111 fli^pi i'rilinvjijiili!;' S Hi'A <] Ml M ,' I, 111 ■^Sll^SiliiV':,:,!.*'-': ,li .,' [fiipiiifeiiiWiii^tfWiifwwMw THIS,BOOK ISfTHEGIFTOr isl Cornell University Library SF 751.L28 Home treatment of the diseases of domest 3 1924 000 944 680 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000944680 HOME TREATMENT FOR THE DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS A PRACTICAL WORK FOR FARMERS, TEAMSTERS, MERCHANTS, MECHANICS, STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS. A TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS AND DOGS. THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS. PREVENTION, AND CURE. ALSO THE LATEST AND MOST APPROVED METHODS OF DELIVERING THEIR YOUNG. FULLY ILLUSTRATED. rSrf, BY '''' WALTER LANGTRY, V. S. Hi? ^ OBASUATE OP THE ONTARIO VETEKINARy COLLEGB, lOBONTO, CANADA. Copyrighted by Waltbk Lanqtrt, V. S., FORT WAYNE, IND. 1895.: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. GOVERNOR'S ROOM. I have personally examined the work of Dr. Walter Langtry, on Home Treatment for Domesticated Animals, and find it a valuable aid to farmers and stock raisers. His clear and straight-forward methods of dealing with the various diseases incident to all stock cannot hut be of great value to all. The department treating on the delivery of colts, calves, lambs and pigs, I would especially commend, as it is humane and practical, and should be more thor- oughly understood by all stock raisers. Also, the department on the diseases of sheep, more especially that part relating to scab and worms, is of special value. I consider this work of great practical value, as it is written in the plainest language, devoid of all technical terms, so all who read can readily understand. I heartily recommend it to all farmers and owners of live stock. Respectfully, JAMES A. MOUNT, October 14th, 1897. Governor of Indiana. PREFACE. In presenting this work to the general public, it is Dot to be presumed that many will take the time to read the preface, for only about one in' a thousd,nd receive close attention. But if the reader will take the time to give it a careful perusal, it will doubly repay him for his trouble. It is not my intention nor desire, to make every purchaser of this work a thorough veterinarian, but to supply the busy and industrious American, who is the owner or lover of domesticated animals, with a concise and comprehensive treatise of the diseases of live stock, according to t|ie modern or advanced system of treatment, discarding the old, vulgar and incompati- ble messes that have formerly been prescribed, and the poor, dumb brute has been compelled, through force and ignorance, to endure that which it could not avoid. The advanced and successful theory and practice among the lower ^ animals, so closely resembles that of the human family, that what is considered humane treatment for the one, also applies to the other, and I most respect- fully invite you to ask your family physician to carefully peruse these pages, and obtain . his opinion as to the correctness of treatment, and value to your library. It seems remarkably strange, from, the number of books that are daily printed, that the wants of the industrious PKBFAOB. V farmer and owner of live stock, have been neglected in this line, and not supplied with a practical work, whereby he could not only avoid, but successfully and intelli- gently administer remedies and heal the wounds of his afla.icted stock. The loss to the stock owner, amounts to an enormous sum annually, not only through diseases but during the period that they are producing their off- spring, for a want of knowledge in assisting them at that critical time ; and after an extensive practice in this line, for a period of eighteen years, and fully appreciating the desire of the stock-owner for a knowl- edge of this kind, I have endeavored to present it to them in this work as plainly as it is possible undei: the circumstances, for me to do in the English language, and if it will somewhat assist in mitigating some of the pain and misery, which the females are compelled to endure, the author will greatly appreciate the fact and will consider himself amply repaid for his time and trouble. Walter Lanutry, V. S. EXPLANATION OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SKELETON. 1. Zymotic arch. 21. 2. Orbital oaTity. 25. 3. face bone. 26. 1. Incisor teeth. 27. 5. Molar teeth. 6. Lower Jaw. 28. 7. Atlas, 1st veitebrae of neck. 29. 8. AziB, 2d vertebrae of neck. 30. 9. Cerrical TertebrsB. 31. 10. Spinal process of back. 32. 11. Dorsal and Inmbar vertebrss. 33. 12. Bacrtun. 84. 18. Coccygeal or tail bones. 35. 14. Scapula, or shonlder blade. 86. 15. Acromion process. 87. 16. Hollow of shonlder blade. 38. 17. Superior tuberosity of the humems. 39. 18. Eomems, or arm bone. 40. 19. Olecranon, or elbow cranon. 41. 20. OartUages of the ribs. 42. 21. Bibs. 43. 22. Hannch, the external and anterior 44. angle of the illinm. 46. 23. Os innominatnm, or hannch bone. Great trochanter . Small trochanter. Femor, or thigh bones. Ischinm, posterior angle of the illinm. Radius or fore-arm bone. Carpal, or knee bones. Trapazinm. Metacarpal, or cannon bone. Os anffraginie, or pastern bone. Sesamoid bone. Os coroDEB, or small pastern bone. Superior tuberosity of the tibia. Stifle joint. Tibia, or leg bone. Os calcis, or point of hock . Tarsus, or hock joint. Head of small metatarsal bone, (/annon, or metatarsal bone. Hoof, or foot bone. Fetlock joint. Patella. Fibula. INTRODUCTORY. Since an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, it will be well first to consider such rules of treat- ment and of diet, as will tend to maintain good health in animals. The physical construction must be re- garded, and the fact impressed upon the mind that they do not consist entirely of hair and hide and a few exter- nal organs, simply because such alone are visible ; these but serve as an outer guard for a delicate, intricate anci beautiful mechanism within. The wonderful work of digestion begins as soon as the food is taken into the mouth, for there it is ground by the teeth and mingled with the saliva ; through the proper channels it reaches the stomach, and then enters the intestines. When di- gested, the nutritive portions of the food are conveyed to the blood by means of absorbent vessels, whence oc- curs a process of purification, in which all waste parti- cles are cast aside and the rich, life-giving fluid is pro- pelled by the heart, through many blood-vessels, to the vatious portions of the system, to supply worn-out tis- sues. The body is not interspersed with blood-channels alone, but there is also a tracery of nerves extending to every extremity, commonly called the nervous system, and having two great centers; the spinal cord with which all lesser nerves connect, and the crowning splen- dor of animal existence, the brain, to which, in turn, the spinal cord is attached. There is also a structure of bones, termed the skeleton, to which cling in proper position, folds or layers of flesh, called muscles. The 10 HOME TREATMENT FOR vast and marvelous mechanism of animal anatomy, is in itself a study, and since it can here be but briefly con- sidered, it will be better to proceed at once to the con- sideration of the principles of hygiene and sanitation, and of proper nursing and medical treatment, than to dwell longer upon the art of dissection. We will there- fore first regard such rules of diet and management, as will be conducive to the maintenance of health. WATER. Dysentery, diarrhoea and many other diseases of stock, are very often occasioned by drinking water con- taining decomposing organic matter, such as may some- times be found in wells and ponds, situated near man- ure-heaps and cess-pools. It is important then, that water be free from impurities. When animals have free access to water, they never drink to excess. Green food, owing to the juice it contains, lessens the quantity of water required. When fed upon dry hay and grain, the thirst is necessarily greater. Water from shallow wells, and river water, which is usually contaminated with sewage, is dangerous, while water from springs and deep wells, and upland surface water, is considered wholesome. Surface-water from land that has been cultivated, and stored rain-water, may be regarded with suspicion. Pure water can gen- erally be determined by its bluish tint, its clearness, and lack of taste or smell, but the presence of certain poisons, bacteria, etc. , can be detected only by micro- scopic and chemical examination conducted by an ex- pert in this line. When at rest, the horse requires water at least three times a day ; but when laboring, more frequently. The ,rule, under the latter circum- stance, should be to give in small quantities and often. When a horse is warm, he may be allowed a few swal- DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 11 lows of water and should then immediately be given a pound or two of hay. He should then rest about an hour before feeding. The danger in giving water to a warm or over-heated animal, is due to the excessive amount it will take while in this condition. Horses should not be allowed ice cold water, and while hot water need not necessarily be added, it should be seen to that it does not verge upon the freezing point. While it is not a good idea to give water thus cold, yet serious trouble is seldom produced, if the horse has not been deprived for too long a time. The same rule will apply to cattle, although they are not so susceptible to unpleasant effects from this source as the horse, having four stomachs while the horse has but one. FOODS AND FEBDINfl. Cleanliness should be considered both in preparing and administering food. The method of preparation, found by experience to be the best, should be adhered to and regular times of feeding should be observed. Oats do not pass from the stomach so quickly as hay and straw and should therefore be given after either of the latter, as they cannot then be forced by the hay or straw, which is more rapidly digested, into the intestines, be- fore the stomach has performed its part in the work of digestion. When the horse is huhgry or exceedingly tired, this manner of feeding is particularly commend- able, since it requires more time to masticate hay, in- suring a proper mixture with it of the saliva, and it cannot be bolted as are oats or other grains. * Water should not be given after feeding, as it washes the food from the stomach before it is prepared to enter diges- tion in the intestines. Before feeding then, is the proper time to give water. The selection of food should depend upon the nature of the labor required pf the 12 HOME TREATMENT FOE horse. Severe or hurried work cannot be expected of an animal with a full stomach. When labor of this na- ture is required, it is best that food be allowed in small quantity, about two hours before going to work. Even slow-working animals should not be gorged with bulky food lacking in nourishing properties, immediately be- fore being put to labor. Grains should never be fed immediately after a hard day's work, as digestive dis- orders are apt to arise. Hay should first be given, with grains following. The same rule should be observed in feeding an animal that has been for any reason, de- prived of food for sometipae ; also in this case, a less quantity should be given than would be consumed. If too much food is allowed, colic is apt to follow. For horses engaged mostly in slow work, chopped or cut hay, fed with crushed oats, ground corn, etc., is desira- ble. Diet should not be changed suddenly, as this is dangerous, but the desired change should be accom- plished very gradually. Neither should there be an immediate increase in the quantity of food, if this is desired, but the amount required should be reached by degrees. The quantity of food must be governed by the amount of labor to be performed. If the work is de- creased or there is an entire cessation from toil for a few days, the food should be lessened. If the horse is to stand for sometime, the food should be of a laxative nature. Musty or moldy foods should not be fed, since from these frequently arise various diseases, such as btonchitis, lung trouble and heaves. Kidney disorders are apt to arise from the consuming of musty hay. HAY. Timothy, about a year old, fresh, clean, and of a greenish color, and possessing a pleasan^t odor, is the best hay for horses. If kept too long, however, it be- DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 18 comes- deficient in nourishment, hard, dry and more or less difficult of digestion. New hay also, is hard to di- gest, sometimes producing purging, and irritation of the skin. It should be mixed with old hay, if given at all. Second crop hay is not good for horses, but is consid- ered by some persons, as good food for milch cows ; it being claimed that it has a tendency to increase the flow of milk. Ten to twelve pounds of hay a day, is suffi- cient for the average horse, when grain is also fed. Horses engaged in light work, should not be kept en- tirely upon hay, as they will fall off in flesh and become pot-bellied. This also applies to colts ; unless the latter are allowed some grain in addition to their hay, they are apt to grow into lean, awkward creatures, never making as good horses, as others fed upon both kinds of food. STEAWS. When straws are used as an article of food, they should be chopped and mixed with crushed or ground grains, and hay. The straws mostly used, are those of rye, oats and wheat. Oats straw contains the greatest amount of nourishment and is the most easily digested. Bean and pea straws are sometimes fed to horses, and of these two, the pea straw appears to be preferable. CHAFF. When oat chaff is mixed with cut hay or corn fod- der, it may be used as an article of food, but only in small quantities, as abundant feeding frequently pro- duces a trout)iesome and sometimes fatal diarrhoea, in both horses and cattle. ^ Rye and wheat chaff should not be used. More or less trouble is occasioned by the beards becoming lodged in the mouth and throat, while in the bowels and stom- ach, they often form the basis of soft concretions. 14 HOME TKEATMENT FOR GRAINS. Oats are the most easily digested, and contain the best proportion of nourishment. They are therefore preferable to all other grains. The best oats are a year old, clean, hard, short and plump. New oats are indi- gestible. Kiln-dried oats, though originally good, are not desirable, since this method of drying, injures them. Sprouted or fermented oats should never be fed, as they are injurious. For old horses and those having poor teeth, oats are best when crushed ; in most instances, however, they may be fed whole. Crushed oats are also best for horses addicted to the habit of bolting their food, and in such cases, it is well to scatter the grain before them, or spread it in a thin layer. . "With the amount of hay already mentioned, the average horse will require about twelve quarts of oats daily. Moldy oats should not be fed, as they will give rise to very serious disturbances, often terminating fatally. WHEAT AND ETB. These grains should be given as food, in small quan- tities only, and should be crushed and mixed with hay or other grains. Digestive disorders, founder and simi- lar troubles are produced in horses, if these grains are given alone, in any considerable quantities. When used as an article of diet, they should invariably be ground or crushed, and the amount given, should not be more than one-fourth of the quantity of grain allowed. BRAN. Wheat-bran is mostly used, when bran is desired. Various estimates are placed upon its value. It is best fed with other grain ; it bestows freedom of action upon the bowels, and sour bran, therefore, should not be given, as it is productive of stomach and intestinal disorders. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 15 MAIZE-COPN. I This grain should not be used exclusively as food for young horses, as it is lacking in salts. It may be fed either whole or ground. For horses affected with lampas, it is generally given upon the cob, but if it is old corn and it is desired to give it in this manner, it should be soaked in clean water for some ten to twelve hours. Corn is better given in the ground form, from one to two quarts at a feeding, mixed with wheat-bran or crushed oats. A full feed of corn given to a horse unaccustomed to its use, is likely to give rise to acute indigestion. For this reason, small quantities should be given at first, and gradually increased until the de- sired amount is reached. LINSEED. When it is desired to keep the bowels open and im- prove the condition of the skin, ground linseed may oc- casionally be given with other articles of diet. When the digestive organs are inflamed or irritable, tea made of linseed is '^■ery beneficial. POTATOES CAKKOTS BEETS. Potatoes used as food for horses or cattle, are best steamed or boiled. If given in considerable quantities in the raw state, they are apt to produce indigestion. Like most other roots, they possess a small proportion of laxative properties. Beets are not used often as food for horses, and should not be used too liberally as food for cattle. Carrots, when fed in small quantities, are very beneficial and particularly so in sickness, as they improve the appetite, and to a slight extent, increase the action of the kidneys and bowels. They also con- tain alterative properties and when used 'as an article of diet the coat becomes glossy and smooth. 16 HOME TREATMENT FOR GRASS. If at all possible, every horse should receive a sum- mer vacation, which he may spend in some good pas- turage. This not only affords him his natural food, but gives him a brief feason for rest and recuperation. Grass is indispensible to growing stock. It is not suffi- cient in itsef , as food for an animal engaged in labor, as purging results, and horses soon tire in travel or work. They also perspire easily. It should at first be given in small quantities to horses accustomed to grain and hay, but the best idea, is to let the animal crop it for itself. Chronic disorders sometimes disappear en tirely, when the animal is upon grass ; it also has a ten- dency to lessen fever, and wounds heal with greater rapidity than when upon grain. Last but not least, is the fact that an occasional change of diet, goes far to- ward maintaining a good condition in animals. It is not a good idea to continue the same routine of feeding, for this becomes tiresome, as it would with ourselves, were we subjected to a certain rule of diet. An occasional change is appreciated by animals, and consequently fol- lowed with good results. , STABLING. stalls should be large and roomy. Box stalls are best, for these allow such complete freedom from halter or strap, that the animal may choose any position desired, for comfort and rest. It is bad policy to economize in stable-room, by building narrow, uncomfortable stalls. There should at least be room for the animal to stretch out its limbs, so that it need not lie in a cramped posi- tion. A ground floor is the best, but upon floors of any kind, should be placed a good bedding. For this, clean straw is preferable. Ventilation should not be disregarded, but in order to secure this, it DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 17 is not necessary that a flood of cold^ or damp, chilly air be allowed to rush upon the animal. In this, as in other matters, judgment must be used. Above all things, cleanliness must be observed, and there should be plenty of light. Food should be placed so that it can be reached without discomfort. Screen or netting prop- erly arranged, affords good protection from flies. Floors of any kind should be level ; if a board floor is used, there should be some means of drainage. HARNESS. This should be adjusted to the form of the horse, in as comfortable a manner as possible. Rubbing should be guarded against, particularly the friction of the col- lar upon the shoulders. The cruelty of tight check- reining cannot be too severely condemned. It not only cramps the horse into a painful position, but is senseless in the extreme, being a detriment to the natural beauty of the animal and a hindrance to him while at work. MUTILATIONS. The inhuman fashion of docking has happily almost entirely disappeared, as has also the slashing of ears. The mane, tail and fore-top, appear well if evenly trimmed, but there is no beauty in a stubby tail, a closely hacked mane and a raring fore-top ; the latter should be either short enough to escape the eyes, or be carefully tucked away beneath some portion of the head gear. As to the recent style of clipping, it cer- tainly does not seem reasonable to subject the horse to the chilling air of winter, deprived of his natural pro- tection. The animal suffers as much as would his mas- ter, were he compelled to remain out any length of time, without a coat. It may do well enough in mid-summer, or as soon as the weather becomes settled and warm. Nature, how- 18 HOME TREATMENT FOB ever, has made ample provision, by granting a shedding or thinning of the hair, at the proper time. But with all due care and consideration, animals will sicken sometimes from causes over which we have no control ; it is the way of all flesh, and when ailments occur, we must seek to administer in the best and most practical manner, the most efficient remedies. BATHS. For the cure of disease and likewise for the pres- ervation of health, baths are important. "When falling in temperature below 70° Fahrenheit they may be termed cold baths ; such, when used with discretion, ex- ert tonic, stimulating or bracing effects. They contract the blood-vessels lying close to the skin and increase the excretion of waste particles. Cold baths should not be too long continued, especially when applied to young or weakly animals, as undesirable and even injurious re- sults may ensue. A sea bath is better than fresh water at rest. By drying thoroughly, by hand-rubbing or blanketing, reaction is encouraged, and it may some- times be well to give stimulants. If a lower tempera- ture than 70° Fahrenheit is required, the animal may be placed in a bath of that degree of temperature which may then be lowered to 60° or lower ; or may at once be placed in a bath, ranging from 60° to 50°, or have cold water dashed over it. Ten or fifteen minutes will suf- . fice, in such cases, and the treatment may be given twice in a day. By this method, high fever may be re- duced from 1° to 4°. TEPID BATHS.. From 65° to 85° Fahr. is the proper range for a tepid bath. They are beneficial to heated and tired animals, producing a sense of comfort. Perspira- tion is encouraged, the skin is cleansed, and they also, DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 19 more or less, allay thirst ; likewise they are beneficial in removing stiffness, resulting sometimes after a hard day's labor. WAKM BATHS. From 85° to 97° Fahr. is the proper range of tem- perature for baths of this kind. They are servicable in relieving chronic skin diseases and softening the skin. By their application, blood-vessels under-lying the skin are expanded and perspiration is promoted, HOT BATHS. The temperature in baths of this kind ranges upward from 97° Fahr. As high as 110° may be reached if in- creased by degrees. By their use, the temperature of the body is increased, the capillaries or blood-vessels of the skin are expanded, the perspiration and pulse are accelerated, and excretion of waste matter is hastened. They are soothing to over-taxed muscles, useful in re- lieving colic and cramps, check such disorders as rheu- matism, catarrh and weed attacks, and are of benefit in chronic affections of the skin. MEDICATION. Baths may be medicated. To stimulate the skin, salt or mustard may be added. Drugs of various kinds are used for the destruction of parasites of the skin and also for chronic skin diseases. In the latter instance, alkaline carbonates or potassium sulpheret ; for the de- struction of parasites, carbolic acid, tobacco juice, solu- tion of arsenious acid may be used. Not many stables, however, afford the convenient and elegant appliances facilitating the administering of baths. The next best method, and the one usually em- ployed, is sponging with tepid, cold or hot water, as the case may require. Satisfactory results are thus ob- tained. In treatment of fever, the water should not at ) 20 HOME TREATMENT FOE first, be of temperature lower than 85° or 80° Fahr. The sponging process should not last longer than three or four minutes ; the animal should then be wiped dry and at once covered with a blanket. The sponging may be repeated within three or four hours, if necessary, especially should the temperature again have risen. After the first or second sponging, the temperature of the water may be lowered to 65° or 60° Fahr. Some- times a little acid added to the bath is of benefit, and concurrent with this treatment, stimulants or anti- septic salines may be prescribed. FOMENTATIONS. In order to be of benefit, fomentations should be continued for several hours; Usually, water alone is used, but laudanum, vinegar, saline, and other reme- ,dies, suitable to the ailment, are sometimes added. Fomentations are usually hot, though cold applications are sometimes used. They are generally applied to bruises, inflammations, such as in kidney disease, or in diseases of the lungs as pneumonia and pleurisy ; to sprains, wounds, or inflamed eyes. The temperature must of course be regulated to the nature of the disor- der, and the portion of the body where it is situated. When applied to the eye, the degree of' heat should not go beyond 100° Fahr. For bruises, external inflamma- tions and disturbances of similar character, the water may be as hot as can be borne by the hand, and for pleurisy and other internal inflammatory affections, horse-cloths or pieces of flannel should be soaked with boiling water, partially dried, and spread over the sur- face around and above the affected parts and covered with a piece of rubber or any other material that will prevent evaporation. For the lesser ailments, a sponge or rag, a flannel rag is preferable, may be used, with DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 21 some covering to retain the moisture. It is not advisa- ble to use a sponge where there is any putrid or foul discharge, as it is apt to harbor disease germs, whereas, if a rag is used, it is usually burned, or destroyed in some other manner. Probably the most speedy and convenient method, is to wring a sheep-skin out of the water, and place the wooly side to the diseased part. Fomenting a Bruise. The temperature of the application should be kept as even as possible, and when the fomenting operation is completed, the affected portions should be nicely dried and wrapped, so as to prevent chilling. Mustard is sometimes applied to assist in sustaining the tempera- ture, though this is apt to be somewhat painful to open, sensitive wounds. For this purpose, also alcohol or a mild stimulating liniment may be used. Guard against irri- tation, in the treatment of a raw sore or an open wound, as this will have a tendency to delay the healing process. 22 HOME TREATMENT lOR POULTICES. Boiled linseed-meal, oat meal, bran, bread, turnips, and dried hops- where a light poultice is desired, are some of the substances used for this manner of moist application. Poultices may be either hot or cold ; cold poultices are prepared in the same manner as are hot applications, and then allowed to cool. Hot poultices, however, are mostly used. They may be laid directly upon the wound, or affected part, or a very thin cover- ing as a piece of old, thin muslin, may first be spread upon the part to be treated. This tends to prevent sticking, and for this purpose also, a light coating of glycerine solution or vaseline, may be used. They should be removed every hour or two, and fresh ones supplied, and this changing should be accomplished with rapidity, so as to prevent chilling. Poultices en- courage the excretion of pus and therefore should not be applied to fresh or to dry wounds where there is no suppuration. They should not be continued for too long a time, as the result will be a too great relaxing or soft- ening of the affected parts. When the operation is completed, care should be taken to prevent chilling by enveloping in flannel or some other suitable material. When heat is desired without moisture, hot salt or sand in bags, may be applied. Poultices are sometimes medicated. Opiates may be added to produce a sooth- ing effect ; a sprinkling of turpentine or mustard will encourage stimulation, and an antiseptic tendency is produced by adding carbolic acid, yeast, charcoal or chlorinated soda. POWDERS. When not of too large a size powders may be dropped upon the tongue of the patient. The most satisfactory manner of administering, is to mix with some soft form of food, provided the flavor is not so disagreeable that th« DOMESTIOATKD ASIMAM, 23 animal will refuse it. Most all medicines may be ob- tained in the form of powders, and while their action i« not quite as quick as in liquid form, they are just as ef- fective, and if kept in close stoppered bottles, will retain and impart their active principles for a great length of time. PLASTERS. In veterinary practice, plasters are not as a rule, a convenient "method of treatment, owing to the fact that an animal usually shows a disposition to bite or rub them off, and thus there is danger of additional injury to the portion already affected. They are useful in af- fording protection and retarding evaporation, increas- ing activity of the glands, and when applied in a thick form, tend to hinder motion of the diseased parts. When they are to remain for some length of time, the ingredients melted to softness, may be poured directly upon the skin, over-spread with ravelled lint or tow and over the whole, a linen or leather bandage should be placed. ' Applications of this kind, are known aa charges. For stimulation, mustard or cantharides may be added to the other ingredients, but if a soothing ef- fect is desired, add opium or belladonna. LOTIONS. Fluid preparations intended for the bathing of ex- ternal parts, are termed lotions. Various drugs are used, with water or other fluids or mixtures of fluids, as solvents. They are of benefit in swellings, sore joints and muscles, inflamed eyes, skin diseases and other ex- ternal disorders. They may also be applied for stimu- lating effects upon internal organs. Besides pouring, or rubbing as in the application of liniments, lotions may be applied by means of linen saturated with the prep- aration and laid upon the part to be treated. 24 HOME TEEATMENT FOB c OINTMENTS. Lard, butter, or other fatty matters, form the basis of ointments. Vaseline is very desirable since it does not become rancid and in itself possesses soothing and healing qualities. To the oily consistence employed, such drugs are to be added as are to be used in treating the ailment, and after being well mixed, the ointment is, as a general thing, ready for use. This manner of treatment is desirable for healing sores, skin disorders, a!nd since the ingredients are capable of being absorbed by the skin, for introducing medicines, in certain in- stances, into the system. In order to facilitate absorp- tion, lanolin or oleic acid is in the proper instances, used as a basis. When wax or resin is employed, it must be slowly melted and the other ingredients added, and the mass should be stirred until well mixed and un- til it is of the proper consistence. VAPOES. For disinfecting the air-passages, destroying para- sites- therein, for soothing or stimulating, inhalations are sometimes used with good effect. This manner of treatment is beneficial in many ailments of the throat ' and breathing organs, as catarrh, sore throat, bronchial congestion. For these latter affections, vapor produced from pure water alone, or to which has been added a lit- tle chloroform, laudanum, belladonna, or whatever else is designated for the ailment, often affords prompt re- lief. A hot bran-mash contained in a good sized nose bag, is a convenient method of producing steam, as also a bucket containing hot water, placed beneath the nos- trils, the bucket and head of the animal being covered with sacking, or the covering may be omitted and a hot iron plunged into the water at suitable intervals. For disinfection, and for irritability of the organs of breath- DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 25 ing, fumes and gases from various drugs are sometimes employed, but these will be treated upon elsewhere. The practice of smoking with old shoes, rubber, wool, etc., is to be severely condemned as injurious, inhuman, Nose Bag for Steaming. and utterly senseless. To a human being suffering with throat or lung affections, this would be not only obnox- ious, but very prolific of injurious effects. It is none the less bo to the fettered animal, unable to speak or offer any other sign of protest, and it must therefore etand patiently and endure, or if this becomes impossi- ble, succumb to the torment. rajECTIONS. Liquid introduced into the rectum, whether pure water alone, or water with the addition of some me- dicinal element, or whether of some other fluid form, constitutes an injection. The object in administering, is to relax the bowels, for which it is safe and effectual, to maintain and hasten the action of purgatives, to cleanse of worms which may infest the posterior portion of the canal, and may be used with soothing as well ae stimulating effect, influencing both adjacent and remote 26 HOME TREATMENT FOB organs. This is also a means of introducing medicines into the system, when there is difficulty in swallowing, as in sore throat, lock-jaw, or other affections producing a similar condition ; they are not so rapidly absorbed by this method however, as when administered in the nat- ural manner. This treatment is effective in constipa- tion or in obstinate torpidity. In the horse, the har- dened fecal matter may first be removed by the hand or spatula and the injection may then follow. From one and a half to fi.ve gallons of tepid water, may be in- jected into the rectum of a draught-horse, while a pint is sufficient for a dog weighing forty pounds. In this as in all else, judgment must be used, and the amount regulated to the nature of the disorder and species of animal. Two or three pints is a sufficiency for the ox or horse, when intended for retention and absorption ; three or four times this amount is required when evacua- tion is desired, and larger quantities in obstinate cages. By the addition to tepid water, of soap — castile is preferable, or raw linseed oil, the effect is increased. An injection composed of four ounces of turpentine and a quart of raw linseed oil, is effective in removing worms. The apparatus for giving injections are of vari- ous kinds, of which we will designate the barrel syringe and the ball syringe as the most common. There is also Prof. Gamgee's funnel ; a sort of rectangular arrange- ment, into the top or cup of which the liquid may be poured, and it will then follow the tube and enter the rectum. This method would no doubt be the most agreeable to the animal, as it does not necessitate the unpleasant pumping or forcing usually required to oper- ate a syringe. The portion of the instrument intro- duced into the rectum, should be well greased with oil or lard and entered in a slow and careful manner, to prevent any unnecessary irritation to the parts. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 27 SUPPOSITORIES. By combining with soap, cocoa-butter or lard, and wielding into a round form resembling a ball or cylin- der, certain drugs may be introduced into the rectum, vagina and uterus. A suppository of soap placed in the anus, encourages acton of the bowels in young foals and calves. BOLUSES. Some medicines are conveniently administered in the form of a bolus or pill. The remedy to be given, is' mixed with a mass of sufficient consistency to allow molding into a round form ; the cylindrical shape is bet- ter than the absolutely round ball, and it may measure Oiving a Pill i from a half to three-fourths of an inch in thickness, and two inches in length. There are a number of articles with which the medicine may be mixed and wielded into the proper form, but lard or linseed meal can prob- ably be the most readily obtained. In both mixing and administering, cleanliness should be observed and the balls must not be allowed to harden, as in this condi- tion, they sometimes pass away from the animal with- out having been changed and absorbed. Wrapping in oiled paper will preserve moisture, or fresh ones may be made as required. 28 HOME TREATMENT FOB The bolus is usually given ' with the fingers, and the operation is simple. The ball is held by one end between the thumb (which supports it below) and the fingers of the right hand, which is drawn together and rounded as much as possible. The tongue of the patient is gently drawn out a little way by the left hand, and the ball passed rapidly along the roof of the mouth, and dropped on the back of the tongue. The hand must be quickly withdrawn and the hold upon the tongue at once released. Close the mouth, and slightly elevate the head which may be released as soon as tte ball is swal- lowed. The operation should be performed in as rapid and careful a manner as possible and with a firm, steady hand, for a nervous doctor usually makes a nervous pa- tient ; neither should the animal be struck or abused. When, on account of viciousness, the ball cannot readily be administered by the hand, it is best to use a balling iron. This device is also conveniently used when the mouth is narrow, or when by reason of some affection, it cannot be sufficiently opened. DRENCHES. Fluid preparations given in a single good-sized dose, are termed drenches. When the flavor is not disagree- able, the animal may usually be induced to drink it mixed with its drinking water or with gruel. From two to six ounces, according to the size of the animal, is an average amount for dogs ; one or two pints for horses, six to eight ounces for sheep, and for an ox one to two quarts. The mixture should be well shaken, so that the ingredients will be thoroughly mixed. In administering to a horse, the head should be raised to a moderate height, and the tongue secured so as to prevent the throwing out of the liquid, yet allowing sufficient action of jaws, lips, tongue and cheeks to permit swallowing. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. ' 29 The tongue should not be drawn outward in a forcible manner, as in this position, it cannot assist in forcing back the fluid, and furthermore encourages the danger of choking. To secure the head by means of ropes amd pulleys fastened above, is an objectionable method ; a better way is to hold the head in position by means of a twitch, the noose of which is placed over the upper jaw within the incisor teeth, and an assistant, standing on the left side of the animal may raise and sustain the head by means of a stick attached to the noose, or the noose may be slipped between the prongs of a stable fork. The best method however, is to dispense with all fetters and entanglements, and use the hands alone, as iirst described. This requires but one person, and is quickly, and easily accomplished, at the same time al- lowing the most comfort and freedom to the animal. Drenching through the nostrils is not only unnatural, but is attended with danger of death, as the fluid may enter either the channel to the lungs or the passage to the stomach, or both. The nostrils are to admit air, not food and drink or other matters foreign to them. The mouth has this office to perform. If, in administering a drench to an animal, it is seized with a fit of coughing, release it at once, as there is danger of choking. In p. dministering to cattle, grasp firmly but not roughly by the nostrils, with the thumb and two fingers, in such a manner that there will be no interference with the breathing, and raise the head to a moderate height. The drench may then be given with the other hand. Aid is rendered in some instances, if an assistant grasps the horns and steadies the head. Large dogs may be backed into a corner, so that they cannot pull away, and the head held between the knees. Glass bottles are usually used to contain the fluid, but if a properly shaped tin vessel can be obtained, it will be all the bet- 80 HOilE TREATMENT FOR ter, as there is danger that the glasa bottle may be broken, the contents spilled, and the mouth of the ani- mal or the hands of the operator, cut by the fragments. The drenching horn is also sometimes used. In all ani- mals the nostrils should be left unobstructed to such an extent as to not interfere with breathing; choking should be guarded against, and the drench should be poured somewhat slowly. DISINFECTION. For cleansing a drain, pour into it a bucket of water in which has been dissolved a handful of copperas. When it is desired to eradicate disease germs, smoke the shed or stable with sulphur ; if to this is added wood tar, the activity will be greatly increased. Place a heap of live coals in an iron kettle or other suitable vessel, and lay the sulphur or tar and sulphur upon them. The gases will at once begin to generate. For thorough disinfection, it is best to remove all living creatures, close the building tightly, arrange the vessel so that there is no danger of fire, and leave matters so, for an hour or two. The smoke will thus penetrate every crevice. A little of this gas inhaled by animals may be beneficial, but the suffocating power of sulphur fumes is well known, and it is therefore not to be trifled with. By all means, remove the animals if distress is indi- cated by coughing. Carbolic acid applied to the door- lintels and walls, forms a good disinfectant. Cloths wet with a weak solution of it and hung up, are an at- traction and a destruction to disease germs floating about in the atmosphere. This acid is also disagreeable to flies. BLISTERING. Before applying a blister, shave the hair from the part, wash and dry well; then with smart frictioai con- tinued for a few minutes, apply the blistering prepara- DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 31 tion. If the operation is properly accomplished, and the application is afterwards carefully watched, the blister should leave no permanent scar or blemish. If it proves to be too severe, remove it and wash the part gently and apply olive oil or lard freely. Tie the horse in such a manner that he cannot gnaw at the blister, and do not remove the loose skin raised by it ; let this scale off naturally. This treatment is sometimes used to hasten the opening of an abscess, or to reduce an en- larged gland. When sufficient action has been aroused, further irritation may be discouraged by washing care- fully and applying olive oil or lard. In many cases of chronic lameness and in obstinate bone diseases, firing is of great benefit. For this pur- pose, Williams' instrument for pyropuncture is to be recommended, as it makes a deep impression and leaves scarcely any scar. The iron should be red hot, and ap- plied with enough force to pierce the skin and enter the diseased part. Before the procedure begins, the hair should be shaved from the part to be treated^ and the animal securely fastened. On the day following the operation, neats' foot or some other bland oil may be applied, to act upon the swelling, and this may hence forward be used daily, until the swelling is reduced. The animal should not be put to labor too soon, as the disease inay return if this is done. A rest of several months is advisable. SLINGS. Unless suffering from diseased feet, it is best to let the horse sustain himself, but when to all appearances, exhaustion is so great that this is no longer possible, it is well, in some instances, to prepare a sling for support in maintaining an upright position. To accomplish 82 HOME TREATMENT FOR this, a block and tackle may be securely fastened to a beam over-head and attached to the canvas or other Btout material employed, and which has been wrapped two or three times at each end, around stout rollers, at least two inches thick, and securely nailed. If instead, a frame is to be used, set four posts, a little over three . feet apart one way and five feet the other. On either side and on a line with the middle of the body, place a strong horizontal bar. Lead the horse between the posts, place a bar in front at such a height that it will cross the lower part of the neck, and another between the hind posts, on a line with thg stifle. Wind your material around one of the side bars, and nail it on the butside, then pass it beneath the body to the bar oppo- site, and secure in the same manner. Do not let the horse sink down into the sling until it is well secured. The cloth may be strengthened by small rOpes, and it should be of such a width as to begin behind the fore- legs, and clear the sheath in the male. ' BLEEDING. By diminishing the quantity of blood in circulation, bleeding lessens the action of the lungs and heart. If this manner of treatment is resorted to, it should be in the first stages of the disease, before there is much ex- haustion. It is not a safe remedy and should be avoided if possilple. In some instances, however, it is the only chance for life. In horses, the jugular vein is generally selected when blood-letting is desired. A fleam is preferable to a lancet, for this purpose, since with this instrument, there is certainty of tapping the vein to a proper extent. From a previously strong, healthy horse, one bleeding of from five to seven quarts, is sufficient. The quantity extracted, must be regulated to the size of the animal and the nature of the ailment. A rusty or unclean instrument should not be used, as it is likely to DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 33 produce inflammation. The horse should be biind- tolded; pressure should be brought upon the vein with the finger, until it grows tense, or to accomplish this, a stout string may be tied about the neck with pressure enough to bring the veins, into prominence, but there Bhould be no dragging upon the skin. The incision must be made above the point of pressure; the fleam should be laid lengthwise along the center of the vein, and should be given a quick, heavy blow, whereupon It lisiiig the Vtiii. the blood w^ill spurt out. The pressure must be con- tinued until a sufficient amount is drawn, when the string or finger, whichever has been employed, should be removed, and the flow will cease. During the operation and while the flow continues, the head should be ele- vated to a moderate height. When bleeding has ceased, a common pin is run through the'margins of the wound and wrapped with thread crossed back and forth over the ends of the pin in the form of a figure eight. Oare must be exercised in the pinning operation, so that there will be no dragging upon the skin, and no undue tightening of the thread ligature, and the vein must riot 2 84 HOME TREATMENT FOB be included. Usually in three days, the pin may be re- moved. It should first be twisted about to loosen adhe- sions, should there she any, and then withdrawn with one hand, while the other holds the skin in place below it, so that it will not be dragged back. The ox and sheep are also generally bled from the Bleeding. jugular, though sometimes in the sheep, the eye or cheek vein is tapped. In the pig, the ear may be turned back and the veins pressed upon at the base, and brought into prominence, when the incision can be made ; or a cord may be tied around the foreleg above the knee, when the brachial vein, on the inside of the leg will be seen, and can be lanced. The cut sh6uld be made about an inch above the knee. SHOBma. While the art of shoeing belongs to another profes- sion, which is closely allied to that of the veterinary surgeon, it may not be out of place here to make a few remarks on the various modes and manners in which the foot of the horse is treated by ma,ny blacksmiths, for want of a knowledge of one of the most intricate parts of the horse's anatomy. Far from it, is it my in- DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 35 teiition to do any injustice to the knights of the anvil, yet there are so many who undertake to practice this trade or professibn, that have never given the parts suf- ficient study, or in whom there is not enough mechanical ingenuity, to properly place the shoe, and drive the nails in their proper position,, after the foot has been levelled and prepared for its reception. The somewhat sweeping assertion has frequently been made, that the history of every horse, has been a record of human en- deavor to destroy its usefulness, yet this assertion is not made without some foundation for its support, for where is the individual whp questions the statement, "No foot, no horse;" an,d yet there is no portion of tliis ani- mal's anatomy, wherein he has been compelled to suffer so many ills, the cause of which, in the vast majority of instances, are traceable either directly or indirectly, to the manner in which the foot has been prepared and the ill-fitting shoe it has been compelled to wear. Unfortu- nate indeed, has it been for that noble animal, that we have been obliged to invent some device for the artifi- cial protection of the foot, as the necessary work that is imposed upon it from day to day, causes a greater waste of horn than nature can replace during the intervals of rest it is allowed. .The ordinary iron shoe, has so far, proven the best protection, and even this, when applied under the direction of, or by a skillful mechanic, means , a certain amount of injury to the tissues of the foot. Every nail driven, means so much injury, and the larger the nail, the greater the injurious effects. There is however, one class of horses in this country, which, from the nature of the work they have to perform, and the condition of the ground they have to travel over, renders it unnecessary to furnish artificial protection for , their feet, except under extraordinary circumstances. These are our agricultural horses ; and when one of 36 HOME TREATMENT FOR them, from the peculiar shape or condition of the feet, must receive attention, take it to a skillful mechanic, no matter how great the distance. It is strange, yet nevertheless true, that the average horse shoer has a mania for cutting, carving and rasping at the horse's foot, thereby taking upon himself the task of improving na- ture by means of art, which has always proven a dismal failure, for sooner or later, after being handled in this manner, you perceive a dried, contracted, pinched up or shriveled object instead of the broad, beautiful foot, with which nature in her ineffable wisdom, provided the animal. I will now endeavor to present to you, some of the pernicious and insane methods of preparing the foot for the shoe. Foremost among these, is the habit of trimming the frog. Now as the frog is nature's cush- ion and hoof expander, placed there to ward off con- cussion, through its elasticity, thereby furnishing the much needed protection to the other structures of the foot, which are possessed of a much smaller amount of expansion and contraction, it now being trimmed to a degree that deprives it of pressure, immediately com- mences to shrink, dry and harden, very soon presenting a pinched up appearance, when its usefulness to the foot is destroyed ; then instead of being a protection to the foot, as in its natural state, discharging its allotted function, it becomes a menace rather than a benefit to this organ. Next among these, is the habit of paring out the sole of the foot, until it yields by the pressure of the operator's thumbs. As the sole grows very slowly, and rests upon a soft, velvety cushion, from which it is nourished and developed, consequently when it is pared down until it yields to light pressure, the part that still remains is only partially developed, and when exposed to dryness and heat, the delicate half- formed fibres contract to such a degree that their source DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 37 of nourishment is greatly impaired, and the process of development is vastly retarded; then it is, that this mutilated and shrunken sole adds still more serious injury to the foot. Nor does the injury stop here. The operator proceeds to "open up the heels," as he calls it, by cutting out the bars and splitting down with the knife between the frog and the quarters. These bars are so arranged as to prevent the quarters from closing in on the frog, to prevent contraction at the heels. Thus, with the bars or lateral braces removed and a slice taken out in the immediate vicinity of the heels, there is no other alternative, in a dry climate like ours in the summer, but to continuously contract, until the sensi- tive structures of the foot are naught but a constant source of irritatiota, pain and misery to the horse, the remainder of its animal existence. Adding to this al- ready mutilated foot, after the shoe has been placed upon it and the clinches made, the rasp is brought into ' play, commencing up very closely to the hair and rasp- ing the whole external portion of the foot, thus robbing it of its natural layer of varnish, which was placed there by nature to prevent the evaporation of the moisture there secreted, for the nourishment and healthy main- tenance of the parts. The condition of horses' feefe depends greatly upon the care and management they receive from colthood up, and were they allowed the privilege of standing, while in confinement, upon some- material containing a small amount of moisture instead of on a dry, wooden floor, their feet would be found to be better shaj)ed, tougher and less brittle, a condition much better for the work to be exacted from them. Now in summarizing the conditions to which our horses' feet have been subjected, not only by the shoer, but the owner, let us look together with more reason, and see if these evils cannot be abated in a great degree. As I 88 HOME TREATMENT FOR have heretofore .stated, the frog, sole and' bars, were placed in position by nature, to maintain the whole structure in a healthy^ condition, and as they have been mercilessly mutilated with the drawing knife, that is the first instrument to be discarded from the sheer's outfit. The frog should never be touched with either knife or rasp, and as only the semi-detached portions of the sole should be removed, in order to level the foot for the proper adjustment of the shoe, the rasp is the only in- strument that is necessary for the completion of that part of the work, for the shoe, when properly adjusted, has its bearing alike upon the horny wall, and the sole which is in immediate contact with it. It is a grave mistake to adjust a shoe and so concave the sole with the treacherous knife, that the only bearing the foot has, rests upon the wall, and the wall only. After the bottom of the foot has been prepared for the shoe by levelling it off with the rasp, the next thing in order is to fit the shoe, using the best of judgment as to the proper weight of shoe the animal should wear, t The only legitimate use of the shoe, is to prevent undue wear of the wall and sole, therefore the lighter the shoe, in proportion to the weight ,it has to sustain, the better. The plain shoe without calks, will allo.^ the animal to rest in a natural position, consequently calks should be used only upon those horses where it is actually* neces- sary, from the peculiar or difficult labor they have to perform. In such cases, a short calk answers the pur- pose much better than a long one, for the toe calks wear down much more rapidly than the heels, resulting in a depressed toe and an elevated heel. Also the relative positions of the bone structure of the foot are altered ; the cofiin bone becomes bruised and diseased, and possi- bly it may suffer during the balance of its existence. The weight of the shoe having been decided upon, it ^ DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 89 should now be so shaped as to conform to the size and shape of the foot, and not, as is too often the case, place on a shoe that is too small in circumference, then rasp down the foot to fit the shoe, in order to make it pre- sentable. The upper surface of the shoe, or that part that comes in contact with the hoof, should be perfectly level ; then with the two level surfaces coming in direct opposition, it will require only a few nails, and these of a small size, to retain the shoe in position for a proper length of time, as the shoes should be changed every four or five weeks. It is no uncommon- sight to see the shoer using heavy nails and a numerous lot of them driving them high up and clinching them firmly, and if remonstrated with or upbraided for doing such work, he will invariably tell you that if the ^shoes do not remain on for four or five months, the owner will go elsewhere to have his work done, thus losing his custom, which he cannot afford. Here it is clearly the owner's fault, either through short-sightedness or stinginess. He should be compelled to wear a pair ' of nicely fitting boots for a month, then supplied with a pair two sizes too small, and forced to wear them for the balance of the time the horse is compelled to wear his. I would venture the opinion that the horse would be taken to the shop immediately. A badly fitting shoe is as pain- ful to the horse as the tight boot would be to the owner. After the shoes have been fitted and the nails driven and clinched, nothing remains to be done outside of rasping off the few slight projections that may extend over the shoe, but, just at this point, it is a common sight to see the rasp applied over the whole external part of the wall, robbing it of its layer of natural var- nish, which was placed there to protect the foot, by holding the moisture that is secreted within. When de- prived of this covering, the moisture evaporates, the 40 HOME TREATMENT FOR DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. foot dries and hardens, and sooner or later contracts to a degree that is a source of irritation and pain. This habit, for such it is and nothing else, should be dis- carded, for nothing could be devised that is calculated to do a greater amount of injury, than this willful, whole- sale and wholly uncalled for rasping. The various de- vices for shoeing to overcome deformities and habits, as well as for the production of speed, I will leave to the skillful mechanic, who understands that profession much better than I do, and who should receive the highest sense of praise, that can be bestowed upon those who follow this profession. DISEASES OF THE HORSE THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES. This is a disease peculiar to the horse, but may be communicated to man by inoculation. It seldom at- tacks a horse after maturity, but attacks colts from DISTEMPER, OK STRANGLES. birth until they are five years old. The causes are many and varied. Among them are want of nutritious properties in the mother's milk, change from pasture to dry feed, irritation from teething, impure air, change from one climate to another, etc. Symptoms: — The colt will appear dull and stupid; the eyes will begin to water and sometimes to matter ; fever begins to rise ; loss of appetite, coat begins to get rough; discharge from the nostrils; abscesses begin to (41) 42 DISEASES OF THE HOESB. form under the lower jaw. In irregular strangles ab- scesses may form anywhere on the body, or in the lungs or intestines, making the caae very serious. Treatment: — The treatment is very simple. Ih regu- lar strangles place the animal in an airy, comfortable, loose box-stall and bed well. Blanket comfortably, protect from exposure to cold to prevent severe bron- chitis or lung complications, and feed on soft food — such as bran-mashes, chopped feed, mashed turnips or car- rots. If the patient is constipated and the fever high, give four ounces of glauber salts twice a day, as a laxative. If there is a dry cough, steam the nostrils with Bcalded bran or oats, but do not smoke thti colt. Poul- tice the throat with fried onions, boiled turnips or lin- Beed meal, and when the abscesses soften, lance them to allow the matter to escape. If the abscesses remain hard, apply a good stimulating liniment, as, Olive Oil .four ounces. Oil Turpentine .two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Mix. Apply morning and evening and gargle the throat with the following : Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Hypo-Sulphate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders and give one powder every six hours. When lung complications show themselves, apply mustard along the belly and sides. During convales- cence, care must be taken not to expose the animal to cold, as a relapse might follow. Allow exercise but do not turn the exercise into work, until the animal has entirely recovered. EPIZOOTIC INCTjUENZA. 43 EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. This disease is very peculiar and yet not uncommon in this country. In 1871 it traveled from east to west with such rapidity, that there is little reason to doubt that it is produced through atmospheric influences. , It is much more dangerous in some localities than in oth- ers, according to the hygienic measures employed. In localities that* are low and malarious, with poor sta- bling, the disease is much more fatal than where the elevation is greater and the air dryer. But no location is exempt from the disease. In the same Stable a num- BPIZOOTIO INELUENZA. ber of horses may be attacked, and very severely, while others remain perfectly healthy. Every horse in a given _ stable may be affected, while their neighbors in a sta- ble across the street escape entirely. It is my opinion that horses poorly cared for and ill-fed, are not only first attacked, but the first to succumb. Symptoms:— The disease comes on very suddenly, with weakness and stupor, eyes swelled and watery., The membranes of the nostrils may be of a bright pink color, but are more frequently of a dull leaden hue. There is a dry cough, staring coat, ears and legs alter- nately hot and cold; patient is feverish; pulse acceler- ated—generally weak but sometimes hard ; sometimes 44 DISEASES OP THE HOESE. a watery discharge from the nostrils, afterwards assum- ing a yellowish or greenish color ; appetite lost ; when made to move, will go with a swinging gait — ^frequently crackling of the joints will be heard, when the disease assumes a somewhat rheumatic nature, the legs swollen, hot and very painful when touched. In other cases the lungs or abdominal viscera may be seriously involved. If the horse is tucked up along the abdomen, with hard pellets jaf dung, covered with mucus, thfe bowels are at- tacked and your case is somewhat dangerous. If the '■^^jirZ^^^^ y FIRST STAGE OE EPIZOOTIC rSTFLTIENZA. patient is tucked up in the flanks, with a ridge extend- ing from the flanks to the breast bone, hurried breathing and short, painful cough, the disease has attacked some part of the thoracic cavity, — either the lungs or the pleura, probably both — and is extremely dangerous. Treatment: — When first noticed, place in a comforta- ble, loose, box-stall, well aired but without draughts. Blanket well and bandage the legs. Relieve costive- ness with a pint of linseed or castor oil and injections of warm water. If the fever is high give, Quinine Sulpli three drachms. Nitrate Potass one ounce. Bi-Carbonate Soda . one and one-half ounces. Mix. SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. 4o ve Make into six powders, of which give one every fi ar six hours. If the horse is very weak give, Liq. Ammon. Acet eight ounces. , opts. Nit. ^th four ounces. Tinct. Nux Vomica two ounces. Mix. Give two ounces every five or six hours in a little water as a drench. Bathe the throat with Witch-hazel six ounces. Tr. Arnica one ounce. Aqua Ammonia one ounce. Mix. -^PPly two or three times a day. Feed on soft, nutritious diet and give plenty of pure, fresh water. If the joints swell, bathe with, Alcohol eight ounces. Witch-hazel four ounces. Tr. Arnica four ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily and bandage. If there are any lung complications, use mustard freely on the sides and read treatise on lung diseases. If the bowels are affected, give linseed jelly, slippery elm, etc. ' SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. Several diseases of horses, — such as affections of the kidneys, liver, spleen, etc., cause abdominal pain and are erroneously classed under the head of colic. I shall not treat of them -here, but confine myself to spasmodic colic proper, which is a disease of the intestinal canal usually confined to tlie stomach and small intestines,— an involuntary contraction' of the muscular fibres, sep- arate and distinct from inflammation, at the beginning causing intense pain in the abdominal region. There are many and various causes, — such as change of feed 46 DISEASES OP THE HORSB. from oats to corn; too high feeding; sudden changes of temperature, from hot to cold ; standing in the rain ; dVinking ice-cold water ; innutritious food ; in fact any- PIEST STAaE OF SPASMODIC COLIC. thing that will cause indigestion or irritation of the in- testinal canal. Symptoms: — The horse will generally appear uneasy, commence pawing and attempt to lie down, sometimes falling upon his knees, then raising himself up again. As the pain increases he will paw violently, suddenly drop down, roll around for a time, get up and stand apparently easy for a few minutes, possibly attempt to eat a few mouth-fulls. Then he is suddenly siezed again, paws violently, drops down again and rolls around^-possibly rolls upon his breast and remains there for a time. Then commences tumbling and rolling again; gets up and shakes himself, and possibly the SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. 47 cramps are over. If not the pain continues to increase in intensity. It will throw itself down, roll over and over, jump up, whirl about, drop down again, paw or strike with the front feet, steam and sweat, and make SECOND STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC. frequent attemps to pass water. If a horse, frequently the penis will be partially erect; sometimes a small amount of water is passed, but more frequently none is passed until the spasm has passed off, when the urine will be voided freely, which has led many to suppose there was trouble with the kidneys and bladder when, in reality, it was only a symptom of colic. If the pain continues to increase in intensity, and the animal is not relieved, inflammation of the bowels (which is very dangerous) may result, or the horse may die from pain and exhaustion. Treatment: — Place the animal in a dry, weU-bedded stall, where he is less liable to bruise himself. Rub the legs and abdomen and give, Ginger half ounce. Baking Soda half ounce. Red Pepper half ounce. Mix, 48 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Make it into a tea and give at one dose. If this does not give relief in thirty minutes, repeat again, or give, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Chloral Hydrate one drachm. Powdered Opium one drachm. Mix. SPASMODIC COLIC — LAST STAGE. If the paiii increases, give, ■ Spts. Nitrous yEther,one and one-half ounces. Laudanum one ounce. Oil of Peppermint thirty drops. Spirits of Turpentine six drachms. Linseed Oil . . . . , one-half pint. Mix. Should the pain continue, repeat the latter prescrip- tion every forty minutes. If you have failed to give the aloes, after the pains have subsided it is good policy to give a good physic — either a pint of linseed oil or one ounce of barbadoes aloes and half ounce of ginger combined. FLATULENT COLIC. FLATULENT COLIC. 49 Flatulent colic is a disease separate and distinct from spasmodic colic. In the former there is bloating, or distension with gas, of the bowels; in the latter there is no bloating whatever. Among the many causes are sudden changes of food, too long fasting, and food given while exausted, new hay or grain, large quanti- ties of green food, crib biting, sour, mouldy or other ADVANCED STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC. indigestible food setting up a ferment and creating a greater amount of gas than can be comfortably accom- modated by the bowels, thus causing intense pain. Symptoms: — The horse will hang his head and com- mence looking around at his flanks ; soon he will begin pawing, then will lie down and roll, frequently looking at the flanks ; the animal begins bloating and sometimes has belching of gas from the stomach ; the bowels grow more distended, the pains are continuous arid grow more severe, the breathing is shorter and the animal groans or grunts while lying down and often while standing ; the legs and ears become cold, cold sweats break out over 50 DISEASES OF THE H0K8E. the body. The disease is usually of short duration and, if not speedily relieved, ends in death. Treatment: — When first noticed, in the absence of other remedies, give two ounces of baking soda. If no relief is obtained in thirty minutes, give, Chloral Hydrate two ounces. Water eight ounces. Mix. Give half in a pint of water and if necessary repeat in forty minutes, or give, Linseed Oil one pint, Spts. Turpentine two ounces. Mix. If that fails to neutralize the gas, give Liq. Ammonia Acet three ounces. Chloral Hydrate four drachms. Bi Carbonate Soda two drachms. Tinct. Aconite twenty drops. Water one-half pint. Repeat every thirty minutes. Give injections of hot water and castile soap every twenty minutes. If the bloating continues, tap with a' trocar and canula, on the right side, between the hip and ribs, where it is most resonant on percussion. After recovery give a pint of linseed oil or castor oil. GLANDERS, OR FARCY. Glanders is a specific febrile disease peculiar to the horse, mule and ass; and, by inoculation, it can be communicated to man. Its causes are keeping horses la damp filthy stables, impure air, improper feeding, impaired nutrition, sequelae of "grease heels," sequelae of epizootic influenza ; also contagion, which is by far the most common. SLANDERS, OR FAROT. 51 Symptoms: — Dullness, decreased appetite, eyes water- ing, fever rising from 102° to 107° F., coat staring, at first watery discharge from the nostrils; discharge afterwards turns to a yellowish and later to a yellowish green, and is very tenacious; in the nostrils reddish ulcerations appear, later becoming purpleish ; all over the , body the lymphatic glands become enlarged, fre- quently breaking and discharging matter ; the sub-max- illary glands enlarge and harden, later on becoming adherent to the jaw; breath foetid; by auscultation, GLANDBRS. crepitation of the lungs will be discovered ; the dis- charge from the nostrils becomes very profuse and more greenish in color ; fever now stands from 105° to 107° F. ; quite frequently the limbs will swell, — more particularly about the joints. Treatment: — The best treatment is the destruction of the animal as soon as thoroughly satisfied he has glan- ders. Separate all animals which have come in contact with him. If treatment be attempted, place the animal where he can have plenty of fresh air and try the sul- phites — as sulphite of sodium, benzoate of sodium, arsenate of strychnia, carbolic acid; also vegetable and mineral tonics — as sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper, gentian, ginger, nux vomica, etc. 52 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ANAEMIA, OR DROPSY. This is a term used to denote a deficiency of red corpuscles in the blood. The disease is caused by excessive bleeding, deteriorated food, keeping in ill- ventilated, filthy stables, without much light, effects of fevers, severe or protracted diarrhoea, leucorrhoea; it sometimes results from epizootic influenza. Symptoms: — Pallor of the mucous membranes; is tucked up in the flanks, cardiac palpitation, disinclina- tion to move, staggering gait, paleness of eyes and eye- lids, coat more or less rough; later on, if a horse, a swelling of the sheath — if a mare, swellings of a drop- sical nature under the breast, slight at first, but grad- ually extending both backward and forward; in the horse usually extending from the sheath forward ; the limbs begin swelling, sometimes reaching an enormous size ; on scarifying the swelling, there will be an oozing out of serum, barely colored with blood, which may be continued for days, — you will also find the flesh of a bluish color ; appetite sometimes fair, usually for hay but not for grain ; bowels generally constipated, but sometimes a diarrhoea will set in which, if not checked, will commonly prove fatal; rumbling of the bowels is invariably a constant symptom. Treatment: — If possible remove the cause as soon as can be ; give plenty of light and fresh air. If necessary, regulate the bowels with a pint of castor oil. Give strengthening and easily digested food — such as ground oats, beans, boiled flaxseed, etc. Administer such rem- edies as will tend to build up the system, as Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Gentian one ounce. Nux Vomica one ounce. Arsenic thirty grains. Mix. EPISTAXIS, OK BLEEDING FROM THE NOSTKILS. 53 Make fifteen powders ; give one powder every five or six hours ; or use any of the mineral or vegetable tonics, as, cascarrilla, quassia, gentian, sulphate of copper, etc. Eegulate the kidneys with drachm doses of nitrate of potassium. Bed the animal well. When the sheath is much swollen, scarify lightly. EPISTAXIS, OR BLEEDING FROM THE NOSTRILS. This disease seldom occurs. It is usually caused by hard running, sneezing, coughing, by external injuries, congestion of the lungs, bronchitis, or influenza. Symptoms: — If the blood is merely dropping or run- ning in a small stream from one nostrfl, some small blood vessel in the head is ruptured. If the blood flows in a stream and comes from both nostrils and is of a bright scarlet color, quite frothy and accompanied by a cough, the blood is coming from the lungs. If it cornea away in dark colored clots, it is in all probability com- ing from the stomach. Treatment; — If from some ruptured blood vessel in the head, elevate the head and apply cold water Over it and down over the nostrils, or apply ice to the head. Inject weak solutions of alum water up the nostril, or a weak solution of sulphate of zinc ; or plug the nostril with a sponge or cotton batting, but be sure and have a string tied to it to draw it out and only plug one nostril at a time. . If the bleeding continues for some hours, give one drachm of sugar of lead in a pint of water, as a drench. If the bleeding is from the lungs and is accom- panied by a cough, give, Laudanum two ounces. Raw Linseed Oil half pint. Mix. 54 DISEASES OE THE HOBSE. Give at one dose. If the bleeding continues, take, Sugar of Lead one drachm. "Water one pint. Give at one dose and keep the animal perfectly quiet. AZOTURIA, OR PARTIAL PARALYSIS. By some this disease has been described as a disease of the kidneys, by others as a disease of the spine and by others as a disease of the liver. But I have invari- ably found the whole system more or less affected, from AZOTURIA. an abnormal amount of nitrogen in the bipod, which is caused by high feeding and want of exercise. As the animal is put to work, there is a greater amount of waste material cast upon the excretory organs than they can well dispose of; hence an excess of nitrogen is formed in the blood and is carried through the system, invariably settling in the myolema or coverings of the deep muscles of the haunch, causing partial and some- times complete paralysis of the hind extremities. AZOTURIA, OR PARTIAL PARALYSIS. 55 Symptoms : — Invariably the horse leaves the stable in the best of health, and, as the driver says, " the horse was never feeling better. " But it is probably not driven over half a mile, possibly five or six miles, when he is noticed to hang back, to be covered with profuse perspiration and to be stiif in his hind legs. Other symptoms, are looking back at the flanks, anxious expression of countenance, breathing short, nostrils dis- tended and red, staring eyes, drooping of the hind legs and knuckling over at the fetlocks, as though there was no strength in them ; after staggering around for awhile the animal falls and is unable to get up, — although they sometimes keep upon their feet in a mild attack and, if so, are most likely to recover in a few days ; if urine is passed it will be very dark, sometimes looks bloody, smells very strong and is very ropy. Treatment: — If the horse remains very uneasy, give four drachm doses of bromide of potassium every hour until relieved ; then remove to a comfortable place and bed well. Clean out the bowels well by giving, Barbadoes Aloes.. eight or ten drachms. wringer tlfo drachms. Mix. Give in one pint of water as a drench. While the animal is perspiring, blanket well and keep sweat- ing. Apply a fresh sheep-skin over the loins and cover welV or apply cloths wrung out of hot water over the loins, and be careful the animal does not. take cold. If the kidneys do not act freely, give one ounce tinct. buchu compound, every six or seven hours in a little syrup as a drench. And in a few days give. Tincture Gentian two ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica two ounces. Tincture Ginger four ounces. Alcohol eight ounces. Mix. 56 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Give two ounces every four or five hours. Bathe the back and loins with a good, strong liniment once or twice a day, also rub from the stifle to the point of the hip. Turn the horse over from one side to the other every three or four hours, and occasionally sponge him off with dilute alcohol. If shod, remove the shoes and keep lying upon the breast as much as possible. I believe it bad policy in such cases to swing the horse, unless the slings can be got under him before he goes down, — then it is advisable; but after he is down for a few hours, do not attempt to swing. If the patient lies upon his breast well and rests easy, you may look for recovery in a few days ; if he lies straight out, the inevitable result is death in a few days. Should the animal not urinate properly, pass the catheter and draw off the urine. If in twenty-four hours the bowels do not respond to the aloes, give a quart of raw linseed oil ; also give injections of castile soap and hot water. NASAL CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD. This quite frequently arises from standing in a draught, from inhalation of irritating gases, or from de- cayed teeth. Symptoms: — Discharge, watery at first, from the nos- trils, also from the eyes ; sneezing ; later on a discharge of matter from the nostrils of a thick, mucilaginous state, of a yellowish white color, and it may be quite profuse. It is sometimes very foetid, especially when from a diseased tooth ; sometimes ulcers will appear on the septum of the nose, when the discharge is of a muco-purulent character ; often the appetite is lost and the animal becomes debilitated. ■ CHUONIC ROAKINU. 67 Treatment: — Complete rest, with pure air and good food for a few days should be granted. Steaming the nostrils with hot water or scalded bran, to which may be added a little carbolic acid, four or five times a day and about fifteen minutes each time, will be of great benefit and cannot be over-estimated. Feed such food as the animal will partake, bran-mash, scalded oats or barley; green grass if it can be procured, but if the patient prefers hay, oats, corn or other dry food, give it. If there is loss of appetite, get liq. ammon. acet., sixteen ounces. Give two ounces with two drachms of chlorate of potash, in a pint of water, three times a day. After a few days give, Powd. Sulph. Iron two ounces. Gentian one ounce. Quinine ■ . . , four drachms. Mix, Make twelve powders. Give three powders each day. If the weather is cold, blanket and keep the ani- mal warm. If from a diseased tooth, the tooth should be extracted, and if there is matter in the frontal sinuses, they should be trephined and washed out with, Listerine four ounces. Sulphate of Zinc one-half drachm. ^ater four ounces. Mix. Use morning and evening. CHRONIC ROARING. This is so called from the roaring, rasping, unnatural sound when the horse is put to work, and is caused by atrophy or wasting of the muscles on the left side of the larynx, by distemper, by epizootic influenza, by polypus in the nostrils ; also by spasmodic constriction of the bronchial tubes from tonic contraction, mostly reflex of the involuntary muscular fibres ; by fracture of the bones 58 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. of the nose, — when the fracture is depressed ; by an extra amount of fat, by dropsical swellings, etc. Treatment: — First, if possible, remove the cause. If that cannot be done, treatment is useless. If caused by atrophy of the muscles of the larynx, apply every fifth day, for three or four applications, a blister of Vaseline one ounce. Bin-Iodide Mercury one drachm. Powdered Cantharides. . ..one drachm. Mix'." If caused by polypus, have it removed. If from fat, reduce in flesh. In the majority of cases the roaring is made during the inspiration. The horse seemingly inhales more air than the lungs can dispose of ; conse- quently he roars and chokes down when put to work. By using a clasp over the nostrils, it holds them so he can only take in a certain amount of air at each inspi- ration ; when put to work, the roaring will be stopped and the horse will do a reasonable amount of work. The clasp may be taken off I after he has been working an hour, and, in the majority of cases, the animal will breathe freely. In order to keep horses from roaring badly, work them moderately every day. The operation of extirpating the collapsed cartilage and vocal cord, is the only way to give permanent relief, when the roaring is caused from wasting away of thie muscles of the larynx, and as that requires a skillful practioner, it is quite unnecessary to describe it here. BRONCHmS. This is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. The mucous membrane alone may be affected or the whole tube may be involved. When the large tubes alone are affected, it is much less serious than wheh the smaller ones are involved. It is caused by standing in draughts BRONCHITIS. 59 when heated, inhaling irritating gases and smoke, and by drenching through the nostrils, whereby both fluids and solids gain access to the parts. It occasionally follows influenza, distemper and other specific fevers, or even common cold or sore throat. Symptoms : — Systemic depression, dullness ; the appe- tite is partially or wholly lost, breathing quickened, redness and dryness of the mucous membrane of the nostrils, followed by fever and a hacking, barking cough, followed in a few days by a moist, rattling cough, with a light-colored discharge from the nostrils. Sometimes this discharge is tinged with blood. The pulse at first is hard and quick ; later it becomes smaller and more frequent. By placing your ear to the side of the chest, you will hear a wheezing sound, if the small tubes are affected, and a rattling, snoring" sound if the large tubes are affected. In a few days the cough becomes deeper and looser and the mucous which is secreted, is expec- torated through "the nostrils, although some of it may drop into the pharynx and be swallowed. The breath- ing is labored, short and quick but not necessarily painful. The bowels are generally constipated and the dung is covered with a slimy mucous. Treatment : — Place the animal in a comfortable and airy stall and blanket well. Apply mustard to the sides and breast. Hand rub the legs until they are warm, then apply flannel bandages as high up as the knees and hocks. If the legs cannot be made warm by hand rubbing alone, apply whisky and ' red pepper mixed, and then bandage. Compel the patient to inhale steam from a bucket in which has been placed an ounce of turpentine, four or five times a day, and give Bicarbonate of Potassium, two drachms. Dover's Powders one drachm. Liq. Ammonia Acet three ounces. Mix. 60 DISBASBS OF THE HORSE. Give every four or five hours ; and if the cough is very tight, give every three or four hours, Syrup of Ipecac four drachms. Syrup of Squills six drachms. Tinct. Opii Oamph six drachms. Mix. Continue until the cough softens. If the bowels are costive, do not give physic,,but give a few injections of warm water and castile soap. If the appetite remains passibly good, feed on soft diet, as bran mash, scalded oats, green grass, etc., and in case the patient does not relish cooked food, feed any- thing that it will eat, and allow all the water the patient will drink. Give as it comes from the well. Do not think the disease can be. cured in two or three days for it will likely last for two or three weeks. When the patient is making a good recovery, and noth- ing remains except the cough and a slight discharge from the nostrils, discontinue all othgr remedies and give the following; Sulphate of Iron four ounces. Gentian eight ounces. Nux Vomica two ounces. Mix. Make twenty powders. Give one powder morning and evening in soft food or as a drench. Do not put the animal at work too soon, as a slight relapse may develop into a chronic case and terminate in an incur- able case of thick wind. SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGO PHARYNGITIS. This disease affects the larynx and pharynx, situated at the upper part of the wind-pipe, and consists, of an inflammation of the soft tissues of both. Symptoms : — The disease is sometimes ushered in by a chill, immediately followed by fever; and if the attack SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGO PHARYNGITIS. 61 is very severe, the nose will be elevated, to straighten the air passages. Swellings, sometimes very large exter- nally, and most frequently noticed behind the jaws on the neck. Sometimes they are so extensive that the animal can scarcely breathe or can only do so with the greatest difficulty ; there will be a wheezing sound at each inspiration. During this period the heart becomes excited and its pulsations rapid. The mucous mem- branes in the nostrils will be of a bluish color, owing to the lack of sufficient fresh air in the lungs to oxidize BAJSTDAGB FOR LARYNGITIS AND INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. the blood. If the patient is in a box stall, it will wander around considerably and endeavor to keep its nose in the direction where there is most fresh air. If the animal attempts to eat, the food will be chewed and dropped out of the mouth ; and, on attempting to drink, the water will be ejected through the nostrils. In some oases the cough is very loud, but in many,— especially when the internal swelling is very great, the cough will be very slight. Frequently there is a discharge from the nostrils and an abundant flow of ropy saliva from the mouth. 62 DISEASES OB THE HOKSE. Treatment : — ^Blanket well and place the patient in a comfortable and airy box-stall, devoid of draughts. Bandage the legs, and if possible give as a physic : . Aloes seven drachms. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Then bathe the throat well with warm water and wrap it up in, rugs or sheep-skins to keep it warm. Steam the nostrils with scald,ed bran or oats and give, Solid Ext. Belladonna one ounce. Chlorate of Potassium oiie ounce. Pulv. Glycyrrhiza one ounce. Gum Camphor one-half ounce. Honey of Sim. Syrup . . one-half pound. Mix. Give a table-spoonful three times a day. If the weather is in any way cold or disagreeable, be very careful about bathing the throat with hot water, as the patient may take cold. So, immediately after bathing, apply, Olive Oil four ounces. Turpentine two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Mix. Or, Tincture Cantharides .... three ounces. Tincture Capsicum ■ one ounce. ' Rectified Spirits four ounces. Mix. The danger from cold will 'be greatly lessened. It also acts as a good counter-irritant, reduces the swell- ing, removes the effusions by promoting absorption, and leaves the patient less liable to be "thick-winded, " or " a roarer. " The diet should be of soft food, as bran mash, or chopped feed mixed with a little linseed meal. Sometimes it is advisable to gargle the mouth with some cooling lotion ; in such cases use. PNEUMONIA OK INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 63 Po,/d. Ohlor. of Potassium -one ounce. Powd. Nit of Potassium ... one ounce. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. Three times a day mix one powder with half a pint of water and gargle the mouth. If the swelling " points, " open with a lancet and allow the pus to escape. Dress the cavity three times a day with, Permanganate of Potassium, one drachm. Water eight ounces. Mix. PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. This consists of an inflammation of the lung sub- stance caused by catching cold, inhaling irritating substances, injuries, drenching through the nostrils, badly ventilated stables, etc. Symptoms : — The horse is generally taken with a chill ; hangs his head ; there is redness of the eyes and of the membranes of the nostrils, dryness of the mouth, a PNEUMONIA, OK INFLAMMATION OP THE LUNGS. cough, quite deep at first, which gradually shortens for a few days; pulse, at first generally full, graduaUy growing faster ;ind weaker; rapid breathing; on the third day fever ranges from 103° to 106° and continued 64 DISEASES OF THE H0K8E. until about the sixth or seventh day, when it gradually declines ; on the third or fourth it is likely there will be a discharge of mucous from the nostrils; about the seventh day when the fever subsides, the horse will LAST STAGE OF INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. either get well or there will be great oppression in breathing, increased prostration, deeper cough, more copious expectoration, emitting a foetid, purulent odor; and death will result from the sixth to the twentieth day/ Treatment : — Place the animal in a comfortable, airy, loose box stall, devoid of draughts. Blanket the body to keep warm. Hand rub the legs and if warmth can- not be produced by hand rubbing alone, apply whisky and red pepper mixed; then bandage as high up as they are cold. Do not give a physic but open the bowels with soft foods and injections of warm water. Some practitioners will scoff at the idea of bleeding, nevertheless a plethoric, robust horse, in many instances, will be greatly benefited in the first three or four days by being bled, while an older and debilitated patient would succumb. Apply mustard to the sides and give the following : Liq. Ammonia- Acet. . . . twelve ounces. Spts. Aeth. Nit four ounces. Fluid Ext. Aconite one drachm. Mix. PLEDRIST. 65 Give two ounces every three hours in a little water as a drench. Also give every four or five hours, Quinine Sulph forty grains. Nitrate of Potassium two drachms. Mix. Or, Powd. Ext. Belladonna . . . one scruple. Gum Camphor two scruples. Nitrate of Potassium one drachm. Mix. Give all the water the horse will drink, — just as it comes from the well, and feed on soft diet. If there is great prostration give tonic stimulants, as, Alcohol eight ounces. Tinct. Ginger three ounces. Tinct. Nux Vomica ....... two ounces. Tinct. Gentian " . .three ounces. Mix. Give two ounces as occasion demands, in half pint of water as a drench. During the period of convalescence, good, nutritous food should be given in limited quanti- ties, and tonic medicines ^administered, as,- Sulphate of Iron four ounces. Gentian six ounces. Nux Vomica • • • . two ounces. Mix. Make twenty powders. Give one powder morning and evening in soft food or as a drench. PLEURISY. This is an inflammation of the lining membrane of the thoracic cavity. Generally after a chill or cold stage, sharp pains begin in the sides ; the aniUial fre- quently will look at his sides and lie down very care- fully, then rise agaiu ; the skin is hot, breathing short, also a short cough ; no discharge from the nose ; pulse hard and rapid ; abdomen tucked up, and a ridge ex- 3 66 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. tending from the hips to the breast-bone ; on punching between the ribs, when the seat of inflammation ia reached, the animal will evince pain by grunting ; if the animal lies down it will invariably lie on the affected side, but they more frequently stand up. The second day, effusion of * serum takes place ; then the pulse will become slower and fuller, breathing will be easier and the animal seemingly is well again. And, if the effusion is not very great, it will soon be absorbed and the animal is well. But, if the effusion is great, the -=iXj««-r^'^g«»«>v* PLEUKISY. breathing becomes hurried and short ; the pulse grows fast and weak; the ridge from the hip to the breast is more prominent ; appetite almost completely gone, cold sweats break out and imminent danger is at hand. Treatment: — Place the animal in a comfortable, airy, loose box-stall, free from draught. Blanket comforta- bly and warm the legs by hand rubbing, after which bandage with flannel to keep warm. Allow all the pure, cold water the animal will drink, and feed upon soft food, as bran-mash, boiled oats, etc. If it will not eat soft food, give it what it will eat. When the pain is severe, as is observed at the commencement of the attack, give the following drench : Raw Linseed Oil one pint. Laudanum two ounces. Mix, PLEURISY. (37 If the pain continues, give ounce doses of laudanum every four hours. Then give, every six hours, the fol- lowing : Liq. Ammon Acet ...... twelve ounces. Spts. of Nitrous Ether four ounces. Mix. Dose, four ounces in a pint of water as a drench. Also the following : Perwd. Potass-. Nit .two ounces. Sod8e Bi-Carb two ounces. Mix. Make into ten powders. Give one powder morning and evening in soft food, drinking water or as a drench. Hot flax-seed poultices applied to the sides are very bene- ficial, and in the absence of flax-seed, good mustard plas- ters applied wiU assist in promoting absorption. If the patient becomes weak and debilitated, give stimu- lants, as, Alcohol eight ounces. Tr. Ginger three ounces. Tr. Nux Vomica two ounces. Tr. Gentian three ounces. Mix. Give two ounces three times a day in half pint of water as a drench. Keep the bowels moving freely by frequent doses of raw linseed oil, which will assist in carrying off the effusion of serum that settles around the lungs. But if the effusion of serum within the thoracic cav- ity is Tery great and the breathing hurried, the chest should be tapped. Although the operation is simple and easily performed, it does not always result satisfac- torily, probably because delayed too long. The proper place to operate is between the eighth and ninth ribs, as close as possible to the ninth rib. It should be done with trocar and canula, two-thirds the way down to- ward the bottom of the chest. After tapping give the following : 68 DISEASES OF THE HOKSK. Iodide of Potassium one ounce. Whiskey one pint. Mix. Give a wine-glassful! every six liour-s ; also give daily one ounce of tincture perchloride of iron. Apply a good mustard plaster to the sides or a good cantharides liniment. Or if the tapping is not resorted to, the latter prescription, as well as the perctloride of iron, may be given with excellent results. CHRONIC COUGH. A cough is not a disease but a symptom of a disease, usually of the throat, lungs, bronchial tubes or some portion of the~ air passages. A chronic cough is a . CHEONIC COUGH. symptom of some chronic derangement of the air passages, the result of an incomplete recovery from some acute affection, as pneumonia, bronchitis, laryn- gitis, influenza, heaves, etc. It is also an accompani- nient of heaves, and a symptom of diseases not classed CHRONIC COUGH. 69 with disorders of the Respiratory organs, as diseases of the stomach, worms, etc. When inflammation of the njembranes lining the throat and ' bronchial tubes becomes chronic, the parts are very irritable and Easily excited. Inhaling cold air suddenly, or dust, either from the hay or while on the road, or pinching the throat between the finger and thumb, will cause a heavy fit of coughing that will last for a few minutes and then cease until irritated again. Symptoms: — The location of the diseased parts is determined by the nature and sound of the cough. The healthy cough is strong, full and often accompanied by a sneeze to clear the nostrils of whatever may be within them. The heave cough is at first spasmodic, becoming feeble, short and suppressed and accompanied by a grunt. The throat cough is light, short and hack- ing, and the chest cough is hollow deep and resonant, except during the acutg, painful stages of inflammation, when it is short and almost noiseless. Treatment: — Chronic cough in many instances is incurable, especially in cases of long standing; the, more recent cases, however, often yield to treatment. When the irritation is in the upper part of the throat, great benefit will be derived from the application of a goo^ stimulating liniment, as. Sweet Oil four ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Turpentine two ounces. Mix. Apply thoroughly around the throat up to the ears once daily, and give internally, ' Chlorate of Potassium two ounces. Camphor Gum one ounce. Solid Ext. Belladonna one ounce. Molasses, or Honey. . eight ounces. Mix. 70 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. , V Place a teaspoonf ul on the back part of the tongue three times a day, or give a teaspoonful of oil tar once daily, or, Chlorate of Potassium two ounces. -Bicarbonate of Potassium . two ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give one powder morning and evening in half pint of water, or, Gum Camphor ■ . . , one ounce. Powd. Digitalis one ounce. Calomel one ounce. Linseed Meal two ounces. Mix. Make twelve pills. Give one pill every day for a week, then omit for a week, and repeat. Careful attention should be paid to the diet. Feed soft food ; cut the hay and wet it, and mix chop feed with it. Allow an abundance of pure, fresh air. If grass is in ,^8eason, turn out to pasture as much as possible, for the benefit resulting from this course, is sometimes wonder- ful, being often productive of more good than a course of medical treatment. CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. Congestion is generally a fore-runner of inflamma- tion of the lungs, although we frequently see cases where it never reaches the inflammatory stage; the patient either recovers or dies while the lungs are in the congested condition. Horses that are kept in the stable and fed and groomed well, without sufficient exercise, when taken out and put to severe exertion, are subjects for congestion of the lungs. In the same way when ani- mals suffering from influenza, catarrh or any other respiratory trouble, are put to severe work, congestion may be looked for. Or an animal unaccustomed to long CONGESTION OF THE LtTWSB. 71 drives, when driven a good distance on a hot day, may be stricken with congestion of the lungs; or it may result from badly ventilated stable, etc. Symptoms : — When caused from over-exertion in an animal unaccustomed to severe exercise, the patient will stand with limbs out-stretched, neck extended, head depressed, anxious looking countenance, flapping of the nostrils, heaving in flanks, more or less trembling over the whole body, with perspiration breaking out and CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. rolling off in large drops. The limbs become cold, the eyes look blood-shot; the pulse is fast and feeble and the heart, as felt on the left side, is rapid and jerking. By placing the ear to the breast of the patient, you will hear minute crepitation or sharp, fine,_ crackling sounds. The nasal membrane will be of a deep red or blue color and the breathing will be quick, labored and wheezy. If blood is extracted, it looks very dark. Treatment: — As soon as congestion is observed and although the attack may be severe, by using very sim- ple remedies, great relief may be obtained. If any wind is blowing, turn the animal's head toward it, then 72 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. blanket well and rub the limbs thoroughly, or rub on some good, strong liniment and bandage to keep warm. Bleeding at this time will be of great benefit in assist- ing to unload the over-charged lungs. Thorough rub- bing all over the body with cloths, hay or the hands, wiU tend to bring the blood to the surface and assist in equalizing the circulation. Then give, ' Whiskey - four ounces. Hot Water half pint. Mix. Give every half hour until three or four doses are given. Or, Liq. Ammonia Acetatis .... ten ounces. Whiskey six ounces. Mix. Give three ounces every hour in half pint of water. After the acute symptoms have subsided, be very care- ful for a few days. Allow plenty of pure, fresh air and water, feed on soft food, to which may be added night and morning, one powder of Nitrate of Potass two ounces. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make six powders. Blanket well to keep warm and allow only moderate exercise, for you should bear in mind, that for some time after an attack, another is lia- ble to 6ccur from trifling causes and may terminate in a more serious complaint, inflammation of the lungs. ASTHMA. That a condition does exist, wh'erein a chronic spasm of the bronchial muscular tissues is seen as a distinct and separate affection from heaves, there is no longer doubt. From the strong similarity between the two dis- eases, and also from the fact that asthma is sometimes a precursor of heaves, the two ailments have become ASTHMA. 73 confounded and looked upon as synonymous. Asthma is hereditary in the majority of cases, and it may occur at any age. It is also caused by fog, smoke, fumes from various things ; from fatigue and overwork when the system is debilitated, irritation of the stoniach from indigestion, etc. Symptoms:— The difficult breathing, which is of a spasmodic character, generally develops suddenly and is quite severe while it lasts, and may terminate very speedily. Again it will last for months, "unless relieved. There is also a wheezing sound accompanying inspiration ; cough is short, quick and suppressed ; great anxiety of countenance, which disappears to a great ex- tent when expectoration commences. The chest and abdomen very much resemble those of heaves, in the fixed or set position of the ribs and the double lift of the flank during the respiratory act. Treatment : — During the attack, the aim should be to give relief by relaxing the spasm, and what will accom- plish this in one animal, will fail in another. You will therefore have to try several remedies, and when one is found that will answer that particular case, continue with it. Open the bowels with a quart of raw linseed oil, and give dra,chm doses of tincture of lobelia, every , two hours, until five or six doses are given. If this does not give relief, try Hoffman's anodyne, two drachm doses every two hours ; or two drachm doses of chloral hydrate, every hour, until five or six doses are given; dilute the chloral with a pint of water. Or give bro- mide of potassium, two drachm doses every three or four hours, or hg-lf ounce doses of laudanum every hour, until five or six doses have been given. Apply mustard plasters to the sides ; feed on light, soft diet ; keep the body warm and the stomach quite empty. ' After the 74 DISEASES OF THE. HORSE. most distressing symptoms have subsided aud the trouble still lingers, feed the animal some cedar or hem- lock boughs, as excellent results have been obtained from their use. QUINSY. This consists of an inflammation in the throat of a deep-seated character, tending to the formation of abscesses which are somewhat slow at development, but which subsequently break internally and are discharged through the nostrils. Causes : — Some horses are seemingly predisposed to quinsy. Often it is the result of exposure to cold storms or standing in drafts when heated. It may also be caused by neglected catarrh or anything causing an irritation and inflammation of the throat. Many cases of supposed influenza are really quinsy. Symptoms : — Fever is usually present from the out- set. There is usually soreness of the throat in swallow- ing, with internal pain and swellings on one or both sides of the neck. Sometimes there is external swelling which can be plainly seen. Soreness of the throat increases day by day, until there is coniplete inability to swallow. The breathing is considerably affected ; the symptoms become somewhat alarming, when suddenly the abscess bursts and matter gushes from the nostrils. The animal is immediately relieved and recovery soon follows : ' Treatment : — Place the patient in a clean, comfortable stall devoid of drafts, and blanket well ; then if possible administer a pint and a-half of raw linseed oil, to be followed with, SPASM OF THE DIAPHEAGM — THUMPS. 76 Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Sweet Spirits of Nitre. . . . .two ounces. Tincture !A.conite one drachm. Water to make one pint. Mix. ■ Gi,ve one ounce every two or three hours until the fever subsides, then give three or four times a day. Apply linseed meal poultices all around the throat, well up to the ears, changing them daily, and while changing apply quite freely to the throat, Sweet Oil four ounces. Turpentine two ounces. , Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Mix. Feed on soft bran mashes or boiled food, and keep a bucket of cold water within reach of the animal, con- tinuously. If no abscesses form, the repovery will be rapid, or in case abscesses do form, as soon as they burst, recovery immediately follows. Two or three weeks frequently pass before the rupture takes place. Should the symptoms become very alarming, the abscesses should be opened internally, and this requires the skill of a veterinary surgeon. SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM— THUMPS. ' The diaphragm is the principal muscle used in breathiftig, and is situated between the lungs and bowels, forming a sort of partition between them. Spasm of this muscle is caused by extreme and pro- longed speeding upon the road or race track, also by hauling heavy loads a long distance on a hot day, or by doing any severe work on a hot summer day. The eevere strain or over taxation of this muscle causes an irritation of the nerves controlling it, and violent and forcible contractions follow, which may be observed by 76 DISEASES OE THE HOKSE. a jerk or a thump in the region of the chest. , It is sometimes mistaken for violent action of the heart, but by feeling the pulse and watching the thumping, it will be discovered that they do not act together. Treatment : — If nothing better is convenient, give six ounces of whisky in a pint of hot water, repeating in one houi: ; or. Chloroform six drachms. Whisky .four ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Give at one dose and repeat in one hour if neces- satyvor, Chloral Hydrate one ounce. Sulphate of Morphia forty grains. Water one pint. Mix. Give half and repeat in one hour. After you have controlled the spasm, allow absolute rest for a week or ten days. If when put to severe exertion the thumps return, the animal should be worked either at very slow, light work, or turned to pasture for six months. HEAVES. This disease very closely resembles asthma in man, but is more continuous in its symptoms. Ong of the principal causes is over-feeding on clover hay ; but over- feeding with any bulky food, causing overloading and distention of the stomach, will produce heaves. Dis- eases of the lungs are also said to be a cause. I believe that large horses with small chests are more susceptibla to this disease than thosd'with large chests. •Therefore, from mares that breed such colts with small chests, de- veloping heaves at the period between six and ten years of age, the disease truly may be said to be hereditary. I.VmPHANSITIS, INFLAJtMATlON OF THE LYMPHATICS. 77 Symptoms :— No fever, but short, hacking cough; eometimes discharge from the nose of a -mattery sub- stance ; heavy, abdominal breathing, with a double lift of the flank at each inspiration; a M'^heezing sound is' made when the animal is put to work ; breathing very difficult on sultry, foggy days ; the animal usually eats dirt and filth, and, invariably, when the animal coughs, wind will pass off from the bowels. Treatment :— Keep the animal out of the stable both winter and summer and let it run on pasture as much as possible. When fed, dampen both hay and grain. If stabled, keep in a cool, well aired stable. If the fol- lowing recipe is followed daily, it will be of much bene- fit in checking the cough, which greatly benefits the animal: Foenugreek two ounces. Gentian two ounces. Ginger two ounces. Tartar Emetic . . two ounces. Spanish Brown tVo ounces. Sulphate of Morphia. ..... sixty grains. Brown Sugar four ounces. Mix. Give a tablespoonful three times a day until the dis- ease is checked ; then give a spoonful once a day or every other day. Always give the medicine in soft food ; or give two ounce doses of raw linseed oil twice daily, to keep the bowels loose. LYMPHANGITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS. This is a constitutional disease and most frequently occurs ill fleshy, heavy-legged horses. It is caused by heavy feeding and want of proper exercise. Hence it is generally seen on Monday morning. The heavy truck horses are worked all week and highly fed, and 78 PISEASES OF THE HORSE. » on Sunday they receive their usual amount of food. As the system is not working enough to carry off the waste material, the lymphatic glands become gorged and in- flammation is the result. Symptoms : — ^If seen at first, there will be noticed a chill, with' fever rising immediately afterward ; pulse ranging from forty to seventy, hard and cord-like under the fingers ; the horse is lame, either in the fore or hind leg, most freqently the latter; if the lameness is in the fore leg, press upon the inside of the fore leg, in the brachial region, close up to the breast, and the horse will evince great pain ; if in the hind leg, press in the inguinal region, close up in the groin, , and . from there to near the stifle, and the horse will be so pained that he will raise his leg sidew;ays, so high that he will , almost fall over. The bowels become constipated and the urine scanty. The symptoms _ usually increase for twenty-four to thirty-six hours, then cdhimence to abate. Occasionally, the lymphatic glands, high up on the inside of the leg, suppurate and pyaemia supervenes and proves fatal. In severe cases, the skin remains hard, with a fibrous ' growth, which is known by the name of elephantiasis, or big leg. Treatment : — If the case is a mild one, exercise mod^ erately and apply hot fomentations to the part^ aflfected. A recovery may be expected in two days. If the case is very severe, give immediately, or as soon as possible, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give in half a pint of water at one dose. Then ap- ply fomentations of hot water and vinegar to the affected parts for twenty minutes, every two or three hours; after fomenting, wipe dry with a flannel cloth. STOMATITIS, OR IXFLAMMATIOIJ OP THE MOUTH. 79 As soon as the physic has operated, give two or three times a,day, the following: Powd. Potass. Nit one ounce. ' Bi-Carbonate Soda one ounce. I^ssin one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. As soon as the horse can walk with any comfort, take him out and exercise mod- erately. Should there be any swelling left in the groin or brachial region, apply tincture of iodine every day for a week ; then cease for fe few days and then repeat. Should there be a tendency to "big leg" (which fre- quently follows this disease), use the iodine freely and give the following : Iodide of Potassium two ounces. Nux Vomica one ounce. Powd. Sulpli.~Iron one ounce. i ke into fifteen powders and give one powder at each meal. If th%t should fail, use a good blister along the lymphatic chain. STOMATITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. This disease has various causes, such as stings of in- sects, snake-bites, injuries from the bit, injuries from , pulling ropes through the mouth, giving medicines not thoroughly diluted, decayed or iriregular teeth, etc. Symptoms; — Swelling and redness of the mucous membrane lining the mouth ; often small blisters will form in the mouth, allowing a discharge of serum, then look raw with ragged edges ; sometimes several of these coalesce, forming a large sore ; difficulty in swallowing ; slavering; often a foetid saliva dropping from the mouth. 80 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment: — If the cause is apparent, remove it; if from any corrosive agent, wash the mouth with-, almond oil, sweet oil, or dilute glyderine. If the teeth are out of condition, attend to them at once. If the mouth is very sore, use a paste made of glycerine and prepared chalk and gum arable ; a,pply to the sores several times a day ; or if ulcers are present, use a solution of chlorate of potash or alum, one ounce, to a pint of water. Wash the mouth three times a day with an ounce of the mix- ture. If the ulcers are very deep and not inclined to heal, mix thirty grains of nitrate of silver with an ounce of water and toilch the sores with it every other day. Feed on soft food and give a saline cathartic, as, Glauber Salts ten ounces. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dos.e in a quart of water.. Also give drachm doses of nitrate of potassium, three times a day. TONGUE INJURIES. . The tongue is a very important organ to the horse, for ■vy^ithout its assistance, the act of eating and drinking is performed with great difficulty. The tongue is sub- jected to many injuries, as being pulled out forcibly to one side of the mouth by ignorant persons, while administerii^ medicines or dressing the teeth ; by being cut while rubbing against sharp edges of the back te^th, or against split teeth ; by being torn with bit and halter chains. By falling and striking on the chin, the tongue may be badly bitten and it may also be injured by the breaking of a thin glass bottle in the mouth or by a bottle with a sharp or broken edge, used in drenching. LAMPAS, OR SWELLED GUMS. 81 Treatment : — Injuries to the tongue heal very quickly when the, cause is removed. If the wound is caused by sharp edges of the teeth, dress them off with a file. If from other sources, and the injury is not sufElcient to amputate the parts, dress the wound with the following : Borax half ounce. Powd. Alum half ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Apply to the sore three or four timfes daily. Before amputation is resorted to (which should be done by a veterinary surgeon) satisfy yourself that the parts will not heal or will cause great inconvenience, for it must be remembered that the tongue may be almost cut or torn off, yet it will heal and be of great service. If early seen, a wound may be stitched together with good results. Feed on soft, sloppy diet, and do not give hay or grain, unless it has been boiled suflOlciently to soften it. LAMPAS, OR SWELLED GUMS. This is a red or swollen state of the upper gum and may be called properly dentition fever. It usually is seen in colts from one to five years old, and is caused princi- pally from teething; but may occur at any age from indigestion. Treatment : — If in an old horse, give at one dose the following physic : Aloes • • • • one ounce. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Afterward give a vegetable tonic to improve the digestion. If in a colt, scarify the gums,— but do not go back of the second crease in the mouth. Fedd corn on the ear and give, 82 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. . Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. ■ Bi-Carbonate of Soda two ounces. Mis. Make into sixteen powders and give one powder at each meal in the drinking water. If the bowels are costive, give a physic, — as one pint of castor or raw lin- seed oil. ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. t Causes : — Drinking ice-cold water, standing in drafts, giving too powerful cathartics; feeding new oats, new corn, or musty grain or hay ; heavy fatiguing work, indigestion; spasmodic colic, when not properly attended to. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWEtS. Symptoms: — The symptoms very much resemble spasmodic colic ; the animal will paw and lie down, — very carefully at first; as the disease advances, he will lie down and get up frequently, roll upon his back, -lie foj: a short time in that position, then begin ;t'ambling around. The pains are very severe, and continuous; whereas, in spasmodic colic there are frequent intermis- sions. The membranes of the nose, mouth and eyes are ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 83 congested and reddened, the mouth is hot and dry, res- pirations are increased, with a desire to drink small amounts of water. The legs and ears get cold. The pulse at first full and fast — ranging from sixty to seventy, very soon becomes smaller and weaker. Oold sweats break out on ' the body ; an anxious expression of countenance appears ; glassy, staring eyes ; upon INFLAMMATION OP THE BOWELS. applying pressure to the abdomen the animal will evince pain. The bowels are generally costive but occasionally pass small pellets of dung generally glazed with mucous or streaked with blood ; but if occasioned' by irritant food or medicine, purging and bloating may be present. Tre^ment :— If the patient is seen during the early stage, bleeding from the jugular vein, until r.n impres- sion is made on the pulse, will often give relief. Give immediately — ■ Powd. Opium one drachm. Extract Belladonna one drachm. Apply hot fomentations to the abdomen, legs with the following : Mix. Rub the 84 - DISEASES OF THE HOKSB. Alcohol four ounces. Ext. Witch Hazel six ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Mix. Apply bandages and if the pain continues, give drachm doses of 'powdered opium every thirty or forty minutes, "until it ceases. Then apply the foregoing lini- ment to, the abdomen and keep the patient well blanketed. Keep the bowels quiet, it makes no differ- ence if they do not move for two or three days. Feed on light, soft food, as bran mash, linseed meal, etc. In the course of two or three days give sulphate of soda, eight ounces, and continue giving it morning and even- ing until the bowels move. Give walking exercise, and occasionally warm injections to' assist in moving the bowels. ' MUCO-ENTERITIS. This is inflammation of the lining membrane of the bowels. It is seen quite frequently in this country, though usually confined to localities where there is poor drainage and the hay and corn- fodder become musty ; also where the stabling is poor and the horses are exposed to the inclement weather. Other causes are giving brisk cathartics, drinking impure or stagnant water, etc. Symptoms : — The first symptom noticed, generally, is a staring coat ; others are dullness, loss of appetite, anld fever ; sometimes pawing and lying down ; tenderness of the abdominal region. The animal looks gaunt; abdo- men is drawn up. Sometimes there is diarrhoea but more frequently constipation. Quite large balls of manure are passed, coated with mucous, sometimes very stringy like a large bundle of worms. 8UPERPURGATI0N. 85 Treatment: — When first noticed, give one quart of castor or linseed oil and change the diet immediately, give a gruel made from linseed meal or slippery elm tea. After the physic has operated, give the following : Sulphate of soda one pound. Quinine four dra:chms. Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix, Make eight doses and give morning and evening. It diarrhoea sets in spontaneously, let it go twenty-four hours unchecked, as it is frequently beneficial. If the animal is, suffering much pain, give ounce doses of laudanum until relieved ; then immediately cease giving opiates and give more castor or linseed oil to move the bowels. SUPERPURGATION. This term is used to designate a diarrhcea or flux from the bowels, which is superinduced by and follows the administration of a physic. There is always con- siderable irritation of the bowels, and not infrequently ' inflammation supervenes, which latter symptom should always be looked upon with suspicion, as it is quite dangerous. The disorder is caused by giving too large doses of physic or by administering physic to horses suffering from debilitating diseases, as influenza, stran- gles, pneumonia, etc. ; by driving horses some distance while purging, or by giving large quantities of cold water while a physic is operating. © Great care and judgment should be exercised in giving physic to horses while suffering from diseases of the throat and chest. Before giving a physic, the animal should be prepared by giving two or three warm, soft bran mashes ; immediately follow with the physic and after 86 DISEASES OE THB H0R8K. it begins to operate, clothe the body and keep it warm, give small quantities of water slightly warmed and allow perfect rest until the purging ceases. After the hors^ has purged for twenty-four hours, the frequent evacuations may usually be stopped by feeding dry hay and oats, but should the purging still continue, give flour and water, or four ounces of brandy in a quart of milk to which add four eggs ; repeat if necessary, five or six times a day and if this does not check it, use the , following : Tincture Catechu four ounces. Laudanum four ounces. Tincture Ginger • four ounces. Mix. Give three ounces in half pint of water every three hours ; restrict the drinking water and feed upon good hay and oats. If this manner of feeding constipates, give a pint of raw linseed oil, afterwards. CONSTIPATION. This is a condition of the bowels, where the fecal matter is abnormally retained, and when, passed, is small in amount and hard in consistence. Constipation can hardly be considered a disease of itself but rather a symptom of a diseased condition, brought about by feeding upon bulky, innutritious, dry, fibrous food for a continuous length of time. The stomach and bowels become weakened, there is a dimunition in fluid material from defective secretion, and the dry ingesta contained within the intestines, causes a partially para- lyzed condition of the muscular fibre of these, organs,' with* loss of peristaltic action, which if not relieved, would bring on congestion or inflammation of the bowels. rNTESTmAL OBSTRUCTIONS. 87 Symptoms: — Among the first symptoms noticed, is a gradual falling off in flesh, coat staring, distended abdo- men or pot belly ; swelling of the limbs, which disap- pears upon exercise ; general lassitude and weakness, difficulty in passing manure, which is small, dry and hard and passed with much straining ; appetite becomes im- paired ; pulse, small and weak, and a foul smell ema- nates from the mouth. (In, some instances there are colicky pains, but these are very rare. Treatment; — The first step in the treatmenjt of constipation, is to remove the^cause. Place good, soil, nutritious food within reach and avoid giving drastic cathartics. If bran mash will be eaten, throw in a handful of sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia, once or twice a day. Groom well and give moderate exercise. If the ailment- does not yield to this treat ment in a few days, give a quart of raw linseed oil at one dose. After the bowels have responded to the above interference with medicines, they are liable to drop back into a torpid condition, and to relieve this, use the following : Barbadoes Aloes two Ounces. S Asafcetida .••■•■ -two ounces. Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Make eight powders. Give one powder morning and evening, for ten days, and allow all the water the ani- mal wiU drink. miESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS. Accumulation of stercoraceous material in the intesT tinal tube, is sometimes noticed in horses. It consists of concretions of various kinds adhering to the walls of the intestines, sometimes assuming immense propor- tions before any symptoms of intestinal trouble ar» DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. noticed. The position of these large concretio'ns is in the large bowels, where they may remain for years, undisturbed, except perchance, the animal may have an attack of colic, and during the paroxysm of pain, while rolling and 'tumbling about, may displace the concre- STMPTOM OF INTESTrsrAL OBSTEUCTION. tions and they may then become lodged in some other part, when grave symptoms are observed. Under this head, will also be included such troubles as invagina- tion, where one bowel slips into another ; strangulation of an intestine by another rolled round it, tumors aiid abscesses formed within the bowel, etc! Symptoms : — When obstruction is complete, there will be severe colicky pains, without intervals, when free from pain, differing from inflammation of the bowels in that there is no rise of temperature at first. • There may be slight diarrhoea, at first, which soon disappears, as only that manure will pass which is behind the obstruc- tion. Frequently, the horse will sit upon its haunches, r>IARRH(EA. 89 or if standing, press its haunches against the wall. Consti- pation or irregularities of the bowels, with occasional at- tacks of colic, indicate intestinal concretions, and obstruc- tion from accumulations of material, of whatever sort. Treatment: — Whenever obstrution of the intestines is observed from the forgoing symptoms, make an examination through the rectum, or last bowel ; grease the hand and arm thorou,ghly, then pass it carefully, and if you can reach the obstruction, try to remove it. It is not advisable to give any physic in such cases. On the contrary, give medicines to relieve pain, and trust the rest to nature. If the animal will eat anything, give only soft, nutritious food, in limited quantities. To relieve the pain, use the following : Chloral Hydrate two ounces. Water ^. eight ouncesi Mix. Give two ounces every hour, in a pint of water until relief, or, Laudanum .". four ounces. Tincture Belladonna two ounces. Sulphuric Ether two ounces. Mix. Give one and one-half ounces every hour in a pint of water until relief. If the pain is severe and bloating is observed, tapping the bowel with a trocar, and allow- ing the gas to escape, will give temporary relief. If invagination has taken place, the bowel may grow together and that position invaginated, slough off and pass away with the manure. DIARRHOEA. This disease is quite frequently met with among horses. ' Causes:— Giving too heavy cathartics, drinking im- pure water, eating tender, green grass in the spring.; 90 . DISEASES OF THE HORSB. indigestion, drinking ice-cold water, over-driving and watering while heated, exposure to cold rains ; any irri- tant within the bowels ; eating mouldy or musty food, diseased condition of the teeth, pasturing on low marshy ground, exposure during cold nights, low damp stables, etc. * v- Symptoms; — There may be a soft discharge from the bowels, which may be completely overlooked for a con- siderable length of time because the animal retains its appetite ; it may terminate in complete recovery. But in the more severe cases, a watery discharge comes flooding from the bowels, with loss of appetite, staring coat, paleness of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes, unsteady or staggering gait, rapid breathing, small, weak and rapid pulse, tumbling of the bowels, — if the ear is applied to th'e side a rumbling or churning sound is heard. Treatment ; — If the discharge is slight, give a pint of castor oil, which will generally effect a cure. But in the more aggravated form, give a pint and a half of cas- tor or linseed oil and one ounce of laudanum. Change the diet to good, nutritious food. If the purging con- tinues, give wheat flour in water, starch water or whitf oak bark tea^ If there is much bloating accompanying the diarrhoea, give a tablespoonful of baking soda three times a day, or give every four hours, two tablespoon- fuls of the following : Prepared Chalk , . . four qunces. Powdered Catechu one ounce. Powdered Cinchona . one ounce'. Powdered Gentian two ounces. Mix. Allow a horse to stand for a few days befere putting to work, as a second attack is worse than the first. DVSENTERY. 91 DYSENTERY. This. is an aggravated form pf diarrhoea, tending to inflammation of the bowels. The causes are lilie those' of diarrhoea, — such as feeding musty hay, drinliing irn- pure water, strong purgatives, exposure to cold rains ; by being crowded in low, damp, dark stables ; by graz- ing for a long time on low, wet, marshy pastilres. •Symptoms: — Excessive watery discharge from the bowels, which has an offensive odor ; the discharge is frequently streaked with blood and passed with consid- erable straining; shreds of mucous membrane- and blood are passed ; the horse lies down a great de%l ; the appetite reihains fair, and there is an unusual desire for drir' Mig water; the abdomen is tucked-up and very tender; staring coat; sunken eyes; the animal soon be- comes very weak ; dejected appearance, generally. Treatment : — First place the animal in a dry, warm, well- ventilated stall ; brush and rub the skin thoroughly two or three times a day ; blanket well and bandage the legs ; give good, pure water in small quantities and give at first. Castor Oil • • ten ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Mix. Give at one dose ; also, Milk .one quart. Whiskey '• .four ounces. To which add four eggs. Give three times a day. Give the patient soft and easily digested food, as linseed meal gruel, slippery elm gruel, etc. Administer the following : -" Powd. Opium one-half ounce. Powd. Catechu one ounce. Powd. Kino one ounce. Prepared Chalk four ounces. ' Mix. 92 DISEASES OF THE HORSe/ Make six doses and every four or five hours give one in a little sweet milk. Eub the abdomen with a can- tharides liniment, or take mustard, mix with vinegar to form a paste, and apply to the abdomen. As the bowels begin to act better and are more regular and more nearly normal in their discharges, give, Dover's Powder one ounce. Quinine four drachms. Mix. Make eight powders and give one powder at ekch meal. Bandaigethe legs and rub them with dilute aldo- hol ; also keep the animal well blanketed and warm. GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach, is rarely seen as an independent affection and is probably only seen as the result of irritation from impaction of the stomach, from over-feeding or over- eating when fatigued, getting loose in the stable and having access to the grain bin, from foreign substances SYjrPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. given in the food, the administration of powerful and irritating drugs without being sufficiently diluted with water or oil, by giving an over-dose of arsenic and by poisoning with lead. If horses are around newly- painted buildings or where paint kegs have been throwii' away, they will sometimes lick and eat a sufficient quantity to produce gastritis, and not infrequently it GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OP THE STOMACH. 93 results from drinking water which runs through new lead pipes. SjTnptoms : — When occurring from inpaction and over-eating, colicky pains of a continuous character are usually observed. There is rapid breathing with a hard, wiry pulse, turning of the head around pointing to the stomach, and sometimes sweating along the neck, shoul- ders and sides. The desire for drinking water is some- what intense and a turning up of the upper lip is some- times observed. When arsenic is the cause of inflamma- tion of the stomach, there will be loss of appetite with nausea and attempts to vomit, a desire for water and a frothy saliva in the mouth. Abdominal pain is present, a rumbling in the bowels is heard and sometimes diarrhoea supervenes with heavy straining. The manure that is passed has a very offensive odor, sweat bedews the body, while the limbs are cold. The breathing is short and rapid, the pulse soon becomes very feeble and in a short time cannot be detected. Following the symptoms very closely, will be paralysis of the hind extremities and death. If the inflammation is caused by lead poison, colicky pains will be observed, with labored breathing, staggering gait, general paralysis, convulsions and death. If there is chronic poisoning by lead, there will be an unthrifty appearance, diminution of appetite, a blue line extending around the margin of the gums, puffy swellings beneath the jaws, constipa- tion, and a rough, staring condition of the hair. Abor- tion frequently occurs during chronic lead poisoning. Treatment : — When we observe a case of inflammation of the stomach, arising from any cause, it is well to bear in mind that by reasons of the structures involved, its course is very rapid and also very fatal, although I believe there are more recoveries from this affection 94 DISEASES OP THE HORSE. than from inflammation of the bowels. Soothing reme- dies should be given as quickly as possible and the stomach held in a state of repose. ' For this purpose . give flaxseed tea, slippery elm tea-; thoroughly boiled oat meal gruel, etc., to .which should be added as soon as can be obtained, -viv^j. Powd. or Gum Opium one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Place over the fire and simmer down to one pint, then give two ounces every two or three hours. Hot applications along the abdomen just under the stomach, are attended with beneficial results. For this purpose blankets wrung out of hot water and held in that posi- tion for a few hours, is a good method, changing every few minutes to maintain the heat. A^^®'^ ceasing the hot applications, a mustard draft should be applied around tke region of the stomach. When the severe Symptoms have subsided and the patient appears some- what improved, administer a pint of raw linseed oil, which will assist in unloading the stomach of retained material and possibly the offending agent. When the offending agent is arsenic, give half dozen raw eggs well-beaten up with milk, raw linseed oil or linseed gruel every half hour for a few hours, or the adminis- tration of powdered charcoal, will be attended with beneficial results; or if obtainable, give two-ounce doses every ten minutes for an hour, of freshly prepared hydrated peroxide of iron. This is really the best anti- dote for arsenical poisoning. If the inflammation is caused from lead poison or any other of the irritant poisons, treat as above recommended, with milk, eggs, oil, linseed or slippery elm tea, etc., omitting the prep- aration of iron. But constantly bear in mind that the ' stomach should receive soothing remedies, as the linseed gruel, etc., for a continued length of. time. After GOaGKD STOMACH — STOMACH STAGGBUS, ETC. 95 recovery has taken plape, feed only upon boiled food and in limited quantities, for a few months, or if in the proper season, turn o,ut to grass. GORGED STOMACH— STOMACH STAGGERS— INDIGESTION. This derangement of the stomach is oaused by team- sters feeding their horses a large feed after a heavy day's work. The animal beingvefy hungry, eats rapr idly ; the food is not well masticated, and going into a stomach somewhat weakened by the day's work, is una- ble to digest it and indigestion is tl^e result. It may SYJIPTOMS OF KUPTURE OF THE STOMACH. also arise from eating damaged wheat, dried ripe vetches, and from eating rapidly of bulky food after fasting, etc. When we consider the small capacity of the stomach of a horse, holding only about, three gal- lons, we need not be surprised to see indigestion, for 98 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. when the stomach becomes gorged, it ^has scarcely any other exit except to pass on, as it is very seldom that ^he horse vomits. Symptoms : — These are generally sudden, but not al- ways. The animal may step back from the manger and lie down, apparently resting. Suddenly, it will rise and stand for a while, without eating ; then lie down again for a time. Soon it arises and becomes more restless by pawing with its fore-feet and lying down upon its breast, rolling over to its side, then upon its breast again and trying to vomit, at which it may make fre- quent attempts, and sometimes a sour smelling liquid discharge will come from the nOstrils. There are fre- quent eructations, or belching up of gas from the stom- ach. The animal may tremble considerably, and cold sweats bedew the body. A thick slobjber may be seen around the mouth. The bowels are usually costive, but sometimes a slight diarrhoga is present. The pulse and respiration are both increased. If vomiting does actu- ■ ally occur, it generally presages rupture of the stomach ; at this stage the horse may sit upon its haunches, which is a dangerous symptom, and an unfavorable termina- tion may be anticipated. Treatment : — When first noticed, give a heavy physic. As the stomach is distended with both food and gas, its action must be aroused to throw off its contents. The following will suffice very well :' ■ Powd. Barbadoes Aloes — one ounce. ■ Calomel one drachm. Gentian three drachms. Mix. Give at one dose. If the pain increases, give ounce doses of sulphuric ether in half pint of water every hour, until four doses are given. Or, aromatic spirits of ■ ammonia, one ounce every two hours until three or four HEMIPLEGIA — PARALYSIS. 97 doses have been given. Blankets wrung out of hot water and applied to the stomach and bowels, often give relief. If the former physic is not convenient, give a quart of raw linseed oil or a quart of melted hogs' lard, as the stomach must be unloaded before permanent relief is to be obtained. Injections of castile soap and hot water are beneficial. A moderate amount of walk- ing exercise, will also be of benefit. After relief has been obtained, feed on easily digested food, for a few days ; also give the following, as much benefit will be derived therefrom : Powd. Barbadoes Aloes ... one ounce. Assaf oetida one ounce. Gentian . one ounce. Mix. Make eight powders. Give one powder each day, until all are given. HEMIPLEGIA— PARALYSIS. This form of paralysis is not frequently seen among horses. It is usually the result of some brain trouble, as tumors in the lateral ventricles, pressure upon the brain from fracture of the skull, softening of the brain from poison in the blo^d, inflammation of the brain from emboli^, obstructing the blood-flow through the brain, etc. Symptoms; — The attack may be sudden, with complete loss of motion of one side of the body, the animal fall- ing down and being unable to rise. Again, the standing position- is retained, but movements are made with great difliculty. The lips on one side will hang pendu- lous, the tongue protrude from one side of the mouth and there is difficulty in swallowing food or water. The urine may pass away involuntarily. 4 98 • DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. Treatment : — The treatment of paralysis is very unsat- isfactory and flattering results must not be anticipated. If due to an inflamed condition of the brain, bleeding will be. proper. Carefully regulate the bowels by feed- ing soft food, in which may be given four tp six ounc« doses of sulphate of soda or epsom salts, until the bowels are regulated. Hand rubbing of the affected limbs and a strong liniment applied along the spine, may assist in restoration to health. The following will siiflce : Raw Linseed Oil six. ounces. Aqua Ammonia three ounces. Oil of Turpentine three ounces. Mix. Apply until blisters are raised. JAUNDICE, ICTERUS, OR YELLOWS. Jaundice is caused by suppression or re-absorption of bile and is mare of a symptom than a disease. Any cause which tends to disturb the functions or tissue of the liver, as disturbed circulation from congestion or inflammation, deposits or growths, pressing upon the bile duct, catarrh of the bile duct, gall stones, or impurities in the blood from specific fever, etc. Symptoms : — The first that is generally noticed, is the yellowness of the eyes and membranes of the ,nostrils and mouth, instead of the pale pink, as is observed in health. The tongue will be coated and an offensive smell emanates from the mouth. The bowels are some- what constipated, the dung is dry, of a light color and has an offensive smell. When there is no fever present, • the appetite will remain very good and the pulse will be but little affected. But when fever is present, the animal will appear drowsy, with loss of CONGESTION OP THE LIVBR. 99 appetite, and seems greatly exhausted with moderate work, in fact the animal acts as if if, wished to be left alone and does not care to more. Oeoasionally a dry itching, scurfy state of the skin is observed. Treatirient :— First discover the cause, if possiblejthen remove it. If from congestion, endeavor as quicft'y as possible to unload the liver, by giving such remeffies as will have a direct action, as, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Calomel one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. The object is to rid the system of the excessive amount of bile and it is best accomplished in this way. When fever is present, avoid giving such brisk physic and endeavor to move the bowels by giving. Sulphate of Soda six ounces. Water... |. one quart. Or linseed oil, one pint daily, until the bowels are loose. If there is an acid condition of the stomach, as evidenced by eating dirt or licking the walls, give two to four ounces of lime water, twice a ' day. If the patient is weak and slow of- recovery, give nitro-muri- atic acid, one drachm, morning and evening, well diluted in drinking water, and feed light, easily digested food, as bran mash, ground flaxseed, etc. CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. This disease is more prevalent during hot Aveather than at any other season, and is also seen in low, damp, malarial districts. It is caused from over-exertion, ' after eating a rich, hearty meal ; sudden chills following specific fevers ; faulty digestion, especially when rich food is given, without exercise ; changes from a cold to a warm, damp region ; chills in cold, damp nights after hot days, etc. 100 DISEASES OE THE HOUSE. 1^ Symptoms : — The animal will appear dull and disin- .clined to move. An unnatural appetite is evidenced by the desire to eat dirt or lick at the walls of the stable. The appetite for food becomes impaired. The bowels are costive, and what does pass, is hard, scanty, of a lighij^color and smells offensive. The mucous mem- branes of the nostrils and mouth assume a yellowish tint, as is also seen around the eyes. Frequently an offensive odor is observed around the mouth. The pulse is usually full and soft and the breathing but lit- tle affected. Pressure behind the right shoulder, fre- quently produces pain and sometimes there is lameness in the same shoulder. Treatment i^Bleeding is frequently attended with good results, providing the pulse is full and distinct. The liver should be emptied as quickly as possible, and for that purpose, use the following : Barbadoes Aloes seven drachms. Calomel one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose, either in the form of a pill, or in a pint of water as a drench, to be followed up with Epsom Salts one pound. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda four ounces. Mix. Make twenty powders. Give one powder, morning and evening, in brarT mash, chopped feed, or as a drench. ' The diet should be light, soft food of easy di. gestion and given in limited quantities. Cloths wrung out of hot water and applied along the right side, be- hind the fore-leg, are very beneficial, or good mustard, poultices on the right side, over the region of the liver, will assist greatly in affording relief. HEPATITIS INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 101 HEPATITIS— INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. Although mankind is subject to many disorders of this gland, it may sound strange to say that diseases of the liver rarely attack the horse. Gall stones which accumulate in the gall sack in man, and cause so much trouble, are never seen in the horse for the very good reason that there is no gall-sack attached to the liver. I They do, however, sometimes form in the liver itself. Inflammation of the liver may be either acute or chronic. The acute form is readily recognized, while the chronic form can seldom be detected during life by even a skilled veterinarian ; it is mainly guess work, and for this reason, it will be unnecessary to treat of the chronic form in a work of this kind. In the acute form there will be great dullness with more or less pain, but not of a severe type. The animal hangs its head but generally remains in a standing posture. The bowels are constipated and the dung balls are small and of a clayish color, being sometimes covered with a slimy mucous. The urine is scanty and dark colored. Pres- sure applied to the right side over the liver, causes pain, consequently if the animal lies down it will lie on the left side. Sometimes there is lameness in the right shoulder and after a few days' illness, the white of the eyes and tongue, turn a yellowish color. Causes : — The prevailing cause is feeding too great an amount of rich, stimulating food in hot weather without sufficient exercise. Horses that are kept for family or pleasure driving, or the old family pet which has been pampered and highly fed in a warm stable, are the best subjects for these attacks, hence it is more often seen in the city than in the country. It is also caused by injuries, as blows or kicks on the right side; from for- eign substances being swallowed, piercing the stomach 102 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. and entering the liver, as needles, etc. It is also caused by the presence of worms in the liver; by gall-stonea forming therein and passing through the ducts to the bowels, and by inflammation of surrounding structures, which extends to and envelopes the liver. Treatment : — If detected in the earliest stage, abstract four or five quarts of blood from the jugular vein, but if this is not done early, refrain from blood-letting alto- gether. Then give a physic : Powd. Aloes one ounce. * Calomel one drachm. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water ; or, Epsom Salts one pound. Glauber Salts one pound. Mix. Dissolve in a gallon of water and give one quart every two hours. Apply hot cloths to the right side from the back of the girth to the last rib ; or apply mustard- freely over the same space. ' Medicin,es that aot upon the kidneys, should now be given. To reduce th« fever, the following will answer admirably : Saltpeter six ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give three powders daily. Change the habits of the animal by giving a limited Bupply of soft food, as boiled oats, bran mash, etc. , and a£ the patient improves, give exercise accordingly, and see that it does not get into such a condition again through want of exercise and too high feeding. PARAPLEGIA— PARALYSIS OF THE HIND LIMBS. This form of paralysis affects both hind limbs aad may result frem tumors pressing upon the spinal cord, from parasites in the cord, from broken back or loin*, PROLAPSUS ANI, OR EVERSIOIT OF THE RECTUM. lOo from softening of the cord, inflammation of the cord, from bony growths, the result of sprains, pressing upon the cord ; from over-feeding on certain herbs, seeds and grains, causing indigestion, etc. The treat- ment, for which see Hemiplegia, , is very unsatisfactory. PROLAPSUS ANI, OR EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. Eversion of the last bowel, is generally seen as a sequel of some other disease ; as occurring during the act of parturition or in parturient apoplexy, or follow- ing up certain cases of colic when they are somewhat protracted and accompanied with constipation, or in torpidity of the bowels, unaccompanied with any other disease, we will often observe ptotrusion of the last bowel, or rectum. In the majority of cases, it is ob- served in horses that are in poor condition and fed on dry, innutritious food, or young colts that have been kept upon dry pastures or fciod, after stabling upon dry food containing a super-abundance of woody fibre. When protrusion has taken place, the animal will not evince much pain, only when wanting to pass manure, which is generally very dry and hard; it will then evince pain and uneasiness, but aftjer the faeces have passed, the uneasiness disappears, and the animal moves on as though nothing had happened. Treatment: — When the protruded bowel is not very extensive and has been observed before strangulation has taken place, it is quite easily reduced. Clean out the last bowel with the hand, which should first be well greased, then oil the protruded bowel and press it back into place by gentle manipulation, after which, apply the following : 104 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Powd. Opium • • one drachm. Tannic Acid one drachm. Vaseline • ■ ■ .one ounce. Mix. Insert enough in the rectum, morning and evening, to cover the protruded part. Place the animal on soft, nutritious diet and give mild laxatives to keep the bowels soft, as. Sulphate of Soda * ..two ounces. Epsom Salts two ounces. Mix. Give morning and evening into feed or as a drench. Should the protrusion become strangulated and swollen, scarify with the knife, grease or oil well, and return carefully as it is possible to do under the circumstances. Sometimes it is necessary to place a truss or bandage around the anus, to keep the bowel in place, but if watched carefully, and whenever it protrudes slightly, returned with the hand, continuing so to do until the bowels become regulated, favorable results may be looked for without any further treatment. SALIVATION OR SLOBBERS. This consists in an excessive flow of saliva, and is more frequently a symptom of some other trouble than a disease of itself. It is often seen in connection with irregular teeth, injuries to the tongue, from indis- criminate use of lobelia, mercury, colchicum, wild mustard, etc. Second crop of clover is one of the great causes of slobbering; foreign substances becoming lodged between the teeth, as parts of wood, nails, corn- cobs, etc. Symptoms : — Fever and persistent discharge of saliva, or frothy masses hanging from the mouth ; frequent GLOSSITIS, OK INFLAMMATION OP THE TONGUE. 105 attempts at swallowing, great desire for water, and dis- turbed digestion, causing colic. Treatment: — First discover the cause, then remove it if possible. If from eating some obnoxious herbs or plants, or from eating second crop clover hay, remove from such pastures, or if in stable, change food ; examine the mouth carefully, in corn districts, as sometimes corn cobs become fastened between the teeth, causing considerable trouble. If from irregular teeth, file off the sharp edges. If from injuries to the tongue or small fistules in the mouth, wash the mouth with, Alum one ounce. Chlorate of Potash one ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Gargle the mouth two or three times a day ; if some- what persistent, paint the glands below the ears, once daily with tincture iodine and give one drachm of iodide of potash, morning and evening. ' — « GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. It is very seldom we encounter inflammation of the tongue, separate from injuries or administration of drugs not properly diluted, but when glossitis does exist as an independent affection* the tongue will become swollen and painful and look hard and black. Difficulty in swallowing is a prominent symptom, with a tenacious saliva adhering to the tongue, that has a disagreeable smell. Treatment: — From the inability or difficulty in swal- lowing, it is out of the question to treat internally, which if we could, would be of much benefit, as with laxatives, fever powders, etc. But as we cannot do this, our attention must be directed locally. Scarify 106 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. the tongue with the knife, and bathe with warm water to encourage bleeding; or steam the mouth with the ordinary nose-bag. Also wash the mouth with. Borax half ounce. Chlorate of Potassium half ounce. Water * one pint. Mix. Bathe the tongue three or four times a day. If tha Bwelling does not extend backward and inyolve the tex- tures of the throat, within two or three days, a speedy recovery may be looked for. If there is a desire to eat and the animal can swallow some, give flaxseed .gruel or soft bran mash. PURPURA HAEMORRHAGIA. This affliction usually occui;s as a sequel of some lin- gering or debilitatinjg disease, as distemper, influenza, epizootic catarrh, lung troubles, etc. , or it may originate spontaneously, not as the result* of some prior disease, but from badly ventilated stables, where animals are compelled to breathe vitiated atmosphere arising from decomposed urine and manure ; also in poorly fed horses,' and such that are subjected to exhausting work, being placed in cold stables when perspiring freely^ without blanketl; exposure to cold rains and wind storms, when perspiring freely. It is more frequently seen in cold than in warm climates, and is very seldom seen when kept in well ventilated, warm, comfortable, clean stables, even as the result o^ a debilitating disease. S3anptoms : — Although it is a non-inflaihmatory dis- ease, the first symptoms observed, are swellings appear- ing very suddenly on any part of the body, head or neck, only to disappear and re-appear upon some other part. These swellings are hard, painful and pit slightly PURPURA HjEMORRHAGIA. 107 upon pressure. In some cases, these swellings appc ar around the head, eyes, nostrils, mouth and throat to an alarming extent, causing great difficulty in breathing and eating. Sometimes one or more of the limbs will swell considerably, the swelling being very uniform and ending abruptly as though a cord had been tied around it. Small vesicles appear, sometimes around the hocks and fetlock joints; these burst and discharge an airiber colored liquid, which scalds the liair off wherever it flows. Whenever the skin breaks over a swollen part^ it leaves an ugly, unhealthy sore with a great ten- dency to sloughing. The pulse is weak and often double. The bowels are usually constipated but easily excited by purgatives, and blood streaks are often mixed with the manure. Small spots of a purple color are observed in the nostrils ; these spots often slough and leave a raw, unhealthy looking sore, which dis- charges a dark colored liquid, frequently stained with blood. The urine is high colored and has a strong am- moniacal smell and quickly undergoes decamposition. Sometimes these swellings take place within the in- ternal organs and to such an extent as to cause death from internal bleeding. Treatment: — First and above all things, attempt to remove the exciting cause ; if from badly-drained, ill- ventilated stabling, remove to a well-ventilated, warm, comfortable place, as pure air, light and^ warmth are very necessary. If constipation is observed, the^ bowels should be regulated but do not give a severe physio. The following will suffice : * Raw Linseed Oil one pint. Tine. Terchloride of Iron, five drachms. Spts. Turpentine .ne ounce. Mix. Give at one dose, to be followed up with, 108 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. Chlorate of Potassium four ounces. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Mix. Make nine powders. Give three powders each day in soft food, drinking water or as a drench. Continue giving the above prescription for ten days to two weeks but diminish slightly in the dose. In the course of a few days, get the following : Sulphate of Iron one ounce. Dilute Sulphuric Acid :..... one ounce. Water six ounces. Mix. Give half ounce well diluted in water, twice daily, alternated with the potassium powders. If the swell- ings do not yield to this treatment in the course of a week, omit the last prescription and give. Raw Linseed Oil twelve ounces. | Spts. Turpentine four ounces. Mix. Give two ounces twice daily, alternated with the potassium powders. If there is much debility and loss of strength, give two to four ounces of whisky, two or three times a day or spirits nitrous ether one and one-half ounces, three times a day.' For the treatment of the local swellings, do not scarify much, but if necessary to assist in breathing or eating, scarify around the head and throat. The swellings around the head and throat may be bathed with hot water, to which may be added tincture muriate of iron or carbolic acid. Do not disturb the swellings on the other parts of the body or limbs, as the less they are interfered with, the better. Feed anything the patient will eat and give plenty of pure, fresh water. DYSPEPSIA. Dyspepsia is sometimes seen in horses that have been highly fed for a contihued length of time, without DYSPEPSIA. 109 proper exercise, and being stabled continuously and not allowed the privilege of a run at pasture. Symptoms : — The animal will present an unthrifty appearance, the hair will look rough and the animal will loose flesh, growing very thin and hide-bound. The manure has a disagreeable smell, is quite hard and yellow in color. There is partial loss of appetite, al- though at times there is apparently great hunger, which is appeased by a few mouthfuls devoured in a greed,y manner. The animal does not appear to relish its food and is generally spoken of as being "off its feed." Treatment : — First clear the bowels of what material they contain, by giving a physic, as, raw linseed oil, one quart. After a 'free evacuation of the bowels, give a good tonic, p, Red Pepper two ounces. . Gentian three ounces. .; Sulphate of Iron two ounces, i ' ' Nux Vomica two ounces. Saltpeter three ounces. Bi-Carbonate of Soda four ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful three times a day in soft food ; if the horse will not eat it, take a teaspoonful of the powder and put it into a pint of water, heat it up, mak- ing a regular tea of it, and administer three times a day. Give a complete change of food, as boiled oats or barley and bran mash, also give roots, as carrots, turnips, mangels, etc. If during the season of green grass, turn out to pasture for a few months. Always examine the teeth thoroughly, and if any trouble exists, it should be attended to before any other treatment is tfiven. 110 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. INTUSSUSCEPTION AND GUT-TIE. The slipping of one portion of a bowel into another like the turning of the finger of a gloTe partly wrong side out, sometimes occurs, and is most frequently seen in the small intestiu'es, although it may also take place in the large guts. The part that slips in, may extend but a few inches and again a number of feet. This accident is most likely to happen in horses that are suf- ' fering from pains or spasms of the bowels, as spasmodic or flatulent colic, inflammation of the bowels, diarrhoea, dysentery, or anything that will cause abdominal trouble or pain. Symptoms : — There is no one special symptom whereby the trouble may be determined or located. Unless the parts become etrangulated, there may be no symptoms displayed, except constipation and even then there may be a few scant passages of manure. Colicky pains may, be present; and severe straining may be observed. If strangulation of the bowel takes place, the animal will suffer, intense pain unless relieve,d, and die within a few hours, and even when the pain is relieved, it' may linger for a few days and thfen die. Oases have been reported where one portion of a bowel had slipped into another and become strangulated ; the part of the bowel thus enveloped gradually sloughed off, so that the ends of the bowel grew together, and the discarded por- tion passed away with the manure ; a complete recovery resulted. Such cases are very rare ; however, they have served as a warning and guide in our treatment of this affection. In such cases as terminate fatally, just prior to death the animal will sweat profusely ; the legs and ears become cold and there is an anxioiis appearing countenance and an occasional sigh ; f qr a brief period of time there is cessation of acute pain, then the animal falls to rise no more. PERITONITIS, ETC. Ill Treatment: — As soon as convinced that the iDowels are invaginated, give such remedies as will relieve the pain and keep.the patient quiet and comfortable, as, Laudanum eight ounces. Sulphuric Ether ..... eight ounces. Mix. Give two ounces in a pint of water every hour until relieved, then give at intervals, sufficient to keep the patient quiet ; or give one drachm of powdered or gum opium every hour until there is relief from pain, after which, just often enough to keep the patient quiet and let nature work its course. The giving of physio in this affection is liable to be productive of a great deal of harm and should, therefdre, be avoided, but should the bowels slip back to their place and resume their normal functions, except being somewhat consti- pated, which they sometimes do when kept perfectly quiet, the administration of a pint of raw linseed oil three times a day until the bowels become relaxed, will be of much benefit and should be given. PERITONITii OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING MEMBRANE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Causes: — Exposure to cold rains when heated; cas- tration ; any surgical operation in which the abdominal walls are pierced ; kicks or blows ; abscess of the liver or stomach ; rupture of the womb while foaling ; abscess of the womb. Symptoms : — Pain in the abdomen, demonstrated by the patient's turning and pointing to the side ; on press- ing the abdomen at or near the affected part, the ani- mal will evince great pain ; on being made to move, it geems stiff and in pain. If the horse lies down, it does ■o very carefully. As the pain is increased while down, 112 DISEASES OP THE HOKSK. it usually maintains a standing; position. The pulse generally ranges from seventy to ninety beats per min- ute and is hard and wiry. The abdomen is tucked-up ; the breathing accelerated and short, and quite fre- quently the animal will bloat; in three or four days dropsy of the abdomen appears, when the severer pains will cease and the patient will breathe more deeply and freely. Treatment : — If acute peritonitis is seen at the outset, bleeding freely from the jugular vein will frequently stop the progress of disease. Then give fifteen drop doses of fluid extract aci^.Ate every hour until the disease is under control, or give, ' Powd. Opium one ounce. Calomel four drachms. Mix. Make into eight powders and give one every four hours. Apply hot cloths to the abdomen but be careful that the patient does not take cold. Mustard poultices applied to the abdomen will have the same effect. Physic must not be given during this disease. If the disease arises from abscesses of the stomach or liver, or from rupture of the womb, stimulating treatment should be tried, though the termination invariably is death. Apply diluted alcohol to the limbs and bandage thoroughly. Place the patient where no draughts can strike it and blanket well. Feed on soft mashes or linseed gruel, boiJ6d oats or barley, in restricted quantities. BOTS. These are the larvae of the different species of gad- fly, which pester horses in the summer. They fly about horses and deposit their eggs upon their legs and sides ; and by the horse biting or licking itself, they are BOTS. 113 taken into the stomach, when they fasten themselves to the mucous lining of the stomach or of the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum.) There they develop into the grub or bot and subsist upon the gastric or in- testinal juices, and when once they lose their hold they seldom regain it. If but few in numbers, they never BOTS. 1.— Female Fly. 2.— Egg. 3.— Tlie Bot. *.— The Chrysalis. ^ 5,— Male Fly. do any harm. If existing in great numbers, they cause indigestion and colic; sometimes they almost stop up the duodenum. In such cases the horse will not thrive and will be troubled with indigestion ; it will be weak «,nd easily fatigued. Treatment : — Feeding sliced potatoes is beneficial, or warm sage tea, two quarts. Follow it up with a brisk cathartic — Aloes one ounce. Ginger two drachms. Mix. 114 DISEASES OF THE HOKSK. This will sometimes carry oflf quite a number of the bots. But there is no remedy yet known which will de- stroy the bot while in the stomach. In the early spring they pass away voluntarily and during the summer de- velop into the gad-fly. WORMS. A great many varieties of worms infest the intes- tines of horses. A thorough description of them is WOEMS. quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say they are of no bene- fit to the animal and the sooner they are expelled from the bowels the better. Symptoms: — ^Eough, staring coat; ravenous appetite, rubbing the tail, loss of flesh, big or pot-belly, licking SYMPTOMS OF WOKMS. of dirt, pallor of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes, Bometimes constipation, at others diarrhoea; frequent WORMS. 116 switching of the tail ; worms protrmding or smashed around the anus, leaving a white or mattery substance. Treatment: — It is necessary to prepare the animal prior to giving any worm medicine. First,, allow the animal to fast foi- twenty-four hours, then give a soft bran mash, to be followed immediately with, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Santonine one drachm., Mix. Give at one dose, either in pill or in half pint of water, as a drench. If this does not remove them all, repeat in five days, or you may use, Raw Linseed Oil eighteen ounces. Spirits Turpentine six ounces. Mix. Give four ounces morning and evening. Immediately after the last dose is given, administer the following : Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Gentian two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of water as a drench. It is a well-known fact, that intestinal worms ar« mostly se^n in horses that are in poor condition, and if allowed to remain in this condition, worms will rapidly accumulate again, even though they had all been expelled by the worm medicines. It is, therefore, nec- essary to tone up the powers of digestion. This can be done with, Ginger one ounce. Gentian one ounce, Nux Vomica one ounce. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda. one ounce. Mix. Give teaspoonful three times a day in food or as a drench. Give good f o®d and pure water and the animal will commencS to thrive, then worms will cease accum- ulating. A great many colts are lost every year from worms, when a few doses of prepared chalk will remove 116 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. them. Give a teaspoonful once a day for a week. If they become constipated, give four to six ounces of- raw linseed oil. Prepared chalk given to aged horses, will assist in removing worms. DIABETES INSIPIDUS. Among the horses in this country, this disease quite frequently occurs and Has various causes. Among them are feeding on musty hay or grain, exposure to Wet and cold, blows on the top of the head, drinking ice-cold water while heated, eating too much malt from distil- leries, the reckless administration of medicines that act upon the kidneys, new oats imperfectly cured, etc. Symptoms : — An excessive discharge — amounting to several gallons within twenty-four hours, of almost colorless urine ; excessive thirst ; withholding water from the animal does not check the disease. Sometimes it comes on very slowly, at others it develops to an alarming extent. within twenty- four hours; it varies in duration from a few days to months and even years. If it lasts for any considerable time, the animal will lose flesh rapidly. There will be pallor of the n;ucous mem- branes, rough coat ; skin drawn tight to the ribs. Death finally results from emaciation and prostration. Treatment : — Change the diet to good, clean hay and grain, and give a liberal supply of boiled flaxseed in the drinking water. Also give, Sulphate of Iron two ounces." Gentian one ounce. Nux Vomica one ounce. Iodide of Potassium two ounces. Mix. Make into sixteen powders and give one powder at each meal. The drinking water should be restricted in quantity and of good quality. Give plenty of rest. AOITES, ANASARCA OK DROPSICAL SWELLING. 117 ALBUMENURIA— BRIGHT'S DISEASE. This disease consists of an inflammation of the kidneys either acute or chronic, with degeneration and shedding of casts of epithelium from the tubes of the kidneys. It occurs in horses of all ages. Symptoms : — The horse walks with a straddling gait and passes a thick, ropy urine, which upon being boiled or tested with corrosive sublimate, acetate of lead, or nitric acid, coagulates in part in whitish flakes. The animal usually wastes in flesh ; general health seems broken; dropsical swellings appear but vanish upon exercise. Treatment; — Avoid any exposure to cold, wet or fatigue. Keep in a comfortable, warm box-stall and keep the body warm by blanketing. See that th^ bowels are kept loose by feeding on bran mashes or other soft food and if inclined to be costive, give a pint of raw linseed oil ; also give half ounce doses of tincture chloride of iron three times a day, diluted in a pint of water. Use cloths wrung out of hot water, over the loins, frequently ; if this does not assist in the flowi of urine, give ounce doses of fluid extract buchu and juniper with acetate of potassium three times a day, but be persistent with the hot cloths, as this is better than giving medicines to act upon the kidneys. ACHES, ANASARCA, OR DROPSICAL SWELLING. Causes : — Obstruction to venous circulation, excess of water in the blood, disease of the heart, disease of the liver, disease of the kidneys, the action of cold and wet upon the skin, causing an arrest of execretion ; but the principal cause, is neglected influenza ; when it has con- 118 DISEASES OP THE HOKSB. tinued for some time, the system is debilitated and the blood is in a watery state. Symptoms : — If following a prolonged attack of influ- enza or distemper,, the blood is impoverished, paleness of the mucous membranes is observed around the,mouth, nose and eyes; swellings appear, either at the breast and gradually spread backward under the belly, or commence between the hind legs or at the sheath, and gradually more foward. In the course of a few days, the whole of the lower part of the abdomen is swollen, so that it leaves a ridge on either side. The swelling pits, upon pressure, and if pricked with a knife, a yel- lowish fluid oozes out. The appetite is capricious, but hay will sometimes be fairly well consumed. The animal will lie down at first, but as the swelling increases, it will persist in standing, and if compelled to move, will walk quite stiff and sore. Puessure upon the swelling when it first appears, causes pain, but as the swelling increases, pain upon pressure di minishes. Treatment : — First place the animal in a comfortable stall and bed well to entice it to lie down. Feed upon choice hay and grain. Give bran mashes to keep the bowels open. If the weather is cold, blanket well, and in the daytime turn out to exercise. Take a knife and make several smaiU incisions into the swelling, to allow the serum to escape ; or take a paddle and drive several small tacks through it, allowing them to protrude from one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch, then paddle the swelling with the sharp tacks ; this will leave several small openings through which the serum will escape. Then give the following : Sulphate of Iron two ounces, Powd. Nux Vomica. ... .... one ounce. Gentian one ounce. Nitrate of Potass two ounces. Mix. HJBMATURIA, OR BLOODY tmHTE. 119 Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning, noon and night. If the urine does not pas§^ freely, give the following : Acetate of Potass four ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Give four ounces every four or.five hours. If the bowels are costive, physic with, Powd. Barbadoes Aloes .... one ounce. Powd. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of water as a drench. HAEMATURIA, OR BLOODY URINE. Blood in the urine is not often observed in horses, but is frequently seen in both cattle and sheep. "When seen in horses, it is generally caused by some violent strain or injury, as slipping while starting a heavy load or while rearing up and jumping, in this manner injur- ing or straining the psoas muscles, which are situated in the region of the ^kidneys below the back-bone. Or it may be caused by fracture of the back-bone over the kidneys, or from gravel in the kidneys or bladder, or in the channels leading from the kidneys and bladder, through which the urinfe passes. It may arise from con- gestion of the kidneys, or from ulcers and abscesses in the parts through which the urine passes, as well as in the kidneys, from the rupture of a small blood vessel in these organs ; also from eating acrid plants which exert a powerful diuretic action. If the blood is coming from the kidneys, it will be uniformly mixed with the urine, but if from other parts, it nlay come away in clots or streaks. Treatment : — Kemove the causes if they can be ascer- tained and located. If from irritants in the food. 120 DISEASES OB THE HORSE. change it immediately ; if from gravel in the bladder, remove it ; if from the rupture of a small blood vessel and it is within reach, tie it, and if from fracture or sprain, give the treatment required for these injuries. If the flow of blood is very great, apply cold water to the loins and keep the animal as quiet as possible. Give mucilaginous drinks frequently, as linseed and slippery' elm tea; also give. Tincture Chloride of Iron, eight ounces. Water eight ounces. Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls three times a day in half pint of water : or give a teaspoonful of sulphuric acid twice daily in drinking water, or ounce doses twice daily of spirits turpentine well diluted with raw lin- seed oil. PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER. When the urine is withheld for a continued length of time, the bladder becomes over-distended and loses its contractile force, a condition which may last for a considerable period of time. It is generally brought on by some disease causing the animal to occupy a recum- bent position, such as rheumatism, azoturia, etc. Many horses will fail or refuse to pass their urine while lying down, and all such cases should be relieved by having it drawn away twice daily with a catheter. When the bladder has lost its power of contraction, it is paralyzed, or partially so, and it will be observed that the urine dribbles away in small quantities, scalding all the parts with which it comes in contact. When caused by over- distension with urine, by keeping the bladder emptied, it will in the course of time, regain its contractile pow- ers and normal condition. If it is caused by paralysia HTDBOOELE- — DK0P8Y OF THE SCROTUM. 121 i of the hind parts, while treating for this disease, do not allow the bladder to become distended but draw the urine away three times a day with a catheter* HYDROCELE— DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. The scrotum is the sack or pouch which covers and contains the testicles. Dropsy, or a watery effusion within the scrotum, may, arise from injuries to the parts, or disease of the testicles or lining membrane of the sack, and it may be the result of dropsy of the abdomen, as it has a direct connection with the abdom- inal cavity. Symptoms : — There will be an enlarged condition of the scrotum, which organ will be soft and fluctuating under pressure of the fingers. The testicles will be felt floating in water. Sometimes the scrotum will retain the indentation of the finger after pressure. The liquid CRn be forced up into the abdomen by pressure ; or by laying the horse upon its back, the fluid will gradually recede into the abdominal cavity. Treatment : — If the effusion of liquid within the sack is very limited in amount, feed upon good, nutritious diet and give. Iodide Potassium two ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls morning and evening. But if there is a large amount of liquid within the sack, tap with a trocar and canula and allow the fluid to' escape ; immediately inject into the sack, one ounce of tincture iodine, and repeat this in a few days, if necessary. And in addition to the above prescription, administer a tonic, as, . 122 DISEASES OF THE HOB^E. Sulphate of Iron two .ounces. Nux Vomica • • ■ one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give two powders each day. If the testicles are inflamed and enlarged^ use locally, Laudanum two ounces. Goulard's Ext two ounces. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Saturate a soft cloth and apply to the parts and keep it wet with the above mixture. If it occurs in geldings as the result of injuries, dissect out the sacks and treat as an ordinary wound. LEUCORRHOEA, OR WHITES. Leucorrhoea consists of a discharge of mucous or matter from the mucous membranes of the vagina, from the neck of the womb, and not infrequently from the womb itself. ' Causes : — Generally irritation of the organ followed by relaxation, but relaxation alone will produce it. "Want of nutrition attended with debilitating influences is a frequent cause. Partial eversion of the wonab or vagina, is also a cause. Symptoms: — On opening the lips of the vulva, a sticky whitish or yellowish matter will be seen. Quite frequently it runs out of the vagina and accumulates on the tail and surrounding parts. As the disease pro- gresses, the discharge emits an offensive odor, pulse grows feeble, mucous membrane pale, appetite partially suspended and a gradual wasting of the whole system. Mares affected with the whites are very ®ften seeking a male companion, but seldom get with foal and when they do, they generally abort. Occasionally, to all STRICTURE OF THE UEETHEA. 128 appearances, an animal will be healthy and yet affected with the whites. Treatment :— Feed on soft, nutritious diet, with tonics and stimulants, as. Sulphate of Iron four ounces. Gentian four ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica two ounces. Mix. Make twenty powders. Give one powder at each meal or as a drench. Use as an injection into the yagina or womb as the case demands, twice daily, one of the following powders dissolved in a quart of warm water : Permanganate of Potassium.two ounces. Sulphate of Zinc one ounce. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Previous to injecting, wash out the vagina and womb with warm water to remove all matter. STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. ' .This consists of a partial closure, at a certain place of the channel through which the urine passes, and is caused by the healing of ulpers in gonorrhdea and gleet, also by using strong astringent injections in the treat- ment of gonorrhoea and gleet, or from irritating ingre- dients in the urine, as stone or gravel passing from the bladder. . S3Tnptoms : — The trouble is demonstrated by the pas- sage of urine in a fine stream. The act is accomplished by hard straining; the animal will sometimes groan from pain ; also painful erections of the penis are fre- quently observed. The passage of a small stream of urine, with straining and groaning, is sometimes noticed when the so-called bean is lodged in the end of the penis. 124 DISEASES OP THE HOKSE. Treatment : — Take a small sized catheter, oil it well and pass it beyond the stricture, using a catheter a little larger day by day, forcing it up past the stricture with gentle pressure, until the stricture has disappeared. Beyond the oiling of the catheter, there is no medicine necessary. NEPHRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. This disease is of infrequent occurrence but may be induced in various ways, — as by spraining the loins while puUinig hard, carrying too heavy a weight, being ^.^^§t^ INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. heated and then exposed to the cold, absorption of can- tharides when applied as a blister to large surfaces, by the administration of severe diuretics, the presence of stone in the kidneys, etc. Symptoms :— The animal walks with a straddling gait and with back "reached;" evinces pain similar to that of colic ; if it lies down, will do so very'caref uUy ; small and frequent passages of very highly colored urine; FOUL SHEATH. 125 fever usually very high, pulse cord-like to the touch, and very fast ; breathing very much accelerated ; in the course of a few days, swelling of the limbs, which dis- appears upon exercising. Treatment :— Put the animal in a good, comfortable place, blanket warmly and persistently apply hot cloths across the loins. Give a good physic, Sulphate of Soda one pound. • "Water two quarts. Mix. Or give three pints of raw linseed oil, followed by drachm doses of Dover's powde'r, every three or four hours; or Liq. Ammonia Acet. . ..sixteen ounces. Nitrous ^ther '■ ■ two ounces. .Spts. Camphor ., two ounces. Mix. Give four ounces every three hours to stimulate per- spiration. Feed on soft diet and in a few days give fluid extract buchu juniper, with acetate potassium, half-ounce doses morning and evening. Keep the bowels loose all the time and give injections of warm water and laudanum every hour for a few hours. FOUL SHEATH. The sheaths of horses sometimes become very* dirty, and should receive the owner's attention. The glands in the sheath secrete a fluid to lubricate the parts and when large quantities are secreted, it accumulates in the form of a black, gummy substance, filling up the sheath and preventing the animal from passing out the ""^enis when urinating. Some horses seldom protrude the penis during the act of staling ; when they do not, a sediment from the urine assists in creating a ^ foul sheath. Sometimes when the sheath becomes foul, the 126 DISEASES OF THE HORSB. penis becomes sore and scaly and the surrounding parts become swollen to a, greater or lesser extent. Treatmejit : — Take a sponge or soft cloth, some warm water and castile soap and wash out the sheath thor- oughly but carefully, and do not use too much force in drawing out the penis. It is well to cut off your finger nails to prevent scratching the parts. If the parts be- come injured while cleaning, oil with sweet oil, and should there be much swelling, bathe frequently with hot water and give the animal exercise. When ;wa8hing out the sheath, always examine the end of the penis ; here there is a small pouch just below the channel, through which the water passes ; accumulations called beans, sometimes form and obstruct the flow of urine. These should always be removed. RETENTION OF URINE. This has various caiises,^such as spasm of the neck of the bladder, calculus (or stone in the bladder) working its way into the urethra, paralysis of the neck of the bladder, over-distention of the bladder with iirine. The more frequent cause is spasm. In spasmodic colic the neck of the bladder becomes constricted and is only relieved as the colic disappears. Symptoms:^ — See treatise on colic for symptoms of spasm. From other causes the animal will walk with a straddling gait, frequently attempt to urinate, stand stretched out and gro^n when attempting to urinate ; jometimes pain is so severe as to cause perspiration to break out all over the body ; urine is passed in small quantities. Treatment :— If from colic, treat for that. If from other pauses, as calculus (stone in the bladder), pass CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDBR. 127 the catheter and afterwards remove the stone. If from spasm of the neck of the Wadder or from over-distension with urine, pass the hand per rectum and apply extract of belladonna, or give hot water injections, or pass the catheter. • CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. Causes : — Ketention and decompositipn of urine, irri- tation by stone in the bladder ; in the female, irritation and eversion caused by foaling; injudicious use of diuretics ; occasional heavy and repeated blistering with cantharides ; or application, by persons of little sense, of irritants to the neck of the bladder, for the purpose of promoting a disfeharge of urine ; irritation of a catheter or other foreign 8ubstS,nce introduced from without, over-distension of the bladder with urine, sudden exposure while perspiring to cold and wet, or from disease extending from the vagina and urethra to the bladder. Symptoms : — Frequent attempts to urinate, urine passed in small quantities, heavy straining; bearing down pains, lying down and getting up, quite frequently straining hard while lying; pulse not very milch changed, fever ranging from 101° to 104° F. ; if on pasture, the animal will wander around in a shiftless, uneasy manner. The penis hangs from the sheath in the male and in the mare the vulva is frequently opened and closed, as after making water. Upon exam- ination per rectum or vagina, there will be found a hard,, round tumor — sometimes quite large, at others small — sensitive to the touch, and the neck of the bladder will be very much thickened. Treatment: — Feed on soft, sloppy gruels or bran mashes. If there is intense pain, give drachm doses of 128 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. powdered opium ; also make a decoction of one drachm of powdered opium to one pint of hot water, and inject it into the bladder three or four times a day. Give internally, one quart of raw linseed oil ; if that does not physic in twenty-four hours, repeat the dose. If the bladder is distended with urine, pass the catheter and draw the urine oflF. As the patient appears better and improving, give morning and evening half-ounce doses of fluid extract buchu juniper and acetate of potassium. \ GONORRHOEA— CLAP. In the male, this is inflammation of the urethra, and inflammation of the vagina in the female. Its causes are unclean sexual intercourse,«irrltation by stone pass- ing from bladder, injuries during copulation, or from passing a rough, unclean catheter. Symptoms : — While passing urine the animal evinces pain ; in the male, frequent erections of the penis ; occasional swelling of the testicles ; aggravation by exercise ; discharge of a yellowish white matter ; occas- ional great swelling of the glans penis. Treatment : — Frequently bathe the parts in hot water, give one quart of raw linseed oil, feed on soft mashes and good clean hay. Give drachm doses of balsam of copabia, morning and evening and use injections of hot water three times a day ; or injections of — Sulphate of Zinc twelve grains. Water eight ounces. Mix. Or, Sulphate of Copper eight grains. Water . i = eight ounces. Mix. Or, Nitrate of Silver ten grains. Water eight ounces. Mix. EVEESl'-^X OF THE BLADDBK. 129 Use three times a day, any of these. If the test'-les become inflamed, apply a poultice of tobacco. If small ulcers make their appearance, fill them with calomel or cauterize with lunar caustic. Stallions affected in this manner should be withheld, from service. Neither should mares be bred nor should they, if suffer- ing from leucorrhcea or whites. EVERSION OF THE ^LADDER. This occurs only in the female, and then only through excessive straining. Most frequently it happens when the patient is laboring very hard to deliver her- self of a colt, with a mal-presentation. If eversion takes place, a red soft fluctuating tumor will be seen, protruding between the lips of the vulva, varying in size from a goose egg to that of a sugar bowl. Treatment: — If the eversion has just happened, take a smooth, round piece of hardwood about the size of your little finger, place it on the center of the tumor and press back through the channel through which it came ; assist with your hand by pressing the tumor toward the center. If too lai-ge to return, wrap it tightly with a bandage to force the swelling down and when reduced enough, return as per direction given. Be very careful while returning, or you may rupture the bladder, when your patient is done for. After it is returned, bathe the parts with Powd. or Gum Opium .... one drachm. Warm Water one pint. Mix. Give ounce doses of laudanum every two hours to, prevent the straining. If the bowels become consti- pated, give one quart of raw linseed oil. Whenever you see the patient begin to strain, place your hand on 130 DISEASES OF THE HOESE. the bladder and hold it firmly. Place the patient so the hind parts will be a foot higher than the fore parts. A trviss may be placed upon the patient, the same as for aversion of the womb. INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES. This has various causes, among them blows, kicki from mares during copulation, excessive copulation, gonorrhcea, catching cold while having distemper. Symptoms : — Walks with a straddling gait ; swelling of the testicles, accompanied by heat and tendernesg upon pressure ; loss of appetite ; disinclination to lie down ; sometimes the part is so painful that the animal breaks oi^t in profuse perspiration ; drawing up and let- ting down the testicle within the scrotum, etc.) " I Treatment : — Give the patient a good, comfortable, loose box-stall, well bedded, to entice him to lie down. Then give a good physic, — Powd. Aloes nine drachms. Powd. Ginger two drachms. "Water one-half pint. Mix. Give at one dose. Then apply locally, Goulard's Extract four drachms. Laudanum four drachms. Rain Water one quart. Mix. Keep the testicles wet continuously with the above mixture, by either putting it upon soft rags or cotton batting, and holding against the testicles by placing a suspensory bandage beneath them and tying it over the back. The bandage also acts as a support to the cord. Sometimes bathing the testicle with hot water and after each- bathing applying solid extract belladonna and pow- dered opium, equal parts, or placing a boiled tobacco CYSTIC CALCULUS, OR STOWE IN THE BLADDER. 181 poultice in the bandage and keeping it on continuously, will give the desired result without further treatment. If pus or serum can be felt fluctuating, make a free opening and allow it to escape. Then dress the wound with, Oarbolic Acid half ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Or, Permanganate of Potash. two drachms. Water one quart. Mix. Apply two or three times a day. If gangrene takes place, castrate immediately, after which wash out the wound three times a day with the last prescription. CYSTIC CALCULUS, OR STONE IN THE BLADDER. Symptoms : — ^Frequent attempts to void the urine, occasionally passing small quantities and suddenly stopping ; blood may be passed in small quantities ; on examination, per rectum, the stone, if of any size, will be found in the bladder; when the stones are small they sometimes will pass with the urine ; occasionally hard straining while passing. Treatment: — This should never be attempted by an amateur, as it is not always successful in the hands of a professional. The operation is called lithotomy and is performed by cutting into the urethra in the perineal region, when the patient is a male. Previously pass the catheter and let it remain as a guide. Then pass a pair of spoon forceps, gently dilating the urethra, seize the stone and extract ' slowly. Afterwards close the wound with sutures and treat as a flesh wound.'' In the female, gradually dilate the urethra, then pass the for- ceps, seize the stone and withdraw. In some cases the 132 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. stone is very large : if so, introduce a pair of forceps and crush the stone, then remove the pieces. After removing the stone, inject the bladder with warm water and a decoction of opium, three times a day for a few days. • INFLAMMATION OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS, OR UDDER. Causes; — Blows on the udder, lying on cold, wet ground, exposure to cold rains, neglect of milking, sud- denly feeding rich food causing indigestion, etc. Symptoms: — Loss of appetite, fever, hurried breath- ing, constipation, shivering spells, sometimes the whole bag is involved, but more frequently one-half or a quarter ; the part of the bag affected, will present a red appearance and be hard and painful to the touch ; there will be falling off of milk in that part and possibly in the whole bag; frequently streaks of blood will pass from the teat while milking; patient walks in a stiff or straddling manner and, quite frequently, will go lame. Treatment : — If the case is very mild, bathe well with camphorated soap liniment and a cure will be the result. But in a more aggravated case give, Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Sulphate of Soda eight ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Mix. Stir in a gallon of warm water and give at one dose. Bathe the bag freely with, camphorated soap liniment. Or, Witchhazel fourteen ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Mix. Use three times a day ; or put one-half pound of sul- phate of iron into one-half gallon of hot water and SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA, BTO. 188 loathe the bag frequently ; or poultice the bag with Mnseed meal and grease frequently with — Lard, or Vaseline four ounces. Solid Ext. Belladonna one ounce. Mix. If matter forms, open and let it .escape ; inject the abscess with two drachms of permanganate of potas- sium in sixteen ounces of water, twice a day. Some- times in the milder form, it is advisable to let a hungry calf suck and burst it. If gangrene ensues, amputate that portion of the bag. SIMPLE OPTHALMIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES. Causes : — Feeding from a rack above the head, thus getting chaff, etc., into the eyes ; blows from whips or sticks, exposure to cold, obstructien of the lachrymal duct, irritating influence of a badly-ventilatgd stable. Sjnnptoms: — ^Whatever the cause, the eyes will be red, or blood-shot, and watery ; swelling of the eye-lids ; eyes, hot and feverish; if not relieved, a white film ipreads over the eye ; lids kept closed most of the time. Treatment: — If a foreign body gets into the eye, remove it, bathe the eye with hot water, and all will be well in a few days. A decoction of opium may be added to the hot water. If from a blow or from exposure to cold, give a physic-^ Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger one drachm. Water • one-half pint. Mix. Bathe the eye with hot water and apply, Zinc Sulphate four grains. Atropia Sulphate two grains. Soft Water two ounces. Mix. Or, 134 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Sulphate of Copper four grains. Water . . . j • • two ounces. Mix. Or, Common Salt ten grains. Brown Sugar ten grains. Water two ounces. Mix. Apply three times a day. Sometimes it is advisable to blister the temples with — Cantharides one drachm. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. In removing a foreign body, apply to the eyes for a few minutes a solution of five grains of cocaine to one- kalf ounce of water. Apply five drops and in two min- utes repeat, when the object can be removed with ease. AMAUROSIS— PARALYSIS OF THE NERVE OF SIGHT. Amaurosis is a paralyzed condition of the nerve of sight and maybe caused by pressure upon the nerve from tumors in the brain, injury or fracture of the ekuU causing pressure upon the brain or upon the nerve between the eye and brain, inflammation of the nerve of sight, excessive bleeding either internally or through accident, an ovejr-loaded stomach, or excessive weight in the womb during pregnancy. It may be seen during a very high fever and is invariably observed during a severe attack of parturient apoplexy. "Symptoms t—AiT unnaturally wide dilalStioh of the pupil, which remains round and motionless. There is no contraction or dilation when brought to a bright light or placed in a darkened situation, as is observed in the healthy eye. The best test is to bring the animal from a dark stall to a bright light ; if the pupil does not contract at all but remains large and stationary, there OBSTKCrOTION OP THE LAOHBYMAL DUCT, ETO. 135 is an attack of amaurosis, even though the eyes may look clear and bright. The animal is blind, and motions toward the eye as if the intention were to strike, will not cause any movement, such as winking or closing it, unless the hand causes a current of air. The ears are on the alert and turn quickly if a noise is made, the animal steps high with the front feet to avoid stumbling, the same as a blind horse. Treatment :-v All manner of treatment is useless, unless the disease is the result of some ailment or injury which is curable, as an over-loaded stomach, the abate- ment of high fever, congestion of the brain, excessive bleeding, etc., although there have been instances where the animal, fully recovering from exceseive bleed- ing, failed to regain the eye-sight and remained blind through life. When the sight is not restored folloT^ing the favorable termination of the disease, apply blisters behind the ears and around the temples, as, Powd Oantharides one drachm. Red Iodide of Mercury .... one drachm. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Apply every five days until three applications have been made. Also give one drachm doses of powdered BUI vomica, twice daily. OBSTRUCTION OP THE LACHRYMAL DUCT- WATERING EYE. Tears escaping from the eye and coursing down over the cheeks, are a symptom of inflammation of the eye, but if there is neither redness or swelling of the eye or eyelids, it is evident that there is some obstruction of the lachrymal duct. This duct is situated at the inner corner of the eye and extends downwards, opening into 136 DISEASES OB THE HORSE. the nostril, and conveying the watery secretion of the eye, emptying it into the nostril. If this duct becomes obstructed in any manner, the tears will flow over the cheeks. It may be caused by a catarrhal affection ; the duct may be closed by fracture of the bones of the face or from eversion of the eyelid, the duct failing to re- ceive the tears, or it may be closed at the opening into the nostril, by dust and dry matter adhering to it. Treatment : — If from the adherence of dust and dry matter, remove the obstacles with a wet sponge. If there are other obstructions, take a silver or an elastic probe about fifteen inches long and about the diameter of a knitting needle and insert it down through the duct once a day for a few days. If from inflammation or catarrhal aflPection, bathe the face frequently with hot water, for an hour at a time, also steam the nostrils. A good way to steam the nose, is to feed the animal hot bran and oats out of a nosebag. By examining the floor of the nostril about three or four inches up, a small opening will be observed, into which insert the end of a small syringe and inject warm water, which will come out at the inner corner of the eye ; then inject the fol- lowing : Nitrate of Silver twelve grains. Water eight ounces. Mix. Inject once daily for a few days. If fracture or dis- ease of the teeth causes the obstruction, remove or treat them, to remove the pressure from the duct, and a cure will be perfected. TORN EYE-LIDS. This injury may arise from various sources ; the most frequent are, from catching upon nails driven around WART8, 137 the stable and from barbed-wire fences, or from the bites of other horses while playing, or in any other accidental way[. Treatment: — This consists in bringing the wound together with a few stitches, if possible, after which tie the patient so it cannot rub it and keep a linen cloth dampened with water over the eye ; or if it is inflamed to any extent, take — Chloride of Ammonium . . - two ounces. Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Shake thoroughly until dissolved, then dip the cloths into the solution and apply to the inflamed part. If some part will not heal, take a pair of shears and cut it off, then apply the former solution. \ WARTS. Warts are an overgrowth of the papilla of the 8l?:in and are mostly seen on young horses, but horses of any age are not exempt from them, They generally appear on the thin and delicate portion of the skin, as the sides WARTS. of the nose, the eye-lida, the inner parts of the hmd legs the sheath, abdomen and on the neck. They vary greatly in size from that of a grain of wheat to a large 138 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. goblet. Some are flat and some pedunculated (that is fastened with a constricted neck). Sometimes they are quite tough and hard, and again some are soft and bleed easily. They always have a small beginning and grad- ually increase in size. Some warts, after attaining a certain growth, will remain the same size for years. Treatment: — Warts should be removed while still small. If they have a constricted neck, twist or bura them off ; afterwards burn them with lunar caustic, blue vitriol or a red-hot iron. If they are flat, scrape them a little and dress with chloride of zinc or touch them with nitric acid once a day until they are destroyed, then grease until well. Sometimes warts are tied off. This is done by tying a strong string around them and" in a few days another tied still tighter, and so continu- ing until the wart drops off. If these growths are on the lips or eye-lids, touch with nitric acid daily, but care must be exercised, so that the acid will noftouch any part but the wart. Small warts that appear on young colts in the summer, usually disappear voluntarily in the winter. PERIODIC OPTHHALMIA, OR MOON BLINDNESS. Causes : — ^First and chief, want of judgment in breed- ing, as it is undoubtedly hereditary and horses or mares affected with it, should not be used for breeding pur- poses ; living in low, marshy, ill-drained localities, irri- tation from teething ; intestinal worms, etc. Symptoms :^The8e are similar to those of simple ophthalmia, but are more marked. The first symptom usually noticed is swelling of the eyelids in the morn- ing, and, upon examination, the eye is found to be somewhat inflamed, with red streaks of an aggravated EPILEPSY, OK PALLING FITS. 139 appearance running across the eye-ball ; at the lower part of the eye-ball will be seen a semi-circular whitish or yellow spot, possibly the size of a half nickel ; the in- ner corners of the eye-brows are drawn down, forming almost a right angle; generally the eye is retracted within the orbit, and the haw, or membrana nictitans, pushed out over the eye-ball. These symptoms may pass off to reappear in the course of a few weeks or pos- sibly months, and continue to reappear until the animal goes blind. Treatment : — The treatment of periodic ophthalmia is simply palliative, unless the case can be removed to a dry, healthy climate. Give a physic, Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger one drachm. Water one-half pint. Mix. Bathe the eye with hot water and apply, Atropia Sulph ^ one grain. Sulphate of Zinc two grains. Water one ounce. Mix. Put three drops into the eye three times a day. Good tonic treatment :^ill invigorate the system and assist to ward off another attack, as. Sulphate of Iron four ounces, Nux Vomiia two ounces. Glauber Salts two pounds. Mix. Give tablespoonful morning and evening. But your best treatment is to dispose of your horse at your earli- est convenience. EPILEPSY, OR "FALLING FFTS." The exact cause of this disease is not known, but it undoubtedly arises from some trouble with the bowels or brain. For horses troubled with worms freauently 140 DISEASES OF THE HOESE. have fits, and when once rid of the worms will cease having fits. Others, perfectly free from worms, have "falling fits" for years, owing to some structural change in the brain, — as tumors, abscesses, etc., pressing upon the nerve centers," causing a rush of blood to the brain. Fright will frequently cause "falling fits." A horse, subject to them, when fr'?i:htened, will invariably fall over in a fit. Symptoms : — Generally the first symptoms noticed will be movement of the ears backward and forward, loss of motion or staggering gait, head drawn backward, with twitching of the muscles of the neck. Then the. animal will rear and fall over ; when down, the head will be drawn backward and the muscles of the body and neck will be rigid or trembling ; sometimes the ani- mal will kick and strike violently, remain for a minute or perhaps several minutes, then get up and move on ; a wild or anxious expression of the countenance will al- ways be noticed ; the eyes bulge out and are very red. Treatment : — As soon as the fit is seen coming on, bleed from the nostrils and the animal will invariably rise and go on; or give by inhalation, chloroform or ether, which also relieves. Dashing cold water on the head during the fit ia also beneficial. When aware that a horse has fits, attention should be directed to preven- tion as far as possible. If intestinal worms are sus- pected, clean the bowels out with a physic and get rid of the worms. In a plethoric horse, an occasional physic will benefit by lessening the quantity of blood and cooling him off. But if the patient is of weak con- Btitution, give vegetable and mineral tonics, as, Gentian four ounces. Powd. Nux Vomico two ounces. Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Mix. TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 141 Give teaspoonful morning and evening. In the summer, during hot weather, keep a wet sponge on top of the head. Feed on soft food. Above ail, do not wliip or excite the animal. Drachm doses of bromide of potassium or sodium, given twice daily in drinking water, may be given with benefit. TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. The great majority of cases of lockjaw arise from puncturing the foot with a rusty nail, but it may be caused by wounds of any description. Quite frequently it is caused by castration-^no matter how neatly or TETANUS, OK LOOK-JAW. thoroughly performed. It may also arise from exposure to cold or wet, nicking or docking the tail, and from fractured bones. It will sometimes happen without any apparant cause, whatever, and sometimes from excessive fright. Symptoms : — The first observable sign is a great stiffness; then the eyes are drawn back into the sockets ; 142 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. and the haw, membrana nictitans, will almost ooyer the eyea ; grinding of the teeth follows, with stiffness of the jaws and dribbling of saliva from the angles of the mouth ; on approaching the animal, the eyes are with- drawn into their sockets, the haws protrude over the eyes, and the patient manifests great fear; the muscles along the neck are very rigid ; the tail is slightly ele- vated ; the animal will attempt to suck food or water, but the act of swallowing is extremely difficult and very little food or water reaches the stomach;, breathing is usually accelerated, with the nostrils widely distended ; TETAlfUS, OK LOOK-JAW. pulse, regular but hard atid incompressible ; fever, in some cases very slight, but in the more severe cases sometimes reaching 107° to 108° F. If compelled to move, the horse goes with a stiff, straddling gait ; while standing, its legs are spread apart, acting merely as props for the body. Treatment : — If possible, first ascertain the cause and remove it. If from a punctured foot, find the spot and pare it out to the bottom, and apply solid extract of belladonna to the wound. Put in a comfortable stall and, as soon as possible, pl^ce the slings under the TETANUS, OK LOCK-JAW. 148 animal to give it rest, but do so very quietly. Then, if you can, give a good physic — Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger ; one drachm. Mix. Or, one pound of sulphate of soda. Give in drinking water or drenclj. Keep the bowels open by giving oil or epsom salts, or sulphate of soda in drinking water. Keep the wound well greased with belladonna, every four to six hours. Give drachm doses of the solid extract of bellfidonna, every six hours, by placing it between the back teeth, or on the back part of the tongue. I have seen good results from giving two drachm doses of prussic acid every five hours, or the following : Bromide of Potassium .... one drachm. Chloral Hydrate one drachm. Mix. Give with two ounces of liquid ammonia acetatis every four or five hours. All remedies of an irritating nature applied externally, will do a great deal more harm than good. I have never seen any good results from their application, on the contrary, the patient invariably grew worse steadily. Good results are fre- quently obtained by covering the upper part of the head, neck and body with woolen blankets, kept saturated with very hot water. If the treatment is commenced, it must be kept up for six or eight hours every day, and until the acute spasips have subsided. Keep a pail full of pure, cool water in front of the animal, high enough so it can reach it without any special effort. It may not drink much but it will cool its mouth. If the dis- ease is occasioned by a wound of any kind, poultice well with flaxseed and apply belladonna. One thing I wish to impress upon the mind of the attendant : Place the patint in a dark stall, put the slings under it as soon as it is possible, and allow no one to go near it but your- 144 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. self — no matter how anxious they may be to see it. While going around the patint, go as quietly as possible. Do your work as quietly as it can be done, as a little fright will sometimes place a convalescent in a worse condition than at first. PHRENITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. Causes: — Blows, other injuries to the head, fracture of the cranial bones, exposure to excessive heat, clots of blood floating from some other part of the system and lodging in the brain; over-exertion, results of certain fevers, indigestion, tumors in the brain, etc. Symptoms : — When the membranes covering the brain are affected first, the animal will get very uneasy, in fact, uncontrollable; it will jump and plunge about, grind its teeth, climb up against the walls, strike with its fore feet — in fact, act as if it were crazy ; the breath- ing will be accelerated, pulse, full and hard ; occasionally sweat will break out over the body. If • the brain sub- stance alone is involved, the symptoms will vary consid- erably from the foregoing. The patient will act dumpish and sleepy ; it will walk around the stall in a circle until it comes in contact with some object, then it will stand and press its head, possibly for hours, and may force it through ; pulse and respiration will be slow and full, eyes will have a dull or glassy appearance, appetite will be moderate — sometimes the patient will chew up a mouth- ful of hay and hold it in the mouth, possibly drop it out again ; it will drink a moderate amount of water ; in a few days will look very gaunt. The skin of the head is invariably knocked off by their continual pushing and knocking of the head. SPINAL MENINGITIS, ETC. 145 Treatment: — Put the patient in a comfortable, airy, loose box-stall. Bleed thoroughly from the jugular vein. Then give, to clean out the bowels, a brisk cathartic, Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger one drachm. Water one-half pint. Mix. Apply cold water or ice to the head and give, Bromide of Potassium two ounces. Nitrate of Potassium ...... two ounces. Mix. Make into twelve powders and give one every four hours. After the acute symptoms have subsided, mus- tard mixed with vinegar should be applied to the legs, and if the horse is not perspiring, apply heavy blanket j to promote perspiration. Give iodide of potassium, two drachm doses, twice daily ; also one drkchm of calomel, once a day. If inclined to eat, ^ive the patient soft food and all the drinking water it will take. As convalescence pro- gresses, a few good blisters applied to the poll will often prove beneficial. If caused by a fractured skull, tre- phine and raise the bones to their normal position,^ thus relieving the congestion. SPINAL MENINGITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MEM- BRANES AND SPINAL CORD. The causes of this disease are similar to those of in- flammation of the brain, — as external violence, disease of the bones of the spinal column, exposure to cold rains, spraining of the back by carrying a heavy person ; also some specific virus in the blood ; exposure to wet and cald when exhausted. 146 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Symptoms ;^These are very different from inflamma- tion of the brain. The animal will have muscular spasms and partial paralysis of the parts behind the seat of the inflammation. In attempting to walk, the feet will be jerked up quickly and put^ down in a similar manner ; patient moves with a staggering gait. Some- times the pulse is rapid and the breathing greatly accel- erated. Although its movements cause the animal great pain, it is unable to control them. In the course of a few hours, the patient will reel and fall over. Though conscious of all surroundings, it will evince great fear upon being approached, will be unable to regain a standing posture alone. Most commonly high , fever is present, but frequently the animal will sweat profusely from intense pain. Treatment: — When thoroughly convinced that the spinal cord is congested, put the patient in a good, com- fortable place with plenty of bedding. Administer a physic, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Gentian two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench, to be followed with four ounce doses of sulphate of soda, morning and evening. Apply cloths wrung out of hot water, to the spine. In a plethoric animal, before paralysis exists, bleeding will be beneficial, — but not after the animal falls down from paralysis. Rub the back thoroughly with belladonna, or apply a belladonna plaster. Give every two or three hours half drachm doses of tincture of ergot of rye. When certain that the congestion and inflammation have subsided, apply the actual cautery (red hot iron) from the withers to the rump, three lines on each side, an inch apart. Give grain doses of strychnia combined with two ounces of CONGESTION OF THE SKIN. 147 alcohol and four ounces of water, every four or five hours. Pay strict attention to the diet, giving soft, nutritious food. Keep the patient very quiet. CONGESTION OF THE SKIN. Causes ; — Exposure to cold and rains, heing driven in the mud in the spring and fall, imperfectly fitting har- ness and collar, chafing during the sumiper months, etc. Symptoms: — Redness of the skin, attended with itch- ing; if between the thighs, the horse will straddle when standing or when first driven ; if under the collar, the horse will keep stretching and bobbing the head ; if in other parts of the body, they will invariably rub them- selves. Treatment : — Bathe the parts well with hot water and ©astile soap, and apply three times a day — Sugar of Lead one ounce. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Or, apply twice daily, this^ Tannic Acid one ounce. Glycerine eight ounces. Mix. Or, white oak bark tea, extract of witchhazel, salt and water, all of which will be found beneficial. Give two-ounce doses of glauber salts morning and evening. SUN-STROKE, OVER-HEATING. This disease attacks all kinds of horses during the summer heat, but is more prevalent in large cities than in small ones, or in the country. The principal causes are badly ventilated, filthy stables ; poor food, causing derangement of the alimentary canal, and afterwards 148 DISEASES OF THE 'HORSE. being driven in the hot sun ; over-work and tight-fitting collars are also causes. Symptoms : — Sometimes the horse will begin to hang back and seem stupid, hang his head and want to stop. If allowed to stop, he will prop himself with all four legs. The breathing is very rapid and heavy ; skin, hot and dry ; the head about the poll very hot, nostrils widely distended, pupils of the eyes contracted, eyes bulged out and very red ; if compelled to move, the ani- mal staggers and sometimes falls ; pulse very quick and weak. If the patient recovers, it is comparatively use- less in the summer, but will do all kinds of work in the winter. Treatment: — As soon as noticed, take off the harness and collar and apply cold water to the head and along the spine. Sometimes it is advisable to apply cold water all over the body. If the patient is failing, give strong stimulants, as. Carbonate of Ammonia.. four drachms. "Whiskey one pint. Mix. Give at one dose ; or, Aromatic Spts. Ammonia . . one ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Repeat every hour until the pulse grows slower and stronger. Bathe and rub the limbs well with alcohol ; or, better still, with mustard. Give injections of hot water con- taining a little ammonia. When the pupils begin to dilate and consciousness returns, give a quart of raw linseed oil. After reaction has taken place and convalescence is established, the following tonic will be of great service. Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Gentian two ounces. Quinine half ounce. Mix. IKRITATION OF THE SKIN— PEURITIB— PRURIGO. 149 Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning and evening. It is good practice to wear large sponges wet with cold water on the top of the head of work horses during the heat of the summer, or bathe the head and nostrils with cold water frequently. IRRITATION OF THE SKIN— PRURITUS— PRURIGO. This affection is an inflamed condition of the skin, causing intense itching. Causes : — It is caused by feeding to excess on hay and grain, and not being worked regularly and kept in close PRURITUS — PRURIGO. stables. It is usually seen during the summer months but it is not uncommon to observe bad cases during the winter, where the stable is kept close and hot. Symptoms : — Vesicles and patches of pimples will appear around the mane, neck, tail and rump and as the itching is quite severe, abrasions of the skin are some- times observed, caused either by the biting „ of the animal or by rubbing against some stationary object. Patches of the affected portions will sometimes dry up, and dry scabs or a surplus of scaly dandruff ^M peel 150 DISEASES OE THE HOKSIS. off. Itching of the tail is very common among horses and seemingly becomes a habit with some. However, it is sometimes caused by worms, in the last bowel. Treatment : — Feed more moderately, and give either steady work or turn out into the barn lot every day, t&i air and exercise. Give one pound glauber salts and wash the parts with, Oil of Vitriol one ounce. Carbolic Acid one ounce. Soft Water two quarts. Mix. Apply twice daily, or, Salicylic Acid one ounce. Borax two ounces. Alcohol four ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Apply twice daily, or Oxide of Zinc four ounces. Vaseline four ounces. Mix. Apply once or twice daily, or Sulphur one pound. Oil Tar one pin,t. Mix, Apply once daily, washing it off occasionally with soft soap and warm water. If the case is very obstinate, give, Sulphur eight ounces, Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning and evening. If there are worms in the last bowel, inject. Oil Turpentine eight ounces. Linseed Oil eight ounces. Mix. Or take three gallons of water, throw in half pound of quassia wood, let it steep thoroughly and injeot occasionally. SGBATBHBS ASJ) GREASE HKKL. SCRATCHES AND GREASE HEEL. 151 Causes: — Oontinuous driving on muddy roads, too much washing in cold water and not being rubbed dry ; SCBATOHES. irritating fumes arising from the manure, running in dirty, wet barnyards, weak or deficient circulation, dipping the hair oflf from the heels, cold draughts, snow and freezing mud, working in deep, irritating mud, etc. SOKATCHES. Symptoms:— It is usually noticed in horses of lym- phatic temperament, with thick, meaty legs, but may attaok any horse. Gold, or any irritation of the lym- phatic or of the subaceous glands will cause the heels to 152 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. Bwell and crack open; small scabs will form and be very painful ; when first started the horse will lift his heels very high, owing to the pain ; there will be more or less f ever, appetite usually good ; after being driven for awhile the horse gets over his lameness. If not attended to," the case becomes more aggravated, the swelling increases; deep cracks will break across the GREASE HEEL. heels, and a yellowish white, foetid discharge will come oozing out and run down the heels. Later on the cracks become larger and often coalesce, forming a very large sore which, when washed, looks red and aggra- vated. Then comes what is termed the "grapy" stage — small lumps of flesh will raise in bunches very much resembling a bunch of grapes. The discharge still con- tinues and is very foetid and offensive. Treatment : — During the first stage, when the skin is swollen and tender, apply a hot bran poultice and regulate the diet. Feed on soft food and give at one dose, Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Quite frequently the disease will disappear. But as tl 10 disease becomes more advanced and small cracks FACIAL PARALYSIS. 168 appear with a discharge, continuous poulticing with hot bran will be very beneficial; also use a solution of, Copperas one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Or, Sulphate of Zinc one-half ounce. Sugar of Lead one ounce. Carbolic Acid four drachms. Distilled Water. one quart. Mix. Apply three times a clay. Also give the physic of aloes, and give three times a day, in soft food, a tea- Bpoonf ul of the following : Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Resin one ounce. Bi-Carbonate of Soda ..... two ounces. Sulphate of Iron one ounce. Mix. When the "grapy" stage appears, cut the knobs off with a hot iron or with a knife, and apply dilute muri- atic acid, after which persist in the use of one of the former astringent lotions ; or, Vaseline one ounce. Oxide of Zinc two drachms. Carbolic Acid thirty drops. Mix. Apply three times a day. A great many practition- ers advise cutting the hair short for the application of local remedies. I would not advise such a course, as, in my experience the short hair invariably proved a source of irritation. FACIAL PARALYSIS. This is caused by badly-fitting bridles, bruises, etc. Symptoms: — Dropping of the lip on one side, difiS- culty in eating and drinking, partial loss of motion and sensation on the affected side. 154 DISEASES OP THE HORSE. Treatment: — Give drachm doses of nux vomica thtee. times a day. Apply to the side of the face the follow-; ing blister, every four or five days, until it has been ap-^ plied four or five times : Cantharides two drachms. Eed Iodide of Mercury. . ..one drachm. Vaseline one and one-half ounces. Mix. CHAFING BY THE HARNESS— SADDLE OR COLLAR GALLS —SORE SHOULDERS. Chafing or abrasion of the shoulders is very com- monly met with in the agricultural district's, and more especially so, in the spring of the year. Of late years, since the timber industry occupies so little of the atten- tion of the farmer, his horses are either in the stable or barn lot, the most of the winter. Consequently, when they are put to work at plowing, in the spring, their shoulders are soft and tender, and easily chafed or galled. The majority of injuries of this kind, come from ill-fittipg collars, being either too large or too small, and not infrequently from having a rough, un- even surface. The harness sometimes becomes har- dened if not frequently oiled, and when placed upon the animal, will not fit around the girth. The saddle pinching and pressing the skin, on either side of the back-bone, will produce sores. Treatment: — First, ascertain the cause, if possible, then remove it. If the shoulders become galled when first put to work, in the spring of the year, which is generally the case, look to the collars immediately and see that they fit perfectly ; when the collars are fitting nicely and the shoulders are chafing, it is on account of the skin being tender ; as the animal is generally soft MAIT&E. , . 166 at this season of the year, it sweats profusely; the ■weat and dust accumulate on the collar, making it rough, and consequently, it irritatps and chafes the ■kin. Every noon and evening t^e collar should be re- moved and cleaned; and the shoulder^ bathed with cold water. Continue in this manner until the shoulders be- come hardened to their work. If the harness pinches the back, place pads under it and oil it frequently to render it soft and pliable. The shoulders and back, when commencing to gall, should be washed every noon and evening with cold water, then wiped dry, and after- ward bathed with tea made from white oak bark. If there is a raw sore, rest from work as much as possible, and while at work, pad the collar so it does not rub the sore. The tea of white oak bark will often heal the sore, or you may apply, three times a day, with a feather, compound tincture of benzoin, or, Powd. Alum six ounces. Iodoform one ounce. Mix. Or, Sugar Lead one ounce. Sulphate of Zinc one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Shake well before using ; or. Carbolic Acid .one ounce. Raw Linseed Oil fifteen ounces. Mix. Any of these preparations will quickly heal the sore, provided" you keep pressure and friction from irri- tating it. MANGE. At the commencement this is purely a skin disease, and is caused by a small insect called acaria, which burrows into the skin and breeds. It forms small pus- 156 DISEASES OF THE'HOKSB. tules which cause considerable itching. As the pustules break, a small scab is formed, and so intense is the itch- ing that the horse will rub himself until the hair, and frequently the skin, are rubbed off. In severe cases STMPTONS OF MANSB. the mane and tail will fall off, leaving the horse a pitia- ble object. Mange is very contagious — at least the acaria will crawl from one horse to another. It is even communicated to a healthy horse by his rubbing himself against a post where a mangy horse has been rubbing. Treatment : — The disease is seldom noticed until scabs are formed. They should be well oiled with sweet oil, and, in twenty four hours, washed with warm water 167 and castile soap, until the scabs are removed. If it is necessary, take a brush to accomplish this. Then ap- ply tobacco liquor, prepared by boiling two ounces of tobacco in a quart of soft water. The application MANGE mSKCT. should be used three times, with intervals of two weeks between each application; or the following liniment should be applied : Linseed Oil eight ounces. Sulphur two ounces. Oil of Tar four ounces. Mix. Apply with a brush and wash off in twenty-four hours. If tjiought necessary, apply a second or third time. Regulate the bowels and keep in as good spirits as possible. All harness, combs and brushes should be saturated with the tobacco liquor. The blankets should be boiled and the stable whitewashed, to which should be added half pound of chloride of lime to every gallon. LICE. These are small insects of a low grade, which seldom attack horses in good condition, but invariably appear on horses ir ooor condition. The animal will rub itself 158 DISEASES OF THE HOBSE. and the hair will look rough and staring ; there will be pallor of the mucous membranes; sunken eyes; fre- quently an unsteady gait. An examination will reveal the cause. Quite frequently horses are kept close to a chicken house and become infested with chicken lice ; these are very small and not easily detected but are very troublesome. Treatment: — As lice seldom cover the whole body, examine and locate the place where they are. Apply diluted kerosene oil two or three times and they will generally disappear. Or, take one pound of stavesacre seeds and two gallons of soft water ; simmer for two hours or till reduced to one gallon. Allow to stand twenty-four hours; then apply all over the animal. Two applications generally will suffice. Some prefer the use of tobacco in the same manner, but I am posi- tive that the best results will be obtained from staves- acre seed. HroE-BOUND. Hide-bound is not a disease but is a symptom of some dfsease, or of neglect. It may be caused by starvation, exposure, indigestion, irregular or diseased teeth, and by worms. Abuse is a frequent cause, also want of proper exercise, irregular feeding, and neglect of currying and rubbing, that the skin of the animal may be kept clean. Symptoms : — The skin sticks as tightly to the body as though glued fast ; the ribs show plainly and the skin can scarcely be moved from them. The hair looks rough and stands the wrong way; it is very dry, and the skin is dirty and full of dandruff. SIT FAST. 159 Treatment: — First remove the cause. If the teeth are sharp and irregular, take a rasp made for that pur- pose and level them down. If from exposure, shelter in a warm, comfortable place, and if the want of good food is the cause, feed better and groom thoroughly, and the horse will soon begin to thrive and the skin will loosen. In order to start a thriving condition in many horses, it is necessary to give them a physic, and for this purpose, a quart of raw linseed oil answers best. After the physic has operated, cut the hay for the animal and place chop-feed upon it, then scald it either with steam or hot water, and give with the food a hand- ful of ground flaxseed twice daily. If the manure smells badly^ give a teaspoonful of baking soda in feed or water, once daily, and if the digestive powers are low, use the following : Powd. Ginger two ounces. Powd. Sulphate of Iron . . . two ounces. Gentian four ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica two ounces. Saltpeter four ounces. Baking Soda four ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonftil two or three times a day. Feed upon soft food— if , scalded, so much the better. Also give regular exercise, either at light work or turn into a vacant lot or barn-yard. If it is suspected that worms are the cause of the ailment, see treatment for worms. SIT FAST. This condition is brought about by ill-fitting saddles, harness not properly adjusted, or badly-fitting collars, more especially on the top of the neck ; or by any undue friction or pressure by anything the horse is made to 160 DISEASES OF THE HORSB. wear. Being continuously kept under the saddle, and especially when the animal is mounted by a poor rider, the skin becomes bruised and calloused and becomes partly separated from the healthy skin ; it then assumes SIT FAST. a tough, leathery, horny form, sinking deeply down into the soft tissue and is kept partly alive by the blood supply at the bottom. Treatment : — The best mode of getting rid of this trouble, is to remove it with the knife. Out it out clean, leaving nothing but healthy looking tissue. You may experience a little trouble in doing this, as they are very sensitive and the animal may strenuously resist the operation ; but as there is no danger, be per- sistent in removing it, then use the following : Sulphate of Iron four drachms. Water eight ounces. Mix. Or. Powd . Alum two ounces. lodoi\.im four drachms. Mix. Or, Sulphate of Zinc "our drachms. Sugar of Lead four drachms. Water eight ounces. Mix. Or, ERYSIPELAS. 161 Carbolic Acid two drachms. List orine one ounce. Water seven ounces. Mix. Apply two or three times a day. Occasionally wash out the wound with warm water and castile soap. ERYSIPELAS. Causes: — Anything which has a tendency to lower the vitality and vitiate the Blood — such as diseases of the liver or kidneys, for they are grea:t blood purifying; organs, and any aiFection of these organs tends to impair the blood by leaving within it the 6ffete mate- rials intended to be eliminated by them ; feeding on musty or badly cured fodder, exposure to extreme heat, wounds, burns, scalds, bites of insects or reptiles. Symptoms: — Usually erysipelas begins with fever, quite frequently preceded with a chill ; the fever grad- ually rising ; loss of appetite ; pulse ranging from fifty to eighty beats per minute. The skin and the connect- ive tissues are the seat of the inflammation, which gen- erally attacks the hind limbs, though the fore limbs, head and neck may be attacked. Owing to the attack, the swelling of the skin is sometimes very great. If it begins near the foot it runs very rapidly up the limb. The swelling is hard, but pits on pressure. In a white horse the redness is perceptible, but in horses of any other color the redness cannot be seen. Sometimes, though not always, the swelling is painful to the touch. Small vesicles appear and discharge a yellowish serum ; they then form a small scab and in a few days peel off. If for the better, they leave a dry surface; if for the worse, a deep sore, and quite frequently deep cracks haVing a ragged, unhealthy appearance, and disinclin' 1 6 162 DISEASES OF THE HOKSB. to heal. Sometimes pus will form under the skin, bur- rowing into the muscular tissues ; sometimes it is very diffuse, and is re-absorbed by the system, when a fatal termination may be anticipated. When the swelling is great, the hair invariably drops off and leaves a shining surface. Symptoms : — Open the bowels thoroughly with—' Powd. Aloes one ounce. Calomel one drachm. Powd. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose; then follow up with tincture muriate of iron in half-ounce doses every two hours. If the swelling is edematous or pits on pressure, give — Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Iodide of Potassium one ounce. Powd, Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Make into ten powders and give pne three times a day. If there is much depression, give alcoholic stimu- lants; but if they tend to irritate the skin, stop using them. As a local application, cover the swollen part with — Sulphate of Iron ; . . . . one ounce. Laudanum four ounces. Soft Water twelve ounces. Mix. Apply three or four times a day ; or the parts may be painted twice daily with tincture muriate of iron, or^ tincture iodine, or the fluid extract of belladonna. If pus has formed, make a free incision to allow it to escape, and dress the wound and abscess with one outice of peri^ianganate of potassium in one pint of soft water, twice a day; also use the same solution on unhealthy ragged sores ; or, Carbolic Acid .one ounce. Nitrate of Silver twenty grains. Glycerine ten ounces. Mix. ' BUBN8 AND SCALDS. 163 Apply twice daily. When sores break put and become aggravated and when abscesses form, they should be washed twice a day with hot water and castile soap before the dressings are applied. The diet should be first-class in every particular but ground feed is preferable to solid grain. The animal should be kept in a clean, comfortable, airy place. BURNS AND SCALDS. A great deal depends upon the extent and severity of the injury. Slight burns or scalds may be treated by using a solution of one-half ounce of carbolic acid to one pint of water, applied frequently. But, if the burn is very deep, cover over with linseed oil or vase- line, to exclude the air. After the pain has ceased, open the blisters with a needle and allow the fluid to escape. Then press the skin down closely so that, if possible, it may adhere. If it does not adhere and an open sore results, dress it twice a day with carbolic acid five drachms in ten ounces of water ; or sulphate of zinc, one drachin, in one ounce of vaseline. Or, Vaseline one ounce. Carbolic Acid one drachm. Mix. Frequent washings with castile soap and hot water are also beneficial. INFLAMMATION OF THE FEET, LAMINITIS, FOUNDER. This disease has various causes, such as picking up a nail, having a nail driven too close while shoeing, driv- ing on hard roads barefooted, drinking cold water whea heated, eating too much grain, feeding green corn, giv- 164 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. ing a drastic cathartic, muco-enteritis, or from any affection of the alimentary canal or of the air passages. Symptoms — When first noticed the patient generally will be standing with its feet well under the body, the fore feet both pointed forward, and so stiff that it is almost impossible to move it, either forward or backward. LAMISriTIS, OR FOUNDBa. The fore feet almost invariably are the ones attacked; the hind feet are spmetimes, but very seldom affected. The breathing is greatly accelerated ; temperature varies from 103° to 106° F. ; attempts to move the animal cause so much pain that it will groan ; if forced to move, it goes with a jumping, staggering gait, almost falling down, and rests very lightly on the heels of the front feet.. The feet will be very hot and tender, and if they are struck with a hatomer the horse will groan and almost fall down. Sometimes the breathing will be so accelerated that the nostrils are distended to their fullest capacity. Occasionally only one foot is attacked ; in such cases the patient will keep the foot raised the mcst of the time. Sometimes in chronic cases, the feet INFLAMMATION OP THE FEET, LAMINITIS, ETC. ' 165 contracted at the heeli Sometimes the wall and sole become greatly distorted ; the healthy rings around the wall of the foot coalesce, the feet grow crooked and are become separated ; an effusion takes place between the lamina and pedal bone, forcing it down and pressing the sole down along with it — sometimes penetrating through to the ground. Treatment: — Some practitioners prefer hot applica- tions to the feet, but my experience has forced me to conclude that cold applications are preferable to hot ones. Place the feet in a tub of cold water, putting straw in the bottom of the tub to ease the feet ; in the heated months put ice into the water, and keep the patient there for two hours at a time. Do this three or or four times a day. When out of a tub, or if a tub cannot be obtained, put flaxseed poultices on the feet and keep pouring in cold , water occasionally. Change the poultice every twenty- foilr hours. Give a physic — • Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger , one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Also prepare and give — Saltpetre sixteen ounces. Glauber Salts sixteen ounces. Mix. Make into sixteen powders and give one three times a day. While the fever' is high, give fifteen drops of fluid extract aconite every hour or two until the fever subsides. After the patient recovers so it can walk around, a little exercise on soft ground is beneficial ; but too much exercise is harmful. Sometimes in the acute stage, bleeding from the toe is very beneficial. But if this is done, let the blood run freely, though it is a practice to which I seldom resort. If properly attended to, a large majority of cases will make complete recov- ery. After recovery is assured, shoe carefully and keep the feet soft and do not put the animal to work 166 DISEASES OF THE HOR815. too soon. Sometimes it is goofl treatment to place Bl^ngs under the patient, especially when it maintains a standing posture, to relieve the feet. If the patient chooses to lie down during the attack, bed well and allow it to remain in that position. CHOKING. Choking is most frequently found in horses that are very greedy eaters, and consists in the lodgment of dry food (most frequently corn or oats) within the throat. CHOKING. Horses that are fed on roots, such as carrots, mangels or turnips, quite frequently suffer from choking. Symptoms . — -In many cases the horse will be uneasy and the saliva will run from the mouth. If the obstruc- tion be in or near the.pharynx, the nose will be elevated, the patient will make frequent attempts at coughing and frequently if the obstruction be grain, portions of it will be ejected through the nostrils in a paroxysm of coughing. The breathing will be labored and difficult and accompanied by wheezing. If the obstruction be CHOKING. 167 farther down the throat, the patient will breathe more easily and the frothy saliva will be less abundant — sometimes entirely absent. I have seen horses, where the obstruction was within the chest, that had not eaten for a day or more— ^as the owner said " were feeling a little off," — that had eaten more food and thus completely filled the whole of the oesophagu?. During the whole time they seemed ' but little distressed other than being hungry and unable to eat. They would chew hay and drop it out of the mouth. Such cases usually terminate fatally. Treatment : — If the obstruction be in the pharynx, elevate the nose. Put a mouth speculum in the mouth, insert the hand, and if possible, remove the object by pulling it up. If it be beyond reach and noticeable on the left side of the neck, an assistant will be of great service by pushing it up from the outside. If it cannot be gotten in this way, 'give the patient a little oil, as raw linseed, sweet oil, or fresh lard melted ; then try and work it down. If the obstruction be dry food, as oats, corn or hay, it probably will be softened and pass down. Sometimes -while giving the oil, the horse will take a fit of coughing and eject both oil and grain by the nostrils. In such cases wait for a few minutes and repeat the dose; in-thatway the grain maybe gotton rid of by coughing and the plug will pass on down. If no grain is coughed up or the obstruction is down in the chest, give eight or ten ounces of melted lard or sweet oil and let it remain there for a few hours ; the obstruc- tion will sometimes pass away. Should it not move, place the speculum in the patient's mouth, elevate the nose and introduce a probang, which should be oiled well before using. ""Pass it down gently, and when you come to the obstacle, press quite heavily and as it starts 168 DIBBABBS OE THE HORSE. send it clear into the stomach. Then give a little oil and for a few days feed on soft food. If you find it impossible to remove the obstruction with the probang without seriously injuring the hor^e by rupturing the oesophagus, and the obstruction can bo felt on the left side of the neck, take a lancet and cut lengthwise of the neck, into the obstruction. Then carefully stitch up the oesophagus (or gullet) with cat- gut, stitch up the integument (or skin) and feed on very soft or sloppy food for a week or two. Do not re- sort to the barbarous method of pushing a whip-stock, broom handle, or any other hard substance down the throat, as injuries to the throat are sure to occur, caus- ing an immense amount of trouble and suffering and in all probability the loss of the animal. CRB-BITERS, WIND-SUCKERS OR STUMP-SUGKERS. This is a habit that is' formed , principally when the young animal is cutting teeth. It is caused by the pain OKIB-BITHR OR WIND-STJOKBB, of cutting and shedding teeth. To relieve itself of the irritation, the animal catches hold of the manger or any other object within reach. After a time, the habit b«- POLL EVIL, 169 comes fixed, and when the animal patches hold of the object a gulping sound is heard. It is then sucking air into stomach. Any irregularity of the teeth, or decayed teeth, may cause a horse to form the same habit. When the habit is once formed, it is very hard to break it up. After "the horse has been sucking wind for a considerable time, it causes indigestion and colic. They are unsafe horses to own for they may bloat up and die at any time. Treatment: — Various devices have been used to break the habit, and sometimes with success. Attend td the teeth and, after you get them in good condition, make a paste of red pepper and flour and daub it on the manger ; or fasten on the manger a sheep-skin with the woolly side out ; or fasten a broad strap around the neck ; or fasten some sharp object where the horse is in the habit of biting ; . or place small, revolving rollers just above the edge of the manger, so the teeth will slip off. Sometimes the habit may be broken by raising the tongue and cutting the membrane that fastens it to the lower jaw, about an inch, or by inserting a steel or sil- ver ring through the same membrane and allowing it to stay there ; the ring to be about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. I have seen cases completely cured by this method. POLL EVIL. 'PoU evil consists of a swelling or an abscess just be- hind the ears upon the top and sides of the neck, and the irritation extends down to the first two or three bones of the cervical vertebrae. When the disease ex- tends downward to the bones and affects the joints, the *pimal will carry the head and neck stiff. Among the 170 DISEASES OS THE HORSE. , many causes of poll evil, are badly fitting, heavy halters and bridles, blows from the butt end of the whip, by the horse hitting its head against low beams or doors, from too high reining, etc. POLL EVIL. Symptoms: — The first symptom observed is slight stiffness of the neck, with a swelling upon the poll, which is quite hard at first, later on becoming soft arid fluctuating. The swelling may not increase much in size for some time, or it may increase quite rapidly. If there is no interference on the part of the attendant, it will eventually burst and discharge a whitish matter.' Treatment: — In the earliest stage, \vhen soreness ia present and the swelling has just begun so that it is quite noticeable, the trouble may be aborted. First, give a physic, as, Po wd. Aloes one ounce. Gentian . . . . " two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water, and give a small teaspoonful of saltpeter, three times a day, either in food, water or as a drench. Then cut off the hair and apply the following as a blister : Vaseline one ounce. Powdered Cantharides. . -two drachms. Mix. Apply every fourth day for three times in succes- •ion. Then grease until well. By this treatment I bay* POLL KVIL. 171 seen many cases aborted, and they required no other care except avoidance of the original cause. If this should fail to scatter the enlargement, it will hasten the formation of pus. The swelling should then be laid open witH a knife. Make a. bold incision and allow the matter to escape ; then examine with a probe, and if no sinuses or pocke|;8 are found, you then have a simple, regular abscess to deal with. Dress the wound with, Listerine four ounces. Iodoform , two drachms. Glycerine four ounces. Wash the sore with castile soap and hot water and apply the medicine twice daily. If, however, while probing, you find pipes or sinuses, keep on exploring until you find them all ; then take three or four grain quinine capsules, fill them full of corrosive sublimate and put one capsule into each pipe ; its weight will gem- erally carry it down to the bottom. The capsule soon becomes dissolved and the medicine will cut out the pipes. Grease the hair thoroughly over which the mat- ter flows, to keep the matter and medicine from excori- ating the skin. After the pipes have come out, use the following : Ziric. Sulph four drachms. Sugar of Lead five drachms. Water one pint. Mix. Or, Car^lic Acid half ounce. Listerine four ounces. Soft Water twelve ounces. Mix. Apply once daily, after wishing out thoroughly with castile soap and hot water. If ,' after it has healed up, another swelling appears, you may rest assured that you missed one or more of the pipes. You must then 172 DISEASES Ot THE HORSE. open again and go after what is left. Do not despair, for success will crown your efforts, and a complete cure will be effected. BRUISES. Bruises are caused by kicks, bites, falling upon hard, rough or uneven substauces, etc., resulting in a crushed or pumiced condition of the flesh- with the skin covering rOMENTISG A BRUISE. it remaining unbroken. There is more or le^ subcutane- ous bleeding, which may result in the formation of matter and a sloughing of the parts. If the bruise is not too severe, the formation of matter may be averted by fomentations of hot water, continued for a couple of hours, after which bathe freely with whiskey and cam- phor. <• If in a place where bandages can be used, a light bandage steeped, in saltpeter water should b« ' , BKUISBS. 173 applied and the animal allowed rest for a few days, when the parts will resume their normal condition. If, however, the bruise is very severe, there is no other alternative save the formation of matter, and it should be hastened by the application of poultices of flaxseed meal, fried onions, bran, bread and milk, slippery elm or hops. While the sloughing of the parts is taking place, should there be a foul smell, powdered charcoal or iodoform, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, should be sprinkled over the poultice. After the parts have sloughed off, discontinue the poultices and use any uf the following lotioiis : Carbolic Acid one ounce. Water or Linseed Oil one pint. Mix. Or, Permanganate of Potash, four drachms. Water one pint. Mix. Or, Sulphate Zinc .half ounce. Sugar Lead half ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Or, Iodoform half ounce. Powd. Alum. four ounces. Mix. Apply two or three times a day. , If proud flesh makes its appearance, cut it out with a Knife or apply burnt alum. Feed the patient on soft or green food and if symptoms of fever present themselves, give half ounce doses of saltpetre, three times a day. When the fever subsides and the discharge has been great, feed the best of nourishing food, with which may be mixed, Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Powd. Gentian four ounces. ' Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Give a teaspoonfui three times a day. 174 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ABSCESSES. Abscesses consist of accumulations of matter within circumscribed walls and may be situated upon any part of the body or in the lungs, liver, kidneys, ovaries, womb, bowels, etc. They are classed as acute, and cold or chronic, abscesses. Acute abscesses are most frequently met with in the muscular tissues or gland structures, following local inflammation ; or they may be the results of bruises and injuries. The abscesses found most often in horses, are those affecting the salivary glands, the result of stran- gles or distemper. The glands behind and under the jaws are observed to gradually increase in size, and become hard, hot, painful, and sensitive to the touch. As the abscess gradually increases in size, pus or matter begins to form and in a little while it becomes soft and fluctuating. This condition is discovered by pressing gently upon the center of the abscess with tKe fingers ; it is then considered coming to a head. A small eleva- tion is soon observed from which the hair slips off and is moistened with a yellowish fluid which oozes through the skin. In a short time the abscess breaks, its con- tents escape and the cavity gradually fills up by healthy granulations. When abscesses form in the muscular tissues, they are usually produced by bruises or some other form of injury. Sometimes, however, they are the result of irregular strangles. Whenever it is noticed that abscesses are forming, the aim should be to hasten development as rapidly as possible, by hot fomentations and poultices. When they are very slow in developing, a good stimulating liniment applied to the parts, is advisable, as, Spts. Turpentine two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Raw Linseed Oil four ounces. Mix. - COLD ABS0E8S. 175 Apply twice daily. As soon as matter can be felt by pressure of the fingers, it will be well to open with a sharp knife, as low down as possible, to afford good drainage so that the matter may escape. But if not fully satisfied that the matter is near the surface, it will be better to encourage the ripening and allow it to open itself. An abscess located at a joint, should be allowed to open itself, or operated upon by a skilled veterina- rian. It is unnecessary to squieeze and pinch abscesses when opened. Gentle' pressure Mall remove all the old thickened matter, and if inclined to heal too quickly, keep it open with a smooth piece of hickory or other hardwood, taiade into a probe. Poultices and fomenta- tions are often beneficial after the abscess has opened, especially if there is much swelling. It is unnecessary to inject medicines into abscesses, unless a bad smell comes from the cavity, then it should be washed out with — Carbolic Acid one ounce. ' Soft Water one quart. Mix. Use twice daily. COLD ABSCESS. Cold abscess is a term used to denote a large swell- ing, the result of chronic inflammation, in the center of which there is usually a small accumulation of matter. These abscesses are generally situated on the neck in close proximity to the shoulder joint. When first ob- served, the swelling is quite largp, and apparently in- creasing in size or growing (if the horse is working) un- til it assumes enormous proportions. It may be slightly warmer ' than the surrounding parts, but is not very painful when pressure is applied. The animal instead of exhibiting pain w!hen moved about, acts as though the shoulders were stiff, or there is a stiffness in its 176 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. movementB. When relieved from work, this vast swell- ing gradually diminishes in size, until it leaves a large hardened mass, very much resembling a tumor, and re- maining in that condition for a great length of time. There is now neither heat nor soreness and it neither grows nor diminishes, unless the animal is put to work, when the irritation from the collar will cause it to in- flame, and increase in size again, but after a few days rest it will gradually recede to the same sized tumor as before commencing work. Treatment; — The treatment as recommended for acute abscess, will fail to accomplish anything. We are therefore compelled to use more heroic measures. First, examine carefully to ascertain if matter is pres- ent, Which is generally difficult to detect, for it is sel- dom that there is over two tabl'espoonfuls located in the center of the abscess. However, whether matter can be felt or not, make a deep incision into the center of the tumor, all the way through it if necessary, and allow the matter to escape. Then, whether matter is found or not, saturate a piece of sponge or cotton batting with turpentine and force it into the bottom of the cut ; allow it to remain two or three days to excite the formation of matter ; or pack the wound full of sulphate of zinc and plug it for twenty-four hours, then withdraw the plug and let it slough out ; or take a red hot iron and push it into the bottom of the cut; in fact anj'^thing to excite an inflammatory action and promote the forma- tion of matter. If the opening is disposed to heal too quickly, open it up with some of the former prepara- tions. " After you have got it suppurating rricely, en- courage it by applying poultices of flaxseed meal, bran, boiled turnips, bread and milk, slippery elm, etc. With this mode of treatment you will dispos^ of it and leave the surface smooth. \ TtJMOR IN THE FALSE NOSTBIL. 177 NASAL POLYPUS, OR NASAL TUMORS. These pear-shaped tumors are frequently found in the nasal chamber and may be attached anywhere along the nasal canal. They are, however, generally attached, high up in the nostril and hang by a slender neck. Symptoms : — They sometimes grow down far enough to be observed protruding from the nose. The breath- ing is obstructed more or less in that nostril. There is bulging of the nostril on the affected side if the tumor is large, according to its size. It produces a snuffling sound while breathing and sometimes a discharge from the nose. Treatment: — Removal of the tumor can be accom- plished by folding a copper wire through a gas pipe. Slip , the wire over the tumor and pass it and the pipe up, until you reach the\ top of the tumor, then draw the wire up tightly against the pipe and twist the tumor off. Or if an ecrasure is obtainable, pass it up over the tumor and twist it off ; or take a pair of forceps and pass them up to its attachment, then sieze it and twist it off. There will not be bleeding enough to do any harm. However, the blood may be stopped, by injecting up the nostril a solution of alum water or a solution of sulphate of iron, or the tincture of iron, or by forcing a plug of wool up the nostril, haying a stlring attached to it by which to draw it out when the bleeding stops. TUMOR m THE FALSE NOSTRIL. Small tumors are often observed in the false nostril .(which is a small pouch just within the nostril ^nd a.ppears like a loop or fold of skin). These tumors are very slow of growth and contain a cheesy matter. They are usually about the size of a walnut and while they d.o 178 DISEASES OF THE HOKSB. not cause any pain, they are a blemish and sometimes become so large that they cause difficult breathing when the animal is put to severe exercise. They are observ- able on the outer side of the nostril, but by inserting TUMOB m THE NOSTRIL. the finger up the nose, they will appear much larger on the inside. , No danger need be apprehended in open- ing them and this can be done either from the outside or inside of the nostril, the latter being preferable. ' Pass the knife up the inside of the nostril and when the tumor is reached, make a free incision; then squeeze the matter out and nature will generally perform the rest. Or you may syringe the cavity with- — Sulphate of Zinc ........ two drachms. Water eight ounces. Mix. Inject once daily for a few days. When the cut is made, blood sometimes flows freely for a short time, but this is of no consequence ; it will soon cease. PHARYNGEAL POLYPUS, OR TUMOR IN THE THROAT. This is just the same kind of tumor as appears within the nostrils, only it is situated in the upper part of the throat. If it is located at the opening at the back part of the mouth, when the animal takes a drink, it is liable to drop into the larynx or upper part of the air channel, causing alarming symptoms by partially shutting off its breathing. * Kespiration is then accomplished with the WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTEILS. 179 greatest difficulty ; efforts are made at coughing ; the animal chokes until it falls upon its knees or falls down completely, when the tumor is generally dislodged from the larynx. The animal then breathes freely and appears as though there was nothing wrong. These frequent and sudden attacks, especially while drinking or eating, followed by almost instantaneous recoveries, should lead to an examination of the throat, which is ^done by holding the mouth open and passing the hand back into the throat, where the tumor will be found. If within reach, remove in the manner advised for remov- ing nasal polypus. When the removal is accomplished, feed wholly upon soft food, for two weeks and after each feed, give a few swallows of water, then pour some alum water into the mouth and allow it; to run over the sore. WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTRILS. Wounds around the nostrils are quite a common occurrence, and are generally caused by catching upon a nail or hook of some description, bites from other horses, or by running against some object, etc. As quickly as possible after the accident, the wound should be stitched t(^gether. No loose parts should be cut off and thrown away, but everything placed in its proper position. ■^'The sjiin around the nostrils is very thin and easily stitched, consequently any kind of a needle and any kind of white thread will answer. If not immedi- ately given attention, the wound may swell considera- bly and difficulty may be experienced in getting the edges in direct ' opposition. If possible, place the stitches quite closely together. Occasionally a nostril is so badly lacerated, that it is with difficulty the parts are brought together, dnd then a blemish may result. After the parts have been brought together, and secured 180 DISEASES OF THE HOESB. ,with stitches, the animal should be tied so that it can- not rub the wound, for ten days or two weeks, and in the meantime keep the parts clean, and use, Carbolic Acid four drachms. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Apply twice daily, or dUst it with iodoform once daily; or. Sugar Lead four drachms. Sulphate Zinc two drachms. Water one pint. Mix. ' Apply morning and evening. . After the parts ad- here firmly, cut the stitches and carefully draw them out. NETTLE RASH OR SURFEIT. This is a frequent form of skin disease in the horse, and is caused from a sudden change of diet. It is fre- SUEFEIT. quently observed when horses are first fed upon grass. It may also be caused by sudden changes in the weather, taking a drink of cold water when heated, worms in the intestines, and is sometimes connected with the shed- ding of the hair. RINGWOSM. 181 Symptoms : — The lumps rise quickly and appear on »ny part of the body, sometimes covering nearly the en- tire body, head and neck. The'6yelids may be closed and the lips greatly thickened. Sometimes the nQstrils are swelled nearly shut. The swellings are unequal in size, varying from a marble to a saucer and are flat upon their surface. It may be attended with diarrhoea or slight colicky pains. The eruption breaks out very suddenly, the whole skin being covered in a short space of time, and it often disappears just as rapidly as it came, or it may linger for five or six days. Treatment : — This is very simple and consists in clean- ing out the bowels witji, Powd. Aloes .seven drachms. Powd. Gentian two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water. Also give one ounce daily of glauber salts, for a week. Apply to the skin twice daily, Sugar Lead two ounces. Soft Water one quart. Mix RINGWORM. Ringworm is most frequently seen in young horses that have been poorly kept through the winter and spring. It appears at the time of shedding and is a parasitic ' growth of a contagious nature, sometimes attacking several horses in the same herd. It may be communicated to other animals and also to attendants. Symptoms : — It commences in a small pimple, at first, where the parasite has established itself. It then begins to form a circle which continues to spread daily. The hairs over the affected part stand erect, split up, break 182 DISEASES OP THE HORSE. off and fall out, leaving a bare spot which is covered with a greyish scruff or dandruff, very much resembling ^he coarse hulls of wheat bran. During its progress, the disease is not confined to one spot but may develop on RINGWORM. several parts of the body at the same time. If allowed to run undisturbed, it may prove very troublesome, or recovery may take place spontaneously within a couple of months. Treatment: — Clip the hair closely over the affected parts, then wash with soft soap and warm water ; dry the parts thoroughly and paint with acetic ^.cid or tinc- ture of iodine, twice daily until cured. Should these remedies fail after applying ten days, apply the follow- ing once daily : • Corosive Sublimate .'. half drachm. Soft Water one pint. Mix. FISTULOUS WITHERS. This disease very much resembles poll evil, only it i& located upon the shoulders, and is also very obstinate to treat. It usually comes from a bruise, from the CASTRATION. 183 saddle, from rolling, or striking the top of the shoulders against something ; for instance, against the top of a low stable or shed. FISTTJLOTTS WITHERS. Treatment : — As soon as noticed, apply the same rem- edies as for poll evil, and make a dependent orifice to allow the pus to escape, treating the orifice as directed for the sinuses in poll evil. CASTRATION. There are various methods of performing this opera- tion, but all tend to the same purpose, viz. : removing' the testicles and preventing hemorr^iage. First cast the horse and confine him closely and tightly, drawing the hind feet well up along the sides. Have a good assistant to hold the head. Take hold of the testicle (always taking the smaller one first) and raise it well up. Hold it firmly and make a bold cut about three inches long, close to the dividing line of the testicles.. J Then take hold of the testicle and cut off the white membrane at the back part of the testicle, but do not cut the spermatic cord or artery. Then if the ecra- seurs are used, apply them and smash off ihe cord. If 184 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ;the clamp is used, fasten it on tighly and tie with a stout cord. The clamps should be grooved so they will have a firmer hold. Then cut off the cord and testicles, about a half inch from the clamp. Some prefer ligat- ing, which is simply cutting out the tesMcle and tying , the cord with a silk thread, to prevent hemorrhage. If the testicles are not down in the scrotum, the horse is called a ridgeling. If one testicle is down and the other is not, the one that is not down should be procured first. In order to get it, cast the horse and tie his hind feet close, up along his sides. Then roll the patient upon his back and cut through the scrotum as if the testicle were there. Oil your hand and pass it up through the internal abdom- inal ring, where you will almost invariably find the testicle. Take hold of it firmly, draw it out and cas- trate by any of the usual methods. If you do not find it between the internal and exter- nal abdominal rings, pass the hand on up through the external abdominal ring and you will find it, if he has one. Seize it, draw it out and take it off by any of the usual methods. My preference is for the ecraseur, an instrument in- vented by M. Ohassaignac, of Paris. Take the opposite testicle in the same manner and the operation is complete. Always cut well down toward the sheath, to allow the pus to escape freely to prevent any unnecessary swelling. If the clamps are used, re- move them in twenty-four hours and turn the horse out, or put him at moderate work, and he will do much bet- ter than if standing in the stable. About the third day, run your finger up around the cord and break off any attachment, so that it will not adhere too low down, and thus prevent scirrhus cord from formii%. BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION. 1-85 Be careful before operating, to examine and see that the horse is not ruptured. If a rupture should exist, cas- trate by what is called the covered method, which con- Bist, in cutting through the skin only, being careful not to cut through the tunics or coverings of the testicle. Then castrate with the clamps. Place the clamps over the covering of the testicle, the testicle included, and clamp tightly. Then cut off the coverings and testicles together and allow the clamps to stay on until they come off of their own accord. If the bowels should come out, return them and stitch up the internal abdom- inal ring with cat-gut. Then stitch up the scrotum, leaving a small opening for the escape of pus, and the operation will be complete. BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION. Bleeding from the incisions in the scrotum, from the small blood vessels severed and especially from the , small artery at the back part of the cord sometimes occurs in warm weather and may appear quite serious No fears need be entertained, as it seldom lasts only a few minutes and is easily stopped by splashing cold water into the wound. Bleeding from the artery in the front part of the cord may be attended with danger, when the necessary pre- caution has not been taken to fasten it, to prevent bleeding. In such cases, the end of the cord should be found and the artery tied with a strong thread. If the end of the cord cannot be procured, pack the parts thoroughly with cotton batting or wool, which may be saturated with tincture of muriate of iron. Shove well up into the wound; a blood clot may be formed in this 186 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. manner and thus stop the bleeding. Allow the packing to remain two days, then withdraw it gently and but little danger need be apprehended. PHYMOSIS AND PARAPHYMOSIS. Phymosis consists in the glans penis becoming envel- oped in the prepuce, thus being hidden from view, and forming a soft, glazy swelling. It raost frequently hap- pens from an injury or as the result of castration. Paraphymosis consists in the prepuce forming a con- striction around the penis, just behind the glans. The glans penis will then be visible and frequently greatly swollen. It also occurs from the re^ults of castration, and from injuries of any description. The treatment for phymosis, consists in applying hot fomentations and scarifying. When paraphymosis PARALYSIS OF THE PENIS. exists, apply hot fomentations and scarifying ; also catch hold of the tumor and evert it by forcing it back through the constriction, then place it back into the sheath and place pledgets of cotton batting greased with vaseline, into the sheath, to prevent the penis Jfcom coming out. Usi^ally within a few days the swelling AMPUTATION ^ OF THE PENIS. 187 disappears and the trouble is over. Sometimes the swelling is so great that it cannot be everted immedi- ately ; when such is the case, scarify and press the blood and serum out as much as possible, place a bandage around the body and suspend the penis to relieve the weight, occasionally pressing out the blood and serum, and in a few days you will be able to evert it, when a speedy recovery will follow. AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS. It is very seldom that we are called upon to perform this operation. But occasionally it has to be done to save the patient and sometimes to be rid of the i un- sightly appearance, which greatly depreciates the value of the horse. Some of the causes justifying such an operation are paralysis of the penis, caused by blows from the whip or kick from a mare during service ; cancerous growth upon the penis ; or anything which causes the penis to hang pendulous, with inability to retract it within the sheath. The operation is performed by casting the animal and getting him under control. Commence to amputate by making a circular incision down to the urethra (or canal for the passage of urine. ) Next cut the tissue off from the urethra for about an inch, which you must leave. Then cut off the urethra. If any small arteries present themselves, ligate them. Sprinkle powdered per sulphate of iron upon the remaining part aijd allow the patient his freedom. Insert the catheter before operating and allow it to remain during the operatioli. Pass the catheter every day, until the wound is healed. 188 DISEASES OF THB HiORSE. HERNIA, OR RUPTURE. Hernia is the protrusion, either of the bowels or of the mesentary through a natural or unnatural opening out of the abdominal cavity. There are several kinds of hernia, the most important of which I shall mention here. Umbilical hernia occurs when the opening of the umbilical cord passes into the abdomen, which fails to fvW!:.;^'**^***,-4^-'i? HEEKIA OV THE UTEKUS OE WOMB. close up, and the aperture continues to increase in size. It is invariably seen in young colts, and, if it fails to close apply a bandage and keep it on for some time. A cure will generally be effected; if not, and the colt is a year old, fasten on a pair of clamps and allow them to slough off, or inject hypodermically, a solution of salt water in a few places around the base of the tumor ; HERNIA, oh RUPTUKE. 189 or another method and one that is very effectual, ip to cut off the hair over the tumor and apply nitric acid enough to barely moisten the skin. Either of these set up a deep-seated adhesive inflammation and close up the opening. . Inguinal or scrotal hernia, consists in the passage of the bowels or mesentery down through the abdominal ring, into the scrotum. If in an entire horse, cut by the covered operation (see castration). If in a gelding, either open it up, stitch up the abdominal ring and then clamp, or, gather up as much of the scrotum as is possible and clamp, first returning the bowels, and allow the clamp to remain until it sloughs off. A cure will most generally be effected. Ventral hernia consists in an abrasion of the abdom- inal walls, allowing the bowels to escape through to the skin and forming tumors of various dimensions. It is readily recognized by its disappearance upon pressure, and almost immediate return on being released from pressure ; by its softness and the gurgling sound trans- mitted by the bowels. If the rupture is small, return the bowels and fasten on a clamp, allowing it to slough off ; or, bandage tightly when first noticed ; or use some of the methods as given in umbilical hernia. Another method is k> cast the animal, then return the bowels, cut through the skin and stitch up the abdominal walls and apply a broad bandage. Diaphragmatic hernia is when the bowels pass through a rupture of the diaphragm, and press upon the lungs. If any quantity of the bowels pass through, the breathing will be difficult and a terrible gurgling, wheezing commotion will be heard on applying the ear to the chest. In such cases there is no remedy and the patient will very soon die. If the rupture be small and a very small portion of the bowels protrude through the 190 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. diaphragm, the pain may be very intense but thiit terrible sound around the lungs will be Avanting'and, if kept quiet on opiates, the bowels may return and the patient do well. In strangulated hernia, when the bowels become entangled in the mesentery, completely shutting off the passage, death is almost inevitable. ANEURISM. The term aneurisih is used to denote the tupture or dilation of an artery, forming a fluctuating tumor, dis- appearing on pressure, but immediately returning. It may be caused by hard work or by a hard, straining pull. By pressing the fingers upon the tumor, the pulsation may almost always be felt. Treatment : — If the tumor is visible and can be oper- ated upon, cut down and tie the artery at either side of the tumor, which should then be dissected out. After- wards treat as an ordinary wound. But if the artery be very large, you had better let it alone. SEEDY TOE. This term is used to denote an unhealthy condition of the foot, wherein the wall and sole of the foot partake of a mealy or dry, crumbling nature, thus separating them from the sensitive lamina, pf the os pedis, or bone of the foot. It is principally caused from laminitis but sometimes by a large clip being fastened to the front part of the shoe and being hammered down hard on the wall of the hoof. It may also be caused by an ill-fitting shoe being irregular upon its bearings upon the wall and sole at the toe. CORNS. 191 freatmeiit : — Cut out the diseased parts and sfaoe with a bar shoe ; and pad it in the crevices to prevent dirt from getting in and accumulating. CORNS. At ii^rst these consist of a simple bruise of the sole of the foot and are usually found in the inner quarter of the fore foot, though they are sometimes found in the outer quarter. Some authors consider them to be horny tumors, but such I could never find. However, I am inclined to believe that, from the constant irritatioa, they are the cause of inflammation of the lateral carti- lages and thus of the formation of side-bones. Some- COENS. times the corns suppurate and if an exit is not made for the pus to escape by, it will cause a bulging of the coro- sliet and will break and discharge there ; or the pus will keep burrowing down toward the toe and thus separate the wall from the sensitive sole. Bad shoeing, or allow- ing the shoes to remain on too long, are the principal causes, Symptoms:— Heat and lameness in the affected foot, and invariably pointing it forward ; heat and ,tender- ness around the affected quarter, and a sulky stumbling gait when driven. If it is a suppurating corn, the horse will scarcely put tlie foot to the ground and, if it does, will merelj- rest it on .the toe. DpoB tapping the quar- 192 DISEASES OF THE HOUSE. ter of the fool with a hammer, the animal generally evinces pain ; also pressure from a pair of pincers wul cause more or less flinching, and by taking off the shoe and paring down the quarters, blood streaks to a greater or less degree will be observed. Treatment: — Take off the shoe and poultice the foot with ground flaxseed, or bran, for twenty-four hours ; then pare down th6 corn until the sole between the bar and wall is compressible ; then place a sponge saturated with crude oil err a seventy -five per cent, solution of car- bolic acid over the corn and nail on the shoe, retaining the sponge in position and applying the crude oil or car- bolic acid solution once or twice a week : or shoe with a bar shoe, using the sponge as directed. You may paint the wall and sole of the foot with crude oil once or twice a week, but avoid letting it get up into the hair around the coronet. If you suspect a suppurating corn, cut down and allow the matter to escape, .then remove the dead horn as far around as the pus cavity extends. Afterwards apply compound tinct. benzoin twice a day, or tincture of iodine once daily. As soon as new horn commences to form, plaxe a leather or felt pad over the bottom of the foot and shoe with a bar shoe. THRUSH. The principal causes of thrush are filth from stand- ing in manure and urine ih the stable, from poulticing with cow-dung, from wading around in a filthy barn- yard, from grease-heel and ' scratches, and from hard work on rough, stony roads, causing bruises to the frog. Symptoms: — There is a fcstid discharge from the cleft of the frog, only in severe cases causing lameness and a feverish foot. CASKEE< 198 Treatment ; — First, remove the cause and keep in a clean, dry place; remove all ragged portions of horn and fill the crease in the frog with calomel a few times, and a cure is generally effected ; or use powdered sul- phate of copper or burnt alum. If allowed to run un- disturbed, it may develop into canker. This latter dis ease of the foot, is due to a vegetablte parasite which not only destroys the sole and frog, but invades the deeper structures and prevents the natural and healthy growth of the horn substance, which usually repairs an injury to these parts. CANKER. Causes : — As it is due to a parasite, certain condi- tions myst present themselves before the parasite com- mences its work. As it is rarely ever seen in high, dry districts, it is quite evident that moisture paves the CANKEB. road for the germ to travel in. Among the many causes are filth from standing in manure and urine, when the frog or sole is injured ; also from poulticing injuries, as pricks from nails, with cow-dung, or allowing them to run in filthy barnyards ; also working on muddy roads and grazing on low, marshy pastures ; from grease heel. 7 194 j;isi-;asks oe the horse. Symptoms : — Canker is generally confined to one foot, siithough all the feet may be attacked at the same time. When the disease follows an injury, which it usually does, and the soft tissues are involved, they show no in- clination to heal ; on the contrary, there is secreted from the inflamed parts, a foul smelling watery discharge, which gradually undermines the surrounding healthy horn and which, if not checked -in its course, will com- pletely destroy the whole frog and sole. Rapid growths spring out from the frog and sole, of a soft, spongy, un- healthy nature, and, if cut off, may grow from one to two inches in length in twenty-four hours. "When cut close up to the foot, they bleed quite profusely. There is an offensive discharge and the disease stubbornly resists treatment. Lameness may at first be very slight, but as the disease advances, it will be a prominent symptom. Treatment : — First, remove to a clean, dry place, then cut out all of the diseased tissues or until it bleeds freely, pare down the sole quite thin next to the canker, removing all of the sole and frog that covers diseased parts. Next put on 'a shoe with quite a wide web. Then take some tow and saturate it with muriate of iron and cover the diseased part, %nd apply pressure by slipping sticks under the web of the shoe ; it is very essential to apply heavy pressure upon the diseased parts. \ Medicines seemingly lose their force when ap- plied for a few days in succession. It is therefore nec- essary to change from one remedy to another quite fre- quently; Choose any from the following list : Sulphate of copper, sulphate of zinc, sulphate of iron, chloride of zinc, quicklime, chloride of antimony, creosote, calomel, carbolic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, corrosive sub- limate, nitrate of silver, or caustic, soda. ''You may mix any one of these, equal parts, with animal charcoal, but PRICKS PKOM NAILS. 195 very often you will be compelled to use the most severe remedies, undiluted. It will try your patienqe, but be persistent, and when you notice healthy horn commenc- ing to form, cease using very severe remedies. From commencement to finish,the foot should be dressed once in twenty-four hours, bearing in mind that pressure should be applied continuously throughout the course of treatment. PRICKS FROM NAILS. This is of frequent occurrence from the carelessness of the horseshoer or from the nail splitting while being driven ; also from horses picking ?up nails while being driven, or while running at large — more frequently from the latter than from the former. « Symptoms: — Lameness, heat and tenderness in the foot affected. If a nail splits when the smith is driving it, he will notice it at once from the horse flinching. If the nail be withdrawn and the owner not informed, the patient in a few days may be very lame and suppura- tion may take place before the real cause is found out; there will be heat and tenderness present. By tapping the foot with a' hammer, you may find the exact place. Or, if a nail is driven clos'e enough to press the sensi- tive laminae, the patient may not go lame for a few days, .then it will be very lame, frequently holding the foot from the ground or merely resting it upon the toe. By tapping the foot with a hammer you will discover the spot, when you hit the nail that is pressing. Or, if the patient has picked up a nail and goes lame, by examining the foot you will find either the nail penetrat- ing the foot or the place whence it was withdrawn. 196 DISEASES OF THE HOKSB. Treatment : — If from a split nail or one driven too close, draw it out and poultice the foot for a few days with ground flaxseed ; a cure will usually be effected. But if it suppurates, make an ppening and allow the pus to escape, and treat as a suppurating corn (see corns). If the patient has picked up a rusty nail and you have withdrawn it, cut a hole into the bottom of the foot where the nail entered, about the size of a nickel and fill the opening with tincture of iodine, two or three times a day; but if the foot is very much inflamed, poultice for a day or two, also applying either tincture of iodine or Friar's balsam to the wound. If suppuration has taken place, remove all loose or dead tissue and wash out thoroughly with castile soap and hot water. Then dry it out and apply Friar's balsam or tincture of iodine, and protect the foot from dirt and filth. It is sometimes necessary to remove all of the frog and sometimes the sole. Be very careful if the horse has picked up a rusty nail, as tetanus, or lockjaw frequently ensues; also extensive inflammation and sloughing around the coronet and loss of the hoof, which in the majority of cases, renders the animal worthless. QUITTOR. The most frequent causes of quitter are horses calk- ing themselves and catching cold, suppurating corns, pricks from nails, bruises, gravel working up through the feet, disease of the lateral cartilages, also quarter cracks, etc., etc. Symptoms : — First a tender swelling around the cor- onet, bursting after a while and discharging a whitish fluid and showing no evidence of drying up or healing. By probing, you will find fistulous openings running down into the foot in different directions. GRAVEL IN FOOT. 19T Treatment : — If much inflammation exists and a visible bulging of the coronet, lance it and apply flaxseed poul- tices for a few days. Then into each sinus inject twice daily the following : Zinc Sulphate one drachm. Sulphate of Copper one drachm. Water four ounces. Mix. After you have followed this up for about a week, and the foot is almost healed, stop the injections and apply Friar's balsam twice daily until a cure is effected. If the disease affects the lateral cartilages, or if side- bones are formed and they are affected, they may have to be removed. Occasionally the sinuses burrow down deep into the soft tissues and a fistulous opening is established, which will not yield to the former treatment but will require more heroic measures. In such cases, fill the sinus full of corrosive sublimate, pounding it well in ; allow it to remain for two days, then take it out and apply carbolic salve until weU. GRAVEL IN FOOT. The feet of horses are often affected by a small gravel encased between the sensitive and insensitive parts. » It may become pressed in through an opening made in paring out corns, or into a large nail hole, or into the opening made froni paring out the sole, from teeading on a naU or being forced through a quarter- crack; or by continuous pressure while traveling, a gravel may be forced through the parts where the sole and wall of the foot unite; or by being forced up between the frog and bars, etc. In whatever manner it gains admission to the sensitive parts, it causes inflam- mation and sloughing of the surrounding portions. 198 DISEASES OF THE HORSB. Symptoms: — Lameness is a predominant symptom. If there be an opening, it will present a dirty appear- ance, look black and unhealthy and have a foetid smell. Upon tapping on the parts with a hammer, the animal will evince great pain. If much matter is formed, it is liable to work up and break around the top of the hoof close to the hair, when the lameness will partially or wholly subside. Treatment: — First wash the parts thoroughly, then enlarge the opening by paring away the hoof, to make room to remove the gravel ; examine very carefully to avoid pushing it in farther. When in contact with the gravel, it will be readily recognized by its sound and hardness to the touch. Work around it and dig it out as carefully as possible. Then wash the parts perfectly clean and inject into the wound twice daily — Carbolic Acid two drachms. Water half pint. Mix. Or, Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Water half -pint. Mix. Apply a hot linseed meal or bran poultice until the fever and lameness subside, after which, if the opening is protected to prevent dirt from getting into it, the animal may be put to work, still applying the aforesaid lotion if possible, until the parts are healed. PUMICED FOOT. This is a condition wherein the horny sole becomes separated from the sensitive sole or laininae, by an effu- sion that accumulates as the result of inflammation of the parts. The bottom of the foot, especially toward the toe, crumbles away, exposing the sensitive tissues. BRUISES OF THE FROG. 199 It is generally caused by laminitis or founder when proper treatment has not been applied. The coffin-bone tips down at the toe causing pressure upon the sole, and prevents the formation of new horn. Other conditions may cause pumiced sole, but, as a rule, not to the ex- tent as does founder. Punctured wounds of the feet and bruises of the sole occasionally cause an exudation, separating the sensitive from the insensitive parts, but the soft tissues are seldom exposed because new horn is developed, completely taking the place of that which has been separated. SsTnptoms : — Exposure of the sensitive parts can readily be recognized. If it has not reached that stage, the foot will become convexed, or bulge down instead of being concaved or hollow. The sole of the foot, espe- cially at the toe, readily crumbles away and there ia lameness very similar to that of founder. Treatment: — This disease is incurable. If the toQ pushes through, put the ^.nimal out of its misery. If the sole is convexed, by careful shoeing, keeping the pressure off the sole, and by keeping the feet cool, the animal may do light work on soft ground, but should never be driven on hard roads. BRUISES OF THE FROG. Causes :— Bruises of the frog usually occur from horses stepping upon rough, hard, frozen ground, or from travelling upon newly macadamized roads, thereby getting stones wedged in between the shoe and frog, which are frequently overlooked, and the frog becomes badly bruised, ^ Flat feet, with low heels, are the best fflibjects for bruises. Outs through the frog, from step- ping upon glass or any other substance causing similar injury, are liable to cause suppuration beneath the frog. 200 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Symptoms : — Lameness, in proportion to the extent of the injury involving the sensitive parts. If the injury is quite severe, the animal walks wholly upon the toe or raises the foot completely and hobbles along on three legs. When the horse is standing quietly, the limb is set forward and flexed at the ankle, the toe resting upon the ground. Upon iexamining the foot, the injury may be detected, but if no opening exists, t|he matter will be observed working back toward the heels, seeking a soft place where it can break through and escape. The horn then becomes detached at its connection with the skin and looks somewhat white and bleached. As soon as the pus escapes, the lameness diminishes. Treatment : — When lameness is first observed, exam- ine the bottom of the foot carefully and if no puncture is discovered, bathe the foot in cold water to prevent the formation of matter ; but if matter has already formed, pare the frog and sole quite thin to relieve pressure, make an opening to allow the pus to escape, then poultice for a few days with linseed meal, and pour tincture of iodine into the opening twice daily. If the pus has loosened much of the frog, remove the part that has become detached, with the knife. If the pus has worked its way up and has broken, and is discharging near the hair, a great portion of the frog has becom« separated and should be removed at once, after which dress three times daily with compound tincture of ben- zoin, tincture iodine or spirits turpentine, and if obsti- nate, with — Chloride of Zinc one ounce. Soft Water eight ounces. Mix. Apply once or twice daily and pad with cotton bat- ting. As soon as a thin layer of new horn has growft on, it may be padded with waste, a sponge or Cottoa OALK WOUNDS. 201 batting, a piece of leather placed over the antire bot- tom of the foot and a shoe nailed on, when the animal may be put at slow work. CALK WOUNDS. In all northern climates, when the roads become slippery, horses are necessarily shod with sharpened shoe calks. The heavier breed of horses, used for ' teaming and hauling heavy loads, are compelled to RKStTLTS FROM CALKIff&. twist, turn and back up, when they frequently tread upon their mate, or upon their own feet, inflicting injuries of a somewhat severe character. In fact, any horse wearing sharp calks, is liable to tramp upon and injure either itiSelf or another horse. Some horses while j 202 JDISEASKS OF THE HORSE. standing in the stable, rest with one hind foot upon and immediately in front of the other foot. These horses are liable to calk themselves at any time. CALKING. Treatment: — When horses rest one foot upon the other, a circular boot should be worn when in the sta- ble, extending out four inches from the ankle, which will prevent calking. If the wound is not deep and there is little if any soreness, fill it with tar or vaseline. But where the wound is deep and there is great sore- ness, with considerable inflammation and suppuration, hot poultices should be applied for a few days. Benefi- cial results will be produced by sprinkling powdered saltpetre upon the poultice before applying it. After- wards apply — Sulphate of Iron half ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Use three times a day. Or tincture benzoin compound may be applied twice daily, with advantage. If the wound is deep between the horn and skin in front of the foot, cut away the detached horn and continue to apply either of the above remedies. CONTRACTED HEELS. Contracted heels or hoof -bound, is a very common disease among horses in cities. They are generally kept upon hard, dry floors and the feet do not receive the OOUTRAOTED HEBLS. 203 necessary amount of moisture to keep the hoofs soft and pUable. When the hoof becomes dry and hard, ithas a natural tendency from the conformation of the foot, to draw inward, and the continued inward pr.essure, causes a wasting away or shrinking of the soft tissues of the foot. CONTKAOTKD HBELS FROM BAD SHOEING. The fore feet are mostly liable to this affection, although it may occur in a hind foot. Usually, only one foot at a time is affected. When both feet are attacked, one foot is worse than the other. Sometimes only one heel is contracted and when this is the case, it is generally the inner one. Causes: — One of the common causes of contracted heels, is a want of knowledge of. the structure of the foot, on the part of the horseshoers. They become entirely too free with the knife and rasp. The frog, heels and bars are cut away, the walls are rasped too much, high calks are put on and the nails driven too close to the heela. Another common cause is the removing of horses from pasture lands, where they 204 DISEASES OF THE HORSB. receive moisture and daily exercise, and shipping them to cities, where they are apt to be placed on hard, dry floors. The feet become fevered on account of the change, the horn becomes dry and hard, the soft tissues gradually waste away and contraction is the result. Contraction is sometimes an accompaniment to other diseases, as ring bone, side bones, thrush, corns, navic- ular disease, sprains of the tendons, etc. Symptoms: — ^The hoof becomes dry and hard, and, loses its circular shape. The heels are higher and nar- rower, the sole is greatly cpncaved ; the frag is greatly shrunken and cramped between the' narrow heels. The bottom of the foot is smaller than at the hair, the heels are often ridged and scaly, with deep fissures running up between the quarters. In the first stages there is no lameness, but great uneasiness is observed, manifesting itself by the frequent shifting from one foot to the other. The animal will stumble considerably, espe- cially when driven on hard, rough roads. When first brought out of the stable, there will be stiffness, and in- clination to walk upon the toe, but after being driven a while, it will warm 'up and go with quite a free action. The toes of the shoes wear down very quickly and when the shoes are removed and the bottom of the foot pared, a dry mealy substance is observed where the sole and wall com^ together. When the disease is of long standing, lameness is present. Treatment: — Preventive measures are much mors effectual than curative ones. ^The feet should be kept, moist, either by bathing or standing for a few hours daily upon some moist substance, as moist saw-dust, or a ground floor. Any of the parrafine ointments applied to both wall and sole two or three times a week, are very beneficial. One of the best remedies to keep the OONTKACTBD HBBLS. 205 foot soft, is crude oil applied to both wall and sole twice a week but it should not be applied up against the hair. The rasp should not be used upon the wall to any ex- tent and the knife should not be applied to the frog, heels and bars. Level the heels down with the rasp, if necessary, and if there are loose pieces extending from the sole, remove them. Avoid putting calks on shoes except when absolutely necessary. Make the shoe the shape of the foot and not the foot the shape of the shoe. The shoes should be reset once a month and the feet will not become cramped nor grow too long. As to the cure of the disease, when it does exist, there is a great diversity of opinion. There are a great many shoes and other contrivances invented for the spreading of the heels, all of which may be of some value if properly and persistently used. About as good a course of treat- ment as can be employed, is to poultice the foot until softened, then pare it down well and lower the heels ; put a half shoe (commonly called a tip) on the toe of the foot ; leave it the usual thickness in front but taper the ends of the shoe down to a thin edge, then take a rasp and commence just below the hair to file the wall very thin, gradually sloping down to the bottom of the foot, where it should be left its natural thickness. ; When this has been done, apply around the coronet, Powd. Oantharides one drachm, ■ i Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Apply and wash off the next day. Grease with lard for a couple of days and then turn out to pasture. Leave in pasture for three or four months and about every two weeks apply the ointment. If the case is not of too long standing, a complete cure may be expected, but in those old chronic cases, where the frog is almost obliterated, the sole greatly concaved, with extreme 206 BIHEA9SS 0¥ THB HOBSE. wasting of the soft tissues of the foot, treatment is al- most useless, and the animal had best be put out of its misery. KNEE SPRUNG. Knee sprung in reality is not a disease but is often the result of disease. In a perfectly formed limb, a line drawn from the elbow to the fetlock will touch the limb its entire length, but when the knees are sprung, EiraB SPBUSG. aline drawn from these points will pass at varying dis- tances behind the knees, presenting a bowed appear- . ance of the limb. Slight bending of the knee may be congenital ; the colt being foaled with this deformity, may grow up and continue through life and yet not be considered a knee-sprung animal. Causes: — One of the most frequent causes is too much driving before the animal has matured or received KNEE SPRtWG. 207 age sufficient to stand the work ; or by hauling very heavy loads with young horses, but continuous hauling of heavy loads will cause a weakness and sprung knees in horses of any age. Sprain and injury of the back, tendons or suspensory ligament, if not properly treated, is most certain to be followed by. sprung knees. Sore feet, soreness in the knee joint, sore shins or any dis- ease of the limb from the knee down, causing continued lameness whereby the animal rests the heel, will cause knee sprung, by the gradual contractibn of the back tendons and ligaments. Treatment : — When occuring in young horses from overwork or fast driving, if the case is not of too long standing, give absolute rest and use a stimulating lini- ment, as — Tincture Cantharides four ounces. Oil Turpentine two ounces. . Alcohol two ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily with smart friction down the back of the limb, both above and below the knees, or, Powd. Cantharides four drachms. Vaseline two ounces. Mix. Cut off the hair and apply along the back tendons, and in twenty-four hours wash off and grease every day with lard. While the medicine is on, tie the horse so he cannot bite it. Repeat every two weeks until three or four applications have been made. If there; is thick- ening of the back tendons, use the latter prescription. The animal should rest for a few months and during that time it may be turned out to pasture. With this trouble, the danger of recurrence must be borne in mind for it is always liable to occur again. If it arises from other causes, see treatment fot those ailments. In old. 208 DISEASES OF THE HOKSK. chronic cases, but little can be done. Sometimes the operation of tenotomy or cutting the tendons, may be performed, which see under head of "Sprain of the Flexor Tendons. " SAND CRACKS. Sknd cracks or quarter cracks most frequently comes from concussion, or from driving at a high rate of speed over rough roads, horses whose feet have weak walls, or whose feet have been weakened by rasping ; also from ill-fitting shoes with uneven bearings; excessive dry- QUAETBE OK SAND ORAOK. ness ; also changing from damp to dry places, from tak- ing horses from pasture and stabling them on hard, dry floors ; from jumping, calk wounds, etc. The cracks in- variably begin, at the coronet and extend downward, sometimes into the quick, causing lameness and bleed- ing. Sometimes fungus growths will spring out of the crack near the coronet. Treatment : — If sand crack appears in a strong footed borse, I would advise clinching with a nail or clasp, to COEONITIS, UfFLAMMATION OF THE CORONBT. 209 hold the wall firmly together. But if in a weak footed horse, as it almost invariably is, commence at the coro- net and cut the edges of the crack its full length, so they will not rub together. Then out transversely (crosswise) at the corone't about three-quarters of an inch to each side of the crack to the quick, and apply a bar shoe, with even pressure all around. If the quar- ter is cracked all the way down to the shoe, you may take the bearing off from that quarter.. Blisters ap- plied around the coronet will now act beneficially. Use the following : Olive Oil four ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Tr. Oantharides two ounces. Mix. Apply every three or four days. Also keep the en- tire hoof softened by painting it with crude oil two or three times a week. If a fungus growth springs out, cut it off and touch with nitrate of silver, or. Chloride Zinc four drachms. Soft Water two ounces. Mix. Apply as often as you deem it necessary. CORONTnS, INFLAMMATION OF THE CORONET. Inflammation of the coronet, with suppuration, is not infrequently met with in this country, and in many instances is caused by frost bites. A great many horses are abused by being compelled to stand out-doors dur- ing the excessively cold weather which prevails during the winter season; and frequently we see cases of coro- nitis during that season. ■ Ooronitis may also be caused by standing in filthy stables or by bruises. But from whatever cause, this disease is of a serious character. 210 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. Symptoms : — There -^rill be noticed a peculiar shuffling or sliding lameness ; there will be bulging of the coro- net, fever around the coronet and a tendency of the tis- sue to break and slough. TreatmcEt : — The treatment must be constitutional as well as local. Give the following physic, Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Also Nitrate of Potassium three ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Bi-Carbonate of Soda two'ounces. Mix. Make fifteen powders, and give two powders each day. The local treatment consists in washing the coro- net thoroughly with caetile soap and hot water, pencil- ing the sores with nitrate of silver every third day and applying twice daily, Vaseline two ounces. Salyciljc Acid two drachms. Sulphate of Zinc one drachm. Mix. Or, ■ Copperas one ounce. Carbolic Acid six drachms. Soft Water ; one pint. Mix. Apply twice daily, or paint every day with muriate of iron or tincture iodine. NAVICULAR DISEASES, OR COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS. This disease consists in inflammation and alteration of the structures entering into the formation of the cof- fin joint. It is generally seen in horses that are used as roadsters, or on the track. It may be caused by hard driving, picking up nails, by nails being driven into the HAVICULAR DISEASE, OR COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS. 211 quick flear the coffin joint, by bad shoeing, as uneven bearings, or contraction at the heel; by wearing the shoos too long and too much pressure upon the soles, by NAVIOtTLAR BONE DISEASED. gravel working into the foot, by strain of the flexor ten- don where it passes over the joint ; also by concussions, bruises, or by standing too long in) the stable. NAVICITLAK "BONE HEALTHY. Symptoms : — Pointing of one or both fore feet ; if one foot only be affected it will be held in front of the other and rest only upqn the toe ; if both are affected, the animal will change from one foot to the other and point alternately. There will be an inclination to stumble when first driven, but as the animal is warmed up, it will travel much better. The animal travels with a stumbling gait, the front part of the shoes being worn down when the heels of the shoes will be almost as good as new. This may go on for some tinie before the lame- ness becomes a prominent symptom. Afterwards will be fever in the heels, with more or less contraction of the hoofs at the heels, and a dryness throughout the f pot, with lameness now as a prominent symptom. 212 DISEASES OF THE UOESK. Treatment: — When first noticed, take oflf the shoe? and turn the horse out to pasture on swampy ground, or fix up a stall with a clay floor, softened with water, and keep the patient standing there through the day. Dur- ing the night, poultice the feet with flaxseed till you re- duce the fever ; then you may insert a frog seaton ; or blister around the coronet with, Cantharides two drachms. . Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Apply ' every two weeks and keep the animal on damp pastures for three or four months, if possible. Or you may use — Tincture Cantharides two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Sweet Oil four ounces. Mix. Apply oncfe daily for two or three weeks. Ihe treatment of navicular .disease is generally unsatisfactory ; but, if the foregoing fails,,neurotomy is the final resort. This may be performed either by the high or the low operation. The high, operation consists in cutting out a piece of the plantar nerve, just below the knee. The lower operation is cutting out a piece of the plantar nerve, at the pastern, between the fet- lock and the foot. As the nervous communication is cut off, the lameness ceases, althougU the disease con- tinues unabated. Nevertheless, to say the least, it is a humane operation. WOUNDS FROM BARBED WIRE. Wounds fromjbarbed wire may be placed among the worst classes of injuries with which we have to deal. They are usually caused by horses running into a fence constructed of barbed wire. The skin is lacerated and torn and very frequently the muscles are divided and WOmSDS FROM BAaBED WIKE. 218 torn in a frightful way, the injury depending greatly upon the force and manner in which the animal comes in contact with the wire,' Itis quite a common occur- rence, to see the skin and flesh qf a foreleg torn across at the forearm to the bone, and the, bone exposed fron, there down to the knee, or to see the skin lacerated and WOUNDS FBOM BAKBED WIRE. torn around the hocks, and the tendons and ligaments exposed, also deep , and serious injuries around the fet- locks and feet. In wounds of this kind, the loss of blood, as a rule, is not very great, the blood vessels becoming torn and twisted and thus preventing the flow of blood. Treatment : — ^First examine the wound very carefully and remove all dirt, splinters, or barbs from the wire, should any be found in the wound, then should blood be found flowing from any of the vessels, they should be picked up and tied. If it is found difficult to do this, take a needle — any ordinary sewing needle will answer — and pass it through the flesh close to the blood vessel on both sides of it, then tie it tightly around the vessel. The small amount of flesh thus tied with the blood vessel, will do no harm. If the wound is not very large, it may be stitched together, but rarely if ever, are stitches to be used in wounds of this kind. The 214 DISEASES OF THE H0K8B. surrounding tissues become so weakened and torn that the stitches will not hold, and only tend to irritate instead of assisting in holding the parts together. It is best to get the portions together as closely as possible and secure them in this position with bandages or stick- ing plaster. If the sticking plaster is used, shave the hair close to the skin so the plaster will hold, always leaving an opening for the exit of pus. When the skin ia torn in shreds, the pieces may just as well be cut off, aa they will not heal and will only slough off if left alone. If there is ranch swelling, frequent applications of hot water should be used until the swelling subsides ; after- wards it will not be necessary to use hot water, except to wash off any matter that may accumulate. The wounds may be dressed with any of the following : Sugar Lead four drachms. Sulphate Zinc four drachms. Water one quart. Mix. Apply twice daily, or. Carbolic Acid half ounce. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Or, Carbolic Acid half ounce. Raw Linseed Oil eight ounces. Mix. Apply ^morning and evening. Or an excellent heal- ing powder may be used if any unhealthy granulations called proud flesh, arise, as, Powd. Alum eight ounces. Iodoform one ounce. Mix. Apply twice daily. Should any symptoms of fever arise, give half ounce of saltpetre twice daily, and feed upon soft diet. Keep the patient tied, so that it cannot bite the sore. If the wound is very bad, it is sometimes necessary to place the animal in sliagB. SPLDIT, 216 SPLINT. Splint is a bony elargement seen most frequently on the inner side of the fore limbs, between the knee and lower third of the cannon bone. It is occasionally seen on the outer side of the fore limbs, as well as upon the hmd limbs between the hock and pasterns. It varies oonsiderably-in size, from that of a small butternut SPLINT AST) SMALL WIND GALL. down to a grain of corn, but the small nodule which is always found two- thirds the distance down the cannon bone from the knee, should not be mistaken for splint, as it is the natural development of the small cannon bone. There are three cannon bones in each leg, one large and two small ones, situated between the knee and fetlock and hock and fetlock. The splint occupies a position between the large and small cannon bones, sometimes extending entirely across the back part of the large bone, beneath the suspensory ligament. ' In 216 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. this condition, permanent lameness may be looked for. The regular splint frequently causes lameness while growing, but after becoming hard, rarely causes any annoyance, remaining only as an eyesore. Causes: — The most common cause is too hard work, or too hard driving before the animal has fully matured. In the young animal, these bones articulate with a very limited movement and if strained or over- taxed, splint is formed. In older animals, these bones become united and it requires greater force to tear them apart so as to set up an inflammatory action result- ing in splint. But there are other causes, as running, jumping, slipping, kicks, bruises to the bone, in fact anytiiing that will sprain the ligamentous attachments of the large and small cannon bones. When splints are caufied by bruises, they may appear anywhere on the bone. Symptoms : — In the earlier stages, there will be lame- ness ; as observed when the animal is trotting, the limb will be carried with an outward swing, accompanied by a very low nodding of the head, but while the animal is walking, the lameness will scarcely be perceptible, except when the splint is close up to the knee affecting the knee joint. Then lameness may be observed while the animal is walking. By bending th e leg and press- ing quite heavily along the bones, tenderness will be observed. Later on, by passing the hand down along the bone, an enlargement will be felt. When the 'enlargement is an inch or more below the knee, it s&l- dom amounts to much, but if close to the knee so as to affect the joint, it frequently causes permanent lameness. Treatment : — In many instances it is advisable to let it alone, but if they are quite tender and feverish, use ■ome mild lotion, as, SORE SHINS. 217 Witchhazel .six ounces. Tincture Arnica one ounce. Laudanum one ounce. Mix. Apply three times a day, after bathing with cold water. After the feTer and soreness have been reduced and the animal still remains lame, use a blister, as, Ked Iodide Mercury one drachm. Cantharides one drachm. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Make two or three applications, allowing a week to intervene between each application. Then allow two or three weeks rest, if possible. If lameness and soreness upon pressure is great, the trouble lies under the cover- ing of the bone; a small opening made with a small blade of a knife, cutting through the covering immedi- ately over the lump, will reliisve the tension. Treat as above specified. SORE SHINS. This is an aflFection of the cannon bones in the fore l^s of young horses, and is mostly seen in raca horses and trotting horses under four years old. It is caused /by the amount of hard work they are forced to perform when their bones are as yet unable to stand it. The bones do not become fully developed until the age of five or six years, and if subjected to hard training while in the state of development, they are unable to stand the shocks and concussions caused by severe and contin- ued speeding. Sore shins may include the entire bone but generally affect only the anterior part of the lower third thereof. It is also caused by kicks either from the attendant or from other horses j or by grooms becoming vexed while currying over the shins and hit- 218 DISEASES OF THE HOESE. ting them three with the edge of the curry comb, because the animal is restless from pain. Symptoms : — If in the thoroughbred, lameness will be obserTed after a gallop ; if in one leg, that foot will be placed in front of the other, or pointing. If occurring in both legs, the animal will be restless, shifting its weight from one leg to the other. An animal affected in this manner, acts sore and moves with a short, stiff, stilty gait. The parts are very sensitive when pressed, upon. There is more or less swelling along the bone, which at first is soft and doughy upon ^pressure ; after a time it becomes hard, like bone. The soreness may extend the entire length of the bone, but if caused by an injury, it may be confined to the injured portion alone, and also as a usual thing, soreness arising from overwork, settles in the lower third of the bone, just above the fetlock joint. Treatment : — When the lamenesss is first noticed, bathe the parts with cold water for half an hour to an hour at a time, three times a day. Immediately after apply, Spts. Chloroform two ounces. '^ Laudanum twOjOunces. Tr. Arnica two ounces. Witchhazel ten ounces. Mix. Apply a loose bandage and moisten it occasionally with this liniment. Continue in this manner until the soreness disappears completely, then, if necessary, ap- ply a few blisters, allowing ten days to two weeks to intervene between each application. The following will suffice : Red Iodide of Mercury. . .one drachm. Oantharides two drachms. Vaseline or Lard two ounces. Mix. WIND GALLS — WDTD PUPF«. 219 Apply with smart friction. In twenty-four hours wash off, and grease daily with lard, until another ap- plication of the blister is made, after which grease a« before. Absolute rest is imperative ismd a complete restoration of the parts may be effected in a few weeks, • without the use of blisters. Bad cases, however, will need the blisters and continued rest for several months. The constitutional treatment consists of a physic, given at the outset, of, Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Gentian'. two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose, in half pint of water. Feed on soft food and give a teaspoonful of powdered saltpetre twice daily. WIND GALLS— WIND PUFFS. This disease consists of dilated bursse situated at the back part of the limbs, at the fetlock joint, or immedi- WIND GALL. ately above the joint. They are more often seen on the hind than on the fore limbs and are usually caused from over exertion and sprains. They appear as soft tumors of various sizes, being somewhat tense, when the animal ^0 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. stands firmly upon the afflicted limb. They are usually painless and seldom cause lameness, but if an inflamina- fcory action takes place, they become painful and lame- ness results. Tlby may swell so large as to interfere with the action of the tendon, thus causing lameness, or sometimes they change their condition and become cal- eified or bonQlike, then lameness wUl follow, althougk this condition is seldom seen. Treatment. — When they first appear, bathing with ooH water and bandaging, wiU keep them under con- trol, followed with a few applications daily of tincture of iodine. If they do not yield to this treatment, use the following blister : Red Ibdide of Mercury .... one drachm. Powd. Oantharides one drachm. Vaseline two ounces. Mix. Out off the hair a&id apply with smart friction. Allow it to remain on for twenty-four hour^, then wash off and grease eyery day for five days, when apply again. Use in this manner until four applications have beem made, or. Cottonseed Oil five ounces. Oroton Oil ten drachms. Oil Camphor three drachms; Oil Turpentine five drachms. Oil Origanum.. one and a-half drachms. Coal Oil ten drachms. Sulphuric Acid half drachm. Mix. Apply once a day with smart friction, until thor- oughly blistered; apply a little hogs' lard for a few days, then repeat the liniment. The treatment of wind galls is sometimes a little unsatisfactory, as they will often reappear. SWELLED LEGS — STOOKINGI ODBMA. 221 SWELLED LEGS— STOCKING— ODEMA. This is more of a symptom than a disease and is fre- quently the result of defective kidneys, liver or heart, weak circulation, or lymphatic irritation from standing upon a hard floor, without exercise, etc. S3Tnptoms: — When the animal is' at work or turned out to pasture, there will be little or no swelling ; when standing in the stable, the lower part of the limbs will BWELLED LEGS. become swollen, but the swelling will disappear upon exercise. The animal will apparently be enjoying ex- cellent health, pulse normal and appetite good, yet swelling of the limbs every morning. Treatment: — If from standing upoii the hard floor, •change to a dirt floor, and if from want of exercise and you have no work for the animal, turn into a vacant lot, for a few hours each day. Give some tonic to tone up 222 DISEASES OF THE HORSK. the system as well as medicines to operate upon the kidneys, as, Sulphate of Iron ■ two ounces. Quinine Sulphate four drachms. Gentian one ounce. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Give two powders each day, or. Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Powd. Nux Vomica one ounce. Bi-Carbonate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give two powders each day. Frequent hand rubbings of the swollen parts, with a few applications of witchhazel, will be found to be very beneficial. COCKED ANKLES, OR KNUCKLING. Causes : — All kinds of heavy work and hard pulling, especially on hilly roads, or not being properly shod and KNUCKLING OVEK, OE COCKED ANKLES. pulling and slipping on smooth pavements; also fast driving upon hard roads or race tracks. It is most fre- quently seen in horses with^very straight pasterns, and esoecially in the hind pasterns of horses somewhat ad- COCKED ANKXB, OR KNUOKLINO. 223 vanced in years. It is also produced by disease or sprain of the suspensory ligament, and by shortening of the tendons, at the back of the leg, as well as diseases of the fetlock joint. Many young foals knuckle over so badly, that they walk upon their pasterns for a short time, but as the muscles, ligaments and tendons gain a little strength, they adapt themselves to their functions and force the joints to their place. Treatment ; — In the case of young foals, it is seldom necessary to interfere, as in a few days or weeks they will straighten themselves. But if they walk over on the pastern joint and do not straighten themselves in a few days, take some rubber hose or belting padded with cotton batting or wool, and make a brace to extend from the foot to the knee, fasten it on, with the leg per- fectly straight but do not tie too tightly ; allow it to remain for a week or ten days, examining frequently to see that it does not chafe the leg and as soon as the colt will stand straight, remove it. When knuckling occurs in young horses, from fast driving upon hard roads, re- move the shoes, then apply a few blisters from below the. knees behind the legs, down around the fetlock, and turn out to pasture. You may use either a liquid blis- ter or a salve ; either of the following will suffice : Spts.*Turpentine two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Olive Oil four ounces. Mix. Or, Oil Cedar half ounce. Oil Tansy half ounce. Oil Hemlock half ounce. Oil Wormwood .half ounce. Alcohol ten ounces. Mix. Apply morning and evening for a week or ten days. Or, 224 DISEASES OF THE HORSB. Powdered Cantharides . . four drachms. Vaseline two ounces. Mix. < Apply every four days with smart friction, until three or four applications have been made ; then grease every day with hog's lard until healed, or use the firing iron which should only be attempted by a qualified sur- geon. When knuckling has become chronic, relieve the tendons by proper shoeing, which is best done by rais- ing the heels and lowering the toe. For the hind feet, a long heel shoe with high calks answers best.. SroE-BONES. This consists in solidification or ossification of the lateral cartilages, situated on either side of the foot just above the heel. It may be caused by shoeing with too high calks, by pricks of nails, by dorns, by uneven shoe- ing, by cutting away the bars of the foot, by bruises to the heels or soles of the feet, causing a deep irritation or inflammation. Symptoms: — Lameness, with short, stilty gait and a want of elasticity in movement. On pressing upon the cartilage on either side of the heel, you will find it hard and unyielding, instead of soft and pliable; and the pressure will cause pain. Sidebones are almost always found in the heavy breed of horses. Whether in heavy or light horses, it is considered an unsoundness. Treatment : — The treatment consists in absolute re^t, and shoeing with a bar shoe. If lameness continues, blister with — Cantharides two drachms. Red Iodide of Mercury .... one drachm. Vaseline one and one-half ounces. Mix. cuKB. ,. 225 Apply every five or six days until four applications have been made. If that should fail, use the firing iron and blister immediately. If this fail, perform neu- rotomy by cutting out the plantar nerve. CURB. This disease is always seen at the posterior aspect of the hock and consists of a sprain of the calcaneo cuboid ligament, or sprain of the tendon which passes down the back part of the hock, or one of its sheaths or cov- CUEB. erings. It is generally caused by horses jumping and rearing, by backing up violently, or by slipping. It sometimes appears as a small very hard nodule; or it may be very large and soft, with heat and tenderness, and more or less lameness. The lameness does not depend upon the size of the curb. Sometimes the curb is very large with no lameness ; at other times it is ver^ small with considerable lameness present. Sometimes it is congenital, and in such cases it is not an unsound- 8 226 DISEASES OF THE HOKSB. ness. It is best observed by standing over it and look- ing straight down the hind leg, from the point of the >\,^ CUKB. hock to the fetlock, which should present a straight line, but when a curb is present you will observe the enlargement about three or fo«r inches down from the point of the hock. Treatment: — First and foremost- — rest. Apply high- heeled shoes, hot fomentations and a liniment com- posed of — Alcohol four ounces. Tinct. Iodine two ounces. Witchhazel " two ounces. Mix. Apply after bathing. If this fail to remove, apply — Tine. Myrrh et Capsicum . .eight ounces. Eed Iodide Mercury two drachms. Iodide Potassium two drachms. Mix. Apply after bathing with hot water, or, Powd. Cantharides one drachm. Eed Iodide of Mercury . . . one drachm. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. CAPPED HOCK. 227 Apply once a week until four or five applications have been made. Sometimes it is necessary to use the firing iron ; when such is the case, use the sharp pointed or needle iron and fire quite deep, aft«r which apply the above blister. Sometimes a curb can be removed by friction. Take a bone or smooth piece of hard wood and rub the curb thoroughly once or twice a day, and in the course of time, a small curb will disappear. CAPPED HOCK. This consists of a serious abscess, situated on the point of the hock, between the skin and tendons in areolar tissue. It is generally caused by the horse kicking the point of the hock against some hard substance, or by CAPPED HOCK. bruises on the point of the hock. The size varies from that of a walnut to that of a good, large bowl. The abscess is soft and fluctuating. It seldom causes any lameness, but in rare instances it does. 228 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment : — First of all prevent the cause ; if from kicking in the stable, which it generally is, change the patient to a stall where it cannot injure itself. Then apply high heeled shoes, and foment with hot water un- til the inflammation subsides. Then open with a lancet from below and allow the serum to escape. Afterwards inject tincture of iodine into the sack and apply a cold bandage ; if thought necessary,, repeat in two or three days. If it heals up and there is no serum accumula- ting, but just a slight thickening of the parts, apply, ■Kectified Spirits ^. . . four ounces. Tincture Iodine two ounces. Witchhazel two ounces. Mix. Foment with hot water and apply the liniment twice daily ; or, Tr. Iodine two ounces. Oil Hemlock half ounce. Oil Wormwood half ounce. Oil Origanum one ounce. Alcohol four ounces. Mix. Foment with hot water and apply twice daily. Have plenty of patience and perseverance as the com- plete removal is sometimes very obstinate. THOROUGH PIN. This is a disease of the sheath of the flexor perforans tendons, and is usually caused by a sprain. It some- times causes considerable lameness ; at other times the lameness will be very slight, and, possibly, none at all. This tendon plays down the back part of the hock to the inside of the os calsis or point of the hock, and any sprain or irritation may cause an extra secretion within the sheath of the tendon and a bulging out on each side of the back part of the hock, in the hollow or gambrel THOROUGH PIN. 229 space. It is usually a soft, fluctuating tumor aad if pressed on one side, will cause a greater enlargement on the other side. '1 , THOROUGH PIN. Treatment : — If there is lameness, give absolute rest and apply hot fomentations for a few days. Then blis- ter with, Vaseline one ounce. Cantharides one drachm. Red Iodide Mercury . . one-half drachm. Mix. Or apply, Tincture Myrrh four ounces. Capsicum four ounces. Iodide of Potassium one drachm. Mix. Or, Cotton Seed Oil four ounces. Croton Oil one ounce. Oil Camphor two drachms. Oil Turpentine four drachms. Oil Origanum • • • . one ounce. Coal Oil one ounce. Sulphuric Acid forty drops. Mix. 280 DISEASES OP THE.HORSB. Apply once daily with smart friction. If this should fail to remove it and the lameness has subsided, leave it alone unless it be a valuable horse. , Then, if the swelling is great, open it and allow the fluid to escape, afterwards injecting i^ncture of iodine into the sack, until you are satisfied the sack is destroyed. Then keep cold water running over the hock, or apply a sponge on either side of the hock and keep it wet with cold water to keep control of the swelling ; and keep this up until the swelling subsides. Immediately after opening give physic, Powd. Aloes one ounce. Powd. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Feed on soft feed and give, Saltpetre four ounces. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda two ounces. Glauber Salts one pound. Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls two or three times a yflay. It will take about three months to effect a cure. Tp. the limb swells vdty much and the patient does not lie down, place slings under it to give rest and relieve the other leg. TUMORS. Tumors belong to a class of diseases known as hyper- trophies or enlargements, and should not be confounded with inflammatory exudations. Tumors constantly grow or increase in size independent of the surrounding tissues, with the exception that they derive their nour- ishment from the blood, whilst an inflammatory exuda- tion depends on a morbid state of the , parts, and increases as long as the morbid state continues, then decreases to a greater or less extent. Tumors are di mCISED AKD C0NTO8ED W0UXD8. 231 Tided into several kinds or classes. But to speak of them separately is quite unnecessary in a work of this kind. We will treat of them in a general sense or take up those which are most frequently met with in veterinary practice. These are fibroid, fatty, cystic and cancerous tumors. Any of these tumors may be seen on almost any part of the animal, and for the removal of them, such remedies as iodine, mercury and stimulating em- brocations, are used with more or .less success. The best mode of disposing of them, is to dissect them out and afterwards treat them as an ordinary wound. (See wounds.) Should a fibrous tumor make its appearance in the nostrils in the form of a nasal polypus, it may be removed by an ecraseur, an instrument of French in- vention for removing excresences ; or you may take a small iron with an eye in the end of it, fasten a heavy cord through it, and slip it up over the tumor until you have reached the top of it, then commence twisting and continue until you have twisted it off ; pull the tumor out and you have completed your work. INCISED AND CONTUSED WOUNDS. An incised wound is the result of a cut from any sharp instrument. If an artery or vein cut, it should be taken up and tied. Then wash out any dirt that may have accumulated and bring the edges of the wound together, and fasten with stiches. This may be done by using a curved needle and white linen or silk thread, or catgut sutures. " The best mode is by the interrupted suture, viz. : by taking stitches one-hslf to three-fourths of an inch apart, tying a knot at each stitch and cutting the ends about one-half inch long. Afterwards apply Friar's balsam, or — 232 DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. Vaseline one ounce. Carbolic Acid one-half drachm. Mix. Or, Carbolic Acid one-half ounce. Kaw Linseed Oil eight ounces. Mix. Apply once or twice daily. Should the stitch break out, the wound will heal by granulation. When this occurs bathe with tepid water and castile soap occasion- ally, and apply twice daily the following: Powd. Alum four ounces. Iodoform one ounce. Mix. Use sparingly. Contused wounds are those where the tissues are bruised or torn, and always require a careful and thor- ough examination, for fear some foreign body may be lodged deeply within them. This, if not removed, will be a constant source of irritation and thus prevent the wound from healing. After all foreign bodies are re- moved, wash out thoroughly and stitch the edges of the wound together as best you can, then if possible, bandage below the wound to assist in bringing and holding it together. As these wounds always heal by granulation, begin at once to use compound tincture of benzoin, or, Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Sugar of Lead .five drachms. , Soft Water one pint. Mix. Or, Powd. Alum four ounces. Iodoform one ounce. Mix. Apply morning and evening. If it suppurates much, wash with hot water and castile soap. Occasionally an enlargement or inflammatory exudation is thrown out, sometimes called " proud flesh. " When this happens, rRREGUlABITIES OP THE TEETH. 233 touch every third day with nitrate of silver, or burnt alum, until it disappears. If any portion of ' the skin becomes detached or fails to heal up, cut it off with a knife. IRREGULARITffiS OF THE TEETH. Sometimes from various causes, the teeth of a horse become very irregular. I have seen the molar teetS of a horse serrated like the teeth of a saw, so that they fitted nicely together. Such animals could not grind their hay, and had to be fed altogether on soft food. The upper jaw is always a little wider than the other, just enough to fetch the molars nicely together. But Bometimes the upper jaw is so wide that the teeth do not come together, consequently there is an irregular growth. At other times the surface of one tooth is, harder than that of its fellow on the opposite jaw; the result is that one tooth grows long and its opposite is worn away. In such cases the projecting tooth should be cut off. I remember seeing a horse six years old, belonging to a Mr. Butler, near Spencerville, Indiana, almosl; dead from starvation, though it had plenty of hay and grain in the manger. The cause was irregular teeth. The horse was so poor it could not stand, and so weak that it could not raise its head, and was in fact, dying when I put it out of its misery. Had I seen the horse before it became so weak as to be unable to stand an operation on its teeth or to eat afterwards, it might have been saved. When the teeth become irregular so tha- sharp cor- ners lacerate the tongue or cheeks, they should be rasped off with a guarded rasp. Any person can do this with a little care. The surface of the teeth should never be rasped smooth ; as the horse has to grind hi? food, the teeth s^hould' be rough. 284 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. TOOTHACHE— DECAY, OR CARIES OF THE TEETH. Decay of the teeth is generally caused by blows, by biting hard substances, such as ' nails ; or from food becoming lodged between the teeth, or between the cheeks and teeth. Symptoms: — An excessive flow from the mouth of a saliva, very ropy in consistency ; intense pain, exhibited , when the tooth is struck by an instrument, by redness and swelling of the gums ; by dropping of half-chewed food from the mouth, by the presence of whole grain in the manure, by suddenly stopping while chewing food, throwing the head to one side and slightly opening the mouth; also by suddenly stopping and throwing the head to one side when drinking cold water. Other symptoms, are unthrifty appearance of the animal; rough staring coat, weakness and emaciation, with pro- fuse sweating on very little exercise, swelling of the jaw. If in the fang or root of the upper molar, there will frequently be a foetid discharge from the nostril on the affected side. If the root of the lower molar, there may be, in connection with the swelling, a fistula of the lower jaw. Treatment : — First make an examination of the teeth by looking into the mouth, or explore witk the hand. If food or any other substance is lodged around the teeth, remove it, and if you cannot decide which tooth is affected from looking into the mouth, press upon the teeth separately through the cheeks and usually when the affected tooth is pressed upon, the animal will evince pain. If the tooth is badly affected, it should be removed. This may be accomplished by taking a pair of forceps and fastening onto the tooth, then twisting and working the tooth until it appears loose. Then place a small piece of wood beneath the handles of the PAEROT MODTH. 235 forceps close up to the tooth ; pry down on the handle and the tooth will come out, unless it should be so badly decayed that it breaks off. When this happens the best mode of treatment is to trephine the jaw, just above the fangs of the tooth, and punch the latter out. The punch should not be less than a quarter of an inch in diameter. Place the punch on the fangs of the tooth and hit it a few taps with a hammer, when the tooth will drop out. The after treatment consists in feeding soft food for a few days and washing out the cavity with a ten per cent, solution of carbolic acid twice a day. PARROT MOUTH. This is a peculiar condition of the mouth, where the upper jaw is much longer than the lower. Consequently PAJKKOT MOUTH. the upper and lower incisors fail to meet, and the upper incisors grow down to an enormous length. * The incisors of the jaw also grow to such a length that they press 236 DISK ASKS OF THE HOKSB. upon the bars of the roof of the mouth, sometimes to such an extent as to injure the horse. In such casea the teeth must be filed or rasped down. Parrot mouth is a great inconvenience, as the animal cannot graze ; it will, however, do well when fed in the stable. WOLF, OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH. Supernumerary teeth, more frequently called "wolf teeth," are frequently seen just in front of the molars in either the upper or lower jaw. They are small, con- ical shaped teeth and of little or no importance what*- ever, except where the^ grow to a sufficient length to disturb the horse while eating. Many persons labor un- der the mistaken idea that "wolf teeth" cause blind- ness in horses. This can hardly be the case. But horses having hereditary opthalmia, or which are otherwise prone to weakness of the eyes; may be greatly dis- turbed during dentition fever; and after such fever is ! abated, all symptoms of ophthalmia disappear; and the credit is erroneously given to the extraction of the "wolf teeth." But when called upon to extract them, do so for the price and for the owner's consolation — but not for any great benefit to the animal. . APOPLEXY. Apoplexy is a rupture of a blood-vessel in the brain. The vessel being in a weakened or diseased condition, breaks or ruptures and allows the blood to escape into the brain structure, where it forms a clot. Sjrmptoms : — A stroke of apoplexy comes on very suddenly. The animal will fall, if the extravasation of blood is great. There is a audden loss of both feeling and motion ; difficult breathing is observed and there is PARALYSIS OF THE LIPS. 237 inability to arouse the patient from its stupor. Th« action of the heart seems regular at first, but gradually grows quicker and weaker, and if the shock is very heavy, the organ soon ceases to beat. If the ruptured vessel is small and the escape of blood very limited, unconsciousness may be complete for a short time, pos- sibly a few minutes, or an hour or more. After this, a general or local paralysis is observed. During the period of insensibility, the breathing is labored, in fact stentorian. The pulse is slow and full and the head hot. The location of the paralysis, which is sure to fol- low apoplexy, depends upon the portion of the brain pressed upon by the extravasated blood. Treatment :— Place the patient in a cool, quiet, com-, fortable place and keep the head elevated, and cool with wet cloths or a sponge until the temperature be- comes natural. Eub the limbs thoroughly arid band- age, and if necessary to warm them, apply mustard. After the animal regains consciousness so that it will swallow, give the following : Powd. Aloes one ounce. Calomel one drachm. Powd. Gentian two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench. Also give, - Iodide of Potassium -two ounces. ^ Bromide of Potassium two ounces. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Give three powders each day for a couple of weeks. PARALYSIS OF THE LIPS. Paralysis of the lips is seen in all classes of horses, and is the result of an irritation and inflammation of the seventh pair of nerves, called the portio dura. It ia 288 . DISEASES OF THE HORSE. very seldom, indeed, that the nerves on bo|;h sides of the face are affected. The disease is generally confined to one side. During the time the inflammatory action (neuritis) is in progress, the nerve loses its functional ability and the exudation .from the inflammatory action, pressing upon the nerve, prevents it tiom. regaining that ability and thus the paralysis continues. Examination along the course of the nerve will frequently reveal a small, 'hard nodule, or the inflammatory exudation which is the seat of the trouble. The causes of this disease may be found in badly fitting or heavy halters and bridles, blows, kicks, etc. The lip will hang pendulous and, flabby, with inability to raise it to its proper place. The animal will drop food from the mouth and have great .difficulty in getting enough to eat, as it has to gather it with its teeth instead of with its lips. When drinking, it pushes its head deep into the bucket to drink. Treatment: — ^The treatment consists of removing from the nerves, all pressure in the form of halters and bridlps, and place the horse in a loose box stall. Feed on soft food and apply hot fomentations to the side of the cheek. Immediately afterward apply, Tincture Oantharides ...... two ounces. Tincture Iodine two ounces. Tincture Capsicum one ounce. Alcohol three ounces. Mix. Apply morning and evening along the side of the face for about two weeks. Then, if no progress is no- ticeable, apply. Vaseline ; one ounce. Oantharides one-half drachm. Red Iodide of Mercury ... one drachm. Mix. Use thoroughly every fourth day, for three applica- tions. Afterwards grease with hogs' lard every day un- til well. Should this fail, apply the actual cautery, or insert seatons ; or you may try acupuncturation. GOITRE BRONOHOOELB. 289 GOITRE— BRONCHOCELE. This is an enlargement of the thyroid glandj which is situated on the under side of the neck just behind the . angles of the lower jaw, at what is sometimes called the throat-latch. These glands when enlarged assume vary- ing proportions, from those of a hen's egg to the size of a sugar bowl. When greatly enlarged, they sometimes press heavily upon the windpipe and cause difficult breathing. It is most frequently seen where animals BRONCHOCELE. graze and drink water oflf of magnesian limestone for- mations, although low situations and damp,high localities are producing causes. The disease appears ■ as a hard lump or tumor on the side of the neck. The enlargement is movable, grows very slowly and is not very sensitive. Treatment : — Kemove the cause, if it is ascertainable, feed on good food, and give drachm dose§ of iodide of potash once daily ; also cut off the hair and paint the lump with tincture of iodine once daily for a continued length of time. If this does not check the growth and reduce it, and it should be of such a size as to interfere with the breathing, take a hypodermic syringe and inject half an ounce of iodine into the center of the tumor, once a week for a few, weeks ; or if need be, it can be dissected out, but this operation requires the skill of a veterinary surgeon. 240 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. PILES— HAEMORRHOroS. This disease though somewhat rare in horses, is deserving of mention, as it is a source of considerable annoyance when it does exist. It is due principally to constipation, but may be observed to follow the intense straining of dysentery, or the severe and prolonged labor pains attending difficult parturition, or foaling. Injuries might also be considered a cause. Whenever bright red irregular tumors are observed, varying in size from a small marble to that of a hen's egg, protrud- ing after the passage of manure or -when the animal is lying down, you have a case of piles on hand. Often when pile? are present, the animal will rub the tail and rump against a post or other stationary object until it bleeds or scabs are formed on the parts, and not infre- quently blood streaks are observed on the manure. Treatment : — First direct your attention to the condi- tion of the bowels, which should be kept soft by feeding on niashes and chop feed with a liberal ' supply of salt, but physic should be avoided. When the tumors pro- trude beyond the anus, wash them off thoroughly with warm water then barely cut into them with k knife, squeeze them out nicely, and deep into the wound put a few drops of. Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Water two ounces. Mix. Afterwards grease the tumor with vaseline and return it within the anus. One tumor each week is enough to operate upon. If considered preferable, they may be tied off by using fine white silk or hemp thread. ' Place the thread around the tumor close up to the bowel and tie it as tightly as it can be comfortably drawn and allow the tumor to slough off". If the tumors do not protrude, oil the hand and pass it into the RABIES — MADNESS — HYDROPHOBIA. 241 bowel, then sieze the tumor and by gentle traction it may be brought to the surface for the operation of removal. If the tie method is chosen, only two at a time should be operated upon and these allowed to come away before another operation is undertaken. RABffiS— MADNESS— HYDROPHOBIA. Madness is credited with arising spontaneously in the dog, fox, wolf and cat but does not attack the larger animals, saye only as the result of inoculation. In regard to spontaneous origin in any animal, I entertain serious doubts. That a, poison or virus may be intro^ RABIES — MADNESS. duced into the system which will act upon the nerve centers causing severe symptoms with destructive ten- dencies, there is no doubt, but it must be done through inoculation. ' One dog may bite another and the one bitten may become affected with rabies, while the one inflicting the wound, shows no symptoms of the disease 242 DISEASES OF THE HOESE. whatever, but at the time the bite was given, the saliva was unhealthy and contained a virus which became absorbed into the system, affecting the nerve centers and producing the disease. It is communicable to all the lower animals, but all animals bitten by a mad dog do not become affected with rabies. While statistics show that one in eleven of the human family, having been bitten by a rabid animal, was stricken with rabies I believe that even then, it was caused by fear and con- tinued worry over the possible results of the injury, rather than from inoculation from the bite itself. Symptoms : — -The period of incubation extends from a few days to a few months. It is usually observed in the horse in from fifteen to* ninety days, twenty to thirty days in cattle, twenty to seventy days in sheep, twenty to fifty days in swine, and in man its develop- ment is questionable unless he brings it upon himself by continued anxiety and worry about the bite and the disease itself. The first thing observeid, is irritation of the original wound; although the injury may have healed completely, the animal commences to rub and bite at it and soon a new sore is formed. If a horse, it now becomes irritable, frantic and vicious. The penis will protrude with frequent erections. A mare will act as though desiring the stallion. The patient will neigh, paw, strike, kick, bite the manger and si>rrounding objects, while the slightest noise made by an attendant seems to be exaggerated by the afiiicted animal ; it may then try to destroy everything around it. There will, be periods of calm and rest, when the attacks of rage and wild, vicious manoeuvering will again return. In attempting to eat or drink, the act of swallowing is prevented by spasms of the throat. If the disease is allowed to run its course, paralysis of the limbs will follow, and death. HYSTERIA. 243 Treatment :— When first bitten, burn the wound deeply with a red-hot iron, or nitrate of silver (lunar caustic), caustic potash or carbolic acid, or cut out a piece of the flesh around the wound and then burn it. When the disease has once developed, it is too danger- ous a risk to attempt to do anything, except to destroy the animal, thus putting it out of its misery as well as^ preventing a loss of the property it would destroy while in a frenzied condition. HYSTERIA. This disease is seldom seen in> the domesticated ani- mals and when appearing, occurs only in the female. It consists of an excitable condition of the whole nervous system, occurring about the time the mare is in season, which gives rise to the theory that it is caused by the ovaries and womb. The nervousness is exhibited by trembling of the muscles, grinding the teeth, champ- ing the jaws and sometimes foaming at the mouth. The patient acts as though delirious. It may paw, kick or strike, or it may fall or lie down and refuse to arise if forced, but may get up voluntarily if left alone. There is rolling of the eyes, and when in a recumbent po'sitiop, the animall will sometimes be perfectly still, and again will paw or strike; in fact, the actions are at times so peculiar, that it is almost impossible to de- scribe them. Treatment: — Give a quart of raw linseed oil and leave the patient alone in a comfortable place, where it cannot injure itself. 41so give two drachm doses of bromide of potassium, every two or three hours until the -physic operates, when, as a rule, the symptoms subside. * 244 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. STINGS OF BEES, WASPS AND HORNETS. Horses when in a sweating condition, should never be brought close to bees, especially when the bees are swarming. There is something in either the smell of the horse at that time or the salts of the sweat, that at- tracts their attention. A whole swarm of bees has been known to attack horses at such a time, with fatal re- sults. The sting of bees is very irritating to horses, on account of the barbed stinger being left in the skin and the poisonous material given off from it. Treatment : — If the imbedded stinger can be found, it should be immediately extracted, either with the finger nails, a pair of forceps or a knife point, then immedi- ately covered with an application of wet clay, or bathed with ammonia or baking soda and water, or, Sugar of Lead one ounce. Water one pint. Mix. HIP LAMENESS. Hip lameness occurs in a manner similar to that ol the shoulder. The causes being about the same, it will not be necessary to recapitulate them. The symptoms vary from those of shoulder lameness, materially. When the hip joint is affected, there is a hop and a catch in the lame leg and the movement of the affected quarter will be greatly lessened; While at rest, the foot of the lame leg in bad cases, will be held clear from the ground. Heat may be felt near the joint and pressure upon the parts will cause pain. The muscles over the hip soon become atrophied or wasted away, causing what is termed swinney. RtTPTUKE OF MUSCLES. 245 Treatment: — The treatment is just the same as rec- ommended for shoulder lameness, Including absolute rest for sometime, and with the exception of placing a high-heeled shoe on the affected limb, to enable the parts to be maintained in a state of rest. RUPTURE OF MUSCLES. That muscles do become ruptured or torn is perfectly true, nevertheless these cases are seldom seen, except it may be in the muscle called flexor metatarsi -wihich is situated above the hock on the inner side of the limb and whose action is to flex the hock. Muscles are rup- tured during a severe sprain or over-exertion, as in starting a heavy load and slipping, while the muscles are at full tension. Symptoms : — Severe lameness is observed if the ani- mal is forced to move and while the leg is raised, the hock will present the appearance of a dislodged ham- string. Some soreness, heat and swelling, will be' detected at the seat of the rupture. If the foot is placed squarely under the animal, it will stand upon it in a natural attitude, but there is an unwillingness to move either forward or backward. If forced to move foreward, the foot will be jerked upward and backward so high that a crease will be left in the muscles above the hock, presenting the appearance of a broken limb. Treatment ; — The care and attention necessary for a ruptured muscle should be about the same as for a fractured bone. Place the animal in closely fitting slings, boxing it in so as not to admit of any movement, either sideways, backwards or sforwards, and keep in that position for about two months. In that time, the ends of the muscles will have grown together, when 246 DISEASES OF THE HOKSB. exercise should be given, or the animal may be put to moderate work so that the muscles will again develop. If there is much soreness, heat and swelling, occurring shortly after the rupture has taken place, it is best combatted with frequent fomentations of hot water, and between each bathing, use — ' Laudanum one ounce. Tinct. Arnica two ounces. . Witchhazel thirteen ounces. Mix. Apply until all the inflammation has subsided, then cease using anything and allow nature to complete the cure while the animal is resting in the slings. CHRONIC CATARRH— NASAL GLEET, OR OZOENA. Nasal gleet consists of a suppurative inflammation of the lining membrane (Schneiderian membrane) of the nostrils and of the sinuses in the bones of the front part of the face. It is sometimes confined to the nos- , trils alone, but more frequently the sinuses are also aflfected. The principal cause, is a catarrhal inflamma- tion of the membrane, but it may also arise from ulcer- ated teeth. It may also be caused by injury to the face, enlargement of the fangs of the teeth, abscesses forming in the sinuses ; disease of the facial bones, or the lodg- ing of foreign bodies in the nostrils. Symptoms: — A constant discharge from the nostrils or more frequently from one nostril, as one side of the head alone is more frequently affected. This discharge is of a bluish white color and tenacious, very much resembling the discharge of glanders. But the glander- ous ulcerations are absent, although abrasions or excoi;- iations of the membrane .are present, owing to irritating influence of the discharge. The, sub-maxillary glands CHHONIO CATARRH — NASAL SLEET, OR OZOEMA. 247 may be enlarged and if adherent to the jaw, should be looked upon with suspicion. Heat over the sinuses will generally be observed, and sometimes a bulging out ip their locality. Percussion on the side affected, will produce a dull sound, compared to that given by its fel- low on the opposite side. This discharge is sometimes very offensive and when that is the case, the teeth should be examined thoroughly, as it is indicative of disease of the fangs. Treatment: — When. the lining membrane of the nos- trils alone is affected, throw a spray up the nostrils of a five per cent, solution of listerine, and administer internally — Sulphate of Copper one ounce. Nux Vomica one ounce. Iodide of Potassium one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders and give one morning and evening. This will often effect a cure. But if the sinuses are affected and pus is contained therein, tre- phine the sinuses and evacuate all the pus. Then wash out thoroughly with a five per cent, solution of listerine twice daily. Also throw up the nostrils a spray of the same solution. If there is any diseased bone, or if there are any foreign bodies or a diseased tooth, a removal must be affected. This is best accomplished by tre- phining, as it opens the cavity so that treatment can be directly applied. The following will suffice for a wash : Carbolic Acid one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Or, ^ Sulphate of Zinc six drachms. Soft Water : one pint. Mix. Syringe through the opening once or twice daily. The system should be kept up on tonics, as 248 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. Sulphate of Iron four ounces. Powd. Niix Vomica two ounces. Gentian six ounces. Saltpetre three ounces. Mix. Give a'teaspoonful morning and evening. Give the most nutritive food obtainable and a moderate amount of exercise. BONE SPAVIN. Bop.e spavin consists in an irritation, sufficient to cause inflammation of the bones of the hock joint. When the inflammation exists between the bones, pro- ducing lameness, but without any osseous deposit SPAVIN. thrown out to form an enlargement, it is called occult spavin. But when there is an exudation of a bony depdsit thrown out, causing an enlargement on .either the inner or outer aspect of the hock and inducing lame- ness, it is called a bone spavin. This may occur from various causes, but in the majority of cases it is the BONE SPAVIN. 249 result of a wrench or sprain. Still I am inclined to believe m the hereditary tendency to spavin. Whetlier It be m the peculiar -conformation of the hock which is marked and transmitted by certain sires, or if it be an ossific diathesis in the blood, I am unable to tell. But I have seen a colt not to exceed three months old, with well-defined ringbones and spavins causing lameness, without any apparent reason therefor. And I could not BONE SPAVIN. attribute it to overgrowth, with the consequent extra amount of weight to carry, for, in the majority of cases coming under my observation, it happened in small breeds of horses and the colts were only in moderately good keeping condition. Sometimes a small, bony enlargement is situated at the internal aspect of the hock. It is called jack spavin and seldom does very much harm, merely serving as an eye-sore. " A horse with jack spavin should not be considered unsound, as lameness very seldom results therefrom. The symptoms 250 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. of spavin are lameness of a peculiar character. The animal, when first driven after rest, will .walk on the toe of the affected limb, with the fetlock bent forward and with a hopping movement of the hind parts. After driving a short distance, it improves very much in its gait ; the lameness diminishes and sometimes after the animal is driven some distance, the lameness disappears altogether. In other cases, after driving, the lamenesa SPAVIN BONE FIKBD. will diminish but still be quite perceptible. If in the stable, the animal is made to turn around in the stall, it does so with a stumbling, hopping movement. On very forcibly flexing the leg at the hock, then dropping the foot and starting the horse on a trot, it will often go off on three legs. By sitting in front of the horse and look- ing toward the hock, you will perceive the enlargenient, if there be any. By holding the hand over the antero- internal part of the hock, you will invariably detect fever- Treatment : — Various methods of treatment are used for spavin, but one very essential thing, and one upon BONE BPAVm, 251 which all must agree, is that the animal must have absolute quiet and rest. If the spavin be just started,! mild counter irritation will often effect a cure; in this. case, apply — Tinct. O^ntharides two ounces. Spts. Turpentine two ounces. Sweet Oil four ounces. Mix. Or, Cottonseed Oil four ounces. Croton Oil . one ounce. Oil Camphor two drachms. Oil Turpentine four drachms. Oil Origanum one drachm. Coal Oil one ounce. Sulphuric Acid »• forty drops. Mix. Apply once daily for six or eight weeks. If the, lamenese does not cease in that time, apply Vaseline one ounce. Red Iodide of Mercury . . . one drachm. Powd. Cantharides one drachm. Mix. Apply thoroughly; wash off in twenty-four hours and grease with fresh lard or oil, every day for five days. Then apply the foregoing prescription again, wash off as before and continue this treatment for three applications. Give the horse complete rest and tie it while the medicine is on, so it cannot bite or rub the place. In the course of five weeks, if this fails, apply the actual cautery (firing irOns) and immediately afterward apply the before mentioned salve,as directed. If it be an occult spavin or if the true hock joint, that is the large cuneiform and astragalus bones are affected, a failure to cure is almost certain and the animal remains lame as long as it lives. The sole object in the treat- ment of bone spavin, is to prevent the horse from going 252 DISEASES OF THE HOESB. lame and this is accomplished only when the inflamma- tion exists between the cuneiform and metatarsal bones, and you establish complete union between those bones thus preventing irritation from their gliding motion. BOG SPAVIN. This sometimes consists of an inflammation of the hock joint, but not always. I have seen bog spavin gradually developing upon horses, without the existence of any perceptible inflammation. This kind is generally BOG SPAVDT. found in horses which have weak or very upright hoeks. It consists of a fluctuating swelling, situated at the antero-internal and upper part of the hock, and com-- posed of synovia or joint oil. It is nature's rfemedy to prevent disease by having an abundance of oil to lubri- cate the joint during work or violent exercise. This should be considered merely a blemish and not a dis- ease. But when it is caused by overwork, sprains or BLOOD SPAVIN. 2&8 wounds it is considered to be more serious. It is then accompanied by heat and lameness, varying in their intensity. When bog spavin occurs from these causes, or from rheumatic trouble, absolute rest should be given, and the part fomented with hot water three times a day for a few days. Then apply Tinct. Oantharides two ounce^. Tinct. Iodine one ounce, Tinct. Capsicum two ounces. Alcohol . . i three ounces. Mix. Or the following blister : Vaseline one ounce. Red Iodide of Mercury one drachm. Powd. Oantharides one drachm. Mix. After the lamenes ceases, stop treatment and allow nature to take its course. Sometimes bog spavin causes thoroughpin and when this is the case, treat as for bog spavih alone. BLOOD SPAVIN. This is a distension of the large vein that passes down over tie anterior and internal part of the hock, and is caused from pressure upon the vein, arresting or preventing a free circulation of blood, thus damming it up to a certain extent, and in this manner causing a dis- tension of the coats of the vein to a greater or lesser extent, leaving an enlargement that is soft to the touch and can usually be rubbed away. They seldom produce lameness and cause no harm. When examined with the hand, a blood spavin is found to be soft and pliable and by rubbing it for a time, it will disappear, '^ No treatment will give better results than frequent rubbing. 254 DISEASES OP THE HORSE. OCCULT SPAVIN. When inflammation exists between th© bones of the hock, producing lameness without any enlargement to sight or touch, it is called an occult spavin, or hidden spavin. A deposit of bone material may forina partial or complete union of the small bones of the hock, caus- ing intense lameness, and yet the hock to all appear- ances, Avill be perfect and smooth. Causes : — It is caused in the same manner as bone spavin ; by concussion to the ends of the bones, slipping while at play, hauling or starting a heavy load. In the majority of cases, it is the result of a wrench or sprain sufficient to cause a laceration of ligamentous attach- ments In the internal part of the hock, and in many other ways by which the hock receives injury. Yet spavin may occur without any injury. My own experi- ence has convinced me, of the hereditary disposition to spavin in certain families of horses, it being transmitted from one generation to another and sometimes occuring at a very early age. Symptoms: — The same symptoms are observable in occult as in bone spavin. When first driven, after rest, will walk on the toe of the affected limb with the fet- lock bent forward and with a hopping movement of the hind parts. While at rest, the animal frequently stands upon its toe with the heel raised and the hock flexed. If made to stand over in the stall, it stands on the toe of the affected limb and hops oyer. After having been driven and allowed to cool off, take hold of the toe of the affected limb and raise it up high, forcibly flexing the leg at the hock, holding it in that position for a minute, then dropping the foot and starting the animal on a trot, it will often go on three legs; This is one of the best tests for occult spavin. In the majority.. ETC. 255 of cases of spavin, after driving a short distance there is much improvement in gait ; the lameness diminishes and sometimes, after driving some distance, the lame- ness disappears altogether. In other cases the lameness is continuous. The treatment for occult spavin is just the same as for bone spavin, but more persistence may be necessary, as it usually takes a greater length of time to effect a cure, and not infrequently the lameness continues through life. STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS AND DISLOCATION OP THE PATELLA. Ml Stifle-joint lameness is usually detected by the man- ner in which the horse brings the foot forward, which is STIFLE-JOINT LAMBiraSS. done with difficulty, the leg swinging outward with a circular motion and dragging the toe (although they do not always drag the toe). The foot is sometimes raised clear of the ground, but with the circular motion, and placed flat on the ground. Whilst the animal is at rest the leg is usually in a semi-flexed position. Heat around the stifle joint is quite a prominent symptom, but is sometimes wanting. Sometimes quite a prominent symptom is a fluctuating swelling or dropsy of the joint. 25(5 DISEASES OF THE HOUSE. If you have dislocation of the patella, or what is mores commonly called "stifled joint," you will observe that while the horse is standing . in the stall, it may stand squarely upon both feet; but, if you force it to walk the stifled leg will fly backward and the animal is pow- erless to bring it forward. If you examine the joint, you will find the patella on the outer side of the leg and j the groove in the femur may be felt quite plainly. I Treatment : — When lameness is present in the stifle- joi^it, without dislocatiouy give absolute rest and apply hot fomentations of water three or four times a day, to allay the inflammation. Then apply Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Spts. Turpentine two ounces. " Olive Oil. • foiir ounces. Mix. Apply three ' or four times daily, until you blister thoroughly. Then allow to rest for three or four days and repeat several times in this manner. If the patella Is dislocated, fasten a rope or strap around the fetlock, then pass it through the collar and draw the leg for- ward ; no matter if the patient strjaggles hard, force it forward. Then place your hand behind the bone, which will be felt at the outside of the leg, and force it forward, when you will feel it drop into place and the patient will have full control of its leg. Apply Tincture Oantharides two ounces. Spirits Turpentine two ounces. Aqua Ammonia one ounce. Sweet Oil four ounces. Mix. Or, use the former prescription, three or four times a day for two or three days ; allow the patient to rest for a week and all will be well. If the patient kicks it out or it drops out of its own accord immediately a ter you have placed it in position, you must apply one of the former prescriptions until it blisters thoroughly, RINGBONE. 257 and the swelling will force it into position and strengthen the ligaments that have been relaxed. Then allow a longer rest than would ' ordinarily be required, or apply the following : Vaseline one ounce. Powdered Cantharides . . . two drachms. Mix. Wash off in twenty-four hours and grease every day for three days ; then apply again and grease every day until well. RINGBONE. Ringbone very much resembles spavin, except in location. Ringbone consists of an osseous deposit upon the upper and lower pastern-bones. When the deposit is BINGBONB. around the middle of the large pastern and not involving the joint, it is called an osselet or false ring-bone, and ia seldom the cause of , lameness; it should not be looked upon as an unsoundness, oq if, naUa for no treatment what- 258 DISEASES OF THE HOKSB. ever. True ringbone acts very differently from the false, and occasions more or less lameness. It may affect two very important articulations, viz., the articulation be- tween the large and small pastern, or between the small pastern and the coffin bone. The former articulation is the one most frequently affected, and where complete union is most easily obtained ; here less stiffness will be the result if a cure results, than where the lower joint ia RINGBONE. diseased. But in either location, the disease is difficult to treat with any satisfaction and it is sometimes incur- able, the lameness continuing through life. * Some- times the deposit completely encircles the joint ; at others is on one side, and directly in front of the joint. The degree of lameness does not depend upon the size of the enlargement but more upon its location. If it is situated immediately in front of the pastern, the lame- ness,,will be greater than when situated on either side. The lameness is greatest, when the deposit is between the lower pastern and the coffin bone. When between RINGBONB. . 259 these two bones, it frequently causes a bulging of tha foot and not seldom causes the foot to turn inward, forming what is known as reel-foot. The lameness of ringbone alway precedes the deposit and is caused by inflammation existing in the bone or in the synovial membrane surrounding it. Kingbone is occasioned by sprain ; by fractured bone ; and by the hereditary ten- dency, referred to in the treatise on spavin. Treatment: — When first noticed there will be no # enlargement but considerable lameness and fever. Then apply hot water freely to allay the inflammatioa and after bathing, apply the following : Spirits Chloroform two ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Witchhazel four ounces. Tincture Aconite one-half ounce. Mix. If the lameness continues after ten days' treutment apply— Vaseline two ounces. Red Iodide of Mercury . . . two drachms. Oantharides three drachms. Mix. Make three applications, with intermissions of four or five days between each two applications. Give abso- lute rest and if the patient is inclined to walk upon the toe, use high calks upon the heal of the shoe. But if inclined to walk upon /its heel, use a thin-heeled bar shoe. If lameness continues, use the firing irons. Fire it deeply as illustrated in spavin and in a few daya apply— Vaseline one ounce. Powd. Oantharides two drachms. Mix. Apply once a week for three or four applications^ If aU these fail, the cutting out of the plantar nerves may be performed with varying success. 260 DISEASES OF THE HOBSK. SPRAIN OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT. This is a very large ligament composed of white •fibrous tissue, and extends from the knee in the foreleg and from the hock in the hind leg, down the back part of the cannon bones. Just above the fetlock it divides and becomes attached to the sesamoid bones, below which it reunites and joins the flexors of the foot. Sprains of this ligament happen only through severe li^v'^: ' :'.- v—-. POSITION OF THE FOOT EST LAMENESS. exertions, and sometimes the strain is sufficient to cause rupture of the ligament. This generally happens near the dividing point, just above the fetlock. The most prominent symptoms are lameness, heat, and swelling beneath the flexor tendons and down behind the cannon bones, with swelling of the leg at the fetlock joint. The animal stands or walks upon the toe, the fetlock joint is flexed to relieve the ligament of tension. If the lig- ament is ruptured, the fetlock will spring down close to the ground and the toe will be turned upward. The rupture may occur higher up, or at the attachment of the ligament to the sesamoid bones, or even below the fetlock ; the result is the same. This is what is meant by the term, " broken down." X SPKAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT AND SESAMOIDITES. 261 Treatment : — Absolute rest in a comfortable box stall, well bedded, to entice the patient to lie down. Bathe with cold water, after which apply bandages and keep wet with cold water. After the fever has subsided apply to remove the swelling. Tincture Iodine two ounces. Red Iodide of Mercury . . . two drachms. Tincture of Myrrh and Capsicum six ounces. Mix. Apply three times a day, or Powdered Oantharides . . two drachms. Vaseline one ounce. Mix. Apply every two weeks until three applications have been made. If the ligament is ruptured, bandage the leg in a set of splints, so as to hold it in a proper posi- tion. Heavy belting makes a good support for the limb, by cutting it to fit, and packing the space between the fetlock joint and the heel to form a prop. Thi» will hold the limb iii proper shap«»- Or put on a bar shoe' and fasten an iron brace to it, bending it to fit tha fetlock and extending it up to the knee. Pad it well with cotton batting and bandage. After complete union is secured, remove the support and blister a few times to remove the swelling. Horses that have once "broken down," or ruptured the suspensory ligament, should not be put on the track nor at heavy pulling ; but they may be used to good advantage for ordinary work, after a rest of six or eight months. SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT AND SESAMOIDITES. It is possible to have sprain of the fetlock joint or of its lateral ligaments, without injury to the sesamoid bursa ; but such cases, I think are very rare. Owing to the particular manner in which the sesamoid bones are 262 DISEASES OE THE H0K8E. placed behind the joint, over which the flexor perforans tendons play, I am constrained to believe that any exer- tion sufficient to cause sprain of the fetlock joint, will, at the same time produce inflammation of the sesanioid bursa. Symptoms: — If the sprain is very slight, lameness will scarcely be perceptible, appearing only while traveling upon uneven ground and the joint is twisted a little ; but if the sprain is severe, the lameness will be BO intense that the animal will go on its toe or hobble on three legs. The joint swells and is quite hot, and when the animal is resting, the leg is flexed at the joint, the toe resting upon the ground. Treatment: — Apply cold' water frequently and band- age until the fever subsides, then use Tinct. Iodine two ounces. Witchhaz^l two ounces. Alcohol four ounces. Mix. Apply morning and evening and bandage, or Vaseline one ounce. Powdered Oantharides . . two drachms. Mix. Apply every ten days until three applications have been made. Complete rest should be given for a month. If you consider the ligaments ruptured, a plaster of'paris bandage should be applied, the same as for fracture, and allowed to remain on for a month. If any swelling remains, a few applications of the above blister will greatly assist in removing it. SPRAIN OF THE PLEXOR TENDONS. Sprain .of the flexor tendons, like the sprain of the suspensory ligament, is caused by heavy pulling and fast running or trotting ; also by wearing shoes with SPEAINS OF THE FLEXOR TENBOUS. 263 high toe calks. The symptoms obseiTed will be lame- ness, heat and swelling at the back part of the leg, and the peculiar way in which the horse moves the limb, which is with a stiff, stubby morement ; the toe touches the ground first and the horse bears most of its weight BACK TENDONS THICKENED FBOM INJURT OR SPRAIN. upon it, seldom bringing the heel to the ground during the first stages. After it becomes chronic, or the more serere symptoms have subsided, the heels will be brought to the ground, there will be a shortening of the tendons and a knuckling over of the fetlock joint. The swelling, which is a prominent symptom, will diverge from the seat of the sprain and extend up and down the tendon, involving the theoas, or sheaths of the tendons to such a degree, that the tendons with difficulty pass through them. Treatment : — Shoe the horse with a bar shoe without calks, to give the shoe an even pressure when standing. This will prevent shortening of the tendons, which is likely to occur with high heel calks, which only afford 284 DISEASES OP THE HOKSE. temporary relief. Apply cold bandages, ocoaBioaally pouring on cold water until the feyer subsides. Thai apply one of the following mixtures, three times a day l Tincture Iodine one ounce. Red Iodide of Mercury one and one-half drachms. Tincture Myrrh and Oapsi- cum seven ounces. Mix. Or, Tincture Oantharides two ounces. Tincture Iodine one ounce. Tincture Capsicum two ounces. Alcohol iSiree ounces. Mix. Or, Oil Cedar foui/ drachms. Oil Hemlock four drachms. Oil of Tansy four drachms. Oil of "Wormwood . .four drachms. Alcohol eight ounces. Mix. If shortening of the tendons should take place, ten- otomy may be performed, if the patient is a young Korse. But if an old horse, the operation h«,d better be let alone. The operation is performed by casting the horse and securing it firmly. Then loosen the leg to be operated upon ; fasten it as straight out as possible by a rope or strap tied to the fetlock. Make a small incision midway between the knee and the fetlock, the smaller the incision the better. Pass the knife flat-wise beneath tiie tendons, taking care to keep outside the blood ves- sels, until you feel the knife against the skin on the opposite side. Then turn the edge of the knife towards the tendons and cut outward very slowly until you haf» severed the tendons. Then withdraw the knife. Be Tory careful to only cut the skin in one place and that a Tory small opening, where the knife enters. Plfco ELBOW LAMBNESS. your knee against the leg and forcibly straighten it, to break up 9,ny adhesions which may have formed. After the operation, keep the leg straight by putting on a shoe with a high toe-calk ; or fasten a piece of iron to the shoe and let it extend six inches in front of the foot. If the toe should turn up a little, have no fear, for when the tendons grow together it may shorten a little too much. After union has taken place, remove the thickening with a few applications of the last pre- scription. ELBOW LAMENESS. Disease of the elbow is not an infrequent occurrence. S3Tnptoms : — "While standing, the horse holds its leg in a peculiar manner — carried well back, the leg flexed and resting upon the 'toe. In walking, the limb is brought forward with difficulty and when putting it to the ground to make the step, the patient drops the head and shoulder as if about to fall. There may not be ▼ery much heat or swelling. If there is fracture of the point of the elbow, you will see the excessive d'rdpping of the head and shoulder: the leg will be flexed or ■eemingly in a pendulous condition, with heat and Bwelling and pain upon pressure. Sometimes "capped elbow" causes lameness, but not always; when it does, you do not have such excessive dropping of the head. Treatment : — If there is lameness, without swelling ca Leat, apply three times a day. of — Oil of Cedar four drachms. Oil of Wormwood four drachms. Oil of Tansy .four drachma. Oil of Hemlock four drachms. Alcohol eight ounces. Mix. 286 DISEASES OF THE HOKSB. Allow sufficient rest and a cure ■will result. If there is fracture of the elbow, swing the patient up immedi- ately and feed on soft food. Apply splints, and bandage from the knee up above the elbow to hold it in position and keep the patient swung Up until complete union has taken place, which will be in from six to ten weeks. Broad rubber belting, makes a good splint and bandage combined. If the lameness comes from capped elbow (usually caused by the horse lying with its elbows resting upon the heels of its shoes), remove the shoes and place a roll of sheepskin, or other soft material, around the back part of Hhe fetlock, to prevent the feet from irritating the bruise. Then apply hot water to the elbow until the inflammation subsides, when the lameness will usually disappear. But, to remove the enlargement, make a free incision low down to allow the fluid to escape : then apply some irritating substance to cause it to slough out. After it heals and there is a small nodule left, dis- sect it out and treat as an ordinary wound. Widen the stall and allow plenty of room for the animal to lie down. CARPITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KNEES. Inflammation of the knees may arise from different causes, such as concussion, rheumatism, sprains, etc. The animal is observed to hold the leg stiff and to exhibit intense pain upon either flexion or extension of the knee. If the animal . walks, it will carry the leg etifiiy. Sometimes there is a swelling of the knee ; at others, no swelling whatever is perceptible. * If the disease exists between the bones, there will be no swel- ling until an exudation is thrown out, and when this happens, a stiff knee is almost certain to be the result. BROKEN OK BRUISED KNEES. 267 Treatment : — Give complete rest and, if thought nec- essary, place the patient in slings. Use applications of cold water until the fever subsides ; then apply a strong blister, as — Vaseline one ounce. Red Iodide of Mercury one drachm. Cantharides one drachm. Mix. Use repeatedly. If there is a fluctuating swelling in front of the knee, puncture it and allow the fluid to escape, after which apply a wet bandage and keep it wet. Should it fail to disappear, apply the foregoing, blister. BROKEN OR BRUISED KNEES. Whenever you see a bruise or a scar upon the knees of a horse, the anipial, as regards value, should be looked upon with suspicion, unless the horse has good, free action and the bruise is known to be purely accir BROKEN KNEE. dental For a majority of cases arise from faulty action of the fore legs, vertigo or fits, "speed cut" or inter- fering diseased feet or navicular disease ; over-reachr ing • or from bad shoeing, and possibly from the driver 8 awkwardness. ' The disease is more frequently .noticed in the form of bruises than aa broken bones. 268 DISEASES OP THE HOKSB. Treatment: — When bruises exist, without any abxa-l fiion of the skin, apply cold water frequently, with dressings of vaseline. Give rest, with good, deep bed- ding, and probably no other treatment will be neces- sary. But when the skin is lacerated, if none of the deeper tissues are involved, wash the wound well and bring its edges together with heavy court-plaster, leav- ing an opening below for the escape of pus ; give rest and tie the horse up so it cannot lie down, to prevent it. from breaking any of the adhesions while flexing the leg. Never use any stitches, as any movement of the knee will tend to tear them out. Where, besides the laceration of the skin, deeper tissues are involved, so that the tendons and synovial membrane are torn, and " open joint" is the result, you have a more serious case in hand. The wound may set up an extensive inflammation, the surrounding parts become greatly swollen, followed i>y so extensive a sloughing of the parts as to expose the bone. There will then be con- siderable constitutional disturbance, high fever, loss of appetite, bowels constipated, difficult voiding of the urine, and a foetid discharge from the wound. It is then as serious as a broken bone and the animal should be destroyed, unless valuable for breeding purposes. If the animal is to be preserved, force the leg out strai,ght and fasten it with splints to maintain it in that position, leaving the knee exposed for treatment. Wash it out three times a day with tepid water and castile soap and apply one of the following three times a day : Zinc Sulphate two drachms. Acetate of lead four drachms. Carbolic Acid two drachms. Soft Water one pint. Mix. Or, SHOULDER SLIP OR SWINNEY. Permanganate of Potassium . . * one drachm. Tannin one drachm. Distilled Water one pint. Mix. Or, Listorine two ounces. Carbolic Acid one drachm. Distilled Water six ounces. Mix. 269 SHOULDER SLIP OR SWINNEY. This disease generally termed " swinney," consist! in atrophy, or wasting away, of the antea and postea gpinatus muscles. A brief description of the parta SwmiJBY AST) CAPPED ELBOW. forming the shoulder joint, will facilitate an under- standing of the matter. The glenoid cavity, or hollow in the lower end of the shoulder bone, is very small compared with «the head of the humerus, which plays within it, thus giving it great freedom of motion, esp©- 270 DISEASES OF THE HOESB. cially as the joint is not bound down with inelastic liga- ments, but by muscles and tendons only. The antea and postea spinatus muscles occupy the outer surface of the shoulder blade and extend down over the external and lateral surface of the joint. The sub-scapularis, muscle occupies the inner surface of the shoulder blade and extends down over the inner and lateral surface of the joint. The coraco humeralis muscle extends down over the front of the joint. So it will be seen that, when the external muscles are wasted away (atrophied) there is nothing left strong enough to hold the joint to its proper position, and it has an outward movement or slipping — but not a dislocation. It may be caused by a bruise, heavy pulling, or walking on uneven ground, as the furrow horse is compelled to do while plowing. It is more frequently seen in young horses, used for plow- ing, especially in the spring when the muscles are soft and flaccid. Symptoms : — There are generally swelling, heat and tenderness, all along the external surface of the shoul- der blade; but in the majority of cases, the patient shows no lameness until the swelling and heat have subsided and atrophy, or wasting of the muscles, has begun. This generally takes place in a week or twQj from, the time of the injury. The hollow space is usually the full length of the shoulder blade, and is sometimes very deep, so that the spine of the bone is prominent. Treatment : — During the inflammatory stage, while there is heat and swelling, foment well with hot water and after the swelling has disappeared, apply a mild stimulating liniment, as Ammonia one ounce. Turpentine two ounces. Sweet Oil five ounces. Mix. Or, ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES — SWINNKY. 971 Oil of Cedar one-half ounce. Oil of Tansy one-half ounce. Oil of Hemlock one-half ounce. Oil of Wormwood one-half ounce. Alcohol ten ounces. Mix. Use three times a day, rubbing in thoroughly. Do not be afraid of rubbing, as it stimulates the muscles to deyelopment. Use at light work on level ground, or turn out to pasture, for the patient needs exercise to develop the muscles. Do not be discouraged, but be persistent in your treatment, as it frequently takes six months, and sometimes a year, before the hollow is filled up and the muscles fully developed. If it seems very slow, apply at intervals the following : Vaseline one ounce* Red Iodide of Mercury . . . one drachm. Oantharides . . one and a-half drachms. Mix. If you are persistent, success will crown your effort and reward your trouble. ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES—SWINNEY. This consists in a shrinking or wasting away of the muscles and is most frequently seen at the shoulders and hips. It may, however, manifest itself upon any part of the limbs or body. It is caused by sprains, bruises, severe and continued pressure, paralysis, rheumatism, continued lameness of the foot or limb or anything in fact, whereby a certain set of muscles do not receive sufficient exercise. , Symptoms: — A flattened or hollow space will be observed instead of the full, round, plump muscles. When occurring at a certaia point, compare it with th« S?fi DISEASES OF THE HORSE. same point on the opposite side, and a flattening or wasting away will be observed. Treatment: — Atrophy of the muscles and swinney mean one and the same thing; therefore, the same treatment may be used as outlined under the head of "Swinney." Any manner of treatment, however, will in some instances, fail to redevelop the muscles but it is well to be persistent for a continued lengtti of time. SHOULDER LAMENESS. Shoulder lameness may arise from different causes, but the most frequent are kicks, bruises, sprains and rheumatism. It is characterized by the peculiar man- ner in which the patient holds the leg, which is fle xed SHOTanSR LAMENESS. and resting upon the toe ; also the great difficulty with which the leg is brought forward in walking, with tA the same time, a dragging of the toe. If from kicks or bruises, the lameness will be efeserved at the injured place; but if from sprain of the coraco humeralig muscle, which plays on the front of the joint in the form of a tendon, there wiU be observed flexing of the limb and great difficulty in bringing it forward, with Bwelling heat and tenderness upon pressure at the point of the shoulder. As inflammation of a tendon frequently results in formation of bone material, you will readily ^ee the need of prompt and careful treatment. RHEUMATISM. 278 Treatment : — Put on a very high heeled shoe and apply frequent fomentations of hot water ; or place a rug on the point of the shoulder and keep applying hot water until the inflammation has subsided. Then remove the shoes and keep quiet on a level floor, and apply the fol- lowing three times a day : Tincture Iodine two ounces. Witchhazel two ounces. Alcohol '. . four ounces Mix. Or, Oil of Oedar one-half ounce. Oil of Hemlock one-half ounce. Oil of Wormwood one-half ounce. Tincture of Iodine one ounce. Alcohol eight ounces. Mix. Allow the patient to rest for sometime, and use only at light work for at least four months. RHEUMATISM. This is a peculiar disease, and none too thoroughly understood. It attacks the fibrous structure, such as muscles, tendons, etc. It is apt to move suddenly from one joint to another, from one set of muscles to another, or to some internal organ, as the heart. It is seldom that acute rheumatism terminates in chronic rheuma- tism, or that the reverse occurs. Chronic rheumatism is met with most frequently among the domesticated animals. Symptoms : — The patient will appear dull and stupid with an inclination to be let alone and not to be moved about. If the affection be in the limbs or joints and the animal be forced to move, it either goes very lame or ia very stiff. The parts affected may be swollen and hard, 274 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. or, if in the joint, soft and fluctuating ; or there may not be any swelling, but a crackling noise at the joints: when moved. There is generally fever with a full, hard pulse, increased temperature, hurried breathing, co3- tiveness and scanty, high-colored urine. If acute rheu- matism, the disease will generally terminate in about six or eight weeks ; but, if chronic, it may last untiL warm weather comes. Treatment :^Give as a physic Powdered Aloes one ounce. Powdered Ginger one drachm. Mix. Administer at one dose ; and, if the pain be exces- sive, give ounce doses of laudanum, tabe followed by — Salicylic Acid two ounces. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda; two ounces. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Give one powder three- times a day, to be fallowed by — Acetate of Potassium one ounce. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium one and one-half ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders and give one pbwder thre*" times a day. Apply hot cloths, hot bran, hot corn,, hot salt, or make the following liniment : Spirits of Chloroform two ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Tincture of Arnica two ounces. Witchhazel two ounces. Mix. Apply two or three times a day. Or, Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Spirits of Turpentine two ounces. Sweet Oil four ounces, Mix^ SPRAINED BACK. 275 Apply two or three times a day. You may also give, with benefit, liquid ammonia acetate, two ounces three times a day ; but the treatment is seldom very satisfac- tory. SPRAINED BACK. Sprained back is not of frequent occurrence, but it may happen from the hind feet slipping, while the ani- mal is pulling hard to start a heavy load, or from its struggling when cast in the stall. The psoas muscles, SPRAINED BACK. which are the seat of the sprain, are situated under- neath the lumber vertebrae, and are attached anteriorly to the heads of the las-t ribs and dorsal vertebrae and posteriorly to the brim of the pelvis and internal tro- chanter of the femur-,, their action is to bend the haunch upon the pelvis, a'nd when the horse is pulling, 276 DISEASES OF THE HOBSB. to produce the appearance of a " reached back." When sprained, these muscles lose their tone and power, and instead of a " roached back" there will be the reverse, except there will be swelling over the loins, which is frequently the case. If both the psoas muscles are strained, the animal will be unable to rise from a recumbent position, though when placed ori^its feet, it may stand; it will walk with a drunken, staggering gait and a' knuckling over of the fetlocks. It is easily distinguished from broken back by the power to move its limbs, and the sense of feeling in the hind e,xtremity. Examination per rectum, reveals heat and ' swelling, with pain upon pressure along the spine. After these symptoms have passed away and the animal is restored to usefulness, there will be a weakness of the back for some months, or until the muscles are again fully developed and regain their natural power and tone. Treatment : — If the patient is able to stand, place the slings under it, but if unable to stand, you had. better let the slings alone. Apply frequently, hot fomenta- tions across the loins and afterwards use — Tincture of Arnica four ounces. Chloroform one ounce. Laudanum two ounces. Witchhasel three ounces. Mix. Or, Aqua Ammonia , one and one-half ounces. Turpentine . . . one and one-half ounces. . Olive oil five ounces. Mix. Or, Tincture of Iodine two ounces. Oil of Hemlock one-half ounce. Oil of Wormwood one-half ounce. Oil of Origanum one ounce. Alcohol four ounces. Mix, WOUNDS AT THE JOINTS, ETC. 277 Apply three times a day. If the patient is dragging along and not improring very rapidly, in the course of a month apply a good blister across the loins and it will lielp materially to develop the muscles, and to regain their natural tone and power. A blister may be applied every two or three weeks; the following will answer nicely : / Vaseline two ounces. Red Iodide of Mercury one and one-half drachms. Powdered Oantliarides . . . two drachms. Mix. WOUNDS AT THE JOINTS— INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS, OR OPEN JOINT. An open joint may be caused by a puncture from a knife, from splinters of wood, or by the prongs of a fork ; or by bruises, by kicks, or by lacerations from falling on a hard or rough surface. It is always attended with more or lees danger. Symptoms : — If the opening is small with but a trifling leakage from the joints, the patient will not at first exhibit any distressing symptoms ; but in the course of a few days it will manifest pain by going very lame and possibly, not resting upon the limb at all but holding it up and keeping it in continuous motion, on account of severe pain. The leakage will then be more profuse and accumulate on the outer edge of the wound. The patient will now lose its appetite, and Have very high fever with constipation. The pulse will be quick, hard and wiry; and, from extreme pain, the patient will break out in a sweat. If at this stage the patient does not receive prompt attention, the disease will continue in force, and from between the opening and th6 accum- ulation on the outer edge of the wound, a thin watery 278 DISEASES OP THE HOESB. discharge, accompanied by streaks of blood and small scales of cartilage and bone, will issue. The ends of the bone entering into the formation of the joint are now undergoing a destructive change, and a cure can only be effected by a consolidation of the joint. A stiff joint is inevitable ; and if it be a joint requiring great motion the patient had better be destroyed. During the whole time, the tissues surrounding the joint will be enlarged and inflamed, sometimes very hard and at , others soft and doughy. TTeatmcnt : — Two things are very essential to a fav- orable termination. The first is endeavoring to heal the wound by the adhesive process (or first intention) and thus prevent suppuration. The second, is prevent- ing the air from penetrating the joint, thus avoiding extensive inflammation. Never probe around in the wound to find if there be any dirt, gravel or any other foreign substances lodged there, but wash it out care- fully with a sponge, and syringe with tepid water; if any foreign substance be found,' remove it carefully. If the tissues are lacerated, cut off the small particles that will not adhere, but do not cut the skin, and bring the edges of the wound together with stitches of catgut ; then place half a teaspoonful of iodoform upon the wound and bandage. Immediately after, placp the animal in slings, as it not only affords the patient com- plete rest but prevents the stitches from being torn out by the flexing of the limb in lying down. If complete union is effected and there is enlargement of the joint with some inflammation apply a good blister. If there is not complete union of the parts and they burst out, and the synovia, or "joint oil," comes oozing out, accompanied by pus, you then can only expect to heal by granulation. The best method to secure this is to apply a good blister, as it not only sets up a healthy STRINGHALT. 279 inflammation but frequently produces a swelling suffi- cient to bring the edges of the wound together, thu« excluding the air and, before the swelling subsides, forming granulations enough to close the wound, and so effecting a cure. The following is a good blister : Vaseline two ounces. Powdered Oantharides . . four drachms. Mix. Apply eyery third day for four applications. If muoh swelling remains after the wound is healed, apply Tincture Iodine two ounces. Oil Hemlock half ounce. Oil Wormwood half ounce. Oil Origanum one ounce. Alcohol four ounces. Mix. Apply once or twice daily with smart friction. If small abscesses form around the joint and causo much pain, open them ; if they do not cause much pain, allow them to burst. The constitutional treatmeni should be to open the bowels with a physic — Aloes one ounce. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Then give three times a day on* powder of the following : Quinine Sulphate four drachms. Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda ...... one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. For the first few dayi feed on a soft diet, as bran mash, chopped feed, etc. Afterwards feed on the mo^t nutritious diet in limited , quantities, to build up the strength. STRINGHALT. This disease consists of an involuntary spasmodic contraction of the muscles of, . the hind leg. The horse raises and lowers the foot in a peculiar manner, with a 280 DISEASES OP THE HOESB. quick, jerky motion, which it cannot control. Th« causes are not thoroughly understood. It is by som« attributed to injuries ; by others to inflammation of tho nerves, and others still attribute it to tumors variously situated — as in the brain, in the spinal cord, in tha muscles of the legs, etc. ; and some attribute it to a .peculiar condition of the blood. " These theories are all STKIITGHALT. TOppositione ; possibly all are, to a certain extent, true. The disease generally comes on very slowly but may do^ relop very rapidly, even in so short a time as twenty-four hours. At first the foot may be slightly elevated, with a quick, jerking motion, and brought to the ground in the same manner. This may be noticed in the winter season, and during the heated months the animal may travel all right. When this is the case, it may be regarded as a rheumatic form of stringhalt. If it does not improve during the summer months, as age advances the disease ABTHBITIS, STKOVITIS, ETC. 281 gradually continues to grow worse, until the horse strikes the belly with the fetloek.. The disease is purely nervoui In nature, as, for instance, should the animal pick up a nail with the foot, the stringhalt is mr lifested in a •evere form, and extreme pain is manifested. Except for the rheumatic form, there is no treatment that will benefit the patient. In that case, treat for rheumatism ; or when first noticed, give strychnia in full doses for a few months. ARTHRITIS, SYNOVniS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS. This may be due to sprains of the ligaments extend- ing into the joint, and adjoining the synovial mem- brane; to concussion of the bones extending to the joint, to wounds admitting air into the joint; to rheu- matism, to scrofula, to calcareous deposits in the joints, etc. From whatever cause, the whole joint becomea involved and the symptoms have such a close similarity that they may be considered alike. Symptoms : — The joint will be swollen and of a doughy consistency. There will be lameness with more or len fever, according to the severity of the attack. If the joint is moved, the patient will exhibit excruciating pain. Sometimes the animal will hold the foot clear of Hie ground, in a fixed position. Often from pain the patient will break out in a,' sweat, the fever running high and the pulse being quick and wiry. The tissues surrounding the joint become greatly swollen, with iiuj creased heat and tenderness of the parts. ' Treatment :— Place the patient in slings and glTe »< •physic to open up the bowels. Then apply hot fomen- tations to the joint frequently, with flannel banda«eB,| and the following every threa or four hours : 282 / DISEASES OE THE HOKSB. Sulphuric Ether two ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Chloroform one ounce. Spirits Turpentine three ounces. Mix. If this does not quiet the pain and the swelling is obstinate, apply a blister — such as for open joints, and administer three times a day half -ounce doses of fluid extract buchu and juniper, with acetate of potassium., RICKETS. This is not an inflammatory disease, but consists of a^ softening of the bony structures. It is most frequently seen in young animals, those from a few days to a few months old. The real trouble, is a lack in the bones of i such inorganic material as the phosphate and carbonate, of calcium. Whenever the bones become deficient in! these materials, they are cartilaginous in texture and easily bent ; in this way occurs the deformity of rickets. The causes are mal-mitrition, or a deficiency of the ele- ments necessary to build up the already deficient bony structure. Although hereditary in its character, it-may be developed by not allowing the colt to suck the mare at will only permitting it, perhaps, to suck three times a day when the mare, hot and feverish, returns from work. Such treatment will cause irregularities' of the bowels, the milk passing through them in a half-digested curd-like mass, white in color and very sour to the smell. This will cause great depletion, and rickets is the result. Treatment : — Feed regularly on good, nutritious diet, change the pasture, bandage the legs to keep them straight, give small doses of phosphate of lime; keep in a dry, sunshiny, airy place; give cod-liver oil and, to check the scouring, four to six ounces of castor oil. TEETH, HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF HORSES BY THEIR TEETH. Persons should familiarize themgelves as much as possible, with the various shapes and changes which the teeth of horses undergo, from colthood to extreme age, so that they may not be deceived when purchasing a horse, which is quite frequently the case with those persons who have never given the teeth any attention. I have known cases where a fifteen and sixteen year old horse had been sold for a seven and an eight year old, and the deception or falsehood was accepted by the purchaser, as he was himself unable to tell anything about their ages. I shall here endeavor to explaing as nearly as possible, the various changes that take place, from foaling time to twenty years of age, so that the purchaser of a horse can determine very closely the age of the animal he desires to buy, and not be too badly TEETH OF A FOAL. deceived by the seller. When the colt is foaled, it frequently has four front teeth or nippers, two above and two below. If these are not present at foaling time, they make their appearance within ten days afterwards. In the course of five or six weeks, four more incisor front teeth, make their appearance alongside of the first four; these are called the middle teeth. Then a lapse (283) 284 DISEASES OF THE HOESE. of six or seven montlis takes plaQp before the last fdur JDcisors make their appearance, and they are designated as corner teeth. TEETH AT ONE YEAR OLD. It is then possessed with twelve incisors, six above and six be- low, which is considered a full set of front teeth. After this, TEETH AT TWO YEABS OLD. the only distinguishing mark to be observed, is that the wearing surfaces become somewhat smoother every few months, until TEETH AT THREE YEARS OLD. the colt is two and one-half to three years old; at this age the four central incisors or colt teeth are shed and four permanent TEETH. 285 inoissors or horse teeth, are coming through the gums, to occupy their place, and in the course of a few weeks, they will have attained sufficient growth, to be of service while eating. At from three and a half to four years, four more colt incisors TEETH AT POUE YEAES OLD. give way, and their place is taken by the same number of perma- nent incisors, or horse teeth. The front or nipper teeth, now commence to show wear on the outter edge. At from four and a half to five years, the colt teeth have all gone and four more TEETH AT FIVE YEAES OLD. permanent or horse teeth, have taken their places. The nippers now show wear on both outer and inner edges, and the middle teeth show wear on the outer edges, The horse is mow said to have a lull mouth or a complete set of permanent teeth, I have 286 DISEASES OF THE HOE8E. not said anything about the back or molar teeth, for the simple reason that they are seldom examined with reference to varia- tion, in order to ascertain the age of the animal. The front or LOWER JAW AT SIX YEAES. incisor teeth, are considered the indicators, and to them I will confine myself. At six years of age, the nipper teeth in the LOWEE JAW AT SEVEN TEARS. lower jaw have worn down, uatil the larger cavity or mark in the center of the teeth, is nearly gone, and the inner edge of the corner teeth, is in full wearing, unless it should be what it TEETH. 278 ^called a shell tooth, then it is not considered to have an inner -edge. At seven years, the nipper and middle teeth in the lower jaw, are worn quite smooth; the cavity or mark in these LOWEB JAW AT EIGHT YEAES. •center of the teeth has disappeared, except in certain cases, when a slight trace of it is left. The corner teeth in the lower UPPEE TEETH AT NINE YEAES. jaw, at eight years of age, lose the cavity in the center, through wear, although a slight trace of it may yet be seen. All the jncisor teeth in the lower jaw, now present a Veil worn' oi 288 DISEASES OP THE HOESE. smooth appearance. At nine years, the mark or cavity in the nippers of the upper jaw disappears, and the wearing surface of these two teeth, becomes quite smooth, but the marks in the UPPER JAW AT. TEN YEAES. balance of the .upper teeth, are plainly visible. At ten years of age, the middle teeth of the upper jaw, lose their mark, and »«||!i.' UPPEE JAW AT ELEVEN YEAES, they become smooth through wear. At eleven years of age, the corner teeth in the upper jaw, lose their mark, and the wearing surface of all of the upper incisor teeth become smooth, TEETH. 289 and the cavity or marks obliterated— the teeth commencing to assume a little difference in shape. The gums are commencing to recede from the teeth, which gives them the appearance of being much longer. They are also a little deeper from their LOWER JAW AT TWELVE YEAES. , outer to their inner ege, in proportion to their breadth. At twelve years of age, the nippers of the lower jaw are almost round. They are about two-thirds the depth from the outer to • iiOWEE JAW AT THIBTEEN YE4E8. the inner edge, that they are in breath, and the middle] and corner teeth, are assuming the same shape. Thirteen years of age, shows the middle as well as the nippers of the lower jaw to be almost perfectly round; the distance from the outer to the 10 290 DISEASES OF THE HOESE, inner edge, measuring about the same as the breadth. Fourteen years, pesents all of the incisors of the lower jaw, as being nearly round, measuring about the same in depth that they do in breadth. When fifteen years old, the nippers of the uppr LOWEE JAW AT FOURTEEN YEAES. jaw are nearly round, measuring about the same in depth that they do in the breadth. At sixteen yeats, the middle .teeth of the upper jaw have become nearly round, the nippers Ineasuring UPPEE JAW AT FIFTEEN YEAES a little more in depth than they do in breadth. Seventeen years of age, presents all of the incisors of the upper jaw, as being nearly round, the nippers and middle teeth being a trifle greater in depth than thev are in breadth. At eiffhteen vears. TEETH. 291 the nippers in the lower jaw have become triangular in shape, UPPEE JAW AT SIXTEEN. being about one-fifth greater in depth than they are in breadth. UPPER JAW AT SEVENTEEN.. Nineteen years, presents the middle teeth of the lower jaw as LOWER JAW AT EIGHTEEN YEARS. eing triangular in shape, increasing in depth and diminishing 292 DISEASES OF THE HOESE. in breadth. At twenty, all of the incisors in the lower jaw have become triangular in shape, measuring about one-third more in LOWER JAW AT NINETEEN YEARS. depthjthan they do in breadth, and as the animal grows older, LOWER JAW AT TWENTY YEARS. they increase in depth and diminish in breadth, or become very irregular. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. DISEASES OF CATTLE, THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. SORE MOUTH, OR APTHA. Aptha consists of small vesicles or sores in the mouth, around the lips and cheeks and sometimes upon the tongue. They become ulcerated and are quite troublesome. Symptoms : — Sometimes there is considerable feTer, but not always. There is usually dropping or quidding of the food. The mouth will feel hot with saliva drop- ping from the lips, and upon examination, the vesicles and ulcers will be revealed. Treatment : — Give a mild physic, say a quart of raw linseed oil and apply one of the following applications : Chloride Zinc two drabhms. Water -. one quart. Mix. Or, Powd. Alum . . two ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Or rub powdered alum into the sores, which will often work the best. / GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. This disease is quite often met with among cattle, and is either supeficial or deep-seated in character. ^When of a superficial nature, caused by the administra- (295) ■ DISEASES OF_OATTLE. toon of medicines not thoroughly diluted or by drinking lye or mineral acids, as cattle will do sometimes when thirsty, ,the inflammatory, action may follow to the ■tomaoh and produce death, but if confined to th« GLOSSITIS, OR nsri'LAMMATIOIf OP THE TONGUE. tongue, no unfavorable results need be looked for ; but when of a deep-seated character, it is very obstinate and with difficulty attended. It usually comes from di- rect injuries and deep-seated ulcers, and sometimes abscesses form spontaneously. Symptoms : — The tongue will be more or less swollen and of a deep\ red color. Sometimes swollen to such an extent that it will protrude from the mouth. There i« great difficulty in swallowing, laborious breathing, saliva driveling from the mouth, tongue hot and th« pulse quickened. Sometimes a foetid smell will be no- ticed in the mouth. Treatment : — If of a superficial nature, mild solutiona, ■uoh as, Powd. Alum one ounce. Water one pint. Mix. Wash th« mouth three times a day ; or, ULCERATED TONGUE. 297 Vinegar six ounces. Honey four ounces. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Mix. Apply three times a day. Feed soft food as, braa mash, etc. If deep-seated in character, the treatment will be more severe. ^ Give physic, Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Powd. Jamaica Ginger. ..two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in half gallon of water. Keep chlorate of potassium in drinking water continuously. Feed soft food, allowing plenty of water. If any for- eign substance is lodged in the tongue, remove it, or if an abscess forms, open it and allow the matter to escape. If from deep-seated ulcers, take, Chlorate of Zinc two drachms. Water four ounces. Mix. Apply to the ulcers with a feather or small brush, every three or four days until the ulcer looks healthy, or pencil it well with lunar caustic. Sometimes scari- fying the tongue with the knife, will be aovable, the skin playing over them with perfect ease.C? As they gradually de- velop in size, they become adherent to the bone and may continue to grow for months before breaking. When one breaks, it discharges either a thin liquid, or TUMOR EEMOVBD. pus, and presents an ugly, ragged appearance, of a fibrous nature and sometimes bleeds profusely. It may partially^heal up, then it will swell up and discharge, and lumps of tissue will slough away. ' Gradually be- coming worse,^ it eventually affects the teeth, causing LUMP JAW. them to fall out and establishing an opening into the mouth, through which the food will drop out.'i There is no special treatment save to fatten the animal for the butiher — that is when the swelling is first noticed. H^MATUREA, OR BLOODY URINE. 318 After it has broken out and discharged for some time, the flesh ought not to be used. Still, destroying the animal is a humane act. HAEMATUREA, OR BLOODY URINE. This disease is seen amongst all breeds of cattle and is caused by injuries over the back and loins; by cattle jumping upon each other, by eating herbs which cause TRAUMATIC H^MATUKEA. Inritation of the kidneys, by the administration of pain- ful diuretics; from stones in the bladder, rupture of gmall blood vessels in the kidneys, or vagina. Symptoms : — The symptoms develop very rapidly. The animal appears weak, scarcely able to rise, and when standing the back is arched; there is strain- ing, the animal voids small quantities of urine mixed with , blood globules and albumen; pulse quick, small and wiry ; appetite and rumination partly suspended, legs and horns are alternately hot and cold, mouth hot, bowels constipated, flow of milk decreased ; on applying pressure along the back, the animal evinces pain ; if compelled to walk, it moves with a straddling gait. 814 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Treatment : — Apply hot fomentations across the loins and give the following : Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Sulphate of Soda eight ounces. Ground Ginger one-half ounce. Gentian one-half ounce. Mix, Give in a gallon of water at one dose ; to be fol- lowed with tonics, as, ' Tincture Per-Ohloride of Iron. ...... i . . . one ounce. Tincture Cinchona four ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica two ounces. Tincture Opium four ounces. Infusion of Quassia five ounces. Mixi Give two ounces, three times a day. Feed on a soft flutritious diet and the drinking water should be ren- dered mucilaginous by linseed. PHRENITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. Inflammation of the brain usually results from in- juries to the head, or as the sequel of fevers caused by eating buckeyes ; also from indigestion, from exposure to the hot sun, from exteiisive inflammation of the ear, etc. Symptoms : — Sometimes an animal suffering from inflammation of the brain will appear stupid, pressing its head for a considerable time against a wall, fence or some stationary object, and occasioijially running about wildly as if it were both drunk and blind.- Others ap- pear as though seized with a fit of madness and act fiercely ; the eyes are inflamed and staring— ^constantly watching. - The animal in rushing about, will fall down in almost any position. The breathing will be slow, and the pulse, strong and full at first, will gradually de- OK CLAP. 815 cline with throbbing of the temporal arteries. The dis- ease generally occurs during the hot months. Treatment :— Give a brisk physic : Epsom Salts twenty -four ounces. Ginger six drachms. Mix. Put in a gallon of warm water and give at one do^e. Bleed from the jugular vein, while the pulse is full, from one to two gallons. Apply ice-cold water to the head constantly. If the limbs are cold, apply friction or some stimulating liniment and bandage, and give, Bromide of Potassium six ounces. Sulphate of Soda. ..... .twelve ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give one powder every two or three hours in a pint of water, and as convalescence, is taking place, apply a good blister on the head, back of the horns. GONORRHOEA, OR CLAP. • This disease is not very frequently met with in veterinary practice, but sometimes occurs and is a source of considerable annoyance to both practitioner and patient. Bulls and cows suffer considerably in passing water. The animal strains frequently and only a small quantity of urine at a time is passed ; the ani- mal occasionally stamps, its feet and lashes its tail from side to side ; the bowels are constipated ; if a bull, a swelling appears around the sheath ; a discharge of mat- ter, at first light in color and then assuming a thick white or yellowish white color, is seen dropping away ; some- times the penis swells up and becomes fiery red in color. Treatment : — As soon as noticed give a brisk physic : Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Sulphate of Soda six ounces. Ginger > seven drachms. Mix. 816 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Give in a gallon of warm water. Bathe the parts well with hot water and into the aflPected portions in- ject hot water frequently, or inject the following : Iodoform two drachms. Listerine six ounces. Water ten ounces. Mix. Use three times a day ; or, Sulphate of Copper one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Or, Calomel two drachms. Lime Water one pint. Mix. Inject twice daily and give the following : Balsam Copaiba two ounces. Tincture Cubebs two ounces. Spirits of Camphor two ounces. Tincture Kino two ojinces. , Morphia forty grains. Mix. Give tablespoonful three times a day. If chancrei appear, they should be touched with lunar caustic and afterward cover^ed with iodoform or calomel twice daily. Cattle thus affected should not be bred until a complete cure is effected, as it is communicable to other animals. Great care should be used in thoroughly cleansing the hands, as the discharge is very poisonoua. CATARRH, OR COLD. This is the term used to denote an inflamed condi- tion of the lining membrane of the nostrils, sinuses of the head and upper air passages ; it may extend to the eyes and throat. The causes are change of climate, sudden changes of weather, bad ventilation, deficient CATAREH, OK COLD. 817 drainage, being turned from a warm stable out into a cold storm, etc. SjTDptoms: — The lining membrane of the nostrils is at first reddened and dry, soon becoming moist with a thin, watery discharge. The eye-lids become swollen and red and discharge a watery secretion, soon assuming a mattery appearance. The forehead and butts of the •CATARRH, OR COLD. horns are very hot. The animal snuffles and sneezes and sometimes coughs. The breathing is somewhat difficult. The animal occasionally shivers. Appetite and rumination are partly suspended. The urine is high-colored. Ooat is rough and staring. Sometimes a light diarrhoea is present and later on a thick, viscid discharge from the nostrils. Treatment : — Give as a mild laxative — Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Gentian one-half ounce. Mix. Give in a half gallon of warm water. Keep the patient in a comfortable place, blanket well and feed on hot mashes. Give one of the following .powders three times a day : 818 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Bicarbonate of Soda one ounce. . Mix. Make eight powders. If the discharge becomes stopped before a favorable termination is reached, steam the nostrils with scalded bran or oats and add' a little vinegar to the hot water. CHOKING. This is a common accident among cattle that are fed on such roots as turnips, carrots, potStoes, beets, etc., etc. In greedy eaters it is also caused whilst eating grain or chaff; in the hurry to eat, the food is not thor- oughly mixed with saliva, and being swallowed 'about rNJTTErES TO *HE GULLET FKOM USING BROOM STICKS AND WHIP STALKS WHILE CHOKING. half dry, it frequently becomes lodged in the oesophagus. Choking also occurs from leather, clothing, etc., of which cattle frequently attempt to eat. Symptonis: — If the obstruction is high up in the throat or in the pharynx, the animal will slaver consid- CHOKING. 319 erably — the saliva running profusely from the mouth. There will be diflBlcult breathing and much uneasiness. THE MANKEB OF XTSmQ THE PEOBANG IN CHOKING. 'The head will be ^leld low down with the nose straight -out; sometimes attempts at coughing are made. The 320 DISEASES OF OATTLB. eyes are staring and blood shot. If the obstruction is lower down the neck or within the chest, the symptbnis are not so severe. The breathing may be but little altered and the slavering much less and probably al^sent. If the animal attempts to drink and the obstruc- tion is large, the water will be ejected through the mouth and nostrils ; but if the obstruction is small, ife may pass by it and go to the stomach. Bloating is a prominent symptom — the left side will sometimes be greatly distended. Treatment : — If the obstruction is within the pharynx place a gag in the mouth and remove it with the hand or with a pair of forceps. If you fail to withdraw it, give a half pint of sweet oil or melted lard ; administer carefully, and the obstruction may pass downward or be expelled in an attempt to cough. Should this fail or should the animal be in great distress, pass the pro- bang immediately. This should be done as follows: Place gag in the mouth and have an assistant hold it ; then grease the probang and pass it slowly down the throat. When you come to the obstruction, press heavily but slowly, and when it starts force it on into the stomach. If the obstruction is low down or within the chest, give six or eight ounces of sweet oil or melted lard, also a quart or two of water, and it will frequently pass on. If it does not, pass the probang, but do not attempt to force it down with sticks or whip-stalks as you are liable to produce great injury, by rupturing the oesophagus. When this occurs and inflammation sets in, apply hot water to the side of the neck, and give internally — Powdered Alum one-half ounce. Powdered Opium three drachms. Warm Water one pint. Mix. CHEONIC INDIGESTION. 321 Qiye wineglasgful three times a day. Sometimes it is advisable to apply a blister along the side of the" neck. The following will answer very well : Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Spirits Turpentine two ounces, Linseed Oil four ounces. Mix. Apply two or three times a day, rubbing it thor- oughly. Feed on soft food, allow drinking water at pleasure and fatten for the butcher, as there will always be more or less trouble. CHRONIC INDIGESTION. This is a disease of the fourth stomach and is caused by irregular feeding, bad ventilation, feeding innutri- tious and badly-cured fodder, exposure to cold and rain, feeding on marsh grasses, etc. CHSONIG INDIGESTION. Symptoms : — At first the animal will have a whim- ■loal appetite and eat irregularly ; later on, they will tometimes be discovered eating dirt, filth, straw, manure, etc. -.The skin becomes harsh and dry,, with a ■taring coat. The dung will be passed in small lumps 11 822 DISEASES OP CATTLE. which will be hard and dry and covered with mucous, the loss of flesh will be rapid and the creature at the flanks will look as thin as a sunfish. The blood becomes depleted, with pallor of the mucous membranes; and if DKOPPma OF THE CXTD, OK INDIGESTION. the disease is allowed to progress, diarrhoea will super- vene and death will result. But, if attended to in time, a favorable termination may be looked for. Treatment : — Put the animal in a comfortable place and give a mild laxative. Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Powdered Ginger one-half ounce. Powdered Gentian one-half ounce. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia two ounces. Water one quart. Mix. Give at one dose, and afterwards give — Powdered Nux Vomica two ounces. Powdered Jamaica Ginger ■ two ounces. Powdered Gentian four ounces. Powdered Fcenugreek .... two ounces. Mix, COLIC. 823 Give desertspoonful two or three times a day in soft food. Feed on soft, nutritious food in small quantities, often repeated ; or feed roots, as turnips, carrots, beets, etc., with a little linseed meal occasionally. Give plenty of fresh drinking water, with a teaspoonful of soda, three times a day. COLIC. This disease is seldom seen in cattle and when it occurs, the animal is not very violently attacked. Com- pared with the same disease in the horse, the symptoms are very mild. The animal will appear a little uneasy, stamp with its hind feet, twist its tail around from side to side, and possibly lie down and remain quiet ; some- times it will turn its head around to its side. The breathing and pulse remain about normal. Treatment : — Administer a physic ; the following will answer very well : Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Powdered Ginger one ounce. Powdered Gentian one-half ounce. Warm Beer one quart. Warm Water . . . i one quart. Mix. Give at one dose. Bathe the lower part of the abdo- men and allow the animal to rest. If it still appears uneasy give the following ; Tincture Opium two ounces. Tincture Ginger one ounce. Tincture Capsicum one-half ounce. Whisky one-half pint. . Mix. Give at one dose, and, if the pains still continue, repeat in two hours. 224 DISEASES OF CATTLE.' ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. Among cattle this disease is not very frequent, but when it does occur it is usually very fatal. The causea are obstruction of the bowels, feeding on musty hay, drinking ice-cold water, administration of powerful, irritating medicines, change of food, etc. Symptoms : — The animal will be seized with colicky pains ; will strike at the abdbmen with the hind feet ; there is suspension of appetite and rumination ; pulse, at first full and iiard, gradually growing quick, small ENTEBITIS, OK INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. and wiry ; the animal lies down and rises up frequently; pa.in is constant; there is moaning; nose hot and dryj mucous membrane very red; anxious expression at countenance. Treatment : — Place the animal in a comfortable stall, well bedded. If the disease is caused by obstruction of the bowels give a mild laxative — as a pint and a half of sweet oil, or a pound of sulphate of soda in half a gal- lon of water. Follow up with drachm doses of pow- dered opium, to relieve the pain, or twenty-drop doses AFFECTIONS OF THE KETICULUM, ETC. 825 relief is obtained, ^pply to the abdomen blankets wrung out of hot water and rub mustard on the abdo- men and legs. Blanket well and feed on soft bran mashes for a feW days, to reiax the bowels. Avoid giv- ing brisk purgatives as evil results are liable to follow their use. AFFECTIONS OF THE RETICULUM, OR SECOND STOMACH. The reticulum, or second stomach, of cattle is some- times the seat of trouble. It is this stomach which pre- sents a honeycombed appearance. The usual trouble here is the accumulation of foreign bodies^such aa pins, nails, shoe soles, pieces of tin, -wive, etc. — which cows are liable to pick up. Many of these articles find a resting placfe in the rumen, or first stomach, but some pass on into the second stomach. Needles or nails some- times pierce the stomach and pass out to the ribs or on through the flesh and form an abscess, finally sloughing their way out of the animal's body. Others may pass forward through the diaphragm and pierce the heart, causing instant death. Others may pierce the walls of the stomach and excite an inflammation there; and they may be incased in tumors which have formed around them, there to remain for months, or even years; or abscesses may form and break, assisting to destroy the life of the animal. It may not show any signs of illness and yet have within the stomach quite an accumulation of bits of iron, etc. But, if tumors and abscesses form, the animal will begin to lose flesh ;, an intermittent diarrhoea will be noticed, with rough, staring coat and yellow skin, full of dandruff, impaired appetite, sunken eyes, and aversion to movement.' The treatment is unsatisfactory, as the offending object is 826 DISEASES OF CATTLE. diiEcult to locate. All that can be done is to feed on good, soft nutritious diet, and, if able to locate the irritating substance, operate and remove it. CONJUNCTIVITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES. Inflammation of the eyes arises from various causes, such as blows from sticks or stones, being struck with a whip, dirt or chaff getting into the eye, foul stables, exposure to cold, etc. Symptoms: — Swelling of the eyelids, with water dropping from the inner corners ; eyelids closed most of the time, intolerance of light, impaired appetite, fever- ishness, conjunctiva swollen an^ red, with a whitish film covering the anterior portion of the eyeball; if from a bruise, red streaks of blood will be seen radiat- ing from the seat of injury. Treatment : — If a foreign body is in the eye, remove it. This is much easier said than done, but the follow- ing solution will greatly assist ih the operation : Cocaine ten grains. Soft Water one ounce. Mix. Place a few drops into the eye every thirty seconds, for two or three minutes ; the eye becomes insensible and a thorough examination may be made. After the removal of any foreign substance, bathe the eye a few times with hot water, and the trouble is usually at an end. If from other causes, give a physic, Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Fcenugreek one-half ounce. Mix. Give at one dose. Then bathe the eyes three or four times a day with hot water ; feed on soft food and apply twice daily, one of the following lotions : mFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, OE HEPATITIS. 827 Sulphate of Zinc four grains. Sulphate of Atropia one grain. Soft Water two ounces. Mix. Or, Powdered Opium one drachm. Hot Soft Water six ounces. Mix. Or, Sulphate of Zinc four grains. Water two ounces. Mix. Or, Atropine one grain. • Sulphate of Copper four grains. Water two ounces. Mix. Or, Sulphate Morphia one grain. Cocaine five grains. Water one ounce. Mix. Keep the patient in a clean, dark, airy stable ; if at pasture, and only one eye is affected, bandage the af- fected eye. INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, OR HEPATITIS. Inflammation of the liver is most frequently the re- sult of high feeding in warm stables, without sufficient exercise to keep the circulation of the blood active. The bowels become constipated and the liver suffers from an extra amount of blood sent to it, causing con- gestion and resulting in inflammation. Symptoms: — When the liver is attacked with conges- tion, the animal exhibits no distressing symptoms. But when inflammation sets in, the pulse is s'ow and intermittent; respiration slow, the mucous n:e abranes are pale or tinged with yellow : bowels constipated ; the 828 DISEASES OE CATTLE. dung hard and black ; urine high colored ; coat staring, dry and hard to the touch ; horns, ears and legs cold. On applying pressure to the right side, behind the last rib, the animal will evince pain and try to get away FArNTEffG FIT FROM INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVEB. from you, and sometimes moan ; you will also feel a hard tumor-like substance. Treatment : — At the outset give a brisk cathartic — Epsom Salts twenty ounces. Aloes one ounce. , Calomel two drachms. Ginger one ounce. Mix, Give in a gallon of warm water at one dose. After the physic has operated, give morning and evening, for a week or ten days, in a pint of gruel, the following : Iodide of Potassium one drachm. Calomel twenty grains. Extract of Taraxacum . . . two drachms. Nitrate of Potassium two drachms. Mix. If the bowels become costive, give a physic. When convalescence is established, great care in feeding DISI/OOATIOS Off THE PATKLLA, OH STIFEB JOOfT. 829 •hould be observed. Give highly nutritious fojod, in limited amounts, and such as is easily digested, aa, scalded bran mash, linseed meal, boiled barley, turnips and choice, clean hay. Sometimes much benefit ia de- jriv«d from blisters applied on the right side. DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE JOINT. Among cattle this is quite a comtnon affection, msually resulting from slipping on the ice, or in stablo' where the drop or receptacle for manure is very deep «nd the floors not well cleaned. DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OK STIFLE. Symptoms; — When once seen it will be readily reo- ognized again. The animal can walk only on three legs ; the stifled one will be dragged aliang behind and will be stiff and rigid. Where the patella should be, when in position, a hollow spot will be observed. There will be inability to flex the affected limb wi^ more or less swelling around the joint. 830 DISEASES OF CATTLB. Treatment : — Fasten a strap around the fetlock of the disabled leg, pass it forward, between the front legs, then forcibly draw it forward, when the patella will often drop into place ; if not, press forward on the bone , (which is always on the outside) and it will readily drop into place. Then apply a blister, as, Aqua Ammonia '. . .two ounces. Spirits Turpentine two ounces. Linseed or Olive Oil four ounces. Mix. Apply around the stifle morning and evening until the ligaments are strengthened. JAUNDICE. This is quite a common disease among cattle, and is caused by a re-absorption of bile into the system. The bile is secreted in the liver and emptied into the gall sack, and from there it is emptied into the duodenum or first bowel, to increase the peristaltic action of the bowels and complete digestion. There are many dis- eases of the liver that will produce jaundice. Gall stones passing through the duct and becoming lodged, will prevent the bile from passing into the bowels ; it then becomes re-absorbed and diffused through the whole system. Symptoms : — In ordinary or acute oases of jaundice, either suddenly or after a few days, you will notice a yellowness of the eyes and the lining membrane of the mouth and nose, and a general listlessness is apparent. The bowels will be constipated and what does pass, will be dry, hard, dark-colored and covered with mucous. The urine is high-colored and stains linen' yellow. Rumination is generally suspended and the' tongue heavily coated. Sometimes bloating will be present, but not always. Acute jaundice is not very often fatal. PITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES. ■ 881i Treatment: — When supposed to be functional dis-j turbance of the liver, the object is to restore that gland to, a normal condition, or if gall stones be the cause, they' may be removed by the same course of treatment, viz :i Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Powdered Barbadoes Aloes . .one ounce. Podophyllin Resin two drachms. Ginger two drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in two quarts of water. After the physic has operated, give the following : Chlorate of Potassium. . .two drachms. Podophyllin Resin one drachm. Extract of Taraxacum .... one drachm. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give in a quart of water or gruel, night and morn- ing, for four or five days. When convalesence takes place, feed carefully on easily digested food, such as bran mash, clover hay, malt, barley, etc. FITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES. Buckeyes are nuts which grow on trees, in a great many parts of this country. In the autumn, when they fall to the ground, they are a source of great annoyance to the farmers who use forest pasture lands. Some cattle are particularly fon,d of these nuts and eat them readily, seldom, however, eating them a second time if they eat many the first. When once observed, the symptoms will never be forgotten. For a while the animal will appear dull and stupid ; respirations natural ; pulse, at first full and quick, gradually growing small, weak and rapid. When the animal attempts to walk, ->t staggers around like a drunken man, striking all around with its forelegs and falling in almost any positi on, as if in a fit 832 DISDASE8 OF OATTLB. After lying a short time, it gets up very awkwardly and may stand perfectly quiet ; but, if forced to walk, it will stagger around until it either regains its balance or falls to the ground. The animal may lie perfectly quiet, stretched out on the ground for two or three days, and if relief is not obtained, death ends the scene. By pressure on the stomach, you will generally feel the FITS from' EATING BTJCKBTES. offending agents. • There will be involuntary twitching of the muscles and grinding of the teeth. ft Treatment : — When first noticed, give a brisk physio to expel the buckeyes — Epsom Salts twenty ounces. Powdered Aloes one ounce. Ginger one ounce. Mix. Put in a gallon of water and give at one dose. Give per rectum, frequent injections of warm water. If within twenty-four hours the animal is not conva- lescent, rumenotomy should be performed (see Impac- tion of the Kumen ; ) after which give one of the follow- ing powders three times a day : IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OB FAKDEL-BOUND. 333 Bromide of Potassium two ounces. Nitrate of Potassium one ounce. Ginger one ounce. Gentian two ounces. Bi- Carbonate of Soda two ounces. Mix. , Make twelve powders. Feed on soft food, as, bran mash or linseed gruel. The balance of the herd should be moYed to other pasture, er the nuts should be gath- ered and destroyed. IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OR FARDEL-BOUND. Impaction of the manifolds, or third stomach of the ox, is sometimes met with ; more especially when the cattle are poorly kept during the winter season and are fed on innutritiouB food, containing a great amount of IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OK THIRD STOMACH. woody fiber. . Even soft, nutritious food, when thor- oughly 'masticated, appears very dry when passing through the manifolds of the third stomach. '"' Conse- quently, when the food is innutritious, dry, possessing a vast amount of woody fiber, it is liable to becom« im- pacted while passing through this stomach. 884 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Symptoms : — At first the animal may be uneasy, but this is only of short duration, as it soon grows dull and stupid, resting its head on the manger or on other objects. The head is carried low down ; appetite and rumination are suspended ; if in a cow, the flow of milk decreases ; the tongue protrudes from the mouth, eyes are staring and blood-shot ; colicky pains arise ; the tail is switched from side to side. The first stomach some- times fills up with gas ; then the breathing is acceler- ated. The eyes are affected and will bear the touch of the finger without closing the lid. Sometimes the brain is affected, when the animal will rush around as though it were mad, fall down and struggle as if in a fit, when death puts an end to its misery. Sometimes the dung passed while the animal is straining will be thin, and frequently blood and mucous are passed. The urine ia high colored ; pulse at first full and natural but grad- ually growing weaker. The disease may last but a day, or it may continue for a week. Treatment : — Give a good, brisk cathartic, as the fol- lowing : Epsom Salts two pounds. Calomel two drachms. Gentian one ounce. Mix. Give in half a gallon of warm beer. Follow this up with hourly injections of warm water and castile soap, as long as deemed advisable. Allow all the water the animal will drink, but allow no food until the bowels are moved by the phy&ic. If the first stomach bloats up, draw off the gas with a probang or trocar and canula. Rub the legs with some stimulant as mustard and alcohol. Blanket well to keep the animal warm and give the following stimulant every four hours, in a quart of warm beer : HIDB-BOUWD. 835 Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia two ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica. . .two drachms. Tincture Gentian one ounce. Mix. Never bleed in this disease as it is dangerous, even while the animal has a full pulse. Be careful after giving the first dose not to give any more physic for forty-eight hours. Then, if the bowels do not move, give half of the first dose. HroE-BOUND. A great many diseases of the alimentary canal in cattle, cause great depletion in flesh, whereby the skin assumes an unhealthy appearance ; the cellular tissue loses its elasticity, and to all appearance, the skin is fastened to the bones. Then the animal is said to be hide-bound, when, in reality, the disease exists in the alimentary canal, and the tightened appearance of the skin is only a symptom of some other affection, such as indigestion, diarrhoea, disease of the liver, or failure of the secre- tory glands in the intestines to perform their work. Some animals present a pinched-up, poor, unthrifty appearance, without any tendency to take on flesh. Such animals may have some derangement of the sys- tem over which medicines would have no control, and may be classed as worthless, as you cannot make beef out of them. And they are useless in the dairy. The treatment should be to find out the real cause of the trouble, which is generally in the alimentary canal, and if this is properly treated, the skin will soon assume a healthy appearance. But I know of no disease among the lower animals which could properly be called hide- bound. fcwj DISEASES Oir CATTLB. Treatment : — When it appears without any assignable cause, disease of the digestive organs may be suspected and give as a mild physic — Sulphate of Soda one pound. Powdered Gentian one ounce. Mix. ■Give at one dose in a gallon of water, to be followed up with — Powdered Nux Vomica .... one ounce. Powdered Gentian four ounces. Powdered Fcenugreek four ounces. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda four ounces. Mix. Give a dessertspoonful three times a day, in soft food. , IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR FIRST STOMACH. This affection is quite common among cattle. It is caused by cattle eating too large quantities of food which they may particularly like and of which prer mPAOTIOK OF THE EUMEN. viously they may have been deprived. Cattle are par- ticularly fond of clover, and if deprived of it for some time, and then obJ.aining free access to it, they are lia- IMPAOTION OF THE RUMEN, OB FIRST STOMACH.. 837 ble to eat so much that the stomach becomes so gorg^ed that the muscular coats become partially paralyzed. Or cattle that have gained access to a large quantity of grain, will devour a large amount of it, overloading the stomach and causing impaction, with more or less tym- panitis. It is also caused when cattle are fed upon innutritious food, or food containing a vast amount of woody fibre. Symptoms ;— rUsually, at first, the symptoms are not severe. The animal will appear dull, and possibly, somewhat distressed; bowels constipated, appetite and rumination suspended, nose dry and mouth hot; pulse full at first but growing gradually faster and weaker ; horns, ears and legs grow cold; labored respiration; sometimes the animp-l will groan or grunt, and the breath be foetid or sour; paleness of the visible mucous membranes ; if lying down, the animal usually lies on the right side. By pressing the fingers on the left side the contents of the stomach will be felt like a hard mass within it and will pit upon pressure, leaving the inden- tions of the fingers there for some time. On percussion the resonant sound is absent, unless tympanitis super- venes; but if no gas is present, the doughy feel of the stomach remains. Treatment : — If there is tympanitis, relieve by giv- ing the following : Liquor Ammonia two drachms. Tincture GUnger one-half ounce. • Water one quart. Mix. Or, pass the hollow probang, or tap with the trocar and canula ; after which give at one dose in a gallon of warm water the following : Epsom Salts twenty-four ounces. Ginger one ounce. Mix. 888 DffiEABKS 01' CAITLB. Give repeated injections of castile soap and warn* ■water, and every four hours give the following as a. drench : Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ...... two ounces. Tincture Gentian one ounce. Warm Beer one quart. Mix. If the bowels fail to respond in from twenty-fonr to- thirty-six hours, rumenotomy should be performed, as later the animal may become exhausted and unable to- stand the operation. The operation should be per- formed as follows: First prepare yourself with th& necessary instruments, which consist of a scalpel or an ordinary sharp jack-knife, two pairs of hooks, needles,, white silk thread of the heaviest kind, some clean, white linen cloths, a sponge and a pail full of clean, warm water. Next fasten the animal by ropes with the right side against the stall or fence ; be sure to fasten it securely, so it cannot get away; have three or four assistants to hold it up and steady it. Commence the operation by making an incision through the skin midway between the last rib and the point of the- hip, and about five inches from the bones which pro- trude from the back (vertebrae). The incision should be downward and about eight inches in length. Then, divide the muscles successively and cut through the peritoneum.' Lastly the walls of the stomach should be divided about the center; first make a small opening: into the stomach ; then secure the edges of the stom- ach with hooks and gradually pull it outward, while the incision is being lengthened both upward and downward, but not to the extent of the external opening.'^ Th& edges of the wound in the stomach should be drawn outward to cover the external wound so as not to allow any of the food to fall into the abdominal cavity, a» PNEUMONIA, OB INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 839 that would surely cause the death of the patient. The hand is then introduced and about three-fourths of the contents of the stomach removed, leaving about one- fourth behind, be careful not to leave any hard, dry lumps. You may then pour into the stomach through the opening the following : Epsom Salts ten ounces. Warm Beer one quart. Warm Water. one quart. Mix. Next wash off the wound and sew up the stomach with the uninterrupted suture, bringing the edges neatly together. Then stitch up the muscles in layers, taking deep stitches with the uninterrupted sutures. Lastly sew up the skin in the same manner. Immediately after, apply the following ointment : Vaseline four ounces. Iodoform six drachms. Mix. Continue its use until the wound is healed, or use some other healing lotion. The food should be light and soft, of the most nutritious kind, and given in small quantities. If the wound heals except a small opening, scarify its edges and stitch them together again. PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. Inflammation of the lungs may have various causes, such as exposure to cold and damp, being kept in filthy, ill ventilated stables, a morbid condition of the blood — , lungs, in their endeavor to throw off its impurities, the becoming altered in tissue, with inflammation as the result ; injuries etc. Symptoms : — The disease is generally ushered in with a shivering chill, which is not always noticed, after which the animals appear dull and stiff. The skin is dry and harsh, coat staring, nose dry, mouth hot; pulse, 840 DISEASES OF OATIJLE. at first fiJl and strong — from fifty to sixty beats per minute^ater becoming small, weuk and rapid ; mucous membranes are red ; slight cough ; anxious countenance ; breathing short, quick and chiefly abdominal, the chest and ribs being held, as much as possible, in a fixed posi- tion ; bowels constipated ; urine scant and high colored ; patient lies down most of the time; dullness on percus- sion; on applying the ear to the sides of the* chest no INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNeS. respiratory murmur will be heard over the affected part, but the unaffected portion will be heard with increased force; as the disease advances the legs and ears become cold, the breath becomes foetid and shorter, and an unfavorable termination seems imminent. Treatment: — When first seen while y«t the pulse is full, bleed to the amount of two quarts; but, should the pulse be weak, do not bleed, and give every three or four hours, two ounces of the following, in a little water as a drench : Liq. Ammonia Acetate . . twelve ounces. Sweet Spirits of Niter four ounces. Fluid Extract Aconite one drachm. Mix. Also give the following powders every four or fiva hours : ^— ! OTSTOTIS, OK riSTPLAMMATIOH OF THK BLADDStB. 841 Quinine Sulphate. . .... three drachms. Doyer'^ Powder one ouiice. Mix. Make into twelve powders. If the bowels are con- stipated give — Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Mix. Give in two quarts of warm water. Apply mustard freely to the sides of the chest; feed on soft food; blanket well ; allow the patient to breathe cold, fre^h air and give plenty of fresh, cold water; if the limbs become cold rub them thoroughly with dilute alcohol and bandage. CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. Inflammation of the bladder is a very rare disease and is occasioned sometimes through difScult parturi- tion, or injuries from various sources. The urine of INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. cattle is alkaline, but from disturbed digestion and the injudicious use of drugs of various kinds, it* sometimes becomes acid, thereby causing inflammation of the bladder. Symptoms: — The animal exhibits great uneasiness. Colicky pains are apparent with efforts to void urine, and sometimes, to vomit. The head will frequently be turned toward the flanks and severe constitutional dis- 342 DISEASES OE CATTLE. turbaBce will be manifest. Occasionally, the urine will be voided frequently. Treatment: — In this disease, it is always policy to 'examine the bladder and urethra carefully, to ascertain whether there be a calculus or stone caiising these symp- toms, which may be dislodged or removed. If the blad- der is distended with urine, pass the catheter and draw it away, after which give the following : Kaw Linseed Oil two ounces. Or, Epsom Salts twenty ounces. I Powdered Gentian three drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a gallon of water. Mustard plasters placed over the loins are beneficial, as are also . injections thrown into or around the bladder, of the fol- lowing : Tincture of Opium four ounces; Fluid Extract Belladonna . four ounces. Mix. Put one ounce into a quart of warm water and .inject every three or four hours. Flaxseed tea may be given freely. If pain continues give — Liquid Ammonia Acetate .... one pint. Fluid Extract Aconite . . . two drachms. Mix. Give two ounces every three or four hours. EVERSION OF THE BLADDER. Among the cattle this is not a very common afflic- tion, except during difficult labor. However it may occur from other causes, as administration of powerful diuretics ; use of too much cantharides, either internally or externally ; any irritation of the bladder causing continuous straining. By violent attemps to pass water, followed by continuous straining, the vagina is ruptured EYKBSIOlir OF THB BLADDBB. 848 and the bladder is everted, when it appears as a red, fluctuating tumor gradually filling with water, as it is unable to discharge its contents owing to the twisted condition of the neck of the bladder. EVEKSION OF THB BLADDBB,' Treatment : — Oil the hands with sweet oil and carefully replace the bladder ; then draw off the urine and, while the catheter remains in position, inject a decoction of opium and warm water. Then, if possible, stitch up the rupture in the vagina and allay the irritation and over- come the straining by giving drachm doses of powdered opium every two hours until relieved ; or you may give twelve-grain doses of sulphate of morphia until relieved ; afterwards give a physic : Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Sulphate of Soda four ounces. Ginger six drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a gallon of water. To assist in preventing the straining tie a rope or strap tightly around the body immediately over the loins. 844 DISEASES OF CATTLE. EVERSION OF THE VAGINA. With cows this is quite a common occurrence and is the result of difficult parturition, the animal receiving some injury therein ; also is caused by tumors in the vagina or womb, straining after calving, retention 6i the placenta or afterbirth ; swinging animals so the whole weight is upon the abdomen, etc. TRUSS TO PBEVBNT EVERSION OE THE WOMB. Treatment : — First ascertain the cause and, if possible, remove it; then oil the hands with sweet oil and care- fully press the vagina into position ; then wash it thor- oughly with — Gum, or Powdered Opium one drachm. Hot Water one pint. Mix. Place the animal in a stall, with the hind parts f\e- vated fifteen or twenty inches above the front.'" Apply a truss made of rope, fasten it around the neck and DROPSY or THE UTERUS, OR WOMB, 845 ■faring the ropes straight down along the back ; pass one down on each side of the tail to the udder, and on each side between the udder and hind leg ; fetch it up past the flank and tie it just over the loins to the rope coming down the back. Then make a few circles around the body and tie the ends of the rope securely. Thus you have the animal harnessed safely so that it cannot strain any, as the back will be kept in a straight line. Inject the above preparation of opium into the vagina every three or four hours and give drachm doses of powdered opium every hour until the straining ceases. If the bowels become constipated, give a physic a^ — Epsam Salts one pound. Gentian • • half ounce. Mix, Give at one dose in a gallon of water, and feed on Boft, nutritious food. DROPSY OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. Occasionally vast accumulations of serum or fluids, are found within the womb. This, at the present time . is none too thoroughly understood, although various theories have been presented. Symptoms : — The symptoms very much resemble those of pregnancy. The abdomen will begin to enlarge, and the owner usually considers her with calf, from the fact that the cow appears in a healthy condition, but as the period of gestation goes by without any signs of calving, the conclusion is soon reached that something is wrong. Upon examination the womb is found distended to a considerable extent and by pressure and manipulation, it will be found to contain a watery substance. Treatment : — Open up the neck of the womb with the finger, if possible, and allow the fluid to escape. If that 8-1-6 BISEASES OF CATTLE. cannot be done, puncture with a trocar and canula; it will then escape. Allow the canula to remain until you have injected one of the following : Tincture of Iodine one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Or, Permanganate of Potassium two drachms. Water two quarts. Mix. Inject through the neck of the womb, if it can be opened. The injection may be used every other day, until it has been used five or six times, then if the fluids continue to form, the operation of allowing it to escape will have to be repeated, as often as occasion demands. 1 ^ LEUCORRHOEA, OR WHITES. Leucorrhoea consists of a chronic discharge of muco- purulent matter frOm the mucous membranes of the vagina, and, not infrequently, from those of the womb. ' Generally irritation of the organ followed by relaxation is the cause ; but relaxation alone will produce it. Want of nutrition attended with debilitating influences is a frequent Cause. Sometimes, to all appearance, an ani- mal will be healthy and yet affected with leucorrhcea. On opening the lips of the vulva a sticky, whitish or yel- lowish matter will be seen ; quite frequently it runs out of the vagina and accumulates on the tail and surround- ing parts. As the disease progresses the discharge emits an offensive odor ; pulse grows feeble ; mucous mem- branes pale ; appetite and rumination suspended ; mouth clammy ; gradual wasting of the whole system. Cattle affected with leucorrhcea are quite frequently seeking a male cora'panion, but seldom get with calf, and if they do, generally abort. PLBTmiSY. 847 Treatment :— Feed on soft, nutritious diet with tonics and stimulants. Give twice daily two ounces of the following, diluted in water : Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia four ounces. , , Sweet Spirits of Niter five ounces. ' Tincture Ginger five ounces. ' Tincture Muriate of Iron . . two ounces. Strychnia two grains. Mix. Use as an injection per vaginum twice daily one of the following powders, dissolved in a quart of warm water : - Permanganate of Potassium one ounce. Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Mix. Make into eight powders ; previously wash out the vagina and womb to remove all matter. PLEURISY. The term pleurisy is used to denote an inflammation of the membrane covering the heart and lungs, which is also the lining membrane of the chest. Sometimes pleurisy occurs in pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs, on account of the proximity of this membrane to the lung tissue. Sometimes it occurs as a separate and independent disease. The causes are exposure to wet and cold, filthy stables, sudden changes by being turned from warm stables into the cold, injuries to the chest, etc. Symptoms : — The animal appears dull and stiflF, with- out desire to walk around. Fever is present from the beginning of the attack. The breathing is chiefly abdominal, the chest being held, as far as possible, in a 848 DISEASES OF CATTLE. fixed position. The patient seldom coughs, as the act is very painful. The pulse is wiry, ranging about sixty beats per minute. The head is carried low with droop- ing ears. Appetite and rumination are suspended ; nose dry ; eyes about half closed. On applying the ear to PLEUKISY. the part affected, a grating Sound is heard, although the lungs give forth a healthy respiratory murmur ; pressure between the ribs causes great pain, sometimes causing the animal to groan or grunt. While breathing, inspi- ration is short, becomes painful, while the expiration is more easily performed and therefore lengthened. Treatment: — Put the animal in a good, comfortable place and blanket well. Apply poultices of linseed meal to the chest ; in its absence, poultice freely with, mustard. Give every two hours, two ounces of the fol- lowing mixture : Liquid Ammonia Acetate twelve ounces. Sweet Spirits of Niter .... four ounces. Fluid'Extraot Aconite., .two drachms. Mix. Regulate the bowels by giving a pint and a half of raw linseed oil, and injections per rectum, of warm water, every two hours. Also give one of the following powders every six hours : SORE TBATS. 849 Nitrate of Potassium two ounces. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Iodide of Potassium ........ one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. If it terminates in reso- lution the disease will last but a few days ; but if it ter- minates in hydrothorax, or water in the chest, it may last some considerable time and require a different treatment. If there is much effusion into the chest, it should be drawn off with a trocar and canula. The place to pass the trocar and canula is between the -eighth and ninth ribs ; after they are inserted withdraw the trocar and allow the canula to remain until all the fluid runs out. Sometimes bands of lyinph plug up the «anula ; these should be removed with a long needle. After the fluid has all drained out, remove the canula. Then administer tonics and stimulants to support the system. Give every six hours one of the following powders : Powdered Digitalis six drachms. Saltpeter one and one-half ounces. Sulphate of Iron two ounces. Powdered Nux Vomica one ounce. Mix. Make eight powders. Give in a pint of warm beer. Also give twice a day, drachm doses of iodide of potas- sium, with four ounces of brandy and a little water. -Feed on soft, nutritious diet. SORE TEATS. Around the teats some cows are more tender than ■others. The skin is tender and easily cracked, form- ing open and indolent sores which are hard to heal. 'These sores may occur at any season of the year and are nmost commonly seen on cows which have just calved. 850 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Cow-pox is liaWe to break out on the teats at any time> and to cause considerable annoyance. It first forms a. round blister whicli bursts and discharges a bluish liquid. It then scabs over with a thick, ^crust which cracks open during milking, or comes loose around the- edges ; or comes off altogether, when it leaves a small. TEAT SIPHON. depression in the structure of the teat. It gives consid erable annoyance to the milkman, as the sores fre- quently bleed and his hands become covered with mat- ter, and blood frequently gets into the milk. When the- teats are in this condition calves should not be allowed, to suck, as it aggravates the sores and tends to make the cows professional kickers. The following ointment will be found to be very beneficial, especially during: the season of flies : Vaseline two ounces. Carbolic Acid one drachm. Iodoform two drachms. Mix. Apply twice daily ; or, Vaseline two ounces. Salicylic Acid one drachm. Iodoform one drachm. Mix. Apply twice daily. Great care should be exercised in milking such animals, and if badly affected the teat, siphon should be used. INJURIES AND OBSTRUCTION IN THE TEATS. There are many ways in which the teats become- injured, causing an obstruction to the flow of milk or a. INJUKIES AND OBSTRUCTION Iir THE TEATS. 351 •complete stoppage, giving rise to inflammation of the bidder. The ends of the teats frequently become injured from barbed wire, or from warts forming there, ■and often from the annoyance of warts in milking, the milkman seizes them and pulls them off, thus causing ^n abrasion of the skin, at or in the channel through which the milk flows, and as the healing process takes place, the channel grows together, shutting off the flow •of milk from that quarter of the bag. When this con- •dition is noticed, the teat siphon should be forced through the channel and kept in position, if possible, Tintil the wound is healed. If the siphon cannot be kept in this position, it should be forced through three or four times a day, until the wound is healed and the ■opening remains. Another and more frequent cause of obstruction is observed in the small tumors that sometimes form in the teats, varying in size from a pea to a good sized bean. They are generally movable. Various methods have been employed for their removal ; sometimes they ■can be broken up with a knitting needle, or pass a shielded bistoury up the teat and cut them out, but neither of these methods have proved satisfactory to me. The most successful way to manage them, is to fasten the cow and cut down directly onto the tumor, then dissect it out, bring the wound together with a few «titches, and use the following : Vaseline one ounce. Iodoform four drachms. Mix. Apply twice daily, then cover with' cotton batting and bandage lightly and loosely. Draw away the milk with a teat siphon for a few days, and all will b^ well. Sometimes strictures exists in the passage of the teat and greatly diminish the flow of milk. When such a condition is observed, pass a smooth blunt instrument, 852 DISEASES OF OATTLB. as a knitting needle or a teat siphon, up the teat, two- or three times a day, gradually increasing the size, until the stricture disappears. Occasionally we find in freshi milch cows, the passage up close to the udder, cemented over, so as to allow no milk whatever, to enter the teat. In such cases, pass the teat siphon up until you come to the obstruction, then fofce it through and rotate it, to* break the obstruction away, and there will afterwards, be but little trouble. COW-POX. Every case of eruption or sores upon the udder and teats of cows, should not lead the casual observer tO' conclude that it is a case of genuine cow-pox. Indeed, cow-pox seems to be a disease originating spontaneously with, and confined to milking cows, as bulls are not sub- subject to it and neither are heifers, until they have- undergone the change in life and become mothers. Cow-pox is infectious, and it may be communicated to. man through inoculation, after which, if he be suscep- tible to small-pox, it will only be in the mildest form. Symptoms : — At first there may be some fever, which,, as a rule, will scarcely be noticed, but which will be- followed in a few days by an eruption upon the udder and teats consisting of small, red spots, which are pain- ful and hot. The spots at first are small, but within a few days, contain a bluish liquid that soon becomes- converted into a yellowish matter. By the process of milking, these spots, which have formed pus tubes,, become broken and discharge their contents, and if not broken that way, will bujrst spontaneously, after which a scab forms and in the course of ten or twelve days- drops off, leaving the teat somewhat tender for a short space of time. During the eruptive and scabby stage^ MAMMITIS, , OR INFLAMMATION OP THB UDDER. 858 the milk should be drawn with the teat siphon, to save pain and trouble, and the attendant should not milk other cows. COW-POX. Treatment : — The treatment is very simple. If in the winter, feed on soft food and give plenty of fresh, cold water; should the udder become swollen, painful and hard, foment well with hot water and poultice thor- oughly with flaxseed or bran. It is very seldom that any treatment is needed. MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. Inflammation of the udder arises from many causes, Buch as bruises, wounds, bites of insects and reptiles ; allowing the animal to go unmilked for a day or so ; 12 854 DISEASES OE CATTLE. taking cold ; rheumatism and other fevers ; being over- heated; allowing a superabundance of milk to remain in the udder previous to calving. The last.named is the most fr^uent cause among cattle of all ages, but espe- cially with young cows which are having their first calf. Symptoms : — Inflammation of the udder may exist in a mild form for a few days and then subs-ide, without any alarming symptoms beyond' a slight increase in heat around the affected parts. But with the severe form, there will be considerable fever and dullness. The ani- mal will have a capricious appetite and rumination be partially suspended; bowels slightly constipated; the udder becomes very hot, is swollen and tender ; milk will be decreased and sometimes totally suspended ; skin covering the udder i6 very red and glistening ; if only one or two quarters of the bag are affected, they will appear and feel like ■ hard tumors and may continue swollen for some time. The operation of milking is per- formed with difficulty on account of the painful condi- tion of the udder. The milk from the affected quarters ■will be thick and curd-like and frequently streaked with blood. If not relieved suppuration takes place Vithin the udder, the hardened parts becoming soft and discharging matter during the operation of milking; or the affected quarter may point and break externally, in which case its usefulness is generally gone forever. Treatment: — If properly attended to when first noticed, mammitis will generally result satisfactorily. But if left unattended for some time the opposite state of affairs is certain. Put the animal in a good, dry, comfortable place, free from drafts, and administer in a gallon of warm walier, the following : Epsom Salts one pound. Ginger one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium two drachms. Mix. MAMMITIS, OB mPLAMMATION OF THE UDDEE. 355 Afterwards apply to the udder, for two hours at a time, fomentations of hot water ; to each gallon of water used, add four ounces of powdered sulphate of iron. Immediately after bathing apply a hop poultice as hot as can be borne ; or a poultice of fried onions will do as BANDAGE FOR THE STJPPOBT OF THE UDDBB. well. Use a broad bandage and tie it up around the back to support the bag. If the animal shows signs of high fever, administer the following draught, every four or five hours : Liquid Ammonia Acetate. . four ounces. Fluid Extract Aconite. . .fifteen drops. Sweet Spirits Niter '. . . one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Milk the patient frequently, but if it causes much pain, insert the teat siphon. Occasionally rul)bing the bag with fluid extract belladonna is frequently benefi- cial. If the udder still remains hard, the following lotion will be found of benefit : . Rectified Spirits six ounces. Witchhazel eight ounces. Spirits of Camphor two ounces. Mix. Apply three times a day. This can be used from the commencement of the attack utitil the end. If mortifi- cation sets in, cut out that quarter of the bag and dress with the following : 856 DISEASES OF CATTLE. ' ^ Vaseline four ounces. Iodoform five drachms. Mix. Apply thrice daiiy ; or, Chloride of Zinc two drachms. Water one quart. Mix. Apply thrice daily ; or, Listerine six ounces. Carbolic Acid two drachms. "Water one pint. Mix. Apply frequently. Feed on soft, nutritious diet and keep as cleaR as possible. SPLENIC APOPLEXY. This disease seldom occurs, except among cattle which are fed for beef and fattened rapidly. It consists of a poisonous ferment created within the blood itself, during an unnaturally plethoric condition of the system and it is demonstrated by the extravasation of blood throughout the intestinal canal, brain, serous mem- brane, pericardium, etc., as found in post mortem examination. That it is poisonous is shown by the fact that dogs and pigs have died within a few hours after eating the flesh, aad that men have died from cutting themselves while skinning animals dead from this disease. . Ssonptoms : — Great excitement, eyes staring, mucous membranes red, mouth hbt and dry, urine and manure mixed with blood, colicky pains, breathing accelerated and short ; pulse, from full and hard becomes quick and feeble and almost imperceptible. These symptoms are not always observed, as the disease is of such short duration ; the animal may be left to all appearance per- fectly well in the evening and found dead in the morning., STKANGULATION OF THE rNTESTINHS, ETC. £,'57 Treatment : — When seen in the first stage, give imme- diately the following : Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Glauber Salts twelve ounces. Calomel . . . . ' two drachms. Ginger one ounce. Warm Beer, two quarts; or Warm Water one gallon. Mix. Constantly apply cold water or ice to the head and give every two hours the following : ; , Carbonate of Ammonia, .two drachms. Ginger one drachm. Beer one quart. Mix. Bleeding is sometimes beneficial. STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES, OR " GUT-TIE. " This disease is seen only in steers and work oxen. When the animal is castrated, the spermatic cord recedes and becomes adherent to the abdominal ring. The cord is united to the pelvic bones by a fold of peri- toneum, which by pressure is sometimes ruptured and allows the gut to pass in and out and thus become strangulated. Symptoms: — The animal appears dull; colicky pains are present ; appetite and rumination, suspended ; fre- quent straining with great effort, but nothing passed save a little mucous and possibly blood ; pains become more violent and the animal kicks at its belly with the hind feet, lies down and quickly rises again ; pulse small and quick ; the animal points its nose to the affected side; moaning and grinding of the teeth frequently occur ; pressure on the right side causes great pain ; the 858 DISBASBS OF CATTLE. ' back is curved downward ; administration of purgatives produces alarming symptoms. ' Treatment : — The only sure treatment is by operating. Place the animal with its left side against a stall and fasten there securely. Make an incision in the right Bide, large enough to admit the hand. Pass the hand down to examine the abdominal rings and trace up the cord. When you come to the strangulation, sever the adhesions of the cord and the intestine j*s then liberated. Draw out the cord and cut off two or three inches, then return it, and treat as an ordinary wound. WARBLES, OR GRUBS UNDER THE SKIN. This is really no disease but simply the manner in which an insect, called the oestrus bovis, or gad fly, GBUB FEOM COw'S BACK. develops itself. During the warm months of summer, this insect flies about and attacks cattle, by piercing the skin and depositing an egg in the orifice. In the course of time a swelling is observed, caused by the deposition of lymph and the development of the larvas from the egg, which is in time discharged by the process of suppuration. It may fall upon the ground or in the stable. If the temperature is sufficiently warm to develop it, it puts forth wings and soon begins to deposit eggs for the continuance of its race in the manner LICE. 859 already described. Sometimes there are a number of these tumors that acquire the size of a butternut, and suppurate and diseliarge to such a degree that they call (ESTKUS BOVIS, OK GAD FLY. for treatment. This consists of pressing them out and using some mild astringent lotion; the following will suffice : Zinc Sulphate two drachms. Acetate of Lead two drachms. Water ten ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily. LICE. Cattle are affected hj several kinds of lice, but those chiefly met with are the small, red lice and the large gray ones which have black spots on their backs and sides. They are most frequently seen on poor, debili- tated cattle that are poorly fed and cared for. Their 860 DISEASES OF OATTLB. propagation is very rapid; when an animal becoipes infested, they are soon numbered by thousands and the whole herd is speedily possessed of them. They may be speedily exterminated by the use of some of the follow- ing remedies : Take one pound of stavesacre seeds, soft water two gallons ; place over the fire and simmer down to one gallon. Sponge the animal all over and repeat every third day until three applications have been made. Or, take leaf tobacco one pound, water two gallons; boil thoroughly and apply every other day, for four or five times. Or, take blue ointment and rub it back of the horns and down the back every third day, for throe applications ; this is the most dangerous and the animal must be kept \ tied so it cannot lick itself ; also protect it from storms. If the stavesacre can be obtained, it will be found to be the most effective. RINGWORM. Ringworm in cattle, is an affection that seldom calls forth much attention. It is usually seen in poorly fed > RINGWORM. cattle, although it sometimes makes its appearance on cattle in good condition. It is caused by a small para- site and is somewhat contagious. WARTS. 861 Symptoms : — The first symptoms observed, are round patches about the size of a nickle, which sometimes coalesce, but the well-defined ring will be observed. They generally appear around the head, neck, eyes and nose and sometimes on the shoulders, loins, hips and udder. Treatment : — If the animal is in poor condition, feed | on good, nutritious food and remove from other cattle. As cleanliness is very necessary, bathe with soft soap and warm water, after which use one of the following prescriptions to kill the parasite : Nitrate of Silver one drachm. Water four ounces. Mix. Apply every day for three or four days. Or, Chloride of Zinc four drachms. 'Soft Water four ounces. Mix. Apply once daily for three or four days. Or, paint the parts thoroughly with tincture of iodine, several times ; or, apply acetic acid morning and evening for a, few days. If the ringworm is close to the eyes be Tery careful not to let any of the medicine get into them. WARTS. Every person that "is familiar with the care and handling of stocky has noticed these excrescences which make their appearance on any part of, the body, but most frequently about the eyes, mouth, udder and belly. Warts are a skin disease in every sense of the word and do not affect the blood in any way, hence constitutional treatment is useless. They vary greatly in size, from a small pea to a large goblet, and are best removed with the knife. Cut them off- beneath the skin and aj)ply 8@2 DISEASES OF CATTLE. either chloride of zinc or corro8ive sublimate in fO"wdey, to the raw- surface, and they are not Hable to gro^ again. WORMS. Oattle suffer more or leiss from worms, which accum- ulate in the intestines. Those most commonly seen are the large round worms, called lumhricoides, although tape-worm is occasionally discovered in cattle. TAPEWOKM. Symptoms : — One of the most prominent symptoms. Is the finding of worms or links, if tape- worm is sus- pected, in the manure, also an irregular or ravenous appetite. There is a falling off in condition, general weakness, with a hide-bound appearance, and some-' times diarrhoea with colicky pains, is observed. Treatment : — If tape-worm is present, keep both food and water away from the patient for twenty-four hours, then give two quarts of pumpkin seed tea, and within two hours after, give the following : Epsom Salts ;.. . one pound. Gentian four drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a gallon of warm water. If afflicted with other kinds of worms, feed on soft food,. TETANUS, OR LOCKJAW. 363 as bran mash, etc., for a few days, then give the follow- ing before you feed in the morning : Linseed Oil * two pints. Oil of Turpentine two ounces. Oil of Male Shield Fern half ounce. Mix. Give at one dose. If one dose iails to remove them, repeat in five or six days. TETANUS, OR LOCKJAW. This disease is not so common among cattle as it is among horses, but is to be worse dreaded as it is more often fatal. It is one of those nervous disorders that are none too thoroughly understood. There are two kinds of tetanus, traumatic and idiopathic. • The former LOCKJAW. originates from wounds, pricks of nails, castration, or a skin abrasion from surgical operations, etc. The latter is of obscure origin and may be produced from exposure to cold, irritation of the bowels from drastic cathartics, from fright, etc. But from whatever source, the symp- 364 DISEASES OF OATTLK. Symptoms :^At first the casual observer might think there was nothing specially wrong, except that the ani- mal was lacking in appetite ; but the symptoms grad- ually increase in force and intensity and it will then b© noticed that the animal becomes somewhat stiff, with the nose protruding. The muscles along the neck and back become rigid and stiff , the tail is slightly elevated, the limbs grow stiff and act like props for the body ; the mouth is closed, but there may be slight motion of the jaws. There is partial, and sometimes complete inabil- ity to swallow and saliva will drivel from the mouth. There will be grinding of the teeth, and if the head is elevated, the haw or membrana nictitans will shoot out over the eyes. Sometimes the patient will appear hungry and make attempts to eat but will only suck the food after it has gotten, it within the mouth. At all times, the animal is very easily frightened. There is usually more or lees fever, sometimes reaching 107° or 108° Fahrenheit. If compelled to move, it will do so ■ with a straggling, staggering gait. treatment: — ^First ascertain the cause, if possible, and if from the prick of a nail, pare the wound to the bottom and fill it with solid extract belladonna. ' Or if from a wound of any other kind, apply the belladonna frequently. Put the animal in a comfortable place and bed well, as cattle frequently lie down during this disease. Give a brisk physic, if the animal can swal- "low, as — Sulphate of Soda. twelve ounces. Epsom Salts eight ounces. Mix. Give at one dose in two quarts of water, or give — Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Barbadoes Aloes one ounce. Mix. GKve in two quarts of water, after which give — BLACK LBG, OR QDABTER-IIL. 865 Bromide of Potassium . . three drachms. Chloral Hydrate two drachms. Water one pint. Mix. Give three times a day or place drachm doses of solid extract belladonna back between the teeth or on the tongue, three times a day. It will gradually become dissolved and taken into the system. Apply no irritating medicines whatever, such as blisters, etc. , , as they do more harm than good. Allow them to suck at water and gruel as much as possible, to maintain their strength, and one thing above all others is to be ^impressed upon the mind pf the attendant, that is, to keep the animal isolated and in a dark stall, no person to go near it but the attendant himself, and then only to give medicine and food. Approach very carefully, as fright will cause a relapse. Some cases, when isolated in a dark stall and left alone, free from noise and fright, will recover without the use of any medicine whatever. BLACK LEG, OR QUARTER-ILL. This disease is rarely seen in the eastern, middle, or southern states but is frequently seen in the west. It is seldom ever seen in animals over three years of age, but is observed occasionally, in animals beyond this age. It is purely a blood disease and is caused from too high feeding of animals, taken from a half-starved or poor condition. The reason it is most frequently seen in the western states, is because of the immense herds in that section receiving a scanty amount of provision, during some of the severe winters. They are,- consequently very thin in the spring, and when turned upon the rich, nutritious buffalo and bunch grasses, they thrive so rapidly th3.t a sudden change in the quality of the blood 366 DISEASES OE CATTLE. takes place, having a great tendency to decomposition. Although called black leg, it must not be taken for granted that the limbs are the only parts that become affected, for the seat of the disease, while purely a blood affection, will be noticed at the point of the ehoulders, the neck, back, loins, tongue and thighs. Symptoms ; — The symptoms in the first stages are sel- dom noticed, but when observed, the eyes will look bloodshot, the urine will be highly colored, costiveness, with blood streaks in the manure ; a full, quick pulse and hurried breathing ; then if in the quarter, the ani- mal will appear lame, the quarter will commence tS swell, and by pressing the hand down over the swelling, it will emit a crackling sound as though there was air beneath the skin. If located in some other part of the body, there may not be any lameness, but the crackling sound beneath the skin, when pressed upon, will be apparent. This disease runs its course very rapidly, seldom lasting twenty-four hours and frequently termi- nating fatally within twelve hours. Treatment: — If seen in the early stages, abstract two gallons of blood and give the following physic : Epsom Salts sixteen ounces. Sulphate of Soda eight ounces. ' Powdered Ginger two drachms. Mix. To be given at one dose in two gallons of water. Plunge a knife deeply into the swellings, in several places, and pour turpentine into the wounds. Give the following stimulant : Sweet Spirits Niter six ounces. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia one ounce. Tincture Ginger one OQSce. Mix. KHEUMATISM. 367 Give two ounces every two hours in a pint of water or beer. Should a recovery take place, and the ulcer- ations prove troublesome, apply Chloride of Zinc two drachms. Sulphate of Copper four drachma. Water one pint. Mix.* Apply twice daily. Attention should be directed toward the prevention of further attacks among the herd. As it is not contagious, no fears need be enter- tained from that source. Insert a seaton into the bris- ket below the neck and just in front of the forelegs. Keep the cattle in yards at night where no food can be had, and allow only moderate feeding in the daytime, until they become habituated to the rich, succulent food or pasture. RHEUMATISM. Rheumatic lameness in cattle is quite frequently observed, and is one of those diseases that is none too thoroughly understood. It attacks the muscles, tendons and fibrous structures around the joints, as also the heart, bowels, bones, lungs, or any other part of the animal. There is a specific condition of the blood, causing constitutional disturbance. It is undoubtedly hereditary with some animals, as is observed by follow- ing down through certain families. It also arises from other sources, such as being poorly kept, and exposed to cold and storms in. winter; from exposure to the cold rains in the spring of the year, by housing in damp, wet, filthy stables, etc. Symptoms : — In the acute form, the first signs are general uneasiness and stiffness, staring coat, appetite diminished, rumination partially or completely sus- pended, the bowels constipated and the urine high col- 868 DISEASES OE CATTLE. ored. Suddenly one of the joints will become swollen, hot and tender and probably the following day that joint will apparently be in healthy condition and another joint affected, and so continue to change about from joint to joint, or to the heart, lungs, bowels, bones, muscles, etc. When rheumatism assumes a chronic form which we most often see in cattle, it remains sta- tionary in whatever part affected, as in a joint or whole limb. When in a joint, as in the hock, it becomes swollen, hot, hard, very sensitive to the touch and causes intense pain. As time passes by, bone material is formed and the joint becomes solid. In other cases, the tissues above and below the joint, become swollen, hot and painful. Abscesses form and discharge matter. There is continued fever and loss of flesh. The animal will lie down a good portion of the time. Treatment : — Move the bowels with the following lax- ative : Epsom Salts one pound. Ginger four drachms. Mix. Give in a gallon of water. Next attend to the joints. Cold applications are not desirable in swellings of this nature, but warm applications are always soothing and prove beneficial. Cloths wrung out of hot water and applied to the swollen joints, give relief. Heated oats or salt sacks applied, are also beneficial, or use the fol- lowing liniment : Olive Oil four ounces. Spirits of Turpentine •. two ounces. Aqua Ammonia two ounces. Mix. Apply two or three times a day. Or, Soap Liniment four ounces. Oil of Turpentine four ounces. Laudanum two ounces. Mix. KHBUMATISM. 389 Apply two or three times a day. If the pain is intense, give ounce doses of laudanum until rest is obtained, to be followed with — ; Quinine six drachms.- Salicylate of Soda one ounce. Mix. Make nine powders. Give three powders each day. Or, Sulphate of Potash two ounces. -.^ ' Sulphuric Acid one drachm. Water one pint. Mix. Give as one dose, morning and evening. Bed well and blanket the animal, and arrange to keep cold draughts from striking it. Feed anything it Avill eat, but soft food is preferable, as bran mashes, boiled oats or corn, clover hay, green grass, etc. While the Afore- going are worthy of trial, all may prove a failure; if a favorable termination has resulted, immediately fatten for the butcher, as a recurrence may be expected. '" DE-HORNING. As horned cattle frequently, do considerable harm by goring other animals, it is just and proper to deprive them of these Weapons of defense. It also makes them more docile while feeding. The operation is very sim- ple ; first confine the animal securely, then take a fine, sharp saw and saw off the horns close up to the head, taking oif a small portion of the skin where the horn and skin come together ; then put on some,pine tar and it will quickly grow over. Have no fears about the bleeding, as it will do no harm. When raising calves, the horns can be prevented from growing by cutting off the hair over where the horns start to grow; moisten the parts a little and pencil with caustic potash. Do this when the calf is two or threfe weeks old. Two ap- plications will suffice. OBSTETRICS DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE OflGANS IN THE MARE AND COW. CARE OF FOALS AND CALVES. STERILITY— BARREN HORSES AND CATTLE. \ The loss to farmers, as well as to owners of stallions and bulls, on account of sterility, is sometimes enor- mous. Sterility exists botk in males and females. If a number of females are bred to a certain male animal and fail to conceive, there is something wrong with the male and he is considered sterile. Again, certain females may be bred to a number of male animals, without conceiving, then the fault is with the female and she is .considered barren. In the male, sterility may be due to many causes, as hardening of the testi- cles, the result of inflammation ; softening of the testi- cles from being pampered, and liberally fed upon starchy food without sufficient exercise,; imperfect de- velopment of the testicles, as in the case of ridglings. Change of climate has sometimes a marked influence on the generative organs, at times only for a season and again it renders them wholly sterile. " Self-abuse, con- tinued for a length of time, also renders animals inca- pable of impregnating females. There are also several diseases of the generative organs, which tend to pro- (371) 872 DISEASES OF THE GENBEATIVB ORGANS. duce sterility, as inflammation of the membrane cover- ing the penis, ulcerations on the penis, warts on the end of the penis, paralysis of the penis, tumors affecting either the testicles or penis, tumors affecting the excre- tory ducts of the testicles, enlarged prostrate glands, injuries or disease of the back and loins rendering the animal unable to mount; serving too many females within a few days, will sometimes render the ^male sterile for the balance of the season. Sterility in the female, has also a variety • of causes. It results from imperfect development of the ovaries; changes from one climate to another, will sometimes render females barren; closure of the neck of the womb by inflamma- tory adhesions ; by the male during the act of copula- tion, exciting and irritating the womb, causing straining and ejection of the semen ; caitarrh of ^ the womb f 61- lowed by a discharge of mucous ; leucorrhcea or whites, a fatty condition of the ovaries in females that have been pampered, highly fed and are very fat and not receiving enough exercise; tumors in the ovaries or fallopian tubes; low condition, with imperfect nutri- tion of the ovum ; poor feeding and chronic weakening diseases; from mares being advanced in years when bred for the first time. All these conditions should be met and attended to, if the owner wishes to breed and increase the quantity of his live stock. If from imper- fect development of the testicles, as in a ridgling, cas- trate at once and convert into a good work horse. When there is softening of the testicles from being toa fat and fed upon starchy food, give plenty of exercise or work, and avoid feeding corn, ' wheat, or other Btarchy food, and feed oats, bran mash, cottonseed ckke, etc. When there is hardening of the testicles, grease them with a weak iodine ointment, to which should be added some camphor and extract of bella- STERILITY — BABREN HORSES AND CATTLBr 373 donna. Where self-abuse has been continued for a considerable length of time, castration is the most prof- itable method to pursue. \ Ulcerations of the penis, are best combatted by filling the ulcers with calomel, a few- times. Warts should be extirpated with the knife and afterwards touched with lunar caustic or acetic acid. Too much stress cannot be placed upon the evil of serv- ing too many females in a short space of time. One service a day, is all that should be allowed during the season. Two services may be permitted in one day, by allowing five or six hours to elapse between each service, but this should not be continued daily. The indiscrim- inate and injudicious methods practiced by some own- ers of sires by allowing four, five and sometimes as high as eight services in a single day, is very liable to cause a weakness in the testicles, so that the fluid secreted thereafter for . a .considerable length of time, will be deficient in impregnating properties, and although the animal may ^eem vigorous and continue in service, the female will fail to conceive, through no fault of her own. Closure of the neck of the womb, if by spasm, is best treated by greasing the arm with water and castile soap, vaseline, or hogs' lard. Eeach into the female, and as soon as you come to the neck of the womb, insert one finger first, then two fingers, and con- tinue in this manner until the hand can be passed through. Ordinarily, a very small opening will suffice. Females will become impregnated when the opening i» no larger than will admit a lead pencil. If the closure is due to inflammatory adhesions, greater force will have to be used. If you cannot force a flnger through, take a small-bladed penknife and make a few incisions into the neck of the womb, then force an opening either with the finger or some round-pointed instrument, like a scratch-awl, and immediately serve with the male. If ff74 DISEASES OF THE GBNEBATIVB OEGABTS. * the neck ot the womb is four or five inches in length, which is sometimes observed, a portion of it should be excised, after which place a small sponge into the neck of the womb until it heals, to prevent its growing together. When the womb is excitable and irritative, causing straining and ejection of the seminal fluids, it is best to give the female a good run or a hard day's work — something to ^compel the animal to become fatigued, then breed immediately and she will likely conceive. If from a fatty condition of the ovaries, where the animals are very fat and pampered up, place them to work and work them hard for a month or six weeks, feeding on a limited quantity of oats and hay, but if from too low a condition, and over- work, reverse the conditions. If from catarrh of the womb, leucor- rhcea or whites, see treatment for these ailments. If from diseased ovaries, the animal should be spayed. If only one ovary becomes affected, that ovary should be taken away, when the animal will possibly breed all right. When mares become greatly advanced in years, say seventeen to twenty, without ever raising a colt, they should not be bred, as the pelvic bones become solidified and difficult delivery is the result, probably ending in the loss of both foal and mare. ABORTION IN CATTLE. ,^ Abortion, slinkingior slipping of calves, to a breeder of fine stock is a great misfortune. It not only deprives him of the profit on the increase of his herd, but the animal fails to give her full quota of milk, which she would otherwise do, if permitted to run the full period of gestation, the system thus undergoing the necessary change. ABORTION nsr OATTLS). 875 Causes : — Abortion is due to many causes. It is some- times caused mechanically, such as being injured by unruly and vicious animals, horning or bunting them ; also by cattle that are continuously- bulling, jumping upon them ; froin certain herbs obtained in the pastures •>{Jf=!'"*»t*> OALi' JlN womb at. five MONTHS. or in the hay ; from too close in and in breeding ; from eating frozen roots, drinking ice water, slipping into too deep a trench constructed as a receptacle for the ma- nure ; also from smelling other cows that had aborted or had premature births, and from the last cause it seems almost like an epidemic in some herds. It is generally considered an abortion, when the cow loses her calf within the first six months of gestation, and during the last three months, a pr&mature birth. 376 JJISBASES OF THE GEISTERATIVE OTIGANS. Symptoms : — It is very seldom that any symptoms pre- cede abortion. Usually the animal will abort the calf and not miss a meal, but with premature birth, we will quite frequently notice a loss of appetite, suspended rumination, dullness in appearance and a disinclination to be with the balance of the herd. At first, there is a yellow, glairy discharge from the vagina, sometimes red and streaked with blood ; if the calf is not soon expelled, decomposition soon- takes place and an offensive smell emanates from the vagina, with a whitish colored mat- ter and small portions of the placental membranes. Colicky pains and great uneasiness are sometimes noticed. Treatment : — First isolate the animal from the bal- ance of the herd to a comfortable place, then make an examination, by greasing the hand and arm thoroughly with hogs' lard and passing it into the womb. Remove the dead calf and all of the membranes, after which wash out the womb with carbolized water, say half an ounce of the. acid to two quarts of warm, soft water, or permanganate of potassium, one drachm to two quarts of warm water, once a day for three or four days. Give the following physic : Epsom Salts . . twelve to sixteen ounces. Powdered Foenugreek, or Ginger one ounce. Water one gallon. Give at one dose, to be followed with — Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ten ounces. Tincture of Oardamon four ounces. Tincture of Jam aica Ginger, two ounces. Mix. Give two ounces every three or four hours in a pint of water, or you may give four quarts of beer each day, NBOESSABT AID IN NOBMAL PAHTUEITION. 377 until the appetite returns. At all times, give warm bran mashes and entice the animal to eat anything she will, and give all the water she will drink. -i NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION. , When animals are about to deliver their young, they should have suitable places provided for them— more especially large animals, as the mare and cow. As the act of delivery is performed with a certain amount of pain' and uneasiness, they should be left untied, and provided with a large', comfortable box stall, containing a sufficient amount of bedding to prevent slipping and injuries; or if in proper season, they will do better in a pasture field or meadow. "When delivery commences, it is seldom that the aid of man is necessary, yet at the same time, he should make an examination to see that the little animal is started right — that is with the two front feet first, the head resting upon and between the legs, the upper part of the head and backbone resting against the mother's backbone; or if the hind feet start first, it will be delivered in that position; but see that its backbone rests against'the mother's backbone. If it lies in either position, do not meddle too much, but allow some time to elapse before aid is rendered, except it be a mare, then do not delay too long, for if the colt' is not delivered voluntarily within an hour from the time of commencement, aid should be rendered imme- diately or the little animal may be lost.; As it receives its nourishment and supply of air through the coverings or afterbirth,' 'thence through the umbilical or navel cord, should these become detached from the mother's womb, the colt quickly dies from inanition or want of air, if not brought into the external world. Sometimes ffmal^s will act very sick, and the straining or labor 87? DISBASES OP THE ' GEHEBATITE OaSAWS. pains will be exceedingly hard or heavy. Usually ia such cases, the mouth of the ■womb Ijas not dilated suflS- ciently to allow, it to start, or the other surrounding tissues have not become sufficiently relaxed. In such cases, you may give ounce doses of laudanum to assist in quieting the pains ; or half ounce doses of chloroform or chloral hydrate, as well as applying hot cloths to the belly ; or give a liberal amount of walking exercise, in fact anything to attract or divert her attention for the time being, to allow the parts to become relaxed. Placing a dra«hm of belladonna on the mouth of the womb, will often cause it to open rapidly. Use qUiet and soothing measures, and in the course of from six to twenty-four hours, the delivery will be comparatively easy. However, when parturition or delivery is retarded, it is sometimes a question whether the young animal is living or dead ; this is frequently difficult to determine, and as my experience has been I presume, almost equal to that of any person of my years, having attended over twelve hundred cases in eighteen years of practice, I have resolved that there is but one absolute or positive symptom of the death of the young animal, prior to birth ; that is, when upon examination, you dis- cover bloating or puffiness of the skin, and the hair slips oif readily, decomposition has set in and there can no longer be any doubt but that the young animal is dead. ' Many and varied are the symptoms spoken of and called infallible signs of the youngster's death, but all have proven failures in my own experience, with the exception of the one referred to above. It is perfectly true that in fully sixty per cent, of the cases which I attended, the foals were dead, and about two per cent, of the mares succumbed, but many of these cases were confined in labor for from twenty-four to forty-eight hours before I reached them. The foal seldom lives NECESSARY AID IN NORAL PARTXJKITION. 379 over four hours within the mare, after the first expul- sive efforts or foaling have commenced, while a calf may live for two or three days. The placental mem- branes or afterbirth, do not become detached so readily in the cow as in the mare, hence the longer lease of life in the calf, after the labor pains hav« started. If, after the water bag is ruptured and part of, the fluid has escaped, the natural expulsion of the young animal should be waited for. I will here remark that it is never necessary to rupture the water bag in the cow artificially, as it is very thin and ruptures easily itself. But with the mare it is quite different. The membranes are quite thick and firm and not infrequently the foal is dropped enveloped in the sack without it being ruptured, when the young animal would quickly perish. Therefore, when the water bag presents beyond the vulva or opening as a large sack, it may be torn with the fingers or cut with a knife or scissors, after which some assistance may be needed. If the forefeet and head are presented, take hold of the feet, and at each labor pain of the mother, draw steadily and firmly upon the feet in the direction of the mother's hoeks, so as to follow the natural curve of the channel through which it has to pass ; occasionally moving it from right to left, will assist greatly in working the shoulders and hips through the passage. "When the young animal comes with the hind feet first, it will be delivered in this way easily, and will be recognized by the pasterns bending upward instead of downward, as in the front feet also by the feel of the hocks, which is vastly differ- ent from the knee. If assistance is rendered^^draw in the direction of the mother's hocks, the same as in the front presentation. "' But when the hind feet are deliv- ered first, immediately after delivery, seize it by the hind legs and raise it clear from the ground with the 380 DISEASES OF THE aENBEATIVE ORGANS. head hanging downward, so that any fluids remaining in the nostrils and wind pipe, will escape. Many foals and calves are lost annually, through neglect to empty the fluids from the wind pipe ; the lungs are too weak to force air in through these fluids. When colts and calves are born head flrst, these fluids escape, as the head hangs downward during delivery, but when the head comes last, these fluids are liable to remain in the wind pipe, and death quickly ensues. Sometimes after birth, life is apparently suspended in the young animal. When this is observed, clean out the mouth and nostrils and dash some cold water upon its head, or take wet, cold cloths and beat them against the body and chest. Also take hold of both forelegs, draw them well for- ward to elevate the ribs, then gradually bring tliem back again, continuing to repeat this operation to invite artificial breathing ; also starting a little blood from the navel, may assist in restoration to life. When the youngster is lively, but unable to stand and nurse the mother, you may draw some milk in a clean bottle and administer it. Always give the first milk of the mother as it acts as a mild physic, and if this has escaped, give a teaspoonful of castor oil. In assisting the youngster to nurse, do not place the hand linder the breast bone; as it is quite soft and yielding, you may do considerable harm, even causing a quite lively colt to become sick and die. Many are lost in this way, the owner consid- ering that he was doing an act of kindness. When it is necessary to hold them up to nurse, catch one arm around the forelegs and breast, and the other arm around its haunches, and you will not injure your colt in the least. After the colt is a few days old, it is necessary for it to receive some exercise ; therefore, allow it to run in the barn lot, or if in season, turn the mare and colt to pasture. Oalves should be treated in NEOKSSAKT AID rST NORMAL PABTUBITION. 881 a like manner. The mother should receive some atten- tion, after delivering her young, as she is generally irrii- ■tated and somewhat fatigued. She should be kept comfortable, in an airy place but free from draughts. If she has been sweating, she should be rubbed dry — in .fact a good rubbing is very beneficial at this time as it equalizes the circulation, allays restlessness, and hastens the contraction of the womb. Sometimes it is necessary to blanket the animal, as they are very susceptible to ■cold at this period. Give the mother a gallon of warm t ^ruel, and bed liberally. Allow her to remain alone for an hour or so, when you may give her some more soft, ■easily-digested food, then if necessary, assist the colt to iiurse. Feed upon soft, easily digested food for ten or fifteen days and allow her perfect rest during this time, in order to permit a good flow of milk to be fully estab- lished and the complete recovery of the animal. If ■parturition, has been prolonged and the animal has suf- fered considerably, and the womb and other organs have become bruised and inflamed, she should rest for a .greater length of time, and care should be taken to pre- sent inflammation of the womb, A few injections into the vagina will now be beneficial. Take * Permanganate of Potassium half ounce. Water one gallon. Mix. ' Inject once daily, using a quart each time. '" Apply "warm cloths oyer the loins, feed on soft food, and give "four ounces of glauber salts daily, to keep the bowels «oft. 'Also keep in a clean stable, where the atmosphere is pure. When animals are either old, or weak and ■debilitated, and the labor has been prolonged with some "bleeding following, stimulants should be given, as Tvhisky, brandy, wine, etc. Rub the body and limbs thoroughly and supply plenty of bedding ; and as the ^2 DISEASES OE THE (JESEEATIVE ORQANB. mothers contract colds quite readily at this time, shelter should be provided when turned to pasture, to protect against cold storms, for it should be borne in mind that cold and dampness are dangerous to the health of the animal, for some time following parturition. PARTUHITiON— ITS SYMPTOMS, ETC. During parturition, from the earliest' symptoms developed by the attempted expulsion of the foetus until the foetus and membranes are delivered, is called labor. Symptoms of approaching labor and the termination of the period of gestation, are sometimes observed for sev- NORMAL PARTUKITION, OK NATUHAL LABOR. eral days before the event transpires. One of the most important symptoms is enlargement of the mammary glands — sometimes to such an extent that swellings, from the size of a saucer to that of a large plate, appear in front of the bag, also behind the bag up between the hind legs to the lower part of the vulva. " Later on, if pressure is applied to the teat, it yields a watery secre- tion which sometimes escapes unaided and accumulate* around the lower part of the teat, formings a gum-like.- PARTURITION — ITS SYMPTOMS, ETC. 883 substance or wax. The vulva increases in size and its lining membrane b--omes reddened; sometimes a whitish, glairy secretion is formed and discharged as a long, stringy, sticky substance hanging from the vulva and sticking to the tail and legs. The croup, on eitl^er side of the tail, looks hollow and feels soft and pliable from relaxation of the broad ligaments. The back is somewhat sprung downward, the abdomen distended -and hanging low down. The animal walks about care- fully and is somewhat inclined to leave the balance of NOBMAIi PAKTUMTIOlf, OB NATmiAL PRESENTATION. "the herd. In mares, swelling of the hind legs is vfre- -quently seen. As the time for the expulsion of the foetus draws nearer, the animal has pains of a colicky nature ; gets up and lies down frequently, and, if per- mitted, usually will' seek a place of seclusion. As the uneasiness and pain increases, the os uteri, or mouth of the womb, continues to dilate until the womb and vagina form one large continuous passage. The mem- branes are now obsf rved externally in the foum of a water bag, which on pressure., is usually ruptured. The pains become more severe and frequent. The animal 384 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE OKGANS. takes a full breath (as if preparatory to making a deep sigh) , filling the lungs, and," holding it there for a time, brings the diaphragm and abdominal muscles into action to assist the uterus in the expulsion of the foetus. If the animal is standing, it brings its four feet close together, arches its back, elevates the tail, and takes a deep inspiration, the same as if lying. These labor pains are continued for a time, when the forefeet and head are observed to be passing. The spine of the foetus should be resting against the spine of the mother, and the breast and abdomen against the lower part of the vulva. In the mare, a few more labor pains and all is. over ; but in the cow, labor is more prolonged and an extra effort is made when the chest is forced through jthe vagina to the outer world. As soon as the young animal is born, the umbilical cord is torn apart, and, if jbleeding much, shoi^ld be tied ; but this is seldom neces- sary. The remaining fluid now escapes from the womb- and is sometimes tinged with blood, from the sudden 'separation of the membranes. Sometimes the foetus is delivered encased in the membranes, the uterine passage being sufficiently large to admit it, and the membranes 'being very thick and strong. Whgn such is the case^. ■the' foetus sometimes ruptures them when struggling, or jthe mother tears them apart with her teeth; if not speedily ruptured, the young creature soon expires for- want-of air. After the young animal has been deliv- ered, the next act is to get rid of the foetal membranes- , — "the after-birth." In the mare, the placenta will have such delicate attachment that slight contractions-. of the womb, together with the weight of thfe protruded jpart cause speedy expulsion. But in the cow, the pla- centa is not readily expelled ; its attachment is by coty- laedons instead of villi, and the contractions of the womb do not so readily detach them. There may b© CAEE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. 385 from forty to a hundred attachments, and from four hours to three or four days are required before the membrane is expelled, and then it may have to be removed artificially. If the mother is not seen during the act of parturition, or for some time after, the after- birth may never be seen, as cows, and sometimes mares, devour it as soon as expelled. CARE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. The measures for preservation of health in animals during pregnancy, are those which should be observed generally with animals which are not pregnant, except a few extra precautions which should be taken, in order that the mother may pass the periods of gestation and delivery in safety. When an animal has been served by the male and has conceived, she should not be allowed to associate with the male either in the stable or pasture, as attempts on the part of the male at coition and casual excitement on the part of the female, may do considera- ble harm, and even produce abortion. With such ani- mals as are kept at work — as the mare — it is bad policy to work them hard, especially after pregnancy is well advanced. Great care should be taken not to put them in a position where their sides are apt to receive blows, such as from heavy wagon tongues, etc. Neither should they be pampered and nursed in a stall, without exer- cise. The work should be slow, and if at all slippery, the mare should be well shod. They should not be used for saddle purposes, but if used, spurs should not be worn. Galloping, jumping, or in fact, anything producing excitement should be avoided. Should the patient be a mare used exclusively for breeding purposes, she should have a box stall and a yard in which to exercise. It is not at all necessary to cease working a mare for the two 886 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE OEGAJSTS. or three months previous to foaling ; better to give slow, light work, s-o that they will have exercise up to the day of foaling. The food is a most important factor of success. Milch cows or working animals should be well fed, as not only their appetite but their physical condi- tion demands it. Some animals are prone to lay on flesh when pregnant; with such you should be very careful about feeding, as it may prove troublesome, especially if allowed to proceed to the extreme. It may retard the growth of the foetus, produce abortion, cause difficult parturtion, or give rise to some other serious trouble, which will be more likely to take place during the last few months of pregnancy than at first. The food should be clean, of good quality and easily digested. Damp, bulky, mouldy or fermentable food should be dis- carded, as evil results are nearly certain. Grazing is beneficial if the pasture is nutritious, if not, supply the deficiency. The animals should be protected from foggy, damp or stormy weather. They should have all the clean, pure water they desire, for when at liberty with free access to water, they seldom drink much at a time. The water should not be too cold and ice Water is to be strictly avoided. When animals are housed, strict cleanliness must be observed, and when near foaling time, they should be placed in roomy box stalls. If one animal aborts and there are others pregnant on the eame farm, the one aborting should be removed, as the excitement amongst the others is liable to produce sim- ilar results. The stall in which abortion took place, should be white-washed and strewn with slacked lime, to destroy the smell. Harsh or cruel treatment on the part of the attendant or groom should be suppressed. Young animals, about to bring forth their first off- gpring, should be handled very gently. Their udders and teats should be handled frequently, thus preventing CARE AND FEEDING OF PEEGNANT ANIMALS. 387 aversion to suckling their young. As much as possible, surgical operations and the administration of medicines should be avoided. Above all things, avoid giving dras- tic purgatives, as the irritation they produce is apt to cause contractions of the womb, resulting in abortion, and endangering the life of the mother. The stables in which pregnant animals are kept, should have floors as nearly level as possible, for if the incline is at all great, the gravid uterus pressing backward, may cause ever- eion of the vagina and abortion. The doors should be wide to prevent the animal striking or crowding together its sides on entering or going out. Cows that are rich, heavy milkers, and more especi- ally about the time they produce their third or fourth calf and from that period on, are very susceptible to parturient apoplexy or milk fever, which being very fatal, should receive special attention. When we know that the subjects of it are hearty feeders, fleshy, and good milkers, we have every reason to caution the owner to take preventative steps to combat or ward off the malady, by 'a strict attention to feeding — more especially during the last months of pregnancy and immediately after delivering their calves. For two months before calving, the food should be soft, to prevent constipation; and when the animal is quite fleshy, it should be given in limited quajntities, in order to reduce the condition. The cOw should be allowed to take daily exercise, as it greatly assists in preventing an attack of this disease. Extracting the milk by hand for a few days before calving, if the bag is full and large, should not be neglected. After calving, allow drinking water in a limited amount, and within four hours or as quickly after as possible, give a physic, as— Epsom Salts one pound. , MSEASES OF THE GBNEBATIVE ORGANS. Dissolve in one gallon of warm water and give at one dose. If these directions are carefully followed and more especially the physic given immediately after calving, parturient apoplexy, or milk fever, will very seldom be seen. I will here add that it is more frp- quently seen in the rich milking, delicate Jersey, than any other breed ; but no class of cattle are exempt from this terribly fatal complaint. PARTURffiNT APOPLEXY— MILK FEVER. This disease is seen, in all breeds of cattle and gen- erally attacks cows which give large quantities of rich milk. It is seldom seen during the first, second or third calving period, but usually from that time on, and almost always in cows that are highly fed and in good flesh. It usually occurs within three days after calving, and is very fatal — ^fuUy one-half of those attacked die. If recovery does result great care should be taken at the next time of calving, as a recurrence of the attack at that time is frequent and generally proves fatal. Symptoms : — Usually between the first and third day after calving, the cow will stand around dull and stupid ; appetite, rumination and milk will be suspended — or only a slight flow of milk present ; the cow walks as if weak across the back, staggers around shaking her head ; as the disease advances she falls to the ground unable to risfe again. She may rest in a recumbent position with her head carried around to her side, or she may lie stretched out upon her side' with her head lying upon the ground. Sometimes the head is shaken viciously from side to side, endangering those about her and being liable to break off her horns. Occasion- ally, but not often, a few kicks with the feet are given. PAETURIENT APOPLEXY — MILK rEVEE. 890 DISEASES OE THE GENERATIVE OKGAJSTS. The eyes become glassy and staring, soon growing insensible to the touch, with total blindness. Some- times the eye-lids will quiver and jerk for some time. The pulse, at first full and soft, later on becomes slower and feebler, gradually becoming almost imperceptible. The breathing, at first almost normal, becomes generally slower, prolonged and difficult; and frequently a rat- tling sound is heard within the wind-pipe. At the com- mencement of the attack, the temperature will range from 103° to 104° F., and as the disease progresses will gradually sink to 8° or 4° below normal. At first the bowels may appear lose, but soon become constipated, and the urine is usually retained within the bladder. Treatment : — I wish here to impress upon the reader's mind that to bei successful in the treatment of pg.rtur- ient apoplexy demands persistent attendance until death has actually occurred. I have seen cases, where the owner considered treatment useless and momentar- ily looked for death, make complete recovery. If the patient is seen when the pulse is still full and strong, bleed to the amount of six quarts ; but if the pulse is weak and the animal down, with the eyes insensible to light, do not bleed. As soon as possible give the fol- lowing physic : Epsom Salts twenty ounces. Calomel one drachm. Oroton Oil twenty drops. Ginger one ounce. Warm Beer one-half gallon. Mix. If the animal has become unconscious, give very slowly as it is liable to run down the wind pipe. Then draw away the urine by means of a catheter, or by slipping the finger well oiled into the neck of the blad- der, the urine will frequently be passed.® Give injec- tions of warm water every hour. Constantly apply PARTUKIBNT APOPLBXT — MILK FEVEB. CO J rugs -wrung out of hot water over the loins and apply ice-cold water or ice bags to the head, as the brain is badly congested. Frequently draw away the milk and keep the body and limbs warm, by friction and blankets. Keep the animal in a position as nearly erect as possi- ble, and give the following every two hours until recov- ery begins, when the time should be lengthened : Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia eight ounces. Spirits Nitrous Ether four ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica two ounces. Tincture Gentian six ounces, tlix. . Give four ounces in a quart of warm beer or water, or a half pint of hot whisky every two hours. This may seem like heavy dosing with stimulants, but it is the proper thing to do. Should the physic operate and the animal begin to appear conscious of her surroundings, feed on soft and sloppy diet, until convalescence has been established. Prevention is the best and safest treat- ment for parturient apoplexy. When an animal ig known to be a heavy milker and is fleshy or plethoric in condition, she should be fed previous to calving, qn a laxative diet and but sparingly. The milk should be drawn away for ten days previous to calving ; immedi- aitely after calving give the following drench : Epsom Salts twelve ounces. Glauber Salts. six ounces. Ginger one-half ounce. Foenugreek one-half ounce. Water one-half gallon. Mix. If these directions are followed you will not be 892 DISEASES OP THE GENEKATITE ORGANS. OEDEMA, OR SWELLING IN PREGNANCY. In some of the coarser breeds of animals , and, occa- sionally in some of the finer, during pregnancy swell- ings appear around the udder, extending forward as far as the breast and backward and upward as high as the vulva. The hind legs will begin swelling just above the hoof, and the swelling will extend upward to the hocks or even to the groin. These swellings are serous or watery in character, diminish -rapidly during exercise and increase upon rest. The disease is not of much consequence, being caused by deficient circulation occasioned by the pressure of the foetus upon the crural vessels. It is never seen in the cow, as in her the circulation through the mammary veins is more com- plete than in the mare. In m^res it sometimes appears three or four months previous to foaling; but when at pasture where they can get regular exercise,' it rarely occurs. It depends very much upon the conformation and temperament of the individual animal, as well as on season and hygienic management. No fear need be entertained, as it disappears in a few days after foaling. Should it occasion any inconvenience, give exercise. Or, bandaging, the application of a mild stimulating liniment, or scarification may be resorted to. However, this is very seldom necessary. EVERSION OF THE WOMB. Eversion of the womb can only happen when the OS uteri, (or mouth of the womb) is dilated. Conse- quently it happens only shortly after parturition or dur- ing the act of parturition. It is liable to occut amongst all breeds and all classes of animals. Mares seldom suf- fer from it, though it is quitp common among cattle. I BVERSION OF THE WOMB. 393 cannot say whether or not it be from peculiar conforma- tion, but some cows are more subject to this aflfection than others. The uterine ligaments of the cow are so extensive and elastic, that a few,extra efforts or labor pains after the foetus is expelled,' send the womb along BVERSIOH OF THE WOMB. with it, or shortly after. If eversion of the womb is thought probable, the animal should be watched and before the womb can be everted, a pessary should be introduced and the womb maintained in its position. A truss should be used to prevent straining arid the fol- lowing drench should be given at one dose : Sulphuric Ether one ounce. Tincture of Opium two ounces. Brandy two ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Previous to inserting the pessary, remove all of the after-birth. Should the womb be inverted and lying on the ground, or hanging from the animal as it stands, gather • it on a clean linen sheet, remove all the membranes and ■nraRh it thoroughly with warm water, to which may be 894 DISEASES OF THE SENERATITE OEGtANS. added a mild solution of listerine. Then commence to replace it. Oil your hand thoroughly, then close your fist and place it in the hollow spot or center of the womb. . Press inward slowly and carefully. If the animal strains be very careful, for fear of rupturing the womb. Have your assistants press on the sides of the :^j \5HtH L TRUSS TO PREVENT EVERSION OE THE WOMB. womb towards your arm. In this way the womb can be returned. This should be done as quickly as possible after eversion has taken place. As soon as the womb is replaced, insert a pessary and keep it there from four to ten days. The pessary should be made of light wood about twenty-two inches long and two inches thick, with the end inserted covered with a smooth, oiled cloth and the outer end having a hole bored through it, in which to pass a rope to hold the pessary in position. Fasten a truss made from rope around the patient, (as per illustration) but do not fasten it too tightly. Leave POST-LABOR PAESrS — AFTER PAINS. ;, 895 loose enough to allow the patient to get up and down. Feed on soft food to prevent constipation, and give Powdered Ginger one ounce. Baking Soda one ounce. ' Saltpeter two ounces. Mix. ' Make six powders and give one powder every six hours, made into a tea as a drench. It is a rather difficult task to return the womb and maintain it in position. But be persistent in your work and your efforts will be crowned with success, at least if the patient is a cow. In mares, fully three- fourths of the cases prove fatal. POST-LABOR PAINS— AFTER PAINS. The painful sensations of the womb, after the expul- sion of the foetus and secundines (which are frequently observed) are sometimes termed after pains. They are due to contractions of the womb which continue for some time, in order to reduce ite volume and cast oif the membranes. They are seldom seen after an easy delivery and, when they are seen, last but a short time. But when there is difficult or. protracted labor, the after pains may la^t twenty-four or forty-eight hours; or, if some of the placental membranes are attached, the straining is liable to be prolonged. The animalwill arch its back, contract the abdominal muscles and strain violently, as though trying to deliver another foetus." If retention of the membranes is the exciting cause, they should be removed at once, as otherwise the after-pains will be continued and result in eversion of the womb. After _an exploration to discover the cause of the after- pains, and removal of the membranes, should you find any bruises or lesions of the vagina or womb, wash O0O UIBJIAISJIB OJf 'X'ilifi H-JBJSBBATIVB OKGAS^B. AFISB FAQSra PREMATURE LABOR PAESTS. 897 out tiboroughly with warm water, and afterwards with a fifty per cent, solution of permanganate of potassium. Also give at one dose, the following mild physio : Sulphate of Soda ....... twelve ounces. Ginger • • • • one-half ounce. Warm Beer' one pint. Mix. Then apply a truss, such as ig used for eversion of the womb. PREMATURE LABOR PAINS. Premature labor pains frequently occur in the lower animals and are sometimes attended with considerable danger. Various things . are supposed to cause them, some of .which are exposure to cold rains; injuries; administration of certain drugs ; feeding upon rye grasses, etc. I am inclined to believe that the quality and quantity of the food, exerts upon the uterus a greater influence in producing premature labor pains, than any thing else. Musty, mouldy, indigestible or fermentable food, will -cause derangement of the bowels and, through sympathy, involuntary contrac- tions of the womb. Frozen food or ice-cold water acts similarly. The symptoms are similar to natural labor except that in premature labor, the animal almost always strains while standing, while in normal labor the position may be either lying or standing, and fre- quently both positions are taken alternately, while straining. During natural labor, the mouth of the womb is open, while, during premature pains, it is closed for a considerable length of time. The straining is intermittent and sometimes very forcible and, if not overcome, results iu abortion. Treatment: — Give drachm doses of powdered opium 898 DISEASES OF THE GBISTBEATIVE OEGAKS. every hour, until the straining stops; then give at one dose, the following mild physic : Magnesia Sulphate twelve ounces. Ginger one-half once. Water two quarts. Mix. If this fails to act in thirty-six hours, repeat the dose. POST-PARTUM -HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING. Bleeding from the womb, or f flooding," after abor- tion or after delivery at full term, occasionally occurs among domesticated animals and is very fatal. Causes: — Injuries to the womb during expulsion of the foetus ; premature removal of the placenta ; partial POST-PAETUM HEMOEEHAGE, OE ELOODING. adhesion of the placental membranes ; feeble develop- ment of the uterine walls and insufficient contraction of the womb. If a slight dribbling stream is noticed, an examination of the vagina wOl probably reveal slight lesions there, which seldom do any harm, ® But if the blood issues forth in torrents, and there is a quick weak pulse, pale mucous membranes, increasing prostratiqji, KETEKTION Off THE PLACEXTA AFTEK-BISTH. 399 staggering gait, chilliness of the surface, coldness of the limbs and breaking out of a cold clammy sweat, the bleed- ing is great and, if unrelieved, will terminate shortly ' in death. The treatment must be very prompt and effective or death will speedily follow. First, examine to ascertain the cause. If part of the membranes still adhere, at once remove them ; but do so carefully or you will increase "the hemorrhage. Kemove all clots of blood. Then apply cold water over the loins. Also dip your arm into cold water, insert it into the womb and move it around, which sometimes will induce contrac- tion of the womb and thus stop the bleeding. If not, take a soft cloth or a sponge, dip into cold water, and insert in the womb ; or inject cold water into the womb ; or use injections of cold" water and per-chloride of iron. If there is much prostration, the following will prove very beneficial : Brandy one pint. Tincture of Per-Chloride of Iron four ounces. Mix. Give three ounces every two hours, in a half pint of hot water as a drench, after which place the patient in a good comfortable stall, well bedded, and feed on soft nutritious food. RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA— AFTER-BIRTH. Beyond a certain period after the expulsion of the foetus, the retention of the placenta or "after-birth" should be considered unnatural and to require some attention. With mares this seldom occurs, but in cows, owing to the peciiliar attachment of the membranes, it is quite frequent. In the mare the placenta is attached by fine villi, which are easily detached and the placenta is only retained by abnormal adhesions. ^ In the cow 400 DISEASES OP THE GENEEATIVE OEQANS. the placenta is attached by cotyledons, varying from. _ forty to one hundred in , number, which are so con- structed that entanglenlent of the membranes is liable to occur at any time after calving. From this peculiar- ity of construction, abnormal adhesions are more fre- quent than in the mare. The natural mode of expelling the placenta, is by the contraction of the womb, although I have seen cases where the womb, had contracted and the OS uteri, or mouth of the womb, completely closed, and the f cetal envelopes, completely encased within the womb, and could only be removed by forcible dilation of the mouth of the womb. But these are exceptional cases. The general rule, where there is retention of the membranes, is thati the womb will contract, but its mouth will remain open with part of the membranes protruding through it. More frequently the membranes are visible, hanging down from the vulva. In the mare, the placenta, if not expelled by the efforts of nature, should not be allowed to remain undisturbed, but should be removed within twelve hours after foaling. With the cow, danger is less imminent, and unless straining or hemorrhage are prominent symptoms, the placenta should not be disturbed for at least from one to three days, during which time — if not detached naturally — decomposition is liable to occur. If this be the case, it should be immediately removed or chronic inflamma- tion of the womb and vagina may follow and leucor- rhoea (or whites) be the result.- When the placenta is not expelled shortly after calving, the following may assist its removal : Gentian one-half ounce. Ginger one ounce. Foehugreek one ounce. Anise one ounce. Bi-Oarbonate of Soda- • one ounce. Mix. HEKNIA OF THE UTEBTJS, OR WOMB. 401 Make two (powders and give morning and evening. After a lapse of three days, it is advisable to remove the placenta by a manual operation. First see that there are no abrasions of the skin on your hand or arm, through which absorption of putrid matter can take place and so lead to' blood poisoning. Then grease your hand and arm and pass between the placenta and the walls of the womb. As you meet the cotyledons, unfasten the membranes in the same manner in which you unbut- ton your coat ; proceed to the next, and so on until you have unfastened them all. Use gentle traction witi<, the other hand all the time, as some of them, will be detached by traction alone. When you have detached the placenta from all the cotyledons, it will drop out easily. After the placenta is detached, when there is a very foetid odor, wash out Jthe womb thoroughly with a soft cloth and warm water, to which may be added a drachm of permanganate of potassium. Then feed on a nutritious diet, to which add a dessert spoonful of glauber salts morning and evening. In the mare, take the same precautions before removing the placenta. Grease the arm thoroughly, then pass the hand gently between the placenta and womb, separating the attach- ments slowly and carefully, using traction with the other hand. If the attachments are very close or ab- normally adhered, break them down, when the placenta is easily removed. Keep her quiet for a time ; feed soft food to which add twice dailj^ a teaspoonful of — Glauber Salts eight ounces. Saltpetre four ounces. Mix. HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. This accident is not frequent, though it sometimes occurs. During the eighteen years of my practice 1 402 DISEASES OF THE 6ENEEATIVE OKGANS. have worked extensively in obstetrical cases, and have- seen only five mares with hernia of the womb and not one cow. Hernia of the womb consists of a breaking down or separation of the abdominal muscle* through which the womb and contents pass until they come in contact with the skin, which from its elastic: nature, is carried down- sometimes within fifteen to - t .. 2 ^, 'd ■'^^^ >>^JL«-- - "■" *-iM«., i " ^-^ ^»— HEENIA OP THE UTEEUS (OE WOMB). eighteen inches from the ground. The bag and teats are generally carried down with the skin and frequently form the lowest point of the tumor. The causes of uterine hernia are none too thorougly understood, but that which seems to me the most reasonable Supposition, is that the uterine muscles become ruptured or relaxed, thus allowing the gravid uterus to rest entirely upon th& abdominal muscles. These become weakened from the abdominal strain, after which the energetic movements- HKRKIA OF THE UTERUS, OE WOMB. 403 of the fcetus, materially assist in forming the rent in the abdominal muscles. In the first case of this descripli .n that I ever saw, I was somewhat puzzled, as the owner did not know whether the mare was in foal or not ; and I was unable to ascertain any signs of life, though the mare presented the appearance of being with foal. I then determined upon exploring the tumor by inserting a small trocar and canula. In a moment the amniotic fluid began to escape and soon the foetus began to struggle. I immediately withdrew the canula and applied bandages. In about a month after, I delivered her of a dead colt fully developed. The operation was rather diflScult and the mare died in a few hours. A post mtirtem examination revealed a complete riipture or rather lacerations of the oblique muscles as well as of tiie rectus muscles and linea alba. Had the mare lived she would have been useless either for work or for breeding purposes. This accident seldom takes place until within the last two months of pregnancy. When it befalls a cow, I would recommend that she be fattened and sold to the butcher. But mares, which are not used for food and can be utilized in no way other than breeding or work- ing, may be bred again. I have known one mare, which I was called to deliver on account of a wrong presenta- tion, and which had a comparatively bad uterine hernia, to bring forth two living foals, entirely unassisted, dur- ing the next two years after my attending her. After this, she was sold, left the neighborhood, and I lost trace of her. When females are found to be in this condi- tion previous' to time of delivery, they should be sup- ported with broad bandages. , At the time of delivery, trouble should be anticipated and they should receive prompt attention. If unable to deliver spontaneously, have a number of assistants to place a broad blanket *^* DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. ' under the abdomen and raise it up as high as possible^ Then should the presentation be the buttock, the oper- ator should push it a little toward the side opposite to» the legs and seize the hind legs, one at a time, and bring them into the natural passage. Fasten a quarter- inch rope, well greased, around the pasterns, separately. Then pull with considerable force, the assistants stiB' holding up the abdomen, and you may expect ^a safe- delivery, providing there are no malformations. If it. ( be a head presentation, fasten a rope around the neck and lower jaw; then push the head in and to one side. Next endeavor to bring the forefeet up into the natural passage, fasten a rope around the pasterns, then draw the head back betwen the front legs and pull. Use plenty of fresh hogs' lard if the membranes are in the- least dry, also have all ropes or straps well greased while using them, to assist delivery. 'If you are unable to deliver in this position, make a deep, softt bed of straw and, if the animal will lie down, all the- better. If she will not lie down herself, lay her down as easily as possible. Then secure her limbs to prevent her doing injury and roll her on her back ; have plenty of assistants to hold her there, with her hind quarters raised higher than the fore. Have some handy assist- ant to try to reduce the tumor while the operator is try- ing to seize the parts which are most convenient. If there be a head or a breast presentation secure it in the manner prescribed before and, when everything isi straight, apply traction and complete the delivery. But, in case you cannot deliver by the natural passage, and the colt is living and would prove more valuable- than the mother, you can secure the animal and perform the Oaesarean section, which is to open the abdomen sufficiently to deliver the foetus in that way, after which I believe it profitable to destroy the mare and KUPTUHE OF THE PEKINICli. 405 raise the colt on cows' miljc. But in the case of the cow, you may stitch up the wound after removing the afterbirth; then stitch up the integument (skin) and try to save her. If she lives, she should be fattened for slaughter. RUPTURE OF THE PERINEUM. Generally, this accident is the result of difficult par- turition, though sometimes it is caused by unruly stal- lions. As a result of parturition, rupture of the vagina is a frequent occurrence, and sometimes we meet with rupture of the perineum and rectum combined. In other cases the perineum may be ruptured and the sphincter muscles undisturbed ; while in some cases the rupture will extend clear out, severing the sphincter muscles. If the foetus be not in a natural position, the uterine contractions driving it backward may force the limbs or the head through the perineum and pre- sent them at the anal opening. If assistance is not at hand and the parts presenting are not returned and placed in the proper channel, the expulsive eflForts of the mother will cause them to tear the perineum and sphincter muscles asunder and thus deliver the fcetus — sometimes dead and sometime living — but leaving an unsightly appearance, as the vagina and rectum are one continuous slit. The results vary, owing consider- ably to the extent of the injury. If the laceration is not great, no serious results need be anticipated. But if the laceration be great and the sphincter be torn through, a suppurative inflammation may occur with a continuous discharge of pus, smearing the tail and legs and causing the animal to present an uhsightly appear- ance. ' Others seem to experience no inconvenience, a partial recovery takes place, the animal appears per- 406 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. fectly healthy, may breed again and bring forth its progeny without any evil results. Treatment : — Trim, off evenly the lacerated margins, bringing them together with the cat-gut suture, using tjtie interrupted stitch. Then introduce a tampon or plug into the vagina to support the septum during defecation. Apply cold water frequently to keep down the inflammation, and twice daily use the following dressing all along the laceration : Vaseline.' .' four ounces. Carbolic Acid two drachms. Mix. Should the stitches tear out, you may replace them a second or third time. After that it will be useless. While the stitches are intact, place the animal in a narrow stall to prevent her lying down. If there is much bleeding when the laceration occurs, arrest it with cold water ; if that fails, apply tincture of per- Bulpliide of iron. Feed on soft, sloppy food, and give frequent injections of pure water, to soften the dung and thus relieve the strain on the perineum. METRO-PERITONITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB AND PERITONEUM. This disease affects animals of all ages, and results from difficult parturition, retention of the foetal mem- branes, inversion of the womb, exposure to wet and cold, drinking ice-cold water, etc. Symptoms : — The disease may occur from within a few hours after parturition up to the fifth or sixth daj/ At first the animal will appear dull with loss of appetite ; visible mucous membranes injected red ; secretion of milk dimiahed j pulse quick, full and hard ; bowels con- stipated ; urine diminished in quantity ; colicky pains METllO-PEKITONITIS, ETC. ' 407 are present, marifjsted by frequently lying down and getting up until lying down becomes too painful, from the pressure of the abdominal muscles on the womb ; striking at the belly with the hind feet ; pointing with the ribse at the flanks ; respiration, accelerated ; abdomen tucked up. As the disease advances, the pulse grows small, feeble and wiry; the animal becomes insensible of objects around her and plunges about with great yio- lence ; death sh^ortly follows. Treatment : — First examine the womb. If any of the membranes adhere, they should be removed at once. Wash the womb out thoroughly with warm water, to which add a little carbolic acid — one part of acid to forty of water. This should be repeated twice daily. If the bowels are constipated and the patient is a mare, give the following physic at one dose in half a pint of water, as a drench : Aloes one ounce. Calomel one drachm. Ginger one-half ounce. Mix. For the same condition in a cow, give at one dose in a gallon of water, the following : Magnesia Sulph twenty ounces. ^lomel two drachms. Ginger one ounce. Mix. After which give every four or five hours one of the following powders : Quinine -Sulph four drachnisi ' , Salicylic Acid four drachms. Mis., Make into six powders. Or the follbwing, given every 'four hours, will be founfl beneficial : Liquid Ammonia Acetate. . • .three btinces. Fluid Extract Aconite . . . twenty drops. Mix. 408 DISEASES OE THE SENEBATIVE OKGANS. If the animal's temperature remains high, place a sheet, wet with cold water, around the body and keep wetting it with a sprinkling can for an hour, after which rub the animal dry and place warm, dry blankets over it. When convalescence has occurred good food and tonics should be administered. Give one of the following powders three times a day : Powdered Sulphate of Iron one and one-half ounces. Nux Vomica two ounces. Ginger one ounce. Potassium of Nitrate one and onechalf ounces. Mix. Divide into sixteen powders. While the pain is very severe, the application of mustard to the abdomen is very beneficial. After the disease has abated, if there is a chronic discharge from the womb, the treat- ment given fot leucorrhoea will suffice. The person examining the wom*, should be very careful, anfi see that there are no fresh sores on his hands or arms and grease them thoroughly to prevent inoculation and blood poi- soning. UMBILICAL HEMORRHAGE, OR BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL. Bleeding from, the umbilical cord, of an alarming nature, is not a verj;' common accident, nevertheless it sometime? pccurs and occasionally so profusely as to cause death. It generally happens immediately after birth or within a short period afterwards and may con- tinue for some time in small quantities, but sufficient to produce *great debility. The bleeding is ^generally caused by the cord's being cut or broken off too close to UMBEUCAL HEMaRRHAGB, ETC. 409 the abdomen ; it may be due to a varicose condition of the cord. Sometimes, after the cord is tied, when sufiS- ciently long enough to admit of it, the mother will nip it oflF closer and so induce bleeding. Treatment :— When the bleeding is slight and not likely to bfe continued, little or no treatment is required. If possible, seize the cord and tie ; if not apply tannic acid, alum, or per-chloride of iron slnd bandage, after placing some cotton batting saturated with Monsell's solution of iron upon the cord. Or you may take a needle and thf ead and pass it through the skin on both sides of the cord, then tie it tightly and you will com- pletely close the opening, but in doing this be careful not to penetrate or include the intestines. PERSISTENCE OF THE URACHUS, OR URINE PASSING FROM THE NAVEL. What is understood by the urachus, is the canal formed by the middle portion of the allantois, which passes through the umbilical ring and communicates with the bladder through which the urine is conveyed to the allantoid sack, during fcetal life. After birth the urachus should become obliterated and the bladder should be retracted and further developed within the pelvic cavity, the urine then passing through the natural channels. It sometimes happens the urachus does not close up and disappear, and the urine is passed through the navel. It more frequently occurs in males than in females. In the latter it generally comes by drops and quite frequently ceases spontaneously, while in the male it usually runs in a strea,m and is more dan- gerous. 410 DJSEASES OF THE GENEEATIVB OBGAWS. Treatment :— In a great many castes no treatment is required, the escape of urine ceasing in a few days after birth; but, where treatment is demanded, a cure can usually be effected. If the urachus is sufficiently long, seize it and tie it. If this cannot be done, grasp the cord between the thumb and fingers and raise it up ; then pass a stitch in a circle clear around the cord and tie it tight. The urachus is then closed. But be care- ful not to gather any more skin than is actually neces- sary into the stitch. If the urethra, or natural channel for the urine to pass by, is not opened, get the longest human catheter obtainable and pass it to open the channel. UMBILICAL HERNIA, OR RUPTURE OF THE NAVEL. . Eupture of the navel is most frequently coiigenital, although it sometimes occurs two or three months after birth, when it would be called accidental hernia. A small, round tumor, situated at the navel opening and varying in size from that of a bird's egg to that of a goose egg or even larger, is observed. It is usually Soft and fluctuating and easily reduced within the abdomi- nal cavity by manipulation with the fingers, just as readily returning when the hand is removed. Some- - times it presents a doughy or hard appearance, when probably the intestines within the sack are filled with alimentary matter. When the intestines are returned, the opening will present a circular or elliptical shape, and around the edges it will be tense and hard to the touch. Treatment: — In a great imajority of cases when the tumor is not very large, if allowed to remain undisturbed nature will bring about a complete cure varying in time from three months to three years of age. I have EBTENTION OP THE MECONIUM, ETC. 411 applied a broad bandage with very gratifying results and would recommend it strongly. Constriction of the tumor is an excellent method of effecting a cure. First cast the animal and secure it firmly, place it on its back and maintain it in that position. Then manipulate the tumor until the intestines are returned to the abdominal cavity. Next grasp the skin over the tumor and raise it up as far as you can stretch it, and fasten a pair of clamps as close to the abdomen as possible. Fasten them tightly. Then put a couple of wooden pegs through the skin, protruding beyond the clamp, to keep it from slipping off when the animal is standing. In this way you set up an adhesive inflammation, forming a plug filling up the opening by the time the clamp sloughs off. Some practitioners recommend the application of nitric acid to the tumor and report good results ; but I have never tried it. But to inject into the> sub-cutaneous connective tissue a few drops of salt water, around the rupture, will, in a great many cases, through irritation set up a healthy inflammation, throwing out a plastic substance, filling the cavity, thus forcing the intestines back within the abdominal cavity and completely plug- ging up the opening. This operation can be done with the ordinary hypodermic syringe, care being taken not to insert it too deep. RETENTION OF THE MECONIUM, OR CONSTIPATION SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH. The contents of the intestines previous to birth is .called meconium. This is generally expelled immedi- ately after birth ; but when it is retained for any length of time, serious reslilts follow if left unrelieved.'^'' This occurs, perhaps, more frequently with the colt than with any other animal, but occasionally happens with ^12 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE OE&ANS. calves. It generally occurs in animals that are weakly and not thoroughly developed. It is generally caused by the mothers being fed on dry fodder for a length of time, or by her milk being thin and not rich in those purgative elements so necessary for the newly born animal. Hence, it is generally seen in those colts and calves that come in the winter and early spring, previous to the mother being turned out to pasture. Symptoms : — "Within a few days after birth, the little animal appears uneasy and refuses to suck; shows symptoms of colic, lies down and rolls around, occas- ionally looking toward the abdomen ; when standing, the back is arched and attemps to pass manure and water are frequent ; pulse and respiration are frequent and sometimes the respiration is labored ; the eyes are injected red ; grinding of the teeth is a frequent symptom. Treatment : — The proper treatment is to attend to the food and condition of the toother, previous to parturi- tion. The diet should be soft and nutritious. Imme- diately after birth, the young animal should be fed the first milk the mother gives, as it contains purgative ele- ments so necessary for the movement of the bowels. If the bowels do not move, remove all the fcecal matter you can with the oiled finger, after which give frequent injections of warm water and castile soap, or injections of oil. Feed the mother on a soft, sloppy diet, to which may be added a mild physic. Should the bowels fail to respond, give two ounces of castor oil, to which you may add a dessertspoonful of brandy with a little sweetened water; or you may give every two or three hours, two ounces of cod-liver oil with a little brandy and a little sweetened water. Keep the little creature warm with "blankets, rub the limbs with dilute alcohol and bandage. mARBH around the lower jaw, then secure the legs with ropes and push the foetus back into'the womb. Then have an assistant pull on the rope attached to the jaw, while the operator pushes inward on the neck just at the bend. The head will readily be brought into ' the vaginal passage. Then draw up the feet and complete delivery. In case the feet present and the head cannot be reached by the operator, first fasten small ropes to the fore fetlocks. Then return the legs to the womb, pressing them to the opposite side from that to which the head is bent. 'Then if the head is turned to the right, press against the left shoulder, and vice versa if it is turned to the left. With the hand or a crotch, you can fasten a rope around the neck. Pass the rope along the neck as near the head as possible, then twist the rope until it presses deeply into the flesh of the neck, care being taken not to entangle' the membranes in the rope. Then p^ess inward on the shoulder and draw outwards and sideways on the neck and you will draw the head backward toward the natural position. Continue in this until you 're.ach the head, when you should fasten the rope to the head or lower jaw, after which you can easily bring it into position. Then draw up the feet and complete 'the delivery. ^ Sometimes an advantage is gained by securing the legs with cords, then placing a crotch lagainst the neck or upper part of the chest, and forcing the foetus back into the womb, while the operator fastens a blunt hook into the eye or mouth of the foetus and uses outward traction on the head. But if the DEVIATION OP THE HEAB UPWARD AND BACKWARD, 4b8 moutli can be reached, I would prefer catching the hold there. If the fcetus is dead and the membranes are dry, use copious injections of warm water. Perse- verance and good judgment will nearly always effect a delivery in this position. Let the knife for dissecting purposes, be the very last resort. DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND BACKWARD. In this position, the head will be found more or lesi extended along the back, or slightly deviated to ona DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND BACKWARD. side, with the inferior border of the lower jaw resting against the mother's back. ' In this position the head may be forced through the womb into the rectum, caus- ing rupture of the perineum, and the foetus may be 4b4 DISEASES OF THE GENBBATIVE OEGANS. delivered in that way. On examination, the forefeet will first be felt, possibly well advanced into the vagina, and beyond them at the inlet, the hand meets the chest and, above, the lower part of the neck which, if traced backward, will leaa to the head more or less back on the withers and loins or very slightly inclined to one side, the lower jaw facing the back of the mother. In order to place the head in a natural position, it is nec- essary to force the foetus back within the womb by pressing the chest downward. Should the head not drop down into the natural position, introduce the hand and seize the head by the mouth or lower jaw, and pull it downward, slightly sideward and outward, into the natural passage. If this cannot, be done with the hand, place a small rope around the lower jaw and have an assistant pull, while the operator guides the head with his hand until it is brought into the natural passage, when delivery will be completed easily. This is not a difficult position and can be rectified with ease and safety. HIND LEG DEVIATION— ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. In this position, the operator may consider the case a natural presentation, which it is, as far as the head and forefeet are concerned. Birth may be proceeding favor- ably, the forelegs, head and body being normal and in a natural position, protruding well beyond the outlet; when, suddenly, the foetus becomes locked and wedged within the passage, notwithstanding the ® mother increases her efforts at straining ; and powerful traction upon the foetus, fails to bring it beyond a certain point. The operator should pass his hand underneath the abdomen of the foetus, along the genital passage, until he reaches the inlet, where he will find the obstruction. HIND LEG DEVIATION ANTERIOB PKESENTATION. 435. Here he may find the thighs of the foetus turned out- ward from its flanks, forming too broad a surface to pass through the genital canal. Sometimes he will find the hind legs flexed forward, underneath the belly of the foetus, and the feet or fetlocks caught under the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, so that to deliver by force, would cause the hind, legs of the foetus to force their way through the ..tjissues into the abdominal cavity, of the mother, before delivery could be completed; and this might cause the death of the mother and off-spring. HIND LIMB DEVIATION ANTEKIOE PEESBNTATION. A safe delivery can be effected only by the proper adjustment of the hind legs. This is all the more difficult, when the foetus is well advanced in the passage and much traction- has been employed. If, upon examination, the thighs are extended outward from the flanks of the fcetus, it should be forced back within the womb and the limbs drawn as closely together as piossible, with the hand. If this can- not be done, you may take a half-inch rope, well greased, and fasten it around the body of the foetus with a running noose. Then the operator should work the 436 DISEASES OF THE GENESATIVE 0KGAN8. rop9 just beyond the rump of the foetus, or midway between the rump and the hocks. He must hold it there, while an assistant draws tightly on the rope and forces the thighs together. The delivery can then be completed. If, however, the foetus cannot be forced back into the womb to adjust the thighs, cut it oif close up to the mother ; then force the remainder back within the womb and deliver the hind feet first. But, if upon examination, the hind feet or fetlocks are found to be caught below the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, you should pass your hand between the belly of the foetus and the genital canal, until you come in contact with the feet or fetlocks. Then pass the hand with the palmer surface against the feet or fetlocks, and extend it backward and inward as far as the arm will reach, when traction may be applied to the foetus and delivery completed. DEVIATION OF THE HIND LEGS INTO THE GENITAL CANAL— THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE BODY PRESENTING. In this position we have a serious case to deal with. Generally,, the principal object is to save the life of the mother. The foetus generally is dead or in a dying condition, before help is thought necessary to complete the delivery. Outward appearances may reveal nothing but a natural presentation, — this forefeet and head being presented and sometimes so well advanced, that part of \ the chest will be presented to view beyond the outlet, when progress ceases, notwithstanding the>violent efforts of the mother are increased and forcible traction has been used. The operator now has great difficulty to ascertain the cause of the delay, the difficulty depending upon the size of the foetus and the amount of space in DEVIATION OF THE HESTD LEGS, ETC. 437 the genital canal occupied by it. The hand should be introduced to ascertain the cause of delay, which may be very difficult. When the • fpet are found, fchey should be examined to make certain they are the hind ones. Sometimes -the hind legs are well, advanced in the passage, even as far as the hocks ; but y'«j«H*rB'f» 'M ALL OS THE LIMBS ENTEKINa THE PASSAGE, THE ANTEEIOB PART OF THE BOiJt PRESENTING. this depends greatly upon the size of the foetus and the capacity of the mother. It is impossible to extract the foetus until this position is rectified, no matter what amount of force may be used ; and violent force is cer- tain to injure the mother. It is, therefore, necessary to ascertain the exact state of aflPairs before using any force. As to saving the life of the foetus, should it bo living, your decision generally must be unfavorable. la a great majority of cases the young animal, if not already dead, must be sacrificed to save the life of th« mother. 438 DISEASES 01' THE GENEBATIVE ORGANS. If attention is given to the mother before the foetus has advanced far into the passage, and the hind feet are found mingled with the forefeet, the operator will have little difficulty in 'pushing them back to the lower border of the'pelvis. Then push them downward and in- ward and immediately after grasp the forefeet and head and hasten the delivery, which can be done successfully. Or the operator may hold the hind feet back, while an assistant extracts the foetus. But if the foetus is well advanced, the forelegs, head and chest b§ihg beyond the outlet, you may try and force it back within the womb until you can reach the hind feet. Then, if pos- sible, push them back within the womb, either with the hand or with a crotch. Then, the head and forelegs being in good position, delivea-y can be effected easily. When the foetus has advanced so far and is very large, it is very seldom possible to force it back into the womb or even to introduce the hand beside it. The only recourse left then, is to cut the foetus off close up to the mother; then force the remainder back within the womb, turn it around and deliver the hind feet first. ) POSTERIOR PRESENTATION. In posterior presentation, as in anterior presenta- tion, the foetus may assume several positions, in only one of which, a spontaneous and natural de- livery can result. This is when the back of the foetus is next to the back of the mother, the abdo- men next to the lower part of the pelvis and the thighs occupying the horizontal diameter ofr'the genitar vcanal, the hind legs being fully extended outward and entering the inlet, first gradually di- lating the mouth of the womb. Birth in this "position without assistance, is more frequent with cows than POSTERIOR PRESENTATION. 439 with mares, and the calves are generally alive. With the mare, parturition is more prolonged and laborious, a,nd the foal quickly dies after rupture of the mem- branes, or is suffocated immediately after birth for want of attention., Colts that are foaled in this position, should be raised by the hind legs until the head is clear off from the ground, to allow the escape of any fluid that may be in the wind-pipe. . I have se'en as much as POSTERIOR PRESE3"TATI0N, OR HIND FEET PRESENTATION. a pint escape, and the little animal begin to breathe and do well. When colts are foaled with an anterior presentation, the head and neck hang down so that if any fluids have accumulated in the wind-pipe, they escape spontaneously. With the posterior position, it is -just the reverse, hence the necessity of raising the hind quarters and allowing the fluid to escape. The foal sometimes perishes quickly after rupture of the membranes. It is therefore necessary, in a posterior 440 DISEASES OP THE GBNBBATITE ORGANS. presentation, when everything is favorable, to hasten the delivery to save the life of the colt. In the posterior reversed position, when the hind feet are presented with the foetus lying on its back within the mother, its belly against the back of the mother, and its back upon the lower bone of the pelvis, there is danger ahead and trouble to be anticipated. As a consequence of this reversed position, the hind legs (which enter the passage first) are directed upward and HOOK PRESENTATION — REVERSED POSITION. outward, and are the parts first met by the hand in making an examination. The operator can make no mistake, if he notices whether the back or front of the hind leg is uppermost. This can be told easily from the shape of the feet or the position of the hocks, the point of the latter being downward, and the bend upward in the same direction as the wall of the hoof. TVhereas, the bend of the knee is in the same direction as the sole of the foot. The obstacle to birth, lies in the buttocks POSTERIOR PRESENTATION, 441 resting against the lower border of the pelvis, whilst :he legs are extended upward towards the mother's oack and, to a certain extent held rigid. There is ianger of lacerating the perineum ; or the feet may'be pushed through into the rectum, causing rupture of the perineum. Besides this, the body of the foetus itself forms a curve exactly o^^posite to that of the genitai, :anal, so that it cannot easily accommodate itself to the bony canal through which it must pass. From these circumstances, the position not' only is unfavorable to birth, but must be remedied, or serious accidents, may follow. When the foetus is found in this position, the oper- ator must take great care in conducting the feet through the genital canal, to prevent lacerations of the peri- Deum. Sometimes, in order to bring the feet beyond the outlet, it is necessary to pass the hand and raise the hocks above the brim of the pelvis. As soon as the feet appear beyond the outlet, they should be secured with ropes, and, while an assistant seizes the legs and attempts to turn the foetus on its belly, the operator should pass his hand under its rump and assist in turn- ing it over so that its back rests against the mother's back. When this position is gained, extract the foetus,^ — if necessary, by forcible traction. If the foetus is small, or if the rump has passed into the genital pas- sage it should be drawn far enough into the passage to have the rump beyond the outlet; then twist it half way round, or until its back is uppermost, and com- plete the delivery." If the foetus be a colt, deliverj- must be completed within a half hour ; otherwise it is likely to die before entirely born. If it be a calf, ic may live for several hours and' be born alive. 442 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE 0EGAN8. HOCK PRESENTATION. This presentation is liable to happen when there is a posterior presentation, and the womb contractions force the foetus toward the inlet, before the hind legs are completely extended. Consequently, the back part of the legs below the hocks, comes in contact with the brim of the'pelvis. The croup, being above, naturally forces the legs into a cramped position. The labor nOCK PEBSENTATION. pains continuing, the croup has a tendency to descend and, with the hocks, to enter the pelvic inlet. The legs now being thoroughly flexed, the croup pressing upon them they become jammed tightly in the inlet, forming too large a mass to advance further. Therefore labor is suspended and the animal becomes exhausted by con- tinuous straining. On making an examination in hock presentation, the point of the hock is always the first part encoun- HOCK PRESENTATIOlf. 443 tered ; but it may be found at different points. Some- times it is well advanced in the inlet, the croup and body of the foetus being still within the womb. In other cases, the body and croup are in the inlet and thor- oughly wedged in the passage. As a rule, if the mother has run the full period of gestation, birth cannot take place until the deviation has been rectified ; and until HOOK PKESBNTATION — HOCKS OOKDBD. this has been done, a forcible attempt at delivery is likely to take the life of the mother. Therefore it is necessary to place the hind legs in a favorable position, by extending them in the genital passage. This is more easily done with the calf than with the colt, owing to the shortness of the legs of the former. 'If the offspring 'be very small and the mother large and roomy in the genital canal, the foetus may be delivered in' this po|i- 444 DISEASES OF THE GBNBEATIVE ORGAWS. tion, by extending its legs forward underneath its abdo- men. But this would be a very exceptional case. The best mode of completing delivery, is to so adjust the foetus that the hind legs are completely extended outward. This is quite easily accomplished, if an exam- ination be made before the foetus has entered the pelvic inlet, or, at the most, the points of the hocks, and rais- ing them upward, at the same time pressing inward, the operator can draw the feet into the pelvic inlet. Or, if the operator has secured the feet by ropes previous to handling the hocks, as he raises and forces them inward an assistant can pull on the ropes and bring the feet outward into the genital canal, and can then com- plete the birth with ease. But at a laf^r period, when labor is more advanced and the croup is well advanced or wedged in the inlet along with the hocks, the case is ^ , more troublesome. First, fasten a rope around each hock separately ; then apply pressure to the croup, forc- ing it inward and upward until you force it within the womb, or far enough inward to secure the feet with ropes. Then take hold of the hocks and press upward and inward, when an assistant may draw upward and outward on the ropes and bring the feet into position. If there is much trouble in forcing the foetus back and it is known to be dead, or if it must be sacrificed to save the mother, ropes may be fastened to the hind legs and the hocks drawn as near the outlet as possible. Then amputate the legs at the hocks, remove the detached parts, and the remainder is easily brought into position for delivery. If the mother persists in lyinS) you may elevate her hind quarters by packing straw under her. If thought necessary, place the hob- bles on the hind feet, then place a rope over a high beam and draw up the hind parts. This sometimes, will greatly lesson the danger to the operator and assist him in extracting the foetus. THIGH AND GROUP PKESKKTATI0N8. THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS. 445 The cause of this mal-position, is the same as that operating in the hoek presentation. It occurs frequently with both mares and cows. When the thigh and croup are presented and the legs are flexed slightly forward, the mass is too large to enter the pelvic inlet. But, as labor progresses, the croup is forced into the pelvic THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION. inlet, while the thighs are forced downward and the legs forward until the latter are pressed up against the abdomen. In this position birth is possible; but the foetus must be very small and the pelvis of the mother large and well-formed. In this position, upon examina- i;ion, the hand first encounters the tail and buttocks •of the foetus, then the thighs, and possibly the hocks. -But if labor is somewhat advanced, the legs will be 446 DISEASES OP THE GENEKATIVE 0EGAK8. pressed up along the abdomen, when the hocks will be beyond the reach. The croup and haunch may have passed some distance into the pelvic inlet, yet it is very unusual for. any part of the foetus, except the tail, to be- discernible externally, no matter how long lalsor may have been progressing. This mal-position is themosi difficult encountered in veterinary obstetrics. Some- times the mother perishes without being delivered. Though a living calf sometimes is delivered in this posi- THIGH AND CKOUP PBESENTATION — THE HOOK CORDED. tion, a living foal is very rarely obtained ; and only too often, the mare dies after the foal has been taken away. The chance of saving either mother or offspring, depend* greatly upon the length of time the mother has been in labor, and the amount of injury or irritation sus- tained by the genital organs through improper hand-, ling. The chances are lessened if it be the 'first foal or calf, or if the foetus be unusually largo. THIGH AlTD GROUP PRESENTATIONS. 447 limbs of the foetus backward, as in ordinary breech presentation, the hind feet first so that the mother's efforts with slight assistance from the operator, will effect a delivery. This will prove a difficult task. Though in some instances, where labor has not advanced very far and the foetus is still in the uterine cavity and can be moved around so that the feet can be reached and brought into the genital pass- age, it is not very difficult. When labor has progressed far enough to force the croup into the pelvic inlet, delivery will be completed only by hard work and per- severance. ^^ If possible, place a small rope around each THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION THE THIGHS CORDED. leg separately, as low down as the hock. Then, take a lepeller, or use the hand, placing it against the croup, and force it inward, the assistant drawing upward and ■outward upon the hock. Continue in this way until jou have a hock presentation. Then fasten ropes to the fetlocks, and while the operator seizes the hock and presses upward and inward, the assistant may draw upward and outward on ihe fetlocks, until they are brought into the passage, when the delivery may be .-completed. But if the croup and thighs are complfetely 448 DISEASES OP THE GENBKATIVB 0EGAN8. wedged in the genital passage, and can not be moved, either inward or outward, which sometimes, is the case, no recourse but embryotomy is left. This is a very tedious manner of completing delivery. Take a guarded knife and cut through the skin and muscles until you come to the hip joint. Then detach that limb and remove the other in the same manner, after which you can insert hooks in the cavity of the hip-joint and extract. Or, place a rope completely around the body of the foetus and extract. Or, sever the muscles from the bones of the haunch as much as possible, then fasten ^ a hook into the bones and extract them. After you have severed the haunch bones, remove the bowels. Then fasten a rope to the remaining skin and complete delivery. TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION. The foetus is in a transverse position when, upon examination, the hand of the operator first encounters, the shoulders, withers, sides, flanks, haunches, loins,.' back, breast, belly or' all of the limbs collected together. The possibility of the foetus assuming a transverse position within the womb, is by some strongly disputed, but entirely without reason, because the womb is a- soft, yielding membraneous sack, capable of assuming- almost any position ; so it readily appears that its transverse diameter may be increased at the expense of its length. Though transverse presentation sometimes- is observed, it is not nearly so common as an anterior or posterior presentation. Still it is quite as necessary that the operator should understand something of this presentation, as with it, birth is impossible when unas- sisted. No matter whether the foetus presents- in the- 8H0CXDEK AND LOIN PEESBNTATION. 449 version must be accomplifhed in order to change it to either an anterior or posterior presentation. For in one of these ways only, can the foetus be brought into the pelvic inlet and delivery be effected. This presentation TRANSVBBSB PRESENTATION. occurs more frequently in the mare than in the cow, perhaps, owing to the stronger contractions of the womb of the farmer not allowing proper adjustment of the foetus, should it not be in a position exactly favor- able at the commencement of labor. SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. Wheh labor has continued for some time with little or no progress, and upon examination, the hand of the operator comes in contact with the shoulder and loins, he knows that he has to deal with a transverse presen- tation. If labor has lasted some time, the straining has been energetic and the waters have escaped, it some- times is a difficult matter to decide what part of the foetus the hand encounters first. There is first felt a more or less rounded surface, that has no spepial char- 450 DISEASES OF THE GBNEKATIVE OKGANS. acteristic by which it may be recognized. The hand should then be introduced farther into the womb and search should be made for some part of the foetus that can be recognized. Then study the position of the young creature in the womb. The presentation having been recognized, the position must be determined by ascertaining the direction in which the head lies. With the foal, this is accomplished by feeling for the mane and tracing it as far as the arm can rea'ch. It may lie in r:^ SHOULDBE AND LOIN PRESENTATION. the right or left flank of the mother, or up along her back, or down toward the floor of her belly, the legs assuming different posftions in a direction opposite to the head ; although sometimes one leg is found crossed over the neck. To learn the exact position, is abso- lutely necessary, before venturing upon any attempt at extraction, as in nearly every case, the presentation is a difficult one and requires all the skill and judgment of the operator to rectify it. But if labor has not con- tinued any length of time before the operator discovers SHOULDER AND LOIN PBESHNTATION. 451 the presentation, and if the membranes are soft and yielding from the natural fluids, the position, generally, is easily converted into an anterior or posterior presen- tation, and a living foetus is delivered. If labor has con- tinued for some time and the patient is a mare, you may depend upon it, the foal will be dead. But with the cow, a living calf may be delivered— the tenacity of life and the power of endurance being wonderful. The SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. principal object is to convert the transverse presenta- tion into either an anterior or a posterior presentation, for only in this way, can delivery be effected. If the- foetus lies or can be moved so that the head and forelegs are most convenient and can with the least difficulty be ' brought into the pelvic inlet, the position should be converted into an anterior presentation. If the hind legs are most accessible and can be brought into the inlet with less difficulty, convert the position into a posterior presentation. But to do either, is generally a difficult task, as the presentation offei^s nothing to take hold of 452 DISEASES 01' THE aENEEATIVE ORGANS. advantageously, or to which ropes could be attached. If labor has progresse( for some time and the mem- branes are dry, before attempting to turn the fcetus,' it is a good treatment to inject warm water into the womb, to moisten the membranes, which will greatly aid the operator in his eflPorts at version. The foetus must not be pushed directly forward into the womb, but rather obliquely and in a direction opposite to that of the parts we wish to bring into the inlet. If the mother be lying down, the operator will find it greatly to his advantage to raise her hind quarters very high. He should be persistent in his work, use frequent injec- tions of warm water, and, in the great majority of cases, the foetus will glide around the inner surface of the womb until a convenient part presents itself. Then the forelegs and head, if they are the parts sought, or the hind legs, are brought into the genital canal by the hand or by ropes, when slight traction will complete the delivery. When all these maneuvers have failed, embryotomy should be performed in such a manner as the operator deems most advantageous. At the best it will be a difficult, tedious and laborious task, seldom attended with satisfactory results. The mother gener- ally perishes, either during the operation or shortly afterward. BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. This presentation is quite common in both mares and cows, but more frequently occurs in the former. Gen- erally the fcetus is lying on its side with its legs flexed, or extended, or presented at the inlet, or engaged in the passage. There is no difficulty in discovering and rec- ognizing this position. As the operator passes the hand to explore the parts, it first encounters the feet — usually BREAST Airo ABDOMIHAL PEESENTATION. 453 all four of them. They may be within the womb, or one or more of them engaged in the passage. In the major- ity of cases, either the hind parts or fore quarters are near the passage, a condition recognized by the legs of that part being further advanced than those of the other. The position must now be ascertained, which can be done readily if the head can be felt. But this, generally, is beyond reach and the position can be BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. determined only by a careful examination of the limbs. In this we must distinguish between the hind legs and forelegs, as these alone can show the direction of the head. To do this, the operator should remember that the hind leg flexes in the direction of the wall _of the foot, whereas the knee flexes in the direction of the sole of the foot. The hock can also be recognized by its flatness. It must be remembered that, in this presentation, the forelegs and hind legs are across each other, when engaged in the genital passage. The hind legs, crossing the forelegs, are pointing towards the anterior part of the body of the 454 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. foetus; while the forelegs, crossing the hind legs, point toward the posterior part of the foetus. This is not a very serious presentation, as a rule. The gravity of the case depends somewhat ,upon the length of time labor has continued. As it is impossible for birth to occur spontaneously, while the foetus is in this position, if the mother has not received the necessary aid for some BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. time after the commencernent of labor, her continued straining may not only cause the death of the colt, but the mother's death, from prostration. When the legs have been distinguished, fasten ropes around the ones you wish to extract first. Generally the operator will find it most advantageous to convert the position into a posterior presentation and deliver the hind feet first. BREAST AND ABDOMIlfAL PRESENTATION. 455 search for the other one ; secure it and bring it into the passage. Then return the foreleg to the womb, as far in as possible, apply traction and deliver. But if all four legs are engaged in the passage, fasten ropes to the hind feet; then return the forefeet as far as possible within the womb. Sometimes' this is more easily and more advantageously accomplished by flexing the forelegs at the knee, until the foot rests against the elbow ; then force it within the womb in' a downward direction, while the assistant draws upon the hind feet. The foetus will straighten out generally and birth will be completed. Even if the head be engaged along with all four legs in the passage, I would recommend return- ing it to the womb in a downward direction along with the foreleg^, and that delivery be made with the hind feet first. When th'e foetus is partially delivered, say the hind legs, croup and hips are without or beyond the outlet, the operator should pass his hand between the belly of the foetus' and the floor of the genital canal, to ascertain whether the forelegs have become cramped or fastened within the inlet too soon If so, . straighten them by pushing them inward, for if not straightened, serious results might follow. In delivering the foetus with a posterior presentation — that is the hind feet first — the back of the foetus should be against the back of the mother. But in a breast and abdominal presentation, if it is found impossible to force the foetus back into the womb and the foetus is dead, there should be no hesitation about resorting to embryotomy. The best way to com- mence, is to cut oflf the forelegs at the knees or elbows and remove them; the lower part of the legs being reriioved, the remainder of the foetus can be readily pushed back into the womb, and by applying traction to the hind legs, delivery can be effected. *56 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. TWIN FOETUS— IN DIFFERENT PRESENTATIONS. With mares and cows it is not all uncommon occur- rence foT them to bring forth twins, though it is rarely, indeed, that assistance is needed to complete delivery. Usually, when the mother is carrying twins, either they are expelled before the full period of gestation is com- pleted, or each is much smaller than if she were carry- ing only one. Indeed, birth usually is much easier with TWINS IN DIFFERENT POSITION. a twin pregnancy than with only one. When the most advanced foetus is expelled, a variable period elapse« before the second birth. During the interval the mother generally is uneasy and pays little or no attention to the one already born, but manifests a peculiar anxiety, ■which is a good indication that delivery is not complete. But when the second foetus is born, the mother generally turns her attention to her offspring.' This is the general TWIN FdiTTJS, ETC. ^^' order of twin births. But it is not always so fortunate. In some cases, after the first one is born, a long interval occurs before the birth of the second one, which is usually fatal to its existence. This suspension of labor in twin birth is generally due to a mal-position of the foetus. Difficult paturition from this cause also happens when the twins are about equally distant from the mouth of the womb, and are presented at the inlet together. Of course, they cannot pass through the canal together, hence the difficulty, Upon examination, the operator will experience great difficulty in deterr mining the positions of the two foetuses. This can be done only by careful examination, and then the operator will find himself somewhat embarrassed. For example, the forefeet of one foetus may be presented with the head of the other; or the head and one forefoot may present with one forefoot of the other ; or one hind foot of each foetus may present together ; or a forefoot of one with the hind foot of the other, etc. In some instances the legs of the twins are so interlaced, that they are separated only with the greatest difficulty. One thing is certain, only one can be delivered at a time. There- fore, they must be separated and one pushed back into the womb, while the other is being delivered. When the one is born, the other, if in a wrong position, must be straightened and removed. This is quite easily written but not so easily performed. If assistance is not afforded before both foetuses become wedged into the pelvic inlet, the operator. will experience great trouble in adjusting them. " But if distinguished before entering the inlet, but little trouble need be anticipated. Select the one most favorably situated, fasten ropes to the head and forelegs or to the hind legs, as the case may be, and arrange them in a direction proper for delivery. Then let an assistant draw the foetus toward the outlet while 458 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. the operator pushes the other back within the womb. After dellTering the first one, search for the other, which probably will be in a mal-position, requiring adjustment before it can be born. DOUBLE-HEADED MONSTROSITIES. "Very seldom, indeed, do we witness double-headed monstrosities with mares or cows. In the former I have neither seen nor read of any ; but in the cow I have seen DOUBLE-HEADED MONSTROSITY.. one and read of others. But they are very rare, indeed. Sometimes these monstrosities are born alive and live a considerable time. The one that I saw, was living at three years of age, to all appearance healthy and a good feeder. It Was placed on exhibition. She only used one mouth while feeding. The other mouth was well formed and had a full set of teeth, but she had little HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAtN. *^*' control of -the lower jaw.. Though, if the mouth was opened with a little assistance, it would close sponta- neously. Both heads were well-formed, uniting at the neck, both mouths emptying into the one (esophagus. The existence of this mal-formation renders birth more or less diffif'ult and sometimes impossible, accord- ing to the size of the heads. But sometimes birth occurs without assistance and with little difficulty. An examination will reveal the condition, when the operator will adopt the measure necessary to complete the delivery. If the mother is large and the genital canal well formed, forcible traction may complete the delivery. But if, in the judgment of the operator, this will not do, embryotomy must be resorted to. Cutting off one or both of the heads may be neces- sary before delivery can be completed. If the heads are united closely, split them with a chisel and then remove them ; or, in such cases, bone forceps may be used. If it be a double head and neck, cut off the neck, as low down as possible, and remove it first ; then remove the balance. There are several other forms of monstrosities but, as they so seldom occur, a description here is quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say, that if it be impossible to deliver them by moderate traction, ampu- tate such parts as cause the obstruction and deliver. HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN. This anomaly is found in colts and calves, both. The enormous size of the head, is the obstacle to a natural delivery. '-■ If with an anterior presentation, birth will be delayed, and; on making an examination, the opera- tor will soon discover the deformity. But, if with pos- terior presentation the operator discovers this deformity, he should endeavor to change the position to an anterior presentation, and, after bringing the nose into the 'inlet, 460 DISEASES OF THE GBNBKATIVE ORGANS. he should plunge a knife through the head, making a free incision to allo-w the water to escape. , After which, on applying traction, the tissues gradually flatten down and birth is completed. • But if it b« presented hind feet first and birth is complete with t»he HYDEOCEPHALUS, OB WATEK ON THE BRAIN. exception of the head, which is too large to pass through the genital canal and prevents delivery, the operator should pass the hand along the neck and examine the head. If hydrocephalus is recognized he should open the head with a knife or trocar and canula, and allow the fluid to escape, after which the tissues will flatten down and traction will complete the delivery. ASCITES, OR ABDOMINAL DROPSY. With this disease, the abdomen of the f eetus will be swollen to such an extent that it cannot enter the geni- tal passage, though the head and forefeet may be pre- OB ABDOMINAL DROPSY. ^gj sented in a natural position and well advanced in the canal. On examination, if the operator cannot pass the hand between the head and the walls of the passage to ascertain the cause of obstruction, he should first secure the head and forefeet with ropes, then force them back into the womb. After that he will have no difficulty in ascertaining the trouble, if dropsy is the cause. He should then plunge a knife into the abdomen of the ''" ACITBS, OB ABDOMINAL DBOPSY, foetus, making a large incision to allow the fluid to escape into the womb, after which delivery can be com- pleted. But if he cannot return the head to the womb, or does, not think best to do so, he must either plunge a knife into the abdomen of the f cstus aM allow the fluid to escape into the womb, or use a trocar and canula, plunging it into the abdomen and allowing the fluid to escape externally. Afterwards, moderate traction wiU complete the delivery. „ Missing Page Missing Page DISEASES OF SHEEP, THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. CATARRH, OR COLD. Catarrh, or oold is quite a common complaint among =.heep, during the fall, winter and spring. Indeed it is rarely absent in any flock where any great number is kept. Causes : — It is most often caused by being confined in close, damp yards or by housing in stables or sheds, too closely together,, without suflicient ventilation. The heat arising from the sheep causes a high temperature, thus over-heating the animals and when turned out into the bleak winds they catch cold very easily ; in fact the liability to take cold is greater, than when allowed to roam in the open fields, exposed to the weather. It is well to have dry, open sheds where sheep can lie down at night or to protect them from storms, but close hous- ing is detrimental rather than beneficial. When allowed plenty of fresh air, good ventilation, dry yards and clean, dry bedding, catarrh will seldom be seen. A wet or damp cold or a close, moist atmosphere is very productive of this trouble. Symptoms :^More or less fever is present ; the sheep snuflles considerably and mucous is discharged from the nostrils. There will be very little coughing but if the lungs become involved, the cough will become dry and (465) 466 ._ DISEASES OF SHEEP. deep-seated. The appetite is partially suspended, and the animal appears weak and stupid. Treatment : — Remove the cause as quickly as possible, to protect the balance of the flock, then remove the affected ones to warm, dry, well-ventilated quarters. If the bowels are constipated, give Epsom Salts three ounces. Ginger two drachms. Water one quart. Mix. Give at one dose, to be followed with Quinine two drachms. Dover Powder two drachms. Cayenne Pepper two drachms. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give three powders each day, or Ginger two ounces. Gentian two ounces. Saltpeter two ounces. Mix. Place in a quart of water and simmer over a slow fire for twenty minutes, then add half pint of good whisky and bottle. Give half wineglassful four times a day. Give good, nourishing food and occasional draughts of flaxseed tea. Good nursing is very important. Without this, medicines are useless. Keep the animal dry and comfortable, with plenty of fresh air. PNEUMONIA— LUNG FEVER, OR INFLAMMATION OP THE LUNGS.- This disease is an inflammation of the lung substance and often follows catarrh. It is a very serious affection and is more frequent than is generally supposed, many sheep dying from this trouble and the owner imagining some other malady the cause of death,- op account of ita PNEUMONIA — LUNG FBVEB, ETC. 467 course being so rapid and fatal. It is generally caused by exposure of some sort, as washing in cold spring water on a raw, cold day, or exposure to cold rains in the fall and spring ; by shearing too early or exposure to cold storms after shearing; becoming over-heated while driving or by being too closely confined without sufficient ventilation, etc. Symptoms :^-The first symptoms observed by the owner or keeper is loss of appetite and suspended rumi- nation, closely followed by grinding of the teeth, with a high fever and an inordinate desire for drinking water, or if in the winter, the eating of snow. The pulse is hard and quick, the breathing labored and rapid, accompanied by a heaving at the flanks and a painful cough, with a flow of thick, yellow mucous from the nostrils. Treatment: — While bleeding is strongly condemned by some and as thoroughly upheld by others, I believe that both extremes are attended with baneful results. If blood-letting is resorted to, it should be done early and only in young, strong, plethoric aniiiig,ls, when the best of results are often obtained; but in aged and weakly animals this manner of treatment should not be attempted. Whether the patient is bled or not, give three ounces of epsom salts in a quart of water. If this does not operate freely in four or flve hours, repeat the dose, as a good, free physic is demanded and is not attended with any evil results. Immediately following the physic, administer — Quinine Sulphate three drachms. Saltpetre. ....,.., one ounce. Mix. Make nine powders. Give one powder every three or four, hours. Or, Liquor Ammonia Acetatis. . . . one pint. Fluid Ext. Aconite. ...... half drachm. Mix. 468 DISEASES OF SHEEP. Give two tablespoonfuls every three hours. As the sheep begin to improve, a pint of gruel or flaxseed tea may be given three times a day, to which may be added a drachm of powdered gentian or ginger. Keep the sheep in a comfortable, airy place, as good nursing is of as great importance as effective medicines. COSTIVENESS— STRETCHES— CONSTIPATION. Costiveness is most often seen where sheep are changed from pasture to dry food. The regular exercise afforded while grazing, together with the succulent grasses eaten, will tend to keep the bowels in a moist condition, but when changed to dry food, they are usu- ally kept in yards where they eat from racks, which requires no exercise. Then the dung becomes scanty, dry and hard and is passed at irregular intervals. The sheep grunts or moans from pain while passing manure, and the exposed part of the last bowel looks red and inflamed. If the constipation continues for any length of time, from neglect or otherwise, the sheep will be observed standing with forefeet extended and the hind feet set back, as if stretching itself; the head will be elevated and the back curved downward. The condi- tion is now somewhat grave and a physic should be given immediately, as Epsom Salts three ounces. Gentian, or Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench. But if, when changing sheep from pasture to dry food, they nre allowed salt at will, costiveness will seldom be observed. Constipation in lambs is often noticed, espe- cially in such as are not nursing the mother and are fed upon cows' milk or the milk of other ewes.- As soon as the bowels fail to act, the belly becomes distended, the DIARRHCEA, OR SCOURS IN LAMBS, 469 lamb lies down most of the time and appears as though in a stupor, the urine is suppressed or is very scanty and if the animal is not speedily relieved death will ensue. The best mode of treatment is to give frequent injections of castile soap and water, or inject a few ounces of melted lard into the last bowel. Also give a physic, as a spoonful of castor oil, or two or three spoonfuls of melted lard. After the bowels have responded, should the lamb appear stupid and dull, give a few spoonfuls of hot whisky three times a day. DIARRHOEA, OR SCOURS IN LAMBS. When sheep are first turned out to grass in the spring of the year, after having been wintered on dry food, they are liable to have a looseness of the bowels or diarrhoea, which is seldom attended with any dan- SOOURS IK LAMBS. gerous results as regards the whole flock. Nciw and then a single individual will scour so badly, that the process of nutrition is seriously affected and dysentery is the result. In sucking lambs diarrhoea is very fatal, if it does iiot receive the closest attention. Causes : — It usually arises from exposure to cold, sudden changes of temperature, hot stabling in winter with the bad air evolved, the result of improper vehti- Jation;, a fat, full-blooded or plethoric condition of the mother, nursing milk from caked bagsj cold drinks, etc. 470 mSEASES OF SHEEP, Symptoms : — The lamb is not at all playful, but shuns its playmates and appears languid and sad ; it either lies down a considerable portion of the time or stands with its back arched. The dung, which is frequently passed, is thin and whitish in color, later on becoming mixed with mucous and finally bloody. It now ceases to nurse and eat and will bleat frequently. The belly becomes tucked up and if pressure is applied thereto, the animal evinces pain. It loses flesh very rapidly and if not relieved, will die in a few days. Treatment : — First of all remove the cause if it can be clearly ascertained. Change the food immediately, have good ventilation, and as pure air as possible. Then take the white of an egg and beat it up thor- oughly with a half cup of milk-warm water. Give three times a day. If this does not check the malady, take Prepared Chalk one ounce. Powdered Catechu four drachms. Powdered Ginger two drachms. Powd. Opium half drachm. Peppermint Water ......... half pint. Mix. Shake well before using. Give tablespoonful to a lamb, and two tablespoonfuls to a grown sheep. Great benefit is sometimes derived by giving two or three grains of quinine, four or five times a day^ In cases of white scours arising from non-digestion of the ewe's milk, a tablespoonful of raw linseed oil should be given to clear the bowels of the irritant, and should the pros- tration be very great, the following wiU be of excellent service : Eggs...., two. Whiskey two ounces. Essence of Ginger one drachm. Beat up witb a pint of flaxseed tea or milk and give three tablespoonfuls every three hours. HOVEN, OB BLOATITTQ, 471 HOVEN, OR BLOATING. This disorder is a distension of the first stomach with gas, to an alarming extent, causing a bulging on the left side. Causes : — The most common cause is feeding greedily upon green, succulent food and more especially, green clover that is wet with rain or dew. A rapid fermenta- tion takes place and gas is quite liberally generated. Eating musty hay or blighted com, sometimes produces a disordered condition of the stomach and bloating ; or it may be a sympton of some constitutional disturbance, whereby it causes a chemical change in the alkaline secretions of the stomach. Symptoms : — Swelling of the belly on the left side, to a greater or less extent. Sometimes the skin is drawn so tightly over the swelling, that if pounded with the end of the fingers, it will sound like a drum. These swellings appear shortly after the animal has been feed- ing. The breathing is seriously affected, being short, quick and accompanied with a grunt. The bowels are constipated and symptoms of pain are manifested by the anxious expression of the eyes and countenance. Treatment: — The animal must receive immediate attention. If the swelling is great, there must be no time lost. Take Ammonia Water (Hartshorn) one teaSpoonfuL Water -half pint. Mix. Give at one dose. Or, Baking Soda one teaspoonful. ^ Ginger half teaspoonful. * Water .,.•• half pint. Mix. Give at one dose. If this does not give relief, do not wait too long but use a trocar and canula if you 472 DISEASES OF SHEEP. have one, if not, use a penknife. Either cut off or separate the wool on the left side over the most promi- nent part of the swelling, between the last rib and hip bone, and plunge the knife blade into the stomach. A goose-quill or hollow elder may be inserted, to assist the escape of gas. Often the gas escapes sufficiently through the wound, without placing a hollow tube into it. After the immediate symptoms are relieved, the following should be given : Epsom Salts two ounces. Ginger one drachm. Water one pint. Mix. Give at one dose, or give two or three ounces of raw linseed oil. If the sheep is somewhat prostrated, give one ounce ^ of hot whiskey, to which may be added a drachm of ginger, after which feed on bran mash for a few days, and in a gradual manner, return to pasture. Sometimes mechanical means will aid materially in relieving of the gas. Manipulate the stomach with the hands, pressing it quite severely and the gas will escape by the mouth. Or by placing a stick as large as a man's wrist, cross-wise in the mouth and fastening it there, the gas will frequently belch up, quite heavily. Or a rubber hose may be passed down the throat into the stomach, and the gas allowed to escape in this manner. BRAXY—CHARBON— SPLENIC APOPLEXY. Causes :— This is a disease of the blood and is caused from over-feeding on very rich or unhealthy food, and exposure to changeable weather, consequently it is most frequently seen in the spring and fall of the year when the grass is either luxuriant, succulent and ' sappy, or covered with mildew and rust, as the season may be. It DBAXT— OHARBON — SPLENIC APOPLEXY, 473 Is also caused from high feeding with grain and hay and being confined in warm stables, without sufficient exer- cise. Also from feeding on bottom lands, where good water is not obtainable or easy of access. Symptoms :— When the termination is rapid and fatal, it might properly be called Splenic Apoplexy, as after death the spleen will be found enlarged and gorged with blood and not infrequently ruptured, softened and CHAKBON. ulcerated. When this state of affairs is observed the attack will be sudden, the sheep refusing food and shivering as if affected with a chill. Weakness is now manifested by staggering or reeling movements, in its attempt to walk. The breathing, is very rapid, the eyes bloodshot and the mouth injected with blood of a dull, red color ; the urine is passed freely and is tinged with blood; a bloody froth emanates from the mouth and nostrils, the head and neck is bent backward during the convulsive st''Uggles, a gurgling or rattling is heard in. the throat and death ends the scene. The slower form is properly called Oharbon and while it is called slower, it seldom lasts to exceed three days. The symp- toms are pains in the bowels, the animal lying down and rising up frequently ; later, it will stand with its head down and ears drooping and its back humped up. 474 DISEASES OF SHEEP. The eyes are bloodshot and the belly somewhat swollen ; red or purple spots appear on the skin, presenting an angry appearance. These spots swell and blisters form, filled with a watery or bloody fluid. A very offensiye odor permeates the atmosphere around the sick animal, and a bloody fluid appears around the mouth, eyes, nose and anus. Convulsions now quickly claim the patient, or it passes into a stupor and dies. Treatment :—Iitotwithstanding a large percentage perish, yet we are justified in trying to save what we possibly can. Immediately give a good physic as Epsom Salts two ounces. Water one pint. Mix. Or, Castor, or Raw Linseed Oil three ounces. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. This should be followed imme- diately with drachm doses of chlorate of potash, every four hours ; change pasture or mode of feeding and give light diet with good, fresh clean water. Avoid pastur- ing on low ground or where they have access to stag- nant water. CONCRETIONS OP FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE STOMACH. ^Foreign substances often find their way into the stomach, and in such a simple manner as to escape de- tection. There is no animal that grazes closer than the sheep, and in nipping the pasture so closely during dry seasons, they eat a certain amount of dirt and some times small stones are picked up and find their way into .the^stomach, as well as small pieces of glass,Cetc. Through the winter and spring months prior to shear- CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 475 ing, when sheep are infested with ticks or any small, itching sores, they bite the parts and the wool becomes entangled into the teeth, and later, is swallowed with the food. After it gains access to the stomach, it may pass off with the excrement or it may form the nucleus of a ball which continues to increase daily and monthly, until it assumes immense proportions, sometimes the size of a sugar bowl. These accumulations are seldom detected until after death. SjTnptoms: — When any of-thesg substances' cause derangement of the bowels, there will be violent purg- ing, the animal will grind its teeth, the nose Will be stretched out, and the ears hang pendulous. The appe- tite and rumination are suspended and the sheep will stand aloof from the balance of the flock, and possibly remain in one place, refraining from moving for a long period at a time. By pressing upon the stomach and bowels at the flanks, pain will be evinced and th^ animal will grunt or groan. Treatment : — The only treatment that will avail, con- sists in feeding soft food, as bran mash, oatmeal or flaxseed gruel, corn mush, etc., together with ounce doses daily of epsom or glauber salts administered with a pint of water. If the sheep will not eat the soft food, it may be drenched quite liberally with the provender. CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. During the fall and winter season, when sheep are penned up without exercise and fed upon highly nutri- tious and stimulating food, preparing them either for exhibition or for sale, there is an excessive^amount of blood formed and as the liver is one of the purifying glands, it is liable to become gorged with blood, or 6on- 476 DISEASES OF SHEEP. gested. It is caused by deranged digestion and if it partakes of a serious character, it will produce consti- pation, dullness and a yellowness of the mouth and eyes. When the symptoms are observed no time should be lost. Give immediately, Epsom Salts two ounces. Calomel three grains. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of warm water, to be fol- lowed every morning until the yellowish condition dis- appears, with two ounces of glauber salts in a pint of warm water. Allow plenty of water, slightly warmed, to drink. INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. As congestion precedes inflammation, neglect of the former is liable to result in the latter. The same symp- toms are also observed, but there is greater pain in the right side and if pressed upon heavily over the region of the liver, the animal will moan with pain. The nose and mouth are dry and hot, demonstrating a fevered condition. The breathing is slow and emits an offensive odor ; the pulse is slow and the ears and limbs cold ; the manure is dry, hard and black and covered with a yel- lowish slime ; the urine is scanty, high-colored and has an offensive smell. Treatment: — The bowels should be unloaded as quickly as possible. Give Epsom Salts two ounces. Calomel two grains. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of warm water. Frequent injections of warm water and castile soap are beneficial until the bowels act freely. Also give the following ; Glauber Salts one pound. Powdered Saltneter one ounce. Mix. INFLUENZA — ^EPIZOOTIC— DISTBMPEE. 477 Make eight powders. Give one powder morning and evening in a pint of warm water. Should the bowels becpme too loose, divide the powders again. When convalescence takes place, with returning appetite, nothing but the most easily digested food should be given, as boiled bran mash, flaxseed meal, turnips, carrots, malt, etc., with good, pure water and room should be allowed for plenty of exercise. Carefully avoid too high, rich, stimulating food; INFLUENZA— EPIZOOTIC— DISTEMPER. This disease, though somewhat peculiar, is yet quite common in this country. It is not confined to any par- ticular locality and the flocks over an extended area, may become affected at the same time. It is most pre- valent during continued cold, damp, changeable weather and the most fatal where the land is low and marshy or along river bottoms where heavy fogs prevail in the morning and evening. It is always seen in the mildest form, where the herd is kept on high, dry elevations with good shelter for the night. It is neither contag- ious nor infectious, but is produced through atmospheric influen6es and consists of an irritated and inflamed con- dition of the air passages, causing a general disturbance of the system, with more or less prostration. Symptoms : — The eyes look red, with a profusion of tears running down over the cheeks. There is a dis- charge of mucous from the nostrils, coughing and sneez- ing to clear the nostrils, loss of appetite, suspended rumination, with emaciation an^ general weakness. The bowels are usually constipated and sometimes slight bloating is present. 478 DISEASES OF SHEEP. Treatment : — When first noticed, if on low ground, change to high, dry pasture with good shelter for the nights, and allow a liberal supply of chlorate of potas- sium in the drinking Water,, say one drachm three times a day. If the bowels are constipated, give Epsom Salts one ounce. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of water. When there is considerable fever and much prostration, stimulants are indicated, as half ounce of whiskey or brandy and two ounces of hot water, to which should be added a teaspoonful of sugar. Give every four or five hours, or better still, give the following : Liquor ammonia acetatis, one ounce, every four hours. If the eyes are badly inflamed and mattering, bathe occasionally with warm water and salt. When the appetite is returning and recovery is indicated, give a soft, nutritious diet, as bran mash, flaxseed meal, boiled oats, etc., to which a little gentian may be added to tone up the system and assist digestion ; or the fol- lowing formula may be used : Gentian one ounce. Ginger one ounce. Copperas one ounce. Saltpetre one ounce. Mix. Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning and evening. Good nursing and shelter should always be provided for sick animals. DYSENTERY. This disease is caused in a similar manner to diarrhoea, and quite frequently results from neglected or a prolonged case of diarrhoea, as well as turning out on rich pasture after feeding on dry food. It may also DTSBNTBKT. 479 be caused by drinking impure water, feeding on poor, indigestible fodder. Exceedingly 'hot and damp weather without shade or shelter, is a prolific cause. Symptoms : — It differs from diarrhoea in the severity of its symptoms. In diarrhoea there is little or no fever present, while in dysentery there is a high fever. The dung is passed in small, hard lumps and is covered with blood and slime, and possesses a disagreeable sniell. It is discharged often and is accompanied by heavy strain- ing. The sheep humps up its back and moans or grunts during the act. The wool feels harsh and loosens its hold, and in the course of a few days is easily pulled out. There is more or less grinding of the teeth, a tucked-up appearance at the iiank and the,animal pre- sents a discouraged and dejected appearance. Treatment: — When a large number in a flock is affected,. remove to a high and dry ground where there is different pasture, and pure water to drink, as there is more or less thirst. Such as do not recover quickly after the change, should be given a mild physic, as Castor, or Kaw Linseed Oil • two ounces. Laudanum . .' one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of flaxseed tea. They should now be separated from the balance of the flock and kept in a cool, shady place, as the hot sun is very aggravating and fatal in this disease. The physic should be followed with frequent doses of flaxseed or slippery elm tea, to which should be added twice daily, a teaspoonful of laudanum. Give one ounce of castor, or raw linseed oil, every other day; it will do no harm and is often productive of much good. The pastures occupied by the flock while affected with dysentery, should not be used again, until after a couple of heavy rains, to destroy and wash away the poison from the manure, which would otherwise remain on the grasses and produce the disease. , 4S0 DISEASES OF SHEEP. BLACK-LEG— QUARTER-ILL— MURRAIN. This disease is not often observed in the Eastern or. Middle States, from the fact that farmers depend upon wintering their flocks on stored provisions ; but in the Western States, where large flocks are kept upon the prairies, many depend upon pasturing or lay in only a small supply of food for winter use ; consequently, when a severe winter is passed through, the sheep being sparsely fed, are in a very thin condition. The spring opens up with rains and hot sun, the grass grows lux- uriantly and the half-starved sheep gorge themselves and take on flesh so rapidly that the blood becomes dis- organized, so that while the owner or herder thinks the sheep are thriving finely, they commence to die very suddenly. '.It generally takes the young and thrifty sheep ; the old ones are seldom attacked. Symptoms : — When one or two die so suddenly, the herder generally looks over the flock, when he will observe some lame and limping. The sides or quarters will be found swollen, the wool comes off easily, and by pressing the hand down over the swollen spots, a crack- ling sound is heard under the skin, as though filled with air or gas. The eyes look red and the mouth and tongue are inflamed and blistered. The urine is high colored, the bowels constipated, and if any dung is passed, it is covered with blood. In a short time the sheep can no longer maintain the standing position. It falls down upon its side, the tongue is protruded, and bloating is observed. The limbs become outstretched and death claims the victim in a very few hours. Treatment: — As prevention is the best cure, it is only necessary to remove the cause, and this is best done by carefully avoiding sudden changes from poor food to SHEEP SMALL-POX. 481 afore mentioned symptoms are observed, the whole flock should be placed in a yard where there is no food to be obtained. Then take out to pasture for a couple of hours, morning and evening, until the stomach and entire system adapt themselves to the change, and the animal takes on flesh more moderately. Such as are sick, should have a physic immediately. Glauber Salts four ounces. Sulphur half ounce. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of flaxseed tea or oatmeal gruel, or a little syrup and water. In the course of a few hours, a half teaspoonful of turpentine in an ounce of raw linseed oil or flaxseed tea may be given at intervals of five hours ; or a teaspoonful of sweet spirits of nitre may be given every five hours, in a little water,^ as a drench. As before stated, this disease is very rapid and fatal; consequently treatment is not very satis- factory. SHEEP SMALL-POX. Small-pox is a contagious, eruptive fever, very much resembling small-pox in the human family. It is not identical with the human-pox or cow-pox, but yet it is of the same type. It is not communicable to man or other animals, even by inoculation, and belongs exclu- sively to the sheep. Originally, it is produced by sheep inhaling impure air, or air contaminated with a virus, thus poisoning the blood, and the eruptions formed is nature's effort to rid the system of the imprisoned germs. It is most often contracted by coming in con- tact with sheep affected with the disease, as it is equally as contagious and infectious with sheep, as small-pox is with the human family. 482 DISEASES OF SHEEP. S3Tnptoms: — Sheep-pox assumes two forms, one malignant or dangerous, the other mild. But in either form there is a period of incubation, of from nine to eleven days, during which time no symptoms «f the dis- ease appear. At the termination of the period of incu- hation, fever is observed, the eyes look red and blood- shot, the breathing is quickened, the skin is dry and hot, there is loss of appetite, excessive thirst, and the animal will be noticed to lick at dirt. The eruption now makes its appearance in the form of small pim- ples on the skin, between the forelegs, which space is least covered with wool. These pimples soon run together, and in a few days a small blister appears, con- taining a fluid like water, which soon develops into matter and looks white. It is now at the stage when the matter should be collected and preserved for inocu- lation purposes. In a few days it dries up, the scabs scale off and leave a mark from which no w6ol will ever grow. The sheep now begins to improve and unless it receives some backset, a rapid recovery may be antici- pated. When the malignant form is observed, there are no pustules found, but scarlet or purple spots are noticed. The skin cracks in various shapes, the wool falls off and a foul-smelling discharge comes from the ilostrils; otherwise, the symptoms are the same as in the mild form. Death usually takes place within three weeks from the outset. Treatment: — After the disease has once established itself, medicinal interference will avail but little, and instead of relying upon the use of medicines, greater attention should be given toward its prevention, which is done in two ways — first, by isolating the affected sheep from the healthy ones, as soon as noticed, and secondly, by vaccination, which is performed by taking some of the white matter from the pustules of an SHEEP SMALL-POX. 483 affected sheep, and inserting; a small portion of it beneath the skin of a healthy sheep, either at the ear or the end of the tail, care being taken that the matter is obtained from a sheep that is not affected with the scab or rot. Vaccination is the safest preventative, as- all reports from France, Germany, Austria and Russia, where it has been thoroughly practiced, tends to prove. It has greatly lessened the mortality. It is needless to vaccinate sheep at the present tiine in this country, for as yet small-pox has not made its appearance, but owing to the rapid transit between Europe and this country, sheep might be imported and landed while the' disease is in the incubative stage, and the malady would scatter very rapidly, then vaccination would be advisa- ble, and when commenced, it should be continued until it has thoroughly taken on all. From the time small- pox is observed, there should be good nursing with plenty of fresh air, carefully avoiding draughts ; there should be given a liberal amount of flaxseed or oatmeal gruel, in pure water, slightly warmed, into which may be placed a few drops of aromatic sulphuric acid. Give as a drink. If the sheep appear very weak, give the following : Liquor Acetate of Ammonia seven ounces. Sweet Spirits Niter two ounces. Mix. Give tablespoonful three times a day. When an animal dies of small-pox, it should be buried very deeply and have plenty of lime thrown on the carcass, or else it should be burned up, as every portion of the dead animal will convey infection, if not completely destroyed. 484 DISEASES OP SHEEP. APHTHA— FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. Aphtha has been observed in valrious parts of this country, but not to any great extent ; only a few scat- tered cases have been s«en. It has never affected whole districts, as it has in Europe. Seemingly, our climate is not suitable for its ravages, but rather tends to eradicate the disease than to' encourage its develop- ULCERS BETWEEN THE TOES. ment. Yet, some form of the disorder may develop in this climate and prove very troublesome. In those cli- mates which are favorable to its propagation, it is very contagious, and belongs to a class of eruptive fevers. It emanates from a ferment or poison in the blood. Symptoms : — The ailment is usually ushered in with a chill, which is not always observed ; a high fever fol- lows accompanied with a cough. The , appetite now becomes whimsical and the animal ceases to chew its cud. There is slight tenderness over the loins, and a grinding of the teeth with saliva drivelling from the mouth.' Blisters containing a watery fluid, are now observed on the tongue, lips and mouih as also around and between the feet. These blisters eventually break APHTHA— 'FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 485 and sometimes run together, leaving a raw sore, wliioh is quite painful. The feet become so swollen and full of pain, that the animal lies down most of the time and when attempting to walk, does so in a lame, uhsteady manner. Like all other eruptive fevers, it runs its course, which is usually from ten to fifteen days, and if it terminates favorably, the animal is proof against the same disease, should it again be exposed thereto. But if unfavorable, the disease increases in force until the feet drop off, and the animal dies in great misery. Treatment: — When not of a malignant type, the treatment is very simple and effective. Give one good physic but do not repeat it, as Epsom Salts two ounces. Jamaica Ginger one drachm. Water half pint. Mix. Give at one dose. Wash the mouth twice daily, with the following lotion : Powd. Alum one ounce. Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Wat*: one quart. Mix. Wash the feet well, every other day with a mixture of bluestone and soft water, say an ounce of bluestone to two gallons of water. After bathing, use Vaseline — four ounces. Carbolic Acid two drachms. Mix. Apply well, then wrap the feet in a cloth to protect them from dirt. Isolate all diseased animals from the healthy, and after the disorder has, abated, fumigate the buildings thoroughly, by burning sulphur or scattering chlorinated lime. If the malady appears in the malig- nant form, the cheapest and most effective treatment is to kill and bury or burn all those affected, and remove such as have not taken the disease, to other quarters. FOUL IN THE FOOT— SORE FEET— FOOT LAMENESS- GRAVEL. Causes; — Sheep that are kept in yards that have accumulations of manure, so arranged that it is very wet, causing a liquor to be formed by the manure a'nd water, are liable to be afflicted with sore feet, as also such as are kept on low, boggy, marsh pasture. Diseases of this character are also observed during wet seasons, when pasturing where the grass is very tall and growthy ; the cleft between the toes being irritated while walking through the grass. It is sometimes pro- duced by a gravel or other substance becoming so firmly lodged between the toes, that the animal is unable to remove it, and it will produce a foul sore. SjTnptoms : — It is seldom noticed until the sheep begin to show lameness, when upon examination, the cleft of the foot and the surrounding skin, will present a whitish appearance with some inflammation and swelling. These swellings soon develop into sores, greatly resembling ulcers, or ulcers may be present, and this condition should not be mistaken for foot-rot. Treatment : — If attention is given to the trouble^ it will soon disappear. If caused by filthy yards, remove to a dry, clean place, with plenty of dry straw to walk upon ; or the flock may be turned upon hilly ground where the pasture is short. If they do not improve rapidly, take two pounds of copperas and dissolve it in ten gallons of soft water ; put it in a tub and place the patient's feet in the solution; keep them there from two to three minutes, then turn on a dry place ; it may be necessary to repeat this in three days, but one applica- tion will generally suffice. Or take, Blue Vitriol one ounce. Vaseline, or Tar six ounces. Mix. HOOF-KOT POOT-EOOT. 487 Apply all around the sores. If gravel or some other substance causes the trouble, remove it, then trim off the diseased parts and apply the latter prescription. HOOF-ROT— FOOT-ROT. This disease is frequently observed in this country and the AmeHcan shepherd who has charge of any great number of sheep, sooner or later becomes familiar with one of the greatest disturbing elements that befalls a flock. Causes : — While there is no question about it being contagious, and in many instances contracted through BANDaiGB FOE FOOT-EOT. the source of contagion, yet it will break out in a flock that has never been in contact with sheep affected with the disease, thus well demonstrating that it can arise spontaneously. These cases are usually found in sheep that pasture on wet, low ground ; the feet become dis- 488 DISEASES OP SHEEP. eased and foul, the horn separates from the sensitive sole, and tilth accumulating there, exerts its influ- ence on the vasoiilar tissues and softens the whole sole : if neglected at this period, germs are developed which destroy the whole structure of the foot very rap- idly, and are highly contagious in character, as is observed in other sheep contracting the disease from the affected ones, although changed to higher and dryer pastures. Symptoms : — The disease is usually observed in the forefeet, although the hind feet are not exempt and may become affected first. When attacking the forefeet first, the sheep will be very lame, possibly walking upon its knees while feeding, and when through feeding, it is almost constantly lying down. Upon examination, the feet will at first be found highly inflamed, looking red and moist, or rough and chafed.. Then blisters will form around the heels and between the toes, which soon break and discharge. Ulcers are now formed, which suppurate and discharge a foul-smelling matter. The bottom of the foot soon separates from the sensitive parts, and a foul-smelling matter oozes out. Soon afterward the horny sole comes off, leaving the sensitive parts exposed, which look swollen, black, and spongy, forming a good nest for maggots, which are frequently found. The constitutional symptoms are fever, to a greater or less degree, and loss of appetite ; the sheep failing to chew its cud and lying around in a stupid condition.. Treatment: — This should be prompt, from the fact that as the disease advances, the whole system becomes involved, and recovery is slow and tedious. The malady is dangerous and painful, but if immediate attention is given, with proper treatment and care it is always curable. As soon as lameness is observed, an examina- HOOF-KOT — FOOT-ROT, 489 tion should be made, when all of the diseased parts must be removed with the knife, as a failure to do this, will prolong the disease and resist the action of all me'd- icines that may be applied ; but if the diseased parts are thoroughly removed, treatment is effective and certain. If there is an extra growth of horn at the toes, it should be cut down, and if matter is found, remove it and well expose the parts. If any portion of the horn looks whiter or softer than the ba-lance of the foot, open it, as matter is likely concealed within. Should it bleed some, have no fear as there is no special danger. Clean the knife quite often, so that the matter from the affected parts will not come in contact with and adhere to the healthy tfssues, carrying infection. After all diseased portions are removed, you are ready to apply medicines, and any caustic that wiir destroy germs, is beneficial. A cheap and easy method and one that is very effective, is to take a large tub or vat and put in it a strong solu- tion of blue vitriol, say a pound to four gallons of water, and keep it as hot as can be borne by the hand. Have it about four inches deep, then put the feet of the sheep into the solution, holding them there about ten min- utes, until thoroughly penetrating every crevice, then turn the animal on a dry, short pasture. One good application is generally all that is required. Or chloride of lime may be used. After paring the foot, cover it with the chloride and bandage. Inspect the foot in a couple of days, and if necessary apply again, repeating until a cure is completed. Or take, Finely Powdered Blue Vitriol one pound. Verdigris half pound. Linseed Oil one pint. Pine Tar one quart. Mix. Apply well all around the foot and allow it to dry, >iofnro fiirnina- out to nasture. Give internallv. 490 DISEASES OF SHEEP. Epsom Salts two ounces. Baking Soda two drachms. ^ater • half pint. Mix. Give at one dose. Drachm doses of saltpetre given night and morning, will prove very beneficial, if there is mnch fever present. But it is seldom necessary to give medicines internally, the local applications being sufficient. SCAB— THE MANGE OR ITCH IN SHEEP. Causes :— Scab is a highly contagious disease, pro- duced by an insect in or upon the skin. There are dif- ferent forms of parasites that produce scab, concerning which it is here unnecessary to go into detail, as the treatment for all is the same. It has been asserted that SCAB. scab originates spontaneously, from neglect, exposure, etc. Such assertions are without foundation. It is now thoroughly understood that all animal life, owes its existence to a fecundated egg, and the scab insect is produced in the same manner. There is both a male and a female insect, the female being con- siderably the largest, and also exceeding the male in numbers, but living a shorter length of time. She dies very shortly after laying her eggs, which she deposits SCAB — THE MANGE OR ITCH IN SHEEP. 491 in the pores of the skin or around the scabs, and as they are very numerous and hatch in three days, there is a rapid increase^ It has been truthfully asserted, that from one female, a million and a half of her progeny will be produced, in three months. This accounts for DIPPING SHEEP. ^ the rapidity with which the disease spreads, and also gives warning of the necessity for prompt and energetio treatment. That it sometimes appears in a flock under peculiar circumstances, none will deny, but flocks have been known to become afl'ected by pasturing upon lands that had not been used for three years, after hav- ing grazed a flock of scabby sheep, thus showing that it has great tenacity of life even when not in its habita* tion, the sheep. Symptoms: — The first symptom observed is restless- ness accompanied by itching. The sheep will be noticed rubbing itself against a fence-post, stump, or stone, or any object to which it can get ; the wool loosens and is •±.;2 DISEASES OF SHBBP. rubbed off, leaving bare patches. They also frequently bite and nibble at their skin, thus pulling out the wool. The skin, upon examination, will appear somewhat thickened and whitish in color, and soon becomes Covered with a yellowish liquid ; later on, the scab is formed, which if left unattended, will so annoy the animal that it will rub the scabs off, causing them to bleed, and large sores or scabs are formed, from which the wool drops off, leaving the poor sheep an unsightly looking object. The sheep now rapidly falls off in flesh ; the appetite is gone, the fleece is lost, and the animal dies from exhaustion and torment. Treatment: — This can be acconplishedin two ways — first, by dipping the sheep into some solution that will kill parasites ; second, rub ointment into the skin that will destroy the insect. But ointments are expensive and require more care, time and labor, as well as being a detriment to the sale of the wool for that season ; for these reasons, it is seldom used. The first method, dipping, is both the cheapest and most effectual manner of disposing of the parasites. There are several formulas for making a solution; I will give the best, cheapest and safest for the shepherd or farmer to use. Take Tobacco Leaves or Stems, .five pounds. Flower of Sulphur one and one-half pounds. Water i twenty gallons. Mix the tobacco and water and bring it to a boiling heat (but do not boil) until the strength is taken frorn the tobacco. Then into this liquid, put the sulphur and stir thoroughly. Allow the mixture to cool off, to about 118 or 120 degrees, then commence to dip the sheep. If there are any old, hard scabs, break them up aud remove them, then dip the sheep and hold it MAGGOTS. 493 under the water until it is well soaked, after whicli ele- vate it and let the water drip off, or place it on a rack where the liquid will drain back into the tub again. )ntinue in this manner until all have deen dipped that are affected. Stir the liquid frequently, to keep the sulphur floating, also add a little hot liquor occa- sionally, to keep up the temperature. The animals should be kept in a yard for a time, so that none of the liquid will drip upon the pasture. Repeat this process in about ten days, so as to destroy any new parasites that may have hatched out. Or take Tobacco ten pounds. Pearl Ash three pounds. Sulphur three pounds. Soft Soap three pounds. Mix in ten gallons of water at boiling heat, (but do not boil) until the strength is extracted, then add water enough to make one hundred gallons. Use according to the foregoing instructions. It is usually estimated- at one gallon to each sheep. Eepeat in about ten days. Either of these recipes, if followed closely, will exterm- inate the scab insect, and result in a complete cure. MAGGOTS. Maggots are the product of the common flesh fly, the blow, or blue-bottle fly, and the meat fly, any of which deposit their eggs on a wound or injury; or the tag- locks which accumulate around the tail of the sheep, will develop maggots so rapidly that within twenty-four hours they may be counted by the thousands. These, maggots goon become live agents, which not only exist and subsist upon the sore or injured parts, but attack the skin, which becomes irritated and a serous fluid oozes out. In a little while the Bkin is pierced, or gives 491 DISBASKS OF SHEEP. way, and these little pests keep on devouring the sheep until it is a living mass of corruption, and if not given prompt attention, it very soon succumbs. There is more trouble from this source during warm, wet weather, than during dry seasons. Prevention is always better than cure, so keep the tag-locks well trimmed, and the flies cannot then, deposit their eggs upon them,for they lay their eggs only upon a filthy spot. If the sheep gets bruised or cut badly enough to form a sore, attend to it and keep it clean, until thoroughly healed. Sometimes at weaning time, sheep will suffer from caked bags, which break, causing ugly sores which the flies soon attack, resulting in the formatipn of maggots. Therefore, at weaning-time the ewes should receive extra attention, to prevent this trouble. Sheep that are affected with maggots, will stroll off by themselves, lie around considerably, and remain separate from the flock. When maggots are discovered, take turpentine, crude petroleum, or whale oil, any one of the three, and pour it freely upon them. This will kill the maggots, and prevent the flies from depositing more eggs. It will also assist in healing the wounds. These are the best remedies for this trouble. SHEEP TICK. The sheep tick has been observed by every farmer that owns or controls sheep. It is a dark red, tough- skinned, plump-bodied insect, which developes from an egg, laid by the female tick. As the female deposits but one egg at a time, they do not multiply very rap- idly, and if some attention is given to the sheep, it is easy to keep the flock comparatively fre^ from them. When the sheep are shorn, in the spring of the year, the ticks emigrate to the lambs, for better shelter and SHEEP TICK. 495 foraging grounds, and if the sheep and lambs are dipped into a solution of tobacco and sulphur, it will rid them of these pests. Take Tobacco (cheap leaves or stems) .... four pounds. Sulphur one pound. "Water twenty gallons. Mix. Steep in hot water, a , sufficient length of time to take the strength from the tobacco ; then dip the sheep SHEEP TICK. and lambs while the liquid is as hot as they can bear it. Hold the body in the liquid up to the head, for two or three minutes, then allow them to drain off. Kepeat the same operation in September and you will free your flock from this pest. The sheep will thrive better and on less food, and the wool will not be rubbed off, thus insuring a profit that will more than repay the cost of dipping, beside the comfort to the sheep. THE SHEEP LOUSE. Lice are seldom seen on sheep whose wool is very yolky. They are more often found on, dry-fleeced sheep, that have very little yolk in the wool. The louse is a very small insect,^ with a red head and a pale yellow body, marked with dark bands, running cross-wise. It is generally seen along the sides of the neck, between 496 DISEASES OF SHEEP. the forelegs, also around tlie groin, on the inner side of the hind legs. "^ It is the cause of considerable annoy- ance to the sheep, and when the animals are observed rubbing their necks between bars or gates, or rubbing. i^ SHEEP LOUSE. scratching and biting their legs on the inner surface, they should be examined, and if lice are found, use the following : Olive Oil one pint. Sulphur three ouhces. Creosote. •■• one drachm. Mix. Rub the parts infested with the lice ; or take blue ointment and rub the parts sparingly. If the blue oint- ment is used, protect the sheep from storms for ten days. Sheep that are regularly dipped for scab or ticks are seldom troubled with lice. INTESTINAL WORMS— TAPE WORMS. The bowels of sheep are often the home of a great variety of worms, as round worms, pin worms, tape worms, thread worms, etc. Causes: — Sheep that are running on pasture, may swallow some eggs that have been deposited there, by INTESTINAL WORMS — TAPE WOEMS. 497 .« any animal that they may inhabit. The tape worm, for instance, may be dropped by man, dog, skunk, hog, rabbit, etc. But the most frequent source from which they get them, is through the dog. Dogs are verv THEEAD STEONGLE ENLAEOED. prone to worms, and when their excrement is left upon the pastures, these eggs from worms are liable to be picked up by sheep, in whose intestines they soon TAPE WOEM. develop, and sometimes cause great havoc among the flock. • Symptoms : — The stomach and bowels are sometimes alive with worms, without any observable, signs, until the animal is slaughtered, when myriads of them are found, and the sheep previously, to all appearances enjoyed excellent health. In general, the symptoms noticed are a ravenous appetite, alternating with a refusal of food ; or there may be loss of appetite, with 498 DISEASES OF SHEEP. to eat dirt, sand, ashes, old mortar on walls, etc. There is also irritation around the hinder parts, as will be noticed by the animal rubbing its rump against fences, posts, or other objects. Sometimes worms or parts of worms are seen in the excrement that has recently passed. A short, dry cough is frequently a symptom of worms in the bowels. When there is a falling oflf in condition, from worms, it occurs very gradually, and when death claims the animal, it is greatly emaciated. Treatment: — Old sheep are seldom troubled with worms. They generally find lodgment in young sheep and lambs. The medicinal doses should be varied somewhat, giving lambs one-half as much as required for a young sheep. For round, and thread worms, take Raw Linseed Oil two ounces. Spirits of Turpentine one ounce. Mix. Give at one dose, to be repeated every four days until four doses are given. For the expulsion of tape worm, take Powd. Areca Nut one drachm. Oil Male Fern. fifteen drops. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of water, to be followed in twelve hours, with Epsom Salts three ounces. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water. Another remedy which is just as effective is to deprive the animal of food for three or four days, and during that time give a handful of hulled pumpkin seeds, ground, three times a day. At the end of the fourth day give a physio, as Epsom Salts three ounces. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in a pint of water. When the worms are passed they should be destroyed by burning. THE ROT — MVBB EOT, ETC. 499 THE ROT— LIVER ROT— FLUKES IN THE LIVER. This disease is produced by a flat worm, of a whitish color, varying in size from a h|ilf inch to an inch in length and one-fouxth to three-eighths of an inch in breadth," which seeks the internal organs for develqp- ment, and more especially the liver. It is propagated LIVER ROT. by means of eggs, which are deposited in the bowels and pass away with the manure, and through various sources it is conveyed into pools of stagnant water, where they pass one stage of their existence, possibly in the bodies of snails, water insects and' shell-fish. As it is most prevalent during rainy seasons it is reasonable to presume that the meadows become inundated, and as VhUKBS. the waters from these pools become scattered over con- siderable surface, these flukes are left upon the grasses, where they again enter the animal for flnal develop- ment. " As they are taken into the, stomach they pass on until they enter the gall duct, passing from that into the gall sack, then to the liver, where they complete 500 DISEASES OF SHEEP. their development. The disorder is rarely seen where- sheep are grazed upon upland pastures, but is quite- prevalant on lowland pasturage, especially during rainy seasons, when there is frequent inundation. Symptoms : — When sheep are first affected with flukes- they are inclined to take on' flesh very rapidly for a short time ; when this ceases, emaciation or failing in flesh, commences. An examination of the eye ball should now be made. In the healthy animal the mem- branes covering the eye-ball and eye-lids are a pink or reddish color,, in fact, so much so that an amateur would suppose there was inflammation of the eyes ; but when affected with flukes this membrane is of a pale or yellowish color. This is a symptom that never fails when the sheep is affected with flukes. As the disease progresses the appetite becomes irregular, but the demand for water increases. Dropsical swellings now appear; a large, watety tumor is noticed under the lower jaws, the back becomes prominently arched, the skin looks pal« and bloodless and is tightly drawn to the frame. The wool is dry and harsh and separate* very readily from the skin, leaving bare spots. A diarrhoea now sets in, caused by disorganization of the liver. The flanks look hollow and there is a weakness or tenderness across the loins. The eyes are very yellow, or jaundiced. The whole system is now deranged. The breath imparts an offen^ve odor and the poor animal lies with its head outstretched, wear- ing a solitary and forlorn look, until death claims it as a victim. When the animal commences to run down the course of the disorder is very rapid and fatal. Treatment : — The treatment should depend more upon prevention than upon a cure by medicinal agents, for when rot has reached the stage of thorough development THE ROT — LIVER ROT, ETC. 501 medicines will avail but little. As flukes cannot develop at certain stages of their existence upon dry, upland pastures, it is well to graze the flock upon hilly pastures, fencing off all ponds of stagnant water, or ■draining them and watering the sheep from wells. Should a flock become affected with flukes, but not to the extent of injuring them materialy, it is best to fatten and dispose of them. It is a well established fact that sheep affected with flukes will live and thrive, but as to the amount their system can tolerate without serious injury cannot be definitely ascertained. That flukes are an established destructive factor m this country cannot now be denied as over one hundred of them were found in the liver of a single rabbit, in Minne- sota, and they have also been found in deer and other animals, saying nothing of the number of sheep that have perished, the owners at a loss to know the cause. Common salt is known to be a preventative and destroyer of the flukes, at certain stages, and it should be given quite liberally; and as turpentine is very penetrating to the system, entering every crevice, and is a great destroyer of worms, it should enter into every combiniition in the treatment of this disease. The sheep should not be allowed any food fpr three or four hours either before or after giving the medicine. The follow- ing formula has been used in England, with remarkable success: Yellow Resin one and one-half drachms. Spts. Turpentine ■ one and one-half ounces. Calomel eighteen grains. Tincture Iodine thirty drops. Mix. Give at three doses, one every morning, for three consecutive mornings, in a little gruel. Or you may give 502 DISEASES OE SHEEP. Raw Linseed Oil two ounces. Spts. Turpentine half ounce. Mix. Give at one dose, and repeat every four days, until four doses are given. Or Saltpetre two ounces. Powd. Ginger one ounce. Salt one pound. Boiling Water three quarts. Mix. Dissolve thoroughly, then add spts. turpentine, ten ounces. Shake well before using. Give a wine- glassful every fourth morning, until four doses are given. When sheep are known to have become affected with flukes from certain pastures, it is b est to plow up those meadows and raise other crops for two or three years, to destroy the parasite, and where it is at all possible, it is best to graze sheep upon dry, upland pastures, with a provision of pure, fresh drinking water. LOCKJAW. It is seldom that lockjaw, or tetanus,, is found among sheep, but as it is a nervous affection, it may be pro- duced by fright from being chased with dogs, or by injuries or wounds from any source, when nearly or wholly healed upon the surface ; or it may be caused in lambs, from cutting off the tail, or it may result from" castration. Symptoms: — The head is elevated and the eye- washers will protrude over the eye-ball to a greater or lesser extent. The animal will appear very nervous, and walk with a stiff, stilty gait. The jaws are closed but can be moved sidewise and sometimes opened a little ; there is also some grinding of the teeth and more or less desire for drinking water, of which little can be FKACTUEES. , 503 swallowed, as the throat is affected. In some instances the head is drawn around to the side, while in others it is drawn upwards. Treatment : — Kemove to a dark, quiet place and first give a physic, as Epsom Salts two ounces. Water half pint. Mix. Give at one dose, to be followed with Bromide of Potassium .... two ounces. Chloral Hydrate one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Give a wineglassful three times a day. If you can- not drench the sheep without too much excitement, take a syringe and squirt the preparation well back into the mouth. Use extra precautions not to excite the animal, and allow no one to go near it but yourself. If it can eat or suck any soft food, give all it desires, and also allow plenty of drinking water. If the disease results from a wound or from castration, grease the injured parts once daily with solid extract of belladonna. Quiet and warmth are very essential to effect a cure, as some will recover with good nursing, without the use of medicines. FRACTURES. Broken limbs sometimes occur where a flock of sheep is going over a fence ; an animal may become fastened between the bars and thus be crowded on by the balance of the flock, or injuries of this character may result from being kicked or trampled upon by horses and cattle, and in various other ways, too numerous '' to mention. The bones will readily grow together, if fastened with splints and bandages, first getting the bones in proper position, the ends directly 504 DISEASES OF SHKBP. ■» opposite each other. The splints should be wrapped in cloth or cotton batting, to prevent chafing and the bandages should not be so tight as to prevent free circu- lation of the blood; they should be examined frequently to see that they are in position and not too tightly drawn, and they should be worn for three or four weeks. It is not always necessary to confine the sheep, as they often do as well at pasture, but if confined, feed soft food. CONSTIPATION IN LAMBS. Constipation in lambs is generally brought about by feeding on cows' milk, or the milk of another ewe. When the disease occUrs, the bowels cease to act, or that which does pass, is hard and lumpy, and there are long intervals between each passage, with considerable pain, the back arched, and heavy straining, when the discharge does take place. The lamb lies down most of the time. The urine is scanty and the belly distended. Treatment : — This consists of injections of warm milk or water into the reQtum or last bowel ; three or four ounces should be injected at a time, and this should be repeated every hour or two, until the bowels move freely. To do this properly, ^eize the lamb by the hind legs and elevate it so that it barely_ stands on its front toes ; hold it in this position while giving the injection, and also for a few minutes afterwards. Give internally every six hours, until the bowels are relieved, a' dessert- spoonful of castor or raw linseed oil. If the lamb seems dull and inactive after the bowels have responded, give small doses of sweetened hot brandy or whisky. DIARRHOEA, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. Diarrhoea in the suckling lamb, is often called "White Scours." DIARRHCEA, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. 505 Causes:— It may result from lying on cold, damp ground, exposure to storms, sudden changes of tempera, ture, cold drinks, etc. ; but the most frequent source, ia WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. the altered condition of the mother's milk, when fed upon thrifty succulent grasses, or upon roots, as turnips, carrots and mangels. When not arising from these causes, there is a disordered condition of the lamb's stomach. Symptoms : — There will be a watery discharge from the bowels, of a whitish color, which is the indigested milk passing straight through the intestines. Some- times the discharge is of a pale, greenish color, very much resembling whey. This is produced by indigestion, the food becoming coagulated in the stomach, where it may accum'ulate in quite large quantities. The lamb now appears stupid and ceases to play with other lambs. It lies around considerably, and when standing, it is doubled up and the back is arched. It ceases to nurse or eat, but ap- pears thirsty, and makes frequent efforts to pass dung, "While lying around, it will bleat frequently, and upon pressing on the belly, it evinces pain. The belly has a shrunken or tucked-up appearance; the animal loses flesh rapidly, and if not relieved, dies within a few days. Worms in the bowels will some- times cause diarrhoea, but when this is the case, the 506 DISEASES OF SEEBP. Treatment: — When caused by the ewe's milk, change her diet immediately. Place her upon dryer food or poorer pasture and give the lamb, two or three times a day, the white of an egg beaten up with five times the mount of warm water, to which may be added a few rops of laudanum. Or, . Kaw Linseed Oil two ounces. Essence of Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give a teaspoonf ul once or twice daily ; or take Prepared Chalk one ounce. Powd. Catechu four drachms. Powd. Ginger two drachms. Powd. Opium half drachm. Peppermint Water one pint. Mix. Shake well before using and give two teaspoonfula morning and evening. When resulting from worms, give Raw Linseed Oil one ounce. Spts. Turpentine half ounce. Laudanum ten drops. Mix. Give at one dose.. If at any time there is great weakness, give The Whites of four Eggs. Whisky two puncek. Tincture of Ginger half ounce. Linseed Tea half pint. Mix. Give a tablespoonful every three or four hours. LUNG WORMS— HOOSE IN LAMBS— PALE DISEASE- HUSK. ^ Causes : — There is no question but that these worm« gain access to the wind- pipe and lungs of lambs, but tho manner in which they gain entrance to these organs of young animals, is not yet solved. The disorder usuaUv DLAEEHCEA, OR WHITE SCOUHS IN LAMBS. 507 makes its appearance during the fall months and is by far the most prevalent among lambs that graze upon lowland pastures which are subject to inundation from the rise of waters during the fall rains and which are covered with rich, succulent, rank grass. Symptoms : — The presence of these worms in the wind-pipe causes much irritation and coughing. While they do not always inconvenience grown sheep, they are a frequent source of death among lambs. These worms often accumulate in such quantities in young .lambs as to prevent proper aeration of the blood in the lungs, which causes a general disturbance of the whole system and produces a pale, bloodless condition. The appetite is partially or wholly lost, the lamb loses flesh rapidly and. if not relieved, quickly succumbs. When these worms affect the bowels, as they sometimes do, dysentery will be observed, with bad-smelling passages, which are effected with much straining, and blood-clots will sometimes pass. The worms vary somewhat in size, being from one to three inches in length, thread- like and slender, and of a whitish color. When any number of lambs are affected, an examination of the passages of dung as well as the mucous from the nostrils, should be made, in order to detect the worms if possible ; or if one of the animals should die, inspect the windpipe carefully and if worms are observed, com- mence treatment at once. Treatment :— As preventative measures are always the best, the Iambs should not be allowed to graze upon pastures that have received a toij-dressing of sheep manure, nor allowed to graze upon pastures which have recently been trodden upon by old sheep. Fresh pastures only should be used and in damp, rainy seasons such as are hilly or well drained should be chosen.' An abundance of salt should be given,, or better still, have 608 DISEASES OF SHEEP. rock salt in the field continuously. Medicinally, these worms must be attacked from two sources, viz. , by the administration of remedies internally and by inhala- tions. Give internally, Raw Linseed Oil seven ounces. Spts. Turpentine one ounce. Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls every morning on an empty stomach, until four doses have been given. Or, Spts. Turpentine one ounce. Whisky fifteen ounces. Mix. Shake well and give a tablespoonful every morning, for a week or ten days. Inhalations of sulphurous acid gas, should be given a,s follows : Place the lambs iri a room where the ventilation is not too great, then take half pound of flour of sulphur and a quart of pine tar, mix it with tow or waste and set it to burning. If the gas becomes too strong for you to endure, step out and remove the fire with you. Repeat this twice daily for a few days. The food should now be the best that can be procured, and if the appetite has completely failed, give linseed meal^ oat meal, or corn meal gruel, as a drench, until the appearance of returning appetite and strength. SEDIMENT IN THE URINE— SAND IN THE URINE. Causes I. — Formations and accumulations of a sandy deposit in the urine, are brought about by high feeding, or being grazed upon dry pastures without a sufficient supply of water. Resulting also from being fed upon grain quite freely during the winter season, without a necessary amount of water, or iionx a changed condi- tion of the system,, when recovering from lingering fevers, etc. 509 Symptoms : — It seldom causes any inconvenience with ewes, as their opening for the passage of urine, is large and free, but among rams and wethers, on account of the smallness of the urinary passage, it often causes , considerable annoyance, by becoming deposited and adhering to the sides of the canal. Sandy or muddy deposits are observed in front of and around the sheath, clinging to the wool or hairs where the water has passed through, sometimes to the extent of forming small stones. Symptoms of retention of urine now appear. The sheep exhibits great uneasiness and pain, while trying to pass urine, and the passage will be a very email stream, or possibly only drop by drop. Treatment : — When first noticed, allow plenty of fresh water to drink, to which may be added a teaspoonful of acetate of potash, once or twice daily, for a week, to increase the flow of urine and wash out the material. But if the urine passes only by drops, lay the sheep on its rump and draw out the penis, press the fingers along this organ and try to force eut the accumulation. This should be repeated daily, until the passage of water is free. Give internally, Eaw Linseed Oil ■ three ounces. Laudanum twenty drops. Mix. Give at one dose. If this treatment fails in removal, the deposit may be cut out, the incision being made lengthwise along the penis; but unless the ram is valuable, it had best be slaughtered and used for mutton. In case of a wether being affected, use for mutton at once. CLAP, OR GONORRHOEA. This disease is brought about in sheep from want of cleanliness, with an excessive amount of ewes to attend to or by serving a ewe that is affected with the whites. 510 DISEASES OF SHEEP. Symptoms : — The sheath and penis of the ram become swollen and sore, and intense pain is exhibited while passing the urine, which may pass by only a few drops at a time. Soon a whitish discharge comes from the penis, which, if left undisturbed, will cause ulcerous sores. There will be more or less stamping of the feet while passing water and more or less uneasiness is observed. Treatment: — Eemove the ram to a quiet place and do not allow him to serve any ewes, as the disease is very contagious and will be imparted to the ewes. Admin- ister internally. Balsam Copabia two ounces. Tr. Cubebs two ounces. Tr. Kino one ounce.^ Spts. Sweet Nitre one ounce. Laudanum half ounce. Syrup one and one-half ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful three times a day. "Withdraw the penis and bathe with the following lotion, after bathing with hot water : Sugar of Lead *. one ounce. Sulphate of Zinc one ounce. Water oHe quart. Mix. Use once daily. In addition to the bathing, part of the solution may be injected into the penis once daily, until convalescence is established, when every third or fourth day will suffice. If any of the ewes become affected syringe them once daily with the above solu- tion, or use the following : Permanganate of Potash. . ..one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Inject either into rams or ewes, once daily. The food should be soft and easily digested, as bran mash, grass, etc. Stimulating diet should be avoided. Further, give ounce doses of raw linseed oil daily. LAMBINa IN THE BWB. LAMBING IN THE EWE. 51.1 Farmers residing in the Northern States, usually ca;l- culate to have their lambs yeaned in April and the fore- V^t of May, as there is less danger from loss, than if yeaned .earlier in the season. ' But the percentage of loss during the lambing season, is greater than there is any necessity for, through negligence or carelessness, and TWIN LAMBS. the want of places of protection for the ewe and lamb. Many lambs are lost each year by the ewe not being in a proper condition. Ther^ is much less danger from the ewe being in a good condition, even fat, than from being too poor. Dogs are also a source of great loss among lambs, and should not be allowed near a flock, at this season of the year. The flock should have a good, dry yard, so that they can move about in the sunlight, and a good shelter with plenty of ventila- 612 DISEASES OF SHEEP. tion, for the night. The owner or shepherd should be- familiar and well acquainted with, his sheep, thus insur- ing confidence and not fear, among them. Patience is required on the part Of the shepherd. Do not be too- meddlesome, but see to those that are in labor, and if the lamb is coming right, with forefeet and head first, leave- her alone for a considerable time, then if you deem the-^ lamb too large, render some assistance, but do not become rash and use too much force ; gentle tragtion^ with the parts well-oiled or greased, is much better. When the hind parts swell up and look red, and the bag swells and looks full, you may rely upon it, the ewe will drop her lambs within thirty-six hours. It is then< the shepherd should be on the alert, to see that nothing goes wrong. Ewes as a rule, deliver their young: without any serious difficulty, but occasionally a lamb- is presented wrong, when it would be impossible for the ewe to deliver her young without assistance. Under these circumstances, the lamb should be pushed back into the womb and straightened. If you can raise the hind feet first, -do so, and deliver in that position. The; various methods of delivery as laid down for mures and cows in another part of this work, will greatly aid the- shepherd, and should be followed} the only exception being that in the attendance of a ewe, a small hand is- required, and for this. reason, a woman can do more effective work than a man. The hand should be well oiled before entering, and the movements should be slow and careful ; hasty and rough help, is worse than none at all. Always raise the feet first. If the forefeet are raised, see that the he&d lies between them and is- not doubled back. If the afterbirth does not come away voluntarily after the lamb is delivered, pull upon it gently, and it will usually be expelled in a shortspace of time. Should the ewe appear weak and exhausted^ AFTER-PAINS IN BWBS, ETC. 513 make and administer a ginger tea, of the same strength •as you yourself would require. AFTER-PAINS IN EWES— PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. Parturient apoplexy occurs within four days after lambing and is most frequently seen in fat,, thrifty AFTBK-PAINS IN EWES. animals that are also heavy milkers. It is the result of a fevered condition at the time of lambing. Symptoms: — The ewe is first noticed to be panting as :if hot and feverish. Heavy straining follows, with a PAETUKIENT APOPLEXY. heaving at the flanks. The eyes look staring and glassy, the bowels are constipated, the urine is high colored and smells strong. The external hinder parts are swollen and red and later on become purple or black. After death the womb is noticed to contain pus or matter ; sufficient of this has been absorbed or taken into the system to poison the blood and cause death. ■ ■ ."Treatment: — Prevention in these cases is always the best and safest. As it is most always found in very fat -ewes, the safeguard lies in reducing their condition .prior to lambing, but not to the extent of weakening 514 DISEASES OE SHEEP. them. Their food should be gradually reduced and a light bran mash should be given daily. After the dis- ease has developed and pains are noticed, prepare the following: Quinine Sulph one drachm. Laudanum one ounce. Whisky , three ounces. Water ' four ounces. Mix. Give one ounce three or four times a day. If a bad- smelling discharge comes from the hinder parts, they should be cleansed with ' Permanganate of Potassiun one drachm. Water one quart. Mix. Syringe the vagina and wofnb with this mixture twice daily, until the discharge stops. Give one ounce of glauber salts daily to loosen the bowels, but do not physic. Apply warm cloths to the belly for a day, then in their stead apply a mustard plaster. The food should be light and easily digested, as bran mash, linseed meal or oat meal gruel. INVERSION OF THE WOMB. This is not a common affliction among sheep, but sometimes results from difficult labor, more especially in a weak ewe. The womb is turned inside out and hangs behind as a large, red' sack, to which the after- birth is sometimes attached. When the after-birth still cMngs to it, it should be gently removed and the womb -Washed in milk- warm water, to which may b« added a little alum. Then elevate the hind part? and gradually work the womb back into its place, but first cut off the finger nails and oil or grease the hand thor- ouffhlv so as not to iniure the delicate structure. After QABaBT — DTPLAMMATTON OF THE UDDUB. 816 IS tfce organ has been replaced fasten a bandage around ihe kinder parts to prevent a recurrence, or as is 90m«- tiaaes practiced, put a deep stitch through the vulva or lips of the outer parts, and allow it to stay so for twenty- four hours, when it may be removed, as the womb wiU by this time have settled into its natural position and will there remain. Should the ewe exhibit signs of pain or attempt to strain, give thirty drops of laudanum •very hour until the pain ceases. If she appears weak give ginger tea or half-ounce doses of hot brandy. While she is lying down see that she is well bedded and that her hind parts are elevated higher than her head, for a few days. For illustration, see inversion of the womb in cow. GARGET— INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER, This consists of inflammation of the milk glands, and is caused from ewes lying on the cold, damp ground ; resulting also in such as have lost their young and have not adopted an orphan or been supplied with a foster- lamb. It is also produced by a teat not being opened by a new-born lamb, or in ewes that give a greater flow of milk than the lamb will consume. The bag may also become garget^d at weaning time, when the ewe is giving a S'trong flow of milk, and if neglected it becomes festered and is soon a tumbling, rolling mass of maggots. Treatment : — When the disorder is first noticed give a mild physic, as Epsom Salts two ounces. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose in half pint of water, to be followed with drachm doses of saltpetre, morning and evening. Bathe the bag for thirty minutes with hot water, then apply camphor and lard twice daily, or take n 516 DISEASES OF SHEEP. Copperas four ounces. "Water two quarts. Mix. Apply frequently. Or, Witchhazel ..five ounces. Tr. Arnica one ounce. I Tr. Belladonna one ounce. Spts. Camphor one ounce. Mix. Apply twice daily, after bathing with hot water. Injecting the teats with a solution of carbonate of soda, then milking out, will be productive of good. If the bag has festered, open it and allow the matter to escape, then wash the sore with Carbolic Acid one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Or, Permanganate of Potassium . one ounce. Soft Water one quart. Mix. Apply twice daily. If maggots have gained access to the sore, -apply some spirits of turpentine to rout them, after which, keep clean, and use the carbolic acid solution. If the disease has resulted in the permal- nent loss of one or both teats, the animal should be dis- carded as a breeder, and either kept for her wool or sold to be slaughtered. ABORTION— SLIPPING OF LAMBS. Abortion is not of frequent occurrence among sheep, and when it does happen, it is generally traceable. It may result from being chased by dogs, or from injuriea received while in the yard with other stock; from drinking an abundance of ice-cold water, also from eating large amounts of cold carrots, turnips and mangels. «' The stomach becoming distended with the cold food, lowers the temperature of the internal PARTUEIEST FBVEB, ETC. 517 organs to such an extent that it causes the death of the young animal, and it is thus expelled from the womb. Feeding upon blasted or smutty rye, as well as slipping upon icy roads, will produce abortion. Treatment: — In this case, also, preTention is the only safeguard against loss. Great care should be exercised when feeding roots ; they should be moderately warm, or fe'd in limited quantities. See that the ewes are not chased, worried, or excited by dogs or any other sheep- destroying animal. Avoid feeding smutty ryei, and driving over slippery roads. Allow them to drink regularly, to avoid engorgement with ice-cold water. When abortion does take place, see that the membranes all come away and if the sheep seems stupid and sluggish, give a mild physic, as Kaw Linseed Oil two ounces. Laudanum forty drops. Mix. Give at one dose, to be followed twice daily with drachm doses of saltpetre. PARTURIENT FEVER— PUERPURAL FEVER— MILK FEVER. This fever rarely attacks our common ewes, but is seen among imported sheep, that are highly fed and in a fat condition, and are middle-aged, usually carrying twin Iambs. It generally occurs a few days prior to lambing. The earliest symptoms, are loss of appetite, twitching of the hind legs, and of the ears. The ewe appears dull and stupid, with weakness, and staggering gait while walking. The, eyes are drowsy, the head is carried'" low down; a dark, offensive, coffee-colored discharge comes from the vagina or hinder parts.;- If the lamb is now dropped, it is dead, and possibly in a 618 DISEASES OF SHEEP. semi-putrid condition, but if the lamb is not passed, the patient grows steadily worse, the fever rises higher, the animal moans with pain and the discharge becomes more offensive. When the lamb does eventually come, it is almost rotten. Treatment : — ^Remove the ewe from the balance of the herd to comfortable quarters, as soon as noticed. Then give a laxative to open the bowels, as Epsom Salts two ounces. Saltpetre one drachm. Warm Water, or Linseed Gruel one pint. Mix; Give at one dose. Should she feel disposed to eat anything, give nothing but warm gruels or mashes. When the discharge is dark colored and offensive, the lamb is certainly dead, and should be removed aa quickly as possible. Wash out the vagina with warm water, then place some solid extract of belladonna on the end of the finger, arid smear it on. the mouth of the womb, making an application in this manner every two hours. This will cause the mouth of the womb to dilate, when the putrid lamb will be expelled. The womb should then be washed out with. Permanganate of Potash . . . one ounce. Warm Water one quart. Mix. Or, ' Carbolic Acid . . .' one ounce. Warm Water one quart. Mix. Use with a syringe. Also give internally. Quinine Sulphate three drachms. Sulphate of Soda two ounces. Saltpetre one ounce. Mix. Make eighteen powders. Give one powder every three hours. Should the physic not operate in fifteen hours, repeat the dose. Mustard drafts along the belly a&^BATios(. 510 we T©jry baaefioial. gSsoiald coMapse seem imminent, give ounce dosea 0$ hot whiisky. See that the position of the patient is as comfortable as posaible ; supply with a olean bed, at least twice a day. CASTRATION. This is a very necessary operation among lambs and •hould be performed as early as possible after lambing, as there is less danger following than when the lambs are older. When the lamb is a week or ten days old the whole sack, seeds and all, may be cut off with on© stroke of the knife or shears, without being attended with any danger, and only a few drops of blood will be observed to follow. But when the lamb has passed a few months the seeds develop very rapidly, the blood vessels and nerves are large, and the operation is attended with more danger. The seeds are to be drawn well down, then one bold incision, cutting into the seed and down to the point or bottom of the sack, should be made. The seed should then be withdrawn and pulled away forcibly, or the cord should be scraped with a knife until it separates ; otherwise, the clamp should be used. If the latter method is chosen, fasten the clamp very tightly, then cut off the seed half an inch below it and allow it to remain for three days, when it may be removed. The clamps may be hollowed out a little in the center and a small quantity of corrosive sublimate and lard placed in the groove. In castrating aged rams, ■craping is not always safe, as the seeds are very large and the blood vessels correspondingly so and there is therefore danger of bleeding in this manner of^ opera- tion, t Neither is ligating or tying them with a string advisable, as it is sometimes impossible to tie tightly enough to prevent bleeding. But when the clamps are 520 DISEASES OP SHEEP, x pressed on firmly bleeding seldom follows and for this reason this method is considered the safest and best mode of operation. Always see that the opening is clean down to the bottom so that all matter can escape. To prevent too rapid healing, place a block of wool in the wound. DOCKING, OR CUTTING OFF THE TAIL. This operation is performed in order to keep the hind parts of the sheep in a clean condition, as those sheep which are allowed to carry a full tail become very dirty from accumulation of urine and manure, which adhere to the wool around these parts and form a nest for the blow-fly and maggot. The operation should be performed while the lambs are very young — within two weeks after birth. The parts are not then very sensi- tive and consequently the operation is not very painful. The method is quite simple, yet mistakes are often made. When the lamb is caught the skin should be drawn up on the tail, toward the runap, so that after the tail is severed it will cover the bone, then with a sharp knife make a quick cut, about two inches from the rump, and the operation is complete. A little pine tar placed on the stump of the tail will keep off flies and assist in healing. DISEASES OF THE HOG, THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. HOG CHOLERA. There are so many diseases of the swine which have never been any too thoroughly understood, that have been, for the want of a better term, called hog cholera. The loss to the farmers in this country alone, has been estimated at fifty millions in a single year, and all have HOa CHOLEBA. been grouped under the one head — cholera. Let us for a few moments, briefly consider the manner in which Bwine have been treated, when deemed in health, and see what our own condition would be, under like circumstances. In the first place, the creature is considered — a hog — and that means, literally speaking, anything that is filthy and dirty. ' History tells us that the hog, in the natural or wild state, is^one of the cleanliest of animals, so if the appellation, as applied to the hog, means filth and dirt, it must be an unnatural condition or innovation, brought about or inflicted upon (521) 522 DISEASES OF THE HOG. the animal, through domesfication. It is perfectly true, that hogs will wallow about in dirty water, in order to cool oflf the fevered or heated body, in summer, but if allowed to select for itself, it will not only drink' of pure, clean water, but will lie in it also. Again, pen up a hog and give it good shelter and a bedding of clean straw to lie upon, and see if it will litter up its own bed ; on the contrary, if a place is provided outside of its stall, it will go there to comply with the demands of nature, and deposit both manure and water. There are many other habits of the hog, that tend to cleanliness which might be mentioned, but space forbids, in a work of this kind. I believe that many of the diseases which swine are heir to, have been brought about through domestication, and the manner in which they are cared for and fed, the so-called cholera included. The average hog is fed on sour swill, sour grain or corn, distillery slop, corn that has already been eaten and passed by cattle, that which has been trampled through dirt and dung, in fact anything that is of a dirty, sour nature, has been considered good enough to feed to the hog. Now the essence of sourness is vinegar, which is formed in the food after the alcoholic fermentation has run its course. The first effect from feeding this sour food, is constipation, followed by looseness or diarrhoea, super- induced by the paralyzing effects of the alcohol, vine- gar, carbonic acid gas, etc., upon the bowels. After a time, the blood becomes affected through this vinegar yeast and various diseases are produced. Just so long as hogs are fed upon dirty, spur, indigestible food, trouble with the bowels must be expected, of a more or less severe nature, according to circumstances. When the hogs are penned up, clean the pens daily, the same as you would your horse stables ; feed them upon clean, sweet food,*and disease will become less frequent. If CHARBON, OR AHTHBAX. 528 ttie food is cooked thoroughly, the heat will destroy the alcohol and vinegar plants, and the danger of disease will be greatly lessened. To say that hogs fed upom ffweet, sound food could not contract diseases, would bo mis*stating facts, but hogs that are fed on sound, sweet corn, well steamed, are not so liable to become diseased as those which are fed upon sour materials, and if those who are interested doubt these statements, they can easily prove or disprove them, by trials accurately con- ducted. The various formulas that have been tried with good results, all have a tendency to tone up and correct the bowels ; to prevent the formation of germs, and to destroy any that are already existing. I will now dwell somewhat upon the various forms of cholera, although the treatment tends to the same purpose — that of correcting the bowels, and destroying and preventing the formation of germs. CHARBON, OR ANTHRAX. This disease, which effects both cattle and sheep, also finds a co-partner in the hog. It is brought about in a similar manner — by taking very thin hogs and fattening them too rapidly, but more frequently in the hog, by feeding upon sour material, or by being kept in ifilthy places. It is one of the various types of blood- poisoning, caused by a bacilli or other germ finding ingress into and developing in the circulating fluids of the body. The malady is contagious, the contagion being given off by the blood, flesh and dung. Symptoms : — The symptoms develop very rapidly. At first there will be loss of appetite and great prostra- tion, with .red and, bluish spots appearing on various parts of the body. The ears and nose have a bluish «ast, the breathing is quickened and painful and a 524 DISBASES OF THB EOS. pleading cry, or squealing, is often heard. Just as the hog breaths its last, a passage from the bowels, coming involuntarily, is always observed. These symptoms, it will be noticed, last from one to forty-eight hours. Others in the apoplectic form, have been seen to step back from the feeding trough, utter a squeal, turn around, tumble over and die in less than a minute. As this disease has often been mistaken for contagious pneumo-enteritis, I will give the distinguishing char- acteristics between the two, as laid down by Dr. Klein, of London ; then with the following table before him, the ordinary careful observer can scarcely make a mistake :' CHAKBON. Period of development or latency from a few hours to three days. Easily transmissible to other species of animals. Spleen always enlarged and often broken down. Blood after death, dark and fluid. Bacillus anthricuB in the blood. Lungs and bowels fre- quently not implicated. Cough may be absent. The discoloration local and of a true carbunqular appearance. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTER- ITIS. Period of development from two to five days and more. Rarely and with diffi- culty transmitted to other species. Spleen rarely enlarged or otherwise changed. Blood after death of ordinary appearance. No bacillus anthricus in the blood, but numberless bacilli in the serum of thorax and abdomen. Lungs and bowels always both"; inflamed ; cough al- ways present. The red or purple color diffused over the surface and of an erysipelatous ap? pearance. ' CONTAGIOUS PNBUMO-ENTBEITIS. 526 Treatment: — As there is no specific remedy for thia disease, the necessity for preventative measures becomes apparent. The healthy should be separated from the sick at oHce and turned into a fresh pasture whera there is an abundance of fresh water. The food given should be sweet and steamed or cooked, and limited in quantity and the person attending them should not go near nor have anything to do with the affected ones. As has been remarked before, it is very contagious, being taken from the blood, flesh and manure. It is therefore necessary to bury all dead animals, very deeply ; also throw lime upon the carcass prior to cover- ing ; or burn them up, manure and all, then thoroughly disinfect the place with carbolic acid or chloride of lime, and do not allow any other hogs near the locality that season. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. This form of cholera consists of an inflammation of the lungs and bowels, causing red or purple spots on the skin and it is very contagious. Causes: — There are many causes assigned to this disease, among which are feeding in close, filthy, foul- smelling pens and compelling the animals to drink water that is highly impregnated with decaying animal or vegetable matter ; also feeding and keeping in low, damp, swampy, malarial places, feeding upon sour food, as swill from a sour barrel, distillery slop, sour or musty corn, or corn that has passed through cattle, or dirty food of any description. It may also result from . feeding too highly on rich, concentrated, heating, nutritious food, producing a sudden fattening of the . animal, whereby the blood becomes surcharged with incompletely transformed material. Whether these are 526 DISEASES OF THE HOG. the real causes or not they are certainly conditions that should be remedied or avoided, as animals kept in such a state will have more or less bowel trouble, which renders them very susceptible to any contagious diseases, whether brought about by contact or through atmos^ pheric causes. As the poison which produces this dis. ease is a vegetable germ, so small as not to be observed with the naked eye, it may be produced or developed in the filthy material, as administered to the hog, or carried for a considerable distance through the air and locating itself with those i animals that are in a condi- tion to receive it. After it has once gained a foothold in a herd, its contagious character is soon developed and none need doubt the nature of the disease, as all hogs in the herd, regardless of age, size, sex or condition, fall a prey to the malady. Symptoms: — The symptoms vary, according .to the part of the animal affected, whether it. is of a severe type or not. To this fact especially I would refer the reader's attention so that the varying forms will not confuse him. The Erysipelatous Form. This is the most common of the different forms of the disease. The animal appears dull, with loss of appetite. If standing, the head hangs low down and it scarcely moves unless pushed by other hogs, and some- times efforts at vomiting are observed. It generally lies down and when in that position can scarcely be moved. Cough is sometimes present, the urine is high colored and passed with great difBculty ; the bowels are somewhat constipated and what dung is passed is very hard and dark colored. In a few hours or possibly tho next day, the symptoms peculiar to this form develop themselves in the shape of dark red or purple blotches. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. 527 gradually passing into a bluish black color. Whe>,i once seen they are not readily forgotten. These spots usually appear on the ears, throat, neck, breast and inside the forelegs. On white hogs the spots are readily observed. A discharge of dark purple fluid oozes from the notrils, the breathing becomes more difiicult and labored, the hind parts become paralyzed and if the animal is forced to move it reels along with its head and hind legs drooping to the ground. At this stage a bad smelling diarrhcea sets in and the animal' dies in from one to three days. Form of Malignant Sore Throat. This form occurs when the poison attacks the tissues beneath the lining membrane of the throat, instead of the tissues beneath the skin. The general symptoms at first, are the same as appear in the erysipelatous form. The dark red spots are seen upon the throat, gradually changing to a dark purple. But the affection attacking the throat, causes great difficulty in breathing and swal- lowing and gives rise to another lot of symptoms peculiar to this form, which are not seen in the erysi- pelatous condition. Urom the very commencement, the animal makes frequent attempts to vomit and there is difficulty in swallowing ; there is such effort in breathing, that one would naturally suppose iihe animal was chok- ing ; in fact, it becomes so distressing, that the animal sometimes sits upon its haunches and gasps for breath, while the swollen and livid tongue protrudes from the mouth. Sometimes the swelling in the throat is so great and sudden, and the animal is choked to death in such a short space of time, that the other symptoms remain unobserved, or have hardly had time to develop them- . selves. Treatment : — While the treatment of cholera has not been just as successful as we would desire it to be, yet 528 DISEASES OP THE HOG, many farmers allow their hogs to go unattended, and let them die, when a little time and the expenditure of a small amount of money, might save them hundreds of dollars. When the symptoms are very pronounced, with a loss of appetite, there is but little hope for recovery, and oVing to the contagiousness of the trouble,' they had better be knocked in the head, and burned or buried ; but those that will eat, should be treated by some of the remedies which have proved successful in the hands of some of the greatest hog raisers in the country. First and above all things, separate the healthy from the sick, and place them upon fresh,, green pasture where there is an abundance of pure, fresh water. Feed them upon clean, sweet food, well steamed or cooked, and the party attending the sick, should not feed nor go near those in health. The sick animals should also be kept at a respectable distance. As the causes which favor development of this disease have already been mentioned, repetition is not necessary. The ani- mals should be carefully removed, after which the atten- tion should be turned to the procuring of medicines for relief, and the destruction of the germs and their further development. There are two agents which possess great influence in this direction, and of which we have positive testimony in regard to their value, by their entering into all the various combinations which have proved successful in the treatment of this disease. They are copperas and chlorate of potassium. The cop- peras is much the cheaper of the two, and just as effective as the chlorate. It has been more abundantly used, as it hastens chemical changes in the blood, and increases the firmness of the spleen. It has proven itself a valuable agent, and can almost be considered a specific. A remedy much praised and extensively used by western farmers, is the following : CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTBRITIS. 529 Copperas one pound. Soft Soap one gallon. Mix. Boil with four gallons of water. This should be well Btirred with the food, and is considered one dose for twenty-five hogs. When the hogs are eating add a solution of two pounds of baking soda to make the food foam while it is being consumed. Repeat the dose every third day, until three doses have been given. See that every hog eats a share of the remedy. If one fails to eat remove it tq a place by itself and drench it, but if too far gone, kill it and put it out of the way. Another method of treatment much used in Kentucky, and called an infallible remedy, is composed of Copperas one pound. Warm Water three gallons. Mix. Stir until thoroughly dissolved. When the skin be- gins to look rough, or a dark red color, commence imme- diately and apply every day, by using it warm — spong- ing or wetting the skin thoroughly, until it looks smooth and the discoloration disappears. If this bathing, or wetting of the skin be used in connection with the ad- ministration of the former remedy, better results will undoubtedly be obtained. Professor Turner, of Illinois, gives two recipes, either of which, he says, positively prevents the disease, and, if given freely in the first Btages of the malady, will also cure it. They are, Flower'of Sulphur two pounds. Copperas two pounds. Madder two pounds. Black Antimony half pound. Saltpetre half pound. Arsenic two ounces. Mix with twelve gallons of slop. This quantity is ■ufficient'for one hundred hogs, and when given sepa- 580 DISEASES OF THE HOG. rately, the dose is one pint for each hog. The other recipe is Common Salt four pounds. Black Antimony one pound. Copperas one pound. . Sulphur one pound. Saltpetre four ounces. Wood Ashes (unleached) one peck. Mix thoroughly dnd place in a dry trough, where the hogs have free access to it. Moisten it a little to keep from wastiilg. It has been reliably stated that where this has been used, prior to the breaking out of cholera in a herd, with a strict observance of cleanliness, it is a specific for the prevention of the disease. The other remedy which has been previously spoken of , is, chlorate of potassium, but owing to the cost of the drug, it has not been so liberally used. However, I will give a recipe, which if made use of, and more especially when the throat is effected, will bring about remarkable and astonishing results. Chlorate of Potassium one pound. Water six gallons. Mix. The dose is a half pint for each hog, given three or fouT times a day. The local treatment consists in bathing the swollen parts with hot water, which should have a liberal amount of copperas mixed with it. If Bore spots break out, use Swpet Oil four ounces. Spirits Turpentine four ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily to the sores. Common smart weed has been highly spoken of as a preventative of cholera. This plant has been used to a considerable extent by physicians for many years, for its curative ptoperties in sore mouth, salivation, ulcers, etc., and I believe if it is used judiciously among hogs, it would not only act as a MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIC OATAREH. 531 preTentative of cholera, but would be beneficial in warding off many diseases known by that name. When the appetite is not what it should be, feed them enough of the weed to make them cough and sneeze liberally, and the beneficial results will be observed to follow. The way to use the weed, is to make a tea of it. and mix it with the swill, in such quantities as they will eat. If it is desired to keep the weed for use at any season of the year, it should be gathered when in bloom, tied up into small bundles, and hung in a dry, sheltered place. Charcoal, salt, and wood ashes are also eflQcient in ward- ing off disease in hogs. They can be mixed and put in a special box or trough, where the hogs have free access, whenever they have a desire for it. MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH. Causes : — This disease, like all others that are pro- duced by floating germs, is brought about by having the animals in a condition to receive it. It has often been observed that good sanitary conditions greatly as- sist in warding off all such diseases. Consequently, hogs that are kept clean, well housed and fed, and al- lowed ail abundance of fresh water to drink and to bathe in, seldom contract, this disea8e,^and if they do, it is only in a very mild form. ^^ut where hogs are kept in filthy pens, and their skins are unhealthy and cov- ered with a mass of foul dirt, the act of perspiration is checked and extra work is thrown upon the lungs.'~ So also, when hogs are exposed to sudden changes of tem- perature,*^ as cold rains, sleet or hail storms; the process of perspiration is checked, and by this means the other mfembi'anes of the body have a surplus of ^ork to per- form, when they become over-taxed and weak, thus fur- nishing the proper soil for these floating germs to take 532 DISEASES OF THE HOG. hold upon and develop themselves, which they do with extreme rapidity. Symptoms: — The symptoms vary, according to the part of the animal which is the worst affected. That form wherein the nostrils, windpipe, and lungs are the portions most affected, will develop a short, hoarse, hacking cough, with difficult breathing and a panting motion of the flanks. The head is held in a peculiarly stretched and somewhat drooping position. The animal moves along with a slow, stiff, or tottering gait, and if it squeals, a hoarseness of the throat is noticeable. Signs of fever are present all the time. Usually, the bowels are constipated, but some have a diarrhoea and make frequent attempts at vomiting. When the bowels, spleen, liver and kidneys are the most affected, the cough is greatly lessened and may be absent; the breathing is not nearly so difficult, while the weakness and staggering gait of the hind parts, is greatly increased. The fever in the one form is equally as high as in the other. There is usually at first, constipation of the bowels, but as the disease advances toward a fatal issue, there is a change to a profuse and badly smelling diarrhcea. In some cases, and more especially when the kidneys are greatly affected, the hog arches its back at the loins, to a very high degree. Sometimes the brain becomes affected, as is demonstrated by the animal staggering about in a wondering manner and running against objects as though wholly or partially blind.^ Or there may be ulcerating sores on different parts of the body, indicating an affection of the lymphatic system. The duration of the disease, is from five to fifteen days. Treatment; — This implies good care as well as the judicious use of medicines. The sick animal should be sf^pa rated from the balance of the herd and provided with a clean, dry bed. The apartments should be well MALrSNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH. 588 ventilated, avoiding drafts, guarding against undue teat and cold, wet and moisture. The sick always need pure air in abundance, with clear, fresh water to dnnk, and easily digested, nutritious food to eat. If these directions are carefully followed, many will be cured which under reverse circumstances, die. The patient should be given, as soon as these symptoms make their appearance — Powdered White Hellebore twenty grains. Milk half pint. Mix. This is a dose for a full-grown hog. For younger animals, give a little less hellebore. This will make the hog desperately sick for a time, and it will sneak away and hide in a dark place. In the course of two or three hours, it will come out again and possibly receive a little food ; it should then be given three times a day for several days, or until a change for the better is observed, three grains of tartar emetic, if the trouble is located in the nose, windpipe and lungs, and three grains of calomel if the disease is mostly in the bowels. The medicine can easily be given in a boiled potato^ a little milk or gruel. Externally apply to both sides, if in the lungs, and along the belly, if in the bowels, the following blister : Powdered Oantharides one ounce. Olive Oil four ounces. Mix. Boil together very slowly, for half an ho^r. If the one application does not blister thoroughly, apply again the following day, with good friction. When conval- escence has been established, give from ten to thirty grains of copperas daily, to which may be added thirty grains of carbonate of potash, when the liings have been greatly disturbed. In all cases where the bowels remain constipated, give i34 DISEASES OE THE HOG. Castor Oil one ounce. Spirits of Turpentine one drachm. Mix. Give in half pint of milk or gruel. The reader should listinctly bear in mind that this disease attacks the lelicate membranes and glands of the body, and it may ocalize itself in various places, vs^hile the symptoms just lescribed, are seldom all found in a single hog. Even he two forms just spoken of, may be so closely blended IS to make it hard to distinguish which form predomi- lates. However, the treatment is so similar, that no :atal mistake can occur. . APOPLEXY. This disease occurs only in hogs that have been lighly fed and are very fat. Hogs that are cared for in his manner, are very liable to congestion of the brain, v^hich may pass rapidly on to eifusion or apoplexy, during the congestive stage, which may last a few hours, he hog acts very stupid and moves around in a drowsy londition, but when it merges into effusion, and the ipoplectic stroke occurs, the animal drops as suddenly ls if knocked on the head with a sledge; the limbs traighten out and stiffen, the breathing is hard and tentorian, and there is a frothing and foaming at the uoutli. Treatment : — This should be very prompt. Dash cold vater on the hog, and also hold a can six or eight feet ibove it and let the cold water splash and strike the lead for some time. Hasten the movements of tlie )owels, by giving injections of warm water and castils oap, or if at hand, the following injection may be ised : Glycerine one drachm. Water . half pint. Mix. Inject up the last bowel ; or EPILEPSY, OK STASGBaS. " 585 Epsom Salts three ounces. Spirits of Turpentine .... two drachms. Soapsuds half pint. Mix. Bleeding and blistering do no special good, and should not be practiced. "When the animal shows signs of recovery, give Epsom Salts three ounces. Water half pint. Mix. Repeat every three or four hours, until a good pliysic ie produced, then change the diet to a lighter quality, to reduce the flesh.' If fattening for slaughter, after recovery takes place, butcher it immediately. EPILEPSY, OR STAGGERS. This disease is often confounded with apoplexy, to which it bears a striking resemblance, but as the treat- ment is about the same, it makes but little difference to the amateur practitioner. Symptoms : — The disorder is caused by congestion of the brain, and during the stage of congestion, the ani- mal is both stupid and restless. The eyes present an inflamed appearance, looking quite red. The pulse is hard and quick, and the bowels are usually constipated. These symptoms may gradually pass away, or they may increase in force, which latter phase will jSurely result, if the blood pressure increases on the brain. A period of excitement is then brought on; the animal walks about or runs to and fro, sometimes moving around in a circle, frequently stepping very high, and running against various objects as though it were blind ; or, it may fall over in an. unconscious condition. The breath- ing is somewhat affected, being hard and laborious. '" Treatment : — Dash cold water quite freely all over the body, splashing it upon the head with considerable force. Gi,ve an injection immediately, composed of DISEASES OF THE HOG. Glycerine two drachms. Water half pint. Mix. Inject this into the last bowel. Or, Epsom Salts four ounces. Spirits Turpentine two drachms; Water one pint. Mix. Inject up the last bowel. Blisters applied to the ik of the neck, are frequently attended with bene- al results. The following will suf&ce : Spts. Turpentine two ounces. Hartshorn one ounce. Oantharides two drachms. Mix. When applied, rub thoroughly. Hogs affected with lepsy, should be fattened and slaughtered as early possibly. CATARRH, OR SNUFFLES. This consists of an inflamed coradition of the lining mbranes of the nose and head, brought about by 30sure. It requires but little attention further than id care by keeping in clean, dry, warm, well ven- ited pens, carefully avoiding further exposure for the le. Open the bowels with a warm bran mash, to ich may be added three or four ounces of epsom or uber salts. There is, however, a chronic form of arrh which affects hogs, called nasal gleet, in which ire is a continuous discharge from i one or both itrils. It is not contagious and causes but little •m outside of the annoyance to the animal. If it has m running for a continued length of time, the nose y swell some and from the efforts to clean the itrils by sneezing, streaks of blopd will sometimes be lerved. This is called by some, blue-nose,'® and is )ught to be contagious and incurable, resembling nders in the horse, which is a very erroneous and ■ COUGHS AND COLDS. 537 mistaken idea ; but when the ailment advances to a con- dition where there is bleeding from the nostrils, such animals so affected do not thrive well and had better be destroyed. COUGHS AND COLDS. An ordinary cold is in some localities called a "rising of the lights," and is brought about by any of the ordinary measures^ as sudden changes of tempera- ture, exposure, etc. Symptoms : — The appetite is somewhat impaired — sometimes wholly suspended. There is more or less coughing and often the cough becomes quick and severe. Fever is usually present, accompanied with panting or heaving at the flanks. Treatment: — It is quite unnecessary to bleed and purge, or administer calomel and tartar emetic, which is commonly advised and frequently followed. The animal should be housed in comfortable quarters and cleanliness should be strictly observed. The throat and chest should be rubbed with mustard thinned with water to the consistency of thick cream. Feed the animal upon light, warm, easily digested food, into which should be mixed thirty grains of copperas, three times a day. Also administer Chlorate of Potassium one ounce. Water one quart. Mix. Give a wine glassful three times a day. Or, Pine Tar one pint. Water one gallon. Mix thoroughly, and give a pint morning and evening. 538 DISEASES OF THE H^Q. QUINSY— STRANGLES— TON&ILmS. This is an inflammation of the glands in the upper part of the throat, known as the tonsils. It is quite a common complaint among hogs, and very often fatal, death being caused by the rapidity with which the swellings increase, thus completely closing the upper air passages, causing suffocation. Symptoms: — The symptoms are well pronounced, dis- tressing and rapid. Breathing and swallowing are performed with the greatest difficulty. Swellings appear under the neck and lower jaw, and as these swellings enlarge, the breathing is performed with increased labor, the tongue protrudes, and there is more or less slavering from the mouth. Treatment : — As the disease progresses very rapidly, the treatment must be correspondingly so, otiherwise a fatal termination may be looked for. A number of incisions should be made into the skin with a sharp- pointed knife, immediately over the swellings, deep enough to draw the^blood quite freely. These should be well bathed with hot water, or cloths wrung out of hot water should be applied. Internally administer, Epsom Salts • four ounces. Water half pint. Mix. Give at one dose, if the hog can swallow, to be fol- lowed with two-drachm doses of spirits of turpentine, every three hours, in a little milk or gruel, and if it cannot swallow this, take . Turpentine two ounces. Sweet. Oil. two ounces. Mix. Fasten a cloth on the end of a limber whij^-stalk or green bough, dip it into the mixture, and force it well back, around the upper part of the throat. Repeat this two or three times a day. DIABBH(EA, OB SOOXTRS. 589 CONSTIPATION. This aflFection is most frequently observed in young pigs that are too highly fed, and more especially upon dry grain food. Sows are sometimes constipated after the delivery of a lot of young pigs. In this case it is brought about by the change of condition in the system, the animal being more or less feverish. When hogs are constipated, they exhibit a great desire for drink, and the appetite is partially suspended. Treatment : — This consists of a complete change of diet. Feed hot bran mashes, to which may be added some flaxseed meal. Give some green food, as green clover; or turnips, carrots, apples, sweet beets, etc. Also allow a liberal amount of charcoal; it will greatly assist digestion, which is an auxiliary to the relief of constipation. If these fail to bring about the desired result, give two or three ounces of epsom or glauber salts, and repeat if necessary, until the bowels are relieved. DIARRHOEA, OR SCOURS. Hogs are very seldom troubled with this complaint, but young pigs are quite liable to attacks of diarrhcea, which often terminate fatally. It is usually brought on by a changed condition or bad quality of the mother's milk. Treatment: — The efforts should be directed toward, effecting a change in the condition of the milk. Change the sow's food immediately. If she has been kept upon dry, sour, or musty diet, give her green food ; or if from , too much green food, give her clean, sweet, dry fopd, to which should be added 640 DISEASES OF THE HOG. Anise Seed one pound. Gentian half pound. Baking Soda half pound. Powdered Chalk one pound, \ Sulphur half pound. Mix. Give a tablespoonful in her slop, three times a day. Great care should bie taken to keep the youngsters warm. It is very important that the pen be cleaned everyday, and, scattered over with, slacked lime of dry earth, to absorb and destroy the smell arising from their passages, as it has a tendency to aggravate the com- plaint. AGUE CAKE— SPLEEN ENLARGEMENT— SPLENITIS. Hogs which are raised and kept in low, swampy, malarial districts, are subject to the same complaints as human beings and from continued attacks of ague are quite liable to have enlargement of the spleen or milt. While in this condition it is almost impossible to fatten them. Or again, the continuous fattened condition of hogs which are kept for exhibition purposes, in connec- 'tion with high feeding and little or no exercise, event- ually brings about enlargement of the spleen, where- upon the animals commence to lose flesh and it will be found impossible to hold them in the condition the keeper or owner desires. Symptoms: — There is a gradual and preceptible loss of flesh, apparently unaccountable, p The hog eats fairly well, but fails to take on flesh and appears somewhat dull and languid. As the spleen enlarges, it is observed to lie always on the one side, or should it lie down on the opposite side it very quickly changes its position, and when walking it leans or doubles to on© side as if the natural position caused internal pain. DIPHTHERIA. 541 Treatment ;— The object in treatment is the reduction of the size of the spleen. This can be accomplished by a change of climate, which is not a profitable proceeding in hog raising. The medicinal treatment calls for a brisk physic, as Jalap .ten grains. Calomel ten grains. Mix. Give in a boiled potato, on an empty stomach, to be followed with ten grain doses of quinine, three times a day for a week or ten days. Change the hogs to dry, upland pasture, also feed grains sparingly. Some veterinarians recommend very strongly in cases wherein the fattening process is interfered with, the use of Wormwood Leaves one pound. Liverwort Leaves one pound. Mix. Boil slowly in two gallons of water for an hour, and give half pint to a pint daily, in soft food. Feed the hogs at regular intervals and be careful not to give too much at a time. If, after feeding, any food remains in the trough, remove it. DIPHTHERIA. This disease, like many others which affect hogs, has been classed under the head of cholera, presumably on account of the suddenness of its symptoms and its extreme fatality. It is more frequently caused by filth than any other source and once breaking out in a herd, owing to its contagiousness, it spreads very rapidly and is very destructive. Symptoms : — These appear very suddenly. The animal ceases eating, the throat appears very sore, accompanied with extreme weakness and stiffness across the back. The eyes appear dull and sunken, the hog moves around very slowly, with the head elevated and the mouth J42 DISEASES OF THE HOG. open. The tongue is dry and livid and the throat red and swollen, with grayish white spots scattered over the upper part of the throat. These increase very rapidly until the whole air passage is involved, threatening strangulation. There is more or less coughing and during a paroxysm of coughing, shreds of false mem- branes are expelled. Treatment: — This must be prompt if attended with success. Separate the sick to a respectable distance from those unaffected, and see that the whole herd is ptit in a clean, dry place. Give those hogs that have be'en exposed. Chlorate of Potash one pound. Water two gallons. Mix. This will make one dose for seventy-five hogs and should be given once daily for a week, in milk, slop oi water. The sick hogs should have sulphur applied to their throats three times a day. This can be accom- plished, by tying a cloth or sheepskin with the woolly side out, upon a stick, filling it full of sulphur and forcing it back around the upper part of the mouth. Or use a spray for throwing powders. For those that still continue to eat a little, place drachm doses of chlorate of potash in their food, and give to such as do not eat, Glauber Salts six ounces. Carbolic Acid two drachms. Chlorate of Potash two ounces. Water one quart. Mix. Give one ounce, three times a day. Feed upon warm, thin, sloppy food and keep in a dry, airy comfortable place. TRICHINOSIS— TRICHINA. As no remedy has yet been discovered which is capa. ble of destroying this parasite, it is only necessary to TRICHINOSIS — TEIOHKA. 543 speak of it, to warn people against eating pork that has Qot been thoroughly cooked or fried. The hog does not appear to suffer materially when affected with this parasite, hence its presence can only be determined by mici'oscopical examinations of the flesh. They are so TEICHTNA AKD OTST GKEATLT BOTiABGBD. small as not to be observed with the naked eye, yet bhey increase with wonderful rapidity, developing alike in all animals, man included, upon gaining access to the stomach; here the eworm becomes freed from the syst that it has occupied, through the process of diges- MUSCLE WITH ENCYSTED TBICHINA. fcion ; the male and female pair and each female then lays a vast number of eggs, which develop into little worms that burrow around through the flesh until they become encysted. There they remain until they are eaten again and find their way back into the stomach, where they again reproduce. It has been estimated 644 DISEASES OF THE HOG. that from one million to five million have been dis- covered in a single pound of flesh. When man becomes affected with trichina, it produces symptoms very sim- ilar to typhoid fever. MEASLES. There have been several causes assigned to this dis- ease, such as feeding upon certain articles of diet, as nuts, fruits, etc., as well as hereditary tenden- cies and contagion. It has been called measles, from the striking resemblance of the flesh of the hog, to the eruption of measles on the human skin. The real cause MEASLES IN POEK. is tapeworm, which the hog possibly eats while feeding on human excrement, or pasturing upon ground which has been fertilized with this kind of manure. After the eggs are taken into the stomach, they develop into a worm and find their way into the muscles, where they become encysted. These cysts are about the size of a grain of wheat, and they are scattered throughout the entire system. When pork that has measles, is eaten without being thoroughly cooked, so as to destroy this parasite, tapeworm will develop in the human bowel, and grow to various lengths, from ten to sixty feet. The symptoms of measles, are general debility, cough, running from the eyes; discharge from the nose, and weakness of the hind legs. Small, watery pustules of a PILES. 545 reddish color, will be observed on various parts of the skin. The treatment consists in giving drachm doses of sulphur and saltpetre, every^day for several we«ks, together with good, nutritious and easily digested food. TAPE WOBM. But prevention is always better than medicinal treat- ment, therefore, keep hogs off from such pastures and away from human excrement, Especially if any one of the household is known to have been affected with tape- worm recently. PILES. This complaint is of more frequent, occurrence than is usually supposed, but is rarely discovered until blood is seen passing away with the dung. It is caused by PJLHS. indigestion, constipation, etc., and is generally consid- ered incurable. But to relieve the animal as much as is possible, in order to fatten it for slaughter, an entire 546 DISEASES OF THE H09. change of food should be given, such as light, easily digested food, with some sour milk. Grease the parts frequently with benzoated vaseline, or Vaseline two ounces. Tannic Acid four drachms. Mix. Apply twice daily. Or inject the bowels with Chlorate of Potassium six drachms. Laudanum two ounces. Water four ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily ; or simply greasing the parts with vaseline or common lard, is beneficiaL Such hogs should not be kept for any length of time. KIDNEY WORMS, OR LARD WORMS. The kidneys and the lard surrounding them, are liable to become affected with parasites, many of which are found in the fat in other parts of the body. These do not cause any serious harm, but sometimes a large worm called the Eustrongylus Gigas, makes its nest in the pelvis or center of the kidney from which the secreted urine flows. Symptoms ;^The animal is inclined to lie down most of the time, and on attempting to rise, experiences difficulty in using its hind parts, which seem in a par- tially or wholly paralyzed condition. If it regains its feet, it moves about with an awkward, straddling gait. Treatment : — That which has generally been practiced, is the application of turpentine across the loins, daily for several days ; but as turpentine is good for the destruction of worms, it is better to give it internally, as a spoonful twice daily, mixed with oil or milk. Another remedy highly recommended, is Copperas two drachms. Sulphur , two drachms. Mix. LICE. 547 Give in the feed, every night for ten days. How- ever, the turpentine will reach them quicker and be more effectual than anything else. LICE. There is no earthly reason why hogs should be infested with this most disgusting parasite, when a little care and attention will free them from the terrible annoy- ance resulting. ■ As a usual thing, they are not found upon hogs that are healthy and thriving, but may be HOa LOUSE. found somewhat abundantly upon hogs that are half starved, or are badly out of condition. Their presence causes excessive irritation and itching, and prevents hogs from thriving that would otherwise do well on the same amount of food. Treatment : — As lice belong to a low order of life, it is not only necessary to destroy them with medines, but if a permanent cure is to be expected, the whole pen will have to be renovated. The bedding must be taken out and burned, and the walls well white-washed. The floor should be covered with air-slacked lime, or wood 18 648 DISEASES OP THE HOa. ashes, and the animal kept clean and well fed. Also, to place the hogs in a better condition, give draohm doses of copperas and sulphur, once daily in their food. Externally use the following wash : Stavesacre Seeds half pound. White Hellebore two ounces. Water '■ two gallons. Mix. Break up the seeds and place over a fire, slowly simmering down to one gallon. Bathe the hogs with this solution every third day, until three applications have been made, barely wetting the skin. As the nits hatch out every fiYe days, you will effectually destroy them all, before there is time for a reproduction of more nits. Or use Coal Oil two quarts. Lard Oil, or Whale Oil •••• one quart. Mix. Apply every three days, until three applications ', have been made, In some parts of the country, hogs are bathed in buttermilk, to exterminatp lice. But the first recipe here given, will be found n^ore effectual than anything else. THE MANGE— ITCH, OR SCAB. This disease is caused by the presence of a parasite called the Sarcoptes Suis, and is transmissible to man. These small parasites burrow down into the skin, causing such annoyance that the animal keeps rubbing itself until scabs are formed. The insects have a great tenacity of life, and are communicated to other hogs by rubbing against posts where mangy hogs have rubbed' and left some scabs, ' Treatment : — This consists of external applications mainly, as there is no possibility of effecting a cure, until the insect is destroyed in its entirety. First, cover the whole body with soft soap, which has been THE MANGE — ITCH, OR SCAB. 540 made from lye of wood ashes, and let it remain on fof two hours, then wash off and immediately apply, Flower of Sulphur four ounces. Spirits of Turpentine two ounces. Oil of Tar ... two ounces. Lard eight ounces. Mix. Or the following wash may be used : Flower of Sulphur ........ two pounds. Quicklime one pound. "Water two gallons. Mix. Boil together, continuously stirring it until it is well mixed. Mr. Richardson gives the following remedy which he says has never failed. He first washes the animal with soft soap and warm water, then dries it off and applies this ointment : Train Oil one pint. Oil of Tar two drachms. Oil Turpentine two drachms. Petroleum , one drachm. Mix with flower of sulphur, sufficient to form a thick paste, then thoroughly rub the animal -with this mix- ture, and allow it to remain on the skin for three days. On the fourth day wash off with soft soap and water, and give in the food once daily for two weeks, Flower of Sulphur four drachms. Saltpetre one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. The pens should be washed with coal oil, and afterwards white-wash also those posts or rocks where the hogs have been in the habit of rubbing. Thp beddinff should be burned, and a thorough renovat- 650 DISEASES OS THE HOG. DELIVERY AND CARE OF YOUNG— PIGGING. The uterus, or womb, of the sow differs but little in shape from that of other animals, that bear one or more . off-spring at each time of delivery. But in all mul- tiparous animals or animals that produce a number of young at each birth, conception does not take place in the body of the womb itself, but in various places along the channels which lead to the ovaries or female testicles. After conception has taken place these channels commence to enlarge, as also does the womb, ^.—Vagina,, or Entrance. B.— Body of Womb. C— Foetus, or yuung pig exposeo. D. Foetus, or young pig covered. to allow sufficient room for the perfect development of the young pigs, as well as to insure their safe delivery. They are covered with placental membranes or after- birth, and are nourished through these and the umbil- ical cord, from the blood of the mother, the same as all other young animals, prior to birth. The period of pregnancy usually lasts about four months, but jjerfect develonment and a safe deliverv mav take nlace at a DELIVERY AND CARE OF YOUNG PIGGnSTS. 551 one hundred and four days after service. "When the time has about arrived for the delivery of her young, the sow should be placed in a separate pen or sty and a liberal amount of short straw or chaff allowed for bed- ding, as in a large bedding of long straw the youngsters may become entangled and not have the strength and activity to get out of the way of the mother, while changing her position ; thus she might accidentally lie upon some of them and crush or kill them. It is a good plan to place a scantling or plank about five or six inches high, all around the pen, projecting outward from four to six inches, then should the sow lie too close to the wall and some of the young pigs should happen to be in that vicinity, instead of being crushed they would slip into the space under the projection and thus escape injury. The sow should be kept in a place that is moderately warm, yet it should have good venti- lation. When the day of delivery has arrived, if every- thing is normal she should not be disturbed, but given a good allowa'nce of nourishing and easily digested food, as they generally suffer from weakness and prostration immediately after delivery. If this is allowed them and they are not irritated by the presence of people, they are less likely to devour their young. If, how- ever, they cannot effect delivery alone, manual assist- ; ance becomes necessary and this Ihould be rendered very cautiously and carefully. An examination should, be made with the fingers, which have previously been well oiled or greased with clean lard. If one of the young pigs lies crosswise it must be straightened, which can sometimes be accomplished by pressure along the belly and by assisting with the fingers in the vagina ; or enlist some assistance from a person that has a small hand, as a boy or a woman. Have the person oil or grease their hands well, then carefully" pass it up the 652 DISEASES OF THE HOG. channel until the little creature is felt, then straighten it and also fasten a cord around its neck or hind feet, whichever is the most convenient, then apply gentle force or traction until it is delivered. Do not be rough or use too great force, but if need be, pass the hand at frequent intervals to be certain that it is straight After it is delivered, no matter whether it be living or dead, allow suflScient time to elapse (say an hour or more) when she may proceed and deliver the remainder without assistance. If not, proceed in the manner as before described, until all are delivered. There are various instruments or forceps invented to assist in the performance of this act, but in the hands of an amateur they are somewhat unsafe as he might fasten onto the womb along with the young pig and tear it, thus endangering the life of the sow to a degree uncalled for. But if manipulated by a small hand and cord, there is much less danger. If there is much prostration in the BOW following delivery, give half ounce doses of hot whisky every hour for a few hours, as well as the best nourishing, easily digested, warm food, to which may be added half ounce doses of glauber salts, three times a day. Keep her comfortable and warm and if consti- pation follows, give her a few injections of warm water and castile soap. If the womb is badly irritated, you may inject the following into the womb: Take one drachm of powdered opium and steep it thoroughly in a quart of hot water, then add one drachm of per- . manganate of potassium and inject four ounces every five or six hours. This will allay irritation and destroy any foul smell that may be present. At all times allow her what cool drinking water she may desire. DISEASES OF THE DOG, THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. DISTEMPER. Causes : — This is the most fatal of the common dis- eases which affect young dogs. There is no doubt but that it is contagious, no matter as to the cause of its origin. It may be brought on by sudden changes of tem- perature, or exposure to cold and wet, and as it usually occurs about the time the animal is cutting its perma- nent teeth, the irritation produced from this source, may greatly assist in its development. Feeding upon raw meat, with close confinement, not being allowed the liberty of exercise at will, is also an auxiliary to the development of distemper. But as it usually attacks young dogs, and as they are seldom free from worms, I am greatly inclined to the opinion that they are one of the principal causes of this malady. Symptoms : — The first symptoms observable, will be a slight dullness, the animal not appearing in its usual lively mood ; the appetite begins to waver. Vomiting or attempts at vomiting, with light purging from the bowels, are among the earlier symptoms. The eyes now begin to look red and tears commence flowing down the cheeks. A light, short cough is now noticed, the pulse has quickened to possibly one hundred and twenty beats per minute, and as the disease advances, mattery (553) 654 DISEASES OF THE DOG. accumulations are seen about the eyes and nose, increas- ing to a flow of mucous from one or both nostrils. The ~ cough now becomes more severe, the hair begins to look rough and staring, and the nose is quite hot. If a change for the better does not take place at this period, the symptoms continue to increase in force; the eyes will become almost glued together with matter, the nostrils become closed up with a thick, mattery dis- charge, and the breath has an offensive smell. The dog now loses flesh very rapidly; blood streaks will he observed around the nose, and partial paralysis of the hind legs occurs, which gradually increases until it affects the whole body. The poor animal now lies prostrate and continues in this condition, until death relieves its sufferings. In those cases where favorable recoveries are looked for, the symptoms may appear very encour- aging for three or four weeks, when a relapse occurs in a violent form, and it dies very suddenly ; but when the acute symptoms subside and the dog appears to be doing well and gains somewhat in flesh, a speedy recovery may be looked for. If it fails to gain in flesh and the eyelids still present a rfed appearance, it is not free from dangerous consequences. After recovery has become 'complete, it is very seldom they take the disease again. There are cases known where distemper has occurred the second time, but this is the exception and not the rule. Treatment : — Place the animal in comfortable quar- ters, where it will be clean and dry. Have the place . moderately warm, carefully avoiding excessive heat and cold. Change the bedding frequently and allow plenty of pure, fresh air. As regards diet, refrain from giving meat altogether ; give soft food, as bread ^ and milk, crackers and milk, boiled rice, or broth, and clean, fresh water to drink. If the lungs are affected, apply DIARKHCEA AND DYSENTERY. 555 a mustiard plaster to the chest, over which place a blanket. Keep it on for an hour, when it should be washed off and greased with a little sweet oil, but if considered necessary apply the mustard again ; the dog should have a physic, for which the following will suffice : Oastor Oil one ounce. Santonine twelve grains. Mix. Give half and repeat in four hours, if the first doe« does not operate. This should be followed with Quinine one drachm. Copperas one drachm. Saltpetre one drachm. Grontian two drachma. Mix. Make twenty powders or pills and give one thre« times a day. Should the bowels become costive, give a tablespopnf ul of syrup of buckthorn every three or four ' hours until the bowels operate • nicely. Sometimes, during the course of the disease, the brain becomes affected, as is demonstrat-ed by delirium and fits. Pro- cure the following as quickly as possible : Bromide of Potassiun. . . . two drachms. Chloral Hydrate two scruples. Water four ounces. Mix. Give teaspoonful every two hours until the acuta symptoms pass away, then give three times a day for a few days. DIARRHOEA AND DYSENTERY. This affection is generally brought on from over- feeding or the use of improper food. Severe work on a very hot day or sudden change from hot to cold, frequently affects the bowels, causing diarrhoea. Symptoms : — The first symptom noticeable is the soft fluid condition of the paeeage of the bowels, instead of 558 DISEASES OE THE DOG. being solid, as in health. There is more or less sick- ness at the stomach, with an unusual desire for drinking water. The breath becomes somewhat offensive, as well as the passages from the bowels. The dog appears weak, the eyes presenting a sunken appearance, and it the animal is left alone it will go away to some cool place and lie down most of the time. If dysentery appears it will be obseryed by the heavy straining, while passing a thin, liquid substance, which is some- what tinged with blood, the last bowel appearing con- Biderably inflamed. Treatment : — First give a mild physic, as a dessert- spoonful of castor oil, to carry away any irritant that may be causing the diarrhoea, after which allow the patient twenty-four hours rest without medicines, as it is always desirable to allow the bowels to resume their natural functions, which they will often do, with- out medical aid. If, after that time has elapsed and the disease continues, the following will suffice. Laudanum two drachms. Tr. Catechu four drachms. Tr. Ginger four drachms. Tr. Oardamons . . i two drachms. Brandy four drachms. Mix. Give teaspoonful every two hours. If it nauseates the dog, mix it with a little syrup, or take Powd. Catechu one drachm. Powd. Opium one scruple. Prepared Chalk two drachms. , Powd. Ginger one drachm. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give one powder in a little eyrup every four hours. Should the bowels become too greatly constipated from the effects of the medicine, give a dessertspoonful of castor oil. CONSTIPATION — COBTIVENESS. 557 CONSTIPATION— COSTIVENESS. Causes : — ^Dogs are f reqilently troubled with consti- pation, without any good, assignable cause. Feeding rich food as meats, etc., without sufficient exercise will produce it. Occasionally dogs swallow bones that have not been crushed thoroughly and they become lodged in the last bowel, thus preventing the passage. The dung then dries out and becomes almost as hard as a stone. Symptoms : — The dog will be noticed to make fre- quent efforts to stool, without anything passing. When making the attempts at passage, they will often pant. At other times, the pain will be so severe as to cause it to yelp quite loudly. It will sometimes lie around con- siderably, often panting, and if taken out for a run, it will often stop, and strain violently to make its passage. Treatment: — Ir jections into the last bowel, will often remove the trouble. These may consist of castile soap and warm water, or use some raw linseed oil, or Glycerine half drachm. Kaw Linseed Oil one ounce. Mix. Or in the absence of the oil, use warm water and glycerine. Give internally, half an ounce of castor oil, or Powdered Jalap two drachms. Tincture Gentian two drachms. Simple Syrup two ounces. Mix. Give half, and repeat the dose if necessary, in six hours. Lay the dog upon its side and feel along the belly towards the hind parts, and you can frequently locate the hard lump. By using continuous pressure, it can sometimes be forced along the channel to the exit. Grease the finger and insert it up the last bowel. ® If you can feel the hardened matter, gradually break it to pieces. "^ Or a spoon handle may be used for this purpose. 658 DISEASES OF THE DOG. If you feel a piece of bone, work around it carefully until it is loosened, then work it away. If you have tried for some time and have failed to remove all, give an injection of oil or grease, and allow the animal rest, for two or three hours, then try again. Continue in this manner, and you will eventually accomplish your object. After you have removed the obstruction, give a tablespoonful of castor oil, after which change its food, giving soft material for a few days, with plenty of exercise. COLIC— BELLY-ACHE. Causes : — It is usually brought about through some- thing the animal has eaten, or exposure to cold and wet ; from fatigue and fasting or being fed a heavy meal, after a hard day's run. Owing to the ease with which dogs can vomit, the overloaded stomach is emptied in this manner, thus avoiding many attacks of colic. Symptoms: — The dog appears very uneasy and rest- less. It will draw its body all up in a heap and roll around. It will yelp or cry, without any assignable cause, also moan considerably and refuse to eat any- thing. The bowels are usually costive and bloating is sometimes observed. Treatment : — If there is costiveness or bloating, injec- tions will be beneficial, as Glycerine half drachm. Water, or Oil two ounces. Mix. Throw this up the last bowel, or in the absence of glycerine, use castile soap and hot water, frequently. Bathe the bowels with heavy cloths wrung out of hot water, and give twenty drops of laudanum or a tea- spoonful of paregoric in some warm milk or some ginger tea, to which may be added a little red pepper. Also give a physic, as mPLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 559 Castor Oil half ounce. Or, Powdered Jalap one drachm. Simple Syrup one ounce. Mix. Give at one dose and repeat if necessary in five hours. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. This occurs from eating irritating substances in the food, also from exposure to cold, or sudden chilling when in a heated condition ; from certain poisons, and from colic when not given proper attention. Symptoms : — These very much resemble colic, but the pain is more continuous. There will be great uneasi- ness and whining, or brief disconnected cries. Pressure applied upon.the belly, produces pain. The breathing is fast and the pulse is rapid, with a high fever. Treatment: — Give twenty .drops of laudanum every two or three hours, or half a grain of morphine will answer the same purpose. Apply mustard to the belly, and after it has acted, which will take an hour or more, apply hot cloths or a poultice made of hot bran, all along the belly. Aconite is good in this disease, there- fore give the following : Fluid Extract Aconite Eoot , one drachm. Water eight ounces. Mix. Give tablespoonful every hour. Allow ice-cold water to drink, in limited quantities. Do not be in too great haste to effect a movement of the bowels,, but give slippery-elm tea or linseed jelly, and after recbvei:y has taken place, you may give a tablespoonful of castor oil. If the bowels are still costive, give a few injec- tions of warm water. 560 DISBASBS OP THE DOG. FITS— EPILEPSY. Fits are very often seen in the dog, on account of tha high state of development of the nervous system, ik being very tense and acute. Anything that will produce an irritation of the intestinal canal, is liable to produce fits, as indigestion, worms, etc., or it may be caused from some brain affection, as blood, pressure, tumors, or injuries causing pressure upon the brain, etc. Symptoms : — These, when once seen, are not readily forgotten. The dog will fall over and move its legs violently. There is chamjping of the jaws and frothing at the mouth. This may last for only a minute or possibly several minutes, when suddenly the animal rises, looks rather bewildered for a short time, then appears all right again, until another fit comes on. If the fits occur Very frequently, the animal will likely die from exhaustion. Treatment : — When fits are observed in young dogs, it is well to treat for intestinal worms. If tape-worm is suspected, give a wineglassful of pumpkin seed tea, on an empty stomach, every four hours until three doses have been given, then give half ounce of castor oil, or give a drachm of powdered areca nut, and follow it up with a physic. Or give two doses daily of finely powdered glass, for two or three days, then physic. If the fits are caused from- some brain affection, use ■ Bromide of Potassium . . . two drachms. Chloral Hydrate one drachm, "Water four ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful every two hours until the patient IS quieted, then give a teaspoonful twice daily for a week or ten days. Sometimes they will disappear and not return, but if there is structural change in the brain, they will likely terminate fatally. In all cases of fits the food should be of such a character as will be easily digested and keep the bowels soft. COUGHS — CATAKKH— COLDS. 561 GOITRE. This consists of a gradual enlargement of the thyroid glands, situated on the sides of the fleck a short dis- tance behind the jaws. These glands in their natural condition are small, but when they begin to enlarge, which they frequently do, no inflammatory action is noticeable, but they gradually increase in size until they acquire the proportions of a large goose egg. They do not always produce harm, but sometimes they press upon the windpipe to such an extent that they interfere with the preathing. The treatment consists of painting the parts once daily with tincture of iodine, for a con- tinued length of time^ Also give internally Iodide of Potassium two drachms. Water four ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful twice daily, and the enlargement will usually disappear in the course of two months. COUGH— CATARRH— COLDS. Dogs that are subjected to exposures of wet and cold, more especially in the spring and fall of the year, are very liable to catch cold, when they will cough, sneeze and riin at the nose, and sometimes considerable fever will rise, which, if neglected, may develop into more serious complications, as lung fever, etc. Treatment: — This is very simple and if attended to early, no bad results follow. Give two grains of quinine three times a day, in a piece of fried or boiled meat, and rub the throai well with mustard. Or use Raw Linseed Oil two ounces. Hartshorn ..two ounces. Turpentine two ounces. Mix. Apply to the throat twice daily. If it appears a 562 DISEASES OF THE DOG. little too strong, which it may be for some dogs, add a little more oil. Should a bad cough be present, use Syr. Squills two drachms. Syr. Tolu four drachms. Syr. Ipecac two drachms. Chloroform ten drops. Honey, or Simple Syrup. . -two ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful' three times a day. LUNG FEVER— PNEUMONIA— INFLAMMATION OP THE LUNGS. This disease is generally brought on from exposure to cold and wet, changes of temperature, change of climate, sudden chilling when heated, neglected catarrh or colds, etc. Symptoms: — The dog will appear somewhat stupid and not inclined to move about, very much. The head will be held in an extended manner. There is an - anxious look of countenance and a red or bloodshot appearance of the eyes. The breath is hot and the breathing painful and accompanied with a slight grunt at each expiration. The cough is short and somewhat distressing. The animal will frequently sit up for hours until through exhaustion, the forefeet slide for- ward and it falls down. By applying the ear to its sides the various sounds differing from the healthy lungs, will be readily observed. Treatment : — First place the dog in a good, comfortable place, where it is not too cold, and without draughts. Bandage the legs and body to keep it moderately warm. Allow it all the pure, cool, fresh water it will drink. Keep the bowels open and loose, feeding only such food as is soft and nourishing, as milk, broth, boiled rice, etc. Apply mustard drafts to the sides, rubbing well MANGE. 663 into the hair, and blanket immediately, to retain the fumes. Wash off in an hour and repeat again, as often as you deem it necessary. Internally, give Quinine one drachm, Dover Powder one drachm. Mix. Make thirty powders. Give one powder every four to six hours. Also get six ounces of mindererus spirits, and give a teaspoonful every two hours. Change the bedding frequently and keep the surroundings sweet and clean. ' RABIES— HYDROPHOBIA— MADNESS. As this disease is incurable nothing remains but to destroy the animal. For further particulars see treatise on this disease, among horses. MANGE. Causes : — This is quite a common complaint among dogs and is caused by a mite or parasite, of which there are different varieties, that burrows into the skin, some to a greater depth than others. Persistent treatrhent is called for, and then sometimes the disorder bafB.es all treatment applied. Again the parasites are more superficial, even working around among the scabs, in which case they are more easily reached and destroyed. They are usually transferred frqm one dog to another by the animals running together, or by sleeping in a kennel where a mangy dog has been kept, as they remain in a dirty kennel for an indefinte length of time. - S3Tnptoms : — The dog appears out of condition and is not active and bright. The skin is itchy, the animal frequently and persistently scratching itself ; or it sits down and rubs or scratches until sore spots are formed. The parasite usually makes its appearance in the form 564 DISEASES OF THE DOG. of red pimples or eruptions, around the inside of the hind legs, along the belly on the under side, around the elbows, about the eyes, and eventually spreading all over the whole body, when the hair either falls off or is Bcratcjied or rubbed off in patches, and scabs or scales are formed. The skin looks dry, harsh and scaly and emits a disagreeable smell, more especially on a damp day or if wetted a little. Treatment: — As the disease is due to a parasite which affects the skin only, internal remedies are not required any further than to open the bowels nicely and keep them in that condition. For this purpose give half an ounce of castor oil, or Powdered Jalap one drachm. Syrup one ounce. Mix. Give at one dose, then wash the dog thoroughly with soft soap and water, to remove all dirt and scabs. Dry off well and apply Oil of Tar one pint. Flower of Sulphur half pound. Mix thoroughly and rub it well into the skin, every day until four or five applications have been made. Wash the dog with soft soap and warm water every other day, to allow the medicine to get well into the skin. Or use Whale Oil one pint. Sulphur eight ounces. Mix. Apply in the same manner. Glean the kennel, thoroughly and burn up all straw, old rags, etc., and wash the walls with / Gorrosive Sublimate one ounce. Water one gallon. Mix. CANKEK OF THE EAR. 565 t RED MANGE— ERYTHEMA— INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN. This affection usually breaks out on dogs that are pampered and highly fed, without sufficient exercise, and consists of a breaking out or irritation of the skin, causing considerable itching. The scurf or ttiaterial which oozes out, has a reddish cast, causing the skin and hair to assume that color. It is not contagious and yields readily to simple treatment, which consists in reducing the dog somewhat in flesh. Give a physic, as castor oil, half an ounce; or epsom salts, a dessert- spoonful; or Powdered Jali|p two drachms. Simple Syrup two ounces. Mix. Give half and repeat the dose^ if necessary. Exter- nally, wash the skin with tar soap and water, then dry it thoroughly, and apply sparingly Friar's Balsam once daily for a few days, and a cure will result. Or use Sugar of Lead half ounce. Sulphate of Zinc four drachms. Water eight ounces. Mix, Apply twice daily for a few days. CANKER OF THE EAR. This is generally caused from injuries to the ear, either by cuffing it or by hitting it against some object, Or it may be caused by getting something in the ear, or by being in the water too much. ' ■^ Symptoms : — The dog will be observed to shake its head frequently and violently, making the ears flap and snap around its head. It will also dig and scratch In and around the ears with its paws, and sometimes it will carry its head to one §ide while walking. A foul Knell emanates from the ear, and the surrounding parts look red, swollen and inflamed. 666 DISBASES OF THE OOQ. Treatment: — If the disease lias not been too long neglected, it yields readily to treatment. First, refrain from giving any meats to eat. Use only soft food, and that principally Tegetables. Wash out the ear well, flaps and all, with either castile or tar soap, and warm water, dry it nicely then blow some iodoform into it, twice daily. Make a hood to go over the head, to con- fine the ears, so that the animal cannot flap or scratch them, and they will be well in a few days. Or you may pour the following into the ears, twice daily : Lead Water three ounces. Pure Soft Water .... three ounces. Mix. Use just enough to fill the ears, then apply to the flaps of the ears. Calomel on« drachm. Powdered Camphor two drachms. Oxide of Zinc Ointment .... one ounce. Mix. Then fasten on the hood to prevent scratching. j INLFAMMATION OF THE EYES. The eyes of dogs often become inflamed from injuries of various kinds, one of the most common being caused by the Spanish needle, a species of burr. Hunting dogs frequently get these into their eyes, at the inner corner beneath the membrane that shoots out to cleanse the eye. They may also become inflamed from getting dust into them, or many other various ways. Treatment: — Make strict search for anything that may possibly become lodged in these organs, and if found, remove it. The following lotion will assist greatly in the examination : Cocaine . ten grains. Water half ounce. Mix. Apply a few drops every thirty seconds, until the eye ' ,, WARTS AND TUMOKS ABOUT THE EYES. 567 ran be handled with ease. To reduce the inflamma- tion, use \ Sulphate of Zinc four grains. Atropine one grain. Water one ounce. Mix. Apply a few drops three times a day ; or, Blue Vitriol two grains. Atropine one grain. Water one ounce. Mix. ■ Apply a few drops twice a day. WARTS AND TUMORS ABOUT THE EYES. Small tumors sometimes appear at the inner corners of the eyes. They are generally fastened to the mem- brane which shoots out over the eye to cleanse it. They sometimes grow so large that they nearly or completely cover the eyeballs and they bleed quite easily ^.nd pre- sent an ugly appearance. Treatment : — Apply to the eye Cocaine ten grains. Water half ounce. Mix. Put a few drops into the eye every half minute until it can be handled at will, then fasten a hook or pair of forceps into the tumor, or in the absence of these, run a needle and thread through it, then raise it up gently until you can see the whole of it. Take a pair of sharp scissors and clip it off, and if it is then left alone, the wound will quickly heal. If it does not, however, use , Lunar Caustic one grain. Water one ounce. Mix. Apply a few drops daily for a few days. 568 DISEASES OF THE DOG. WOUNDS AND FRACTURES. The feet of dogs often become sore, especially hunt- ing dogs that run through long, wet and coarse grasses ; also thorns and stubbles, and injury likewise results from continued exposures to cold water. Not infre- quently the toe nails are torn off. These troubles should be attended to as quickly as possible. Treatment: — Kemove any foreign substances imme- diately, then poultice the foot with flaxseed or slippery- elm until the inflammation has subsided, after which apply Friar's Balsam, twice daily, or Carbolic Acid two drachms. Water one pint. Mix. Apply twice daily. Or, Sugar of Lead one ounce. White Vitriol half ounce. Water one pinti Mix. Apply twice or thrice daily. If the skin is torn much it should be sewed up, and any of the foregoing solutions applied. When medicines are applied to dogs the parts should be bandaged loosely, to prevent the animal from licking at the wounds. But if the injury is not serious it is just as well to let the dog lick it and not apply medicines, as they keep it clean and it heals quite rapidly. If any bones are broken, set them straight and apply splints and bandage. Use light, flexible splints and steep the bandage in thick starch water before applying. Allow the dog its liberty and they will heal in about a month. CHOREA. This consists of a derangement of the nervous system, and, so far, has proven incurable, when exist- ing to any great extent. It quite often follows debili- WORMS IN THE rtfTESTINES. 569 tating diseases, as distemper, etc. The symptoms observed are a twitching or quick jerking of a certain part or set of muscles, more frequently around the face, neck and forelimbs. Sometimes only one limb is affected and again the whole body. Occasionally it unfits a dog for any kind of work. After this disease becomes chronic it is apparently painless, but when developing, it is somewhat painful, as demonstrated by uneasiness and whining. WORMS IN THE INTESTINES. The intestines of the dog are more or less troubled , with worms. The two principal varieties that affect them, are the tape worm and the round worm. The latter are mostly observed, as about fifty per cent, of BOEDERBD KOUJJD WORM. the dogs examined after death, are found to be infested, with them. These worms do not always remain in the bowels but often find their way into the stomach, where MALE BODKM-TAILED ROUND WORM. they produce great irritation. Nor do they stop when they find access to the stomach, but occasionally wend their way into the lungs, ^throat, windpipe and nostrilSj ' fl creating so much disturbance that they are frequently '.'I 570 jjibeaSes of thb dog. attended with fits or spasme. The tapeworm is the most injurious of all the intestinal worms. They find their way into the intestines of the dog, through eating the brains of sheep, also from eating rabbits, and through many other sources. The tapeworm is in appearance, flat, and made up of joints, each joint ranging from one- eigth to a half inch in length. The entire length of the worm varies from a few inches to several feet. As fast as these joints mature, they pass away from the bowels, TAPEWORM. when they deposit their eggs. These are in turn con- sumed by hogs, sheep, rabbits, or some other animal, in the intestinal organs of which they hat«h, setting free a small worm which burrows through the bowels and locates itself in some part of the flesh or brain, and there becomes encysted, until eaten by some'other animal, or by some person, when it developes into another tape- worm. There are two leading species of tapeworm, which infest dogs, but as the treatment is the same, a description here is quite unnecessary. Symptoms: — Sometimes dogs will ha,ve an abundance of worms within them, without any symptoms to indi- cate their presence, but when you observe a dry, short cough, a staring coat, a hot and bad smelling breath, a craving appetite with a failure to take on flesh in proportion to the amount eaten, the bowels irregular, WORMS IN THE INTBSTINBS. 571 alternately with constipation and diarrhoea, with a desire to vomit, and sometimes vomiting worms followed by spasms, or frequent fits, the animal presenting a woe-begone appearance, rely upon it, it is troubled with worms. If the worms have gained access to the nose or throat, the eyes will look red and the counte- nance depressed, a frothy spume coming from the throat and mouth. The animal may sneeze, or bark and howl violently, or snap and bite at anything within reach. Treatment: — When tapeworm is present, the best mode to rid the patient of it, is not to allow anything to eat for twenty-four to forty-eight hours, then give a drachm of powdered areca nut with a little syrup. If it vomits this, give another drachm and tie the mouth shut to prevent vomiting. In the course of five or six hours, give a physic, as Powdered Jalap two drachms. Syrup two ounces. Mix. - Give half, and if the bowels do not move freely in four hours give the remainder. Or give Oastor Oil two tablespoonfuls. If this fails to remove it entirely, repeat the treat- ment in ten days, or the following will answer equally as well : Take a quarter of a pound of hulled pumpkin seed and add a quart of water. Simmer down to a pint, and after fasting for a day or two, give a wineglassful every two hours, until four doses have been given. Immediately after giving the last dose, give a physic. Either of the above will suflace. For the round worm, take Santonine half drachm. Copperas half drachm. Mix. . Make into seven powders. Give one powder every morning in a little milk or small piece of meat, on an empty stomach, until they are all given, then give a physic, as 572 DISEASES OP THE DOQ. '.: Castor Oil one ounce. Repeat the treatment in two weeks, if necessary. When the worms are lodged in the throat or nose^ inhalations of the fumes of burning sulphur, repeated evfery day for a few days, may dislodge them. Or forc- ing some powdered sulphur up into the parts, will greatly assist in removing them. WORMS IN THE KIDNEY. . This worm, which is called the giant strongle, locates itself in various parts of the body, but more especially in the kidneys. It measures from one to three feet in length, and from a quarter to a half inch in diameter, GIANT STRONGLE. apd is of a reddish pink color. Wherever it locates itself, it literally destroys that part. It destroys the kidneys completely, then drops into the abdominal cav- ity and causes the death of the animal. As yet all treatment has failed, although ten drop doses of turpen- tine given twice daily, if persisted in, might give the necessary relief desired. GONORRHOEA— CLAP. This disease is sometimes observed in the dog, but as a rule it causes very little inconvenience. It is often produced without any assignable cause, and since the , ways in which it may originate are so various, I will PARTTIRITION — PUPPING, 573 i not here designate any of them. The symptoms are observed by the discharge of matter coming' from the penis or accumulating around the end of the sheath, the dog often licking at it to keep the parts clean. Treatment : — Bathe and syringe the parts with warm water, once or twice daily, then wash with White Vitriol one drachm. Sugar of Lead one drachm. Water one pint. Mix. Apply twice daily, injecting a little at the same time. Use internally. Balsam Copabia half ounce. Tr. Cubebs one ounce. Spts. Sweet Nitre half ounce. Tincture Kino two drachms. Sulphate Morphine five grains. Syrup two ounces. Mix. Give a teaspoonful twice daily. PARTURITION— PUPPING. This generally takes place between the sixty-second and sixty-fourth day, and after it has commenced, from a quarter of an hour to an hour generally elapses between the birth of each puppy. Many bitches are lost every year from this cause. There seems to,^e a natural propensity for bitches to co-habit with dogs much larger than themselves, and their lives are for- feited for so doing. Bitches should have considerable exercise when pregnant, as delivery is much safer and easier than when they are penned up and exercise denied them. But when the time has arrived and the delivery is a little prolonged, do not meddle too much ; give a little time. If, however, she cannot deliver and the puppy is either too large or is dead, oil the finger8 574 DISEASES OF THE I>OG. and go at the work of delivery gently. Use slight pres- sure along the belly until you can feel the head from bedind, then fasten a string over it or a pair of forceps and use gentle traction until it is delivered. After one is delivered, she may de^iver the balance herself, so allow her a little time and see, but if it is absolutely necessary, continue until you have gotten them all. The bitch should be kept in a warm, comfortable place and fed on soft, nutritious food. While giving milk and sucking her young, she should be well fed, allowing her some cooked meat every day. If, however, she should commence to fail rapidly in flesh and have a poor appetite, the puppies should be weaned at once and fed on boiled milk. When the time arrives to wean the puppies, care should be exercised to keep the teats from swelling and becoming hard and inflamed, or should the pups all die, the same trouble is to be expected. The bitch should be milked frequently and bathed with hot water, after which use Camphor Gum one ounce. Lard three ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily. Sometimes, but fortunately not often, the bitch has after-pains after pupping, and forces the womb out. This organ should be washed in- warm water, to which should be added a little alum, after which it should be returned with gentle pressure and the parts bandaged to prevent its coming out again. Give five drops of laudanum every half hour until four or five doses are given, to prevent the pains. If, how- ever, the womb has been out very long and gotten into such a condition that it cannot possibly be returned, tie a strong silk cord around it, close up to the body, and in the course of a few hours cut the parts off about an inch back of the cord. Many bitches may be saved by FLKAS. 575 this operation. After the parts are cut off cover the M'ound with iodoform, and some iodoform and vaseline may be used as ,a dressing, for a few days afterwards. FLEAS. These are very lively insects, which infest dogs, and cause considerable annovnnoe and worrv. The irrita- THE DOG FLEA, OB qHIGGHK. tion produced by them causes the animal to scratch and dig at the parts attacked, considerably. They are very CAT FLEA. «asily gotten rid of by rubbing Persian insect powder down into the roots of the hair, then wrapping the dog in a sheet for a few minutes. ' Or by taking tar soap 576 DISEASES OF THE DOG. and applying it to the wetted hair until a very heavj, lather is produced. Allow it remain on for twenty minutes, then wash off thoroughly. Coal oil or oil sassa- fras rubbed through the hair will also dispose of them. Cats are also troubled with fleas and they may be gotten rid of in the same manner. LICE. There are two kinds of lice which infest dogs; the blood-sucker and bird-louse. They are best destroyed by using a strong solution of tobacco juice, or by sifting wood ashes into the hair. Whale oil will also kill them. BIRD LOtrSE. Or better still, take a quarter pound of stavesaore seeds, make a strong tea of them, and bathe the skin well every fourth day, for three or four applications. You will completely destroy the lice, and in that time the nits will all be hatched out. USEFUL DRUGS AND MEDICINES PRESCRIBED IN THE TREATMENT OF LIVE STOCK, WITH DOSES, ETC. Acetate of Lead, Sug:ar of Lead — Checks bleeding, especially from the stomach and lungs. When com- bined with opium it is used to check diarrhoea and dysentery. Externally, it heals burns, scalds, bruises and moist ulcers or sores, as well as itching skin com- plaints and cracked heels. When applied externally, mix half ounce in a pint of soft water. DosBS : — Horses^nd cattle, one drachm ; calves and sheep, fifteen grains ; pigs, two grains ; dogs, one grain. To be given twice daily. Price per pound, 25 cts. Aconite, Tincture of — Relieves pain and inflammation, lowers temperature and produces sweating. Doses : — Horses and cattle, twenty to thirty drops ; sheep and pigs, five to ten drops; dogs, one to four drops. Price per pint, 60 cts. Aloes, Barbadoes — Used as a physic, but should not be given to mares with foal. It is not much used for cattle. DosBS : — Horses, four to ten drachms ; cattle, one to two ounces ; sheep, half ounce to an ounce ; hogs, two to five drachms; dogs, one drachm; colts, about five grains to every week of its age. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts.; powder, per pound, 35 cts. (577) 878 MEDICIWES VND THEIE trSES. Alum — Alum is procured in either lump or powdered form and is seldom given internally. It is used prin- cipally in sores and in ulcerated condition of the mouth. Also when mixed with wheat flour to arrest bleeding and the flow of joint oil from open joints. It is quit© extensively used as a healing powder, when mixed with iodoform. It is a convenient gargle for sore throat. Occasionally it is given internally along with opium in diarrhoea and dysentery. Doses: — Horses and cattle, two to four drachms; sheep and pigs, one drachm ; dogs ten to twenty grains. Price per pound, 8 cts. Ammonia, Aqua or Liquid — It is used as a stimulant, relieves spasms of the bowels and bloating and also acts upon the kidneys, causing flow of urine. When given internally it should be well diluted with water. It is principally used in making linaments. Doses : — Horses, half ounce ; cattle, one ounce ; sheep and pigs, two drachms ; dogs, ten drops. Price per pint, 10 cts. Ammonia, Carbonate — This comes in the solid form and has the same action as the liquid ammonia, varying only in strength. Doses : — Horses, two to four drachms ; cattle, three CO six drachms ; sheep and pigs, twenty grains ; dogs, five grains. It is given either in pills with linseed meal or dissolved in cold gruel. Price per pound, 17. cts. . • Anise Seed— Soothes an irritable stomach, relieves indigestion and bloating, and acts as a mild stimulent. Doses : — Horses, one ounce ; cattle, one to two ounces; sheep and swine, two drachms; dogs, thirty grains. * Can be repeated several times a day. Price ■>er pound, 22 cts. MEDICINES AND THEIE USES. 579 Antimony, Tartrate, Tartar Emetic— Causes a discharge from the nostrils, lowers the heart's action, and pro- duces sweating. Externally it is used to cause small pustules or blisters, and acts as an irritant. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to four drachms, given three or four times daily. Causes vomiting, when given in doses of from four to ten grains, in hogs and dogs. Price per pound, 55 cte. Antimony, Butter of— Is used as a caustic for thrush and canker, and unhealthy granulations ; for foul in the feet of cattle, and foot-rot in sheep. It should be used with great caution, as it is very powerful, and cannot be diluted with water. Price per pint, 35 cts. Animal Charcoal — Is prepared from bones. It is used to destroy foul smells, arrests putrefaction, purifies water when passed through it, and is an antidote in poisoning by arsenic, aconite and strychnine. I Doses : — Horses, half ounce to an ounce ; cattle, one ounce ; sheep and pigs, two drachms ; dogs, twenty grains. It is usually given mixed with gruel. Price per pound, 10 cts. Areca Nut — Is principally used to expel worms from dogs, proving distructive alike to tape and round worms. Doses : — For dogs, from twenty grains bo two drachms. Prior to giving, the dog should fast for two days. Price per pound, 40 cts. Arnica, Tincture — It is principally used externally, in cases of strains, bruises and wounds, and esiiecially in broken knees and sore shoulders. It is usually mixed in the proportion of one ounce of arnica to ten of water, to which is frequently added four drachms of sulphate of zinc. For painful wounds or bruises, it is often mixed with chloroforpi or laudanum, and diluted with water according to circumstances. Price per pint, 50 cts. 19 580 MEDICINES AND THEIB USES. Arsenic-^is used to alter the condition of the system, by toning up the nerves. It is useful in dyspepsia and indigestion, and in promoting recoveries from prolonged 'attacks of iniiuenza or distemper. Externally, it is used to take off warts, and slough out fistula. In such cases, it is generally mixed one ounce of arsenic to four of lard or vaseline. It is much used in sheep dips. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to six grains ; sheep, one to two grains ; hogs, two to four grains ; dogs, one- fifteenth to one-tenth grain. . It may be given once daily, and continued for a week or ten days. Price per pound, 10 cts. Asafoetida — This is a mild stimulent, and relieves spasms and pain, as well as irritation of the stomach and bloating. It also causes the expulsion of worms. Doses :-^Horses, two to four drachms; cattle, one ounce ; sheep and hogs, one di;achm ; dogs, fifteen grains. It may be given several times a day. Price per pound, 35 cts. Atropine — This allays pain,, soothes spasms of the bowels, and if given in laiige doses, causes paralysis. It is most generally used in eye washes. It is seldom used internally, being too powerful. Price per drachm, 50 cts. Belladonna — Soothes spasms of the bowels, allays pain, and is frequently given in spasmodic colic, in half drachm doses of the extract, or ounce ■ doses of the tincture. It is very useful in tetanus, or Ipckjaw. It also causes dilatation of the mouth of the womb, -w^hen applied. The doses of the extract are, for horses, one drachm ; cattle, two drachms ; sheep, ten grains ; dogs, iwo grains. Solid extract per ounce, 40 cts. ; tincture per pint, 90 cts. Benzoin — Used as a mild stimulant, expectorant and a,rrests putrefaction. The compound tincture of ben- MEDlCrNBS AND THEIR USES. 581 zoin, which is usually known as Fryer's Balsam, is quite extensively used as a stimulant and healing rem- edy for v^ounds, ulcers, and various skin complaints, in all classes of patients. Fryer's Balsam per pint, 70 cts. ; gum per pound, 60 cts. BlueStone, Blue Vitriol— See copper Sulphate. Price per pound, 20 cents. Buchu — Is a mild stimulant and tonic. It also has a soothing action upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. The doses of the tincture are, for horses and cattle, one ounce ; sheep and hogs, four drachms ; dogs, one drachm. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts. Calomel — When conjoined with aloes, it acts as a physic. It has a direct action upon the liver, causing an increased flow of bile, which it expels from the duo- denum, or first bowel. Externally, when applied to old sores or indolent ulcers, it assists greatly in the healing process. It aljSO destroys the parasite of scab or mange, kills lice and is useful in cracked heels. It is one of the best remedies for thrush in the horse's frog. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one drachm ; sheep and pigs, ten grains, dogs, two grains. It is not used alone as a physic, but is combined with other drugs, as aloes, epsom salts or oil. Price per pound, $1. Camphor — Camphor is a nerve stimulant and assists in controlling spasms of the bowels. Externally, it is applied in the form of spirituous solution, to allay itch- ing, and is soothing to bruises and sprains. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two drachms ; sheep and pigs, twenty grains; dogs, five grains. Gum, per pound, 70 cts. ; tincture, per pint, 60 cts. Cantharides — Cantharides is a stimulant and acts upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. It also causes an increased desire for sexual interqoursa, 582 MEDICOfES AND THEIR USES. when given in small doses. Applied externally, it. acts as a counter-irritant and causes blisters to form in from one to twelve hours. Doses : — Horses a,nd cattle, from ' four \o twenty grains; sheep and swine, two to seven grains; dogs, half grain to two grains. To be given once or tvnce daily, usually in the form of a pill, or in iiaxseed gruel. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; powder, per pound, $1. Capsicum, Cayenne Pepper, Red Pepper — This is used as a stimulant and tonic, promoting digestion and irajirov- ing the appetite. Doses :— Horses and cattle, three to four drachms ; sheep and hogs, one to two drachms ; dogs, half drachm. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts. ; powder, per pound, 30 cts. Carbolic Acid — It arrests putrefaction and destroys parasites and' germs, when applied locally. It is also a stimulant and caustic. It is employed mostly in heal- ing lotions, when it should be diluted with water, oil, or glycerine in the proportions of one to twenty or thirty. Doses : — Horses and cattle, fifteen to thirty drops ; sheep and pigs, six drops ; dogs, one drop. It is best given in a pill, mixed with linseed meal. Price per pint, 40 cts. Cardamons — Has the same actions as anise seed, and is given in the same doses. See anise seed. Price per pound, $1. Castor Oil — This is principally used as a physic. As it causes no irritation or griping, it is frequently pre- scribed in diseases of the digestive organs and can be safely administered in advanced pregnancy. It is the best physic for foals and calves. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one pint; sheep and pigs, two to four ounces; dogs, one to two ounces. Price per pint, 30 cts. MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 583 Catechu— This is an astringent, and causes a binding up of the bowels when administered, and is given when there is bloody discharge from the bowels, in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery. Doses:— (Powder.)— Horses, one to three drachms; cattle, one to five drachms ; sheep and swine, one to two drachms; dogs, four to twenty grains. To be given three or four times a day, with gruel. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; powder, per pound, 20 cts. Chloral Hydrate— This drug is quite extensively used in the treatment of live stock, to allay pain, quiet irri- tability and cause sleep. It is used in cases of flatulent and spasmodic colic, brain troubles and nervous disor- ders, as tetanus, hysteria, etc. Doses : — For horses, two to eight drachms ; for cattle, four drachms to one ounce ; sheep and pigs, one drachm ; dogs, ten grains. Can be repeated ever two or three hours, and should be well diluted. Price per pound, $1.10; Chloroform — By whatever channel it enters the sys- tem, it slightly stimulates at first ; excitement follows, then sleep. It allays pain, whether taken internally or applied locally, and is a valuable remedy when given for spasmodic colic. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two drachms ; eheep and swine, twenty to forty drops ; dogs, five to ten drops. It should be given mixed with syrup, muci- lage, whisked egg, or weak spirits, and may be repeated at intervals of from one to three hours. Price per pound, 75 cts. Cbcaine — When administered internally, small doses are stimulant and tonic. When applied externally, it diminishes sensibility to pain, and is most frequently used in making examinations of the eye. By mixing ten grains with an ounce of water and applying a few 58 i MBDICINBS AND THBIB USES. drops to the eye every thirty seconds, it deadens the pain so that an examination can be made without diffi- culty, when chaflf and other foreign substances can be easily removed. Price per grain, 2 cts. Cod-Liver Oil — This is prepared from the liver of the codfish and is a very nourishing tonic, changing the system in such a manner that it lays on flesh quite rap- idly. It is very useful for weak and sickly colts and calves, and for animals convalescing from a lingering attack of distemper and influenza. Doses : — Horses and cattle, two to three ounces ; sheep and pigs, one ounce ; dogs, one to four drachms. It may be given twice daily and continued for weeks, if required. Price per gallon, $1.25. Copaiba Balsam — This medicine is not much used in practice, save in diseases of the urinary organs, and in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Price per pound, 65 cts. Copper Sulphate — Given in large doses, it is an irri- tant, but in medicinal doses, it is a valuable tonic and astringent. Externally it is used as a stimulant, astringent and caustic. It is used in eye washes, as a dressing for sluggish wounds, for the removal of warts, to cut ofi:' unhealthy granulations and to arrest bleeding. , Doses : — As a tonic and astringent, horses take one to two drachms ; cattle, one to four drachms ; sheep, twenty to thirty grains; pigs, five to ten grains; dogs, one grain. It should be given while eating or immediately thereafter. Price per pound, 20 cts. Copperas — See Iron Sulphate. Price per pound, 4 cts. Corrosive Sublimate—This is a preparation of mercury and is an irritant poison. It should not be given inter- nally, except when prescribed by an expert. Externally it is used to arrest putrefaction, promote healthy granu- MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 585 lations, to destroy indolent ulcere, for the destruction of parasites and as a caustic. It is used also, in many itching skin diseases. When used externally, it should be diluted according to circumstances. Price per pound, 90 cts. Cotton Seed Oil— This is obtained from the seeds of the cotton. It is a dark, brownish red, fixed oil, and is principally used in making liniment. Price per gallon, 75 cts. Croton Oil — This is obtained from the croton seeds, and is a drastic physic, producing griping. It is seldom given alone but is usually mixed with other purgatives, when a quick action of the bowels is required. It is sometimes used externally, as a blister, but is more frequently mixed with other medicines, in the forma- tion of liniments. It is used quite often to physic cattle. Doses :-^Horses, fifteen to twenty drops ; cattle, half ■, drachm to two drachms ; sheep and swine, five to ten drops; dogs, one to three drops. Price per pint, $1.25. Cubebs, Tincture — The chief use of cubebs is for the relief of inflammation of the urinary passages, and like copaiba, it has long been used for the cure of gonorrhoea. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one ounce ; sheep and swine, half ounce; dogs, two drachms. To be given twice daily. Price per pint, 50 cts. Digitalis — Digitalis grows wild in this country on gravelly, sandy soil, more especially hilly pastures. It has a direct action upon the heart and kidneys, giving force and strength to the former and causes an increased flow of urine from the latter. Doses : — Of the powdered leaves horses take ten to thirty grains ; cattle, half drachm to a drachm ; sheep and swine, eight to ten grains ; dogs, one to four grains. 586 MEDIOnraS AND THEIK USBS. Of the tincture, horses and cattle take two to four drachms ; sheep and swine, one drachm ; dogs, two to five drops. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts. Emetic Tartar — See Antimony Tartrate. Price per pound, 55 cts. Epsom Salts, Mag:nesium Sulphate— This salt is used as a physic, to reduce fever and to alter the condition of the system. It is more extensively used for cattle and sheep, as its action upon the bowels gives better results than any other physic. Doses : — As a physic for grown cattle, a pound to a pound and a half; calves, two to three months old, three to four ounces ; sheep and pigs, four to six ounces ; dogs, two to four drachms. For other purposes, as to lower fever and regulate the bowels, give one-fifth to one-eighth of the above doses. It should be well diluted with water. Price per pound, 7 cts. Ergfot of Rye — This is obtained from blasted rye, and is given to assist in difficult parturition, when the labor pains occur at long intervals. It is also of great benefit after parturition, to cause contraction of the womb and arrest bleeding from this organ. Doses : — Mare and cow, half an ounce to an ounce ; sheep, swine and bitches, one drachm. Repeat at intervals of half an hour or an hour. Tincture, price per pint, 60 cts. Ether Nitrous, Spirits of (Sweet Spirits of Nitre)— This drug is an excellent stimulant, produces sweating and also acts upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. It is very useful in the various forms of colic, acting as a stimulant and controlling the pain produced by spasms. It is also useful in lowering fever. '^ Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to three ounces ; •heep, two to four drachms ; pigs, one to two drachms ; dogs, one drachm. It should be well diluted with cold MEDICINES AND THEIK USES. 587 water, and should be given as quickly as possible after it is diluted. Price per pint, 40 eta. Ether, Sulphuric Ether— This is quite a valuable rem- edy and is used as a stimulant and to relieve spasms of the bowels. It is a useful remedy in flatulent colic, to relieve bloating. It is also used to produce sleep, the same as chloroform. It is also very useful where there is pain or cramping of the bowels. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two ounces ; sheep and pigs, two to four drachms ; dogs, one drachm. It should be well diluted with cold water before giving, but should not be diluted until ready for use. Price per pint, 75 cents. Foenug;reek — This has the same action and uses us anise seed, and is given in similar doses. See Anise Seed. Price per pound, 10 cts.' Gentian — This is a pure bitter, and is used to tone up the stomach and promote digestion. It improves the appetite and general tone. ' It is an excellent stimulat- ing tonic in influenza and other epizootic diseases. It is also beneficial for horses jaded and over-worked, or suffering from slight cold. Doses :^Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; sheep, one to two drachms ; pigs, one drachm ; dogs; tdn to fifteen grains. To be given twice or thrice daily. Price per pound, 15 cts. Gentian, Tincture of — Has the same actioh as the powder, and is given for the same purposes. Doses about the same. Price per pint, 50 cts. Ginger^— Ginger is used as a stimulant, tones up the stomach and relieves bloating, and cramps of the bowels. It promotes digestion and increases the appe- tite. ^When mixed with physic, it diminishes the ten- dency to nauseate and gripe. 588 MEDICINBS AND THEIB USES. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half ounce to one ounce ; sheep, one to two drachms ; pigs, half drachm, dogS, ten to twenty grains. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; pow- der, per pound, 30 cts. Glauber Salts (Sulphate of Soda) — This is given as a physic ; also to reduce fever ; increases the secretion of bile in the liver, and has a slight action upon the kidneys. Doses : — As a physic, cattle take a pound to a pound and a half ; horses, one pound ; sheep, two to four ounces ; dogs, one ounce. It is usually combined with a little ginger, and should be well diluted with water. Price per pound, 5 cts. Glyc3rrrhlza (Licorice Root) — This resembles sugar in its medicinal uses, and is occasionally used in irritation of the mucous membrane of the windpipe. Also to cover the disagreeable taste and odor of various drugs. Price per pound, 20 cts. Goulard's Extract — This is used externally as an astringent. Also as a cooling or soothing application, to reduce inflammation of the testicles, when it is usually mixed with laudanum, in the proportions of one ounce of each to a pint of water. Price per pint, 20 cts. Hellebore — Hellebore is used to expel worms from the bowels. When given as a physic it produces grip- ing and in large doses produces vomiting. It is some- times used externally and is a dangerous remedy when not used with great care. Price per pound, 30 cts. Hemlock, Oil of— This is used in the formation of various liniments and is very fatal if given internally. Price per pint, 40 cts. Hoffman's Anodyne — Consists of oil of w:ine, three parts ; ether, sixty-four parts ; rectified spirits, one hundred and twenty-eight parts. It is used to allay MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. ' 589 restlessness, sleeplessness and nervous disturbances, especially in the absence of ferer, and is a convenient remedy for flatulentcy or bloating. It may be used in All cases in which sulphuric ether is given internally. Doses : — Horses, one ounce ; cattle, two ounces ; sheep and pigs, two drachms ; dogs, half a drachm. Price per pint, 65 cts. Hypo-Sulphate of Soda— This remedy is used to destroy odors, arrest putrefaction and for the destruction of Insects. It is beneficial in attacks of fever, and relieves acidity of the stomach and bloating in badly fed young salves. It is also used to diminish the offensive secre- tion and to abate the low fever occurring in distemper in dogs. ' Doses : — Horses and cattle, two to four drachms ; eheep and pigs, twenty to thirty grains ; dogs, two to five grains. It may be given several times daily. Price per pound, 7 cts. Iodoform — This is used to prevent putrefaction and destroy foul smells. It is beneficial in healing wounds and sores, by being dusted upon the wound, but it is usually mixed with powdered alum for this purpose, in the proportion of one ounce of iodoform to four or six of the alum. Price per ounce, 40 cts. Iodine — Iodine is prepared from the semi-vitrified ashes of sea- weed. Medicinal doses arrest putrefaction, alter the condition of the system and act as a mild stimulant. It exerts its effects especially on mucous membranes, skin and lymphatic glands. Externally it is applied to arrest putrefaction and as a counter- irritant or blister. It is used in chronic inflammation of the joints, wind-galls, bog spavin, strains of tendons and enlargement of the udder, and other glands. ^ Doses : — For horses and cattle, twenty grains to a 590 MEDICINES AND THEIK USES. drachm ; sheep and pigs, ten to twenty grains ; dogs, three to eight grains. To be repeated once ot. twice daily, and to be given a couple of hours after eating. When applied externally it is used in the form of a tincture. Powdered, per ounce, 35 cts. ; tincture, per pint, 85 cts. Iron Sulphate, Copperas — This is a good blood tonic and astringent, when given internally. Applied extern- ally, it is an astringent and arrests bleeding and pre- vents putrefaction. It improves the appetite, dimin- ishes exhausting discharges and abates glandular enlargements. It is especially beneficial when given to young horses, cattle or sheep which have been poorly kept, and whose blood is in a bad condition. It is also used to expel intestinal worms. Used externally, when dissolved in water, it is an excellent remedy for cracked heels and scratches. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two drachms ; sheep and hogs, ten to twenty grains ; dogs, two to ten grains. May be given twice or thrice daily, and is usually combined with gentian or ginger. Price per pound, 4 cts. Jalap — Jalap is principally used as a physic for dogs. It increases the flow of the bile from the liver, and assists in the expulsion of worms. Doses : — Dogs, one to two drachms. It is best given combined with calomel, in the form of one drachm of jalap to three grains of calomel. Price,, per pound, 60 cts. Kino — Kino is an astringent and causes a binding up of the bowels. It is used principally in the treatment of diarrhoea. Doses : — Horses, half ounce ; cattle, one ounce ; sheep and pigs, two drachms; dogs, one drachm. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. MEDICINES AND THEIB USES. 591 Lanolin — Tills is prepared by steeping and boiling sheep's wool in water. It is principally used as a basis for ointments and liniments, and mixes readily with fats and oils. Price per pound, $1.00. Laudanum— See Opium Tincture. Price per pint, $1.00. Liquor Ammonia Acetatis (Liq. Ammonia Acet. — Minde- rerus Spirits.) — This is prepared by taking one ounce of acetic acid and seven ounces of water. Mix together and add carbonate of ammonia until it ceases efferves- cing. It should only be prepared shortly prior to use. It is a valuable remedy to -produce sweating, increase the flow of urine, reduce fevers and cause expectoration. It is useful in lung fever, influenza, strangles or dis- temper, scarlatina, erysipelas, colds and it bronchitis. It is often combined with other remedies, as epsom salts, chlorate and nitrate of potassiuni, gentian, ginger, quinine, etc. Where patients are weak and exhausted, it is usually combined with alcohol or sweet spirits of nitre. Doses: — Horses and cattle, two to four ounces; sheep, one to two ounces; hogs, half an ounce to an ounce; dogs, two to four drachms. Price pe;r pint 20 cts. Listerine — This is a proprietary medicine, and has about the same actions as carbolic acid. It is used in many healing lotions; also as a gargle for the mouth and throat. Price per bottle, 85 cts. Liverwort — This herb grows wild in the shady woods, of .North America, and is very seldom used i^ the treat- ment of disease. Price per pound, 40 cts. Lime, Chloride of — This preparation of lime is some- times known as bleaching powder, and is seldom given internally. Externally, it is used as a stimulant, and 592 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. to destroy the offensive smell from unhealthy wounds. It is more frequently used as a disinfectant, around stables where contagious or epizootic diseases prevail. Price per pound, 8 cts. Lobelia — The chief use of lobelia, is in the treatment of asthma, by relieving the bronchial spasm. It is quite frequently administered to check or relieve heaves. Doses of the Tinctuke — For Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce ; sheep and hogs, one to three drachms ; dogs, half drachm to a drachm. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts. Lunar Caustic — See Nitrate of Silver. Price per ounce, 70 cts. Magnesia, Sulphate — See Epsom Salts. Price per pound, 5 cts. Male Shield Fern, Oil of— This oil is principally used to expel worms. It is a very effectual remedy for tape- worm in dogs, sometimes dislodging them within three hours. Doses : — Horses and cattle, two to four drachms ; sheep and hogs, one drachm ; dogs, half drachm to one drachm. It is sometimes given with either turpentine or linseed oil, and may be repeated within three days. Price per ounce, 30 cts. , Mercury, Red or Biniodide— This form of mercury is seldom given internally, but externally it is used to produce superficial inflammation or blisters, ' and is generally mixed with one part of the mercury to eight of vaseline or lard. It is valuable in the treatment of spavin and ringbone, sprains or enlarged tendons, sind when applied around the throat, it sometimes relieves a chronic cough and roaring, wliere other remedies have failed. It should be used with care, or blemishes may MBmiCrNES AND TimiR USES. 593 be the result, as it may deertroy the hair roots, if used too freely. Price per ouace, 30 ots. Morphia, Sulphate and Muriate (Morphine.)— This is the active principle of opium, from which it is obtained. It may be used iu all cases where opium is required. See Opium. Doses: — Horses and cattle, ten to thirty grains; sheep and pigs, one to two grains ; dogs, one-eighth to one-half a grain. Price per ounce, $2.50. Nitrate of Potassium— See Potassium Nitrate. Price per pound, 12 cts. Nitrate of Silver (Lunar Caustic)— It is sometimes used as a tonic in chorea and epilepsy among dogs. It is seldom used internally, but externally, it is used as a caustic to promote healthy" granulations in indolent ulcers. Sticks of it are sometimes forced to the bottom of pipes, in fistulous withers and poll evil. It is an excellent dressing for obstinately sore teats in cows, as well as for foot-rot in sheep. It is useful in removing warts and other enlargements of the skin. A solution containing two to five grains in an ounce of water, abates pain and congestion of the eyes. It is, therefore, used in several eye lotions. Price per ounce, 70 cts.. Nitric Acid — This is an irritant and corrosive and leaves a yellow or brown stain on the skin. It is used internally as a stimulant and tonic to the liver, and can be given to horses convalescing from influenza, jaundice and other debilitating disorders. Externally, it is used to remove warts or other malignant growths, such as sometime appear in a bad case of grease-heel. When applied for these purposes, the surrounding parts should be' protected by being well oiled. * Doses : — Of the diluted medicinal acid, horses and cattle take one to two drachms; sheep and pigs> ten to 594 MEDICBSTES AND THEIR USES. twenty drops ; dogs, two to ten drops. It should always be well diluted with water. Price per pint, 9 cts. Nltro-Muriatic Acid — This very much resembles nitric acid, and is given for the same diseases and in the same doses as nitric acid. Price per pint, 15 cts. Nux Vomica — Nux "Vomica is the best nerve stimulant and tonic that is prescribed in veterinary practice. It is useful in dyspepsia and any stomach or nervous derangement, and may be used with, great benefit when convalescing from any exhausting or nervous diseases. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half a drachm to two drachms ; sheep, ten to forty grains ; pigs, ten to twenty grains ; dogs, half grain to two grains. Of the tincture, horses and cattle take half ounce to an ounce; sheep and pigs, one to two drachms ; dogs, five to ten drops. When twitching of the muscles is produced, cease giving. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts. ; powder, price per pound, 25 cts. Olive Oil (Sweet Oil) — Olive oil given in small doses, resembles cod-liver oil, becoming assimilated and assist- ing in the production of heat and fat. In large doses it acts as a physic, for which it is seldpm used. It is more frequently used in the formation of liniments, but is usually superseded by cheaper oil, as cottonseed oil, lard, linseed oil or vaseline. Price per gallon, 75 cts. Opium, Powdered- — No one remedy is more frequently prescribed than opium in its various forms. It can be given as a stimulant. Small and frequent doses pro- duce sweating ; larger doses relieve pain and spasms of the bowels, depress the activity of the brain and pro- duce sleep. It also relieves congestion and inflamma- tion and controls pain. It is useful in inflammation of the lungs, bowels, kidneys, bladder, or any internal or- gan. *It is useful in diarrhoea and dysentery and relieves MEDICINES AND THEIB USES. 595 cough, whether acute or chronic. It is very effectual in arresting premature labor pains. Externally it is used to relieve painful wounds, bruises, boils, or blistered surfaces, , as well as inflammation of the eyes, skin or joints. For such purposes, ten drops each of laudanum and Goulard's Extract, may be mixed with an ounce of water and freely applied. Doses : — (Powdered or gum opium.) Horses, one to two drachms ; cattle, two to four drachms ; sheep, ten to forty grains ; dogs, one to five grains. Price per ounce, 38 cts. Opium, Tincture of (Laudanum)— Tincture of opium and laudanum are one and the same thing, and are pre- pared from the gum of powdered opium. They may be used for all complaints where opium is indicated, such as colic, cramps, etc. See Opium. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one to two ounces; sheep, two to four drachms ; hogs, one to two drachms ; dogs, five to twenty drops. Price per pint, $1. Origfanum, Oil of — This oil is sometimes used to relieve the pain of carious teeth and neuralgia, but is, more frequently used in liniments. Price per pint, 40 cts. Oxide of Zinc — See Zinc Oxide. Price per pound, 15 cts. Podophyllin — This resin is taken from the mayapple or mandrake, and is used as a physic, but is very uncer- tain, unless combined with aloes, jalap or calomel ; it then relieves congestion of the liver. It is sometimes used to lower the heart's action, in acute rheumatism and other inflammatpry disorders in robust patients. "» Doses :— To cause an increased flow of bile from the liver, horses and cattle take one to two drachms, mixed with aloes, calomel or epsom salts. Dogs require one to two grains, with calomel one to two grains, which 596 MEDicninES and theib uses. may be mixed with an ounce of oil. Price per ounce^ 40 cts. Potassium, Bicarbonate— Given before meals, it in- creases the secretion of the juices of the stomach, and is sometimes given for rheumatism. The action upon, the kidneys is not so certain as the aCetate or nitrate. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce ^ sheep and pigs, half a drachm to a drachm ; dogs, ten to- forty grains. May be repeated several times a day^. well diluted with water. Price per pound, 20 cts. i Potassium, Sulphuret — Lairge doses are irritant. Small doses stimulate the secretions of the skin and alter the^ condition of the system. Externally, it is sometimes, used as a substitute for sulphur, in skin diseases. It. has been used in chronic cough and rheumatism. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to three drachms ;; dogs, two to ten grains. Price per pound, 30 cts. Potassium, Iodide of— This closely resembles iodine,, but is less powerful. It promotes absorption of deposits, reduces enlarged glands and lung consolidation. It is useful in rheumatism and skin diseases. Externally used, it is usually conjoined with' soap liniment and laudanum, and is applied to swollen, rheumatic joints- and to inflamed udders in cows and ewes. Doses :-v-Horses and cattle, two to five drachms ; sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains; dogs, five to. fifteen grains. May be given two or three times a day. Price per ounce, 25 cts. , Potassium, Bromide of— This form of potassium con- trols : irritability or excitement, whether exhibited in restlessness or convulsions. It is often given mixed:. with alcohol, chloral or opium. It quiets irritability from tetanus or lockjaw, in horses, and wards off" epileptic convulsions in dogs. MEDICINES AND THEIR USIS. 567 Doses :— Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce ; dogs, five to twenty graias. May be given every two or three hours. Price per pound, 40 cts. Potassium, Nitrate of (Saltpetre)— This drug is quite extensively used in veterinary practice. Large dosea are irritant and slightly laxative. Medicinal doses arrest putrefaction, alter the condition of the system, reduce fever and act upon the kidneys by causing an increased flow of urine. It is used quite largely in the treatment of febrile and inflammatory complaints, both in horses and cattle, and lessens the pain in fever and founder. Externally, when dissolved in water, it is an excellent application for bruises by dispersing the increased flow of blood to the parts, thue exerting ifce cooling eflPects. Doses :^Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce ; sheep, one to two drachms ; pigs half a drachm ; dogs, ten to thirty grains. May be given three or four times daily. Price per pound, 12 cts. Potassium, Chlorate of— This drug is quite extensively used in veterinary practice. It arrests putrefaction, alters the condition of the system, increases the flow from secreting glands and also the action of the kid- neys. It soothes and heals eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth and throat, while in catarrh, sore throat and distemper, it thins the secretions and promotes the dis- •charge from the nostrils. It lowers the pulse and fevers, cleans the tongue, improve^ the appetite ; gently stimu- lates the bowels and renders their evacuations more natural and less coated with mucous. It is useful in •distemper, epizootic and the various forms of influenza, coughs and colds, as well as in the treatment of purpura. Doses : — Horses and cattle, two to four drachms ; «heep and pigs, twenty to forty grains; dogs, five to 598 MBDICmES AKD THEIK USBS. fifteen grains. May be given three or four times daily. Price per pound, 30 cts. Potassium, Permang:anate of— This remedy is seldom given internally, but is used externally as a mild stimu- lant, and to destroy the odors of foul and unhealthy sores. It is used frequently as an injection into the vagina and womb, to destroy offensive odors, and in the treatment of leucorrhcea or whites, mixed in the pro- portion of one drachm of the permanganate to a quart of water. Price per pound, 40 cts. Potassium, Acetate of — Is used the same as the nitrate potassium, which it closely resembles in its actions, and is given in the same doses. Price per pound, 40 cts. Potash, Caustic — Caustic potash is attained from ashes and is used to cauterize snake bites and to remove warts and fungus growths, It is seldom used intern- ally. It is now used quite extensively in preventing the growth of horns on calves. This result is obtained by taking the stick potash and applying it over the parts where the horns grow, when the calf is two or three weeks old. First cut off the hair over the parts, then moisten them a little, then apply the potash spar- ingly, and no horns will grow afterwards. Price per pound, 60 cts. Prussic Acid — This drug is such a deadly poison that it is unsafe in the hands of an amateur and should only be given where it has been prescribed by a professional man. Dilute, price per pint, 50 cte. Quassia — Quassia is a bitter, which increases the appetite, tones up the system and expels worms. It is prescribed for dyspepsia, loss of appetite and in con- valescence from debilitating diseases. Doses : — It is usually given in the form of an infu^ sion, which is made by soaking for an hour^ one part of MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 5? 9 the chips to eighty parts of cold water. Of the infu- sion, horses and cattle take two to four ounces ; sheep and pigs, four drachms ; dogs, one drachm. Price per pound, 15 cts. Quinine, Sulphate — Quinine is obtained from the bark of cinchona, of which there are different varieties, yielding various amounts. It is used for the same dis- eases as cinchona bark, but being the extract is much stronger, it is given in smaller doses. It is given to tone up the system, improve the appetite and check fermentation within the bowels. It reduces fevers and hastens convalescence from debilitating diseases. Large doses sometimes check congestion of the lungs, thus cutting short an attack of lung fever. It is useful in influenza, protracted cases of strangles, and purpura, and other feverish attacks in horses ; also in fevered conditions in cows and ewes after delivering their young, and in bad cases of distemper in dogs ; or any disease which is caused from malaria. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half drachm to a drachm ; sheep and pigs, five to twenty grains ; dogs, one to eight grains. May be given two or three times daily. Price per ounce, 40 cts. Rectified Spirits — Rectified spirits very much resembles alcohol and is used for making all the spirits and a large number of the tinctures and extracts now in use. It is quite extensively used in its various forms. It stimulates the secretions of the stomach and improves the appetite in indigestion; it relieves bloating and controls the spasms of bowels, colic or intestinal colic ; also checks persistent diarrhoea, equalizes irregular cir- culation in chills and strengthens the heart's action; it is used in epizootic catarrh, sore throat, congestion of the lungs, bronchitis and pneumonia, and in all patients during lingering or debilitating disorders, or in any 600 MBDIOINES AND THEIE USES. case "Where stimulants are indicated. Used externally, it causes redness of the skin and acts as a mild irritant, entering, also, into the formation of various liniments. Doses : — Of the rectified spirits, horses take about one ounce ; cattle, on© to three ounces ; sheep, half an ounce ; pigs, two drachms ; dogs, one drachm. Whisky, gin and brandy, which are made from rectified spirits, , are not nearly so strong and may be given in much j larger doses, as often as occasion demands. Price per pint, 35 cts. Resin — This is obtained as a residue, in the prepara- tion of turpentine. It is a mild stimulant and acts upon| the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. Ex- ternally, it is used in the formation of various plasters. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two ounces ; sheep and pigs, half an ounce ; dogs, two drachms. Price per pound, 5 cts. Rhubarb — Rhubarb increases the tone of the stomach, causes an increased flow of bile from the liver and acts as a mild physic. Small and repeated doses, improve the appetite. It is usually given combined with aloes, epsom salts or some other cathartic, as it scarcely produces any purging effect upon the bowels of norses or cattle, when given alone. Doses : — To increase the tone of the stomach, horses take one ounce ; cattle two ounces ; sheep, one drachm ; dogs, ten to twenty grains. Price per pound, $1.00. Salicylate of Soda — This is prepared from salicylic acid and soda.. It is a whitish powder and is used consid- erably in the treatment of all kinds of rheumatism. Doses : — Horses and cattle take two to four drachms ; sheep and dogs, ten to fifteen grains. Price per ounce, 18 cts. ' ■ Salicylic Acid — Salicylic acid is a soft, light, white pow der. It is odorless, but when inhaled, irritates the MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. (>01 nostrils and has an action upon the liver which renders the bile more watery. It is used in dyspepsia where bloating occurs, and in diarrhoea in young animals to arrest fermentation. It is used in all classes of patients for rheumatism, whether acute or chronic. Externally, it is used conjoined with alcohol, in the treatment of skin diseases, where itching is a predominant symptom. Doses: — Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; sheep, hogs and dogs, ten to fifteen grains. May be given every one to two hours, but should always be mixed with either baking soda or borax. Price per ounce, 15 cts. Santonine — Santonine is used almost exclusively for the destruction of worms and is one of the best remedies for their extermination. When given at night, it should be followed by a brisk physic in the morning, or it may be mixed with the physic and given at the same time, upon an empty stomach. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two drachms ; sheep and hogs, two to ten grains ; dogs, one to three grains. Price per ounce, 30 cts. Soda, Bi-Carbonate of, and Carbonate (Baking: Soda)— These two preparations of soda counteract acidity and alter the condition of the system. When given a half hour before meals, they increase the secretion of the gastric juice. They are very serviceable in relieving indigestion and bloating, hence are given to relieve flatulent colic. ^ DoBES: — Horses and cattle, one to three drachms; sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains ; dogs, five to fif- teen grains. The ,bi-carbonate may be given in double the amount above Mentioned. Bi-Oarbonate, per pound, 7 cts ; Carbonate, per pound, 5 cts. Sodium, Chloride — Common Table Salt. 602 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. SodiTim, Sulphate— See Glauber Salts. Price, per pound, 5 cte. Spanish Brown — This is used, in various mixtures and contains a light percentage of sesquioxide of iron. Price, per pound, 5 cts. Spirits Frumenti— Whiskey. Squills, Syrup of— When given in large doses, squills causes vomiting and purging ; in small doses, it lowers the pulse rate and raises the blood pressure. It also causes expectoration, and increases the action of the kidneys. It is chiefly given in diseases of the air pas- sages and lungs, in the form of syrup. DoSBS : — Horses and cattle, two to four drachms ; sheep, hog and dog, ten to twenty drops. Price, per pint, 45 cts. Stavesacre Seeds — This seed is used for the destruc- tion of lice, and is the best remedy known for this pur- pose. It is prepared by taking one pound of the seeds, adding two gallons of water. Simmer over a slow fire, for two hours, then add water sufficient to make two gallons. It is then ready for use. Price, per pound, 25 cts. Strychnia, Strychnine — This is prepared from nux vomica and is given in all diseases where nux vomica is useful. See Nux Vomica. Doses : — Horses, one to two grains ; cattle, two to four grains ; sheep, one-fifth' to one grain ; hog and dog, one-fiftieth to one-twentieth of a grain. May be given twice daily. Price, per ounce, $1.50. ^ Sulphuric Acid — This acid is a corrosive, irritant poison, but is used to arrest putrefaction, to tone up (ind cool off the system. It is also used as an astringent, and is given in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It i» also useful in influenza tending to purpura. It is used MEDICINES AND THEIK USES. u03 externally in various liniments and as a blistering oint- ment, when combined with other remedies. Doses : — Of the medicinal acid, horses take one to two drachms ; cattle, two to four drachms ; sheep, half a drachm to a drachm ; pigs, ten to twenty drops ; dogs, two to five drops. May be given several times a day, freely diluted with water. Price, per pint, 5 cts. Sulphur — Flower of sulphur is quite extensively used. It acts as a mild physic, when given internally. Exter- nally, it is used' in various skin diseases, being very effectual in the cure of mange and scab, and is usually combined with tar oils. Doses : — To loosen the bowels, horses take one to four ounces ; cattle, three to six ounces ; sheep and pigs, one ounce ; dogs, two drachms. Ointments used exter- nally usually consist of one part of sulphur to four of vaseline or lard. Price, per pound, 8 cts. Sugar of Lead — See Acetate of Lead. Price per pound, 20 cts. Sweet Oil — See Olive Oil. Price per gallon, 75 cts. Tannin, Tannic Acid — This is used principally as an astringent in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It is useful in preventing bleeding.in the stomach, bowels or womb, also from the lungs. Externally it is used on ulcers of the mouth, sore teats, and piles. It is some- times used as an injection, in gleet and whites. Doses : — Horses and cattle, one to two drachms ; sheep, hog and dog, three to ten grains. Price, per pound, $1.50. Tansy, Oil of — This is used principally in the forma- tion of liniments. It is a useful application for bruises, sprains, muscular rheumatism and chronic ulcers. Internally it is sometimes used to relieve flatu- lent colic. It is also employed to produce abortion. 604 MEDICINES AND THEIK USES. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half a drachm to a drachm ; sheep, hcjg and dog, one to four drops. Price, per ounce, 25 cts. Taraxacum — This remedy is taken from the dande- lion, and is a good blood purifier, stimulates the liver, and is an excellent remedy for jaundice. Price, per pound, $1.85. Tartar Emetic— See Antimony Tartrate. Price, per pound, 55 cts. Tincture Opii Camph., Paregoric— This is a preparation of camphor and opium, benzoic acid, oil of anise, clari- fied honey and diluted alcohol. It is used to relive ab- dominal pains, or irritability of the stomach or bowels ; also for allaying cough. Doses : — Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce ; sheep, hog and dog, one to three drachms. Price, per pint, 60 ctfl. Tolu, Syrup of — This is principally used for coughs, colds, sore throat, or any chronic disease of the throat '' and lungs. Doses :— -Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; sheep, hog and dog, two to four drachms. Price, per pint, 50 cts. Verdigfris, Copper Subacetate— This is an irritant poison and is seldom used internally. Externally it is used as a caustic stimulant, astringent and antiseptic. It is ap- plied in the form of a powder, solution or ointment, and is made of one part of verdigris to eight or ten of lard, vaseline or water. Price, per pound, 50 cts. Vitriol, Oil of— See Sulphuric Acid. Price, per pint, 5 cts. Vitriol, White— See Zinc Sulphate. Price, per pound, 10 cts. Whiskey— See Rectified Spirits. MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 605 Witchhazel, Hamamelis— This is quite a valuable rem- edy, for sprains, bruises, wounds, inflammations, con- gestions, or injuries from any source, in soothing and controlling the inflammation. It also enters into the formation of many liniments. It is used also as a soothing application for piles. Price, per gallon, 75 cts. Wormwood, Oil of— This oil is used in the f ormr.tion of various liniments. Price, per ounce, 40 cts. Zinc, Chloride — This remedy is scarcely ever given in- ternally. Externally, it is used as a stimulant, astringent, caustic, and for the destruction of parasites, and is a valuable remedy in the treatment of canker of the foot. Price, per pound, 50 cents. Zinc, Oxide — Zinc oxide is mostly used externally, in the treatment of skin diseases. It is useful in relieving tenderness and itching, and assists in healing excoria- tions of the skin, being also frequently mixed with vaseline or glycerine, in the form of an ointment. Price, per pound, 15 cts. Zinc, Sulphate — This is seldom used internally, but externally it is used as a stimulant and astringent, to promote the healing of wounds and foul ulcers, and when combinfed with sugar of lead and water, makes the famous white lotion, a healing preparation. It is sometimes used in the treatment of diseases of the eyes. Price, per pound, 10 cts. INDEX, HORSE DEPARTMENT. PAOB. A Abscesses 174 Abscess, Cold 175 Aoltes 117 Albuminuria 117 Amaurosis 134 Amputation of Penis..,. 187 Aneurism 190 Anasarca 117 'Anssmia 62 Ankles, Cocked 222 Apoplexy 236 Arthritis 281 Asthma 72 Atrophy of the Muscles 271 Azoturla 54 B Barbed wire, Wounds from 212 Back, Sprained 275 Baths 18 " Tepid 18 " Warm 19 " Hot 19 " Medicated 19 Beets : 15 Bladder, Paralysis of 120 " Inflammation of J....127 " Everslonof .129 " Stoneln the ,. 131 Bleeding 32 " from the nostril 63 " after Castration •. ... 185 BUsterlng 30 Blood Spavin 253 Bloody Urine 119 Bog Spavin w 262 Boluses 27 Bone Spavin 248 Bots 112 Brain, InflammatloB of 144 (607) 608 mDEX. PASS. Bran U Brigbt's Disease IIT Bronchitis 68 Bronchocele ^ 23» Broken or Bruised Knees 267 Bruises 172 " oftheFrog 199 Burns or Scalds 16S O Callt Wounds 201 Calculus, Cystic 131 Canker 193 Capped Hock 287 Carpltis 268 Carrots 15 Carles of the Teeth 234 Castration 183 " Bleeding After... 18B Catarrh, Chronic 246 " Nasal 56 Chaff 13 Chafing hy the Harness ....154 Choking, ; 166 Chronic Bearing 57 Clap 12»' Cocked Ankles , 222 Coffin Joint Lameness 210 CoUc, Flatulent ; 49 " Spasmodic 45 Cold In the Head 66 " Ahscess 175 Congestion of the Lungs 70 " "Liver '. 99 " " " Skin ...147 Constipation 86 Contracted Heels , 202 Contused and Incised Wounds 23 Corn .:..'....' 15 Corns , 191 CoronltiB ,il .....: 209 Congli, Chrbnlc 68 Cramps 1 45 Crib-biters 168 Curb 225 OyBtitis 127 D Decay or Carles of the Teeth 234 Diaphragm, Spasm of , 75 Diarrhoea 89- Diabetes, Insipidus 116 Dislocation of the Patella 255 Disinfection 30. Distemper or Strangles 41 1 INDEX. C09 _ PAOB. Dronehes gj °'»psy •"V.'.'.!""'."""!'."y."!'.""";""^;\;'.;;;;52 oftheScrotum 121 Dropsical Swelling ..!!"!!."........!!...". ......117 Dysentery .'//.................... ." 91 Dyspepsia [' !!!!.".!!.!!! 108 Elbow Lameness 265 Enteritis 82 Enteritls-Muco :.... 84 Epilepsy 139 Epistaxis B3 Epizootic 43 Erysipelas 161 Erersion of the Bladder 129 " " " Rectum , 103 Eyes, Inflammation o( 133 Eyelids, Torn 136 Eye, Watering , 135 Facial Paralysis 163 Farcy 50 Feet, Inflammation of 163 Fetlock Joint, Sprain of i 261 Firing , 31 risbuloua Withers 182 Fits,'Falllng 139 Flatulent Colic 49 Flexor Tendons, Sprain of :.263 Fomentations 20 , Foods and Feeding .... 11 Foot, Gravel in 197 " Pumiced 198 Foul Sheath 125 Foander 103 Frog, Bruises of 199 Galls, Saddle or Collar 154 " Wind ; 219 Gastritis 92 Glanders. 50 Glossitis 105 Goitre 239 Gonorrhoea 128 Gorged Stomach 95 Gravel in Foot 197 Grains 14 Grass 16 Grease Heel 151 Gut-tie 110 610 INDEX. PAGB. H HEsmorrliagla Purpura 106 Eaematurea 119 Hcemorrholds 240 Harness 17 Hay 12 Heaves..^ 76 Heels, Contracted. 202 Hemiplegia .■ 97 'Hepatitis 101 Hernia 188 HldeBouua 158 Hind Limbs, Paralysis of 102 Hip Lameness 244 Hock, Capped 227 Hydrocele 121 Hydrophobia 241 Hysteria... 248 Icterus..' ^ 98 Incised and Contused Wounds 231 Indigestion 95 Inflammation of Bladder , 127 " " Bowels S2 " " Brain 144 " " Coronet , 209 " " Eyes 133 " Feet 163 " Joints 277-281 " Kidneys 124 " " Kaees 266 " " Liver 101 " " Lining Membrane of the Abdominal Cavity.. Ill " "Lungs 63 " " Lymphatics 77 " " Mammary Glands 133 " " Membrane, and Spinal Cord 145 " " Mouth 79 " " Stomach. , 92 •' " Testicles 130 " " Tongue 105 " "Udder 132 Influenza, Epizootic 43 Injections 25 Intestinal Obstructions 87 Introductory 9 Intussusception 110 Irregularities of the Teeth 233 Irritation of the Skin...'. 149 Jaundice 98 Joints, Open 277 DTDBX. 611 PAGE. K Knee Sprung.... 208 Enees, Inflammation of 286 " Broken or Bruised 287 Knuckling 222 L Lachrymal Duct, Obstructonof 135 Iiampas '. 81 Lamlnltts 163 Lameness, Coffin Joint 210 " Elbow 285 " Hip , 244 " Shoulder 272 " Stifle Joint... 265 Laryngo Pharyngitis ; 60 Leucorrhoea 122 Lice 157 Linseed 15 Lips, Paralysis of the 237 Llyer, Congestion of 99 " Inflammation of 101 Lockjaw 141 Lotions 23 Lungs, Inflammation of 63 " Congestion of 70 Lymphangitis 77 M Madness 241 Maize 15 Mammary Glands, Inflammation of 132 Mange 155 Moon Blindness 138 Mouth, Inflammation of 79 Muoo-Enterltls : 84 Muscles, Rupture of 245 " Atrophyol ...271 Mutilations 17 N Nails, Pricks- from 195 Nasal Catarrh 56 " Gleet 216 " Polypus 177 " Tumors 177 Navicular Disease 210 Nephritis 134 Nettle Rash 180 Nostrils, Bleeding from the .53 WoundsAbout. 179 Nostril, False, Tumor in 177 O Obstructions, Intestinal 87 Obstruction of the Lachrymal Duct. 135 Occult Spavin ^54 Odema --1 Ointments 24 20 6l2 DfTDEX. PAOB. Open Joint 877 Ophthalmia, Periodic !.... 188 Over-heating If! Ozena : 248 P Partial Paralysis 54 Psiralysls , 87 " oftheBladder i ISO " Facial 163 " ol the Hind Llmhs 103 " Lips,... ! 287 " Nerve ol Sight 184 Parrot Mouth 235 Patella, Dislocation of '. 255 Penis, Amputation of 187 Peritonitis Ill Periodic Ophthalmia,. 138 Pharyngeal Polypus 178 Phrenitis 144 Phymosis and Paraphymosls 186 Piles 240 Plasters 23 Pleurisy 65 Pneumonia 63 Poll Evil 169 Polypus, NasaK 177 Potatoes 15 Poultices 21 Powders 22 Pricks from Nails 195 Prolapsus Anl 108 Prurigb-Pruritus 149 Pumiced Foot 198 Purpura H^morrhagla.... 106 Q Quinsy 74 Qulttor..., .., 196 R Babies 241 Eectum, Eversion of 103 Retention ol Urine 1 126 Sheumatism 273 Eickets 282 Eingworm 181 EIngbone. 257 Eoaring, Chronic 67 Eupture j88 " ol Muscles 245 S Saddle or Collar Galls 154 Salivation 104 Sand Cracks 208 Scalds and Burns ., 163 Scratches'. 151 INDEX. 618 PAGE. Scrotum, Dropsy of 121 Beedy Toe 190 Sesamolditls 861 Sheath, Foul 126 Shoeing 3i Shoulder Lameness 272 Slip 269 Shoulders, Sore.. 154 Slde-boues.. 224 Simple Ophthalmia 133 Sltlast 159 Skin, CoDgestlon of 147 " Irritation of 119 Slings 81 Slobbers ,. 104 Sore Shlns;. i... 217 " Throat .60 Spasm ot the Diaphragm 75 Spavin, Bone — 248 " Bog 252 " Blood 263 Occult 254 Spinal Meningitis 146 Splint 215 Sprained Back ■ 276 Sprain ol the Fetlock Joint 261 " " ■' Flexor Teadons 262 " " " Suspensory Ligaments 260 Sprung Knee 206 Stabling • ' 18 Stifle-joint Lameness 25 > Stings ol Bees, Wasps and Hornets. . .-. 244 Stomach, Gorged ■: 95 " Inflammation of 93 " Staggers • 95 Stomatitis '^9 Stone in the Bladder 131 Strangles or Distemper 41 Straw 1^ Strlnghalt : 279 Stricture of the Urethra 123 Stump-suckers 188 Sunstroke 1*'^ Superpurgatlon 85 Suppositories 27 Surfeit 180 Swelled Gums 81 Legs, Stocking 221 Swelling, Dropsical ■ ;::'^^!' Swlnney • . 269-271 Synovitis ^81 614 II7DXX. PAQB. T Teeth „.., 283-292 " IrregnUrlties ol 233 " Wolf or Supernumerary 238 Teatlcles, Inflammation of 130 Tetanus Ul Thorough Pin 288 Thrush. 193 Thiunps 75 Toe, Seedy 190 Tongue, Inflammation ol 108 " Injuries 80 Toothache 234 Torn EyeUds .136 Tumora 230 " Na«al 177 In False Nostril 177 " " theThroat 178 U Udder, Inflammation ol.... '. 132 Urethra, Stricture ol 123 Urine, Bloody 119 Urine, Retention of , 126 V Vapors 24 W Warts 137 Water... 10 Watering Eye 135 Wheat and Bye 14 Whites 120 Wind-galls 219 Wlnd-pufls 219 Wind-suckers 168 Withers, Fistulous 182 Wolf Teeth 236 Worms 114 Wounds from Barbed Wire 212 " Calk 201 " Incised and Contused 231 " attheJolnts 277 " About the Nostrils 179 Y Yellows 98 CATTLE DEPARTMENT. Affections of the Second Stomach 325 Albuminuria 308 Apoplexy, Splenic 356 Aptha 295 , nrDBx. 615 _ PAGE. B Blackleg 385 Bladder, Hverslon of 342 " Inflammation of 341 Bloating 304 Bloody Urine 313 Bowela, Inflammation of 324 Brain, Inflammation of 314 Brlght'B Disease 308 Buckeyes, Pits from Eating 331 Calves, White Scours In i 303 Cancerous Ulcers 311' Oatarrhor Gold 816 Choking 318 Chronic Indigestion 321 Clap 315 Colic ; 328 ConJunctlTltlB 82fl Contagions Pleuro-Pueumoula ..SOT Cow-poi 362 Cystitis , 841 D De-homlng 3^ Diarrhoea 288 Dislocation of the Patella or Stifle 829 Dropsy of the Uterus or Womb 345 ■ Dysentery, Acute : 300 E Enteritis 824 . Epizootic Aptha 809 Bverslon of Vagina 844 Byes, Inflammation of 826 F Fardel-bound 333 First Stomach, Impaction of 336 Fits from Eating Buckeyes 331 Foot and Mouth Disease 809 Q aiossltls 295 Gonorrhoea 815 Grubs Under the Skin 858 Gut-tie 857 H Hssmatvirea 813 Hepatitis 327 Hide-bound 336 Hoven 804 1 Impaction of the Omasum 333 " " Rumen 338 Indigestion, Chronic 821 616 INDEX. PAGB. Inflammation of tlie Bladder 841 " " Bowels 384 '• " "Brain 314 " " " Eyes 32« " " " Kidneys 308 " " " Liver ..' ....327 " " " Lungs ....339 " " " Tongue.... .i 29B " "Udder ..353 Intestines, Strangulation of 357 J Jaundice ..830 K Kidneys, Inflammation of 308 L Leucorrboea 346 Lice 359 Liver, Inflammation of 327 Lockjaw 363 Lump-jaw 311 Ltmgs, Inflammation of .839 M Mammltls 353 Mouth, Sore 295 P Patella, Dislocation of 329 Phrenitis 814 Pleurisy 347 Pleura-Pneumonia, Contagious 307 Pneumonia 339 Q Quarter-ill 365 R Rheumatism 887 Elngworm 360 Eumen, Impaction of 336 S Second Stomacli, Affections of 325 Skin, Grubs Under 358 Sore Mouth 295 " Teats., 349 Splenic Apoplexy 356 Stifle-joint, Dislocation of 329 Strangulation of the Intestines 357 X Teats, Injuries and Obstructions in 350 " Sore 84g Tetanus or Lockjaw gej ■ Tongue, Inflammation of ggj Tongue, Ulcerated 297 Tympanitis 804 U Udder, Inflammation of jgi Ulcerated Tongue jgr Ulcers, Cancerous jjl Urine, Bloody US INDBX. 61T ., PAQJk V Vagina, Everslon of .- _ *. 341 W Warblss ...,. sag Warts ,.,, ggi WMto Scours In Calreu 308 Whites , 344 Womb, Dropsy of 815 Worms gg2 OBSTETRICAL DEPARTMENT. A Abdominal and Breast Presentation , 401 Abortion 374 Acltes or Abdominal Dropsy 4M After-blrtli, Retention of , 398 After-pains ., 895 Anterior PreaentBtlon 41T Apoplexy, Parturient 381 B Barren Horses and Cattle 371 Bleeding from the Navel 401 Brain, Water on 481 Breast and Abdominal Presentation 4BR O €ar« and Feedlns of Pregnant Animals 385 Colts, Diarrhoea la !4t8 Constipation Shortly After Blrtb 411 Oroup and Thigh Presentation 446 O Deriation of Head Upward and Backward 481 Diarrhoea in Ck^lta 113 Double-headed Monstrosity lOt Downward Deviation of the Head 42f Dropsy, Abdominal 4M E Eversion of the Womb 3M P Feeding and Care of Pregnant Animals 385 Flooding 898 Foetus, Twin, in Different Presentations 450 " Presentation and Position of ..114 Forelimbs Completely Retained ^ 421 " Flexed at the Knees 48{ Forelimb Crossed Over the Neck 414 H Head, Downward Deviation of 427 " Deviation of, Upward and Backward 488 " Lateral Deviation of , to the Kight or Left 42^ Hernia of the Uterus or Womb 401 Bind-leg Deviation, Anterior Presentation 184 Hind-legs, Deviation of, Into Genital Canal, Anterior Part of the Body Presenting 4St^ Bock Presentation ....Ittt Eydrocspiialus, Water on the Brain 4N 618 INDEX. PAGB. I Inflammation of ths Peritoneum 406 '• " Womb 408 U Labor Pains, Premature 397 Lateral Deviation of tbe Head to tbe BiKht or Left 4S9 Loin and Shoulder Presentation 449 .M Metro-Peritonitis 400 Milk Fever 388 Monstrosity, Double-beaded > 458 N Navel, Bleeding from tbe 408 " Rupture of 410 " Urine Passing from the 409 Normal Parturition, Necessary Aid In 377 O Odema 39S P Parturition, Its Symptoms, etc 382 " Necessary Aid in 377 Parturient Apoplexy, Milfe Fever 388 Perineum, Bupture of , 405 Persistence of the XJrachus 409 Post-labor Pains 395 Post-partum Hemorrhage 398 Posterior Presentation 438 S»egmancy, Swelling in 392 Regnant Animals, Care and Feeding of 385 Premature Labor Pains 397 Presentation and Postlou of the Foetus 418 R Betention of the Meconium 411 " " " Placenta 399 Bupture of the Navel , 410 " " " Perineum 405 8 ^tioulder and Loin Presentation 449 Sterility— Barrenness 371 Swelling in Pregnancy 392 T Tblgh and Croup Presentation 445 bansverse Presentation 448 Twin Foetus In Different Presentations .i. 458 U Umbilical Hemorrhage 408 " Hernia ; 419 Urine Passing from tlie Navel 409 W Vater on the Brain 459 ■#omb, Everslon of 392 " Hernia of 40i " lufiammatlonot ...40t INDEX. 619 SHEEP DEPARTMENT. FAOB. A Abortion 516 After-pains In the Ewe 513 Aptha .....484 B Black-leg 480 Bloating or Hoven 471 Braxy 472 Castration 519 Charbon 472 Clap or Gonorrboea 509 Cold or Catarrb 465 Concretions In the Stomacb 474 Constipation , 46S " In Lambs B04 Congestion ot tbe Liver 476 Costiveness 468 D Diarrhoea or Sconrs In Lambs 469 " " White Scours In Lambs «. BOt Distemper 477 Docking or Cutting Oft the Tall 520 Dysentery 478 E Epizootic 177 Ewe, Lambing in 611 F Flukes in the Liver 499 Foot Lameness 486 " Foul In *86 " and Mouth Disease 484 " Eot <«■ Fractures 608 ® Garget 616 Gonorrhoea amb9, Conatlpatlon In 804 Lloe «a Liver, Congestion of ^B " Inaammatlon of 47S LlTor-rot 49» Lockjaw KK Lung Fever 468 " cWorms B06 Lungs, Inflammation of 46t M Maggots 498 Mange or Iteh 490 MilkPever ..51T Murrain 480 P Pale Disease 506 Pneumonia...... 468 Parturient Apoplexy 518 " Fever 517 Puerperal Fever .51T Q Quarter-lU 480 S Sand In Urine 508 Scab 490 Scours In Lambs, orDlarrlioea 469 Sefliment in the Urine 508 Sheep-tlok ( 494 Slipping of Lambs , 516 Small-pox ...481 Sore Feet 486 Splenic Apoplexy... J 47J Stomach, Foreign Substances In 474 Stretches 468 T Tall, Cutting Oft the 620 fepe-worm 496 Tick ". 494 U Udfler, Inflammation of 618 Urine, Sand in 608 Urine, Sediment in 508 W White Scours In Lambs 604 Womb, Inversion of 614 INDEX. 621 HOG DEPARTMENT. PAGB. A Ague Oake 54O Anthrax 523 Apoplexy ..". .!!..!!.634 Catarrh or Snuffles 636 " Malignant Epizootic , 631 Charbon 623 Cholera 621 Constipation 639 Contagious Pueumo-Enterltls , 525 Coughs and Colds 63t D Delivery and Care of Young— Pigging 650 Diarrhoea or Scours 639 Diphtheria 641 E Epilepsy or Staggers 536 H Hog Cholera , 521 1 Itch— Scab— Mange 548 K Eldney Worms 546 L Lard Worms 546 Lice 547 M Malignant Epizootic Catarrh 531 Mange— Itch or Scab 54S Measles '. .- 544 P Plggtog..... 550 Piles 645 Pueumo-Enterltls Contagious 525 Q Quinsy 638 S Scab— Itch or Mange 548 Scours or Diarrhoea 639 Snuffles or Catarrh 536 Spleen Enlargement 540 Splenitis .....: 540 Staggers or Epilepsy 535 Strangles 538 T Tonsllitls 538 Trichina— Trichinosis 642 W Worms, Kidney or Lard 546 622 INDEX. DOG DEPARTMENT. PAOB. B BeHy-Aohe ...558 Bowels, Inflammation ot 659 C Canker of the Ear 565 Catarrh 661 Chorea 568 Clap or Gonorrhoea 572 Colds 561 Colic... 558 Constipation 657 . Costlvenesa — '. .657 Cough 581 D Diarrhoea ana Dysentery 555 Distemper 853 E Ear, Canker of the 565 Epilepsy 580 Erythema 565 "Eyes, Inflammation of 568 F Fits 560 Fleas 575 Fractures 668 G Goitre , 561 Gonorrhoea, Clap ^. 1 .' 572 H Hydrophobia 563 I Inflammation of the Bowels 659 " " " Eyes 566 " " Lungs 562 " " Skin 565 L Lice 676 Lung Fever 662 M Madness 568 Mange 663 " Eed 665 P Parturition 573 Pneumonia 562 Pupping 573 R Rabies 563 S Skin, Inflammation ot 565 T Tumors About the Byes 567 W Warts About the Byes 667 Worms bi the Intestines 669 " " " Kidneys 6TS Wounds and fractures 668 mt 4 i I I ' ''r'l ^'Iftt,'^ ■ill, it .:ni-l:!-!i:!!"IK:!.!:l;iH!'H;i'il|l|fH!iKi«Utmitiiisiimt[;'