McCoMBIE-AuLD C O LLE CTIO N NEW-YORK-STATE COLLEGE o-^AGRICULTURE Wvt Cornell University WB Ubrary The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924081096988 AGEICULTURAL ZOOLOGY. _ Zoology (Test Book of), a Complete Introduotion to the Science, by Dr. J. E. V. Boas, Lecturer in Zoology in the Royal College of Agriculture, &c., Copenhagen, an English translation by J. W. Kirkaldy and B. C. Pollard, B.So.Lond., with 427 illustrations, roy. 8yq volume, cloth, 5a (pub. 2l8 net) 1896 AGEICULTTIEAL ZOOLOGY DE. J. RITZEMA BOS, LECTUBEE IH THE ROYAL AGKIOIILTnRA.L COLLEGE, WAGBNINGEN, HOLLAND, WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY BLEANOE A. ORMEROD, F.R.Met.S., F.R.M.S., etc., FOBMBBLT HON. COHSTTLTmO ENTOMOLOGIST TO THE KOTAL AGBICOLTUBAL SOCIETY OE ENGLANB. TBANSIiATED BT J. E. AINSWORTH DAVIS, B.A. (Tein. Coll.Camb.), F.C.P., PROFESSOR IN THE UNTVERSITT OF WALES, AND PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGT AND GEOLOGY IN THE 80IENTIFIC AND AGRICULTURAL DEFARTUENTS OF THE UHIVEBSITY COLLEGE OF WALES. WITH 149 ILLUSTRATIONS. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, ld. 1894 t) AUTHOR'S PREFACE. The present volume of the Thaer Library was under- taken with the intention of providing agricultural colleges with a condensed review of the entire animal kingdom, but treating in greater detail the animals harmful or helpful to agriculture. I have, however, omitted all reference to the domesticated farm animals, as in all such institutions these are treated of, not by the zoologist, but by the lecturer on stock-breeding. Although the book is not allowed to exceed a certain size, I have taken great pains to make it intelligible, and venture to hope that it may be found suitable for the private use of the practical farmer. To the farmer who wishes more exhaustive information, and desires a reference-book on the animal foes of agriculture, stock-breeding, horticulture, fruit- tree culture, and forestry, I venture to point out my b larger work, AniTnal Foes and Friends* brought out last year by the publisher of this book. It is hoped that the present volume may be found serviceable, both in the teaching of agricultural insti- tutions, and to the practical farmer. DR. J. RITZEMA BOS. Wageningen, February, 1892. * Tieiische Schadlinge und NiitzIiDge fur Ackerbau, Viehzucht, Wald- und Gartenbau. Lebensformen, Vorkommen, Binfluss und die Massregeln zu Veitilgung und Schutz. Praktisches Handbuob v. Dr. J. Bitzema Bos, Decent an der landwirtschaftl.- Lehranstalt in Wageningen. Mit 477 eingedruckten Abbildungen. Preis 18 m., geb. 20 m. Verlag von Paul Parey, 10 Hedemannstrasse, Berlin, S.W. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. Agricultural education is making such rapid strides in this country, that no apology is needed for translating a book which appears to fill a gap, especially as it is written by a well-known authority. Dr. Ritzema Bos has kindly allowed certain small alterations to be made which adapt the work to the requirements of British agriculture. Additions are indicated by square brackets, and small print employed in the case of some non-British animals. A few forms have been omitted for similar reasons. Constant reference has been made to the published works of Miss E. A. Ormerod, who has added to my obligation by writing an Introduction, and I also wish to acknow- ledge my indebtedness to Mr. J, H. Salter, B.Sc, and Mr. J. Dawson Roberts, M.R.C.V.S., for kind help given by them. J. R. AINSWORTH DAVIS. Abebtstwyth, May, 1894 INTRODUCTION. By request of Professor Ainsworth Davis, the skilled translator of this "handy-book" on "Agricultural Zoology," I add some words of introduction ; and I have especial pleasure in so doing : not that any observations of mine can add value to the work of the well-known author, but because, having myself had the advantage for many years of colleagueship, and important help in my own work from the assistance of Dr. Kitzema Bos, I am well acquainted both with his extensive knowledge and also his scrupulous care in observation, and I believe that this abstract of his larger wor k, now given in a form in which it is avail- able for general use, will meet a great need. We have long wanted a book, plain in wording, and of moderate size, dealing with the wild animals or animal infestations generally which occur in connection with farm life — a manual, in fact, which, whilst suit- able for the use of agricultural students and teachers, should at the same time not be too technically X INTRODUCTION. scientific to be intelligible to practical farmers or to general readers. In the pages of the present volume a very service- able amount of information will be found to be embodied. So far as can be arranged in the limited space the chief characteristics of the main divisions of the animal kingdom are given, from the Vertebrata — including descriptions of some of our most notable forms of what may be popularly described as beasts, birds, and reptiles, — to the Arthropoda, including in- formation on a most serviceable amount of insect infestation; also regarding Mites, Ticks, etc. These are followed by the Vermes, including, among other families of the Nematoda, the eelworms which cause so much injury to crop growth ; and these are followed by the intestinal tape-worms and the fluke. The fourth sub-kingdom, that of Mollusca, includes, besides snails and slugs, various kinds of shell-fish ; and the lower sub-kingdoms — including Echinodermata, which may be typified by star -fishes and sea urchins, the Gcelenterata, or Zoophytes, and the Protozoa — will be found to be just entered on sufficiently to show their place in the scale. The clear descriptions, made still more instructive by the numerous and good figures, will speak for them- selves to all readers ; but I should like to add a few lines to point out the serviceableness of a handbook in which the reader may turn at pleasure to the history of any common farm animal — as a weasel or a vole, a INTRODUCTION. XI wood-pigeon or a pheasant, a blind-worm or a com- mon frog. And, in regard to the insect infestations, to which it will be seen more than a hundred pages of the book are devoted, I can bear witness to the great amount of valuable information which I constantly derive myself from the study of the writings of Dr. Eitzema Bos on this subject ; and I trust this little manual of " Agricultural Zoology " may take the place in our farm and school libraries which I believe it to be excellently fitted to fill. ELEANOR A. ORMEROD, Late Conmlting Entomologist oftlie Boyal Agricultural Society of England. TOBEINGTON HoUSE, St. AlbAN's, May 24, 1894. CONTENTS. Intkodtjction — I. Subdivision of the Animal Kingdom ... ... 1 II. Eeview of the Structure and Vital Phenomena of Animals ... ... ... ... ... 3-16 First Sub-Kingdom: VERTEBKATA (Backboned Animals) 16-82 CLASS I: Mammalia (Sucklers) 21-48 Ordeb : Carnivora (Beasts of Prey) ... ■■• 24-30 Family : Felidss (Oat Family) 24-25 Family: Canidse (Dog Family) ... ... ... 25-26 (Wolf, p. 25; Fox, p. 26.) Family: MustelidsB (Weasel Family) ... .•• 26-30 (Martens and Polecat, p. 26 ; Ferret, p. 27 ; Stoat and Weasel, p. 28 ; Mink, Otter, and Badger, p. 29.) Obder : Insectivora (Insect-eating Mammals) ... 30-33 (Shrews, pp. 30, 31 ; Mole, pp. 31-33 ; Hedgehog, p. 33.) Obder: Cheiroptera (Bats) ... ... .• ... 33-35 Oreeb : Kodentia (Gnawing Mammals) ... ... 35-43 Family : LeporidsB (Hares and Babbits) ... ... 36-38 (Hare and Eabbit, p. 37.) Family : MuridsB (Mouse Family) ... ... 38-41 (Hamster, Black Eat, and Brown Eat, p. 39 ; Common Mouse, Long-tailed Field Mouse, and Harvest Mouse, p. 40 ; Corn Mouse, p. 41.) Family : Arvicolidse (Vole Family) ... ... ... 41-43 (Bank Vole and Water Vole, p. 42 ; Field Vole, pp. 42, 43 ; Southern Field Vole, p. 43.) Order : Euminantia (Oud-chewing Mammals) ... 44-47 Family : Cervid^ (Deer Family) ... ... ... 45-47 (Eed Deer, p. 46 ; Eoebuck and Fallow Deer, p. 47.) Order: Multungula or Paohydermata (Many-hoofed or Thick-skinned Mammals) ... ... ... 48 (WUd Boar, p. 48.) Obdeb : Solidungula (Single-hoofed Mammals) ... 48 CLASS II: Ates (Birds) 49-74 Obder : Eaptores (Birds of Prey) ... ... ... 53-55 Order : Scansores (Climbing Birds) ... ... ... 55-56 (Cuckoo, pp. 55, 56.) Order : Passeres (Perching Birds) ... ... 57-65 XIV CONTENTS. Group : Hirundinidse (Swallows) ... ... ••■ 57-58 (Swallows and Martins, p. 57 ; Swift and Goatsucker, p. 58.) Group : Magnirostres (Laige-beaked Perehers) ... 58-61 (Jackdaw, Crows, Book, and Eaven, pp. 59-61 ; Mag- pie and Jay, p. 61.) Group : Conirostres (Oonioal-beaked Perehers) ... 61-61: (Titmice, Larks, and Buntings, pp. 61, 62 ; Finches, p. 62 ; Sparrows, pp. 62, 63 ; Linnet, p. 63 ; Chaffinch, pp. 68, 64.) Group : Subulirostres (Awl-beaked Perehers) ... 64-65 (Wagtails, Pipits, and Hedge " Sparrow," p. 64 ; War- blers, pp. 64, 65 ; Thrush-like birds, p. 65.) Oeder : Gyrantes (Doves) ... ... ... •■■ 65-67 (Wood Pigeon, pp. 66, 67; Turtle Dove and Bock Pigeon, p. 67.) Okdee : Rasores (Poultry) ... ... •■• bv-bs (Pheasant, p. 68.) Obdee : Grallatores (Wading Birds) ... ... ... 68-70 Obdbk : Natatores (Swimming Birds) ... . • ■ 70-74 Family : Lamellirostra (Ducks) ... ... • • • 71-73 Family : Longipennes (Gulls) ... ... ... 73-74 CLASS lU. : Eeptilia (Eeptiles) 74-79 CLASS IV. : Amphibia (Amphibians) ... .•■ 79-81 CLASS v.: Pisces (Fishes) 81-82 Second Sub-Kingdom: ABTHEOPODA(Jointed-limbBd Animals) 82-206 CLASS L : INSEOTA (Insects) ... 85-194 Oedeb I. : Coleoptera (Beetles) ... ... ...94-118 Family: Carabidse (Ground Beetles) 94-96 (Com Ground Beetle, pp. 95, 96.) Family : StaphylinidsB (Eove Beetles) ... ... 96-97 Family: Silphidse (Burying Beetles) ... ... 97 (Black Burying Beetle, and Beet Carrion Beetle, p. 97.) FamUy: Nitidulidse (Shine Beetles) ... ... ... 97-9S (Turnip-flower Beetle, pp. 97,98.) Family : Cryptophagidse (Secret-eating Beetles) ... 98-99 (Beet Beetle, pp. 98, 99.) Family : Lamellicornia (Chafers) ... ... ...99-102 (Cockchafer, pp. 100, 101 ; Buckwheat Beetle, p. 101 ; Eye and Garden Chafers, p. 102.) Family : Elateridse (Click Beetles) ... ... 102-105 (" Wireworms," pp. 103-105.) Family : Curculionidsa (Weevils) ... ... 105-110 (Seed Beetles, pp. 106, 107 ; Pea'Weavil, pp. 107, 108 ; Mouse-tooth Weevils, p. 108 ; Gall Weevils, pp. 108-110.) Family : ChrysomelidsB (Leaf Beetles) ... ... 110-117 (Colorado Beetle, pp. 111-113; Tortoise Beetles, pp. 113, 114 ; Flea Beetles, 114-117.) CONTENTS. Family : Coocinellidffl (Lady Birda) Obdeb II. : Orthoptera (Straight-winged Insects) ... (Migratory Grasshopper, pp. 139, 120 ; Mole Cricket, pp. 120, 121.) Obdeb III. : Neuroptera (Net-winged Insects) (Dragon Flies, p. 122; Lace Flies, pp. 122, 123; Scorpion Flies, p. 123.) Obdeb IV. : Hymenoptera (Membranous-winged Insects) Family : ApidsB (Bees) Family : Vespidse (Wasps) Family : Fossores (Digging Wasps) Family : FormioidsB (Ants). Family : lohneumouidse (Ichneumon Flies) Family : Tenthredinidse (Saw-flies) (Turnip Saw-fly, pp. 134-136.) Obdeb V. : Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Motlis) Family : Diuma (Butterflies) (Whites, pp. 138-142.) Family : Noe.luidae (Owlet Moths) ... (Surface Caterpillars, p. 143 ; Dart or Turnip Moth, pp. 143-145; Cabbage Moth, pp. 145-147; Lettuce and Pea Moths, p. 147 ; G-raas-root Moth, p. 148 ; Couch-grass Moth, pp. 148, 149 ; Wheat-haulm Moth, p. 149 ; Grass Moth, pp. 149, 150 ; Darnel Moth, p. 150; Silver Y Moth, pp. 151, 152.) Family : PyralidsB (Snout Moths) Family: Tortrloidse (Leaf-rolleis) ... (Fawn-coloured Pea Moth, p. 1 56 ; Creaoent Pea Moth, pp. 156, 157.) Family : Tineidso (Leaf-miners) (Carrot Moth, pp. 157, 158; Diamond-back Moth, pp. 158, 159.) Obdeb VI. : Hemiptera (Half-winged Insects) Family : Aphidae (Plant Lice) Obdeb VII. : Physopoda (Bladder-footed Insects) (Thrips, pp. 163, 164.) Obdeb VIII. : Diptera (Flies) ... Family : Oulicinss (Gnats) Family : Gallioolse (Gall Gnats) (Hessian Fly, pp. 166-168; Scarlet Wheat Midge, pp. 168, 169 ; Wheat Midge, 169, 170.) Family : EoatratsB (Crane Fliea) ... Family : Muscseformes (Gnat Flies) (Sand Flies, pp. 173, 174.) Family : Tabauidse (Gad Flies) Family : MusoidsB (True Fliea) (Caterpillar and Flesh Fliea, p. 175 ; Common Flies, p. 175 ; Flower Flies, pp. 176, 177 ; Cheese-fly, p. 178; Kibbou-footed Corn Fly, pp. 178-182; Frit Fly, pp. 182-184.) PAKE 117-118 118-121 121-123 123-136 125-126 126-128 128-129 129-132 132-134 134-136 136-159 137-142 142-152 152-155 155-157 157-159 159-163 159-163 163-164 164-193 164-165 165-170 170-172 173-174 174 175-184 XVI COXTEXTS. Sheep Bot Fly, pp. 190-192.) Family : Syrphidse (Hover Flies) . Family : Stomoxyds (Stable Flies) Fanuly : CEstridae (Bot Flies) (Ox Waible-fly, pp. 186-188; 188-190; Horse Bot, etc., pp. FamUy: Pupipaia (Louse Flies) ObdebIX.: AplMiiiiptera (Fleas) Okdeb X. : Parasita (Lice) CLASS H. : Mtkiopoda (Centipedes and Millipedes) CLASS TTT : Abachxoidea (Scorpions, Spiders, Mites) Obdeb : Acaridea (Mites) Family : Acaridae (True Mites) (Itch or Mange Elites, pp. 196-202.) Family : Ixodidae (Ticks) Family: Gramasidae (Beetle Mites) (Fowl Mite, p. 204.) Family: Trombidiidse (Plant Mite or "Bed Spider," p. 205.) CLASS rv.: Ceustacea (Crustaceans) Third Sab-Eingdom : YE£]II£S (Worms) CLASS: Annelida (Segmented Worms) ... (Earthworms, pp. 207-209.) CLASS : Nematelminthes (Eonnd Worms) Okdeb : Nematoda (Thread Worms) Family: StrongyUdae (Palisade Worms) Family : Trichotrachelidae (Whip Worms) (Trichina, pp. 216-218.) Family : Filaridse (Slender Thread Worms) Family : A^caridae (Round Worms) Family : Anguillulidae (Eelworms) (Stem Eelworm, pp. 220-224 ; Wheat Eelworm, pp. 224-227; Beet Eelworm, pp. 227-230; Boot- knot Eelworm, p. 231.) CLASS : Platyhelmia (Flat Worms) ... Obdeb : Cestoda (Tapeworms) ... Obdeb .: Trematoda (Flukes) Fourth Sub-Kingdom : KOLLTTSCA (Mollnsca) CLASS : Cephalopoda (Cuttle-fishes) CLASS : Gabtkopoda (Snails and Slugs) (Grey Field Slug, pp. 249-251.) CLASS.: LAMELLiBBANCHLiTA (Bivalve Molluscs) Fifth Sub-Kingdom : £CHIHOD£SUATA (Hedgehog-skinned Animals) JAGB 185 185-186 186-192 192-193 193 193-194 195 195-205 196-202 196-202 202-204 204 205 206 206-245 207-209 209-231 210-231 212-215 215-21S 218 218-219 219-231 231-245 231-240 240-245 245-251 247 247-251 251 252-253 Sixth Sub-Kingdom : CCELENTEEATA (Zoophytes) 253-255 Seventh Sub-Kingdom : FBOTOZOA (One-oelled Animals) 255-256 ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. FACE 1. Schematic Longitudinal Section of the Human Body ... 4 2. Human Skeleton ... ... ... ... ... 7 3. Skeleton of an Ox ... ... ... ... ... 9 4. Bending of the Arm by Contraction of the Biceps Muscle 10 5. Diagram to explain the Action of the Motor and Sensory Nerves ... ... ... ... ... ... H 6. Diagram of the Course of the Circulation ... ... 13 7. Life History of the Small-winged Gall-fly {Andncus ter- mindlis) ... ... ... ... ... ... 15 8. Diagram of a Fish's Heart ... ... ... ... 18 9. Diagram of a Mammal's Heart ... ... ... ... 20 10. Diagram of a Reptile's Heart ... ... ... 20 11. Diagram of a Frog's Heart ... ... ... ... 21 12. Vertical Section of a Human Grinding Tooth ... 22 13. Crown of an Ox's Grinder ... ... ... ... 22 14. Skull of Domestic Cat ... ... ... ... 25 15. Fine Marten {Mustela martes) ... ... ... ... 27 16. Skull of Mole 30 17. Common Shrew {Sorex vulgaris) ... ... ... 31 18. Skeleton of Bat ... ... ... ... ... 34 19. Skull of Squirrel ... ... ... ... ... 35 20. Abnormal Tooth in Hare ... ... ... ... 37 21. Hamster (firicelvs frumentarias) ... ... ... 38 22. Long-tailed Field ISIouse {Mus sylvaticus) ... 40 23. Upper Back Teeth of Browu Eat ... ... ... 41 24. Upper Back Teeth of Water Vole ... ... ... 41 25. Southern Field Vole (Arvicola arvalis) ... ... ... 43 26. Skull of Sheep 44 27. Development of Eoebuck Antlers ... ... ... 45 28. Wing of Buzzard ... ... ... ... ... 50 29. Section through Bird's Egg ... ... ... ... .51 30. Eagle Owl (Ofos maaitmiis) ... ... ... ... 52 31. Head and Foot of Falcon ... ... ... ... 53 32. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetus) ... ... ... 54 3S. BaTD. 0\il (Strix flammea) ... ... ... ... .'55 34. Gackoo (^Oiuyulug canorus) ... ... ... ... 56 35. GoatBaoker QCaprimiHgus ewropseus) ... ... ... 58 36. Head of Eook ((707T.-M8 /i-Mgt7e(/us) ... ... ... 60 37. Head of Bullfinch (Pi/rrAMte ru?3am) ... ... ... 62 XVlll ILLUSTRATIONS. FTG. 38. Nightingale (Baulins lusdnia) 39. "Wood Pigeon (fiolumba palumbiis) 40. Capercailzie (^TetroA) urogallm) 41. Pheasant (P7ja8«o»«s coZcAiCT^s)... 42. Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) 43. Crested and Little Grebes (Fodiceps eriefatus and minor) 44. Grey Goose (^Aneer cinereus) 45. Herring Gull (Larus argentaiue) 46. Common Lizard (LaceHa agilis) 47. Adder (PeKas ftecits) ... 48. Grass Snake {Tropidonotus matrix) ... 49. ^MndTHorm (Anguie fragilis) .W. Great Crested Newt (IZHion m«'ra;p/joK and preys upon the larger domestic animals. The remaining example is — 26 ZOOLOGY. The Fox (Canis vulpes). This animal lives in an underground dwelling, which is either dug out by itself or else is a deserted badger-burrow. It kills roes, fawns, hares, and game-birds ; in farms it preys on poultry and eggs. It never commits depredations in the neighbourhood of its burrow, for fear of betraying its hiding-place. Valuable services, however, must be balanced against the damage mentioned above, for it catches many rabbits, and also an enormous number of field- voles in the years when these become a pest. It also often eats insects (e.g. cockchafers), worms, and snails. In fact, the fox is perhaps generally of more use than otherwise to the farmer and forester. Family : Mustelidse ( Weasel Family). Elongated, slender ; legs short ; head small and flat ; cranium elongated ; tongue smooth. Five toes on each foot, with small, sharp claws. A tuberculated molar on each side in the upper and lower jaws. The weasels give out an offensive odour from stink-glands situated near the anus. There belong to this family — 1. The Pine Marten (Mustela martes). Body up to twenty inches, tail up to ten inches long ; fur brown, with yellowish wool-hairs; a yellowpatch on the throat. Is found in thick woods, where it destroys small birds and squirrels ; it also kills much poultry and game. 2. The Beech, or Stone Marten (If wsieZa/oi-n-a). About as large as the preceding species ; greyish-brown fur, with whitish wool-hairs ; a white patch in the throat ; chiefly occurs in the immediate neighbourhood of human dwellings, in barns, wood-stacks, etc. ; kills a great deal of poultry, sometimes also wild birds, mice, and game. 3. TheVoleca,t{Putomusfcetidus). Shining brownish- black, with yellow wool-hairs ; somewhat smaller than MAMMALS. 27 the stone marten ; in particular, the tail is shorter and its hair is not so. long as in the two preceding species. In the summer it lives in the open country, in hollow trees, or in the burrows of foxes and rabbits ; in winter it settles down near human dwellings, where it lives in wood and under heaps of brushwood, hay- lofts, etc. In summer it may do more good by destroying numerous field-voles, water-rats, etc., than Fig. 15. — The Pine Marten (Mustela martes). harm by devouring those singing birds which are favourable to agriculture ; but in winter its undesir- able visits to the fowl-house and dove-cot effect much injury. It kUls the birds and devours the eggs, suck- ing without smashing them. In winter, too, it is very harmful to beehives, being fond of honey. The Ferret {Putorius furo) is undoubtedly a short- legged variety of the common polecat, usually white in colour, and, when that is the case, red-eyed. 28 ZOOLOGY. • 4. The Stoat, or Ermine {Putorius erminea). Body twelve inches, tail about three and a half inches long ; slender ; the body is scarcely broader than the head ; tail longer than in the next species; summer fur, cinnamon brown above, white below ; tail, cinnamon brown with black tip ; winter fur quite white, but the end of the tail remains black. Mostly in fields, in the neighbourhood of plantations or woods ; always abundant among sandhills,