on board, invited by the owners to make the trip to Boston. About 
 2 P.M., when in the Broad Sound and entering Boston Harbor, the 
 schooner was struck by a sudden gust of wind and capsized. The 
 water rushed into the cabin, filling it, and of those there at the time, 
 
Salem Privateers. 217 
 
 seven were drowned. They were all under thirty years of age, and 
 all of Salem. Osgood Sanborn was 28 ; Daniel R. Fitz, 24 ; George 
 C. Clark, 24; Francis Donaldson, 21; William H. Russell, 20; 
 William H. Newcomb, 20, and Lewis B. Smith, 14. The remainder 
 of the party were rescued by vessels that chanced to be near the scene 
 of the accident. No such calamity had occurred in Salem since tha 
 17th of June, 1773, when the king's boat, belonging to the custom- 
 house, was capsized in Salem Harbor during a squall, and three men 
 and seven women, all of Salem, were drowned. 
 
 Mr. Brown built a number of other vessels, among them the 
 schooner "David B. Newcomb," 92 tons, in 1860, and the brig 
 " Albert," 325 tons, in 1862. 
 
 Balem Privateers in the Revolution. — The colonists in the War of 
 the Revolution were almost destitute of ships of war. They were 
 engaged in a struggle with one of the most powerful maritime 
 nations, without the means to cope with their enemy on the high seas. 
 Their own commerce was ruined, and it was essential to their success 
 that provision be made for making the commerce of Great Britain 
 suffer, in common with them, the fortunes and vicissitudes of war. 
 Boston and New York were occupied and nearly ruined by the enemy, 
 and Newport, Philadelphia, Savannah, and Charleston soon shared 
 their fate. The main reliance of the country to preserve its inter- 
 course with Europe, and for supplies of arms and military stores, 
 was on the shipping of Salem, and a cluster of small ports around it, 
 including Marblehead and Beverly. 
 
 Salem at this crisis showed the same patriotic spirit which she has 
 always exhibited when the country in its need and distress has called 
 on her for assistance. The merchants and mariners of Salem turned 
 their vessels into men of war, equipped them with cannon, manned them 
 with gallant seamen, and sent them out to meet Great Britain on the 
 deep. During this contest there were equipped and sent out from 
 this port at least 158 vessels, manned by several thousand brave 
 sailors from Salem. They mounted more than 2,000 guns, carrying 
 on an average twelve or fourteen each. The number of prizes taken 
 by Salem armed vessels during the Revolution was about 445. About 
 fifty-four of the privateers and letters-of-marque were captured. 
 Among the gallant officers who commanded the privateers of Salem, 
 were Jonathan Haraden, Thomas Benson, John Carnes, Benjamin 
 
218 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 Crowninshield, John Derby, John Felt, Simon Forrester, William 
 Gray, Thomas Perkins, S. Tucker, and Joseph Waters. 
 
 Jonathan Haraden. — The daring deeds performed by these men 
 deserve a more extended notice than history accords them. A type 
 of the character of the Salem commanders may be found in Jonathan 
 Haraden. He was one of the bravest officers and best seamen who 
 sailed from Salem in the Revolution. His desperate actions and won- 
 derful triumphs, his consummate courage and serene intrepidity, 
 entitle him to a place in history by the side of Paul Jones and Deca- 
 ter, and Farragut and Gushing. The equal of these in bravery and 
 daring, his memory should be cherished as one of the dauntless heroes 
 of the Eevolution. He was born in Gloucester, and died in Salem, in 
 1803, in his fifty-ninth year. He came to Salem when a boy. Soon 
 after hostilities commenced between Great Britain and her Colonies, 
 Captaiu Haraden was appointed a lieutenant in the "Tyrannicide," 
 Capt. Fiske, of Salem, which vessel captured a royal cutter, bound 
 from Halifax to New York, and carried her in triumph into Salem. 
 Lieut. Haraden soon rose to the post of captain, and took command 
 of the " Gen. Pickering," a Salem ship of 180 tons, carrying fourteen 
 six-pounders and a crew of forty-five men and boys. In this ship he 
 sailed from Salem in the spring of L780, with a cargo of sugar for 
 Bilboa, then a famous resort for American privateers. On his pas- 
 sage. May 29, 1780, he was attacked by a British cutter of twenty 
 guns, and beat her off after a contest of about two hours. Upon en- 
 tering the Bay of Biscay, he fell in with a British privateer of twenty- 
 two guns and sixty men. Having approached in the night, unob- 
 served, he ran alongside and commanded her through his trumpet to 
 strike to an American frigate or he would sink her. The privateer 
 struck her flag, and the captain, when he came on board the " Picker- 
 ing," was mortified to think he had submitted to such inferior force. 
 Mr. John Carnes, of Salem, was put in charge of the prize. 
 
 As the vessels approached Bilboa they met a sail coming out, which 
 the captured captain said was the " Achilles," a privateer from Lon- 
 don, of forty-two guns and 140 men, and added that he knew her 
 force. Capt. Haraden coolly replied, "I shan't run from her." The 
 British ship first retook the prize and placed a crew on board, and, 
 night coming on, deferred her attack on Capt. Haraden till morning. 
 As the day dawned, June 4, 1780, the " Achilles " bore down upon the 
 
Salem Privateers. 219 
 
 "Pickering," and Capt. Haraden placed his vessel in condition for 
 action. After a desperate contest of about three hours' duration, 
 the British ship was obliged to seek safety iu flight, notwithstanding 
 her greatly superior force. Capt. Haraden gave chase, but the 
 " Achilles " was light, outsailed the " Pickering," and escaped. He 
 then returned, coolly recaptured his prize, and carried her in safety 
 into Bilboa. 
 
 The battle was fought so near the Spanish coast that an immense 
 concourse of spectators, amounting, as was supposed, to nearly one 
 hundred thousand, assembled along the shore, in boats, and on the 
 hillsides, during the action, and before Capt. Haraden with his 
 prize had been at anchor half an hour, one could walk a mile from 
 his ship by stepping from one boat to another. So great was the 
 admiration with which the battle and victory were witnessed, that 
 when the captain landed he was surrounded by this vast throng of 
 strangers and borne in triumph into the city, where he was wel- 
 comed with public and unbounded honors. The late venerable 
 Eobert Cowan, who was with him, in this action, said that the 
 "Gen. Pickering," in comparison with her antagonist, "looked like 
 a long-boat by the side of a ship," and "that he fought with a 
 determination that seemed superhuman," and that although in the 
 most exposed positions, "where the shot flew around him in thou- 
 sands, he was all the while as calm and steady as amidst a shower 
 of snowflakes." 
 
 On one of the subsequent cruises of this gallant officer in the 
 "Pickering," he fell in with a king's mail-packet, from one of the 
 West India isles, homeward bound, which gave him a very warm 
 reception. After an action which lasted four hours, Capt. Haraden 
 found it necessary to haul off and repair damages. Having done so, 
 he went again alongside the packet, with all the powder he had left 
 in his cannon. He then hailed the enemy, and told him he would 
 give him five minutes to haul down his colors, and if they were not 
 down at the expiration of that time he would sink him. At the end 
 of three minutes the colors came down. The boat, on going along- 
 side the prize, found the blood running from her scuppers, while the 
 deck appeared more like the floor of a slaughter-house than the deck 
 of a ship. 
 
 Space will not permit the recital of the numerous other conflicts, 
 
220 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 sometimes against great odds, in which this intrepid commander 
 engaged. During the war he captured more than a thousand guns 
 from the ships of the enemy. Amid the din of battle he was calm 
 and cool and self-possessed. The more deadly the strife, the more 
 imminent the peril, the more terrific the scene, the more perfect 
 seemed his self-command and serene intrepidity. He was a hero, 
 among heroes and his name should live in honored and affectionate 
 remembrance. 
 
 The armed ships of Salem performed valiant service to the country ; 
 they intercepted the transport and supply ships sent from Eng- 
 land and Nova Scotia to the troops in Boston and New York. 
 They resorted to the French islands for munitions of war, and cap- 
 tured the ships engaged in the sugar trade. They cruised in the 
 Bay of Biscay, in the English and Irish channels ; raised the rate of 
 insurance on British ships to twenty-three per cent., and compelled 
 England to employ most of her navy in convoying merchantmen ; 
 and, although a large number were captured, they rarely yielded to 
 an equal force. 
 
 8alem Privateers in the War of 1812. — When this country was 
 once more engaged in a war with Great Britain in 1812, Salem again 
 ^^ did her part in harassing the commerce of the enemy. She sent out 
 forty privateers, with an aggregate tonnage of 3,405 tons, mounting 
 189 cannon, and manned by 2,142 men. Some of these privateers 
 were very successful in capturing prizes from the enemy. The whole 
 number of privateers and private armed ships that were commissioned 
 as cruising vessels during the war of 1812 was 250. Baltimore sent 
 out fifty-eight ; New York, fifty-five ; Salem, forty ; Boston, thirty- 
 one ; Philadelphia, fourteen ; Portsmouth, eleven ; and Charleston, 
 ten. The schooner "Fame," of Salem, was a fishing-boat of thirty 
 tons and carried two guns and thirty men. She received her commis- 
 sion July 1, 1812, at noon, sailed in the afternoon, and sent the first 
 prize into Salem. Robert Brookhouse, Jr., was one of her com- 
 manders. The sloop "Jefferson," a pleasure-boat of fourteen tons, 
 belonging to George Crowninshield, sailed the same day as the "Fame," 
 and sent the second prize into Salem, She carried only one gun and 
 twenty men. 
 
 The ship " America," of Salem, belonging to George Crownin- 
 shield & Sons, was the fastest-sailing vessel afloat during the war 
 
Salem Privateers. 221 
 
 of 1812, and the most fortunate. She was of 350 tons burden, and 
 carried twenty guns and 150 men. She made four cruises, com- 
 manded on the first by Joseph Ropes, and on the third and fourth by 
 James Chever, Jr. She arrived in Salem from her third cruise with 
 fifty prisoners on board, having taken twelve prizes. She captured 
 in her first three cruises twenty-six prizes, and the property taken 
 and safely got into port amounted to about $1,100,000. 
 
 From the journal of the "America" on her first cruise, commanded 
 by Joseph Ropes, the following extracts are made. 
 
 Monday, Sept. 7, 1812, at half-past 11 o'clock weighed anchor and 
 beat out of the harbor. At noon passed Bakei-'s Island. 
 
 Friday, Sept. 11, carried away the main-top-mast with five men 
 aloft, but none of them were injured. All hands employed clearing 
 the wreck. 
 
 Wednesday, Sept. 23, at half-past 5 A. M., captured the British 
 brig "James and Charlotte," Lavitt, master, from Liverpool bound to 
 St. John's. Cargo, — coal, hats, dry-goods, etc. Put Mr. Tibbetts, 
 prize master, and six men on board, and ordered her for the first port 
 she could make. 
 
 Monday, Oct. 5, all hands employed in exercising the guns. Saw 
 the island of St. Michael's bearing W. S. W. | W., 24 leagues. 
 
 Friday, Nov. 6, at 4 P. M., saw a sail to the southward. "Wore 
 round after her and made all necessary sail in chase. At 9 A. M. 
 brought her to and boarded her. She proved to be the British brig 
 "Benjamin," James Collins, master, from Newfoundland to England. 
 
 Saturday, Nov. 7, manned the brig with Joseph Dixon, prize mas- 
 ter, and eight men and ordered her for the first port to northward of 
 Nantucket in North America. Took the mate and seven men from 
 the brig and left the captain, one man and a boy on board. 
 
 "Wednesday, Nov. 18, at 7.30 A. M., saw a sail bearing N. W- by 
 "W. Let two reefs from the topsails and set the main-top-gallant sail 
 in chase. 
 
 Thursday, Nov. 19, at IP. M., came up with the chase and boarded 
 her. She proved to be the ship "Ralph Nickerson," from Quebec, 
 bound and belonging to London, with a cargo of lumber. Put on 
 board John Procter as prize master, and eleven men, and ordered her 
 for America. 
 
 Tuesday, Nov. 24, at 7.30 A. M., saw a sail bearing S. "W. by S. 
 
222 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 and made all necessary sail in chase. At 9 A. M. brought her to and 
 boarded her. She proved to be the British ship " Hope," from St. 
 Thomas bound to Glasgow. Cargo, sugar, rum and cotton. The 
 captain informed us he left a fleet threel days previous, consisting of 45 
 sail of vessels under convoy of the "Eing Dove" and "Scorpion," 
 sloops of war. Put on board Joseph Valpey as prize master, and 
 twelve men, and ordered her for America. 
 
 "Wednesday, Nov. 25, at 3.45 P. M., saw a sail bearing south, 
 standing easterly. Gave chase and at 4.45 P. M. fired and brought 
 her to and boarded her. She proved to be the British brig " Dart," 
 from St. Thomas bound to Glasgow. Cargo, principally rum and 
 cotton. The boat left the brig with Mr. Sparhawk, Thomas Fuller 
 and five prisoners, but unfortunately the boat got under the ship's 
 counter and foundered. Mr. Sparhawk, Thomas Fuller and three 
 of the prisoners were saved, the other two prisoners were drowned. 
 
 Thursday, Nov. 26, at 3 P. M., bent the foresail and set it. Brig in 
 company, bearing down occasionally to keep in sight of us. 
 
 Friday, Nov. 27, at 3.30 P. M., made a signal for the brig to bear 
 down under our lee. Boarded her and put on board Anthony D. 
 Caulfield as prize master, and eight men, and took but all the brig's 
 company except the captain, a passenger and one man, and ordered 
 her for America. 
 
 Sunday, Dec. 6, begins with a hard gale and squally with rain. 
 Several of the oflScers and crew attacked with a very troublesome in- 
 flammation of the eyes, which disorder cannot be accounted for. Cur- 
 tailed the allowance of water to 3| pints per 24 hours. 
 
 Wednesday, Dec. 16, at 7.30 A. M., saw a sail to the south-east and 
 made all necessary sail in chase. At 8 perceived she was a brig 
 steering to the eastward. At 11 brought her to and boarded her. 
 She proved to be the British brig "Euphemia" of Glasgow, from La 
 Guayra bound to Gibraltar, John Gray, master, mounting ten guns 
 and navigated by twenty-five men. 
 
 Thursday, Dec. 17, took eight guns from the prize and put on 
 board Archibald S. Dennis as prize master, and eleven men, and took 
 from her the first and second officers and twenty-one men. At 5 P. 
 M. parted from her and made sail. 
 
 Thursday, Jan. 7, 1813, at 3 P. M., saw the land about Marble- 
 head, and at 8 o'clock came to anchor in Salem harbor. 
 
Salem Privateers. 223 
 
 The six prizes captured by the " America " on this cruise were 
 valued at $158,000. After her return from her last cruise in 1815, 
 she lay at Crowninshield's wharf until she was sold at auction in Jane, 
 1831, and broken up, being 27 years old. 
 
 The brig " Grand Turk " was one of the finest vessels of her class 
 in the United States. She was fortunate as a cruiser, and as famous 
 for her good qualities as the " America." She was of 310 tons bur- 
 den, carried eighteen guns and 150 men, and was commanded at first 
 by Holten J. Breed and afterwards by Nathan Green. She arrived 
 at Salem, after a cruise of 103 days, with forty-four of her original 
 crew (the rest being on board her prizes) and fifty prisoners. She 
 captured seven or eight vessels, one with an invoice of £30,000 
 sterling. She had on board goods to the value of $20,000. 
 
 From the journal of the " Grand Turk " while on her last cruise, 
 commanded by Nathan Green, the following extracts are made. 
 
 Sunday, Jan. 1, 1815, at 12.30, got under way, stowed the anchor 
 and cleared the decks. At 2 P. M. passed Baker's Island. 
 
 Friday, Feb. 17, at 3,30 P. M., boarded a catamaran for the pur- 
 pose of gaining information. She proved to be from Pernambuco, 
 and informed us of there being eight British vessels at said port. At 
 6 P. M. saw Pernambuco. 
 
 Sunday, Feb. 19, at 5.30 P. M., saw a sail in the north. At 9 A. 
 M. boarded the brig " Joven Francisco," under Spanish colors, from 
 Pernambuco for London, with a cargo of tea, coifee, sugar and cin- 
 namon, consigned to British merchants. By examination of one of 
 the crew, who states the cargo to be British property, and some let- 
 ters and invoices, I have every reason to believe the property to be 
 bona fide British. Accordingly, manned her with Nathaniel Archer, 
 as ijrize master, and ordered her for the United States. 
 
 Tuesday, Feb. 21, at 5 P. M. saw a sail in the south, standing to 
 the northward. Lay by for her. At 6.30 boarded her. She proved 
 to be the British ship "Active Jane," of Liverpool, bound from Rio 
 Janeiro to Maranham, in ballast. Took from her seven bags of specie, 
 containing 14,000 mill rees, equal to 17,500 dollars and manned her 
 out to keep company during the night. At daylight, boarded, dis- 
 mantled and scuttled her. 
 
 Friday, Mar. 10, at daylight, the man at the mast-head descried a 
 sail in the eastern quarter. Called all hands immediately and made 
 
224 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 sail ill chase. Soon after saw another sail on the weather bow. Still 
 in pursuit of the chase and approaching her fast. At 6.30 .passed 
 very near the second sail, which was a Portuguese schooner standing 
 W. S. W. At 7 saw the third sail three points on our lee bow, the 
 chase a ship. At 8 discovered the third to be a large ship by the 
 wind to the north and westward. At 10, being f of a mile to wind- 
 ward, discovered the chase to be a frigate, endeavoring to decpy us. 
 Tacked ship and she immediately tacked and made all sail in pursuit 
 of us. Soon perceived we had the superiority of sailing, displayed 
 the American flag and fired a shot in defiance. At 11, the wind 
 hauled suddenly to the westward. The frigate received a favorable 
 bree^ which caused her to lay across and nearing us fast. At 11.30 
 the frigate within gunshot, got out our sweeps and made considerable 
 progress although calm and a short head sea. Frigate commenced 
 firing, got out her boats and attempted to tack four different times but 
 did not succeed. Hoisted our colors and gave her a number of shot. 
 A ship to leeward, a frigate also. At noon swept our brig round with 
 her head to the northward, and having the sea more favorable, left the 
 chaser considerably. The day ends with extreme sultry weather, all 
 hands to the sweeps and both ships in pursuit of us. 
 
 Saturday, Mar. 11, at dark, frigates using every exertion to near us. 
 
 Sunday, Mar 12, at 1.30 P. M., saw two sail two points on our lee 
 bow, soon discovered them to be the two frigates still in pursuit of 
 us and much favored by the breeze. At 5 P. M. light, variable 
 winds with us, and the 'enemy still holding the breeze. Took to our 
 sweeps. At dark the enemy's ships bore S. S. W. 
 
 Monday Mar. 13, at 2 P. M., the enemy having been out of sight i\ 
 hours, concluded to get down the fore-topmast and replace it with a 
 new one. All hands busily employed. At 3 saw a sail in the north- 
 west quarter. At 4 descried a second sail ahead standing for us. At 
 5.30 got the new fore-topmast and top-gallaut-mast in place, rigging 
 secured, yards aloft and made sail in pursuit of the latter. At 7 
 came up and boarded her ; she proved to be a Portuguese brig bound 
 from Bahia to Le Grande, with a cargo of salt. Finding ourselves 
 discovered by the British cruisers and being greatly incumbered with 
 prisoners, concluded to release them and accordingly paroled five 
 British prisoners and discharged ten Spaniards and put them on board 
 the brig, after giving a necessary supply of provisions. 
 
Salem Privateers. 225 
 
 Saturday, Mar. 18, at 2 P. M., came up and spoke a Portuguese 
 brig from Africa bound to Rio Janeiro with a cargo of slaves. Filled 
 away in pursuit of a second sail in the N. W. At 4.30 she hoisted 
 English colors and commenced firing her stern guns. At 5.20 took 
 in the steering sails, at the same time she fired a broadside. We 
 opened a fire from our larboard battery and at 5.30 she struck her 
 colors. Got out the boats and boarded her. She proved to be the 
 British brig "Acorn," from Liverpool for Rio Janeiro, mounting four- 
 teen cannon and having a cargo of dry-goods. At 5.50 we received 
 the first boat-load of goods on board. Employed all night in dis- 
 charging her. 
 
 Sunday, Mar. 19, at daylight saw two frigates and a brig on the lee 
 beam in chase of us. Took a very full boat-load of goods ou board, 
 manned out the prize with Joseph Phippen and eleven men and 
 ordered her for the United States. As the prize was in a good plight 
 for sailing I have great reason to think she escaped. One of the 
 frigates pursued us for three-quarters of an hour, but finding that she 
 had her old antagonist, gave over the pursuit. Having on board one 
 hundred and sixty odd bales, boxes, cases and trunks of goods, which 
 I conceive is very valuable, and the brig's copper and rigging being 
 very much out of repair and the water scant, conclude to return home 
 with all possible dispatch. As another inducement I have informa- 
 tion of a treaty of peace being signed at Ghent between the United 
 State and Great Britain and only remains to be ratified by the former. 
 
 Wednesday, Mar. 29, at 4 A. M., saw a sail to windward very near 
 us, and tacked in pursuit of her. At 8.30 came up with and boarded 
 her. She proved to be a Portuguese ship from Africa bound to 
 Maranham with 474 slaves on board. Paroled and put on board said 
 ship eleven British prisoners. 
 
 Saturday, April 15, boarded the American schooner "Commit," of 
 and from Alexandria, for Barbadoes, with a cargo of flour. They gave 
 us the joyful tidings of peace between America and England, which 
 produced the greatest rejoicing throughout the ship's company. 
 
 Saturday, April 29, 1815, at 7.30 A. M., saw Thatcher's Island bear- 
 ing N. W. At 8 saw Baker's Island bearing west. At 9.30 came to 
 anchor in Salem harbor, cleared decks and saluted the town. Thus 
 ends the cruise of 118 days. 
 
 The " Grand Turk " was sold to William Gray May 30, 1815. 
 
226 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 The schooner "Helen" was a merchant vessel, loaned by her own- 
 ers, the Messrs. White and J. J. Knapp, for the purpose of capturing 
 the English privateer "Liverpool Packet," which for months had 
 rendered herself a terror to all vessels entering the bay. Her cruising- 
 ground was in the vicinity of Cape Cod, although she once was seen 
 inside Half- Way Kock. Capt. John Upton originated the project of 
 fitting out the "Helen," and going to capture the "Liverpool Packet." 
 He spoke to others about it on the morning of Nov. 12,' 1812, and 
 the "Helen" was got ready, and seventy volunteers raised, in about 
 four hours. Before the next morning she was at sea. Those who 
 started the expedition formed a procession, preceded by the American 
 flag, and by James McCarthy with his drum, and Henry Hubon with 
 his fife, and marched through the streets of Salem, led oflF by Capt. 
 James Fairfield. Before night, on the day the expedition was first 
 talked of, the vessel was prepared with stores, ammunition, and can- 
 non, and at nine o'clock that night she was off Naugus Head. They 
 found the English vessel they sought had sailed the previous day for 
 St. John, and thus the object of their expedition failed. 
 
 Of the forty private armed vessels belonging to. Salem during the 
 war of 1812, three were ships, three brigs, twenty-three schooners, 
 four sloops, two launches, and five boats. Twenty-three of the num- 
 ber were built in Salem. Twenty-six were captured by the enemy. 
 
 This account is necessarily brief, but the extracts from the journals 
 of the "America" and "Grand Turk," two of the most famous vessels 
 that sailed from Salem during the war, will serve to show the manner 
 of life led on board a Salem privateer, and will further show that 
 even by the crews of these vessels the news of peace was hailed as 
 "joyful tidings." 
 
 Conclusion. — The sketch of Salem's commerce and matters con- 
 nected therewith, contained in this chapter, is sufficiently extended to 
 give the reader an insight into that interesting period of her history. 
 The younger readers will find it hard to realize that Salem led the 
 way from New England round the Cape of Good Hope to the Isle 
 of France, and India, and China: that her vessels were the first 
 from this country to display the American flag and open trade with 
 St. Petersburg, and Zanzibar, and Sumatra ; with Calcutta and Bom- 
 bay ; with Batavia and Arabia ; with Madagascar and Australia : and 
 yet such is the plain story of her achievements. The adventures of 
 
Salem Commerce. 227 
 
 her brave officers in unknown seas ; their encounters with pirates and 
 savage tribes ; their hairbreadth escapes ; their tales of shipwreck, and 
 of imprisonment among the Algerines, and in the prisons of France 
 and Spain ; and the strange and thrilling incidents of their early voy- 
 ages, — would make a tale which even the imaginings of romance could 
 hardly parallel. 
 
 But the commercial prosperity of Salem is a thing of the past. 
 Her triumphs on the seas have passed into history, and the record 
 is closed. Derby Street no longer presents a scene of bustle and 
 activity, — of sailors greeting friends on their arrival from the far 
 East, and of others preparing for departure ; the shop windows no 
 longer display curious trinkets and odd ventures gathered from all 
 quarters of the world ; the boarding-houses where the returning 
 sailor found a home, with the inevitable clothing-shop attached, 
 where he was invited to spend his hard-earned wages, have been 
 a long time closed; and the rope-walks, the sail-lofts, and the ship 
 chandlers' shops are deserted and abandoned. The foreign com- 
 merce of Salem, once her pride and glory, has spread its white wings ! 
 and sailed away forever. But the traditions of the past will always i 
 make a bright page in her history, and the motto on her municipal ! 
 seal, "To the furthest port of the rich East," scattered far and wide 
 as she each year sends forth her official documents, will serve to 
 perpetuate and hand down to posterity her brilliant commercial 
 record. 
 
228 STcetcJi of Salem. 
 
 CHAPTEK IX. 
 
 SKETCH OP THE MANtJFACTTJEING AND BUSINESS INTERESTS OF SALEM. 
 
 Proceeding from the commercial to other business interests of Salem, 
 the manufacture and trade in leather first demand consideration, as 
 these two branches form by far the largest single interest. 
 
 The Leather Interest. — A brief retrospect of the foundation and 
 growth of this business may be interesting. The exact date of the 
 beginning of the manufacture of leather in Salem is not attainable, 
 neither are any very definite facts regarding the location of the first 
 tanning and currying shops. There appears to have been a tannery 
 near the present lower end of Liberty Street, at a very early date. 
 This is shown by the records, and has been corroborated by the ex- 
 cavation there of remains of tan and of horns of cattle. The common, 
 and the territory eastward of it, previous to 1800, was a more or less 
 swanapy locality, and on the north and east sides of it had been lo- 
 cated, for many years, a number of tanneries. Within a dozen years, 
 evidences of the location of tan yards have been found in digging to 
 lay sewers in the lower end of Forrester Street. The business finally 
 located on the North Kiver, and extended up towards Peabody, along 
 the line of the water-course, and this valley is to-day the greatest 
 tanning district in the country. The trade hereabouts suffered a de- 
 cline about forty years ago ; but during the last thirty years it has 
 grown rapidly, and all attempts to divert it to other places have failed 
 to check its increase in this its original habitat. Salem is as famous 
 for its tanneries as Lynn is for its shoe-shops. 
 
 In 1639, Philemon Dickerson was granted land "to make tan pits 
 and to dress goat skins and hides." Afterwards, tanners were occa- 
 sionally mentioned, and in 1642, "Ould Thomas Eabourne" was 
 "prosecuted" for "wronging the country by insufficient tanning." 
 For the offence he was " admonished " and fined a small sum. The 
 same year the General Court passed an order " that no person using 
 the feat and mistery " of currier, butcher or shoemaker, " shall exer- 
 
Hie Leather Business. 229 
 
 cise tho feat or mistery of a tanner." It seems to have been not un- 
 common in those days for families to tan their own leather and make 
 their own shoes. For this purpose they used a trough hollowed out 
 of a pine log. The hides were cut into strips of a suitable width for 
 the soles of shoes, and alternated in the trough with layers of oak 
 bark pounded up with a mallet. 
 
 In a century after the first beginnings, or in 1750, an old Quaker 
 preacher in Danvers, named Joseph Southwick, had so far improved 
 the method as to grind the balk with a circular stone revolved by horse- 
 power. This was the first bark-mill. Another and much greater 
 advance in the art of tanning was made in the early part of this cen- 
 tury, when steam and water-power were brought into use in the more 
 laborious parts of the process. This, together with some improve- 
 ments in the methods of working, led to a great improvement in the 
 business. 
 
 There were four tanneries in 1768 ; eight in 1791 ; seven in 1801 ; 
 twelve in 1811 ; thirteen in 1821 ; twenty-three in 1831 ; twenty-four 
 in 1836 ; eighteen in 1840. In 1836 there were tanned 68,677 hides ; 
 the value of leather tanned and curried was $398,897; hands em- 
 ployed, 194; capital used, $299,170. In 1844 there were forty-one 
 tanneries, employing 280 hands ; value of leather tanned and curried, 
 $642,671; capital invested, $401,668. In 1850 there were thirty- 
 four tanners, the same number of curriers, fifteen who followed both 
 trades, and two leather and morocco dressers and colorers, — total, 
 eighty-five. Then 550 hands were employed in the business, and the 
 value of the leather tanned and curried was $869,047.70. It has 
 been found extremely difficult to obtain even an estimate of the aver- 
 age business for the last five years, as a fair statement to pass into 
 history ; but careful investigation and consultation with leading man- 
 ufacturers and dealers place the figures at the following estimate : 
 Capital employed, $1,250,000; annual production, $4,000,000 ; num- 
 ber of men employed, about 1,000. Most of the capital employed is 
 home capital, and the Salem banks discount a large proportion of all 
 the " leather paper " passed in the transaction of this great business. 
 
 Cotton Manufacture. — The next industry in order of importance 
 is the manufacture of cotton cloth, carried on by the Naumkeag Steam 
 Cotton Company, which was incorporated April 5, 1839, with a capi- 
 tal of $200,000. The first mill erected was completed in 1847, the 
 
230 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 capital stock having been meanwhile increased to $700,000. It was 
 then the largest and best appointed mill in the United States. The 
 building was 400 feet long by 60 feet wide, contained 32,768 mule 
 spindles, and 643 looms, and its weekly production was 94,000 yards 
 of cloth, weighing 22,000 pounds, made from No. 30 yarn, 72 picks 
 to the inch. ' 
 
 The mill was successful from the start; and, after twelve years of 
 uninterrupted prosperity, the capital stock was increased to $1,200,- 
 000, and a second mill, 428 feet long by 64 feet wide, containing 
 35,000 spindles and 700 looms, was built, and successfully operated 
 in connection with the first mill. 
 
 In 1865 the capital stock was further increased to $1,500,000, and 
 a third mill built. This building is 189 feet long and 95 feet wide, 
 and contains 15,000 spindles, and 350 looms. The three mills at this 
 time (1879) contain 90,000 spindles and 1,900 looms, driven by two 
 pair of Corliss steam-engines, of 2,000 horse-power in the aggre- 
 gate. The mills employ 1,200 operatives, and consume 11,500 bales 
 of cotton per annum, in the production of 14,700,000 yards of cloth, 
 weighing 4,730,000 pounds, and varying from 28 to 108 inches wide. 
 
 Manufacture of Jute. — The manufacture of jute bagging was com- 
 menced in 1865 by the late Francis Peabody, who built a mill at the 
 foot of Skerry Street, and commenced to weave the first cloth in the 
 fall of that year. " In 1867, a second mill was built on Webb Street, 
 and a company was formed under the name of the India Manufactur- 
 ing Company. About the year 1870, Mr. Peabody transferred the 
 original mill to. a company organized as the Bengal Bagging Company. 
 In June, 1875, David Nevins & Co., of Boston, purchased the inter- 
 est of the Bengal Bagging Company; and in June, 1877, acquired the 
 property of the India Manufacturing Company. The mills are now 
 known as the Nevins Bagging Mills. Each contains about 500 spin- 
 dles, and the annual production is upwards of 1,000,000 yards. The 
 business is conducted on private capital. The source of supply for 
 raw material is Bengal. The cloth manufactured is used chiefly for 
 baling cotton. 
 
 Boots and Shoes. — The manufacture of boots and shoes is an 
 industry of considerable importance in Salem. There are about forty 
 establishments, employing over 600 hands. The capital invested is 
 about $130,000, and the annual production is over $600,000. 
 
Lead Manufacture. 231 
 
 Lead Manufacture. — This business has been carried on in Salem 
 since 1826, when the Salem Lead Company, formed in 1823, com- 
 menced operations on the site of the Naumkeag Mills. The company- 
 was incorporated Feb. 7, 1824, with a capital of about $200,000, 
 which was afterwards increased. In 1835, the works were sold at 
 auction for $20,500. The total cost to the date of sale had been 
 $120,000. 
 
 About 1826, Col. Francis Peabody commenced the white lead busi- 
 ness in South Salem, where La Grange Street now is. In 1830, he 
 purchased Wyman's Grist Mills, on Forest Eiver, and the grinding and 
 mixing of the lead was done there, the corroding being done at the 
 old works. In 1843 these mills were sold to the Forest River Lead 
 Company, which became an incorporated company three years later. 
 The works on the site of La Grange Street were torn down, and a 
 number of dwellings located near them were moved to lots adjoining 
 the Forest Eiver Mills. The Forest River Company now manufact- 
 ures white and sheet lead, its capacity for the former being about 
 1,000 tons annually. 
 
 The Salem Lead Company (the second of that name), was incor- 
 porated Feb. 7, 1868. Its manufactures are white lead and lead 
 pipe, the capacity of the works for white lead being 1,500 tons per 
 annum. Its works are at the foot of Saunders Street. 
 
 The manufactures of the Forest River and Salem companies are 
 known throughout the country as among the best production? now in 
 the market. 
 
 The 8alem Gas-Light Company was organized in April, 1850. Its 
 works are at the foot of Northey Street, though premises have been 
 secured and a large "holder" built on the "Peirce and Wait Lot," 
 Bridge Street. The stores were first lighted with gas Dec. 17, 1850, 
 and the street-lamps Dec. 25, 1850. 
 
 Car Manufacture. — The Salem Car Company was formed in 1863, 
 for the manufacture of horse-cars. Not meeting with the necessary 
 degree of success, the works, on Bridge Street, were sold to Mr. John 
 Kinsman, who closed out the stock on hand, then built a few railway 
 passenger-cars, and in turn sold the works to the Eastern Railroad. 
 The shops are still continued for the manufacture and repairing of 
 cars for that corporation. 
 
 The Atlantic Car Company was organized in 1872, and a factory 
 
232 ^ STcetch of Salem. 
 
 for the manufacture of railway passenger coaches and freight cars was 
 built on Broadway, South Salem. The depression in business the 
 following year caused a suspension of work, and car building has 
 never been revived there. The buildings were sold, and after remain- 
 ing unoccupied for about four years, were started up as a factory for 
 the manufacture of furniture, an industry that was prosecuted there 
 for a time, but this business has been suspended. 
 
 The Salem Laboratory Company was incorporated Feb. 1, 1819, 
 and is the oldest manufacturing company in the city. This company 
 was formed to enlarge and develop the manufacture of dhemicals, 
 commenced a few years previously on Lynde Street. Its manufact- 
 ures at the present time include a number of chemicals, of which 
 blue vitriol is the principal. 
 
 Oil and Candle Manufacture. — About 1836 Mr. Francis Peabody 
 commenced, in South Salem, the refining of sperm and whale oil, and 
 the manufacture of sperm candles. In one year he purchased $100,- 
 000 worth of sperm oil, and $50,000 worth of whale oil. His 
 candles had a great reputation, at home and abroad. He imported the 
 first braiding machines, and made the first candles with the braided 
 wick. In 1837, or thereabouts, Mr. Peabody commenced the manu- 
 facture of linseed oil at Middleton, where he had established, four 
 years previously, a paper mill ; and for this business, he imported to 
 Salem large quantities of flaxseed from Europe and Calcutta. In 
 order to procure larger quantities of seed, he chartered, in 1841, the 
 ship "Gen. Harrison," and purchased the same year the ship "Isaac 
 Hicks," and in 1842 the ship "New Jersey." When the latter 
 returned to Salem from Calcutta, in December, 1842, it was said to 
 be the largest ship that ever discharged in Salem. She registered 
 between 600 and 700 tons. Mr. Peabody shipped to London large 
 quantities of linseed cake, used for the feeding of cattle. 
 
 The Seccomb Oil Manufacturing Company, engaged in the manu- . 
 facture of lubricating and curriers' oils, was organized in ]865. This 
 company is the successor of Ebenezer Seccomb, who had occupied the 
 same factory, at the foot of Harbor Street, for several years in the 
 manufacture of oils, and previous to that in making candles. Mr. 
 Seccomb was a successor in business of Caleb Smith & Sons, succes- 
 sors of Caleb Smith, who had been engaged in candle manufacture on 
 the same premises from 1835. 
 
Bailroads. 233 
 
 The Salem and South Danvers Oil Company was organized in 1855, 
 and manufactures kerosene oil, at works on Mason Street. 
 
 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Business. — Numerous smaller manu- 
 facturing occupations and trades employ a great number of people, and 
 a large aggregate capital is employed, with reasonable financial results. 
 The State Census of 1875 gives the number of manufacturing estab- 
 lishments in Salem as 550 ; the capital employed as $4,230,008 ; the 
 value of manufactured goods and work done as |8, 512, 693, and the 
 number of persons employed as 4,045. These are all considered low 
 figures. 
 
 Railroads'. — The business of the Eastern Railroad in Salem is to 
 be counted by the hundreds of thousands yearly. The receipts annu- 
 ally from the passenger business arc about $150,000; and the freight 
 department contributes about $250,000 yearly to the income of the 
 road.* Nineteen passenger trains now leave Salem for Boston daily 
 (except Sunday — two on Sunday), against five or six when the road 
 was opened, in August, 1838. The depot in those days was a small 
 wooden structure, very insignificant as compared with the commodious 
 granite and brick one of to-day. When the tunnel was built, in 1839, 
 and the road opened to Newburyport in 1840, the business of Salem 
 received a fresh impetus ; and from that day to this the Eastern Rail- 
 road has contributed much to the substantial prosperity of the city ; the 
 branches to Marblehead, Gloucester, Lawrence, and South Reading 
 (now Wakefield), all adding new outlets and inlets for trade. 
 The Lowell road has also done its share ; and with its tracks and those 
 of the Lawrence Branch of the Eastern road, extending to tide- water 
 at Phillips Wharf and Pennsylvania Pier, Salem has had unlimited 
 railroad facilities for transpo^-ting coal and merchandise to the inland 
 cities of Lowell and Lawrence. With these iron bands extending in 
 all directions, Salem has been favored with railroad facilities hardly 
 surpassed by any city, however fortunate in its railroad accommoda- 
 tions. 
 
 Horse Railroad. — In 1862, an Act of incorporation was obtained, 
 and a horse railroad built from Salem to South Danvers, now Pea- 
 body. The first car to the latter town was run July 8, 1863. The 
 road was extended to Beverly, and was opened to that town Oct. 28, 
 
 * These figures do not represent the earnings of the station, but the gross amount of 
 business transacted. 
 
234 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 1863. A branch was built to South Salem (Ward V.) in 1864, and 
 •was opened May 10, A branch to North Salem (Ward VI.) was 
 opened June 4, 1869. An extension of the main line to Salem Neck 
 and the "Willows" was opened June 10, 1877. The entire road is 
 now operated by the Naumkeag Street Railway Company, which was 
 incorporated in 1875, and which assumed the lease of the Salem Street 
 Railway, the company previously controlling the road, March 1, 1875. 
 The capital of the Naumkeag Street Railway Company is $70,000, 
 and of the Salem, $150,000. 
 
 Goal Business. — In 1850, upon the completion of the Salem and 
 Lowell Railroad, a coal business was begun at Phillips Wharf, with 
 Lowell and Lawrence, which amounted to 1,000 tons that year. This 
 became the leading wharf in the city. It was built about 1800, 
 and was owned by the India Wharf Corporation. In 1836, it was 
 rebuilt by Stephen C. Phillips. The coal business here grew 
 steadily and rapidly, and in 1872, when the wharf was leased to the 
 Boston, Lowell, and Nashua Railroad, it had reached 200,000 tons 
 annually. Since the lease to the Lowell road, the business has dimin- 
 ished, the road having transferred a considerable proportion of its 
 business to Boston, but the Wilkesbarre Coal Company still lands 
 large quantities of coal for transportation to the manufacturing cities 
 of Lowell and Lawrence. 
 
 Pennsylvania Pier, built in 1873, is the scene of an immense coal 
 business, conducted by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron 
 Company. This company's steamers land there about 90,000 tons of 
 coal annually, for transportation into the interior, — mainly to Lowell. 
 The "coal pockets "here have a capacity of 8,000 tons. 
 
 Express and Freight Business. — Before the days of railroading, 
 " baggage-wagons " transported goods to supply the business wants of 
 the community. In 1804, a wagon was run to Boston and back twice 
 a week. It was called a " stage-wagon " by its proprietor, John L. 
 Matthews. A wagon designated by this name was run to Boston as 
 early as 1792, and one from Gloucester to Salem before that date. 
 In 1815, a daily wagon was run to Boston, and from that time till 
 1838, when the Eastern Railroad was opened, the business grew 
 steadily, but was not considered very remunerative. With the advent 
 of the railroad came a greatly increased express and freighting business. 
 This has grown to immense proportions ; and J. H. Moulton, and Mer- 
 
The National Banks. 235 
 
 ritt & Co., to-day do a thriving and enterprising business in tlie freight- 
 ing and express lines, while Savory & Go's Express, founded by the 
 late Benjamin Savory, a driver of the old Boston Stage Company, 
 and numerous smaller parcel expresses, are doing a large business. 
 
 Banks. — The business interests of the city are accommodated by 
 seven national banks ; and two savings banks serve as depositories 
 for the earnings of the working people. 
 
 The Essex Bank, the first bank established in Salem, began busi- 
 ness July 2, 1792, with a capital of about $300,000, It occupied the 
 building on Central Street used for the custom house for a series 
 of years. Central Street was then known as "Bank Street." The 
 Essex Bank was incorporated June 18, 1799, when it was allowed a 
 capital of $400,000. It expired in 1819, although its affairs were not 
 fully wound up until 1822. 
 
 The Salem Bank, now the " Salem National," was incorporated 
 March 8, 1803, with a capital of $200,000. This was increased Feb. 
 8, 1823, to $250,000; reduced Feb. 14, 1859, to $187,500; restored 
 April 1, 1865, to $200,000; increased Feb. 12, 1873, to the present 
 amount, $300,000. Its presidents have been Benjamin Pickman, 
 1803 ; Joseph Peabody, 1814 ; George Peabody, 1833 ; Benjamin Mer- 
 rill, 1842 ; George Peabody, 1847 ; William C. Endicott, 1858 ; 
 Augustus Story, 1875. Its cashiers : Jonathan Hodges, 1803 ; John 
 Moriarty, 1810; Charles M. Endicott, 1835; George D. Phippen, 
 1858. The bank was originally located in a brick building on the 
 south side of Essex Street, next west of the Benjamin Pickman es- 
 tate, nearly opposite St. Peter's Street. It stood in from the street. 
 The bank adopted the national system in 1864-; and removed to its 
 present location, Holyoke building, November, 1866. 
 
 The Merchants' Bank was organized in 1811, and incorporated June 
 26th of that year, with a capital of $200,000 ; which was afterwards 
 .increased to $400,000, and reduced in 1845 to its present figure, $200,- 
 000. The first banking rooms were in the Union building, on the 
 corner of Union and Essex streets. Afterwards the bank occupied 
 rooms in the Bowker building, and in 1855 removed to its present lo- 
 cation in the Asiatic building. Its presidents have been Benj. W. 
 Crowninshield, Joseph Story, John W. Treadwell, and Benjamin H. 
 Silsbee. Its cashiers, John Saunders, John W. Treadwell, Francis 
 H. Silsbee, Benj. H. Silsbee, and Nathl. B. Perkins. It became a 
 national bank Jan. 19, 1865. 
 
236 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 The Commercial (now First National) Bank was organized April 
 19, 1819, with a capital of $300,000. This was reduced to $200,000 
 in 1830, and restored in 1851. It has always occupied its present 
 quarters in the Central Street bank building. Its presidents have 
 been "Willard Peele and William Sutton; cashiers, N. L, Eogers, Z. 
 F. Silsbee, and E. H. Payson. The bank entered the national sys- 
 tem, as the First National Bank, in June, 1864. 
 
 The Exchange Bank was incorporated Jan. 31, 1823, with a capital 
 of $300,000 ; which was afterwards reduced to its present amount, — ■ 
 $200,000. The bank commenced business at No. 172 Essex Street, 
 on the site of William Gray's garden, next below the Essex House ; 
 and continued there until it was removed to its location in the First 
 Church building, Dec. 8, 1864. It originally faced Essex Street, but 
 now occupies the opposite corner of the building on Washington 
 Street. Its presidents have been Gideon Tucker, John Webster, 
 Henry L. Williams. Its cashiers, John Chadwick, Joseph H. Webb. 
 It adopted the national system, Feb. 18, 1865. 
 
 The Asiatic Bank was incorporated June 12, 1824, with a capital 
 of $200,000. It commenced business in July, 1824, with a capital of 
 $315,000, in the old bank building on Central Street. From thence 
 it removed to the East India Marine building ; and from there to the 
 Asiatic building, on Washington Street, in 1855. Its presidents have 
 been Joseph S. Cabot and Leonard B. Harrington. Its cashier, 
 William H. Foster, has been fifty-three years in the bank's employ, 
 fifty of which as cashier. There is but one older bank officer in the 
 United States. The Asiatic became a national bank Feb. 1, 1865. 
 
 The Mercantile Bank was organized May 8, 1826, with a capital 
 of $200,000, which has never been changed. It first occupied a room 
 with Mr. John W. Fenno, a broker, in the Central building. Central 
 Street, the room now occupied by J. B. Osborn as a barber-shop. 
 The bank was moved into its present rooms early in 1827. Its presi-. 
 dents have been Nathaniel L. Rogers, David Putnam, John Dwyer, 
 Aaron Perkins ; and Charles Harrington, the present holder of the 
 office. The cashiers have been John A. Southwick; Stephen Webb ; 
 and Joseph H. Phippen, the present cashier. The bank entered the 
 national system Jan. 10, 1865. 
 
 The Mechanics' and Traders' Bank was incorporated March 10, 1827, 
 and allowed a capital of $200,000. It, however, never commenced 
 business. 
 
The Savings Banhs. 237 
 
 The Nanmkeag Bank was incorporated March 17, 1831, with a 
 capital of $200,000, which was subsequently increased to $500,000. 
 It comnaenced business in the store of Benjamin Dodge ; thence re- 
 moved to the Manning building, now Bowker Place ; from there to 
 the East India Marine Building; and then to its present location in the 
 Asiatic building, Washington Street. It became a national bank in 
 December, 1864. Its presidents have been David Pingree, Edward D. 
 Kimball, Charles H. Fabens, William B. Parker, and David Pingree, 
 (Jr.) ; its cashiers, Joseph G. Sprague and Joseph H. Towne. 
 
 The Bank of General Interest was incorporated March 17, 1831, 
 with a capital of $200,000. It ceased business in 1842. 
 
 The North American Bank was incorporated March 31, 1836, and 
 was allowed a capital of $300,000. It never went into operation. 
 
 The Salem Savings Bank was incorporated Jan. 29, 1818, and was 
 the second institution of its kind in the State. It commenced business 
 April 18th, in the old bank building, on Essex Street, originally oc- 
 cupied by the Salem Bank in 1803. Its presidents have been Dr. 
 Edward A. Holyoke, 1818; Joseph Peabody, 1830; Nathaniel Sils- 
 bee, 1844 ; Daniel A. White, 1851 ; Zach. F. Silsbee, 1861 ; John 
 Bertram, 1864; Joseph S. Cabot, 1865; Benjamin H. Silsbee, 1875 
 its treasurers, William P. Eichardson, 1818 ; William Gibbs, 1820 
 William Dean, 1821; Peter Lander, Jr., 1822; Daniel Bray, 1823 
 Benjamin Shreve, 1837 ; Henry Popes, 1839 ; William Wallis, 1861 
 Charles E. Symonds, 1865. In 1855 the bank removed to its pres- 
 ent location, on Washington Street, in the Asiatic building, of which 
 it is now the owner. In 1846 over $900,000 was on deposit in this 
 bank. In 1878 the number of depositors was 15,095, and the assets 
 were $6,011,440.36. 
 
 The Salem Five Cents Savings Bank was incorporated in 1855. Its 
 presidents have been Edward D. Kimball, 1855; Edmund Smith, 
 1861 ; Henry L. Williams, 1862 : its treasurers, J. Vincent Browne, 
 1855 ; Charles H. Henderson, 1868. The bank was originally located 
 on Essex Street, opposite St. Peter's ; then, in the second story of 
 Downing block ; from which it removed to its present location in the 
 Northey building, corner of Essex and Washington streets. The 
 number of its depositors is 7,049 ; amount of assets, $2,139,160.48. 
 
 The Salem Board of Trade was organized in 1866, and opened a 
 reading-room. Meetings were held for several years ; but in 1876 
 
238 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 the interest in the association had so far abated that it was deemed 
 inexpedient to longer continue the reading-room, though an organ- 
 ization is maintained. 
 
 Insurance Companies. — The Essex Mutual Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany was incorporated June 11, 1829. Its risks are confined to 
 buildings, dwellings, and furniture. "The Mutual Fire Insurance 
 Company in Salem " was incorporated April 16, 1838. Its risks are 
 buildings, dwellings, household furniture, and stocks of goods. The 
 Holyoke Mutual Fire Insurance Company was incorporated in 1843, 
 and is to-day the leading insurance company of Essex County. The 
 Hamilton Insurance Company was organized in 1852. Its business 
 was closed up in 1864. The Marine Insurance Companies have been 
 mentioned in the preceding chapter. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 239 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OE SOME OF THE NOTED MEN OF SALEM. 
 
 In the preceding chapters there have been given brief notices of 
 some of the noted men connected with the history of Salem. Short 
 sketches of those not finding an appropriate place heretofore have 
 been introduced into this chapter. With ample space the list might 
 be easily extended, and names equally deserving of notice be added. 
 What follows is but a chance selection and but a sample of- a complete 
 list. 
 
 William Hathorne. — Hathorne was a noted name in the early 
 annals of Salem. Major William Hathorne came over in the 
 " Arbella " with Winthrop. He went first to Dorchester, having had 
 land granted him there in 1634. In 1636 Salem tendered him grants 
 of land if he would remove hither. He came in that or the year 
 following. From that time his name appears on our records as hold- 
 ing important positions : commissioner, speaker of the house of 
 representatives, counsel in cases before the courts, judge on the 
 bench, and soldier commanding important and difficult expeditions. 
 Johnson, in his " Wonder Working Providence," thus says of him : 
 "Yet through the Lord's mercy we still retaine among our Democracy 
 the Godly Captaine William Hathorn, whom the Lord has indued 
 with a quick apprehension, strong memory, and Rhetorick, volubility 
 of speech, which has caused the people to make use of him often in 
 Public Service, especially when they have had to do with any foreign 
 government." Major Hathorne was the emigrant ancestor of Nathan- 
 iel Hawthorne, the famous author and novelist. He died in 1681. 
 
 John Hathorne was a son of Major William Hathorne, and seems 
 to have inherited many of his father's prominent traits of character 
 and to have succeeded him in his public honors. He was made free- 
 man in 1677, representative in 1683, assistant or counsellor from 1684 
 to 1712, except the years of Andros' government; a magistrate in 
 the prosecution of the witchcraft trials, afterwards of the Superior 
 
240 Sketch of 8alem. 
 
 Court ; colonel of a regiment and commander of the forces in the 
 expedition of 1696, on the retirement of Church. He died in 1717. 
 There seems to have been no noted name in the line thereafter until 
 the birth of Nathaniel Hawthorne, July 4, 1804. 
 
 Benjamin Lynde was born Sept. 22, 1666. He graduated at Har- 
 vard in 1686. He was appointed chief justice of the superior court of 
 judicature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1729 ; and died in 
 office Jan. 28, 1745. Benjamin Lynde, his son, was appointed chief 
 justice of the same court in 1769, and left the bench in 1771. He 
 was born in Salem Oct. 5, 1700; graduated at Harvard in 1718; 
 and died in 1781. 
 
 Timothy Pickering was one of the most distinguished citizens of 
 Salem. He was born in Salem, July 17, 1745 ; and graduated at Har- 
 vard in 1763. In 1774 he wrote the address of the people of Salem 
 in regard to the closing of the port of Boston. In 1775 he was chosen 
 colonel of the first regiment of militia ; and was present with part of 
 his command at North Bridge, Feb. 26, 1775, where Col. Leslie was 
 successfully prevented from seizing the Provincial cannon. He was 
 about this time a clerk in the office of the registry of deeds for Essex 
 County. Later in the same year, he was appointed a judge of the court 
 of common pleas, and judge of the prize court for Suffolk, Middlesex, 
 and Essex counties. In the fall of 1776, he commanded a regiment of 
 700 men. He was adjutant-general at the battles of Germantown and 
 Brandywine; member of the Continental board of war, in 1777 ; and 
 a quartermaster-general in 1780. At the close of the Revolutionary 
 War he settled in Philadelphia, and went into business as a commis- 
 sion merchant. When the convention was held for remodelling the 
 Constitution of the State of Pennsylvania in 1790, Mr. Pickering was 
 present as a member. Washington appointed, him postmaster-general 
 in 1791 ; and he held the office till 1795, when he was transferred to 
 the position of secretary of state. 
 
 Upon his retirement from the latter office in 1800, or soon thereaf- 
 ter, he returned to Massachusetts, and in 180^ was elected to the 
 senate of the United States. Retiring from that position in 1811, he 
 turned his attention to horticulture and agriculture, in which he took 
 a great interest. He was again called to participate in public affairs, 
 and was chosen in 1814 the member of Congress from this district. 
 In 1817 he again retired to his farm, and devoted the rest of his life 
 
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Biographical Shetches. 241 
 
 to rural pursuits. He was the founderand first president of the Essex 
 Agricultural Society. His death occurred in Salem Jan. 29, 1829. 
 Energetic and faithful in public office, plain and simple in private life, 
 pure and unblemished in character, he was a man whom his native 
 Salem and the nation delighted to honor. 
 
 Daniel A. White was born in Methuen June 7, 1776, and graduated 
 at Harvard in 1797. He commenced the practice of law at Newbury- 
 port in 1804 ; was a State senator from 1810 to 1814 ; and was chosen 
 a representative to Congress in 1814, but resigned in 1815, before tak- 
 ing his seat, to accept the office of judge of probate for Essex County. 
 He made an admirable judicial officer, and continued to hold the posi- 
 tion till July, 1853, when he resigned. He came to Salem to reside 
 in 1817 ; and from that time till his death he contributed largely to 
 build up the literary and charitable institutions of the city. Harvard 
 conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. in 1837. He was president 
 of the Salem Lyceum ; of the Essex Historical Society ; of the Salem 
 Atheuseum ; of the Salem Dispensary, and of the Salem Savings 
 Bank. When the Essex Institute was established, he was its first 
 president; and his interest in that society never wavered nor grew 
 cold. He donated to the Institute, at difierent times, a library of 
 8,000 volumes, and contributed money freely to advance the work of 
 the institution. His death occurred in Salem, March 30, 1861. 
 
 Josejih 8lory, the distinguished jurist, was born at Marblehead, 
 Sept. 18, 1779. He graduated from Harvard College in 1798, and 
 studied law in his native town, where he delivered a eulogy on the 
 life of Washington, Jan. 2, 1800. He located in Salem in 1801, and 
 was admitted to the bar the same year. His public life began as a 
 representative to the general court, where he served from 1805 to 1808, 
 and again in 1810-11, the last time as speaker of the house. In 1808 
 he was chosen to represent the Essex district in the national congress. 
 Here he exerted his efibrts to secure a repeal of the embargo act, 
 which he had advocated on its passage as the only measure short of a 
 declaration of war, but which he now believed had accomplished its 
 full purpose. On Nov. 11, 1811, Mr. Story was appointed an asso- 
 ciate justice ,of the United States supreme court. In 1820 he dis- 
 tinguished himself as a member of the convention for revising the 
 State constitution, in which his services were valuable in considering 
 the tenure and compensation of the judiciary. In 1829, Judge Story 
 
242 Sketch of 8alem. 
 
 removed from Salem to Cambridge, having been appointed professor 
 of law at Harvard University, He died Sept. 10, 1845. 
 
 Bufus Choate, the eminent lawyer and statesman, was born in 
 Ipswich (now Essex), Oct. 1, 1799. He graduated at Dartmouth 
 College in 1819, and became a tutor there. He studied law at Cam- 
 bridge, and also in the office of William Wirt, and commenced legal 
 practice in Danvers, in 1824, removing soon afterwards to Salem. 
 He was a member of the State legislature in 1825, a State senator 
 two years later, and in 1832 a representative in Congress. He 
 removed to Boston in 1834. He was elected to Daniel Webster's 
 seat in the United States senate in 1841, Webster entering the cabi- 
 net of President Harrison as secretary of state. On the death of 
 Mr. Webster in 1852, Mr Choate became the acknowleged leader 
 of the Massachusetts bar. In 1853 he was appointed attorney- 
 general for the State. He delivered, while in Congress, eulogies on 
 the death of President Harrison and Daniel Webster. He died at 
 Halifax, N. S., July 13, 1859, while on his way to Europe, whither 
 he was making a trip to recruit his impaired health. 
 
 Edward Augustus Holyoke was the son of Pres. Edward Holyoke, 
 of Harvard College, and was born in Marblehead, Aug. 1, 1728, old 
 style, and died in Salem, March 31, 1829. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1746, and in July, 1747, commenced the study of medicine 
 with Dr. Thomas Berry, of Ipswich. He finished his studies in 
 April, 1749, and came to Salem in June of the same year. For 
 the remainder of his life he scarcely left the town, and never 
 wandered so far as fifty miles from the spot on which he was 
 born. His longest journey was to Portsmouth, in 1749. In 1755 he 
 was married to Judith Pickman, daughter of Col. Benj. Pickman. 
 She died in 1756, and in 1759 he was married to Mary Viall, daughter 
 of Nathaniel Viall, merchant, of Boston. Dr. Holyoke retained the 
 full possession of his mental faculties until his death. After he 
 attained his hundredth year he passed an hour in the study of one of 
 his medical acquaintances, examining the results of a new operation 
 for a dangerous disease. Cases of longevity are not rare among per- 
 sons not distinguished for their mental powers, and the close of life 
 with such, is frequently a state of mere existence, " sans everything." 
 Dr. Holyoke used his intellect with vigor and energy to the last of 
 his days. 
 
Biographical BTcetches. 243 
 
 A public dinner was tendered to him, by his associate physicians 
 of Salem and Boston, on his hundredth birthday. He was still so 
 vigorous at that extreme age that, when the morning came, he rose, 
 dressed and shaved himself without assistance, and walked to the 
 Essex House, where the dinner was given. On being called on for a 
 toast he presented, in his own handwriting, the following sentiment : 
 "The Massachusetts Medical Society : May it continue to improve the 
 art for which it was instituted, to the utmost of its wishes, and be the 
 means, under Providence, of alleviating the pains and evils of life, 
 and promoting the happiness of society by suppressing quackery and 
 rendering the business of the profession as perfect as the nature of 
 things admits ; and may each member of the society, and every other 
 gentleman here present, enjoy health and prosperity and the pleasing 
 consciousness that he has contributed somewhat to the advancement 
 and improvement of the public welfare." 
 
 After he had passed his hundredth birthday he wrote to a gentle- 
 man, who asked him in reference to his mode of life, that " as to my 
 diet, having been taught to eat of anything that was provided for me, 
 and having always a good appetite, I am never anxious about my 
 food. ' As to the quantity, I am no great eater, and I find my appetite 
 sooner satisfied now than formerly. There is one peculiarity in my 
 diet which, as it may perhaps have contributed to health, I would 
 mention : I am fond of fruit, and have this thirty or more years daily 
 indulged in eating freely of those of the season, as strawberries, cur- 
 rants, peaches, plums, apples, &c., which, in summer and winter, I 
 eat just before dinner, and seldom at any other time ; and, indeed, 
 very seldom eat anything whatever between meals. My breakfast I 
 vary continually ; coffee, tea, chocolate, Avith toasted bread and but- 
 ter, but never any meat in my life. Bread, of flour, makes a large 
 portion of my food, perhaps near one-half. After dinner I most 
 commonly drink one glass of wine ; plain boiled rice I am fond of — 
 it makes nearly one-half of my dinner. I rarely eat any high sea- 
 soned food. As to drinks, I seldom take any but at meal-times and 
 with my pipe. For the last 40 or 60 years my most usual drink has 
 been a mixture — a little singular, indeed, but as for me it is still 
 palatable and agreeable, I still prefer it. The mixture is this, viz. : 
 good West India rum, 2 spoonfuls, good cider, 3 spoonfuls, of 
 water 9 or 10 spoonfuls ; of this mixture I drink about ^ a pint 
 
244 Sketch of Balem. 
 
 with my dinner, /and about the same quantity with my pipe after 
 dinner and my pipe in the evening, never exceeding a pint the 
 whole day. I generally take one pipe after dinner and another in 
 the evening, and hold a small piece of pigtail tobacco in my mouth 
 from breakfast till near dinner, and again in the afternoon till tea ; 
 this has been my practice for 80 years. I drink tea about sunset 
 and eat with it a small slice of bread, toasted, with butter. I never 
 eat anything more till breakfast. As to my clothing, it is what my 
 friends call thin; I never wear flannel next my skin, tho* often 
 advised to it, and am less liable to take cold, as it is called, than most 
 people ; a good, warm, double-breasted waistcoat and a cloth coat 
 answers me for winter, and as the season grows warmer I gradually 
 conform my covering to it. As to the passions, I need not tell you 
 that when indulged they injure the health ; that a calm, quiet self- 
 possession, and a moderation in our expectations and pursuits, con- 
 tribute much to our health, as well as our happiness, and that anxiety 
 is injurious to both. I have always taken care to have a full propor- 
 tion of sleep, which, I suppose, has contributed to my longevity." 
 
 Dr. Holyoke was the first person on whom the degree of doctor of 
 medicine was conferred by Harvard College, and he afterwards re- 
 ceived the degree of doctor of laws. He was the first President of 
 the Massachusetts Medical Society, and was among the original mem- 
 bers of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and at one time 
 its president. He was at the time of his death the president of the 
 Salem Athenaeum, of the Essex Historical Society, of the Salem 
 Savings Bank, and of the Salem Dispensary. 
 
 B. Lynde Oliver was born in 1760, and died in Salem, May 14, 
 1835. He was a distinguished physician and learned theologian. He 
 was noted for his acquirements in several branches of natural philos- 
 ophy, particularly in that of optics. 
 
 Charles Osgood was born in Salem, Feb. 25, 1809. At the age of 
 sixteen he entered the Asiatic Bank as a clerk, and continued there 
 about a year. He early developed a taste for painting, and in 1827 
 he opened a studio in Boston. In 1828 he came to Salem, where he 
 has resided ever since, with the exception of the year 1840, when he 
 was established in New York City. His portraits hang upon the walls 
 of the historical societies of Boston and Worcester, the Memorial 
 Hall at Cambridge, the Peabody Institute at Peabody, and the City 
 
Biographical Shetches. 245 
 
 Hall, East India Marine Hall, Essex Institute, and AthenEeum at 
 Salem. Felt, in his "Annals of Salem," writing in 1849, says of him : 
 "His labors have heen extensive and his success unsurpassed. He is 
 deservedly ranked among the first painters of our republic." 
 
 George Southward was born in Salem, and died Feb. 19, 1876, at 
 the age of seventy-two years. While pursuing his studies in Rome 
 he contracted a severe cold, and his health was feeble ever after. He 
 possessed considerable merit as an artist, but his extreme modesty and 
 love of retirement prevented him from becoming as w^ell known as his 
 merits deserved. The coloring of his pictures was especially good, 
 and his copy of Guido's "Aurora" was an admirable piece of work, 
 and much admired. 
 
 William W. Story was born in Salem, Feb. 12, 1819, and was a 
 son of the Hon. Joseph Story. He graduated at Harvard in 1838, 
 and was admitted to the bar in Boston. He soon turned his attention 
 to sculpture, and has given the world some fine specimens of his 
 talent in this direction. Among his prominent works may be men- 
 tioned his statues of " Cleopatra " and " Semiramis." He has also 
 made some famous portrait busts. He is an author of note, and wrote 
 the ode on the occasion of the celebration, at Salem, of the 250th 
 anniversary of the landing of Endicott. 
 
 John Rogers, the famous modeller of the small character groups 
 which are now so deservedly popular, was born m Salem, Oct. 30, 
 1829, and was in early life a machinist. 
 
 Benjamin Goodhue was born in Salem, Oct. 1, 1748, and died July 
 28, 1814. He graduated from Harvard in 1766; was State senator 
 from 1784 to 1789 ; was elected representative to Congress in 1789 ; 
 and was United States senator in 1796. While in the National House 
 of Eepresentatives he was one of a committee who formed the code 
 of revenue laws, and as senator was chairman of the Committee on 
 Commerce. He resigned his seat in the Senate in 1800, and retired 
 to private life. 
 
 Nathan Reed was born in Western, now Warren, Mass., July 2, 
 1759. He was a graduate of Harvard in the class of 1781, and was 
 a tutor there from 1783 to 1787. He studied medicine with Dr. E. 
 A. Holyoke till October, 1788, when he established himself in the 
 drug business. He constructed the first steamboat with paddle- 
 wheels in this country, and a trial trip took place in 1789. He was 
 
246 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 a representative in Congress in 1801-3. He died at Belfast, Me., 
 Jan. 20, 1849. 
 
 Jacob GrowninsMeld was born in Salem May 31, 1770, and died at 
 "Washington, April 15, 1808. He was a representative to Congress 
 from 1803 to 1805, and at the close of his term was offered a seat 
 in the Cabinet of President Jefferson, a position which he declined, 
 preferring the comforts of private life to the toils and trials of 
 office. 
 
 Benjamin Pickman was born in Salem, Sept. 30, 1763, and gradu- 
 ated at Harvard in 1784. He was a merchant, and represented the 
 town in the Legislature in 1800, and was State senator in 1802, '3, '4, 
 and '5. After a number of years' service in the executive council, he 
 was chosen a representative 'to Congress in 1809, serving till 1811. 
 He was president of the board of directors of the Theological School 
 at Cambridge, and died Aug. 16, 1843. 
 
 JSFatlianiel Silsbee was born in Salem, Jan. 14, 1773. He was first 
 a master-mariner, commanding the ships of E. H. Derby, and after- 
 wards a successful merchant. He was chosen a member of Congress 
 in 1816, served in the House until 1821, and in the Senate from 1826 
 to 1835. In 1823, '24, and '25, he was president of the Massachu- 
 setts Senate. He died in Salem, July 14, 1850. 
 
 Gideon Barsiow was born in Mattapoisett, Sept. 7, 1783. He died 
 at St. Augustine, Fla., where he had gone to recruit his health, March 
 26, 1852. He was a member of both branches of the State Legis- 
 lature, and representative in Congress from 1821 to 1823. 
 
 Benjamin W. Crowninshield was born in Salem, Dec. 27, 1772. 
 He was secretary of the navy, under President Madison, from 1814 
 to 1818, and a member of the State Senate for several years, begin- 
 ning in 1811. He was a representative in Congress fi"om 1823 to 
 1831. He built and lived in the house which is now the Home for 
 Aged "Women, on Derby Street. He died in Boston, Feb. 8, 1851. 
 
 George B. Loring was born in North Andover, Nov. 8, 1817, and 
 graduated at Harvard in 1838. He received the degree of M. D. at 
 the Harvard Medical School in 1842 ; was surgeon of the Marine 
 Hospital at Chelsea in 1843, and of the 7th Regiment, M. V. M., in 
 1842, '43, and '44 ; was postmaster of Salem, 1853-58 ; was a mem- 
 ber of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1866-67 ; was 
 president of the Massachusetts Senate in 1873, '74, '75, and '76 ; was 
 
Biographical SJcetcJies. 247 
 
 United States Centennial Commissioner for Massachusetts in 1876 ; 
 and was elected a representative to Congress in 1876, and re-elected 
 in 1878, being thepresent member from this district. 
 
 Ifathaniel Bowdilch was born in Salem, March 26, 1773. His early- 
 life was spent in Danvers and Salem, in which latter place he was for 
 several years employed in the ship-chandler stores of Kopes Sc 
 Hodges, and S. C. Ward. At the age of twenty-one, he made his 
 first voyage to sea. Having a natural taste for scientific research, he 
 early devoted much time to the study of scientific works, and in 1788, 
 at the age of fifteen, he made all the calculations of an almanac for 
 the year 1790. He translated Newton's "Principia" from Latin into 
 English, while in the merchant office of S. C. Ward. His first voyage 
 was in the ship "Henry," Capt. Prince, to the Isle of Bourbon. He 
 made four other voyages, the last in the "Putnam," of which he was 
 master and part owner. His sea-voyages covered a period of nine 
 years. Before the close of his nautical career, he had received the 
 degree of Master of Arts from Harvard University, and had been 
 chosen a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 
 Immediately after the close of his seafaring life, he was elected 
 president of the Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and 
 held the office about twenty years, till his removal to Boston in 
 1823. He was a member of the Salem Marine Society, and also 
 of the East India Marine Society, a proprietor in the Social and 
 Philosophical libraries, and a trustee of the Salem Athenaeum. He 
 declined a professorship in Harvard College, also one in the University 
 of Virginia, a third at West Point, and the presidency of a Boston 
 insurance company, preferring to remain in Salem ; but in 1823, he 
 was persuaded to become the actuary of the Massachusetts Hospital 
 Life Insurance Company, in Boston. After his removal there, he 
 completed and published a translation and commentary on "M6cauique 
 Celeste." This was in four volumes, and it fixed his fame on a most 
 substantial basis, at home and abroad. The "London Quarterly Re- 
 view " gave it a flattering notice, and it became at once a standard 
 work. Bowditch produced a fine chart of the harbors of Salem, Mar- 
 blehead, Beverly, and Manchester; contributed largely on astronom- 
 ical subjects to the "Transactions" of the American Academy; pub- 
 lished (1802) "The New American Navigator," and contributed many 
 articles to the "North American Review" and "Rees' Cyclopasdia.'' 
 
248 SJcetcJi of Balem. 
 
 While at Boston he became a trustee of the Boston Athenfeum, pres- 
 ident of the American Academy, and a member of the corporation of 
 Harvard College. He died March 16, 1838. 
 
 Robert Cowan was a man whose rare' inventive genius has seldom 
 been equalled. Born in Glasgow, Scotland, about 1762, he was brought 
 to this country in a prize vessel during the Revolutionary War. When 
 Capt. Joseph Peabody, afterwards an eminent Salem merchant, was 
 engaged in privateering, Mr. Cowan made several cruises with him ; 
 and he was present with that distinguished naval hero of the Eevolu- 
 tion, Jonathan Haraden, also of Salem, in the privateer " General 
 Pickering," in his memorable fight with an English privateer near the 
 coast of Spain, on June 4, 1780. After the war he settled in Salem, 
 and became distinguished for shrewdness, industry, and ingenuity. 
 He either invented or introduced the art of varnishing carriages and 
 furniture, and in 1796 articles of furniture were sent from Boston to 
 Mr. Cowan to be varnished. He also manuftictured, without assistance 
 from others, organs, pianofortes, and drawing pencils, among the first 
 to be made in this country. His establishment was on the corner of 
 Essex and Beckford streets. He died in Salem, Aug. 24, 1846, at the 
 age of eighty-four years. 
 
 Francis Peahody was born in Salem, Dec. 7, 1801. He was the 
 founder of the Forest River Lead Company, and built the paper-mills 
 at Middleton. He was one of the founders of the Salem Lyceum 
 and of the Harmony Grove Cemetery Corporation, and was president 
 of the Essex Institute. He was colonel of the 1st Regiment of the 
 State militia, and was one of the leaders in organizing a famous sham- 
 fight that took place, Oct. 6, 1826, in Danvers. Col. Peabody intro- 
 duced in Salem the system of miscellaneous courses of public lectures. 
 It was largely through the instrumentality of Mr. Peabody that the old 
 First Church structure was removed from the place of its discovery, 
 near Witch Hill, to the grounds in the rear of Plummer Hall. Mr. 
 Peabody died Oct. 31, 1867. 
 
The Common. 249 
 
 CHAPTEE XI. 
 
 SHORT SKETCHES OF IIATTEES OF INTEREST CONNECTED WITH THE 
 
 HISTORY OF SALEM. 
 
 There are many interesting facts relating to the history of Salem 
 and its surroundings which are not mentioned in the preceding chap- 
 ters and which should find some place iu this sketch. 
 
 The Common. — In the year 1714 the commoners voted that the 
 spot " where the trainings are generally kept before Nathaniel Higgin- 
 son's house shall be forever a training field for the use of Salem." This 
 common was for a long time unenclosed, and was little else than a 
 swamp where the townspeople gathered berries and cut flags and 
 hoops. The surface of the laud was very uneven, and there were 
 several small ponds included within its limits. Portions of the com- 
 mon were at various times leased by the town to individuals, and in 
 1770 the town voted to build an almshouse on the north-eastern por- 
 tion of it, which was opened for occupancy about 1772. The common 
 remained in this condition till 1801, when Elias Hasket Derby, 
 having been chosen colonel of the militia, raised a subscription of 
 about $2,500 for levelling the common and filling up the ponds. This 
 was done, and rows of trees, chiefly poplar, were planted along the 
 walks, and in 1802 the selectmen changed the name to Washington 
 Square. In 1817 the poplar-trees gave place to the present elms, and 
 a substantial wooden railing was built to enclose the mall. In 1850 
 the present iron fence was substituted for the wooden railing. 
 
 First Houses in Salem. — The four meeting-houses of the First 
 Church have all occupied nearly the same spot ; the first was built in 
 1634, and the "unfinished building of one story," which had been previ- 
 ously used for worship, was no doubt in the same vicinity. The dwelling- 
 house of the Rev. Francis Higginson, who died in 1630, was on ground 
 now covered by the Asiatic Building, and faced towards the South 
 Eiver. The Eev. Samuel Skelton's house was near where the police 
 station now stands, on Front Street. Skelton died in 1634. Samuel 
 
250 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 Sharpe, who was sent over from England in 1629 to take charge of 
 military affairs, lived in a house where is now the corner of Wash- 
 ington and Lynde streets. Next south of Mr. Sharpe's house stood 
 one once owned by the Rev. Nicholas Noyes. This was just south 
 of the present residence of Robert Brookhouse, Esq. Where the new 
 Price Block now stands was a house owned by the Rev. Hugh Peters, 
 pastor of the First Church from 1636 to 1641. South and west of 
 this stood a house which was the homestead of Ralph Fogg, the first 
 town clerk, and afterwai-ds owned by John Hathorne, one of the judges 
 in the witchcraft trials. South of that was a house occupied for a time 
 by Lady Deborah Moody, and next south was the homestead of the 
 Rev. Hugh Peters, afterwards occupied by Judge Corwin,* another 
 justice in the witchcraft trials. On the corner of Norman Street lived 
 Dr. George Emory, here as early as 1637. South of Sweet's Cove 
 (now Creek Street) was a lot of land laid out to the Rev. Samuel 
 Skelton in 1630. f Next south of this was the " Broadfield," originally 
 owned by Gov. Endicott. The almshouse stood on the present site of 
 the State Normal School. 
 
 The first Quaker meeting-house was built by Thomas Maule in 
 1688. "The town bridge," on Boston Street, was built probably 
 about 1640. Next east of the bridge, ayd north-east of Boston 
 Street, were two houses owned in 1659 by Giles Corey, who was 
 crushed to death in witchcraft days for refusing to confess. Robert 
 Moulton, the "chief" ship-builder, sent over to Gov. Endicott 
 in 1629, lived near the head of the North River, where possibly 
 was built the first vessel constructed in the Colony. 
 
 The homestead of Gov. Endicott was "east of Washington Street, 
 and south of the North River." A house that formerly stood on the 
 northern corner of Washington and Church streets, the frame of 
 which is now incorporated in a building used by the Water Depart- 
 ment, is said by tradition to have been the original house of Gov. 
 
 * Spelled Corwin at that time, but now spelled Curwen. 
 
 tin 1651, this and oontlgnous land became the property of John Ruck, by purchase 
 from his father, Thomas Buck, of Boston, and this locality, about ten years later, 
 began to be a settlement of shipwrights. It was called " Buck's Village," and here 
 was carried on all the principal ship-building for several years. The vessels were 
 launched into the creek that made up from the South River. The locality received 
 the appellation " Knockers' Hole," from the knocking and pounding done by the ship 
 carpenters in their work, and was so known up to within a few years. , 
 
First Houses in Salem. 251 
 
 Endicott. The story runs that it was built in England, brought to 
 America by the Dorchester Company, and erected at Cape Ann for 
 Eoger Conant, in 1624, and removed to Salem -when Endicott 
 arrived in 1628. From the best evidence that can be found, it 
 appears probable that the Governor's house did not originally stand 
 on this spot, but about ten rods north of it, where Federal street 
 enters "Washington from the east. There is a theory that the original 
 house was moved about 1679, from there to the corner of Washington 
 and Church streets, and that it stood there till moved back on the 
 latter street, and incorporated in the city building above mentioned. 
 Small tack nails, claimed to form the initials "I. E.," have been 
 found in a timber of this old structure. Many doubt the tradition, 
 and a sentence in the preface of Thomas Maule's book, " Truth Held 
 Forth and Maintained," published in 1694, as previously stated, is ad- 
 duced as evidence that the house could not be placed, even at that 
 time. The sentence is as follows : " One can hardly find where his 
 (Endicott's) fair dwelling in Salem stood." This may refer to the 
 cellar on the original site above referred to, in which case the tradition 
 may be true. At any rate it is an interesting one. 
 
 Where Dr. S. M. Cate now lives on, the southern corner of 
 Washington and Church streets, was the house of Thomas Oliver, 
 whose wife, Mary, was a noted character in early colonial, history. 
 Thomas Oliver's second wife, Bridget, who afterwards married Edward 
 Bishop, was the first victim of the witchcraft delusion. Where the 
 West Block now stands, the site of the late Mansion House, was the 
 old Ship Tavern, kept for many years by John Gedney. Between that 
 and St. Peter's Street was the homestead of Peter Palfray, one of the old 
 planters. On the north corner of Essex and Washington streets lived 
 Walter Price, and next east, John Woodbury, another of the old 
 planters. 
 
 The Bradstreet house, torn down in 1750, stood on the site 
 of the late Francis Peabody's residence, next west of Plummer 
 Hall. It was built by Emanuel Downing, the father of Sir George 
 Downing. The date of its erection is not known, but it was conveyed 
 to Emanuel Downing's daughter Anne, the wife of Capt. Joseph 
 Gardner, in 1656. After the death of Capt. Gardner, who was killed 
 at the Great Swamp fight in the Narraganset war, in 1675, his wife 
 married Gov. Simon Bradstreet, and thus the house became known 
 
252 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 as the Bradstreef house. Gov. Bradstreet, the last of the colonial 
 governors, died there March 27, 1697. 
 
 The exact location of the house of Eoger Conant, the first built in 
 Salem, has never been settled ; but the strongest evidence is that it 
 stood on the site of the present Maynes Block, opposite the market,, 
 on Essex Street. The house on the north-west corner of Essex and 
 North streets, known as the " Witch House," was originally owned by 
 Roger Williams in 1635 and 1636, and afterwards by Capt. Richard 
 Davenport, whose administrators sold it to Jonathan Corwin in 1674. 
 Judge Corwin lived here, and tradition says that one of the rooms 
 was used for preliminary examinations of those charged with witch- 
 craft in 1692. Hence its name of "old witch house." This is the 
 oldest house standing in Salem, or in this section.* 
 
 Other Salem Souses. — The house on Essex Street, in which Dr. E. 
 A. Holyoke lived is noW occupied by Israel Fellows as a furniture 
 warehouse. William H. Prescott, the historian, was born May 4, 
 1796, in a house which stood on the site of Plummer Hall. This 
 house was built by Nathan Reed, member of Congress from this dis- 
 trict, and was afterwards occupied by Joseph Peabody. The house in 
 which Joshua Ward lived when he entertained President George 
 Washington on his visit to Salem, in 1789, still stands on. Washing- 
 ton Street, and is now occupied by Dr. J. E. Fiske. Nathaniel Bow- 
 ditch was born in the house fornierly numbered fourteen on Brown 
 Street, and which has recently been moved back into the garden 
 formerly attached to the house. The house numbered twenty-one 
 on Union Street was the birth-place of Nathaniel Hawthorne. On 
 Broad Street, in the house now occupied by his grandson, John 
 Pickering, Col. Timothy Pickering was born. 
 
 Taverns. — Early provision was made " of taverns or ordinaries." 
 They who kept them were required to be licensed, and were not to 
 suffer " any to be drunk," nor to tipple "after nine of the clock at 
 night." In 1637 John Holgrave, at the earnest request of the town, 
 "has undertaken to keepe an ordinary for the entertaynment of 
 strangers." In 1646 Mrs. Catherine Clarke, having a family of chil- 
 dren, is licensed for £10 per annum, if "she provide a fitt man, that 
 is godly to manage the businesse." A house was erected for John 
 
 * These notes in reference to the first houses of Salem are taken, mainly, from Mr. 
 W. P Upham's contributions to the " Essex Institute Bulletin" in 1869. 
 
The Taverns. 253 
 
 Massey ia 1661, and became noted as a tavern. It was situated at 
 the Salem end of the Beverly ferry, and was called " The old Ferry 
 Tavern." It was demolished in 1819. The " Great Tavern " stood 
 on the site of the present Stearns Building in 1727. It was known 
 as " the great tavern with many peaks," and for a time as the Ship 
 Tavern. It was here that the Social Library was formed, in 1760. 
 The land was once owned by Hugh Peters. The Stearns Building was 
 erected about 1791. A tavern near the northern corner of Washing- 
 ton and Church streets was also once known as the "Ship Tavern." 
 
 The veritable "Old Ship Tavern," noted of that name, was on the 
 site of the present West Block, Essex Street. It was in later years the 
 site of the Mansion House. In this immediate vicinity, — Essex Street, 
 between the present head of Central Street and St. Peter's Street, — 
 stood many taverns: "Mr. Stacey's Tavern," "Mr. Pratt's Tavern," 
 "Mr. Goodhue's Tavern," "Mr. Eobinson's Tavern," "Benjamin 
 Webb's Tavern," the "King's Arms Tavern," later, the " Sun Tavern,'' 
 the "Essex Coffee House," the "Lafayette Coffee House," and the pres- 
 ent "Essex House." The last three were the same building, with 
 different names, as above. The "King's Arms Tavern" was a building 
 erected in 1652, by William Browne, as a mansion. It was about 1768 
 that it was known as the "King's Arms Tavern," and, on the breaking 
 out of the Revolution, as the " Sun Tavern." It was taken down, in 
 1800, by William Gray, who built a brick house just east of its site. 
 The tavern was next kept in Mr. Gray's former residence, on the site 
 of the present Bowker Block. In 1814 Mr. Gray's new house became 
 a tavern, and was called the "Essex Coffee House." It became the 
 " Lafayette Coffee House " when the Marquis de Lafayette visited Salem 
 the last time, in 1824, and stopped there. It next became the " Essex 
 House," and is thus known now. In 1774 the " Salem Coffee House '' 
 was kept in a building near the site of the present St. Peter's Church. 
 " Thomas Beadle's Tavern " stood on Essex Street, nearly opposite the 
 present junction of Pleasant Street. At the time of the witchcraft 
 trials, in 1692, preliminary examinations of accused persons were held 
 there. The " Blue Anchor Tavern," was probably near the site of the 
 Philip English mansion, on English Street. This was in 1678. A third 
 " Ship Tavern " was once kept on or near the present corner of Essex 
 and Crombie streets. In 1803, this was known as the "City Hotel." 
 The Gov. Bradstreet house was known as the " Globe Tavern " in the 
 
254 Slcetcli of Salem. 
 
 early part of the 18th century. The " South Fields " residence of E. 
 Hersey Derby is now a public house, known as the " Lafayette 
 House." 
 
 Stages and Stage Companies. — The first record of a vehicle for 
 carrying passengers is in 1761, when "a large stage chair," drawn by 
 two horses, passed through Salem from Portsmouth, on its way to 
 Boston, and returned, once a week. In 1766, a stage began to run 
 between Salem and Boston, and one between Salem and Gloucester in 
 1796. Four years before, a "stage wagon" had run to Gloucester. 
 Stages began to run to Haverhill in 1810 ; to South Andover, in 1819 ; 
 to Lowell, in 1826; to Beverly (special) and to Danvers, in 1828; 
 to Essex, in 1833 ; and to Ipswich about the same year. As early as 
 1774 a stage ran to Marblehead, occasionally, and in 1794 one was 
 run from that town to Salem. A stage commenced running to Lynn, 
 separate from the Boston stages, in 1832. The Salem and Boston 
 Stage Company (a Salem institution) was incorporated in 1821, and, 
 up to the time of the advent of the Eastern Eailroad, in 1838, was a 
 very successful concern, and was considered decidedly progressive. 
 It was as well run and as well equipped as any line in the country, and 
 ■was the first to introduce the "swing-rack and foot-board," and later, 
 the steel-spring stages. Most of its coaches were built in its own 
 - shops in Salem, among the mechanics employed being Osgood Bradley, 
 since the day of railroads a large and successful passenger-car builder 
 in Worcester, and Joseph Smith and Daniel C. Manning, the present 
 livery firm of Smith & Manning. William H. Foster, the present 
 cashier of the Asiatic National Bank, was one of the clerks of the 
 company. On the gradual dissolution of the concern, several of the 
 drivers of the old stage company became in some way connected with 
 the railroad company, a business nearer akin than any other to their 
 "profession." 
 
 The Turnpike. — The Salem Turnpike and Chelsea Bridge Corpora- 
 tion was incorporated March 6, 1802. The road was opened for 
 travel Sept. 22, 1803. It extended from Salem to the Charles River, 
 and was twelve miles and 256 poles long. Tolls were abolished and 
 the turnpike became a free public way Nov. 6, 1869. 
 
 Railroads. — The Eastern Kailroad was opened from Boston to 
 Salem Aug. 27, 1838. The first station building was of wood, and 
 quite small. The present granite and brick structure was commenced 
 
The Netvspapers. 255 
 
 in the spring of 1847. The Eastern road was opened to Marblehead 
 Dec. 10, 1839; to Ipswich, Dec. 18, 1839; to Newburyport, June 
 19, 1840 ; to the New Hampshire line, Nov. 9, 1840. The tunnel 
 under "Washington and Essex streets was built in 1839. The Essex 
 Railroad, Salem to Lawrence, was opened Sept. 5, 1848 ; the South 
 Reading road, to South Reading (now Wakefield), in September, 
 1850; and the Salem and Lowell road, Aug. 1, 1850. Of the last 
 three, the Lowell road is operated by the Boston, Lowell, and Nashua 
 Railroad, and the other two by the Eastern road. 
 
 Ifeiosjpapers. — Salem followed closely behind Cambridge and Bos- 
 ton in introducing the printing-press, Samuel Hall, a native of 
 Medford, opening an office here in April, 1768. In the following July 
 he established a paper, the " Essex Gazette," to be issued on each 
 Tuesday. The first number appeared Aug. 2d, and was a folio ten 
 by sixteen inches. In May, 1775, Mr. Hall removed to Cambridge 
 and published his paper there till 1781, when he returned to Salem 
 and started the " Salem Gazette." This paper he published for a 
 little more than four years, removing to Boston and publishing the 
 "Massachusetts Gazette" there. This removal from Salem was on 
 account of heavy taxes levied on advertisements, which sadly re- 
 duced his income. 
 
 Before Mr. Hall's removal from Salem a paper was started, July 1, 
 1774, by Ezekiel Russell, and was called the " Salem Gazette and New- 
 bury and Newburyport Advertiser." It terminated in a few months. 
 "The American Gazette or Constitutional Journal," was published by 
 Mr. Russell for a few weeks, commencing June 19, 1776. "The 
 Salem Gazette and General Advertiser " was published by Mrs. Mary 
 Crouch & Co., from Jan. 2, 1781, to October 11 of the same year. 
 "The Salem Chronicle and Essex Advertiser" was published by 
 George Roulstone, for something less than year, commencing March 
 30, 1786. The present "Salem Gazette" was commenced Oct. 14, 
 1786, John Dabney and Thomas C. Cushing issuing the first number 
 under the title of the " Salem Mercury." It assumed the name of the 
 "Salem Gazette" Jan. 5, 1790. The present "Gazette" is traced 
 back in a direct line to Mr. Hall's first venture, and the " Gazette " of 
 to-day bears, at the head of its column, the words, " Established, 
 weekly, 1768; semi-weekly, 1796"; and its claim, as a continua- 
 tion of Mr. Hall's paper, is founded upon the judgment of local 
 
256 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 antiquarians who were contemporary with Mr, Gushing. He had 
 served his apprenticeship with Mr. Hall, and took his materials and 
 revived the paper, after a break, in 1786. Mr. Caleb Foote, the 
 present senior partner, served as an apprentice with Mr. Gushing, — 
 so the line is traced down, connecting the first issue with that of the 
 present day. Mr. Dabney withdrew in 1789, leaving Mr. Gushing 
 sole proprietor. In 1794 William Garlton assumed the publication, 
 and, in 1797, transferred it back to Mr. Gushing. On account of 
 ill-health, the latter withdrew from the paper, and his son, Galeb 
 Gushing, succeeded him. He published the paper for six months, 
 with Ferdinand Andrews, who Iheu took it alone. He sold one-half 
 the establishment, in 1825, to Galeb Foote, and the other half in 
 1826 to William Brown. Jan. 1, 1833, Mr. Foote became sole pro- 
 prietor, and is now the senior partner of the firm of Foote & Hor- 
 ton (N. A. Horton) , who are the present publishers, the latter 
 entering the firm in 1854, after a regular apprenticeship in the same 
 office. It is now published as a semi-weekly, on each Tuesday and 
 Friday morning. A weekly edition, the "Essex Gounty Mercury," is 
 issued on each Wednesday. This was started June 8, 1831. 
 
 The "Salem Register" was commenced May 12, 1800, as a semi- 
 weekly. William Garlton was its publisher, and it was originally 
 called the "Impartial Eegister," then the "Salem Eegister," the 
 "Essex Eegister," and finally the "Salem Eegister" again. Mr. 
 Garlton died July 24, 1805, and the paper was published for his 
 widow, then "for the proprietors" for awhile, next by Haven Poole 
 and Warwick Palfray, Jr. Mr. Poole died and the paper was 
 continued by Mr. Palfray, and later by Mr. Palfray and Mr. John 
 Ghapman. On the death of Mr. Warwick Palfray, Jr., his son, 
 Gharles W., formed a partnership with Mr. Ghapman. The latter 
 died in 1873, and Mr. Eben N. Walton was admitted to the firm, 
 which became Palfray & Walton. The "Eegister" is issued on 
 each Monday and Thursday. 
 
 The " Salem Observer " was fii'st issued Jan. 6, 1823, by William 
 and Stephen B. Ives, as a weekly, appearing on each Monday evening. 
 It was first published as the " Observer," next as the " Salem Observer," 
 four years as the "Salem Literary and Gommercial Observer," 
 and last and now as the " Salem Observer " again. Its first two 
 editors were B. Lynde Oliver, and Joseph G. Waters. George 
 
The N'euospapers. 257 
 
 W. Pease became a partner in 1837, and in 1839 Mr. Stephen 
 B. Ives withdrew, leaving the firm, Ives & Pease. William Ives with- 
 drew a few years ago, and Horace S. Traill became a partner. The 
 " Observer " is now published by Pease, Traill & Fielden, Mr. Fran- 
 cis A. Fielden having been admitted Jan. 1, 1872. It is issued on 
 Saturday mornings. Mr. Gilbert L. Streeter is its editor. Mr. 
 Streeter wrote, in 1856, " an account of the newspapers and periodi- 
 cals published in Salem," up to that year, and it contains much 
 detailed information. The pamphlet is on file at the Essex Institute. 
 
 The " Salem Post " is the outgrowth of a free advertising sheet, pub- 
 lished monthly by Charles H. Webber. On Jan. 1, 1873, it became 
 a weekly, published by Mr. Webber and F. B. Browning, and was 
 styled the " Salem City Post." For a time the publishing firm was 
 Webber Bros., Mr. Putnam Webber being the junior partner. The 
 " Post " is issued each Wednesday morning. 
 
 These four are the only newspapers now published in Salem, and, 
 though neither of them is a daily, some one is issued on each morning 
 of the week, except Sunday. 
 
 Many papers have been born in Salem only to die, most of them for 
 want of support. Among them the " Salem Advertiser," published 
 from 1832 to 1849 ; the "Salem Daily Chronicle," from March, 1848, 
 to May 22, 1848; "Essex County Freeman," from Aug. 1, 1849, to 
 June 14, 1854; the "Union Democrat," from July 31, 1852, to Oct. 
 6, 1852; the "People's Advocate," from Oct. 1854, to 1861; the 
 " Salem Daily Journal," from July 24, 1854, to Nov. 24, 1855 ; the 
 "Essex Statesman," from 1863 to 1868 ; the "Salem Enterprise," 
 daily, from April 4, 1867, to Jan. 9, 1868 ; "Daily Evening News," 
 a continuation of the "Enterprise," from March 4, 1868, to April 4, 
 1868. These were the most important. A host have been published 
 during exciting political contests, for advertising purposes, or with a 
 hope that they might gain a foothold in the community ; but only 
 the " Gazette," " Mercury," " Register," " Observer," and "Post," stand 
 to-day as " news " papers. " The Pavilion " and " Fireside Favorite " 
 are monthly advertising sheets that deserve mention, as they have 
 been published regularly since 1869 and 1870 respectively. The lat- 
 ter is a successor of the " Hoop-Skirt," started in 1867. 
 
 Telegraph and Telephone. — The first communication between Salem 
 and Boston by the magnetic telegraph was a dispatch sent by the 
 
258 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 mayor of the former city to the mayor of the latter, Dec. 23, 1847. 
 The first public exhibition of the telephone was made at Lyceum Hall, 
 on the 12th of February, 1876, under the supervision of the inventor, 
 A. Graham Bell. A despatch of a quarter of a column was sent by tele- 
 phone the same evening to the " Boston Daily Globe," by Henry M. 
 Batchelder, then connected with that paper. But three errors in re- 
 ceiving it were made, and it was the first despatch ever sent by tele- 
 phone to a newspaper. 
 
 Salem JSfeck, like all other lands in this vicinity, was originally held 
 in common and undivided. In 1714 the commoners granted the Neck 
 lands and Winter Island, and from that date to 1728, the Neck was 
 probably used for pasturage, and Winter Island for " the fishery " ; that 
 is, for drying fish. Who collected the rents cannot be determined ; bnt, 
 according to the vote of the commoners, the rents were to be paid into 
 the town treasury. In 1729 the town let the lands on Winter Island 
 to five shoremen. In 1735 it was voted to let so much as was suflS- 
 cient to the shoremen, the remainder as a public pasture, and from 
 1738, up to 1824, the island was let for pasture lands. In March, 
 1756, the land on which the powder-house now stands, was let to 
 Richard Derby for one shilling a year, and he built a wharf and ware- 
 house. In 1859 the city authorities received |152 rent from Oliver M. 
 Whipple (who had purchased the title of the Derby family) for the 
 unexpired term of one thousand years. It is probable that, prior to 
 1714, the town owned a portion of the Neck, and the commoners the 
 remainder. In 1765 the town treasurer was authorized to let Winter 
 Island and the Neck together, for pasture lands. In 1679 there were 
 so many people at Winter Island that John Clifford was licensed to 
 keep a victualling house for their convenience. 
 
 The Neck has a long story in connection with the coast defences of 
 the Colony and Commonwealth. Block-bouses, stockades, and earth- 
 works, almost innumerable, have been built there on various threaten- 
 ing occasions, ever since the first settlement. Their history is difficult 
 to trace ; but the notes which follow pertain to the most important 
 defences. A ship which arrived in 1629 brought five cannon ; but 
 these were probably for the Darby Fort on the Marblehead shore, at 
 Naugus Head, built about that year, as near as can be decided from 
 the records. 
 
 A fort on the Salem shore (Winter Island) was commenced in 1643. 
 
Old Mills. 259 
 
 Felt says that ia 1758 the Neck had "long been guarded" by two 
 block-houses at the gate, and by another at Watch-house Point, 
 familiarly called Hospital Point. Besides these defences, it had a fort 
 on its heights, called "new," to distinguish it from the old one on 
 Winter Island. In 1690 the Winter Island fort was repaired, and 
 breastworks thrown up on the heights of the Neck. In 1699 the 
 Winter Island fort was called Fort William, in honor of the king, and 
 in 1704, Fort Ann, in honor of the queen. A new fort was built in 
 1742, on the heights of the Neck, the location fortified in 1690. In 
 1775 Fort Lee was built on the site of the fort of 1742. In 1787 
 there were three forts, known as William, Lee, and Juniper, the 
 latter on the site of the present summer settlement at Juniper Point. 
 In 1794 Fort William was ceded to the United States. In 1799 the 
 name of Fort William was changed to Fort Pickering, by order of the 
 secretary of war. In 1814 these forts were rebuilt, and Forts Pick- 
 ering and Lee again in 1863, after the breaking out of the civil war. 
 Both are now in a dilapidated condition. 
 
 The noted frigate "Essex," thirty-two guns, was built on the south 
 side of Winter Island in 1799, and launched, September 30 of that 
 year, from a spot not far from the lighthouse. 
 
 Old Mills. — Capt. William Trask, an original planter, erected one of 
 the first mills in New England.* It was built on a small brook, runuinf 
 into the North Eiver, near the Lowell Railroad station in Peabody. 
 The first machinery was a " mortar mill " for pounding corn. Various 
 changes were made at different times in the construction and uses 
 of the building or buildings on this foundation. In 1692 it was re- 
 built for a fulling mill. In 1640 Capt. Trask obtained permission, 
 and, some years later, erected a mill a half mile further down the 
 North River, and in a short time moved it another half mile down 
 stream. This became known as Frye's Mill, being under the direc- 
 tion, the latter part of the century, of William Frye, father and son. 
 In June, 1663, permission was granted to Walter Price, Henry Bar- 
 tholomew, John Gardner, and Samuel Gardner, to build a mill on the 
 South River, and it was completed in 1664. It was on the site of the 
 grist-mill removed a few years ago by the Eastern Railroad, to build 
 the engine-house, on Mill Street. -f 
 
 * This was probal)ly itw first mill in New England. 
 
 t See " Bulletin of the Essex Institute," Vol. III.— an article on " Old Mills," by the 
 Hon. James Kimball. 
 
260 Shetch of Salem. 
 
 There was a windmill near "Burial Point," the present Charter 
 Street Cemetery. The mill probably stood near Liberty Street, and 
 the field became known as " Windmill Field." This was previous to 
 1660. Another windmill stood near Northey Street. 
 
 Glass Making.— For Salem is claimed the establishment of the 
 first glass works in New England. The evidence is found in the 
 early town records. In 1638 the following appears : — " 27th of the 
 11th. mo. 1638 — ^'granted to Obadiah Hullme one acre of land for a 
 house neere to the glasse house." Hence the manufacture of glass 
 must have been established as early as 1638. This " glasse house " 
 was located in a field now lying between Boston and Aborn streets, a 
 part of which is owned by Gen. William Sutton. Glass slag has 
 frequently been plowed up there. 
 
 Fire Clubs. — Associations known as " fire clubs " have existed in 
 Salem since 1744. In the active days of these clubs, each member 
 was required to have two substantial leather buckets, and they were 
 usually painted with the name and device of the club. Many of these 
 buckets may still be found hanging in the front or rear hall-ways of 
 the old houses of Salem, usually under the stairs or on some projection 
 or cornice. These buckets were kept thus handy, and when an alarm 
 of fire was given, the owner was supposed to take his buckets and repair 
 to the scene of the fire, to assist in passing water from the cisterns to 
 the tubs of the engines, or to throw it on to the fire directly. This of 
 course was before the introduction of the suction-hose. Each member 
 of the clubs was also provided with a bag, in which to take property 
 from buildings, and a bed-key to take down the old-fashioned bed- 
 steads. Most of the clubs had ladders at convenient places about the 
 town. • In later years, these organizations having been mainly surpassed 
 in usefulness by the introduction of improved fire apparatus, they have 
 been maintained as social clubs, an annual meeting and supper being 
 held, at which officers were chosen and reminiscences of former days 
 related. The only clubs now in existence are the Enterprise, the 
 Naumkeag, and Alert. The following clubs, with their dates of organ- 
 ization, were the most important of those that have existed in Salem : 
 Old Eire Club, 1744; Union, 1770; Social, 1774; Number Five, 
 1783; Social (2), 1793; Amity, 1796; Relief, 1803; Washington, 
 1803; Adroit, 1806; Active, 1806; Hamilton, 1809; Enterprise, 
 1810; Union and Amity, 1812; Volant, 1816; Adroit (2), 1831; 
 
The Post- Office. 261 
 
 Naumkeag, 1832 ; Boston Street ; Sons of Temperance ; Alert Social ; 
 Social (3). 
 
 These were active and useful organizations in their day. Some of 
 them lived but a few months or years, while three, enumerated above, 
 have come down to the present time. 
 
 The Post- Office. — The methods employed in carrying and dis- 
 tributing the mails have changed with the needs of the country, begin- 
 ning in 1639, when the General Court ordered that all letters "from 
 beyond the seas" should be deposited with Eichard Fairbanks, of 
 Boston, who was to receive one penny each for their delivery. In 
 1693 the postage from Salem to Boston was fourpence. Edward Nor- 
 ris was postmaster at Salem in 1768, and re-appointed by the Provin- 
 cial Congress May 13, 1775. The post-office was then in a shop on 
 Washington Street. In 1779 MascoU Williams succeeded Mr. Nonis, 
 and the office was nearly opposite Mechanic Hall, on Essex Street, 
 B^Y 1792 there was a daily mail to Boston, transported by stage. The 
 Marblehead mail was carried on foot, by a Mr. Fabens, who had lost 
 one arm. John Dabney succeeded Mr. Williams, and after Aug. 21, 
 1792, kept the office at the corner of Essex and Washington streets. 
 He removed in 1800 to the corner of Essex and Central streets, and 
 afterwards to a new building at the foot of Central Street, on Con- 
 cert Square. His last location was on the premises on Essex Street 
 occupied by Bowker Place. Joseph E. Sprague succeeded Mr. Dab- 
 ney in 1816. He moved the office to Franklin Building ; to the corner 
 of Court and Essex streets in 1817 ; to the corner of Essex and St. 
 Peter's streets in 1818, and there it remained while he continued in 
 office. Eben Putnam succeeded him in 1829, and the office remained 
 for awhile in the last-named location, and was then removed to the 
 East India Marine Hall Building, where it continued to be kept until 
 Feb. 24, 1855, when it was removed to its present location in the 
 Asiatic Building. Charles W. Woodbury succeeded Mr. Putnam 
 as postmaster March 1, 1840, and held the office until Caleb Foote 
 was appointed, in May, 1841. Benjamin F. Browne succeeded Mr. 
 Foote in August, 1844, and was himself succeeded by George Rus- 
 sell in February, 1849. George B. Loring succeeded Mr. Russell in 
 June, 1853, and was followed by Joseph S. Perkins in 1858. John 
 Ryan was appointed in 1860, and continued in office until the appoint- 
 pient of John Chapman in 1861. Mr. Chapman was succeeded by 
 
262 STcetcTi of Salem. 
 
 "William W- Lander in 1867, and upon his removal from office^ in 
 1869, George H. Pierson was appointed, and is the present postmas- 
 ter of Salem. 
 
 Military Companies. — From the days of the first settlement, Salem 
 has maintained organized bodies of soldiery. The earliest mention 
 in the old records is only brief, but enough is found to prove that some 
 organization existed. A Salem company saw service against the Dutch 
 in Acadia at the capture of St. John and Port Royal, in 1654. In 1675 
 five Salem men were killed in an engagement with the Indians at Bloody 
 Brook ; and thirty-one Salem men were impressed for an expedition 
 against the Narragansetts. During this campaign two Salem men were 
 killed, and four wounded. Salem men were engaged in a battle with 
 the Indians at Cocheco, in 1676. In 1707, "our soldiers, troop and 
 foot," went to Haverhill to meet the French and Indians ; two were 
 killed and two wounded. Salem sent a quota in the Port Royal expe- 
 dition, in 1710; and, in 1711, "twenty men of Col. Hathorn's Regi- 
 ment " sailed in the English fleet for Canada. In 1745 a company of 
 fifty was raised for the expedition against Louisburg. Timothy Pick- 
 ering was chosen colonel of the 1st Regiment, Feb. 13, 1775, and 
 his regiment marched to Lexington, Ajpril 19, 1775, but arrived too 
 late to take part in the skirmish. 
 
 In April, 1776, the first uniformed infantry company appears under 
 Capt. Joseph Sprague and Lieut. Joseph Hiller. A portion of Col. 
 Pickering's regiment Avas at Bunker Hill, but does not appear to have 
 fought there as an organization, though Lieut. Benjamin West is 
 reported killed. The command fought through the war. 
 
 The present Second Corps of Cadets was organized July 10, 1786, 
 with Stephen Abbott as its first commander. The uniform was red 
 anJ white, and these colors have always been retained. The Cadets 
 furnished a large proportion of the nucleus of the 24th Massachu- 
 setts Regiment in the civil war, and the corps was represented largely 
 in the 2d and 19th Regiments and 1st Heavy Artillery. The corps is 
 now a battalion of two companies, under Lieut. Col. Samuel Dalton. 
 
 In 1786 there was a volunteer company in Ward IV. The Salem 
 Artillery made its first parade May 23, 1787, and continued with vary- 
 ing fortunes till the opening of the Rebellion, when it was merged with 
 the 4th Massachusetts Battery. In 1798, a company of "exempts" 
 was formed. 
 
Military Companies. 263 
 
 Tho present Salem Light Infantry was formed May 11, 1805, Capt. 
 John Saunders commanding. It adopted the French Zouave drill at 
 the opening of the Rebellion. It served in one of the " three months " 
 regiments; in the "nine months" and "100 days" campaigns; fur- 
 nished full companies in the 8th, 23d, and 50th regiments ; and was 
 represented in the 32d, 35th, and other Massachusetts organizations. 
 Tho company is now attached to the 8th Regiment, and is under Capt. 
 Jonathan Osborne. 
 
 The present Salem Mechanic Light Infantry was formed Feb. 26, 
 1807, and paraded for the first time July 4, 1807, under Capt. Perley 
 Putnam. It served in the 5th Regiment during the civil war, as a 
 " three months " organization. Its members afterwards saw service 
 in several different regiments. The Essex Hussars existed for a short 
 time, about 1808. In 1811, two new companies were organized, 
 making eight in Salem at that time. The Essex Guards first paraded 
 July 4, 1814, and became extinct at the close of the War of 1812. 
 The Salem City Guards were formed Nov. 14, 1846, with Robert H. 
 Farrant as captain, and made their first parade May 31, 1847. This 
 organization was attached to the 5th Regiment at the opening of the 
 civil war. It disbanded before the close of the war. 
 
 Ex-members of the Cadets and Salem Light Infantry have formed 
 veteran associations, and have occasional parades, and elect officers 
 annually. The Veteran Cadet Association was formed Oct. 11, 1866, 
 with Gen. William Sutton as its first commander. The Salem Light 
 Infantry Veteran Association was formed Nov. 11, 1862, with George 
 Peabody as the first commander. The "veteran" members of the 
 Mechanic Light Infimtry have paraded several times, but have formed 
 no definite organization. 
 
 Bands. — The first permanent military band in Salem was organ- 
 ized in June, 1837, and from this the present Salem Brass Band has 
 descended. Prior to that year, it had been the custom for six or 
 eight musicians to play together at parades. They were denominated 
 " mai'tial music." There had been an attempt to form a band at an 
 earlier date, but after a very brief and feeble existence it dissolved. 
 The first leader of the Salem Band was F. W. Moore. Jerome Smith 
 succeeded him as leader, and at his death the now famous P. S. Gil- 
 more became his successor. Under his direction the band soon 
 acquired a high prestige, and became one of the first musical orgauiza- 
 
264 STcetch of Salem. 
 
 tions in the Commonwealth. Gilmore was followed byKerrahn, "the 
 jolly trumpeter ; " he, in turn, by J. H. Parsons, James Faxon, and 
 the present energetic leader, Mr. John M. Flockton, Jr. 
 
 The Bay State Band was formed in 1852, and continued for several 
 years a popular organization. 
 
 The Naumkeag Band, composed of members of the Naumkeag 
 Boat Club, existed from 1870 to 1874. 
 
 The Salem Cadet Band, enlisted by the Second Corps of Cadets, 
 M. V. M., was organized in the spring of 1878, by Mr. Jean M. 
 Missud, a native of Nice, Sardinia, a musician of high reputation. 
 Under his direction the band has attained high rank. 
 
 The Catholic Temperance Band is an excellent organization, com- 
 posed of members of the Father Mathew Temperance Society. It 
 has existed for several years. 
 
 Halls. — Salem is veiy well provided with halls suited for theatri- 
 cal performances, concerts, dancing parties, and all description of 
 public assemblies. Mechanic Hall is the largest and finest in the 
 city. It is on the west corner of Essex and Crombie streets. It was 
 built in 1839 by the Mechanic Hall Corporation, and in 1870 was en- 
 larged and entirely remodelled. Its seating c^apacity is 1,093, and the 
 stage is well adapted and furnished with good scenery for theatrical 
 purposes. The interior of the hall is neat and beautiful, and its fur- 
 nishings are in the most approved modern design. The hall has a 
 very fine concert organ, built by J. H. Wilcox & Co., of Boston, and 
 placed in the hall at the time of the remodelling, 1870. A company of 
 seven gentleman, Messrs. Richard C. Manning, George M. Whipple, 
 A. Aug. Smith, Jos. H. Webb, George Perkins, Thomas H. Johnson, 
 and Parker L. Walker, associated themselves as a committee to 
 ensure an organ for the hall, and this committee devised and executed 
 the means which secured the instrument. The sum of $2,779.83 was 
 raised by a general subscription; entertainments conducted by the 
 organ committee netted $1,242.70; $330 was received for rent of the 
 organ after it was placed in the hall, and the Mechanic Hall Corpora- 
 tion assumed the balance of the expense incurred by the committee, 
 $1,839.90. Lyceum Hall, on Church Street, was built in 1830, 
 and is the property of the Salem Lj'ceum. The hall was opened 
 Jan. 19, 1831. The hall is semi-circular, amphitheatre form, and is 
 well adapted for lectures. It seats about six hundred. Hamilton 
 
View on Chestnut Street. 
 
 A^ih'.w (IN Lai''ayi';tt)'; Street. 
 
 Hcli'il^'pu I'niitinL; Cn., I'osln 
 
Pullic Halls. 265 
 
 Hall was built about 1810 by a company of gentlemen who intended 
 it for assemblies, a use to which it has always been largely devoted. 
 Many important events have been commemorated within its walls, 
 including the fourth and fifth half centuries of the landing of Gov. 
 Endicott. The hall has always been kept in excellent repair, and 
 has been refitted within a half dozen years, and is to-day as ever 
 a favorite gathering place for dancing and other parties. Central 
 Hall, on Central Street, built in 1869, is well adapted for small 
 parties and entertainments. It was for a number of years leased by 
 Post 34, Grand Army. Each of the military companies occupies an 
 armory sufficiently large for all gatherings of its own, and they are 
 frequently let for public assemblies or dancing parties. The Young 
 Men's Catholic Temperance Society has a good-sized hall, called No- 
 nantum Hall, on Warren Street ; and the Grand Army Post occupies a 
 hall in Essex Block, St. Peter's Street. The Odd Fellows have 
 nice halls in the Asiatic Building, "Washington Street, and the Ancient 
 Order of Hibernians in the Phoenix Block, Lafayette Street. 
 
 There has been no regular theatre in Salem since 1832, when the 
 old Salem Theatre building on Crorabie Street was sold to the 
 Crombie Street Church Society. This building was erected for theat- ■ 
 rical purposes in 1828, and was known as the Salem Theatre. Aaron 
 J. Phillips was its manager and lessee. The first play performed 
 there was the comedy, " Wives as They Were." The theatre was run 
 to a losing business four years, and was then sold as above mentioned. 
 
 Cemeteries. — The Charter Street Cemetery is the oldest burying- 
 ground in Salem, and was occupied before 1637. Among others 
 interred there are Hilliard Veren, Martha Corey, Richard Derby, 
 Warwick Palfray, Benjamin Lynde, William Browne, Simon Fores- 
 ter, and Deliverance Parkman. The Broad Street Cemetery was com- 
 menced about 1655. Capt. George Curwin, the sheriff of witchcraft 
 days, is buried there. The Howard Street Cemetery was commenced 
 about 1801. A part of it was originally reserved for colored people, 
 and a part for strangers. The Orne Street Cemetery was originally 
 laid out in 1807, and contained about two and a half acres. In 1864 
 about six acres were added to the former reservation. A soldiers' lot 
 of eight thousand feet was set apart in 1872. Harmony Grove, near 
 the Peabody line, is the largest and newest resting-place for the dead. 
 It contains sixty-five acres, and is a beautiful spot, kept in the nicest 
 
266 BTcetch of Salem. 
 
 order. It was commenced in 1840. Many fine monuments and beau- 
 tiful enclosures are here to be found. The Roman Catholic buryiug- 
 ground, in North Salem, was laid out a few years since. The Quaker 
 buiying-ground, on Essex Street, occupies a lot of land adjoining the 
 site of an old Quaker church. 
 
 " The Willows" is a portion of the north-eastern point of Salem 
 Neck, and derived its name from the fact of there being there some 
 large willow-trees. It was formerly known as "Hospital Point," and, 
 before that as " Watch-house Point." It has always been a favorite 
 resort for picnic parties, and is now a public pleasure-park, controlled 
 by the city. It is neatly laid out, and one large and several smaller 
 pavilions have been erected. Its situation is a beautiful one, and the 
 view of the harbor, the north shore toward Cape Ann, and the penin- 
 sula of Marbiehead, is a rare bit of scenery. The tracks of the Naum- 
 keag Street Eailway extend to the Willows, conveying people thither 
 in twenty minutes from the centre of the city. 
 
 Juniper Point, or "The Juniper," lies east of the Willows. Its 
 historic features have been traced in an account of the early forts. It 
 is now the locality of a large summer settlement of cottagers, mainly 
 from Lowell and Nashua, but including some Salem people. The cot- 
 tages extend all along the shore toward the Willows. Streets are laid 
 out, and the little settlement is as regularly visited by the butcher, 
 baker, and milkman as the city itself. 
 
 The Islands of Salem Harbor. — The principal islands of Salem 
 Harbor are Baker's, Misery, and Lowell. The first-named was so 
 denominated as early as 1C30. It lies about four miles off the Salem 
 shore, and contains about fifty-five acres. The United States govern- 
 ment maintains two light-houses on this island. Misery Island was 
 first called Moulton's Misory. It contains about sixty-four acres, and 
 is connected by a bar with the " Little Misery." Lowell Island was 
 granted, in 1655, to Gov. Endicott by the General Court. It was 
 bequeathed in 1684, by Z. Endicott, to his daughters, under the name 
 of Cotta Island. It was later known as Cat Island, and received the 
 name Lowell when a party of Lowell people built a hotel there, a few 
 years ago. In 1774, a small-pox hospital on the island, owned by the 
 town of Marbiehead, was burned by a mob. The chief of iho smaller 
 islands are Cony, Eagle, the Gooseberries, Earn, and Tinker, the three 
 last owned by the city. 
 
Historical Celebrations. 267 
 
 Distinguished Visitors. — Salem has entertained a large number of 
 distinguished visitors. Lafayette was here Oct. 29, 1784, and at- 
 tended a public dinner at Concert Hall, and a ball in the evening. 
 He was in Salem again Aug. 31, 1824. On the 29th of October, 
 1789, George Washington visited Salem, and was entertained at the 
 residence of Joshua Ward, on Washington Street. The house is 
 now occupied by Dr. J. E. Fiske. James ^lonroe was in Salem 
 July 8, 1817 ; Andrew Jackson, Juno 26, 1833 ; James K. Polk, July 
 5, 1847; and Ulysses S. Grant, Oct. 17, 1871. These comprise all 
 the presidents of the United States who have been in Salem during 
 their official term. 
 
 Historical Celebrations. — The landing of Gov. Endicott has twice 
 been fitly celebrated in Salem. The 200th anniversary was observed 
 Sept. 18, 1828. A procession, under the escort of the Cadets and 
 Mechanic Light Infantry, marched to the North Meetiug-House, and 
 there were held commemorative exercises, the Hon. Joseph Story 
 delivering the oration. The Rev. Dr. Prince and the Rev. Mr. Emer- 
 son ofiered prayers, and the Rev. Mr. Brazer read scriptural selections. 
 At Hamilton Hall a dinner was spread, to which the company adjourned 
 from the church. The venerable DV. E. A. Holyoke presided, 
 assisted by Judge Story, the vice-president of the Essex Historical 
 Society, the Hon. William Reed, Willard Peele, Pickering Dodge, 
 and the Hon. Gideon Barstow. Among the distinguished guests pres- 
 ent were: Gov. Levi Lincoln, Lieut. Gov. Winthrop, the Hon. Dan- 
 iel Webster, the Hon. Edward Everett, the Hon. B. AV. Crowninshield, 
 the Hon Josiah Quincy, Col. Aaron Ogden of New Jersey, Senor M. 
 L. de la Vidaurro of Peru, William Shaler, consul at Algiers, Judge 
 Davis, Gens. Sullivan and Dearborn, and Profs. Farrar and Ticknor. 
 
 The 250th anniversary of the landing of Gov. Endicott * was 
 observed Sept. 18, 1878, imder the auspices of the Essex Institute. 
 At Mechanic Hall, at 11 A. M., there were appropriate exercises, and 
 at 2 p. M. a lunch was served at Hamilton Hall, and this was followed 
 by speeches from distinguished guests. The forenoon programme was 
 as follows : Reading of Scripture, by the Rev. R. C. Mills, chaplain of 
 the day ; prayer, by the Rev. Dr. Mills ; singing of an original hymn, 
 
 ' A complete account of this noteworthy celehration maybe found in a handsome 
 volume published by the Essex Institute. It contains the oration, the poems, and a 
 stenographic report of the speeches. 
 
268 BTcetch of Salem. 
 
 written by the Rev. Jones Very ; poem, by the Rev. Charles T. Brooks, 
 of Newport, R. I. ; original ode, by the Rev. S. P. Hill; oration, by 
 the Hon. "W. C. Endicptt, judge of the supreme court, and a lineal 
 descendant of Gov. Endicott; singing of Mrs. Hemans's hymn, "The 
 Breaking Waves Dashed High," by Mrs. J. H. West ; poem written 
 for the occasion by W. W- Story, and read by Prof. J. W. Churchill 
 of Andover ; singing of the 100th psalm ; benediction, by the chaplain. 
 At Hamilton Hall, Dr. Henry Wheatland, president of the Essex 
 Institute, presided, and a distinguished company sat at the tables. 
 After the lunch, which was one better entitled to the name of banquet, 
 a number of toasts were offered by the Rev. E. C. Bolles, who was 
 toast-master, and they were replied to by the following gentlemen : 
 Gov. A. H. Rice, Mayor H. K. Oliver, the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, 
 president of the Massachusetts Historical Society ; the Hon. Marshall 
 P. Wilder, president of the New England Historic Genealogical Society ; 
 the Rt. Rev. Dean Stanley, of Westminister Abbey ; the Hon. W. C. 
 Endicott, orator of the day ; the Hon. Leverett Saltonstall ; Prof. 
 Benjamin Peirce, of Harvard College ; the Rev. Fielder Israel, pastor 
 of the First Church ; B. H. Silsbee, Esq., president of the East India 
 Marine Society ; and J. H. Choate, Esq., of New York. 
 
 The one hundredth anniversary of the destruction of tea in Boston 
 Harbor was also observed under the auspices of the Essex Institute, 
 Dec. 16, 1873. The principal feature was an address by the Hon. 
 James Kimball. 
 
 On the 5th of October, 1874, there was celebrated in Salem, the 
 Essex Institute again taking the honor of inaugurating and carrying 
 out the observance, the centennial anniversary of the assembling here 
 of the first Provincial Congress. Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Esq., one 
 of the vice-presidents of the Institute, delivered an address on this 
 occasion. 
 
 On Friday, Feb. 26, 1875, the city authorities duly commemorated 
 the centennial anniversary of the expedition of Col. Leslie to Salem 
 in search of Provincial cannon. A public assembly and addresses, 
 with religious and patriotic services at the North Church, constituted 
 the most prominent feature of the day's celebration. A salute of one 
 hundred guns was fired at noon, the bells rung at morning, noon, and 
 night, and the national flag displayed on the public buildings. The 
 order of exercises at the church was as follows : Voluntary ; prayer 
 
Siatorical Celebrations. 269 
 
 by the Eev. E. B. Willson, pastor of the church ; original ode by 
 Miss L. L. A. Very ; address by Mayor Henry L. Williams ; address 
 by the Hon. George B. Loring ; national song ; address by the Rev. 
 E. B. Willson; music — "America." 
 
 The Centennial Fourth of July (1876) was celebrated in Salem in 
 a becoming manner. The chief part of the celebration consisted of 
 a civic, military, floral, and trades procession, three miles or more in 
 length. Salutes, fire-works, and other ordinary parts of a Fourth of 
 July programme were in addition to the procession. 
 
270 Shetcli of Salem. 
 
 ' CHAPTEE XII. 
 
 THE SALEM OP TO-DAY — HER PLACE AMONG THE CITIES OP THE 
 
 COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 The preceding chapters have given the readers a general insight into 
 the history of the good old city of Salem. Her progress has been 
 traced from the day on which Conant and his associates landed and 
 founded Naumkeag, through two centuries and a half — each one of 
 the two hundred and fifty years adding something to her iiiir name. 
 There have been dark passages in her annals; but no city 
 escapes some record that is not regretted when it has been engraven 
 by time on the page of history. More than any other place in the 
 county of Essex, Salem has attracted attention from the students of 
 local history. Within her borders was commenced the first perma- 
 nent settlement of the county. In her early days she ranked with 
 Boston in importance, and had her location been as well adapted, she 
 would have been the capital of the State. Within the old town limits 
 centred the terrible witchcraft delusion of 1692 — the history of 
 which forms the one dark page in the chronicle of her progress. Her 
 commercial record is more brilliant than that of any other port in the 
 country. Here assembled the first Provincial Congress, and in Salem 
 was shed the first blood of the Eevolution. 
 
 A quaint old city, Salem is often called ; but she is not quaint to 
 that degree that she might be deemed a disagreeable place to those 
 who abide within her walls. Her antique features serve rather to 
 furnish a pleasing variation, and an added attraction to the general 
 raodernness. Salem is no decrepit, tumblp-down city. Modern 
 structures are the rule, not the exception. Her public buildings are 
 substantial and ornamental ; her business blocks well built and of 
 pleasing architectural design, and fine houses adorn many streets in 
 the residence portion of the city. Salem is withal beautifully situated, 
 lying in a section of country which abounds in the loveliest natural 
 
The Salem of To-day. 271 
 
 scenery, and bordered by a harbor that is one of the most picturesque 
 on the Massachusetts coast. Her people are cultivated and social, and 
 no pleasauter community could be desired for a home. 
 
 Salem has been a progressive place — progressive in that stronger / 
 sense, that means real advancement. Her growth has not been fabu- 
 lous, or even rapid, but a steady pushing forward, till the Salem of 
 to-day holds a high place among the cities of the Commonwealth. 
 Though her commerce has fled, business of other and many sorts fur- 
 nishes life to the municipality and employment to her citizens. 
 
 Purity and progress have always been her aim ; and she has so 
 nearly lived up to her aspirations that her record is almost an unblem- 
 ished one. Her literary and scientific societies are numerous and 
 prosperous, and her benevolent and charitable institutions are many ; 
 and all on the most liberal and stable basis. Salem has always 
 afforded the best means of education for the j'oung, and her. school- 
 system to-day is unsurpassed by that of any city of the Union. Salem's 
 sons have won distinction and honor in all lands, and many who have 
 made her the home of their adoption, have added to her already wide- 
 spread honors. Few cities can point to such names in their annals, as 
 those of Bowditch, andHawthorne, and Prescott, and Story, and Choate. 
 To do the city justice in chronicling the acts and deeds of her noted 
 sons, would alone fill a volume. The list includes statesmen, mer- 
 chants, scientists, and philanthropists ; and to-day she can take just 
 pride in men doiug their full part iu sustaining and perpetuating her 
 good name. Her i-ecord in the councils of nation and State has been 
 a worthy one ; and she has to-day, for the fourteenth time, the honor 
 of furnishing the representative of the Essex District in the National 
 Congress. Of legal talent, Salem has always had the best of the time, 
 and to-day, three judges of State courts reside within her borders, — 
 Judges Lord and Endicott of the supreme bench, and Chief Justice 
 Brigham, of the superior court, — each of them honored graduates 
 from service at the bar. Eminent divines have filled her churches with 
 their eloquence, and there always have been among her citizens, noted 
 literary men, scholars, and orators. Salem has ever been deeply 
 interested in scientific progress, and has attracted to her institutions 
 many of the prominent men of their time. Not many cities can point 
 to such literary institutions as Salem has ; and in art, as well as liter- 
 ature and science, she takes high rank. Her artists have contributed 
 
272 
 
 Sketch of Salem. 
 
 worthy tributes to her honor, and the sculptors, Story and Kogers, 
 revere her as their birthplace. 
 
 Of Salem, the old and the new, her citizens are alike proud; and 
 their earnest desire for a bright and honorable future for their beloved 
 city, is fully shared by her sons and daughters abroad, though they 
 have long been dwellers without her gates. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Frontispiece : 
 Edward A. Hoi.toke. — Copied from a picture by James Frothingham, ia the 
 possession of the Essex Institute. The portrait was talien when Dr. Holyoke was 
 about ninety years old. (See page 242.) 
 
 Facing page 14 : 
 
 John Endicott. — Copied from an engraving. Gov. Endicott died March 15, 
 1665. He came from Dorchester in Dorsetshire, England. He moved to Boston a 
 short time before his death, which occurred when he was seventy-seven years 
 old. 
 
 Simon Bradstreet. — Copied from a painting in the possession of the Essex 
 Institute. (See page 38.) 
 
 Ti-yOTHT PiCKEiUNG.— Copied from an engraving. Col. Pickering was " a clerk 
 in the office of the registry of deeds " at the time of the death of Col. John Higgin- 
 son, the register, and was appointed his successor, holding the office from Septem- 
 ber, 1774, to July, 1777, when he resigned to enter the army under Washington. 
 (See page 240.) 
 
 Leverett Saltonstall. — From a portrait by Charles Osgood, now in the pos- 
 session of the Essex Institute. The portrait is a copy from an original by Chester 
 Harding. (See page 57.) 
 
 Facing page 30 : 
 
 Roger Williams House. — From a drawing in the possession of the Essex Insti- 
 tute. (See page 252.) 
 
 Bradstreet House. — From a drawing in the possession of the Essex Institute. 
 (See page 251.) 
 
 PiCKllAN House. — From a lithograph in the possession of the Essex Institute. The 
 house was built by Col. Benjamin Pickman in 1750. On its site once stood a house 
 built by Henry Bartholomew, soon after the settlement of the town, and which was 
 purchased in 1680 by Timothy Lindall, a prominent merchant of his day. Mr. 
 Lindall died in 1699 and gave it to his widow, who, about the time of her death, 
 in 1732, gave it to her daughter, Sarah Lindall. In 1749, Sarah Lindall (then Mrs. 
 Morehead) gave the house and land to her nephew, Benjamin Pickman, who in 
 1750 pulled it down and built the house above alluded to. (See page 186.) 
 
274 Appendix. 
 
 Elias Basket Derby House. — This picture is from a drawing. The house 
 was built by Mr. Derby in 1799, at a cost of $80,000, and was completed a few 
 months before his death. After his decease it became the property of his eldest 
 son ; but with the embargo and war there came a check to the prosperity of Salem, 
 and although Mr. Derby left seven children in prosperous circumstances, and many 
 merchants had risen to wealth in Salem, none of them were then willing to cope 
 with the expense and style attendant in such a structure. The house was closed 
 for years, and finally was taken down and gave place to the square and market 
 which now bear the name of Derby. (See page 132.) 
 
 Facing page 46: 
 Views on Essex and Washington streets, from photographs taken in the month 
 of April, 1879. 
 
 Facing page 66 : 
 City Hall. (See page 55.) 
 Custom House. (See page 203.) 
 CouKT Houses. (See page 10.) 
 Eastern Railroad Station. (See page 264.) 
 Copied from photographs taken in the month of April, 1879. 
 
 Facing, page 102 : 
 High School.. (See page 102.) 
 Normal School. (See page 108.) 
 Plummer Hall. (See page 111.) 
 Pbabody Academy of Science. (See page 115.) 
 Copied from photographs taken in the month of April, 1879. 
 
 Facing page 112 : 
 Two Interiors at Plummer Hall from photographs taken in the month of April, 
 1879. (See page 111.) 
 
 Facing page 116: 
 Two Interiors at the Peabod3'- Academy of Science, from photographs taken in 
 the month of April, 1879. (See page 116.) ' 
 
 Facing page 130 : 
 
 Elias Hasket Derby.— Copied from a portrait by James Frothingham, in the 
 possession of the East India Marine Society. (See page 130.) 
 
 William Gray.— Copied from a portrait in the possession of the East India 
 Marine Society. The original picture from which the portrait just mentioned was 
 copied was painted by Gilbert Stuart. (See page 132.) 
 
 William Orne.— Taken from a portrait by Charles Osgood, now in the posses- 
 sion of the Essex Institute. The portrait is a copy from an original by Gilbert 
 
Appendix. 275 
 
 Stuart. Mr. Orne was a prominent and successful East India merchant, who was 
 born Feb. 4, 1751, and died Oct. 14, 1816. 
 
 Joseph Peabody. — Copied from a portrait by James Frothingham, in the pos- 
 session of his son, George Peabody, Esq. (See page 133.) 
 
 Facing page 146 : 
 The ship " George," From a sketch in the possession of Capt. Charles H. Allen 
 of Salem. The " George " made twenty voyages between Salem and Calcutta. 
 (See page 146.) 
 
 Facing page 160 : 
 
 Nathaniel Sh-sbee. — Copied from a portrait in the possession of the East India 
 Marine Society. (See page 246.) 
 
 DuDLET L. PiCKMAN. — Copied from a portrait in the possession of the East 
 India Marine Society. Mr. Pickman was born in Salem, in 1779, and died Nov. 4, 
 1846. He was an eminent and enterprising merchant, and was largely engaged in 
 trade with the East Indies. He was a member of both branches of the State 
 Legislature. 
 
 Robert Upton. — Copied from a photograph. Mr. Upton was born in Salem, 
 Feb. 16, 1788, and died there Sept, 9, 1863. He was a successful merchant, 
 engaged principally in trade with South American ports. His sons continued the 
 business for many years, and a large proportion of the Salem trade with the east- 
 ern ports of South America was in the hands of members of this family. 
 
 Nathaniel L. Rogers. — Taken from one of the earliest daguerreotypes, now 
 in the possession of his family. Mr. Rogers was among the most enterprising and 
 prominent merchants of Salem, and opened the American trade with "Zanzibar and 
 Australia. He was born in Ipswich, Aug. 6, 1785, and died July 31, 1858. 
 
 Facing page 182 : 
 
 Robert Brookhouse. — Copied from a photograph. Mr. Brookhouse was born 
 Dec. 8, 1779, and died June 10, 1866. He was engaged in trade with Madagascar, 
 Patagonia, the Feejee Islands, and largely with the west coast of Africa. He was 
 very successful as a merchant, and accumulated a large property. 
 
 Stephen C. Phillips. — Copied from a lithograph. (See page 67, and the 
 account of the Manila trade.) 
 
 Edward D. Kimball. — Copied from a picture now in the possession of his 
 widow. Mr. Kimball died in Paris, Sept. 22, 1867, aged 56 years. He was emi- 
 nently successful as a merchant, amassing a large fortune. His vessels were 
 found in the ports of the East Indies, and he was largely engaged in trade with 
 the west coast of Africa. 
 
 John Bertram. — Copied from a photograph in the possession of the trustees of 
 the Old Men's Home in Salem. (See page 134.) 
 
 Facing page 240 : 
 Nathaniel Bowditch. — Copied from a portrait by Charles Osgood, painted for 
 and now in the possession of the East India Marine Society. (See page 247.) 
 
276 Appendix, 
 
 Nathaniel Hattthorne. — Copied from a photograph. (See page 208.) 
 Joseph Stort. — Copied from a portr3,it by Charles Osgood, now in the posses- 
 sion of the Essex Institute. fSee page 241.) 
 Daniel A. White. — Copied from an engraving. (See page 241.) 
 
 Fcicing page 250 : 
 
 Pickering House. — This house stands on Broad Street, and was built about 
 1650, by John Pickering, whose descendants have ever since retained it in their 
 possession. It is the birthplace of Col. Timothy Pickering, and is occupied to-day 
 by one of his lineal descendants. 
 
 Hawthorne House. — The birthplace of Nathaniel Hawthorne. (See page 208.) 
 
 Narbonnb House. — This house, which stands on Essex Street, nearly opposite 
 Pleasant Street, was built by Thomas Ives before 1680. It was owned and occu- 
 pied by Capt. Simon Willard in the latter part of the seventeenth century. It is 
 now owned and occupied by members of the Narbonne family. 
 
 Old Bake-house. — This house is situated on St. Peter Street, and is a good 
 specimen of the style of architecture prior to the year 1700. But few houses were 
 built, after that date, with the projecting second story. The house stands on land 
 formerly owned by Christopher Waller, one of the early settlers of Salem. 
 
 The four pictures on this sheet are from photographs taken from the originals in 
 April, 1879. 
 
 Facing page 264 : 
 Views on Chestnut and Lafayette streets, from photographs taken in April, 1879. 
 
 For the privilege of photographing pictures in their possession thanks are due to 
 Mrs. Jonathan C. Perkins, Mrs. Edward D. Kimball, George Peabody, Francis H. 
 Lee, Edward S. Rogers, George Upton, Charles H. Allen, and John Robinson, and to 
 the officers of the Peabody Academy of Science, the Essex Institute, and the East 
 India Marine Society. Thanks are also due to T. F. Hunt, of the Essex Institute, 
 for assistance in the preparation of the illustrations. 
 
 The illustrations are by the heliotype process, and were made by the Heliotype 
 Printing Company of Boston, from photographs taken expressly for this work. 
 
 Note. — In the preface to this work, the authors should have made their acknowl- 
 edgments to the publishing firm of C. F. Jewett & Co., of Boston, for their kindness 
 in permitting the use of material and standing type. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Pagb 
 Aldermen, The First Board of, . . . 55 
 
 Almshouses 12 
 
 " America," Journal of the privateer, . 221 
 Amsterdam, Trade with, .... 192 
 
 Andrews, Joseph, 59 
 
 Andros, Sir Edmund 20 
 
 " Ann,-" Disaster to the brig, . . .163 
 
 Antwerp, Trade with, 192 
 
 " Arabia," "Wreck of the bark, . . ,165 
 Archangel, Trade with, .... 188 
 Arnold, Benedict, ... .50 
 •• Astrea," Seizure of the ship, . . .145 
 Athenaeum, The Salem, .... 110 
 Australian Trade, 168 
 
 Bands, 263 
 
 Banks, 235 
 
 Barnard; Thomas, 83 
 
 Barnard, Thomas, Jr., ... 49, 92 
 
 Barstow, Gideon, . . . 246 
 
 Barton Square Church, ... 98 
 
 Bataria Trade, ... . . 146 
 
 Battis, James H., 62 
 
 Becket, Retire 213 
 
 Belcher, Jonathan 40 
 
 Bentley, William, 86 
 
 Bertram, John 134 
 
 Biographical Sketches, .... 239 
 
 Board of Trade 237 
 
 Boots and Shoes, Manufacture of, . . 230 
 Bordeaux, Trade with, . . . .193 
 
 Bowditch, Nathaniel 247 
 
 Bradstreet house, The 251 
 
 Bradstreet, Simon, . . . . 20, 38 
 
 Bridges, Ferries and, 38 
 
 Briggs, Elijah 215 
 
 Briggs, Enos, 214 
 
 British Provinces, Trade with the, . . 199 
 
 Brookhouse, Robert, 275 
 
 Brown, Joshua, . ■ 216 
 
 Brown, Nathaniel, 60 
 
 Buenos Ayres, Trade with, . . . 175 
 
 Business Interests, Manufacturing and, . 228 
 
 Cabot, Joseph S., 58 
 
 Cadets, The Salem, . . . 66,262,263 
 
 Page 
 
 California Trade, 199 
 
 Galley, Samuel, ... .60 
 
 Calvaiy Baptist Church, . . 100 
 
 Canton Trade 137 
 
 Cape of Good Hope Trade, . . 167 
 
 Car Manufacture, . . • 231 
 
 Carter, Justin, . . . 216 
 
 Catholic Churches, . . 96 
 
 Cayenne, Trade with, . . . 174 
 
 Celebrations, Historical, . 267 
 
 Cemeteries, .... . 265 
 
 Central Baptist Church 98 
 
 " Charles Doggett," Attack on the brig, . 171 
 "Chesapeake" and "Shannon," Fight 
 
 between the, 52 
 
 Choate, William G., . ... 62 
 
 Choate, Rufus, .... .242 
 
 Christiania, Trade with, . 194 
 
 Churches, The, . . . . 79 
 
 City Government, . . 54 
 
 City Hall, ... . .55 
 
 City officials, . . .76 
 
 City Relief Committee 121 
 
 City Seal Title page, 56 
 
 Civil War, Salem in the 64 
 
 Cleveland, Charles, . . . 207, 210 
 
 Coal Business 234 
 
 Coasting Trade 203 
 
 Cogswell, William 69, 65 
 
 Colored Church, 98 
 
 Colored School .106 
 
 Common, The, 249 
 
 Common Council, Presidents of, . . 60 
 
 Commoners, The 7 
 
 Conant, Roger, 2 
 
 Constantinople, Trade with, . . . 199 
 Copenhagen, Trade with, . . . .191 
 
 Cotton Manufacture, 229 
 
 Court Houses, 10 
 
 Cowan, Robert 248 
 
 Crombie Street Church, . . .99 
 Crowninshield, B. W., . . . . 246 
 Crowninshield, George, Jr., ... 52 
 Crowninshield, Jacob, . . . .246 
 Curwin, George, 82 
 
278 
 
 Index. 
 
 Custom-House, The, . 
 Cnstom-House OflScers, 
 
 Page 
 , 203 
 , 207 
 
 Derby, Elias Hasket, 130 
 
 Derby, Richard 128 
 
 Dunbar, Asa, ... . . 83 
 
 Duties, Customs, 204 
 
 Duty on Tea, 42 
 
 Earthquakes, 41 
 
 East Church, The 85 
 
 East India Marine Society, . . .119 
 " Echo," Disaster to the ship, . . .140 
 " Eclipse," Piracy of the ship, . . .156 
 
 Endicott, John 3, 4, 14 
 
 Endicott, William C 62 
 
 English, Philip 127 
 
 Episcopalians, Laws against, ... 87 
 
 " Essex," The frigate 132, 259 
 
 Essex Congregational Club, ... 123 
 Essex County Natural History Society, . Ill 
 Essex Historical Society, . . . .111 
 
 Essex Institute Ill 
 
 Evening Schools 106 
 
 Executions, 12, 34, 35 
 
 Express and Freight Business, . . .234 
 
 Feejee Islands Trade 168 
 
 Femes and Bridges, . . . . 38 
 
 Fire Clubs, ... .260 
 
 Fire Department, . . .76 
 
 Fires, Great, ... .76 
 
 First Baptist Church, . . . . 94 
 
 First Church Society 79 
 
 First Disti-ict Court 78 
 
 First Heavy Artillery, 
 
 First houses. 
 
 First meeting-house, . 
 
 First Unlversalist Church, , 
 
 Fisk, Samuel, 
 
 Foreign arrivals, . 
 
 Forts, 
 
 Free Church, 
 Freewill Baptists, The, 
 
 65, 262 
 . 249 
 . 79 
 . 95 
 82,88 
 . 205 
 8, 258 
 . 99 
 95 
 
 French Church, lOi 
 
 " Friendship," Pu-acy of the ship, . . 155 
 
 Friends Society, gg 
 
 Gage, Thomas 46, 49 
 
 General Court at Salem, .... 39 
 
 Genoa, Trade with, I99 
 
 " George," Account of the ship, . . 146 
 
 Glass-making, 260 
 
 Goodhue, Benjamin 245 
 
 Gottenburg, Trade with, . . .191 
 
 Grace Church 100 
 
 Grammar Schools, 104 
 
 Grand Army Post 67 
 
 " Grand Turk," Journal of the privateer, . 223 
 
 Gray, William 132 
 
 " Guide," Wreck of the bark, . . .166 
 Gum-copal, Cleaning of, . . . . 166 
 
 Halls 264 
 
 Hamburg, Trade with, . . . .192 
 
 Haraden, Jonathan, 218 
 
 Hathorne, John, 239 
 
 Hathorne, William, 239 
 
 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, .... 208 
 " Henry," The brig, . . . . 52 
 
 Higginson, Francis, 4, 79 
 
 Higginson, John 82 
 
 High School, 102 
 
 Hill, George H., . . . . . 63 
 
 Hill, William A 63 
 
 Hill, William M., 63 
 
 Holyoke, Edward Augustus, 41, 110, 111, 129, 242 
 
 Horse Bailroad, 233 
 
 House lots, 8 
 
 Howard Street Church, .... 94 
 " Howard," Wreck of the ship, . . .145 
 
 Hoyt, Ichabod R 215 
 
 Huntington, Arthur L 63 
 
 Huntington, Asahel, . . . . .59 
 
 India Trade, 141 
 
 Indians, The, 9 
 
 Insurance Companies, . . . 210, 23S 
 " Iosco," Wreck of the bark, . . .166 
 
 Islands of Salem Harbor 266 
 
 Isle of France Trade 158 
 
 Ives, Stephen B., 62 
 
 Japan, First Salem vessel to visit, 
 " Java," Wreck of the brig, 
 
 Jenks, Elias 
 
 " Jersey," Wreck of the bark, . 
 " Juno," Disaster to the ship. 
 Jute Manufacture, 
 
 147 
 150 
 215 
 166 
 145 
 230 
 
 King, John Glen, . . .65, 60 
 Kimball, Edward D 275 
 
 Lafayette Street Church, 
 Lauder, Frederick W., 
 Lawrence, James, 
 
 97 
 67 
 52 
 
Index. 
 
 279 
 
 Pagb 
 
 Lead Mannfactare 231 
 
 Leather Business, 228 
 
 Leghorn, Trade with, . ... 195 
 
 Leslie's Retreat, . . ... 47 
 
 Lewis, Samuel 216 
 
 Loring, George B., . 246 
 
 Ludlow, Augustus C, . . . .52 
 
 Lyceum, The Salem, 116 
 
 Lynde, Benjamin, 240 
 
 Madagascar Trade, . . . . 162 
 
 Manila Trade, . . . . 156 
 
 Mann, Ebenezer, 213 
 
 Manufacturing and Business Interests, . 228 
 Maranham, Trade with, .... 178 
 " Margaret," Voyage of the, to Japan, . 147 
 " Margaret," Wrecli of the, . . .197 
 
 Marliet-Honse, 11 
 
 Marseilles, Trade with, .... 195 
 
 Masonic Lodges, 122 
 
 Maule, Thomas, 17, 19 
 
 Mayors, 57 
 
 Mechanic Light Infantry, . . .64, 263 
 
 Mediterranean Trade 194 
 
 Merritt, Henry, 67 
 
 Messervy, William S., .... 59 
 
 Messina, Trade with 198 
 
 " Mexican," Piracy of the brig, . . .180 
 
 Military Companies 262 
 
 Militia, 49 
 
 Miller, Edward F., . . . . 216 
 
 Miller, James 209 
 
 Mission Chapel 98 
 
 Mocha Trade 161 
 
 Monteyideo, Trade with, .... 177 
 Mormon Church, ... .99 
 Musical Societies, 117 
 
 " Naiad," Disaster to the brig, . . .145 
 
 Naples, Trade with 196 
 
 Naumkeag School 107 
 
 Neck, Salem 12, 258, 266 
 
 New Jerusalem Church, . . . .100 
 
 Newspapers, 255 
 
 Norris, Edward, ... . . 81 
 
 North Church, . . .49, 91 
 
 Normal School, 108 
 
 Noted Houses, 252 
 
 Nora Scotia Trade, 199 
 
 Noyes, Nicholas, 82 
 
 Odd fellows, The, 123 
 
 Oil and Candle Manufacture, . . . 232 
 
 Page 
 
 Old Houses 249 
 
 Old Mills, 259 
 
 " Old Witch House," . . .30, 252 
 
 Oliver, B. Lynde 244 
 
 Oliver, Henry K., . . . . 60 
 
 Oliver, William W., . . . 207, 210 
 
 Oratorio Society, The Salem, . . .118 
 Orae, William, ... . . 274 
 
 Osgood, Charles, ... . . 244 
 
 Osgood, Charles S., . . . . viii, 63 
 Osgood, Joseph B. F., . . . 59 
 
 Para, Trade with, 
 Peabody Academy of Science, 
 Peabody, Francis, 
 Peabody, George, 
 Peabody, Joseph, 
 " Peacock," Wreck of the bark, 
 Perkins, Jonathan C, 
 Pernambuco, Trade with, 
 " Persia," Wreck of the, . 
 Peters, Hugh, . ... 
 Phillips, Stephen C, . 
 Phillips, Willard P., . 
 Philosophical Library, 
 Phipps, William, 
 Pickering, Timothy, . 
 Pickman, Benjamin, . 
 Pickman, Dudley L., . 
 Pingree, David, . 
 Pitcairn Islanders, 
 Plummer Farm School, 
 Plummer Hall, . 
 Police Department, 
 
 Population 
 
 Post-Offlce and Postmasters, 
 
 Potter, Daniel 
 
 " Prairie Flower," Disaster to the, 
 
 Primary Schools, 
 
 Prince, John, .... 
 
 Prisons, .... 
 
 Privateers, Salem, 
 
 Provincial Assembly, Meeting of thC; 
 
 Public Schools, . 
 
 Pue, Jonathan, . 
 
 Punishment, Modes of, 
 
 Putnam, David, . 
 
 Putnam, Perley, . 
 
 Quakers, Pei'secution of the. 
 
 Railroads, .... 
 Red Cross, Cutting out of the. 
 
 . 173 
 
 . 115 
 
 . 248 
 
 55,56 
 
 54, 133 
 
 165 
 
 61 
 
 181 
 
 199 
 
 81 
 
 57 
 
 73, 75 
 
 110 
 
 38 
 
 49,240 
 
 246 
 
 275 
 
 58 
 
 172 
 
 121 
 
 110, 114 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 261 
 
 62 
 
 216 
 
 106 
 
 12 
 217 
 
 44 
 102 
 210 
 
 11 
 55,61 
 
 65 
 
 18 
 
 233 
 15 
 
280 
 
 Index. 
 
 Reed, Nathan, 
 Religious Associations, 
 Representatives, House of, 
 Revolution, Salem in tlie, 
 Rio Grande, Trade with, 
 Rio Janeiro, Trade with, 
 Roberts, David, . 
 Rogers, John, 
 Rogers, Nathaniel L., . 
 Rogers, Richard S., 
 Roger Williams House, 
 Rotterdam, Trade with, 
 Russell, John, 
 Russia Trade, 
 
 Salem and Dauvers Aqueduct Co., 
 
 Salem Artillery, . 
 
 Salem Athenseum, 
 
 Salem Baptist Association, 
 
 Salem Cadets, 
 
 Salem Charitable Mechanic Association 
 
 Salem Dispensary, 
 
 Salem Fraternity, 
 
 Salem Gas-Light Company, . 
 
 Salem Hospital, . 
 
 Salem Laboratory Company, 
 
 Salem Light Infantry, 
 
 Salem Lyceum, . 
 
 Salem Marine Society, 
 
 Salem Oratorio Society, 
 
 Salstonstall, Leverett, 
 
 School Committee, 
 
 Schools, The Public, . 
 
 Schubert Club, The Salem, 
 
 Seaman's Society, 
 
 Second Advent Church, 
 
 Second Universalist Church, 
 
 Sewall Street Church, . 
 
 Shipbuilding, 
 
 Shipwrecks, 145, 149, 150, 165, 166, 
 
 Silsbee, Nathaniel, 
 
 Silsbee, Nathaniel, Jr., 
 
 Silver, Peter, 
 
 Skelton, Samuel, 
 
 Smyrna, Trade with, . 
 
 Social Library, The, . 
 
 South American Trade, 
 
 South Church, . 
 
 Southward, George, . 
 
 Spain and Portugal, Trade with, 
 
 Sprague, Joseph G., . 
 
 Stages and Stage Companies, 
 
 Stamp Act, The, . 
 
 Page 
 
 . 245 
 
 . 123 
 
 . 15 
 
 . 50 
 
 . 176 
 
 . 179 
 viii, 59 
 
 . 245 
 
 . 275 
 
 . 60 
 
 . 252 
 
 . 193 
 
 . 61 
 
 . 187 
 
 65, 
 
 69 
 
 262 
 
 110 
 
 124 
 
 66, 262, 263 
 
 124 
 
 121 
 
 120 
 
 231 
 
 121 
 
 232 
 
 53, 64, 263 
 
 . 116 
 
 . 119 
 
 . 118 
 
 65, 57 
 
 . 107 
 
 . 102 
 
 . 119 
 
 . 97 
 
 . 100 
 
 194, 
 
 . 97 
 
 . 2U 
 
 197, 199 
 
 160, 246 
 
 . 58 
 
 140, 180 
 
 4,79 
 
 198 
 
 110 
 
 173 
 
 245 
 1^9 
 
 61 
 284 
 
 41 
 
 Stockholm, Trade with. 
 Story, Joseph, 
 Story, William W., ' . 
 St. Peter's Church, 
 Streeter, Gilbert L., 
 Sumatra Trade, . 
 Summer School of Biology 
 Sunday Schools, . 
 Surinam, Trade with, . 
 
 Tabernacle Church, . 
 Taverns, 
 
 Temperance Societies, 
 Tonnage of Salem, 
 Town Government, 
 Town Houses, 
 Town Records, . 
 Town-ways, . 
 Trieste, Trade with, . 
 Turner, Christopher, . 
 Turnpike, The Salem, . 
 
 " Union," Wreck of the 
 Upbam, Charles W., . 
 Upton, Robert, . 
 
 ship, 
 
 Vane, Henry, 
 
 War of 1812, Salem in the. 
 Ward, Joshua H., 
 Water-Works, 
 Webb, Stephen P., 
 Webster, John, . 
 Wesley Chapel, . 
 West Coast of Africa Trade, 
 West India Trade, 
 Whale Fishery, . 
 Wheatland, Benjamin, 
 Wheatland, Henry, 
 Wheatland, Stephen G., 
 Whipple, John, . 
 Whipple, Jonathan, . 
 White, Daniel A., 
 Williams, George W., 
 Williams, Henry L., . 
 Williams, Roger, 
 Winthrop, John, . 
 Witchcraft, Salem, 
 Wrecks in Salem Harbor, 
 
 Zanzibar Trade, . 
 
 Fagb 
 
 , 194 
 
 , 241 
 
 . 245 
 
 . 87 
 
 . 62 
 
 . 151 
 
 , 116 
 
 , 101 
 
 . 178 
 
 . 252 
 
 . 120 
 
 130, 201 
 
 . 10 
 16,42 
 8 
 199 
 . 213 
 . 254 
 
 149 
 
 58 
 
 275 
 
 16 
 
 . 61 
 . 61 
 . 69 
 . 68 
 . 62 
 . 97 
 . 182 
 . 184 
 . 202 
 . 61 
 . 114 
 59,62 
 . 62 
 . 166 
 
 112, 241 
 
 . 63 
 
 60,62 
 
 13, 80, 94 
 
 6 
 
 . 21 
 
 149, 194 
 
 . 163 
 
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