est CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES riHACA. N. Y. 14853 John M. Echols Oilleaion on Southeast Asia JOHN M. OLIN LIBRARY Cornell University Library CE 61.B8I72 The Burmese calendar / 3 1924 011 207 945 ,*. Cornell University Library The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924011207945 THE BURMESE CALENDAR THE Burmese Calendar BY A. M. B. IRWIN, INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE, LONDON : Sampson Low, Marston and Company, LIMITED, St. Dunetan'B Ibouac, FETTER LANE, FLEET STREET, E.G. 1901 LU_\DON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLuWF.S AND SONS, LIMITED STAMFORD STREET AND CI1\R1NG CROSS, PREFACE. I HAVE read several books which contain some description of the Burmese Calendar, but none of these descriptions is either complete or quite accurate. Most of them are very sketchy and inaccurate. The best is that in the Introduction to Moyle's Calendars. I have therefore endeavoured to find out the facts for myself and this little book is the result. I have not had the advantage of getting any information direct from the Ponnas, nor of consulting their books. The materials on which I have drawn are : — A. Calendars published by Government and by native printing presses during my residence in Burma. B. Moyle's Calendars, 1822 to 1896. C. Records of calendars of past years, kept by Maung Shwe Bwin, K.S.M. D. U Win's table of days of the week on which the first day of Tagu should fall, for 80 years, from 1191 to 1270 B.E. E. Similar details for the years iioi to 1190 B.E., and some notes, supplied to me by Maung Kyaw Yan, Deputy Inspector of Schools. F Maung Kyaw Yan's Almanac for ten years, A.D. 1899 to 1908. G. Stilson's Arithmetic, a book which, so far as I am aware, exists only in Burmese. H. "The Indian Calendar," by Robert Sewell, late Madras Civil Service, and Sankara Balkrishna Dikshit. I. Grattan Guinness's tables of New Moons for 3,555 years. All the tables and the formula in the text have been verified by Charles Martin, Esq., Assistant Astronomer, Dunsink Observatory, Co. Dublin. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter I. Introduction II. Definitions . . ... III. General Description of the Calendar IV. Methods of Calculation V. The Thingyan VI. The Cycle of Meto . . .... VII. Defects and Reform . - . . VIII. The Tables PAGE I 3 5 8 IS 17 19 23 TABLES. Table I. Elements of the Calendar for the first 20 years of the Burmese Era . . .26 „ II. Elements of the Calendar for 163 years, A.D. 1739 to 1901, B.E. iioi to 1263 28 III. Elements of the Calendar, calculated for 100 years, A.D. 1901 to 2000, B.E. 1263 to 1362 36 „ IV. Calculations for Solar New Year and Intercalary Months, Stilson's method . 42 „ V. Yearly Table of Months -47 ,, VI. Comparison of Epacts, as found by European and by Burmese methods 51 „ VII. Progression of the Epact 53 „ VIII. Progression of Yet lun, Adimath and La lun in 66 cycles . . 54 ,, IX. Older of shifts of leap years in the Metonic Cycle .... 55 ,, X. Awaman of Second Wazo Labyi 57 XL Comparison of Intercalary Days by actual Calendars and by Stilson's method 59 „ XII. Comparison of Mean New Moon and Burmese Lagwe, every month for 29 years 6j THE BURMESE CALENDAR. CHAPTER I. Introduction. 1. The Burmese system of measuring times and seasons is of Indian origin, and the official calendar-makers of the late Burmese Government were a race of Hindu astrologers, the descendants of Brahmans brought captive from Manipur, and known in Burma as " Ponnas." Since the annexation of Upper Burma, the British Local Government has assumed the function of officially notifying the essential elements of the calendar every year by publication in the Burma Gazette. It obtains the necessary details from the Ponnas at Mandalay, just as the King used to do before the annexation. The Ponnas work by rules contained in the Thama Bedin (Saman Veda ?). The epoch when these rules were intro- duced into Burma is not known with certainty, but there is some evidence from which it may be guessed approximately. 2. The various eras used in Burma have been several times described, e.g., in Shwe Yo's "The Burman : His Life and Notions," and in the Introduction to Moyle's Calendars. It will be sufficient to enumerate them here : — 1. The Kawza Era. Epoch, 9340 B.C. 2. Bodaw Einsana's Era. Epoch, 691 B.C. 3. The Religious Era. Epoch, 543 B.C., the year in which Gautama Buddha is supposed to have departed this life. 4. King Thamondayit's Era. Epoch, 79 A.D. 5. Yahan Poppasaw's Era, now current. Epoch, 638 A.D. None of these eras seem to have any connection with the eras used in India. 3. The Burmese solar years are mean years. They do not begin at any fixed time of day. The length of the solar year is fixed, to a second, and invariable. The Burmese months begin and end at midnight, but they are based on calculations of mean months. The apparent motions of the sun and moon are not taken into account. Burma is thus happily exempt from the extreme complexity and divergence of systems which are exhibited by the Indian Calendar. The most fruitful source of that complexity and divergence is evidently the practice of regulating times by the apparent motions of the sun and moon. Sewell and Dikshit state (paras. 47 and 52) that this practice commenced about A.D. 1040. In earlier times, mean months and years alone were used in calculations. From this we should infer that the rules reached Burma not later than A.D. 1040. B 2 The Burmese Calendar. 4. Stilson says (p. 335) that the Thama Bedin was written about A.D. 538, and reached Burma about A.D. 638, the commencement of the present Burmese era. His authority for these statements is not known to the writer. 5. In the Introduction to Moyle's Calendars it is stated that the calendar now in use was introduced in A.D. 639, and Bishop Bigandet is quoted in proof of this statement. Here the calendar is confused with the era. Bigandet asserts that the calendar was reformed in A.D. 81 by the King of Prome (the particulars of the reform the bishop did not know), but he does not assert that any reform of the calendar was made by the King of Pagan in A.D. 639 ; he only states that the King of Pagan started a new era. This is a matter quite distinct from, and independent of any reform of the calendar. It is not at all improbable that the King of Pagan did reform the calendar, but Moyle's quotations from Bigandet do not show that he did so. 6. It is most probable that the present calendar was started when the Burmese first point of Aries nearly coincided with the equinox. Assuming that the length of the Burmese solar year has remained constant throughout the era, the apparent sun entered the Burmese Aries at the equinox about A.D. 530, and the mean sun entered the Burmese Aries at the equinox about A.D. 396 (see paras. 73 to 78). At the beginning of the present era (A.D. 638) the vernal equinox occurred during the afternoon of March i8th (Old Style) ; the mean new moon occurred during the small hours of the night of March 20th-2ist, and the true new moon during the afternoon of March 21st ; all Mandalay time, about 6h. 20m. in advance of Greenwich time. In that year the mean sun entered the Burmese Aries on March 22nd (Old Style) at I3h. 15m. 36s., and the true sun on March 20th before noon. From these data it would seem probable that the present calendar was introduced in the sixth century of the Christian era. CHAPTER II. Definitions. 7. Yet is a day. Ne (Sun) is a day of the week. 8. The day (24 hours) is artificially divided as follows : — I day = 60 nayi. I nayi = 4 pad. I pad =15 bizana. I bizana = 6 pyan. I pyan =10 kaya. I kaya = 12 kana. I kana = 4 naya. But in astronomy it is usual to compute thus : — I day = 60 nayi, Hindu, ghatika. I naya = 60 bizana, ,, pala. I bizana = 60 kaya, ,, vipala. Therefore, 1 nayi = 24 minutes. I bizana = 24 seconds. I kaya = '4 of a second. 9. For ordinary use the English divisions of a day have practically ousted the Burmese ones, at least in the towns, and the word " nayi " has come to mean " hour." The words " minute " and " second " have been engrafted into the Burmese language. 10. La (moon, month) is a mean lunation, i.e. the average period from new moon to new moon. 11. Ata Ne is the solar New Year's Day, or the day of the week on which the sun enters the sign Meiktha (Aries). 12. Haragon (Hind. Ahargana) is the total number of days elapsed from the beginning of the era to a given point of time, including the whole of the day in which the given point falls. 13. Kyammat. The Sooth part of a day is taken as a unit for calculating periods which include fractions of a day. There seems to be no term to denote this unit, but any aggregate of such units is called kyammat. The number of such units in a year is the kyammat of a year. The number of such units from B 2 4 The Burmese Calendar. the commencement of the era to a given point of time is the kyammat of that period. The number of units from the moment when the sun enters Aries to the (midnight) end of the day in which that event occurs is the Ata Ne Kyammat. 14. Didi (Hind, tithi) is the 30th part of a mean lunation, or the average time in which the moon increases her longitudinal distance from the sun by 12 degrees. 15. Azvaman. In reduction of didis to days and vice versd, the remainder is called awaman. 16. Yet Lu7i ("excess days") is the epact or moon's age at midnight of solar New Year's Day, expressed in whole didis. 17. Mathakeiu is the total number of whole months elapsed from the commencement of the era to a given point of time. 18. Adimath (Hind, adhika masa) means both an intercalated month and the epact of the total intercalated months, or fraction of a month, which accumulates year by year up to one month. 19. La Lun is the number of whole months by which the total solar years expired during the era exceed the total luni-solar years expired during the era. The intercalary months may be placed so that there will never be any la-lun. By Stilson's method the la-lun is calculated as it results from leap years in years 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 16 and 18 of every Metonic cycle When solar New Year's Day as thus calculated falls in Tagu, the la-lun is o ; when it falls in Kason the la-lun is I, and so on. 20. Thagayit is the number of the year of the Burmese era. It denotes expired years, not current years as in Europe ; that is to say, the era began at the commencement of the year o. The ist of Januaiy, 1900, was the Burmese 1 26 1 Pyatho waxing 2nd, which means the second day of the month of P)'atho after the completion of 1261 years of the Burmese era. 21. Wa is the Buddhist Lent, which extends from the full moon of Wazo to the full moon of Thadingyut. 22. Wa-tat (Lent repeated) is an expression applied to the leap year. Wa-nge-tat (little wa-tat) means an intercalary month without any intercalary day. Wa-gyi-tat (big wa-tat) means both intercalary month and intercalary day. In a wa-gyi-tat year four months in succession (Kason, Nayon, First Wazo and Second Wazo) have thirty days each. CHAPTER III. General Description of the Calendar. 23. The Burmese solar year is slightly greater than the sidereal solar year, and slightly less than the anomalistic solar year. It approximates more closely to the latter. Its length is 365 days, 15 nayi, 31 bizana, and 30 kaya = 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, and 36 seconds, of mean time. The mean sidereal year is about 3 minutes and 27 seconds less, and the mean anomalistic year about I minute and 12 seconds more. 24. In India the solar year varies in different systems of astronomy ; in all except one it is nearly the same as in Burma. The system in which it exactly agrees with the Burmese year is that of the original Suiya Siddhanta, now obsolete. It is not known from what data the length of the year was fixed. 25. In Burma the zero of celestial longitude does not move with the pre- cession of the equinoxes as in Europe. The year theoretically begins at the moment when the sun enters the sign Aries, but as the year is slightly longer than the mean sidereal year, the first point of Aries (the zero of longitude) is really moving among the stars away from the equinox, faster than the real pre- cession. The rate of precession of the equinoxes is about 50" per annum ; the rate at which the Burmese first point of Aries diverges from the equinox is about 59" per annum. 26. The Burmese zodiac is divided, as in Europe, into 12 signs (" rathi "), each rathi into 30 degrees (" intha," Hindu " amsa "), each degree into 60 minutes (" leikta ") and each minute into 60 seconds. The names of the signs are : — Burma Hindu Meiktha Mesha Pyeiktha Vrishabha Medon Mithuna Karakat Karka Thein Simha Kan Kanya Tu Tula Pyeiksa Vrischika Danu Dhanus Makara Makara Kon Kumbha Mein Mina Europe Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricornus Aquarius Pisces 6 The Burmese Calendar. 27. The length of a mean lunation is taken at -§^ X 30 mean days = 29 days, 31 nayi, 50 bizana, and 5 — ^ kaya = 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 2-3898 seconds = 29-530583 days. The length of a mean lunation, according to modern science, is 29-530589 days (Ball). 28. The mean lunation being a small fraction over 29^ days, the Burmese ordinary months contain 29 and 30 days alternately. Their names are : — Tagu . . Kason Nayon Wazo . Wagaung . Tawthalin Thadingyut Tazaungmon Nadaw Pyatho Tabodwe . Tabaung . Total 354 days, 29 days. 30 „ 29 „ 30 „ 29 „ 30 „ 29 „ 30 „ 29 „ 30 „ 29 „ 30 „ 29. The remainder of the luni-solar year (about 11^ days) is made up by inserting an intercalary month seven times in the Metonic cycle of 19 years. The intercalary month is placed between Wazo and Wagaung, is called Second Wazo, and has 30 days. In Arakan it is Second Tagu. It is obvious that the intercalary month not only corrects the length of the year, but it also corrects the accumulating error of the month to the extent of half a day. In other words, it causes the first day of every alternate succeeding month to fall one day later than it would fall if the intercalary month had not been inserted. The average length of the month is further corrected by adding a day to Nayon at irregular intervals — a little more than seven times in two cycles, 38 years. The intercalary day is never inserted except in a year which has an intercalary month. 30. The days of the month are reckoned in two series, waxing and waning. The 15th of the waxing is the civil full moon day ("labyi"). The civil new moon day is the last day of the month (14th or 15th waning, as the case may be), and is called "lagwe" (moon disappears). It is frequently in advance of the real new moon, as will be seen later. 31. Though Tagu is nominally the first month in the year, it is sometimes the last. The Thagayit number is applied to the solar year, consequently every year except leap year has 1 1 ambiguous days, bearing identical month names and day numbers, at its beginning and at its end. The latter are distinguished by the word "hnaung" prefixed. Thus B.E. 1257 Tagu waning loth was April i8th, 1895, and B.E. 1257 Hnaung Tagu waning loth was April 6th, il General Description of the Calendar. 7 32. Besides the 12 signs of the zodiac, the ecliptic is also divided into 27 nekkats (Hind, nakshatra), representing the 27 days of the sidereal month. The Pali names of the nekkats are almost identical with the Sanskrit names of the nakshatras. 33. The actual length of the mean sidereal month is 27-321661 days. The fraction gave rise in India to three different systems of reckoning the amount of celestial longitude covered by each nakshatra. One of these — the system of equal spaces — is the one in use in Burma. It disregards the fraction, and allots 13° 20' of longitude to each nekkat. 34. Though nekkats are used in measuring the moon's longitude, they seem to have no practical importance in the computation of the calendar, as the signs of the zodiac are used for the same purpose. 35. The days of the week are named after the sun, moon, and five planets, as in India and Europe. Day Burma India Sunday Taninganwe Ne Monday Taninla Ne Tuesday Inga Ne Angaraka Wednesday Buddahu Ne Budha Thursday Kyathabade Ne Vachaspati Friday Thaukkya Ne Sukra Saturday Sane Ne Sani 36. The days in Burmese calculations seem to begin at midnight, contrary to the Indian practice. 8 The Burmese Calendar. CHAPTER IV. Methods of Calculation. 37. The length of the Burmese solar year being fixed and invariable, it is a veiy simple matter to fix the commencement of each year. Given the day, hour, minute, and second at which any one year ended, the day, hour, minute, and second at which any other year ended is found by the mere process of addition or subtraction. In any such calculation the day may be expressed by day of the week, or it may be defined by month and day of the Gregorian calendar. But it is a complicated problem to determine the Burmese month and day of month on which the solar New Year's Day falls. This depends on the years in which intercalary months and days are inserted. Stilson's Arithmetic contains a de- scription of a method of calculating all the elements of the calendar. It consists of three parts, viz. :- — 1 . To find the day of the week and time of day at which any given solar year ends. 2. To find the moon's age at midnight on solar New Year's Day, and the years in which intercalary months are inserted. 3. To find the years in which intercalary days are inserted, and the day of the week on which the luni-solar New Year's Day falls in any given year. PART I. 38. The first step is to find the number of days which have elapsed from the commencement of the era to the end of the given year, remembering that the tJiagayit denotes expired years. 39. The kyammat of 365 days (365 X 800) is 292000. The kyammat of 1 5 nayi, 3 1 bizana, and 30 kaya is 207. Therefore the kyammat of a Burmese solar year is 292207. This number multiplied by the thagayit gives the kyam- mat of the whole period, but it requires a correction, because the era did not begin at midnight. Stilson states that at the beginning of the era, B.E. years expired O, on Sunday, Tagu waxing ist, the sun entered Aries at i nayi, 6 bizana and 30 kaya before noon, i.e. at 28n. 53b. 30k. after midnight. The kyammat of this period he makes 373, which is obviously incorrect. 373 is the kyammat of 27n. 58b. 30k. At any rate 373 is the constant he uses, which must be added to the kyammat of the years, to find the kyammat of the whole period, Methods of Calculation. 9 reckoned from midnight Saturday-Sunday, that Sunday being ist waxing of Tagu, B.E. o. From the actual calendars of recent years it would seem that the constant should be 442. 40. The kyammat divided by 800 gives the number of days elapsed. If there is a remainder, add i, so as to include the day in the course of which the sun enters Meiktha. The result is the haragon. 41. 800 minus the remainder is the kyammat of the atayet, i.e., the duration of the period from the moment the sun enters Meiktha to midnight of New Year's Day. 42. To find the day of the week on which solar New Year's Day falls, divide the haragon by 7. The remainder indicates the day of the week, thus : — 1 Sunday. 2 Monday. 3 Tuesday. 4 Wednesday. 5 Thursday. 6 Friday. O Saturday. 43. The atane, haragon, and kyammat are called the three Bos. PART II. 44. The next step is to calculate the expired months by didis as the days were calculated by kyammat. 'A didi is l;gj of a day. According to Stilson the new moon occurred early on Saturday morning, the day before the commence- ment of the era, 55 nayi, 28 bizana, and 35^ kaya before midnight. This period is f 3§ of ^ mean day, or |f§ of a didi. This must be added to the haragon to compute the expired months from the zero of new moon. 45. If H be the haragon, and D the number of didis expired from the initial new moon ("didi baung "), then D = 7i>3H + 6i°^H + "" + 650_ 692 692 DQ2 When 1 1 H -(- 650 is divided by 692, the quotient is called " Po thaw didi " (added didis), and the remainder is the awaman. 46. The total didis divided by 30 = the total number of months expired during the era (mathakein). The remainder is the yet lun (" excess days "), an inaccurate term, for the yet lun as calculated here is really the moon's age at midnight of solar New Year's Day expressed in whole didis, and the awaman divided by 692 is the remaining fraction of a didi. 47. As 30 didis := 29-530583 days, the yet lun is taken approximately as the day of the month on which solar New Year's Day falls. The possible error is increased considerably beyond one day by the fact that the error in the average month of 29I days is not corrected as soon as it amounts to one day, but lo The Burmese Calendar. accumulates for two or three years, and the corrections applied are half a day in a wa-nge-tat year and li day in a wa-gyi-tat year. The divergence which thus arises between the mean new moon and the calendar new moon may be called the error of the calendar month. The manner in which the yet lun is corrected by applying the error (to use a paradoxical expression) is stated in paragraph 69. 48. In Table VI. the epact expressed in didis and awaman as found in Table IV. is compared with the same epact expressed in days and hours as deduced from the time of mean new moon given in Guinness's tables. 49. Next, to determine where the intercalary months come in, the Metonic cycle of 19 years is used. Nineteen years are approximately equal to 235 lunations ; more exact figures will be found in paragraph 83. 19x12 = 228. Therefore 7 extra months must be inserted in every 19 years in order to keep the months to their proper seasons. Multiply the mathakein by 7 and divide by 235. The quotient is the total intercalated months during the era (tat la baung), and the remainder is the adimath — i.e., the excess which accumulates month by month and year by year until it equals a whole month, when an intercalary month is inserted. Down to the present time the adimath at the end of every Metonic cycle is O, and it would continue so for ever if 19 Burmese years were exactly equal to 235 lunations. 50. To find the la lun (see definition) subtract the tat la baung from the mathakein. Divide the result by 12. The quotient is the year (thagayit) with which our calculations started, and the remainder is the la lun. The la lun indicates the month in which solar New Year's Day falls if an intercalary month be placed in the year preceding each year which shows an increase of the tat la baung — namely, in the years 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 16 and 18 of each cycle. 51. Now let us examine the first two Metonic cycles of the Burmese era in Table IV., which shows the result of calculations of the elements above mentioned by Stilson's method. The first point to notice is that solar New Year's Day fell in the month of Tagu in every year of the cycle. The 8th year is an apparent exception. The end of the solar year and the new moon fell on the same day (yet lun o), the former a few minutes before 3 P.M. (ata kyammat 302) and the latter about 2.30 P.M. (awaman 279). It depends on the error of the calendar month (paragraph 47) whether the solar new year fell on Tagu Lagwe or on Kason ist. 52. Next we should notice the years in which the tat la baung increases. Stilson says the leap years are the years 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15 and 18 of each cycle. He implied that this arrangement was permanent ; but it has been altered since he wrote, and it is very doubtful whether a different arrangement did not prevail in the beginning of the era, as indicated in paragraph 50. In India it is usual to reckon as an intercalary month every month during the whole course of which the sun remains in one sign of the zodiac. Consequently the intercalary months occur at all seasons of the year. If this system prevailed in Burma the adimath would be calculated, not merely at New Year, but every month. The increase of the adimath from month to month is 7. In the 8th year of the cycle the adimath would pass 235 (a full month) in the second month after the solar Methods of Calculation. II New Year. In the i6th year of the cycle the adimath would pass 235 in the 5th month. Thus in the Burmese system, in which the intercalary month always follows Wazo, it seems questionable whether the 7th year should not be a leap year instead of the 8th. In the i6th year Second Wazo the 5th month exactly fits the adimath. 53. Stilson says it was customary to petition the king for leave to place intercalary months in the 7th and 1 5th years of a cycle instead of in the 8th and 1 6th respectively. These two intercalary months were consequently called " raza dimaths,'' while all the others were called " patta dimaths.'' It would therefore seem probable that originally the leap years were 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 16 and 18. At any rate, at some time before the 12th Burmese century 7 was substituted for 8 and 15 for 16. In B.E. 1201 4 was substituted for 5, in 1217 I for 2, in 1228 12 for 13, and in 1263 (A.D. 1901) 9 for 10. Turning now co'the last expired cycle of Table IV. we find la lun Kason in 1 1 years of the cycle, while the calendars show that in five of these 11 (2, 5, 8, 13, and 16) the solar New Year really fell in Tagu, not in Kason, by reason of the five leap years having been changed. 54. The later changes of leap years were not followed in Arakan, where the leap years are still the same as in the last century, viz., 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, and 18, and the intercalary month is a second Tagu of 30 days instead of a second Wazo. 55. The years in which months have been intercalated in Burma proper since B.E. 11 00 (A.D. 1738) are as follows, reading horizontally, a line to each cycle : — A.D, B.E. Leap Years 1721— 1739 1083 IIOI 18 1740— 1758 1102 — 1120 2 S 7 10 13 15 18 1759— 1777 1121 — 1139 2 s 7 10 13 15 18 1778— 1796 1140 — 1158 2 5 7 10 13 15 18 1797— 1815 1159— 1177 2 5 7 10 13 15 18 1816— 1834 1178 — 1196 2 5 7 10 13 i.S 18 1835—1853 1197 — 1215 2 4 7 10 13 IS 18 1854— 1872 1216 — 1234 I 4 7 10 12 IS 18 1873— 1891 1235—1253 I 4 7 10 12 15 18 1892 — 1910 1254 — 1272 I 4 7 9 PART III. 56. Lastly, it is necessary to find in what years intercalary days should be inserted. The object of the intercalary day is to correct the average length of a month. In one Metonic cycle we have 114 months of 29 days each and 121 months of 30 days each. The aggregate length of these months is 6936 days, while 235 mean lunations amount to 6939-688415 days. Therefore 12 The Burmese Calendar. a fraction more than 7 intercalary days in two cycles are required to keep the average length of a month correct. The intercalary day is added to Nayon, and always in a year in which there is an intercalary month. Which of these years should be wagyitats and which wangetats .' Stilson solves this problem by means of the " three bos " and the awaman for the full moon day of Second Wazo, as follows : 57. Divide the year by 19. The quotient is the expired cycles. If the remainder is 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, or 18* there is an intercalary month. These alone are the years with which we are concerned at present. 58. The expired cycles multiplied by 7050 (235 x 30) = the total didis of the completed cycles, ending on the last day of Tabaung. 59. Multiply the odd years by 12 to get the total ordinary months. Add 4h months for the period from Tagu ist to Second Wazo 15th, both included, and one month for each leap year expired during the cycle, thus : — n the first leap year of each cycle add 4 second ,, 5 third 11 6 fourth „ 7 , fifth „ 8 sixth „ ,, 9 seventh „ i) 10 Multiply the total by 30 and add 1 5, which gives the total didis of the odd years, months, and days. This + the total didis of the cycles = the total didis of the whole period from the beginning of the era to the full moon day of Second Wazo of the given year. 60. To reduce this to days we have in paragraph 45 : — £) ^ H I II H j^650 692 ThereforeH = D-"-^-+-^5o 703 The remainder found when dividing by 703 is the awaman. The haragon divided by 7 gives the day of the week on which the full moon day of Second Wazo falls. 61. The intercalary day is determined by the changes in the awaman from leap year to leap year. These changes can easily be found without calculating the haragon in full for each leap year. In the arithmetical operation expressed by z it is obvious that the change in the remainder depends solely on the increment of total didis. When the interval from leap year to leap year is two years, the increase of total didis is 25 x 30 = 750. Multiply this by 11 and divide by 703 ; the remainder is 517. Therefore in every case of two years' * These figures, of course, require modificatiorij as shown above. Methods of Calculation. 13 interval the awaman is found by simply adding 517 to the last preceding awaman and then subtracting 703 if the total is 703 or greater. In like manner in every case of three years' interval the awaman is found by adding 259 and subtracting 703 if the total is 703 or greater. 62. A still easier method of calculating the awaman for a long period is this : the awaman for any leap year is obtained from the awaman for the correspond- ing year in the last preceding cycle by adding 220, or subtracting 483 if the preceding one is 483 or greater. See Table X. 63. The awaman found from the equation in paragraph 60 always bears a minus sign. Hence, when the addition of 517 or 259 does not raise the awaman to 703, the increase of the haragon is greater by i than when the awaman becomes 703 or more, and has to be reduced by subtracting 703. A little calculation will show that the increase of the haragon in 25 months is 738 when 703 is subtracted and 739 when 703 is not subtracted. The corresponding figures for 37 months are 1092 and 1093. 64. Hence the rule. When the awaman of Second Wazo Labyi is less than in the last preceding leap year Nayon has 29 days. When the awaman is greater than in the last preceding leap year Nayon has 30 days. 65. Applying this rule to the period from B.E. iioo to 1262 (A.D. 1738 to 1900} we find (Table XL, cols. 5, 6, and 7) that the result frequently differs from the actual calendars, but in the whole period the total number of intercalary days agrees, and there are always 7 in any two consecutive cycles. The excess over 7 is not evenly distributed. The average of wa-gyi-tats is higher in the 1 2th than in the 1 3th century by the calendars ; by Stilson's method the distribu- tion is more even. In both the series are very irregular and unsymmetrical.* 66. The day of the week on which the full moon of Second Wazo falls in any leap year may be deduced from the last preceding leap year by dividing the increase of the haragon by 7. The result may be expressed thus : — Interval, Days in Increase of Increase of years. Nayon. haragon. week day. ^ 29 738 3 2 30 739 4 3 29 1092 3 30 1093 I * I am indebted to M. Htun Cfian, Advocate, Akyab, for the following statement : " In Arakan there can be no possibility of any dispute regarding the Calendar. The leap years and the years in which an intercalary day is to be added have been fixed, and calculated for many thousand years, by the Baidan Sayas under the authority of the Arakanese Kings." He gives the following list of wa-gyi-tats in Arakan : — 1202 1207 i2;o 1215 I22I 1226 I23I 1237 1240 1248 1253 1256 1264 1267 1272 1278 1283 1288 1294 1297 1305 1310 These agree with the results of Stilson's method, all except one. Stilson's method puts an intercalary day in 1242, not in 1240. In 1240 the awaman of Wazo Labyi is 9, the smallest of the whole series. The increase of awaman in one didi is 11. This seems to indicate that the Arakanese Sayas used the method described by Stilson, but calculated for the 14th instead of the 15th of Wazo, or the constant they use for the initial new moon is something less than 650. 14 The Burmese Calendar. 6^. From the ist of Tagu to the 15th of Second Wazo is in a wa-nge-tat year 132 days, in a wa-gyi-tat year 133 days. Dividing by 7, we find that in a wa-nge-tat year the ist of Tagu falls one day later in the week than the Labyi of Second Wazo ; in a wa-gyi-tat year they fall on the same day of the week. The Table in paragraph 66, therefore, gives the sequence of luni-solar New Year's Days from leap year to leap year, with this difference, in the case of New Year's Day the column " Days in Nayon " refers to the former leap year ; in the case of Second Wazo it refers to the latter leap year. 68. Having found the day of the week on which the Labyi of Second Wazo falls, we can construct Table V., which Stilson calls the yearly table of months, to facilitate finding the day of the week on which a given day of any month falls. The specimen of this table for the Burmese years 1200 to 1238, printed by Stilson, is wrong in consequence of : {a) the alterations of leap years which Stilson did not foresee ; and (b) the actual intercalary days not agreeing with those calculated by Stilson. The table is now re-calculated in accordance with the calendars actually published and observed. It is a complete calendar of the luni-solar years. The only information it does not furnish is the day, hour, minute and second at which the solar year begins. 69. This table is used to apply the " error of the calendar month " to the yet lun in Table IV. (see para. 47). For instance, Table IV. shows the solar New Year's Day (Ata Ne) of B.E. 1120 as Wednesday Kason 4th. Table V. shows that Kason 1st was Friday, therefore the 4th was Monday. Ata Ne Wednesday, therefore, was not the 4th, but the 6th waxing of Kason. 70. Columns 3 and 4 of this table alone afford full materials for compiling the luni-solar calendars of the given years, and the calendars from B.E. 1191 to 1262 have, in point of fact, followed a table containing only these particulars, which was drawn up by U Win, royal astrologer in the reign of Bodaw Paya. This table covered at least 80 years, from 1 191 to 1270. Mnemonics for tables of this kind are made by a meaningless string of words metrically arranged, in which the consonant indicates the figure which stands for the day of the week. 71. U Win's table has been departed from in the calendar officially promulgated for 1263 (A.D. 1901-2), in which the leap year has been shifted from the loth to the 9th year of the cycle. 72. From U Win's table the intercalary months and days are found in this way : When the first day of Tagu falls on the same day of the week in two consecutive years, the former year contains a wa-gyi-tat ; when the week-day figure of one year exceeds the week-day figure of the following year by i, the former year contains a wa-nge-tat. For instance, 1255 shows Friday (6), and 1256 shows Thursday (5) ; therefore 1255 contains an intercalary month, but no intercalary day. 15 CHAPTER V. The Thingyan. 73. A curious feature of the Burmese calendar is the annual Thingyan period, during which the King of the Nats is fabled to come down and reside on earth. It is a period of 2 days, 10 nayi, and 3 bizana (2 days, 4 hours, i minute, and 12 seconds), and its end coincides with the end of each solar year. It seems to be identical with the Sodhya of Indian astronomy, i.e., the difference between the mean and the apparent entrance of the sun into Aries. This difference, expressed in longitude instead of in time, is termed in Europe the Equation of the Centre. 74. The eccentricity of the earth's orbit makes the rate of the earth's motion round the sun vary. Its linear and angular motions are both greatest when the earth is in perihelion and least when it is in aphelion. With the linear motion we are not now concerned. The angular motion is measured by the sun's apparent motion among the stars. The earth's perihelion, or the solar perigee, occurring at the present time about the 1st of January, the sun's apparent motion among the stars is most rapid in December and January, and least rapid in June and July. The sun's longitude measured from perigee (or it may be measured from apogee) is called the sun's anomaly. 75. Stilson gives the following table of the Equation of the Centre, ex- pressed in minutes of longitude. Sun 's mean anomaly. Equation of the Centre. Signs. Degrees. Signs. Degrees. or 6 0' 15 ,, 6 15 35' I „ 7 67' I IS „ 7 IS 94' 2 8 116' 2 15 8 15 129' 3 » 9 134' 3 15 9 IS 129' 4 10 116' 4 15 10 15 94; 5 II 67' 5 IS II IS 35' 6 0' 1 6 The Burmese Calendar. ^6. The longitude of the solar apogee is assumed to be 80°. To find the mean anomaly, subtract 80° from the mean longitude. On solar New Year's Day the sun's mean anomaly is 360" — 80° = 280" = 9 signs and 10°. The equation of the centre on that day by the above table would be nearly 131'. The Thingyan period is equivalent to the time in which the sun moves a fraction over 128'. The commencement of Thingyan therefore seems to represent the true or apparent " mesha sankranti " (the Indian term for the entry of the sun into the sign Mesha), while the end of Thingyan represents the mean " Mesha sankranti." TJ. If the Thingyan period has always been a constant, as it apparently has been, it would seem probable that the solar year was intended to be anomalistic, not sidereal. 78. In B.E. 1 15 1 (a.D. 1789) the question was raised whether the beginning or end of Thingyan marks the commencement of a new year. King Bodaw Paya sent the Superintendent of the Royal Clock to consult the Maung Taung Saya, who decided that the year begins at the beginning of the Thingyan period. This ruling, however, is certainly not followed in practice. Both in the annual Govern- ment notifications and in the calendars published by native printing presses the new year is declared to commence at the end of Thingyan, i.e., at the mean Mesha sankranti. 17 CHAPTER VI. The Cycle of Meto. 79. The tropical year is growing shorter, but at a very slow rate — about 5 seconds in 1000 years. Stilson puts the length of the tropical year at 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 47 • 6 seconds, and this was its true length about 350 years ago, according to Leverrier. It is more convenient to reckon by days and decimals. 80. The Burmese solar year = 365 •25875 days. 81. The synodic month, or lunation = 29-530589 days. 82. The tropical year (by Stilson) = 365-242217 days. 83. The measures of the Metonic cycle, therefore, are : 19 Burmese solar years = 6939-91625 days. 235 lunations = 6939-688415 „ 19 tropical years = 6939-602123 „ Therefore 19 Burmese solar years exceed 235 lunations by -227835 day ; 235 lunations exceed 19 tropical years by -086292 day ; and 19 Burmese solar years exceed 19 tropical years by -3 141 27 day. Using each of these differences in turn as a divisor, and the lengths of a lunation and of a tropical year as dividends, we obtain the following results. 84. After 129 cycles and 12 years (2463 years), the Burmese solar year will have diverged one month from the Burmese luni-solar year. In other words, the solar new year will fall every year in Kason instead of in Tagu, if the leap years throughout the whole period are the years 2 5 8 10 13 16 18 of each cycle. 85. Under the same circumstances the Burmese solar new year will make a complete round of the twelve months in 30,459 years. 86. With the same leap years, the luni-solar New Year's Day which is the initial point of each cycle will increase its distance from the vernal equinox by one month in 342 cycles and 4 years (6502 years), and will make a complete round of the tropical year in 80,420 years. 87. The Burmese solar New Year diverges from the equinox at the rate of one month in 94 cycles (1786 years), and will make a complete round of the tropical year in 22,091 years. C 1 8 The Burmese Calendar. 88. Table IV. exhibits a regular order in the progression of yet luns and adimaths. In the first cycle they stood thus : — Year. Vet lun. Adimath. I II 3 12 3 5 24 14 7 36 6 8 48 17 9 60 9 II 72 I 12 84 13 14 96 4 16 108 15 18 120 7 19 132 18 21 144 10 -3 156 -4 168 13 25 180 5 26 192 16 28 204 8 223 89. So long as the la lun is o the adimaths are multiples of 12. The yet lun of each year of the cycle increases gradually at the rate of about 3 didis in 13 cycles. When it arrives at 30, i is added to the la lun, 7 is added to the adimath, and the yet lun returns to o. See Tables VII. and VIII. 90. If the leap years are shifted backwards in order to make the solar New Year always fall in Tagu, the first shift should be from 8 to 7, the second from 16 to 15, the third from 5 to 4, and so on, up the first column of figures in paragraph 88. If the leap years are shifted forwards in order to keep the luni- solar year in harmony with the tropical year, the first shift should be from 18 to o, the second from 10 to 11, the third from 2 to 3, and so on, down the column. The two series of shifts are exhibited in Table IX. The initial order of leap years is shown in the first line, the final order after 19 shifts in the last line ; 19 shifts bring the leap years back to the initial order, and change the relative positions of the solar and luni-solar new years by one month exactly. 91. As the cycle of 19 Burmese solar years diverges from the cycle of 235 months at the rate of one month in nearly 130 cycles, it follows that 19 backward shifts should take place in 130 cycles, or one shift in 130 years, to keep the solar new year in the month of Tagu. In like manner, as the cycle of 235 months diverges from the tropical year at the rate of one month in 342 cycles, 19 forward shifts should take place in 342 cycles, or one shift in 342 years, to keep the month of Tagu to the vernal equinox. 92. In point of fact, nearly 66^ cycles of the Burmese era have elapsed. There were two backward shifts in the first 63 cycles, one in the 64th cycle, two in the 65th cycle, and one in the current cycle, the 67th. 19 CHAPTER VII. Defects and Reform. 93. There are several points in which the calendar might be improved and made more accurate, but only two need be noticed, viz., the irregular insertions of intercalary months and intercalary days. 94. From paragraph 92 it is clear that no consistent method was followed throughout in shifting leap years, and the net result of all the six shifts is that the luni-solar new year is not maintained in a position approximating either to the vernal equinox or to the solar new year, but takes a middle course between the two. It is an absurd result, and totally out of keeping with the Indian calendars. 95. The alteration of the luni-solar year in the 64th and 65th cycles was sudden and violent. In the 63 rd cycle the Labyi of Second Wazo ranged from 14th to 24th July ; in the 65th cycle it ranged from i8th to 28th July. 96. The Burmese Era commenced in A.D. 638 with the solar new year in Tagu in every year of the cycle (the 8th year is doubtful, the new year coinciding with a new moon), and this practice is still maintained in India as a general rule, i.e. the month in which the sun enters Mesha is called Chaitra, and the leap years are placed so as to obtain this result. To obtain the same result in Burma not six but ten backward shifts should have taken place up to the present. If, on the other hand, the rule were to keep each month to its proper season, three forward shifts should have taken place, and the solar new year would now fall in Kason in 13 years of each Metonic cycle instead of 6. 97. The Burmese Era commenced with both the solar new year and the average full moon of Tagu about four days after the vernal equinox. In \2\ centuries the solar new year drifted to about 24 days after the equinox. In the same period, with five shifts of leap years, the average full moon of Tagu moved to about 16 days after the equinox. The 6th shift of leap year has carried it farther, and brought the Labyi of Second Wazo down to 30th July, 15 days later in the season than the latest date on which it fell in the first cycle. Lent is already beginning to creep out of the rainy season into the cold season. Lent would be restored to the position it occupied 60 years ago, and maintained in that position for about 100 years to come, by placing the inter- calary months in the years 2, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15 and 18 of each cycle. The mean full moon next after the vernal equinox would be the full moon of Tagu every year. c 2 20 The Burmese Calendar. 98. The error of the calendar month has been increased in late years by failing to insert intercalary days with sufficient frequency, so that now, even immediately after a wa-gyi-tat, the lagwe falls one day before the mean new moon, while immediately before a wa-gyi-tat the lagwe falls three days before the mean new moon (Table XII.). 99. To correct the accumulated error now existing, three leap years in succession should be wa-gyi-tats. To prevent a recurrence of so much error for the future, the intercalary days should be inserted in a regular series. The rate at which they are required is 3-688415 days in 7 leap years (para. 56). This is equal to 10 days in 19 leap years ; the remainder is so small that the error only amounts to a day in 24,500 years. The rule might be stated thus : Leap years shall be alternately wa-nge-tats and wa-gyi-tats until 9 wa-nge-tats are completed, then two successive leap years shall be wa-gyi-tats, and so on. 100. A still more accurate cycle for intercalary days is suggested by Table X., thus : Year 2 — awaman in cycle o is 213 16 is 218 — a very close approximation. Therefore 16 Metonic cycles, or 112 leap years, should have 53 wa-nge-tats and 59 wa-gyi-tats. This is too long a cycle from which to frame any practicable rule. lOi. Table III. is compiled with leap years for the next 99 years, arranged as suggested in paras. 97 and 99. 102. The calendar for each year is notified only in the autumn of the previous year, too late for incorporation in the numerous diaries which are pub- lished in Burma, India, and England. The compilers of such of these diaries as are designed for circulation in Burma have to guess the leap years and intercalary days, and they sometimes guess wrong. Persons who use the diaries are thus misled about Burmese dates. Stilson published the elements of the calendar for 35 years in advance, and they are nearly all wrong, because he did not foresee the shifts of leap years. Maung Kyaw Yan in 1899 published calendars for ten years, 1899 to 1908, but as he did not foresee the leap year shift from lOth to 9th year, his calendars are wrong from 15th June, 1901, to 4th July, 1902, and it is impossible to say whether they will not be wrong also from I2th June, 1904, to 9th June, 1907, through a difference of opinion between Maung Kyaw Yan and the Ponnas about the intercalary day. 103. This is a serious inconvenience to the public, which ought not to be allowed to continue. There is no reason why the calendars should not be pro- mulgated for a long period of years in advance. The Arakanese calendars have been calculated in advance for thousands of years. U Win's table was made for at least 80 years, and was observed for at least 72 years. The Ponnas appar- ently dislike to furnish the Government with proposals any earlier than they do at present, but there is no obvious reason why they should be allowed to stand in the way of the public convenience. Defects and Reform. 21 104. Diversity of system is another evil which is fostered by the failure to notify calendars for a long period in advance. The alterations of leap years made since B.E. 1200 have not been followed in Arakan, as already noted, and the Burmese themselves are not always unanimous about the intercalary days. In some years an intercalary day is inserted in Mandalay and omitted by local astrologers in Rangoon, or vice versA. The Takings sometimes set up a variation of their own, in opposition to both Rangoon and Mandalay. These diversities and uncertainties tend to create difficulties and confusion in the proof of legal documents. To discountenance such diversities for the future, the method most likely to be effective would be to define the calendar rigidly in advance for a long period of years by authority of the Local Government. 22 The Burmese Calendar. CHAPTER VIII. The Tables. 105. Tables I., II., and III. are in the same form, and exhibit final results in the shape of all the essential elements of the calendar. Table I. for the first cycle of the Burmese era. Table II. for the last 160 years, and Table III. for the next 99 years. 106. The day of the week on which the luni-solar year begins is shown in column 5, and its date by the English calendar in columns 6 and 7. 107. The day, hour, minute, and second at which the solar year begins (Thingyan Tet, or Mean Mesha Sankranti) are shown in columns 8 to 15, English date, week day and Burmese date. The time of Thingyan Kya, or apparent Mesha Sankranti, can be found from this by subtracting 2 days, 4 hours, i minute, 12 seconds. 108. Columns 19 and 20 give the leap years ; 19 shows whether there is an intercalaiy day or not ; 20 shows the day of July on which the full moon of the intercalary month falls. An examination of column 20 is the easiest way of ascertaining whether Lent is maintaining its place among the seasons or moving forward or backward. 109. In columns 2 to 4 the time of mean new moon obtained from European sources (Guinness's tables) is shown for comparison with the Lagwe of Tabaung. no. In Table I. all the columns for English dates are doubled, so as to exhibit both Old Style and New Style dates, because New Style is a correct index of the seasons. III. The reason why these three tables are numbered separately is this: Table I. is constructed by Stilson's rules, but raza dimaths are not used, i.e. years 8 and 16 are leap years, not 7 and 15. It is not certain that either the leap years or the intercalary days are placed as they actually were in the years with which the table deals. Table II. follows actual calendars (see preface). It agrees with Moyle's Calendars, so far as they go, except in the period from 9th June, 1877, to 5th June, 1880. Mr. Moyle makes B.E. 1239 (A.D. 1877) a wa-gyi-tat, and B.E. 1242 (A.D. 1880) a wa-nge-tat. All the other authorities I have been able to consult agree in making 1239 a wa-nge-tat and 1242 a wa-gyi-tat. This is confirmed by notes of certain new and full moons in my own diary for 1878. For this period, therefore, I think Mr. Moyle has an error The Tables. 23 of one day. Table III. resembles Table I. in that the intercalary months and days are not certain. They are arranged with the objects of {a) keeping Lent constant to the same season, and {b) minimising the error of the calendar month. (See paragraphs 97, 99, and loi). 112. Table IV. exhibits the results of the calculations made by Parts I. and II. of the method described by Stilson (see paragraph 37). Each year in which the adimath is o is the year o of a Metonic cycle. The kyammat constant used in this table is 442 (see paragraph 39). 113. A similar table for Part III. of Stilson's method is not required, for after the calculations have been made for a single year, the only detail which it is necessary to follow from leap year to leap year is the awaman, the variations in which determine the number of days in Nayon (see paragraphs 61 and 62, and Tables X. and XL). The full results of Part III. and its corollaries are given in Table V., which is practically a complete luni-solar calendar, but contains no information about the solar new year. Columns i and 2 give a reference to the English calendar. Each month of 29 days has one figure, representing the day of the week on which the first waxing, the Labyi and the Lagwe, fall. Each month of 30 days has two figures, the first representing the day of the week for the first waxing and Labyi, the second for the Lagwe. 114. Table VI. compares the moon's age at midnight of solar New Year's Day, as found from European sources, with the same age as found by Burmese methods in Table IV. Column 2 gives the European computation for mean new moon, Mandalay civil time, approximately in days and hours. Column 3 gives solar New Year's Day. Column 4 gives the moon's age as calculated from Columns 2 and 3, expressed in days and hours. Column 5 gives the moon's age from Table IV., expressed in didis and fraction. The differences are very small. The Burmese computation is slightly greater than the European. This would be partly accounted for by the hypothesis that the astrologers have not used Burmese local time, but the local time of some place in India. Stilson puts the initial new moon of March 21st, A.D. 638, at ih. 49m. ; the European computation is 2h. 43m., Mandalay time. 115. Tables VII. to IX. are intended to illustrate the discussion, in para- graphs 88 to 97, of the irregular manner in which intercalary months have hitherto been treated. The figures in Tables VII. and VIII. are taken from Table IV. without any correction by Table V. ; the yet lun, therefore, represents didis, and the la lun represents mean months, not calendar months. Table VIII. shows shortly the net result of progression in 66 cycles, as described in paragraph 89. Table IX. illustrates paragraph 90. 1 16. Table X. gives the awaman of the Labyi of Second Wazo for the whole era, except that the figures for the third and sixth leap years are left blank for several cycles because it is not known to the writer in what years the leap years were changed from 8 to 7 and from 16 to 15. 1 17. Table XL exhibits the divergence between the calendars actually observed and those which would have been observed if the intercalary days had followed the method described by Stilson, the intercalary months being the same 24 The Burmese Calendar. in both cases. Column 7 shows the awaman of Second Wazo Labyi, from the changes of which the intercalary days are calculated by Stilson's method. See paragraph 64. 118. Table XII. shows the divergence between the mean new moon and the Lagwe for every month for 29 years. The effect of the intercalary months and days can be traced by reference to the entries in the last column. 119. The "Mandalay time" in columns 6 to 8 is 6h. 21m. in advance of Greenwich time. This is in point of fact a nearer approximation to Pagan time than to Mandalay time, but Mandalay is a more distinctive name now, and an error of 4 or 5 minutes one way or the other is of no importance. In Tables I., II., III., and VI., Mandalay time is shown only approximately, by hours : it is not considered necessary to give the minutes. TABLES. 26 Elements of the Calendar for Mean New Moon, Mandalay Time. Tagu 1st. A.D. Month. Day. II. Week day. Month. D ay. o.s. N.S. o.s. 7 22 N.S. I 2 3 3A 24 4 5 6 March 7A 638 March 21 3 Sun. 25 639 10 13 12 Th. )i II 14 640 1 February 1 March . 27 ■■ I 20 Mon. [February 1 March 28 641 March 17 20 18 Sun. March 18 21 642 J) 7 10 3 Th. j5 7 10 643 February 24 27 II Mon. February 24 27 644 March 14 17 9 Mon. March IS 18 645 )» 3 6 18 Fri. 3) 4 7 646 February 21 24 Tu. February 21 24 647 March 12 15 Mon. March 12 15 648 February March . 29 ■ ■ • 3 9 Fri. j February 1 March 29 3 649 March 19 22 7 Fri. March 20 23 650 J) 8 IT 15 Tu. )j 9 12 651 (February 1 March . 26 I 1 Sat. J February 1 March 26 I 652 March 15 18 2 2 Fri. March 16 19 6S3 55 S 8 7 Tu. )) 5 8 654 February 22 --5 15 Sat. February 22 25 655 March 13 16 13 Sat. March 14 17 656 ,. I 4 22 Wed. )? 2 5 657 >) 20 23 19 Tu. jj 21 24 658 )) 10 13 4 Sat. » 10 13 27 TABLE I. The First 20 years of the Burmese Era. Solar New Year. (Thingyan Tet.) English. Month. March Day. 9 9A 10 22 22 -5 25 22 25 22 25 1 -• 25 2 i' 25 22 25 22 25 22 25 22 25 22 25 22 25 22 25 22 , 25 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 13 19 7 14 20 2 8 14 21 9 15 4 10 16 22 5 II 17 Week day. Burmese. Month. 12 13 14 15 15 36 Sun. Tagu 28 I 12 ^[on. 40 48 i Wed. S3 6 18 31 56 9 34 46 59 12 24 37 49 2 IS 27 24 , 'I'h. o I Fri. 36 j Sat. 12 Mon. 48 I Tu. 24 Wed. ' Kason o j Th. i Tagu 36 i Sat. Sun. Mon. 24 Tu. o I Th. 36 j Fri. 12 I Sat. 48 I Sun. Tu. Wed. 36 i Th. 24 o i6 u Second Wazo Labyi. 17 I 12 24 s 16 27 8 19 I II 23 3 14 25 7 18 29 9 21 2 13 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 19 3 , ■ 4 , ■• 5 j 30 6 .. 7 29 30 II 12 13 '; 29 14 IS 16 I 30 17 I .. 18 29 . . 1 i . July 9 12 7 10 3 6 II 14 8 II S 8 12 15 28 Elements of the Calendar for 163 years, Tagu 1st. Mean New Moon, Mandalay Time. A.D. Week i Day. M. D. ! H. 1 M. D. I 2 March 3 4 4 5 6 ! 7 9 1739 10 Mon. '•• March . 1740 „ 28 2 Mon. ,, . 28 I 741 •1 17 11 Fri. „ ..17 174^ ' 6 19 Tu. „ ! 6 1743 , , 25 17 Mon. 25 1744 14 ■ 2 Fri. 13 1745 ■ , : ■ 3 ; II Tu. ,, . : 2 1746 22 1 8 Tu. „ . ,22 1747 II ,' 17 Sat. 1 „ II 1748 29 ' 15 Fri. „ 29 1749 18 ; 23 Tu. „ . 18 1750 ! . ' 8 1 8 Sat. 7 175I 27 6 Sat. 27 1752 15 15 Wed. „ . IS I7S3 4 23 Sun. 1 „ . . 4 1754 23 21 Sun. ,, 24 175s 13 i 6 Th. ' „ .i 13 1756 • 31 3 ^Vcd. „ . 31 1757 20 I 12 Sun. ,, .20 1758 9 21 Th, 1 „ ■! 9 1759 28 18 Th. , „ 1 29 1760 17 3 Mon. 17 1761 6 12 Fri. 3' 6 1762 25 10 Th. 25 1763 14 18 Mon. 14 1764 3 3 Fri. [ „ 2 1765 22 I Th. 21 1766 II 10 Mon. 10 1767 30 7 Mon. i 30 1768 ' 18 16 Fri. „ ' 18 1769 8 I Tu. 11 7 1770 26 22 Tu. 27 1771 16 1 7 Sat. 16 1772 4 16 Wed. ,, 4 1773 23 13 Tu. • ■ 23 1774 12 22 Sat. 1 „ 12 1775 31 20 Fri. 31 1776 20 5 Tu. 19 1777 9 13 Sat. 8 1778 28 II Sat. 28 1779 17 20 Wed. 17 1780 6 I Sun. 5 TABLE II. FROM A.D. 1739 TO IQOI, B.E. IIOI TO 1263. 29 Solar New Year (Thingyaii Tet S ^ p C -. S p*^ Second Wazo English. , Burmese. c ■^ 1 20 1796 1) ■ 9 6 Tu. 8 1797 ,, 28 I Tu. !) 28 1798 ,, 17 12 Sat. • • 17 1799 " 6 21 Wed. „ 6 1800 !) 25 19 Tu. .. ^5 1801 )) IS 3 Sat. 14 1802 ,, 4 12 ^Vt;d. ,, 3 1803 )5 23 10 Wed. ,, -3 1804 )) . . . II 19 Sun. V II 1805 J> 30 16 Sat. J' 30 1806 20 I \Ved. )J 19 1807 „ 9 10 Sun. 8 1808 27 7 Sun. ,, 27 1809 ■>i 16 16 Th. ,, 16 1810 11 6 I Mon. >, 5 1811 24 22 Sun. 24 1812 )) 13 7 Th. )) 12 1813 April I S Th. April ] 1814 March 21 14 Mon. March 21 181S )) 10 22 Fri, 10 1816 28 20 Th. )) 28 1817 „ . . . 18 5 Mon. 17 1818 ,, 7 14 Fri. n 6 1819 1) 26 II Fri. 26 1820 ,, 14 20 Tu. ,, 14 1821 )) . . • 4 5 Sat. )) 3 1822 jj ... 23 2 Sat. ,, ... 23 -continued. FROM A.U. 1739 TO I90I, B.E. IIOI TO I263. 31 Solar New Vcar (Thingyan Tct). English. April D. 9 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 13 13 13 14 13 13 13 ! 13 13 13 14 13 I ^3 13 H. I M. 10 ! n 17 30 42 55 7 19 I 14 20 2 8 15 21 3 9 16 22 4 10 16 23 5 14 21 3 9 20 33 45 58 10 23 36 26 39 51 4 16 51 3 16 24 o 48 24 o 36 12 48 24 O 36 12 48 24 O 36 II 29 17 42 23 6 54 7 12 19 18 32 6 45 57 13 10 19 22 I 7 35 48 15 20 13 2 25 8 38 24 o 24 o 36 24 o 36 12 24 o 36 12 Week Day. 13 Th. Fri. 36 : Sat. Mon. Tu. Wed. Th. Sat. Sun. Mon. Tu. Th. Fri. Sat. Sun. Tu. Wed. Th. Fri. 48 I Sun. Mon. Tu. 36 I Wed. 12 i Fri. Sat. Sun. Tu. Wed. Th. Fri. Sun. Mon. Tu. Wed. Fri. Sat. Sun. Mon. Wed. Th. Burmese. 14 15 41 21 i 54 24 I Fri. o I Sat. Tagu Kason )j Tagu Kason Tagu . )) Kason Tagu Kason Tagu . Kason Tagu . Kason Tagu Kason Tagu Kason >) Tagu Kason Tagu )) Kason Tagu . Kason Tagu . Kason Tagu . )) Kason Tagu )) Kason Tagu Kason Tagu 15 19 I 12 23 5 14 25 8 17 28 10 21 3 13 24 7 16 27 9 20 13 22 5 15 26 9 18 29 II 22 4 13 24 7 17 28 10 20 2 1 143 1144 114s 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1 1 65 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 "73 1174 "75 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 A V ^ U l-i -s ^ -!h a, M u W_ 17 18 3 61 62 13 ; "83 22 I 1184 9 10 II 12 19 4 •■ 5 I 29 6 30 14 IS 16 17 18 o I 29 13 14 . ■• 15 ! 29 16 I .. 17 .. -18 30 o [ .Second Wazo Labyi . July 15 19 29 j 16 3° ' 14 4 5 6 7 29 I 21 10 I 30 i 19 11 i . . 12 i .. 13 29 IS 30 23 29 ! 20 30 \ 17 5 I 30 14 6 I .. I .. 32 TABLE II. Elements of the Calendar for 163 years 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 Mean New Moon, Mandalay Time. March 1828 )) IS29 ., 1830 ,, I83I ,, 1832 /. 1833 „ 1834 " 1835 " 1836 1837 )) 1838 1839 ,, 1840 April I84I March 1842 )i 1843 ,, 1844 i84,S 1846 ,, 1847 1848 jy 1849 ■>■> 1850 3) 1851 April 1852 March i8,';3 „ 1854 51 ^85,S ,, 1856 April 1857 March 1858 „ I8.S9 April i860 March 1861 1862 1863 12 30 19 9 28 16 5 24 14 31 21 10 29 17 7 26 IS 31 19 8 27 17 5 ^4 13 I 20 10 29 18 5 25 15 3 22 II 30 D. 3 II 9 17 9 17 IS o 21 6 15 13 21 6 4 12 10 19 4 I 10 19 16 16 14 23 8 S 14 II 20 s 3 II 20 18 3 II Tagu 1st. Week Day. Wed. Tu. Sat. Wed. Wed. Sun. Th. W^d. Sun. Sun. Th. Mon. Sun. Th. Mon. Mon. Fri. Th. Mon. Fri. Fri. Tu. Sat. Sat. ^\'ed. Sun. Sat. ^^'L■d. Tu. Sat. Wed. ^^'ed. Sun. Sat. Wed. Sun. Sun. Th. Mon. Sun. Th. Mon. March April March April March April March April March April March 12 30 19 i5 5 24 13 I 21 10 29 17 6 26 IS 2 22 II 31 19 17 S 24 13 I 20 9 29 18 S 25 14 3 22 II 30 19 7 — contiimcd. FROM A.D. 1739 TO I90I, B.E. IIOI TO I263. 33 Solar New Year (Thingyan TeL). English. April 14 13 14 13 13 13 14 13 T3 14 14 13 13 14 14 13 13 14 14 13 13 14 14 13 13 14 14 13 13 14 14 13 13 14 14 13 14 14 14 13 H. 10 4 10 16 22 4 II 17 23 5 12 18 o 6 12 19 I 7 13 19 2 8 14 20 2 9 15 21 3 9 16 22 4 lo 17 23 5 II 17 o 6 12 18 M. II 6 19 31 44 57 9 22 34 47 o 12 25 37 50 3 15 28 40 S3 6 s. 12 36 12 48 24 o 36 12 48 24 O 36 24 o Week Day. 13 iMon. Tu. Wed. Th. Sat. Sun. Mon. Tu. Th. Fri. 36 Sat. 12 i Mon. 48 j Tu. 24 ^Ved. o Th. 18 36 31 12 43 48 56 24 9 21 36 34 12 46 48 59 24 12 24 36 37 12 49 48 2 24 15 27 36 40 12 52 48 5 24 18 3° 36 43 12 Sat. Sun. Mon. Tu. Th. Fri. Sat. Sun. Tu. Wed. Th. Fri. Sun. Mon. Tu. Wed. Fri. Sat. Sun. Mon. Wed. Th. Fri. Sun. Mon. Tu. Wed. Burmese. M. 14 Kason Tagu J) Kason Tagu . )j Kason Tagu . Kason Tagu . Kason Tagu Kason Tagu Kason Tagu J) Kason Tagu Kason Tagu J) Kason Tagu Kason Tagu Kason Tagu . Kason Tagu . 11 Kason Tagu It Kason 15 16 5 1185 15 1186 26 1187 8 1188 18 1189 29 1190 II 1 1 91 4 13 24 7 17 28 10 20 2 1 2 23 6 15 26 8 18 29 II 21 4 14 25 7 17 28 9 20 3 12 23 6 16 27 9 1192 1193 1194 "95 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 121S 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 17 63 64 t^ Sccund .S Wazo ^ j L.abyi. _Q_i 9 10 ri 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 29 29 30 29 30 29 30 30 30 29 30 29 30 20 July"" 22 19 15 24 17 25 19 IS 23 20 28 25 18 34 TABLE II. Elements of the Calendar for 163 years Mtjaii New Mi on, Maiidalay Time. Tagu 1st. A.D. Week Day. M. |i. 11. M. D. I March 3 -7 4 10 5 6 March . 7 1865 .Mon. 27 1866 ,, 16 18 Eri. 33 16 1867 Ai'iril 4 15 I'h. April . . 4 1868 March 24 Mun. March . . . -0 1869 ,, 13 9 Eri. T5 12 1S7O April . I 6 Eri. Ainil I 187I March 21 15 'lu. March 21 1872 53 10 Sat. 33 9 1873 53 . 28 22 Sat. ,, 29 1874 ,, •; 18 6 Wed. 33 18 1875 April 6 4 Tu. April 6 1876 March ^5 13 Sat. March . 25 1877 14 2 2 ^^'cd. 33 14 1878 Ai'.nl 19 Tu. April ^ 1879 .March ^3 4 Sat. March 22 1880 II T5 \\'cd. „ 10 1881 3° TO ^Ved. 30 1882 , , 19 19 Sun. 19 I.S83 9 4 Th. ,, 8 1884 ^. 27 I Th. 3. 27 i8Ss ,, 16 10 Mon. „ 16 i88(S April 4 8 Sun. April . 4 1887 March 24 17 Th. March 24 1S88 V 13 I Mon. 33 12 1889 ■ 3- -3 Sun. 33 31 i8go )) 21 8 Th. 20 1891 5) 10 17 Mon. 9 1892 5) 28 14 Mon. 28 1893 )) • 17 -1 -0 Eri. ,, 17 1894 April ■■ 5 20 Th. Apnl 5 189s March . 26 S Mon. March -5 1896 , , 14 14 Eri. 33 13 1897 April 2 1 2 ErL April 2 1898 March . 22 20 Tu. March 2 2 1899 " 12 5 Sat. 3. II 1900 >i 31 3 Eri. 30 1901 3) 20 12 Tu. 33 19 — continued. FROM A.D. 1739 TO I90I, B.E. IIOI TO I263. 35 Solar New Year (Thingyan Tet). 11. li.E. ■u (J 'p- rt English. n. M. s. Week Day. Burmese •Sijcoiid Wazo M. D. M. Labyi. _W G 8 9 10 " 12 13 14 IS 16 17 i3 19 20 1 July April . . 14 55 48 Fri. Tagu . 19 1227 II 14 7 8 24 Sat. Kason I 1228 12 29 26 14 13 21 Sun. Tagu II 1229 13 13 19 33 36 Mon. ,, 22 1230 14 14 I 46 12 Wed. Kason 5 I23I IS 30 23 14 7 58 48 Th. Tagu . . 14 1232 16 14 14 II 24 Fri. )) 25 1233 17 13 20 24 ' Sat. Kason 7 1234 18 30 20 14 2 36 36 Mon. Tagu . . 17 1235 65 14 8 49 12 ' Tu. 1 1 )) 28 1236 I 29 28 14 15 r j 48 \Ved. 9 1237 2 13 21 14 ! 24 Th. ,, 20 1238 3 14 3 27 i ; Sat. Kason 3 1239 4 29 24 14 9 39 36 Sun. Tagu . 13 1240 5 14 15 52 12 Mon. ,, 24 I241 6 13 22 4 48 Tu. Kason 6 1242 7 30 21 14 4 17 24 Th. Tagu . 16 1243 8 14 10 30 Fri. ') 27 1244 9 14 16 42 36 Sat. Kason 9 1245 10 30 19 13 2 2 55 ; 12 1 Sun. Tagu 18 1246 II 14 5 7 1 48 Tu. Kason I 1247 12 29 26 14 II 20 1 24 ; Wed. Tagu II 1248 13 14 17 33 1 Th. J) 22 1249 14 13 23 45 ' 36 Fri. Kason 4 1250 15 29 22 14 S 58 1 12 Sun. Tagu 15 I251 16 14 12 10 48 Mon. 1) 26 1252 17 14 18 23 24 , Tu. Kason 8 1253 r8 30 20 14 36 Th. Tagu 18 1254 14 6 48 36 Fri. ,, 29 1255 I 29 27 14 13 I 12 Sat. >, 10 1256 2 14 19 13 48 ' Sun. „ 21 1257 3 14 I 26 24 1 Tu. Kason 4 1258 4 3° 24 14 7 39 \Ved. Tagu . 13 1259 5 14 13 51 ; 36 Th. )i 24 1260 6 14 20 4 12 Fri. Kason 1 6 I261 7 29 21 15 2 16 48 1 Sun. Tagu . . 17 1262 8 15 8 29 24 Mon. 1 28 1263 9 30 30 D 2 ^6 Elements w the Calendar calculated Mean New jNIoon, Mandalay Timi We 1; Day. Tagu 1st. igoi March 1902 1903 A]jril March 1904 1905 Ai'iril 1906 March 1907 1908 1909 >5 April .March 1910 5) 1911 35 1912 ,, 1913 ,, 1914 ,, 1915 3) 1916 1917 April March 1918 )' 1919 ,, 1920 n 1921 33 1922 3) 1923 1924 1925 April March 1926 31 1927 1928 A|jril March 1929 ,, 1930 5) 1931 ,, 1932 ., 1933 n 1934 1935 April 1936 March 1937 1938 )' 20 ) 2 Tu. .March 8 9 Tu. April 28 18 Sat. March 17 5 ^\•cd. 33 5 ^\■cd. .\pril -5 9 Sun. March '4 18 Th. 13 I 16 Th. April 22 Mon. March II 9 Fri. .. 30 7 Th. )) 18 15 Mon. 8 Fri. 26 22 Fri. [[ 16 6 Tu. n 3 4 Mon. April "3 13 Fri. March 12 22 Tu. »> 31 19 Tu. April 20 4 Sal. March 9 13 \\c.J. 28 II Tu. ,, 17 19 Sat. n 4 17 Sat. April . 25 \\ed. March . 14 10 Sun. J) 2 8 Sat. April . 21 17 Wed. March . II Sun. 33 • 29 23 Sun. 35 19 8 Th. 3) 7 17 Mon. 33 26 14 Sun. IS 23 Th. ^, 3 20 Th. April . 23 5 Mon. March . 12 14 Fri. )) 31 12 Th. >i II) ,s 28 16 5 -5 14 18 7 27 16 -J 12 I 20 17 5 25 14 2 21 10 30 19 7 26 15 4 23 12 31 TABLE III. FOR lOO YEARS, A.D. I90I TO 2000, B.F,. I263 TO 1362. 37 English. April Solar New Year (Thingyan Tet). Week Day. IS 15 IS IS IS 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 IS IS IS IS IS 15 16 15 3 IS 15 16 15 15 IS 16 15 IS IS 16 15 IS 15 O II 12 14 20 15 2 1 3 10 16 22 4 II 17 -3 5 II 18 o 6 1512 15 1 18 16 j I i^ 7 13 19 I 14 20 2 9 IS 21 3 9 16 29 42 54 7 19 32 4S S7 10 3S 48 o 13 -5 38 SI 3 16 28 12 13 24 Mon. Tu. 36 Wed. 12 Fri. 48 Sat. 24 Sun. Mon. 36 ^Ved. 12 Th, 48 Fri. 24 Sat. xMon. 36 12 48 24 36 I 12 48 41 24 S4 6 36 19 12 31 48 44 24 S7 9 36 22 12 34 48 47 24 12 36 25 12 37 48 SO 24 3 15 36 Tu. ^Ved. Th. Sat. Sun. Mon. Wed. Th. Fri. Sat. Mon. Tu. Wed. Th. Sat. Sun. Mon. Tu. Th. Fri. Sat. Sun. Tu. Wed. Th. Fri. Burmese. 14 Tagu )? Kason Tagu Kason Tagu )) Kason Tagu KasDii Tagu KasDii Tagu Kason Tagu . Kason Tagu Kason Tagu Kason Tagu . J) Kason Tagu 3) Kason Tagu Kason Tagu . 3) Kason Tagu IS 28 8 19 2 II 22 4 14 25 7 17 29 II 20 2 13 24 6 16 27 9 19 II 22 4 15 26 8 17 29 IT 21 3 13 24 6 16 16 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 127s 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 66 67 68 J3 I ^' Second ^1^1 \\'a?() " i .S il-abyi. 17 I iS Q 19 30 30 30 8 29 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 I o I 2 3 t 4 S 6 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 30 29 30 29 30 30 29 30 29 July 30 27 19 28 24 17 26 38 Elements of the Calendar calculated Tagu 1st. Mean \<'\v \Toon Mandalciy Time. A.n. ^tL\_LLIL ilV^H ^H \J\JH Week ~"\ Day. M. 2 D. ' H. 3 4 M. D. ' 5 6 7 1939 March 20 20 Mon. March 20 1940 !) 9 5 Fri. „ 8 1941 ,, 28 , 3 Fri. 1) 28 1942 )) 17 1 12 Tu. )) 17 1943 April 5 1 9 Mon. April 5 1944 March 24 18 Fri. March 24 1945 ,, 14 3 Tu. )j 13 1946 April 2 Tu. A[)ril 1947 March 22 9 Sat. March n 2 1948 " 10 18 M'ed. 11 10 1949 ,, 29 15 Tu. ^ 29 1950 19 Sat. ,'! ' 18 1951 ,, 8 ! 9 Wed. 7 1952 " 26 7 Wed. "^ 26 1953 15 15 Sun. J) 15 1954 April 3 13 Sat. April 3 1955 March 23 1 22 Wed. March " 1956 ' ' 12 1 7 Sun. „ II 1957 ,< 31 4 Sun. „ 31 1958 1) 20 13 Th. )i 20 1959 ,, 9 22 Mon. 9 i960 27 1 19 Mon. " 28 1961 ■" 17 ! 1 Fri. 17 1962 April 5 , Th. April . 5 1963 March 25 10 Mon. March 25 1964 J) 13 19 Fri. J? 13 1965 April I 17 Fri. April 2 1966 March 22 Tu. March 22 1967 ,, II 10 Sat. II 1968 V 29 8 Fri. ,. 29 1969 _ 18 17 Tu. 18 1970 )) 8 2 Sat. 7 1971 ,, 26 23 Sat. 27 1972 JJ 15 8 Wed. IS 3 1973 April 3 5 Tu. April 1974 March . 23 14 Sat. March 23 1975 >> 12 ~ Wed. i> 12 1976 " 30 21 Wed. J) 31 TABLE III.— continued. FOR 100 YEARS, A.D. 190I TO 2000, B.E. I263 TO 1362. 39 Solar New Year (Tliingyan Tel). i 1 Second English Burmese B.E. : '-^ t^ :^ Wazo Week Day. '0 u IS Labyi. 1 M. D. H. 10 M. n s. 12 13 M. D. IS 17 Q 19 8 9 14 )6 20 July 16 4 28 12 Sun. Tagu 28 1301 9 15 10 40 48 Mon. Kason 10 1302 10 30 19 IS 16 Si 24 Tu. Tagu 19 i3°3 II 15 23 6 Wed. Kason I 1304 1 ■■ 12 29 27 16 s 18 36 Fri. Tagu 12 1305 i ■• 13 15 TI 31 12 Sat. )) 23 1306 ■ 14 IS 17 43 48 Sun. Kason s 1307 ■• IS 3° 24 IS 23 S6 24 Mon. Tagu . 14 1308 : .. 16 16 6 9 Wed. ; „ 26 1309 17 15 12 21 36 Th. Kason 8 1310 18 29 20 IS 18 34 12 Fri. Tagu 18 1311 69 16 46 48 Sun. Kason I 1312 .. I 16 6 S9 24 Mon. )> 12 1313 2 30 18 IS 13 12 Tu. Tagu 21 1314 3 15 19 24 36 Wed. Kason 3 1315 ■■ 4 29 25 16 I 37 12 Fri. Tagu . . 14 1316 S 16 7 49 48 Sat. )) 25 1317 6 IS 14 2 24 Sun. Kason 7 1318 7 30 22 15 20 IS Mon. Tagu . 16 1319 8 16 2 27 36 Wed. )j 28 1320 9 •■ 16 8 40 12 Th. Kason 10 1321 10 3° 20 IS 14 S2 48 Fri. Tagu . . 19 1322 II IS 21 s 24 .Sat. Kason I 1323 12 29 27 16 3 18 Mon. Tagu 12 1324 13 16 9 30 36 Tu. ,, 23 1325- 14 IS IS 43 12 Wed. Kason 5 1326 1 .. 15 30 24 IS 21 55 48 Th. Tagu 14 1327 .. 16 ■ ' 1 16 4 8 24 Sat. )> 26 1328 17 16 10 21 Sun. Kason 8 1329 18 29 21 IS 16 33 36 Mon. Tagu 18 1330 70 1 IS 22 46 12 Tu. )) 29 1331 I 16 4 58 48 Th. Kason 12 1332 2 30 18 16 II II 24 Fri. Tagu 21 1333 3 IS 17 24 Sat. Kason 3 1334 , ■ 4 29 25 15 23 36 36 Sun. Tagu 13 1335 i ■ s 16 s 49 12 Tu. ?j 2S 1336 6 16 12 I 48 Wed. Kason 7 1337 7 30 23 IS 18 14 24 Th. Tagu 16 1338 8 40 Elements of the Calendar calculated ! Tagu 1st. .Mean New Moon Mandalay Time. A.D. Week Day. M. 1 D. H. 5 ^[. D. I 2 3 ! 4 6 7 1977 March 20 5 Sun. March 20 1978 . 9 14 Th. 9 1979 ,, 28 12 \\'ed. ,, 28 1980 )j 16 21 Sun. )) 16 I981 April 4 18 Sun. April S 1982 March 25 3 Th. March 25 1983 J) 14 i 12 Mon. jj 14 1084 April I ! 9 Sun. April I 1985 March 21 18 Th. March 21 1986 ,. II i 3 Mon. 57 10 1987 3° Mon. 30 1988 11 18 9 Fri. )> t8 1989 )) 7 18 Tu. ,, 7 1990 55 26 16 Mon. ,, 26 1 99 1 16 Fri. " IS 1992 April 2 2 Fri. April 3 1993 March 23 7 Tu. March 23 1994 11 12 16 Sat. 5) 12 1995 ,, 31 13 Fri. 55 31 1996 .. 19 2 2 Tu. 55 19 1997 3J 9 7 Sat. 5. 8 1998 ,, 28 4 Sat. ,, 28 1999 J) 17 13 Wed, 55 17 2000 April ^ 1 II Tu. April 4 TABLE lll.—contimied. FOR lOO YEARS, A.D. I90I TO 2000, B.E. I263 TO I362. 4' English. Solar Xew Year (Thingyan Tct). 16 16 16 15 16 16 16 IS 16 ; 16 1 16 ;i : 16 ! 16 15 16 16 16 15 16 16 16 15 o 6 12 19 I 7 13 19 2 14 20 2 9 15 21 3 10 16 22 4 10 17 23 27 i o 39 36 52 ' 12 4 ; 48 17 24 30 42 55 7 20 33 45 58 10 23 36 13 26 39 51 4 16 o 36 12 48 24 o 36 12 48 24 O 36 12 48 24 O 36 Week Day. 13 Sat. Sun. Mon. Tu. Th. Fri. Sat. Sun. Tu. Wed. Th. Fri. Sun. Mon. Tu. Wed. Fri. Sat. Sun. Mon. Wed. Th. Fri. Sat. Burmese. 14 Tagu Kason Tagu . Kason Tagu . )) Kason Tagu . Tagu Kason Tagu Kason Tagu Kason Tagu Kason Tagu I Kason \ Tagu I Kason Tagu 15 S ^ SrconcI ^ ^ ' W'azo ^ I .5 jLabyi. 28 1339 10 1340 20 1341 2 1342 12 1343 23 1344 ■S 134s IS 1346 27 1347 9 1348 18 1349 29 1350 12 1351 22 1352 4 I3S3 13 I3S4 25 I3S5 7 1356 17 1357 28 1358 11 I3S9 20 1360 2 1361 12 1362 ! 18 10 II 71 10 II 12 13 19 July 29 1 19 27 12 30 13 14 IS 16 29 17 18 30 I 2 29 24 17 4 ! 30 [ 26 29 1 22 I 30 \ 19 29 i 27 42 TABLE 1\. CALCULA'llONb FOR SOLAR NeW YeAR's DaY AND INTERCALARY MONTHS. Paris I. anjj II. uf the Methuu described by Stilson, I 2 3 4 o I 358 I I 366 151 2 ^ 73- 744 4 o 1097 537 5 4 1462 330 6 5 1827 123 f'l -193 710 2 7 2558 509 3 8 ^9^3 302 4 \) 3288 95 5 lO 3654 688 II 4019 481 I 12 43t;4 274 2 13 4749 67 , 14 5115 660 5 15 S480 453 6 16 5845 246 17 6210 39 I 18 6576 632 3 19 6941 425 4 20 7306 218 5 21 7671 II 6 22 8037 604 I 23 8402 397 2 24 8767 190 3 = 5 9133 7 •'■5 3 5 26 9498 576 6 27 9863 369 28 10228 162 I 29 IOS94 755 3 30 10959 548 4 31 113-4 341 5 32 II 689 134 6 33 12055 727 I 34 1 2420 520 2 35 i^7'^5 313 3 36 13150 10^1 4 37 1 3 S 1 6 699 6 38 13881 492 39 14246 285 I 40 14611 78 2 41 14977 671 4 42 15342 464 5 o 6 12 18 24 29 35 41 47 S3 59 64 70 76 82 88 93 99 105 III 117 122 128 134 140 146 151 157 163 169 175 180 186 192 198 204 209 215 221 227 233 239 244 661 524 39.^ 261 124 679 553 416 279 142 16 571 434 297 171 34 589 452 :;26 189 52 607 481 344 207 81 636 4'i<> 3''2 236 99 6t4 517 391 254 117 672 546 409 272 13s 9 564 Ha 372 744 1115 i486 1856 I 2228 2599 2970 [ 3341 3713 4083 4454 4825 5197 I 5 5 68 1 5938 O309 6681 7052 7423 7793 8165 8536 8907 9279 9649 10020 10391 10763 1 1 1 34 u 504 "875 12247 12618 12989 13359 13731 14102 14473 14844 15216 o 12 24 3 7 40 (>t 74 86 99 III 123 136 148 160 173 185 197 210 247 259 272 284 296 309 ^2 1 334 346 358 371 -'8-' 395 408 420 432 445 457 470 482 494 507 519 1 ! o 12 24 , 5 1 ' 16 : 26 8 I 2 19 o ! II ' 3 23 3 4 14 25 7 5 18 28 9 I 6 2t 2 ! 7 5 16 27 9 19 o II - 3 4 14 25 7 18 29 9 21 2 13 24 6 16 14 15 84 i68 24 108 192 48 132 223 I 72 156 12 96 180 36 120 204 60 144 84 168 24 108 192 48 132 2 2"^ I 72 156 12 96 180 36 120 204 60 144 84 168 24 108 TABLE IN.—coiitiuvcd. Calculations for Solar New Year's Day and Intercalary Months. Parts I. and II. of the Method described by Stilson. 43 Year, B.E. a »i s 12; < PM E < Didi Baung. a a Tat La Baling. a % 3 I 2 3 4 5 6 492 7 8 13605 9 23 10 405 n 12 IIOO 401786 658 6387 408173 60 IIOI 40215 1 451 I 6393 355 408544 13618 4 151 I II02 402516 244 2 6399 218 408915 13630 15 406 II03 402881 37 3 6405 81 409286 13642 26 84 II04 403247 630 5 6410 647 409657 13655 7 175 I II05 403612 423 6 6416 510 410028 13667 18 407 24 II06 403977 216 6422 373 410399 13679 29 108 II07 404342 9 I 6428 236 410770 13692 10 199 I II08 404708 602 3 6434 no 411142 13704 22 408 48 nog 405073 395 4 6439 665 411512 13717 ■> 139 I mo 405438 188 5 6445 528 411883 13729 13 223 I nil 405804 781 6451 402 412255 13741 25 409 72 1112 406169 574 I 6457 265 412626 13754 6 163 1 1113 406534 367 2 6463 128 412997 13766 17 410 12 1114 406899 160 3 6468 683 413367 13778 27 96 1115 407265 753 5 6474 557 413739 13791 9 187 I 1116 407630 546 6 6480 420 414110 13803 20 411 36 1117 407995 339 6486 2«3 414481 13816 I 127 I 1118 408360 132 I 6492 146 414852 13828 12 211 I iiig 408726 725 3 6498 20 415224 13840 24 412 60 1120 409091 518 4 6503 575 415594 13853 4 151 I 1121 409456 3" 5 6509 438 415965 13865 15 413 1122 409821 104 6 6515 301 416336 13877 26 84 1123 410187 697 I 6521 175 416708 13890 8 175 I 1124 410552 490 2 6527 38 417079 13902 19 414 24 1125 410917 283 3 6532 593 417449 13914 29 108 1126 411282 76 4 6538 456 417820 13927 10 199 I 1127 41 1 648 669 6 6544 330 418192 13939 22 415 48 1128 412013 462 6550 193 418563 13952 3 139 I 1129 412378 25s I 6556 56 418934 13964 14 223 I 1130 412743 48 2 6561 6n 419304 13976 24 416 72 1131 413109 631 4 6567 485 419676 13989 6 163 I 1132 413474 424 5 6573 348 420047 1 400 1 17 417 12 1133 413839 227 6 6579 211 420418 14013 28 96 1134 414204 20 6585 74 420789 14026 9 187 I "35 414570 613 2 6590 640 42 1 1 60 14038 20 418 36 1136 414935 406 3 6596 503 421531 1405 1 I 127 I 1137 415300 199 4 6602 366 421902 14063 12 211 I 1138 415666 792 6 6608 240 422274 14075 24 419 60 1139 41 603 1 585 6614 103 422645 14088 5 151 I 1 140 416396 378 I 6619 658 423015 14100 15 420 1141 416761 171 2 6625 521 423386 14112 26 84 1142 417127 764 4 6631 395 423758 14125 8 175 I 4 4 TABLE YW .^continved. Calculations for Solar New Year's Day and Intercalary Months. Parts 1. and II. of the Method described i:y Stilson. rt H-5 9 lO I II ' 12 "43 41749- j 557 S 6637 258 : 424129 14137 19 421 24 "44 417857 350 6 6643 121 424500 14150 "5 I "45 418222 143 6648 676 424870 14162 10 ' 199 I 1146 41S588 736 2 6654 550 425242 14174 2 2 422 48 "47 418953 529 3 6660 413 425613 14187 3 139 I II 48 419318 322 4 6666 276 425984 14199 14 223 I "49 419683 "5 5 6672 139 426355 14211 25 423 72 1150 420049 708 6678 13 426727 14224 7 163 I "51 420414 501 I 6683 568 427097 14236 17 424 12 1152 420779 294 2 6689 431 427468 14248 28 96 "53 421144 87 3 6695 294 427839 14261 9 187 I "54 421510 680 5 6701 168 4282 1 1 14273 21 425 i(^ "55 421875 473 6 6707 31 42S582 14286 2 127 I "56 422240 266 6712 586 428952 14298 12 211 I "57 422605 59 I 6718 449 420323 14310 23 426 60 1158 422971 652 3 6724 323 429695 14323 5 151 I "59 423336 445 4 6730 186 430066 14335 16 427 1160 423701 238 5 6736 49 430437 14347 27 84 1161 424066 31 6 6741 604 430807 14360 7 175 I 1162 424432 624 I 6747 478 43"79 14372 19 42 8 24 "63 424797 417 2 6753 341 43^550 14385 "5 I 1 1 64 425162 210 3 6759 204 431921 14397 II 199 I "65 425527 3 4 6765 67 432202 14409 2 2. 429 48 1166 425893 596 6 6770 633 432663 14422 3 139 I 1167 426258 389 6776 496 433034 14434 14 223 I 1 1 68 426623 182 I 6782 359 433405 14446 25 430 72 1169 426989 775 3 6788 233 433777 14459 7 163 I 1170 427354 568 4 6794 96 434148 14471 18 431 12 1171 427719 361 s 6799 651 434,^ T 8 14483 28 96 1172 428084 154 6 6805 514 434SS0 14496 9 187 I "73 428450 747 T 6811 388 435261 14508 21 432 36 "74 428815 540 2 6817 251 435632 14521 2 127 I "75 429180 333 3 6823 "4 436003 14533 13 2X1 I 1176 429545 126 4 6828 669 436373 14545 23 433 60 "77 429911 719 6 6834 543 436745 14558 5 151 I 1178 430276 512 6840 406 437"6 14570 16 434 "79 430641 305 T 6846 269 437487 14582 27 84 1180 431006 98 2 6852 132 437858 14595 8 175 I 1181 431372 691 4 6858 6 438230 14607 20 435 24 I J,S2 431737 484 s 6863 561 438600 14620 "5 I "83 432102 277 6 6869 424 438971 14632 II 199 I 1 184 432467 70 6875 287 439342 14644 1 22 436 48 "85 432833 663 ^ 688 1 i6t 439714 14657 4 139 T 45 TABLE IV. -continued. Calculations for Solar Niow Year's Day and Intercalary Months. Parts I. and II. of the Method dkscribed by Stilson. Year, B.E. Haragon. ^1 < c S < § pq Q c Yet Lull. .5 5 1 I 1 - 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 9 i 10 II 12 ii86! 433198 456 3 6887 24 440085 14669 15 223 I 1187 433563 249 4 6892 579 440455 14681 25 4,i7 72 1188 433928 42 5 6898 442 440826 14694 6 163 I 1189 434294 635 6904 316 441198 14706 18 438 12 [igo 434659 428 I 6910 179 441569 14718 29 96 IIQI 435024 221 2 6916 42 441940 14731 10 187 I 1 192 435389 14 3 6921 597 442310 ^4743 20 439 36 1193 435755 607 5 6927 471 442682 14756 2 127 1 1194 436120 400 6 6933 334 443053 14768 13 211 I "95 436485 193 6939 197 443424 14780 24 440 60 1196 436851 786 2 6945 71 443796 14793 6 151 1 1197 437216 579 3 6950 626 444166 14805 16 441 1198 437581 372 4 6956 489 444537 14817 27 84 1199 437946 165 5 6962 352 444908 14830 8 175 I 1200 438312 758 6968 226 445280 14842 20 442 24 1201 438677 551 I 6974 89 445651 14855 I 115 1 1202 439042 344 2 6979 644 446021 14867 II 199 1 1203 439407 137 3 6985 507 446392 14879 44 J 48 1204 439773 730 5 6991 381 446764 14892 4 139 ] 1205 440138 523 6 6997 244 447135 14904 IS 223 ] 1206 440503 316 7003 107 447506 14916 26 ' 444 72 1207 440868 109 I 7008 662 447876 14929 6 163 ] 1208 441234 702 3 7014 536 448248 14941 18 445 ' 12 1209 441599 495 4 7020 399 ' 44S619 14953 29 96 1210 441964 288 5 7026 262 440990 14966 10 187 1 1211 442329 81 6 7032 125 449361 14978 21 ' 446 36 1212 44269s 674 I 7037 691 449732 14991 ; 2 127 1 1213 443060 467 2 7043 1 554 1 450103 15003 : ^3 211 1 1214 443425 260 3 7049 417 450474 15015 24 ! 447 60 1215 443790 53 4 7055 280 450S45 15028 5 ^ '51 ] 1216 444156 646 6 7061. 154 451217 15040 17 448 ' 1217 444521 439 7067 17 451588 15052 28 84 1218 444886 232 I \ 7072 ' 572 451958 15065 1 8 175 1 1219 445251 25 2 1 7078 435 452329 15077 ! 19 449 24 1220 445617 618 4 1 7084 3°9 452701 15090 I 115 1 1221 445982 411 S 1 7090 172 453072 15102 12 199 1 1222 446347 204 6 7096 35 453443 15114 1 23 450 48 1223 446713 797 I 7101 601 453814 15127 4 139 1 I 1224 447078 590 2 7107 464 454185 15139 15 223 I 1225 447443 383 3 7113 327 454556 1 15151 26 451 72 1226 447808 176 4 i 7119 190 454927 15164 7 163 1 I 1227 448174 769 6 7125 64 455299 15176 19 452 12 1228 448539 562 7130 619 455669 15188 29 96 46 TABLE IN.— cvnt anted. Calculations for Solar New Year's Day and Intercalary Months. Parts I. and II. of the Method described by Stilson. A c rt QJ ^ d c ■£ c: [d a. 8> S X 2 448904 < 1 3 355 < 4 I S 6 482 |5 < c ' I 7 456040 8 9 10 10 II 12 1229 7136 15201 187 I 1230 449269 148 " 7142 345 456411 15213 21 453 36 1 23 1 449635 741 4 7:48 219 456783 15226 3 127 I 1232 450000 534 5 7154 82 457154 15238 14 211 I 1233 450365 327 6 7159 637 457524 15250 24 454 60 1-34 450730 120 7165 500 457895 15263 5 151 I 1235 451096 713 2 7171 374 458267 15275 17 455 1236 45I461 506 3 7177 237 458638 15287 28 84 1237 451826 299 4 7183 100 459009 15300 9 175 I 1238 452I9I 92 S 7188 655 459379 15312 19 456 24 1239 452557 685 7194 529 459751 15325 I "5 I 1240 452922 478 I 7200 392 460122 15337 12 199 I 1241 455287 271 " 7206 255 460493 15349 23 457 48 1242 453652 64 3 7212 118 460864 15362 4 139 I 1-43 454018 657 5 7217 684 461235 15374 15 223 I 1244 454383 45° 6 7223 547 461606 15386 26 45S 72 1-45 454748 243 7229 410 461^,77 15399 7 163 I 1246 45 5 1 13 36 I 7235 273 462348 15411 18 459 12 1247 455479 629 3 7241 147 462720 15424 103 I 1248 455''544 422 4 7247 10 463091 15436 II 187 I 1249 456209 215 S 7252 s6; 463461 15448 21 460 36 1250 456574 8 6 7258 428 463832 15461 2 127 I 1251 456940 601 I 7264 302 464204 15473 14 211 I 1252 457305 394 2 7270 165 46457s 15485 25 461 60 1-53 457670 187 ^■> 7276 28 464946 15498 6 151 I 1254 458036 780 5 7281 594 465317 15510 17 462 1255 458401 573 6 7287 457 465688 15522 28 84 1256 458766 366 7293 320 466059 15535 9 17s I 1257 459131 159 I 7299 183 466430 15547 20 463 24 1258 459497 752 3 7305 57 466802 15560 2 "5 I 1259 459862 545 4 7310 612 467172 15572 1 2 199 I 1 260 460227 338 5 7316 475 467543 15584 -J 464 48 1261 460592 131 6 7322 ii^ 467914 15597 4 139 I 1262 460958 724 I 7328 2 1 2 468286 15609 16 223 I 47 I'ABLK V. Yearly Table of Months. [Sic parti^raph 113). Months. A.D. Tagu \Va\, 1st, ]!.E. s ! ' ^ j i) New 3 c. c "'■!-::. C' ^ ti S ^ 6 1 '^ :r" Style. ^rt 1 ^ 1 1 "^ ■u 1 X' I -a H c 5 (C rt I i 2 3 4 2 s 34 6 56 7 01 S 9 10 II 12 1 12 '3 3 14 45 15 6 i(j 1739 Mar. 9 IIOI -3 ', 4 56 01 1740 28 1102 2 34 5 60 1 I 23 1 4 56 12 3 45 I74I 17 1103 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 1742 6 1104 3 45 6 01 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1743 25 1105 2 34 5 1 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1744 13 1106 6 01 2 34 5 : 60 I 23 4 56 12 T745 2 1107 3 45 60 12 34 5 60 I 23 4 1 56 12 1746 -> 1108 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1747 II 1109 12 3 45 60 I ' 23 4 56 12 3 45 1748 29 IIIO 6 01 34 .. 1 5 ^° I -3 4 56 12 1749 18 IIII 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1750 7 III2 12 34 56 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1751 27 III3 12 3 45 6 1 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 175- IS III4 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 1753 4 III5 I 23 45 60 1 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 1754 24 II16 I 23 4 56 ! .. i 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1755 13 III7 5 60 I 23 i 45 6 1 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 1756 31 II18 4 56 12 3 ' 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I7S7 20 III9 I 23 4 56 1 .. 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1758 9 II20 5 60 12 34 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1759 29 II2I S 60 I 23 i •■ 4 56 12 -1 45 6 01 1760 17 II22 2 34 5 60 .. I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1761 6 II23 6 01 2 34 1 56 12 3 45 6 01 34 1762 25 II24 5 60 I 23 ■• 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1763 14 II25 2 34 5 60 1 .. I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1764 2 II26 6 01 2 34 : 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1765 21 II27 5 60 I 23 ■■ 4 56 12 3 45 j 6 01 1766 10 II28 2 34 56 01 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1767 30 II29 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1768 18 II30 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1 12 1769 7 II3I 3 45 60 12 34 5 60 I 23 4 . 56 1 1 2 1770 27 II32 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1771 16 II33 12 3 45 •■ 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 1772 4 II34 4 56 12 1 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 1773 23 II35 3 45 6 01 j . . 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1774 12 II36 12 3 i 45 1 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1775 31 II37 6 01 2 34 ! ■• 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 1776 19 II38 3 45 6 01 , . . 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1777 8 II39 12 34 56 1 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1778 28 1 140 12 3 45 I ■■ 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 1779 17 II4T 4 56 1 12 1 . . 3 45 6 01 2 1 34 5 60 48 TABLE V. — continued. Yearly Table of Months. {Sec paragraph 113). Tagu \A'nx. 1st, New" Style. li.E. 1 G rj % Months .\ 1.. ■ ? .9 H 1 3 p E c as H i hi c I 2 3 4 s 6 7 S 9 10 II 12 n 14 . 15 16 1780 Mar. 5 1142 I 23 45 60 12 3 45 6 01 2 i 34 5 60 I78I -5 1143 I 23 4 i 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1782 14 1)44 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1783 3 1 1 45 2 34 5 60 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 1784 21 1146 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1785 10 1147 5 60 12 34 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1786 3° 1148 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1787 19 1 1 49 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1788 7 1150 6 01 23 45 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1789 27 1151 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 1790 16 1152 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 I79I 5 1 1 53 12 3 45 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1792 -3 1154 6 01 2 34 5 60 I -3 4 56 12 1793 12 1155 3 45 6 01 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1794 31 1156 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1795 20 1157 6 01 2 34 5 60 I -7T "0 4 56 12 1796 8 1158 45 60 12 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 1797 28 "59 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1798 17 1160 T2 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 1799 6 1161 4 56 12 34 5 60 I -3 4 56 12 1800 25 1162 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1801 14 1163 12 3 45 6 01 ., 34 5 60 I 23 1802 3 1 1 64 4 56 01 -3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 1803 'i ^0 1165 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 1804 II 1166 I 23 4 56 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1805 30 1167 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 1806 19 1168 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 1807 8 1169 I -3 45 60 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 180S 27 1170 1 23 4 56 12 •J 45 6 01 2 34 1809 16 1171 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1810 5 1172 34 5 60 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 1811 24 1173 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1812 12 1174 5 60 12 34 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1813 Apr. I "75 5 60 I 23 4 1 56 12 3 45 6 01 1814 Mar. 2 1 1176 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1815 10 1177 6 01 2 34 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1S16 2S 1178 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1817 17 1179 2 34 5 60 ' I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1818 6 1 1180 6 01 "0 45 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1819 26 1181 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 1820 14 1182 3 45 6 01 2 - 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 'IWBLE \'. — continued. Ykaki.y Table of Moxi'hs. (See paragraf>/i 113.) 49 Tagu Wax. 1st, New Style. 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 184s 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 i860 1861 Months. Mar. 3 -3 12 30 19 16 5 24 13 Apr. I Mar. 21 10 29 17 6 26 15 Apr. 2 Mar. 2 2 II 31 19 8 28 17 5 24 13 Apr. I Mar. 20 9 29 18 Apr. 5 Mar. 25 14 Apr. 3 Mar. 22 1 1 II 83 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 "93 1194 "95 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 o o 4 3 o 4 4 I S 1 4 , I I S I 5 2 2 6 S 2 6 6 3 o o 4 I o 4 3 o 4 4 I o 4 I I 5 2 fl P-, rt I^ ?; 5 6 7 12 34 56 12 3 45 Sb 12 4.S I 6 01 34 56 34 5 01 2 60 I 34 S 12 56 56 23 60 56 ^3 23 60 34 23 60 34 34 01 60 34 01 01 45 12 12 56 23 12 56 45 12 56 56 23 12 56 23 23 60 34 3 01 o 4 I o 45 4 I 5 4 1 -J 2 6 34 3 o 4 3 o 6 3 01 o 4 3 o 45 4 I 5 34 -45 23 56 60 45 23 12 56 23 45 12 60 56 23 60 56 23 01 60 34 23 60 45 34 01 56 45 12 56 45 12 01 45 23 12 56 45 12 60 56 23 60 34 45 34 01 60 34 01 01 3 ! 45 o 12 6 01 45 45 12 56 45 12 56 56 I 23 12 4 56 I 23 I 23 5 60 34 34 01 45 34 01 60 34 01 01 45 34 01 45 45 12 56 45 fl 'n ;: c ri 2 I 5 2 6 3 2 6 6 3 o 6 3 o o 4 3 o 4 4 I 5 5 2 6 5 2 I 5 60 34 23 60 34 34 01 45 34 01 01 45 12 01 45 12 1 2 56 45 12 I 56 ! 56 23 60 60 34 01 60 34 23 \ 60 i 34 34 01 I 60 1 34 01 1 °' 45 1 '^ 01 I 5 4 I 5 5 2 6 5 2 2 6 3 2 6 3 3 o 6 3 o o 4 I I 5 2 I 5 4 I 5 5 I 5 60 56 23 60 60 34 01 60 34 34 01 45 34 01 45 45 12 01 45 12 12 56 23 23 60 34 23 60 56 23 60 60 34 23 60 34 34 01 45 34 15 5 5 2 6 5 2 6 6 3 2 6 3 3 o 4 4 I 5 4 I o 4 I I 1 I 5 4 I 5 5 6 5 56 23 12 56 23 23 60 34 23 60 60 34 01 60 34 01 01 45 34 01 45 45 12 56 56 23 60 56 23 12 56 -J 60 56 23 60 60 34 01 60 50 TABLE V. — continued. Yearly Table of Months. {See paragraph 113.) Tagu, Months Wax. 1st, N _^ c^ 1 A.D. Ncu- .Style. B v.. fr; t/j P p oj b/) 3 C 3 i U 1 CA' c > e3 1 1 6 1 P t2 I 2 3 1224 4 I s - 6 4 j 7 56 8 9 10 - 12 II 3 12 45 13 6 14 01 15 2 16 1862 Mar. 30 34 1863 19 1225 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1S64 7 1226 2 34 56 01 -3 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1865 27 1227 2 34 5 60 I "3 4 56 12 3 45 1866 16 1228 6 01 34 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1867 Apr. 4 1229 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1868 Mar. 2 3 1230 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1869 12 1231 6 01 -0 45 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1870 Apr. I 1232 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 187I Mar.2r 1233 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1872 9 1^34 12 34 56 01 T 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1873 -9 123s 12 3 45 6 01 34 5 60 I 23 1874 18 1236 4 56 12 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 187s Apr. 6 1^37 3 45 6 01 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1876 Mar. 2 5 1238 12 3 45 6 01 34 5 60 I 23 1877 14 1^39 4 56 12 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 1878 Apr. -^ 1240 3 45 6 01 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1879 Mar.22 1241 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 1880 10 1242 4 56 01 23 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 1881 30 1^43 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 '> 34 5 60 1882 19 1244 I -> 1 -0 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 34 1883 8 1245 5 60 12 34 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1884 27 1246 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1885 16 1247 2 34 5 60 12 3 45 6 01 34 5 60 1886 Apr. 4 1248 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 34 1887 Mar.24 1249 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1888 12 1250 2 34 5 60 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 1889 31 1-51 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1890 20 1252 5 60 T 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 189I 9 I2S3 2 34 56 01 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1892 28 1254 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1893 17 1255 6 01 2 34 56 12 3 45 6 01 2 34 1894 Apr. 5 1256 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 6 01 1895 Mar. 2 5 1257 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1896 13 1258 6 01 ; 23 45 60 I 23 4 56 12 3 45 1897 A])r. 2 1259 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 1898 Mar.22 1260 3 45 6 01 2 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 1899 II 1261 12 3 45 60 I -3 4 56 12 3 45 1900 30 1262 6 01 2 34 5 60 I -J 4 56 12 19OI 19 1263 3 45 60 12 34 5 60 I 23 4 56 12 TABLE Vl. 51 Comparison of Epacts, as found 1!y European and by Burmese Methods. I\Tcan Ni w Moon, Moon's Age at Moon's Age from Table IV. A. 11. Mandalay (. ivil Time. Thini,'yan Tet, Midnight. - M. 11. 11, 2 3 Mar. D H. Vet Lun. 1 1 Awaman, I 4 5 638 March 21 3 2 2 I 1 21 I 661 639 10 12 2 2 12 ! 12 12 524 640 February 27 20 22 24 4 24 398 641 March 17 18 22 5 6 5 261 642 7 3 '-> -> 15 21 16 124 643 February 24 11 22 1 26 13 26 679 644 March 14 9 22 1 8 IS 8 553 645 3 18 -> 19 6 19 416 646 22 15 '■y •-> 9 279 647 12 22 II II 142 648 February 29 9 2 2 22 15 23 16 649 March 19 7 22 3 17 3 571 650 8 15 22 14 9 14 434 * * * April * * * « 1739 April 8 17 12 4 7 4 355 1740 March 28 2 II 14 22 15 218 I74I 17 II 1 1 25 13 26 81 1742 April 5 8 12 7 16 7 647 1743 March 25 17 12 18 7 18 510 1744 14 2 1 1 28 22 29 373 1745 April I 23 II 10 I 10 236 1746 March 22 8 12 21 16 22 no 1747 April 10 6 12 2 18 2 665 1748 March 29 15 II 13 9 13 528 1749 March 18 23 12 25 I 25 402 1750 April 6 21 12 6 3 6 265 I75I March 27 6 12 16 18 * 17 * 128 1833 * March 21 6 13 23 18 24 197 1834 April 9 4 14 5 20 6 71 1835 March 29 13 14 16 II 16 626 1836 17 21 13 27 3 27 489 1837 April 5 19 13 8 S 8 352 226 1838 March 26 4 14 19 20 20 1839 April 14 I 14 23 I 89 1840 2 10 13 II 14 II 644 1841 March 22 19 13 22 5 22 5°7 1842 April 10 16 14 4 8 4 381 1843 March 31 i 14 14 23 15 244 1844 19 10 13 25 14 26 107 1845 April 7 7 13 6 17 6 662 1846 March 27 16 14 18 8 18 536 1847 17 I 14 28 23 29 399 1848 April 3 23 13 10 I 10 262 1849 March 24 8 13 20 16 21 125 1850 April 1 2 5 14 2 19 2 691 1851 I 14 14 13 10 13 554 1852 March 20 23 13 24 I 24 417 E 2 52 TABLE y I.— continued. Mean Nch Moon, Moon's Age at Moon's Age from Table I\'. A.D. Mandalay Ci\il Time. Thingyan ' Tel. Midnight, M. D. 11. 2 3 D. H. Yet Lun. -Vwaman. I 4 April 1 1853 April 8 20 13 S i 4 5 280 i8s4 March 29 5 14 16 19 17 154 1855 18 14 14 -7 10 28 17 1856 April 511 13 8 13 8 572 1857 March 25 20 13 T9 4 19 435 1858 April 13 18 14 I ; 6 I 3°9 1859 >> Z 2> 14 II 1 21 12 172 i860 March 22 11 13 22 , 13 23 35 1861 April 10 9 14 4 IS 4 601 1862 March 30 18 14 IS 1 6 IS 464 1863 20 3 14 25 21 26 327 1864 April 7 13 7 ' 7 190 1865 March 27 10 14 18 1 14 19 64 1866 16 18 14 29 ! 6 29 619 1867 April 4 15 14 10 9 10 482 1868 March 24 13 21 21 345 1869 April II 21 14 3 3 .> 219 1870 I 6 14 13 1 18 14 82 1871 March 21 15 14 24 9 24 637 187-^ April 8 13 13 s II 5 500 1873 -March 28 22 14 17 " 17 374 1874 18 6 14 27 18 28 237 1875 April 6 4 14 8 1 20 9 100 1876 March 25 13 13 19 j II 19 655 1877 April 13 10 14 I 14 I 529 1878 2 19 14 I- S 12 392 1879 March 23 4 14 22 20 23 25s 1880 April 10 I 13 3 23 4 118 1881 March 30 10 14 15 14 IS 684 1882 19 19 14 26 s 26 547 1883 April 7 16 14 7 8 1 7 410 1884 March 27 i 13 17 23 18 273 1885 April 14 23 14 I 147 1886 4 8 14 10 16 II 10 1887 March 24 17 14 21 7 21 565 428 1888 April II 14 13 10 2 1889 March 31 23 14 14 I ! 14 302 1890 21 8 14 24 16 25 165 1891 April 9 5 14 5 19 1 6 28 1892 March 28 14 14 17 10 17 594 1893 17 -^3 14 28 I 28 1 457 1894 April 5 20 14 9 4 9 320 183 189s March 26 5 14 19 19 20 1896 April 13 3 14 I 21 2 57 1897 2 12 14 12 12 12 612 1898 March 22 20 14 23 4 - J 475 1899 April 10 18 14 4 6 4 338 1900 March 31 3 15 IS 21 16 212 53 TABLE VII. Progression of the Epact (Yet Lun). Cycles Expired. Year. -— - r 1 o I i " , 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 o I 2^2! ; 15 15 IS 16 16 16 17 17 17 I 12 13 { 13 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 1 28 28 2 24 23 24 7 8 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 3 S 5 6 18 19 19 19 20 20 19 19 20 4 i6 16 16 29 1 29 I I I 2 5 26 27 10 10 10 II II II 12 12 12 6 8 9 I 22 1 1 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 7 19 19 1 2 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 8 1 ^3 14 14 14 IS IS IS IS 16 9 II II . 25 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 lO 23 23 1 ' 6 7 7 6 6 7 7 II 3 4 1 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 18 12 14 14 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 13 25 25 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 II 14 7 7 20 20 21 21 20 21 21 21 15 18 18 I I 2 2 T 2 3 2 i6 28 29 1 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 17 9 9 1 23 I 24 24 23 23 24 24 24 25 i8 21 21 i 1 4 4 1 1 5 S 5 6 S S 6 54 TABLE VIII. Progression of Yet Lun, Adimath, and L\ Lun in 66 Cycles. Year. Yet Lun. Expired Cycle u. 24 5 16 Kxpired Cycle 65. 17 28 9 19 I Adimath. La Lun. Expired Cycle o. 84 168 24 108 Expired Cycle 65. 84 17s 24 "5 Expireil Cycle o. Expired Cycle 65. s 26 12 192 199 I 6 8 23 48 48 7 19 ' 132 139 8 IS 223 223 I 9 II 26 72 72 10 23 7 156 163 II 3 18 12 12 12 14 96 103 13 25 II 180 187 14 7 21 36 36 15 18 2 120 127 16 28 14 204 211 17 9 25 60 60 18 21 6 144 151 I , 55 TABLE IX. Order of Shifts of Leap Ye\ks in the Metonic Cycle. Part A. — 19 Backward Shift.s. Leap Vcciis 1st. 2nd, 3rd. 8 4th. 1 5th. 13 6th. 7th. 2 5 10 16 18 7 15 4 I 12 9 ' 1 6 17 I 14 3 II 8 16 5 13 10 13 18 i 10 18 2 S 8 16 56 TABLE IX. Part B. — 19 Forward Shifts. 2nd. 3rd. Leap \'ears. 15 17 4th. 5ih. 6ih. 7th. 10 13 16 18 II 14 13 5 1 8 5 i 8 1 10 13 1 16 16 1 18 2 TABLE X. AwAMAN OF Second W'azd Labyi. 57 o I 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 213 I 433 653 170 390 610 127 347 567 84 304 524 41 261 481 701 218 438 ' 6s8 \ 175 I 395 615 I 132 352 572 89 309 529 46 266 486 3 223 443 663 180 400 620 137 357 577 94 314 534 51 271 472 692 1 209 429 649 166 386 606 123 343 5^^ 80 300 520 37 257 477 697 214 434 654 171 391 611 128 348 568 85 305 525 42 262 482 702 219 439 659 176 396 616 133 353 573 90 310 530 Cycle Years. 8 9 10 28 545 248 ! 62 468 1 282 688 1 502 205 1 19 425 239 645 459 162 679 382 196 602 1 416 119 636 339 153 559 1 373 16 593 no ' 550 67 287 507 24 244 464 684 201 421 641 158 378 598 115 335 555 72 292 512 29 249 469 689 206 426 646 163 383 603 321 541 58 I 278 I 498 15 i 235 455 675 i 192 412 632 149 i 369 589 106 326 546 63 283 503 20 j 240 460 680 i 197 417 637 154 374 594 III 331 551 68 288 508 25 245 465 685 202 422 642 159 360 174 580 394 97 614 317 131 537 351 54 571 274 88 494 308 II 528 231 1 45 451 265 671 485 188 ! 2 408 222 628 ' 442 145 662 365 i 179 585 399 102 1 619 322 136 5^2 356 59 576 279 93 499 313 16 533 236 50 456 270 676 490 193 7 413 227 633 447 667 184 404 624 ? 141 361 581 98 318 538 55 275 495 232 58 TABLE X. — continued. AwAMAN OF Second Wazo Labyi. u,3 Cycle Years. 46 491 47 8 48 228 49 448 50 668 SI 185 52 405 53 625 54 , 142 55 362 56 582 57 99 58 319 59 539 60 56 61 276 6. 496 63 13 64 491 65 8 66 228 4 5 47 7 8 9 10 12 13 379 15 16 18 120 452 267 34° 599 I 672 487 560 116 189 4 77 336 409 224 [ 297 556 629 444 517 73 146 664 34 293 366 181 254 513 586 401 474 30 103 621 ? ? 694 250 ? ? 323 138 ? ? 211 470 ? ? 543 358 ? ? 431 690 ? ? 60 578 392 651 207 21 280 95 612 168 427 241 500 315 129 388 647 461 17 535 349 608 164 681 237 52 569 125 384 198 457 530 86 i 345 604 418 677 47 306 565 379 638 194 267 526 82 599 155 414 487 43 560 116 375 634 Arakan Leap Years. 63 64 65 66 13 272 86 233 492 306 453 9 526 673 229 43 345 ; 604 418 56s 121 638 82 ! 341 155 302 5bi 375 677 194 414 634 59 TABLE XL Comparison of Intercalary Days and Luni-Solar New Year's Days, by actual Calendars and f.y Stii.son's Method. The Leap Years in this Table are accordincj to actual Calendars. B.E. 'ears. Days in Nayon. \V.izo Full Awaman. Tagu 1st. Seconc Full Wazo Muon. A.D. 1.H i-i ^ ?- ri rt rt OJ TT d "^ c -n c -C Ui 0) c: C c c OJ r-^ J5 ^ 'yv y. >. 'ri ^ .^ rt •^ rt 2 3 U U X ■f. 8 X U X I 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 II July. July. 1739 IIOI 57 18 30 29 60 Mon. Tu. 20 20 1742 1104 58 2 29 30 319 Tu. Tu. 16 17 1745 II07 5 30 3° 578 Tu. \Ved. 13 14 1747 II09 7 29 29 392 Sat. Sun. 21 22 1750 III2 10 30 3° 651 Sat. Sun. 18 19 1753 HIS 13 3° 29 207 Sun. Mon. 15 15 1755 III7 15 29 29 21 Th. Th. 23 23 1758 II20 18 30 30 280 Th. Th. 20 20 I761 II23 59 2 29 30 539 Fri. Fri. 16 17 1764 II26 5 29 29 95 Fri. Sat. 12 13 1766 II28 7 30 30 612 .Mon. Tu. 21 22 1769 II3I 10 30 29 168 Tu. ^VL■d. 18 18 1772 II34 13 29 30 427 Wed. Wed. 14 15 1774 II36 15 29 29 241 Sat. Sun. 22 23 1777 1139 18 30 30 500 Sat. Sun. 19 20 1780 1142 60 2 30 29 56 Sun. Mon. 16 16 1783 1145 5 29 30 315 Mon. Mon. 13 14 1785 1147 7 30 29 129 Th. Fri. 21 21 1788 1150 10 30 30 388 Fri. Fri. 18 18 179I 1153 13 29 3° 647 Sat. Sat. 15 16 1793 115s IS 29 29 461 Tu. Wed. 22 23 1796 1158 18 30 29 17 Tu. Wed. 19 19 1799 1161 61 2 29 30 276 Wed. Wed. 16 17 1802 1164 5 30 30 535 Wed. Th. 14 15 1804 1166 7 29 29 349 Sun. Mon. 21 22 1807 1169 10 30 30 608 Sun. Mon. 19 20 1810 1172 13 29 29 164 Mon, Tu. 15 16 1812 1174 IS 30 30 681 Th. Fri. 23 24 1815 1177 18 29 29 237 Fri. Sat. 20 21 1818 1180 2 30 30 496 Fri. Sat. 17' 18 182I 1183 5 3° 29 52 Sat. Sun. 14 14 1823 1185 7 29 30 569 Wed. Wed. 22 23 1826 1188 10 30 29 125 Wed. Th. 19 19 1829 1191 13 29 3° 384 Th. Th. 15 16 183I "93 15 30 29 198 Sun. Mon. 24 24 1834 1196 18 29 30 457 Mon. Mon. 20 21 1837 1199 63 1 2 3° 29 13 Mon. Tu. 17 17 6o TABLE Ti..— continued. Comparison of Intercalary Days and Luni-Solar New Year's Days, by actual Calendars and by Stilson's Method. The Leap Years in this Table are according to actual Calendars. r..E. Cycles. Days in Nayon. g 1 Tagi 1st. Scconc Full Wazo Moon. A. 11. \^ C3 rt 17; ij r^ ■2 ^ c ^" IJ a C c. TJ S ° u u T, [T* ^ •nj "B ss rt •3 "7^ .« 2 ^ + 5 X X s ■f. 9 '^ I 3 6 7 10 II July. July. 1839 1201 4 29 30 530 Fri. Fri. 25 26 1842 1204 7 30 29 86 Fri. Sat. 22 2 2 1845 1207 10 30 30 345 .Sat. Sat. 19 19 1848 1210 13 29 30 604 Sun. Sun. 15 16 1850 1212 15 29 29 418 \Vc(i. Til. 23 24 185;, 1215 18 30 3° 677 Wed. Th. 20 21 I8SS 1217 64 I 29 29 491 Sun. Mon. 28 29 1858 1220 4 30 29 47 Sun. Mon. 25 25 1861 1223 7 29 30 306 Mon. Mon. 21 22 1864 1226 10 30 30 565 Mon. Tu. 18 19 1866 1228 12 29 29 379 Fri. Sat. 26 27 1869 1231 IS 3° 30 638 Fri. Sat. 23 24 1872 1234 18 3° 29 194 Sat. Sun. 20 20 1874 1236 65 I 29 29 8 Wed. Wed. 28 28 1877 1239 4 29 3° 267 ^^'cd. Wed. 24 25 1880 1242 7 30 30 526 Wed. Th. 21 2 2 1883 1245 10 30 29 82 Th. Fri. 19 19 1885 1247 12 29 30 599 Mon. Mon. 26 27 1888 1250 15 29 29 155 Mon. Tu. 2 2 23 1891 1253 18 30 30 414 Mon. Tu. 20 21 1893 1255 66 I 29 29 228 Fri. Sat. 27 28 1896 1258 4 30 30 487 Fri. Sat. 24 25 1899 1261 7 29 29 43 Sat. Sun. 21 2 2 1901 1263 9 30 30 560 Tu. \\\A. 30 31 The (latL;, shown for Second \Va/o Labyi are New Style throughout. TABLE XII. Comparison of Mean New Moon and Burmese Lai;wk, Every Month for 29 Years. 61 1 Mean j A.D. B.E. Cycle Y car. Month. Calendar Lagwe. New Moon, Mandalay Civil Time. Leap Years. D, H. M. ■ ' 1 ^ 4 ' 5 6 1 7 1873 1234 18 March 1 28 28 21 36 1235 April . . 1 26 27 10 20 May 26 26 23 4 June . 24 25 II 48 July • 24 25 32 August . 22 23 13 16 September . 21 22 2 October 20 21 14 44 November 19 20 3 28 December . 18 19 16 12 1874 January February March . 17 15 17 18 4 57 16 17 41 18 6 25 1236 I April . May 15 15 16 19 9 16 7 53 June 13 14 20 37 < July . 13 14 9 21 August . 12 1222 5 2nd W'azo. September 10 II 10 49 October 10 10 23 38 November 8 9 12 17 December 8 9 I I 187s January February 6 5 7 13 45 6 229 \ March . 6 7 15 13 j April 5 6 3 58 1237 2 May 4 5 16 42 June 3 4 5 26 July . 2 3 18 10 August . I 30 2 6 54 31 19 38 September 29 30 8 22 ! October 28 29 21 6 November 27 28 9 50 December 26 27 22 34 1876 January February March . 25 23 24 26 II 18 25 2 25 12 46 1238 3 April . May 22 1 22 24 I 30 23 14 14 June 20 22 2 58 July • 20 1 21 15 42 August . 18 20 4 26 September 17 1 18 17 10 October 16 1 18 5 54 November 15 16 18 38 December 14 16 7 22 62 TABLE Xll.—con/hmeJ. Comparison of Mean Ni'iw Mocjx and Burmese Lagwe, Every Month for 29 Years. 1 ! .Mean A.D. B.E. "->''" ' Month. \ rcir. Calendar Lagwe. New Moon, Mandalay Civil Time. Leap Years. D. H. M. I 3 4 5 6 7 1877 1 January 13 14 20 7 February II 13 8 51 ! March 13 14 21 35 iVpril . . . II 13 10 19 1239 1 .May . II 12 23 3 Tunc 9 II II 47 July . 9 II 31 August . 8 9 13 IS 2nd ^\'azo. September 6 8 I 59 October . [ 6 7 14 43 November . . 4 6 3 27 December . ' 4 5 16 II 1878 January . | 2 February . 1 i 4 4 55 2 17 40 March . . ' 2 4 6 24 April . 1 I 2 19 8 . 1240 5 1 " • • 13° May 2 7 52 J 51 30 31 20 36 June 28 30 9 20 July 28 29 22 4 August . 26 28 10 48 September . -5 26 23 32 October 24 26 12 16 j 1 November 1 -0 25 I December . 22 24 13 44 1S79 January 21 23 2 28 February 19 21 15 12 Afarch 21 23 3 56 1241 6 ' April . . 19 21 16 40 May 19 21 5 24 |une . : 17 19 18 8 July 17 19 6 52 August . IS 17 19 36 September 14 16 8 20 October 13 15 21 4 November 12 14 9 48 1 December II 13 22 32 1880 '. January 10 12 II 16 February 8 II T March . 9 II 12 45 ' A|.nl 7 10 I 29 1242 j 7 Ma)' . 7 9 14 13 June 6 8 2 57 Intercalary day. July . , 6 7 15 41 August . 5 6 4 25 2nd \\'azo. September 3 4 17 9 TABLE YA\.— continued. Comparison of Mean New Moon and Burmese Lagwe, Every Month for 29 Years. 63 A.D. 1 B.E. Cycle Year. Month Calend a Laywe I 1 , 1 3 4 5 1880 October 3 November . I December . I 3) 30 1881 January February . March . 29 27 29 1243 8 1 April . May June July . . 27 27 1 ^s 25 August . 23 September . 22 October 21 November . 20 December . 19 1882 January February . March . 18 16 18 1244 9 April . 16 May . 16 June 14 July . . 14 August . I- 1 September II 1 October 10 November 9 December 8 1883 January February March . April . 7 5 7 S 124s 10 May June July . August . September October November December i 5 4 4 1 3 I I 3° 29 28 1884 January February March . 1 27 25 26 1246 II April . May June . 24 24 22 Mean New Moon, Mandalay Civil Time. D. H. M. 31 30 28 30 28 28 27 26 25 23 23 21 21 19 18 19 18 17 16 15 14 12 12 II 10 9 7 9 7 7 5 5 3 2 I 31 29 29 27 26 27 ■ 25 I '5 I 23 S 18 7 20 8 21 10 23 II o 13 I 53 37 21 5 49 12, 17 I 45 29 13 57 14 41 3 25 16 9 4 53 17 38 6 2 2 19 6 7 5° 34 9 18 1 1 2 10 46 23 30 12 14 58 13 42 2 26 15 II 3 55 16 39 5 23 18 6 7 ^i 19 35 8 19 21 3 9 47 22 31 II 15 23 59 12 43 r 27 14 1 1 2 55 15 39 Leap Years. Intercalary day. 2nd Wazo. 64 TABLE ^l\.—conti?wed. CuAIPARISON OF iMeAN NliW M(HJN ANIJ BURMESE LAGWE, Every Month for 29 Years. A.D. 18S4 1885 B.E. Cvclc Vtur. Mean 1-47 1886 I24t 13 1-49 1888 14 Month Calendar Lagwe. New Moon, 1 Mandalay Leap N'earb Civ 1 Time. | 1 D. H. 6 M. 4 7 July 22 23 4 23 August . . 20 21 17 7 September ■ i 19 20 J 51 ()( toiler . 1 18 19 18 35 November . 17 18 7 19 Decern lier . : 16 17 20 3 January IS 16 8 48 February ■ ' 13 14 21 32 March . • 1 15 16 10 16 ! April . . 13 14 -0 May 13 14 II 44 June . II 13 28 July 1 1 12 13 12 August . 10 II I 56 2nd \\'a/i). September 8 9 14 40 October iS 9 3 24 November 6 7 16 8 1 1 )e(ember . 6 7 1 52 January 4 S 17 36 February 3 4 6 2 1 1 1 March . 4 5 19 5 1 April . • ! 3 4 7 49 May . 2 20 33 \ June . : I 2 9 17 •!1 30 July I 22 I ,, • ' 30 31 10 45 August 28 -9 23 29 September 27 28 12 13 October . 26 28 57 November . . 25 26 13 41 DecL-mber . 24 26 25 J anuary 2 3 24 15 9 February . 2 1 23 3 53 March . 23 24 16 37 April . . 21 23 S 21 i May 21 22 18 5 June . . .19 21 6 49 July . .19 20 19 33 August . . 17 19 8 17 September 16 17 21 I October • i 15 17 9 45 November . 14 15 29 1 )eeembcr , • • 1 ,1 15 II 13 Januar\- 1 2 13 23 57 February . 10 12 12 41 March . II 13 I 26 TABLE Xll.—cotitintied. Comparison of Mean New Moon and Burmkse Lagwe, EvERv Month for 29 Years. 65 Mean A.D. B.E. Cycle Year. Month. Calendar Lagwe. New Moon, Mandalay Civil Time. Leap Years. D. H. M. I 3 4 5 6 7 1888 April . • , 9 II 14 10 1250 15 May June July 9 7 7 II 2 54 9 15 38 9 4 22 August . 6 7 17 6 2nd Wazo. September . 4 6 5 50 October 4 5 18 34 November . 2 4 7 18 December . 2 3 20 2 5) • ' 31 1889 January )) February March . 30 28 30 2 8 46 31 21 30 2 10 14 31 22 59 1251 16 April 28 30 II 43 May . 28 30 27 June 26 28 13 II July . . 26 = 8 I 55 August . . 24 26 14 39 September . 23 25 3 23 October . 22 22 16 7 November ... 21 23 4 51 December . 20 22 17 35 1890 January ... 19 21 6 19 February . 17 19 19 3 March . • 1 19 21 7 47 1252 17 April May June July . . August September . 17 • ■ 17 • • 15 • • 15 . . 1 13 12 19 20 31 19 9 IS 17 21 59 17 10 43 15 23 27 14 12 II October . 1 1 14 55 November . ' 10 1 12 13 39 December . . 9 i 12 2 23 1891 January . 8 February ■ • : ^ i 10 15 7 9 3 52 March 8 10 16 36 April 6 ! 9 5 20 1253 18 May June July August . • • 1 6 ■ ■ : 5 . • : 5 i 8 18 4 7 6 48 6 19 32 Intercalary day. . . ' 4 5 8 16 2nd Wazo. September . 2 3 21 October 2 3 9 44 1 5) [ 31 66 TABLE yill.— continued. Comparison of Mean New Moon and Burmese Lagwe, Every Month for 29 Years. A.D. B.E. I89I 1892 1254 Cycle Year. 1893 1255 1894 1256 1895 1257 Month. November 3? December J? January February March . April . May June July . August . September October November December January February ^Nlarch . April . May June July . August . September October November December January February March . April . May . June July August . September October November I )ecLmber January February March . April . May . Calendar Lagwe . 30 Mean New Moon, Mandalay Civil Time. D. H. M. I II 12 29 ; 3° 23 S6 28 29 12 41 26 28 I 25 27 28 14 9 25 27 2 53 25 26 IS 37 23 25 4 21 23 24 17 5 21 23 5 49 20 21 18 33 19 21 7 17 18 19 20 I 17 19 8 45 16 17 21 29 14 16 10 13 16 17 22 57 14 16 II 41 14 16 25 12 14 13 9 12 14 I 53 II 12 14 37 9 II 3 21 9 10 16 5 7 9 4 49 7 8 17 33 5 7 6 17 4 5 19 2 5 7 7 46 4 5 20 30 '> 5 9 14 2 3 21 58 I 3 10 42 31 I 23 26 29 31 12 10 28 30 54 27 29 13 38 26 28 2 22 25 27 15 6 24 26 3 50 22 24 16 31 24 26 S 18 22 24 18 22 24 6 46 Leap Years. 2nd Wazo. TABLE XII . — continued. 67 Comparison of Mean New Moon and Burmese Lagwe, Every Month for 29 Years. Mean A.D. B.E. Cycle Year. Month. Calendar Lagwe. New Moon, Mandalay Leap Years. j Civil Time. D. H. M. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 1895 June .... 20 22 19 30 July . 20 22 8 14 August . 18 20 20 58 September 17 19 9 42 October 16 18 22 26 November 15 17 II 10 December 14 16 23 54 1896 January February March . April . 13 II 12 10 15 12 39 14 I 23 14 14 7 13 2 51 1258 4 May . June July . August . 10 9 9 8 12 15 35 II 4 19 10 17 3 9 5 47 Intercalary day. 2nd Wazo. ' September 6 7 18 31 1 October 6 7 7 15 November 4 5 19 59 December 4 5 8 43 1897 January 2 3 21 27 February I 2 10 II March . 2 3 22 56 April . I 2 II 40 1259 5 April . ^lay . 30 24 )) 30 31 13 8 June 28 30 I 52 July . 28 29 14 36 August . 26 28 3 20 1 1 September 25 26 16 4 October 24 26 4 48 1 j November 23 24 17 32 December 22 24 6 16 1898 January February March . 21 19 21 22 19 21 7 44 22 20 28 1260 6 April . May June . July . August . September October November December 19 19 17 17 15 14 13 12 II 21 9 12 20 21 56 19 10 40 18 23 24 17 12 8 16 52 15 13 36 14 2 20 13 15 4 1899 January 10 12 3 48 February 8 10 16 32 68 TABLE 1:11.— continued. Comparison of Mean New Moon and Burmesk Lagwe, Every Month for 29 Years. Mean A.D. B.E. Cycle Year. Month. Calendar Lagwe. New Moon, Mandalay Civil Time. Leap Vears. D. H. M. I \ - 3 4 5 6 7 1899 March . 10 12 5 16 April . . 8 10 18 I 1261 7 .May 8 June . 1 6 July . . .16 10 6 45 8 19 29 8 8 13 August . . 1 5 6 20 57 2nd Wazo. September 3 5 9 41 October . 3 4 22 25 November . i 3 II 9 December i -1 o c "> -0 DJ i 30 1900 January • 29 February . . 1 27 I 12 37 31 I 22 March . ' I 14 6 >i 29 31 2 50 1262 8 April ■ May June 27 27 25 29 IS 34 29 4 18 27 17 2 July . 25 27 5 46 August . 23 25 18 30 September 22 24 7 14 October 21 23 19 58 November 20 22 8 42 December 19 21 21 26 1901 January . ! 18 February . . 16 March . .18 20 10 10 18 22 54 20 II 38 1263 9 \ April . 16 19 22 May . . 16 18 13 6 June , 15 17 I SO Intercalary day. July • • : 15 16 14 34 August . . . 14 IS 3 18 2nd Wazo. September . . 12 13 16 2 October ... 12 15 4 46 November 10 II 17 30 December . 10 II 6 14 1902 January . 8 9 18 58 February , 7 8 7 43 March . 8 9 20 27 April . . 7 j 8 9 II LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.