4746 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGINEERING Cornell University Library TP 690.C95 A handbook of petroleum, asphalt and nat 3 1924 004 580 027 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004580027 A HANDBOOK OF Petroleum, Asphalt and Natural Gas Methods of Analysis, Specifications, Properties, Refining Processes, Statistics, Tables and Bibliography BY Roy Cross Member American Chemical Society, American Society for Testing Materials, American Association for Advancement of Science, American Society for Municipal Improvements, Kansas City Engineers Club Published as BULLETIN NO. 15 By KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 1013 Grand Avenue, Kansas City, AIo. /\^io3im Copyright 1919 by ROY CROSS PREFACE The purpose of this publication is to set forth in concise form for the petroleum producer, seller, refiner and tech- nologist, scientific information and statistics on the produc- tion, properties, handling, refining and methods of valuation of petroleum and related products. All matter formerly published in Bulletin No. 14 has been revised and included in this publication. In addition there has been added, fifty-five new illustrations, complete temperature-Baume correction tables, extensive tank gaug- ing tables, refinery engineering formulae, complete specifi- cations for petroleum products, much additional data on oil cracking, geology, lubricants and asphalt, a complete set of methods of analysis of petroleum, asphalt and natural gas and a fairly complete bibliography. The sources of original information have been from the research, commercial and engineering departments of the Kansas City Testing Laboratory and from the bibliography published at the end of the book. November 1, 1919. Kansas City, Missouri. Publications of Kansas City Testing Laboratory on Petroleum and Related Products. Bulletin No. 4. Asphalt and Asphalt Pavements. (Out of print.) Bulletin No. 9. Petroleum and its Products. (Out of print.) Bulletin No. 14. Petroleum, Asphalt and Natural Gas. 200 page book of Tables, Data and Statistics. $2.00 per copy, postpaid. Bulletin No. 15. Handbook of Petroleum, Asphalt and Natural Gas. $5.00 per copy, postpaid. CONTENTS. (General outline only — see index for detailed subject matter.) Economics . . . . 1-3 Geology - -4-11 Production and Refining Statistics - - - 12- 81 Storage, Measurement, Gauging, Transportation - 82-119 Chemical and Physical properties and distillation of crude oil .... 120-137 Gasoline, Naphtha, Benzines, Mineral spirits 138-148 Kerosene, Illuminating oils, Absorption oils - 149-159 Lubricating oils, greases, waxes 160-180 Fuel oil and fuels - 181-190 Asphalt and Road oil - - 191-208 Cracking and Engineering - 209-232 Oil shales and shale oil products - 233-244 Natural gas - - 245-269 Methods of analysis - 269-363 Tables - - - - - 364-437 Patents - - - 438-458 Bibliography - 458-466 Index - 466-500 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Value of Petroleum as a Mineral Product On page 32 is a statement showing the value and amount of production of the most important marketed mineral products of the United States in 1918. An examination of this table, as well as other tables on this page, shows that petroleum in the United States in 1918 exceeded in value any of the metals except iron which it equalled in value and was greater than the combined value of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc. Coal was the only mined product ex- ceeding it in value. The chief change in the demand for petroleum products has been its relative limitation as fuel for steam or stationary power plant purposes and its increase in use for lubrication and for automobile engines. However, nearly one-half of the consumption of petroleum is still due to its use as fuel. More than lOtO million barrels of petroleum could, should and probably will eventually be replaced by coal. The U. S. Navy normally may be expected to consume at least six million barrels of fuel oil per year and there are some industries which require the flexibility of fuel oil and its low sulphur content with absence of ash. The price of coal must, in the long run,', very largely govern the price of petroleum products as the demand for gasoline increases and gasoline must remain at the present or higher price. The governing factor in this situation has been the gasoline automobile. It is quite apparent that the point of saturation for automobiles has not been reached as is indicated by the following table showing the demand for gasoline. Year Automobiles 1905 85,000 1910 400,000 1914 1,?53,000 1916 2,225,000 1917 3,250,000 1918 4,500,000 The increase in automobiles must diminish or the increase in the percentage of gasoline obtainable from crude oil must continue. During 1918 practically the entire increase in gasoline production was due to an additional production of cracked or artificial gasoline almost entirely from the Standard Oil Company. It is probable that the limit has been reached for the quality of gasoline as there has been no change in the past year. It does not seem probable that a satisfactory automobile engine will be worked out soon which will be capable of handling distillate mixed with gasoline as it seems that the increased efficiency by reason of cracking the heavy oil in the cracking plant or refinery easily offsets the lower price of distillate that might be used by cracking it in the automobile cylinder. Wax and lubricants are the most valuable products of the refining of petroleum, both of which have shown very great increases in amount produced during the past year. For this purpose, however, the high- est grades of petroleum are necessary and very elaborate and ex- pensive refinery equipments are required for their production. It Per Cent Gasoline from Crude Oil 7,900,000 5.91 14,750,000 7.04 34,900,000 13.14 49,020,000 19.85 64,290,000 21.15 86,561,150 26.07 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY seems that Mexican and otheir high sulphur oils must, to a large extent, in the very near future be the source of fuel oils. When, however, natural petroleum has passed as a fuel a very abundant potential source of synthetic petroleum exists in the oil shales and cannel coal. The destructive distillation of oil shales yields fuel oil, lubricating oil, wax and illuminating oil. The very substantial yield of wax and lubricants particularly may stimulate an earlier develop- ment of the oil shale industry than might otherwise be expected. The following outlines some of the uses of petroleum products: Gasoline and Naphtha — Gas lighting, laboratory solvents, cleansing, gasoline stoves, automobiles, extraction of seed oils, metal polish- es, gasoline engines, paint vehicles, asphalt paint and road binder solvent. Kerosene and Illuminating Oils — Lamps, distillate engines, sig:nal lights, gas washing and absorbents, portable stoves. Gas Oil — Pintsch gas, Blaugas, town gas, straw oil, heating, cracking, anti-corrosives. Heavy Distillates — Lubricants, spindle oil, auto oil, machine oil, engine oil, cylinder oil, greases, vaseline, wax, medicinal oil, waterproofing for fabrics, candles, soap filler, paints, polishes. Liquid Residua — Steam production, heating, concrete waterproofing, road and macadam oils, dust prevention, cracking. Semi-Solid Residua — Asphalt pavement, waterproofing, brick filler, roofing, rubber filler or substitute. Crude Oils — Diesel engines, dust prevention, waterproofing. BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Geological Occurrence of Petroleum and Natural Gas The following summarizes the geological conditions under which petroleum and natural gas occur: 1. They occur in sedimentary rocks of all geologic ages from Silurian upward. The most productive areas are the Paleozoic in North America and the Miocene in Russia. 2. There is no relation of the occurrence of petroleum to volcanic or igneous action. There seems to be some relation particularly in the carboniferous and the Mississippian to the deposits of coal. 3. The most productive areas for oil in great quantity are where the strata are comparatively undisturbed. Oil frequently occurs where the strata are highly contorted and disturbed but in less abund- ance, and gas is usually absent. 4. In comparatively undisturbed as well as in disturbed areas a folded or dome structure often favors the accumulation of oil and gas in the domes or anticlines. 5. Important requisites for a productive oil or gas field are an impervious cap rock or cover and a porous reservoir. 6. Salt water almost universally accompanies oil and gas in the same sand. In the United States, oil is found most abundantly in the Tertiary rocks in California and the Gulf Coast, in upper cretaceous in Wy- oming, in carboniferous locally known as the Cherokee Shales in the Mid-Continent field, in the sub-carboniferous or Mississippian and the Upper Devonian in the Appalachian field and in Illinois, and in the Ordovician in Ohio and Indiana. The oils from the Tertiary are heavy and of low grade, those from the cretaceous, carboniferous and sub- carboniferous are light, high grade oils. The Mississippian in the Mid-Continent field is not supposed to carry any oil and very little is known of it or deeper strata in this territory. It is assumed that the deeper strata have vanished west of the Ozark uplift. The accumulation of petroleum occurs in a pervious reservoir which usually consists of a loose sand though it may be a coarse gravel or a disrupted shale or limestone. It is merely necessary that the rock should contain a considerable amount of voids. The ordinary sand will have from 15 per cent to 35 per cent of voids and the amount of oil contained and the ease with which it is discharged into a well vary greatly. As a general rule, one gallon of oil may be olbtained fromi one cutic foot of oil sand. It is probable that never over 75 per cent of the oil surrounding a well is discharged into it even with the lighter oils, and the per cent abstracted is much lower with the heavier and more viscous oils. Porous sand and gravel and heavy gas pressure are conducive to rapid expulsion of oil. Fine sand and low pressure give slpadily producing wells of great longev- ity. The ultimate production of a well would be determined by the depth and extent of the sand, the nhysical character of the sand, the physical character of the oil and the pressure. Water is a very im- portant element in the actual production of a well. It frequently KANSAS CITY TESTIMG LABORATORY causes very extensive subterranean oil movements destroying one productive structure and making new productive structures. In nearly every oil sand there occur together, gas, oil and salt water. The gas invariably occupies the uppermost portion of the sand, the salt water, the bottom with the oil intermediate. The sand usually lies at the same angle or dip as the stratum in which it is contained, so that this fact forms the basis, to a great extent, of the geologist's work. It is to be noted that the surface topography has no relation to the probable location of oil or the dip or "strike" of the formation beneath the surface. Asphalt exposures are not good indications of oil in the immediate vicinity but indicate that oil may be found of good quality where this same geological structure is capped by an impervious cover. Anticlines bear no definite relation to surface topography, though the anticline is more likely to be found corresponding in ^ general way to the bottom of an old river or stream bed than corresponding to the divide between two streams. Oil of good quality is usually found at sufficient depth that the lighter fractions nave not evaporated, though some good wells are found at depths as shallow as 250 feet. The best wells of the Mid- Continent field vary from 1,000 to 3,500 feet in depth. The deepest well in the United States is the Lake Well in Harrison County, West Virginia, and is .7579 feet deep. Wells at Ranger, Texas, are about 3,400 feet deep. ' A well in Banner County, Nebraska, is 6,600 feet deep. Named in order of depth, the four deepest wells in the world are the Lake; the Goff, West Virginia, 7,386 feet, and a well at Czuchow, Germany, 7,348. In comparison with these great depths, other depths reached by wells or mines sunk in the crust of the earth are rather insignificant. The deepest mine in the world is Shaft No. 3 of the Tamarack mine, in Houghton County, Michigan, which has reached a depth of 5,200 feet. The preponderance of evidence points to the theory that the greater part of petroleum has been produced from organic matter of any kind undergoing decomposition, followed by its segregation by the action of water and accumulation in pervious rocks of the oil produced. Other theories are that oil originated from animal matter and also that it came from) the reaction of metallic carbides at high pressure with water. A demonstration as to the origin of petroleum hydrocarbons is very readily made by the use of the crackmg test described on page 319. By heating corn oil, cottonseed oil or other vegetable or animal oil a product is made which is identical in boiling point range with that of ordinary crude oil though it contains a rather large amount of volatile fatty acids. An almost exact duplication of crude petroleum oil can be produced with this apparatus by placing lime in the receptacle with the vegetable oil. In this case the light distillate is almost entirely composed of paraffin hydrocarbons. BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF TEMPERATURE IN WELLS (WEST VIRGINIA) 100 feet 55.6° 1,000 feet 65.3° 2,000 feet 74.9° 3,000 feet 87.6° 5,000 feet 114.2° 6,000 feet 132.1° 7,000 feet 153.2° 7,310 feet 158.3° The rate of temperature increase varies continuously from 1 degree Fahr. in 97.5 feet at the surface to 1 degree Fahr. in 46.5 feet over the interval 6,000 to 7,000 feet. In the Texas and Oklahoma oil fields temperatures at a given depth differ widely from those found in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The temperature of the oil in two wells near Mannington, W. Va., is 83.2 degr^s Fahr. at a depth of about 2,900 feet. In the Ranger field, Texas, the temperature of the oil at 3,400 feet is estimated, from measurements at higher levels, to be about 135 degrees. The average rate of temperature increase at the surface for thirteen wells in Texas andi Oklahoma is about 1 degree Fahr. in 51 feet, as compared with 1 degree in 91.5 feet for twelve wells in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. SUMMARIZED TABLE OF OIL OCCURRENCES IN THE UNITED STATES Field Structure Geologic Kind of Kind of Age Rock Petroleum Appalachian Geo-Syncline Ordovician to Sandstone Paraffin base or Eastern with subordi- nate anti- clines Carboniferous Ohio-Indiana .Vnticlines Ordovician Mostly lime- stone Paraffin base Illinois bow anticlines Carboniferous Sandstone Paraffin and semi-paraffin base Mid-Continent Anticlines Carboniferous Sandstone Paraffin semi-paraffin base Wyoming Folds Carboniferous Mostly sand- Paraffin and to Tertiary stone asphalt base Gulf Coast Domes Tertiary and Cretaceous Dolomite and sandstone Asphalt base California Folds and Faults Tertiary Sandstone, shales and conglomer- ates Asphalt base -Mexico Tertiary Asphalt base TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF "MISSISSIPPI LIME" AT TOP (From Wilson County, Kansas) Carbon dioxide 32.0% Silica + Insoluble 2o!5% Iron and Alumina (RjOs) 3.3% Lime (CaO).'. 23.4% Magnesia (MgO). . 11.8% KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY Dia..a™ rep..e..„t,n. t.e^a<;,.^,,ation of o„ an. Diagram ahowing the accumulation of oil in a syncline In the absence of water, "jiii-iiiie in Ideal section showing- an oil sand faulted in such amanner tnat an accumulation of oil will result. — From Oklahoma Geological Survey BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Stratigraphic Section of Rocks in the Oil- Bearing Region of Kansas (Kansas Geological Survey) PERMIAN SERIES Thickness Wellington Formation — Sandstone, limestone, shale, salt and gypsum 400-600 Marion Formation — Abilene Conglomerate 25-50 Pearl Shale 55-75 Herington Limestone 12-15 Enterprise Shale 30-50 Luta Limestone 20-40 Chase Formation — Winfield Limestone 20-25 Doyle Shale 50-70 Fort Riley Limestone 40-45 Florence Flint 15-25 Matfield Shale 60-70 Wreford Limestone 35-50 Council Grove Formation — Garrison Limestone and Shale 135-150 Cottonwood Limestone 5-7 PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES Wabaunsee Formation — Eskridge Shale 30-40 Neva Limestone 3-5 Elmdale Shale 120-140 Americus Limestone 6-10 Admire Shale, possibly contains shallov? oil sand at Eldorado 275-325 Emporia Limestone 5-10 Willard Shale 45-55 Burlingame Limestone 7-12 Shawnee Formation — Scranton Shale 160-200 Howard Limestone 3-7 Severy Shale 40-60 Topeka Limestone 20-25 Calhoun Shale 0-50 Deer Creek Limestone 20-30 Tecumseh Shale 40-70 Lecompton Limestone 15-30 Kanawha Shale 50-100 Douglas Formation — Oread Limestone 50-70 Lawrence Shale, including Chautauqua Sandstone member, probably 1,500 feet sand at Augusta and Eldorado . . . 150-300 latan Limestone 3-15 Weston Shale 60-100 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES— Continued Thickness Lansing Formation — Stanton Limestone 20-40 Vilas Shale 5-125 Plattsburg Limestone 5-80 Lane Shale 50-150 Kansas City Formation — lola Limestone 2-40 Chanute Shale 25-100 Drum Limestone 0-80 Cherryvale Shale — possibly horizon of oil sand at 2,400 feet at Augusta and Eldorado 25-125 Winterset Limestone 30-40 Galesburg Shale 10-60 Bethany Falls Limestone 4-25 Ladore Shale 3-50 Hertha Limestone 10-20 Marmaton Formation — Pleasanton Shale 100-150 Coffeyville Limestone 8-10 Walnut Shale 60-80 Altamont Limestone 3-10 Bandera Shale 60-120 Pawnee Limestone (Big Lime) 40-50 Labette Shale (Horizon Peru Oil Sand) 0-60 Fort Scott (Oswego) Limestone 20-40 Cherokee Formation — Cherokee Shale — includes the main oil sands outside Augusta and Eldorado and Peru — contains Bartles- ville and Burgess sands 400-500 Mississippian Limestone — Limestone, calcareous shale and chert shown in Neosho well — Boone Formation 320 Probably Older than Mississippian — 1 — Dolomitic limestone, sandstone and chert shown in Neosho well 77 2 — Conglomerate and shale in Neosho well 23 3 — Sandstone, conglomerate with pc^bbles up to three- quarters inch diameter; shown in Neosho well 1823 10 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Stratigraphic Section in Main Oil and Gas District of Northern Oklahoma (Oklahoma Geological Survey and Other Sources) PERMIAN SERIES Thickness Feet 1 — Red and gray sandstone, clay-iron conglomerates, red and vari-colored shale, thin beds of concretionary limestone near base, beds of gypsum and salt in the upper portion. Quartermaster, Greer, Wood- ward, Blaine and upper portions of Enid forma- tions 1200-2000 2 — Beds of thin limestone, sandstone and shale. Con- tains near base the shallow gas sands at Black- well, Billings and Garber 500-600 PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES Ralston Group — Consists of red and gray sandstone, red shale and beds of thin limestone. Contains the Hoy oil sand at Garber. 1 — Upper division down to Pawhuska limestone, inclusive 650 2 — Lower division down to Elgin sandstone 140 Sapulpa Group — 1 — Elgin Sandstone. Probable horizon of shallow oil sand in the Newkirk field and at Ponca City 20-150 2 — Oread Limestone 0-20 3 — Buxton Sandstone and Shale. Horizon of main oil sand at Ponca City and gas at Myers 700-1000 4 — Avant Limestone 0-10 5 — Ramona formation. Sandstone, shale and thin lime- stone beds. Includes Lost City limestone and the Musselman oil sands of the Cushing-Cleveland areas 300-400 6 — Dewey Limestone 15-25 7 — Skiatook formation. Sandstone, shale and thin lime- stone beds. Includes Hogshooter limestone and Layton oil sand 350-400 8 — Lenapah Limestone 10-20 Tulsa Group — 1 — Nowata Shale — includes the Wayside oil sand and its correlations (local coal (bed, Dawson coal) 75-150 2 — Oolagah Limestone or "Big Lime" of the drillers .... 20-50 3 — Labette Shale. Sandstone, shale and beds of thin limestone. Includes the Cleveland and Peru oil sands 250-300 4 — Oswego Limestone (Fort Scott) 25-100 KAXSAS CITY rP.STIXC LABORATORY 11 Thickness Muskogee Group — Beds of shale, sandstone and thin limestone correlating with the Cherokee shale ( Boggy and Winslow for- mations at Muskogee). Includes the main oil sands of Oklahoma, the Red Fork, Bartlesville, (Glenn), Tucker, Taneha, Booch, Morris and Mus- kogee sands, the latter lying at the unconformable base of the Pennsylvania series 450-1500 (Unconformity) MISSISSIPI'IAN SERIES 1 — Morrow Limestone 100-200 (Unconformity) 2 — Pitkin Limestone 40-60 3 — Fayetteville formation. Sandstone, shale and lime- stone contains the Mounds oil sand and a deep sand near Sapulpa 20-200 (Unconformity) 4 — Boone formation. Massive white limestone and mas- sive beds of chert 200-400 DEVONI.AX SYSTEM 1 — Chattanooga formation. Black fissile shale 30-50 2 — Sylamiore sandstone, clear quartz sandstone 0-2.'J (Unconformity) ORDIVICI.W SYSTEM 1 — Turner formation. Thin sandstone and limestone in shale 60-100 2 — Burgen (St. Peter) sandstone, massive quartz sand- stone 5-100 CAMBRIAN SYSTEM Massive limestone beds shown in Harrington well at Joplin, Mo lU OJ lO o c© <^ o^ lO kO "^ CO (n" ■* CO CO tH o o o o o o o o o o O 0_ <3 O 0_ o o" o o o" o o m o o ir5_ o t^ lo CO 00 co" eg (m" th o o o o o o O O O O C5 <=) o o <^ o o o o" o o o o o O O O O "3 O O O O 03 lO g u ■4-1 a. o • 1-4 ■M o 3 o 03 n3 § 00 m irt S ^H S OO'^OOTfOOlOOrHfNOCOO I>G5lCmt-iHlOU3CO(NC t-^ _.00OCD0iC0050^'^ 05^ CO ic oi^ c» ira lo 05 iH (N (NT OO" lO oi Cq" i-T tH <-) (M ■>* o CO >o OO CO o 00 r^ CO CO o o on lO o d o o to CO in o eg \a CD rH O CgcgiHrHOOOOOOOOO 3 T3 o PL, CO § s Ah CO — lO Sh CS 00 C 1^ " 00 oq^ CO 0500iHCOOOU30-^0 Oiot-ot-'«i G3^ O^ iH^ iH^ O^ lo" o" i-T otT co' lo 05 Cr- iH (3s " 00 -^ iH O 1-1 ^ IC o o CO* eg t- eg O T|H^ co" eg" 00 00 in o eg" eg" CO eg 00 eg CO CD eq T)i m tH 00 CO C5 oa 00 CD lo 00 eg 00 i"^"^^"^'^°9,'^o^^ ^ iH05lOTj.(HH) iin[ 44. ISO w. 113,571 1 , 1.W 81,0118 mffiTt Tl.OSH .'i4(i,07(l (rn,70»)| (»>n,oi:i 74,711 8:ifi,o:» 179,1.->1 4,:!!)3,6.=i8 331.74!)! 18,0a'!,C»S 032,214 M,'.yX->,5Tl l,2,T(;7.8!)7 2,40n,Ml 12,.'«2,ffl)(i \.M\ 781 11.21 «i,4W 1 ,2I>3,7(U !i,.".:(4,+'i7 1,128,01!) 8,8i)!),2lXi 1,27S,S1II !l,r>2(i,474 i,.'):i-.>,7!ii; 11,73.-|,0,)7 2,;>7.'i.'»2!l ].'>,(!( 111,478 :f,in:i,.'i8'i 211.(11 i8,lSl 2,823,487 24,!)-12,701 II) 511 ,l\ 43' 1!) Ill . l.'«'. a 1,1102 112,33,') U757 113,000 a2,.'>72, H3,100 H3,5()0 a4,000 al.'),24(; 115,750 a3,015 a7,!)U5, (h) 110,84.'! J7,7!I2 jl4,2(>3 80 10 i:!ii ■XI 170 0,472 10,000 37,100 138,911 ],.3lie,748 (I'l ((■) 4.3,524,128 45,7118,785; 47,850,218 52,028,718 56,009,037 51,427,071 63,570.384 73.031,724 97,915,243 Louisiana Barrels 2,36! 3,45: 2,87> 3,0."il 5,47.'- 5.45) 5,101 11,2.53 S,9()0 11, .542 8,454 il7,00O 00,3!!! I 017,775 e2<.),05",'i / ,^c- f sV/31-;'' / /'^ - V •••»••. / / V -s J >^ •^•/^ / > \^ 3y:j W"-' *-"• N \ \ - o « T <>T * ^\..y'^ V*' ^*-*-^ J , 1 ^">. *»* «• , \ '\ H>^9S \ \ \\ \ I •% ■"• - \ \ • " '. 1 "-\ . < \ J* » ' o ••*::<.•: :-.--.v--. / ,i , , . V r . ~'\ ) %. V \ '' ' ' / ^1 ^ « » r . - . V-\ X^-^"^^^-— V. ® \ \, — N./ rir, ..' \ ■^- \ \ ^^ ; ,*'^.«*- ^V .\ ^ O a A r. ,. i. -'■ \ ' c ^ X ^ < c o \ / ^^^ X fe- / \ - -1 J .^ »(^ /] o/i. nuLos s Pirn unti ( Jkl^" - CALirr.^f'lA > o ^-- -^ 18 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF ^__^, ' r "^ ^~' ■< < ^ s. 3 /t 5 ° " t D /____:_J I s ■ ■ T ! < »" "^ o o u D z y 1 -'' ^ -i i V T d It < 1 I ii J 1 1 u />r 1 T) T» * > 1 7 •C E U A M V S -I « I ^ 3 B o w « 3 s « h ^ z . :::"i^-=--=_^_=i z Z f ^ 4 < 1 ° ^ or ~J t- < M . . I c u » '"/ 5 3 i / *^ _ :c 1 If 1 ^ -1 . Ix i ilis jLI^ — ^ ■" r— 1 *" I sv -* « >.*Sss i?^-^^ - -^ t S >^ f = ./■ — /"■ '» y ^~-><__ 5 ^^i- >i 'i \|-' J . *• >■ 1 « 1 _i— '~'^\ ^ y ^ :ii S i -. 1 \ '\ « , ;;•• ■^ r (t o I o I u < a i , y u y ■' ( ft: 5^„ : M (i. " y^\. a I J ^ ''L~r / -I ^^i^^^^^T"" H < i m z i I 5 tc < Q - < 1 ^ -' o o . , , 1 h u z 2 S > L 1 I — 1 '- 1 KAXSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 19 CO: o vt^^y o 20 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 2 ffANTOUL 3 P£ABODY 5 AUGUSTA 6 /VOWAW COUNTY a BAffricsv/uc- osAtsc 'O BLACKWCLL II PONCA CITY '2 aiumiss '3 fiARBCR '* CLCVCLAHO 15 HOf^lNY 16 BIRD CPCEK /7 YALE.-l^{jA.y /a Bixey 20 CUSHint 21 OKMULUCC COUNTY 22 LAWTON 23 DUriCAN ^•^ fiCALOTON -, 1 <^^ I R E n o ,E.0WAffD5 , S Midcontinent Oil Pools and Pipe Lineg . = 1,000 bbls. per day, KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 21 •J fc c ^ iS j^ 5 •1 *• i •4 1 il Ui t 9 Hi C 22 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF K.LVSAS ciry testjxg laboratory 23 Production of Natural Gas-Gasoline in 1917 By Compression and by Vacuum Pumps State No. ' Mdahoma jiiT California 40 West Virginia 1 .">» Pennsylvania. -1:14 Louisiana. IK Illinois ."i4 Texas <.\ Ohio ,.| New Tori?. 5 Kansas 1 Kentucky 3 Colorado 1 Gasoline Produced, Quantity, Gallons 108,728.21:! 23,478.521 12,27(i.7lS4 !), (111.11)11 4.45i).92n 4,208,15,^ 3,997,337 2,331,4ilS Gas Used, Avg. Yield Estimated of Gasoline Volume per M Cu. Ft. M Cu. Ft. 30,39a. 2.sn 27,477,443 4,X45,i;4S 3,572,356 l,4«.s,34(i 2.020.1144 2,0h5.31G 83li,li3U Gallons 2.1IS7 0.S54 2.53 4 2.522 3.IJ37 2,113 I.IMI 2.7H,^ Totals. 7S6 79,4 55. By Absorption Ga.SnllTU' Proilurod. State .\".i. Quantit.v, (ialln West Virginia. 211 2(1, 3!i 1,803 (Oklahoma 27 (i.39,fi,2U (-'allfoi'nia !i 5.33:).(i83 Pennsylvania. 17 4,ni5,o51 Kentucky 2 3.725,.S93 ( llliii 7 3. 108,0(12 Ti'Xiis 3 2,!I7.H.(I08 Kansas 5 l,(i7l,i>33 Illinois'. 1 (i(i5,S51 Louisiana 2 51!i.k34 New York 7.000 Colorado Totals :(12 4!I.(I17,549 CaK L'sed. AVK. Yield I'^.^tiiiiatt-Ml of (las. .line Wtluiiie per i\l (""u. Ft M Cu. Ft. Gallons 103,925,703 0.125 48,32(l.(i(il 0.132 17,873,,S(14 0.209 40,914.700 0.105 24,871,590 0.150 29,225,.')02 0.106 10,010.233 0.298 9,274.2K9 0.116 005,,s51 1.000 675,105 0.770 2,770 349,700.274 0.140 TOTxVL GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS MARKETED IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1917 No. -s'tate Plants ( iklahunia 234 West Virginia. l.>is (•aliluiiiia 49 Pennsylvania. 2 51 Ti'xa.- 11 ( iliio 01 Louisiana 211 Illinois. 55 Kentucky 5 Kansa.s 6 New York. . , Ci dorado 6 Totals .^S6 Average Yield of Daily Price per Gasoline Capacity Quantitv Gallon JI Cu. Ft. Gallons Gallons Cents Gas Gals. 492,430 115.123,424 18.71 1.359 135,083 32.06S,647 19.93 0.195 99,761 2,s,S17,li04 15.40 0.035 59,164 13,826,250 20.01 0.279 32.550 0,920,405 10.61 0.5 4H 25,137 5,489,560 19.38 0.181 20,118 4,979,754 16.36 2.323 17,302 4.934.009 17.55 1.837 13.400 3.818,209 19.99 0.153 4,642 1.174,980 20.53 i8'27 0.126 2.122 181,202 217,884,104 2.659 902,385 18.45 0.508 24 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF CASINGHEAD GASOLINE INJDUSTRY The growth of the casinghead gasoline industry since 1911 is shown by the following table: Plants Production 1911 8 338,058 1912 13 1,575,644 1913 40 6,462,968 1914 58 17,277,555 1915 63 31,665,991 1916 116 48,359,602 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 25 Daily Production of Crude Oil — Various Fields Barrels California Daily Production, January, 1919 275,596 Wells Production Producing per Day Kern River I,y96 20,460 McKittrick. . . 333 7,806 Midway-Sunset 2,208 87,871 Lost Hills-Belridge 535 13,374 Coalinga 1,140 43,805 Santa Maria-Lompoc 343 17,520 Ventura County-Newhall 456 4,503 Los Angeles-Salt Lake 664 3,979 Whittier-Fullerton 784 76,056 Summerland 142 147 Watsonville 5 75 Totals 8,606 275,596 Average value per barrel, $1.23 Kentucky Daily Production, January, 1919 21,020 Big Sinking 12,000 Pilot 2,060 Ross Creek 1,900 Ravenna 1,530 Fitchburg 1,420 Zachariah 1,000 Fallsburg 250 Steubenville 150 Ragland 150 Parmleyville 150 Cooper 150 Busseyville, Beaver Creek, Campton, Denney, Cannel City, Stillwater, Wagersville 300 Louisiana Daily Production, January, 1919 53,200 North Louisiana 46,200 Caddo and Pine Island 40,000 De Soto and Red River 6,200 South Louisiana 7,000 Vinton 4,000 Edgerly 1,800 Jennings 1,200 Wyoming Daily Production, 1918 35,500 Salt Creek Field 15,000 Grass Creek 9,000 Elk Basin 6,000 Big Muddy 4,000 Lander 1,000 Greybull and Basin 500 26 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Texas Daily Production, 1919 310,265 High Gravity Crude Oil (North Texas) (Oct. 1). 242,890 Burkburnett 86,000 Eastland (Ranger) 66,100 Electra 11,000 Stephens County 44,800 Comanche County and Miscellaneous. 31,350 Petrolia 750 Holliday 175 Thrall 90 Strawn 500 Moran 150 Coleman and Brown Counties 1,000 Northeast Texas 400 Somerset and Bexar Counties 300 Piedras Pintas 100 Iowa Park 100 Cameron County 75 Low Gravity Crude Oil (South Texas) (Oct. 1). 67,375 Goose Creek 22,000 West Columbia 15,000 Humble 10,000 Sour Lake 8,000 Hull 5,000 Saratoga 2,100 Spindletop 1,500 Batson 1,450 Damon Mound 1,200 Corsicana 900 Markham 150 Dayton 25 Miscellaneous 50 Mexico Daily Production (Average for 1918) 177,000 South Fields 135,800 Panuco 35,000 Ebano. . 3,960 Topila 2,240 Oklahoma-Kansas (Mid-Continent) Average Daily Production, January, 1919 295,693 Washington County — Bartlesville 4,283 Hogshooter 1,627 Copan-Wann 481 6,391 Nowata-Rogers Counties. — Nowata 3,487 Delaware 1,300 Chelsea 1,200 Inola 297 6,284 Osage County 31,888 31,888 KAXSAS CITY TESTIXG LABORATORY Tulsa County — Bird Creek 6,807 Lost City and Red Fork 752 Broken Arrow and Jenks 2,151 Bixby and Leonard 3,872 13,582 Okmulgee County — Mounds, Beggs and Youngstown. . . . 2,569 Hamilton Switch 3,541 Bald Hill 5,393 Morris 2,481 Tiger Flats 2,805 Schulter 198 Henryetta 191 17,178 Muskogee and Wagoner Counties — Coweta 1,280 Haskell and Stone Bluff 1,528 Boynton-Cole 1,986 Muskogee 500 5,294 Pawnee County — Cleveland 6,948 6,948 Creek County — Gushing- Shamrock 41,807 Glenn, Sapulpa and Kiefer 16,801 Kelly ville-Bristow 1,183 Mannford and Olive 832 60,623 Payne County — Yale, Quay, etc 11,800 11,800 Kay County — Blackwell 4,980 Newkirk and Mervine 4,328 Ponca City 581 9,889 Garfield and Noble Counties — Billings 4,029 Garber 6,400 10,429 Carter County — Healdton and Fox 38,803 38,803 Miscellaneous 2,105 Total Oklahoma 221,214 Kansas — El Dorado 46,281 Augusta 13,400 Outside 14,798 74,4; 28 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEE N OF PRODUCTION AND DECLINE OF INDIVIDUAL OIL WELLS Mid-Continent Field, 1916 Total number of wells drilled during year 11,240 Total number of dry holes (including gas) ^' n'l Totp.1 number with gas *J5 Total producing at end of year ?'li? Per cent producing at end of year 92.5% Average production of this year's producing wells drilled during the year 26 Bbls. Average production of all this year's producing wells, including dry holes. 21.5 Bbls. Total number of wells drilled up to end of this year 81,150 Total number of wells drilled and producing at end of this year. ... ^^'*?? Per cent of wells drilled now productive 53.2% Average production of all producing wells' in field per day, includ- Ing this year 8 Bbls. Average production of all producing wells drilled excluding this year 3 Bbls. OIL WELLS DRILLED IN UNITED STATES IN 1917-1918 District Pennsylvania Lima-Indiana Central Ohio Kentucky-Tennessee. .... Illinois Kansas Oklahoma- Arkansas. Texas Panhandle. North Louisiana. Gulf Coast Total 22,355 24,708 4.718 5,901 Wells drilled during 1917 producing oil at end of year 70.11% Wells drilled during 1918 producing oil at end of year 76.12% OIL WELLS IN MEXICO, 1919 The total number of wells is 1,056, as follows: Wells located 131 Wells being driven 114 Wells in production 298 Wells not profitable 27 Wells exhausted 64 Wells not producing 422 Total 1,056 The largest number of productive wells belong to the following com- panies: Aguila Company (Lord Cowdray) 55 Mexican Petroleum Company of California \\\ 33 The Corona Company ' '. 10 Union Petroleum Company Hispano-Americana ." ' " 17 The Texas Company of Mexico 10 Mexican Gulf Oil Company '.'. . . s Chicholes Oil Company, Ltd 7 Mexican Combustible (Company 9 Penn. Mex. Fuel Oil Company 7 Freeport and Mexican Fuel Oil Company 7 Transcontinental Petroleum Company 12 f )il Fields of Mexico 12 .Cc 1917 5,435 )mpleted 1918 4,400 793 605 2,191 396 4,671 8,381 1,140 534 1,597 Dry 1917 985 140 139 411 151 547 1,334 262 110 639 1918 738 800 582 1,651 140 169 360 647 108 3 469 925 . 6,717 1 020 2,116 625 472 105 1 562 625 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 29 RELATIVE ACTIVITY OF OIL FIELDS IN 1918 The rigs and drilling wells, at the close of December, in these fields were as follows: Field Rigs Drillings Total Pennsylvania 69 143 212 West Virginia 94 187 ixi Southeastern Ohio 33 104 137 Central Ohio 31 KM 13") Northwestern c ihio. 11 4^i 5(i Indiana 2 :.(> .>s Illinois 3 nl 54 Kentucky 2 4h4 496 Tennessee 16 10 Arkansas 1 3 I Kansas 132 4S1 613 Oklahoma 381 1,408 1,782 Wyoming 106 165 271 Panhandle-Texas 346 l.ni(7 1,443 Gulf Coast , 109 27.1 3S4 Louisiana 146 27K 4J4 Totals. 1,456 4,904 lj.360 These data show that the chief decline in the amount of oil pro- duced occurs in the first year of the life of the oil well. This decline occurs suddenly after the first gushing due to the sudden local relief of pressure. After this, there is a decline due to the gradual ex- haustion of the sand. Every reservoir of oil is limited in capacity by the depth of the sand and the degree of impregnation with oil. As a general rule, 500 barrels of oil is all that may be expected from each acre for each one foot depth of oil-hearing sand though this varies with the porosity and degree of saturation of the sand. While the chief general cause for decline of oil wells is exhaustion of the sand, there are many causes that account for a decline in individual wells or localities. 30 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Oil Gushers The largest oil well in the world is one which came in near Tampico, Mexico, February 10, 1916. It was known as Cero Azul No. 4 and was drilled by the Pan-American Petroleum and Trans- port Company. The first twenty-four hours of oil flow yielded 260,000 barrels. In two years it is said to have produced approximately 60 million barrels of oil or about one-half of the total production of oil from Mexico. Its initial pressure was 1,035 pounds per square inch and the gravity of the oil is 21° Baume' and without sediment or water. This well continued to produce at its usual rate during 1918. It was in September, 1910, that the Mexican Petroleum Company brought in a well in the Juan Casiano field. It showed on a test that it was capable of giving a daily yield of something more than 100,000 barrels of oil. Pipeline connection was made, however, but not until more than 1,500,000 barrels of the inflammable product had been burned in order to prevent it from flowing into Lake Tamaihua, thus endangering boats and other property. It was throttled down to a flow of 20,000 barrels a day and for more than eight years it has been giving this yield. It has yielded, up to this time, more than 65,000,000 barrels of crude petroleum. Accompanying the oil is a gas pressure of 265 pounds per square inch. This natural gas is piped to the top of a hill a mile and a half distant from the well and is there burned in twelve great flares day and night, lighting up the country for a long way around. On account of the lack of transportation facilities, it has not been allowed to flow at its maximum, being restrained to one million barrels per month at this time. A number of wells in the Saboontchy-Romany oil fields of Russia have given daily yields of from 75,000 to 120,000 barrels per day for weeks and as much as 7,500,000 barrels in a year. Another Mexican well at Dos Bocas, south of Tampico, yielded approximately five million barrels within two months. A well in the Jennings pool in Louisiana in 1904 is reputed to be the largest gusher in the United States and gave 1,275,000 barrels of oil in four months. Wells in Texas, California and Roumania have yielded 60,000 to 75,000 barrels of oil per day on the initial production. The largest wells in the Mid-Continent field were in Butler County, Kansas, where, in the Towanda pool, gushers as large as 25,000 barrels per day, initial production, were struck in 1917. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 31 TABLE SHOWING PRICE PER FOOT FOR DRILLING OIL AND GAS WELLS IN VARIOUS FIELDS (Oklahoma Geological Survey) Feb. 22, 1916 June 23, 1917 July 27, 1917 To shallow sand in Bartles- ville, Nowata and Tulsa districts $0.80 to $1.00 $1.00 to $1.25 $1.25 To Layton sand in Gushing field $1.35 $1.50 2.50 To Bartlesville sand in Gush- ing field, northwest 1.50 2.00 3.50 To Bartlesville sand in Gush- ing field, southeast 2.00 2.25 3.50 to $4.00 To shallow sand in Newkirk, Ponca City and Garber fields 1.50 1.50 1.50 To deeper sands in Newkirk and Ponca City fields (over 2,500 ft.) 2.50 3.50 3.50 to 4.00 Healdton field 1.40 to 1.50 1.75 1.75 Electra and Burkburnett to 1,200 ft. depth 2.00 Electra and Burkburnett to Note. — Price for rotary 2,100 ft. depth 8.50 drilling to 2,000 feet is Electra and Burkburnett to $3.00. more than 2,500 ft. depth. . 5.00 The regular charge for work by the day, February 22, 1917, was $50 for a double shift. This held good throughout the above fields. All wildcat propositions some distance (50 miles or more) from any of the above mentioned fields demanded $3.00 per foot. Contracts were let in 1918-1919, in Pine Island, La., at $11,000-$15,000 per well. 32 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Refinery Operations on Crude Oil 1916 1917 191S Quantity % Quantity % Quantity % bbls '....246,922,015 100.00 315,131,681 100.00 326,024,630 100.00 Gasoline bbls 49,020,000 19.85 67,990,000 21.58 85,000,000 26.07 Kerosene, bbls 34,655,000 14.03 41,120,000 13.05 43,450,000 13.33 Gas and Fuel Oil and Loss, bbls 134,290,000 54,37 148,900,000 47.25 138,600.000 42.51 Lubricating Oil, bbls. 14,870,000 6.02 17,946,000 6.69 20,038,000 6.15 ■Wax, lbs 386,180,898 0.56 481,200,081 0.48 505,144,367 0.49 Coke, tons 405,319 1.04 639,366 1.05 659,663 1.05 Asphalt, tons 716,490 1.83 739,426 1.44 607,968 1.14 Miscellaneous, bbls... 5,696,000 2.31 16,720,000 5.31 15,640,000 4.80 Miscellaneous includes binder, flux oil, medicinal oil, petroleum, road oil, roofing wax, tar, acid oil, foots oil, motor spirits, pitch, residuum, slops, tar oil, wax oil, wax tailings, straw oil. REFINERY OPERATIONS BY DISTRICTS FOR FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 1917 Crude Handled Per Cent Per Cent District Barrels Gasoline Kerosene Atlantic Coast 23,464,900 22.20 22.16 Pennsylvania 8,659,200 24.69 21.43 Illinois. . . 13,830,300 35.92 14.53 Mid-Continent. 29,260,260 26.95 14.49 Gulf Coast. 27,543,470 12.65 11.36 Wyoming 4,035,800 37.43 17.03 California. 36,403,400 11.14 4.27 January-July, 1917 143,189,374 20.35 13.04 INCREASE IN PRODUCTION OF CRACKED GASOLINE (Estimated from Still Capacity) Tear Barrels 1913 1,000,000 1914 3,000,000 1915 4,000,000 1916 6,000,000 1917 9,000,000 1918 18,000,000 KINDS OF GASOLINE AND AMOUNT PRODUCED IN 1917 Natural or Straight Run .54,000,000 bbls. Artificial or Cracked. ....... 9,000,000 bbls. From Natural and Casinghead Gas — By Compression 4,024,000 bbls. By Absorption 1,167,000 bbls. Total 68,191,000 bbls. MARKETER MINERAL PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1918 Quantity Refined Petroleum 366,400,000 bbls. Pig Iron ($33.50 per long ton). . . . 38,820,000 tons Copper (24.628c per pound) 1,869,949,686 lbs. Zinc (8.1690 per pound) 526,122 tons Lead (6.777c per pound) 660,729 tons Silver (.97876c per ounce) 67,879,206 oz. Gold ($20.67 per ounce) 3,314,000 oz. Coal 661,402,374 tons % of Value World ,300,000,000 65 ,304,000,000 30 460,600,000 60 86,710,000 30 74,640,000 35 66,430,000 50 68,493,500 20 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 33 PRICES OF CRUDE Eastern Fields January l lOlH 1919 1920 CiTiTisxlvanla $3.75 $4,00 $4.50 Cabell 2.72 2.77 3.02 WoOSter, (J 2. .38 2.58 3.20 ("iirning 2.80 2.85 3.10 North Uma 2.08 2.38 2.73 South Lima 2.08 3.38 2.73 Indiana 1.98 2.28 2.63 Princeton 2.12 2.60 2.77 Somerset, Ky 2.55 2.42 2.85 Ragland .% 1.20 2.32 1.85 lUlnoia 2.12 2.42 2.77 Plvmouth 2.03 2.33 2.53 Canada, Petrolla 2.48 2.78 2.88 Wyoming Field Elk Basin l.xr, 1.86 2.10 Grass Creek 1.76 1.85 2.10 Big Muddy 1.40 1.60 1.76 Salt Creek 1.10 1.60 1.75 North Texas Field Burkburnett 2.00 2.26 2.75 Henrietta 2.00 2.25 2.60 Corslcana, light 2.00 2.26 2.86 Corsieiina, heavy. .. . 1.05 1.30 1.15 Strawn 2.00 2.26 2.50 Ranger 2.00 2.25 2.76 OIL AT THE WELLS. Mid-Continent Field January 1 1918 1919 Kansas-Oklahoma. ...$2.00 $2.25 Healdton, 82° 1.20 1.45 Cushlng 2.50 2.75 Garbcr 3.50 3.75 Gulf Coast Field 1.05 1.80 Spindletop 100 1.80 Goose Creek 1.00 l.so Sour Lake 1.00 ISO Humble 100 1.80 Batson 1.00 1.80 Saratoga 1.00 1.80 Louisiana Field Caddo, above 38° 2.00 2.25 De Soto, above 38° 1.90 2.16 Caddo, 35° 1.90 2.16 Caddo, 32° 1.8.1 2.10 Caddo, below 32° 1.00 1.65 Crichton 1.50 1.75 Mexico at Gulf Points.. 1.60 .86 California Field Kern River, etc. 14-17.9° 98 1.23 18-18.9° 99 1.24 Ventura County 25-25.9° 1.07 1.82 Fullerton-AVhittier 16-17.9° 98 1.23 18-18.9° 99 1.24 26-26.9° 1.07 1.32 87-37.9° 1.32 1.57 REFINERY PRODUCTS (1919) Gasoline Kerosene Fuel Oil Gallon Gallon Barrel At Refinery — Oklahoma 17.2c 8.0c $0.75 Kansas City 22.3c 10.8c 1.05 Tulsa. 23.5c 12.00 1.00 Topeka 22.7c 11.2c 1.05 New York City 24.5c 14.5c 4.00 Boston 26.6c 10.7c 4.00 Chicago 28.0c 12.0c 1.6C San Francisco and Los Angeles 20.6c 10.5c 1.60 Seattle 21.6c 11. 6o 1.62 New Orleans 23.0c 12.0c 2.00 Paraffin Wax melting point 103°F 7 Vic Ih. 120 8'(.c lb. 126 9c lb. 128 lie lb. 133 18c lb. 140 17c lb. Lubricating Oil — Natural 20c Black 20c Cylinder, Pale 40c Cylinder (low cold test) 60c Paraffin High Viscosity 40c Asphalt (at market) — . „ .,„ 60 per cent Asphalt Roal Oil, 7c per gallon $17, 70 per cent Asphalt Road Oil, 8c per gallon 20 Texaco Asphalt (Dallas) SO. California (San Francisco) 13, Mexican (Houston) 20 Trinidad (Kansas City) 32 Stanolind (Kansas City) 20 Stanolind (New York) 20 Natural Gaaf per gallon per gallon per gallon per gal!'! per gallon ,50 per ton 00 per ton ,00 per ton ,50 per ton ,00 per ton ,50 per ton ,00 per ton ,00 per ton ... .6C-60C 34, BULLEVIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF HIGHEST AND LOWEST PRICES OF CRUDE PETROLEUM OF PENNSYLVANIA GRADE, 1859-1918, PER BARREL Highest Year Month Price 1859 September $20.00 1S60 January 20.00 1861 January 1.76 1862 December. 2.50 1863 December. 4.00 1864 July 14.00 1865 January. 10.00 1866 January 6.50 1867 October 4.00 1868 July 5.Y5 1869 January 7.00 1870 January 4.90 1871 June 5.25 1872 October 4.56 187S January 2.75 1874 February 2.25 1875 February 1.82 1^ 1876 December 4.23% 1877 January 3.69% 1878 February 1.87i^ 1879 December 1.28% 1880 June 1.24% 1881 September 1.01 % 1882 November 1.S7 1883 June 1.24% :rs4 January 1.16% 1886 October 1.12% 1886 January. 92^4 1887 December. 90 1888 March 1.00 1889 November 1.12% 1890 January 1.07% 1891 February. 81% 1892 January 64% 1893 December. 80 1894 December. 95% 1895 April 2.60 1896 January 1.50 1897 March 96 1898 December. 1.19 1899 December. 1.66 1900 January 1.68 1901 January, Sept, ...... 1.46 1902 December 1.64 1903 December 1.90 1904 January 1.85 1905 October 1.61 1906 April, May, June, July 1.64 1907 March to Dec., incl... 1,78 1908 No change 1.78 1909 Jan., Feb., March 1.78 1910 January 1.43 1911 December 1.35 1912 December 2.00 1913 March to Dec, incl... 2,60 1914 January to March, incl 2,50 1915 December 2.25 1916 December 2.85 1917 August 22 to Dec. 30. . 3.75 1918 Feb. 8 to Dec. 31, Incl. 4.00 Lowest Month Price December $20.00 December. 2.00 December. 10 January 10 January. 2.00 February. 3.75 August *.00 December. 1.35 June 1.50 January 1.70 December. 4. 25 August 2.75 January 3.25 December. 2.67% November. 82% November. 62% January. ' 75 January. 1.47% June 1.53% September 78% June -. .. .62% April 71% July 72% July 49^ January. 83% June 51% January. 68 August 69% July 54 June 71% April 79% December. 60% August. 50 October. 50 January. 52% January. 78% January. .95 % December, 90 October. 66 January. 65 February. 1.13 November. 1.06 May 80 Jan., Feb., March 1.16 Jan., Feb., March, April, May, June, July 1.50 July, December. .... 1.50 May 1.27 Jan., Feb., March, April, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec 1.58 January 1.58 No change 1.78 December 1.43 June to Dec., incl 1.30 January to December.. 1.30 January I.35 January 2. 00 September to Dec.,- incl. 1.46 April to. August,'-incl. . . 1.35 January. 2.25 January 2 to 5, incl.... 2.85 Jan. 1 to Feb. 8, incl.. 3.75 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 35 PRICE SCHEDULE FOR CALIFORNIA CRUDE OIL— 1919 Gravity Price 14 to 17.9 $1.23 18 to 18.9 1.24 19 to 19.9 1.25 20 to 20.9 1,27 21 to 21.9 1,29 22 to 22.9 1,31 28 to 23,9 1,33 24 to 24.9 1.35 26 to 25.9 1,37 26 to 26,9 1.39 27 to 27,9 1,41 28 to 28,9 1.43 29 to 29.9 1.45 SO to 30.9 1.47 31 to 31.9 1.411 32 to 32.9 1..01 S3 to 33.9. . l.SH 34 to 84.9 l.ri', Gravity Price 35 to 35.9 ?1,57 36 to 36.9 1.59 37 to 37.9 1.62 38 to 38,9 1,65 39 to 39,9 1,68 40 to 40.9 1.71 41 to 41.9 1.74 42 to 42.9 1.77 43 to 43.9 1.80 44 to 44.9 1.83 45 to 46.9 1.86 46 to 46.9 1..S1I 47 to 47.9 I.:i2 48 to 48.9 1.95 49 to 49.9 l.OS 50 to 50.9 2.01 61 to 51. B 2.04 52 to 52.9 2.07 PRICE CHANGES OF CRUDE OIL, MID-CONTINENT FIELD. SINCE 1905 April 15 1906 $0.44 1907 40 1908 39 1909 36 1910 38 1911— January 1 44 April 46 June 48 September 50 1912— January 2 53 January 15 55 January 25 57 February 5 60 April 10 62 April 16 64 May 7 66 May 17 68 July 16 70 November 3 73 November 27 76 December 11 78 December 16 80 December 24 83 1913— January 27 86 January 29 88 July 7 93 July 21 98 August 19 1.03 1914— February 2 1.05 April 8 1.00 April 10. April 13. .95 .90 April 27. . . . April 29. . . . September 22. October 1. . . 1915- February 8. . . February 15. . August 2. . . August 4. . . August 11. . . Aug:ust 19. . . August 21. , . September 11. November 13. November 15. December 13, December 14. 1916— January 20. . . January 26. . March 4. . . . March 11. . . March 14. July 24 July 29 August 1. . . August 7. . . August 12. . . August 15. . . August 26. . . November 29. December 12. , December 18. . December 23. December 28. .85 .80 .75 .65 .55 .45 .40 .50 .55 .60 .65 .75 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.40 1.45 1.55 1.45 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.05 .95 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 36 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF PRICE CHANGES OF CRUDE OIL, MID-CONTINENT FIELD, SINCE 1905— Concluded 1917— 1918— January 3 1.50 March 18 2.25 January 6 1.60 1919 2.25 January 12 1.70 December 2.75 August 3 1.85 1920— August 16 1.90 January 3.00 August 18 2.00 ACTUAL PRODUCTION BY COMPANIES IN MEXICO 1918 1917 Companies Barrels Barrels Cia. Pet. La Victoria 1,574 Topila Petroleum Company 2,000 Cia. Mex. Pet. del Golfo 29,993 National Oil Company ' 753,589 Panuco Petro. Maat. (Royal Dutch) 2,748 Cia. Exp. de Pet. La Universal 3,075 Hispano Mexicana (Tex. Mex. Fuel) 4,226 873 Mexico y Espana 6,459 29,625 Mexican Oil Company 3,490 288,770 Cia. Pet. Monterrey 25,021 24,958 Chijoles Oil Ltd. (R. Dutch) 25,266 1,515 Oil Fields of Mexico 29,906 34,689 Veracruz Mexico (S. O. N. J.) 51,716 360,258 La Petrolera Poblana 91,311 32,871 Cia. Mex. de Combustible (Pierce Oil) 300,064 60,852 La Corona (Royal Dutch) 337,603 740,576 Transcontinental de Petroleo (Standard Oil N.J.) 382,029 119,315 Panuco Bost. Oil (Atlan. Ref.) 531,511 828,067 Tampascas Oil Company 578,478 174,924 Intemat. Pet. (J. H. Hamm'd) 609,733 619,828 Cia. Pet. Tal Vez. (So. O. & T.) 1,152,063 989,561 Tex. Co. of Mex. (Texas Co.) 1,279,746 2,315,433 Cia. Mex. de Petroleo (Mex. Pet. of Calif.) . 1,445,976 1,125,702 Cia. Mex. de Pet. La Libertad (Island O. & T.) 1,550,869 Mex. Gulf Oil (Gulf Oil Co.) 1,728,190 1,160,794 Cortez Oil Corp. (Port Lobos Pet. Corp.) 2,161,775 East Coast Oil (So. Pac. Co.) 3,457,235 3,143,220 Freeport & Mex. F. 0. Corp. (Sinclair Gulf). 4,119,654 4,076,982 Penn Mex. Fuel Co. (South Penn Oil) 6,854,080 4,129,296 Cia. Mex. de Pet. El Aguila (Mexican Eagle Oil) 16,910,646 16,922,322 Huasteca Pet. Co. (Mex. Pet. of Delaware). . 20,186,459 17,325,171 Totals 63,828,326 55,292,770 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 37 Record of All Mexican Operations to Date — 1919 Prepared by Mexican Petroleum Department, Secretary of Industry 1 Cubic Meter = 6.29 Barrels Drilling Loca- Feb. 2s tions 1910 c 1 Drilled by La Universal Mexico y Espana La Libertad Cantabros en Panuco 1 La Nacional 1 Panuco Tamesi Alamo de Panuco Tux. Ozuluama Pet. Maritima Freeport & Mex Esfuerzo Tampiqueno. . El Caimdn Panuco Valley 2 Southern Co Expl. Topila La Trasatldntica 1 Pdnuco Mahuaves Lluvia de Oro Esfuerza Nacional 1 Vado Oil Fields La Victoria Transcontinental 3 R. A. Mestres 3 English Oil Co El Espino Pedro Irisari Tampascas Oil National Pet Gulf Coast Corp 1 Los Perforadores Hispano Mexicana Tal Vez, S. A 1 Monterrey, S. A International Pet 2 Orbananos et al 1 Margenes del Pam Panuco Topila El Fenix, S. A Las Dos Estrellas 1 Productora de Pet National Oil Co 1 Mex. National Oil 1 Zaleta Mar Oil Co Pro- ucing 1 1 1 Potential Daily Prod, in Cub. Met. 511.00 626.00 8,000.00 5,794.90 66.77 800.00 160.00 6.00 15,804.04 2 4 1,444.00 1 , , 1 8.00 i 5 713.00 1 4 22.69 2 319.00 1 1,600.00 2 1,155.00 1 16.00 4 3 6,661.22 80.00 238.50 598.90 Total Aban- No. of doned Wells 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 14 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 24 3 10 1 1 7 1 6 2 3 3 38 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF RECORD OF ALL MEXICAN OPERATIONS TO DATE, 1919— Continued Drilled by La Herradura Continental Mex. . El Indio La Oaxaquena. . . . Oil Fields of Mex.. New England Fuel. La Oriental Hex . . . La Esperanza Abastecedora Panuco Excelsior. . Adrian Petroleum. . Cortez Oil Corp .... Inglesa Explot. . . . Tantoyuca y Anexas A. P. Wiechers .... Mex. Pet. del Golfo La Corona, S. A. . . Byrd, et al Oro Mexicano La Bonanza Am. Fuel Oil Topila Petroleum. . . Mexican Gulf Tampico Panuco. . . Chijoles Oil American Inter. . . Hispano Amer. ... East Coast Oil Soria y Socios Texas Co. of Mex. . Mexican Oil Co Smith's Oil Co Pan American Oil . . Orillas d© Panuco. Nuevo Leon Mex. de Combust. Hispano Cubana. . M. C. Anderson . . . Piedras Devel. Co. Lot Seventeen Co. Punta Arena y Anex Comercio de Puebla La Argentina Mexico Fuel Oil . . . Hidalgo Oil Co El Nayarit Financiera de Pet. . Mex. Development. El Azadon, S. A. . . Tjoca- tions Drilling Feb. 28 Pro- 1919 ducing- Potential Daily Prod, in Cub. Met. 12 4 1 10 10 3 1,500.00 60.37 3,900.02 190.00 5,000.00 804.38 95.40 8,095.42 16.00 802.95 63.60 22,370.50 154.33 4.77 17 4,561.06 17,072.19 639.98 875.00 ' 15.90 5,051.62 397.00 22.25 6.40 367.13 2,000.66 Aban- doned 1 1 ■ 'i 23 Total No. of Wells 1 2 1 1 37 4 1 1 3 1 4 5 2 2 5 2 26 2 1 1 2 1 20 8 7 8 1 27 1 17 4 1 3 1 2 16 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 9 I 1 1 I 2 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 39 RECORD OF ALL MEXICAN OPERATIONS TO DATE, 1919— Continued Drilled by La Concordia Nueva Bonanza El Aguila, S. A Tamiahua Pet Mex. Pet. Co. Cal Huasteca Pet. Co Tuxpam Pet. Co Mundacddiz, S. A Juan Casiano Tux Harry Hummel La Tolteca Tamplco Oil Ltd Tampico Oil Co Penn Mex. Fuel La Equidad Espana, S. A Pet. de Tepetate Consolidada de Pet ., . Eugenio F. Ruiz ." . Seguranza, S. A La Giralda La Meridional Tampiquena-San Javier. . . . Tex. Mex. Fuel Oil Nacional de Petr Mexican Premier Eureka Pdnuco Tuxpam Sun Oil Co Petrolera Poblana La Comercial Panuco Boston Regiones Pet. Mex Puebla en Panuco Allison W. Smith Rodolfo H. Rader Capuchinas Oil Fomento de Chapala Mexican Sinclair Pet. Agric. Mex. San Jose. Scottish Mex. Oil Los Brujos Catopico Oil Co Dos Banderas Oil Clipton & Smith Freggs Oil Co Hidalgo Pet. Co ,••. W. H. Miliken Ohio Mex. Oil Drilling Loca- Feb. 28 Pro- tions 1919 ducing 1 55 rotential Daily Prod. in Cub. .Met. 32 2 21 3 18 1 1 11 1 1 22 1 33 4 20,590.18 2,497.65 48,553.70 47.00 13,969.35 2 21,462.86 160.05 494.52 400.66 1,072.00 223.00 127.20 2,400.00 5.00 1,113.00 3,465.10 2,951.00 3.18 795.00 1 284 4 36 19 4 1 13 Total Aban- No. of doned Wells- 1 1 389 7 91 36 1 1 1 2 1 9 1 26 1 1 9 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 4 4 1 1 2 1 11 2 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OP RECORD OF ALL MEXICAN OPERATIONS TO DATE, 1919— Co. Drilled by Producers Oil Rio Vista Sims & Bowser Spanish Mex. Oil J. W. Sloan J. R. Sharp Tampico Banking. . . . Tampico Fuel Oil Boston Mex. Leasing'. H. McKeever Mex. Tex. Pet Tamesi Pet. & Asph . . Gobiomo de la Fed . . . . Fom. del Sureste Concluded Drilling Looa- Feb. 28 tions 1 19 Pro- ducing 2 Potential Daily Prod, in Cub. Met. 1,224.30 Total Aban- No. of doned Wella 4 79.50 39.75 2.24 127.20 12,720.00 1 3.86 Barrels 6,799- 9,445 47 1,073 31,376 18,812 Outside Barrels Totals 131 114 299 253,217.93 512 1056 LARGE PRODUCERS OF KANSAS— WITH PRODUCTION Daily Production in 1918 Augusta Eldorado Name Barrels Carter Oil Company 154 Carter and S. W. Oil Co Magnolia Petroleum Company.. 3,126 Mid-Kansas Oil Company 2,108 Prairie Oil & Gas Co 747 Tidal Oil Company Cosden Oil & Gas Co 1,562 Empire Gas' & Fuel Co 12,041 Gypsy Oil Company Monitor Oil & Gas Co 1,639 Oklahoma Prod. & Ref. Co 220 Producers' Oil Company 83 C. B. Shaffer Sinclair Oil & Gas Co 1,502 1,940 Total Barrels 6,953 9,445 3,126 2.108 794 1,073 1,662 43,417 18,812 1,639 251 83 1,602 1,940 Totals 21,580 All other companies 1,613 71,025 14,643 23,193 85,668 13,000 PRODUCTION IN MEXICO TO 1919 Year Barrels 1901 10,345 1902 40,200 1903 75,375 1904 126,625 1906 261,260 1906 602,600 1907 1,005,000 1908 3,932,900 1909 2,713,500 Tear 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. Operator LARGE PRODUCERS IN CALIFORNIA Per Cent of Proved Land Total Oil Acres Associated Oil Company Doheny (various companies) General Petroleum Corporation .... Honolulu Consolidated Oil Company A. T. & S. P. Ry. (oil subsidiaries') . Shell CJompany of California 9.1 7.3 ,4.3 1.3 4.0 6.8 7,347 4,286 2,584 2,701 3,097 2,142 92,605 29,256 121,861 Barrels 3,634,080 12,552,798 16,558,215 25,696,291 26,235,403 32,910,508 40,645,712 65,292,770 63,828,327 Number Wells 1,048 379 400 35 412 236 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY LARGE PRODUCERS IN CALIFORNIA— Concluded. Per Cent of Proved Land Number Operator Total Oil Acres Wells So. Pacific Co. (fuel nil department) 8.5 18,207 681 Standard Oil Company 22. a 8,187 771 Union Oil Company of California 8.1 8,198 427 All others 28.0 30,171 3,381 Total 100.0 87,280 7,770 IMPORTANT OIL COMPANIES OPERATING IN OKLAHOMA, CALIFORNIA, WYOMING, KANSAS AND TEXAS Company Affiliations -Amalgamated Oil Co The Amalgamated Oil Co., the Arcturus' Oil Co. and the Salt Lake Oil Co. are affiliated and controlled by the Associated Oil Co. which In turn is controlled by the Kern Trading & Oil Co., the producing company of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Associated Oil Co Controlled by the Kern Trading & Oil Co. Carter Oil Co Owned by Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey. Cosden Oil & Gas Co Presumably independent. Some of its affiliated companies are Cosden & Co., Cosden Pipeline Co., Glenn Pool Pipeline Co., Union Petroleum Co., Pen-Mar Oil Co. Empire Gas & Fuel Co .Affiliated with the Empire Refineries, Inc. Is an independent concern. General Petroleum Corp.... An independent company. Gulf Production Co Owned by the Gulf Oil Corporation which is considered an independent. Gypsy Oil Co Held by Gulf Oil Corporation, an independent. Humble Oil & Ref. Co \n independent organization. Invincible Oil Co This is an independent, so far as known. Kern Trading & Oil Co A producing company of the Southern Pacific R. R. McMan Oil Co Sold a controlling interest to the Magnolia Petroleum Co. Magnolia Petroleum Co (^ommonly known as a Standard Oil Co. Monitor Oil & Gas Co An independent company so far as generally known. Ohio Cities Gas Co .\n Independent organization. Has a number of subsidiaries, some of which are the Ardmore Refining Co., International Refining Co., Pure Oil Co., Cornplanter Refining Co. and Quaker Oil & Gas Co. Ohio Oil Co Due of the S'tandard Oil group. Pan-American Petroleum & Transport Co One of the Doheny interest, presumably with no Standard Oil relations. Prairie Oil & Gas Co One of the Standard Oil group and was a sub- sidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey until it was separated therefrom by dissolution decree of the U. S. Supreme Court in 1911. Producers Oil Co Controlled by the Texas Co.. 20 per cent of the stock of which the Federal Trade Commission states is owned by the stockholders of differ- ent Standard Oil Co. Quaker Oil & Gas Co .Originally controlled by Pure Oil Co. Now con- trolled by Ohio Cities Gas Co. Republic Production Co A newly organized company in Texas and is believed to be independent. Roxana Petroleum Co A subsidiary of the Royal Dutch Shell group. Shell Co. of California A subsidiary of the Royal Dutch Shell group. Silurian Oil Co An independent organization so far as known. Sinclair Oil & Gas Co An independent company which has acquired a large number of smaller producers. The Sin- clair Oil and Sinclair Gulf are co-interests. Standard Oil Co. (Cal.) One of the Standard Oil group. Sun Co A close corporation and its connection to other companies is not generally Known. Tidal Oil. Co Principally owned by Tidewater Oil Co., some of the stock of which is held by stockholders in the Standard Oil Co., though presumably Independent. Wyoming Oil Fields Co Supposedly independent. 42 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Petroleum Refineries of North America Company Location ALABAMA Alabama Oil & Development Co... Mobile ARKANSAS Ozark Oil & Refining Co Fort Smith CALIFORNIA Beckett Refining Co Arroyo Grande Associated Oil Co •'^von Union Oil Co. of Calif Avilla Phoenix Refining Oo Bakersfield Richfield Oil Co Bakersfield Slager Refining Co Bakersfield Standard Oil Co. of Calif Bakersfield Union Oil Co. of Calif Bakersfield Vulcan Oil Co Bakersfield Capital Refining Co Berkeley Monarch Oil Refining Co Berkeley Pinal Dome Keflning Co Betteravis Union Oil Co. of Calif Brea Columbian Oil, Asphalt & Ref. Co . Carpanteria O'Neal Refining Co Casmalia Puente Oil Co Chino American Petroleum Co Coalinga Shell Co. of Calif Coalinga Standard Oil Co. of Calif Bl Segundo Paraffin Paint Co Emeryville Wilshire Refining Co Fellows Ventura Refining Co. (li) Fillmore California-Fresno Oil Co Fresno Pacific States Refining Co Fruitvale Anaheim Union Water Co Fullerton St. Helens Petroleum Co Fullerton Associated Oil Co Gaviota Moore Refining Co Goleta California Liquid Asphalt Co Hadley Bnsign Baker Refining Co Hadley Hanford Oil Refining Co Hanford King Refining Co Kern River Producers Oil Refining Co Kern River Standard Oil Co Kern River Buckeye Refining Co Kern River Warren Bros Kern River General Petroleum Co Kerto Amalgamated Oil Co Los Angeles Asphaltum &Oil Refining Co Los Angeles Atlas Refining Co Los Angeles California Oil & Aslphalt Co Los Angeles Continental Oil Co Los Angeles nensmore-S'tabler Refining Co Los Angeles Golden State Oil Co Los Angeles Fairchild Gilmore Wilton Oil Co... Los Angeles Guaranty Oil Co Los Angeles Huasteca Petroleum Co Los Angeles Jordan Oil Co Los Angeles Pioneer Roll Paper Co Los Angeles Richfield Oil Co Los Angeles Service Oil & Asphalt Co Los Angeles L = Lubricating or Wax Plants. Year Built (Bldg.) Approx- imate Invest- ment Ap. Barrels Crude Daily 1914 125,000 300 1912 i,5o'o',666 22', 666 1896 9,250,000* 17,000 (*A11 Union Oil Plants) 1902 300,000 1,200 200,000 3,600 200,000 1,200 1914 20,000 1896 1901 400 1900 600 1910 Idle 1911 560,000 1,950 1895 10,000 1891 100,000 1892 200,000 1,000 1912 1,250,000 10,000 225,000 2,000 igis 40,000 1896 100,000 300 1912 160,000 10,000 1916 650,000 6,000 1901 50,000 500 1904 50,000 "566 600 1899 630,570 10,000 1909 25,000 1910 43,000 1,000 1913 45,000 260 1901 176,000 260 1904 66,000 Idle 1914 98,760,000* 65,000 (*A11 S. O. Plants in Calif.) 1901 1914 100,000 1,6C0 1913 10,000 lOU 1905 200,000 10,000 1892 76,000 600 1900 15,000 450 1911 100,000 1,000 1907 600 1902 75,000 650 1912 40,000 700 1900 700 1,000 1904 80,000 500 1898 200,000 900 1892 100,000 800 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORV 43 COLORADO Apex Refining & Drilling Co Boulder The Inland Refinery Boulder Florence Oil Co. (L) Florence United Oil Co. (Standard) Florence Urado Oil Co Unitah Basin PETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH AMERICA— Continued Company Location CALIFORNIA — Concluded. Shell Co. (Trumbull Process) Los Angeles Southern Refining Co Los Angeles Turner Oil Co Los Angeles Union Oil Co. of Calif Los Angeles Western Oil Co Los Angeles VVilshire Oil Co. (old Atlas) Los Angeles Vernon Oil Co Los Angeles Yosemite Oil Refining Co l^os Angeles Union Oil Co. of CalTf IVIaltha Adeline Con. Road Oil Co Maricopa b'unset IWonarch Oil Co Maricopa American Oriental Co. (Shell) (L). Martinez Dutch Shell Co. of Calif Martinez General Petroleum Co Mojave Union Oil Co. of Calif Oleum Richfield Oil Co Olinda Union Oil Co. of Calif Orcutt Sunset Oil & Refining Co Ostend Producers & Refiners Oil Co Oil Port Standard OH Co I'oint Richmond Mllriff Refining Co Rodeo Warren Bros Rodeo San Diego A-1 Refining Co San Diego Pacific Roofing & Ref. (.'o San Francisco Prutzman Relining Co San Francisco West Coast Refining Co San Francisco Western Union Oil Co Santa Maria Union Oil Co. of Calif San Pedro Capital Crude OH Co Santa Paula El Merito Refining Co Santa Paula Marchus Bros'. Santa Paula A. F. Gllmore Sherman Tulara Refining Co Tulara Amalgamated Oil Co Vernon Asphaltum Oil & Ref. Co Vernon British-California Oil Co Vernon California Oil & Asphalt Co Vernon Crescent Refining Co Vernon General Petroleum Co Vernon Hercules Oil Refining Co Vernon Jordan Oil Co Vernon Martin-Holloran Ref. Co Vernon Pioneer Paper Co Vernon Richfield Oil Co Vernon Turner Oil Co Vernon National Oil Refining Co Watts G. F. Gilmore Co Roadamite Approx- Ap. imate Barrels Tear Invest- Crude Built ment Daily 5,000 iooo 700 1914 175,000 1,150 1895 Vl',666 1912 150,000 1,000 21,000 16,000 i898 30,000 600 3,000 1913 52,000 250 1907 1,000 1901 26.0,000 6,000 1915 2,600.000 22,600 1914 8,000 22,000 800 1895 1903 2,000 1906 5,000 1902 60,000 500 1903 80,000 800 1911 .SO, 000 300 300 V,666 1RH5 800 160 Idle 200 150,000 1,000 75,000 3,600 1896 50,000 600 6,000 1911 125,000 886 600 1913 1,600,000 20,000 1900 250,000 1,000 1907 175.000 700 ' "ioo 1907 176,000 2,000 1906 86,000 150 1,000 1918 100,000 1,000 1906 125,000 1,500 1889 350,000 1,000 1887 1^000,000 3,000 1917 10,000 100 FLORIDA Jackson E. R. & Co Jacksonville (Bldg.) 150,000 1,600 GEORGIA Atlantic Refining Co Brunswick IDAHO Idaho Oil & Refining Co Pocatello L = Lubricating or Wax Plants. 1919 8,000,000 10,000 (Bldg.) 50,000 44 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF PETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH AMERICA— Continued Company Location Year Built ILLINOIS Midland Oil & Ref. Co Allendale 1917 Barnett Oil & Gas Co Blue Island 1913 Erie Oil & Gas Co Bridgeport 1912 Leader Refining Co Casey .... Oil Jobbers Prod. & Ref. Co Chicago 1917 Johnson Oil & Ref. Co Chicago Heights 1916 Republic Oil & Ref. Co Bast Moline 1917 Anderson & Gustafson East St. Louis 1916 Consol. Oil Ref. Co Bast St. Louis' 1915 Indiahoma Refining Co East St. Louis 1907 St. Clair Gas & Blectr. Co East St. Louis 1914 Lubrite Refining Co ....Bast St. Louis 1918 Great Northern Ref. Co Joliet 1917 Central Refining Co Lawrenceville 1908- Indian Refining Co Lawrenceville 1910 The Texas' Company Lockport 1911 Inter Ocean Ref. Co McCook 1918 Wabash Refining Co. Np. 1 and 2. Robinson 1907 Smith Oil & Refining Co Rockford 1909 Roxana Petroleum Corp Wood River 1917 Standard Oil Co Wood River 1912 Approx- imate Invest- ment 225,000 35,000 250,000 175,000 600,000 6,000 35,000 1,000,000 40,000 50,000 300,000 ) 3,000,000 1,320,000 1,225,000 250,000 250,000 75,000 11,500,000 5,000,000 Ap. Barrels Crude Daily 2,400 500 500 1,666 2,600 200 300 4,500 Idle 300 1,500 3,000 11,000 4,000 2,000 800 300 6,000 26,000 INDIANA Sinclair Oil & Ref. Co Whiting Standard Oil Co. of Ind Whiting (Bldg.) 10,000,000 25,750,000 Washington Refining Co. lOWA .Cedar Rapids (Bldg.) 90,000 6,500 60,000 KANSAS Sinclair Refining Co Argentine 1917 Kanotex Refining Co Arkansas City 1906 Lesh Refining Co. (National) Arkansas City 1914 Milliken Refining Co. (L) Arkansas City 1917 Augusta Refining Co Augusta 1917 Bliss Oil & Ref. Corp Augusta 1917 Walnut River Ref. Co Augusta 1916 White Eagle Refining Co Augusta 1917 Good Eagle Refining Co Baxter Springs 191'7 Chanute Refining Co Chanute 1907 Kansas Cooperative Ref. Co. (L).. Chanute 1906 Sinclair Refining Co Chanute 1907 Uncle Sam Oil Co. (L) Cherryvale 1906 Wright Prod. & Ref. Co Cherryvale 1917 Kansas Oil Refining Co. (L) Coffeyville 1906 National Refining Co. (L) Coffeyville 1907 Sinclair Ref. Co. (Cudahy) (L) ... .Coffeyville 1909 El Dorado Refining Co El Dorado 1916 Fidehty Refining Co El Dorado 1918 Midland Refining Co El Dorado 1917 Railroad IMen's Refining Co El Dorado 1918 Great Western Pet. Corp. (L) Erie 1905 Miller Petroleum Refining' Co Humboldt 1906 Hutchinson Refining Co Hutchinson 1915 Standard Asph. & Ref. Co Independence 1909 General Refining Co Kansas City 1909 Kansas City Refining Co Kansas City 1906 Sinclair Refining Co Kansas City 1917 Common-wealth Oil & Ref. Co Moran 1905 Standard Oil Co. of Kansas Neodesha 1892 O. K. Refining Co. (L) Niotaze 1906 H. & H. Refinery Co Osawatomie 1919 L = Lubricating or Wa.x Plants. 700,000 300,000 1,150,000 200,000 175,000 125,000 2,000,000 60,000 250,000 360,000 100,000 1,500,000 1,560,000 260,000 30,000 260,000 100,000 750,000 73,626 125,000 2,760,000 100,000 300,000 500.000 360,000 7,250,000 400,000 150,000 4,500 3,000 2,000 6,000 3,000 1,200 1,600 5,000 600 1,600 1,000 2,200 1,200 1,000 1,800 4,600 4,600 2,000 2,500 4,000 1,600 1,000 1,000 1,600 3,000 800 2,700 5,000 800 9,000 1,200 1,000 KAXSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 45 I'ETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH AMERICA— Continued Approx- Ap. imate Barrel Year Invest- Crude Built ment Daily Company Location KANSAS — Concluded Red Ball Oil & Ret Co Ottawa North American Ref. Co Rosedale Cumberland Refining Co, (Qualcer Oil Co.) Wichita Golden Rule Reflning Co Wichita Sterling Oil & Refining Co Wichita Wesdern Refining Co Wichita Wichita Indep. Oil & Ref. Co Wichita 1917 1915 1919 1917 1917 1917 1914 76,000 75,000 400,000 35,000 500,000 35,000 200,000 1,000 1.000 1,000 5,000 1,200 4,000 KE Co. .Standard Oil Co Neha Refining Co.. Indian Refining Co. Kentucky Prod. & Ref. Southern Oil Ref. Co Mellck Refining Co Aetna Refining Co Security Prod. & Ref. Co Standard Oil Co. of Kentucky. Victor Refining Co Oleum Refining Co Pioneer Refining Co M(;-ronil)s Prod. & Ref. Co.... NTUCKY BarbourviUe Compton Jet. 'reorgetown Irvine Lexington Lexington Louisfville Louisville Louisville ijouisville Pryse Rodemer Torrent 191B 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 Bldg.) 1917 1917 1918 1918 2,500.000 90,000 1,500,000 100,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 125,000 100.000 100,000 10,000 600 Idle 80,000 1.600 3,000 3,500 0,666 1,000 1,000 1,000 LOUISIANA I'^di-ral Oil & Ref. Co Alexandria 1915 150,000 Stiiiui.ird Oil Co Baton Rouge 1910 6,000,000 I'elictin Oil & Ref. Co Chalmette 1015 225,000 Red River Refining Co Crichton 1916 200.000 Preeport- Mexican Petroleum Corp.Destrahan 1910 2,000,000 Tar Island Oil & Ref. Co Mooringsport 1918 60.000 Roxnna Petroleum Co Nevi' Orleans 1918 1.600.000 Freeport & Mexican Fuel Oil Corp.Meraux 1917 1,600,000 Corona Oil Co. (Dutch Shell Co.).. New Orleans 1916 2,000.000 Freeport & Tanipico Fuel Oil Corp- New Orleans Prop. Liberty Oil Co.. Ltd New Orleans 1915 40,000 New Orleans Ref. Co. (Dutch Shell)New Orleans 1917 Union Refining Co Oil City 1918 50.000 Southern Oil Co., Inc Plaquemine 1917 20,000 Louisiana Oil Refining Co STireveport 1912 1,350,000 Superior Oil Works Malvern (Lewis) 1919 100,000 Great Southern Prod. & Rpf, Co. . .Shreveport 1919 100,000 Pine Island Refining Co Shreveport 1916 60.000 Caddo Oil Refinery Shreveport 1913 600.000 Marine Oil & Ref. Co Shreveport 1918 300,000 Shreveport Oil Ref. Co Shreveport 1911 60.000 Rio Bravo Oil Co Welsh 1907 50,000 1,000 40.000 1,200 1,000 2.000 300 n.ooo in.noo lo.noo ' 766 .100 .tOO 2,.'i00 1.000 l,.5O0 300 2,000 1.000 1,300 200 MARYLAND I'rudential Oil Corp. (L) Baltimore Standard Oil Co. of N. J Baltimore Gasoline Corporation Curtis Bay Inter-Ocean Oil Co. (L) E. Brooklyn U. S. Asphalt Ref. Co E. Brooklyn Red "C" Oil Mfg. Co. (L) Highland Town 1917 1913 1911 3.750.000 3,760,000 100.000 250.000 1,000,000 350,000 10,000 10,000 Idle 1,600 5,000 725 Galena- Signal Oil Co. MASSACHUSETTS Boston 300 MICHIGAN White Star Oil Co Detroit L =: Lubricating or Wax Plants. 175,000 46 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF PETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH AMERICA— Continued Approx- Ap. imate Barrels Tear Invest- Crude Company Location Built ment Daily MINNESOTA Pure on Co Minneapolis 1917 60,000 400 MISSOURI Wilhoit Refining Co Joplin Evans-Thwing- Refining Co. ... ^ . .Kansas City North American Ref. Co Kansas' City St. Jos. Viscosity Oil & Ref. Co . . St. Joseph Standard Oil Co. of Indiana Sugar Creek 1914 150,000 1,000 1917 500,000 4,000 1917 160,000 4,000 1915 25,000 500 1917 3,000,000 16,000 MONTANA Dillon Oil Co Butte 50,000 NEBRASKA Omaha Oil Refining Co Omaha 150,000 1,000 NEW JERSEY Columbia Oil Co. of N. T Bayonne Standard Oil Co. of N. J. (L.) Bayonne Tidewater Oil Co. (L) Bayonne Standard Oil Co. of N. J Bay way Vacuum Oil Co., Paving Bramwell's Pt. Warner- Quinlan Asphalt Co Carteret Valvoline Oil Co. (L) Bdgewater Galena-Signal Oil Co. (D) Elizabeth Columbia Refining Co Jersey City Standard Oil Co. of N. J. (L) Jersey City Barber Asphalt Co Maurer Warner-Quinlan Co Maurer Vacuum Oil Co. (L) Paulsboro NEW YORK Standard Oil Co. of N. T. (L) Buffalo Mexican Petroleum Co .Mariners' Harber Standard Oil Co. of N. T. (L) New York City Vacuum Oil Co. (D) Olean Vacuum Oil Co. (L) Rochester Wellsville Refining Co. (L) Wellsville OHIO Canfield Oil Co Cleveland Clarke, Fred G., Co Cleveland Great Western Oil Co Cleveland Industrial Oil & Ref. Co Cleveland Lake Carriers Oil Co Cleveland Standard Oil Co. of Ohio Cleveland Middle West Refining Co Columbus National Refining Co Findlay Craig Oil Co Ironville Solar Refining Co Lima National Refining Co Marietta Sterling Oil Works Marietta Ohio Cities Gas Co. (Heath Re- fineries) Newark Rajah Oil & Ref. Co NewMiddletown Paragon Refining Co Toledo Sun Oil Co ?°l®^° Oil Refining & Devel. Co Urbana Ohio Valley Ref. Co St. Mary's L = Lubricating or "Wax Plants. 600,000 1,000 1873 37,000,000 78,000 1879 33,000,000 13,000 1914 15,000,000 40,000 1917 200,000 2,000 1916 25,000 1,000 1901 600,000 1,000 1916 500,000 1,500 50,000 100 1871 10,000,000 15,000 1916 26,000 1,000 1918 3,000,000 10,000 1,260,000 3,500 1915 360,000 3,000 1882 66,000,000 23,000 1882 5,000,000 750,000 12,00 1901 664,000 1,000 1907 150,000 300 200,000 1,500 100,000 400 75,000 500 1870 3,500,000 8,400 1918 125,000 1,000 250,000 1,200 1891 260,000 1,200 1886> 2,675,000 10,000 160,000 500 400 1919 1 .... 300,000 3,000 80 1888 4,500,000 3,000 350,000 4,000 1917 1913 450,000 1,000 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 47 PETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH Company Location OKLAHOMA Crystal White Ref. Co Allen Ardmore Ref. Co. (Ohio Cities) Ardmore Cameron Refining Co Ardmore Chicliasha Reflningr Co Ardmore Imperial Refining Co Ardmore Bigheart Petroleum Ref. Co Bigheart Bixby Oil & Ref. Co Blxby Economy Oil & Ref. Co Black well Globe Oil & Ref. Co Blackwell Modern Refining Co Blackwell Producers & Refiners Corp Blackwell Boynton Refining Co Boynton Continental Refining Co Brlstow Oklamade Ref. Co Chelsea Great Central Ref. Co Claremore American Oil & Tank Line Co. .. .Cleveland Consolidated Ref. Co Cleveland Webster Refining Co Coalton Superior Oil Ref. Co Covington Anderson & Gustafson (lliUman Ref. Co.) Gushing Chenning Refining Co Gushing Consumers Refining Co. (L) Gushing Cosden & Co Gushing Gushing Acid Works Gushing Gushing Petroleum Prod. Co Gushing Dean Oil Go Gushing Empire Refineries (Gushing) Gushing Federal Refining Co Gushing Illinois Oil Co Gushing Indian Chief Ref Gushing Inland Refining Co Gushing International Ref. Co. (Ohio CItlesCushing Gas Co.) Occident Oil & Ref. Co Gushing Peerless Ref. Co. (Empire) Gushing Sinclair OH & Ref. Go Gushing Kay County Refining Co Dllworth Central Refining Co Drumrlght Interstate Oil Refining Go Drumrlght Bu-Co Oil & Refining Co Enid Ghamplin Refining Co Enid Globe Oil & Ref. Co Enid Oil State Refining Co Enid Southwestern Oil Corp Enid Garber Refinery Garber Gotebo Refining Co Gotebo Garbo Oil Refining Co Guthrie Forty-Sixth Star Ref. Co Healdton Terminal Refining Co Healdton Henryetta Refining Co Henryetta Osage Refining Co Hominy Wabash Refining Co Hominy Southern Refining Go Haskell Great American Refining Co Jennings Acme Ref. & Pipe Line Co Jennings Odessa Oil & Refining Co Jennings Republic Refining Co Jennings Comanche Oil & Ref. Co Lawton Lawton Refining Co Lawton North Iowa Oil & Ref. Co Lawton Birmingham Oil & Gas Go Muskogee Haskell Refining Co Muskogee Muskogee Refining Co. (L) Muskogee Nupro Refining Co Muskogee Oklahoma Prod. & Ref. Corp Muskogee L = Lubricating or Wax Plants. AMERICA— Continued Approx- Ap. imate Barrels Tear Invest- Crude Built ment Daily 1915 26,000 1,000 1914 1,000,000 6,000 1917 250,000 2,000 1917 250,000 3,000 1917 250,000 2,600 1908 100,000 1,200 1917 200,000 2,000 1916 120,000 1,500 1917 176,000 1,600 1918 260,000 2,000 1916 860,000 1.850 1916 260,000 2,600 1914 276,000 2,000 1918 60,000 300 1917 600,000 500 1913 750,000 1,200 1913 86,000 660 1911 1917 160,000 1,000 1914 27,000 600 1917 20,000 450 1913 1,260,000 5,000 1911 2,000 1917 30,000 450 1916 25,000 Idle 1912 4,000 1917 85,000 2,000 11114 175,000 2,000 1018 25,000 1917 350,000 3,000 1915 300,000 5,000 1918 60,000 1.000 1914 661,000 3.000 1914 6,000 1917 96,000 700 1917 15,000 300 1917 26,000 1917 10,000 1917 76,000 1,500 1D17 500,000 6,000 1918 250,000 1,200 1917 85.000 1,500 1918 100,000 600 1917 10,000 100 1918 100,000 1,600 1917 160,000 2,000 1917 400.000 2,000 1917 10,000 1917 30,000 1,000 1917 100.000 1,500 1919 100,000 1,000 1917 600,000 3,000 1917 250,000 2,500 1917 100,000 1918 8.5,000 1917 125.000 500 1916 365,000 1,560 1917 50,000 1917 1,000.000 1917 160,000 1905 1,360,000 2,100 1917 60,000 800 1916 2,000,000 2.000 48 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF PETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH AMERICA— Continued Company Location OKLAHOMA — Continued Sinclair Oil & Ref. Co. (Cudahy) .. Muskogee Crescent Refining Co Newkirk Dilworth Oil & Refining Co Newkirk Ardmore Producing & Refining Co. .New Wilson Triangle Oil Refining Co New Wilson Carter Oil Co Norfolk Oilton Refining Co Oilton River,Side Refining Co Oilton Atwood Refining Co Oklahoma City Capital Refining Co. of Okla Oklahoma City Empire Refineries (Okla. Ref. Co.) .Oklahoma City Golden Belt Refining Co Oklahoma City Home Petroleum Co. (L) Oklahoma City Naphth-oil Mfg. Co Oklahoma City Sterling Refining Co Oklahoma City Allied Refining Co Okmulgee Empire Ref. (American Ref.) (L). Okmulgee Indiahoma Refining Co Okmulgee Lake Park Refining Co Okmulgee Okmulgee Prod. & Ref. Co Okmulgee Oneta Refining Co Oneta Limbocker Oil & Ref. Co Paul's Valley Osage Mutual Refining Co Pawhuska North American Refining Co Pemeta Empire Ref. (Ponca Ref. Co.) (L).Ponca City Lake Park Refining Co Ponca City Marrland Refining Co Ponca City Bison Refining Co Quay Peoples Refining Co Ringling Mohawk Refining Co Sand Springs Phoenix Refining Co Sand Springs Pierce Oil Corporation (L) Sand Springs Wabash Refining Co Sand Strings Golden Glow Refining Co. (Duluth Refining Co.) Sapulpa Sapulpa Refining Co Sapulpa Victor Refining Co Sapulpa Shawnee Refining Co Shawnee Mayfleld Oil & Ret. Co Terlton Bliss Oil & Refining Co Tulsa Brazilian Oil & Refining Co Tulsa Constantin Refining Co West Tulsa Consumers Oil & Refining Co West Tulsa Cosden & Co. (L) West Tulsa Federal Refining Co Tulsa Jayhawker Refining Co Tulsa Mid-Continent Gasoline Co. . . . . . .West Tulsa Phoenix Refining Co Tulsa Pan-American Refining Co West Tulsa The Texas Company West Tulsa Uncle Sam Oil Co. (Valley) West Tulsa Valley Refining Co West Tulsa Western Products & Ref. Co Tulsa White Star Refining Co West Tula Mllliken Ref. Co. (Sinclair) (L) . . .Vinita Wilson Refining Co Wilson Canfleld Refining Co Tale Home Oil Refining Co Tale Liberty Refining Co Tale Pawnee Bill Oil & Ref. Co Tale Southern Oil Corporation Tale Star Refining Co Tale Sun Company ■. Tale Superior Refining Co Tale L = Lubricating or Wax Plants. Approx- Ap. imate Barrels Tear Invest- Crude Built ment Daily 1905 800 1917 200,000 3,000 1917 1917 350,000 2,606 1917 35,000 1916 3,500,000 18,666 1917 16,000 500 1918 300,000 800 1915 350,000 1,250 1915 20,000 300 1906 250,000 2,200 1918 200,000 1918 1,600,000 2,500 1918 80,000 300 1918 200,000 1,000 1917 250,000 1,000 1907 4,000 1910 1,258,000 3,750 1915 750.000 2,000 1916 2,125,000 2,500 1917 40,000 1,300 Prop. 150,000 1,000 1917 30,000 1915 200,000 2,500 1912 3,500 1917 150,000 2,000 1918 2,500,000 2,000 1918 125,000 1,000 1917 100,000 800 1917 1913 350,000 6,000 1913 2,750,000 9,600 1917 250,000 6,000 1917 176,000 3,000 1908 2,000,000 7,500 1917 100,000 1,000 1917 100,000 1918 26,000 1,600 1917 3,000,000 1917 100,000 1911 1,350,000 8,000 1917 340,000 1,200 1913 47,000,000 16,000 1917 50,000 1917 100,000 1916 250,000 300,000 4,000 1916 2,000,000 6,500 1910 2,350,000 8,500 1906 160,000 600 1906 150,000 1,000 1917 1,000 1917 100,000 1,500 1910 10,000 1917 20,000 1,000 1917 260,000 1,000 1916 40,000 2,000 1917 30,000 2,000 1916 126,000 1,000 1915 1,000,000 6,000 1916 16,000 600 1916 600,000 3,000 1916 21,000 190 K.I.\S.-1S CITY TEsriXG LABORATORY 49 I'ETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH AMERICA— Continued Approx- Ap. Company Location OKLAHOMA— Concluded Victor Refining Co Yale WilistiT Oil & Gasoline Co Yale Wortli Oil & Refining Co Yale Vale oil Refining Co Yale PENNSYLVANIA fioriiiUfr-Hillcr nil lu-f. Co. (L> . . Allentown Emniy Mfp. <'«■ (L) Bradford Kcnilall ItctitiinK Co. (L) I'.radford ('hi|i|)fwa Ki'liliing Co \V. r.ridgewatur llutlcr Cnniilv Oil Ref. Co. (L)... Bruin \-alv(iline nil C.i Butler East WpIIioui-iic oil Co. (L) Butler hitiT-Offan nil Co Clii-slcr AInnuraplurci'H Paraffin Co Chester (^laicndon Uflining Co. (L) I'laicndon Levi Sniitli, Ltd I'laiendon Tiona Refining Co. (L) CLwendon .\nilicr Oil & Kealty Co I'larendon Canllcld nil Co. ( L) I 'oraopoljs Clcnsliaw I )r\rli)piin'iit C^o ( 'oraopolis I'itlsliurgh il ('o)poiatioii Coiaoiiolis \'ulcaii nil Ki'liiiinK Co. (T4 ('(.laopolis I'l'MMsMvania nil I'ln.i. Rpf. Co. (T,)Elilrecl lOnili'nloM KfliniiiK Co. (L) iOmlenton llaviT.son nil \VoTi<.s lOrie Cnitoil Oil Manufacturing Co Erie .\tlaiitic lipf. Co. (Eclipse) ( L) . . . . Kranltlin I'oio nil Co. (L) Franklin KiMnklin Qualit\- Itpf. Co. (L) Franklin i;ali'n.->-Signal nil (^o. (f.,) Franklin Frankliii Oil WoT-ks (r>) l-'rankiin FrciMloni Oil Refining Co. (L) Freeiloni Oulf Refining Co Cilisoiis Point Pennsylvania Refining Co. (LI... Karnes ("'ily Starlight Refining Co Kaiiie.s City Pure Oil Co. (Ohio Citie.s fias (^o ) (L) Alarrus Hook Sini Oil Co (L> MaiciKs Hook l.-iland Petroleuin Co. (L) .Seville Island .\,lvanee Oil Co nil City ■las. Beirv's Sons (L) nil City fontinent.il Refining C.i. (L) Oil City Civstal Oil Works nil Cit.\- Inileiiendent Refining Co. (f>1 nil City I'enii-.\ineiican Oil Co. (L) Oil City Siinri.se Oil Co nil City Cri-w r-evick Co Petty's Island \V. H. Daugherty & Son Ref. Co..Petrolia Petrolia Refining Co Petrolia Crew Levick Co. Seaboard (Dohertv) (L.) Philade phia Sunlight Oil & Gasoline Wks Philadelphia Atlantic Refining Co. (L) Pittsburgh rhippena Refining Co Pittsburgh .\. D. Millers' Sons Co. (L) Pittsburgh Waverlv Oil Works (L) Pittsbtorgh .\tlantic Refining Co. (L) Point Breeze ColdwateT Refining Co Raymilton Empire Oil Works (L) Reno Crystal Oil Works (L) Rouseville Pan-American Refining Co Rouseville Mutual Sales Co. (L) Russell Amber Oil & Realty Co .stoneham L. = Lubricating or Wax Plants. imate Barrel.^ Year Inve^- Crude Built ment Daily 1916- 17 100.000 1,000 191.') Ml, 000 ,S00 191K 12.'i,000 250 191 li 30,110(1 1,000 1017 .•lO.OOO l.-,o ].'i>^s nio,.")00 1.200 1SS2 42,-.,D00 .-)O0 1919 (Bl.lg.) 1911 1111(1,000 ^00 1.000 lS9(i .'jOd.OOO 1,1100 is,K.^ ■220,000 V..io6 ISIMI 1 .'ill, (1(1(1 1.0.')0 1880 ;i2(;,(iii(i 400 191.-. .0(1.(100 i.-.o 1S97 l.Sd, (1(1(1 :i70 (.00 1N92 22."i.llOO 22,0;{7,(1II0 1,000 1111)11 2(111,1100 860 I'll.') 227.(100 .'.()() 1.S91 .'ilKl.dOO .^iOO is72 ■s.dOd 1917 17.'i, 2(10 1918 1 (1(1,(1(1(1 1 (111 lSli!l 1 .".11(1,0(10 2.(10(1 1.S7 7 20.(1(1(1 300 1889 ::(i(i.iio(i L.'.oii 5,00(1 1901 90,(1(111 100 1S93 00,000 100 lS!iO 2,.''(10.0(10 4.500 :{ .")ii(i,()(io 0,000 1912 1 .".(1,(1(1(1 1,000 1917 7.'., 000 300 ."..'.0.(1(10 2,200 1 ,s s :> 27.'., 000 7.'iO 1 s,^o 2.'.0,000 800 1.S.S2 31)0,000 1.000 1,S92 2.000,000 2.600 1917 100,000 ISSO 12.''), 000 200 1890 20,000 50 500,000 soo 130 1S02 57,000,000 3,500 1917 1862 1,12.5,000 1,000 1880 650,000 650 1866 42,000 1886 .■i.io.ooo 660 1886 2.")0.000 800 1S92 2,000,000 3.000 1918 75,000 200 so BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF PETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH AMERICA— Continued Approx- Ap. imate Barrels Year Invest- Crude Company Location Built ment Daily PENNSYLVANIA — Conclu Valvoline Oil Co Struthers Natural Gasoline Co Tidioute Interior Oil & Gas Corporation. .. .Tiona American Oil Works (L) Titusville Crew Levick (Messimer plant) ... .Titusville Crew Levick (Pa. Par. Wks.) (L). Titusville Muir Oil Works Titusville Titusville Oil Works . . ■ Titusville Fred G. Clarke Co Warren Conewango Refining Co Warren Cornplanter Refining Co. (Ohio Cities Gas Co.) Warren Mutual Refining Co. (L) Warren Ohio Cities Gas Co Warren Seneca Oil Works' (L) Warren Crew Levick Co. (Glade Oil Wks.) (L) Warren United Oil Refining Co. (L) Warren Superior Oil Works (L) Warren Warren Refining Co. (L) Warren Wilburine Oil Works (L) Warren Beaver Refining Co. (L) Washington RHODE ISLAND Standard Oil Co. of N. Y Providence TENNESSEE Lookout Oil & Refining Co Chattanooga Dixie Refining Co Memphis Genei-al Ref. & Producing Co Nashville Dix et al TEXAS Magnolia Petroleum Co. (L) Beaumont United Oil & Ret. Co Beaumont Brown Ard Refining Co Brownwood Brownwood Refining Co Brownwood Carson Oil & Refining Co Brownwood Gotebo Oil & Refining Co Brownwood Hall- Mountain Refining Co Brownwood Burkburnett Refining Co Burkburnett Oilman & Wright Burkburnett Federal Oil & Refining Co Burkburnett Burkburnett-Victor Ref. Co Burkburnett Bea\-er Valley Oil & Ref. Co Cisco Liberty Refining Co Cisco Lone Star Oil & Ref. Co Coleman Central Oil Co Corsicana Magnolia Petroleum Co. (1) Corsicana Hercules Petroleum Co West Dallas Oriental Oil Co. (1) (L) Dallas State Refining Co Dallas The Texas Co Dallas Dallas Refining Co DeLeon Eastland Oil & Refining Co Eastland Great Southern Oil & Ref. Co Eastland Beaver-Electra Refining Co Electra Electra Refining Co Electra Hercules Refining Co Electra Robert Lignon El Paso Baltic Refining Co. (Inland Refin- ing Co.) Fort Worth L =: Lubricating or Wax Plants. dad 1919 (Bldg.) 1917 50,000 260 1888 350,000 800 1912 300,000 780 1905 400,000 800 1876 210,000 500,000 1,000 1895 400,000 466 1888 1,150,000 2,000 1909 166,800 500 1,600 1893 350,000 660 1885 350,000 680 1902 425,000 600 1901 275,000 400 1890 1,700 1897 1,000,000 500 1890 115,000 200 1919 (Bldg.) 1917 100,000 1.600 1917 10,000 200 1915 30,000 400 1917 75,000 300 1902 6,800,000 55,000 1903 200,000 2,000 1918 600 1918 40,000 600 1918 25,000 600 1918 50,000 Idle 1918 75,000 1,000 1918 300,000 2,000 1918 1,500 1918 2,000 1918 2,600 1918 100,666 1,000 1918 60,000 1,360 1918 50,000 500 1903 75,000 Idle 1898 600,000 5,000 1918 215,000 3,600 1912 500,000 3,500 1919 150,000 1908 16,666 1918 300,000 3,600 1918 600 1918 1,200 1918 250,000 2,000 1918 100,000 2,000 1918 125,000 2,000 1917 26,000 200 1918 6,000 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 51 PETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH Company Location TEXAS^Conctuded El Dorado Reflnlngr Co Fort Worth Evans-Thwlng Refining Co Fort Worth Federal Refining Co Fort Worth Gulf Refining Co Fort Worth Home on & Refining Co Fort Worth Magnolia Petroleum Co Fort Worth Panther CitjSf Oil & Ref. Co Fort Worth Pierce Oil Corporation Fort Worth Southern Oil & Refining Assn. (L,).Fort Worth Texast Producing & Ref. Co Fort Worth Star Refining Co Fort Worth Producers Refining Co. (Empire) . .Gainesville Inland Refining Co Gorham Empire Refineries Houston Hoffman Oil & Ref. Co. (I.) Houston Petroleum Refining Co. (L.) Houston Sinclair-Gulf Corp. (L) Houston Trans-Atlantic Pet. Co. (L) Houston Globe Refining Co Humble Humble Oil & Refining Co Humble Mary Owens Oil Co Humble Wichita Valley Refining Co Iowa Park Avis Refining Co Jacltsboro Eureka Refining Co. (tar) La Porte Oriental Oil Co Oriental Seaboard OH & Refining Co. (L). ..Orange Gulf Refining Co Port Arthur The Texas Co. (L) Port Arthur The Texas Co Port Neches Odessa Refining Co. (L) Ranger Ranger Oil & Refining Co Ranger Ranger Refining Co Ranger Dixie OH & Refining Co San Antonio Eggleston & Todd San Antonio Humble Oil & Ref. Co. (L) San Antonio Slump OH Co Somerset Pierce Oil Corp. (L) Texas City Black Diamond Oil Co Thrall Riverside Oil & Refining Co Waco South Bosque Refining Co Waco American Refining Co Wichita Falls Banker Petroleum & Ref. Co Wichita Falls GlUlland & Fisher (L) Wichita Falls Lone Star Refining Co Wichita Falls Panhandle Refining Co Wichita Falls Power Oil & Refining Co Wichita Falls Ranger Wichita Oil & Ref. Co Wichita Falls Red River Refining Co Wichita Falls Sunshine State Oil & Ref. Co Wichita Falls Texas Gulf Ref. & Pipeline Co Wichita Falls Victory Refining Co Wichita Falls UTAH Basin OH Refining Co Basin Utah Refining Co Salt Lake City Utah on & Refining Co Salt Lake City White Rock OH & Ref. Co Salt Lake City Urado Oil Co Uintah Basin Dixie Oil Refining Co Virginia City VIRGINIA Gulf Refining Co Norfolk Mexican Petroleum Corp Norfolk Louisiana OH Refining Co Richmond L = Lubricating or Wax Plants. AMERICA— Continued Approx- Ap. imate Barrel? Tear Invest- Crude Built ment Dally (s) 6,000 1918 6,000 1918 (Prop.) 2,000 1911 1,500,000 6,000 1919 6,000 1914 1,000,000 15,000 (S) 1,000 1912 6,600,000 16,000 1918 100,000 600 4,000 1919 1,000 1915 1,600,000 18,000 3,000 2,000 1916 160,000 1,000 1916 1,000,000 1,000 1918 2,600,000 40,000 1918 160,000 Idle 1916 10,000 160 1916 16,000 600 1917 16,000 Idle 1914 126,000 2,600 1916 150,000 300 1917 10,000 100 600 1917 160,000 1901 26,000,000 60,000 1902 60,000,000 32,000 1906 13,000 1918 100,000 3,600 1,000 1919 860,666 1,000 1913 240,000 700 1918 1,200 191S 360,000 1,800 1916 26,000 800 1911 2,000,000 6,000 1916 600,000 600 1,600 1919 3,000 1918 1,600 1918 100,000 1,200 1918 260,000 2,500 1915 1,600,000 6,000 1918 126,000 1,000 1918 2,600 600 1918 335,000 1,260 (s) 2,700 1917 1907 260,000 800 1916 1,200,000 1,500 1918 10,666 "ioo 1917 1917 1917 52 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF PETROLEUM REFINERIES OF NORTH AMERICA— Continued Company Tear Built Approx- imate Invest- ment 1917 1913 1896 1893 1913 1916 1,500,000 100,000 650,000 1,600,000 900,000 1912 26,250,000 687,767 (Bldg.) 1914 3,760,000 (Bldg.) 1909 750,000 1918 176,000 Location WEST VIRGINIA Warner- Quinlan Co Cairo Ohio Cities Gas Co Cabin Creek Jet. Elk Reflning Co Falling Rock Petroleum Products Co Jacksonburg Galena-Signal Oil Co. (L) Parkersburg Standard Oil Co. of N. J Parkersburg Ohio Valley Ref. Co. (L) St. Mary's' Indiana Refining Co Staunton WYOMING Mid- West Refining Co Casper Natrona Pipeline & Ref. Co Casper Northwestern Refining Co Casper. Standard Oil Co. of Indiana Casper Utah- Wyoming Oil Ref. Co Casper Kinney Oil & Refining Co Cheyenne Northwestern Oil Ref. Co Cowley. Wyatt Oil & Refining Co Douglas Colorado- Wyoming Ref. Co Douglas Idaho- Wyoming Oil Co Fossil Consumers Oil & Refining Co Greybull Grey bull Refining Co Greybull Standard Oil Co Greybull Mid-West Refining Co Greybull Glenrock Refining Co Glenrock Mutual Producing & Ref. Co Glenrock AVyoming Refining Co Greybull AVestern Exploration Co Lander Wind River Refining Co Lander Mid- West Refining Co Laramie Standard Reserve Oil Co Le Roy Riverton- Wyoming Ref. Co Riverton Wyoming Refining Co Thermopolis Southwest Oil Co Thornton CANADA -Imperial Oil Co. (L) Dartmouth, N.S. -Imperial Oil Co. (L) loco, B.C. Imperial Oil Co. (L) Montreal, Que, Calgary Petroleum Products, Ltd. .Okotoks, Alt. Canada Southern Oil & Ref. Co Okotoks, Alt. Southern Alberta Ref., Ltd Okotoks, Alt. Canadian Oil Companies, Ltd. (L).Petrolia Canadian Oil Prod. & Ref. Co. (L).PetroUa British Columbia Ref. Go Moody, B. C. Continental Oil Co Regina, Sask. Imperial Oil Co. (L) Regina, Sask. imperial Oil Co. (L) Sarnia .British-American Oil Co. (L) Toronto Great Lakes Oil & Ret. Co. (L) Wallaceburg MEXICO Atlantic Refining Co Port Lobos .... (Cia. Reflnadores y Productori de Petroleo La Atlantica) Texas Co Port Lobos .... Mexican Eagle Co., Ltd Puerto Minatitlan 1908 (Isthmus' of Tehauntepec) La Corona Petroleum Co Tampioo (plans) Mexican Eagle Oil Co., Ltd Tampico (W) Pierce Oil Corporation Tampico (W-L) Huasteca Petroleum Co Tampico Standard Oil Co. (N. J.) Tampico Texas Co Tampico Mexican Eagle Oil Co., Ltd Tuxpan Pierce Oil (Corporation Vera Cruz L = Lubricating or Wax Plants. Ap. Barrels Crude Daily 400 4,000 800 200 2,000 2,500 l,O0v 1914 1896 1915 1914 1918 40,000 20,000 500 1918 30,000 3,000 1915 1,500,000 12,000 1916 1,600,000 5,000 1915 25,000,000 10,000 (Bldg.) 2,000 1918 500,000 800,000 800 1918 350,000 1,000 1919 2,2'2'l',629 5,000 1918 150,000 1,000 1918 25,000 100 . 1918 2,600,000 3,000 1914 4,000,000 3,500 1917 2,000,000 2,500 1915 45,000 30 1917 35,000 26 1916 45,000 30 1909 1,500,000 800 1919 200,000 150 1902 1.000,000 1,000,000 500 1916 2,000,000 2,500 1898 25,000,000 20,000 1906 1,500,000 800 1910 200,000 250 15,000 6,000 12,500 10,000 60,000 6,000 6,000 5,000 2,500 KAXS.IS CITY TESTIXG LABORATORY 53 Texas Oil Companies With Production in April, May and June, 1919 Production, t'ompany and Addres's. barrels. Abner Davis, Wichita Falls a.il.jO.YS American Reclaim OH Co., South Houston.... 2,700.74 .■\rllngton OH Company, A.rllngton 595.04 Anderson Oil Co., Law- ton, Okla 3,080.5H .\ No. 1 OH Co., Law- ton, Okla i,.j2h.4!i Adams, Brown & Mc.MIh- ter, Wichita Falls' .37,783.83 .\l)iIene-Brownwood OH Cci., Abilene 2fll.ii4 .\nna Zip OH Association, Kjciwnwood 1,01)4. r.ii .\llduv OH Cii,, Wichita Falls 1,7(11. 7-2 .\rt Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,383.13 .\rcade OH Co., I!e;i,umont 703. 4ii .\ikin, L. 11.. S:in An- tonio 1,633.22 .\dams on Co., Wichita Falls 12,808.0M .\malgamated OH Cn., Wichita Falls 3,856.28 .\da BeH OH Co., Inde- pendence, Kan 20.1 r. i.o.'> Acorn OH Co., Beaumont (i,s23.68 Annox OH Co., Beaumont 14.18 Apple, Dunlap & Sykes, Ardmore, Okla 7,805.83 .Vhernathy OH &. Gas Co., Wichita Falls 1,833.1.') Burk-Star Oil Co., Wich- ita Falls 4,773.30 Bartles & Jones', KiUiKcr 520.00 Butler-Harper Oil .\sso- clatlon, Lawton, Okla.. 1,402.76 Block Six Oil Co., Fred- erick, Okla 19.103.80 Big Pool OH Co., Wichita Falls 11,823.49 Block Twenty OH Co., \Vichita Falls 5,(i27.21 I '.rundage - Hancock OH Co. No. 2, Wichita Falls 7,614,30 Bradley Bros. Oil Co., Houston 5,560.00 Burkburnett - O'Nail Oil Co.. Wichita Falls 1,540.15 Bowers & Witherspoon. Palestine 987.40 Brown & Jones, Wichita Falls 160,987.50 Burk-'Vernon OH Co., Wichita Falls 2,614.61 Burkdell Oil Co., Odell.. 971.88 Bernstein, Eli, Dallas... 24.64 Broome Bros., Brown- wood 191.26 Production, Company and Address. barrels. Broome Oil Co., Brown- wood 2.077.29 Bullington, ( irville. Wich- ita Falls 40,880.02 Bishop Evans Oil Co., Wichita Falls 11.24 1.1:; Brock-Lunday Oil Co., Bowie 736.00 Big Four Oil Co.. Sour Lake 21,033.91 B. t). O. G. Oil Co., Iowa Park 801.07 Brazos' Itivcr <)il Corp., Fort Worth 02,263.55 Buchanan. S. R., Batson 20,455,99 Barkley, T, i;.. Sour Lake l,5.'i(i,20 Big Flow Oil Co,. Wichita Falls 3,334,50 Big Burk OH cVt Gas d,. Wichita Falls 4,841.47 Bradley, E. L., Ucaumcmt 1,613.00 Burkburnett - Van Clcvc Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,022.10 Burnett Petroleum Co., Wichita Falls 12,104.35 B. C. nil Co., Wichita Falls 24 6.12 Big Keven < >il Conipan\-, Wichita Fall.s 0,022.08 Big Three Oil CnTni)an\-. Wichita Falls 2,2,s6.1S llrown 0\\ Co. No. 1, Wichita Falls 4,150,65 Bowman, S, ,M,, Brown- wood 2."ia,81 Bowman & Williams, Brownwood 41.78 Burkburnett Oil & Gas Co., Custer City, Okla. l.'.ii 2'i Baker OH Co., Houston.. 2.4n4.0O Burnett-Mann Oil Co, No. 2, Wichita Falls.. 192.50 Block Thirty-Si.x Oil Co., Wichita Falls 3,411,os Burgess, Burgess & Chrestman, Dallas .... 2.30S.25 Burkburnett Production Co., Dallas 25,079.20 Biggs Oil & Gas Co.. McKinney 1,115,36 B. M. C. Oil Co., Blectra. 151.72 Burkburnett Southern Oil Co., Wichita Falls .... 2,378.41 Bi-State Oil and Gas Co., Granfleld, Okla 381.83 Big Burk Oil and Gas Co, No. 1, Wichita Falls 10,424,73 Big Jahn Oil Co., Beau- mont 106.45 Burk-Electra Petroleum Co., Dallas 3,769,72 Centrfil Producing Co., Chickasha, Okla 5,631.31 54 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF TEXAS OIL COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION IN APRIL, MAY AND JUNE, 1919— Continued Production, Company and Address. barrels. Chenault, N. B., Wichita Falls 8,660.59 Connor & Kinnard, Wichita Falls 22,965.00 Colony School Well Co., Eastland 66,777.50 Cotton Oil Co., Saratoga 2,980.18 CuUinan Oil Association, Arditiore, Okla 1,366.62 Cochran-CoUis' Oil Co., Wichita Falls 448.71 Crosbie, J. B., Tulsa 9,762.92 Caldwell Oil Co., Okla- homa City 1,579.74 Curtis, J. S., Davidson, Okla 3,649.23 Conner, W. E., Wichita Falls 10,379.57 Crown Oil & Ref. Co., 302,066.71 Cain-Marvin Oil Co., Dal- 1,889.06 Church Oil Co., Corsicana 1,929.11 Capital Oil Sl Gas Com- pany, Hereford 134.56 Canada Oil Co., Wichita Falls 5,297.03 Cozy Oil Corporation, Wichita Falls 2,622.86 Cline, W. D. & Co., Wichita Falls 1,334.61 C. Y. T. Oil Co., Beau- 2,198.27 Crowell & Gant, Dallas.. 19,972.72 Coalson Bros. & Af- fleck, Brownwood .... 139.44 Castell Oil Co., Houston. 5,708.15 Cass Oil Co. Wichita Falls 2,778.08 Centerfleld Oil Company, Wichita Falls 1,611.70 Crescent Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,815.19 Clay, J. D., Houston .... 4,477.36 Couch Winfrey Oil Com- pany, Wichita Falls . . 3,334.00 Cadillac Oil & Gas Co., 406.60 Castles Oil Co., Corsicana 2,023.92 Crowell, L. R., Dallas . . . 27,126.73 Castro, M., Brownwood.. 10.00 Dale - Knott Oil Co., Wichita Falls 240.00 Diplomat Oil Co., Waco. 4,528.27 Diebel Oil Co., Thrall 266.00 B. Z. Mark Oil Co., Blec- tra 351.38 Eclipse Oil Co., Ft. Worth 5,749.02 Excelsior Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,634.99 Davis', L. R., Tulsa 4,118.32 Davis-Coggins Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,020.55 Duggan Oil Co., Dallas.. 480.69 Developers Oil & Gas Co., Wichita Falls 800.49 Drillers Oil & Gas Co., Wichita Falls 5,842.66 Production Company and Address. barrels Double Standard Oil Co., Wichita Falls 111.50 East Batson Oil Co., Bat- son 18,843.46 Blectra-Burk Oil Co., Electra 3,910.76 Engel, Hendriokson & Haron, Wichita Falls.. 420.00 Eastland Oil & Ref. Co., Dallas 21,262.56 Eddy Oil Co., Guffey 738.32 Ellett Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,180.62 Elm Hill Oil Co. Corsi- cana 662.00 Farabee Oil Co., Wichita Falls 3,249.68 Findley-Leach Oil Asso- ciation, Wichita Falls. 1,442.89 Freedman, Alex, Corsi- cana 187.04 Fisher - Parker Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,740.14 Frederick Oil Co., Fred- erick, Okla 2,467.31 Four and Four Oil Co., Dallas 1,269.17 Parish & Ireland, Hous- ton 22,130.26 Farqueharson, C. B., Wichita Falls 6,198.93 Federal Oil Co. of Texas, Cleveland, Ohio 1,637.00 Findley-Leach, Wichita Falls 1,442.89 Fisher, Gates & Co., Wichita Falls 185.75 Fisher & Gillilland, Wichita Falls 7,618.68 Fowler Farm Oil Co., Wichita Falls 30,922.62 Findley-Minnick Oil and Gas Co., Benjamine . . 6,468.00 Foster-Sander Oil Co., Electra 1,005.16 Floydada Oil Co., Wichita Falls 4,872.60 Forest Oil Co., Wichita Falls 5,338.73 Floyd Oil Co., Electra . . 620.00 Fowler, M., Wichita Falls 961.91 BYitz, D. L., Wichita Palls 1,498.73 Fritz, L. W., Wichita Falls 462.35 3ates, F. M., Wichita ,, Falls 6.432.66 Grusher Oil Co., Wichita Falls . . . 345.88 3fladstone Oil and Ref. Co., Oklahoma City... 31,274.11 3ulf Coast Oil Corpora- tion, Houston 110,734.97 Sinsite Oil Co., Frederick, Okla 17,577.64 Gatlin, Mrs. M. W., San Antonio 54 12 Gilbert Co., Beaumont . . 7,672!58 KANSAS CITY TESTJA'G LABORATORY 55 TEXAS OIL COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION IN APRIL, MAY AND JUNE, 1919— Continued Production, Company and Address. barrels. Guaranty Oil Co., Electra Granite Oil & Gas Co., Electra 861.08 ^HQ Hi Gulf Production uo., Houston l.oon 9.04 7.^ ilTfat Dome Oil Co., Wichita Falls Grayburg Oil Co., San Antonio 3,290.50 8,840.01 450,980.14 47.231 00 Gholsuii, Moorman & Uorsey & Co., Ranger. Galconda Oil Co., Wichita Falls Goodloe-Kennedy Oil Co., Wichita Falls Gem Oil & Gas Cg., lola, Kans 500.00 573 91 Harvester Oil Co., Wichita Falls 20,830.33 Healdton Oil and Gas Co., Wichita Falls Hoffman Oil & Ret. Co., Houston ....,,. 11,511.32 20 4(19 44 Houston's Texas Petro- leum Co., Houston .... Hartzell Oil Co., Corsi- 794.84 357.89 Iliuvuy, R. O.. leaKC, Wichita P\'ills Hiawatha Oil Co., Hop- 28,925,43 117.50 Hereford Oil Co., Hereford Houston Oil Co. of Texas, Houston 2,278.36 11 .^3 5 12 Hunt, J. C, Wichita Fails Humble Oil and Ref. Co., 1,273,34 490,603.98 Heydrlck, J. C, Wichita Falls Heme Oil Co., Wichita Falls 74,53 8,328.76 Hearn Oil Co., Wichita Falls 7,713.90 Hicks, E. P., Wichita Falls 12,325.08 Helen- Elizabeth Oil Co., Wichita Falls Harvey Oil Co., Wichita Falls 7,446.40 4,383.82 nett 482.53 Hardin, Willis', Fowler & Staley, Burkburnett Holiday & Gaffall, Beau- 194.68 2,775.49 Halle Oil Co., Wichita Falls 336.82 High Land Oil & Gas Co., Electra 908.34 Hollingsworth, W. B., Brownwood Hall Bros. Oil Co., 302.00 1,051.00 Imperial Petroleum Co., Wichita Falls Wichita Falls 27,493.18 13,471,39 Production, Company and Address. barrels. Itex Oil Co.. Wichita Falls 6,105.71 Invincible Oil Co., Hous- ton 60,005.81 Independent Oil Co., Thrall ,-,8. 04 Jones, Cham, Waurika, Okla 379.00 Julia Oil Co., Sour Lake. . 4,298.07 Jones, Roy B., Trustee. Wichita Falls 4,i!i,",,(;.s Junior Oil and Pipeline Co., Corsicana 432,47 Jackson, J. s.. Trustee, Sour Lake i,o,so.ni Janeilen Oil Co. Tulsa, Okla 2,634.08 John and Jeff Oil Co., Wichita Falls 5,24,'i,3S Jones - Light Petroleum Co.. Pilot Point 1,399.90 Jacks, A. L. & Co., Bena- vides 824.00 Kirby Oil Assueiaticm, Ellis 8,063.52 Keever & Gordon Oil Co., Beaumont 3s7.00 Kribs Oil Co., Wichita Falls 4,. 112.23 Knotts, F. v., Wichita Falls .H n ,s 2 Kemp, E. R., Tulsa, Okla. 12,368..'il K. A. P. Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,673.68 Keim, P. D., Wichita Falls 1,388.00 Knauth Oil L"ii., Wichita Falls 1,810.24 Kurz Oil t^i.. Von Ormy. 2,l',in.oii Kerr, T. 1',, Corsicana.. 343,08 Kemp & Farris, Chilli- cothe 2,iiS2,40 Lone Star Oil Co., Burk- burnett ,'^,788, 22 Lawton Oil Co., Burkbur- nett .'ill, 030. 00 Long, R. A., Association, Wichita Falls 1,213,5:1 Ligon, Blair & Itowe. Alvarado 4,510.0,", Lake View Oil Co,, Sour Lake 6, 042, 00 Leon Oil Co., Wichita Falls 7,302.28 Lone star Gas Co., Dallas .k. 868,28 Lyle Oil Co., Mineral Wells 9(18,00 Lake Oil Co,, Beaumont. 33,147.18 Logan Oil Co., Humble.. 1,305.90 Lucky Seven Oil Co., Wichita Falls 3,764.97 Liberty Oil Association, Wichita Falls 3,908.16 Lord, C. A. & Co., Beau- mont 1,688.75 Lee-Graham Oil Co., Sour Lake 5,612,72 Lone Acre Oil Co., Beau- mont 214.83 56 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF TEXAS OIL COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION IN APRIL, MAY AND JUNE, 1919— Continued Company and Address. Production, barrels. 37,278.96 979. SO 9,363.40 3,029.83 868.41 677.91 10,683.60 1,660.08 164.43 464.00 Lucky Six Oil Co., Bangs'. 782.52 L. N. LiOckridge, Wichita Falls 122.00 Leon Valley Oil Co., De Leon 3,398.00 Liberty Oil & Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla Minta Oil Co., Saratoga. Munger-Verchoyle Oil Co., Dallas McBlroy Oil Association, Wichita Falls Merrimac Oil Co., Beau- mont Lary Lou Gile Oil Co., Wichita Falls McMann Oil Co., Wichita Falls Mackeckney Oil Co., Wichita Falls Minneapolis Oil and De- velopment Co., Minne- apolis, Minn Magnolia Petroleum Co., Dallas 1,793,296.28 George A. Martin, Hum- ble Levely-Maxwell Oil Co., Wichita Falls Morris' & White, Carbon. Mills & Garrity, Corsi- cana Morrisey, Shaw & Hey- drick, Wichita Falls... Morrisey, Shaw & Hey- drick, Wichita Falls... Martin Oil Co., Beaumont Minor Oil Co., Beaumont. McGoldrick, B. W., Bat- son .' Mann-Isleng Oil Co., Wichita Falls Maer, W. Newton, Wichita Falls Marnet Oil Co., Corsicana Morris Oil Co., Wichita Falls Minchew Oil Co., Wichita Falls Minchew and Street, Wichita Falls McNamara Oil Co., Beau- mont McMann Oil & Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla McLain, Thad, Oil Co., Columbus, Ohio Majestic Petroleum Co., Denver, Colo Michael Murphy Estate, Thrall Mid-Kansas' Oil and Gas Co., Mineral Wells .... Mennis & Horn, Beau- mont Mann - Power Oil Co., Wichita Falls 322.00 1,712.64 2,901.65 1,419.86 553.44 3,307.85 10,373.81 3,460.63 262.70 1,278.61 6,748.12 2,792.74 5,138.09 6,288.56 4,220.41 852,894.41 2,396.35 401.04 4,871.41 368,035.55 1,010.19 6,008.67 Production, Company and Address. barrels. Mann Oil Co., Wichita Falls 3,870.68 Mann - Hood Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,006.55 Mayfleld Adams & Co., Fort Worth 212.15 Mitchel Petroleum Co., Fort Worth 679.50 Mid-Texas Oil Co., Wichi- ta Falls 123.09 Matador Oil and Gas Co., Quanah 982.00 Minn-Texas Oil Co., Elec- tra 214.73 Mann - Naber Oil Co., Wichita Falls 3,114.02 Mann-McPhall Oil & Gas Co., Wichita Falls 3,421.82 Memphis Petroleum Co., Memphis 618.48 Mauprine Oil Co., Sour Lake 86.60 Mayflower Oil Co., Ard- more, Okla 1,366.52 Nacona-Burk Oil Co., Burkburnett 12,306.00- Northern Oil and Gas Co., Humble 1,542.00 Nutt, Horace, Wichita Falls 2,330.30 1919 Oil and Gas' Co., Wichita Falls 3,001.14 National Oil Co., Chicka- sha, Okla 5,767.22 National Oil and Gas Co., Wichita Falls .... 3,655.58 Nineteen Oil Co., Beau- mont 886.70 Norton, Lester L., Indian- apolis, Ind 1,000.00 Ozark Trail Oil Co., Electra 4,566.61 O'Neil, John, Wichita Falls 637.00 Odell Oil Co., Wichita Falls 4,570.00 Oktaha Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla 2,792.51 Ohio Fuel Co., Pitts- burgh, Pa 5,510.08 Osage Oil and Gas Co., Oklahoma City, Okla... 210.00 Old Dominion Oil Co., Wichita Falls 88.00 Oriental Oil Co., Dallas.. 3.537.83 Old Colony Oil Co., Day- ton 721.99 P. & M. Oil Co., Houston 201.87 Patterson Oil Co., Brown- wood 1,504.87 Prairie Oil and Gas Co., Independence, Kans. . . .1,058,181.41 Palo Pinto Oil Co., Strawn 40,783.24 Purcell Oil Co., Wichita „,Falls 4,783.91 Plainview Oil and Gas' Co. , Wichita Falls 6,215 34 K.IXS.IS CITY TESTING LABORATORY s; TEXAS OIL COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION IN APRIL, MAY AND JUNE, 1919— Continued sso.s:. Production, Company and Addres's. barrels. I'eeilcss oil Co., Saratoga 2,934.13 IV-tnik'um Ref. Co., Hous- ton 103,4;;(i.6o Pilipin 711 1 094 7:i 7 064 .".0 S ,■, 2 114 1 201 2.34 110 00 2 433 40 1 222 66 58 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF TEXAS OIL COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION IN APRIL, MAY AND JUNE, 1919— Continued Production, Company and Address. barrels. Shamrock Oil Co., Wichita Falls 21,284.28 S^in Co., Beaumont 127,997.27 Schlicher Oil Co., Sour Lake 1,434.05 Staley Mashburn Oil Co., Wichita Palls 4,211.88 Sam Oil Co., Wichita Falls 2,354.36 Snider, C. W., Wichita FaUs 7,884.89 Speed, C. D., Corsicana. . . 156.00 Stella Oil Co., Beaumont 7,928.98 Stephens Oil Co., Sour 816.92 Sykes, C. B., Ardmore, Okla 402.68 Sanders-Taylor Oil Co., Wichita Falls 8,495.28 Sammies Oil Corporation, 313.00 Surenutf Oil Co., Wichita Falls' 4,063.95 Sinclair Gulf Oil Co. (Damon Mound), Hous- ton 67,142.79 S'wensondale Oil Co., Val- '.ey Mills 146,002.95 Wichita Falls 475.00 Silver Lake Oil Co., 495.60 Schultz-Britain Oil Co., Seymour 267.52 Sutherland, W. C, Wichi- ta Falls 893.58 Southern Petroleum Co., Houston 23,393.69 San Diego Oil and Gas 932.00 Stine-Cameron Oil Co., 471.29 Steelsmith, C. A., Blectra 703.88 San Bernard Oil Co., Beaumont 4,304.49 Saxon Oil Co., Sour Lake 3,631.37 Snowden, Geo. M., Hum- ble 542.00' Sutherland Oil Co., Hous- 4,583.96 Thirty-Nine Oil Co., Wichita Falls 2,620.00 Turner & Sheegog, Wichi- ta Falls 1,189.50 Thompson Oil Co., Mec- 3,910.75 Thrity-One Oil Co., Law- ton, Okla 386 54 Trojan Oil Co., Wichita FaUs 6,952.62 Town Line Oil Co., Wichita Falls 8,367.00 Thirty-Two Oil Associa- tion, Wichita Falls 1,344.15 Tarver Drilling Co., Dal- las 557.69 Thaxton, W. H., Austin . 433.46 Production, Company and Address. barrels. Tex-Penn Oil Co., Pitts- burgh, Pa 149,051.36 Texas-Eastern Oil Co., Buffalo, N. T 153.48 Texas Company Produc- ing Department, Hous- ton 2,356,166.73 Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Co., Thrall 1,521,379.67 Tip Top Oil and Mineral Co., San Antonio 80.20 Tatum & Cunningham, Corsicana 93.12 Taylor Oil & Gas Co., Taylor 8,081.88 Texas Dividend Co., Wichita Falls 203.71 Texas-Electra Co., Dal- las 269.88 Tex-Homa Oil and Re- fining Co., Wichita Falls 79,886.18 Triangle Oil Co., Wichita Falls 3,461.08 T. H. T. Oil Co., Sour Lake 1,278.95 Tri-Mutual Oil Co., Rapid City, S. D 1,886.94 Theis Oil Co., Sour Lake 13,534.81 United Petroleum Co., Houston 2,201.37 United Producers Co., Wichita Falls 15,292.01 United Oil and Fuel Co., Philadelphia, Pa 3,294.02 Unity Oil Co., Beaumont 18,208.79 United Petroleum Co., Denver, Colo 1,445.84 Valley Oil Co., Petrolia. . 157.76 Vat Oil Co., Byers' 873.33 Victor Oil Co., Freder- icks, Okla 7,318.82 Vindicator Oil Co., Wichita Falls 7,461.68 Van Cleve Oil Co., Fort Worth 57,641.36 Vertate Oil Co., Dallas.. 1,141.15 Virginia Oil Association, Houston 3,158.48 Victory Petroleum Co., Wichita Falls 5,605.02 Vernon Oil Co., Wichita Falls 2,509.26 Valley View Oil Co., Wichita Falls 2,407.17 Willis Oil Co., Wichita Falls 1,214.50 Wichita Burk Oil Co., Wichita Falls 6 423 77 Wichita Southern Oil Co., Wichita Falls 6,230.06 West Production Co., Houston 10,403.78 Woods, G. C, Wichita Falls 17,407.26 Wichita Valley Oil and Gas Co., Wichita Falls 120.00 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 59 TEXAS OIL COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION IN APRIL, MAY AND JUNE, 1919— Concluded Production, Company and Address. barrels. Production, Company and Address. barrels. Wilson-Broach Oil Co., ■21,943.43 Weowna Oil Co., Wichita Falls 28,415.61 Wichita Falls Gas Co., Wichita Falls . . . 71. .00 Walker-Caldwell Produc- ing Co., Dallas . . 6, 09.-1. (;9 Witherspoon Oil Co. San Antonio 3,740.58 Walker-Smith Oil Co., Brownwood 39.14 West Texas Oil Co., Wichita Falls . . . 5,435.76 Woodrow-Lee Oil Co., Wichita Falls . . . 2(i,07:i.22 Wlchlta-Clay Oil Co., Wichita Falls . . . 7K0.4S Weiss-Martin Oil Co., 077.41 Williams, J. L., Brown- wood 022,00 Welden Oil Co., Saratoga 13,400.00 Willis, W. T., Wichita Falls 3,2.-il.07 Wichita Oil Trust Estate, McKinney 179.00 Westheimer Realty and Mineral Co.,. Dallas .. :14,192.4 . Beaumont Webb Oil Co.. Humble... Whale Oil Cn., Durant, Okla Yount-Lee ijil Cu., .Sour Lake Ramming, R. W., Wicliita Falls Ramming, Staley & Cu., Wichita Falls South Side Oil Co., Wichita Falls Staley, Langford & Cu., Wichita Falls Staley. J. I. & Co., Wichita Falls Staley, J. -\., Wichita Falls 1,307.49 1,475.92 2. 02s. 14 2.160.00 11,093.06 700. O't 4,014.79 1,1192.52 2,512.96 56,111.07 a,,s80.00 760.00 2,460.00 9S,.i77.59 92,111.00 N, 841. 19 STANDARD OIL GROUP Refiners and iVIarketers Company Capitalization Anglo-American ^15,000,000 Atlantic Refining 5,000,000 Borne-Scrymser 200,000 Chesebrough Mfg 1,500,000 Continental Can 3,000,000 Galena Signal, 2d ptd 6.000,000 Galena Signal Oil, 1st pfd 2,000,000 Galena Signal, common 16,000,000 International Pet 6,265,000 Solar Refining ' 2,000,000 S. O. of California 99,373,310 S. o. of Indiana 30,000,000 S. O. of Kansas 2,000,000 S. O. of Kentucky 6,000,000 S. fi. of Nebraska 1,000,000 S. O. of New Jersey 98,338,300 S. O. of New York 75,000,000 S O. of Ohio 7,000,000 Swan & Finch 1.450,000 Vacuum Oil 15,000,000 Producing Companies Ohio Oil Company 15,000,000 Prairie Oil & Gas Company 18,000,000 South West Penn 20,000,000 Washington Oil l1°A°n°f> Carter Oil Co 25.000.000 Mkt. Price Mkt. Value •'5 ¥ 75,000,000 1350 07,500,000 500 1,000,000 .■ilO 4,650,000 05 5 19,660,000 107 0,420,000 125 2,500,000 13,S 22,080,000 31 38,844,000 370 7.400,000 ■1S2 280,232,706 800 240,000,000 600 12,000,000 400 24,000,000 550 5,500,000 710 698,201,930 382 286,500,000 5-25 36,750,000 100 1,450,000 440 66,000,000 386 231,000,000 750 135,000,000 313 62,600,000 40 400,000 60 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF STANDARD OIL GROUP— Concluded Pipe Lines and Carriers Buckeye Pipe Line 10,000,000 100 20,000,000 Crescent Pipe Line 3,000,000 36 2,160,000 Cumberland Pipe Line 1,488,851 200 2,977,600 Eureka Pipe Line 5,000,000 167 8,820,000 Illinois Pipe Line 20,000,000 184 36,800,000 Indiana Pipe Line 6,000,000 105 10,500,000 National Transit 6,302,500 22 11,198,000 New York Transit Company 5,000,000 185 9,250,000 Northern Pipe Line 4,000,000 112 4,480,000 Prairie Pipe Line 27,000,000 300 81,000,000 Soutliern Pipe Line 10,000,000 165 16,500,000 South West Penn 3,500,000 100 3,500,000 Union Tank Line 12,000,000 130 15,600,000 Total market values, all companies $2,486,214,236 Market value refining and marketing companies 1,834,928,636 Market value producing- companies 429.000,000 Market value pipe line and cariying companies 222,285,600 PRINCIPAL AMERICAN AFFILIATIONS OF ROYAL DUTCH- SHELL PETROLEUM COMBINE Shell Transport & Trading Co., Ltd.— London $111,880,000 Royal Dutch 60,750,000 Roxana Petroleum Co. — N. J 60,000,000 Roxana Petroleum Co. — Okla 8,000,000 Puora Oil Co.— Okla Turner Oil Co.— Cal 500,000 New Orleans Refining Co 400,000 Shell Co. of California 45,000,000 Simplex Refining Co. — Cal 3,000,000 Valley Pipeline Co.— Cal 10,000,000 General Asphalt Co 31,000,000 Caribbean Petrol. Syndicate^ — Venezuela Petrol. Development Co. — Trinidad Trinidad Lake Petroleum Co. — Trinidad Bermudez Co., Ltd. — Venezuela Anglo Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd. — London 38,880,000 Mexican Eagle Oil Co., Ltd. — Mexico 90,000,000 Eagle Oil & Transp. Co. Anglo Mexican Petrol. Co., Ltd. Oil Fields of Mexico, Ltd. Alliance Co. of Mexico. La Corona Petroleum Co. — Mexico (Tampico-Panuco Oil Fids., Ltd.) Tampico-Panuco Petrol. Co. — (Holland), Mexico (Tampico-Panuco Val. Ry. Co.) British- Am. erican Oil Co. — Canada (Chjoles Oil Co.) Shell Co. of Canada United British and West Indies Petrol. Synd., Ltd. KAX'S.IS cm- TESTING LABORATORY 61 Casinghead Gasoline Plants (1917) CALIFORNIA Fellows CMKuline di Kelluus, Calif. Capacity. Gallons ILLINOIS Vacuum (;:i.>f(jline < 'o Bridgeport, 111. I'l'ntral KclinitiK (Ju Lawrnnceville, 111. \\;n nci-Caklwell oil Co Robinson. 111. Itcixuna Petroleum Co, of Oklahoma Wood River, 111. KANSAS I'muI F, Dahlgren Elgin. Kan, nil ride Island Oil Co Indepemlenee Kan, S. C. Redd lola. Kan, H.\-^rade Petr-oleuin & ( Jasoline <'u Sedan, Kan. Sedan Gasoline Co Sedan, Kan. LOUISIANA I )e Soto ' la.soline *'n ( los.s, I^a, i:a\ nu (ja.soline *Jn ( )ii Citw La. Standard Oil Co Tirvs C\t\, La. Central Oil & Gasoline Co.. Im- Vivian, La. OHIO KinUade oil & Gas Co I'.reiueii, ( )liio Maiii'tta Oil Co .Mai ielta. Ohin ■lel'leisoii County c lil Co I ;a, viand. Ohio .lefl'er.scin Gasoline Co Ilayland, Ohio Sumnieilii'ld Gas Co Summerfield, Ohio Dinsniore iV Co Washington, tdiio John Mildien Sons & Co Winton, Ohio OKLAHOMA iMiii-Cu, Ga.Holilie Co Xdair Okla. T, "B. Gasoline Co \Iluwe. Okla. ll.\Kiade retroleuni ^^- Gas'oliiie Co ,\vant, Okla, IliiKhton c.asoline Co Paid Hill, Okla, C"r\stal Gasoline Co liald Hill. Okla, Mlle:ii;e Gasoline Co liald Hill, Okla, Producers Oil Co Paid Hill, Okla, Sinclair Oil & Gasoline Co p.ild Hill. Okla. Twin Hill Gasoline Co Paid Hill, Okla. .\kin Gasoline Co Bartlesville, Okla. Alld-Co, I'ctjideum Ai Gasoline Co Partlesville, Okla. .Mocjii Gasoline Co Partlesville, Okla. h'rank Philliiis Partlesville. Okla. Wohorinc nil Cn Bartlesville, Okla. I'orlis Oil Co Bartlesville. Okla. .Mileage Gasoline Co Rartlett, (ikla. Smith iV Swan Gasoline Co Partletl . Okla. Chestnut & Smith Beggs, Okla, H, F, Wilcox Beggs, Okla. Paul F. nahlgren Bis Heart, Okla. Whitehall, Donaxan, Harden & Whitehall. . .Bird Creek, Okla. ,\iken Gasoline Co Blxby, Okla, Livingston Oil Corporation Bixby, Okla. Okla. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Bixby, Okla. The Three Gasoline Co Bixby, Okla. S. C. Redd Bixby, Okla, H. F. ■\\'llcox Bixby, Okla Bo\ r.ton Gasoline Co Boynton, Okla. Caiter Oil Co Boynton, Okla. 4,non l,2on 1,000 1,500 ■2.500 5,000 4,00« 3.000 62 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF CASINGHEAD GASOLINE PLANTS— Continued Capacity, OKLAHOMA — Continued Gallons Hays Gasoline Co Boynton, Okla. 1,100 Sterling Gasoline Co Boynton, Okla. Arrow Gasoline Co Broken Arrow, Okla. 600 Consumers Oil & Refining Co Broken Arrow, Okla. Misener Gasoline Co Broken Arrow, Okla. 600 Okla. Petroleum & Gas'oline Co Broken Arrow, Okla. Piedmont Petroleum & Gasoline Co Broken Arrow, Okla. 1,100 Altena Oil Co Chelsea, Okla. 2,600 Cinco Oil Co Chelsea, Okla. 500 Liquefleld Petroleum Co Chelsea, Okla. 5,000 Okla. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Chelsea, Okla. Una Gasoline Co Chelsea, Okla. 1,200 Henderson Gasoline Co Childers, Okla. 16,000 Whitehall, Donavan, Hayden & Whitehall. . .Childers, Okla. Gypsy Oil Co Cleveland, Okla. National Products Co Cleveland, Okla. Okla. Petroleum & Gasoline Cu Cleveland, Okla. Sinclair Oil & Gasoline Co Cleveland, Okla. B. T. Curley Coalton, Okla. 200 Tidal Gasoline Co Coalton, Okla. Chestnut & Smith Gushing, Okla. Hillman Refining Co Gushing, Okla. 500 Magnolia Petroleum Co Gushing, Okla. S. C. Redd Gushing, Okla. C. B. Shater Gushing, Okla. 600 Standard Oil Co. of Indiana Cusliing, Okla. Roxana Petroleum Co. of Okla Custiing, Okla. Diamond Gasoline Co Delaware, Okla. 8,000 Aikin Gasoline Co Dewey, Okla. 2,000 Paul F. Dahlgren Dewey, Okla. Dewey Portland Cement Co Dewey, Okla. 600 Mid-Co. Gasoline Co Dewey, Okla. Barmont Oil Co Drumright, Okla. 250 Chestnut & Smith Drumright, Okla. Consumers Refining Co Drumright, Okla. Gypsy Oil Co Drumright, Okla. Hesco Gasoline Co Drumright, Okla. Imperial Gasoline Co Drumright, Okla. 2,000 McMan Gasoline Co Drumright, Okla. 600 Mid-Co. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Drumright, Okla. Ohio Cities Gasoline Co Drumright, Okla. 3,000 Producers Oil Co Drumright, Okla. Sinclair Oil & Gasoline Co Drumright, Okla. Standard Oil Co. of Indiana Drumright, Okla. Tidal Gasoline Co Drumright, Okla. Okla. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Glenn Pool, Okla, Producers Oil Co Glenn Pool, Okla. Sun Gasoline Co Glenn Pool, Okla. Tulsa Gasoline Co Glenn Pool, Okla. 600 Victor Gasoline Co Glenn Pool, Okla. Watkins Oil Co Glenn Pool, Okla. Gates Oil Co Healdton, Okla. Magnolia Petroleum Co Healdton, Okla. 3,000 Superior. Oil & Gas Co Healdton, Okla. Mileage Gasoline Co Haskell, Okla. Okla. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Haywood Spur, Okla. Gypsy Oil Co Jenks Okla. Oil State Gasoline Co Jenks, Okla. 2,600 Okla. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Jenks, Okla. Totem Gasoline Co Jenks, Okla. Atlas Petroleum Co Jennings, Okla. Crosby & Gillespie Kiefer, Okla. 9,000 Chestnut & Smith Kiefer, Okla. D. W. Franchot & Co Kiefer, Okla. 1,000 Glenn Gas Co Kiefer, Okla. 1,100 Gypsy Oil Co Kiefer, Okla. Victor Gasoline Co Kelleyville, Okla. Heva Gasoline Co Kelleyville, Okla. Lawton Refining Co Lawton, Okla. Continental Gas Compressing Co Lenapah, Okla. 1,000 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 63 CASINGHEAD GASOLINE PLANTS— Continued Gallons OKLAHOMA — Concluded Capacity, Mileage Gasoline Co Lost Cltv, Okla. Marland Refining Co Mervin Field, Okla. 3,000 Okla. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Mohawk, Okla. National Products Co Mounds, Okla. Nine Oil & Gas Co Maud, Okla. Chestnut & Smith Morris, Okla. Bradstreet & Co Muskogee, Okla. -.ioo De Soto Gasoline Co Muskogee, Okla. Good well Oil Co Muskogee, Okla. 2.i0 Motor Gasoline Co Muskogee, Okla. 1,100 Persian Oil Co Muskogee, Okla. a.'iO Red Demon Gasoline Co .Muskogee, Okl.i, 800 Sun Gasoline Co Muskogee, Okla. Victor Gasoline Co Muskogee. Okia. Whitfield Sears Oil Cu Muskogee, Okla. 200 Chllders Gasoline Co Nowata, Okla. 600 Tidal Gasoline Co Nowata, Okla. Osage Gasoline Co Ochelata, Okla. -2,760 Tidal Gasoline Co Ochelata, Okla. A. C. F. Gasoline Co Ollton, Okla. 2,000 Chieftain Gasoline Co Oilton, Okla. B. B. Jones Ollton, Okla. 600 Mid-Co. Gasoline Co Oilton. Okla. Mid-Co. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Oilton, Okla. National Products Co Ollton, Okla. Southland Gas Co Oilton, Okla. 600 Standard Oil Co. of Indiana Oilton, Okla. Klngwood Oil Co Okmulgee, Okla. Magnolia Petroleum Co Okmulgee, Okla. O. K. Refining Co Okmulgee, Okla. Pine Pool Gasoline Co Okmulgee, Okla. 600 Southern Gas Co Okmulgee, Okia. Tlbbins Gasoline Co Okmulgee, Okla. 1,000 Mao Betty Gasoline Co Osage City, Okla. H V Foster Osage Junction, Okla. Victor Gasoline Co Peru. Okla. Victor Gasoline Co Preston, Okla, Marland Chemical Co Ponca C ty, Okla. Marland Gasoline Co Ponca City, Okla. Whitehall, Donavan, Hayden & Whitehall. .Pumpkin Center, Okla. Mileage Gasoline Co Red Fork, Okla. Arthur Oil Co Sapulpa, Okla. 500 Bluff Gasoline Co. Sapulpa, Okia. 2on Commerce Gasoline Co Sapulpa, Okla. 1.000 Max Rhea Gasoline Co Sapulpa, Okla. 600 Richards Gasoline Co Sapulpa, Okla. 600 Sapulpa Refining Co Sapulpa, Okla. W. G. Skelly Sapulpa, Okla Cosden Oil & Gas Co Shamrock, Okla. K.noo Magnolia Gasoline Co Shamrock, Okla. Sinclair OU & Gasoline Co Shamrock, Okla. Union Skiatook Gasoline Co Skiatook, Okla. Rotary Gasoline Co Sperry. Okla. Black Hawk Petroleum Co Stone Bluff, Okla. Hvgrade Petroleum & Gas Co Stone Bluff, Okla. l.2iio Sinclair Oil & Refining Co Stone Bluff, Okla Okla. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Standard Spur, Okla. O G. Bantley Tamaha, Okla. The Dallas Co !"'?*• °^}^- . • r^, i -rnn Pulaski Refining Co Turkey Mountam, Okla. 700 Silver Gasoline Co Vega, Okla. De Soto Gasoline Co Wann Okla. 3,000 Mid-Co. Gasoline Co ^^P"' 0^?; Okla. Petroleum & Gasoline Co Wateya, Okla. Chestnut & Fitzgerald Watkins, Ok a. 600 Eagle Gasoline Co S^J?!"^- SN^' J'JSS Monarch Gasoline Co Watkms, Okla. 1.100 64 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF CASINGHEAD GASOLINE PLANTS— Concluded PENNSYLVANIA Bradford Oil & Gasoline Co Bell's Camp, Pa. Pennsylvania Gasoline Co ' Bradford Pa. B. B. Stroud Co Bradford Pa. W. H. Miller Chicora, Pa. Clarendon Gasoline Co Clarendon, Pa. Clarendon Refining- Co Clarendon, Pa. D. and C. P. McKee Cllntonville, Pa. Jane Oil Co Emlenton, Pa. Gilmore Gasoline Co Gilmore, Pa. Kane Gasoline Co Kane, Pa. C. J. Ritzert Co St. Joe, Pa. Henry Farm Oil Co Warren, Pa. Gilmore Gasoline Co Wafferty Hollow, Pa. Wayne Naptha Co Waynesburg, Pa. TEXAS Humble Oil & Refining Co Burkburnett, Tex. Schulz Gasoline Co Burkburnett, Tex. Forest Oil Co Electra, Tex. Forest Oil Co Iowa Park, Tex. WEST VIRGINIA Imperial Oil & Gas Products Co Hannahdale W. Va. Jas. B. Berry's Sons Co Sisterville, W. Va. Consumers Refining Co Waverly, W. Va. I.aughner & Fleming Wellsburgh, W. Va KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 65 American Gas Syndicates and Their Holdings (Gas Record 1919) Company SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS CO Operating at Los Angeles, Glendale, San Bernardino, Gardena, Riverside, Colton, Arlington, Rialto, Beverley Hills, Van Nuys, Tropico, Lankersheim, San Fer- nando, Eagle Rock and Burbank. S(JUTHERN COUNTIES GAS CO. of Calif. . .V consolidation of Southern Counties ons Co., Long Beach (Calif.) Gas Co., and gas properties of the Southern Calif. Edison Co. Serves natural gas to 42 cities of Los Angeles, Orange and San Bernardino counties. City .Los Angeles 805 Garland Bldg. Los Angeles 724 S. Spring St. W. F. BOARDMAN CO Operates Oregon Gas & Electric Co. at Grant's Pass, Medford, Ashland and Roseburg; Ukiah Gas Co., Ukiah, Calif.; Guadalajara Gas Co., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. CAI>IFORNIA LIGHT & FUEL CO Engineers: Palo Alto (Calif.) Gas Co.; Nevada Gas Co., Tonopah, Nev. COASTCOUNTIES GAS & ELECTRIC CO.. Operiites at Santa Ciuz, Watsonville, lloUlstui- and the Gilroy (Calif.) Gas Work.s, Contra Costa Gas Co., at Marti- nez, Pittsburgh, Antioch, Concord, Crockett, Calif. COAST VALLEYS GAS & ELECTRIC CO.. Operates at Monterey, Pacific Grove, Carmel-bv-the-S'ea, Salinas, King City, Soledad, Gonzalos, Chular. NiiltTHERN CALIFORNIA POWER CO... Opeiiites Northern Calif. Power Co., Keswick Electric Power Co., Battle Creek Power Co., Redding Water Co. and Sacramento Valley Power Co. Owns and operates gas plants at Reddmg, Red Bluff and Willows. I'.\CIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC CO .Supplies gas to over 60 California towns and cities. NORTHERN COLORADO POWER CO... Operates: Cheyenne (Wyo.) Light, Fuel & Power Co.. Boulder (Colo.) Elec. Lt. & Pr. Co., Western Lt. & Pr. Co., Lafayette, Colo. SOUTHERN UTILITIES CO COPLEY GAS & ELEC. SYNDICATE. . . . Owns: Western United GaS & Elec. Co., operating gas plants at Aurora Elgin and Joliet; Murpheysboro (111.) Water Wks. & Elec. & Gas Light Co.; Southern 111. Gas Co., Marion, 111. .San Francisco 718 Mission St. San Francisco fi26 Pacific Bldg San Francisco 4S4 California St. .San Francisco 68 Sutter St. San Francisco 096 Market St, .San Francisco 44.5 Sutter St. .Boulder .Jacksonville . Aurora State California California California California California California California California Colorado Florida Illinois 66 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State ILLINOIS TRACTION SYSTEM (MC- KINLEY STND.) Champaign Illinois Operates: Danville St. Ry. & Light Co., Urbana & Champaign By., Gas & Bleo. Co., Decatur Ry. & Light Co.; .lacksonville Ry. & Lt. Co.; Jefferson City (Mo.) Lt., Heat & Pr. Co.; Atchison (Kans.) Ry. Lt. & Pr. Co.; Galesburg (111.) Gas & Blec. Co.; Citizens Lighting Co., LaSalle, 111.; Cairo (111.) Gas Co.; Clinton (111.) G. & E. Co.; Madison County Lt. & Pr. Co^ Carlinville, 111.; Oskalooa (la.) Lt. & Fuel Co. AMERICAN COAL & BY-PRODUCT COKE CO Chicago Illinois Operate by-product plants for Dover 608 S. Dearborn St. By-Products Coke Co., Canal Dover, O., Union By-Products Coke Co., Buffalo, N. Y., Geo. "W. Niedringhaus and as- sociates, Granite City, 111. K. L. AMES SYNDICATE Chicago Illinois Owns and operates Jacksonville (Fla.) Woman's Temple BIdg. Gas Co. GAS & ELECTRIC IMPROVEMENT CO Chicago Illinois Operates Austin (Tex.) Gas Lt. Co., 39 S. LaSalle St. Benton Harbor & St. Joseph (Mich.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Ft. Madison (la.) Gas Light Co.; Palestine (Tex.) Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co. H. M. BYLLESBY & CO Chicago Illinois Operates: Muskogee Gas' & Elec. Co., Cont. & Com'l Bk. Bldg. Muskogee & Ft. Gibson, Okla. ; Mobile (Ala.) Electric Co.; Ft. Smith Lt. & Traction Co., Ft. Smith & Van Buren, Ark., NORTHERN STATES POWER CO., Div. Hqrs. — Minneapolis, Fair- bault, Stillwater, Mankato, Cannon Falls, Noithfield, St. Paul and South St. Paul, Minn., Hudson, Wis. (St. Croix Gas Co.), and Platteville, Wis., Fargo, Grand Forks, Minot, N. D., Galena, 111.. Sioux Falls, S. D. ; MOUNTAIN STATES PR. CO. at Kahspell, Mont, and Sand- point, Idaho, and Newport, Wash. ; Tacoma (Wash.) Gas Co.; OKLA. GAS & ELEC. CO., Enid, El Reno and Okla. City; Tlie Ottumka (la.) Ry. & Lt. Co.; San Diego (Cal.) Con. Gas & Elec. Co.; Puget Sound Gas Co., Everett, Wash.; OREGON POWER CO., Marshfield, Eugene, Albany, Corvallis, Dallas, In- dependence, Monmouth, Oregon; the Southwestern General Gas Co., Fort Smith, Ark.; Olympia (Wash.) Gas Co.; WESTERN STATES GAS & ELEC. CO , Stockton, Richmond and Eureka, Calif.; ARKANSAS VALLEY RY. LT. & PR. CO., Pueblo, Victor, Cripple Creek, Rocky Ford, La Junta and Canon City; LOUISVILLE GAS & ELECTRIC CO. METROPOLITAN GAS & ELECTRIC CO.. .Chicago Illinois Owns and operates: Southwestern Gas Harris Trust Bldg. & Elec. Co., Shrevepurt, La., and Tex- arkana, Tex.; Mobile (Ala.) Gas Co.; Central Indiana Gas Co. of Muncie (hdqrs'.), Anderson, Marion; Alex- andria, Elwood, Fairmount and Hart- ford City, Ind.; Jackson Co. Lt, Ht. & Pr. Co. of Independence, Mo.; Beau- mont (Tes,) Gas Lt. Co.; Seattle KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 67 AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State (Wash.) Lighting Co.; Mt. Clemens (Mich.) Gas Light Co.; Gainesville (Tex.) Gas & Elec. Co. I.. E. MYERS CO Chicago Illinois Owns Ashland (Wis.) Lt., Pr. & St. Monadnook Blk. Ry. Co. CNION UTILITIES CO Chicago Illinois Control The Indiana Gas Light Co., 39 .S. LaSalle St. operating plants at NoblesvIUe and Tipton, Ind. Also, Lewanee County Gas & Electric Co., Vicksburg, Miss. & St. Charles Lighting Co., St. Charles, Mo.; Dubuque (la.) Elec. Co.; Northern la. Gas & Elec. Co., Hdqrs., Humboldt, la., serving 20 towns in Northern Iowa: gas at Eagle Grove. MIDDLE WEST UTILITIES CO Chicago Illinois Controls and operates following gas 72 W. Adams St. properties: — lUlnols Northern Utilities Co Dixon Illinois Belvldere, DeKalb, Dixon, Geneseo, Mendota, Morrison, Rock Falls, Sterling and Sycamore, 111. — Central Illinois Public Service Co Mattoon Illinois Beardstown, Charleston, Macomb, Mat- toon, Pana, Paris' and Tayloi-ville, 111. — Hoopeston (111.) Gas & Elec. Co. — Interstate Public Service Co Indianapolis Indiana Bedford, Greenfield, New Castle, Sey- mour and Shelbyville, Ind.; Franklin (Ind.) Water, Light & Power Co.; Cen- tral Indiana Lighting Co., Bloomlngton, Ind. — Central Indiana Lighting Co Indianapolis Indiana —Franklin (Ind.) Water, Lt. & Pr. t'o. „ .,^ ^ „ — United Gas & Electric Co New Albany Indiana JeffersonviUe and New Albany, Ind. „ „ , , — Twin State Gas & Electric Co Dover New Hampshire Bennington, Va. ; Brattleboro, Va. — Michigan Gas & Electric Co. Ishpeming, Negaunee, Houghton and Hancock, Mich. „ . „ — Missouri Gas & Electric Service Co. Lexington, Marshall, Mo. — Kentucky Utilities Co. Shelbyville, Ky. „ ,-„..,,, ^, , ., Chlckasha Gas & Electric Co Chickasha Oklahoma Michigan Gas & Electric Co Three Rivers Michigan —Nebraska City (Neb.) Utilities' Co. —Citizens Gas Light Co Jackson Tennessee PUBLIC SERVICE CO. OF NORTHERN . ILLINOIS Chicago Illinois Gas plants: Evanston, Blue Island, 72 W. Adams St. Weber, Morris, Ottawa, Strator, Pon- tlao and Kankakee. NORTH AMERICAN LIGHT & POWER . PQ Chicago Illinois Hold and operate:' Adair County Lt., 2013 Peoples Gas Bldg. Pr & Ice Co. and Mo. Ht., Lt. & Pr. Co, of Kirksville, Mo.; Moberly (Mo.) Lt & Pr. Co.; Huntsville (Mo.) Lt. & Pr' Co ; Boonville (Mo.) Lt., Ht. & Pr Co'; Ardmore (Okla.) City Gas Co.; Durant (Okla.) Consumers Lt & Pr. Co.; Washington C. H. (O.) G. & B. Co.; Pocatello (Ida.) Gas & Pr. Ca; Waurika (Okla.) Consumers Lt. & Pr. 68 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State Co.; Southern Okla. Pipe Dine Co., Ard- more, Okla.; Citizens Blec. Co., Higbee, Mo.; La Plata (Mo.) Lt. & Ft. Co. UNITED LT. & RTS. CO. (FINANCL\L OFFICE) Chicago Illinois UTILITIES' DEVELOPMENT CO Chicago Illinois 327 S. LaSalle St. WISCONSIN PR. & LT. & HT. CO Chicago Illinois Owns Baraboo, Beaver Dam, Berlin. 12 W. Adams St. E. A. POTTER Chicago Illinois Controls Madison, Ind., Creston, la.. Rector Bldg. Junction City, Abilene, Great Bend, and Manhattan, Kansas. J. J. FRET SYNDICATE Hillsboro Illinois Owns Southern Illinois Lt. & Pr. Co. and Citizens Gas, Elec. & Htg. Co. Gas plants at Mt. Vernon, Litchfield, and Hillsboro. NORTHERN INDIANA GAS & ELEC- TRIC CO Hammond Indiana Northern Division operates Hammond, Michigan City and South Bend; also. Southern Division operates LaFayette, Lebanon, Logansport, Fort Wayne, Bluff ton, Decatur, Frankfort, Craw- ford sville. and Wabash; Ohio Division operates Lima, St. Marys, Wapakoneta, Celina, Recovery, Criders- ville, and Coldwater. INTERSTATE PUBLIC SERVICE CO Indianapolis Indiana (Listed above.) W. A. MARTIN GAS SYNDICATE Laporte Indiana Operates Greencastle (Ind.) Gas & Blec. .Co., Rochester Gas & Fuel Co. CONSOLIDATED GAS & OIL CO Ridgeville Indiana Owns plants at Ridgeville, Red Key and Dunkirk, Ind. IOWA ELECTRIC CO Cedar Rapids Iowa Operates gas plants at Fairfield, Iowa Falls and Perry; also ' various electric and railway plants. Under name of Iowa Ry. & Lt. Co. also operates Mar- shalltown la. R. K. RUNNER Charles City Iowa Interested in Austin, Minn.; Charles City, la., and Cherokee, la. IOWA GAS & ELEC. CO Iowa City Iowa Owns gas plants at Mt. Pleasant and Washington, la. AMERICAN GAS CONSTRUCTION CO.... Newton Iowa Interested in la. Pub. Serv. Co., Ames, la.; Citizens Gas Co., Carroll, la.; Belle Plaine (la.) Gas Co. AMERICAN CITIES CO New Orleans Louisiana Controls: N. O. Ry. & Lt. Co., Birm- 201 Baronne St i-ouisiana mgham (Ala.) Ry., Lt. & Pr. Co., Houston (Tex.) Ltg. & Pr. Co.; Little Rock Ry. & Elec. Co., Memphis St. Ry. Co., Knoxville Ry. & Lt. Co. GENERAL UTILITIES & OPERATING CO. . . Baltimore Marvlnnfl Controls Americus (Ga.) Ltg. Co. and Munsey Bldg md,iyiana several electric properties. KANSAS CITy TEST ING LABORATORV 69 AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State COMJrONWBALTH GAS & ELECTRIC COS Boston Massachuaetts Owns: Marlboro-Hudson Gas Co., 78 Devonshire Marlboro, Mass., and Athol (Mass.) Gas & Elec. Co. MASSACHUSETTS GAS COS Boston Massachusetts Controls Boston Con. Gas Co., E. Bos- 111 Devonshire ton Gas Co., Citizens' Gas Lt. Co., of Quincy, Mass.; Newton & Watertown Gas Lt. Co., of Newton, Mass.; New England Coal & Coke Co., of Boston; New Engr. Fuel & Trans. Co. MASSACHUSETTS' LIGHTING COS Boston Massachusetts Operating companies — 77 Franklin St. Adams Gas Light Co., Arlington Gas Light Co., Clinton Gas Light Co., Glou- cester Light Co., Leominster Gas Light Co., Lexington Gas Co., Milford Gas Light Co., Northampton Gas' Light Co., North Adams Gas Light Co., Spencer Gas Co., Williamstown Gas Co., Wor- cester County Gas Co. Gas & Electric Improvement Co., Bos- ton; The Light, Heat & Power Corporii- tlon, Boston; Daytona (Fla.) Public Service Co. and New Smyrna (Fla.) Public Service Co. STONE & WEBSTER Boston Massachusetts (Branches New York and Chicago) 147 Milk St. Operates: Blackstone Valley Gas & Elec. Co., Fall River (Mass.) Gas Works, Haverhill (Mass.) Gas Lt. Co., Paducah (Ky.) Light & Pr. Co., Puget Sound Traction, Lt. & Pr. Co. of Bell- ingham. Wash.; Keokuk (la.) Electric Co., Conn. Power Co., New London, Conn., Baton Rouge (La.) Electric Co.; Carson City (Nev.) Coal Gas Co.; Columbus (Ga.) Gas Light Co.; Paw- tucket (R. I.) Gas Co.; Reno (Nev.) Pr., Lt. & Wtr. (jo. CHARLES H. TENNEY & CO Boston Massachusetts Represents: Suburban Gas & Elec. Co., 201 Devonshire Revere, Mass.; Peoples Gas & Elec. Co., Oswego, N. Y. ; Springfield (Mass.) Gas Lt. Co., Nyack, N. Y.; Maiden & Mel- rose (Mass.) Gas Lt. Co.; Fitchburg (Mass.) Gas & Elec. Lt. Co.; No. Bos- ton Lighting Properties; Bristol & Plainville Tramway Co., Bristol, Conn., Montpelier & Barre Lt. & Pr. Co., Montpelier, 'Vt. W. E. MOSS & CO Detroit Michigan Operates: Coldwater (Mich.) Gas, Lt. 710 Union Trust Bldg. & Fuel Co.; Columbus (Ind.) Gas Lt. Co.; Fulton (N. Y.) Fuel & Lt. Co.; Grand Haven (Mich.) Gas Co.; Citizens Gas Co. of Hannibal, Mo.; Winston- Salem (N. C.) Gas Co.; Monroe (Mich.) Gas, Light & Fuel Co.; Hillsdale (Mich.) Gas Light Co. AMERICAN PUBLIC UTILITIES (JO Grand Rapids Michigan (Kelsey-Brewer interests.) G. Rapids Savgs. Bldg. Holland (Mich.V City Gas Co., Albion (Mich.) Gas Light Co., Valparaiso (Ind.) Lighting Co., Elkhart (Ind.) Gas & Fuel Co., Jackson (Miss.) Light & Traction Co.. Utah Gas & Coke Co.. 70 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State Salt Lake; Wisconsin-Minnesota Light & Power Co., serving Bau Claire, La- Crosse, Chippewa Palls, and Menomi- nee, Wis'., Red Wing and Winona, Minn.; Eastern Wis. Blec. Co., Fond du Lac, and upwards of 20 smaller com- munities in immediate vicinity. . All operated by Kelsey- Brewer & Co., and all except Pond du Lac (which belongs to Kelsey-Brewer Co.) owned by Amer. Pub. Util. Co. HOWE, SNOW, CORHIGAN & BEETLES. .Grand Rapids Michigan Control Emporia (Kans.) Gas Co., Mc- Alester (Okla.) Gas & Coke Co.; Choc- taw Natural Gas Co., Okla. UNITED LIGHT AND RAILWAYS CO Grand Rapids Michigan (Pmancial offices: 72 W. Adams, Ch;. Michigan Trust Bldg. Operating hdqrs.: Grand Rapids and Davenport, Iowa.) Operates: Chattanooga (Tenn.) Gas Co.; Cedar Rapids (la.) Gas Co.; Mus- catine (la.) Ltg. Co.; Ft. Dodge (la.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Iowa City (la.) Lt. & Pr. Co.; Peoples Gas & Elec. Co., Mason City, la.; La Porte (Ind.) Gas & E. Co.; Cadillac (Mich.) Gas Lt. Co., Ottumwa (la.) Gas Co.; also The Peo- ples Power Co. of Moline and Rock Island, 111., The Peoples Lt. Co. of Davenport, la., and the Davenport (la.) Gas & Elec. Co. MICHIGAN LIGHT CO Jackson Michigan Owns gas and electric plants at Jack- son, Flint, Bay City, Kalamazoo, Sagi- naw, Pontiac and Manistee. APPLEBY & WAGNER Saginaw Michigan Own: Consumers' Gas Co., Waycross, Forester Temple Ga., Gratiot County Gas Co., Alma, Mich., Washington County Gas Co., Johnson City, Tenn. UTILITIES OPERATING CO Minneapolis Minnesota Own gas plants at Allegan, Otsego, 348 Security Bldg. Plainwell, Sturgis and South Haven, Mich.; Auburn, Brazil, Garrett, Avilla and Kendallville, Ind. ; Rochester, Minn. ; Manitowoc, Wis. PUBLIC IMPROVEMENT CO Kalamazoo Michigan Controls: Bemidji, Minn.; Montevideo, 310 Peck Bldg. Minn., and Thief River Palls, Minn. UNION PUBLIC SERVICE CO Kansas City Missouri Operates: Baldwin (Kans.) Gas' Co.; 1116 Commerce Bldg Beggs (Okla.) Gas Co.; Johnson Co. Gas Co., Merriam, Kans.; Miami Co. Gas Co., Osawatomie and Paola, Kans.; Wier (Kans.) Gas Co.; Parsons (Kans.) Gas Co.; Nowata Co., Nowata Okla.; Tri-City Gas Co., Altoona and Cherry- vale, Kans. and Chels'ea, Okla.; Gard- ner (Kans.) Gas Co.; Wellsville (Kans.) Gas Co.; Anderson Co. Lt. & Ht. Co., Colony, Kans.; Richmond (Kans.) and Princeton Gas Co.; Weston (Mo.) Gas & Lt. Co. THE LIGHT & DEVELOPMENT CO. OF ST. L St. Louis Missouri Operates: Cape Girardeau (Mo.) Public 7S0 Ry. Ex. Bldg. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 71 AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State Utilities Co.; Paris (Ky.) Gas and Elec. Co.; Ft. Scott (Kas) Oas & Eleo. Co.; Mitchell (S. D.) Power Co.' Oberlin (O.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Monmouth (111.) Pub. Serv. Co. THE WATTS ENGINEERING CO St. Louis Missouri Owns Columbia (Mo.) Gas Co. GAS CONSTRUCTION CO Omaha Nebraska Operate: Broken Bow (Neb.) Gas Co. 48th & Leavenworth Sts. UNION POWER & LIGHT CO Omaha Nebraska Operates North Platte (Nebr.) Lt. & 424 First Natl. Bk. Bldg. Pr. Co. and Southern la. Elec. Co., Osceola, la. SIERRA-PACIFIC ELECTRIC CO Reno Nevada (Stone & Webster management) Controls: Carson City (Nev.) Coal Gas Co. and Reno Pr., Lt. & Water Co. CUMBERLAND COUNTY GAS CO Mlllville New Jersey Operates: Mlllville Gas Lt. Co.; Citi- zens Gas Co. of Landis Tp., N. J.; Plttsgrove (N. J.) Gas Co.; Fairfield (N. J.) Gas Co.; Citizens Gas' Co., Vine- land, N. J.; Maurice River (N. J.) Gas Co.; The Commercial Gas Co., Port Norris, N. J.; Downe Township Gas Co., Newport, N. J., and Lawrence (Tp.) Gas Co., Cedarville, N. J., and Deer- field Gas Co., Rosenhayn, N. J. PUBLIC SERVICE GAS CO Newark New Jersey Operates: (Essex Division) Essex & .''n Park Place Hudson Gas Co.; East Newark (N. J.) Gas Lt. Co.; Morristown (N. J.) Gas Lt. Co.; (Hudson Division Hudson Co Gas Co.; (Passaic Division) Patterson & Passaic Gas & Eleo. Co.; (Southern Division) South Jersey Gas', Elec. & Trac. Co.; Princeton Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co.; (Central Division) Somerset, Union & Middlesex Ltg. Co.; New Brunswick (N. J.) Gas Lt. Co.; Shore Ltg, Co.; (Bergen Division) Gas & Elec, Co. of Bergen Co.; RIdgewood (N. J.) Gas Co. FLORIDA UTILITIES CO Trenton New Jersey Moon Clay & Kaolin Co. 715 Broad St, Bk, Bldg. Owns gas companies at Palm Beach, W. Palm Beach and Ocala, Fla. BROOKLYN UNION GAS CO Brooklyn New York Owns and operates: Flatbush Gas Co., 176 Remsen St. 29th ward, Brooklyn; Newton Gas Co., 2d ward, Queens" Jamaica (Long Isl- and) Gas Co.; Woodhaven (L. I,) Gas Co,; Richmond Hill & Queens County Gas Lt. Co., 4th ward. Queens. EASTERN OIL CO Buffalo New Yorl. Operates: W. Va. Central Gas Co., Elkins, W. Va.; W. Va. & Md. Gas Co., Davis, W. Va., and Cumberland, Md. : Northern Natural Gas Co., Oakland and other Maryland towns, and Terra Alta, W. Va.; West Union (W. Va.) Gas Co.; Salem (W. Va.) Natural Gas Co.; Glen- ville (W. Va.) Nat. Gas Co. SOUTH SHORE NATURAL GAS & FUEL Co Buffalo New York Owns: Dunkirk, N. Y,, and other S42 Marine Bk. Bldg. points. 11 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State EMPIRE COKE CO Geneva New York Furnishes gas (or Empire Gas & Elec. 103 Castle St. Co., which does all the gas and elec- tric business' in Auburn, Weedsport, Cayuga, Seneca Falls, Waterloo, Geneva, Phelps, Palmyra, Newark, Lyons and Clyde. AMERICAN LIGHT & TRACTION CO New Tork New York Own practically all the capital stock of 120 Broadway Binghamton (N. Y.) Gas' Works; Con- solidated Gas Co., of Long Branch, N. J., Detroit (Mich.) City Gas Co.; Grand Rapids (Mich.) Gas Light Co.; Madi- son (Wis.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Milwaukee (Wis.) Gas Lt. Co.; Muskegon (Mich.) Traction & Ltg. Co.; St. Joseph (Mo.) Gas Co.; St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Co.; San Antonio (Tex.) Pub. Serv. Co.; So. St. Paul (Minn.) G. & E. Co.; West AUis (Wis.) Gas Co.; Wuawa- tosa (Wis.) Gas Co. AMERICAN POWER & LIGHT CO New York New York 71 Broadway CONSOLIDATED GAS CO New York New York Owns directly or indirectly a majority 124-130 E. 16th St. of the capital stock of Astoria (L. I.) Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co.; Central Union Gas Co., the Bronx, N. Y. City; N. Y. & Queens Gas Co., Flushing, N. Y.; N. Y. Mutual Gas Lt. Co., N. Y. City; North- ern Union Gas Co., the Bronx, N. Y. City; Northern Westchester Lighting Co., Ossining, N. Y.; Peekskill (N. T.) Ltg. & R. R. Co.; Standard Gas Lt. Co., N. Y. City; Westchester Ltg. Co., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. ; New Amsterdam Gas' Co., N. Y. City. ASSOCIATED GAS & ELEC. CO New York New York Controls: Homer and Cortland (N. Y.) 43 Exchange Place Gas Light Co.; Norwich (N. Y.) Gas & Electric Co.; Ithaca (N. Y.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Oneonta (N. Y.) Lt. & Pr. Co.; Greenville (O.) Gas Lt. Co.; Van Wert (Ohio) Gas Light Co. and Ky. Service Co., with plants at Bowling Green, Owensboro, Frankfort, Hopkins- ville, Ky., and Clarksville, Tenn. BROOKS' & CO., P. W New York New York As Eastern States Pub. Service Co. 116 Broadway operates N. J. Gas & Elec. Co., Dover, N. J.; Newton (N. J.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Lambertville (N. J.) Pub. Service Co. Also owns: Port Arthur (Tex.) Gas & Pr. Co. and Utah Valley Gas & Coke Co., Provo, Utah. HENRY L. DOHERTY & CO. (Cities Service Co.) New York New York Operates: Alliance (OJ Gas & Pr. Co.; 60 Wall St. Bartlesville (Okla.) Gfas & Oil Co., Beaver Oil & Gas Co., Kingsville, Ont. Can.; Bi'anttord (Ont.) Gas Co.; Bris- tol (Tenn.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Buckeye State Gas & Fuel Co., and Coshocton Gas Co. of Coshocton, C; Carthage (Mo.) Gas Co.; City Light & Traction Co., Sedalia, Mo.; Danbury & Bethel (Conn.) Gas & Elec. Lt. Co.; Denver (Colo.) Gas & Elec. Lt. Co.; IDominion KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 73 AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State Natural Gas Co. of Hamilton, Ont., Can.; Fremont (Neb.) Gas. Bleo. Lt. & I'r. Co.; Knoxville (Tenn.) Gas Co.; 1-ibanon (Pa.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Lin- coln (Neb.) Gas & Elec. Lt. Co.; Meri- dian (Miss.) Lt. & Ry. Co.; Montgom- ery (Ala.) Lt. & Water Pr. Co.; Pueblo (Ccilo.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Spokane (Wash.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Trumbull Public Service Co.. Warren & Niles, O.; Toledo (O.) Ry. & Lt. Co.; Webb City & Carterville Gas Co.., Webb City, Mo.; Woodstock (Can.) Gas Lt. Co.; Empire Gas & Fuel Co. of Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma; Hattiesburg (Miss.) Traction Co.; Arkansas Valley Gas Co.; Glenwood Nat. Gas Co., Ltd. (Can.); Manufacturers Nat. Gas Co., Ltd. (Can.); Quapaw (Okla.) Gas Co.; So. Ontario (Can.) Nat. Gas Co., Ltd.; S. W. Oklahoma Gas & Fuel Co.; Washi- ta (Okla.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Western Oklahoma Gas' & Fuel Co., Duncan, Lawton and Marlow, Okla.; Niagara (N. Y.) Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co.; Wichita Natural Gas Co.; Wichita Pipeline Co.; Columbus (O.) Nat. Gas Co.; Medina (O.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Mansfield (O.) Gas Lt. Co.; Ingersoll (Can.) Gas Lt. Co.; Thorold (Can.) Nat. Gas Co.; United Gas Co. (Can.); Sallna (Kans.) Lt., Pr. & Gas Co.; Western Distributing Co. (Okla.); Reserve Gas Co. (Okla.); Toledo (O.) Rys. & Lt. Co.; Venture Gas Co., Morral, O.; Frost Gas Co., owning Brocton (N. Y.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Silver Creek (N. Y.) Gas & Impvt. Co., and So. Shore Nat. Gas & Fuel Co., Westfield, N. Y. ELECTRIC BOND & SHARE CO New York New York Fiscal Agents: Carolina Power & Lt. 71 Broadway Co.; Raleigh & Durham, N. C, operat- ing AshevlUe (N. C.) Pr. & Lt. Co.; Yadkin River Pr. Co.; Utah Securities Co., controlling Utah Pr. & Lt. Co., which controls Utah Lt. & Tr. Co. at Ogden, Salt Lake City, etc., Utah; American Pwr. & Lt. Co., operating Portland (Ore.) Gas & Coke Co.; Kan- sas Gas & Elec. Co. of Wichita, Kans., Nebr. Pr. Co., Omaha; Pacific Pr. & lyt. Co. of Vancouver, Yakima and Walla Walla, Wash.; Pendleton and Astoria, Ore., and Lewiston, Idaho; Texas Pr. & Lt. Co. of Brownwood, Denison, Cleburne, Paris and Waco, Texas; Galveston (Tex.) Gas Co.; El Paso (Tex.) Gas Co.; Hutchinson (Kans.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Newton (Kans.) Gas & Fuel Co.; National Se- curities Corp., controlling Idaho Pr. Co. FEDERAL LIGHT & TRACTION CO New York New York Operates. Albuquerque (N. M.) Gas & 60 Broadway Electric Co.; Consumers" Gas Co., Hot Springs, Ark.; Tucson (Ariz.) Gas. Elec. Lt. & Pr. Co.; Springfield (Mo.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Trinidad (Colo.) Elec. 74 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State Trans. Ry. & Gas Co.; Gray's Harbor Ry. & Light Co., of Aberdeen, Wash.; and .various electric and railway com- panies. GENERAL GAS & ELECTRIC CO New York New York Controls: Rutland (Vt.) Ry., Lt. & Pr. 60 Pine St. Co.; Sandusky (O.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Interurban Gas Co., Easton, Penn. COMMONWEALTH PR. RT. & LT. CO New York New York Controls: Michigan Light Co. in Bay 14 Wall St. City, Flint, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Man- istee, Pontiac and Saginaw, Mich.; Springfield, 111., Gas & Elec. Co.; Evansville (Ind.) Public Utilities Co.; Central Illinois Light Co., Peoria and Pekin, 111. GENERAL ENGINEERING & MANAGE- MENT CORP New York New York Controls: Peoples Gas & Electric Co., 141 Broadway Chillicothe, Mo.; Trenton (Mo.) Gas & Elec. Co. NASSAU & SUFFOLK LIGHTING CO New York New York Operates: Nassau & Suffolk Lighting 149 Broadway Co.'s plants at Garden City, Hempstead, Freeport, Merrick, Mineola, Roosevelt and other Long Island points. NATIONAL FUEL GAS CO New York New York Controls: United Natural Gas' Co., Oil 26 Broadway City, Pa.; Iroquois Natural Gas Co., Buffalo, N. Y.; Provincial Natural Gas Co. of Ontario, Niagara Falls, Ont., Can.; Pennsylvania Gas Co., Warren, Pa.; Clarion Gas Co., Oil City, Pa. NATIONAL LIGHT, HEAT & POWER CO New York New York Operates: Twin State Gas & Elec. Co. ill Broadway of Dover, N. H., Bennington and Brat- tleboro, Vt. NATIONAL UTILITIES CO New York New York Operates: Ft. Scott & Nevada (Mo.) 61 Broadway Lt., Ht., Wtr. & Pr. Co.; N. J. Gas & Elec. Co., Dover, N. J.; Port Arthur (Tex.) Gas & Pr. Co.; Hillsboro (O.) Lt. & Fuel Co. THE NORTH AMERICAN CO New York New York Operates: St. Louis Co. Gas Co., Web- 30 Broad St. ster Groves, Mo.; Wisconsin Edison Co., operating Wisconsin Gas Electric Co. of Racine, Kenosha, Watertown and Bur- lington, Wis.; North Milwaukee Lt. & Pr. Co.; Wells Pr. Co.; Mil. Elec. Ry. & Lt. Co. ; Mil. Lt., Ht. & Tr. Co PEARSON ENGINEERING CORP'N New York New York Operates gas plant at Rio de Janeiro, 115 Broadway Brazil. THE UNITED GAS & ELECTRIC EN- GINEERING CORPORATION New York New York Controls: Altoona (Pa.) Gas Light & 61 Broadway Fuel Co.; Citizens Gas & Fuel Co., Terre Haute, Ind.; Colorado Springs (Colo.) Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co.; Consumers Electric Light & Pr. Co., New Orleans; Elmira (N. Y.) Water, Lt. & Rd. Co.; Harrisburg (Pa.) Lt. & Pr. Co.; Hous'- ton (Tex.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Lockport (N. Y.) Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co.; Richmond (Ind.) Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co.; Union Gas & KANSAS CITY TESTIXG LABORATORY 75 AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State Electric Co., Bloomington, III.; Wilkes Bane (Pa.) Co.; Birmingham (Ala.) Ry.. Lt. & Pr. Co.; Houston (Tex.) Lt. & Pr. Co.; New Orleans (La.) Gas Light Co.; Lancaster (Pa.) Gas Lt. & Fuel Co.; Columbia Gas Co., Lancaster, Pa.; Leavenworth (Kans.) Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co. H. D. WALBRIDGB & CO New York New York Controls: Dallas (Tex.) Gas Co.; 14 Wall St. County Gas Co.. Dallas, Tex.; Johns- town (Pa.) Fuel Supply Co., Penn. Pub. Serv. Co., Clearfleld, Pa. THE J. G. WHITE MANAGEMENT CORP'N New York Xew York Operates' the Associated Gas & Elec- 4;j Exchange Place trie Co., controlling Greenville (O.) Gas Lt. Co.; Homer & Cortland Gas Lt. Co., Cortland, N. Y. ; Ithaca (N. Y.) G. & E. Co.; Norwich (N. Y.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Oneonta (N. Y.) Lt. & Pr. Co.; Van Wert (O.) Gas Lt. Co.; also operates the Kentucky Public Service Co., oper- ating in Bowling Green, Frankfort, Hopkinsville and Owensboro, Ky., and Clarksville, Tenn. ; Eastern Pa. Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co., Pottsville, Pa.; Helena (Mont.) Lt. & Hy. Co., Thornapple Gas & Elec. Co., Hastings, Mich.; Palatka (Fla.) Pub. Serv. Co.; San- ford (Fla.) Public Service Co. ALLEN & PECK Syracuse New York Control Newport News and Hampton Vinney Bldg. (V'a.) Ry., Gas & Elec. Co. UTICA GAS & ELEC. O Utica New York Operates the Utica plant; Central N. Y. Pr. Co., Canastota; Utica G. & E. Co., Little Falls'; Utica G. & E. Co., Herki- mer; Utica G. & E. Co., Ilion, N. Y. ; Glens Fails (N. C.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Whitehall (N. Y.) Con. Lt. & Pr. Co.; Sandy Hill & Ft. Edward (N. Y.) United Gas, Elec. Lt., Ht. & Fuel Co. NORTH CAROLINA PUBLIC SERVICE CO Greensboro North Carolina Operates: No. Car. Pub. Ser. Co., Greensboro, Concord, High Point, Sal- isbury and Spencer. CAROLINA POWER & LIGHT CO Raleigh North Carolina Owns Carolina Pr. & Lt. Co., Durham, N. C, and Raleigh, N. C. CONTINENTAL GAS AND ELECTRIC CORP'N Cleveland Ohio Operates: Gage Co. Gas. Lt. & Pr. Co., Cuyahoga Bidg. Beatrice, Neb.; Peoples Gas Co., Shen- andoah, la.; Nebraska Ltg. Co., Platts- mouth. Neb.; Red Oak (la.) Gas Co.; York (Neb.) Gas Co.; Brandon (Man., Can.) Gas & Pr. Co.; Nebraska Gas' & Elec. Co. and Iowa Gas & Elec. Co.. both of Omaha. CONSOLIDATED GAS, ELEC. & WATER „, , ^ ^, . CO Cleveland Ohio Operates: Menominie (Wis.) Gas. Co., 1123 Illuminating Bldg. Hurley (Wis.) Gas Co., Ironwood (Mich.) Gas Co.. Iron Mountain (Mich.) Gas Co. 76 BULLET IN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State OHIO CITIES CO Columbus Ohio Owns Columbus (O.) Gas & Fuel Co.; Dayton (O.) Gas Co. and Springfield (O.) Gas Co. OHIO FUEL, SUPPLY CO Columbus Ohio (S'ee Pittsburgh). OHIO GAS LIGHT & COKE CO Napoleon Ohio Operates. Plants at Napoleon, Wau- s'eon, Bryan, Stryker, Archbold, Mont- pelier and Delta, Ohio; Central States Gas Co., Vincennes, Ind. (operates at Vincennes and supplies ,Lawrencevllle, Bridgeport, Sumner and Olney) ; Illinois Gas Co., Lawrenoeville, 111. (operates at Lawrenceville, Bridgeport, Sumner and Olney; Wabash Gas Co., Robinson, 111. (operates at Robinson). EMPIRE GAS & FUEL CO Bartlesville Oklahoma Owns, either directly or through owner- ship of securities, leases in Kansas and Oklahoma. PACIFIC POWER & LIGHT CO Portland Oregon (See Elec. Bond & Share Co., N. Y.) Gasco Bldg. Gas plants at Walla Walla, Yakima and Vancouver, Wash.; Astoria and Pen- dleton, Ore., and Lewiston, Idaho. THE AMERICAN GAS CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Owns: Bangor (Me.) Gas Lt. Co.; Bur- W. Washington Sq. lington (Ct.) Lt. & Pr. Co.; Consoli- dated Lt. & Pr. Co. of Kewanee, Ed- wardsville, Sheffield and Galva, 111.; Kingston (N. Y.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Lu- zerne Co. Gas & Elec. Co. of Kingston, Nanticoke, Hazelton, Plymouth and Fort, Pa.; Phila. Suburban Gas & Elec. Co. of Chester, Coatesville, Potts- town, Wyncote, West Chester, Phoe- nixville, Royersford, Spring City and other Pa. points; Petersburg (Va.) Gas Co.; Portage (Wis.) American Gas Co.; Rockford (111.) Gas Lt. & Coke Co.; St. Clair Co. Gas & Elec. Co. of Bell- ville (also operating E. St. Louis (lU.); Waukesha (Wis.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Waterloo (la.) Citizens Gas & Elec. Co. EASTERN UGHT & FUEL CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Operates: New Jersey Gas Co., Glass- Real Estate Trust Bldg. boro, N. J.; Schuylkill Haven (Pa.) Gas & Water Co.; Wildwood (N. J.) Gas Co.; Pottsville (Pa.) Gas Co. DAY & ZIMMERMANN Philadelphia Pennsylvania Operate gas plants of the Penn. Central Light & Power Co. at Huntingdon, Lewistown; Eastern Shore Gas' & Elec. Co., controlling the Cambridge (Md.) Gas, Elec. Lt. & Pr. Co. THE C. H. GEIST CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Operates: Freeport (111.) Gas Co.; Ro- Land Title Bldg. anoke (Va.) Gas Lt. Co.; Atlantic City (N. J.) Gas Co.; Lansing (Mich.) Fuel & Gas Co., East Chicago (Ind.) & In- diana Harbor Water Co.; Northern Ala- bama Gas Co., of Florence, Ala.; Wil- mington (Del.) Gas Co.; Indiana-^olis and.) Water Co. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 77 AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State GIRARDVILLE GAS CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Operate: GiiardviUe, Lansford and 4014 Chestnut St. Fracltville. GRIBBEL, SYNDICATE CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Operates: Athens (Ga.) Gas Lt. & Fuel 1513 Race St. Co.; Helena (Ark.) Gas: & Elec. Co.; Tampa (Fla.) Gas Co. INTERNATIONAL GAS & ELECTRIC CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Operates: Concord (N. C.) Gas Co. and Widener Bldg. the Georgetown (S. C.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Syracuse (N. Y.) Suburban Gas Co.; Gaston Co. Gas Co., Gastonia, N. C; Chester City Gas Co., Chester. S'. C. NATIONAL GAS, ELEC. LT. & PR. CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Operates: Cape May (N. J.) Lt. & Pr. Witherspoon Bldg. Co.; Carbondale (Pa.) Gas (So.; Goshen (Ind.) Gas Co.; Joplin (Mo.) Gas Co.; Nlles (Mich.) Gas' Lt. Co.; Port Huron (Mich.) G. & E. Co.; Portsmouth (O.) Gas Co.; Quincy (111.) Gas, Elec. Lt. & Pr. Co.; Warsaw (Ind.) Gas Co. INTERURBAN GAS IMPROVEMENT CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Real Estate Tru.=!t Bldg. PUBLIC SERVICE CO „ Philadelphia Pennsylvania Operates: Bucks Co. Public Service Heal Estate Trust Bldg. Co., Newtown, Pa.; Doylestown (Pa.) Gas Co.; Southern Gas Improvement Co. of Elizabeth City, Henderson and Oxford, N. C; Rock Hill (S. C.) Gas Co. PHILADELPHIA SUBURBAN G.\..s" & ELEC. CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania A consolidation of: Suburban Gas Co. S. W. Corner 7th and of Philadelphia; Peoples Gas Co. of Locust Sts. Pottstown; CoatesVille Gas Co.. Jen- klntown and Cheltenham Gas Co.; Hunt- ingdon Valley Light & Power Co., and Pottstown Light, Heat & Power Co., and others. J C REED & CO Philadelphia Pennsylva'nia Control: Key West (Fla.) Gas Co.; Morris Bldg. Colon (Republic of Panama) Gas Co.: Panama (Republic of Panama) Gas Co. UNION RAILWAY SUPPLY CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Operates: Lewisburg (Pa.) Gas Co.; Real Estate Trust Bldg. Ocean Co. Gas Co.. Toms River, N. J.; Standard Gas Co. of Atlantic Highlands, Keansburg and Keyport. N. J.; Tucker- ton (N. J.) Gas Co.; Equitable Lt.. Ht. & Pr. Co., Monmouth Shore Gas Co. UNITED GAS IMPROVEMENT CO Philadelphia Pennsylvania Philadelphia Gas' Works. Interested Broad & Arch Sts. in Allentown-Bethlehem (Pa.) Gas Co.; Burlington (la.) Gas Lt. Co.; Charles- ton (S. C.) Con. Ry. & Ltg. Co.; Ches- ter Co. Gas Co., W. Chester, Pa.; Concord (N. H.) Lt. & Pr. Co.; Con- sumers Gas Co., Reading, Pa.; Counties Gas & Elec. Co., Philadelphia (operat- ing at Ardmore, Conshohocken, Nor- ristown): Des Moine.s (la.) Gas Co.; Fulton Co. Gas & Elec. Co., Glovers- ville. N. Y.; Harris'burg (Pa.) Gas Co.; Kansas City (Mo.) Gas Co.; Nashville (Tenn.) Gas & Heating Co.; New Gas 78 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Continued Company City State Lt. Co., JanesviUe, Wis.; Northern In- diana Gas & Elec. Co.; Hammond, Ind.; (also operates Michigan City, South Bend and Ft. Wayne, Ind.; JJTorthern Liberties Gas Co., Philadelphia; Omaha (Neb.) Gas Co.; Pensaoola (Pla.) Gas Co.; Peoples Gas Lt. Co.; Manchester, N. H.; St. Augusti-ne (Fla.) Gas & Blec. Lt. Co.; Savannah (Ga.) Gas Co.; Sioux City (la.) Gas & Elec. Co.; Sioux Falls (S. D.I Gas Co.; Syracuse (N. T.) Ltg. Co.; Vicksburg (MissJ Gas Wks. ; Wyandotte Co. Gas Co., Kansas City, Kan.; Northern Indiana Cjas & Elec. Co., Hammond (s'ee above). ARKANSAS NATURAL GAS CO Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Pipes natural gas to Little Rock and 223 Fourth Ave. many towns and cities in Arkansas. MANUFACTURERS LIGHT & HEAT CO .. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Owns and controls: New Cumberland 248 Fourth Ave. Water & Gas Co.; Venture Oil Co. and Sewickley Gas Co. OHIO FUEL SUPPLY CO Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Owns Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Co., Toledo, Ohio; Point Pleasant (W. Va.) Natural Gas Co.; Miami Valley Gas & Fuel Co. Serves: Piqua, Troy, Sidney, Covington, Tippecanoe City, Mt. Sterling, South Charleston, Tarlton, Williamsport, Urbana, Rockbridge, Bloomingburg, S'edalia, Fremont City, North Hampton, New Carlisle, Law- renceville, Beatty Town, Five Points, Lancaster, Middletown, Mt. Vernon, Xenia, Zanesville and 118 other Ohio towns. THE PHILADELPHIA CO Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Controls Chartiers Valley Gas Co.; 435 Sixth Ave. Mansfield & Chartiers Gas Co.; Penna. Nat. Gas Co., Philadelphia Co. of W. Va. ; Union Gas Co. of McKeesport; Allegheny Heating Co., Pittsburgh; Equitable Gas Co., Pittsburgh; Pitts- burg & W. Va. Gas' Co. UNION NATURAL GAS CORP'N Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Controls. Logan Natural Gas' & F^el Union Bank Bldg. ' Co. of Lancaster, ,0. ; Newark (O.) Natural Gas & Fuel Co.; Athens (O.) Gas Lt. & Elec. Co.; Buckeye Gas Co., of Circleville, O.; Bellevue (O.) Gas Co.; Marion (O.) Gas Co.; Fremont (O.) Gas, Elec. Lt. & Pr. Co.; Citizens Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Findlay, O. ; Citizens Gas & Elec. Co. of Elyria and Lorain; Manu- facturers Gas Co., Bradford, Pa.; War- ren & Chautauqua Gas Co., of Warren, Pa. WABASH GAS CO Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Serves: Marshall, Martinsville, Annap- Benedum-Trees Bldg olis, Hutsonville and Porterville, 111. UNITED SERVICE CO S'cranton Pennsylvania Operates: Ohio Service Co., Coshocton, 700 Scranton Life Bldg Cambridge, Dennison, New Phila- delphia; Warren (Pa.) Lt. & Pr. Co., Punxsutawney, Pa.; Wabash (Ind.) Water & Light Co.; B. Penna. Gas & Elec. Co., Bristol, Pa.; Hanover (Pa.) KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 79 AMERICAN GAS SYNDICATES AND THEIR HOLDINGS — Concluded Company City State Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co.; Susquehanna (Pa.) Lt. & Pr. Co. NORTHERN CENTRAL, GAS CO WiUiamsport Pennsylvania Controls: Hagerstown (Md.) Lt. & Ht. Co.; Northern Central Gas Co. of Mil- ton, Watsontown, Dewart, Montgomery and WiUiamsport, Pa. BLACKSTONE VALLEY GAS & ELEC. CO Pawtucket Rhode Island Controls': Pawtuclcet (R. 1.) Elec. Co.; Pawtucket (R. I.) Gas Co.; Woonsocket (K. I.) Gas Co. TEXAS POWER & LIGHT CO Dallas Texas Operates gas plants at Brownwood, 1322 Commerce St. Clebourne, Paris, Denison and Waco, (N. T. Office, 71 Broadway the two latter natural gas. TWIN STATE GAS & ELEC. CO Brattleboro Vermont Operates: Bennington Gas Lt. Co.; Brattleboro Gas Lt. Co.; Hooslck Falls Illuminating Co.; Dover Gas Light Co.; United Gas & Elec. Co. SOUTHERN GAS & ELECTRIC CORP'N. .Richmond Virginia Operates: Suffolk (Va.) Gas-Elec. Co.; BlueHeld (W. Va.) Gas' & Pr. Co.; Sum- ter (S. C.J Gas & Pr. Co., Henrico Co. Gas Co., Richmond, V;i.; Gas Light Co. of Augusta, Ga. VIRGINIA RY. & PR. CO Richmond Virginia Owns City Gas Co., Norfolk, Va. NORTH PACIFIC PUBLIC SERVICE CO . . Tacoma Washington Operates: Gray's Harbor Gas Co., 323 Tacoma Bldg. Aberdeen, Wash.; Centralia and Che- halls Gas Co., Centralia, Wash.; Bre- merton-Charleston Lt. & Fuel Co. BOYD E. HORNER SYNDICATE Clarksburg West Virginia COLUMBIA GAS & ELECTRIC CO Huntington West Virginia Controls: Union Gas & Elec. Co., Cin- cinnati; Union Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co., Cov- ington, Ky. WISCONSIN SECURITIES CO Milwaukee Wisiconsin Controls: Wis. Pub. Service Co. of First Nat. Bank Bldg. Green Bay, De Pere and Two Rivers'; Sheboygan Gas Light Co.; Wis. Ry., Lt. & Pr., La Crosse and Winona; Manito- woc & Northern Traction Co.; West Side Pr. Co. Manitowoc; Calumet Serv- ice Co., Chilton. COLUMBUS GAS CONSTRUCTION CO. . .Milwaukee Wisconsin Owns or controls: Little Falls-Darling Majestic Bldg. Gas Co., Lattle Falls, Minn.; Taylor (Tex.) Gas Co.; Victoria (Tex.) Gas Co.; Oconomowoc (Wis.) Gas Co. DOMINION GAS CO Hamilton Ontario, Canada Owns: Dominion Natural Gas Co., Ltd., of Ontario, Canada; Brantford Gas Co.; Woodstock Gas' Light Co., Ltd.; Beaver Oil & Gas Co.; IngersoU Gas Co.; Thor- old Nat. Gas Co.; United Gas Co. Sup- plies: Natural gas from its own wells to Dunnville. Brantford, Gait, Tillson- burg, Simcoe, Paris, St. George, Dun- das, Bartonville, Jarvis. Cayuga and several other smaller towns. „ ^ QUEBEC RY., LT., HT. & PR. CO Quebec Canada Operates': Quebec Ry., Lt. & Pr. Co.; Quebec Gas Co.; Frontenac Gas Co. 80 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF By-Product Coke Plants in United States No. of Owner or Operator Location Ovens Calhoun Gas Co Battle Creek, Mich 18 Ford Motor Co Detroit, Mich 120 Semet-Solvay Co Detroit, Mich 216 Michigan Light Co Fhnt, Mich 48 Michigan Light Co Kalamazoo, Mich Michigan Alltali Co Wyandotte, Mich 30 Minnesota Steel Co Duluth, Minn 90 Zenith Furnace Co Duluth, Minn 65 Minn. By-Produots Coke St. Paul, Minn 66 Laclede Gas Light Co St. Louis Mo 56 Camden Coke Co Camden N. J 150 Seaboard By-Prod. Coke Co Jersey City N. J 56 Seaboard By-Prod. Coke Co Jersey City, N. J 110 S'emet-Solvay Co Buffalo, N. T 60 Empire Coke Co Geneva, N. T 46 Solvay Process Co Syracuse, N. T 40 Dominion Iron & Steel Co Sydney, N. S' 120 Dominion Iron & Steel Co Sydney, N. S 520 Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co Sydney Mines 190 Dover By-Prod. Coke Co Canal Dover, Ohio 24 United Furnace Co Canton, Ohio 47 Cleveland Furnace Co Cleveland, Ohio 100 River Furnace Co Cleveland, Ohio 204 American Steel & Wire Co Cleveland, Ohio 180 Hamilton Otto Coke Co Hamilton, Ohio 100 Ironton Solvay Coke Co Ironton, Ohio 60 National Tube Co . Lorain, Ohio 208 Portsmouth Solvay Coke Co Portsmouth, Ohio lOS Toledo Furnace Co Toledo, Ohio 94 Brier Hill Steel Co Toungstown, Ohio 84 Republic Iron & Steel Co Toungstown, Ohio 143 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co Youngstown, Ohio 204 Toungstown Sheet & Tube Co Youngstown, Ohio 102 Steel Co. of Canada Hamilton, Ont 60 Algoma Steel Co Sault Ste. Marie, Ont 60 Algoma Steel Co Sault Ste. Marie, Ont 110 Phil. Suburb. Gas & Blec Co Chester, Pa 40 Carnegie Steel Co Clairton, Pa 640 Carnegie Steel Co .Clairton, Pa 128 Semet-Solvay Co Dunbar, Pa 110 Carnegie Steel Farrell, Pa 212 Alleghany By-Prod. Coke Co Glassport, Pa 210 Jones & Laughlin Steel Co Hazelwood, Pa 300 Cambria Steel Co Johnstown, Pa 147 Cambria Steel Co Johnstown, Pa 462 Bethlehem Steel Co Lebanon, Pa 318 Bethlehem Steel Co Steelton, Pa ] 60 Bethlehem Steel Co Steelton. Pa - \ ]l2o Lehigh Coke Co So. Bethlehem, Pa !.424 Providence Gas Co Providence, R. I '.40 Memphis Gas & Blectr. Co Memphis, Tenn 27 Seattle Lighting Co Seattle, Wash ' ' .' ' 20 Fairmount By-Prod. Co Fairmount, W. Va \\ \\io LaBelle Iron Works FoUansbee, W. Va ' ' " * 94 National Tube Co Benwood, W. Va ! ! . 1 20 Northwestern Iron Co Mayville, Wis .,[' 72 Milwaukee Coke & Gas Co Milwaukee, Wis ', " '16O Northwestern Iron Co Mayville, Wis . 36 Chattanooga Coke & Gas Co Chattanooga, Tenn • • . • • ^^ KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 81 and Canada (Naphtha Producers) Kind of oven Coal Gas Machinery, Inclined chambers 30.000 Semet-Solvay 864,000 Semet-Solvay 1,343,300 Park Gas Machinery, inclined chambers. . . 96,400 Parlter-Russell, Horiz 43,800 Otto 94,000 Koppers 800,000 Otto 200,000 Koppors 380,000 Koppers 320,000 Otto 360,000 Koppers 340,600 Koppers 681,000 Semet-Solvay 386,000 Semet-Solvay l40,ooo Semet-Solvay 66,000 Koppers 720,000 Otto 1,664,000 30 Bauer, 160 Bernard 159,000 Roberts 120,000 Koppers 280,000 Semet-Solvay 450,000 Koppers 1,300,000 Koppers 1,150,000 Otto 240,000 Semet-Solvay. 4Mi!,ii00 Koppers 1,320,000 Semet-Solvay 770,000 Koppers 660,000 Koppers 520,000 Koppers 1,020,000 Koppers 1,300,000 Koppers 650,000 Wilputte 342,000 Wllputte 285,000 Koppers 681,000 Semet-Solvay 126,000 Koppers 4,000,000 Koppers S00,000 Semet-Solvay 248,000 Otto 830,000 Otto 260,000 Koppers 2,000.000 Otto 529,200 343 Otto. 92 Koppers, 27 Gas Mach 1,529,500 228 Otto, 90 Semet-Solvay 887,000 Koppers 375,000 Semet-S'olvay 516,000 Koppers 2,400,000 Koppers 240,000 Gas Mach^ incluaing slots 59,000 National Chamber Oven 48,600 Koppers Koppers 610,000 Semet-Solvay 270,000 Otto 320,000 Semet-Solvay 732,000 Otto 197,000 Semet-Solvay 173,000 Ammonia Coke as NH.1 26,300 90 622,000 2,160 1,009,000 3.690 67,500 240 30,700 131 65,800 235 460,000 1,500 144,000 500 273,600 1,140 240,000 880 252.000 990 255,350 937 610,700 1,374 289,600 965 102.200 401 46,500 195 618,400 2,160 1,198,080 4,670 110,000 87,600 300 i;04.400 770 :i:i7.600 1.125 949,000 3,67o 839,600 3,162 168,000 720 270,000 1,031 963,600 3,630 559,900 1,944 408,800 1.540 397,600 1.43.^ 744,600 2,805 949,000 8,575 474.600 1.788 2(10,400 779 217.000 660 510,700 1,874 87,500 313 3.S00,000 12,000 500,000 2,400 173,600 682 581,000 2,283 195,000 650 1,300,000 5,000 338,888 1,203 1.223,700 3.440 638,000 2,267 270,000 1,031 371,500 1,354 1,920.000 6,400 172.800 720 41.300 148 29,200 90 445,300 1,077 139,000 74S 230,400 800 549,000 2,104 147,000 .... 124,000 432 82 B ULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF The Flow of Oil in Pipes The quantity of oil of the same viscosity as water discharged through a pipe is in accordance with the following formula: Q^av in which Q is the quantity discharged in cubic feet per second a is the pipe area in square feet V is the velocity in feet per second To find the velocity discharged from the pipe line, knowing the head, length and inside diameter use the following formula: 7 iiD v = m' / y L + 54D in which v = approximate mean velocity in feet per second m = coefficient from table below D ^ diameter of pipe in feet h = total head in feet L =^ total length of line in feet Value of Coefficient "m" Diameter of Pipe Diameter of Pipe Feet Inches m Feet Inches m 0.1 1.2 23 1.5 18 53 0.2 2.4 30 2.0 24 57 0.3 3.6 34 2.5 30 60 0.4 4.8 37 3.0 36 62 0.5 6.0 39 3.5 42 64 0.6 7.2 42 4.0 48 66 0.7 8.4 44 5.0 60 68 0.8 9.6 46 6.0 72 70 0.9 10.8 47 7.0 84 72 1.0 12.0 48 10.0 120 77 The above coefficients are averages deduced from a large number of experiments. In most cases of pipes carefully laid and in fair condition they should give results within 5 to 10% of the truth. Example: Given the head, h ^ 50 feet, the length, L ^ 5280 feet, and the diameter D ^ 2 feet; to find the velocity and quantity of dis- charge. The value of the coefficient m from the table when D ^ 2 feet is m = 57. Substituting these values in the formula, we get: , 50x2 V / 100 V v = 57 ( ) = 57( )=57 X 0.136 = 7.52 ft. "^5280 + 108^ "^ 5388 ' per second. To find the discharge in cubic feet per sfcond, multiply this veloc- ity by the area of cross section of the pipe in square feet. Thus, 3.1416 X (1) 2 X 7.752 = 24.35 cubic feet per second. Since there are 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot, the discharge in eallons per second = 24.35 X 7.48 = 182.1. ^ The above formula is only an approximation, since the flow is modified by bends, joints, incrustations, etc. Wrought pipes are smoother than cast iron ones, thereby presenting less friction and less encouragement for deposits; and being in longer lengths, the number of joints is reduced, thus lessening the undesirable effects of eddy cur- rents. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 83 Principal Pipeline Mileage Alliiwe Pipeline Co. (Kas. Oil Uef. Co.) 40 .Amalgamated Petroleum Co.... 70 American Petroleum Co 20 Asaociated Oil Co 105 Associated Oil Co 00 Arltansas City Pipeline Co Associated Pipeline Co 281 Associated Pipeline Co 278 Bessemer Pipeline Buckeye Pipeline Co., Lima Division 700 Buclceye Pipeline Co., Macks- burg Division 350 Colive Oil Co Cosden & Co Cosden Pipeline Co Crescent Pipeline Co 310 Crown Pipeline Co 68 Cumberland Pipeline Co 475 Emery Pipeline Co 480 Empire Pipeline Co 86 Empire Pipeline Co 67 lOmpire Pipeline Co 70 iOnipire Pipeline Co 55 Empire Pipeline Co 17 Eureka Pipeline Co 4,300 Franklin Pipe Co General Pipeline Co 150 General Pipeline Co 52 Gulf Pipeline Co 458 Gulf Pipeline Co 76 Gulf Pipeline Co 117 Gulf Pipeline Co 124 Gulf Pipeline Co. of Okla 275 Pipelines Capacity, barrels From Alluwe Dist., Okla., to Coffeyville, Kana 2,500 From Salt Lake Dist., Cai., to Los Angeles, Cal 9,000 From Humble to E. Houston, Tex From Coalinga Dist., Cal., to Monterey, Cal l.'i.OOO From Santa Barbara Co., Cal. to Gaviota, Cal 23,ooo From Blackwell to Arkansas City, Kans From Kern River Dist., Cal., to Port Costa, Cal 13,000 From Kern River Dist., Cal., to Port Costa. Cal 20,000 From Titusville, Pa., to W. Pa From Ohio-Ind. state bound- ary to Ohio-Penn. state boundary 75,000 From Eastern Ohio to Ohio- Penn. and Ohio-W. Va. boundary 10,000 Prom Healdton to Ardmore From adjacent wells to Big- heart, Okla 600 From various Okla. oil dist. to West Tulsa, Okla 30,000 From Greggs, Pa., to Marcus Hook, Pa 6,600 From Okmulgee, Okla., to Muskogee, Okla From Southeastern Kentucky to Kentucky-W. Va. bound. 10,000 From adjacent oil dist. to Bradford, Pa 1,000 From Eldorado and Augusta, Kans.. to Ponca City. Okla .... From Ponca City, Okla., to Norfolk, Okla From northern Oklahoma to Independence, Kans' From Healdton, Okla., to Gainesville, Tex. (Total)... 36,000 From Gainesville, Tex., to Ked River, Tex 8 inch From Kentucky - W. Va. boundary and Ohlo-W. Va. boundary to W. Va.-Pa. boundary 65,000 From adjacent fields to Franklin, Pa 150 Prom Midway Dist., Cal., to Los Angeles and San Pedro 25,000 From Liebere, Cal., to Mojave, Cai 5,000 From Tex. -Okla. State Line to Port Arthur, Tex 28,000 From Batson. Tex., to Sour Lake and Houston 14,000 From La. -Tex. State Line to Lufkin Station, Tex 9,600 From S'altillo Station, Tex., to Fort Worth, Tex 7,000 From Bartlesville, Okla., to Okla.-Tex. boundary 25,000 84 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF PRINCIPAL PIPELINES— Continued Pipeline Mileage Quit Refining Co. of La 21 Gulf Pipeline Co 305 Gulf Pipeline Co 124 Gulf Pipeline Co 98 Gulf Pipeline Co 8*) Gulf Pipeline Co 63 Hale Petroleum Co 20 Illinois Pipeline Co 1,300 Illinois Pipeline Co 25 Illinois Pipeline Co 20 Illinois' Pipeline Co 20 Imperial Pipeline Co., Ltd 155 Indiana Pipeline Co 800 Magnolia Petrole'jm Co 669 Magnolia Petroleum Co 137 Magnolia Petroleum Co 160 Magnolia Petroleum Co. (Double Line) 800 Magnolia Petroleum Co 76 Maryland Pipeline Co Midwest Refining Co 90 National Pipeline Co 60 National Pipeline Co 110 National Transit Co 205 National Transit Co 176 National Transit Co 35 National Transit Co 70 National Transit Co 70 Natrona Pipeline Co 90 New York Transit Co 130 New York Transit Co 1,100 Northern Pipe Co 525 Oklahoma Pipeline Co 229 Paragon Refining Co 237 Pierce Pipeline Co 135 Capacity, barrels Prom Mansfield, La., to La.- Texas boundary 10,000 From Clean, Tex., to Red River, Tex 8 inch Prom Port Worth, Tex., to Saltillo, Tex 6 inch From Caddo, Tex., to Lutkin, Tex 6 inch From Ranger, Tex., to Fort Worth, Tex B inch From Houston to Sour Lake, Tex 6 inch From Eldorado, Kan., to Wichita, Kan 7,500 From Alton, 111., to Center- bridge, Pa 60,000 From Grass Creek, Wyo., to Chatham, Wyo From Elk Basin, W^yo., to Frannie, Wyo From Big Muddy, Wyo., to Casper, Wyo 20,000 From Sarnia, Ont., to Cygnet, Ohio 8 inch From Griffith, Ind., to In- diana-Ohio boundary 110,000 From Electra, Tex., to Sabine, Tex 60,000 From Healdton, Okla., to Fort Worth, Tex 60,000 From Cushing Dist., Okla., to Addington, Okla ! 50,000 From Red River, Tex., to Beaumont, Tex 8 inch From Electra, Tex., to Bowie, Tex 8 inch From Kay County, Okla., to T'onca City, Okla From Salt Creek Dist., Wyo., to Caspar, Wyo 13,000 Prom oil fields in Wood Co., Ohio, to BMndlay, Ohio 1,000 From oil fields in southeastern Ohio to Marietta, Ohio 600 From Nedska, Pa., to New York-Pa. boundary From Colegrave, Pa., to Mil- way, Pa From Milway, Pa. to Fawn Grove Pa 75,000 From Milway, Pa., to Point Breeze, Pa Prom Milway, Pa., to Center- bridge, Pa From Salt Creek, Wyo., to Casper, Wyo 6 inch From Pa. -New York bound- ary to Buffalo, N. Y 65,000 From Olean, N. Y., to Bay- onne, N. J., and Long Is- land, N. Y Prom Pa. -Ohio boundary to Pa.-N. Y. boundary 60,000 Prom Creek County, Okla., to McCurtain, Okla 35,000 From Sandusky County Ohio, to Toledo, Ohio 4,000 Prom Healdton, Okla., to Fort Worth, Tex KANSAS CITY TESTIXG LABORATORY 85 PRINCIPAL PIPELINES— Continued Mileage Pipeline Prairie Pipeline Co Prairie Pipeline Co. (Double (Line) 260 Pi-ahie Pipeline Co 701 Prairie Pipeline Co 1,82a Capacity, ba 90 larrela From Drumright, Okla., to Ranger, Tex 8 inch From Ranger, Tex., to Red River, Tex 8 inch From Cushlng Dist., Oltla., to Humboldt, Kan 100,000 From Humboldt, Kan., to Su- gar Creek, Mo., and Wood River, 111 94,000 From McCurtain, Okla., to Ida, La 31,000 From Eldorado- Augusta Kan., to Neodesha, Kan From Waterlnwn. (iliio, tn TitusvUIe, r-.i 9,000 From Coalinga Dlst.. Cal., to Junction, Cal 15,000 From Sunset Dist., Cal., to Junction Cal 20,000 From Kern Kiver Piwt., Cal., to McKittrick, Cal From Lost Hills Dist., Cal., to Trunk Line. Cal From Belrldge Dist., Cal., to Trunk Line, Cal From Junction, Cal., to Port •s'an Lul.'!, Cal 30,000 From Morgantown, W. Va,. to Marcus Hook, Pa 10,000 From .Saratoga, Tex., to Sour Lake. Tex 1,600 From Fort Worth, Tex., to Red River, Tex 8 inch From Cushing Dist., Okla., to Kansas City and Chicago From Cushinp Dist., Okla., to Coffeyville, Kan From branches and lateral in Okla. and Kansas 50,000 S'inclalr-Cudahy Pipeline Co From Cushing field, Okla., to Whiting, Ind 8 inch Prairie Pipeline Co I'rairie Pipeline Co 8 3 Producers' & Refiners' Pipe Line Co 210 Producers' Transportation Cu . . 41 Producers' Transportation Co.. 50 Producers' Transtiortation Co. . 39 Producers' Transportation Co.. 13 Producers' Transportation Co.. 3 Producers' Transportation Co 74 Pure Oil Pipeline Co 250 Rio Brava OH Co Pierce Pipeline Co Sinclalr-Cudahy Pipeline Co.. Slnclalr-Cudahy Pipeline Co. . Sinclalr-Cudahy Pipeline Co. . 13 70 750 70 340 Slnclalr-Cudahy Pipeline Co Southern Pipeline Co 1,130 Southwestern Penn. Pipelines. .1,050 Standard Oil Co., Cal 281 Standard OH Co., Cal 32 Standard Oil Co., Cal 29 Standard Oil Co., Cal 21 Standard Oil Co., Cal 24 Standard OH Co., Cal 45 Standard Oil Co., Cal 32 Standard Oil Co. of La 622 Sun Co 2.';o Sun Pipeline Co 100 Sun Pipeline Co. 53 From Cushing field to Heald- ton, Okla 8 inch From Pa.-W. Va. boundary to Philadelphia, Pa 61,000 Operates exclusively in south- western Pennsylvania .... 46,000 From Kern River Dist., Cal., to Richmond, Cal 65,000 From Midway Dist., Cal., to Bakersfield, Cal 65,000 From Coalinga Dist., Cal., to Mendota, Cal 28,000 From Lost Hills Dist., Cal., to Pond, Cal 20,000 From Northan Dist., Cal., to El Segundo. Cal 27,000 From Newhall Dist., Cal., to Ventura, Cal 1,400 From Santa Mina Dist., Cal., to Port Hartford, Cal 20,000 From Ida, La., to Baton Rouge, La 36,000 From Seneca and Wood Co., O., to Toledo, 1,000 From Humble, Tex. (also Tale, Okla.) to Sabine Pass, Tex 21,000 From Humble, Tex., to Sour Lake, Tex 6 inch 86 BULLETIN NUMBER FIETBEN OF PRINCIPAL PIPEUNES— Concluded Pipeline Sun Pipeline Co. Sun Pipeline Co. Sun Pipeline Co. Sun Pipeline Co. Mileage ?,5 23 16 i Texas Co. (main lines) 742 Texas Co. (main lines) 160 Texas Co. (main lines) 253 Texas Co. (main lines) 96 Texas Co. (main lines) 60 Texas Co. (laterals) 222 Texas' Co 400 Texas Co 166 Texas Co 85 Texas Co. (two lines) 60 Texas Co 25 Texas Co 130 Texas Co 15 Texas Co. Tidewater Pipe Co. (main line) . 830 Tidewater Pipe Co. (laterals). .1,929 Union Oil Co 66 Union Oil Co 43 Union Oil Co 61 Valley Pipeline Co 170 War Pipeline Co Wilburine Pipeline Co 126 Tarhola Pipeline Co 135 Yarhola Pipeline Co 400 Capacity, barrels From Spindle Top, Tex., to Sabine Pass, Tex 8 inch From Sour Lake, Tex., to Spindle Top, Tex 8 inch From Batson, Tex., to Sour Lake, Tex 8 inch From Stindletop, Tex., to Sun Station, Tex 6 inch From Bartlesville, Okla., to Port Arthur, Tex 20,000 From Electra, Tex., to West Dallas, Tex 17,000 From Vivian, La., to Port Arthur, Tex 20,000 From Bvangaline, Tex., to Garrison, Tex 9,600 From Healdton, Okla., to Sherman, Tex 12,000 From in Oklahoma and Texas to From Dennison, Tex., to Port Arthur inch From Logansport, Tex., to Port Arthur, Tex 8 inch From Ranger, Tex., to Fort Worth, Tex 8 inch From Dallas', Tex., to Fort Worth, Tex 8 inch From Dayton, Tex., to Goose Creek 8 inch From Electra, Tex., to Fort Worth, Tex 6 inch From Humble, Tex., to Hous- ton, Tex 6 inch From Healdton, Okla., to Gates Station, Tex 8 inch From Stoy, 111., to Bayonne, N. J 11,000 In Pennsylvania, N. T., 111., and Ind From Orcutt, Cal., to Port San Luis, Cal Local lines in Ventura Coun- ty, Cal Local lines in Los Angeles, Orange County, Fields, Cal From Coalinga Dist., Cal., to San Francisco Bay 26,000 From Cushing Field, Okla., to Humboldt, Kans 8 inch From Shannopin, Pa., to War- ren, Pa 5,000 From Healdton, Okla., to Cushing, Okla 9,000 From Cushing, Okla., to St. Louis, Mo., and Wood River, II). 36,000 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 87 Losses in the Storage of Crude Petroleum The principal losses in the storage of crude petroleum are due to evaporation, to fire and to seepage. Oils having the greatest loss are the crude oils containing the most gasoline, since they are the most volatile, most readily form explosive and inflammable mixtures and due to their low viscosity most readily flow through walls of loose texture. The loss from evaporation is greater the larger the amount of gasoline. The loss also depends upon the temperatures of storage, upon the amount of surface exposed to the atmospheric circulation. If the tank or container is perfectly tight, then there will be no loss by evaporation. There are three general types of storage now in use in the Mid- Continent fields, the earthen reservoir, the steel tank with wooden roof and the steel tank with a steel gas tight roof. The 55,000 and 35,000 barrel steel tanks are the usual sizes. Al- together there are more than 3,000 of these large steel tanks in use in the Mid-Continent field. The earthen storage is extremely wasteful from both seepage and evaporation. Petroleum standing in this type of reservoir has been known to shrink 40% in volume in two or three weeks. The shrinkage in value is of course much greater as the portion lost by evaporation is the best of the gasoline. The following losses by ' evaporation took place in steel tanks with no seepage, with wooden roof covered with paper and tarred and apparently tight. The oil was of 40°Be' gravity and the tanks were of a diameter of 114V4 feet. Capacity Loss in Gauge Actual Loss Period Per Cent Loss 55,000 bbls. 1ft. 1% in. 2101 bbls. 5 mos. 4.2 55,000 bbls. 1ft. 2% in. 2236 bbls. 41/2 mos. 4.6 55,000 bbls. 11% in. 1700 bbls. 3% mos. 3.4 55,000 bbls. Ift. 14 in. 1910 bbls. 3% mos. 3.8 The above figures indicate that there might be a loss of 1% per month of storage in wood roof steel tanks and this might amount to as much as 6,000 barrels per year per tank. It has been claimed that oil stored in white tanks is subjected to 1 to 1%% less evaporation than in red tanks and 2%% less evapora- tion than in black tanks. Various types of insulation have been used with success. A typical storage temperature for the Mid-Continent field for oil stored above ground would be 80°F. A typical temperature of the ground for a submerged tank would be 60 °F which would more nearly approach the storage temperature of the air for the whole year. If tanks could be successfully and cheaply built in the ground, they would have the advantage of almost perfect insulation from out- heat, and the oil would be stored at practically the temperature at which it comes from the ground. For this submerged type of tank, concrete construction would be proper if capable of perfect construc- tion. It should be monolithic, well reinforced and lined with a coat- ing impervious to water and gasoline. BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Next in quantity after the evaporation losses in the storage of crude oil is the loss due to fire. Petroleum fires destroyed 12,850,000 barrels of oil in the United States in 1918. From Jan. 1, 1908, to Jan. 1, 1918, approximately 12,850,000 barrels of oil and 5,024,506,000 cubic feet of gas were destroyed by fire in the United States entail- ing a total estimated property loss of $25,254,000. During this period 503 fires were reported. Of these ifires 310 were caused by lightning and 193 by other causes. The losses from the fires caused by lightning were estimated to be $11,148,000 and from those due to other causes, $14,106,200. Directly and indirectly the fires re- sulted in the deaths of nearly 150 persons and were responsible for almost as many more being permanently disabled. Loss from fire in the oil field storage in the year 1916 amounted to about $4,000,000. The causes of fires are electrical discharges or open flames in the presence of an inflammable or explosive mixture of gasoline and air. The amount of gasoline vapor in air necessary for an explosive mixture is within the limits of 1%% and 5% by weight. Less than the lower limit or more than the upper limit will not inflame. In an open tank if the amount at the surface of the oil exceeds 1^% there is at some point an explosive mixture and an igniting tempera- ture of 900°F. or over will cause it to take fire. In a perfectly tight tank with gasoline vapor in excess of the upper limit for an explosive mixture, there will be no fire unless the roof of the tank is open at some point. The ingress of a flame through an opening may be prevented in the same way that the flame in the Davy miner's lamp is prevented from passing outward. This operates by having some metal screen or other material cool the flame and prevent it being propagated into the tank. This will not prevent ignition from an electrostatic discharge in the vapor space of the tank. Methods for prevention of fires of oil in storage are as follows: 1st. Means of preventing the passage of the spark in a portion of the unfilled face of the tank. 2d. The maintenance of a mixture in the unfilled portion of the tank which is not an explosive mixture. 3d. A tank so placed and constructed that the cooling effect of the walls will tend to smother the flames and the ingress of air will be so arranged that the fire is not readily fed. 4th. A means for quickly eradicating the fire after it is ignited. Several more or less successful methods for extinction of oil tank fires have been in use. The best involves the use of mixtures of sodium bicarbonate and sulphuric acid which produce sufficient carbon dioxide to smother the flame. If some sort of saponifying agent is used the carbon dioxide will make a froth which will float on the surface of the oil and is very effective in extinguishing the flame. The application of steam is very effective but in the storage of a very large amount of oil the steam is not always available when needed and at the point where needed. For small oil fires dust or other finely divided mineral matter is effective in extinguishing the fire. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 89 Fuel Oil Storage Tanks Regulations Drafted by Fire Protection Association The Committee on Inflammable Liquids of the National Fire Pro- tection Association has submitted the following tentative regula- tions covering the construction of concrete tanks for fuel oil storage. Setting of Tanks. — (a) Tanks, if underground, shall bs buried so that the top of the tank will be not less than three feet below the level of the surface of the ground and below the level of any piping to which the tanks may be connected. (b) Tanks shall be set on a firm foundation. (c) All tanks shall be provided with a concrete or other non- combustible roof. Material and Construction of Tanks. — (a) Reinforcement. — Suffi- cient steel reinforcement shall be used to resist the oil pressure, and the horizontal and vertical reinforcement shall be proportioned prop- erly and located to reduce the shrinkage cracks, so that they will be too minute to permit leakage. The fiber stress in the steel shall not exceed 10,000 pounds per square inch. (Note. A fiber stress of 10,000 pounds per sq. in. should prevent shrinkage cracks although a number of tanks have been designed with a fiber stress of 6,000 to 8,000 pounds.) (b) Concrete. — The concrete for floor and walls shall be at least 8 inches thick, mixed in the proportion of 1:2:3 or better 1:1%:3 and having the coarse aggregate of clean, dense, crushed rock or gravel ranging in size from one inch down. The concrete shall be thoroughly mixed, carefully placed and worked around the reinforce- ment. The forms should not be held together by wire as is frequent- ly done in building construction because leakage is likely to take place along the wire. The concrete shall preferably be poured in a continuous operation so as to form a monolithic construction. (Note. — Where this cannot be done, the bottom shall be poured without joints and the walls as a second continuous operation. One method of making a tight joint between the bottom of the tank and the walls is by means of a strip of galvanized iron six inches wide with joints riveted and soldered, so as to form a continuous band. This strip should be vertically embedded three inches in the floor slab and on the center line of the wall. The floor slab under the walls should be thoroughly cleaned, and before pouring the walls a mixture of 1 :1 mortar should be placed in the bottom of the forms and around the galvanized strip to make a tight joint.) (c) Finish. — As soon as the wall and sides have been poured the floor shall be floated and troweled smooth. The wall forms shall be removed as soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to be self- sustaining and all projections and irregularities shall be removed from the surface and all cavities filled with a 1:1 mortar thoroughly rubbed in and troweled smooth. No plastering shall be applied. (d) Aging. — The concrete shall be allowed to harden at least 30 days and longer if possible. (Note. — To assist in the setting of the concrete before it becomes oil soaked it is advantageous to use several priming coats of a 1:4 solution of 40° Baume' sodium silicate, followed by a finish coat of a 1:2 solution. This forms a glazed sur- 9a BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF face on the concrete, which although it is not permanent, gives the concrete an opportunity to harden until the protection from the silicate of soda is not longer necessary.) Location of Pipe Connections. — All pipe connections to the tank shall be made through the top. Venting of Tanks. — (a) Tanks shall be provided with a per- manently open vent, or with a combined fill and vent fitting so ar- ranged that the fill pipe cannot be opened without opening the vent pipe. (b) Vent openings shall be screened (30x30 brass mesh or equivalent) and shall provide sufficient area for allowing proper flow of liquid during the filling operation. Permanently open vent pipes shall be provided with weatherproof hoods and terminate at a point at least twelve feet above the top of the fill pipe and never within less than three feet, measured horizontally and vertically, from any window or other building opening. Where a battery of tanks is in- stalled vent pipes may be run into a main header. Individual vent pipes should, however, be screened between tank and header and con- nection to the header should be not less than one foot above the level of the top of the highest reservoir from which the tanks may be filled. (c) Fill pipes shall be screened and when installed in the vicin- ity of a building, shall not be located within five feet of any door or other opening and shall terminate in a metal box or casting pro- vided with means for locking. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 91 Rules Governing the Shipment of Oil Samples by Express Oils having' a flash point of 20°F or below must not be shipped in quantities greater than one gallon. This includes benzine, benzol, casinghead gasoline, casinghead naphtha, coal tar light oils, coal tar naphthas, distillates, petroleum ether, gas drips, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, naphthas, naphtha distillates, gas oil, pentane and toluol. Not more than one gallon shall be in one outside container and the package containing the fluid must not be entirely filled. The vacant spade must be not less than 2% of the contents. If in tightly closed metal cans, the package must be packed in wooden boxes. The package shall be labeled with a red label. Crude oils, crude petroleums or petroleum naphthas or liquids having a flash point above 20°F and below 80°F may be shipped in quantities less than six gallons in one package. The package, if a metal can^ must be covered with wood or packed in wooden boxes. Gasoline or naphtha with a flash point of 20 °F or lower when shipped in glass must be in capacity of one pint or less and cushioned in fiber board or corrugated straw board containers and with not more than eight quarts in one package. Lubricating oils, motor oils, coal oil, fuel oil, illuminating oil, kerosene and other petroleum oils with a flash point higher than 80 °F are not subject to special rules governing the transportation of dangerous articles by express and do not require special labels. The red label is required on all inflammable liquids, including light crude oils and light distillates having a flash point below 80°F. 92 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Ownership of Tank Cars TANK CARS OWNED BY RAILROADS. Tank Name and Location. Cars. Colorado & Southern 14 Delaware River & Union R. R 211 Denver & Rio Grande *J East Jersey R. R 120 El Paso & Western 98 Kansas City Southern Ry. Co 193 Los Angeles & Salt Lake R. R. Co 214 Midland Valley R. R. Co 97 Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ry ^^" Morenci Southern Ry. Co 2 New Orleans, Texas & Mexico R. R 75 Northwestern Pacific R. R. Co 34 Oregon-Washington R. R. & Nav. Co 44 Pacific Electric Ry. Co 29 Pennsylvania R. R. Co 514 Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co 20 St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. Co 629 St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Ry 59 St. Louis. Southwestern Ry. Co 29 San Antonio & Aransas Pass Ry. Co 81 Santa Fe Ry. Co 3,178 Santa Fe & Arizona Ry 4 Southern Pacific Ry 2,963 Texas & New Orleans R. R. Co 459 Trinity & Brazos Valley R. R 25 9,81i> TANK CARS OWNED BY OIL INDUSTRY. Tank Name and Location. Cars. Akin Gasoline Co., Tulsa, Okla 3 AJax Gasoline Co., Kansas City 4 American Oil Products Corp., Erie 3 American Oil Works, Titusville, Penn 57 American Refining Co., Tulsa . ;. 256 Anderson & Gustafson, Cushing, Okla 59 Asphaltum Oil & Refining Co., Los' Angeles 3 Associated Oil Co., California 337 Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia 4 Atwood Refining Co., Oklahoma City 23 Allied Refining Co., Okmulgee 63 Barkhausen Oil Co., Green Bay, Wis 1 Beaver Refining Co., Washington, Pa 13 J. B. Berry Sons Co., Oil City, Pa 105 Bigheart Petroleum Refining Co., Bigheart, Okla 25 F. W. Bird & Sons, B. Walpole, Mass 3 Blake Oil Co., Liberal, Kansas 1 Bliss Refining Co., Augusta, Kansas 37 Boynton Gasoline Co., Tulsa 4 Brooks Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio 2 Boynton Refining Co., Boynton, Okla 61 British-American Oil Co, Toronto, Canada 200 E. A. Bush Co., Palmer, Mass 3 Butler County Refining Co., Bruin, Pa 85 Caddo Oil Refining Co., Shreveport, La 120 Canfleld Oil Refining Co., Coraopolis, Pa 45 Canfield Tank Line, Cleveland, 7S Canfield Refining Co., Tale, Okla 55 Cameron Refining Co., Ardmore, Okla 50 Capital Refining Co., Buffalo, N. T 47 Carbo Refining Co., Guthrie, Okla 30 Central Refining Co., Lawrenceville, 111 293 ChampUn Oil & Refining Co., Enid, Okla 38 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 93 OWNERSHIP OF TANK CARS— Continued Tank Name and Location. Cars. Chestnut & Smith, Tulsa, Okla. 12 Cincinnati OH Works, Cincinnati 1 Clarendon Reflning Co., Clarendon, Pa 75 Cleveland Petroleum Refining Co., Cleveland, 21 Climax Refining Co., Corsicana, Texas 13 Columbia OH Co., New York 39 Commonwealth Refining Co., Moran, Kansas 24 Conewango Refining Co., Warren, Pa 47 Canadian Oil Companies, Ltd., Petrolia, Canada 20n Constantln Refining Co., Tulsa 500 Consumers Mutual Tank Line, Chicago 88 Consumers Refining Co., Cushing, Okla . . . .• 379 Continental Oil Co., Denver 8 Continental Refining Co., Oil City, Pa 50 Continental Refining Co., Bristow, Okla 50 Cosden & Co., Tulsa 2,163 Craig on Co., Toledo, Ohio 161 Crescent Refining Co., Newklrk, Okla 80 Crew Levick Co., Philadelphia 215 Crown Gasoline & Oil Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 2 Crystal White Reflnlnpr Co., Allen, Okla 35 Crystal Oil Works, Rouseville, Pa 35 Dallas Oil & Refining Co., Dallas, Texas 20 W. H. Daugherty & Son, Petrolia, Pa 10 El Dorado Refining Co., El Dorado, Kansas 136 Economy Oil & Refining Co., Blackwell, Okla 68 Elk Refining Co., Charleston, W. Va 48 Emery Mfg. Co., Bradford, Pa 90 Emlenton Refining Co., Emlenton, Pa 74 Empire Refineries, Tulsa 2,100 Empire Oil Works, Oil City, Pa 980 Ensign Oil Co., Norristown, Pa 4 E vans-Thwing 250 Foco Oil Co., Franklin, Pa 25 D. W. Frauchot Co., Tulsa, Okla 12 Franklin Quality Reflnlnpr Co., Franklin, Ta 10 Freeport-Mex. Fuel Oil Corp., New Orleans, l.:i 350 Freedom Oil Works, Freedom, Pa 97 General Refining Co., Tulsa 70 Glenn Pool Tank Line, Kansas City 265 Golden Rule Refinery, Wichita, Kansas 30 Great American Refining Co., Jennings, Okla 116 Great Western Oil Co., Cleveland 21 Great Western Oil Refining Co., Erie, Kansas 86 Gulf Refining Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 1,411 Gasoline Corporation, New York 59 General Petroleum Co., Los Angeles, Calif 10 Home Oil Refining Co., Yale, Okla 195 Great Lakes Oil & Refining Co., Wallaceburg, Ciin 12 Hillman Refining Co., Cushing, Okla 49 High Grade Petroleum Products Co., St. Marys. W. Va 50 Humble Oil & Refining Co. (Dixie O. cS: P. Co.), San Antonio, Texas. . 33 Humboldt Refining Co., Humboldt, Kansas 3 Hutchinson Refining Co., Hutchinson, Kansas 35 Illinois OH Co., Cushing, Okla 75 Illinois Refining Co., Rock Island, 111 61 Imperial Refining Co., Ardmore, Okla 26 Imperial Oil Co., of Canada 668 Independent Refining Co., Oil City, Pa 82 Indiahoma Refining Co., St. Louis 600 Indian Refining Co., Lawrenceville, 111 1,032 Inland Refining Co., Tulsa 152 International Oil Works, Ltd., St. Louis 3 International Refining Co., Tulsa 418 Inter-Ocean Oil Co., B. Brooltlyn, Md 15 Interstate Oil Co., Minneapolis, Minn 1 Island Petroleum Co., Pittsburgh 70 Kansas City Oil Co., Kansas City, Kansas 5 94 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF OWNERSHIP OF TANK CARS— Continued Tank Name and Location. Cars. Kansas Oil Refining- Co., Coffeyville, Kansas 94 Kansas City Refining Co., Kansas City, Kansas 181 Kansas Co-.Operative Refining Co., Chanute, Kansas 193 Kendall Refining Co., Bradford, Pa 28 A. Knabb & Co., Marcus Hook, Pa 1 Lake Park Refining Co., Okmulgee, Okla 205 Lawton Refining Co., Lawton, Okla 32 Leader Oil Co., Casey, 111 13 Lesh-National Refining Co., Arkansas City, Kansas 45 Liquified Petroleum Gas Co. Tulsa 8 Louisiana Oil Refining Co., STireveport, La 60 Magnolia Petroleum Co., Dallas, Texas 590 Manufacturers Paraffine Co., Chester, Pa 1 Marland Refining Co., Ponca City, Okla 320 Marshall Oil Co., Marshalltown, la. . . . '. 7 Mexican Petroleum Co., Ltd., New York 170 Mid-Co Gasoline Co., Tulsa 166 Mid-Continent Oil Refining Co., East St. Louis, 111 14 Mid-Continent Gasoline Co. Tulsa 166 Midland Refining Co., Eldorado, Kansas 148 Midwest Refining Co., Denver 22 Miller's Oil Refining Works, Allegheny, Pa 44 Miller Petroleum Refining Co., Chanute, Kansas 59 Milliken Refining Co., St. Louis 70 Motor Fuel Co., Sapulpa, Okla 24 Muskogee Refining Co., Muskogee, Okla 150 Mutual Oil Co., Kansas City, Mo 82 Mutual Refining Co., Ltd., Warren, Pa 39 National Oil Co., New York 24 New Haven Gas Light Co., New Haven, Conn 6 North American Refiners Co., Oklahoma City . . 415 Oconee Oil Refining Co., Athens, Ga 10 Ohio Valley Refining Co., St. Mary's, W. Va 50 Oil Products Corp., New York 20 O. K. :^efining Co., Niotaze, Kansas ISl Oklahoma Petroleum & Gasoline Co., Tulsa 41 Oklahoma Refining Co.. Oklahoma City ' 93 Okmulgee Products & Refining Co., Okmulgee, Okla ' ' 20 Oil State Refining Co, Enid, Okla 30 Oklahoma Products & Refining Co., Tulsa 92 Oneta Refining Co., Oneta, Okla ' ' ' ' 31 Oriental Oil Co., Dallas, Texas ' 39 Ozark Refining Co., Port Smith, Ark ' ' 13 Ohio Cities Gas Co 900 National Refining Co., Cleveland 1004 Pelican Oil Refining Co.. New Orleans, La ' ' '15 Pennsylvania Refining Co., Oil City, Pa ' ' ' c Pennsylvania Refining Co., Karns City, Pa 4 Pan-American Refining Co., Tulsa 260 Panhandle Refining Co., Wichita Falls, Texas 35 Paragon Refining Co., Toledo, Ohio 173 Pawnee Refining Co., Oklahoma 40 Penn-American Refining Co., Oil City, Pa 174 Pennsylvania & Delaware Oil Co., New York. ... 19 Pennsylvania Oil Products Oil Refining Co., Eldred Pa S^i Petroleum Products Co., Pittsburgh 10 Phoenix Refining Co., Tulsa I64 Pierce-Fordyce Assn., Dallas, Texas . . . 403 Pierce Oil Corp., St. Louis ' ' ' ' 343 Final Dome Refining Co., Santa Maria, Calif 1 Pittsburgh Oil Refining Co., Pittsburgh '.'.''' 100 Ponca Lub. Oil Co., Ponca City. Okla 3q Ponca Refining Co., Ponca City, Okla '. ' 14Q Producers Refining Co., Oklahoma City 270 Prod. & Ref. Co., Blackwell, Okla '. ; ; !,» Frank Prox Co., Terre Haute, Ind. 6 Prudential Oil Corp., Baltimore, Md 250 Puente Oil Co., Los Angeles ,..........:... 2 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 95 OWNERSHIP OF TANK CARS— Concluded Tank Nume and Location. Cars. Pure Oil Co., Minneapolis, Minn 74 Railroad Men's Refinery, Eldorado, Kansas 3 Record Oil Refining Co., New Orleans 35 Red "C" Oil Mfg. Co., Highland Town, Md 92 Richardson Lub. Co., Qulncy, 111 3 Richfield Oil Co., Los Angeles 10 Riverside Western Oil Co., Tulsa 225 Roxana Petroleum Corp., Tulsa 400 Robinson Oil Refining Co., Robinson, 111 9 Rosedale Refining Co., Rosedale, Kansas 90 Ruoker Bros., Everett, Washington 2 Sapulpa Refining Co., Sapulpa, Okla 441 Sarco Petroleum Products Co., Independence, Kansas 183 Seneca Oil Works, Warren, Pa 67 Sinclair Retinlng Co., Chicago 3,700 Levi Smith, Ltd., Clarendon, Pa 18 Shell Co. of California, San Francisco 84 Southern Oil Corp., Tulsa 250 Standard Oil Co (Union Tank) 21,600 .'Itannard, C. A., Emporia, Kansas 14 Starlight Refining Co., Karns City, Pa 5 Sterling Oil & Refining Co., Wichita, Kansas 36 St. Louis Oil & Refining Co., El Dorado, Kansas 25 Southern Alberta Refineries, Ltd., Okotoks, Alta 1 Southern Refining Co., Los Angeles 2 A. Speare's Sons Co., Boston 6 Superior Oil Work.s, Ltd., Warren, Pa 25 Superior Refining Co., Covington, Okla 18 Terminal Oil Refining Co., Healdton, Okla 18 The Texas Co.. Houston, Texas 3,435 Tlona Refining Co. Clarendon. Pa 5 Titusvllle Oil Works, Tltusville, Pa 50 Turner Oil Co., Los Angeles 9 Uncle Sam Oil Co., Cherryvale, Kansas 51 Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles 115 Union Petroleum Co., Philadelphia 105 Union Refining Co., East St. Louis, 111 3 United O. & R. Co., Beaumont, Texas 5 United Oil Co., Denver 19 United Refining Co., Warren, Pa 40 U. S. Asphalt Co,, E. Brooklyn, Md 300 Upson's Oil & Soap Co., Parkersburg, AV. Va 7 Vallev Refining Co., Tulsa 23 Valvollne Oil Works. Ltd., East Butler, Pa 89 Victor Refining Co., Yale, Okla 10 Vulcan Oil Refining Co., Cleveland, 48 Wabash Refining Co., Robinson, 111 88 Wadhams Oil Co.. Milwaukee 5 Warren Oil Co., Warren, Pa 50 Warren Refining Co., Warren, Pa 106 Waverly Oil Co., Pittsburgh 50 W^ebster Oil & Gas Co., Yale, Okla 5 Webster Refining Co., Humboldt. Kansas 4 Western Refining Co., Wichita, Kansas 22 West Virginia Oil Co., Parkersburg, W. Va 1 Wichita Independent Oil & Refg. Co. (Sterling), Wichita, Kansas. . 115 Wilburine Oil Works, Ltd., Warren, Pa 61 Wilholt Refining Co., Springfield, Mo 51 Wllshire Oil Co 50 White Eagle Petroleum Co., Augusta, Kansas 260 Wright Pro. & Refining Co., Cherryvale, Kansas 11 Yarvan Rosin & Turpentine Co., Brunswick, Ga 5 Car manufacturers 7,969 Total • ■ 65,500 96 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF RULES GOVERNING THE LOCATION OF NEW LOADING RACKS AND NEW UNLOADING POINTS FOR CASINGHEAD GAS- OLINE, NAPHTHA OR ANY INFLAMMABLE LIQUID WITH FLASH POINT BELOW 30 DEGREES F. The location of new loading racks and unloading points for vola- tile inflammable liquids is considered of great importance, and there is at present lack of uniformity in "the enforcement of proper safe- guards for the protection of life and property. The following rules for the location of new installations shall govern all carriers under Federal . control. These rules are not applicable to present locations. For the purpose of these rules casinghead gasoline is defined to be any mixture containing a condensate from casinghead gas or nat- ural gas obtained by either the compression or the absorption process, and having a vapor tension in excess of eight pounds per square inch. Loading 1. (a) New loading racks for refinery gasoline, naphtha or any liquid (other than casinghead gasoline) with flash point below 30 de- grees F. must not be located nearer than fifty feet to a track over which passenger trains are moved when physical conditions permit, and in no case less than twenty-five feet. (b) New loading racks for casinghead gasoline must be located not less than 100 feet distant from a track over which passenger trains are moved when physical conditions permit, and in no case less than flfty feet. When within seventy-flve feet of such a track a retaining wall, dike or earthen embankment shall be placed between the installa- tion and the track, so constructed as effectually to prevent liquids from flowing onto the track in case of accident. (c) In loading casinghead gasoline, the tank car and the storage tank shall be so connected as effectually to permit the free flow of the gasoline vapors from the tank car to the storage tank and to posi- tively prevent the escape of these vanors to the air, or the vanors must be carried by a vent line to a point not less than 100 feet distant from the nearest track over which passenger trains are moved. Unloading 2. (a) When new unloading points requiring railroad service for the unloading of tank cars of refinery gasoline, benzine or any liquid (other than casinghead gasoline) with flash point below 30 degrees P. are required- the location shall be subject to negotiation between the carrier and the interested oil comnanv. (b) New locations for the unloading of casinghead easoline shall be placed a minimum distance of flfty feet from a track over which passenger trains are moved where phvsical conditions do not nermit a frreater distance, and a maximum di'^tance of 100 feet shall be re- nuired where nhysical conditions rermit; where old or new installa- tions are rilaced within seventv-five feet of a track over which nas- seno-er trains are moved a retaining wall, dike or earthen embankment shall be placed between the installation and the track, so constructed as effectually to prevent liquids from flowing onto the track in case of accident. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 97 Storage 3. (a) These regulations apply only to above-ground tanks for which railroad service is required. Under-ground tanks should be con- sidered by interested railroads as occasion may arise. All storage tanks will be considered above ground unless they are buried so that the top of the tank is covered with at least three feet of earth. (b) All tanks should be set upon a firm foundation and be elec- trically grounded. (c) Each tank over 1,000 gallons in capacity shall have all man- holes, hand holes, vent openings and other openings which may contain inflammable vapor provided with 20 by 20 mesh brass wire screen or its equivalent, so attached as to completely cover the openings and be protected against clogging; these screens may be made removable, but should be kept, normally, firmly attached. Such a tank must also be properly vented or provided with a suitable safety valve set to operate at not more than five pouriids per square inch for both interior pressure and vacuum; manhole covers kept closed by their weight only will be considered satisfactory. (d) Tanks used with a pressure discharge system must have a safety valve set at not more than one-half of the pressure to which the tank was originally tested. (e) Tanks containing over 500 gallons and not exceeding 18,000 gallons of gasoline, benzine, naphtha, casinghead gasoline or any liquid with flash point below 30 degrees F. must be located not less than twenty feet from a track over which passenger trains are moved. (f ) For capacities exceeding 18,000 gallons the following distances shall govern: Minimum distance from a track Capacity of tanks over which passenger (in gallons) trains are moved 18,001 to 30,000 40 feet 30,001 to 48,000 50 feet 48,001 to 100,000 60 feet 100,001 to 150,000 80 feet 150,001 to 250,000 100 feet 250,001 to 500,000 150 feet Over 500,000 200 feet (g) Where practicable, tanks should be located on ground sloping away from railroad property. If this is impracticable, then the tanks must be surrounded by dikes of earth or concrete or other suitable material of sufficient capacity to hold all the contents of the tanks, or of such nature and location that in case of breakage of the tanks the liquid will be diverted to points such that railroad property and passing trains will not be endangered. General 4. (a) In measuring distance from any railroad track the nearest rail shall be considered as the starting point. (b) During the time that the tank car is connected by loading or unloading connections there must be signs placed on the track or car 98 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF so as to give necessary warning. Such signs must be at least 12 by 15 inches in size and bear the words "Stop — Tank Car Connected," or "Stop — Men at Worlc," the word "Stop" being in letters at least four inches high and the other words in letters at least two inches high. The letters must be white on a blue background. The party loading or unloading the tank car is responsible for furnishing, maintaining and placing these signs. (c) In laying pipelines on railroad property for the loading or un- loading of tank cars they must be laid at a depth of at least three feet, and at points where such pipelines pass under tracks they must be laid at least four feet below the bottom of the ties. (d) All connections between tank cars and pipelines must be in good condition and must not permit any leakage. They must be fre- quently examined and replaced when they have become worn in order to insure at all times absolutely tight connections. Tank cars must not be left connected to pipelines except when loading or unloading is going on and while a competent man is present and in charge. (e) The ends of the pipelines for loading or unloading tank cars from their bottom opening when on railroad property should be placed in shallow pits with brick or concrete walls not closer than eight feet from center line of track. These pits should be ventilated and be pro- tected by substantial one-piece covers, level with the surface of the ground, which must be kept locked in place when the pits are not in use. These pits should not be drained into a sewer or running stream. (f ) Except when closed electric lights are available, the loading or unloading of tank cars on railroad property shall not be permitted except during daylight when artificial light is not required. The pres- ence of flame lanterns, nearby flame switch lights or other exposed flame lights during the process of loading or unloading is prohibited. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY '3 IS c -, 1 ,M a .o s-s u ^o o OS ■+3 01 « s? T. "^ H => 1 Z.O W 13^ na Hi t> o *H b Q h (u O S a 3 -P CQCH e c« en o ^ -38 Q) .. 1 ^^1 << ^ "11 ^ S 11 tM U V o Eh ■W 'J W .a & 9 M s H M ^ cd ^j? U iiS «^ .553 H S 3^ > > ^2 => o . = M >>ss "i S .o E V bo a o 3 |; s s fc S i a go * « ■* ' ^ gi 1- » i; Set- q 8 8 &: 3 s 5 i S ^ O fH o p E S b >5 h^l (Li S « M S «< 100 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks C = Liquid contents in gallons L = Length of tank in inches d = Diameter of tank in inches X = Depth of liquid contents in inches C =-23j7(o.004363 d'' Cos-i ^=|^--^-^ V^ x(d— x)) Cos-i d means the value of the angular degrees whose cosine is d— 2x d The cosine of an angle is the ratio in its right angled triangle, of the side adjacent the angle to the hypothenuse of the triangle. When L = 300 inches d = 100 inches X = 30 inches Cos-i d— 2x d .4 = 300 /. 231 t 300 231 = .4 66.42° 0.004363 (2897 — (From Trigonor (10000) (66.42) 882.) netric tables) C = — 20 V 2100] 2617 gallons. Total capacity of horizontal cylindrical tank in gallons. C = .0034 d=L d := diameter in inches. L := length in inches, c = capacity in U. S. Gallons. Total capacity of horizontal cylindrical tankg in barrels. C = 0.14 d'L. d =: diameter in feet. L =.' Length in feet, c = capacity in barrels. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORy 101 Horizontal Cylindrical Tank Capacity Table Diameter Capacit; 1% ==r .17% 2% =: .48% 3% = .87% 4% 1=: 1.34% 5% ::= 1.87% 6% r= 2.45% 7% = 3.08% 8% ==: 3.75% 9% ■=^ 4.46% 10% = 5.20% 11% =; 5.98% 12% = 6.79% 13% zz= 7.64% 14% = 8.51% 15% = 9.41% 16% =z 10.33% 17% ^ 11.27% 18% =^ 12.24% 19% :=: 13.23% 20% = . 14.24% 21% ■=z. 15.27% 22% r= 16.31% 23% - — 17.37% 24% z= 18.45% 25% ;= 19.55% 26% 20.66% 27% ^ 21.78% 28% ^ 22.92% 29% ^ 24.07% 30% =: 25.23% 31% =: 26.40% 32% = 27.58% 33% = 28.78% 34% :^ 29.98% 35% = 31.19% 36% = 32.41% 37% = 33.63% 38% = 34.87% 39% m 36.11% 40% = 37.35% 41% = 38.60% 42% = 39.86% 43% = 41.12% 44% ^ 42.38% 45% = 43.64% 46% = 44.91% 47% = 46.18% 48% =r 47.45% 49% — 48.73% 50% =3 50.00% Capacity Diameter 1% = 3.3% 2% =:= 5.2% 3% — 7.0% 4% r;: 8.2% 5% = 9.7% 6% 1= 11.0% 7% = 12.2% 8% :iz: 13.4% 9% =: 14.5% 10% = 15.6% 11% — 16.7% 12% ^ 17.8% 13% :=: 18.8% 14% = 19.8% 15% = 20.8% 16% = 21.7% 17% := 22.6% 18% = 23.6% 19% = 24.5% 20% = 25.4% 21% = 26.3% 22% = 27.2% 23% :^ 21.8% 24% =; 29.0% 25% = 29.8% 26% — 30.6% 27% =1: 31.5% 28% = 32.4% 29% z= 33.2% 30% = 34.0% 31% ::r: 34.8% 32% =: 35.7% 33% = 36.5% 34% = 37.3% 35% ^ 38.1% 36% = 38.9% 37% ^ 39.7% 38% :^ 40.5% 39% = 41.3% 40% = 42.1% 41% =^ 42.9% 42% — 43.7% 43% = 44.5% 44% •=11 45.3% 45% — 46.1% 46% i^ 46.9% 47% = 47.7% 48% — 48.5% 49% 49.2% 50% = 50.0% .02 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF . Tank Car Outage Table Showing Capacity of an 8,000-Gallon Tank Car at Different Levels Web Contents Wet Contents Wet Contents Reading U. S. Gal. Beading U. S. Gal. Reading U. S. Gal. Ft. In. Ft. In. Ft. In. 1 20.4 3 4 4160. 6 7 80M. 2 63.7 3 5 4293. 6 8 8093.8 3 102. 3 6 4424. 6 9 8103.74 4 157. 3 7 4554. 6 10 8113.86 5 218. 3 8 4684. 8 11 8123.57 6 285. 3 9 4814. 7 8133.49 7 356.5 3 10 4945. 7 1 8143.4 8 434.6 3 11 5073. 7 2 8163.32 9 516.7 4 5201. 7 3 8163.23 10 602. 4 1 6330. 7 4 8173.14 11 692.2 4 2 5456. 7 5 8183.06 1 785.5 4 3 5582. 7 6 8192.97 1 1 881.3 4 4 5705. 7 7 8202.89 1 3 981.1 i 5 5829. 7 8 8213.06 1 3 1082. 4 6 5950. 7 9 8223.97 1 4 1187. 4 7 6071. 7 10 8234.88 1 5 1396. 4 8 6191. 7 11 8245.04 1 9 1456. 4 9 6306. 8 8254.96 1 7 1518. 4 10 6424. 8 1 8284.87 1 8 1630. 4 11 6538. 8 2 8274.79 1 9 1746. .5 6649. 8 3 8284.7 1 10 1863. 6 1 6758. 8 4 8294.62 1 11 1983. 5 2 6867. , 8 5 8304.53 a 2104. 5 3 6972. 8 6 8314.45 2 1 2225. 5 4 7073. 8 7 8324.36 2 2 2349. , 5 5 7173. 8 8 8334.28 2 3 2472. 5 6 7269. 8 9 8342.29 2 4 259S. 5 7 7362. 81 10 8346.98 2 5 2724. 5 8 7452.08 8 11 8349.48 2 6 2853. 5 9 7538.32 9 8351.98 2 7 2981. 5 10 7620.0r 9 1 8364.48 2 8 3109. 5 11 7699.34 9 2 8356.98 2 9 3240. 6 7771.36 9 3 8359.49 2 10 3370. 6 1 7839.89 9 4 83Q11'49 2 11 350O. 6 2 7902.96 9 5 83^.70 1 3 3630. 6 3 7960.76 9 e 8ot3^ 3 1 8761. 6 4 8002.86 9 7 8363.93 3 2 3894. 6 5 8051.24 9 8 8364.54 3 3 4027. 6 6 8074. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 103 GAUGING TABLE FOR EACH ONE-QUARTER INCH IN DEPTH FOR TANK AS DETAILED ON PETROLEUM IRON WORKS COMPANY DRAWING No. 2050-A 8050-GalIon 78-Inch Diameter Tank With Steam Coils for Type "A" and "A-1" Cars e on (A « n to « n a q a Q c a a i i 1 C5 1 o a ffl 1 o 03 1 O S3 C9 1 o O 1 1 C3 a dl 731 2 2037 3 3665 4 5142 6 6583 6 7095 7 8085 4 o — 754 i 2087 r 3598 i 5174 i 6611 4 7713 4 8068 I 777 i 2097 3631 h 6208 i 0U38 ^ 7731 h 8091 a 3 4 801 i 2128 4 3164 i 5238 i 6665 3 7749 3 8094 1 20 Ol 825 1 2159 1 3697 1 5289 1 6602 1 7766 1 8097 5 28 §i sto i 2189 i 3730 i 5301 i 6719 i 7783 1 8100 2 37 Si 875 I 2220 i 3765 4 5332 i 6746 7860 i 8103 40 Z a 898 3 2251 i 3786 ii 5301 3 6(772 a 7816 3 8106 65 66 2 823 2 1 2282 2313 2 3830 3803 2 i 5395 5427 2 4 67'J8 ■3824 2 4 7832 7S47 2 i 8109 i : 948 8112 J 76 073 2344 i 3896 h 6458 i 6850 ■J 7s 1102 i 2499 i 4063 3 6613 3 6977 i 7931 3 8129 4 153 ! 1128 4 2531 4 4096 4 6614 4 7002 4 7943 4 6132 107 I; 1154 i 25C2 i 4130 .1 6676 i 7027 i 7'.l.')4 4 8135 1 181 1180 h 2594 4163 6706 i 7052 J TXa i 8138 lilU 1207 i 2625 u 41116 1^ 5737 a 7077 3 79711 i 8141 t; 211 ii 12»1 5 2057 6 4239 5 6767 6 7101 5 7!ih<; 5 8144 i i 226 J 1261 } 2688 i 4202 J 6799 i 7126 5 7'jy5 4 8147 241 1 1288 i 2720 i 4295 ^ 5829 i 7149 1 8003 8160 256 1315 1 2752 i 4328 12 6869 a 7173 f 8010 ; 8163 272 287 6 1 1343 1370 6 i 2784 2816 6 h 4361 4394 6889 6919 6 i 7197 7221 u (S015 b 6155 1 .1 8UI8 4 I 305 I 1388 i 2W8 4427 i 5049 i 7244 1 8021 i 31!) 3 142G i 2860 g 4460 i 5979 a 7207 ii 8024 3 7 33B 7 1454 7 2912 7 4493 7 6009 7 7290 7 8027 7 S i 352 } 1482 i 2944 i 4S26 i 6039 i 7313 4 8030 i 2 i i a i 8 369 i 3 g 1610 i 2976 i 4559 h 6069 I 7335 i 8033 i 380 1538 i 3008 i 4502 a 0098 J 7357 3 8036 a .... 403 1697 a 3041 8 46^4 8 612(7 8 7379 8 8039 3 .... ii ^ 9 421 i 9 1596 i 3073 i 4657 J 6157 ^ 7401 4 8042 3 488 1624 I 3106 i 46S0 ^ 6188 ' i 7422 I 6045 i 457 1653 i 3138 a 4r23 s 6215 . 1 7443 3 8048 3 ! 47G 1682 9 3171 9 4755 9 6244 ■9 7484 9 8050 9 s \ ° 10 496 i 1 10 1711 } 3203 J 4788 i 6273 i 7485 4 8U5S 4 51G 1740 i S23S J 4820 i 6302 J 7506 1^ 8056 h . 530 1769 i 3269 i 4853 9 6351 3 7526 3i 8059 3 556 1799 10 3302 10 488S 10 6369 10 7546 lOo 8062 10 M H 11 ■ 577 i 1 11 1826 i 3334 i 4918 i 6388 i 7666 40 8065 i 608 1857 i 8367 i 4950 6416 "J 7585 i 8068 s 619 1887 1 3400 J 4882 1 .6444 i 7604 3 8071 s 640 1917 11 3433 11 6014 11 6472 11 7623 n 8074 11 Si • 1^ 662 i 1 1947 i 3466 i 6046 i 6500 J 7641 J 8077 \ 684 1977 i 3499 5078 i 6528 ■J 7659 % 808O i 707 20OT i 3532 5 5110 3 6556 3 7677 i 8083 3 DOME 244 ealloDS = 11.80 gallons to one inch. Furnlsbed by Pennsylvania Tank Car Company, Sharon, Pa. 104 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Tank Car Outage Tables* Calculated from 0.25 Inch to 5 Inches Out of Shell, at 60°F Capacity of Car in Gallons at 60 °F 4231 6000 6641 7000 8087 8102 8505 10000 Inches Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons 0.25 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 0.5 6 8 8 3 10 10 10 12 0.7S 9 13 13 13 16 16 17 19 1. 13 18 IS 18 23 23 25 26 1J2S 18 M 25 25 31 31 33 36 1.5 23 31 33 33 39 39 45 46 1.75 29 38 41 41 48 48 56 58 2. 35 46 49 BO 58 58 67 71 2.25 41 54 68 m 69 69 79 84 2.5 48 63 68 69 80 80 92 9S 2.75 55 72 78 79 90 91 105 111 3. 63 82 88 90 103 103 119 125 3.25 71 92 99 101 115 115 133 140 3.5 79 103 110 113 128 128 148 156 3.75 87 114 123 125 141 141 163 171 4. 98 128 134 137 154 154 178 189 4.25 105 139 146 150 167 167 194 203 4.5 114 148 159 163 181 181 211 220 4.75 123 lao 172 176 195 195 288 237 5. 133 173 186 190 210 210 244 254 *FuTmshed by Phoenix Eefining Co. CONTENTS OF HORIZONTAL TANKS (GALLONS). Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tanks in Inches. 36 Inches in 37 Inches in 38 Inches in Depth 39 Inches in 40 Inches in 41 Inches in Diameter Diameter Diameter Inches Diameter Diameter Diameter 20i;4 2.858 2.769 20 2.720 19% 19 2.586 2.547 2.591 2.327 2.247 18% 18 2.203 2.290 2.332 2.374 2.415 2.047 2.087 2.126 17 2.165 2.202 2.239 1.893 1.928 1.963 16 1.998 2.032 2.065 1.739 1.770 1.801 15 1.832 1.863 1.894 1.585 1.613 1.643 14 1.669 1.697 1.724 1.434 1.459 1.484 13 1.509 1.533 1.567 1.286 1.308 1.330 12 1.351 1.372 1.393 1.140 1.159 1.179 11 1.198 1.216 1.233 .999 1.015 1.032 10 1.047 1.063 1.079 .861 .875 .889 9 .903 .916 .929 .729 .740 .762 8 .763 .774 .785 .603 .612 .621 7 .631 .639 .648 .483 .490 .497 6 .605 .512 .513 .371 .376 .382 5 .387 .392 .398 .268 .271 .275 4 .280 .283 .287 .175 .178 .180 3 .183 .185 .188 .096 .098 .099 3 .100 .102 .103 .034 .035 .035 1 .036 .036 .037 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 105 CONTENTS OF HORIZONTAL TANKS— Continued. 42 Inches In 43 Inches in 44 Inches in Depth 45 Inches in 46 Inches in 47 Inches in Diameter Diameter Diameter Inches Diameter Diameter Diameter 2314 3755 2S 3.597 3653 22% 22 3 442 3291 3^4 3 307 3 450 3.143 3.050 21V4 21 2.998 3.100 3.149 3.199 3.248 2.817 2.864 2.906 20 2.955 3.002 3.047 2.636 2.679 2.721 19 2.763 2.805 1 2.846 2.455 2.496 2.633 18 2.572 2.(B9 2.6J7 2.276 2.313 2.347 17 2.381 2.416 2.450 2.088 2.1321 2.163 16 2.193 2.226 2.256 1.922 1.952 1.981 15 2.009 2.037 2.064 1.750 1.776 1.802 14 1.827 1.852 1.876 1.580 1.603 1.628 13 1.648 1.672 1.693 1.414 1.434 1.454 12 1.473 1.4« 1.513 1.262 1.260 1.287 11 1.304 1.321 l.S.'tS 1.09* 1.110 1.125 10 1.139 1.154 1.168 .942 .955 .968 9 .980 .993 1.006 .807 .817 8 .827 .838 .848 .857 .668 .675 7 .682 .691 .699 .528 .632 .540 6 .546 .552 1 .568 .403 .408 .414 5 .418 .424 .428 .294 .207 4 .301 .304 .308 .190 .193 .194 3 .197 .199 .200 .104 .106 .107 2 .108 .110 .111 .037 .038 .038 1 .038 .039 .039 HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tanks in Inches. 48 Inches In 49 Inches In 50 Inches in Depth 51 Inches In 62 Inches in 53 Inches in Diameter Diameter Diameter Inches Diameter Diameter Diameter 26% 4.776 26 25% 25 24% 24 4.697 4.660 4.428 4.309 4.250 4.371 4.431 4.082 3.975 3.917 4.033 4.065 4.146 4.203 3.707 3.765 3.817 23 3.866 3.922 3.976 3.498 3.656 3.602 22 3.647 3.700 3.748 2.289 3.345 3.388 21 3.431 3.479 3.523 3.084 3.136 3.175 20 3.216 3.259 3.30O 2.881 2.928 2.964 19 3.U02' 3.044 3.078 2.679 2.722 2.755 18 2.790 2.825 2.859 2.478 2.617 2.548 17 2.580 2.613 2.644 2.281 2.316 2.344 16 2.374 2.406 2.432 2.087 2.118 1.146 16 2.170 2.199 2.222 1.900 1.924 1.M8 14 1.971 1.996 2.016 1.716 1.734 1.756 13 1.777 1.797 1.815 1.533 1.560 1.669 13 1.585 1.605 1.622 1.353 1.370 1.386 11 1.402 1.417 1.433 1.180 1.195 1.210 10 1.223 1.235 1.251 1.017 1.027 1.040 9 1.062 1.063 l.OTT .850 .866 .878 8 .888 .897 .907 .708 .716 .723 7 .729 .737 .746 .568 .575 .578 6 .583 .587 .695 .438 .440 .442 5 .447 .451 .454 .810 .317 .319 4 .319 .326 .389 .201 .205 .208 3 .211 .214 .214 .113 .114 .114 2 .114 .117 .119 .040 .041 .041 1 .041 .041 .042 106 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tanks in Inches. 54 Inches in 65 Inches in 56 Inches in Depth 57 Inches in 58 Inches in 59 Inches in Diameter Diameter Diameter Inches Diameter Diameter Diameter 29% 5.918 29 281^ 28 27% 27 5.719 6.790 5.623 6.331 6.399 5.487 5.535 6.143 4.957 5.023 6.089 6.153 5.217 5.280 4.723 4.785 4.847 23 4.907 4.967 5.026 4.490 4.547 4.605 2o 4.662 4.717 4.773 4.2S8 4.311 4.365 24 4.417 4.469 4.521 4.026 4.076 4.125 23 4.175 4.223 4.271 3.794 3.842 3.886 , 92 3.9^ 3.978 4.023 3.566 3.611 3.651 21 3.694 3.736 3.777 3.340 3.381 3.418 20 3.456 3.495 3.534 3.116 3.152 S.188 19 3.222 3.266 3.293 2.893 2.926 2.959 IS 2.992 3.020 3.057 2.674 2.704 2.734 17 2.766 2.788 2.^3 2.459 2.^86 2.513 16 2.543 2.563 2.594 2.248 2.271 2.296 15 2.321 2.344 2.369 2.041 2.061 2.084 14 2.104 2.128 2.149 1.838 i;857 1.878 13 1.895 1.916 1.934 1.640 1.657 1.675 12 1.692 1.710 1.726 1.449 1.464 1.478 11 1.496 1.509 1.524 1.265 1.279 1.290 10 1.304 1.316 1.S29 1.086 1.099 1.108 9 1.120 1.130 1.141 .915 .926 .936 8 .943 .953 .961 .755 .759 .789 7 .776 .784 .791 .802 .607 .614 6 .620 .626 .631 .461 .466 .470 5 .473 .479 .483 .331 .335 .337 4 .840 .344 .347 .217 .219 .220 3 .223 .225 .227 .119 .120 .121 2 .122 .123 .124 .042 .042 .043 1 .043 .044 .044 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 107 HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tanks in Inches. «o Inches in Ul Inches in 02 Inches in Depth 63 Inches in in Inches in 65 Inches In Diameter Diamol^cr Diameter Inches Diameter Diameter Diameter 32% 32 31% 31 30% 30 7.182 6.963 7.030 6.747 6.535 6.610 6.686 6.755 6 326 6.119 6.193 6.267 8.SS7 6.410 lj.472 s.sse 5.029 B.999 29 6.065 6.131 0.193 5.598 5.068 . 5.732 28 S.794 5.858 5.915 .-).:i3!i 5.407 S.466 27 5.523 5.584 5.639 5.082 5.146 6.169 26 5.254 5.310 5.363 4.828 4.885 4.935 25 4.966 5.038 6.089 4.572 4.625 4.672 24 4.722 4.760 4.817 4.318 4.308 4.412 23 4.468 4.603 4.5J7 4.006 4.111 4.153 22 4.196 4.239 4.281 S.818 3.859 3.898 21 3.937 S.976 4.016 3.572 3.00O 3.645 20 3.683 3.718 3.756 3.328 3.363 3.397 19 3.430 3.464 3.496 3.088 3.120 3.151 18 3.181 3.213 3.242 2.582 2.881 2.910 17 2.937 2.964 2.992 2.621 2.648 2.OT2 16 2.698 2.723 2.748 2.392 2.417 2.440 15 2.463 2.486 2.508 2.171 2.192 2.213 14 2.2:e 2.2.->4 2.274 1.9&1 1.072 1.991 V.t 2.008 2.027 2.046 1.743 1.759 1.770 12 1.791 1.808 1.823 1.538 1.552 1.567 n 1.581 1.505 1.608 1.341 1.352 1.3C6 10 1.3T8 1.390 1.401 1.152 1.161 1.173 it 1.183 1.192 1.203 .971 .980 .988 8 .990 1.006 1.013 .799 .806 .812 7 .819 .827 .833 .634 .642 .648 6 .653 .659 .664 .487 .491 .496 5 .500 .504 .606. .349 .364 , .357 4 .359 .302 .365 .230 i,-2S3 3 .235 .2^ .23S .125 .126 •:.128 2 .128 .129 .131 .045 .045 ■ .045 1 .016 .046 .047 108 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF , HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tanks in Inches. 66 iDcbes in 67 Inches in 68 Inches in Depth 99 Inches in 70 Inches in 71 Inches in Diameter Diameter Diameter Inches Diameter Diameter Diameter 35^4 35 8.570 8.330 8.413 34 ' 8.094 7*861 "*" 7.944 " "8.026" " ""k'.m"' ■""7.631 "" 7.4K '""7.567"' 38% 33 ""7.'406'" '"i'MS " """"i'ras""" i'mi 7.120 7.194 7.273 32 7.348 7.421 •jAgs 6.8M 6.904 6.979 31 7.051 7.120 7.190 6.549 6.617 6.687 30 9.765 6.819 6.886 6.264 0.227 (i.:i95 29 6.459 6.519 6.583 5.!!81 6.041 (i.l04 28 6.164 6.222 6.283 5.699 5.756 5.814 27 5.870 5.927 5.983 5.419 5.473 5.528 28 5.680 6.634 5.686 5.141 6.191 5.244 2S 5.292 5.343 5.391 4.865 4.913 4.961 24 5.009 5.052 5.096 4.592 4.037 4.681 23 4.724 4.764 4.809 4.322 4.393 4.403 22 4.444 4.481 4.524 4.054 4.032 4.12:^ 21 4.167 4.204 4.241 3.789 3.824 3.859 20 3.893 3.929 3.962 3.629 3.561 3.59;l 19 3.62S 3.657 3.688 3.273 3.302 3.331 18 3.360 3.388 3.418 3.020 3.040 3.074 17 3.101 3.125 3.152 2.772 2.797 2 821 18 2.846 2.868 2.894 2.530 2.553 2.575 15 2.595 2.617 2.940 2.294 2.314 ,2.333 14 2,352 2.372 2.391 2.064 2.080 2.099 13 2.118 2.135 2.160 1.839 1.855 • 1.871 12 1.886 1.901 1.916 1.622 1.635 1.650 11 1.663 , 1.674 1.693 1.413 1.426 1.439 10 1.449 ,1.459 1.476 1.223 1.235 9 1.242 1.254 1.264 1.022 1.030 r 1.041 >■ 8 1.047 1.060 1.063 , .841 .847 .855 7 .859 , .871 .874 .670 .675 .680 6 .687 : .689 .997 .612 .616 .529 5 .924 , .528 .531 .368 .371 .374 4 .377 .378 .382 .243 .244 3 .246 249 .250 .131 .132 .133 2 .134 .135 .136 .047 .047- .047 1 .048 .048 .048 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 109 HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tanks in Inches. 72 Inches In 73 Inches ta 74 Inches In Depth 7.7 Inches In 76 Inches In 77 Inches in Diameter Diameter Diameter Inches Diameter Diameter Diameter 38 10.079 9.819 9.912 37 V4 37 36<^ 9662 ' 9.309 " 9.40O ""9.489"' 9.579 9.069 8.8U 8.889 " '8.989 " 36 '""awe" 9.160 " "9.246 ' 8.5(X) 8.682 8.869 35 8.752 8.832 8.914 8.188 8.287 8.349 34 8.428 8.505 8.683 7.887 7.953 8.030 33 8.104 8.178 8.253 7.567 7.639 7.712 32 7.782 7.782 7.924 7.259 7.320 7.395 31 7.481 7.528 7.596 6.952 7.015 7.080 30 T.142 7.205 7.268 «.&45 6.700 6.768 29 6.824 6.8% 6.944 6.S41 6.397 8.454 28 6.509 6.56T 6.622 (!.038 6.091 6.145 27 6.195 6.250 6.302 5.738 5.786 5.839 26 5.8SS 5.938 5.988 6.439 6.485 6.636 25 5.678 5.628 5.675 5.144 6.188 6.232 24 5.274 5.320 5.3C4 4.862 4.892 4.934 23 4.975 6.014 5.056 4.563 4.6419 4.639 22 4.677 4.715 4.753 4.278 4.311 4.374 21 4,383 4.418 4.453 3.997 4.025 4.062 20 4.094 4.127 4.161 3.719 3.748 3.781 19 3.809 3.839 3.871 3.446 3.474 8.601 18 3.529 3.566 3.685 3.179 3.204 3.229 17 3.255 3.280 3.305 2.917 2.938 2.962 18 2.985 3.008 3.032 2.681 2.702 15 2.723 2.744 2.764 2.40« 2.429 2.447 14 2.41.7 2.485 2.503 2.167 1.184 2.200 13 2.216 2.2M 2.250 1.932 1.948 1.960 12 1.9TS 1.990 2.003 i.7ai 1.716 1.72(7 11 1.742 1.753 1.767 1.483 1.494 1.605 10 1.515 1.527 1.538 1.272 1.281 1.291 9 1.300 1.309 1.318 l.OTl 1.079 1.086 8 1.095 1.102 1.110 .880 .887 .893 7 .899 .906 .912 .701 .707 .712 6 .717 .722 .727 .m; .640 .544 5 ..548 .551 .555 .386 .388 .391 4 .393 .396 .399 .2.->3 .253 .254 3 .256 .259 .260 .138 .138 .139 2 .140 .141 .142 .048 .049 .049 1 .050 .050 .050 no BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tanks in Inches. 78 Inches in 79 Inches in 80 Inches in Depth 81 inches in 82 Inches in 83 Inches in Diameter Diameter Diameter Inches Diameter Diameter Diameter 41% 41 401^ 40 39% 39 11.711 "■ii.'43l"" 11.531 "ii.'isi" 10.978 "io.'sso " '"ii.'ore"' ii.l72 ' 10 610 '"io.'sts"' 10.439 '16.533 'i6.'627 "16.726 ' ' 10.814 " 10.000 10.097 10.187 38 10.277 10.365 10.456 9.666 9.758 9.841 37 9.927 10.012 10.096 9.329 9.416 9.496 38 9.578 9.660 9.741 8.994 9.076 9.151 35 9.231 9.307 9.385 8.659 8.737 8.809 24 5..5I32 6.574 6.615 8.325 8.398 8.468 33 S.53S 8.608 8.679 7.992 8.060 8.128 32 8.194 8.260 8.328 7.660 7.724 7.789 31 7.854 7.916 7.980 7.330 7.391 7.454 30 7.514 7.576 7.633 7.0O1 7.059 7.120 29 7.176 7.234 7.286 6.679 6.734 6.788 28 6.842 6.893 6.947 6.354 6.407 6.458 27 6.608 6.667 6.610 6.035 6.085 6.132 26 6.181 6.228 6.274 5.719 5.764 5.809 28 6.683 5.899 5.94S 5.406 6.449 5.490 24 5.9^ 5.674 5.615 5.096 6.138 5.175 231 5.213 5.252 5.291 4.791 4.829 4.864 22 4.900 4.933 4.970 4.487 4.523 4.557 a 4.592 4.624 4.657 4.189 4.224 4.264 20 4.286 4.316 4.436 3.897 3.928 3.956 19 3.987 4.013 4.043 3.610 3.6S7 3.665 IS 3.691 ,8.717 3.742 3.329 3.356 3.377 17 3.403 3.426 3.460 3.(»3 3.076 .5.098 16 S.120 3.141 3.164 2.784 2,804 2.826 15 a. 848 2.863 2.883 2.522 2.540 2.558 14 2.576 2.692 2.612 2.267 2.282 2.299 13 2.315 2.ffi9 2.345 2.019 2.033 2.047 12- 2.062 2.074 2.089 1.779' 1.791 1.804 11 1.816 1.827 1.840 1.648 1.560 1.570 10 1.582 1.691 1.606 1.328 1.336 1.345 9 1.355 1.365 1.372 1.118 1.126 1.132 8 1.141 1.148 1.156 .919 .925 .931 7 .937 .943 .950 .731 .736 .742 5 .569 .574 .576 .559 .563 .565 6 .746 .752 .757 .401 .404 .407 4 .409 .412 .415 .261 .264 .265 3 .267 .269 .269 .143 .143 .145 2 .148 .147 .148 .051 .061 .051 1 .062 .052 .063 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 111 HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tanks in Inches. si inchcj* [n 86 Inches in 80 inches In Depth 87 Inches In H8 Inches in 89 inches In Duuiii'lcr Diameter Diameter Inches Diameter Diameter Diameter 44V4 44 43V4 43 42% 42 13.466 "13.165" "'i2.807"' 12.(r79 "12.573 " "n.im" '"ii'.ssi"' 12.283 'n.m:,'" 12!099 '"i'iam"" "'i2.';!l«' "iiiji" "ii'soi" 11.632 11.7:n ll.H2!l 41 11.927 12.019 12.116 11.269 11..303 11.437 40 n..-i.V.' 11.638 11.734 10.009 10.9i)7 11.086 39 11.177 11.261 11.352 mw4 10.832 10.716 8S 10.802 10.884 10.970 10.183 10.267 10.347 37 10.430 10.508 10.689 9.822 9.903 D.imi 30 10.058 10.132 10.200 9.4(i2 9.iH0 9.611 35 9.687 9.7,59 9.8S2 9.104 9.177 9.245 3t 9.318 9.387 9.458 8.747 8,818 8.883 33 S.!l.->1 9.018 9.085 8.392 8.459 8.588 3e 8..-187 8.651 S.TIS 8.040 8.105 8.104 31 S.22<; 8.287 8.346 T.oeo 7.761 7.807 30 i.i^ia 7.925 7.978 7.344 7.401 7.454 2!) 7.:ak> 7.566 7.617 7.000 7.0B-1 7.104 28 7.156 7.210 7.258 6.668 6.710 6.750 27 6.806 6.866 8.901 6.320 6.369 B.413 28 6.458 6.504 6.649 5.98S 8.030 6.074 25 6.118 6.158 6.201 5.050 6.0OO 5.738 24 5.773 5.816 5.858 5.368 5.404 23 5.44.T .5.482 5.516 5.007 5.043 5.078 22 5.114 5.150 5.182 4.690 4.724 4.756 •fl 4.7>«> 4.821 4.865 4..378 4.41l> 4.4411 211 4 4(B) 4.499 4.528 4.071 4.l«»8 4.126 19 4.1.55 4.181 4.211 3.770 3.7!Mi 3.821 18 .XS47 3.872 8.896 3.475 3.497 i.'-es 17 3..544 3.576 3.590 3.186 3.206 3.227 16 3.24!l 3.289 3.291 2.904 2.924 2.1141 15 2.!Kn 2.980 2.9i>!l 2.(H9 2.646 ixus 14 2.li79 2.699 2.714 2.3»2 2.378 2..'i!l3 13 2.4flir. 13 2.5.54 11.11!! 37 11.214 2 -yti 12 2.27.1 10.71(1 39 10.807 i.nno 11 2.0O1 li).:iir, 35 10.400 1,7'is 10 1.742 •1.1)1 r, 34 9.997 ^AKX 9 1.492 n MH 33 9.699 l.-Mll 8 1.264 il 121 82 9.204 l.lilli 7 1.032 s.r.'w 31 8.810 ,8IH 6 .821 8.362 30 8.420 .620 5 .625 7.074 29 8.0.35 .447 4 .448 7.eoo 28 7.6W .2 12 3 .293 7.230 27 7.274 .lU! 2 .160 0.862 20 0.897 .(1.57 1 .037 Ii.4!l4 2."> ti.mn HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tanks in Inches. 98 Inches Depth TTO Illchc.'J 98 Inches Depth 99 Indies In Diameter Inches in Diameter in i^iameter Inches In Diameter 49V4 1(»; (i(i2 (i.."»o;f .^- 6.607 i(i.:i27 49 16.446 (i.-:(i:i 24 6.239 1.5.8!)8 48 16.016 5 fUl 23 5.874 1.5.473 47 15.587 .5.4.'i4 .>.> 5..'n4 15.041) id 15.159 .5.i:n 21 5.160 1 1 02r. 45 14.7.32 4.7S<; 20 4.814 1 1.200 44 14.305 4.449 i 19 4.472 13.7M 43 13.880 4.116 ! 18 4.138 i:i.:!iv( 42 13.458 .1.7S12 17 3.811 12.044 41 13.086 :!.472 16 3.491 12.r>27 40 12.615 .S.1H> 15 3.181 12.111 39 12.197 2.856 [ 14 2.878 11.698 3S 11.780 2.565 1 13 2.583 11.287 37 11.365 2.2S3 12 2.298 10.877 36 10.952 2.01(1 11 2.035 10.498 35 10.539 1.7.54 10 1.759 10.063 34 10.128 1.501 9 1.508 9.981 S3 9.723 1.260 8 1.266 9.283 32 9.322 1.035 7 1.040 8.867 31 8.921 .823 6 .828 8.473 SO 8.526 .628 5 .633 8.085 29 8.136 .4.53 1 4 .453 7.700 28 7.747 .295 3 .297 7.318 27 7.S62 .162 ; 2 .162 0.940 26 8.982 .058 1 1 .058 M BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF HORIZONTAL TANKS. _ Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tank in Inches. lOO Inches Depth 101 Inches 100 Inches Depth 101' Inches in Diameter Inches . in Diameter in Diameter Inches in Diameter 50% 50 17.342 17.122 6.647 6.274 25 24 e.ms i7.'o66"" 6.311 16.565 49 16.683 5.908 23 5.942 16.1321 48 16.247 5.546 22 5.579 15.899 47 15.812 5.190 21 5.221 15.2OT 46 15.377 4.841 20 4.868 14.8ST 45 14.942 4.498 19 4.523 14.407 44 14.507 4.162 18 4.185 13.978 43 14.073 3.833 17 3.855 13.561 42 13.642 3.511 16 3.531 13.125 41 13.213 3.198 15 3.216 12.700 40 12.784 2.893 14 2.908 12.277 39 12.356 2.697 13 2.612 11.855 88 11.931 2.311 12 2.324 11.436 37 11.508 2.085 11 2.041 11.020 36 11.090 1.769 10 1.779 10.605 35 10.672 1.516 9 1.524 10.194 34 10.257 1.274 8 1.282 9.785 33 9.846 1.046 7 1.053 9.379 32 9.437 .833 6 .838 8.977 31 9.032 .636 5 .640 8.578 30 8.630 .459 4 .458 8.184 29 8.2.J3 .297 3 .2S8 7.793 28 7.840 .162 2 .162 7.4W 27 7.450 .058 1 .068 7.024 26 7.065 HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tank in Inches. 102 Inches Depth 103 Inches 102 Inches Depth 103 Inches in Diameter Inches in Diameter in Diameter Inches in Diameter 51% 51 18 033 7.108 28 7.148 17.687 " " 17.811 6.722 25 6.764 17.246 60 17.384 6.340 24 6.887 16.805 49 16.918 5.972 23 6.010 16.364 48 16.473 5.608 22 5.644 15.924 47 16.030 5.2S1 21 6.281 15.485 46 15.587 4.895 20 4.924 15.047 45 15.144 4.549 19 4.676 14.609 44 14.701 4.208 18 4.230 14.172 43 14.269 3.877 17 3.896 13.738 42 13.819 3.554 16 3.568 13.804 41 13.884 3.235 15 3.250 12.871 40 12.950 2.916 14 2.938 12.440 39 12.516 2.622 13 2.639 12.011 38 12.083 2.333 12 2.348 n.587 37 11.655 2.056 11 2.069 11.163 36 11.229 1.787 10 1.798 10.743 35 10.805 1.531 9 1.542 10.325 34 10.386 1.278 8 1.295 9.911 33 9.968 1.057 7 1.064 9.498 32 9.566 .854 8 .844 9.087 31 9.147 .642 5 .646 8.680 30 8.738 .458 4 .462 8.282 1 29 8.331 .300 3 .301 7.884 28 7.930 .163 2 .164 7.497 ' 27 7.537 .058 1 .059 KANSAS CITY TESTIXG LABORATORY 115 HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tank in Inches. 104 Inches Depth 105 Inches 104 Inches Depth 105 Inches In Diameter Inches In Diameter in Diameter Inches in Diameter 52 26 7.229 iH,:tX7 52 18.513 i;.804 2.'* 6.841 17 Kr, 61 18.057 i;.423 24 6.457 17.IK-, 60 17.603 O.OJO ■23 6.075 I7.(i:i.''i 49 17.150 .'i.lJTl ■>» 5.704 lil..^«7 48 18.607 5.30S 21 5.336 10.140 47 16.245 4.II.1IV 20 4.978 15.69S 4« 15.794 i.'t:r.i 19 4.628 15.247 45 15.343 j.2.-ir> 18 4.277 14.803 44 14.893 3.1120 17 3.938 14.367 43 14.447 3..'J88 16 3.008 i:t.»Vi 42 14.002 3.207 13 3.286 l.-!.47» 41 13.558 2.955 14 2.9n i:{.ii:b 40 13.118 2.0.53 13 3.667 K.an 30 12.675 2.381 12 2.373 12.1IH 38 12.237 2.ceo 11 2.090 ii.7.'e 37 11.802 1.809 10 1.814 11. 2: 17 38 11.371 1.548 » 1.556 10.872 36 10.040 1.300 8 1.308 111. mt 34 10..511 1.068 7 1.071 lll.ffJII 33 10.088 .860 « .8.-.:f 0.810 :e 0.606 .649 5 .fi.VJ 9.198 .■u !1 2411 .467 4 Aai 8.789 ■M 8.8; 17 ..'{i .lot 2 .165 7.078 2S 8.025 .o.yj 1 .069 7.582 27 1 7.023 HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tank in Inches. 106 Inches Depth 107 Inches 106 Inches Depth 107 Inches In Diameter Inches in Diameter in Diameter Inches in Diameter 53 10.403 19.230 7.888 7.272 ■27 Hi 7.710 19.101 7.312 18.639 18.766 6.877 •25 6.919 18.180 .ll 18.303 6.491 ai 6.526 17.723 .TO 17.841 6111 23 6.143 17.266 40 17.381 5.733 22 5.767 18.810 48 16.922 5.366 21 5.395 iii.:i.'4 47 16.463 5.005 20 6.029 15.808 46 16.004 4.648 19 4.673 l.->.tl4 45 15.545 4.30O 18 4.323 14.001 44 15.087 .i.Oil) 17 3.980 14.539 43 14.629 .■!.(52ii 16 3.643 14.0«> 42 14.176 3.:»2 15 3.820 l.'!.li43 41 13.724 2.!>S8 14 3.001 l:!,10(i 40 13.275 2.680 13 2.690 12.7.W 39 12.828 2.384 12 2.398 12..310 38 12.384 2.101 11 2.U0 11.869 sr 11.943 1.824 10 1.834 11.434 36 11.503 1.5«, 9 1.571 11.005 35 11.069 1.314 8 1.320 10.676 34 10.635 1.077 7 1.0^ 10.150 33 10.205 .858 6 .862 9.725 82 9.779 .655 5 .658 9.803 31 9.394 .470 4 .473 8.888 30 a937 .308 3 .306 8.474 29 8.523 .166 2 .167 8.080 28 8.118 .059 1 .060 116 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tank in Inches. 108 Inches / Depth 1 109 Inches 108 Inches Depth 109 Inches in Diameter Inches in Diameter in Diameter Inches in Diameter 541/2 54 20.198 19.962 7.756 7.352 27 26 7.796 i9.'828"" 7.391 19.359 53 19.490 6.953 25 6.993 18.892 52 19.019 6.560 24 6.59T 18.426 51 18.548 6.176 23 6.209 17.961 50 18.077 5.797 22 5.827 17.496 49 17.607 5.428 21 5.453 17.031 48 17.137 5.059 20 5.084 18.567 47 16.670 4.696 19 4.720 16.103 46 16.203 4.343 18 4.367 15.689 45 15.737 4.000 17 4.022 15.178 44 15.272 3.661 16 3.682 14.719 43 14.810 3.385 15 3.353 14.283 42 14.349 3.020 14 3.032 . 13.810 41 13.890 2.711 13 2.723 13.359 40 13.435 2.409 12 2.422 12.910 39 12.983 2.121 11 2.131 12.464 38 12.631 1.843 10 1.852 12.019 37 12.083 1.675 9 1.586 11.576 36 11.639 1.323 8 1.336 11.135 35 11.197 1.085 7 1.0« 10.698 34 10.758 .868 e .871 10.265 33 10.322 .662 5 .665 9.839 32 9.892 .479 4 .477 9.412 31 9.463 .309 3 .309 9.993 SO 9.037 .169 a .170 8.576 29 8.619 .060 1 .060 8 165 28 8.207 HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tank in Inches. 110 Indies Depth 111 Inches 110 Inches Depth HI inches in Diameter Inches in Diameter in Diameter Inches in Diameter 55y2 20.946 8.244 28 8.280 2n..^v6"" 55 20.703 7.88.? 27 7.878 20.093 64 20.219 7.428 29 7.468 19.016 53 19.738 7.026 25 7.063 19.140 52 19.ffi9 6.628 24 6.665 18.664 51 18.781 0.238 28 6.274 18.188 50 18.305 5.856 2a 5.888 17.715 49 17.829 5Am. 21 5.509 17.244 48 17.KS 5.118 20 5.136 16.774 47 16.877 4.754 19 4.771 16.304 46 16.403 4.396 18 4.413 15.8.36 45 15.932 4.046 17 4.059 15.368 44 15.461 3.704 16 3.718 14.905 43 14.992 3.366 16 3.385 14.444 42 14.623 3.036 14 3.062 13.983 41 14.064 2.724 13 2.748 13.524 40 13.689 2.428 12 2.445 13.069 39 13.130 2.140 11 1.153 12.608 38 12.676 1.864 10 1.870 12.155 37 12.223 1.599 9 1.90O 11.704 39 11.772' 1.347 8 1.347 11.268 35 11.323 1.102 7 1.108 10.816 34 10.879 .879 6 .880 10.378 33 10.437 .671 6 .671 9.944 32 10.002 .479 4 .480 9.514 31 9.570 .310 3 .312 9.087 30 9.141 .170 2 .170 8.664 29 8.714 .060 1 .061 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 117 HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tank in Inches. 112 Inches Depth 113 Inches 112 Inches Depth 113 Inches In Diameter Inches hi Diameter hi Diameter Inches in Diameter B0 21.707 8 338 28 8.383 7.962 21.325 21.461 7.919 27 20.837 55 20.971 7.507 26 7.548 20.344) 64 20.481 7.101 25 7.139 19.803 63 19.991 6.703 24 6.738 19.379 52 19.604 6.307 2S 6.339 18.897 61 19.017 5.1110 22 5.1118 18.416 50 18.530 5.536 21 ."t.ikJO 17.938 49 18.044 6.163 2<) li.lss 17.457 48 17.659 4.795 111 4.817 16.989 47 17.074 4.434 l.s 4.4.';7 16.508 46 16.690 4.081 17 4.101 16.028 45 16.112 3.738 16 3.7.V, 16.654 44 16.638 3.402 15 3.4111 15.080 43 16.165 3.1177 14 3.0111 14.610 42 14.992 2.7M 13 2.772 14.141 41 14.221 2.1 ,".7 12 2.408 13.672 40 18.751 2.1112 11 2.171 13.210 39 13.283 1 .SSI 1(1 1.8S7 12.761 38 12.821 l.llKl 9 l.iil.') 12.292 37 12.351 l.lVril 8 I.:W 11.8.38 36 11.904 1.111 7 1.113 11.388 35 11.449 .S>^"» 6 .StCi 10.942 34 lO.liiW .674 5 .675 10.497 33 lll.;Vi2 .Is2 4 .486 10.055 32 10. UK ..lU 3 .317 9.820 31 [i.mv .171 2 .171 9.188 30 !i 2:r. .(»;i 1 .002 8.761 29 H-yt).-) HORIZONTAL TANKS. Multiply Capacity in Tables by Length of Tank in Inches. 114 Inchefi Depth 115 Inches 114 Indies ricpth 115 Inches In Diomelci' Inches in Diameter In Diameter Inchi'.-* 20 2s in Diameter B7V4 57 22.482 22.230 8.85(i 8.425 8 SI 18 22.093 S.JIkS 21.590 56 21.733 S.OCli 27 8.0JO 21.105 55 21.236 7..-)S3 20 7. 022 20.611 64 20.740 7.17(P 25 7.21:! 20.117 53 20.244 li.770 24 6.806 10.824 52 19.748 6.369 2.-( 0. 101 lii.l:!2 61 19.252 5.978 22 0.0O7 is.m:f 60 18.756 5592 21 5 olo 18.1,-).-) 49 18.262 5.212 20 5.2.-» 17.li(W 48 17.772 4.841 11) 4.81 s) 17.181 47 17.282 4.476 18 4.499 16.605 46 16.795 4.120 17 4.139 10.212 45 16.309 3.771 16 3.786 15.731 44 15.823 S.iW 15 3.451 15.253 43 15.341 3.109 14 3.121 14.775 42 14.862 2.788 13 2.799 14.299 41 14.383 2.481 12 2.491 13.828 40 13.906 2.1S.'! 11 2.192 13.360 39 13.431 1.8!>S 10 1.907 12.893 38 12.964 l.(i24 9 1.632 12.428 37 12.497 1..SIK5 8 1.371 ll.Kr? 36 12.033 1.120 7 1.126 11.511 35 11.672 .890 6 .896 11.II.-.7 34 11.116 .681 5 .681 l(l.r.-?7 12 •i.-'.w 11 t.'M'.t 10 l.rvw 9 1.306 8 1.151 7 .915 H .699 6 .601 4 .326 3 .178 2 .063 I 120 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Content of Crude Oils (Typical Samples.) Source Garber, Garfield Co., Oklahoma Pennsylvania (Light) Oushing, Oklahoma Towanda, Butler Co., Kansas Neodesha, Wilson Co., Kansas Newkirk, Oklahoma Mexico (Panuco) California Texas (Beaumont) Russia Healdton, Oklahoma Moran, Kansas (Allen County)... Kentucky (Wayne County) Wyoming (Lander County) Banger, Texas Burkbumett, Texas Pine Island, Louisiana West Virginia, Cabin Oreek Specific Gravity 49.5"Be' 0.780 44.5°Be' 0.802 40.1°Be' 0.823 m.rBe/ 0.850 33.3"Be' 0.830 40.g"Be' 0.822 YL.i'B^ 0.980 ia..?"Be' 0.984 2S.4°Be' 0.912 30.2''Be' 0.874 22.1° Be' 0.920 SO.T'Be" 0.871 37.7°Be' 0.835 24.0°Be' 0.909 39.2°Be' 0.829 40.1°Be' 0.824 25.4°B6' 0.902 48.0" Be' Natural Commercial Automobile Gasoline, % by Yol. to 410° P. eo.0% 3T.5% 35.0% 26.5% 25.0% 32.5% 2.0% 0.0% 4.0% 15.0% 8.5% 15.0% 28.0% 13.0% 30.0% 41.0% 0.0% 36.0% Kerosene, 410° P., 572" P., % by Vol. 10.8% 12.7% 15.0% 27.5% 17.0% 24.0% 18.0% 12.3% 16.0% 20.0% 17.5% IV.6% 21.0% 13.0% 25.0% 20.0% 2S.0% 24.0% Total Obtainable Gasoline, Natural and Artificial (KCTL Test), % by Vol. 91.0% 86.2% 83.7% 77.9% 81.2% 83.1% 44.5% 50.0% 61.0% 64.0% 74.5% 84.0% 83.5% sr.0% 86.0% KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 121 m ZOX JOX 40% 50% 60X 7t?X Diagrammatic Proximate Composition of Crude Petroleum as tc Gasoline and Kerosene. 122 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF BURKBURNETT, TEXAS, CRUDE OIL. Specific Gravity, 0.821; °Be' U. S., 40.5°; °Be' Tag, 40.9°. Summary: 69.7°Be' Gasoline = 40.0%; 40.6°Be' Kerosene = 2 5.0 7t. % Temp. Gravity of Gravity of Gravity of °F Fraction Total Over Stream 121 179 197 0.686 ^= 74.8°Be' 5 "blese :i'74'.8°Be' ' 0.686 ':i'74.'8'°Be'' 0.693 = 72.7°Be' 211 0.701 = 70.4°Be' 10 227 238 0.701 = 70.4°Be' 0.693 = 72.7°Be' 0.710 — 67.8°Be' 0.720 = 66.0°Be' 15 253 268 0.720 = 65.D°Be' 0.702 = 70.1°Be' 0.729 = 62.6°Be' 0.738 = 60.2°Be' 20 283 295 0.738 = 60.2°Be' 0.711 = 67.5°Be' 0.744 = 58.7°Be' 0.751 — 56.9°Be' 26 309 321 0.761 = 56.9°Be' 0.719 = 65.3°Be' 0.766 = 66.7°Be' 0.762 = 64.2°Be' 30 342 358 0.762 = 54.2°Be' 0.726 = 63.4°Be' 0.769 = 52.5°Be' 0.776 = 50.8°Be' 35 375 394 0.776 = 50.8°Be' 0.733 = 61.6°Be' 0.782 = 49.4°Be' 0.789 = 47.8°Be' 40 410 426 0.789 = 47.8°Be' 0.740 = 59.7°Be' 0.795 = 46.5°Be' 0.801 = 45.2°Be' 45 440 470 0.801 = 45.2°Be' 0.747 = 57.9°Be' 0.807 = 43.8°Be' 0.813 = 42.5°Be' 50 485 508 0.813 = 42.6°Be' 0.754 = 66.2°Be' 0.819 = 41.3°Be' 0.825 = 40.0°Be' 55 529 647 0.825 = 40.0°Be' 0.760 = 54.7°Be' 0.829 = 39.2°Be' 0.834 = 38.2°Be' 60 562 574 0.834 = 38.2°Be' 0.766 = 53.2°Be' 0.838 = 37.4°Be' 0.842 = 36.6°Be' 65 578 0.842 = 36.6°Be' 0.772 = 51.8°Be' 0.846 = 35.8°Be' 70 steam 0.854 = 34.2°Be' 0.786 = 48.7°Be' 0.861 = a2.8°Be' 75 '* 0.868 = 31.5°Be' 0.791 = 47.3°Be' 0.877 = 29.8°Be' 80 *t 0.887 = 28.0°Be' 0.797 = 46.0°Be' 0.898 = 26.0°Be' 86 " 0.910 = 24.0°Be' 0.803 = 44.7°Be' 0.913 = 23.4°Be' 90 residue 0.916 = 22.9°Be' 0.809 = 43.4°Be' KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY \2i FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF BIXBY, OKLA. CRUDE OIL. Specific Gravity, 0.845; "Be' U. S.. 3.^.. 7°; °Be' Tag, 36.0°. Summary: iiri.7°Be' Gasoline = 2.1.O',; ; 41.0°Be' Kerosene ^ 20.07 % Temp. Gravity of Gravity of Gravity of «F Fraction Total Over Stream 121 173 ; 0.696 = 72.1°Be' 5 213 263 'b'.696='72.i°Be'' ' 0.695 ='72. l^iBe'' 0.712 = 67.2"Be' 0.729 = 62.6°Be' 10 274 293 0.729 = 62.6°Be' 0.712 = 67.2°Be' 0.734 =: 61.2°Be' 0.762 = 66.6°Be' 16 809 337 0.752 = 56.8"'Be' 0.7-2r> = 63.6°Be' 0.701 = 64.4°Be' 0.770 — 52.2°Be' 20 870 391 0.770 = 52.2°Be' 0.7S6 = 60.7°Be' 0.778 := 60.3°Be' 0.787 1= 48.3°Be' 25 40-' 437 0.787 = 48.3"'Be' 0.746 = 68.1°Be' 0.794 = 46.7''Be' 0.802 = 44.7°Be' 80 447 464 0.802 = 44.9°Be' 0.766 — 55.9°Be' 0.807 — 43.8°Be' 0.813 = 42.5°Be' 35 4!M1 5T2 0.813 = 42.6°Be' 0.764 = 53.7°Be' 0.819 = 41.2°Be' 0.826 = 39.8°Be' 40 634 647 O.S20 = SO.S'Be' 0.7VI =: .'•.■2.0°Be' 0.830 = 38.9°Be' 0.835 = 37.9"'Be' 46 667 680 0.835 = 37.9°Be' 0.778 = 50.3°Be' 0.838 = 37.3°Be' 0.842 = 36.5°Be 50 600 Steam 0.842 = 36.5°Be' 0.786 =: 48.7°Be' 0.848 = 35.3°Be' 0.865 = 34.0°Be' 65 0.865 = 34.0°Be' 0.791 = 47.3°Be' 0.860 = 33.0''Be' 0.865 = 32.0°Be' 60 0.866 = 32.0°Be' 0.707 = 46.0°Be' 0.871 = 30.9°Be' 0.878 = 29.6''Be' 65 0.87S = 29.6°Be' 0.803 = 44.7''Be' 0.884 =: 28.6°Be' 0.890 = 27.4°Be' 70 0.890 = 27.4°Be' 0.809 = 43.4»Be' 0.894 = 26.7°Be' 0.899 = 26.9''Be' 75 0.899 = 25.9°Be' 0.815 = 42.1°Be' 0.903 = 25.2<'Be' 0.907 =r 24.5°Be' 80 0.907 = i;4.6°Be' 0.820 = 41.0°Be' 0.911 = 23.8''Be' 0.915 = 23.1°Be' 85 0.915 = 23.1°Be' 0.827 = 39.6"'Be' 0.919 = 22,5°Be' 0.923 = 21.8°Be' 90 96-100 residue 0.923 = 21.8°Be' 0.963 = 17.0°Be' 0.833 = 38.4''Be' 124 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF GUSHING, OKLA., CRUDE OIL. Specific Gravity, 0.824; °Be' U. S., 39.9°; °Be' Tag, 40.2°. Summary: 60.2°Be' Gasoline = 36.0%; 42.1°Be' Kerosene = 25.0%. % Temp. Gravity of Gravity of Gravity of -F Fraction Total over Stream 130 163 179 0.685 = 75.0°Be' 5 ' 0.685 ='76.b''Be'' "o'.685 ='75.b°Be'' 0.695 = 72.1°Be' 205 0.706 = 68.9°Be' 10 229 250 0.706 = 68.9°Be' 0.696 = 72.1°Be' 0.716 = 66.1°Be' 0.727 = 63.1°Be' 16 270 283 0.727 =: 63.1°Be' 0.706 = 68.9°Be' 0.736 = 60.7°Be' 0.746 = 68.4°Be' 20 297 316 0.745 = 58.4°Be' 0.715 = 66.4°Be' 0.751 = 56.9°Be' 0.757 = 55.4°Be' 25 327 339 0.757 — 55.4°Be' 0.724 = 63.9°Be' 0.762 = 64.2°Be' 0.768 = 52.7°Be' 30 352 372 0.768 = 52.7°Be' 0.731 = 62.0°Be' 0.774 — 51.3°Be' 0.780 = 49.9°Be' 35 394 414 0.780 = 49.9°Be' 0.738 = 60.2°Be' 0.786 = 48.6°Be' 0.793 = 46.9°Be' 40 427 447 0.793 = 46.9°Be' 0.746 — 68.4°Be' 0.799 = 45.6°Be 0.805 = 44.2°Be' 45 460 481 0.806 = 44.2°Be' 0.751 = 56.9°Be' 0.810 — 4S.2°Be' 0.816 = 41.9°Be' 50 507 623 0.816 - 41.9°Be' 0.768 = 56.1°Be' 0.822 = 40.5°Be' 0.826 = 39. 4°Be' 66 542 569 0.823 = 39.4°Be' 0.764 = 53.7°Be' 0.832 = 38.5°Be' 0.837 = 37.4°Be' CO 588 Steam 0.837 — 37.4°Be' 0.770 = 62.2°Be' 0.842 = 36.5°Be' 0.847 = 35.5°Be' 65 " 8.847 = 35.6°Be' 0.779 — 50.1°Be' 0.857 = 33.6°Be' 0.867 = 31.7°Be' 70 •• 0.867 = 31.7°Be' 0.786 = 4S.7°Be' 0.876 = 30.2°Be' 0.884 =28.5°Be' 75 !i 0.884 = 28.5°Be' 0.792 = 47.1°Be' 0.890 = 27.4°Be' 0.896 = 26.4°Be' 80 i- 0.896 = 26.4°Be' 0.798 = 46.8°Be' 0.907 = 24.5°Be' 0.909 = 24.1°Be' 86 " 0.909 — 24.1°Be' 0.805 — 44.2°Be' 0.916 = 22.9°Be' 0.924 = 21.6°Be' 90 residue 0.924 = 21.6°Be' 0.940 — 19.0°Be' 0.811 = 42.9°Be' 0.930 = 20.7°Be' 96-100 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 125 FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF PINE ISLAND. NO. LOUISIANA, CRUDE OIL. Specific Gravity, 0.902; °Be' U. S., 25.2°; "Be' Tag, 25.4°Be'. Summary: Gasoline = none; 31.0° K erosene = 25.0% (Naphthene bas e oil) Temp. Gravity of Gravity of Gravity of % op Fraction Total Over Stream 866 471 500 630 549 564 589 6 0.839 = 37.2°Be' 0.860 — 33.0°Be' 0.869 = 31.3°Be' 0.87fi = 30.0°Be' 0.880 = 29.3°Be' 0.883 — 28.8°Be' 0.839 — 37.2°Be' 0.849 = 35.1°Be' 0.856 — 33.8°Be' 0.861 — 32.8°Be' 0.865 — 32.0°Be' 0.867 = 31.7°Be' 0.849 = 36.1°Be' 0.864 = 32.2°Be' 0.872 = 30.7°Be' 0.878 = 29.6°Be' 0.881 = 29.1°Be' 0.886 = 28.2°Be' 10 16 20 26 30 Viscosity 35 Steam 0.889 = 27.7°Be' 0.870 — 31.1°Be' 0.890 — 27.4°Be' 66 40 '* 0.892 = 27.1°Be' 0.873 — 30.5°Be' 0.893 — 26.9°Be' 80 46 *' 0.894 — 26.8°Be' 0.876 = 30.2°Be' 0.894 — 26.7°Be' 100 50 •* 0.895 =:'26.6°Be' 0.877 = Z9.8°Be' 0.895 — 26.6°Be' 162 66 •* 0.896 = 26.4°Be' 0.879 = 29.4°Be' 0.896 = 26.4°Be' 210 60 " 0.897 = 26.2°Be' 0.880 = 29.3°Be' 0.897 = 26.2°Be' 270 65 •• 0.897 = 26.2°Be' 0.880 = 29.3°Be' 0.897 = 26.2°Be' 625 70 '* 0.897 = 26.2°Be' 0.880 = 29.3°Be' 0.897 = 28.2°Be' 580 76 " 0.897 = 26.2°Be' 0.880 = 29.S°Be' 0.898 = 26.0°Be' 620 80 '* 0.899 = 26.B°Be' 0.885 = 28.3°Be' 0.899 = 26.9°Be' 664 86 '* 0.900 = 26.7°Be' 0.885 = 28.3°Be' 0.901 — 25.6°Be' waxy 90 " 0.902 = 25.4°Be' 0.886 = 28.2°Be' waxy FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF BILLINGS, OKLA., CRUDE OIL. Specific Gravity, 0.812; °Be' U. S. 42.4°; °Be' Tag 42.8°. Summary; 60.6°Be' Gasoline = 40.0%; 41.0°Be' Kerosene = 25.0%. % Temp. Gravity of Fraction Gravity of Total Over Gravity of »F Stream 116 169 191 0.679 — 76.'9°Be' s 0.679 = 70.9°Be' 0.679 = 76.9°Be' 0.689 = 73.8°Be' 207 0.700 = 70.6°Be' 10 223 286 0.700 = 70.6°Be' 0.G89 =: 73.8°Be' 0.710 = 67.8°Be' 0.720 =: 65.0°Be' 16 252 264 0.720 = 66.0°Be' 0.699 = 70.9°Be' 0.728 = 62.8°Be' 0.736 = 60.7°Be' 20 277 286 0.736 = 60.7°Be' 0.708 = 68.3°Be' 0.742 = 59.2°Be' 0.748 = 67.6°Be' 26 303 817 0.748 = 67.6°Be' 0.716 = 66.1°Be' 0.753 — 56.4°Be' 0.761 = 54.4°Be' 80 387 863 0.761 = 64.4°Be' 0.724 = 63.9°Be' 0.767 — 52.9°Be' 0.774 = S1.3°Be' 86 367 381 0.774 = 51.3°Be' 0.731 = 62.0°Be' 0.779 = 50.1°Be' 0.785 = 48.7°Be' 40 396 413 0.786 = 48.7°Be' 0.737 = 60.5°Be' 0.790 — 47.6°Be' 0.795 = 46.3°Be' 45 431 466 0.795 = 46.3°Be' 0.744 = 58.7°Be' O.KOl = 45.1°Be' 0.808 = 43.6°Be' 60 482 600 0.808 = 43.6°Be' 0.750 = 67.1°Be' 0.814 = 42.3°Be' 0.820 = 41.0°Be' 66 513 630 0.820 = 41.0°Be' 0.756 = 65.6°Be' 0.825 = 40.0°Be' 0.830 = 38.9°Be' 60 660 677 0.830 = 38.9°Be' 0.763 = 53.9°Be' 0.836 = 37.9°Be' 0.840 = 36.9°Be' 66 693 steam 0.840 = 36.9°Be' 0.768 = 62.7°Be' 0.843 = 36.3°Be' 0.847 — 35.6°Be' 70 0.847 = 35.6°Be' 0.774 = 51.3°Be' 0.855 = 34.0°Be' 0.864 = 32.3°Be' 76 ,, 0.864 = S2.3°Be' 0.780 = 49.9°Be' 0.870 = Sl.l'Be' 0.878 = 29.6''Be' 80 .1 0.878 = 29.6°Be' 0.786 = 48.6°Be' 0.886 = 28.2°Be' 86 «• 0.893 = 27.0°Be' 0.792 = 47.2°Be' 0.900 = 25.7°Be' 90 •• 0.906 = 24.7°Be' 0.798 = 45.8°Be' 0.918 = 22.6°Be' 95-100 residue 0.930 = 20.7°Be' 126 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF FRACTfONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF GARBER, OKLA., CRUDE OIL. Specific Gravity, 0.780; °Be' U. S. 49.5°; °Be' Tag 49.9°. Sulphur = 0.06%. Summary: 69.2°Be' Gasoline = 65.0%; 40.5°Be' Kerosene = 20.0%. % Temp. Gravity of Gravity of Gravity of Olefins' % op Fraction Total Over Stream 110 188 1.0 5 0.670 = 79.7°Be' 0.694 = 72.4°Be' 10 0.675 = 78.1°Be' 0.675 = 78.1°Be' 1.0 15 0..i84 = 75.3°Be' 0.712 = 67.2°Be' 20 226 0.712 = 67.2°Be' 0.694 — 72.4°Be' 0.726 = 63.4°Be' 1.0 25 0.701 = 70.3°Be' 'I.7:i9 = 59.9°Be' 30 264 0.739 = 59.9°Be' 0.709 — 6S.0°Be' 0.748 = 57.6°Be' 1.2 35 0.715 = 66.4°Be' 0.7.57 — 56.4°Be' 40 322 0.757 = 55.4''Be' 0.721 = e4.7°Be' 0.769 = 52.6°Be' 1.4 45 360 0.727 = 63.1°Be' 0.7M -■ 49.6°Be' 50 380 0.781 = 49.6°Be' 0.733 = 61.5°Be' 0.793 = 46.9°Be' 1.5 55 400 0.793 = 47.0°Be' 0.742 = 59.2°Be' 0.806 = 44.0°Be' 60 420 0.806 = 44.0°Be' 0.746 — 58.4°Be' 0.821 = 40.8°Be' 1.7 65 436 0,818 =; 41.5°Be' 0.761 = 66.9°Be' 0.830 = 38.9°Be' 70 550 0.830 = 38.9°BeM0.757 = 66.4°Be' 0.850 = 34.9°Be' 1.8 75 0.840 = .37.0°Be' 0.763 = 63.9°Be' 0.855 = S4.0°Be' 80 0.850 — 34.9°Be' 0.769 = 52.5°Be' 0.S60 = 33.0°Be' 2.0 85 0.855 = 34.0°Be' 0.774 = 51.3°Be' 0.865 = 32.0°Be' 90 0.860 = 33.0°Be' 0.779 = 50.1°Be' 0.870 = 31.1°Be: 3.0 95 4% residue FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF RANGER, TEX., CRUDE OIL. Specific Gravity, 0.829; °Be', U. S. 38.9°; °Be' Tag 39.2°. Summary: 57.4°Be' Gasoline = 30.0% ; 4l.l°Be'; Kerosene = 30.0%. % Temp. Gravity of Gravity of Gravity of op Fraction Total Over Stream 164 289 5 0.705 = 69.2°Be' 0.706 = 69.2°Be' 0.717 = 65.8°Be' 10 268 0.729 = 62.5°Be' 0.717 = 65.8°Be' 0.737 = 60.5°Be; 16 294 0.746 = 58.4°Be' 0.726 — 63.4°Be' 0.752 = 66.6°Be' 20 325 0.769 = 66.2°Be' 0.734 = 61.3°Be' 0.765 = 53.4°Be' 25 362 0.771 = 62.0°Be' 0.742 = 59.2°Be' 0.777 = 50.6°Be' 30 390 0.783 = 49.2°Be' 0.749 = 57.4°Be' 0.789 = 47.8°Be' 35 423 0.796 = 46.4°Be' 0.756 = 55.9°Be' 0.800 = 45.3°Be' 40 460 0.805 = 44.2°Be' 0.762 = 54.2°Be' 0.811 = 42.9°Be' 46 494 0.817 = 41.7°Be' 0.768 = 52.7°Be' 0.822 = 40.6°Be' 60 528 0.827 = 39.6°Be' 0.774 = 51.3°Be' 0.831 = 38.7°Be' 55 568 0.835 = 38.0°Be' 0.779 = 50.1°Be' 0.837 = 37.5°Be' 60 582 0.840 = 37.0°Be' 0.784 = 49.0°Be' 0.843 = 36.3°Be' 65 vacuum 0.851 = 34.8°Be' 0.789 = 47.8°Be' 0.858 = 33.4°Be' 70 0.866 =32.1°Be' 0.795 = 46.4°Be' 0.870 = 31.1°Be' 75 0.876 = 30.2°Be' 0.800 = 46..'i°Be' 0.880 = 29.3°Be' 80 0.885 = 28.4°Be' 0.805 = 44.2°Be' 0.890 = 27.4°Be' 85 0.896 = 26.6°Be' 0.810 = 43.2°Be' 0.897 = 26.2°Be' 90 0.900 = 25.7°Be' 0.815 = 42.1°Be' 0.923 = 21.8°Be' 95-100 residue 0.947 = 17.9°Be' 0.823 = 40.4°Be' KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 127 FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF KENTUCKY CRUDE OIL. Specific Gravity, 0.8416; "Be' U. S. 36.7°; °Be' Tag. Summary: Gasoline = 27.6%; Kerosene = 22.5%. % Temp. Gravity of Gravity of Total Over Gravity of "F Fraction Stream 186 269 o'.726 6 0.720 = 65.0°Be' 0.728 = 63.8°Be' 10 286 0.737 0.728 = 63.8°Be' 0.742 = 59.2"'Be' 15 310 0.748 0.735 = 61.0°Be' 0.765 — 55.9°Be' 20 342 0.762 0.741 — 69.4''Be' 0.769 = 52.5°Be' 25 387 0.776 0.748 = 57.6°Be' 0.784 = 48.9°Be' 30 422 0.793 0.766 = 65.6°Be' 0.796 = 46.2°Be" 35 468 0.800 0.762 = 64.2°Be' 0.805 — 44.2°Be' 40 602 0.811 0.768 z= S2.7°Be' 0.816 = 41.9°Be' 45 642 0.822 0.774 = 51.3°Be' 0.827 = 39.6''Be' 60 682 0.833 0.780 = 49.9''Be' 0.839 =: 37.1°Be' 5S 600 0.845 0.786 = 4S.6°Bo' 0.849 = 36.1''Be' 60 600 0.853 0,791 = 47.3°Be' 0.857 = 33.6°Be' 65 600 0.862 0.797 = 4B.0°Be' 0.871 = 30.9°Be' 70 600 0.880 0.803 = 44.7°Be' 0.887 = 28.0°Be' 75 600 0.805 0.S09 = 43.4°Be' 0.919 —. 22.4°Be' 80 residue 0.943 0.817 — 41.7''Be' FRACTIONAL GRAVITY (DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL FROM EASTERN ALLEN COUNTY, MORAN, KAN. Sp. Gr.= .8775 Be. Gr. = 29.7 Gravity of Stream Per Temp. Gravity Gravity of Cent op 342 of Fraction .753 Total Dist. 5 .753 = 56.4 10 384 .771 .762 = 54.2 15 422 .788 .770 = 52.2 20 459 .804 .779 = 50.1 25 490 .816 .786 = 48.5 30 529 .829 .792 = 47.1 35 562 .840 .800 = 45.3 40 592 .849 .806 = 44.0 45 600 .858 .812 = 42.7 50 600 .868 .817 = 41.7 55 600 .881 .823 = 40.4 60 600 .891 .829 = 39.1 65 600 .901 .834 = 38.1 70 600 .907 .839 = 37.1 75 620 .921 .845 = 35.9 Residue .972 .853 = 34.3 .762 = 54.2 .778 = 50.3 .796 = 46.2 .810 = 43.2 .822 = 40.6 .835 = 37.9 .844 = 36.2 .853 = 34.3 .863 = 32.4 .874 = 30.4 .886 = 28.2 .896 = 26.4 .904 — 25.0 .912 = 23.6 .946 = 18.0 128 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Chemical Constitution of Petroleum Petroleum is composed of carbon and hydrogen in chemical com- bination known as hydrocarbons. In conjunction with the carbon and hydrogen there frequently is oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur in much smaller amounts. In crude oils the amount of carbon varies from 80 to 89%, the hydrogen from 10 to 15%, oxygen from 0.0 to 5.0%, nitrogen from 0.0 to 1.8% and sulphur from .01 to 5.0%. Typical ultimate analyses of petroleum products are as follows: Carbon Hydrogen Sulphur Nitrogen Oxygen Pennsylvania Crude. ...86.06 7o 13.88% 0.06% 0.00% 0.00% Texas Crude 85.05 12.30 1.75 0.70 0.00 California Crude 84.00 12.70 0.75 1.70 1.20 Mexican Crude 83.70 10.20 4.15 Oklahoma Crude 85.70 13.11 0.40 0.30 Kas. Crude (Towanda). 84.15 13.00 1.90 0.45 Kansas Residuum 85.51 11.88 0.71 0.32 0.63 Healdton (Okla.) Crude.85.00 12.90 0.76 Kansas Air Blown Residuum 84.37 10.39 0.42 0.21 4.61 Byerlite Pitch 87.61 9.97 0.55 0.29 1.58 Grahamite 87.20 7.50 2.00 0.20 Trinidad Asphalt 82.60 10.50 6.50 0.50 Commercial Gasoline ..84.27 15.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kerosene 84.74 15.26 0.01 0.00 0.00 Lubricating Oil 85.13 14.87 0.01 (Paraffin) Lubricating Oil 87.49 12.51 0.01 (Naphthene) Benzol 92.24 7.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 Paraffin (C„H2n+2) hydrocarbons largely compose the light or more volatile constituents of all petroleum. They are "saturated" hydrocarbons and have a very low ration of specific gravity to distill- ing temperature, are not acted upon by concentrated sulphuric acid or by fuming sulphuric acid (oleum), are not nitrated by nitric acid and are extremely resistant to all chemical reactions. The chief dif- ferences in petroleum are in the heavy constituents, the heavy hydro- carbons of the paraffin series being found chiefly in Pennsylvania and some Mid-Continent oils. Naphthenes (CnH2n) ring or cyclic compounds are less common hydrocarbons in lighter portions of petroleum, but commonly found as heavy hydrocarbons of petroleum. They have a higher ratio of specific gravity to distilling temperature than the paraffin comopunds, are resistant to the action of sulphuric acid and some types may be distinguished by the "formolit" reaction. Oils containing light naph- thenes are found in Russia and Louisiana. All heavy oils contain naphthenes. KAXSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY \29 C„ IIj,, (NAPHTHENES) POLYMETHYLENE SERIES. Boiling Formula Temperature Gravity Cyclopropane Cyclobutane C.H„ _35°C=_31°F C.H, +12°C= 54°F .709 = 67.5° Be' Cyclopentane CsHio 49°C= 120°F .769 = 52.1°Be' Cyclohexane CoHis 81°C= 178°F .799 = 45.2°Be' Cycloheptane C,H,. 117°C=: 243°F .089 = 43.1°Be' Methyl Cyclopentane CuHi2 72°C= 162°F .766 = 52.8°Be' Dimethyl Cyclopentane C7H14 91°C=::: 196°F .778 = SO.O'-Be' Methyl Cyclohexane C,H,. 98°C= 208°F .778 - 50.0°Be' Dimethyl Cyclohexane CnHin 118''C=: 244 F .781 = 49.3''Be' Trimethyl Cylohexane CoHiH 198°C= 388°F .787 = 47.9°Be' Aromatic or Benzene Hydrocarbons ( C„H2o.6) exist to some extent in certain California petroleums and have a very high ratio of specific gravity to distilling temperature. Gasoline made from the California petroleum is heavier than light gasoline with the same end point made from Mid-Continent petroleum. The aromatic compounds are acted upon by nitric acid forming nitro products. They are formed from paraffin and naphthene hydrocarbons by pyrogenic decomposition at temiperatuies above 1000 °F. The production of aromatic compounds from petroleum has not been commercially satisfactory on account of incomplete conversion and difficulty of freeing from paraffin hydro- carbons. defines or Ethylenes (CnH2„) are "unsaturated" hydrocarbons, rarely if ever existing naturally in crude oil but commonly resulting from its exposure to high temperatures. These compounds contain less hydrogen and more carbon than paraffin hydrocarbons and are capable of taking in more hydrogen. They are removed from aromatic compounds, paraffin compounds and naphthene compounds by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid in the usual process of refining gasoline. These hydrocarbons give gasoline, to a large extent, its dis- agreeable odor before refining. Their combination with sulphur gives a more intense odor. Each of these groups of hydrocarbons is sup- posed to exist in a complete series, repi-esented by the general formula given. The paraffin or methane series of "saturated" hydrocarbon^ has been fairly well worked out and is given in the following table: According to Hofer, the following olefines have been isolated from "North American" petroleum: Ethylene C:.H, Heptylene CHu Dodecylene C...H,, Propvlene CH„ Octylene C.H,. Pecatrilene CmH,„ Butylene C,H,„ Nonylene C ..H„ Cetene C„H,: Amylpne Cr.H.n Decylene C,„H,, Cerotene a:H.. Hexylene C.jHi2 Endecylene C„H=! Melene C^l'^l.lf^ If the residue contains much wax, the crude is known as paraffin base oil, but if napthenes or similar hydrocarbons predominate, it is an "asnhalt" base oil. Practically the "asphalt" is determined by the solubility of the .solid hydrocarbons in pentane and by the gravity and physical character of the residue. Among the light hydrocarbons of petroleum, either existing natu- rally or Dvrogenically produced, the relation of the specific gravity to the distilling temperature affords a simple and practical method of estimating the amount of olefin, paraffin and aromatic compounds. This relation is set forth in the curves on page 227. The value of crude oil is not measured by its ultimate analysis or by its "base" so much as by the amount of volatile constituents which it contains. The amount of volatile constituents obtained from various crude oils is shown by the '■'irves on page 121, 130 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Paraffin Hydrocarbons in Petroleum GASEOUS HYDEOCAEBONS (Natural Gas) Sp. Gr, Baume' Liquid Name Methane Ethane Propane Butane "GASOLINE" Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Gravity 15.5 °0 Formula Point CH. —184.0° Melting Boiling Molecular 194 142 109 0.432 0.525 0.585 C sHe G 8X1 8 'C iXllO HYDROCARBONS 92.2 0.630 C =H„ 78.9 0.670 CeH„ 70.9 0.697 C ,H„ 65.0 0.718 CsHk 59.2 0.740 C 9H,„ 56.7 0.750 CioHm 54.2 0.760 CHm HEAVY LIQUID HYDEOCARBONS Duodecane 51.8 0.770 dzHs. Tridecane 46.8 Tetradecane 45.0 Pentadecane 43.5 Hexadecane 41.8 Heptadecane 40.3 Octadecane 38.6 0.770 0.792 0.800 0.807 0.815 0.82.2 0.830 Gislxss CmHbb CisHbz C17H38 'CisXlss HEAVY SOLID HYDROCARBONS Eicosane Tricosane Tetracosane Pentacosane Hexacosane Mericyl Octocosane Nonocosane Ceryl Pentriacontane Duotriacpntane Tetratriacontane Pentatriacontane 37.2 36.5 0.837 0.841 35.4 0.846 C33H4I (-'S4Xl5( G2BHI54 C2THBe CssHqs C20HBO CaoHes Osi-tla* CsaXlda CaaH72 -171.4 -195.0 -135.0 — 51.0 — 31.0 — 26.0 (Kierosene) — 12.0 — 6.0 5.0 10.0 28.0 22.0 28.0 + 37.0 48.0 51.0 64.0 56.0 59.4 60.0 63.0 65.6 68.0 70.0 72.0 75.0 Point — 165.0° C — 93.0 — 45.0 + 1.0 36.3 69.0 98.4 125.5 150.0 173.0 195.0 214.0 234.0 252.0 270.0 2»7.0 295.0 317.0 (vacuo) 117.5 138.0 145.5 152.5 160.0 167.0 173.5 179.0 186.0 193.5 201.0 215.0 222.0 Weight 16.03 30.05 44.07 58.08 72.10 86.12 100.18 114.15 128.16 242,18 166.20 170.22 184.24 198.26 212.26 226.27 240.28 254.30 282.34 325.38 338.39 352.41 366.43 370.45 384.47 398.48 422.49 436.52 450.53 478.56 492.68 There is no natural petroleum composed exclusively of the paraf- fin series of hjrdrocarbons, even Pennsylvania and Garber, Oklahoma, crude oils having members of other series. The main body of the light petroleum is made up of paraffin hydrocarbons and the heavy residueg are largely made up of napthenes. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 131 Typical Refinery Practice There is much variation in the practice of petroleum distillation in different refineries. This depends to a large extent upon the char- acter of the crude oil used, the market to which the refiner sells and the ability of the refiner both as to knowledge and equipment. The following outlines the progressive distillation and treatment of crude oil in a typical refinery: 1. Crude Benzine (Gasoline and Naphtha) includes all of the light distillate which vaporizes up to 410''F. In the ordinary Mid- Continent or Texas petroleum, 420°F indicates a gravity of the stream of distillate from the condenser in the receiving house of 46.5° Be' to 47.0° Be'. The gravity of the total distillate at this point varies with different types of crude. In some crudes this will be as high as 64.0° gravity, in others as low as 50.0°. For example, re- ferring to pages 122 to 127, Burkburnett crude boiling at 410°F has a gravity of 59.7° of the total benzine and a stream gravity of 46.5°Be'; Bixby, Okla., crude benzine at 410°F has a gravity of 58.0°Be' and a stream gravity of 46.7°Be'; Gushing, Okla., crude benzine at 410°F has a gravity of 59.7°Be' and a stream gravity of 47.0°Be'; Billings, Okla., crude has a gravity of 60°Be' at 410°F and a stream gravity of 46.5°Be'; Ranger, Texas, crude oil has a benzine gravity of 410°F of 56.6°Be' and a stream gravity of 46.7°Be'. The gravity of crude benzine depends upon the initial boiling point of the crude, the relative proportion of the different paraffin constituents and the chemical series of hydrocarbons to which the crude belongs (see page 227. The crude benzine is run off with direct fire under the still, though after a temperature of 212°F is reached some steam may be put in. The steam decidedly sweetens the product and brings over the benzine at a lower temperature. In the use of steam the distilla- tion must be entirely governed by the gravity of the stream in the receiving house and not by temperatures. In cases where the crude is of good quality it is not necessary to treat the benzine as it may merely be redistilled with steam. In many cases the refiner puts a good dephlegmator over on his crude still and makes a marketable gasoline without either treating it with acid or redistilling it with steam. When a high sulphur or low grade petroleum is treated the dis- tillate is put into an agitator with sulphuric acid, the mixing being perfected by blowing air through the acid in the bottom of the agi- tator, thus contacting it with all portions of the benzine. The acid is drained out and the benzine washed with water. Caustic soda or ■'doctor" solution is added to neutralize the acid and the benzine is thoroughly washed to remove the last traces of caustic or sulfonates. The benzine is redistilled in a steam still to give a gasoline of 58 to 60 gravity and about 430 end point, this depending largely upon the perfection of the dephlegmator. The last portion of the distillate is naphtha if a gasoline of high Baume' is desired. High gravity crudes are blended with low gravity crudes to eliminate the naphtha fraction. 2. Kerosene or Water White Distillate comes over just after the crude benzine, with the gravity of the stream in the receiving house at about 37.0 and a vapor temperature of 572°F. This will give a kerosene ordinarily of a 41 gravity, but this again varies greatly with the type of the oil. For example, a Certain Wyoming crude 132 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF oil under these conditions gives a 31.0' kerosene, whereas Gushing, Okla., and Bixby, Okla., crude oils give a 41.0° to 42.0° gravity kero- sene. Pine Island cracked oil gives a 33-34° Be' kerosene. In dis- tilling kerosene from the crude it is desirable to stop before there is discoloration from decomposition or cracking. Cracking may be very largely prevented and kerosene very greatly sweetened by using open steam throughout the entire distillation. The water white dis- tillate or first run kerosene is now treated with acid and caustic in the agitator and exposed to heat, air and light in a shallow tank or bleacher in which all water is settled out. If the kerosene after treatment is not water white or has too high an end point it is redistilled with superheated open steam. The residue in the still may be mixed with the solar oil. 3. Solar Oil or Distillate Oil is taken out immediately follow- ing the kerosene, being a crude distillate not subjected to refining, and sold for use in explosion engines and as a high grade special fuel oil. The making of this product depends upon the market. It may be about a 36 gravity product or it may be combined with gas oil or straw oil. 4. Gas Oil is taken immediately following the distillate oil or kerosene and its distillation is continued until the residuum in the still has a gravity of 23 to 26°Be'. It is distinctly a destructive distillation and the yield depends largely upon the method and rate of firing. Gas oil is used in making gas and contains a considerable amount of olefins and cracked Products, and is not refined except for special purposes. If a gas oil fraction low in olefins (straw oil) is desired it is necessary to distill using open steam and direct fire. Straight firing gives a more fluid residue on account of cracking. 5. Residuum or tar is sold as fuel oil or it may be used to produce lubricating oil. In the latter case it may be put into tar stills and run down to coke. The distillate is treated, refrigerated and the paraffin is removed by the filter press. If the crude oil con- tains no wax then the lubricants may be made by vacuum, steam or gas distillation, and the distillate is only filtered through fullers earth for use. 6. The filtrate from the paraffin wax or pressed distillate may be redistilled with steam to produce lubricating oil of the desired gravity, viscosity and cold test. The heaviest residual oil is the steam cylinder stock. iSteam cylinder stock is the residue from the steam distillation of light colored crude oils, such as Cabin Creek, W. Va., and Ranger, Tex. The most careful refining is required for the automobile cylinder oil in order to obtain low fixed carbon to prevent separation of free carbon in the cylinder. 7. When asphalt is desired the residue from the gasoline and kerosene may be distilled by blowing superheated steam through it until the desired consistency is reached. Asphalt base oils or cracked paraffin base oils are necessary to make first class asphalt. An out- line of the methods used for producing asphalts and road oils is given on page 191. Frequently, particularly for road oils, the stock re- maining after cracking heavy gas oil is run down to a semi-solid or solid consistency. This gives a specially valuable road oil on account of its high asphalt content, good hardening or drying properties low viscosity and excellent penetration. ' For refining by cracking see pages 209-232. For illustration of a refinery operation see flow sheet on page loo. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 133 man enuoc STOnniE O cofiotrisens neceivmo Housti WAX )Bcmitic: J TILL nsrrnTon BLCflCHER finCiSCD \tinrtcrentD f-K oil. vJ o 2 5P TYPlCf\L now SHEET OF COMPLETE HEFinERY 134 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF PYROMETRY APPLIED TO PETROLEUM DISTILLATION. C. Benton Kennedye, Pyrometric Engineer. Refinery operation is largely dependent upon temperature. Con- siderable thought and study should be given to its correct measure- ment. The most widely used instruments for measuring high temperatures are the Thermo-Electric Pyrometers. The improved high resistance Thermo-Electric Pyrometer for refinery application consists of a thermo-couple inserted eighteen inches into the still and a galvanom- eter. The thermo-couple is formed of two wires of different alloys welded at one end and when this junction is heated by the oil or vapor it generates a small current of electricity. The current thus generated operates a millivolt meter. As the temperature in the still or vapor line increases or decreases, the millivoltage generated by the thermo- couple is increased or decreased in direct proportion and is indicated on the instrument in degrees. The advantages of Pyrometers over Thermometers are: A. Ease of observation. B. Adaptability — recorders can be located any distance from stills or cracking plant. C. Robustness of apparatus, ease of repair. D. Availability for automatically making permanent records of temperature extending over considerable intervals of time. E. Indications can be noted and controlled from one central point by means of switch. The pyrometers of one manufacturer are most popular in the oil industry owing to the fact that they maintain a free field service with competent engineers who periodically check up their equipment. A recent practical development is known as a Resistance Ther- mometer, which will measure temperatures with great accuracy from three hundred degrees Fahr. below zero to eighteen hundred degrees Pahr. above zero. A coil of platinum or pure nickel wire with suit- able protecting tube similar to diagram on the following page, is installed in the vapor line just before entering the condenser and another bulb installed in a similar manner in the still. With a con- stant source of current passing through the coil, the resistance in- creases or decreases, depending upon the temperature of the coil of wire. This change in resistance can be easily measured and an ad- justable resistance balancing the resistance of the bulb and a galva- nometer or deflector shows when the balance is reached. With suitable switching apparatus, any number of temperatures can be indicated by the one instrument. Gasoline of any desired end point may be easily secured by maintaining that temperature in the vapor line. These instruments are accurate within one degree P. They are entirely unaffected by the length of leads connecting the bulb and instrument or the temperature of the leads, and there arfe no cold junctions. The rapidly growing tendency of the trade to purchase oil on dis- tillation tests as well as on gravity, makes it desirable for the refiner to make runs on oil and vapor temperatures rather than on tailhouse gravities alone. In the cracking processes, the temperatures of the oil being treated must be maintained within very narrow ranges and for this purpose accurate pyrometers are absolutely necessary. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 135 Mm P S it '^ 136 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Cause of Color and Odor in Refined Petroleum Most distillates from petroleum contain sufficient foreign matter to give an undesirable odor or a yellowish to red color. The odor in natural distillates is due ordinarily to sulphur com- pounds, characteristic of which is hydrogen sulphide. Gasoline or light hydrocarbons produced by cracking have a more or less offensive odor even though sulphur is not present in appreciable quantity. In a general way, color is present in proportion as the odor is more disagreeable. The color of petroleum products is thought to be largely due to nitrogen compounds. Light hydrocarbons produced by crack- ing have a higher color the larger the amount of nitrogen in the heavy oils cracked, as a general rule. Cracked products from paraffin hydrocarbons such as those from Oklahoma give a yellowish color in the distillate above 300°F, though they may be colorless below 300°F. California and Mexico cracked gasoline give a red color, which is not noticeable immediately upon distilling, but becomes more intense as the gasoline is exposed to the action of the acid. This coloring matter on standing largely settles out or is oxidized so that the redistilled gasoline may be free from color. Kerosene, the first refined product of petroleum marketed on a large scale, was a yellow or dark red liquid. It was first produced from coal, and it was found in 1857 that "coal oil" could be de- odorized and decolorized by treatment with sulphuric acid, and this is the process that is in general use at the Present time. 66°Be' sul- phuric acid is ordinarily used, as it reacts upon the unsaturated com- pounds, the sulphur compounds and the nitrogenous compounds in the oil by forming substances which dissolve largely in the sulphuric acid. The shrinkage of the oil treated may vary from almost nothing up to 10%, depending upon the character of the oil being refined. In ordinary natural distillates, one pound of acid per barrel is com- monly sufficient, but vidth cracked oil as much as 10 pounds of acid are often required. Even then the treatment is often not sufficiently severe, and oleum or Nordhausen sulphuric acid, which contains an excess of sulphur trioxide, is necessary. This is the case with Cali- fornia and Towanda oil. After treatment with sulphuric acid, thor- ough washing and neutralization with caustic soda is always necessary. Other substances used for neutralizing the acid and acid sulfonates are soda ash, lime, silicate of soda and sodium plumbite. Other chemicals may be quite successfully used in removing the odor of cracked gasoline, among these being sodium plumbite, copper oxide, manganese dioxide, potassium permanganate, sodium chromate aluminum chloride and chlorine. ' , . , P^y^ hydrochloric acid gas (hydrogen chloride, HCl) is often highly effective m treating gasoline to remove the color. The "bloom" or fluorescence of mineral oils is supposed to be due to the presence of asphalt-like or pitchy material in colloidal °/^"'y^V°T^ ^ '^^^^ ^® overcome by the use of mono-nitro-napthalene (C10M7NO2) in small amounts. The physical means of removing color and to some degree odor is by filtration through fuller's earth This is common practice with lubricating oils. Be' 0.35% Be' 0.43% Be' 0.53% Be' 0.70% Be' 0.70% Be' 0.70% Be' 0.56% KA.\SAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 137 THE EFFECT OF SULPHUR IN THE REFINING OF PETROLEUM. Sulphur is present in all petroleums. (See page 128.) It exists in the elementary form dissolved in the oil or in a chemically com- bined form as the sulphides of hydrocarbon groups. When it is found in very large amount there is usually a considerable amount of free or elementary sulphur. The alkyl or organic sulphides give to petro- leum its characteristic odor. High sulphur petroleum residues such as Trinidad asphalt have characteristic odors of complex sulphur compounds. Lighter gasoline-bearing oils such as the Ohio and the Butler County, Kansas, oils have characteristic odors varying from that of pure hydrogen sulphide to that of the complex organic sul- E hides such as exist in natural asphalt. A typical distillation of a eavy crude oil by means of steam shows the following results as to distribution of sulphur: Fraction Specific Oravity Sulphur 0-10% 0.868 = 31.3° Be' 0.39% 10-20% 0.877 = 29.6° 20-30% 0.895 = 26.4° 30-40% 0.909 = 24.0° 40-50% 0.920 = 22.1° 50-60% 0.920 = 22.1° 60-70% 0.917 = -22.7° 70-80% 0.917 = 22.7° This condition does not hold in the case of all oils, particularly the oils from Butler County, Kansas, which are characterized by the giving off of the rather large amount of hydrogen sulphide in the early part of the distillation. Sulphur causes trouble in the refinery in the purification of the distilled products and in the corrosive effect of the oxidized sulphur, particularly on the condenser pipes. At the time that the first sulphur oils were discovered in Ohio (.8% sulphur) they brought a price of only 14c per barrel, while at the same time the Pennsylvania oils (0.04% sulphur) sold at $2.25 per barrel. According to Frash it is a comparatively simple matter to free petroleum of elementary sulphur or hydrogen sulphide, but the sulphur compounds, which are the cause of the offensive odor, are very stable and cannot easily be broken up into hydrogen sulphide or other sulphur compounds which can be eliminated. It was because of the presence of these stable compounds that high sulphur oils for many years resisted all efforts to refine it. These complex sulphur compounds have the peculiarity of dissolving a number of metallic oxides. When the oil is saturated with all of the oxide which can be carried, the disagreeable odor disappears. It tends to reappear, how- ever, when an attempt is made to separate the metal from the oil unless more oxide is used than is necessary to precipitate all of the sulphur, in which case complete desulphurization of the petroleum is effected. "The Frash method, which has been successfully used for nearly thirty years by the Standard Oil Co., consists in the use of 1,000 pounds of the copper oxide to 2,000 barrels of distillate. The copper is recovered by filtering and roasting. In distillation the chemical action of the sulphur may result from the direct combination of the sulphur with the iron or by the oxida- tion of the sulphur with formation of sulphonic acids, which pit the iron, particularly of the condensers. The acid withdrawn from the agitator after treatment of oils to 138 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF remove color and odor is a black viscous materiaL Much of this sulphuric acid may be recovered by digestion to decompose the complex organic compounds and oxidation usually with air to burn out the carbonaceous material and preserve as much of the sulphur as SOs in- stead of driving it off as SO2. Gasoline Gasoline as now found on the market is a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, having an initial boiling point of from 80 °F to 160 °F, an end boiling point of from 368°F to 450°F, gravity of 56° to 61°Be'., a sweet to oily aroma and a water white color. The particular hydrocarbons composing it belong to a general group known as the paraffins. Other types of hydrocarbons are oc- casionally present in a very small amount. These are known as ole- fins and as benzenes. The olefins are removed by a thorough treat- ment vidth sulphuric acid, but the benzenes remain if originally present. Ordinary gasoline made by the natural distillation of Mid Con- tinent crude oil will contain several or all of the following substances : Name Boiling point Specific gravity Baume'Gravity 1. Pentane 97°F 0.630 92.2° 2. Hexane 156°F 0.670 78.9° 3. Heptane 209°F 0.697 70.9° 4. Octane 258 °F 0.718 65.0° 5. Nonane 302°F 0.740 59.2° 6. Decane 343 °F 0.750 56.7° 7. Undecane 383°F 0.760 54.2° Specific gravity Baume' gravity 0.880 29.1° 0.872 30.6° 0.882 28.7° The following aromatic compounds are produced by pyrogenic de- composition of heavy hydrocarbons and rarely exist naturally in crude petroleum. They are produced by the cracking of oil in the vapor phase and at high temperatures and occur in artificial or what has been called "synthetic" gasoline. Name Boiling point Benzol (CHe) 176°F Toluol (CH.CH,) 232°F Xylene {C,VLt(CR,), 291 °F A small amount of these hydrocarbons in commercial gasoline very materially affects the gravity. The character of gasoline is governed almost entirely by its use for automobiles. It is also used to some extent for stove gasoline and for cleaning purposes, in which case it has a lower end point and a higher Baume' gravity. Gasoline is commonly blended and originates from one or more of the following sources: 1. The natural product distilled from crude oil. This constitutes about 73% of the total on the market (1917-18). 2. As a condensate from natural gas and known as casinghead gasoline. This constitutes about 7% of all gasoline and is always in- corporated with heavy hydrocarbons such as naphtha or with gasoline distilled from a heavy crude or with gasoline made by cracking. 3. The light hydrocarbons produced by the pyrogenic decompo- sition of heavy petroleum residua. This constitutes about 20% of the market gasoline and tends to have a considerable amount of aromatic compounds. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 139 The most desirable properties of gasoline are low end point and a low initial boiling point, the usual refiner's practice being to call everything gasoline which distills up to a temperature of 410''F. This practice in a light crude gives a 58°Be' product, although in the un- usually light etudes a 61" product is obtained and in heavy crudes a gravity as low as 54° may be obtained. This heavy gasoline must be blended to make it satisfactory for ordinary market purposes. Page 227 shows the relation of the boiling point to the specific gravity of ordinary market gasoline. Gasolines containing considera- ble olefins, aromatics or naphthenes have a higher relation of specific gravity to boiling point than do gasolines composed entirely of paraffin hydrocarbons. Page 148 shows the relation of the boiling temperature to the percentage distilled over in ordinary commercial gasoline. These curves show that the gravity alone is not a good measure of the quality of a gasoline. For example, a 58° gravity gasoline in one case has an initial boiling point of less than 100°F and in another case has an in- itial boiling point of 190°F. A naphtha blended with casinghead will have a very high gravity test, but will show a very low initial boiling point and a very high end point. The method of determining the quality of gasoline is described on page 307. U. S. GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS. Specifications for standard tests of aviation gasoline, motor gaso- line and fuel oil as announced in October, 1918, by the Inter-depart- mental Committee on Stardardization of Specifications for Petroleum Products. AVIATION GASOLINE. The specifications for aviation gasoline (export, fighting and do- mestic) as adopted are as follows: 1. Color. The color shall be water white. Test — Inspection of a column in a standard 4 ounce oil sample bottle. 2. Foreign Matter. The gasoline shall be free from acid, undissolved water and sus- pended matter. Acid Test — The residue remaining in the flask after distillation is complete is shaken thoroughly with I cc of distilled water. The aqueous extract must not be colored red on addition of a few drops of methyl orange solution. Water and suspended matter would be in evidence in the test for color. 3. Doctor Test. The gasoline shall yield a negative doctor test. Directions for making doctor test on gasoline: (a) Preparation of Reagents: Sodium plumbite or "doctor solu- tion." Dissolve approximately 125 grams of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a liter of distilled water. Add 60 to 70 grams of litharge (PbO) and shake vigorously for 15 to 30 minutes or let stand with occasional shaking for at least a day. Allow to settle and decant or siphon off the clear liquid. Filtration through a mat of asbestos may be employed if the solution does not settle clear. The solution should be kept in a bottle tightly stoppered with a cork. Sulphur — Obtain pure flower of sulphur. (b) Making a Test: — Shake vigorously together two volumes of 140 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF gasoline and one volume of the "doctor solution" (10 cc of gasoline and 5 cc of "doctor solution" in an ordinary test tube; or proportional quantities in a 4 ounce oil sample may be conveniently used). After shaking for about fifteen seconds a small pinch of flowers of sulphur should be added and the tube again shaken for 15 seconds and allowed to settle. The quantity of sulphur used should be such that practically all of the sulphur floats on the surface, separating the gasoline from the "doctor solution." (c) Interpretation of Results — If the gasoline is discolored, or if the sulphur film is so dark that its yellow color is noticeably masked the test shall be reported as positive and the gasoline condemned as "sour". If the liquid remains unchanged in color and if the sulphur film is bright yellow, or only slightly discolored with gray or flecked with black the test shall be reported negative and the gasoline con- sidered "sweet". 4. Corrosion and Gumming. The gasoline, when subjected to the corrosion test, shall show no gray or black corrosion and no weighable amount of gum. The apparatus used in this test consists of a freshly polished hemispherical dish of spun copper, approximately 3% inches in di- ameter. Fill this dish to within % inch of the top with the gasoline to be examined and place the dish upon a steam bath. Leave the dish on the steam bath until all volatile portions have disappeared. If the gasoline contains any dissolved elementary sulphur the bottom of the dish will be colored gray or black. If the gasoline contains undesirable gum-forming constituents there will be a weighable amount of gum deposited on the dish. Acid residues will show as gum in this test. Interpretation of Results. Corrosion — It is specified that no gray or black deposit shall be formed. This wording is intended to admit gasolines that have so small a quantity of sulphur that the deposit is peacock colored. Gum — It is specified that there shall be no weighable amount of gum. The intention is to refuse admittance to gasoline that shows an amount that can be readily weighed in this style of dish. The distillation method and apparatus shall conform to those outlined and described in Bureau of Mines Technical Paper No. 166, entitled "Motor Gasoline, Properties, Laboratory Methods of Testing and Practical Specifications." Volatility and Distillation Range — Export Grade. When 5% of the sample has been recovered in the graduated re- ceiver the thermometer shall not read more than 65 °C (149°P) or less than 95-0 (203°F). When 50% has been recovered in the receiver the thermometer shall not read more than 95 °C (203''F). When 90% has been recovered in the receiver the thermometer shall not read more than 150°C (302°F). When 95% has been recovered in the receiver the thermometer shall not read more than 150°C (302°F) and the end point shall not exceed this temperature by more than 15°C (27°F). At least 96% must be recovered in the receiver from the distil- lation. The distillation loss shall not exceed 2% when the residue in the flask is cooled and added to the distillate in the receiver. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 141 Volatility and Distillation Range — Fighting Grade. When 5% of the samples has been recovered in the graduated receiver the thermometer shall not read more than 70°C (158°F) or less than 60°C (140°F). When 50% has been recovered in the receiver the thermometer shall not read more than 95°C (203°F). When 90% has been recovered in the receiver the thermomeier shall not read more than 113°C (235°F). When 96% has been recovered in the receiver the thermometer shall not read more than IIS^C (235°F) and the end point shall not exceed this temperature by more than 15°C (27°F). At least 96% must be recovered in the receiver from the dis- tillation. The distillation loss shall not exceed 2% when the residue in the flask is cooled and added to the distillate in the receiver. The United States War Department requires fighting grade to be colored red after inspection and acceptance. Volatility and Distillation Range — Domestic Range. When 5% of the sample has been recovered in the graduat?d re- ceiver the thermometer shall not read more than 75°C (167°F) or less than 50°C (122°F). When 50% has been recovered in the receiver the thermometer shall not read more than lOS-C (221°F). When 90% has been recovered in the receiver the thermometer shall not read more than 155°C (311°F). When 96% has been recovered in the receiver the thermometer shall not read more than 175''C (347°F). At least 96% must be recovered in the receiver from the dis- tillation. The distillation loss shall not exceed 2^'r when the residue in the flask is cooled and added to the distillate in the receiver. MOTOR GASOLINE. The specifications for motor gasoline are: Quality. Gasoline to be high grade, refined and free from water and all impurities, and shall have a vapor tension not greater than 10 pounds per square inch at 100°F temperature, same to be determined in ac- cordance with the current "Rules and Regulations for the Transporta- tion of Explosives and Other Danarerous Articles by Freight" — para- graph 1824 (k) as issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Inspection and Tests. Inspection — Before acceptance the gasoline will be inspected. Samples of each lot will be taken at random. These samnles imme- diately after drawing will be retained in a clean, absolutely tight closed vessel and a sample for test taken from the mixture in this vessel directly into the test vessel. Test — 100 cc will be taken as a test sample. The apparatus and method of conducting the distillation test shall be that described in Bureau of Mines Technical Paper No. 166, Motor Gasoline: (a) Boiling point must not be higher than 6n°C (140°F). (b) 20'^r of the samole must distill below 105°C (275°F). (c> 4.')% must distill below 135°C (275''F>. (d) 90% must distill below 180°C (356°F). fe) The end of dry point of distillation must not be higher than 220''C (428°F). 142 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF (f) Not less than 95% of the liquid will be recovered from the distillation. MINERAL SPIRITS— 1918. 1. General Specifications — General specifications for paint and painting materials, issued by the Railroad Administration, in effect at date of opening of bids, shall form part of these specifications. 2. The mineral spirits shall be a hydrocarbon distillate, water white, neutral, clear and free from suspended matter and water. It shall have no darkening effect when mixed with basic carbonate white lead. 3. Properties and Tests — When 100 cc are submitted to continu- ous distillation in an Engler flask with a condenser 22 inches long and at an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal and cooled with water, the first drop shall issue from the condenser at a temperature of not less than 265°F and 97 per cent shall distill below 470°F. 4. When 10 cc of the distillate are placed in a glass crystallizing dish 2% inches in diameter, in a steam bath maintained at a temper- ature of 212°F and evaporated not more than 0.2 per cent of residue shall remain after 2% hours. 5. The flash point shall be not less than 85°F when determined by the closed Elliott tester method, the test being made in the usual official manner. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 143 Summary of Gasoline Inspection Laws (By Dr. G. W. Gray.) Arkansas.^— Gravity shall be taken at 60°F, and marked on tank, can, cask, barrel or other vessel containing said gasoline. California. — No lavy. Los Angeles has adopted motor transport specification. Colorado. — Gravity shall be taken, but no products shall be of- fered for sale which contain more than 5 per cent of solid matter. Georgia. — Gravity shall be taken and no product known as gaso- line, benzine or naphtha shall be offered for sale unless casks, barrels or packages containing such products are labeled with figures de- noting gravity and the words "gasoline" "Benzine" or "naphtha", in large red letters. Idaho. — The standard adopted by the Bureau of Mines shall be the standard for Idaho. Indiana — Gravity shall not be less than 56°Be., and the correction for temperature shall be l°Be. or 10°F. Illinois. — There is no law except that gasoline must be branded "Condemned for illuminating purposes". Iowa. — Gravity shall be between SCBe. and 70° Be. Boiling point shall not be below 1.50°F. and not above 210°F. All other products shall be branded "Substitute for gasoline" and these substitutes shall be sold under label, which label shall be printed in large, legible type, etc., defined as follows: (a) Per cent of boiling below 135°F. (b) Per cent of boiling between ISS'F and 210°F. (c) Per cent of boiling between 201°F. and 302°F.- (d) Per cent boiling above 302°F. Bills of lading and the labelsof such substitutes shall call atten- tion to the danger of such low boiling point. Kansas — Gravity must not be heavier than 58° Be., initial boiling point shall not exceed 90°F., end boiling point not above 410°F. All products sold not meeting this test shall be known and sold as "Gaso- line under test." Michigan — No law. Grand Rapids, 20 ner cent shall distill ove-' at or below 320°F. Fifty per cent shall distill over at or below 300°F. End point not above 450 °F. If product does not meet this test, it shall be known as a mixed gasoline-kerosene; Detroit, same law as Grand Rapids, but method of distillation is entirely different. Gaso- line passing Grand Rapids specification by their method of distilla- tion, might be rejected by Detroit. Minnesota — Gravity shall be taken and containers shall be marked "Unsafe for illuminating purposes." Missouri. — Gravity must not be less than 58°Be. Montana. — Any gasoline used for heating, burning or power pur- noses in any automobile, engine or in any machinery which falls be- low 63°Be., shall be deemed below standard, but nothing m this act shall prevent the sale of a heavier product, when product is sold under its proper name and its specific gravity given. Nebraska — Gravity shall be taken and marked upon container. New Mexico. — No gasoline for illuminating purposes can be sold which is less than 63° gravity, and it shall be conclusively presumed that all sales are for illuminating purposes, unless containers are marked "Not for illuminating purposes." 144 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF North Carolina. — The initial boiling point not higher than 158°F; 16 per cent off at 230°P; residue not more than 35 per cent at 302° P.; end point not higher than 437°F. North Dakota. — Gravity shall be taken and all gasoline sold for household purposes shall show not less than 3 per cent off at 158°F. and not more than 6 per cent residue at 248°F. Ohio. — Shall be branded according to its, commercial name and with the word "Dangerous". Oklahoma. — Gravity shall be taken. If gravity is greater than 74°F. it shall be deemed unsafe and sale is prohibited for use in vapor stoves or other domestic uses. Oregon. — Gravity shall be not less than 56°Be. South Dakota. — Gas machine gasoline, light gasoline, power gas- oline, when made from Mid-continent crude shall be as follows: Gas machine gasoline, not less than 64°Be; residue not more than 4 per cent at 300°F; all off below 350°F. Light gasoline, gravity not less than 60°Be. ; residue not over 10 per cent above 300°F. and not over 25 per cent above 350°F. Power gasoline gravity not less than 57° Be; residue not more than 25 per cent at 300°F and not more than 3 per cent at 400°F. Below is a table giving gravities depending upon what crude the products are made from: Gravity in degrees Be' Mid-Conti- Penn. nent P^eld. Field Gasoline for use in automobile engines and in other gasoline engines should have a gravity of not less than 57 62 Gasoline for household use in stoves, flatirons, gasoline lamps, dry cleaning, etc., should have a gravity of not less than 62 65 Gasoline for use in gas machines for the pro- duction of gasoline gas, should have a gravity of not less than 70 80 Naphtha for use in engines and for other purposes should have a gravity of not less than 55 In describing kerosene or gasoline by its gravity it is necessary to indicate the State or Territory oroHuciner the crude petroleum from which the finished product was distilled, because crude petroleum dif- fers in different regions and its products differ likewise. In stating the crude petroleum fields above, the Western is taken to include Texas, Oklahoma. Kansas, Wvoming, Illinois and other oil-producing States in the west-central portion of the United States. The Pennsyl- vania field includes Pennsylvania, West Virginia and neighboring States. South Carolina. — Flash noint not more than 32°F; distillation test not less than ?5 ne-^ cent off at 230°F; not movp than 16 per cent of residue at 302°P: dry point not more than 392°F. Any product not meeting this specification must be sold under the name of "naphtha." KAXSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 145 Tennessee. — The container shall be branded "Gravity not less than "Be.; unsafe for illuminating purposes; for power purposes only." Utah. — Standards adopted by the Bureau of Mines shall be stand- ard for this State. No product sold shall contain more than 1 per cent of solid matter. Washington. — Shall be inspected for its specific gravity and all containers shall be branded with the specific gfravity. Wisconsin. — Containers shall have gravity stamped on same. Wyoming. — Gasoline for household use. Distillation test: Not less than 10 per cent off at 150°F; not less than 50 per cent off at 212°F; not less than 98 per cent off at 325°F. Gasoline for power purposes: Not less than 10 per cent off at ITO'F; not less than 50 per cent off at 240°F; not less than 94 per cent off at 350°F. Benzinum Purificatum (U. S. Pharma- copoeia) Purified Petroleum Benzin. Benzin. Purif. — Petroleum Ether. A purified distillate from American petroleum consisting of hy- drocarbons, chiefly of the marsh-gas series. Preserve it carefully in well-closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire. Purified Petroleum Benzin is a clear, colorless, non-fluorescent, volatile liquid, of an ethereal, or faint, petroleum-like odor, and having a neutral reaction. It is highly inflammable and its vapor, when mixed with air and ignitpd, explodes violently. It is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, and miscible with ether, chloroform, benzene, volatile oils and fixed oils, with the exception of castor oil. Specific gravity: 0.638 to 0.660 at 25°C. It distills completely between 40°C and 80°C (104°F to 176°F). Evaporate 10 mils of Purified Petroleum Benzin from a piece of clean filter paper; no greasy stain remains, and .the odor is not dis- agreeable or notably sulphuretted. Not more than 0.0015 Gm. of res- idue remains on evaporating 50 mils of Purified Petroleum Benzin at a temperature not exceeding 40°C. Boil 10 mils of Purified Petroleum Benzin for a few minutes with one-fourth its volume of an alcoholic solution of ammonia (1 in 10) and a few drops of silver nitrate T. S.; the liouid does not turn brown (py- rogenons nroducts and sn^rhnr compounds). Add 5 drops of Purified Petroleum Benzin to a mixture of 40 drons of suln>iuric acid and 10 drops of nitric acid in a test tube, warm the liouid for about ten minutes, set it aside for half an hour, and dilute it in a shallow dish with water; no odor of nitrobenzene is evolved. 146 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF NAVY SPECIFICATIONS FOR GASOLINE. Regular Gasoline. The navy specifications for gasoline are as follows: Initial below 140 20% off at 200 45% off at 275 90% off at 356 End point below 428 Aero Gasoline. The aero gasoline (for fighting planes) shall be: (a) Not more than 5% shall distill below 60°C (140°F). (b) Not less than 5% shall distill below 70°C (167°F). (c) At least 50% shall distill below 95°C (202''F). (d) At least 90% shall distill below 113°C (235°F). (e) At least 96% shall distill below 125°C (257°F). Export Gasoline. Export gasoline (for use in bombing planes) : (a) Not more than 5% shall distill below 60°C (140''F). (b) Not less than 5% shall distill below 75°C (167°F). (c) At least 50% shall distill below 100°C (212''F). (d) At least 90% shall distill below 125°C (257''F). (e) At least 96% shall disitll below 150°C (302°F). Domestic Gasoline. Domestic gasoline (for use in training planes): (a) Not more than 5% shall distill below 60°C (140°F). (b) Not less than 5% shall distill below 75°C (167°F). (c) At least 50% shall distill below 105°C (223°F). (d) At least 90% shall distill below 155°C (311''F). (e) At least 96% shall distill below 175°C (347''F). Comparison of Gasoline and Beniiol as Motor Fuel. Heat of combustion: Benzol. Gasoline. B. T. U. per gallon 132330 129060 B. T. U. per pound 18054 20750 Freezing temperature 41 °F 50 °F below Zero Boiling temperature 170-180 130-400°F Rate of evaporation Slower Faster Mileage per gallon (comparative) .... 110. 100. Ignition temperature Higher Low Preignition from cafbon Less trouble More trouble Carbon formed More Less Relative volume of air required per gallon 1.04 1.00 Relative volume of explosive gases nroduced per gallon .92 1.00 Temn^rature of exnlosion Higher Lower Rapidity of explosive force Less sudden More sudden Benzol is most satisfactory if used mixed with gasoline or alco- hol, preferably the latter. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 147 Possible Savings in Gasoline The Bureau of Mines estimates that the following savings can be effected daily: Gallons Tank wagon losses 7,200 Leaky carburetors, average l/17th of a pint per car 31,400 Poorly adjusted carburetors, Mi pint per car 240,000 Motors running idle, V4, pint per car 150,000 Wasted in garages, 10 pints per day 67,000 Saved by using kerosene in garages 108,000 Needless use of passenger cars, 1% pints per car 897,400 This makes a total of 1,500,000 gallons a day, or 561,000,000 gal- lons a year, whereas our war needs are 350,000,000 gallons a year, or less than two-thirds of what may be considered as wasted at the pres- ent time. SUGGESTIONS TO GASOLINE USERS. The following important suggestions for avoiding waste will not only save gasoline, but users of motor vehicles will be benefitted per- sonally and individually through more efficient and more economical operation of cars: 1. Store gasoline in underground steel tanks. Use wheeled steel tanks with measuring pump and hose. They prevent loss by fire, evap- oration and spilling. 2. Don't spill or expose gasoline to air — it evaporates rapidly and is dangerous. 3. Don't use gasoline for cleaning and washing — use kerosene or other materials to cut g:rease. 4. Stop all gasoline leakages. Form habit of shutting off gas at tank or feed pipe. 5. Adjust brake bands so they do not drag. See that all bearings run freely. 6. Don't let engine run when car is standing. It is good for starter battery to be used frequently. 7. Have carburetors adjusted at service stations of carburetor or automobile companies — they will make adjustments without charge. 8. Keep needle valve clean and adjust carburetor (while engine is hot) to use as lean mixture as possible. A rich mixture fouls the en- gine and is wasteful. 9. Pre-heat air entering carburetor and keep radiator covered in cold weather — this will insure better vaporization. 10. See that spark is timed correctly with engine and drive with spark full advanced — a late snark increases gas consumption. 11. Have a hot spark, keep plugs clean and spark points properly adjusted. 12. Avoid hich speed. The average car is most economical at 15 to 25 miles an hour. 13. Don't accelerate and stop quickly — it wastes gas and wears out tires. Ston engine and coast long hills. 14. Cut down aimless and needless use of cars. Do a number of errands in one trip. 15. Know your mileage per gallon. Fill tank full and divide odo- meter mileage by gallons consumed. 148 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 2S0'F SOO'F 3S0T ^eoT ')sa-f KAXSAS CITY TESTIXG LABORATORY 149 Kerosene, Coal Oil, Illuminating Oils Kerosene in a general way may be defined as that fraction of crude petroleum or oil made by the pyrogenic decomposition of shales or coal and it distills at a temperature of from 302°F to 572'F (150- 300°C) and contains no gasoline or residuum. Its flash point is always greater than lOOT and usually greater than 120°F. Its color may be standard white, prime white, superfine white or water white. Its grav- ity ranges from 31 to 48" Baume'. Typical kerosene has a gravity of 41 to 42''Be'. Sulphur is usually almost completely absent from kero- sene, being less than 0.03%. It consists chiefly of the paraffin series, particularly when the gravity is greater than 38. The principal con- stituents are nonane, decane, undecane, duodecane, tridecane, tetrade- cane, pentadecane, hexadecane and heptadecane. With lower gravities it contains naphthenes and aromatic compounds. This is particularly true of Louisiana oils and California oils. The quality of good kerosene has been found to be within the fol- lowing limits: 1. Specific gravity shall be between 0.760-0.860 (54.2-32.8°Be'). 2. Flash point shall be over 100 °F by closed tester. 3. Color shall be water white, with no turbidity. 4. Cold test shall be below 10"F. 6. End point shall be below 600°F. 6. Sulphur shall be below 0.037, . 7. Acid shall be absent. 8. It should not lose more than 1% on treatment with 66° sulphu- ric acid. The U. S. Government specifications for various illuminating oils are as follows : WATER WHITE KEROSENE. Flash. — To be taken on the Tag closed cup A. S. T. M. standard, oil to be heated at the rate of 2°F per minute, test flame to be applied every 2 degrees commencing at 105°F. Color. — To be determined on the Saybolt colorimeter or its equiv- alent. Sulphur. — Test to be made by burning at least 2 grams of the oil in a small flask and absorbing the gases of combustion in a standard solution of sodium carbonate and titrating the excess of sodium car- bonate with the standard solution of sulphuric acid. FIoc. — For making the test, take a hemispherical iron dish and place a small layer of sand in the bottom. Take a 500 cc Florence or Erlenmeyer flask and into it put 300 cc of the oil (after filtering if it contains suspended matter). Suspend a thermometer in the oil by means of a cork slotted on the side. Place flask containing the oil in the sand bath and heat bath so that the oil has reached a temperature of 240 °F at the end of one hour. Hold oil at temperature of not less than 240F° nor more than 350°F for six hours. The oil may become discolored, but there should be no suspended matter formed in the oil. The flask should be given a slight rotary motion, and if there is a trace of "floe" it can be seen to rise from the center of the bottom. Distillation Test. — The oil shall all distill below temperature of 600°F. The test is made as described by the Bureau of Mines Tech- nical Paper 166, using A. S. T. M. apparatus with wet bulb and total immersion thermometer. 150 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Cloud Test. — For making test -take a 4-ounce oil sample bottle and introduce therein 1% ounces of the oil to be tested. Insert cork with cold test thermometer so that thermometer is suspended in the oil. Place bottle in a freezing mixture and cool to 0°F. Keep oil cooled to this temperature for 10 minutes. Bottle should be given a rotary motion occasionally so as not to supercool the sides. The oil should not be clouded from crystals of paraffin wax at the end of ten minutes. Reactions. — Two ounces of the oil should be shaken with % ounce of warm neutral distilled water and allowed to cool and separate. The water when separated shall react neutral to methyl-orange and phenolphthalein. Burning Test— The oil must burn freely and steadily in a lamp fitted with a No. 1 sun hinge burner. It must give a good flame for a period of 18 hours without smoking or forming "ears" or "toadstools" on the wick. The chimney must be only slightly clouded or stained at the end of the test. Specification Summary. — Oil must be free from water, glue and suspended matter. Flash.— Not less than 115°F, Tag closed cup, A. S. T. M. standard. Color. — To be 21 color on Saybolt colorimeter or its equivalent on a Lovibond tintometer, these being equal to color of a solution of potassium bichromate containing 0.0048 gram per liter. Sulphur. — Not more than 0.06%. Floe. — Oil to be free from floe. Distillation. — Oil to distill below temperature of 600°F. Cloud Test.— Oil should not show cloiid at 0°F. Reaction. — Must be neither acid nor alkaline. Burning Test. — As stated above. KEROSENE FOR U. S. NAVY. Water white kerosene for U. S. Navy use when specifically re- quired for special fuel shall have a heating value of not less than 20,000 B. T. U. per pound. When specifically provided for a representative sample of the oil delivered will be tested photometrically after burning for 1 hour in a lamp fitted with a No. 1 sun hinge burner. Five hours later another photometric test will be made to determine any change in intensity of the light. The maximum allowable loss shall be 5%.. The flame shall show at least 6 candle power when compared photometrically with an incandescent lamp which has been standardized by the Bureau of Standards. Otherwise specifications enumerated above apply for U. S. Navy ksro s gh g LONG-TIME BURNING OIL. Flash. — To be taken on the Tag closed cup, A. S. T. M. standard. Oil to be heated at the rate of 2°F per minute. Test flame to be applied every 2°, commencing at 105 °F. Color. — To be determined on the Saybolt colorimeter or its equiv- alent. Floe. — For making test take a hemispherical iron dish and place a small layer of sand in the bottom. Take a 500 cc Florence or Erlen- meyer flask and into it put 300 cc of the oil (after filtering if it con- tains suspended matter) . Suspend a thermometer in the oil by means of a cork slotted on the side. Place flask containing the oil in the sand bath and heat bath so that the oil has reached a temperature of 240°F at the end of one hour. Hold oil at temperature of not less than 240 °F nor more than 250 °F for 6 hours. The oil may become KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 151 discolored, but there should be no suspended matter formed in the oil. The flask should be given a slight rotary motion, and if there is a trace of "floe" it can be seen to rise from the center of the bottom. Cloud Test. — For making cloud test take a 4-ounce oil sample bottle and introduce therein 1% ounces of the oil to be tested. Insert cork with cold test thermometer, so that thermometer is suspended in the oil. Place bottle in a freezing mixture and cool to zero degrees Fahr. Keep oil cooled to this temperature for 10 minutes. Bottle should be given a rotary motion occasionally so as not to supercool the sides. The oil should not be clouded from crystals of paraffin wax at the end of 10 minutes. Reaction. — Two ounces of the oil should be shaken with % ounce of warm neutral distilled water and allowed to cool and separate. The water when separated shall react neutral to methyl-orange and phenolphthalein. Burning Test. — This test will be made by introducing 25 fluid ounces of oil into the pot of a standard Railway Signal Association semaphore lamp, fitted with the purchaser's standard burner, chimney and wick. The wick shall be new and previously washed with redis- tilled ether and dried at room temperature, the lamp to be protected from the direct rays of the sun but may be burned either outdoors or in a well-ventilated room. During the first hour of the test the wick will be adjusted so as to produce a flame %-inch high, measured from the top of the wick. The lamp shall burn continuously without re- adjusting the wick for 120 hours or until all of the oil is consumed. The flame shall remain symmetrical and free from smoke through- out the test period. The height of the flame at any time during the test shall be not less than three-quarters of an inch. The oil shall not produce any appreciable hard incrustation on the wick. Oil must be free from water, glue and suspended matter. Flash.— Not less than IIS'F, Tag closed cup, A. S. T. M. standard. Color. — Twenty-one color on Saybolt colorimeter or its equivalent on a Lovibond tintometer, these being equal to color of a solution of potassium bichromate containing .0048 gram per liter. Floe. — Oil to be free from "floe." Cloud Test. — Oil should not show cloud at 0°F. See Note 1 below. Reaction. — Must be neither acid nor alkaline. Burning Test. — As stated above. Note No. 1 Relative to Cloud Test — Temperature of 0°F can be varied either up or down to suit the climatic conditions in the territory in which the oil is to be used. LIGHT HOUSE OIL. Oil for use by the Bureau of Light Houses shall be as described by the Department of Commerce, which specifications, etc., at the present time are as follows: (1) The kerosene must have a flash point of not less than 140°F and fire point of not less than 160°F (Tag closed tester). (2) The kerosene must contain no free acids or mineral salts. Litmus paper immersed in it for five hours must remain unchanged. (3) One hundred grams of kerosene shaken with 40 gframs of sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1.73) must show little or no coloration. (4) When distilled from a still so jacketed as not to allow of local heating at a rate of not over 10% in ten minutes the kerosene shall not distill below 350 °F and 98% shall distill under 515°F, the temperature taken being that of the condensing vapor. 152 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF (5) When burned for 120 hours in a lens lantern supplied with a fifth order oil lamp, the kerosene must bum steadily and clearly without smoking with minimum incrustation of wick, slight dis- coloration of chimney and less than 10% loss of candle power. A lamp of this description will be loaned to successful bidder. 300 DEGREE MINERAL SEAL OIL. Flash. — To be taken on the Cleveland open cup, oil to be heated at the rate of 7°F per minute, test flame to be applied every 5°, com- mencing at 210°F. Fire Test. — After the flash point is obtained the oil shall be heated at the same rate (7° per minute), test flame to be applied every 5° after the flash point has been obtained. Color. — To be determined on the Saybolt colorimeter or its equiv- alent. Floe. — For making test take 500 cc Florence or Erlenmeyer flask and into it put 300 cc of oil (after filtering if it contains suspended matter). Oil to be heated at the rate of 10 °F per minute to a tem- perature of 450 °F and held at that temperature for 15 minutes. The oil shall show no floe or precipitate at that temperature or one hour after cooling. Cloud lest. — For making this test take a 4-ounce oil sample bottle. Introduce therein 1% ounces of oil to be tested. Insert cork with cold test thermometer so that bulb is slightly below the surface of the oil. Place bottle in a freezing mixture and cool oil to a temperature of 32°F. Keep oil cooled to this temperature for 10 minutes. Bottle should bt given a rotary motion occasionally so as not to supercool the sides. The oil should not become cloudy from crystals of paraffin wax at the end of 10 minutes. Reaction. — Two ounces of the oil should be shaken with % ounce of warm neutral distilled water and allowed to cool and separate. Water when separated shall react neutral to methyl-orange and phenolphthalein. Burning Test. — This test will be made by introducing 20 fluid ounces of oil into a lamp fitted with a dual burner No. 3, dual chimney and duplex wicks. The lamp used shall be such that the distance from the top of the wick tube to the bottom of the inside of font is not less than 6% inches nor more than 7 inches. During the first hour of the test the wicks will be adjusted so as to produce a symmetrical flame approximately 1 inch high, measured from the top of the wicks. The lamp shall burn continuously without readjusting until all of the oil is consumed. The flame shall remain symmetrical and free from smoke through- out the test period. The oil shall not produce any appreciable hard incrustation on the wick. The oil must be free from water, flue and suspended matter. Flash. — Not less than 250°F, Cleveland open cup. Fire. — Not less than 800°F, Cleveland open cup. Color. — To be not less than 16 color on Saybolt colorimeter or its equivalent on the Lovibond tintometer, these being equal to color of a solution of potassium bichromate containing 0.012 grams per liter Floe.— Oil to be free from "floe." Cloud Test. — Oil should not show cloud at 32°F. Reaction. — Must be neither acid nor alkaline. Burning Test. — As stated above. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 153 SIGNAL OIL. Flash. — To be taken on the Cleveland open cup. Oil to be heated at the rate of 7^F per minute and test flanje to be applied every 5", commencing at 210" F. Fire 'lest. — After the flash point is obtained the oil shall be heated at the same rate (7° per minute) and test flame to be applied every 6" after flash point has been obtained. Cloud Test. — For making test take a 4-ounce oil sample bottle and introduce therein 1% ounces of oil to be tested. Insert cork with cold test thermometer so that bulb is slightly below the surface of the oil. Place the oil in a freezing mixture and cool to 32 'F. Keep oil cooled to this temperature for 10 minutes. Bottle should be given a rotary motion occasionally so as not to supercool the sides. The oil should not become cloudy at the end of 10 minutes from crystals of paraffin wax or solid fats from the lard oil or sperm oil. Burning Test. — This test is to be made in standard railway signal hand lantern, the burner of which is fitted with a 1-inch wick. The oil to be burned 24 hours without trimming or adjusting the wick, the pot of the lantern to be refilled if too small for a test of the duration named. Oil must produce a satisfactory flame throughout the test period. The oil must not produce an appreciable amount of hard incrusta- tion on the wick. The flame must stand all forms of railroad signaling in any kind of weather without being extinguished or smoking the globe. Appearance. — The oil must be free from water, glue and sus- pended matter. Composition. — To be 300° mineral seal oil as adopted by the Com- mittee on Standardization of Petroleum Specifications, compounded with pure prime winter strained lard oil or sperm oil or compounded with a mixture of pure prime winter strained lard oil and sperm oil. Flash. — Not less than 250 °F, Cleveland open cup. Fire. — Not less than 300°F, Cleveland open cup. Cloud Test— Oil should not show cloud at 32°F. Percentage of Fatty Oil. — "A" gTade must contain not less than 30% of fatty oil by volume. "B" grade must contain not less than 22% of fatty oil by volume. The "A" grade shall always be furnished unless "B" grade is specifically ordered. Free Fatty Acids. — "A" grade must contain not over 0.60% free fatty acid calculated as oleic acid. "B" grade must contain not over 0.45% free fatty acid calculated as oleic acid. Burning Test. — As stated above. Gravity. — It will be noted that there are not gravity specifications for any of the products mentioned above. It has been known for a number of years that the gravity of an oil, by itself, has no relation to the quality. Two oils may have exactly the same gravity and one might be an excellent oil while the other would be absolutely worth- less. This difference in quality is due to the crude from which it has been made. Therefore no gravity was specified and the quality was left to be determined by other specifications. Flash. — The Tag closed cup A. S. T. M. standard was adopted be- cause it has been accepted by several societies and its measurements have been standardized. Color. — The Saybolt colorimeter was adopted because most of the kerosene manufactured in this country is tested by this machine. 154 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OP GAS OIL. Gas oil is that fraction of petroleum distillation coming off after the kerosene or other illuminating oil. It is usually a destructive distillation resulting in a distilled product carrying a considerable amount of olefins and a residue having a lower viscosity than would be the case without a partially destructive distillation. When it is de- sired to avoid a destructive distillation, steam may be used, giving an oil suitable for absorption purposes sometimes known as straw oil. Gas oil is used for making gas and for carburetting coal gas or water gas. It is also used to make Blaugas, which is a prodnct liqui- fied under a pressure of about 1,500 pounds. It is also used for Pintsche gas. A typical gas oil has the following properties: Specific gravity 0.84S = 36.1°Be' Flash point 90°C , Burning test 116°C Distillation test 0°C-150°C 0.0% 150°G-300°C 44.0% SOCC up 55.3% Coke 0.7% GAS OIL FOR DIESEL ENGINES (U. S. NAVY). 1. Flash point not lower than 150°F (Abel or Pennsky-Marten's closed cup). 2. Water and sediment — trace only. 3. Asphaltum — none. Bunker Oil "B". — Specifications to be the same as for navy fuel oil except: (c) Omit and substitute "The flash point shall not be lower than 150°F as a minimum (Abel or Pennsky-Marten's closed cup) or 175°F (Tagliabue open cup)." (d) Omit and substitute "To have a minimum gravity of 15° Baume'." (f) Omit. Navy standard fuel oil only will be supplied to battleships, de- stroyers and other vessels subject to heavy forced draft conditions or required to run smokeless. It will also be supplied for cargo oil for all shipments abroad or to navy storage. Bunker oil "A" will be used by other types of vessels requiring a light oil and by shore stations fitted with separate storage for yard use. It will not be used where Bunker oil "B" can be satisfactorily used. Bunker oil "B" will be used by all transports and cargo vessels which can satisfactorily burn an oil not heavier than 15° Baume'. The commander, Cruiser and Transport Force, or his representa- tive and the District supervisor. Naval Overseas Transportation Serv- ice, shall determine the grade of oil to be used by vessels operating under their direction. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 155 STRAW OIL (U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS). The characteristics of a straw oil for absorption of light oils from gas as recommended by some operators and which are concurred in by the committee of coal-tar products are substantially as follows: 1. Specific gravity not less than 0.860 (34°Be') at 15.5 C (60°F). 2. Flash point in open cup tester not less than 135°C (275°F). 3. Viscosity in Saybolt viscosimeter at 37.7'C (100°F) not more than 70 seconds. 4. The pour test shall not be over 1.1°C (30°F). 5. When 500 cc of the oil are distilled with steam at atmospheric pressure collecting 500 cc of condensed water, not over 5 cc of oil shall have distilled over. 6. The oil remaining after the steam distillation shall be poured into a 500 cc cylinder and shall show no permanent emulsion. 7. The oil shall not lose more than 10% by volume in washing with 2Mi times its volume of 100% sulphuric acid when vigorously agi- tated with acid for five minutes and allowed to stand for two hours. An additional set of specifications for wash oil which is used by one Government department is as follows: Specific gravity shall not be greater than thirty-five and nine- tenths degrees (35.9°) Baume' at 60°F, equivalent to specific gravity 0.844. Viscosity shall not be more than 56 seconds in a Saybolt viscosi- meter at 100° Fahrenheit. The oil shall not thicken or cloud at 25°F in the cold test. At least 95% of the oil shall separate as a clear layer within 10 minutes after 100 cubic centimeters of oil and 100 cubic centimeters of water have been shaken together vigorously for 20 seconds at a temperature of 70 °F. There shall not be more than 14% of loss in volume of oil when 1 volume of oil and 2Va volumes of 100% sulphuric acid are vigorously agitated for 5 minutes and allowed to settle for 2 hours. The oil shall not begin to distill below 240 °C. Quality of Absorption Oil for Extracting Gasoline from Natural Gas (Westcott "Casinghead Gasoline"). Gravity 35.6° Initial boiling point 536°F End point 698°F Fire test 312.8°F Saybolt viscosity @ 100°F 40.5 Distillation. Initial .273 °G 5% 295 °C 10% 300 °C 20% 305 °C 30% 308.6°C 40% 311 °G 50% 316 °C 60% 322 °C 70%. 329 °C 80% 336.5°C 90% .: 360 °C 156 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Kerosene Regulations (March 1919) (By Dr. G. W. Gray.) Tabulation of Essential Points n state Laws. State. Cup Flash Fire Gravity Distillation Alabama Arizona 120 1 No law 160 ] No law Colorado Poster Open Tag. 110 140 115 XO law Georgia Idaho ISUiott Open Tag. Open Tag. Indiana. raiiott. Foster Tag ](X) I'^O 150 120 50-4() 100 Kansas 110 130 Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts- Michigan rag Taff 1-^ No UVi Tag Poster Tag 100 110 120 Mississippi 1 No law Tag Foster Foster 120 411 iDin. 4% resid. Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio 110 at 570 No law 112 42 min. 7% resid. at 570 No law 100 ' l-'O 'J'ag . . . 120 Tag Elliott Elliott Foster Tag 110 110 100 1 100 125 120 at 570* 4% resid. at 570 9% max. at 310 115 10-48 t No law Pennsylvania Tag 1 IJO Tag ' 110 South Carolina Elliott Elliott 'Jag 100 ' 6% res. at 570 Not more 105 ' 47° Pa. crude 41° M-0 crude 120 than 10% at 300 Not more than 4% at 570 Utah Foster. Tag 110 110 120 West Virginia Tag Foster 105 1 120 no 5% resid. at 572 *North Carolina— If oils are lighter than 47 gravity, then residue must not he more than 10 per cent. fOklahoma— Oils 40-48 gravity must be branded Good. Oils less than 40 or more than 48 must be branded Inferior. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 157 Specifications for Petroleum Products of the Kansas City Southern Railway Co. Material. — The materials desired under this specification are the products of distillation and refining of petroleum, unmixed with any other substance, and conforming to the detailed specifications below. Illuminating Oils. General Requirements. — These oils must be water white in color, and free from sulphur in any form. "Cracked" oils are not desired. Products having an offensive odor or containing any admixture of other oils will not be accepted. All samples must show a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction. Teists. — One sample shall be taken from each carload or fraction thereof, and subjected to the following tests: Headlight or 150 Degree Oil. Sample must not flash below a temperature of 130 degrees, or burn below a temperature of 150 degrees Fahrenheit, when heated at the rate of 2 degrees per minute. The test flame to be applied once every 5 degrees, beginning at 110. The above flash and fire tests will be made in the Tagliabue open cup tester. Samples must remain clear and transparent when called to a tem- perature of degrees and held there for ten minutes. It must have a specific gravity of between 41 and 48 degrees Baume'. Mineral Seal or 300 Degree Oil. Sample must not flash below a temperature of 245 degrees or burn below a temperature of 300 degrees Fahrenheit, when heated at rate of 5 degrees per minute. The test flame to be applied once every 5 de- grees, begrinning at 180. The above flash and fire tests will be made in the Tagliabue open cup tester. Sample must remain clear and transparent when called to a tem- perature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit, and held there for ten minutes. It must have a specific gravity of between 38 and 43 degrees Baume'. Gasoline. General Requirements. — Gasoline shall be water white in color. Tests. — A sample sufficiently large to provide for the following tests, taken at random, will represent the shipment: 1. Gasoline must not be heavier than specific gravity of 72 de- grees Baume, but when specifically ordered stove gasoline may be fur- nished at specific gravity of 66 degrees Baume. 2. A portion of the sample must be entirely volatile at a temper- ature not exceeding 100 degrees Fahrenheit. 3. When blotting paper is moistened with a few drops of the sample it must evaporate entirely, leaving no greasy stain. Conditions. — If any portion of an accepted shipment is subse- quently found to be damaged, or otherwise inferior to the original sample, that portion will be returned to the shipper at his expense. Any sample failing to meet all the requirements of this specifica- tion will be condemned, and the shipment represented by it will be re- turned to the manufacturers, they paying freight both ways. 158 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Pennsylvania Railroad Company No. 20-A. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. 1. Five different grades of Petroleum Products will be used. These will be purchased in amounts as the demands of the service in- dicate. 2. The materials desired under this specification are the prod- ucts of the distillation and refining of petroleum unmixed with any other substances, and conforming to the detail specifications below. Products having a very offensive odor, or being mixed with other oils, will not be accepted. 3. Shipments must be made as soon as possible after the order is received. It will be observed that the detail specifications provide for a change of cold test and flashing point in some of the oils on May 1st and October 1st. Shipments reaching destination on or after these dates must conform to the specifications characteristic of these dates and will be rejected if they fail, unless it can be shown that they have been more than a week in transit. No preliminary examination of samples will be required, but a limited amount of special preliminary examinations will be made on the request of the Purchasing Agent for use of parties desiring the information. Definite printed methods for determining flashing and burning points, for making cold test and foi taking gravity will be furnished if desired, and in case of dispute these methods must be used. 4. A shipment being received at any shops, one sample of not less than a pint must be taken from any barrel at random, for each shipment of a carload or less, and sent by R. R. S. to the Chemist, Al- toona. Pa. This sample must be accompanied by a "Sample for Test" tag properly filled out, and must be sent in a proper can, enclosed in a "Sample for Test" box. In taking the samnle, care must be exer- cised to prevent contaminating the sample with any other oil or any other substance, and a clean, dry can must always be used. This sample will represent the shipment. If it stands the tests, the ship- ment will be accepted, except as provided in Section 5. If the sample fails to stand the tests, the shipment will be rejected and returned to the shippers, who must pay return freight. 5. The examination of a shipment for oil that is cloudy from glue or suspended matter must be made by those by whom the oil is re- ceived. The examination applies especially to 150 degree and 399 de- gree Fire Test Oils. As this defect rarely characterizes all of the bar- rels of a shipment, it is obvious that the sample for test may fail to show it. Accordingly when any barrel or barrels in a shipment are found to be cloudy from glue or suspended matter, such barrels must be set aside and returned to the shipper, notwithstanding the Test Re- port has shown the shipment to be ready for use. 6. The following detail specifications will be enforced: 150° Fire Test OIL This grade of oil will not be accepted if sample from shipment: 1. Is not "water white" in color. 2. Flashes below 130° Fahrenheit. 3. Bums below 151° Fahrenheit. 4. Is cloudy or shipment has cloudy barrels when received, from the presence of glue or suspended matter. 5. Becomes opaque or shows cloud when the Sample has been 10 minutes at a temperature of 0° Fahrenheit. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 159 300° Fire Test Oil. This grade of oil will not be accepted if sample from shipment: 1. Is not "water white" in color. 2. Flashes below 249° Fahrenheit. 3. Burns below 298° Fahrenheit. 4. Is cloudy or shipment has cloudy barrels when received, from the presence of glue or suspended matter. 5. Becomes opaque or shows cloud when the sample has been 10 minutes at a temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. 6. Shows precipitation when some of the sample is heated to 450° Fahrenheit. The precipitation test is made by having about two fluid ounces of the oil in a six-ounce beaker, with a thermometer suspended in the oil, and then heating slowly until the thermometer shows the required temperature. The oil changes color but must show no precipitation. Paraffine and Neutral Oils. These grades of oil will not be accepted if the sample from ship- ment: 1. Is so dark in color that printing with long primer type cannot be read with ordinary daylight through a layer of the oil % inch thick. 2. Flashes below 298° Fahrenheit. 3. Has a gravity at 60° Fahrenheit below 24° or above 35° Baume'. ' ' 4. From October 1st to May 1st has a cold test above 10° Fahren- heit, and from May 1st to October 1st has a cold test above 32° Fahrenheit. The color test is made by having a layer of the oil of the pre- scribed thickness in a proper glass vessel, and then putting the print- ing on one side of the vessel and reading it through the layer of oil with the back of the observer toward the source of light. Well Oil. This grade of oil will not be accepted if the sample from shipment: 1. Flashes, from May 1st to October 1st, below 298 °F, or from October 1st to May 1st below 249°F. 2. Has a gravity at 60°F below 28° or above 31° Baume'. 3. From October 1st to May 1st has a cold test above 10°F, and from May 1st to October 1st has a cold test above 32°F. 4. Shows any precipitation when 5 cubic centimeters are mixed with 95 cubic centimeters of gasoline. The precipitation test is to exclude tarry and suspended matter. It is made by putting 95 cc of 88 degree B. gasoline, which must not be above 80 degrees Fahrenheit in temperature, into a 100 cc graduate, then adding the prescribed amount of oil and shaking thoroughly. Allow to stand 10 minutes. With satisfactory oil no separated or pre- cipitated material can be seen. 500° Fire Test Oil. This grade of oil will not be accetsted if sample from shipment: 1. Flashes below 494° Fahrenheit. _ 2. Shows precipitation with gasoline when tested as described for well oil. 160 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Lubricating Oil The principal source of lubricating oil is petroleum, from which the lighter components (naphtha and kerosene) have been removed by distillation, the residue thus obtained being used directly as a lubricant or separated by distillation into various fractions. By removing some of the fractions, as well as by mixing others, a variety of products may be obtained with special properties (viscosity, flash point, cold test and specific gravity). This is the principle on v/hich the industry is based. The separate fractions are further refined to remove odor, resinous materials, etc., as well as to attain the desired lightness of color. This is accomplished by means of sulphuric acid, agitating with a stream of air, the acid being later removed by washing with alkali or water; the purification may also be brought about by filtration through fuller's earth (cus- tomary in the United States). In Europe the oil is distilled with superheated steam, recently also with partial vacuum, direct firing being avoided to prevent decompo- sition. The temperature of the superheated steam is kept somewhat higher than that of the still. Commercially, the distillates are cooled and separated according to specific gravity, flash point and viscosity. In the United States direct firing is much used in separating the crude oil fractions, thus increasing the yield of illuminating oils. The refining, however, is carried on with superheated steam. ECONOMY OF LUBRICATION. The economical transmission of power is largely dependent upon the maximum reduction of friction. The purpose of lubrication is to overcome friction in so far as possible and to prevent wear and deterioration of adjacent moving parts. It is claimed that from 40% to 80% of all power produced by machinery is lost in friction, and a very considerable part of this is lost in avoidable friction due to improper lubrication. THEORY OF LUBRICATION. A lubricant should prevent direct contact between the beanngS! and the moving parts of machinery, thus substituting for metallic friction and wear the much smaller internal friction of the lubricant. The more completely this result is attained under the conditions of temperature, speed and pressure, the more valuable the lubricant from a mechanical point of view. Whether the mechanically most efficient lubricant is the most economical depends somewhat on the ratio of efficiency, the amount used and the price of the material. Greases have a low mechanical efficiency compared with liquid oils, but from the point of economy and cleanliness they are far superior. Only liquids with great tendency to adhere are suited for lubrica- tion, since only these have the property to penetrate by capillarity where journal and bearine-s are the closest and where the danger of contact and wear is the greatest. The lubricating oils prevent direct contact of the metal surfaces because of their adhesion to these sur- faces and because their viscosity keeps them from being squeezed out by the pressure on the bearing. Experience has shown that the power to adhere to metals increases with the viscosity of the oil. Since the danger that an oil will be KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 161 pressed out increases with the pressure on the bearings, it is advisable for high pressures to use oils of considerable viscosity. With low pressure and high speed there should be used a very mobile oil, with higher pressure and great velocity more viscous oils. If, for example, a spindle rotating with practically no pressure but very rapidly were lubricated with a very viscous oil, it would mean a lavish waste of power. But to lubricate a transmission gear with a mobile oil would be a waste of lubricant, while the use of a heavy grease would be entirely suitable. In fact, the use of a solid lubricant, graphite, with heavy oils as a vehicle, has proven most desirable in the case of very heavy bearings and transmission gears with enormous pressures. The oil should not lose its power of reducing friction by evapora- tion, gumming or by acting chemically on the metal of the bearings or journal. The oil or grease should not solidify or greatly change its vis- cosity under conditions of use. PHYSICAL TESTS FOR LUBRICANTS. 1. Plash and burning points of lubricants are the respective tem- peratures at which the vapors arise in sufficient amount to ignite and to burn continuously. They should be high enough to prevent any danger of fire in using the oil and to be assured that a light oil has not been added to a heavy oil to regulate viscosity. With the same viscosity asphaltic base oils (Texas, California and Mexico) have a lower flash point and a higher specific gravity than paraffin base oils (Pennsylvania and West Virginia). 2. Specific gravity is the relation of the weight of a given volume of oil to the weight of the same volume of water. The oil trade usually uses the Baume' scale of gravity, which is entirely arbitrary (see tables). The paraffin oils with the same viscosity are lighter (have a higher gravity — Baume') than the asphaltic or semi-asnhaltic oil. Grav- ity is not a measure of the quality of a lubricating oil. 3. Viscosity is the most important pronerty for lubrication. The viscosity is expressed in the terms of the S'aybolt Universal Viscosi- meter in this country, the Engler in Germanv and the Redwood in England (see conversion factors). Paraffin oils lose their viscosity most readily in use in an exnlosion cylinder by reason of the greater ease in decomposing to lighter products than do asphaltic oils (see also cracked lubricating oils). They tend to be more viscous at higher temperatures than naphthene base oils (note). 4. Carbon. The fixed carbon is a most harmful nrooerty in lubri- cants for explosion motors, such as automobiles. High fixed carbon is found in noorly refined and blended oils. It is higher in asnhaltic than in Pennsylvania or Mid-Continent oils with the same refining. Less carbon is nrespnt in light oils. 5. Cold tpst detennines the lowest temperature at which the oil will nour. A low cold test is desirable for ease in circulating and handling in cold weather. A low cold test for motor oils indicates the absence of heavy ends that produce excessive carbon in the cylinder. 6. Color is not an index of the value of a lubricating oil. The lighter the color, other things being eaual, the purer the oil. 7. Free acid should be, and usually is, absent. It is an indication of mineral acid that has not been neutralized and washed out in re- fining or of the presence of naphthenic acids. 162 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN QF The qualities of various lubricating oils are as follows : ViscoSitv at Light Heavy Auto- Steam Larjje Spindle M'ch'n'y M'ch'n'y mobile Engine Cylinder Cylinder 70°P 76-600 376-750 750-1875 470-1100 300-400 2800-4000 100°F 180-220 :. 160-400 130-150 122°F 76-90 110-280 1100 300-560 210°P 40-60 46-60 40-65 44-47 120-160 Flash point, °P Min 140 160 390 350 430 525 460 Cold test, °P 10 6 10-40 10 25 45 • 40 Gravity, Be' 19-32 23-30 24-30 Note. — See Lubricating Engineer's Handbook, by J. R. Battle. 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O o o 3 o g o tJi \ \ \ o / LO S>' o \ \ / /: — 3; ■u. > '£ R — — -- — !- ! - 1 \ - \ -- / 1 ^^ ^l \ / / ' i- i , & / / > / N \ \ \ 5 1 1 1 1 / / i - \ h~i [ <4 / \ ^ ^ \ -o -^^. I 1 --- — / \ - . \ >■ 1^ ''^ / / \ - - - *- 1 F- O \ 1 / \ s : , , i - 1 — - — g.^--l^ ^-' ^h - ■ - 1 t • ! 1 / / h - I J I I :_ -- I '-_! 1^ s 1 , . J ]-/*--- .- 1 1 — — - 3.1 'JZ -J '£/ ? P PC- — 1 ) • — - — ' 1\ ^ — 1- */ ' \ 4 , f- - 1 in \ > j 'X> 1 Kr\ m j 1-^ n 8_ 1 O 1 ' 1 . o o 188 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Natural Gas Fuel and Producer Gas Costs The following table of Producer Gas Costs includes fuel, power, repairs and maintenance, labor and supervision, interest and deprecia- tion, in fact, every item of cost except the interest and taxes on the land occupied. Producer Gas Costs per lOOO Cu. Pt. for Coal Costs Given CostS' at Which Other Fuels Must be Bought) to Obtain the Same Number of B. T. U. as When Buying Producer Gas With Coal at the Price Given Cost of One Ton of Coal $2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 ! 4.00 4.50 5.0O 5.B0 6.0O Hot Raw Clean Pro- ducer Cold Pro- Gas at ducer Offtake Gas 3.13c 4.15c 3.55 4.57 3.96 4.98 4.38 5.40 4.79 5.82 5.21 6.24 5:83 6.66 6.05 r.06 6.46 7.49 Natural Gas pel- 1000 Cu. Pt, Hot Raw Gas Clean Cold Gas Fuel Oil per Gallon Hot Raw Gas Clean Gold Gas 23.7c 26.9 30.1 ^.3 36.3 3!)..5 42.7 45.9 49. 1 315c 2.91c 34.67 3.3 37.84 3.89 41.01 4.08 44.18 4.46 47.^ 4.85 50.52 5.24 63.69 5.63 56.K 6.01 3.86c 4.25 4.64 5.03 5.42 6.81 . 6.20 6.59 6.97 Coal Gas or Oarburettcd Water Gas per 1000 Cu. Pt. ! Blue Gas per lOOO Cu. Ft. Hot Raw Gas Clean Cold Gas Hot Clean Raw j Cold Gas Gas 12.ec 14.3 16.6 17.66 19.3 21. 22.7 24.35 26.0 16 72c 6.45c 18.40 7.34 20.09 8.20 21.77 9.07 23.45 9.93 25.13 10.78 26.82 11.65 28.50 12.6 30.18 13.38 8.59c 9.45 10.32 11.18 12.05 12.91 13.78 14.64 16.50 HEATING VALUES USED Producer Gas Natural Gas Fuel Oil Coal Gas or Carburetted Water Gas Blue Gas 145 B. T. U. per cu. ft. 1,100 B. T. U. per cu. ft. 135,000 B. T. U. per gallon 585 B. T. U. per cu. ft. 300 B. T. U. per cu. ft. Note: These costs are based on the plant operating with a 100% load factor, that is, operating at rated capacity 24 hours per day, 365 days per year. Comparatively few plants have a 100% load factor, therefore, it is necessary to take this very important point into con- sideration when estimating the cost of gas. The cost of Producer Gas, with a reasonable degree of accuracy may be estimated for any load factor by applying the formula : ''=^+ \&^) -''" \ Where C = Cost of Producer Gas per 1000 cu. ft. under conditions specified. A ^ Number of feet of gas used per day. B = Days per week plant is in operation. T = Cost figures shown in table at 100% load factor. R ^ Rated hourly capacity of plant in cubic feet. It also must be kept in mind that furnace efficiencies have a very great bearing on the cost of the finished product. Without regenera- tion or recuperation Producer Gas cannot be used as efficiently as the more concentrated fuels. The expense of the distribution system and the furnaces also have an important bearing on the total cost of doing the work. KAA'SAS CITY TESTJAG LABORATORY ISS KEY TO PAGE 186. iirvc No. TVPK OP OIL Gravity Solid curves Mexicuii icHidue "Toltix fuel oil," Iiilur-Oiran oil Co.. N. Y . '"I'oltec or Panuco oii,'* IntiT-Ocran (Jil <'o "No. 102." Union Oil Co.. HaiiiT.-tield, Cai. .. "No. 18/' Union Oii Co.. i!al2 .965 .959 ; .<.fXi .an ..■vSO .912 I .893 ! .880 .882 .876 .013 .971 .970 3(1.11 u.r 12.0 12.0 12.0 UA i:!.2 17. :i 17.:i 17.1 18.1 no 17.6 16.8 lii.l 16.5 17.1 17.1 I 19.8 27.3 ;;0.6 23.9 27.3 29.6 29.3 30.4 23.9 ■1A.7 u.i 13.7 10..'. 14.2 14.4 Flash point, •F sso 124 ■Ji ■Mi 2IC 12ii 182 14.'i 182 ins 186 IW 228 275 146 180 ISO 146 144 170 149 182 151 140 2.'?4 267 260 1.5.7 24.8 24 to 26 From '■oil Fuel Handbook." 190 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Heating Value of Various Substances Calories per B. T. U. per lb. of Corn- gram, bustible Matter. Alcohol, grain 7,054 12,697 Alcohol, wood 5,330 9,594 Asphalt, 60° pen 9,532 17,159 Benzol 10,030 18,054 Carbon or Coke 8,137 14,647 Gas, Acetylene 11,527 20,749 Gas, Coal, Min 4,440 7,990 Max 7,370 12,266 Gas, Methane 13,344 24,019 Gas, Water 2,350 4,230 Gas, Hydrogen 34,462 62,032 Iron 1,582 2,848 Coal, Pa. Anthracite 8,266 14,880 Coal, West Va. Bituminous 8,778 15,800 Coal, Wyoming Lignite 7,444 13,400 Coal, North Dakota Lignite 6,411 11,540 Coal, Kansas Bituminous 8,461 15,230 Coal, Illinois Bituminous 8,056 14,500 Coal, Cannel (Missouri) 8,980 16,165 Coal, Peat 5,940 10,692 Cottonseed Oil 9,500 17,100 Gasoline, avg 11,528 20,750 Fuel Oil, avg 10,833 19,500 Shale Oil 10,970 19,750 Paraffin wax 11,140 20,050 Sulphur 2,241 4,034 Wood 4,750 8,550 Naphthalene 9,690 17,442 Gilsonite 9,944 17,900 Hard Asphalt from petroleum 9,989 17,980 Blown Asphalt from petroleum 10,210 18,380 COLLOIDAL FUEL So-c'alled colloidal fuel is a mixture of fuel oil and powdered coal. The ooal is suspended in the oil to an extent of as much as 6.5 per cent by wei^t and yet remains sufficiently fluid that it may be pumped and atomized. The usual amount of coal is about 40 per cent, with possibly 1 per cent of some emulsifying agent. The suspended matter may be low grade pulverized combustible matter. This incorporation with fuel oil makes possible the use of low grade coalsi of the high fixed carbon or high ash types which have not heretofore been suc- cessfully burned. This colloidal fuel has a specific gravity of 1.00 to 1.2.5, a weight of 8.3 to 11.0 pounds per gallon, a flash point the same as the fuel oil, a heating value of from 14,500 to 17,000 B. T. U. per pound. Some practical advantages are: (1) It is about 20 per cent more valuable in thermal efliciency in all types of boilers on account of clean combustion. (2) It can be handled by pumping. (3) It can be fired by atomization. (4) It can be stored indefinitely without deterioration, or fire hazard. (6) The same volume has nearly twice thei power value of coal and 10 per cent more than fuel oil. (6) Liabor costs are reduced (70 per cent for boats). (7) It can be clovered with water and sinksi in water, thus' reducing the fire danger for boats. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 191 Refining of Oil for Road Building and Paving Purposes The various methods of refining which yield residues adaptable or used for road building and paving purposes are as follows: Sedimentation. Dehydration. Fractional distillation by direct fire. Forced fire distillation with direct fire. Steam distillation. Inert gas distillation. Air blowing. In the types of oil which are ordinarily used for making asphalt or road binders, water is one of the most common impurities. The water is ordinarily salt water and may contain more or less other mineral matter than the salt. These impurities are insoluble in the bitumen proper, and, as they differ from the bitumen in specific grav- ity, they may be removed wholly or in part by the process of sedi- mentation or separation by gravity. In the more fluid petroleums sedimentation occurs during storage in the large tanks and the water is ordinarily automatically drawn off from the bottom of the tank by reason of the different pressure produced by the salt water and by the oil. However, a small amount of emulsified water nearly always remains in all petroleums, so that there will always be a small amount of sediment. If the petroleum is very heavy and viscous, approximately equal in gravity to water, then the water will remain emulsified and will not separate by gravity. This type of oil happens to be the most suitable in quality for producing asphalt, and special means of remov- ing this water is necessary before the oil can be reduced to the desired consistency. The dehydration processes are designed primarily for removal of the water in the bituminous material which will not com- pletely separate by sedimentation. It is desirable to do this b3fore distillation because of the fact that the pi-esence of the water will cause foaming when the mixture is heated to the temperature of boil- ing water. Dehydrating plants vary considerably in design, but those more commonly used for petroleum in California are snoken of as topping plants. In this sort of riant the oil is pumped with or without pressure through a length of pipe containing many bends and turns, so that the oil is considerably stirred. The pipe coils are set in fur- naces, so that they may be suitably heated to a temperature above that of boiling water. This pipe discharges the foam into a large expansion chamber, where the water and more volatile constituents separate in the form of vapor, which is condensed in an ordinary condenser for the recovery of the light products. This sort of plant is commonly spoken of as a pipe still. From the pine still the oil passes through another line, difect to a large batch still, where it is subjected to the ordinary fractional distillation. The essential principle in the distillation of an oil for road pur- poses is that it shall distill at a temperature sufficiently low to prevent the decomposition of the hydrocarbons. Since asphalt hydro- carbons begin to decompose at a temperature of 600°F or slightly below, it is desirable that the fire distillation be carried only to that temnerature. After this temperature has been reached, the usual method is to blow superheated steam, which mechanically carries over 192 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF the more volatile hydrocarbons at a temperature much below the actual boiling- point. This distillation has a special action in removing the paraffin compounds which are particularly undesirable in that they have very little ductility and cementition value. The distillate will contain any light oils such as are used as spindle oils and for general lubrication, as well as any paraffin wax. It is particularly desirable in this dis- tillation to prevent the formation of free carbon or coke. The distilla- tion with steam may be carried down until the residue shows a penetration of about 10 millimeters. A method of distillation which gives very great yields of solid or semisolid asphalt even from semiparaffin base oils is that of blow- ing the oil at moderately high temperature with air. This in many Mid-Continent oils gives much more asphalt than naturally exists in the oil. The action of the air is to produce a more viscous product which is very much less susceotible to temperature changes than the natural asphalt. It is strictly a chemical transformation process formed from the hydrocarbons in the oil which are ordinarily not useful for asphalt making purposes. It has been found from practical experience that this type of asphalt is not sufficiently cementitious and ductile to be used for ordinary paving purposes in nroducing first- class asphalt pavement. It can, however, be successfully used and is in great demand for waterproofing purposes, for filler in brick and wood block pavement and for roofing purposes and for fluxing ductile asphalt. The best types of petroleum for asphalt paving purposes are those from California, Mexico, Trinidad and Texas. Asphalt production in 1917 from domestic petroleum was 701,809 short tons valued at $7,734,690. This includes 327,142 tons of semi- solid and 374,677 tons of semi-fluid asphalt. The total manufactured asphalt from Mexican petroleum was 645,613 tons. The imports of native asphalt and asphalt rock in 1917 was 187,886 tons. ASPHALT PAVEMENT Asphalt is a black non-oxidized bituminous hydrocarbon, semi- fluid to hard in consistency, the heavy residuum from petroleum or occurring naturally. The residua from petroleum are known as oil asiDhalts and come most largely from California, Mexican, Texas and Mid-Continent oetroleums. The most commonly used natural asphalts are Trinidad, Bermudez, Cuban and Gilsonite. The term asphalt is commonly applied to bituminous pavements, being mixtures usually of oil asphalt with dust, sand, gravel or rock in varying proportions from 6% to 20%. The terms "bitumen" or "asphaltic cement" are commonly applied to the pure asphalt material. The types of asphalt construction now commonly used are: 1. Asphaltic concrete. This mixture is very common in localities where Joplin chats are available. It is known also as "Tooeka Specifi- cation Pavement" and "Bituminous Concrete," but it might be called bituminous gravel. The stone it carries is of %" and %" size. 2. Sheet asphalt is the original type of asphalt pavement laid in two courses, the bottom one with coarse stone, the top with sand mixed with the bitumen. 3. Bituminous concrete (Warren) is laid with coarse stone in the wearing surface. 4. Bituminous earth is laid without an appreciable amount of sand or rock. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 193 There are two different basic principles involved in proportioning the mineral matter of an asphalt pavement. One is to so ^ade the coarse mineral particles that they support each other and interlock. The other is to produce a mastic of bitumen and finely divided earthy material that is rigid and self-supporting because of surface tension action. This mastic fills the voids in the coarse material and has a much higher melting point than the pure bitumen and does not so readily allow softening or movement of the pavement. COMPOSITION OF NATURAL ASPHALT Natural Trinidad Bitumen 56.0% Mineral Matter 36.8% Specific Gravity 1.400 Fixed Carbon 11.0% Melting Point, °F 190 Penetration 0.5 Free Carbon 6.0% Sulphur (ash free basis).. 6.5% Petroleum ether soluble. . . 65.0% Total Carbon (ash free) . . . 82.6% Hydrogen (ash free) 10.5% Nitrogen (ash free) 0.5% Ber- Gra- mudez Gilsonite hamite Cuban 94.0% 99.4% 94.1% 75.1% 2.0% 0.5% 5.7% 21.4% 1.085 1.045 1.171 1.305 13.5% 13.0% 53.3% 25.0% 180 300 Cokes 240 2.5 4.0% 0.1% 0.2% 3.5% 5.6% 1.3% 2.0% 8.3% 70.0% 30.0% 0.4% 41.1% 82.5% 87.2% 10.3% 7.5% 0.7% 0.2% COMPOSITION OF OIL ASPHALTS Stanolind (cracked-pres- Mid-Continent sure tar Mexican Air Blown California residue) Bitumen 99.5% 99.2% 99.5% 99.8% Mineral Matter 0.3% 0.7% 0.3% 0.3% Specific Gravity 1.040 0.990 1.045 1.060 Fixed carbon 17.5% 12.0% 15.0% 17.5 Melting Point °F 140 180 140 135 Penetration 55 40 60 50 Free Carbon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sulphur (ash free basis) . . . 4.50% 0.60% 1.65% 0.35 Petroleum Ether Soluble... 70.0% 72.0% 67.0% 70.0% Cementing Properties good poor good good Ductility 45 cm 2 cm 70 cm 100+ Loss at 32°F. 5 hrs 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% Heat test adherent smooth adherent scaly 194 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OP Composition of Rock Asphalt ASPHALTIC UMESTONES Ragusa Seyssel Mons Cass Co. Buckhom Sicily France France Missouri { )klahom Bitumen 9.9% 5.9% 8.9% 6.9% 5.9% Passing 200 mesh 37.1 44.1 53.1 20.0 9.0 80 " 23.0 15.0 13.0 21.0 8.4 50 " 14.0 9.0 7.0 17.0 9.0 40 " 4.0 7.0 5.0 6.0 9.9 30 " 2.0 7.0 3.0 6.5 15.0 20 " 5.0 6.0 5.0 5.1 8.8 10 " 5.0 6.0 5.0 7.5 8.0 4 " 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 26.0 Calcium carbonate 89.0 91.3 90.0 92.9 96.0 ASPHALTIC SANDSTONES Breckenridge County, Ky. Bitumen. 9.2% Passing 200 mesh 5.2 80 " 45.5 40 " 36.3 10 " 3.8 Calcium carbonate 0.0 Buckhom District Higginsville, Oklahoma Missouri 9.2,% 7.9% 1.5 25.7 56.5 71.3 30.4 3.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 195 Composition of Asphalt Pavements The following table gives a comparison of a typical composition and properties of good mixtures representing the various types of asphalt wearing surface pavements: Bitumi- Bitumi- Sheet Bitumi- nous nous As- nous Concrete Concrete phalt Earth (Topeka (War- "Na- Spec.) ren) tional" Asphaltic cement 8.0% 6.0% 10.0% 20.0% Dust passing 200 mesh screen . . 12.0 5.5 12.0 62.0 Dust passing 80 mesh screen. . 12.0 2.8 16.0 15.0 Dust passing 40 mesh screen . . 20.0 6.7 38.0 3.0 Dust passing 10 mesh screen . . 20.0 24.5 24.0 0.0 Dust passing 4 mesh screen . . 18.0 15.3 0.0 0.0 Dust passing 2 mesh screen . . 10.0 13.3 0.0 0.0 Dust passing 1 mesh screen. . 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Weight per sq. yd. 2 in. surface.215 lbs. 225 lbs. 205 lbs. 185 lbs. SHEET ASPHALT PAVEMENT Sheet asphalt is the standard asphalt pavement. Specifications call for two courses of the following composition and properties: BINDER OR BOTTOM COURSE Limits Standard Bitumen 5%%— 8% 6.0% Mineral passing 200 mesh 7 —12 8.0 Mineral passing 80 mesh 10 — 20 12.0 Mineral passing 40 mesh 10 — 20 15.0 Mineral passing 10 mesh 7 — 20 13.0 Mineral passing 4 mesh 10 — 20 17.0 Mineral passing 2 mesh 10 — 20 16.0 Mineral passing 1 mesh 10 — 20 13.0 100.0 Thickness 1 % in. Density over 2.30 TOP COURSE Limits Standard Bitumen 9.75%— 11.0% 10.0% Mineral passing 200 mesh 12 — 18 13.0 Mineral passing 80 mesh 20 — 34 23.0 Mineral passing 40 mesh 20 —40 27.5 Mineral passing 10 mesh 12 — 35 26.5 Mineral passing 4 mesh 0.0 Mineral passing 2 mesh 0.0 Mineral passing 1 mesh 0.0 100.0 Thickness 1% in. Density over 2.17 196 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1000 YARDS OF ASPHALTIC CON- CRETE PAVEMENT ARE AS FOLLOWS (Typical) : For wearing surface For concrete base "Chats" or Gravel = 32 tons (6 inches of 1:3:6 mix) Sand (Coarse) = 32 tons Cement = 732 sacks=:183 barrels Sand (Fine) = 32 tons Sand = 77 cubic yards Dust =: 7 tons Rock = 155 cubic yards Asphaltic cement = 8% tons Water = 7,000 gallons RELATION OF THE DEFECTS OF AN ASPHALT PAVEMENT TO ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Crajcking is caused by asphaltic cement without sufficient ductility, with too low penetration, insufficient in quantity or that has been over-heated; Imperfections in the base, such as a cracking in the base or the lack of a rigid base or lateral support; Insuf- ficient compression when laid; Lack of traffic. Disintegration and Hole Formation are caused by asphaltic cement with poor ductility and cementing value, or insufficient to coat mineral aggregate and fill voids; Dirty sand; Non-uniform thick- ness of surface mixture; Weak foundations in spots; Water from beneath. Scaling of the Surface Mixture is caused by asphaltic cement lacking in cementing power, insufficient in quantity or subject to de- composition by the weather; Improper grading of mineral, par- ticularly insufficient dust; Dirt conglomerates in sand; Insuf- ficient density. Waviness and Displacement are caused by asphaltic cement without cementing power, too soft or in too large quantity; Irregularity of surface thickness, or of composition of asphaltic surface mix- ture; Insufficient dust or filler; Non-rigid base or expansion of the base; Street with heavy grade. Marking is caused by asphaltic cement that is too soft or in too large quantity; and that is too uniform; Insufficient dust or filler; Insiifficient density. FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS OF ASPHALTIC SUR- FACE MIXTURE. Gravel and Coarse Sand in proper relation diminish voids, insure greater stability and increase density, a^low the use of less asphaltic cement, decrease tendency to displacement, waviness and marking, increase susceptibility to damage by erosion and abrasion. Sand in proper relation increases stability by filling voids in stone, increases capacity to resist abrasion, diminishes tendency to raveling. Filler or Very Fine Dust in proper relation increases density and .stability by filling voids In sand, increases capacity to resist abrasion, allows wider range in penetration of A.C., diminishes or overcomes tendency to marking, displacement and waviness, increases cementition of mixture, increases capacity for A.C., increases the need for much comnression and softer A.C. in lay- ing mixture, eliminates lakes of A.C, decreases brittleness of pavement. A.C. in proper quantity and relation cements mineral particles to- gether, keeps out water, imparts pliability, resiliency and noise- lessness, prevents erosion and disintegration of coarse mineral of pavement. KA.XSAS CITY ThSTlMG LAHORATOKY 197 Specifications for Asphaltic Cement for Asphalt Surface Mixture Impurities. The asphaltic cement shall contain no water, decomposition prod- ucts, granular particles or other impurities, and it shall be homo- geneous. Ash passing the 200-mesh screen shall not be considered an im- purity, but if greater than 1% corrections in gross weights shall be made to allow for the proper percentage of bitumen. Specific Gravity. The specific gravity of the asphaltic cement shall not be less than 1.000 at 77°F. Fixed Carbon. The fixed carbon shall not be greater than 187c- Solubility in Carbon Bisulphide. The asphaltic cement shall be soluble to the extent of at least 99% in chemically pure carbon bisulphide at air temperature and based upon ash free material. Solubility in Carbon Tetrachloride. The asphaltic cement shall be soluble to the extent of at least 98.5% in chemically pure carbon tetrachloride at air temperatuie and based upon the ash free material. Melting Point. The melting point shall be greater than 128°F and less than 160°F (General Electric method). Flash Point. The flash point shall be not less than 400° F by a closed test. Penetration. The asphaltic cement shall be of such consistency that at a tem- perature of 77''F a No. 2 needle weighted with 100 grams in five seconds shall not penetrate more than 9.0 nor less than 5.0 millimeters. For asphaltic cement containing ash 0.2 millimeter may be added for each 1.0% of ash to give the true penetration. Loss by Volatilization. The loss by volatilization shall not exceed 2%, and the penetra- tion after such loss shall be more than 50% of the original penetra- tion. The ductility after heating as above shall have been reduced not more than 20%, the value of the ductility in each case being the num- ber of centimeters of elongation at the temperature at which the asphaltic cement has a penetration of .'S.O millimeters. The volatiliza- tion test shall be carried out essentially as follows: Fifty grams of the asphaltic cement in a cylindrical vessel 55 mil- limeters in diameter and 35 millimeters high shall be placed in an electrically heated oven at a temperature of 325 °F and so maintained for a period of 5 hours. The oven shall have one vent in the top 1 centimeter in diameter, and the bulb of the thermometer shall be placed adjacent the vessel containing the asphaltic cement. Ductility. When pulled vertically or horizontally by a motor at a uniform rate of 5 centimeters per minute in a bath of water, a cylinder of asphaltic cement 1 centimeter in diameter at a temperature at which 198 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF its penetration is 5 millimeters shall be elongated to the extent of not less than 10 centimeters before breaking. EPITOME OF THE PURPOSES OF CERTAIN SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASPHALTIC CEMENT. Impurities are a measure of the care with which the aspha-ltic ce- ment has been refined and handled. Usually the presence of impuri- ties in large quantities indicates a poor grade of asphalt. Water as an impurity would act as a diluent and would cause foaming in the kettle. Ash or mineral matter is not considered an impurity if it is a natural constituent of the asphaltic cement, but the mix and cementing value must be figured on the bitumen alone. Specific Gravity of the asphaltic cement should be over 1.000. The advantage of a specific gravity more than 1.000 is that there will be less tendency for water to float out the asphaltic cement. The specific gravity is raised by the presence of mineral matter. Asphaltic oils_ of a penetration satisfactory for paving purposes always have a specific gravity greater than 1.000. Paraffin base oil and air-blown products usually have a specific gravity less than 1.000. Fixed Carbon is a measure of the chemical constitution of an asphalt to some extent. Certain types of asphalt such as Mexican have naturally a constitution that yields a large amount of fixed car- bon. Fixed carbon is largely used for determining the source and uniformity of an asphalt. Fixed carbon is not free carbon, but in- cludes free carbon, which is practically absent in asphaltic cements. Solubility in Carbon Bisulphide is a measure of the purity of an asphaltic cement. The cementing value, other things being equal, is proportional to the carbon bisulphide solubility. Any carbonaceous material such as coal tar or pitch is detected by the carbon bisulphide solubility test. Solubility in Carbon Tetrachloride is very nearly the same as the solubility in carbon bisulphide. It is claimed that an asphalt having more than 1%% difference in the solubility in carbon bisulphide and carbon tetrachloride has been subjected to excessive heat in refining. Melting Point is the temperature at which the asphaltic cement will flow readily. The melting point desired is dependent upon the mix- ture. If the amount of fine dust in the mineral aggregate is low, the asphalt should have a melting point higher than the highest tempera- ture to which the pavement is subjected. Flash Point is a measure of the, amount of volatile hydrocarbons that are present in the asphalt and its readiness to decompose by heat. Penetration is a measure of the consistency of the asphaltic ce- ment. It is merely a quick, convenient test for checking up numerous individual samples. The penetration is expressed in degrees and in accordance with the method of the American Society for Testing Ma- terials, each degree representing Vio of a millimeter or %5o of an inch. The penetration, then, is the number of degrees that a No. 2 sewing needle when weighted with 100 grams will pass vertically into the A. C. at a temperature of 77°F (25°C) in 5 seconds. The penetration to be desired will depend upon the climate, the nature of the traffic, the grading of the mineral particles, the amount of voids, the amount of compression attainable, the ductility and cementing strength of the A. C. and the amount of dust filler. Loss by Volatilization is a measure of the amount of light hydro- KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 199 carbons that are present in asphalt and is also a measure of the tend- ency of an asphalt to oxidize and to lose its ductility and penetra- tion. Asphaltic cement which has no ductility after this volatilization test will not be satisfactory for paving purposes. Ductility is the measure of the ability of an asphaltic cement to expand and contract without breaking or cracking. The same asphalt at a higher penetration should have a higher ductility, so all ductility tests should be based on a certain definite penetration regrardless of the temperature, or should be based upon a temperature of 32 °F. Ductility is also a measure of the cementing strength. Viscosity is a measure of ability of the asphaltic cement to impart plasticity and malleability. EFFECT OF MINERAL MATTER ON THE PENETRATION OF ASPHALTIC CEMENT (Typical Case). % Dust 35 65 70 In a general way, 1% of dust in asphaltic cement decreases the penetration 2 points with A. C. of ordinary penetration. This will vary somewhat according to the character of the asphaltic cement. A pave- ment having a relation of 2 parts dust and 1 part bitumen cannot soften or flow in hot weather. FLUXING OF HARD ASPHALT. As a general rule, 30% of 10-12°Be' asphaltic flux is required to bring Trinidad asphalt to a penetration of 50. Less of paraffin flux is required. For each 1% of asphaltic flux added to about 50° asphalt the penetration is raised 3 points. For exact results a test should be made with the actual materials in question. Penetration Melting Point 200 100 128 110 92 120 34 150 200 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF y AD / y y y y y y X y y y ,-' /\ y y y y y y y T3 -z? /^ >] 1/ y y y y y ^OL / < X / ^/ !> y y y' y / ^Z >: ^- y y y y F pft ^^ -^ ^ X ^ ^ y '^ oTrM ^^ b ^ ^ ;^ y ^ y' y y ''^ ^TT ^ ^ ^ > > > ^ ^ ■^ ^ a) 70 ^ ^ y^ ^ X, y ^ ^ ^ / ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -^ ■^ ^ c ^ ^. ^ ■r^ i^ ^ ^ "^ -^ -^ ^ ■ — ' lA i 1 z^ r^ c^ ^ ^ ;> .^ ^ |]^ -- ^ r 1? 1> ^ ^ r^ ;t- ^ '- "^ — -^ r. 10 :> ^ -^ "^ ■^ 1, -^ 1, ^ ■^ \. ^ '^ ■^ -^ --- — — " — r ^ "^ — *^ ^ \ ^ — — " — 4 = ^ = — -= =rr Z = ~ .2.4 c \ V. \. 1 1 a \\ \, \ ^!! 5 \ \ \ \ S i \ \ \, \ 1 \' \\ \ \, . 1} I ' 1 \ \ \ < \ v "-. \ »v 1 \ \ "■■\ N \ 1 «> M* 1 ! :: n\ 1\ \ ■1 c' 5^ il * "i ! ; ' — \ 212 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 213 as so as BO 7S to es so 214 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 15^ 5SS BSD yw y^D y^ ?S!> 733 33D ^JB ^W ^SZ) TOT Graphic Comparison of Chemical Properties of Natural and Cracked Hydrocarbons Produced by Several Well Known Cracking Processes. (See page 210.) KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 215 Classification of Oil Cracking Processes (Representative Patents) I. Cracking in the vapor phase. A Atmospheric Pressure. Oil gas plants — very high temperature. Pintsch Gas Plants — very high temperature, Blaugas Plants— 1000-12000°F. Parker (W.M.) process — at 1000°F with or vi^ithout steam. Greenstreet — Cherry red with steam. B With Increased Pressure. Rittman process — above 950°F and 200-300 lbs. pressure. W. A. Hall process — 1100°F and about 75 lbs. pressure. II. Cracking in the Liquid Phase. A With Distillation. 1. At Atmospheric Pressure. Luther Atwood (1860). McAfee Process with aluminum chloride. Russian and American Practice for illuminating oils. 2. Above Atmospheric Pressure. Dewar & Redwood (1890). Bacon & Clark at 100-300 lbs. Burton (Standard Oil Co.) 650-850°F and 60-85 lbs. Dubbs, J. A., over 10 lbs. and over 300''F. 3. Very high pressure (over 27 atmospheres). B Without Distillation and with High Pressure. 1. Without vapor space for equilibrium (continuous proc- 6SS6S ) Benton (1886) 700-1000°F and 500 pounds. Goebel-Wellman. Mark (English). 2. With Vapor Space. (a) Intermittent. Palmer (below 27 atmospheres for aromatics). (b) Continuous. CATALYTIC PROCESSES Many claims are made as to the virtue of certain substances in promoting the conversion of heavy hydrocarbons into light hydrocar- bons. The writer has made many high pressure-liquid phase tests with such substances as aluminum chloride, hydrogen chloride, man- ganese oxide, nickel, copper, lime, mercury, sodium nitrate, aluminum powder, zinc dust, iron dust, iron oxide and platinized pumice and has found in no case either increased rates of reaction or increased yields over those obtained by heat alone under the same conditions. Electrical processes are not considered by informed refiners on the basis of cost alone and none have yet been demonstrated as hav- ing any virtue, in fact, other than as a means of applying heat. In some instances a sweeter and whiter product resulted by use of added chemicals than with heat alone. 216 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF No Model.) G. L. BENTON. PROCESS OF EEFININQ OBUDE PETEOLEUM OIL. No. 342,564. Patented May 25, 1886. -«■/ INVENTOR K.h\'SAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 217 Development of Commercial Practice in Cracking of Oil It has been stated that the commercial cracking of oil was acci- dentally discovered in the winter of 1861 by a stillman at Newark, New Jersey. However, this is probably not the case, since a patent was granted to Luther Atwood, of New York, May 15, 1860, No. 28,246, in the U. S. Patent Office, which provides for the production of light hydrocarbon illuminating oils from heavy oils, paraffin, etc. The ap- paratus provides for the tooling of the heavy oil vapors and their return to the still for further cracking. This is all carried out at atmospheric pressure. The first record of pressure distillation is apparently set forth by James Young in his patent. No. 3345 (English) of 1865, in which a distillation is described as being conducted in a vessel having a loaded valve or a partially closed stop cock through which the confined vapors escape under any desired pressure. Under these conditions, distillation takes place at higher temperature than the normal boiling points of the heavy hydrocarbons and partial cracking results. The patent was taken out for treatment of shale oil and in practice a pressure of 20 pounds to the square inch was recommended. The first extremely high pressure process was that of Benton, U. S. patent No. 342,564, May 25, 1886. In this the oil is heated at a temperature of from 700 to 1000 °F through a pipe not connected with a high pressure vapor chamber, but leading to a low pressure expan- sion chamber. The pressure used is as high as 500 pounds per square inch. The most important patent in the present development of crack- ing processes is that issued to Dewar & Redwood which is described on the following two pages. SPECIFICATIONS AND CLAIMS OF DEWAR & REDWOOD "In distilling mineral oils — such as natural petroleum or similar oil made from shale, coal or other bituminous substances — in order to separate the lighter oils, suitable for lamps and other purposes, from the heavier oils, there is frequently a very large residue of heavy oil. Attempts have been made to obtain lighter oils from such res- idues or from heavy natural petroleums by causing the vapor gener- ated in the still-boiler to pass a heavily-loaded valve, so that the vaporization takes place under considerable pressure. It has also 218 8 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF iKo Model.) J. DEWAR & B. REDWOOD. APFAEATDS FOR THE DISTILLATION OF MINERAL OILS AND LIKE PEODCCTS. No. 426,173. ~^\ Paten^^dApr. 22, 1890. St i^^ht KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 219 been proposed to arrange the still-boiler with its upper part cooled, so that the less volatile portions of the vapor may become more or less condensed and fall back into the hot liquid below, this mode of operating being commonly termed "cracking". Both these methods are objectionable, the former on account of the irregularity of the distillation and the latter on account of the waste of heat in conduct- ing the cracking process and the slowness and insufficiency of the results." "Our invention relates to a method of conducting the distillation by suitable apparatus in such a manner that we get the benefit of regular vaporization and condensation under high pressure, and that we may at the same time get such advantage as can be obtained from cracking. For this purpose we arrange a suitable boiler or retort, and a condenser in free communication with one another, without inter- posing any valve between them; but we provide a regulated outlet for condensed liquid from the condenser. We charge and keep charged the space in the boiler or retort and condenser that is not occupied by liquid with gas under considerable pressure, it may be with air or it may be with carbonic-acid gas or other gas that cannot act chem- ically on the matter treated. The distillation and condensation being thus conducted under considerable pressure, which can be regulated at will, we obtain from the heavy residue a quantity of more or less light oil suitable for illuminating and other purposes, which cannot be obtained by distillation under atmospheric pressure. We may also arrange the still-head or upper part of the boiler or retort so as to operate according to the cracking method above referred to, the cracking in this case taking place under high pressure instead of being carried on under atmospheric pressure. "The apparatus for effecting distillation in the manner described may be arranged in various ways. The accompanying drawings show one form of apparatus for this purpose. "By a pipe and cock or a suitably loaded safety-valve D° gas may be withdrawn from the space above the liquid in the column D'. "By regulating the heat and pressure to which the retort is sub- jected the character of the distillate may be varied, and thus oils more or less light can be obtained to suit various uses. Also the propor- tions of the parts may be varied, and, if necessary, means of cooling may be applied to the still-head C". "Having thus described the nature of our invention and the man- ner of carrying the same into effect, we claim — the herein-described method of distilling mineral oils and like products, which consists in both vaporizing them and condensing the generated vapor under a regulated pressure of air or gas substantially as specified." 2: 220 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF W. M. BURTON. MANDFACTUBE OF OASOLENE. ArPLIClIIOH FILCS lUIT 3, 1112. 1,049,667. Patented Jan. 7, 1913. ,- J]|, bi!ii)iiiii";!v^:!'ii .'^^r?,i£/^~ K.INSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 22\ THE BURTON PROCESS This is the process by which much of the artificial gasoline now on the market is made. The sketch in the patent is shown on the opposite page. In the practical operation of this process a very hot furnace is required on account of the very great radiation of heat from the re- turn conduit 7. Novelty in this process is claimed to lie in the maintenance of pressure on the condenser, though this is done in the Dewar & Redwood process already described (q.v.). The fact remains, how- ever, that the Burton process is being successfully operated on a large scale and presumably with profit. In one of the Burton patents (1,105,961) it is claimed that 63Vz% of the original charge of oil is converted into gasoline. The actual operation of the Burton process has been described as follows. The stills have a capacity of 200 barrels each and are heavy, hori- zontal steel cylinders, with walls one-half inch thick, thoroughly insulated with asbestos. From the top of the still is a long run-back, exposed to the air, which returns for cracking any undecomposed oil. The stills, the run-back and the condenser are all maintained under a pressure of about 85 pounds per square inch, the oil being heated to a temperature of about 150"F. Each still is charged every 48 hours, the yield being 577' of 51° naphtha. The carbon tends to be of a granular or mealy nature, rather than hard and adherent, and is cleaned out after each run. Important modifications of the Burton process are shown in the Clark patents, 1,119,496, 1,129,034 and 1,132,163; A. S. Hopkins, 1,199,- 464; R. E. Humphreys, 1,122,002, 1,122,003 and 1,119,700. One of the Clark modifications allows the application of heat to tubes and seeks to overcome the danger of heating a large bulk of oil directly. The Hopkins patent provides for introducing fresh oil supply into the run-back 7. One of the Humphreys patents provides for plates in the bottom of the still to prevent the bad effect of carbon and to give a large metallic heating area. The original Burton claims are as follows (Patent 1,049,667, filed July 3, 1912): "1. The method of treating the liquid portions of the paraffin series of petroleum distillation having a boiling point upward of 500°F to obtain therefrom low-boiling point products of the same series, which consists in distilling at a temperature of from about 650 to about 850' F the volatile constituents of said liquid, conducting off and con- densing said constituents and maintaining a pressure of from about 4 to about 5 atmospheres on said liquid of said vapors throughout their course to and while undergoing condensation. 2. The method of treating the liquid portions of the paraffin series of petroleum distillation having a boiling point of upward of 500°F to obtain therefrom low-boiling point products of the same series, which consists in distilling off at a temperature of from about 650 to 850°F the volatile constituents of said liquid, conducting off and condensing said constituents, maintaining a pressure of from about 4 to about 5 atmospheres on said liquid of said vapors throughout their course to and while undergoing condensation, and releasing from time to time accumulations of gas from the product of condensation." 222 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF ADVANTAGES OF LIQUID PHASE CRACKING All processes of making gasoline which have not involved the treat- ment of the oil strictly in the liquid phase are said to have met vdth only a questionable degree of success. While the cracking of oil in the vapor phase \yould be highly desirable if the product and other conditions were satisfactory, it has been claimed by many that the advantages of applying the heat to the liquid phase are as follows: 1. A lower temperature is sufficient to induce cracking. 2. The rate or reaction is greatly increased, being greater the higher the pressure within certain limits. 3. A product containing smaller amount of olefins and aromatics is produced. 4. A higher yield of refined gasoline is obtained. 5. There is a better economy of heat. 6. There is a selective action on the oil or heavy portions of the petroleum by reason of the automatic conversion of the desired product into the vapor phase, thus freeing it from further liability to decomposition. 7. There is a high oil capacity vyith small plant dimensions. 8. There is a perfect control of temperature. 9. There is a rapid and more complete absorption of heat from the furnace and less tendency to local overheating on account of the much higher specific heat of oil than of the oil vapor. 10. There is the possibility of operating either by intermittent charg- ing or by continuous treatment and distillation. 11. The carbon is deposited in a suspended condition in the oil and not on the retaining walls. 12. There is the possibility of the use of the automatically developed pressure for mechanical and condensing purposes. The chief dis- advantage in cracking oil in the vapor phase and under high pressure seems to be the danger attendant upon a possible failure of steel parts. (See page 225.) KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 223 Refinery Engineering Data on Distilling and Cracking of Petroleum The total capacity of a horizontal still is approximately 0.14 d'l, d being the diameter and 1 the length of the still in feet. The heating area of a horizontal still is 1.0472 d 1 on the as- sumption that one-third of the shell is fired. In continuous stills a larger area may be fired on account of a higher minimum oil level. Continuous stills give a greater crude oil capacity Ehan batch stills on account of the time required for charging and discharging batch stills. The amount of benzine or crude gasoline distilled is 1.5 d 1 barrel per day with continuous operation and with no other products distilled. The approximate amount of gasoline from crude oil stills per day per square foot of still bottom area not including charging time or time for bringing to distillation temperature is 1.0 barrel. This may vary according to the intensity of firing and the character of the crude. The approximate total fuel consumption in producing one gallon of 58° Be' gasoline in a still by cracking at 85 pounds pressure is 50,000 B. T. U. or 0.4 gallon of fuel oil. The approximate total fuel consumption by properly cracking in tubes at 750 pounds pressure in producing one gallon of 58° Be' gaso- line is 20,000 B. T. U. or 0.16 gallon of fuel oil. The report of the Western Petroleum Refiner's Association of September, 1919, on a pressure distillation process operating at 135 pounds per square inch pressure may be analyzed as follows: 0.164 gallon of 58°Be' gasoline was produced per square foot of heating area per hour after the oil was brought to the cracking temperature. 0.8 gallon of fuel oil equivalent to 112,000 B. T. U. was required to produce 1 gallon of 58°Be' gasoline. 200 cubic feet of gas was produced for each barrel of 58°Be' gaso- line. 7.0 pounds of still carbon was produced per barrel of 58°Be' gaso- line. A typical composition of the so-called carbon deposited in crack- ing stills is as follows. This sample was extracted with 70° Be' petroleum naphtha before testing: Moisture (volatile at 105°C)... 0.00% Volatile (500°C) 13.08% Fixed carbon 80.42% Ash ; 6.50% 100.00% Sulphur 1.83% Iron 2.76% The following data represents the operation covering a long period of time of a very extensively used process for cracking oil, based on one still. Gallons of oil charged 8,000 gallons Gallons of oil run in 1,800 gallons Gallons of oil treated 9,800 gallons 224 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Average time feeding in oil 15 hours Total hours distilled 37 hours Pounds of coal used to distill 11,000 lbs. per run Total distillate produced 5,295 gallons Total 58.5° gasoline produced 3,018 gallons % distillate 54.04% % 58.5° gasoline in distillate 57.0% % 58.5° gasoline of oil treated 30.8% Amount of distillate per hour of distilling. . . .143.1 gallons % distillate of total charge per hour of dis- tillation 1.46% Amount of 58.5°Be' gasoline per hour of dis- tilling 81.6 gallons % of 58.5° gasoline per hour of distilling 0.83% Area of still bottom 270 sq. ft. Gallons of 58.5° gasoline per hour per sq. ft. of heating area 0.302 Lbs. of coal per gallon of gasoline (58.5°) 3.625 lbs. Equivalent gallons of fuel oil per gallon of 58.5° gasoline 0.25 CALCULATION OF HEAT EXCHANGES IN REFINERY CON- DENSERS In calculating amount of water required for condenser, use the following formula: 200 g w = U — \n w ^ gallons of water required per hour, ti = incoming temperature of condenser water. to = outgoing temperature of condenser water, g = gallons of gasoline to be condensed per hour. Heat absorbed in condensing 1 gallon of gasoline to 60° F = 1550 B. T. U. Heat absorbed in condensing 1 gallon of kerosene to 60°F = 2400 B. T. U. Heat absorbed by oil, in distilling off 50% from it as gasoline and kerosene is 2100 B. T. U. per gallon of crude oil. Heat absorbed by oil in distilling to coke is approximately 3000 B. T. U. per gallon. Amount of condenser surface required to properly condense one gallon of gasoline per hour = 2 sq. ft.; 1 gallon of kerosene per hour = 1 sq. ft. This is lessened with cold water and with larger quantities of water and varies with the length' and cross section of the condenser tubes. The cross section of the vapor line should be .05 sq. in. per gallon of gasoline per hour. The cross section of the condenser tubes may be reduced Vz after first Vs of length and % more after second % of length. The same water used for condensing the benzine or gasoline frac- tion in crude distillation may be used to condense the kerosene frac- tion. 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O HJ ' bo O, S 'S -a ^ O >; g . \>B ^ ■? -S W 3 ; Bh O O '> 9. ^r I S S " 1 !B cq t> ° c ■ ^ .^ MS +J OJ o cp 13 C C >< ■^ "IIS E|gg§ nil II nil 6 d d d o S p 'i 01 O to c £ o-a g iJ'S •■s °E ° -o2 -■ U 3'" c 3 - ^ ^ ■c^"E 0) 3 ^ ta 3 J 3 5 c 5 " fe On 't'Sa o 2-'nSfeS'5 llj Cfii^ w w « SkKofmu II II II II II r-H (N CO"* ^^ d 6 d d 6 2; 2;:s2;Z K.-LVS.-IS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 229 Effect of Varying Pressure on the Products of Cracking KEROSENE. Using kerosene of specific gravity 0.8155 in vessel with relation of vapor space to oil of 2 to 1. Pressure, atmospheres 30 40 55 75 90 % distillate to 410''P 28.0 32.5 38.0 43.7 45.9 Shrinkage, volume % 0.0 0.4 2.4 5.0 7.0 Specific gravity of cracked oil. .810 .808 .807 .806 .805 Specific gravity of residue 828 .833 .845 .871 .888 Cold pressure, atmospheres ... . 2.5 4.0 6.5 10.0 11.8 FUEL OIL. Fuel oil with specific gravity of 0.908 in vessel with relation of vapor space to oil of 2 to 1. Pressure, atmospheres 30 40 55 75 90 % distillate to 410''F 14.3 22.3 25.4 32.5 38.7 Shrinkage, volume % 3.0 3.3 9.0 12.0 14.0 Specific gravity of cracked oil. .879 .869 .862 .837 .818 Specific gravity of residue 914 .918 .926 .930 .932 Cold pressure, atmospheres ... . 5 6 10 13 15.5 230 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Properties of Water White Kerosene Distil- late Before and After Cracking (See page 212.) Gravity of Stream Before After Cracking Cracking Distilling Temperature Before After % Cracking Cracking 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 294°F 355 363 366 367 Boom Room SO'F 105 130 .766 = 53.2°Be' .767 = 52.9°Be' .768 — 52.7 "Be' .614 = 98.9°Be' .634 = 91.7°Be' .654 = 84.8°Be' 12.5 370 158 .769 = 52.5°B6' .667 = 80.6°Be' 15.0 379 188 .770 = 52.2°Be' .680 = 76.6°Be' 17.5 381 218 .771 = 52.0° Be' .695 = 72.1 °Be' 20.0 382 237 .772 = 51.8°Be' .710 = 67.8°Be' 22.5 384 256 .773=i:51.5°Be' .720 = 65.0°Be' 25.0 391 269 .774 = 51.3 °Be' .730 = 63.3 °Be' 27.5 395 282 .774 = 51.3°Be' .739 = 59.9°Be' 30.0 399 296 .775 = 51.0°Be' .749 = 57.4°Be' 32.5 402 310 .776 = 50.8°Be' .756 = 55.6°Be' 35.0 406 319 .777 = 50.6°Be' .764 = 53.7°Be' 37.5 408 328 .777 = 50.6°Be' .769 = 52.5°Be' 40.0 410 340 .778 = 50.3°Be' .775 = 51.0°Be' 42.5 414 352 .779 = 50.1°Be' .777 = 50.6°Be' 45.0 417 359 .780 = 49.9°Be' .780 = 49.9°Be' 47.5 420 366 .780 = 49.9° Be' .782 = 49.4°Be' 50.0 423 371 .781=49.6°Be' .785 = 48.7°Be' 52.5 425 376 .782 = 49.4°Be' .787 = 48.3°Be' 55.0 431 386 .783 = 49.2°Be' .790 = 47.6 °Be' 57.5 433 396 .784 = 48.9° Be' .792 = 47.1°Be' 60.0 437 405 .785 = 48.7° Be' .793 = 46.9°Be' 62.5 440 414 .786 = 48.5°Be' .795 = 46.4°Be' 65.0 444 418 .787 = 48.3''Be' .798 = 45.8°Be' 67.5 448 422 .788 = 48.0°Be' .798 = 45.8°Be' 70.0 453 429 .789 = 47.8°Be' .800 = 45.4°Be' 72.5 457 436 .790 = 47.6°Be' .802 = 44.9°Be' 75.0 462 443 .792 = 47.1°Be' .805 = 44.2°Be' 77.5 468 450 .793 = 46.9°Be' .808 = 43.6°Be' 80.0 473 459 .794 = 46.7° Be' .812 = 42.7°Be' 82.5 479 468 .795 = 46.4°Be' ;817 = 41.7°Be' 85.0 485 484 .797 = 46.0°Be' .823 = 40.4° Be' 87.5 493 500 .800 = 45.3°Be' .830 = 38.9°Be' 90.0 506 523 .803 = 44.7°Be' .837 = 37.5°Be' 92.5 516 547 .807 = 43.8°Be' .851 = 34.7°Be' 95.0 533 600 .812 = 42.7°Be' .866 = 31.9°Be' 97.5 560 648 .936 = 19.6°Be' 100.0 608 700 Gravitj 7 of sample .7845=48.9''Be' .766 = 53.2°Be' KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 23 FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS of Benton Process Gasoline; Specific Gravity, 0.758; °Be' U. S., 54.7 °Be' Tag, 55.1°; Olefins, 16.0%. Temp. Gravity ot Gravity ot Gravity ol % lime ■Jf. Fraction. Total Over Stream 10:09 10:14 86 155 5 10:22 ISl m 0.994=72.4*Ba' 0.994=72.4'B8' 0.a94=72.4'B«i' 10 10:28 ire 184 0.695=T2.1"B«' 0.6M=72.4*Bef 0.689= 71.2' Ber 15 10:35 188 193 0.701=70.3*Ba' 0.696=71. 8' BC 0.705=89.2' Be* 20 10:42 199 208 0.710=97 .8'Be' 0.700=70.e*Be' 0.n4=e6.6'Be' 2j 10:48 ail 218 0.71B=65.6'Be^ 0.704=69.5'BC 0.722=6t.4'Be' 30 10:5* 222 228 0.7W=63.1'Be' 0. 707=68.6" BC 0.731=62.0'Be' 35 10:58 234 233 0.73B=61.(rBe' 0.7H=67.5"Be' 0.738=60'2Be' 40 11:03 244 218 0.742=59.2' Brf 0.715= 60. 4- Be' 0.745=58.4°B^ 45 ll:0O 254 258 0.7IS=67.6°Be' 0.719=66.3°Be' 0.751=56.9'B»' 50 11: U 264 270 O.T55=6S.9*BeC 0.r22=04.4'Be' 0.758=55.1'B^ 56 11:19 278 283 0.761=6t.4'B8' 0.729=62.6-86' 0.770=52.2°Be' 60 11:25 290 29T 0,7«7=52.9»Be' 0. 729=62.8° Be- 0.77O=52.2'Be' 06 11:29 306 312 0.773=51.5"Btf 0.732=61.8' Be" 0.776= 50.8'Be' 7D U:S1 320 S2S 0.779=S0.1'Be' 0.73e=e0.7°Be' 0.781=40.6'Be' 75 11:41 336 348 0.784=48.9* Be" 0.739= 59.9' Be^ 0.788=48.0'Be' 80 11:40 362 STl 0.793=46.9°Ber' 0.742=59.2°Be' 0.797=46.0'Be' S5 11:63 388 406 0.801=45.1'Be^ 0.746=68.1'B8' 0.808=*3.6'Be' 90 11:59 428 460 0.815=42.1'' Ba' 0.749=5r.4'Be' 0.823=4O.4'Be' 95 12:06 492 0.832=S8.5*Bei' 0.754=56.1°Be' Remarks: 36 ca residuum; loss, % %. 232 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF COAL TAR BENZOL. Laboratory Number, 44118; Specific Gravity, 0.880; °Be' U. S., 29.0°; Cold test, 40°F. Temp. Gravity ol Gravity oJ Gravity of % Time •F. Fraction. Total Over Stream 3;25 3:31 173 178 5 3:37 179 180 0.8S2=28.9°Be' 0.882=28.9"Be' 0.881=29.1'Be' 10 3:42 180 180 0.881=29.1°Be' 0.881=29.1°B6' 0.882=28.9"Be' 15 3:47 180 180 0.883=28.7"B6' 0.882=28.9°Be' 0.882=28.9° Be- 20 3:51 180 180 0.8S2=28.9'Be' 0.882=2S.9°Be' 0.882=28.9°Be- 25 3:50 180 180 0.S82=28.9°Be' 0.882=28.9°Be' 0.882=28.9°Be' 30 4:00 181 181 0.8S2=28.9°Be' 0.882=28.9°Be' 0.882=28.9°Be' 35 4:05 182 182 0.882=28.9°Be' 0.882=28.9'Be' 0.881=29.rBe' 40 4:10 182 182 0.881=29.1"Be' 0.881=29.1°Be' 0.881=29.1°Be' 45 4:15 182 182 0.881=29.1"Be' 0.881=29.1°Be' 0.881=29.1°Be' 50 4:19 182 183 0.881=29.1"Be' 0.881=29.1"Be' 0.880=29.3"Be' 55 4:23 183 183 0.880=29.3°Be' 0.881=29.1°Be' 0.880=29.3°Be' 60 4:28 184 184 0.880=29.3°Be' 0.8Sl=29.1"Be' 0.880=29.3°Bel' 65 4:33 184 185 0.880=29.3°Be' 0.881=29.1"Be' 0.880=28. 3°B6' 70 4:3S 186 186 0.880=29.3°Be' 0.881=29.1°Be' 0.880=29.3°Be' 75 4:43 187 188 0.880= 29.3°Be' O.S81=29.1"Be' 0.880=29.3° Be" 80 4:48 189 190 0.880=29.3°Be' 0.881=29.1°Be' O.S79=29.4°Be' 85 4:53 192 196 0.879= 29.4°Be' 0.8S0=29.3°Be' 0.879=29.4°Bcf 90 4:57 199 205 0.879=2O.4°Be' 0.880=29.3°Be' 0.8T7=29.8°Be' 95 5:01 216 0.876= 30.0° Be' O.S80=29.3°Be' 0.876=30.0'Be° lOO 5:10 225 0.876=S0.0'Be' 0.880=29.3°Be' 0.876=30.0' Be° KAXS.IS CITY TESILSG LABORATORY 233 Information Concerning Oil Shales The chief occurrences of oil shale in the United States are in Western Colorado — Northeastern Utah — Kentucky — Elko, Nevada- Great Falls, Montana — Parkfield, California — New Brunswick, Can- ada — Alabama — Tennessee and Virginia. It is estimated that in Colorado there are enough oil shales to produce 20,000 million barrels of oil and 300 million tons of ammonium sulphate. The shale oil industry started in England in 1694. The oil was used for medicinal purposes, later for varnishes and in 1815 for ammonia. The chief commercial operations on oil shale are in Scotland and were begun in 1847. These industries were demoralized when Pennsyl- vania petroleum first appeared on the market, but later recovered partially and are now operated with profit. The amount of oil ob- tainable from one ton of shale varies from one gallon to 90 gallons. In Scotland it is 23 gallons. In Colorado alone there is said to be enough shale to produce 20,000,000,000 barrels of oil and 300,000,000 tons of ammonium sulphate. Gasoline made from shale is of inferior quality, containing large amounts of olefins and aromatic compounds and giving a large shrink- age on refining. Shale oil is especially adapted to the uses to which the heavy products of petroleum are now put, such as fuel oil, paraffin wax, lubricants, gas oil and illuminating oil. It is not likely to be so sat- isfactory for the production of gasoline as is the cracking of heavy petroleums. The character of the oil recovered and the amount of ammonium sulphate produced from shale depend largely upon the method of distillation. Oil shale rock is a tough brownish to black shale-like rock. As it naturally exists it contains no oil and oil cannot be extracted from it by solvents or by any of the means used for asphaltic sandstone or limestone. The oil is produced from complex organic matter by de- composing it at high temperatures. The mineral base of oil shales is of the nature of kaolin and con- tains potash in water-insoluble form. Cannel coal is of the same chemical nature as oil shale both as to the bitumen and the mineral matter. The hydrocarbons of oil shale and cannel coal more nearly approach petroleum than coal in their calorific value. Unlike coal, cannel "coal" has no structure or evidence of the former presence of or origin from vegetable matter. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture and is usually free from mineral sulphides such as pyrites of iron. It commonly occurs on the top of the Mississippian (subcarboniferous) and may lie immediately above deposits of galena or sphalerite (zinc). 234 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Presumptive Operation of 1 000-Ton Shale Oil Plant in Western Colorado (Based upon 1 ton of shale.) Proceeds. 1918 1913 54 gallons of oil (405 lbs.) $ 2.70 $ 1.00 34 pounds of ammonium sulphate 2.46 1.09 % 5.16 $ 2.09 Costs. *Cost of mining $ 1.35 $ 0.90 Cost of distilling oil and ammonia 65 .50 Cost of acid for ammonia 55 .16 ♦Freight on acid to plant 12 .12 Cost of preparation of ammonium sulphate for market 10 .06 ♦Freight on ammonium sulphate to market 17 .17 ♦Freight on oil 1.00 1.00 Overhead expense 40 .25 $ 4.34 $ 3.16 ♦Depend upon local conditions to a large extent. PROFITS IN SHALE INDUSTRY BY COMPANIES IN SCOTLAND IN 1910 Companies. Dividends. Broxburn 17.5% Oakland 15.0 Pumpherston 50.0 Tarbrax ; 15.0 Youngs 6.0 Delmeny 5.0 SHALE OIL PRODUCTS Yields from "Oil Shale" from Colorado. (100,000 million tons of shale of this quality are said to be available.) Oil = 405 lbs. =54 gallons =20.25% Water = 83 lbs. =10 gallons = 4.08% Gas ^1605 cu. ft. =: 8.86% Ammonium Sulphate^34 lbs. from nitrogen =: 0.90% Carbon (not separable)=:101 lbs. = 5.05% Mineral matter=1219.2 lbs. ^6o!96% COMPOSITION OF MINERAL ASH IN SHALE Loss on ignition = 11.05% Silica (SiOi. ) = 37.10% Alumina (Al^Os ) = 20.30% Iron Oxide (FezOs) = 9.20% Lime (CaO ) = 12.05% Magnesia (MgO ) = 5.10% Sulphur (SO3 ) = 4.80% Alkalies and difference — 0.40% 100.00% KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 235 PROPERTIES OF SHALE OIL Commercial Fractions, Naphtha (410°F) "gasoline" 10.0% (46° Baume') Burning oil 18.2% Gas and lubricating oil 61.8% Scale 10.0% Fractional Distillation of oil. Fraction Boiling Point Specific Gravity (25°C) 0— 10 100°C 0.794=46.3° Be' 10— 20 194 0.822=40.3 20— 30 230 0.846=35.5 30-- 40 255 0.867=31.5 40— 50 285 0.885=28.2 50— 60 309 0.899=25.7 60— 70 328 0.912=23.5 70— 80 337 0.900=25.5 80— 90 345 0.910=23.8 90—100 350 0.910=23.8 CANNEL COAL FROM CENTRAL MISSOURI (Large quantities of this hydrocarbon are found in Missouri.) Sample Sample a b Moisture 8.14% 2.56% Volatile hydrocarbons 41.16 44.78 Fixed carbon 36.63 42.72 Ash 14.07 9.94 100.00 100.00 Fusing of bitumen none none Total combustible 77.79 87.50 Heating value in B. T. U., per lb 12575 14095 B. T. U., per lb. of combustible 16165 16110 Sulphur 2.10% 1.70% Nitrogen 1.50 1.65 Oil, per ton from retorts 64 gallons 72 gallons Ammonium sulphate, per ton 50 pounds 55 pounds Coke, per ton 1080 pounds 1200 poimds COMPOSITION OF ASH IN CANNEL COAL Silica (SiOj )=43.28% Iron and (Fe.0, )=12.00 ) Alumina ( ALO. )=34.16 \ 46.16 Lime (CaO )= 1.49 Magnesia (MgO )= 1.01 Sulphur (SO, )= 0.84 Phosphorus (P^Os )= 0.73 Potash (K2O )= 3.00 236 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF K^IXSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 237 FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF SHALE OIL BEFORE CRACKING. Laboratory Number 46258, Original Shale Oil. Specific Gravity, 0.920; "Be' U. S. 22.1°; "Be" Tag 22.3°. Color, Brownish Black; Sulphur=0.4'J'/r B. T. U.'7cl8,425. Summary; Water <2.7° Benzine or Naphtha 31' lUxunlnatingr oil, unrefined.. 2(° Gas. Oil or Distillate. , 2.T";. 12.0% . '.',5.11% -A. Temp. F Gravity oJ rractlon Gravity of Gravity of Total Over Stream 0.790=47.6' Be' 5 .■iao 3fl8 0.790= 47.6" Be' il.7'.»l- 47.6' Bo' 0.802=44.!i''Be' 0.,>il4 42.3" Be' 10 378 3W8 0.814=42.3° Bo' ll.SIIJ +4.9°Bo' li.l^-J:! 40.4°Bo' ii.va 3H.3-Be' IB 413 4-M 0.833- 38.3'Be' !i.S12 4 '.7' Ho u..Sfi :37.rBe' II «15 -.B 9 Be* 20 4:i--3l.4'Be' (i8in 3-i.8"Be' 28 4711 ■CM 0.831= ;C'.,H'lic- u »w a) 4 iv o.Kin .ii.3'B«^ 0.876 MM'Be' 311 51(i .'»;{ii (I.87(!j 3(I.O"Be' l).8.'/i-37.7'Hi'' ii.KS.-! L:8.7"Be' 0.890=27.5°Be' ■^ i).S«0='>7.5''Be' 0.,M4 .m 1 Up O.S96 = 26.6"Be' 0.900=25.7"Be' 10 .-.7(1 .xST, 0.900= ■ii.7'Ilf' os.',i :;i8"Be' 0.f)u.i--24.8°Be' 0.909=24. l"Be' t.'> .^1'!l 0.909= 'J4.'J' lie 8.-I7 -,^!.r>"BB' 0.910=24.0"Be' mil 0.911=23.8° Be' 5(1 mil 911=23.8"Be' (V..S 7-31 7 Bn' 0.916= 23,0" Be' 0.922=21.9" Be' 55 lias 0.922=21, B'Be' O.KK -.ll- Ho' O.lrjs =21.0" Be' 0.93-1 = 20.0° Be' 80 Ga.s 0,93<^'-1).0-l!i>' W7 -."IS Be' 11,11 r7^19,5°Be' iiti4ii- 19,l"Be' 86 (ln.« 0.940= 19,0' Bo' O.SS-J - SI) Be' ui>43=18,5"Be' u,!H7--17,9"Be' Tl.> f;:iB 0.947= 17.9" Be' 0SS7 2.^"'l'f' 0,960=17,4°Be' Olefins 08.IJ«!I Aromntics 27.0<7( Naphthcnee and Paraffins lj.0% 18,5" Wax Distillate 30.li',t. Heeldue 20,0% Ammonia in water portion = 0.442'^r as NH,i. 2338 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF . FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION ANALYSIS OF SHALE OIL RESIDUE. Laboratory Number 46258, Shale Oil Residue Cracked at 800 lbs. Pressure. Specific Gravity, 0.896; °Be' U. S. 26.2; "Be' Tag 26.4. Color, Dark Red; Olefins 27.5%. Naphtha in oil charged None Synthetic Oil- Naphtha 30.0% lUuminants. 25 0% % Temp. °P. Gravity of Fraction Gravity of Total Over Gravity ol Stream 119 0.681=76.3°Be' 5 210 0.681=re.3°Be' 0.6Sl=76.2°Be' 0.69O=73.6°Be' 0.699= 70.9°Be' 10 281 0.71T=65.a'Be' 0,009= 70.9"Be' 0.nO=67.8°B6' 0.721=e4.7°Be' 15 334 O.T65=53.5-Be' 0.721=64.7-Be' 0.730=821.3°Be' 0.740=59.7''Be' 20 368 0.79S=45.8"Be' 0.74O=59.7"Be' 0.748=57.7°Be' 0.757=55.4°Be' 25 395 0.823=4O.4-Be' 0.797=55.4°Be' 0.7W=53.7°Be' 0.771=52.0°Be' 30 435 0.846=3S.7-Be' 0.771=52.0°Be' 0.777=50.6° Be' 0.784=49.0°Be' 3S 454 0.8el=32.8'Be' 0.784= 49.0° Ba- 0.790=47.6°Be' 0.796= 46.2° Be- 40 4g8 0.881=29.1°Be' 0.79e=4d.2°Be' 0.801=45.1°Be' 0.807=43.8° Be' 45 51S 0.898=2e.l°Be' 0.80T=43.8°Be' 0.812= 42.7° Be' 0.S18=41.5°Be' 50 543 0.911 =23.8" Be' 0.818=41.5°Be' 833=40.4°Be' 0.888= 39. 4° Be- 55 582 O.930=20.7"Be' 0.828= 38.4°Be' 0.833=38.3°Be' 0.83S=37.3°Be' 60 623 0.945= 18.2"Be' 0.838=37.3°Be' 0.844=36.1°Be' 0.8S5=34.0°Bp' ("5 651 0.959=19.0°Be' 0.a55=34 VBf/ 0.859=33.2° Be" 0.862=S2'.6°Be' 70 679 0.965= 15.1°Be' 0.8fS=32.8''Be' 0.865=32.0°Be' KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 239 ■I -m "Vt. UM "V *H**t imMlIf**) 240 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Aj./AVifS,JtJ/Ji^e KAXSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 241 Products of Refining of Light Oil of Gas Works Molecular weight Pounds per United States Gal. n»i' F) opedfic gravity (O'O/rO) tspedflo gravity (WO/rO) Speclllo gravity (W'Oli'O) Specltic gravity (WO/rO) Specltio gravity (39°O/4°0) Change ot Spec. Grav. per 1°C BolHng point at 780 mmHg CO Increase In boiling point ("miuHg) Vapor progBure mmHg tO"C) Vapor pressure mmHg (10°O) Vapor pressure mmHg (15°C) Vapor pressure mmHg (20°0) Vapor pressure mmHg (30°O) Pounds per cu. ft. vapor (90°F=80 in.).. Kil. per cu. m. vapor (0°O-780mm) Heat combustion (net) 15"O70C)nimHg. Oalories per kil. liquid Calories per liter, liquid n. T. U. per pounds liquid. B. T. U. per U. S. gal., liquid Calories per cu. meter, vapor B. T. U. per cUi ft. vapor Specific beat (calories per kil.) Heat of vaporiz. (calories per kil.) Sol. in water (22'0) grm. subs. In 100 gH20 Grams H20 in lOOg subs ■Mplting point rC Carbon Dlsul- Naph- phlde Hi'lUiDi- Toulene Mzylciic thjlene 7li.)2 78.0.) 92.08 106.08 128.06 lU .->7 7.3li 7.27 7.26 0.80 i.-';i-ii .8»15 .882S l.L'77:( .S>n;)3 .8757 .8738 l.L> 45.68 13.02 .■i.45 .047 •lU.l 58.90 17.23 4.74 .032 2118.0 V5.21 22.53 6.43 .080 1*1 .« 119.34 37.46 11.43 .135 .2U-> .209 .244 .281 .339 .•il2 3.54 4.14 4.76 5.72 .3480 .!)r))'^ 10.150 10.230 .9700 .441) .8805 .8350 .8910 11.170 .6260 17.930 18.270 18.410 17.480 06.100 132.100 132.600 133.600 ]67..%0 11.550 33.600 40.160 46.500 52.400 .1300 .3780 .4500 ..WIO .5910 0.240 419 0.440 0.383 0.314 83 8 92 9 83 55 TS 2o .219 .072 Insol. Insol. Insol. .7(x> .241 Insol. Insol. Insol. IDS i; + 5.4 —92 4 --54 .s +80.0 242 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Gas-Manufacturing Processes in Use in the United States The manufactured gas distributed in the United States is of three principal kinds: Coal gas, carbureted water gas and oil gas. The manufacture of water gas consists essentially of an inter- mittent process in which a bed of anthracite coal or coke is brought to a high temperature by an air blast and then steam under pressure is blown through the fuel, forming carbon monoxide, hydrogen and a small amount of carbon dioxide by reaction with the carbon in the fuel. The resultant gas, called blue water gas, has a heating value of approximately 300 B.T.U. per cubic foot and almost no luminosity when burned in an open flame. It is conducted into a fire-brick-lined chamber called the carburetor, which contains staggered rows of fire bricks, called checker brick, heated to incandescence during the blow period. Gas oil or fuel is sprayed into the carburetor while the gas is passing through, forming an oil gas which enriches the blue water gas to any desired heating value or candlepower. Another checker- brick-filled chamber, called the superheater, converts most of the oil- gas vapors into permanent gases, which will not condense again upon cooling. During the formation of the oil gas certain portions of the hydrocarbons which compose the oil are changed in their composition to form benzol, toluol and related hydrocarbons called aromatic com- pounds. Considerable tar is formed at the same time. This is con- densed, scrubbed and washed out of the gas by various means, but usually at a temperature which permits most of the aromatics to go forward with the gas. The sulphur in the gas is removed by iron- oxide purifiers and the gas is metered and leaves the plant at or slightly above atmospheric temperature. The manufacture of coal gas is essentially different from that of water gas. In this process certain classes of bituminous coals are distilled in fire clay or silica retorts or ovens and the resulting gases are condensed, scrubbed, washed and purified to remove water vapor, tar, ammonia and sulphur. As in the water gas process, certain of the hydrocarbons given off by the coal are transformed by the heat of the retort to aromatic compounds. A small part of these aromatics is washed out of the gas by the wash water and tar, but the larger part remains in the gas. In fact, the cooling of the gas is usually so regulated that most of these substances will remain in the gas to in- crease its heating value and candlepower. Coal gas retorts take a variety of forms. Among these are coke ovens, chamber ovens, hori- zontal D-shaped retorts, vertical retorts, inclined retorts, etc. Even those of a given class differ among themselves in details of construc- tion. In most of them the distillation is an intermittent process, but some continuous methods are used. In all these processes the gas produced consists of the same constituents in somewhat different pro- portions. The form of apparatus used in a given case depends largely upon economic considerations or is governed by certain special quali- ties which are desired in one or more of the products produced. In all of these coal gas processes coke remains in the retort after distilla- tion. In some of them, as for example in coke ovens, coke is the prin- KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 243 cipal product, but in city gas plants gas is the chief product. The operation is carried out in any case to give most satisfactory qualities to the principal product and at the same time obtain as high yields and good quality as possible of the secondary or by-products. Mixed gas is usually understood to be a mixture of carbureted water gas and coal or coke-oven gas. It is supplied in many cities in the United States where the requirements permit of a mixed gas being supplied. The manufacturing installation for mixed gas is practically two complete installations, one for coal gas and one for carbureted water gas, with their auxiliary scrubbing, condensing, puri- fying, and metering apparatus entirely independent and separate. The manufactured mixed gas, however, is stored in common holders and delivered through a single distribution system. The coal and water gas thus supplement each other. The uniform but more cum- bersome coal-gas production furnishes coke as fuel for the water-gas plant. This in turn takes care of the irregularities of the output, and, where necessary, increases the quality of the gas production, espe- cially where a high candlepower standard is in force. The oil gas process is at present confined chiefly to the Pacific Coast States, where comparatively cheap oil and expensive coal make the coal and water gas processes less feasible. In oil gas manufac- ture oil alone is used as fuel for heating the checker bricks of the fix- ing chambers and oil is sprayed by steam into the chambers where, in contact with the bricks, lampblack and permanent gases are formed. In this process also aromatic compounds are included among the con- stituents of the gas. Note. — See Bulletin of Bureau of Standards. 244 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Average Content of Light Oils in Various Gases The amount of benzol and toluol formed in any one of these proc- esses IS by no means definite. It depends upon the operating condi- tions and the quality of the raw materials (coal or oil). It would there- lore be impossible to predict exactly what the yield of products in a given case would be, but an extensive inquiry into the operation of a number of typical plants has given the following tabulation as the usual range of figures for the various processes. Individual results "jy ^ary widely from them in a particular case. lABLE 1.— Approximate Yields of Crude Light Oil and Pure Products and Approximate Composition of Crude Light Oil. APPROXIMATE YIELD OF CRUDE LIGHT OIL. Coal gas. Horizontal retort 3.0-4.0 gallons per short ton coal car- . bonized Continuous vertical retort... 1.5-2.5 gallons per short ton coal car- bonized Inclined retort 1.8-2.3 gallons per short ton coal car- bonized Coke-oven gas, run of oven. . . 2.6-3.6 gallons per short ton coal car- bonized Carbureted water gas 8-10 per cent of vol. of gas oil used Oil gas 0.2-0.3 gal. per 1000 cu. ft. of gas. APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF CRUDE LIGHT OIL. Solvent Naphtha, Benzol Toluol Wash Oil, Nanhthalene, Coal gas: Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Horizontal retort 50 13-13 35 Continuous vertical retort 30 10-15 55 Inclined retort 45 13-18 40 Coke-oven gas, run of oven 50 14-18 35 Carbureted water gas 40 20-25 37 Oil gas 80 8-10 10 APPROXIMATE YIELD OF PURE PRODUCTS. Gallons per short ton coal carbonized : Benzol Toluol Coal gas — Horizontal retort 1.5 0.4-0.5 Continuous vertical retort .6 .2- .3 Inclined retort .9 .2- .4 Coke-oven gas, run of oven 1.5 .3- .5 Gallons per 1000 cubic feet of gas: Carbureted water gas .15 .06-.10 Oil gas .25 .02-.03 Degrees „ ... Boiling Paraffins Specific Gravity Point in Centigrade N— heptane 0.712, at 16°C 97 Triethylmethane 689, at 27°C 96 N— octane 708, at 12.5°C 125 Diispbutyl 714, at CC 108.5 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 245 Natural Gas Natural gas is found trapped in the various strata of the earth, principally in sandstone formations of loose texture, in shale seams and in cavities. It is usually associated with petroleum or coal and occurs in the carboniferous strata or in more recent formations. In coal mines it constitutes what is known as fire damp, being given off from the exposed seams of coal. It is most commonly associated with petroleum in petroleum bearing sand and occupies the space in the sand above the oil. Occasionally it occurs in strata without any oil being present, in which case it is of a slightly different composi- tion than the gas which is found in contact with the oil. In many cases it appears that the gas has been obtained from the atmosphere, the oxygen having been removed by its combination with reducible substances such as sulphides, leaving a residue of nitrogen. This gives to such natural gases the peculiarity of having a very large amount of nitrogen. Associated with the nitrogen there occasionally is found a small amount of Helium which is also an ordinary con- stituent of air in small quantities. It may be that the difference of solubility of the different gases of the air in water may account for the tendency of accumulation of Helium in such instances. As a rule, however, natural gas consists of hydrocarbons of the same type as petroleum and identical with the hydrocarbons which are given off by the cracking of petroleum. The proportions in which the different hydrocarbons exist in ordi- nary gas such as is delivered to Kansas City, Missouri, is something like the following: Methane 84.7% Ethane 9.4% Propane 3.0% Butane 1.3% Nitrogen 1.6% This gas has the greater portion of the heavy hydrocarbons con- densed out on account of the high pressure in the pipe lines. Such a gas is a mixture of methane with a varying amount of the other gases. As shown by the above table, the gases ethane, propane and butane furnish much of the heating value of the gas. A gas with a consider- able amount of gasoline vapor in it will have a considerably higher heating value than one from which it has been removed, or known as a dry gas. The compositions of the natural gas used in eight cities in the United States are as follows: Methane Ethane Nitrogen City Percent Per Cent Per Cent Pittsburgh, Pa 79.2 19.6 1.2 Louisville, Ky 77.8 20.4 1.8 Buffalo, N. Y 79.9 15.2 4.9 Cincinnati, 89.8 19.5 .7 Cleveland, O 80.5 18.2 1.3 Springfield, 80.3 14.7 5.0 Columbus, O 80.4 18.1 1.5 Chelsea, Okla 75.4 17.7 6.6 246 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF . These analyses were made by the ordinary combustion method and hence show only the two predominating paraffin hydrocarbons. The composition of gases found in Kansas and Oklahoma as given by Allen and Lyder are shown by the following table: B.T.U. per Location Methane Ethane Nitrogen Cubic Foot Augusta, Kas 10.54 1.64 87.69 129 Cowley County, Kas 16.27 3.01 80.23 209 Chautauqua County, Kas 42.38 1.85 55.29 441 Chautauqua County, Kas 49.01 3.89 46.67 541 Elsworth, Kas 61.09 1.09 37.20 609 Ponca City, Okla 44.60 14.86 40.10 688 Kay County, Okla 57.91 9.89 31.65 735 Chautauqua County, Kas 85.53 0.15 12.95 839 Chautauqua County, Kas 79.13 7.79 11.39 894 Butler County, Kas 62.15 18.38 18.64 930 Montgomery County, Kas.... 83.04 8.54 7.95 970 Blackwell, Okla 70.69 18.65 9.32 1025 Cushing, Okla 70.74 21.64 7.49 1059 Bartlesville, Okla 70.50 24.60 3.21 1125 The presence of such a large amount of nitrogen in some cases makes the gas almost valueless unless some process is used whereby the nitrogen may be adapted to chemical processes. While natural gas has a very high heating value in comparison with water gas, water gas has the advantage in that it gives a more intense flame. The comparison of various commercial gases is shown in the following table : PROPERTIES OF NATURAL AND MANUFACTURED GASES. Avg. Producer Avg. Avg. Ave- A.vg. Gas from ?a. and Ohio and Avg. Coal Water Bituminous Constituents W. Va. Ind. Kansas Gas Gas Coal Marsh gas, CHj 80.85 83.60 93.65 40.00 2.00 2.05 Other hydrocarbons.. 14.00 .30 .25 4.00 .00 04 Nitrogen 4.60 3.60 4.80 2.05 2.00 56.26 Carbonic acid CO2... .00 .20 .30 .45 4.00 2 60 Carbonic oxide CO. . . .40 .50 1.00 6.00 45.50 27 00 Hydrogen 10 1.50 .00 46.00 45.00 12.00 Hydrogen sulphide.. .00 .15 .00 .00 .00 .00 Oxygen trace .15 .00 1.50 1.50 .05 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 00 Pounds in 1,000 cu. ft. 47.50 48.50 49.00 33.00 45.60 75 00 Sp. grav. air being 1.00 0.624 0.637 0.645 0.435 0.600 0*935 B.T.U. per cu. ft 1,145 1,095 1,100 755 350 'l55 (a) 1,000 cu. ft. of air at an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds and at a temperature of 62 °F weighs 76.1 pounds and is a mechanical mixture of 23 parts of oxygen and 77 parts of nitrogen by weight (b) B.T.U. equals British thermal units, which indicate the heat necessary to raise one pound of pure water at 39°P one degree Natural gas may have its origin from a sand which is "entirely separated from sand containing oil or it may come from above the oil in the same sand as oiL KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 247 In the latter case the lighter portions of the oil will have been volatilized and carried into the gas. Such a gas is known as a "wet" gas. In other words, the wet gas is composed of the usual constitu- ents of dry gas; that is, methane, ethane, propane and butane, and in addition pentane, hexane and heptane. These last three are liquid at ordinary temperatures and are the most desirable components of gasoline. Gas coming from a sand containing no oil is "dry'' gas and does not contain the pentane, hexane and heptane. A "wet" gas coming from an unknown sand indicates the presence of oil in that sand. In the ordinary oil well the gas is allowed to escape between the casing of the well and the tube which has been inserted for withdrawal of the oil. The gas so collecting in the casing is known as casinghead gas and may be used or allowed to escape. This gas collecting in the casinghead of an oil well is "wet" gas and contains some of the gasoline from the oil. The gasoline which may be compressed from it or refrigerated from it is then known as "casinghead" gasoline. The lighter the oil with which the casinghead gas has been asso- ciated, the greater ordinarily will be the amount of gasoline contained in the gas. Ever since natural gas has been conducted in pipe lines it has been known that gasoline could be separated by pressure and much has been incidentally so produced. More recently the great demand for gasoline has encouraged the design of hundreds of special plants for the extrac- tion of gasoline from natural gas. In 1904, at Titusville, Pennsylvania, Fasenmeyer made casinghead gasoline by pumping the gas under pressure through a coil under water. In the early methods pressures of about 50 pounds per square inch were used. Later condensing with a pressure of 400 pounds per square inch was found to produce too "wild" a gasoline or one that escaped too easily on handling. A pressure of 250 pounds per square inch is now used, and the pressure of the condensed liquid is controlled by absorbing it directly into heavier naphtha. At first the compression was done in one stage, but it is the cus- tom now to do it in two stages. The gravity of the product is from 80 to 100° Baume. The amount of casinghead gasoline present in a gas will depend upon the character of the oil associated with it, the temperature, the pressure, the compactness of the sand and the condition in the sand at the point tapped. The amount of gasoline obtained from casinghead gas in the Mid- Continent field varies from % to 8 gallons per 1,000 cubic feet. A typical gas yields 2% gallons per 1,000 cubic feet. Many yield 3 to 4 gallons per 1,000 cubic feet. The total production of casinghead gasoline in the United States is shown on page 24. The cost of plants for producing casinghead gasoline has varied from $12 to $25 per thousand cubic feet of gas handled, and the oper- ation of the plants has been uniformly successful and highly profitable. While the type of plant ordinarily constructed is for compression methods, it is probable that the absorption method will be more gen- erally adopted. The operation of the absorption method is similar to 248 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF that of extracting toluol from coal gas and may be applied to a natural gas capable of yielding 1 pint of gasoline per 1,000 cu. ft. By the use of the absorption process 50 million cu. ft. of natural gas would be available per day and 100 million gallons of light gasoline would be made. Yield of Gasoline from Casinghead Natural Gas by CompreBsion Method, Corresponding to Absorption and Specific Gravity Tests. Yield ot Yield of Absorp- Gasoline, Absorp- Gasoline, tion by Spec! tic Gallons per tion by Specific Gallons per Oil, per Gravity 1,000 Cubic Oil, per Gravity 1,000 Cubic cent (Alr=l) Feet of Ga» cent (Air=l) Peet of Gas 16 0.64 None 60 1.29 3.00 23 .83 1.00 48 1.37 3.50 30 .90 1.75 44 1.38 3.50 37 1.00 2.00 65 1.38 4.00 39 l.OS 2.50 84 1.41 4.50 38 1.07 S.OO 86 1.46 5.00 51 1.21 3.60 ■Nitrogen Methane Ethane 82.70% 14.85% 0.41% 46.40 51.40 0.00 16.40 82.25 0.00 3.65 87.20 7.03 1907, One casinghead plant figures its probable yield of gasoline in re- lation to the gravity (G) of the air free gas as follows: 2 (15G — 10) Recovery in gallons per 1,000 cu. ft. = 3 Two-thirds of this amount is marketed. Helium in Natural Gas. Locality Helium Dexter, Kansas 1.84% Eureka, Kansas 1.50 Fredonia, Kansas 0.61 Kansas City, Missouri 0.013 By H. P. Cady and D. F. McFarland.— J. A. C. S., Vol. 24, p. 1530, The chief helium producing natural gas is in Kansas with smaller amounts in the gas at Petrolia, Texas. Properties of Incombustible Gases in Natural Gas. Helium (He) Nitrogen (N) Combining weight 1.99 14.01 Molecular weight 3.99 28.02 Specific gravity (air =1) 0.1368 0.96737 Liquefying point — 268.5°C — 195.5°C Freezing point — 269.0°C — ^210.5°C Solubility in cold water 1.487% 2.348% Absorption by platinum great little Weight per cubic foot, pounds .01105 07831 (Air = 0.080728) Extracting Helium From Natural Gas The process is essentially one of liquefaction by cold and pressure All of the constituents in natural gas are liquefied except the helium and then separated from the latter. KANS^IS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 249 When the armistice was signed about 45,000 cubic feet of helium had been extracted and was waiting shipment overseas. Several mil- lion dollars had been invested in plant equipment in Texas. The cost of extraction was estimated at 10c per cubic foot. Natural gas to be valuable as a source of helium should contain at least 0.60 per cent of the gas. It is probable that even this quantity will offer great difficulty in the extraction work, although with ex- perience and cheaper methods which will come with practice even smaller quantities may be valuable. The largest quantity ever dis- covered in natural gas is something over 2 per cent. The presence of helium in natural gas was discovered by H. P. Cady and D. F. McFarland of the University of Kansas in 1907. (See Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. XXIX, p. 1523, November, 1907.) Lifting Power of Gases in Balloons. Compared Pounds per with 1,000 Cu. Ft. Hydrogen Hydrogen 75.138 lbs. 100.0 % Helium 69.748 lbs. 92.84% Ammonia 33.188 lbs. 44.16% Natural gas (methane) 36.088 lbs. 48.03% Gas Carbon Black From Natural Gas About 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas of specific gravity of .86 are required to make one pound of carbon black. The operation of making carbon black consists of burning the gas without air under a series of sheet iron shields which collect the carbon from the yellow flame. The type of burner used is the old style lava tip originally used for lighting purposes with artificial gas. Many thousand tips are used at one plant. The carbon is scraped off the shields and packed for shipment in 12% -pound sacks. Plants of this character require very little labor and can be run under the supervision of the plant foreman, thus carrying little or no overhead expense. Carbon black is mainly used in printers' ink and is a necessary article. Carbon black is far superior for filler in rubber tires. The market price of carbon black is from 12c to 25c per pound. One thousand feet of natural gas contains 35 to 40 pounds of carbon. Practically no plants get over 2 pounds of gas carbon from 1,000 feet of gas, an average of about 1 pound. The smallest practical size unit should handle two million feet of gas per day, producing 2,000 to 3,000 pounds of carbon black. Ordinarily such a plant would cost not less than $60,000. 250 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF About Natural Gas and Its Usefulness An average sample of natural gas has 950 B.T.U. per cubic foot. 1 lb. mill coal will evaporate 9 lbs. water. 1 gal. oil will evaporate 100 lbs. water. 1 cu. ft. gas will evaporate 0.85 water. 1 ton coal used under boilers = 18,500 cu. ft. of gas. 1 bbl. oil (42 gal.) under boilers = 5,000 cu. ft. of gas. 40 to 50 cu. ft. of gas = 1 boiler H.P. Gas Engines: Highest grade gas engines develop a brake H.P. on 8,500 B.T.U. Average engine develops a H.P. on 10,500 B.T.U. Oil well engine develops a H.P. on 20,000 B.T.U. In a steam turbine plant of over 500 K.W. capacity 30 cu. ft. gas per K.W. is a fair average. It requires 40,000 cu. ft. of gas to pump one million gallons of water against 200-foot head. Brick Plants — Gas Used per Thousand Brick Made: 1,800 cubic feet for power. 1,800 cubic feet for drying. 15,000 cubic feet for kilns. Ice Plants: 2,000 feet gas per ton of refrigeration. Zinc Plants: 15,000 cubic feet for roasting per ton of metal produced. 65,000 cubic feet for smelting per ton of metal produced. 20,000 cubic feet for power and miscellaneous uses per ton of metal produced. Cement Plants: 60 to 100 cubic feet per barrel for power. 80 to 100 cubic feet per barrel for roasters. 1,800 to 2,600 cubic feet per barrel for kilns. Salt Plants: Direct-fire pans, 9,000 cubic feet per ton. Stream pans, 10,000 cubic feet per ton. Single-effect vacuum pan, 15,000 cubic feet per ton. Double-effect vacuum pan, 10,000 cubic feet per ton. Triple-effect vacuum pan, 6,000 cubic feet per ton. Flour Mills: 200 to 400 cubic feet per barrel. Gas Compressors: Horsepower required to compress 1,000 cu. ft. of gas per minute: To 15 lbs. 50 H.P. To 30 lbs. 85 H.P. To 45 lbs. Ill H.P. To 60 lbs. 134 H.P. To 80 lbs. 117 H.P. (2 stages) To 100 Lbs. 151 H.P. (2 stages) To 200 lbs. 212 H.P. (2 stages) Horsepower required to compress 1,000 cu. ft. of gas per hr To 15 lbs. 1 H.P. To 30 lbs. 1.75 H.P. To 45 lbs. 2.25 H.P. To 60 lbs. 2.75 H.P. The specific heat of average natural gas is 0.60 B.T.U. per pound or 0.028 B.T.U. per cubic foot at 32' F. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 251 Properties of Hydrocarbons Found in Natural Gas and Casinghead Gas Formula. Molecular velirbt Specific gravity of liquid Specific gravltT of gas. . Boiling point at atmos- pheric pressure Preesure to liquify at aOT lbs Vapor pressure 70° F in percent of atmosphere Gallons per lOOO cu. ft. @ B. P. reduced to eo'F Weight per 1000 cu. ft. @ B. P. reduced to ao°P, lbs Shrinkage lir volume by 1 gal. liquid removed par 1000 cu. ft Max. possible removable gal. per 1000 cu. It. @ TO°F, gal Heating value In B. T. n. per cu. It B. T. D. per lb Ou. ft. air to bum 1 cu. ft. gas Carbon par cent Explosive mixture per cent in air, maximum. Ulnlmum a » m OH* 02Ha CBH8 I C4H10 19.03 30.06 44.07 ; 58.08 432= .515= .585= 194° Be' U2' Be' 109° Be" 0.B55 1.049 1.S38 2.008 -leS'Cj — OS^O — 45»C +1°0 =266<'P| = 135'>F =49°P =»t°F 476 105 100+ 100+ 10O+ 10O+ 4.13 7.17 10.72 79.7 1B2.5 9.87 re.o 14.S 6.6 18S1 23350 16.72 80.0 5.0 3.0 2S85 23150 81.8 3.5 2.1 3447 22500 31.10 82.8 3.0 1.9 I IS 05H12 09H14 CTTHie CSHIS 72.10 86.12 100.18 114.16 .930= .870= .997= .718= '2.2°Be' 78.9°Be' 70.9* 65.0" 2.496 2.982 8.467 , 3.952 36.3°0 90»O= 98.4''0 1S.5<>0 =97"^ im°F =200''P =2S8''F 6.6 1.8 0.5 0.16 69 10 2.7 0.7 14.36 18.22 22.06 25.86 189.7 226.6 ' 293.5 3D0 7.0% 6.5% 4.5% 3.9% 7.8 1.8 0.6 0.18 5012 4250 22400 ' 22120 6780 6542 2193S ; 21807 3S.28 46.49 63.6 83.3 83.7 81.0 2.6 1.3 60.S 84.2 252 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Gasoline and Natural Gas Explosions An explosion or a detonation is a chemical reaction which goes on with increasing velocity and is accompanied by a rise of temperature. The lowest temperature at which combustion or explosion of a mix- ture may take place is called the ignition temperature. This varies greatly with different kinds of gases, being with ordinary hydrocarbon gases, such as natural gas, about 650°C. The vapors of some sub- stances such as carbon bisulphide and hydrogen sulphide are capable of ignition at much lower temperatures, even as low as lOU'C. Some gases even inflame spontaneously at room temperature. These are phosphorous dihydride, boron and silicon hydride and cacodyl. Ordi- narily, explosive mixtures are ignited by the presence of a flame or spark at any point in the mixture ordinarily greater than .2 of a millimeter in length. In order that the gaseous mixture explodes it is necessary that the heat generated by the local combustion be greater than the heat absorbed by the surrounding gases. This means of course that if the mixture is heated to a high temperature it will be more readily explosive though the pressure vrill exert very little influence. An excess of either the combustible agent or the oxidizing agent in the mixture will have the same cooling effect that is ex- erted by any inert gas. The result is that the limits of explosibility of various mixtures of combustible g'ases and air are dependent upon the heat generated by the combination and by the heat absorbed in raising the temperature of the gases. For ordinary gases the fol- lowing limits hold as to the range of combustion with combustible mixtures when air is the oxidizing agent: Limits of Explosibility of Mixtures of Com- bustible Gases and Air Gasoline vapor 1.5 — 6.0% by volume of mixture Methane 5.5 — ^14.5 by volume of mixture Ethane 2.5 — 5.0 by volume of mixture Natural gas 5.0 — 12.0 by volume of mixture Acetylene 3.0 — 73.0 by volume of mixture Artificial Illuminating gas . 7.0 — 21.0 by volume of mixture Hydrogen 5.0 — 72.0 by volume of mixture Carbon Monoxide 15.0—73.0 by volume of mixture Blast furnace gas 36.0 — 65.0 by volume of mixture Water gas 9.0 — 55.0 by volume of mixture Coal gas 6.0 — 29.0 by volume of mixture Ethene 4.0 — 22.0 by volume of mixture The striking back of a flame in a burner is caused by the pres- ence of an explosive mixture in the burner. While the usual rate of striking back of the flame or the propagation of an explosion is over 6000 feet per second and about seven times the rate of sound in the same medium; this rate exists only when there is no retarda- tion of the explosive wave caused by the cooling effect of the orifice or tube through which it passes. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 253 Testing of Capacity of Casinghead Gas Wells To use the orifice well tester the specific gravity of the gas must be taken. This is fully described on page 350. To test a well, close all openings but one or if the well is shut in at the casinghead, blow off the well before inserting the orifice well tester. Allow the well to blow into the atmosphere for half an hour or until there is no appreciable decrease in the volume of the gas flowing from it. Screw in the orifice well tester, which carries a two- inch thread, and allow the gas to flow into the atmosphere through the proper size of orifice. Connect a syphon gauge to the nipple on the side of the orifice well tester, using a short piece of common three-eighths-inch rubber hose. The syphon gauge should be filled with water up to the zero mark on the scale. If the well appears to be large use the large-sized orifice. To correctly determine the proper size of orifice it is neces- sary to read the gauge and note the height of the water in the glass. Read both sides of the scale and add them together. In other words, measure the difference between the two water levels which is the true pressure in inches of water. By referring to tables that accompany each instrument, or as found on pages 263-5 the flow of a well for a twenty-four hour period will be found under the proper gravity and opposite the pressure. 'Uie specific gravity bottle can be used to take the water pressure of the gas flowing through the orifice in place of the syphon gauge. In this case measure the difference between the two levels of the water. Use as large an orifice as possible so as not to permit the gas to create a back pressure in the well. A back pressure in the well will decrease the flow of the gas. NATURAL GAS PRO/I>UCED IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1916. Quantity Price, cents State M.cu.ft. perM.cu.ft. Value West Virginia 299,318,907 15.90 47,603,396 Pennsylvania 129,925,150 18.74 24,344,324 Oklahoma 123,517,358 9.70 11,983,774 Ohio 69,888,070 22.32 15,601,144 Louisiana 32,080,975 8.29 2,660,445 Kansas 31,710,438 15.31 4,855,389 California 31,643,266 17.19 5,440,277 Texas 15,809,579 18.89 3,143,871 New York 8,594,187 29.37 2,524,115 Illinois 3,533,701 11.22 396,357 Arkansas 2,387,935 10.13 241,896 Kentucky 2,106,542 35.73 752,635 Indiana 1,715,499 29.34 503,373 Wyoming and Colorado 575,044 14.97 86,077 Montana 213,315 18.21 38,855 Dakotas and Alabama 77,478 40.75 31,573 Missouri 69,236 25.41 17,594 Tennessee 2,000 57.50 1,150 Michigan 1,298 73.04 948 Iowa 275 100.00 275 Totals 753,170,253 15.96 120,227,468 254 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF SPECIFIC HEAT OF GASES ENCOUNTERED IN NATURAL GAS AND "CRACKED" GAS. (H. L. Payne, J. A. & Appl. Chem.) B. T. U. per lb. B. T. U per lb. perl°F perl°F Air 0.234 0.018 Carbon dioxide 0.234 0.027 Carbonic oxide 0.245 0.019 Hydrogen 3.41 0.019 "Illuminants" 0.404 0.040 Methane 0.593 0.027 Nitrogen. 0.244 0.019 Oxygen 0.217 0.019 Aqueous vapor 0.480 CALORIFIC VALUE OF NATURAL AN^ OIL GASES IN BRITISH THERMAL UNITS PER CUBIC FOOT. Name Symbol Hydrogen Hi Carbonic oxide CO Methane CH. Illuminants Ethane C2He Propane CaHs Butane CiHm Pentane CsHii Hexane CeHii Ethylene C.H, Propylene CHe Benzene CsHs Acetylene C^H, 60° F 32''F Initial Ignition Initial 32 "F Final Point °F 326.2 345.4 1085 323.5 341.2 1200 1009.2 1065.0 2000.0 1230 1764.4 1861.0 iuo 2521 2657.0 1015 3274 3441.0 4255.0 5017.0 1400 1588 1674.0 1010 2347.2 2509.0 940 3807.4 4012.0 1476.7 1477.0 788 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 255 Pitot Tube for Testing Open Flow of Gas Wells The most accurate way of testing the flow of a gas well is by means of the Pitot tube, which is an instrument for determining the velocity of flowing gas by means of its momentum. The instrument, ^S^ ^ Pitot Tube. as shown in figure usually consists of a small tube, with one end bent at right angles, which is inserted in the flowing gas, just inside 256 BULLETI N NUMBER FIFTEEN OF the pipe or tubing a, at a point between one-third and one-fourth of the pipe's diameter from the outer edge of the pipe. The plane of the opening in the tube is held at right angles to the flowing gas. At a convenient distance, varying from 1 to 2 feet, an inverted siphon or U-shaped gage, usually half filled with mercury or water, is attached to the other end. If the pressure of the flow is more than 5 pounds per square inch, a pressure gage is required. In small-sized wells with a flow of not more than 4,000,000 cubic feet per 24 hours, a 12-inch U-gage with water can be used for flows rangmgfrom 4,000,000 to 15,000,000 feet, mercury in a 12-inch U-gage; for 15,000,000 to 35,000,000 feet, a 50-pound spring gage, and for more than 35,000,000 feet, a 100-pound spring gage should be used. The foregoing figures are based on a 6-inch hole. For convenience, a scale graduated from the center in inches and tenths of an inch is attached between the two limbs of the U-gage. The distance above and below this center line at which the liquid in the gage stands should be added, the object being to determine the exact distance between the high and low side of the fluid in inches and tenths of an inch. The top joint of the tubing or casing should be free from fittings for a distance of 10 feet below the mouth of the well where the test is made. The test should not be made in a collar or gate or at the mouth of any fitting. The well should be blown off at least three hours prior to making the test. After the velocity pressure of the gas flowing from the well tubing has been determined in inches of water, inches of mercury, or pounds per square inch, as outlined above, the corresponding flow may be obtained from the following table*. The quantities of gas stated in the table are based on a pressure of 4 ounces above atmos- pheric, or 14.65 pounds per square inch absolute pressure, a flowing temperature of 60° P., a storage temperature of 60° F., and a specific gravity of 0.60 (air = 1). If the specific gravity is other than 0.60 the / 0:60 flow should be multiplied by /- i/ specific gravity of gas •Wostcntt, Jl. P.: Haiirlhnok of Nntiirnl Tas, igi.'j, pp. 176, 177 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 257 cubn a^ 1) a .SS .11 AS to C . •3 a a ago 3 o a O M |1< lA la" ui lo (o" o" (O » to ^■"^-' oo' CO 01 cT oT o o © .-I rJ tH N cf ej « §ii§§iiiii§i§ii§§§§§§§ii§i§§§iSil§s §§il§l§ilili§iiii§|§§§§lliliii§§§ll fr3«i»MMMi'*^^iri(Oh-(»OSOi-tfflM'*ift(C(-000(gJftQy5©lft©© •1 I aj3 s? oig So o > 3-° •le^MMCcnn^'^-^'^ 4) ti oi o 3 H •g M s ig3§iiiiii§i§iig^§§isi3Siiiii§isiiii iAlA?SlOr-[-Vt-'<(HAc-lClDCOt«kACDnO^ODo©'«©«fflCO(AQOrHf>aOw ■S.9 Pi oi 3 O'*-* §§3l5sl§§siS.=E8aog8SS liSsiilia S38S&&S 2S^$S5t-00O>©!SlftS©lO©lA©ifiO 258 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF For pipe diameters other than those given in the preceding table, the following multipliers should be applied to the figures for 1-inch tubing given in the table. Multipliers for Pipe Diameters Ranging from \Vi to 12 inches. Diameter Diameter Diameter ol pipe, Multi- of pipe, Multi- of pipe, Multi- inches. plier. j inches. plier. inches. plier. 1% 2.25 i 5 25 8 64 2^4 6.25 1 5% 31.64 8^4 68 414 18 1 ^ 36 9 81 4% 21.39 I 6% 39 10 100 6% 43.9 - 12 144 Flow of Gas in Pipes — Low Pressure The follovfing formulae are intended for low pressure distribution of gas, with comparatively small differences between the initial and final pressures : Pole's Formula Q = 1350 W- / d^'h si • Molesworth's Formula Q = 1000 W- / d=>h si Gill's Formula Q = 1291 / d% V- s (1 + d) Where Q = quantity of gas discharged in cubic feet per hour, d == inside diameter of pipe in inches, h = pressure in inches of water, s =: specific gravity of gas, air being 1. 1 = Idrigth of main in yards. Oliphant's Formula. A formula determined by F. H. Oliphant for the discharge of gas when the specific gravity is 0.60 is Q = 42a /Pi^ V- Where Q = discharge in cubic feet per hour at atmospheric pressure. Pi = initial pressure in pounds per square inch (absolute). Pa = final pressure in pounds per square inch (absolute). L = length of main in miles. a ^ coefficient (see table below). For gas of any other specific gravity, s, multiply the discharge by V- / 0.60 for temperature of flowing gas when observed above 60°F deduct 1 per cent for each 5° less than 60° F, and add a like amount for temperatures KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 259 / \/- According to Oliphant, the discharge is not strictly proportional to . Using a coefficient of unity for 1-inch pipe he gives / «-v- • + ■ 30 Values of Coefficient "'a" Inside Inside Inside diameter diameter ( liameter inches a inches a inches a V* .0317 3 16.5 12 556 % .1810 4 34.1 16 1160 % .5012 5 60 18 1570 1 1.00 5% 81 20 2055 1% 2.93 6 95 24 3285 2 5.92 8 198 30 5830 2M! 10.37 10 350 36 9330 For 15 inch outside diameter pipe, 14% inches inside dia. a= 863 For 16 inch outside diameter pipe, 15*4 inches inside dia. a = 1025 For 18 inch outside diameter pipe, nVi inches inside dia. a = 1410 For 20 inch outside diameter pipe. 19 '^ inches inside dia. a = 1860 Capacity of Pipe Lines (Metric Metal Works.) Tables to Find the Cubic Feet, per Day of 24 Hours, of Gas of .6 Specific Gravity at Certain Pressure in Pipe Lines of Various Diameter and Lengths. Select in table A the number opposite the gauge pressures, in Dounds, then from table B select the number opposite the length of line in miles. Multiply these two numbers together and result is the cubic feet that a 1-inch line will discharge for the pressures and length named in twenty-four hours. If the diameter of the pipe is other than one inch, select the number in table C which corresponds with the diameter and multiply this number by the discharge for one inch already secured. The result is the quantity in cubic feet in twenty-four hours discharged by a line whose diameter was selected. If there are other pressures and lengths not given in the table they can be secured by interpolation. Example — Suppose it is re- quired to find the discharge per day of twenty-four hours of a pipe line having an intake of 200-pound gauge pressure and 25 pounds at the discharge end, the length being 20 miles, and the diameter 8 inches. In table A we find opposite 200 and 25 the number 211.25, and in table B opposite 20 miles, 22.5, multiplying these two numbers the result being 47,637 cubic feet that under the above condition of pressure and length a 1-inch pipe would convey, but the required diameter is 8 inches. Under this number in table C it will be found that 198 corresponds; therefore 47,637 X 198=9,433,126, which is the cubic feet discharged in 24 hours. If the pressure were twenty pounds instead of twenty-five at the discharge end it would be found very closely by adding the figures opposite 15 and 25 and dividing by 2, the result would be 9,469,164. 260 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF TABLE A. Dis- Dis- Dis- Intake, charge, Re- Intake, chaxge. Re- Intake, charge, Re- Lbs. Lbs. sultant Lbs. Lbs. sultant Lbs. Lbs. sultant 1 V4. 4.7 40 5 51.2 110 75 86.8 1 % 3.9 40 10 49.0 110 85 75.0 2 >/4 6.9 40 16 46.1 110 100 49.0 3 1 4.7 40 20 42.4 12S 5 138.6 2 1»^ 4.0 40 25 37.8 125 ,15 136.8 3 1 8.1 40 30 31.6 125 25 134.2 3 2 5.8 40 35 22.9 125 35 130,8 4 1 10.1 50 5 61.8 135 60 124.0 4 2 8.4 50 10 60.0 125 75 107.2 4 3 6.0 50 15 57.7 125 100 79.8 5 1 11.8 50 20 54.8 las 110 63.1 5 2 10.4 50 25 51.2 135 5 148.7 5 3 8.6 50 30 46.9 13S 15 147.0 5 4 6.2 60 35 41.5 13S 25 144.6 6 1 13.4 50 40 34.6 135 35 141.4 6 3 10.6 50 45 25.0 135 60 13S.2 6 5 6.3 60 5 72.3 135 73 120.0 7 1 14,9 60 10 70.7 135 100 96.3 7 3 12.5 60 15 68.8 150 5 1^.8 7 5 9.0 60 20 es.3 150 15 160.3 7 e 6.5 60 25 63.4 160 25 160.1 8 1 16.3 60 30 60.0 150 40 155.6 8 3 14.1 90 40 51.0 150 50 151.7 8 5 11.2 60 50 37.4 150 75 138.3 8 7 6.6 60 55 26.9 160 lOO 118.3 9 1 17.6 70 5 82.6 160 120 94.9 9 3 15.6 70 10 81.2 175 5 188.9 9 5 13.1 70 20 7T.5 175 15 187.6 9 8 6.8 70 30 72.1 175 25 185.7 10 1 19.2 70 40 64.8 , 175 35 183.3 10 2 18.3 70 50 54.7 175 50 178.5 10 4 16.3 70 60 40.0 175 75 167.3 10 6 13.6 80 5 92.8 175 lOO 151.2 10 8 9.S 80 10 91.6 175 150 94.2 10 9 7.0 80 20 88.3 200 5 214.1 12 1 21.8 SO 30 83.7 20O 15 212.9 12 3 20.1 80 40 77.5 20O 25 2U.3 12 6 17.0 80 50 69.2 200 35 209.1 12 8 14.1 80 60 58.3 200 60 294.9 12 10 10.2 80 70 42.4 200 75 195.3 15 1 25.4 90 5 103.1 200 100 181.7 15 3 24.0 90 10 102.0 20O 125 163.2 15 6 21.4 90 20 99.0 200 150 137.9 15 9 18.0 90 30 94.9 200 175 100.6 15 12 13.1 90 40 88.4 200 190 64.8 20 1 31.1 90 SO ffi.5 220 5 234.2 20 4 29.4 90 60 73.5 220 15 233.1 20 8 26.4 90 70 61.6 220 25 231.6 20 10 24.5 90 80 44.7 220 35 229.6 20 15 18.0 lOO 5 113.3 220 60 225.8 20 18 11.7 lOO 10 112.3 220 75 217.1 25 1 36.7 lOO 15 111.0 220 100 204.9 25 3 35.7 100 20 109.5 220 125 188.8 2S 6 M.O 100 25 107.8 220 160 167.3 25 10 31.2 lOO 35 103.6 220 175 138.3 25 15 26.S 100 50 94.9 220 200 94.9 25 18 22.6 100 75 71.6 230 5 244.1 30 1 42.1 100 85 66.8 230 15 243.2 30 3 41.2 100 95 33.5 230 25 241.7 30 e 39.8 110 5 123.4 230 35 239.8 30 10 37.4 110 15 121.4 230 60 236.2 30. 15 33.5 110 25 118.4 230 75 22f7.9 30 20 28.3 110 35 114.6 230 100 216!3 30 IS ao.o 110 50 106.8 230 150 181.5 K.IA'SAS CITY TESTIMG LABORATORY 261 TABLE A— Continued. Dis- Dis- Dis- Intake, charge, Re- Intake, charge, Re- Intake, charge, Re- Lbs. Lbs. sultant Lbs. Lbs. sultant Lbs. Lbs. sultant 230 200 117.5 325 260 213.0 400 225 338.6 230 215 84.4 325 275 177.5 400 250 319.4 2S0 5 2(4.2 325 285 160.0 400 Z75 296.9 250 15 263.3 326 300 128.11 400 300 270.2 •X*) 25 202.0 SJO 5 364.5 4TO 325 238.0 2M 35 MI.3 :«o 1.> ;{iK8 Vt> .■i.-|i) 197.6 2.'i<> 50 2.5(>.9 H.VI 2.J 3(i2.8 41 Kl 375 141.9 ■lU) 76 •iW.X Xil :« :i!). 2 42.-) 16 \:zi 2S0 126 225.0 .?,VI 7."> :,.'.:). 7 42.> 25 4:18.2 250 150 207,4 3.50 100 346.4 425 35 4.f7.3 ■i'*l 175 1K4.7 350 126 337.1 425 60 4.W 2 2r>j> 200 i.-.4.n m> ].-<( 325.6 425 75 4.!il.7 ■K*i 230 IIH 3.W 17.-> 311.7 125 100 424.7 275 6 ■j.'iji.:! 350 2110 295.0 425 125 417.1 15 288.4 .■ffiO 225 275.0 425 1.50 407.9 275 25 287. 2 350 2.')0 261.0 ■SZ't 175 396.9 275 35 285.7 360 27.'; 221.11 425 21 W 383.9 27r> .50 ■_'.s-i 1'. :!.'>« 300 184.4 42.-. '225 368.8 '27r) 75 'J 7.'). 7 .•i.v> ^5 l:«.8 I2.-I '^.".4 1 351.3 ^5 100 L'li^>.2 It;.') 5 :«!.;") 425 275 330.9 h'-, 160 L':f8 5 .■f7S 15 ;ts.s.8 425 300 :«)7.2 275 200 llP-i.C .■n.T 25 :^7 11 425 325 2T<).3 275 250 117.8 :s7.-. 35 :« 1.8 •125 360 24.-1.7 30O 5 314.4 375 :*\ .•ss-i.r, 425 375 211;!. 7 300 15 313.8 375 75 .■t7!P.5 425 400 i4<;.2 30O 26 312.5 375 100 372.7 4.50 5 464.6 300 35 311.0 375 125 304.0 450 15 4*4.0 30O 50 308.2 S75 150 353.4 450 2.5 463.3 300 75 301.9 376 175 340.6 450 .S5 402.3 3 100 293.8 375 200 325.4 450 .W 460.4 300 125 282.2 375 22o 307.4 4.50 75 466.2 3U0 160 268.3 375 •Sil> 286.1 460 ^ 100 450.5 300 175 261.3 375 275 260.8 460 125 443.4 30O 200 230.2 375 300 230.0 450 160 434.7 300 250 170.3 375 325 191.1 450 175 424.4 30O 275 123.0 315 %D 137.4 450 200 412.3 32S 6 339.4 400 5 414.5 460 225 398.3 326 15 338.7 400 1.-) 413.9 4.50 2S0 3821 325 25 337.8 4(X) 25 411.1 450 275 363.6 325 35 336.3 400 35 412.0 4.TI) 300 342.1 325 60 3S3.7 4(X) 60 409.9 4.- ^ ig8S8l§S"S'gSS|§||| sSsssss'sss'Sis 5888888811 fHi— li—fiHi— li— IrHrHCsNC^ ;Sg88S&3'SSe8'i"i"8i SiSI i§ Q ■^^ ■^ Tji US is in SSgS SgSS;g2|ggSgS|g|| i-li-lr-<.HrHr-lr-^ « ^ P. Eg X 2-S w ■» ^1^ r" 2l^ o If tura Well CE I fe -«-> '^— (n 1 «-o « o o Flows From INCH 6 U Pl, .t:: BS iJ 5 ■■s ^ a a H H 1 1 a d5 S 5 f- -*. ci_ i i ih =5 ?i '^ cTc-iio in "j'l- 1- O) CO X ci cv § S S ? ' S R ? i? S 2 3 ti ■*' lo ift CO t^ 1-." X x cT C-' cT ^c -r o" S ■-£ lA -x X o -r r;* o" ^, ^ '"': ^, ^; Vj ?. M -t i.t -i 1- 1~ cTj r- Ci c ;. c M:p,||II?,s.?j.5 M -f' lo ■■ I- X 7) r. r. c ; rH T '■'. *1 '^. *~ '^ ^. — '—. -- "^^ '^, CO "* in co' l~ CO '^r cT D :::' ^' 1-^ c^' -r '-d t-^ 1-- x' r. r. c r — — mi§§s£pil£ M ■* (O I- CO CO r- ^ O r ? 5 S ^ <= 7 i' " * 7 ^ r^ i .-^ 5i i^ =t ^ « in ^"t~ CO ri c" ~' T-J ,— ' f^ ? - i" m' m' cc r-^ ad n" c' — ' •-'' ^i c- T co ■* in t^OD oT o" 1-1 rH S3 eo" m" ■* IH i-( rH r-f f-l iH iH M o iS t-; M f- K SS & lb iH © ^' (O iC o) Oi © fh" ei ©q' » ■**' ■* J^5C^Si»g5»ngS ^' o t-" wT Q --T N N eo ■«* ■* lA :# ;f o g w K K s 5|p,ig§|2||g| " ci" e-i c^' :c « M ■*■*-* lA lO 5 i f . -3 ^ 5? ?^ 3 ?. § S ^ -•■ -M ij .- L^ f~ r- C^ t* 6 Jo ■■»" r-^-?! ':i!?^' w «' ■* -i^ ■«•' in in ift ?3?SSSg§g2Sg L.*rt-j-7i CC-. ?iin *;iL.* if ||§2|§||S3g| t— c-1 M ?t CO ^ Tp -*■ in m L* in -. ' -: ", ^^ * '-. ^-. ^. '^ ! "A ^. -I -H r I ^o' M to -*' -fi -r in in in \f. — ' ^1 « M M -f' "*' -t lO lA lA (D ■="! I* ™ i"* 7 i"i ■" =* i^ ■ -^ f^ j -^i ^. o-i ^7 «'•* "*in in in ;c' t-' frfM m'"*' m L.*; in ^' «D i- i>i-" c- ? m' ■*" •* in in o' i> i> ti -S « oq ^, i~ 5; 'C4 0.2344 0.0442 106 90 ITS 1/4 0.260 0.0491 119 99 193 17/114 0.2656 0.0564 131 109 212 ',)/.■« 0.2812 0.0821 142 119 232 l!l/l?4 0.2969 0.0892 153 128 250 5/l(! 0.3125 0.0767 164 138 265 21 /W 0.3281 0.0845 178 146 285 11 '32 0.34 S7 0.092S ........ 187 155 302 23 Ol 0.3594 0.1014 198 16S 322 3/s 0.375 0.1104 209 174 3W 25;(>-i 0.3908 0.1198 221 184 330 13':« 0.4062 0.1298 231 193 376 27/64 0.4219 0.1398 241 201 392 7/16 0.4375 0.1503 254 211 412 -29m 0.4531 0.1612 264 220 430 15/32 0.4687 0.1725 277 230 448 31 /t4 0.4844 0.1843 286 239 466 1/2 0.500 0.1963 299 249 483 33/64 17/32 0.6158 0.5312 0.2068 0.2218 309 320 257 287 500 520 96/64 0.5169 0.2349 331 278 539 »/ie 0.5625 0.2485 340 285 1 556 37/6* 0.5781 0.2625 353 295 S76 19/32 0.5937 0.2769 365 303 690 268 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF ORIFICE CAPACITY— Continued. Diameter Inches Morse Drill Gage Size Cubio Feet Per Hour Ajea Square Inch Frac. Decimal Ooal Gas 0.43 sp. gr. 2" Press Water Gas 0.62 sp. gr. 2" Press Natural Gas 0.62 sp. gr. 41/2 Oz. Press 39/69 6/8 41/64 21/32 43/64 11/16 45/64 23/32 47/64 3/4 49/64 25/32 51/64 13/16 63/64 27/32 25/64 7/8 57/64 2©/ 32 59/64 15/16 61/64 31/32 63/64 1 0.6094 0.626 - 0.6406 0.6562 0.0719 0.6875 0.7031 0.7187 0.7344 0.760 0.7656 0.7812 0.7969 0.8125 0.8281 0.8438 0.8594 0.875 0.8903 0.906^ 0.9219 0.9375 0.9531 0.9687 0.9844 1.0000 0.2917 • 0.3068 0.3223 0.3382 0.3546 0.3712 0.3883 O.4057 0.4236 0.4418 0.4604 0.4794 0.4988 0.5185 0.5386 0.5591 0.5801 0.6013 0.6229 0.6450 0.6675 0.6903 0.7134 0.7371 0.7611 0.7864 376 1 313 387 323 399 333 410 1 341 421 350 431 369 443 ! 370 454 378 466 387 476 ' 397 488 406 499 415 510 424 520 433 533 443 543 453 554 ' 461 565 472 576 480 588 490 599 600 510 607 620 517 632 526 644 536 655 545 610 630 650 665 682 720 722 737 755 774 792 810 827 845 865 884 900 920 938 955 976 985 1010 1025 1(M:7 1062 NOTE : — The above table is based upon data obtained from gas ori- fices that are ordinarily used in gas appliances such as the ones used in Hale Gas Mixers. ARTIFICIAL GAS:— The above figures are based upon 2-inch pressure; for higher pressures these figures should be increased by a percentage as shown below: -inch = 25 % -inch ^50 -inch = 62.5 -inch = 75 -inch = 87.5 10-inch = 120 12-inch = 140 16-inch = 180 20-inch = 210 NATURAL GAS : — The above figures for natural gas are based on a gas under 4% oz. pressure having a specific gravity of 0.62, which is the ordinary gravity of natural gas sold in cities supplied by gas from the Mid Continent, Pennsylvania and West Virginia fields. When the pressure is greater than 4% oz. the figures in the table should be increased as shown below: oz. = 10% oz. = 20 . = 30 oz. = 39 oz. = 47.5 oz. = 60 5 6 7 8 9 10 KANSAS CITY TESTISG LABORATORY 269 Outline of Methods of Analysis of Petroleum Products 1. Specific Gravity and Baume' Gravity. A. With the hydrometer for fluid petroleum products. B. With the picnometer. C. With the Westphal balance. D. For asphalt and semi-solid petroleum products by fluid sus- pension. E. For rigid asphalt surface mixtures. 2. Color of Petroleum. A. By the Saybolt Chromometer. B. By the Lovibond Tintometer. C. With Potassium Bichromate solutions. D. With Iodine solutions. 3. Odor of oil. 4. Transparency. 5. Viscosity or Fluidity. A. With the Saybolt Universal Viscosimeter (A. S. T. M.), the Engler and the Redwood. B. Ubbelohde Viscosimeter for thin petroleum products. C. MacMichael disk friction viscosimeter. D. Float test for viscosity of road oils. E. Zero Viscosity for semi-solid petroleum products. 6. Melting Point. A. Ring and Ball Method (A. S. T. M.). B. Cube Method. C. "General Electric" method. D. Titer method for wax. 7. Cold Test. A. Cloud test. B. Pour test. C. Cold test. 8. Water and Bottom Settlings. A. By centrifuge. B. By distillation. 9. Distillation tests of Petroleum. A. Proximate distillation for water, gasoline, kerosene and residuum. B. End point distillation (A. S. T. M. and Bureau of Mines). C. Fractional — Gravity distillation analysis. D. Fractional— Sample distillation. 10. Flash and Burning Points. A. Illuminating oils with closed tester. (Standard A. S. T. M.— "Tag" tester.) B. All types of Petroleum products with the Elliott or New York closed tester. C. Lubricants and asphalt with Cleveland open cup. 11. Pressure — heat tests. A. Cracking test under high pressure and temperature. B. Vapor pressure test at high pressure. C. Vapor pressure of casinghead and light gasoline. 270 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 12. Carbon residue. A. Conradson Carbon test (A. S. T. M.). B. Fixed carbon and ash in asphalt. 13. Emulsifieation test of lubricating oils. 14. Heat of combustion. A. By bomb calorimeter. B. By calculation from gravity. 15. Sulphur in petroleum products. A. By bomb calorimeter. B. By Eschka method. C. By Parr chemical bomb. 16. Ultimate Analysis. A. Carbon and Hydrogen. B. Nitrogen. 17. Doctor test for refined distillates. 18. Olefins, ethylenes or unsaturated hydrocarbons. A. Babcock method (B. of M.). B. Cylinder method (Egloff). C. Refining loss. 19. Aromatic and paraffin hydrocarbons in petroleum. A. Nitrating method. B. Distillation method. 20. Free acid in petroleum products. 21. Floe test. 22. Corrosion and Gumming test of gasoline. 23. Penetration or Consistency of asphalt. 24. Ductility of asphalt. 25. Resistance of asphalt and oil to evaporation. 26. Determination of natural asphalt or semi-solid hydrocarbons in petroleum. 27. Solubility of asphalt. A. In Petroleum ether — Petrolenes and Asphaltenes. B. In Carbon bisulphide — total bitumen. C. In Carbon tetrachloride — ^non-carbenes. 28. Resistance of asphalt to oxidation. 29. Paraffin wax or scale determination. 30. Bitumen and grading of asphalt-mineral mixtures. A. By burning. B. By extraction. 31. Tensile and Cementing strength of asphaltic surface mixture. 32. Specific Gravity of Gas. A. Effusion or Viscosity method. B. Edwards Gas balance. 33. Gasoline determination in gas (see also specific gravity). A. By absorption test. B. Freezing test. 34. Complete Chemical Analysis of Gas with preparation of reagents. 35. Heat of Combustion of Gas. A. By the calorimeter. B. By oxygen consumption. C. By calculation from chemical analysis. Note. — The Kansas City Testing Laboratory will give information to anyone concerning supply houses from whom any of the following oil testing instruments may be obtained. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 271 Index to Applications of Methods of Analysis Product Routine test Occasional test Rarely used Can be used but not spe- cially adapted A. Crude Petroleum 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9A 5A, 9C, 14 15. 26, 29 2D, 7B, 9D, lOB. 16, IS 6D, 9B, 11, 12, 13, 19, 25 B. Gasoline, Ben- z 1 n e and Naphtha . . . . 1, 2, 3, 4, 9B, lie 17, 18, 22 9C, 14, 19, 20 5B, 7A, 15, 16 9D, 10 C. Kerosene and Illuminat In g Oils 1. 2, 8, 4, 5B, 7, 9B lOA, 16, 17, 21 lOB, 14A, 20, 22 flC, IIB, 16, 18, 19 12A, 13 D. Gas Oil, Straw Oil, Absorp- tion Oil 1, 2, 8, 4, 7. 9C, 10 14, 16 6, llA, 12A, 13, 17, 18 16, 19, 20, 21 E. Lubricants, Paraffin Oil.. 1. 2, 3, 4, fiA, 7, 10 1 2 A, 13 15, 20 14, 17. 18 16, 19, 21 9. 11, 22 F. Fuel Oil, Diesel Engine Oil . . . 1, •(, 7, 8, 10, 14, 16 5, 11, 26 27A, 29 iD, 3, 9, 12, 16, 18, 19 13 G. Road Oil, Flux Oil lAB, 3, fiAD, 8, 10, 12, 25, 20, 27 7B, 14, 15, 29 ■ID, 11, 16 13, 28, 5A H. Asphalt and Pitch ID, 6E, 6, 8B, 12, 23, 24, 26, 27 10, 15, 28, 29 2D, 3, 14 16 oA I Wrx ID, a. 3, 4 6D 25 llA, 12A, 14, 15, 16. 17, 18, 19, 20 7 A 10 J Grease 1, 2, 3, 4, 6CDE, 8, 12B, 27 25 16 6 7 10 K. Asphalt Surface Mix IE, 30, 31 L.. Gas 32, 33, 34, S5 16 Note: — See special specifications for Products. other tests of Petroleum 272 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 1. Specific Gravity and Baume' Gravity. A. With the hydrometer. Specific gravity is the relation by weight of the same volume of oil and of water. Unless some other temperature is specifically men- tioned the gravity refers to 60°F. Specific gravity is determined by means of the hydrometer, the Westphal balance, the picnometer and by displacement methods. The absolute specific gravity scale is not commonly used in the oil industry. Instead, the Baume' gravity scale, an entirely arbitrary standard, is used. Two Baume' gravity scales are in use in the oil industry; one is that adopted by the U. S. Bureau of Standards and its relation to specific gravity is indicated by the following formula: 140 Specific Gravity — for liquids lighter than water. 130 + Baume' ° Another scale possibly more commonly used is that of instruments made by the Tagliabue Mfg. Co., which is based upon the following re- lation to specific gravity: 141.5 Specific Gravity ^ for liquids lighter than water. 131.5 + Baume' ° The difference between the two readings varies from nothing with very heavy oils to as much as 0.5°Be' for ordinary gasoline. When the oil is heavier than water a different formula is used for calculat- ing the Baume' gravity, the following being in general use: 145 Degrees Baume' ^ 145 for liquids heavier than water. Specific Gravity Oils heavier than water are not commonly encountered. The method of using the hydrometer is the same in all cases whether its reading is in terms of the U. S. Bureau of Standards Baume' scale, the Tagliabue Baume' scale, Baume' scale for liquids heavier than water, or for direct specific gravity. The ideal instrument for all pur- poses is of course that reading directly in specific gravity. By the use of tables these readings can be converted into the Baume' reading desired and without any misunderstanding as to which scale is in- tended. The correct method of reading the hydrometer is illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, page 275. The sample of oil is placed in a clear jar or cylinder and the hydrometer carefully immersed in it to a point slight- ly below that to which it naturally sinks and is then allowed to float freely. The reading should not be taken until the oil and the hydro- meter are free from air bubbles and are at rest. In taking the reading the eye should be placed slightly below the plane of the surface of the oil (Fig. 1) and then raised slowly until this surface, seen as an ellipse, becomes a straight line (Fig. 2). The point at which this line cuts the hydrometer scale should be taken as the reading of the instrument (Fig. 2). In case the oil is not sufficiently clear to allow the reading to be made as above described, it will be necessary to read from above the oil surface and to estimate as accurately as possible the point to which the oil rises on the hydrometer stem. It should be remembered, how- ever, that the instrument is calibrated to give correct indications when read at the principal surface of the liquid. It will be necessary, there- fore, to correct the reading at the upper meniscus by an amount equal KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 273 to the height to which the oil creeps up on the stem of the hydrom- eter. The amount of this correction may be determined with suffi- cient accuracy for most purposes by taking a few readings on the upper and the lower meniscus in a clear oil and noting the differ- ences. A specific gravity hydrometer will read too low and a Baume' hydrometer too high when read at the upper edge of the meniscus. The correction for meniscus height should therefore be added to a specific gravity reading and subtracted from a Baume' reading. The magnitude of the correction will obviously depend upon the length and value of the subdivisions of the hydrometer scale and must be determined in each case for the particular hydrometer in question. Specific gravity and Baume' gravity readings of oil are conven- iently taken at room temperature and these readings must be con- verted to the gravity at 60 °F. As a general rule it may be said that petroleum oil expands with heat so that 0.0004 must be added as a correction to the specific gravity readings for each degree Fahr. that the oil is above 60°F or must be subtracted for each degree Fahr. below 60°F. On the Baume' scale .l°Be' may be subtracted for each degree Fahr. above 60°F or added for each degree Fahr. below 60°F. For exact temperature corrections for specific gravity, see pages 334 to 418. For exact temperature corrections for Baume' gravity, see pages 376-383. For conversions of Baume' to and from specific gravity, see pages 370-375. IB. Specific Gravity with the picnometer. Various types of picnometers may be used for this purpose, each of which has special advantages. Some are plain bottles with capillary openings in a well made ground glass stopper; others have graduated tubes in the stoppers, vacuum walls and inserted thermometers. The Sprengel picnometer is particularly adapted to the handling of very viscous oils as it prevents the including of air bubbles in the instru- ment. With any of the various types the perfectly dry and clean picnometer is weighed at 60°F to the nearest 0.0001 gram. It is filled with distilled water at 60°F and weighed. It is then dried completely and filled with the oil to be tested at 60°F. The net weight of the oil divided by the net weight of the distilled water gives the specific gravity of the oil. For conversion into degrees Baume' the formulae given on page 272 or the tables given on pages 370 to 375 are used. IC. Specific Gravity with the Westphal balance. This is a very convenient instrument where a great variety of petroleum products are to be tested as it covers any range of specific gravity and can be used for practically any type of material. Its character is shown by the figures on page 273. The oil is put into the jar and the weights or riders are adjusted on the beam until the pointer is in exact poise. The readings are in specific gravity based on a water temperature of 60°F at which temperature the instrument is standardized. The specific gravity may be converted to Baume' scale with the tables. 274 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF ID. Specific Gravity for semi-solid petroleum materials. A convenient method of taking the specific gravity of asphaltic cement and similar semi-solid petroleum materials is the following (see upper figure on page 277). Roll up a ball of the asphalt about 1 cm. in diameter, being careful that no water is included. Place this in a cylinder of cold distilled water from which the air has been removed by previous boiling. If the ball of asphalt floats, denatured alcohol is added until it shows no tendency to go either up or dovm when placed in the middle of the cylinder. The specific gravity of the liquid is then taken with the Westphal balance or with the hydrom- eter. If the ball of asphalt sinks a saturated solution of sodium chloride or common salt is added until the asphalt when placed in the center of the cylinder shows no tendency to go either up or down. The specific gravity is taken with a hydrometer for liquids heavier than water or with the Westphal balance. It is necessary in perform- ing this test that the bubbles of air which tend to adhere to the sur- face of the asphalt be occasionally removed and that the solution be thoroughly mixed. The usual temperature required for the gravity of this material is 77°F or 25°C. IE. Specific Gravity of solid oil materials. A fragment of bituminous material is suspended by means of a silk thread from a hook of one pan support of the balance and about % inch above the pan and weighed. This weight is "a." It is then immersed in water at 25°C and suspended, the water container not be- ing allowed to touch the balance and is weighed again. This weight a is "b." The specific gravity is (see lower figure on page 277). a— b The sample of asphaltic surface mixture for this test should be cut out of the street after the pavement has been rolled and cooled. This test is a very good measure of the all around quality of the work. The sample is weighed in the air and in water, the weight in air divided by the loss of weight in water gives the specific gravity. This times 62.4 gives the weight per cubic foot and times 93.6 gives the weight per square yard of 2-inch surface. KANSAS CI TV TESTJA'G LABORATORY \^^-. '■^': ■ >l| Fig. 1. Figr. 2. 276 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Various types of picnometers fflGS5\ Sprengel Picnometer Westphal balance 2! It IIS ;s 10! :t \n '\ p[[:0 EkE KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY r ■ L__J Specific Gravity of Asphaltic Cement. .J^^^Laftfe. Specific Gravity by Displacement. 278 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 2A. METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE COLOR OF REFINED PETROLEUM. (Saybolt Universal Chromometer.) The apparatus consists of two color comparison tubes, one being arranged for insertion of a standard yellow glass in the bottom, the other being graduated for different lengths of oil column (see figure). Two like-colored yellow glass discs are supplied with each Chro- mometer. By the use of one singly or both together, color shades can be definitely determined between below Zero to + 25 — Zero being Standard White and -f 21 Water White — and as indicated by the ac- companying table of inches corresponding to color shades. The two glasses shall be used to determine color shades up to and including -|- 15, and only one glass from + 16 to + 25. An excess of oil above that necessary to equal the working standard in color should be filled into the graduated tube so that in drawing off the excess, the eye can follow the color of oil under examination from dark to lighter, thereby making it easier to detect the point at which the oil and standard coincide. The apparatus should be set at a window having a one-light sash so that a good light is reflected from the mirror, but not in the direct rays of the sun, and care should be taken that no colored light is reflected toward the instrument from surrounding buildings, tanks or other ob- jects. To clean the Chromometer before making a new test, simply allow some of the oil to be tested to run through the graduated tube. Even this need not be done between tests of similar oils if the previous oil is well drained through the pet cock, and the tube well filled with the next oil, because the influence of a drop or two of the previous oil remaining can not be seen against the half or nearly full tube of the next oil to be tested. After using, do not let the instrument stand with the light reflecting up the tubes but move the reflecting mirror out of place, or better yet, put on the cover. When not in use, always put the color glasses m the pockets prepared for them which will be found on the back of the upright. For the purpose of most easily determining color shades, the column of oil when nearing the pomt of coincidence with the standard glass discs, shall be lowered shade by shade by use of the pet cock, until a point is reached where it IS questionable as to which is the lighter or darker shade. Then lower the column of oil one shade more and if the oil column now shows without doubt whiter than the standard glass disc Saybolt Chromometer. a:.-i.v6'W6 ciry testing laboratory 279 the colorating of the oil shall be one shade above this last whiter point, or in other words, at the question point, where it was impos- sible to detect any difference between the oil and the glass disc. TABLE OF COLOR SHADES. Inches of Oil Color in Tube Shades 20 25 Use One Disc. 18 24 16 23 14 22 12 21 = water white 10-6/8 20 9-4/8 19 8-2/8 18 7-2/8 17 6-2/8 16 Use Two Discs. 10-4/8 +15 9-6/8 --14 9-0/8 --13 8-2/8 --12 7-6/8 --11 7-2/8 --10 6-6/8 -- 9 6-4/8 - 8 6-2/3 + 7 6-0/8 + 6 5-6/8 + 5 5-4/8 + 4 5-2/8 -- 3 5-0/8 -- 2 4-6/8 -- 1 4-4/8 — Standard 4-2/8 — 1 white 4-0/8 — 2 3-6/8 — 3 3-5/8 — 4 3-4/8 — 5 3-3/8 — 6 3-2/8 — 7 3-1/8 — 8 3-0/8 — 9 It is evident that no oils are to be compared with one disc unless they positively show whiter at 10-4/8 inches with two discs. Moreover, a full tube (20 inches) of white oil that shows whiter than one (1) disc must rate + 25 and up (better than + 25). 2-B. COLOR BY LOVIBOND TINTOMETER. The Lovibond_ color units and divisions are shown below, together with the color, series and number of each glass. These slides are used for determining the color of the refined products— gasoline, naphtha and kerosene. Lovibond color unites with specifications for the slides: Slide Color Series Number Water White Yellow 510 2.3 Red 200 1.6 1 to 12.0 Amber 500 0.1 to 12.0 280 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF If the oil is darker than the water white glass, slides are added to the slot containing the standard water white until the color of the oil is matched. When the .2 slide is added in this manner, the color is re- ported as W.W. — 0.2, the minus sign indicating that the oil is darker than the standard water white. If the color of the oil is lighter than that of the water white glass, additional slides are placed in the slots in front of the oil and should the color be matched in this manner with, say the .5 slide and the .2 slide, the color is reported W.W. + 0.70. The color equivalent of water white, the standard color for gas- oline and naphtha, has been defined as the equivalent of a column 404.6 mm. long of a 0.00027% acidulated solution of potassium chromate. A potassium bichromate solution, however, duplicates the tint of re- fined petroleum products more closely than the lower oxide. In stand- ardizing the Stammer and Hellige colorimeters, L. Ubbelohde used a solution of 0.06 gram of potassium bichromate in one liter of water as the standard color. 2-C. COLOR WITH POTASSIUM BICHROMATE SOLUTIONS. Comparison between Saybolt and Lovibond colorimeter values with equivalent potassium bichromate solutions. (Dr. C. K. Francis.) In the absence of an instrument, standard acidulated solutions may be prepared to correspond with the solutions indicated in the fol- lowing table. Each of these solutions when placed in four-ounce sample bottles and marked with the equivalent Saybolt and Lovibond values may be used to match samples. Saybolt Colorimeter Potassium Lovibond Bichromate Colorimeter Mgm. per liter of 18 cells with 1% Hj SO4 Solution. W.W. Slide 2.0 W.W. 1 0.5 2.9 W.W. 3.8 W.W.— 0.3 4.7 W.W.— 0.5 5.6 W.W.— 0.8 6.5 W.W.— 1.3 7.5 W.W.— 1.5 8.5 W.W.— 2.0 9.5 W.W.— 2.2 10.5 W.W.— 2.8 11.5 W.W.— 3.0 12.5 W.W.— 3.8 13.5 W.W.— 4.5 14.5 W.W.— 5.2 15.5 W.W.— 5.7 16.5 W.W.— 6.0 17.5 W.W.— 6.5 18.6 W.W.— 6.9 19.7 W.W.— 7.4 20.8 W.W.— 9.0 21.9 W.W.— 9.4 23.0 W.W. — 10.0 24.1 W.W. — 10.2 25.3 W.W. — 11.0 26.6 W.W. — 11.0 28.0 W.W. — 11.2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 16 15 14 13 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 3 3 1 (light) (light) (light) (light) (light) KANSAS Ciry TESTING LABORATORY :! ^ Color comparison tubes for the determination of the color of petroleum products by the iodine method. Lovibond Tintometer. 282 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 2-D. COLOR OF OIL BY IODINE METHOD. This method may be applied to all dark colored petroleum prod- ucts. In determining the color by the iodine method a solution is made containing in 1 liter of very pure distilled water, 10 grams of iodine and 20 grams of potassium iodide. This is kept in a glass stoppered bottle. The apparatus necessary is that indicated on page 281 which may be a set of carbon color tubes or two tubes such as are required in the determination of manganese in steel. For crude oil, road oil, fuel oil and other black oils a dilution of 1-1000 in color- less benzol is made by diluting 1 cc. to 10 cc. of benzol and then 1 cc. of this to 100 cc. with benzol. This is thoroughly mixed in one of the glass stoppered color tubes. 1 cc. of the standard iodine solution is put into the large color tube which holds 250 cc. It is diluted with dis- tilled water until its color matches that of the oil under test. The color is calculated, as follows: I = milligrams of iodine in 100 cc. of water in the tube containing the diluted iodine. d = The number of cc. of benzol to 1 cc. of oil. Colore I (d + 1). For gas oil, lubricating oils and yellow oils, a dilution of 1-100 with benzol is sufficient. For gasoline, naphtha, kerosene and illumi- nating oils there is no dilution with benzol, the comparison being made directly. The terms applied to the color of crude oil are black, brownish black, blackish brown, brown, reddish brown, green, greenish brown, brownish green and bluish green. The kerosene is spoken of as be- ing water white, superfine white, prime white, standard white, prime light straw, light straw and straw. Other colors are designated by yellow, dark yellow, reddish yellow, brownish yellow, yellowish brown, brown, red, blood red and yellowish red. 3. ODOR OF OIL. The odor of oil may be spoken of as sweet, ethereal, aromatic, tarry, fatty, creosotic, acid, sour, sulphurous, sulphuretted hydrogen, pyridine and pangent. 4. TRANSPARENCY OF OILS. Transparency may be expressed by the thickness of oil in centi- meters through which the filament of a 50 watt Mazda electric lamp is visible. It may be also noted whether the oil is fluorescent and the character of the fluorescence, whether bluish, greenish or yellowish by reflected light; also whether any turbidity is of a smoky, granu- lar or flocculent character. 5-A. VISCOSITY OF LIQUID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. (SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL.) The apparatus is shown on page 285. This is the tentative test for the viscosity of lubricants adopted by the American Society for Testing Materials : 1. Viscosity shall be determined by means of the Saybolt stand- ard universal viscosimeter. 2. (a) The Saybolt viscosimeter is made entirely of metal. The standard oil tube is fitted at the top with an overflow cup and the tube is surrounded by a bath. At the bottom of the standard oil tube is a small outlet tube through which the oil to be tested flows into a receiving flask, whose capacity to a mark on its neck is 60 (-|- 0.15) cc. The lower end of the outlet tube is enclosed by a larger tube, which when stoppered by a cork acts as a closed air chamber and KANSAS CITY TESTLXG LABORATORY 283 prevents the flow of oil through the outlet tube until the cork is re- moved and the test started. A looped string is attached to the lower end of the cork as an aid to its rapid removal. The bath is provided with two stirring paddles and operated by two turn-table handles. The temperatures in the standard oil tube and in the bath are shown by thermometers. The bath may be heated by a gas ring burner, steam U-tube, or electric heater. The standard oil tube is cleaned by means of a tube cleaning plunger, and all oil entering the standard oil tube shall be strained through a 30-mesh brass wire strainer. A stop watch is used for taking the time of flow of the oil and a pipette, fitted with a rubber suction bulb, is used for draining the overflow cup of the standard oil tube. (b) The standard oil tube should be standardized by the United States Bureau of Standards, Washington, and shall conform to the following dimensions: Minimum, Normal, Maximum, Dimensions. CM. CM. CM. Inside diameter of outlet tube 0.1750 0.1765 0.1780 Length of outlet tube 1.215 1.225 1.235 Height of overflow rim above bot- tom of outlet tube 12.40 12.50 12.60 Diameter of container of standard oil tube 2.955 2.975 2.995 Outer diameter of outlet tube at lower end 0.28 0.30 0.32 3. Viscosity shall be determined at 100°F (37°.8C), 130°F (54°.4C), or 210''F (98°.9C). The bath shall be held constant with- in 0°.25 F (0.14°C) at such a temperature as will maintain the de- sired temperature in the standard oil tube. For viscosity determina- tions at 100 and 130°F, oil or water may be used as the bath liquid. For viscosity determinations at 210°F, oil shall be used as the bath liquid. The oil for the bath liquid should be a pale engine oil of at least 350°F flash point (open cup). Viscosity determinations shall be made in a room free from draughts, and from rapid changes in tem- perature. All oil introduced into the standard oil tube, either for cleaning or for test, shall first be passed through the strainer. To make the test, heat the oil to the necessary temperature and clean out the standard oil tube with the plunger, using some of the oil to be tested. Place the cork stopper into the lower end of the air chamber at the bottom of the standard oil tube. The stopper should be sufficiently inserted to prevent the escape of air, but should not touch the small outlet tube of the standard oil tube. Heat the oil to be tested, outside the viscosimeter, to slightly below the tempera- ture at which the viscosity is to be determined and pour it into the standard oil tube until it ceases to overflow into the overflow cup. By means of the oil tube thermometer keep the oil in the standard oil tube well stirred and also stir well the oil in the bath. It is ex- tremely important that the temperature of the oil in the oil bath be maintained constant during the entire time consumed in making the test. When the temperature of the oil in the bath and in the standard oil tube are constant and the oil in the standard oil tube is at the de- sired temperature, withdraw the oil tube thermometer; quickly re- move the surplus oil from the overflow cup by means of a pipette so that the level of the oil in the overflow cup is below the level of the oil in the tube proper; place the 60-cc. flask in position so that the oil op op °F 100 212 338 .55 .60 .65 1.00 , , • • • • .46 .72 .030 .028 .027 .28 .51 . .47 .51 .94 .13 .85 .88 .90 1.04 2.00 1.85 1.68 1.30 284 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF from the outlet tube will flow into the flask without making bubbles; snap the cork from its position, and at the same instant start the stop watch. Stir the liquid in the bath during the run and carefully main- tain it at the previously determined proper temperature. Stop the watch when the bottom of the meniscus of the oil reaches the mark on the neck of the receiving flask. The time in seconds for the delivery of 60-cc. of oil is the Saybolt viscosity of the oil at the temperature at which the test was made. The approximate factors for conversion of readings of the Saybolt Universal to other instruments are as follows: »F 70 To MacMichael 50 To Saybolt "A" 50 To Saybolt "C" To Engler 035 To Tagliabue 25 To Penn. R. R. Pipet 30 To Scott 13 To Redwood 83 To Magruder Plunger 1.25 To Ostwald 1.90 These values are not exact as they vary greatly with the actual viscosity readings. For exact conversion to Engler and Redwood values, see page 287. 70°F may be used for light oils, gas oils, "straw" oils, engine oils, dynamo oils, auto oils, cottonseed oils and the like. 100 °F may be used for Engine oils, machine oils and occasionally cylinder oils. 212 °F may be used for cylinder oils, road oil, other heavy oils and asphaltic fluxes. 338°F may be used for asphalt, fluxes, paraffin wax and residues. Other viscosimeters in use are the Engler, Tagliabue, Scott, Red- wood, Penn. Ry. pipet, McMichael, Lamansky-Nobel, Ostwald, Mar- tens, Stormer, Ubbelohde, Lepenau, Kuenkler, Albrecht, Arvine, Bar- bey, Cockrell, Doolittle, Gibbs, Mason, Napier, Nasmyth, Phillips, Reischauer, Magruder (see page 286). The Engler viscosimeter is used most extensively in Germany and its dimensions are as follows: Inside diameter of the inside vessel for oil 106 mm Height of vessel below overflow 25 mm Length of the oil jet 20 mm Inside diameter of the oil jet upper end 2.9 mm Inside diameter of the oil jet lower end 2.8 mm Length of jet projecting from lower part of outer vessel .... 3.0 mm Width of jet 4.5 mm The quotient of the time of outflow of 200 cc. of oil divided by the time of outflow of 200 cc. of water is taken as a measure of the vis- cosity or is the so-called Engler degree.* The Redwood viscosimeterj is used extensively in England and its value can be calculated from the Engler or the Saybolt in the tables on pages 288-9. *Holde, Examination of Hydrocarbon Oils. JRedwood, Treatise on Petroleum. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY Sectional View of Standard Oil Tube A Oil Tube Thermometer. B Bath Thermometer. C Electric Heater. D Turntable Cover E Overflow Cup. F Turntable handles. 6 Steam Met or Outlet H Steam U—Tube. ■I Standard Oil Tube. K Stirring Paddles. L Bath Vessel. M Electric Heater Receptacle. N Outlet Cork Stopper. P Gas Burner Q Strainer. R Receiving Flask. S Base Block. T Tube Cleaning Plunger Sectional View of Saybolt Standard Universal Viscosimeter 286 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF ' Engler Modified Pena. Engler UbTaelohde H.R. Pipet Scott Tagliabue VISCOSIMBTERS Leoenau KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 287 Factors to Reduce Saybolt Times to Engler Numbers or to Redwood Times Factor to Reduce Factor to Reduce Saybolt Time, Saybolt Time to Saybolt Time to Seconds Engler Number Redwood Time 28 0.0357 0.95 30 0.0352 0.95 32 0.0346 0.94 34 0.0342 0.94 36 0.0337 0.94 38 0.0334 0.93 40 0.0330 0.93 42 0.0327 0.92 44 0.0323 0.92 46 0.0320 0.91 48 0.0317 0.91 50 0.0314 0.90 55 0.0308 0.90 60 0.0302 0.89 65 0.0297 0.88 70 0.0293 0.87 75 0.0289 0.86 80 0.0286 0.86 85 0.0284 0.86 90 0.0282 0.85 95 0.0280 0.85 100 0.0297 0.85 110 0.0276 0.85 120 0.0274 0.84 130 0.0272 0.84 140 0.0271 0.84 160 0.0269 0.84 180 0.0268 0.84 200 0.0267 0.84 1800 0.0267 0.84 288 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Factors to Reduce Redwood Times to Say- bolt Times or to Engler Numbers Redwood Time 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140 160 180 1500 1.20 0.0320 Factors to Reduce Factors to Reduce Redwood Time to Redwood Time to Saybolt Time Engler Number 1.05 0.0377 1.05 0.0372 1.06 0.0368 1.06 0.0364 1.07 0.0361 1.07 0.0358 1.08 0.0355 1.09 0.0353 1.10 0.0351 1.10 0.0349 1.11 0.0347 1.12 0.0345 1.13 0.0344 1.14 0.0340 1.15 0.0337 1.16 0.0335 1.16 0.0333 1.17 0.0331 1.18 0.0330 1.18 0.0329 1.18 0.0328 1.19 0.0327 1.19 0.0326 1.19 0.0325 1.20 0.0324 1.20 0.0322 1.20 0.0321 1.20 0.0321 1.20 0.0320 KAXSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 289 Factors to Reduce Engler Numbers to Say- bolt or to Redwood Times Factors to Reduce Factors to Reduce Engler Engler Number Engler Number Number to Saybolt Time to Redwood Time 1.00 28.1 26.7 1.05 28.4 27.0 1.10 28.8 27.2 1.15 29.1 27.4 1.20 29.5 27.6 1.25 29.8 27.8 1.30 30.1 23.0 1.35 30.4 28.2 1.40 30.8 28.3 1.45 31.1 28.5 1.50 31.5 28.6 1.60 32.0 28.8 1.70 32.5 29.0 1.80 33.0 29.2 1.90 33.6 29.4 2.00 33.9 29.6 2.10 34.2 29.7 2.20 34.5 29.9 2.30 34.8 30.0 2.40 35.1 30.1 2.50 35.3 30.2 2.60 35.5 30.3 2.70 35.7 30.3 2.80 35.9 30.4 2.90 36.1 30.4 3.00 36.2 30.5 3.50 36.7 30.7 4.00 37.0 30.9 4.50 37.3 31.1 5.00 37.4 31.2 6.00 37.5 31.3 SoioO 37.5 si.S 290 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Projection Supports cither a Funnel or Thermo- meter, wtiicli has a Ferrule on it for that Purpose and may be left in Place during the Test- Leg to Support Ins trument when Lifted from Tripod. A. Brass Oil Container. B. Bath. C. Cover of Oil Container. a. Capillary. b. Ivory or Wooden Skewer, c-o-d. ye r Flo w Channel. F Plumb-bob for Leveling Instrument. \K. Flask holding 100 cu. en a I 20deg. Centigrade. The Ubbelohde Viscosimeter. KANS.-1S CITY TESTING LABORATORY 291 5-B. METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE VISCOSITY OF KEROSENE AND GASOLINE. The apparatus used for this test is essentially that described on pages 55, 56 and 57 of Holde's "Examination of Hydrocarbon Oils." A diagram of the apparatus is shown on page 290. The instrument is known as the Ubbelohde viscosimeter. The dimensions are as follows: Normal Instrument Inner diameter of outlet tube at top 0.125 centimeters Inner diameter of outlet tube at bottom. . . . 0.125 " Outside diam. of outlet tube at bottom, d,. . 1.0 Length of outlet tube, 1 3.0 Diameter of container, D 10.5 Outside diameter of overflow pipe, Ai Initial head on bottom of outlet tube, h,. . . 4.6 " Average head, h (calculated) 3.992 Water rate 200 seconds Capacity of container 132 cubic centimeters The apparatus is placed in a horizontal position by means of the plummet F, the outflow tube is examined by looking through from the top with a sheet of white paper underneath to determine if there are any obstructions or dirt. If dirty, the outflow tube is cleaned by drawing a silk thread back and forth through it. Water or cracked ice, depending upon the temperature desired, is placed in the outer vessel B, the plug is put in place and an excess of kerosene or gaso- line introduced into A. The excess runs out of the overflow pipe C. The plug b is loosened sufficiently to allow just a drop of liquid to pass out to the jet. When the proper temperature has been maintained for 15 minutes the plug is withdrawn and the time required to fill the 100 cc. flask is determined with the stop watch. This time divided by the time required for water gives the viscosity. For example, if the time of outflow of kerosene is 320 seconds and the water is 200 seconds, the viscosity is 1.6. BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF The MacMichael Viscosimeter KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 293 5-C. VISCOSITY WITH THE MacMICHAEL VISCOSIMETER. In the MacMichael Viscosimeter a disk is suspended in a cup of fluid. The force exerted by the rotation of the fluid on the plunger is measured. This force is equal and opposite to that applied to the cup. Viscosities of oils are quickly and easily obtained at normal temperatures, also at very high and very low temperatures. The disk is suspended in the cup of fluid by a torsion wire about ten inches long running down through the stem of the plunger and fastened near the bottom. The head of the torsion wire is triangular and is held between two grooved pins at the top of the standard. The cup and plunger may be removed and replaced without manipulating any catches or fastenings. All surfaces are smooth and rounded and may be easily cleaned. The cup is oil jacketed, being formed of two pieces of heavy spun brass. Within the oil jacket is immersed an electric heating coil. This coil draws current from the same line as the motor, only one con- nection being necessary. The fluid to be tested is heated in place, no other heating device being required. The operation is very rapid. Stirring is effected by a slight vertical movement of the plunger. For low temperature work, the fluid and the adjacent parts are chilled in an ice bath or brine solution. A bent thermometer inserted through an opening in the cover in- dicates the temperature, the bulb being immersed in the liquid. The temperature during test may be controlled to within a small fraction of one degree. The graduated dial at the top of the plunger is secured to the stem by a friction disk, permitting the adjustment of the zero mark to its proper location. The fine adjustment is effected by means of the steel wire pointer at the head of the standard. The dash pot on the stem of the plunger is frictionless and automatic in action, re- quiring no attention from the operator. Its function is to check in- cipient vibrations and to permit quicker readings by damping the ac- tion. The speed control is of the phonograph type and gives excellent results. The motor is furnished for 110 or 220 volts either A. C. or D. C. and is adapted for ordinary lighting circuits. Variations in voltage do not affect the accuracy of the determinations. In operating, the cup is filled to the mark on the side with the oil or asphalt to be tested. This requires about 100 cc. The tempera- ture is raised or lowered by means of the heating coils. The de- flection noted on the dial is the viscosity of the fluid. The operation is very rapid, so that the drop in temperature on ordinary work is entirely negligible. For extreme accuracy, the temperature may be raised slightly above the desired point, and an allowance made for the drop up to the moment of reading. This will seldom be found necessary in actual practice. The readings are in degrees of angular deflection, 300° to the circle, designated as °M. The practical working unit is 1/1000 of the absolute unit. As water at 20°C or 68°F has exactly 1/100 of the absolute unit of viscosity, water at this temperature reads 10°M. Thus by shifting the decimal point practical units, absolute units and specific viscosity may be ob- tained at one reading. Readings are taken directly from the dial, no intermediate calculations being required. 294 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 5-D. FLOAT TEST (VISCOSITY) OF PETROLEUM RESIDUES. The special apparatus for the float test consists of an aluminum saucer having a diameter of 8.89 centimeters and a depth of 2.54 cm. and a radius of curvature of 5.16 cm. At the bottom there is an opening into which a collar may be screwed. This conical collar is 2.22 cm. long, is 0.95 cm. in diameter at the small end, 1.27 cm. in diameter at the large end and has a wall 0.13 cm. thick. This ap- paratus and method of operating is shown in the figures on page 296 In making the test the brass conical collar is placed with the small end down on a brass plate which has been previously amalgam- ated with mercuric chloride. A small quantity of the material to be tested is carefully heated until quite fluid. It is then poured into the collar until slightly more than level with the top. The collar and plate are placed in ice water until rigid. The excess of material pro- truding from the collar is cut off with a warm knife. A pan of water is now heated to the desired temperature. The material should be kept in the ice water at least 15 minutes at a temperature of 5°C. The collar with the material is quickly screwed into the aluminum float which, is immediately placed in the warm bath. As the plug of material becomes warm and fluid it is forced upward and out of the collar until the water gains entrance to the saucer and causes it to sink. The time in seconds between placing the apparatus on the water and when the water breaks through the residue is determined with the stop watch and is recorded as the measure of the consistency of the material. Unless otherwise specified, the float test is made at 50°C, but it would necessarily be higher with the more viscous materials. 5-E. ZERO VISCOSITY FOR SEMI-SOLID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. The apparatus used is a cylinder as shown in the sketch and may be constructed from ordinary iron pipe. The cylinder is 4 cm. in diameter and 13 cm. long with an opening centrally located in the bottom 1 cm. in diameter and with lips 2 mm. thick. A tube 150 cm. long is screwed into the cap on the top. In making the test the melted asphalt is poured into the cylinder with the cap off of the top and the 1 cm. opening on the flat surface. It is cooled and topped with more asphalt, the cap is put on with 150 cm. tube and the cylinder is packed in pulverized ice and sup- ported horizontally so that the bottom rests on a circular ring at least 1 cm. high which keeps the ice away from the orifice. The tube is filled with mercury and after some of the asphalt has protruded from the orifice it is trimmed off flush with the outer edge. The apparatus is now supported vertically at the temperature of o'°C for 5 hours. The weight of asphalt or bituminous material protruding from the orifice after this time expressed in decigrams is the zero viscosity. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 0.2 CM THICK ZERO VI5C05ITY BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF New York Testing Laboratory Float Apparatus KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 297 6-A. MELTING POINT OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS. (SOFTENING POINT.) (Ring and Ball Method.) The apparatus consists of a brass ring %-inch in diameter, %- inch deep, 3/32-inch wall suspended 1 inch above the bottom of the beaker; a steel ball %-inch in diameter weighing between 3.45 and 3.50 grams, a standardized thermometer and a 600 cc. glass beaker. Carefully melt the sample and fill the ring with the material to be tested, removing any excess. Place the ball in the center of the ring and suspend in the beaker containing 400 cc. of water at a temperature of 5°C. Set the thermometer bulb within % inch of the sample and at the same level. Apply heat uniformly, preferably with a 200 watt electric hot plate over the bottom of the beaker suffi- ciently to raise the temperature of the water 5°C per minute. Record the temperature at starting the test and every minute thereafter until the test is completed. The softening point is the temperature at which the specimen touches the bottom of the beaker. For temperatures above 99°C glycerin should be used instead of water. Tests should check within 3°C. 6-B. MELTING POINT OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS. (Cube Method.) The bituminous material is carefully melted and poured into the ^2-inch brass cubical mold which has been amalgamated with mercury and which is set on an amalgamated brass plate. The hot material should slightly more than fill the mold and when cold the excess may be cut off with a hot spatula. The cube is removed from the mold and fastened upon the lower arm of a No. 12 wire B. & S. gauge bent at right angles and suspended beside a thermometer in a tall covered beaker of 400 cc. capacity. This tall form beaker is set in an 800 cc. low form beaker which is arranged for the application of heat. The wire is passed through the center of the two opposite faces of the cube which is suspended with its base one inch above the bottom of the inside beaker. The inner beaker cover has two openings, one for the wire and one for the thermometer. The wire is held in place by a cork in the cover. The bulb of the thermometer is level with the cube and at an equal dis- tance from the sides of the beaker. Heat is applied to the liquid in the outer vessel in such manner that the thermometer registers an increase of 5°C per minute and the temperature at which the bitumen touches a piece of paper placed in the bottom of the beaker is taken as the melting point. Determinations should check within 2°. The temperature at the beginning of the test should be approximately room temperature. 6-C. MELTING POINT OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS. (General Electric Method.) Mold one gram of the bituminous material so that it completely and uniformly covers the short bulb of a thermometer graduated to at least 500°F. Fit this thermometer with a cork into a % x 6-inch test tube with a side tubulation or air vent so that the bulb of the ther- mometer is %-inch from the bottom of the tube. Support the ther- mometer and tube with a clamp and immerse the tube to a depth of four inches in 400 cc. of commercial concentrated sulphuric acid in a 600 cc. beaker. The beaker of sulphuric acid is heated by direct con- tact with an electric hot plate of 220 watt capacity and 4% inches in diameter. 298 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF The melting point is taken from readings of the thermometer when the bituminous material flows sufficiently that a tear strikes the bottom of the tube. (^ —e III ill 1 /• /\ /\ V \y Melting Point — Cube Method Melting Point— Ring and Ball Method KANSAS CITY TESTISG LABORATORY 299 THERMOMETER KB SULPHURIC hCID MELTING- POINT - ff.C. METHOD. 300 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 280 270 Z60 ZSO Z^O o X c » ZZO -C a >0 « 0-v zio Q to L +• o /SO £ I- /SO c i /70 v 3 o zzck <0 # ^ .^o: .Ny ^V-' ?^^ ^^ -5 /50 /50 I'^O —A- V >V - ^- -# w^^ il r- ■f- ^' & -^ syy ,5/ om — 5°F and to — 25 °F a mixture of equal parts of pulverized ice and calcium chloride may be used. A universal frozen mixture for all these tem- peratures can be made as follows: Put a sufficient amount of dry acetone into a covered metal beaker. Put the beaker into an ice salt mixture and when the temperature of the acetone reaches 10°F or below, slowly add carbon dioxide snow until the desired temperature is reached. A temperature as low as — 70 °F can be thus attained. To get the solid carbon dioxide snow invert an ordinary carbon dioxide cylinder. Open the valve slowly and let the liquid run out into a close mesh bag. By rapid evapora- tion the carbon dioxide becomes solid. (Continued p. 304.) i02 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF THCRMOMC TCR TEST TUBC MELTED WfiX- COTTON J MELTING POINT OF P^RnFFIN WWX KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY .W3 \ \ ■^PL£t 'or - (iO -oi 1 ) ^, titer 't V ^■*/" rr -~-> \ \ IT> \ \ f/eEEZ, 3A/i/'Lt fOlt HfCUA WAFF/ 'l/E V \ a omp'ci ) ^ ^^ .^ — nt&LX Mf^v/m- ■- Time iv Mi//ut£s Solidification curves for paraffin 304 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF COLD TEST THERMOMETER 4 0Z. BOTTLE METPiL JF\CK.E.T FREEZING mixture: OIL CORK BOTTOM f\PPf\RPiTUS FOR CLOUD TEST, POUR TEST, COLD TEST. V-C. COLD TEST specially for steam cylinder and black oils. The same bottle used in the pour and cloud tests is filled V4, full and frozen with a freezing mixture. A thermometer' is then intro- duced into the frozen mass and after it has become cold the bottle containing the solidified oil is removed from the cooling mixture. The solidified oil is thoroughly stirred with the thermometer until the KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 305 mass will run from one end of the bottle to the other and at this moment the temperature indicated is recorded. This reading is the cold test of the oil. 8-A. SEDIMENT, WATER, DIRT AND BOTTOM SETTLINGS IN PETROLEUM. (Apparatus is shown on page 337.) 50 cc. of the oil are thoroughly mixed with. 50 cc. of benzol and the mixture is poured into a 100 cc. graduated V-shaped centrifuge tube such as is shown on page 337. This is exactly counter-balanced and run in the electric centrifuge at a speed of approximately 2,000 R. P. M. for 5 minutes or until there is a sharp line of demarkation between the sediment or dirt, the water and the oil, if any water or dirt are present. The amount of sediment or dirt is read off by volume and expressed in percentage by volume. The water is also expressed in percentage by volume. 8-B. WATER BY DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM. 100 cc. of the oil are placed in a flask connected to a dis- tillation apparatus as shown on page 308. This is heated until foaming starts when an auxiliary flame is applied to all parts of the upper portion of the flask causing any water vapor to pass over into the condenser without allowing water to collect in the neck of the flask. This heating also tends to prevent the extension of the foam into the condenser. The flame beneath the flask must be applied very gently. This is continued until all foaming ceases and all water has been distilled over from the condenser. The number of cubic cen- timeters of water collected in the receiver is the percentage of water. 9-A. PROXIMATE DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM. 400 cc. of the petroleum are poured into a 1,000 cc. flask which is connected to a condenser (as shown on page 310). The ther- mometer is inserted so that the top of the bulb is just below the out- let of the flask. The flame is gradually applied to the oil so that any foaming will tend to make itself evident. If there is foaming it will be necessary to heat the upper portion of the flask. Before the ap- plication of the flame to prevent foaming, it is necessary to get the temperature at which the first drop falls into the receiver. This is the initial boiling point. The distillate is collected until a tempera- ture of 410°F is reached when distillation is proceeding at the rate of 5 cc. per minute. The fraction collected up to this temperature is the gasoline or naphtha, the gravity of which is determined. If the gravity is less than 57, it is classified as naphtha, if above this, it is classified as gasoline. The distillation is continued at the same rate until a temperature of 572°F is reached. This fraction is kerosene and its gravity is determined. The residue in the flask is fuel oil and is used for the determination of wax or asphalt, gas oil or lubricants. The information given by this distillation is: Water % Gasoline ( 410''P) (Gr. = = Be°) % Kerosene ( 410 — 572''F) (Gr. = = Be") % Fuel Oil— Residuum (Gr. = = Be°) % 100.0% BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 1 1 Scale in centimetera 4 8 12 16 20 ■ 1 24 1 1 -Apparatus used hy the Bureau of Mines for distillation test of gasoline. a Wires connecting with electric mains through a suitable rheostat, h Electric heater. c Engler distillation flask filled with charge of gasoline partly distilled, d Thermome- ter, c Condenser, with trough filled with, ice and water, f Receiving graduate, g Cock for draining condenser trough. ^ /'J Diameter American Society for Testing Materials Apparatus. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 307 9B. END POINT DISTILLATION TEST OF GASOLINE, NAPHTHA AND BENZINE. This method is essentially that of the American Society for Testing Materials, page 606 of 1918 Book of Standards, and is the method given by the Bureau of Mines in Technical Paper 166 with slight modifications. The apparatus used in the distillation is as follows: The flask used shall be the standard 100 cc. Engler flask. The dimensions are as follows: Cm. Inches Diameter of bulb 6.5 2.56 Diameter of neck , 1.6 0.63 Length of neck 15.0 5.91 Length of water tube 10.0 3.94 Diameter of vapor tube 0.6 0.24 Position of vapor tube 9 cm. (3.55 in.) above surface of oil when flask contains its charge of 100 cc. The tube is approximately in the middle of the neck. The flask shall be supported on a ring of asbestos having a circular opening 1V4 in. in diameter; this means that only this lim- ited portion of the flask is to be heated. The use of a sand bath is not approved. The condenser tube shall consist of a thin walled tube of metal (brass or copper) % inch internal diameter and 22 inches long. It shall be set at an angle of 75° from the perpendicular and shall ba surrounded with a water jacket of the trough type. The lower end of the condenser shall be cut off at an acute angle and shall be curved down for a length of 3 inches. The condenser jacket shall be 15 inches long. Briefly the thermometer should be an accurate "nitrogen-filled" instrument with a short bulb (length 10 to 15 mm. 0.39 to 0.59 inch) and with the mark for 35°C (95°F) at a distance between 100 and 120 mm. (3.94 to 4.73 inches) from the top of the bulb. The ther- mometer should be scaled for total immersion. The above requirements insure that the lowest temperatures registered may be read above the cork of the distillation flask ana variations because of the so-called "stem correction" will always be practically the same. The stem correction should not be applied but it should be understood that the results of distillations are ex- pressed in terms of thermometer readings, not of actual temperatures. The use of partial-immersion thermometers is not recommended for distillations as these instruments are no more likely to agree with one another than are the more common total immersion thermometers. Method of Distillation. Pour some of the gasoline or naphtha to be tested through the condenser tube just before the distillation flask is connected with it and allow it to drain before placing the receiver. Likewise the dis- tillation flask is rinsed out with the gasoline or naphtha to be dis- tilled and drained before the charge of 100 cc. is added to it. The 100 cc. graduated cylinder may be used without drying as the receiv- ing vessel for the distillation. 308 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 309 The thermometer bulb should be covered with a thin film of ab- sorbent cotton. This keeps the glass always wet with the condensate from the vapor and thus prevents possible fluctuations in the^ tem- perature. It also tends to prevent superheating of the bulb at the end of the distillation and thus makes possible an accurate determina- tion of the dry point. Heat should be applied to the flask in regulated degree, care being taken that the whole distillation from beginning to end shall proceed at a rate of not less than 4 nor more than 5 cc. a minute (about 2 to 3 drops per second). Readings of the thermometer shall be made as each 5% distills. The temperature at which the first drop falls from the exit of the condenser tube is the initial boiling point. The dry point, end point or highest temperature reading at the end of the distillation shall also be recorded. It is the temperature when the last drop is vaporized and a puff of white vapor appears in the flask. The distillation loss shall be determined by adding the per- centage of residue in the distilling flask, after cooling, to the per- centage of total distillates held in the receiver. If the distillation loss is over 3%, a check distillation shall be made, as excessive loss may indicate that the rate of distillation at the beginning was too rapid. In case the magnitude of the loss is confirmed this fact is of importance in indicating that the gasoline contains very volatile constituents, particularly those derived from added casinghead gasoline. The condenser trough shall be filled with a mixture of finely cracked ice and water (not dry cracked ice) and during the distilla- tion sufficient ice shall be kept in the trough to prevent the tem- perature of the cooling water exceeding 4°C (39°F). If distillations are made at high altitudes or when barometric pressures are low, allowances may be made for this factor. In gen- eral, recording the barometric pressure read at the time of the dis- tillation will suffice and it is recommended that whenever there is possibility of dispute over the results of a distillation this should be done. In finishing the distillation there is always a small amount of naphtha remaining in the flask in the vapor phase in excess of that required to wet the inside of the flask. If the residue in the flask has not been poured into the receiver the end point of 98% is to be read as 100% and any loss is to be calculated as the difference be- tween the 98% and the amount actually recovered after the condenser tube has thoroughly drained. This method is identical with that of the' Bureau of Mines with the following exceptions: Five cc. readings instead of 10 cc. are made. The condenser is kept at 4°C or below (B. of M. is below 8°C). The condenser tube and flask are moistened with the gasoline or naphtha to be distilled. The preceding page shows a cut of the apparatus for distillation. The A. S. T. M. apparatus and the electrically heated apparatus of the Bureau of Mines are shown on page 306. 310 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF f 13 r^ to *^ •5 a I ^VSS.VvSSS.vjv'v'^'^'v^.'^.'^V.V^^'v.'^'^.^'----- v.^--. '^^ SssS >S- ^^^.-x'-,w-, v ■-. <-''o^ KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 511 9C. FRACTIONAL GRAVITY DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM. Use a 1,000 cc. distilling flask of heavy pyrex glass having a diameter of 13 centimeters, a neck 17 centimeters long with a 3 cen- timeter diameter and with a side tubulus 8 centimeters above the body of the flask. The tubulus is set at approximately 75° to the neck of the flask. The condenser tube is 36 inches long and the water jacket is 30 inches long. The details of the set-up are shown on page 310. The oil to be used should be as nearly as possible free from water. Eight hundred cubic centimeters are poured into the distilla- tion flask, the thermometer used is preferably for 5 inch immersion reading to 750 °F. It is inserted so that the top of the mercury bulb is even with the bottom of the tubulus and is in the center of the neck of the flask. Distillation is begun using a smoky flame of a strong Tirrell burner, the flask being supported on a ring as shown in the diagram. The burner is protected from air drafts and the flask is blanketed with asbestos paper if necessary. The flame is controlled by a screw pinch cock on the rubber tubing. The temperature at which the first drop falls from the condenser is the initial boiling point. The rate of distillation after the first 5% is 8 cubic centimeters or 1% per minute. Five per cent fractions are collected in the 100 cubic centimeter cylinder. These 40 cubic cen- timeters are poured into a 50 cc. grraduate, allowing the distillate to mix thoroughly. The specific gravity is taken and the corrections are made to 60°F. The end point of each 2%% fraction is recorded and the distillation is continued, taking the gravity of each 5% frac- tion. In operating on a crude oil in which the natural content is de- sired, the distillation with straight fire is stopped when the first fraction with a temperature above 572°F is completed. Beyond this temperature inert gas, such as natural gas, coal gas or carbon di- oxide is introduced sufficiently to carry the distillation at the same rate of speed but such that the temperature at no time exceeds 650''F. After the gas is used the water is removed from the condenser and the condenser tube is kept warm to prevent wax occluding the tube. Ninety per cent should be carried over and the gravity of the residue taken. The data obtained by this distillation is shown on pages 122 to 127 for crude oil, on pages 231-2 for gasoline and page 230 for heavy distillate. 9D. SAMPLE PREPARATION DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL. The apparatus consists of a 5-gallon steel still, condenser, gas burner, water supply under pressure, steam producers, superheater gauges and connections as shown on page 312. Ten thousand cubic centimeters is a convenient charge, giving a 5% fraction of 500 cc, which is sufficient for special tests. The still is covered with chicken wire and asbestos cement for insulation. Direct firing is used until a temperature of slightly above 500 °F is indicated in the vapor or a gravity of 40°Be' (0.825 specific gravity) is shown in the distillate fraction. At this temperature superheated steam or gas is introduced. BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 313 The "TAG" standard closed flash tester for volatile inflammable liquids. Thermometer, indicating the temperature of the oil Thermometer, indicating the temperature of the water bath. A miniature oil well to supply the teat flame when gas ifl not available, mounted on the axis about whieh the test-flame burner is rotated, which axis is hollow and provided with connection on one end for gas hose, and provided also with needle valve for controlling gas supply, when gus is available, the gas passing through the empty oil well. Gas or oil tip for trst flame rover for oil nip, provided with three openings, which are in turn covered by a movable slide operated by a knurled hand knob, which also operates the teat flame burner in unison with the movable slide, so that by turning this knob, the test flame is lowered into the middle opening in the cover, at the same time that this opening is uncovered bv the move- ment of the slide. Oil cup (which cannot be seen in the illustration), of standardiied siip, weight and shape, fltting into the top of the waieV bath. Overflow apout. Water bath, of copper, fittmg into the top of the body, and provided with an overflow spoilt and open- ings m ita top, to receive the oil cup and water bath thennometor. Body oC metal, atUched to substantial cast metal bait provided with three feet Alcohol lamp for heating the water bath Gas hoBe.. r Cleveland open test- er for flash point and burning point of heavy oils. li New York closed tester for all types of oils. (Elliott) 314 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF lOA. FLASH POINT OF KEROSENE AND OTHER VOLATILE INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. (With Standard "TAG" Closed Tester.) This is essentially in accordance with the method of the American Society for Testing Materials, Tentative Standards, 1917, pages 445-6. The test must be performed in a dim light so as to see the flash plainly. Surround the tester on three sides with an inclosure to keep away drafts. A shield about 18 inches square and 2 feet high, open in front, is satisfactory. See that tester sets firmly and level. For accuracy, the flash point thermometers which are especially designed for the instrument should be used as the position of the bulb of the thermometer in the oil cup is essential. Put the water-bath thermometer in place. Place a receptacle under the overflow spout to catch the overflow. Fill the water bath with water at such a temperature that when testing is started, the temperature of the water bath will be at least 10 °C below the prob- able flash point of the oil to be tested. Put the oil cup in place in the water bath. Measure 50 cc. of the oil to be tested in a pipet or a graduate and place in oil cup. The temperature of the oil must be at least 10 °C below its probable flash point when testing is started. Destroy any bubbles on the surface of the oil. Put on cover with flash point thermometers in place and gas tube attached. Light pilot light on cover and adjust flame to size of the small white bead on cover. Light and place the heating lamp, filled with alcohol in base of tester and see that it is centrally located. Adjust flame of alcohol lamp so that temperature of oil in cup rises at the rate of about 1°C (1.8°F) per minute or not faster than 1°C (1.8°F) nor slower than O.g-C (1.6°F) per minute. Record the "time of applying the heating lamp," record the "temperature of the water bath at start," record the "temperature of the oil sample at start." When the temperature of the oil reaches about 5°C below the probable flash point of the oil, turn the knob on the cover so as to introduce the test flame into the cup and turn it promptly back again. Do not let it snap back. The time consumed in turning the knob down and back should be about one full second, or the time re- quired to pronounce distinctly the words "one thousand and one." Record the "time of making the first introduction of the test flame" and record the "temperature of the oil sample at time of first test." Repeat the application of the test flame at every 0.5°C rise in temperature of the oil until there is a flash of the oil within the cup. Do not be misled by an enlargement of the test flame or halo around it when entered into the cup or by slight flickering of the flame; the true flash consumes the gas in the top of the cup and causes a very slight puff. Record the "time at which the flash point is reached," and the "flash point." If the rise in temperature of the oil from the "time of making the first introduction of the test flame" to the "time at which the flash point is reached" was faster than 1.1°C or slower than 0.9°C per minute, the test should be questioned and the alcohol heating lamp KAXS.IS CITY TESThXG LABORATORy 315 adjusted so as to correct the rate of heating. It will be found that the wick of this lamp can be so accurately adjusted as to give a uniform rate of rise in temperature of 1 C per minute and remain so. Repeat Tests. — It is not necessary to turn off the test flame with the small regulating valve on the cover, but leave it adjusted to give the proper size of flame. Having completed the preliminary test, remove the heating lamp, lift up the oil cup cover and wipe off the thermometer bulb. Lift out the oil cup and empty and carefully wipe it. Throw away all oil samples after once using in making test. Pour cold water into the water bath, allowing it to overflow into the receptacle until the temperature of the water in the bath is lowered to 8°C below the flash point of the oil as shown by the previous test. With cold water of nearly constant temperature it will be found that a uniform amount will be required to reduce the temperature of the water bath to the required point. Place the oil cup back in the bath and measure into it a 50 cc. charge of fresh oil. Destroy any bubbles on the surface of the oil, put on the cover with its thermometer, put in the heating lamp, record time and temperature of oil and water and proceed to repeat test as described above. Introduce test flame for first time at a temperature 5°C below the flash point obtained on the previous test. Precautions. — Be sure to record barometric pressure either from laboratory barometer or from nearest Weather Bureau station. Record temperature of room. Note and record any flickering of the test flame or slight pre- liminary flashes when the test flame is introduced into the cup be- fore the proper flash occurs. Record time and temperature of such flickers or slight flashes if they occur. lOB. FLASH AND BURNING POINT OF ALL TYPES OF PETROLEUM OILS AND ASPHALTS. (With New York or Elliott Closed Tester.) The bath surrounding the oil cup is filled with very high flash fluid oil or is left unfilled if the oil to be tested has a very high flash point. The oil cup is filled with the material to be tested to within 3 millimeters of the flange joining the cup and the vapor chamber above. The glass cover is then placed on the oil cup and the ther- mometer adjusted so that its bulb is just covered by the oil or bitumen. The flame is applied to the bath in such manner that the tempera- ture is raised at the rate of about 5°C per minute. Every half minute the testing flame is inserted in the opening in the cover and about halfway between the surface of the material and the cover. The first appearance of a faint bluish flame on the entire surface of the bitumen or oil shows that the flash point has been reached, and this temperature is recorded. The burning point of the material is now obtained by removing the glass cover and replacing the thermometer in the frame. The temperature is raised at the same rate and material tested as before. The temperature at which the oil or bitumen ignites and burns is recorded as the burning point. The flame should be extinguished with the metal cover very promptly after the burning point is reached. 316 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF IOC. PLASH AND BURNING POINT OF LUBRICANTS. (With the Cleveland Open Cup.) The lubricating oil is poured into the oil cup to within 5 mm. of the top. The flame is then applied to the air bath in such man- ner that the temperature of the oil in the cup is raised at the rate of 5°C per minute. The testing flame is made from a piece of drawn glass tubing, making a flame about 5 mm. in length. This flame is applied to the surface of the oil every half minute. A distinct flicker or flash over the entire surface of the oil shows that the flash point is reached and the temperature at this time is recorded. The burning point of the oil is obtained by continuing the test and noting the temperature at which the vapor arising from the surface of the oil ignites and burns continuously. The thermometer is quickly withdrawn and the metal cover used to extinguish the flame. KANSAS CITY TESTIA'G LABORATORY 317 eOt-r-l'«f00O4«OO» I-IOO050000C-U5 IMNIMlNCqCVIKlCO j^ up 00 CM_ «; o -"ii; 00 N to Ht~Q0000^030)00 _^ (N Oa (N (N eg N OT Kl SB u •^ ITS 00 IM ?C O^ CO t- O 0C0(NrHir3 t-^Oo'o6o6050500 lNIM(NrHi/3 t-OQOOOOPJOJOO jCQcgcgNcgcoco =1 m u o Til 00 rH la o> eg S .H iH O 03 OS 00 t- t- ^ ^ i> tH iq 00 N to o ^ p t-^ oo' 00 00 OS OS o o CU eg ca c5 eg oa eg CO CO Hc-^mooegtoosco -, t> t> CO Irt U3 Tj< CO CO W J, «q o ■* 00 eg to o -* S t> 00 oo' oo' OS os" o o Q eg eg eg eg eg eg CO CO OQ oO'HinoscotoO'* COCOegT-lrHOOOS <5^tDOTi;ooegtooco O t-'ododooos'osoo „ eg eg eg OQ eg eg CO 00 Z o W 00 eg to OS CO t- >-< Ti" ad OS OS 00 c- c- to to m M^inoseot^rHinosco •^ t> t-' oo' 00 os' OS os' o ^ eg eg eg eg THl/SOaC0 i>t-ododosososo egegcgcgegegiNco CORRECTIONS OF FLASH POINT FOR NORMAL BAROMETRIC PRESSURES. To correct readings made at other pres- sures to the standard barometric pressure of 760 mm. Barometer Correction Millimeters Degrees C. 700 — 2.1 705 — 1.9 710 —1.7 715 — 1.6 720 —1.4 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 765 770 775 780 785 1.2 1.0 .9 .7 .5 .3 .2 + -2 + .4 4- .5 •t- 7 1 a BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Abel-Pensiy '"^^^^ Soott VARIOUS PIASH AHD PIEB TESTERS. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 319 llA. CRACKING TEST FOR HEAVY PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS. (See P. 320.) The apparatus is set up as shown in sketch, (a) is a cylindrical tube tested out to a pressure of 3,000 pounds such as is ordinarily used for dispensing oxygen gas. (b) is a thermometer well or plug with a tapered thread and of sufficient length that it protrudes well into the interior of the vessel (a). This plug has an opening from the outside into which the thermometer (c) is inserted. This mercury thermometer is graduated preferably in single degrees Centigrade and is of borosilicate glass, nitrogen filled and reading up to a tem- perature of 550°C. (d) is an extra heavy ammonia pipe fitting con- nected to a valve (e) and a pressure gauge (f). Pressure gauge (f) should read to at least 200 atmospheres or 200 kilograms per square centimeter. Heat is applied by gas burners (g) such as are used in combustion furnaces and the whole apparatus is supported on a stand with the end carrying the pressure gauge slightly elevated. The capacity of the bomb is 1,500 to 1,600 cubic centimeters and 500 cc. of oil to be tested are poured into it at a temperature of approximately 20''C. The plug (b) is inserted and screwed in very tightly, using Stilson wrenches. The threads on the plug may be dressed with a mixture of equal parts of glycerin, litharge and cop- per oxide. The flame is applied so that it does not excessively heat the portion of the container not in contact with the oil. The total time consumed for the test after the beginning of the application of the heat should be between 55 minutes and 70 minutes. The heating is carried on until a pressure of 55 atmospheres is attained, based on a temperature of 400 C. It is desirable to keep the container covered with a sheet of asbestos during the operation. The temperature should not ordinarily exceed 420°C. The apparatus is cooled to about 20''C before opening. The constants in this test are the dimensions of the apparatus, the amount of oil used, the rate of application of heat and maximum pressure at 400°C. The variables are the percentage by volume of oil recovered after cracking, the amount of carbon formed, the amount of gas formed, the specific gravity of the gasoline and the total yield of gasoline. (S'ee proximate distillation of crude oil.) Variations are due to the character of the oil treated, the spe- cific gravity of the gasoline being higher, the recovery higher, the carbon and gas formation less and the total amount of oil recovered greater with paraffin base and with low gravity oils than with naphthene base and high gravity oils. From one such equilibrium test it is possible to approximately estimate the amount of total gasoline which it would be possible to obtain from an oil. This may be calculated from one equilibrium test by taking into consideration the shrinkage on cracking and the increase in specific gravity of the residue above 210°C after cracking. (See pages 228-9.) IIB. VAPOR PRESSURE. The vapor pressure of light petroleum hydrocarbons is deter- mined with the same apparatus used for making the cracking test. The pressure readings with the corresponding temperature readings should be taken every 30 pounds and a curve plotted for intermediate points. The temperature should not be carried above 350°C as crack- ing will take place. (See curves on page 226.) BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Vapor Pressure Tester. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 321 lie. VAPOR PRESSURE TESTS FOR LIGHT GASOLINE MADE FROM GAS. (See Westoott, Handbook of Casinghead Gasoline.) Apparatus shown on page 320 consists of iron or steel pipe of 2 inch size, with caps screwed on ends. Upper cap has 0.25 inch nipple screwed in and is connected by a coupling to a 3 inch 30 lb. pressure gauge. Gauge is known as Inspector's Gas Gauge. All joints must be entirely tight. Joints between large pipe and caps are best sealed with solder. Approximate external dimensions are indi- cated on sketch. In addition to apparatus indicated in test, there is also required a tin cylinder for filling test tube, 12 by 8 inches, that can be slipped over outside of tube for convenience in carrying when not in use. The tin cylinder is provided vdth a lip for pouring. A small tin cover 0.75 inch deep, fitting over the bottom of the tin cylinder may be removed and used for measuring off one-tenth ca- pacity of test tube. A small tin funnel 2,5 inches in diameter with stem 3 inches long and three-sixteenths inch in diameter should be used. Remove the gauge from the tube and fill tube to 90 per cent of its capacity. Fill tube preferably by lowering it into the storage tank in upright position by means of a cord or wire. Leave the tube entirely immersed for several minutes, withdraw it and pour off sufficient liquid so that tube will contain 90% of its capacity. A small measure having capacity of 10% of the test tube should be used for that purpose. In case it is impracticable to lower the tube into the storage tank, draw the liquid off into the vessel of capacity about equal to the test tube. Pour liquid into the test tube until about half filled. Shake tube and contents gently in order to bring both to the same temperature. After standing for several minutes, pour out all the liquid from the tube. Draw another sample from the storage tank into the cylinder and pour through funnel into the tube until the latter is entirel;^ full. Withdraw one-tenth as before. Screw gauge tightly into position, using a little liquid shellac on joint to insure a tight fit. Immerse the tube in water at temperature of 70 °F and allow it to remain for five minutes. Then remove it from the water and unscrew the gauge sufficiently to relieve the pressure indicated by the gauge for a period of 20 seconds and screw ths gauge tightly into the tube again. Then place the tube in water at a temperature of 100°F (gCF from Nov. 1st to March 1st). The level of the water must be just below the lower edge of the pressure gauge. Stir the water continually and maintain the temperature exactly constant for ten minutes, then tap the gauge lightly with the finger and read the pressure. A correction of pressure figures should be made according to the initial temperature of the gasoline. This correction should be as follows: For tests on samples taken at a temperature of 50 to 59°F, inc., deduct 1 lb. For tests on samples taken at a temperature of 40 to 49 °F, inc., deduct 2 lbs. For tests on samples taken at a temperature below 40°F, deduct 3 lbs. 322 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF The gravity of the liquid, the temperature of liquid gas placed in test tube, the pressure at 70°F before venting tube, the corrected pressure at 100°F (90°F from Nov. 1st to March 1st) after venting at 70°F should all be recorded. 12A. CARBON RESIDUE IN LUBRICANTS AND DISTILLATES. (Conradson Method.) The apparatus consists of: (a) Porcelain crucible, wide form, glazed throughout, 25 to 26 cc. capacity, 46 mm. in diameter. (b) Skidmore iron crucible, 45 cc. (1% oz.) capacity, 65 mm. in diameter, 37 to 39 mm. high vvith cover, without delivery tubes and one opening closed. (c) Wrought iron crucible with cover, about 180 cc. capacity, 80 mm. diameter, 58 to 60 mm. high. At the bottom of this crucible a layer of sand is placed about 10 mm. deep, or enough to bring the Skidmore crucible with cover on nearly to the top of the wrought iron crucible. (d) Triangle, pipe stem covered, projection on side so as to allow flame to reach the crucible en all sides. (e) Sheet iron or asbestos hood provided with a chimney about 2 to 2% inches high, 2% to 2% inches in diameter to distribute the heat uniformly during the process. (f) Asbestos or hollow sheet iron block, 6 to 7 inches square, Wi to 1% inches high, provided with opening in center ZVi inches in diameter at the bottom and 3% inches in diameter at the top. The test shall be conducted as follows: Ten grams of the oil to be tested are weighed in the porcelain crucible, which is placed in the Skidmore crucible and these two cruci- bles set in the larger iron crucible, being careful to have the Skid- more crucible set in the center of the iron crucible, covers being applied to the Skidmore and iron crucibles. Place on triangle and suitable stand with asbestos block and cover with sheet iron or asbestos hood in order to distribute the heat uniformly during the process. Heat from a Bunsen burner or other burner is applied with a high flame surrounding the large crucible, as shown in Fig. 1, until vapors from the oil start to ignite over the crucible, when the heat is slowed down so that the vapor (flame) will come off at a uniform rate. The flame from the ignited vapors should not extend over 2 inches above the sheet iron hood. After the vapor ceases to come off, the heat is increased as at the start and kept so for five min- utes, making the lower part of large crucible red hot after which the apparatus is allowed to cool somewhat before uncovering the crucible. The porcelain crucible is removed, cooled in a dessicator and weighed. The entire process should require about one-half hour to com- plete when heat is properly regulated. The time will depend some- what upon the kmd of oil tested, as a very thin, rather low flash point oil will not take as long as a heavy, thick, high flash-noint oil (See A. S. T. M. 1918 Standards, page 620.) ^ KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY ''7P7flTfi'T7nTrrT7T?7TT77777777T7~^77'^^^77777/77/'^TT^777777Z7^77^^/777777777777^77Z777, Conradson Carbon Test for Lubricants 324 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 12B. FIXED CARBON AND ASH IN OIL AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS. The apparatus used is that shown below, or if the apparatus used for the analysis of coal is available, the special furnace shown on page 325 may be used, or the electric furnace shown on page 348, such as is used for burning out mineral aggregates, is quite satisfactory. Between .4500 and .5500 gram of the material is placed in a 20-gram platinum crucible having a tightly fitting cover. It is heated for seven minutes with the full flame of a Bunsen burner, as shown, or at 950°C in the electric furnace. With the open flame the crucible should be supported with its bottom 6 or 8 cm. above the top of the burner and the flame should be at least 20 cm. high when burn- ing fieely. A shield is used to protect from drafts. The crucible while remaining covered is placed in a dessicator, cooled and weighed, then ignited with lid removed until nothing but the ash remains. The loss is the fixed carbon and the residue is the ash. Apparatus for the Determination of Fixed Carbon KANSAS CU y TESTING LABORATORY 3J5 *Ni~ chrome .■■Asbestos Flaft Platinum rhodium- ■ Electric Furnace for Fixed Carbon 13. EMULSIFICATION OF MINERAL LUBRICATING OILS. (A. S. T. M.— IBie.'* P. H. Conradson. Apparatus. The apparatus consists of a 4-pint copper retort, provided with a delivery tube, which is joined to a metal or glass pipe having an inside diameter of about 5/16 in. and about 15 in. long from the elbow. The lower end of this pipe is cut off diagonally to prevent thumping. The glass cylinders are graduated to 250 cc. They have an in- side diameter of about 1 7/16 in. and a length of about 9Vi in. from the bottom to the 250 cc. mark. They are 11% to 12 in. in over-all length, and are made of thin glass, with a flat bottom. In place of a copper retort for the generation of steam, a glass flask or any other suitable source of steam supply may be used; like- wise, ordinary 250 cc. graduated glass cylinders, of dimensions given above, may be used where emulsion tests are required only occasionally. J26 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Method of Testing. The cylinder is filled with distilled water up to the 20 cc. mark, then 100 cc. of the oil to be tested are added. To churn the mix- ture, steam at ordinary pressure is conducted through this oil-water mixture for ten minutes. The amount of steam passed through is regulated in such a way so as to prevent the mixture from splashing over the top of the cylinder, but the rate may be as rapid as is prac- tical. This is easily regulated by the height of the gas flame. The churning is begun from the time the temperature of the mix- ture has reached 200 °F, or when the steam as such passes off the mixture. It usually takes from 1 to 1% minutes to reach this tem- perature, depending somewhat on the body or viscosity of the oil. However, even churning with steam for 15 minutes does not seem to make any difference in the results. When the churning is completed, the cylinder is immersed for one hour in a water bath, kept at a temperature of 130°F. During this time the cylinder and its contents are momentarily inspected at intervals to note the behavior of the oil mixture. At the expiration Emulsification Tester of one hour the cylinder is removed from the water bath and the con- tents are examined for the following: V SJ!® number of cubic centimeters ot separated clear or turbid water 2. The number ot cubic centimeters of separated emulsified layer „v, ^- t^ "","?S®S ?' '^"^''^ centimeters' of separated clear or turbid oil above the emulsified layer; and ,*•■<= ^'^? Peroentag-e of water or moisture in the separated oil above the emulsified layer, o.uuve uiie The number of cubic centimeters and condition of the emulsified Invcr is an indication ot the emulsion-forming: property, or quality of the oil •', The number of cubic centimeters of clear or turbid oil above the emnl^ sified layer, less the percentage of water or moisture contained in the nil i= the percentage of demulsibillty of the oil. °"' '^ The condition of the separated water or watery liquid under the emnKiflBrt layer, if any, g-ives an indication also of the behavior of the oil in aotual service KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 327 The amount of water held in the oil above the emulsified layer may be determined as follows: The oil above the emulsified layer after the expiration of the test is carefully drawn off and shaken; then 20 cc. are mixed with 80 cc. of 88° Baume' gasoline (from Pennsylvania Crude) in a gradu- ated, flat-glass precipitating tube having the lower end drawn out. The oil-gasoline mixture is kept at a temperature not over 8D°F for one hour, or the water or watery liquid may be separated from the oil-gasoline mixture by means of a centrifuge. The amount of water or watery liquid is read off and calculated to percentage by volume and subtracted from the oil above the emulsified layer. Of course, this determination is only necessary when the oil above the emulsified layer appeals to contain an appreciable amount of water. Interpretation of Results. Page 328 illustrates the behavior of seven representative oils with this method, as they appear after expiration of the tests. Table I gives detailed results of tests of these oils. The first turbine oil shows the oil entirely free from emulsifying property or elements, only retaining a very small percentage of moisture or water after the expiration of the test. The second turbine oil shows quite T;^ .BLE I.- -EMULSIFICATION TESTS OF LUBRICATING OILS u u c: doKrees V. I x'nna. ,.t ,1^ ^^<: 4 SECTION A-B fl HolcB and RibsJ Spaced Equally TOP Vl^VV Detail ui slielf used in loss test. 344 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 28. RESISTANCE OF ASPHALTIC CEMENT TO OXIDATION. After being subjected to the following tests the film of asphalt should be brilliant and lustrous, should not be scaly and fragile, should adhere firmly to the metal and should not be dull and cheesy in tex- ture. A strip of thin sheet iron 2 inches wide and 6 inches long is covered on its lower 4 inches with the melted asphaltic cement. This strip is placed in an oven at 275°F for 15 minutes and allowed to thoroughly drain. It is removed from the oven and allowed to cool, then placed in an electrically heated oven at a temperature of 450°F for one hour. At the end of the hour, the door of the oven is opened and the heat is turned off, the specimen being allowed to remain in the oven. The oven shall be one having an outside diameter of 12x12x12 inches with an opening in the top 1 cm. in diameter, the heating ele- ments being in the bottom of the oven. The resistance shall be so distributed that the heat is uniform throughout the oven. The lower end of the strip shall be suspended so that it is at least 3 cm. from the bottom of the oven. The resistance is preferably so arranged that three different heats can be maintained with a snap switch such that the lowest heat is 325 °F, the medium heat is 400 "F and the highest heat is 450 °F. 29. PAKAFFIN WAX OR SCALE IN PETROLEUM AND BITU- MINOUS PRODUCTS. The apparatus used is shown on page 347. Instead of the metal retort, a glass distilling flask with a glass air condenser may be used if desired. 100 grams of the oil, bitumen or material under examination are weighed into the retort and dis- tilled as rapidly as possible to dry coke. The distillate is caught in a 150 cc. Erlenmeyer flask, the weight of which has been previously ascertained. During the early stages of distillation a cold, damp towel wrapped around the stem of the retort will serve to condense the distillate. After high temperatures have been reached, this towel may be removed. When the distillation is completed, the distillate is allowed to cool to room temperature and is then weighed in the flask. This weight minus that of the flask gives the weight of the total dis- tillate. Five grams of the well mixed distillate is then weighed into a 100 cc. Erlenmeyer flask and mixed with 25 cc. of Squibb's ether. 25 cc. of Squibb's absolute alcohol is then added, after which the flask is packed closely in a freezing mixture of finely crushed ice and salt maintained at — 18°C in a quart tin cup. After remaining 30 minutes in this mixture, the solution is quickly filtered through a No. 575 C. S. & S. 9 cm. hardened filter paper placed in a glass funnel which is packed in a freezing mixture as shown in figure. Vacuum should be employed to hasten filtration. The freezing-mixture reservoir shown in the figure may be made by cutting in half a round glass bottle measuring approximately 120 millimeters in diameter and using the upper half in an inverted position. Any precipitate remaining on the paper should be washed until free from oil with about 50 cc. of a 1 to 1 mixture of Squibb's ether and absolute alcohol cooled to — 18°C. After the paper has been sucked dry, it should be removed from the funnel and the adhering paraffin scale should be scraped off into KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 345 a weighed crystallizing dish and dried on a steam bath. The dish and contents should then be cooled in a dessicator and weighed. The weight of the paraffin scale so obtained, divided by the weight of the distillate taken and multiplied by the percentage of the total distillate obtained from the original sample, equals the per- centage of the paraffin scale. 30-A. BITUMEN AND GRADING OF ASPHALT SURFACE MIXTURE. The asphaltic surface is softened by warming and is thoroughly mixed. 100.0 grams are weighed into a thin porcelain dish. This is placed in a gas or electric muffle, as shown on page 348, and heated with good aeration at a temperature not exceeding 700 °C, preferably about 500°C, or at a barely perceptible red heat. It is well to use a pyrometer in the muffle. Usually about two hours Is required for the complete combustion of the carbonaceous material. The dish and contents are now removed from the muffle, allowed to cool and weighed. The loss in weight is the percentage of bitumen. The mineral matter is now screened through a nest of screens containing the 1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 40, 80, 200 meshes to the lineal inch. The amount passing each screen and retained on the next is recorded. The exact description of the sizes is as follows: Opening in Opening in Diameter of Mesh Inches Millimeters Wire, Inch 1 1.050 26.67 0.149 2 0.525 13.33 0.105 4 0.1850 4.699 0.065 10 0.0650 1.651 0.035 ?o 0.0340 0.864 0.016 40 0.0150 0.381 0.010 80 0.0068 0.173 0.00575 200 0.0029 0.074 0.0021 30-B. BITUMEN AND GRADING OF ASPHALTIC SURFACE MIXTURE BY EXTRACTION. The bituminous mixture should be warmed until it may be readily broken apart by hand, without fracturing any of the stony particles. Five hundred grams of the disintegrated mixture should be packed as tightly as possible in the wire basket and then covered with a disc of cotton or felt of one-quarter inch to one-half inch thickness. One hundred and seventy-five to two hundred cc. of carbon disul- phide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, or benzole is placed in the inside vessel in which the wire basket is suspended. Cool water should be circulated through the inverted cone con- denser, which is also the cover of the apparatus, and is not intended to fit tight. A 16 c. p. carbon filament incandescent lamp is the source of heat. A 500-gram sample of mixture should extract clean with carbon disulphide in about three hours. From 200 to 300 grams of asphalt block or Topeka tjrpe mixture is a sufficiently large sample for that type of mixture. After extraction, the solvent and matter removed from the sample during the analysis should be burnt to recover any fine mineral par- ticles which may have passed into the extract. This method has the advantage of giving the true soluble bitumen .^6 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF and of leaving the mineral matter in such condition that it is more easily screened. However, it has the disadvantage of requiring a Jonger time, a considerable amount of solvent and of giving slightly higher results in percentage of bitumen unless the extracted matter is burned out. Extraction may also be made by the Rotarex centri- fuge. Good Type of Analytical Balance for Asphalt and Oil Analysis Eiienmeyer Flask Suction Flask For Solubility Tests era r':iiaffiri Scale Dislillatioil I'araflin Kilter Flask 348 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 31. TENSILE STRENGTH OF BITUMINOUS SURFACE MIXTURE. The surface mixture to be tested is heated to over 240 °F to soften it and is thoroughly compressed into a standard cement testing briquet mold. The mold is then packed in ice for at least two hours. It is now quickly put in the tensile strength machine used for testing Portland cement and pulled until it fails. Good bituminous surface mixture will give a tensile strength of as high as 600 lbs. per sq. in. Poorly cemented material will give a tensile strength usually lower than 200 lb. per sq. in. Gas Muffle N. Y. T. L. Surface Mix Extractor. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 349 v^^omiiiiiiiiiiii Mineral Aggregate Grading Balance 350 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 32-A. DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GAS. The apparatus consists of a glass jar, b, with a metal top into which fits a brass column having suspended from its base a long, graduated tube, a, and at its top a cock, c, and a ground-joint socket d, into which sets a socket holding a small glass tip, e, closed at the top with a thin piece of platinum, f. In this platinum is a mi- nute hole to permit the passage of gas or air at a very slow rate. All the metal parts are nickeled. The mode of operation is as follows: The glass jar is filled with water to the top graduation mark of the tube or to a point a little above it. The tube is then withdrawn so that it may be filled with air. The cock on the standard is then closed and the tube is replaced with air. The cock is then opened, and the number of seconds required for the water to pass from the low- est graduation mark to the graduation mark above it is recorded with a stop watch. The tube is then withdrawn and filled with gas and the procedure repeated. The specific gravity (air^l) is obtained by dividing the gas time squared by the air time squared. Thus, if A represents the time required for the gas to pass through the orifice, and B represents the time required for the air to pass through the orifice, the specific gravity of the gas will be represented by fA 12 KANSAS Ciry TESTING LABORATORY 351 Edwards Gas Balance 32-B. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GAS BY THE EDWARDS GAS BALANCE. Above, the figure shows the Edwards Gas Balance completely assembled with mercury manometer "L" at the right in the fore- ground, hand pump "O" at the left for evacuatmg the balance chamber, and connection "R" to the gas sample by means of the stop cock on the back end of the balance chamber. On page 353 is shown the balance beam consisting of an air tight bulb of spun brass, 352 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF counter-weighted with adjustable balancing weights. The bearing points are also adjustable, allowing the center of gravity of the beam to be raised or lowered, thus providing a control of the sensibility. The needle points rest on glass bearings. The beam is adjusted so that it will come to equilibrium in atmos- phere with the counter-weight end slightly below a horizontal plane through the bearing points. In this position a partial vacuum is re- quired to bring it to a level position which position is effected by bringing into alignment the cross hair mounted permanently on glass and the line on the end of the balance beam. The air that is allowed into the chamber when making this balance must be drawn through some drying agent assuring dry air. The vacuum reading is then observed on the "U" gauge. This should be repeated and checked. The balancing chamber is then purge^ of air and the gas allowed to fill it to a pressure sufficient to bring the beam to the same position of equilibrium again. The pressure is then observed on the "U" gauge. These pressures are then reduced to absolute pressure, know- ing the barometric pressure at the time of making the test. The specific gravity of the gas is the quotient of the absolute air pressure divided by the absolute gas pressure. (Air=1.000.) a = Baroinetric pressure. b = Balancing pressure air. c = Balancing pressure gas. a-b Specific gravity ^ a-c When air is present in gas it is determined with an Orsat ap- paratus, or other convenient apparatus. The correction of the observed specific gravity to the actual specific gravity is made with following formula: _ 100 d — a ^ - 100 —a a = % air. d ^ determined or observed specific gravity. g = actual specific gravity. Example: — Barometric pressure (millimeters) 756.4 [396.7 Gage readings with air (millimeters) \ L 390.3 Pressure (milimeters) 6.4 Total pressure (millimeters 750 f 189.3 Gage readings with gas (millimeters) \ [597.4 Pressure (millimeters) -|-408.1 Total Pressure (millimeters) 1164..'^ Specific gravity \ =0.6441 , 1164.5 r 750.0 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 354 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF 33-A. ABSORPTION METHOD FOR TESTING NATURAL AND CASINGHEAD GAS. Fill the two-armed pipet commonly known as the Hofman ap- paratus with distilled water. The glass stop cock at the top of the closed graduated arm is a two-way cock, so that the tube above the stop cock can be completely cleared of air. The end of the stop cock through which the outside discharge takes place is closed with a rabber tube and pinch cock. A funnel is set on top of the tube, water is introduced and the tube is washed out with distilled water. The pinch cock is closed, the funnel is removed and the gas is intro- duced in the usual manner by displacement with water until about 50 cc. are in the graduated arm. The level of the water is made the same in the two arms and the reading of the quantity of gas is made after it has adjusted itself to the room temperature. 25 cc. of Claroline oil or straw oil are introduced into the open arm. The open arm is now stoppered or held with the thumb so that no air can gain access and the oil is shaken over into the other arm so that it overlies the water. The water is now withdrawn through the stop cock at the lower end of the U. The arm is now filled and kept filled with Claroline or straw oil shaking until the gas ceases to be absorbed. The absorption is calculated in percentage. The amount of gasoline that may be obtained by absorption from the gas may be approximately calculated from the following table: Casinghead Gas Yield. Yield of Gasoline Absorption Gallons per 1000 Percentage Cu. Ft. of Gas 25 50 30 75 35 1.50 40 2.00 50 2.50 60 3.50 80 5.00 One gallon of gasoline obtained from 1000 cu. ft. of gas reduces the volume about 25 to 30 cu. ft. and reduces the heating value about 75 to 100 B. T. U. per cu. ft. or 71/2 to 10%. One gallon of gasoline at 20c a gallon would then extract .6c from the value of gas at 20c per 1000 cu. ft. About one-half of the natural gas of the United States contains gasoline in commercially obtainable quantity. Some casing- head gas such as at Sisterville, West Va., gives 13 gallons of gasoline per 1000 cu. ft. and has a heating value of 2500 B. T. U. per cu. ft. Shellac is the best thread dressing material for gasoline and oil joints since it is not soluble in gasoline nor water. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 355 33-B. FREEZING METHOD FOR TESTING NATURAL GAS FOR GASOLINE CONTENT. This method is from Technical Paper 104, Bureau of Mines, page 26. The sample of natural gas or casinghead gas is introduced in the usual manner into the apparatus shown on page 356. In this apparatus (a) is a three-way stop cock, (c) is a tube filled with glass wool and phosphorus pentoxide for the purpose of drying, (b) is a portion of tube which is introduced into liquid air, (d) is a manometer tube containing mercury and is closed at the further end. In filling the manometer, the apparatus must be completely ex- hausted of its air. Sufficient mercury is introduced so that its level rests at the zero point of the scale when under a vacuum. The three- way stop cock at (a) connects to the vacuum pump and to the gas sample container. The sample of gas is drawn in at ordinary atmos- pheric pressure and the stop cock (a) is closed and the bulb (b) is introduced into the cooling medium. The temperature below 100°C is taken. At this temperature all of the gasoline constituents are com- pletely liquefied. While maintained at this low temperature, the vapor above the liquefied gasoline is exhausted with the vacuum pump thus removing the non-condensible gas. The bulb is now taken out of the refrigerant and allowed to warm up to the temperature at the beginning of the test. The mercury level in the manometer is read, the pressure indicated being the partial pressure of the gasoline in the sample before the dry gas had been removed. The percentage by volume of gasoline vapor is 100 a , a being the partial pressure of the gasoline vapor after the b test, b being the original at- mospheric pressure of the sample. The percentage of gasoline vapor gives the number of pints of gasoline that may be expected in the manufacture of gasoline from the gas under test by the absorption process. BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF GAS Freezing Method for Gasoline in Gas. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 357 34. COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF GAS. This apparatus is that described in the Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry by G. A. Burrell and G. G. Oberfell, Vol. 8, page 229. It is designed for the analysis of a gas mixture containing carbon dioxide, unsaturated hydrocarbons, principally ethylene, oxy- gen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, hydrogen and nitrogen. In the analysis the capillary train and U tube are swept free of gases by drawing a sample of air into the buret and passing it into the alkaline pyrogallate pipet G to remove oxygen. The residual nitrogen is then passed into all the pipets and through the CuO tube to sweep out other gases that may have been contained therein. The electric current is now turned on the electric heating oven, the tem- perature having been established by previous experiments. About a 100 watt furnace is required. The temperature desired is between 275 and 300 °C. Some of the gas mixture is now drawn into the buret, measured and passed into the pipets E, F and G for the removal respectively of carbon dioxide, illuminants, and oxygen. After these constitutents have been removed the stop cocks H, I and J are turned so that communication is made between the buret and the pipet cor- responding to J and through the CuO tube. The gas mixture is passed back and forth through the tube furnace until no further diminution in volume is noted by reading the gas volume in the buret. 15 minutes is usually required, the carbon monoxide being converted to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen to HjO. The CO bums more rapidly if any hydrogen is present. When the gas is cooled and no further contraction takes place the remaining volume is read in the buret. The carbon dioxide is now removed by placing the gas mix- ture into the KOH pipet E. After the hydrogen and carbon monoxide have been determined the residual gas is placed in the KOH pipet for storage and the stop cock is closed. Enough oxygen to burn the paraffin hydrocarbons is then drawn into the buret, measured and passed into the slow combustion pipet J and the platinum spiral is heated to almost white heat. The residual gas is now withdrawn from the pipet E into the buret and from there slowly passed at the rate of not more than 10 cc. per minute into the pipet J. While operating it is well to cover the slow combustion pipet with gauze as occasion- ally if the gas is passed in too rapidly an explosion takes place. After combustion is complete, the contraction and the carbon dioxide are measured and the gas again passed into the slow combustion pipet and burned again. A small amount of further contraction may take place but may be ignored unless excessive. For calculation of results the following example and formulae are useful: (Continued on page 359.) BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF B~3-v^&y stopcock as in SXa^nd^rd Orsat apparatus C-2-*vaystop cock as inBurretl and OberfeU apparatus -for opening the measuring burette, either to the ^ l absorption pipettes or the " COmpensa far I ---Nichrome Wire -Alundum Cement P«ckin Fused Sdtca Tube Oxide Packing Burrell-Orsat Apparatus. KANS.-IS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 359 Analysis of Gas From Pressure Stills. a. Volume of sample taken 44.1 cc b. Volume after KOH absorption 44.0 cc c. Carbon Dioxide — CO, 0.1 cc — : 0.22% d. Volume after Br, or Oleum absorption 39.4 cc e. Olefins or illuminants 4.6 cc = : 10.43% f. Volume after alkaline pyrogallate absorption 39.3 cc g. Oxygen, 0. 0.1 cc = : 0.22% h. Volume after burning in CuO 35.2 cc i Hydrogen, Hj 4.1 cc = :9.30% t Volume after absorption in KOH 35.0 cc Carbon Monoxide CO 0.2 cc = 0.45% 1. Volume taken for slow combustion 17.5 cc m. Oxygen added 75.6 cc n. Total volume 93.1 cc 0. Volume after burning 61.5 cc P- Contraction from burning 32.6 cc q- Volume after KOH absorption 45.0 cc r. Contraction from COi 16.5 cc s. Methane in sample 16.0 cc = : 72.56%; t. Ethane in sample 0.3 cc = : 1.36%o u. Nitrogen in sample 1.2 cc = : 5.46%, To calculate amount of methane in the sample from the contrac- tion from burning, "p," and the absorption with KOH, "r," use the following formulae: Methane (s) Ethane (t) 4p — 5r 3 4r — 2p 3 or to obtain %> in original gas 100 js % Methane %> Ethane % Nitrogen al 100 jt al 100 ju al REAGENTS USED IN GAS ANALYSIS. (1) Potassium Hydroxide. (a) For carbon dioxide determination. 500 grams of commercial potassium hydroxide are dissolved in ] liter of distilled water. 1 cc. of this solution absorbs 40 cc. of COs. (b) For the preparation of potassium pyrogallate for oxygen testing. ' 120 grams of potassium hydrate are dissolved in 100 cc. of water. 5 grams of crystalline pyrogallic acid are used with 100 cc. of tiiis solution. 360 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN Of (2) Potassium Pyrogallate. This solution is prepared when used except for charging absorp- tion pipet. Five grams mixed with 100 cc. of potassium hydrate (b) gives a solution in which 1 cc. absorbs 2 cc. of oxygen. (3) Sodium Hydroxide. One hundred grams are dissolved in 300 grams of water and may be used instead of potassium hydrate where given above. (4) Cuprous Chloride. Method of preparation is to place a layer of copper oxide about % inch deep in the bottom of a two-liter acia bottle. Add an excess of long pieces of heavy copper wire reaching from the top to the bottom of the bottle and fill the bottle with hydrochloric acid of about 1.10 specific gravity. The absorption capacity of this reagent is 4 cc. of carbon monoxide CO for each 1 cc. of reagent. Metallic copper must always be maintained with the reagent to keep it in good condition. (5) Ammoniacal Cuprous Chloride. The acid cuprous chloride as prepared above is treated with am- monia until a faint odor of ammonia is perceptible. Likewise an excess of copper wire is maintained. The absorption capacity is 1 cc. of CO to 1 cc. of reagent. (6) Sodium Hypobromite. This is made of two solutions, one containing 100 grams of caustic soda with 250 cc. of distilled water, making 284 cc. of solu- tion. The other, 25 grams of liquid bromine, 25 grams of po- tassium bromine and 200 cc. of water. The two solutions are not mixed until ready to use when equal parts are mixed. This reagent is very good for the determination of illuminants. (7) Fuming Sulphuric Acid. Ordinary concentrated sulphuric acid is mixed with an equal weight of sulphuric anhydride. One cc. of this reagent absorbs 8 cc. of olefins or illuminants. (8) Palladium Chloride. Five grams of palladium wire are dissolved in a solution of 30 cc. of hydrochloric acid and 2 cc. of nitric acid. The solution is evaporated to dryness on a water bath, 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid are added and 25 cc. of water and complete solu- tion is made. The solution is diluted to 750 cc. It contains one per cent palladous chloride and 1 cc. absorbs 2/3 of 1 cc. of hydrogen. KAMSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 361 Sareent Gas Calorimeter. 35A. DETERMINATION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF GAS. The most common instruments used for determining heating value of gas are the Junker, the Parr and the Sargent calorimeters. The Sargent is a very convenient instrument and is described as follows : The figure on page 363 shows a section of the calorimeter body in which the inlet body has a constant heat at the wier A, the tem- perature of which is taken at B, passes down the' tube C and enters the 362 BULLETIN NUMBER FI FTEEN OP calorimeter at D. The quantity of water admitted is regulated by the graduated cock between C and D. When water reached D it is spread by the baffle plates E and F and flows upward around the tubes G through which the products of combustion pass downward. The partially heated water on leaving the tubes spreads out over the dome sheet H, where it is heated by the hottest gases and then passes to the wier K through the baffle plate I around the ther- mometer J, where the outlet temperature is taken. From the wier K it overflows to the waste until test begins, after which it goes through the cock below the wier to the automatic tipping bucket, which is a two-compartment funnel mounted on pivots held in ex- treme position by the latch so that the water to be weighed runs from one compartment to the receiving pail, while the meter needle is making one revolution or a tenth of a foot of gas is burned. As soon as the circuit is closed by the meter needle the current passing through the solenoid adjacent to the tipping bucket raises the arma- ture, permitting the weight of water flowing through one compart- ment of the tipping bucket to swing it to a new position, thereby discharging water for the next tenth of a foot of gas burned into the empty pail. While this pail is filling the filled pail is weighed and the B. T. U. may be determined and recorded while another tenth of a foot of gas is burned and continuous and correct results may be obtained and recorded as long as desired. The general set-up of the calorimeter is shown on page 361. The following method of calculating the B. T. U. is used: ti ^temperature of incoming water. tz = temperature of outgoing water, w = pounds of water passed through. c ^pounds of water condensed (average for each 0.1 cu. ft.). From which B. T. U. per cubic foot = 10 (w-Fc + 0.02) (t — t.)— 9704c. Example: t, =63.0°F. fc, =111.0°F. w = 1.7531 lbs. c =0.0091 lb. 10 (1.7531 + 0.0091 + 0.02) (111.0 — 63.0) — (9704) (.0091) = 855.3 — 88.3 = 767 B. T. U. per cubic foot. 35-B. APPROXIMATE HEATING VALUE OF NATURAL GAS BY CALCULATION. The natural gas is burned with an excess of oxygen in a rsgular combustion pipet J as shown in the apparatus on page 358. B. T. U. per cu. ft. is equal to 504 where Vo = volume of Vn oxygen consumed in burning Vn volumes of natural gas 35-C. B. T. U. OF GAS BY CALCULATION FROM ANALYSIS. The heating value of natural gas or any other gas may be cal- culated as follows: Percentage of illuminates x 20.00 = Percentage of CO x 3.41 = Percentage of CIL x 10.65 = Percentage of Hz x 3.45 = The sum of these is the B. T. U. per cubic ft. = KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY ^lpe Sectional Flevation S'^'^CCNr AuTQUATIC Gas CALOfJIf^J^TEP BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF C9 O u o o >■ a e ■5 ■**- OS ess -ON 5Sg odd d dd s^ssg §ii sss POM ISS 881 do 6 §11 5o o S§8 ssi sss sis i§g ddd moo© sss NlAt- SSS §11 ill Soc sss 888 ^S^ fig gli r^i-Ii-i ssa S3S 333 S83 toooc sst SSS 8Sl III lOODC SSa fra "* (D SSS sii a^H TEMPERATURE 'T. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 00 3)99 odd ddd odd SB 'fj'ro aBoB^ &0XSO ddd 3 Sgg d do r dd i§s ¥8S acsoo odd odd odd lis ddd ili ddd o o© odd 3i¥ fesB* SiH ^ iiS IS'I IIS d dd r-'-f.flO'' c; Oi S ddd odd ill OO O ddd SIS ^f- O" ddd ddd §ii ill 311 m ddd d do cBSSo ddd ooo ddd odd VftOM odd Sfiofe odd sBteSo ddd ddd lei odd ddd ddd III III" ddd sgg -T t-. o I c^- s I odd c =^ ^' ESS d'dd' e do iii c. C; o I d d d d o d t OM odd E So c dd odd ddd fe588 ddd c coin odd ddd ddd ill ddd odd ddd odd ood ddd sss TEMPERATURE 'F. BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OP ©OO OM r Sgg [ 0« tA ©OO ©OO sss ON-* i-i i-HtH t-0(H ©o oi-Ki-i ■*ee© SSo ©Kits sii d©© lii d©© © ©© do© 94 in CO odd d© © d dd o ddd lis ©d© O » ifl §fefe d© © r-l ^ b- d© d ©dd d©© ddd ©dd ddd ddd ddd fefefe cioS odd ddd 8SS ddd ddd lis ddd © ci ro dd© ddd ddd pes SiSiiS TEMPERATURE 'F. KANSAS Ciry TESTING LABORATORY 36; Comparison of Temperatures by the Fahr- enheit and Centigrade Scales Ci-nt. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. iV^rit. Fiihr. r.-iit. Fahr. 27.r -45!), 4 .Misolnto Zero ^ -ioi —328.0 — 5.6 +22.0 15.r, rn,it 36.1 97.0 'rniiiiM'raliiro of — 5.0 -1-23 16.0 110.8 36.7 98.0 I,l(|iil.i Air — 4.4 + 24.0 16.1 61.0 37.0 96.6 — 1:;<1" — -Jfrjo — 4.0 -1-21.8 16.7 ItMl ;!7.2 ll'.I.O Pur(3 fJraln .AicoliDl -- :(.!» -l-2.'),0 17,0 02, li 37.8 100.0 Freezes — .'t .". +2li.O 17.2 itto 38.0 100.4 - -() —91.0 — 3.0 +20.0 17.8 04 38.3 101.0 Ammonia Fipc/x-.m — 2,8 +27.0 18.0 lil.4 38.9 102.O -(J5"(.:) 2,2 +28.0 18 3 65.0 39.0 1112.2 - Kl' —40. 2. If +28.4 1,19 lUi.O 39.4 103.0 MiTciirv Freezes — 1,7 +29.0 l!l l»l 2 4110 104.0 (-.■«i..'>ll) — 1.1 +30.0 19 4 li7,o 40, i; 105.0 -30- —22 — 1.0 +.W.2 20.0 08.O 41.0 105.8 .AniiiHiiiiu T.[(Miefics — (l.li +.31.0 20.6 60.0 41.1 106.0 111 -:n.- ti 1). +32.0 21.0 filt.l 41.7 107.0 --2S . WA h D.I) +.33.0 21 1 70. 42,0 107.6 -2(i —14.8 1.0 33.8 21,7 71.0 42.2 108.0 - L'-l — ll.L> 1.1 34.0 33,0 71 « 42.8 109.0 ■J-J — r.fi 1,7 35.0 ■>•> ■> 72.0 43.0 109.4 -20 ~ .4.0 2,0 3.5.6 22^8 73.0 43.3 110.0 - ID — 2.2 2,3 36.0 23.0 73.4 43.9 111.0 — l.S — 0.4 •Is 37.0 23.3 74.0 44.0 111.2 —17.8 — 0.0 3.0 37.4 23.9 75.0 44.4 112.0 —17.2 + 1.0 .3.3 38.0 24.0 75.2 4.'') 113.0 -17.0 + 1.4 3.9 39.0 24,1 76.0 45.6 114.0 —16.7 + 2.0 4.0 39.2 25.0 77.0 Ki.O 1U.8 —16,1 + 3.0 4.4 40.0 2.1.0 78 411.1 115.0 —16.0 + 3.2 5.0 41.0 211.0 78.8 40,7 116.0 —15.6 + 4.0 6.6 42.0 2ii.l 79.0 47,0 116.6 —15.0 + 5.0 6.0 42.S 211.7 80.0 47 2 117.0 —14.4 + 6.0 6.1 43.0 27 80.6 47.8 IIS.O —14.0 + 6.8 n.T 44.0 27.2 ,S1 .0 4.1,11 111,4 —13.9 + 7.0 7.0 44.6 27.8 83.11 IK,.*? 119.0 —13.3 + 8.0 7.3 45.0 28,0 ,'y,4 4S9 120.0 —13.0 + 8.6 7.8 46.0 2S.3 .-^1 49.0 120.2 —12.8 + 9.0 8.0 46.4 28.9 84.0 49.4 121.0 —12.2 +10.0 8.S 47.0 29.0 W.3 50.0 m.o —12.0 +10.4 8.9 48.0 29.4 85.0 50.6 128.0 —11.7 +11.0 9.0 i.t.2 30.0 86.0 51.0 123.8 —11.1 +12.0 9.4 49 n 30.6 87.0 51.1 124.0 —11.0 +12.2 10.0 m.n 31.0 87.S 51.7 125.0 —10.6 +13.0 10.6 .■^l.O 31.1 88.0 620 125.6 —10.0 +14.0 11.0 .il.S 31.7 89.0 52.3 126.0 — 9.4 +16.0 11.1 53.0 32.0 89.6 52.8 127.0 — fl.O +15.8 11.7 R^.n 32.2 90.0 53.0 127.4 — 8.9 +16.0 12.0 .53,6 3-2.8 91.0 53.3 128.0 — 8.3 +17.0 12,2 54.0 33.0 91.4 53.9 129.0 — 8.0 +17.6 1",S 56.0 33.3 92.0 54.0 129.2 — 7.8 +18.0 13.0 55.4 33.9 93.0 54.4 130.0 — 7.2 +19.0 1S.S 56.0 34.0 93.2 55.0 131.0 — 7.0 +19.4 13.9 57.0 34.4 94.0 55.6 132.0 — 6.7 +20.0 14.0 OT.2 36.0 95.0 66.0 132.8 — e.l +21.0 14.4 58.0 35.6 96.0 56.1 133.0 — 6.0 +21.2 15.0 59.0 36.0 96.8 56.7 134.0 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Temperature Conversion Tables Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. 57.0 134.6 7Y.8 172.0 98.3 203.0 119.0 246.2 57.2 135.0 78.0 172.4 98.9 210.0 119.4 247.0 S7.8 139.0 78.3 173.0 99.0 210.2 120.0 248.0 58.0 138.4 78.9 174,0 99.4 211.0 120.6 24:,>.o 58.3 137.0 79.0 174.2 100.0 212.0 121.0 249.8 58.9 138.0 79.4 175.0 100.6 213.0 121.1 250.0 59.0 1S8.2 80.0 178.0 101.0 213.8 121.7 Z51.0 59.4 139.0 80.6 177.0 101.1 214.0 1221.0 251.6 60.0 140.0 81.0 177.8 101.7 215.0 122.2 ■S&.0 eo.e 141.0 81.1 178.0 102.0 215.6 122.8 253.0 ei.o 141.8 81.7 179.0 102.2 216.0 123.0 253.4 61.1 142.0 82.0 179.6 102.S 217.0 123.3 K4.0 81.7 143.0 82.2 180.0 103.0 217.1 123.9 255.0 82.0 143.6 82.8 181.0 103.3 218.0 124.0 255.2 62.2 144.0 fS.O 181.4 103.9 219..1 124.4 256.0 62.8 145.0 83.3 182.0 104.0 219.2 125.0 257.0 63.0 145.4 83.9 183.0 104.4 220.O 125.6 258.0 63.0 146.0 84.0 183.2 105.0 £21.0 128.0 258.8 63.9 147.0 84.4 184.0 105.6 222.0 126.1 259.0 64.0 147.2 8.=j.0 185.0 106.0 222.1> 126.7 260.0 64.4 148.0 85.8 186.0 106.1 223.0 127.0 260.6 65.0 149.0 86.0 186.8 106.7 '/•t4.0 127.2 261.0 65.6 150.0 86.1 187.0 107.0 224.5 127.8 262.0 66.0 150.8 86.7 188.0 107.21 125.0 128.0 282.4 66.1 151.0 87.0 188.S 107.8 226.0 128.3 263.0 86.7 152.0 87.2 189.0 108.0 226.4 128.9 284.0 67.0 152.6 87.8 190.0 108.3 227.U 128.0 284.2 67.2 153.0 88.0 190.4 108.9 228.0 129.4 265.0 67.8 154.0 88.3 191.0 109.0 228.2 130.0 266.0 68.0 154.4 88.9 193.0 109.4 229.0 130.6 2W.0 68.3 155.0 89.0 192.2 110.0 230.0 131.0 267.8 68.9 156.0 89.4 193.0 110.6 231.0 131.1 268.0 69.0 156.2 90.0 194.0 111.0 231.8 131.7 269.0 69.4 157.0 90.6 196,0 111.1 2132.0 132.0 269.6 70.0 158.0 91.0 195.8 111.7 233.0 132.2 270.0 70.9 159.0 91.1 196.0 112.0 233.6 132.8 271.0 71.0 71.1 71.7 72.0 72.2 72.8 73.0 73.3 73.9 74.0 74.4 75 159.8 160.0 161.0 iei.6 182.0 163.0 163.4 164.0 165.0 165.2 166.0 167.0 91.7 92.0 92.2 92.8 93.0 93.3 94!b 94.4 95.0 95.6 98.0 197.0. 197.6 198.0 199.0 199.4 200.0 201.0 201.2 202.0 203.0 204.0 204.8 112.2 112.8 113.0 113.3 113.9 114.0 114.4 115.0 115.8 116.0 116.1 118.7 234.0 iV, 2.-;5.4 235.0 237.0 237.2 2.'!S.0 239.0 240.0 240.8 241.0 242.0 133.0 133.3 133.0 134.0 134.4 135.0 135.6 139.0 136.1 136.7 137.0 137.Z 2171.4 272.0 273.0 273.2 274.0 275.0 276.0 276.8 277,.0 278.0 278.6 279.0 75.6 168.0 96.1 205.0 117.0 2112.6 137.8 280.0 76.0 168.8 98.7 206.0 117.2 243.0 138.0 280.4 76.1 169.0 97.0 206.8 117.8 244.0 138.3 281.0 76.7 170.0 97.2 207.0 118.0 244.4 138.9 282.0 77.0 170.8 97.8 208.0 118.3 245.0 139.0 282.2 77.2 171.6 98,0 208.4 118.9 24t>.0 139.4 283.0 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES— Continued. Cent. rahr. Cent. Pahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Pahr. 140.0 2S4.0 215.0 419.0 SBO.O 1094.0 1360.0 2480.0 140.6 285.0 220.0 428.0 600.0 1112.0 1380.0 2516.0 141.0 286.8 225.0 487.0 610.0 1130.0 1400.0 2552.0 141.1 286.0 230.0 446.0 620.0 1148.0 1420.0 2688.0 141.7 2W.0 235.0 455.0 6.W.0 1166.0 1440.0 2624.0 142.0 287.6 240.0 464.0 640.0 1184.0 1460.0 2660.0 142.a 288.0 246.0 473.0 660.0 1202.0 1480.0 2696.0 142.8 289.0 260.0 482.0 660.0 1220.0 1500.0 2732.0 143.0 289.4 254.0 489.2 670.0 1238.0 1920.0 2768.0 143.3 280.0 266.0 491.0 680.0 1256.0 1540.0 2804.0 143.9 291.0 290.0 600.0 690.0 1274.0 1560.0 2840.0 144.0 291.2 265.0 509.0 700.0 1292.0 1580.0 2»76.0 144.4 202.0 270.0 518.0 710.0 1310.0 1600.0 2912.0 145.0 298.0 275.0 1527.0 720.0 1328.0 1620.0 2918.0 145.6 294.0 280.0 536.0 780.0 1346.0 1640.0 2964.0 146.0 294.8 283.0 541.4 740.0 1364.0 1660.0 3020.0 14«.l 205.0 285.0 545.0 750.0 1382.0 1680.0 3056.0 146.7 296.0 288.0 660.4 760.0 1400.0 1700.0 3092.0 147.0 296.6 290.0 5.54.0 7TO.0 1418.0 1720.0 8128.0 147.2 297.0 296.0 563.0 780.0 1436.0 1740.0 3164.0 147.8 296.0 30O.O 572.0 790.0 1454.0 1760.0 3200.0 148.0 298.4 3O5.0 581.0 800.0 1472.0 1780.0 3236.0 148.8 299.0 810.0 600.0 810.0 1490.0 180O.O 3272.0 148.0 300.0 316.0 509.0 820.0 1508.0 1825.0 3317.0 149.0 30O.2 3Z0.0 608.0 830.0 1526.0 1850.0 3362.0 149.4 aoi.o 325.0 917,0 840.0 1544.0 1875.0 3407.0 150.0 802.0 830.0 626.0 860.0 1562.0 1900.0 3452.0 152.0 305.0 335.0 636.0 860.0 1580.0 1925.0 3497.0 154.0 809.2 3<0.0 644.0 870.0 1.598.0 1950.0 3542.0 150.0 812.8 345.0 653.0 880.0 1616.0 1976.0 3S87.0 158.0 816.4 350.0 662.0 890.0 1634.0 2000.0 3632.0 100.0 320.0 890.0 680.0 900.0 1062.0 2400.0 3812.0 182.0 S2S.6 370.0 998.0 920.0 1688.0 2600.0 4532.0 164.0 32fr.2 880.0 716.0 940.0 1724.0 3000.0 5432.0 198.0 830.8 390.0 784.0 960.0 1760.0 850O.O 6832.0 168.0 834.4 400.0 752.0 980.0 1796.0 4000.0 7232.0 170.0 338.0 410.0 770.0 1000.0 1832.0 6000.0 9032.0 172.0 841.6 420.0 788.0 1020.0 1868.0 aooo.o 10632.0 174.0 846.2 430.0 806.0 1040.0 1904.0 176.0 348.8 440.0 824.0 1060.0 1940.0 178.0 862.4 450.0 842.0 1080.0 1976.0 180.0 356.0 460.0 860.0 IIOO.O 2012.0 182.0 359.6 470.0 878.0 1120.0 2048.0 181.0 363.2 480.0 896.0 1140.0 2084.0 186.0 366.8 490.0 914.0 1160.0 2120.0 188.0 870.4 500.0 932.0 1180.0 2156.0 ino.o 874.0 510.0 950.0 1200.0 2192.0 192.0 877.6 620.0 968.0 1220.0 2228.0 194.0 381.2 530.0 986.0 1240.0 2264.0 196.0 384.8 540.0 1004.0 1260.0 230O.O 198.0 3SS.4 550.0 1022.0 1280.0 2338.0 200.0 392.0 560.0 1040.0 1300.0 23172.0 20S.0 401.0 670.0 1058.0 1320.0 2406.0 210.0 410.0 580.0 1076.0 1340.0 2444.0 TEMPERATITRE READING CONVERSION FACTORS. Temp. Centigrade = 6/9 (P.— 32) = 5/ 4 R. Temp. Fahrenheit = 9/8 O. + 32 = 9/4 R. + 32. Temp. Reaumur = 4/6 C. = 4/9 (P.— 32). 370 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF BAUME', SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND POUNDS PER GALLON. (U. S. BUREAU OP STANDARDS.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.O00O .9993 .9986 .9979 .9972 .9964 .9957 .9950 .9943 .9936 8.32S 8.322 8.317 8.311 8.305 8.299 8.293 8.287 8.281 8.275 11 .9929 .9922 .9915 .9908 .9901 .9694 .988rr .9880 .9873 .0869 8.269 8.263 8,ffi8 8.252 8.246 8.240 8.234 8.^8 8.223 S.217 12 .9859 .9852 .9815 .9838 .9831 .9825 .9818 .9811 .9804 .9797 8.211 8.205 8.194 8.194 8.188 8.182 8.176 8.171 8.165 S.159 13 .9V90 .9783 .9777 .9770 .9763 .9756 .9749 .9743 .9738 .9729 8.153 8.148 8.142 8.137 8.131 ■ 8.125 8.119 8.114 8.108 8.102 U .9722 .9n5 .9T09 .9702 .99^ .9688 .9682 .9675 .9969 .8662 8.096 8.091 8.086 8.08O 8.074 8.069 8.063 8.058 8.052 8.047 15 .9655 .9349 .9642 .9635 .9629 .9622 .9615 .9603 .9602 .9596 8.041 8.035 8.030 8.024 8.019 8.013 8.007 8.002 7.997 7.991 16 .9589 .9582 .9582 .9569 .9593 .9069 .9550 .9543 .953r .9530 7.980 7.980 7.975 7.969 7.964 7.959 7.653 7.948 7.942 7.987 17 .9524 .9517 .9511 .9504 .9498 .9492 .9485 .9479 .9472 .9499 7.931 7.926 7.92a 7.915 7.910 7.904 7.899 7.894 7.888 7.883 18 .9450 .9453 .9447 (41C 9434 .9428 .8421 .9415 .9400 .9402 7.877 7.872 7.867 7.861 7.859 7.851 7.846 7.841 7.835 7.830 19 .9399 .9390 .9383 .9377 .9371 .9365 .9358 .9352 .9346 .9340 7.825 7.820 7.814 7.809 7.804 7.799 7.793 7.788 7.783 7.778 20 .9330 .9327 .9321 .9315 .9309 .9302 .9209 .9290 .9284 .9278 7.772 7.767 7.762 7.757 7.752 7.747 7.742 7.739 7.731 7.726 21 .9272 .9265 . .9269 .9253 .9247 .9241 .9235 .9229 .9223 .9217 7.731 7.716 7.711 7.706 7.701 7.B96 7.600 7.685 7.680 7.675 22 .9211 .9204 .9198 .91921 .9186 .9180 .9174 .9168 .9192 .9156 7.670 7.665 7.660 7.655 7.650 7.645 7.640 7.635 7.630 7.625 23 .9160 .9144 .9138 .9132 .9126 .9121 .9119 .9109 .9103 .9097 7.620 7.615 7.610 7.W5 7.60O 7.595 7.590 7.585 7.580 7.S7S 24 .9091 .9085 .9079 .9073 .9097 ..9091 .9059 .9050 .9044 .9038 T.570 7.565 7.561 7.666 7.551 7.646 7.541 7.536 7.531 7.52S 25 .9032 .9026 .9021 .9015 .9009 .9003 .8997 .8993 .8989 .8980 7.522 7.517 7.512 7.607 7.502 7.497 7.493 7.488 7.483 7.478 26 .8974 .8989 .8963 .8957 .8951 ,8949 .8940 .8934 .8929 .8923 7.473 7.469 7.4M 7.459 7.454 7.449 7.445 7.440 7.435 7.430 27 .8917 .8912 .8906 .8900 .8895 .8889 .8883 .8878 .8872 .8866 7.425 7.421 7.416 7.411 7.407 7.402 7.397 7.393 7.388 7.383 28 .8881 .8865 .8850 .8844 .8838 .8833 .8827 .8828 .88a9 .8811 7.378 7.374 7.369 7.366 7.360 7.355 7.351 T.3I46 7.341 7.337 29 .8805 .8799 .8794 .8788 .8783 .8777 .8772 .8766 .8791 .«tm 7.332 7.328 7.323 7.318 7.314 7.309 7.305 7.30O 7.295 7.281 30 .8750 .8745 .8739 .8734 .8728 .8723 .8717 .8712 .8706 .8701 7.286 7.282 7.277 7.273 7.268 7.264 7.269 7.254 7.249 7.245 31 .8696 .8690 .8685 .8679 .8674 .8699 .8663 .8KB .8653 .8647 7.241 7.238 7.232 7.227 7.223 7.218 7.214 7.210 7.205 7.201 32 .8642 .8637 .8631 .86-'6 .8621 .8915 .8S10 .8605 .8900 .8594 7.196 7.192! 7.187 7.183 7.178 7.173 7.169 7.165 7.161 7.1S6 S3 .8589 .85^ .8578 .8573 .8568 .8563 .8567 .8552 .8547 .8542 7.1B2I 7.147 7.143 7.139 7.134 7.130 7.125 7.121 7.117 7.113 34 .^37 .85.n .8526 .8521 .8516 .»11 .8505 .8S0O .^96 .8490 7.108 7.104 7.100 7.095 7.091 7.087 7.083 7.078 7.074 7.099 35 .W85 .8480 .8475 .8469 .8464 .8459 .8464 .8449 .8444 .8439 7.065 7.061 7.057 7.W2 7.048 7.044 7.039 7.0® 7.031 7.027 36 .8434 .8429 .8424 .8419 .8413 ,8408 .8408 .8398 .8393 .8388 7.022 7.01S 7.014 7.010 7.006 7.001 6.997 6.993 6.989 6.985 37 .8383 .8378 .8373 .8388 .8363 .8368 .8353 .8348 .8343 .8338 6.980 6.979 6.972 6.968 6.994 6.960 6.955 6.951 6.947 6.943 S8 .8333 .8328 .8323 .8318 .8314 .8309 .8304 .8299 .8294 .8289 6.989 6.936 6.9.30 6.926 6.9^2 6.918 9.914 6.910 6.906 6.902 KAXS.-IS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 371 BAUME'. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND POUNDS PER GALLON— Con. U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS— Con. 1 2 3 4 ] 5 6 7 1 8 9 so 1 .g2»l- .8270 .8274 .8269 1 .8260 .8285 1 .8250 .8245 .8240 1 6.868 6.804 6.880 6.885 6.881 6 877 6.873 6.889 6.866 6851 4(1 i .8235 .8230 .8226 .8221 .8216 .8211 .S2(10 .8202 .8197 .8192 6.867 6.853 6.840 6.845 6.841 837 0.8:53 6.829 6.825 6.8Z1 i\ .8187 .8182 .8178 .8173 .8108 .8163 .81.59 .8154 .8149 .8144 6.817 6.813 6.809 6.805 6.801 8.797 8.793 6.780 : 6.785 6.781 4L' _ .8140 .8135 .8130 .8126 .8121 .8116 .8111 1 .8107 .8102 ' .8097 i 8.777 6.773 8.760 6.765 6.761 6.758 6.7.54 8.750 6.746 6.742 r.\ .8002 .6088 .8083 .8078 .8074 .men .80.-> .8080 1 .8066 .8051 6.738 6.734 6.730 6.726 6.722 6.718 e.ns 6.m 6.707 6703 44 .8(146 .8041 .8037 .8032 .8Ui8 .8023 .8018 .8014 .8009 .8005 6.609 6.605 6.991 6.688 6.684 080 6.676 6.672 6668 6.666 4.'. .m»\ .75195 .7991 .798,1 .7982 .7!I77 .7973 .7968 .7964 .7950 (i.fau 6.667 8.653 6.649 8.646 0.042 6.638 6.6S4 6.630 6.827 111 .7!l.''i.-| .7060 . .7046 .7941 .7937 .7! IK .7928 .7923 .7919 .7914 fi.ie:! 6.610 6.616 6.612 6.008 O.lKH 6.6(10 6.587 6.593 6580 47 1 .7!J10 .7906 .71101 .789(1 .7802 .7887 .7883 .7878 .7874 .7870 8,68« 6.682 0.578 6.B74 8.571 6.567 6.663 6560 6.656 6.662 ■I.S .78(6 .7861 7H.>» .7&'y.» .7848 .7813 .7839 .7834 .7839 .7826 6.548 6.545 O.Ml 6.537 8.534 6 5.30 6.526 6.523 6.519 6.515 VI .7821 .7817 .7812 .7808 .7804 .7799 .7795 .7791 .7786 .7782 6.B11 6..508 6.604 6.501 6.497 ■5,4114 6.490 8.486 6.483 9.479 50 .7778 .7773 .7760 .7765 .7781 .77.50 .77512 .7748 .7743 .7739 8.476 6.472 6.4(!S 6.465 6.461 0.4.^ 6.454 6.450 6.447 6443 SI .7735 .773rt .7721! .7722 .7717 .7713 .rro .7706 .7701 .7697 6.440 e.4w 0.4.S'2 6.429 8.425 0,421 6.418 6415 6411 6.406 BS .7(1!« .76=8 .70U .7680 .7075 ,7071 .76.'i0 .75,55 .7.151 .7547 .7.543 .7539 .7535 .7531 6. .TOO 6.296 6.293 8.290 6.287 8.283 6.280 6276 6273 6270 .v. .7527 .7S2S .7519 .7515 .7511 .7.KI7 .7,VI3 .7490 .7495 .7401 6.26(3 6.263 8.260 6.256 6.2S3 6.249 ^.■240 6.24.3 6.240 6.236 57 .7487 .7483 .7479 .7475 .7471 .7467 .71153 .7459 .7455 .7451 6.233 8.229 6.226 0.22.3 6.219 6.216 6.213 6209 6206 6.203 ri« .7447 .7443 .71.39 .7435 .7431 .7427 .74-23 .7419 .7415 .7411 6.199 e.i9s 6.193 n.i!io 6.186 6.183 O.l.SO 6.176 6.173 6.170 59 .740? .7403 .7400 .T.'iOO .7392 .7388 .7.384 .7380 .7379 .7372 8.166 8.183 6.160 (1.157 6.1!)4 0.150 6.147 6144 6141 6.137 (50 .7368 .7365 .7361 .7317 .7353 .7.348 .7.'545 .7341 .7338 .7334 6.134 8.131 6.128 6.121 6.121 6118 6.115 6112 6108 6.105 (11 .73,30 .7326 .7.'E2 .73'8 .7315 .7311 .7307 .7303 .7299 .7296 6.102 6.009 6.006 6.093 6.090 9.066 6.983 6.080 6.077 6.073 r>2 .7292 .7288 .7284 .7280 .7277 .7273 .72(S .7365 .7261 .7258 6.070 6.067 6.064 6.060 6.057 6.054 6.051 6.948 6045 6.042 63 i .7254 , .7250 .7246 .7243 .7239 .7235 .7231 .7228 .7224 .7220 ' 6.038 6.0,45 6.033 6.029 6.026 9.023 6.020 6017 6.014 6010 CA .7216 .7213 .7209 .7205 .7202 .7198 .7194 .7101 .7187 .7183 i 8.00? 6.004 6.001 5.998 5.986 5,992 5.989 5.986 5.983 s.seo 65 : .7179 .7176 .7172 .7168 .7165 .7181 .7157 .7154 .7150 .7147 5.076 5.973 5.970 5.967 5.964 5.991 5.958 5.965 5.962 5.949 66 1 .7143 .7139 .7138 .7132 .7128 .712S .7121 .7117 .7114 .7110 5.946 5.943 5.040 5.937 ; 5.934 5.931 5.929 5.925 5.922 5.919 f!7 .7107- .7103 1 .7009 .7098 1 .7092 .7089 .7085 .7091 .7078 .7074 SOK? 5 013 5 910 5.007 ' 5.904 5 901 5898 5805 5892 6.889 372 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF BAUME', SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND POUNDS PER GALLON— Con. U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS— Con. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6S .7071 .7087 .7064 .7060 .7066 .7053 .7049 .7049 .7042 .7089 5.886 5.883 5.880 6.877 5.874 5.871 5.868 6.885 5.892 5.858 m .7038 .7032 .70® .7025 .7021 .7018 .7014 .7011 .7007 .7004 5.856 5.853 5.850 5.^8 5.845 5.842 5.839 5.838 5.833 5.830 m .7000 .6997' .6993 .6980 .6989 .6883 .6979 .6876 .6972 .6689 5.837 5.824 6.821 5.818 5.815 5.812 5.810 5.807 5.804 5.801 n .6985 .6962 .6858 .6955 .6951 .6948 .6P44 .6941 .6838 .6834 5.798 5.795 5.792 5.789 5.786 5.784 5.781 5.778 5.775 5.772 72 .6931 .6927 .6924 .6920 .6917 .6914 .6910 .6907 .6903 .6900 5.769 5.766 5.763 5.790 5.7S8 5.755 5.752 5.749 5.746 6.744 73 .6897 .6893 .6890 .6888 .6883 .6880 .P876 .6873 .6868 .6866 5.7« 5.738 5.735 5.732 5.728 6.727 5.724 5.721 6.718 5.715 74 .6863 .6850 .6866 .6853 .6849 .6846 .6843 .6839 .6836 .6833 5.712 5.710 5.707 5.704 5.701 5.698 6.696 5.693 5.680 5.687 75 .6828 .6826 .6823 .^19 .6816 .6813 .6809 .6806 .6803 .6799 5.685 5.682 5.679 5.679 5.673 6.671 5.668 5.665 5.662 6.660 76 .6796 .6793 .6790 .6786 .6783 .6780 .6776 .8773 .6770 .6767 5.657 5.654 5.652 5.649 5.646 5.643 5.640 5.638 s.ess 5.632 77 .6763 .6760 .6757 .6753 .6750 .SH7 .6744 .6740 .engr .6734 5.629 5.627 5.624 5.621 5.618 5.619 5.613 5.610 5.808 5.906 78 .6731 .6728 .6724 .6721 .6718 .6715 .6711 .67«9 .67(B .6702 5.602 5.60O 5.597 5.584 5.592 6.589 e.586 5.584 5.581 6.578 79 .6699 .6695 .6692 .6689 .6689 .6683 .6679 .6879 .6673 .6670 5.576 5.573 5.570 5.668 5.568 5.562 5.560 5.557 5.6M 5.552 80 .6667 .6663 .6860 .6657- .6954 .6651 .6«S .6645 .6641 .6638 5,549 5.546 5.543 5.641 5.588 5.586 5.593 5.531 5.528 5.525 81 .6635 .6632 .6628 .6626 .9823 .9619 .6616 .6613 .6810 .6607 5.523 5.520 e.si7 5.616 5.512 5.510 6.507 S.504 5.502 5.490 82 .6604 .6601 .6598 .6594 .6591 .6588 .6585 .6582 .«79 .6576 5.497 5.484 5.481 5.489 5.486 5.484 5.4S1 5.478 5.476 5.473 83 .6573 .6570 .6567 .6564 .6560 .6557 .6554 .6551 .esis .6545 5.471 5.468 5.460 5.463 5.490 5.458 5.456 5.453 5.450 5.443 8* .6542 .6539 .6536 .6633 .6530 .6537 .6524 .6^1 .6518 .6515 5.445 6.443 5.440 5.437 6.436 5.432 5.430 9.427 5.426 5.422 85 .6512 .«09 .6606 .6503 .6500 .6497 .6494 .6490 .6487 .9484 5.420 5.417 5.415 '5.412 5.410 5.407 5.405 5.402 5.400 5.397 86 .6482 .6479 .6476 .6473 .6470 .64W .6464 .6461 .6558 .6456 5.395 6.392 5.S90 5.387 6.385 5.382 5.380 5.377 5.375 6.372 87 .6452 .6449 .6446 .6443 .6440 .6437 .6434 .6431 .6428 .6425 5.370 5.367 5.365 5.362 5.360 5.3.57 5.355 5.352 5.350 6.347 88 .6422 .6419 .6418 .6413 .6410 .9407 .6404 .6401 .6.398 .6396 5.345 6.3kl3 5.340 5.338 5.335 5.333 5.330 5.328 5.325 5.323 89 .6383 .6390 .6387' .6384 .6391 .6378 .6375 .6372 .6368 .6367 S.320 5.318 5.316 5.313 5.311 5.308 5.306 5.304 6.301 5.299 90 .6364 .6361 .6359 .9355 .6352 .6319 .6346 .6343 .6341 .6338 5.296 5.294 5.291 5.289 5.286 5.284 5.281 5.278 5,277 5.275 91 .6335 .6332 .6328 .6320 .6323 .6321 .6318 .6315 .6312 .6308 5.272 5.270 5.267 5.266 S.263 5.261 5.2S8 5.256 6.253 5.261 93 .6306 .6303 .6301 .6298 .6285 .6282 .6289 .9286 .6284 .6281 5.248 5.246 5.214 6.241 5.239 5.236 5.234 9.2B2 5.230 5.227 9S .6278 .6275 .6272 .6270 .6267 .6264 .6261 .9258 .6256 .6253 5.22S 5.222 5.220 5.218 5.216 5.213 5.210 5.208 5.206 5.204 94 .6250 .6247 .6814 .6242 .6239 .6230 .6233 .6231 .6228 .6225 5.201 5.199 5.196 5.194 5.192 5.190 5.197 5.185 5.183 5.180 95 .6222 .6219 .6217 .6214 .eai .8208 .mos .6203 .6200 .6197 5.178 5.176 5.174 5.171 5.189 5.169 5.164 5.162 5.160 5.167 96 .6195 .6192 .6189 .6186 .6184 .6181 .6178 .6176 .6173 .6170 5.15S 5.153 5.1S0 5.148 5.146 5.144 5.142 5.140 5.137 5.135 97 .616(7 .6165 .6162 .6159 .6157 .6154 .9151 .6148 .6146 .6143 5.132 5.130 5.128 5.126 S.124 5.121 5.119 5.119 5.114 5.112 98 .6140 .6138 .6135 .6132 .6130 .6127 .6124 .6122 .6119 .6119 5.110 6.108 5.109 5.103 5.101 5.089 5.096 5.094 5.092 5.090 99 .6114 .6111 .6108 .6106 .6103 .6100 .6098 .8085 .6092 .9090 S.C83 5.0S5 5.083 5.081 5.079 5.076 6.074 5.072 5.070 5.068 lOO .6087 5.066 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY i7 BAUME', SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND POUNDS PER GALLON. (MODULUS 141.5 TAGLIABUE.) 1 a 3 4 6 6 7 8 10 i l.OOOO .mm .(MOB .9979 .9972 .9965 .9968 .9951 .9944 .9937 8.331 S.325 8.319 8.314 8.308 8.302 8298 8.290 8.284 8.279 11 ! .9930 .UU2» .6018 .9909 .9902 .9896 .9688 .9881 .9874 .9868 8.273 8.287 8.261 8.2S6 8.249 8244 8.238 8.232 8.226 8.221 12 : .((831 .9854 .9847 .9840 .9833 .9828 .9820 .9813 .0806 .9799 ! 8.^15 8.209 8.204 8.198 8.192 8.188 8.181 8.175 8.189 8.164 13 .9792 .9786 .9779 .9772 .9765 .9769 .9752 .9745 .9738 .9732 8.15« 8.153 8.147 8.141 8.135 8.130 8.124 8.119 8.113 8.106 u .vi-a .9718 .9712 .9705 .9698 .9602 .9685 .9679 .9672 .9665 8.1IB 8.096 8.091 8.085 8.079 8.074 8069 8.064 8.058 8.052 15 .t'l«9 .0652 .9846 .9639 .9632 .9626 .9619 .9613 .9603 .9600 i 8.04T 8.041 8.036 8.030 8.024 8.019 8.014 8.009 8.003 7.986 le .9.593 .9587 .9680 .9574 .9567 .SB61 .9554 .9648 .9542 .9536 V.IWJ 7.987 7.981 7.976 7.970 7.965 7.969 7.954 7.949 7.M4 17 M-JX) .9532 .9516 .!»09 .9503 .9497 .9490 .9484 .9478 .9471 T.'XSil 7.9S3 7.928 7.922 7.917 7.912 7.906 7.901 7.896 7.880 IS , .;MfS .9159 .9452 .9446 .9440 .9433 .9427 .9421 .9415 .9406 7.885 7.880 7.874 7.869 7.864 7.869 7.8H 7.840 7.844 7.838 19 .9402 .9396 .9390 .9383 .9377 .9371 .9365 .9359 .9352 .9346 7.833 7.828 7.823 7.817 7.812 7.807 7.802 7.797 7.791 7.786 20 .9mo .9334 .9328 .9322 .9315 .9.109 .9393 .9297 .9291 .9285 7.781 7.7TS 7.771 7.760 7.760 7.755 -.7.T0 7.746 7.740 7.735 31 .9279 .9273 .9267 .9260 .9254 .9248 .9-242 .9238 .9230 .9224 7.730 7.7'i5 7.720 7.716 7.710 7.705 7.710 7.695 7.890 7.685 •>■> .9218 .9213 .9206 .9200 .9194 .9188 .(11. S2 .9176 .9170 .9165 7.080 7.(i75 7.070 7.665 7.660 7.655 7.0B0 7.645 7.640 7.635 23 .9169 .OLW .9147 .9141 .9135 .9129 .9123 .9117 .9111 .9108 7.630 7.626 7.fi20 7.815 7.610 7iai 7.600 7.695 7.890 7.588 24 .9100 .9094 .9088 .9082 .9078 .9071 .9065 .9059 .9053 .9047 7.B81 7.676 7.671 7.666 7.661 7.697 7.562 7.547 7.542 7.537 25 1 .9042 .dose .9030 .90S4 .9018 .9013 .9007 .9001 .8996 ^1990 7.B3S 7.528 7.523 7.518 7.513 7.609 7.604 7.499 7.495 7.490 26 ! .8984 .8978 .8973 .8967 .8961 .8956 .8950 .8944 .8939 .8933 7.4S5 7.480 7.475 7.471 7.465 7.461 7.466 7.461 7.447 7.44a 27 .8827' .8922 .8916 .8911 .M05 .8899 .8894 .8888 .8883 .8877 7.437 7.433 7.428 7.424 7.419 7.414 7.410 7.405 7.400 7.395 28 1 .8871 .8866 .8860 .8855 .8849 .8844 .8838 .8833 .8827 .8822 7.390 7.386 7.381 7.377 7.372 7.388 7.363 7.359 7.854 7.3S0 20 .8816 .8811 .8805 .8800 .8794 .8789 .8783 .8778 .8772 .8767 7.346 7.S10 7.335 7.331 7.326 7.322 7.318 7.313 7.308 7.304 30 .8762 .8756 .8751 .8745 .8740 .8735 .8729 .8724 .8718 .8718 7.300 7.295 7.290 7.285 7.281 7.277 2.272 7.268 7.263 7.ffi9 n .sfToe .8702 .8697 .8592 ,8686 .8681 .8678 .8870 .8060 .8eeD 7.2B5 7.250 T.245 7.241 7.236 7.232 7.228 r.isa 7.219 7.216 32 1 .8654 .8619 .8644 .8639 .8633 .8628 .8623 .8518 .8612 .8607 1 7.210 7.205 7.201 7.197 7.192 7.188 7.184 7.180 7.175 7.170 33 j .8603 .8597 .8691 .8586 .8581 .8S7S .8571 .8566 .8580 .8566 j 7.166 7.162 7.157 7.153 7.149 7.145 7.141 7.139 7.1S1 7.127 31 .8560 .8545 .8540 .8534 .8528 .85M .8619 .8514 .8609 .8504 1 7.123 7.119 7.115 7.U0 7.106 7.101 7.087 7.093 7.089 7.085 35 .8498 .8493 .8488 .8483 .8478 .8473 .^68 .«68 .»63 .8453 1 7.060 7.078 7.071 7.067 7.063 7.059 7.0B5 7.051 7.048 7.042 36 .84-18 .8443 .8438 .8433 .84^ .8423 .8418 .8413 .»oa .8103 7.088 7.034 7.030 7.029 7.021 7.017 7.013 7.000 7.006 7.001 37 .a-iss .8303 .8388 .8383 .8378 .8373 .8368 .8363 .8368 .8363 S.9fl6 6.992 6.988 6.081 8980 6.976 8.971 8.967 6.963 8.959 38 .R'wa .8343 .8338 .83^ .8328 .832* .8319 .8314 .8309 .8304 «»S6 8.9S1 6.948 6.942 6.938 8.935 8931 8926 6.922 8.918 374 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF BAUME', SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND POUNDS PER GALLON— Con. (MODULUS 141.5.) l' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 39 .8299 .8294 .8289 .8285 .8280 .8275 .8270 .8285 .8260 .8256 6.914 6.910 6.906 6.902 6.898 8.894 6.890 6.886 6.881 9878 40 .8251 .8216 .8241 .8236 .8232 .8227 .8222 .8217 .8212 .saJH 6.874 6.870 6.836 8.861 6.858 6.854 6.850 6.846 9841 6.838 « .8203 .8198 .8193 .8189 .8184 .8179 .8174 .8170 .8165 .8160 6.834 6.830 6.826 6.822' 6.818 6.814 6.810 6.806 6.802 9798 42 .8156 .8151 .8146 .8142 .8137 .8132 .8028 .8123 .8118 .8114 6.795 6.791 6.786 6.783 6.779 6.775 6.771 6.797 9763 9790 43 .8109 .8104 .8100 .8095 .8090 .S0S6 .8081 .8076 .8072 .8067 6.766 6.751 6.748 6.744 6.740 8.736 6.732 6.728 9725 9721 44 .8063 .8058 .8053 .8M9 .8044 .8040 .8035 .8031 .8026 .8022 6.717 6.713 6.700 6.706 6.701 6.898 6.694 8.891 9868 9683 45 .8017 .8012 .8008 .8003 .7999 .7994 .7990 .7985 .9781 .7976 6.679 6.675 8.en 6.667 6.664 6.660 6.656 6.652 9649 9645 46 .vy/!j .7967 .7963 .7958 .7954 .7949 .7945 .7941 .7936 .7932 6.641 6.637 6.834 6.830 6.626 8.623 6.619 6.618 6.611 9608 47 .7927 .7923 .7918 .7914 .7900 .7905 .7901 .7899 .7892 :mi 6.604 6.601 6.596 6.593 8.589 8.589 6.582 6.678 9575 6.571 48 .7883 .7879 .7874 .7870 .7865 .7861 .7857 .•78S2: .7848 .7844 6.567 6.664 8.560 6.556 6.552 6.549 9.546 6.542 953S 9635 49 .7839 .7835 .7831 .7826 .7822 .7818 .7813 .7809 .7806 .7800 6.531 6.S27 8.524 8.520 6.517 6.513 6.50O 6.506 9602 9498 50 .7796 .7792 .7788 .7783 .7779 .7775 .7770 .7769 .7762 .7758 8.493 6.492 8.488 6.4^ 8.481 6..17T 6.473 9.470 9497 9463 51 .7753 .rr49 .7745 .7741 .7736 .7/32 .7728 .7724 .7720 .7715 6.459 6.466 8.452 6.449 8.445 6.442 6.438 8.435 6.432 9427 52 .7711 .7707 .7703 .7699 .7694 .7690 .7688 .7682 .7678 .7874 6.424 6.421 6.417 6.414 6.410 6.407 6.403 9400 9397 9393 53 .7669 .7665 .7661 .7657 ■ .7653 .7649 .7646 .7640 .7636 .7633 6.389 6.386 6.382 8.379 8.376 6.372 6.369 8.365 9362 9358 54 .7828 .7624 .7620 .7818 .7612 .7608 .7603 .7599 .7695 .7591 6.365 6.352 6.348 6.345 6.342 6.838 6.334 6.331 9327 9324 55 1 .TSSC .7583 .7579 .7W5 .7571 .7667 .7663 .7559 .7665 .7651 6.SS1 6.317 8.314 6.311 6.307 6.304 6.301 6.297 9294 8.291 58 .7547 .7543 .7539 .7535 .7531 .7527 .7523 .7519 .7515 .7.611 6.287 6.284 8.281 6.277 6.274 8.271 8.287 6.264 9261 6.267 57 .7507 .7503 .7489 .7495 .7491 .7487 .7483 .7479 .7475 .7471 6.254 8.251 6.247 6.244 6.241 6.237 6.254 9231 9227 6.224 58 .7467 .7463 .7469 .7455 .7451 .7447 .7443 .7440 .7436 .7432 8,2ai 6.217 8.214 82.11 6.207 a2« 6.201 9198 9.195 6.191 59 .7428 .7424 .7420 .7416 .7412 ■ .7408 .7405 .7401 .7397 .7393 6.188 6.185 6.182 6.178 6.175 6.172 6.169 9166 6.162 6.159 eo .7389 ■TSSS .7381 .7377 .7374 .7370 .7386 .7362 .7358 .7354 8.166 6.152 6.149 6.146 6.143 6.140 6.137 6.133 9130 6.127 ei .7351 .7347 .7343 .7339 .7335 .7832 .7328 .7324 .7320 .7316 6.124 6.121 6.117 6.114 6.111 6.108 6.105 6.102 6.098 6.095 68 .7313 .7309 .7305 .7301 .7298 .7294 .r^ao .7288 .7283 .7279 8.0921 6.089 6.086 6.082 6.080 8.077 6.073 9070 9067 6.064 83 .riffs .7271 .7268 .7264 .7260 .7266 .7253 .T24& .7245 .7242 6.061 6.067 8.055 6.052 6.048 6.046 6.042 6.039 9036 9033 St .7239 .7234 .7230 .7227 .7223 .7219 .7216 .7212 .7208 .7205 6.030 6.02.7 8.023 6.021 6.017 8.014 6.012 9008 6.0O5 9002 65 .7201 .7197 .7194 .7190 .7186 .7183 .7179 .7175 .7172 .7198 5.999 5.996 5.903 5.9S0 5.987 5.9S4 5.981 9.977 5.976 5.972 86 .nes .7161 .7157 .7154 .7160 .7146 .7143 .7139 .7136 .7132 5.969 5.966 5.968 5.980 5.967 5.953 5.951 5.918 5.945 5.942 67 .7128 .7125 .7121 .7118 .7114 .7111 .7107 .7103 .7100 .7096 5.938 5.936 5.933 5.930 5.927 5 924 5.921 5.918 5.915 9912 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 375 BAUME', SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND POUNDS PER GALLON— Con. (MODULUS 141.5.) 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 • as .T09» .7089 .7086 .7082 .7079 .7078 .7071 .7WH .7064 .7061 6.900 5.906 6.908 6.900 6.898 5.894 5.891 6888 5.885 6883 60 .TOOT .7064 .7060 .7047 .7043 .7040 .7038 .7033 .7029 .7028 5.8T9 5.87Y 6.873 6871 6.868 6865 5.862 6.859 5.866 6863 TO .702B .7019 .7016 .7012 .7008 .70(» .7001 .6998 .8995 .6091 6.850 6.848 6844 5.^2 5.838 6836 6833 6830 6828 68» 71 .8088 .asei .6881 .6U77 .6974 .6970 .6*67 .6964 .8960 .89ffr 5.822 6.818 5.816 6813 5.810 5.807 5.804 5.802 6.7S8 6796 Ti .6963 .6950 .6048 .6943 .eiMO .6936 .0933 .6929 .6928 .8923 8.798 5. 790 6.787 6784 6782 5.778 6.776 6773 6.770 5.768 73 .one .6916 .6012 .6909 .8906 .8902 .(WO .6808 .6802 .6889 6.7«t 6.7B2 5.758 6.758 5.753 6750 6748 6745 5.742 6739 74 6889 .6882 .6879 .8878 .6872 .6860 .6866 .6862 . .6859 .6856 6.787 6.733 6731 6.728 5.725 6723 6720 5.717 6714 5.712 75 .eesa .6840 .6848 .e»12 .6839 .6836 .6832 .6829 .6826 .682S G.7ve 5.706 6703 6700 6698 5.6D6 6692 6689 6687 6684 Ta .6819 .6816 6813 .6809 .6806 .6803 .8800 .6796 .6793 .6790 5.681 6.678 5.676 5.673 6870 5.668 6666 6662 6659 5.657 77 .918! .6783 .6780 .6777 .6774 .6770 .6767 .6764 .6761 .67Sr 5.651 6.851 5.648 6646 5.643 5.«0 6638 6B35 6.633 6829 78 .6764 .6751 .6748 .6746 .6741 .6738 .6735 .6732 .6728 .tff2S 6.627 5.824 5.622 5.619 6616 6613 6611 6608 5.605 5.603 79 .6722 .6719 .6718 .en3 .6709 .6708 .6703 .6700 .6697 .6698 6.600 6.607 5.595 5.603 6.589 5.587 658t 6582 5.579 5.5T6 80 .eego .6687 .6684 .8661 .6878 .6675 .6671 .6668 .8685 .6662 5.678 6.5a 6.668 6666 6.563 6661 6658 6565 5.553 5.550 81 .6650 .6658 .6«53 .6610 .6648 .6843 .9-HO .6637 .6634 .6631 6.648 6645 6543 5.540 5.537 5.634 6532 6520 6.927 6524 82 .6628 .6625 .6621 .6618 .6615 ,6612 .6609 .6808 .6603 .6000 5.522 6.519 5.618 6.513 5.6U 6508 6506 5.503 6501 5.406 as .6607 .6594 .6591 .6683 .6584 .6681 .6578 .6575 .6572 .6569 6.406 6.493 5.491 6.488 5.486 6483 6480 5.478 5.475 5.473 H4 .6666 .6563 .8500 .6657 .6654 .6561 .6648 .6546 .6542 .6539 6.470 6.468 6.485 6463 6460 6458 6455 6453 6450 6448 85 .6538 .6533 .6630 .6527 .6624 .6531 .6618 .6515 .6512 .6.609 6.446 6.443 6.440 5.438 6435 5.433 6430 5.428 6425 6423 88 .6506 .6503 .66(X) .6497 .6494 .6491 .6488 .«86 .8)82 .6479 5.4120 6.418 6416 5.419 5.410 6408 6405 6403 6400 6398 87 .6476 .6473 .6470 .6467 .6164 .MSI .6458 .6455 .6»I52 .6449 639S 5.393 6.300 6388 5.SSS 6383 6380 5.378 6375 5.373 8S .6446 .^44 .6441 .6438 .6435 .6432 .6420 .6428 .6423 .6420 5.370 6.368 6366 6363 6361 5.358 6386 6353 6361 5.349 89 .6417 .6414 .0411 .8409 .6406 .6403 .6400 .6397 .6S9J .6391 5.346 6344 5.341 5.339 5.237 6.334 6332 6329 5.327 6324 80 .6388 .6385 .6382 .6380 .8377 .6374 .6371 .6368 .83K .6382 6322 6310 6.317 6316 5.313 5.310 6308 6306 6303 6300 91 .6360 .8387 .6364 .6351 .6348 .6345 .6342 .6340 .6337 .6334 S.209 5.298 5.294 6201 6.289 5.286 6284 6.282 6279 6277 92 .6331 .8328 .6325 .6323 .6900 .8317 .6314 .63U .6300 .6808 6.2(74 5.272 6269 6268 6.265 6263 6260 62S8 6258 62B4 93 .6303 .6360 .6287 .6294 .8292 .6289 .8286 .8283 .6281 .6278 6251 6.^9 5.246 6244 5.242 5.239 6237 6234 6233 6239 M .6275 .ea/a .6260 .6267 .6264 .6261 .6858 .6266 .8253 .6290 6.228 5.Z2B 5.2B3 5.221 6219 5.216 6214 6212 5.209 6207 06 .6247 .6244 .6242 .6239 .8238 .8233 .8231 .8228 .6225 .6223 5.204 6.202 6.200 6108 6196 5.193 6191 6.189 6186 6184 9« .6220 .6217 .8214 .6212 .6209 .8206 .8203 .8201 .8196 .6196 5.182 617» 6.177 6.175 5.173 6170 6168 6166 6184 6.161 97 .6193 .6190 .6187 .6184 .6182 .6179 .6178 .6174 .6171 .6168 6169 6.167 6.154 6.162 5.150 5.148 6145 5.144 6.141 6130 98 .8166 .6163 .6180 .6168 .6155 .eiS2 .8150 .6147 .6144 .6141 ! s.isr 6134 5.132 6.130 6128 6125 6124 6121 6119 6118 99 1 .6130 .6136 .6134 .6131 .6128 .6126 .6123 .6120 .6118 .8115 5.1U ' 5.112 6110 6.108 5.105 6104 snoi 6.090 6097 5.094 376 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF (Tbls table shows the degrees BaumS at 60° F of oils having, at the designated temperatures, the observed degrees Baumg indicated. For eiample, if the observed degrees Baum6 is 20.0 at 78° F, the true degrees Baum6 at 60° F will be 19.0. Intermediate values not given in the table may be conveniently interpolated. For example, if the observed degrees Baum6 is 20.4 at 78° F, the true degrees Baume at 60' F will be 19.4. The headings "Observed degrees Baum6" and "Observed temperature" signify the true indication of the hydrometer and the true temperature of the oil— that is, the observed readings corrected, if necessary, lor mstrumental errors.] Observed temperature in °F 32.. 34.. 36.. 38.. «.. 42.. 44.. 46.. 48.. 50.. 52.. 54.. 56.. 58.. SO.. 62.. 64.. 66.. 68.. 70.. 72.. 74.. 76.. 78.. 82.. 84.. 86.. 90.. 92.. 194.. .96.. 98.. MO.. 102.. 104.. 106.. 108.. 110.. 112.. 114.. 116.. 118.. Observed degrees Baum6 18.6 18.6 18.5 18.3 18.2 18.1 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.6 17.5 17.4 17.3 17.2 17.1 17.0 19.7 19.6 19.5 19.4 19.3 19.1 19.0 18.9 18.8 18.7 18.6 18.5 18.3 18.2 18.1 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.7 17.6 17.5 17.4 17.2 17.2 17.1 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 Corresponding degrees Baum6 at 60° F 20.7 20.6 20.5 20.4 20.3 20.1 20.0 19.9 19.8 19.7 19.6 19.5 19.3 19.2 19.1 19.0 18.9 18.8 18.7 18.6 18.5 18.4 18.2 18.1 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.7 17.6 17.5 17.3 17.2 17.1 17.0 21.7 21.6 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.1 20.9 20.8 20.7 20.6 20.5 20.3 20.2 20.1 20.0 19.9 19.8 19.7 19.5 19.4 19.3 19.2 19.1 19.0 18.9 18.8 18.7 18.6 18.4 18.3 18.2 18.1 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.7 17.6 17.5 17.3 17.2 17.1 17.0 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.4 22.3 22.2 22.1 21.9 21.8 21.7 21.6 21.5 21.3 21.2 21.1 21.0 20.9 20.8 20.7 20.5 20.4 20.3 20.2 20.1 19.9 19.8 19.7 19.6 19.5 19.4 19.3 19.2 19.1 19.0 18.8 18.7 18.6 18.5 18.4 18.2 18.1 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.7 17.6 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.1 22.9 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.3 22.2 22.1 22.0 21.9 21.8 21.7 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.1 20.9 20.8 20.7 20.6 20.5 20.4 20.3 20.2 20.1 20.0 19.8 19.7 19.6 19.5 19.4 19.2 19.1 19.0 18.9 18.8 18.7 18.6 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.2 24.1 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.0 22.9 22.8 22.7 22.5 22.4 22.3 22.2 22.1 21.9 21.8 21.7 21.6 21.5 21.3 21.2 21.1 21.0 20.9 20.8 20.7 20.5 20.4 20.3 20.2 20.1 20.0 19.9 19.8 19.6 19.5 25.8 25.7 25.6 25.5 25.4 25.2 25.1 24.9 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.3 24.2 24.1 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.1 22.9 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.3 22.2 22.1 22.0 21.9 21.8 21.7 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.1 21.0 20.9 20.8 20.6 20.5 26.9 26.8 26.7 26.5 26.4 26.2 26.1 26.0 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.5 25.4 25.3 25.1 25.0 24.9 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.1 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.0 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.4 22.3 22.2 22.0 21.9 21.8 21.7 21.5 21.4 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 37: ObMrved temperature In 'F 30. 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 42. 44. .46. 48. SO. 32. 54. 36. 31. M. 62. 64. 66. 68. 70. 72. 74. 76. 78. 80. 82. 84. 86. 88. »0. 92. 94. 96. 98. 100. 102. 104. 106. 108. 110. 112. 114.. 116. 118. 120. Observed degrees Baumfi Corresponding degrees Baum6 at 60° F 29.0 28.8 28.7 28.5 28.4 28.3 28.2 28.1 27.9 27.8 27.6 27.5 27.4 27.3 27.1 27.0 26.9 26.7 26.6 26.5 26.4 26.3 26.1 26.0 '25.8 25.7 25.6 25. S 2S.4 25.2 25.1 25.0 24.9 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.4 23.3 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.1 29.8 30,9 31.9 33.0 29.7 30.8 31.8 32.8 29.5 30.6 31.6 32.7 29.4 30.5 31.5 32.5 29.3 30.4 31.4 32.4 29.2 30.2 31.2 32.2 29.1 30.1 31.1 32.1 28.9 29.9 30.9 31.9 28.8 29.8 30.8 31.8 28.6 29.7 30.7 31.7 28. S 29.6 30.6 31.6 28.4 29.4 30.4 31.4 28.3 29.3 30.3 31.3 28.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 27.9 28.9 29.9 30.9 27.7 28.7 29.7 30.7 27.6 28.6 29.6 30.6 27.5 28.4 29.4 30.4 27.4 28.3 29.3 30.3 27.3 28.2 29.2 30.2 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.1 27.0 27.9 28.9 29.9 26.8 27.8 28.8 29.8 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7 26.6 27.6 28.6 29.5 26.5 27.5 28.5 29.4 26.4 27.3 28.3 29.2 26.2 27.2 28.2 29.1 26.1 27.0 28.0 29.0 26.0 26.9 27.9 28.9 25.9 26.8 27.8 28.8 25.7 26.7 27.7 28.6 25. 6 26.6 27.6 28.5 25.5 26.4 27.4 23.3 25.4 26.3 27.3 28.2 25.3 26.2 27.1 28.1 25.2 26.1 27.0 28.0 25.0 25.9 26.9 27.8 24.9 25.8 26.8 27.7 24.8 25.7 26.7 27.6 24.7 25.6 26.6. 27.5 24.6 25.5 26.4 27.3 24.4 25.3 26.3 27.2 24.3 25.2 26.2 27.1 34.1 34.0 33.8 33.7 33.5 33.4 33.2 33.1 32.9 32.8 32.7 32.6 32.4 32.3 32.1 32.0 31.9 31.7 31.6 31.4 31.3 31.2 31.1 30.9 30.8 30.7 30.5 30.4 30.2 30.1 30.0 29.9 29.8 29.6 29.5 29.3 29.2 29.1 29.0 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.4 28.3 28.2 28.1 35.2 35.0 34.8 34.7 34.5 34.4 34.3 34.2 34.0 33.9 33.7 33.6 33.4 33.3 33.1 36.2 36.0 35.8 35.7 35.5 35.4 35.3 3S.2 35.0 34.9 34.7 34.6 34.4 34.3 34.1 33.0 34.0 32.9 33.9 32.7 33.7 32.6 33.6 32.4 33.4 32.2 33.2 32.1 33.1 32.0 33.0 31.8 32.8 31.7 32.7 31.6 32.6 31.5 32.5 31.3 32.3 31.2 32.2 31.0 32.0 30.9 31.9 30.8 31.8 30.7 31.6 30.5 31.5 30.4 31.4 30.3 31.3 30.2 31.2 30.0 31.0 29.9 30.9 29.7 30.7 29.6 30.6 29.5 30.4 29.3 30.3 29.2 30.2 29.1 30.1 37.3 37.1 36.9 36.8 36.6 36.5 36.3 36.2 36.1 35.9 35.7 35.6 35.4 35.3 35.1 35.0 34.9 34.7 34.6 34.4 34.2 34.1 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 33.4 33.2 33.1 33.0 32.9 32.7 32.6 32.5 32.3 32.2 32.1 31.9 31.8 31.6 31.5 31.3 31.2 31.1 31.0 30.9 378 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Observed temperature In •V Observed degrees Baum6 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0 Corresponding degrees Baume at 60^ F 45.0 39.3 39.2 39.0 38.9 38.7 38.5 38.4 38.2 38.1 37.9 37.8 37.6 37.4 37.3 37.1 37.0 36.9 36.7 3&6 36.4 36.2 36.1 35.9 35.8 35.6 35.5 35.3 35. 2 35.1 34.9 34.3 34.6 34.5 34.4 34.2 34.1 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 33.4 33.2 33.1 33.0 32.9 32.8 40.3 41.4 42.4 43.5 44.5 45.6 46.6 47.7 40.2 41.3 42.3 43.4 44.3 45.4 46.4 47.5 40.0 41.1 42.1 43.2 44.2 45.3 46.3 47.3 39.9 41.0 42.0 43.1 44.0 45.1 46.1 47.2 39.7 40.8 41.8 42.9 43.9 45.0 46.0 47.0 39.5 40.6 41.6 42.7 43.7 44:8 45.8 46.8 39.4 40.5 41.5 42.5 43.5 44.6 45.6 46.6 39.2 40 3 41.3 42.4 43.4 44.4 45.4 46.4 39.1 40.1 41.1 42.2 43.2 44.2 45.2 46.2 38.9 39.9 40.9 42.0 43.0 44.1 45.1 46.1 38.8 39.8 40.8 41.8 42.8 43.9 44.9 45.9 38.6 39.6 40 7 41.7 42.6 43.7 44.7 45.7 3&4 39.5 40.5 41.5 42.5 43.5 44.5 45.5 38.3 39.3 40 3 41.3 42.2 43.3 44.3 45.3 38.1 39.1 40.1 41.1 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.2 38.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0 45.0 37.9 38 9 39.9 40 9 41.9 42.9 43.9 44.9 37.7 38.7 39.7 40 7 41.7 42.7 43.7 44.7 37.6 38.6 39.5 40.5 41.5 42.5 43.5 44.5 37.4 38.4 39.4 40.4 41.4 42.4 43.3 44.3 37.2 38.2 39.2 40.2 41.2 42.2 43.1 44.1 37.1 38.1 39.1 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0 36.9 37.9 38.9 39.8 40.8 41.8 42.8 43.8 36.8 37.8 38.7 39.7 40.7 41.7 42.7 43. S 36.6 37.6 3a 6 39.5 40.5 41.5 42.5 43.4 36.5 37.5 38 5 39.4 40.4 41.3 42.3 43.2 36.3 37.3 38.3 39.2 40 2 «f2 41.0 42.2 43.1 36.2 37.2 3&2 39.1 401 42.0 42.9 36.1 37.0 38.0 38.9 39.9 40.9 41.9 42.8 35.9 36.9 37.9 38. S 39.8 40 7 41.7 42.6 35.8 36.7 37.7 38.6 39.6 40 5 41.5 42.5 35.6 36.6 37.6 38.5 39.5 40.4 41.4 42.3 35.5 36.4 37.4 38.3 39.3 40 2 41.2 42.2 35.4 36.3 37.3 3a 2 39.2 401 41.1 42.0 35.2 36.1 37.1 38.0 39.0 39.9 40 9 41.8 35.1 36.0 37.0 37.9 38.9 39.8 40 7 41.6 34.9 35.8 36.8 37.7 38 7 39.6 40; 6 41.5 34.8 35.7 36.7 37.6 38 6 39.5 40.4 41.3 34.6 35.5 36.5 37.4 3a 4 39.3 40 3 41.2 34.5 35.4 36.4 37.3 38.3 39.2 40.1 41.0 34.4 35.3 36.3 37.2 3ai 39.0 40.0 40 9 34.2 35.1 36.1 37.0 38.0 38.9 39.8 40.7 34.1 35.0 36.0 36.9 37.8 3a 7 39.7 40 6 34.0 34.9 35.9 36.8 37.7 3a e 39.5 40 4 33.9 34.8 35.7 36.6 37.5 3a4 39.4 40.3 33.7 3416 35.6 36. S 37.4 3&3 39:2 4ai KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 37! Obwned detreei Biunu ObMmd 47.0 4&0 49.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 54.0 SSLO M.0 F 80 49.8 49.6 49.4 49.3 49.1 48 9 48.7 48 5 4&3 481 47.9 47.7 47.6 47.4 47.2 47.0 46.9 46.7 46.5 46.3 46.1 46.0 45.8 45. 6 45. 4 45.2 45.1 44.9 44.7 44.5 44.4 44.2 44.1 43.9 43.7 43.5 43.4 43.2 43.1 42.9 42.7 42.5 42.4 42.3 42.1 41.9 50.8 50.6 50.4 50.3 50.1 49.9 49.7 49.5 49.3 49.1 48.9 48.7 48.6 48 4 48 2 48.0 47.9 47.7 47.5 47.3 47.1 47.0 46 8 46 6 46.4 46.2 46.1 45.9 45.7 45.5 45.4 45.2 45.1 44.9 44.7 44. S 44.3 44.1 44.0 43.9 43.7 43.5 43 4 43.3 43.1 42.9 51.9 51.7 51.5 51.4 51.2 51.0 50 8 50.6 50.4 50.2 50.0 49.8 49.6 49.4 49.2 49.0 48 8 48.6 48 4 48 3 481 47.9 47.7 47.5 47.3 47.2 47.0 46.8 46.6 46.4 46.3 46.1 46.0 45.8 45.6 45.4 45.2 45.0 44.9 44.8 44.6 44.4 44.3 44.2 44.0 43.8 53 52.8 52.6 52.4 512 52.0 51.8 51.6 51.4 51.2 51.0 50 8 50.6 50 4 50 2 30.0 49.8 49.6 49.4 49.3 49.1 48.9 48.7 48 5 48.3 48 2 48.0 47.8 47.6 47.4 47.3 47.1 46 9 46.7 46.6 46.4 46.2 46 45.8 45. 7 45.6 45.4 45.3 45.1 44.9 44.7 54.1 53.9 53.7 53.5 53.3 S3;0 52.8 52.6 52.4 52.2 5^0 51.8 51.6 51.4 51.2 51.0 508 50.6 50.4 503 50.1 49.9 49.7 49.5 49.3 49.1 48.9 48.7 48.5 48.3 48.2 48 47.8 47.6 47.5 47.3 47.1 46 9 46 7 46.6 46 5 46.3 46.2 46.0 45.8 45.6 55.1 54.9 54.7 54.5 54.3 54.1 53.8 53 6 53.4 53.2 53.0 52.8 52.6 52.4 52.2 5i0 51.8 51.6 51.4 51.3 51.1 50.9 50.7 50 5 50 3 50.1 49.9 49.7 49.5 49.3 49.2 49.0 48.8 48.6 48.4 48 3 48 1 47.9 47.7 47.5 47.4 47.2 47.1 469 46.7 46.5 56.2 56.0 55.8 55.6 55.4 55.2 54.9 54.7 54.5 54.2 54.0 53.8 53.6 53 4 53.2 53.0 52.8 52.6 52.4 52.2 52.0 51.8 51.6 51.4 51.2 51.0 50.8 50.6 50.4 50.2 501 49.9 49.7 49.5 49.3 49.2 49.0 48 8 48 6 48 4 48.3 48 1 480 47.8 47.6 47.4 57.3 57.1 S&8 56.6 56.4 56.2 56.0 55.7 55.5 55.2 55.0 54.8 54.6 54.4 54.2 54.0 53.8 53.6 53 4 532 53 52.8 52.6 52.4 52.2 52.0 51.8 51.6 51.4 51.2 51.0 50.9 50 7 50 5 50 3 50.1 49.9 49.7 49.5 49.4 49.2 49.0 48 8 48 6 48.4 48 2 58 4 58.2 57.^ 57.7 57.5 57. 2 57.0 56.8 56.5 56.3 56,1 55.9 55.6 55.4 55.2 55.0 54.8 54.6 54.4 54.2 54.0 53.8 53.5 53.3 531 52.9 52.7 52.5 52.3 52.1 51.9 51.8 51.6 51.4 5L2 51.0 50 8 50.6 50.4 50.3 50.1 49.9 49.'7 49.5 49.3 49.1 59.4 Sj 59.2 84 58.9 ae 58.7 St 58.5 40 58.2 42 58.0 44 57.8 4e 57.5 48 . 57.3 50 57.1 52 56.9 54 56.6 56 56.4 58 56.2 CO 56.0 62 55.8 55.6 66 55.4 68 55.2 70 55.0 72 54.8 74.... 54.5 54.3 78 54.1 80.. 539 53 7 84 53.5 53 3 88 53.1 90 ... 52.9 92 52.7 94 52.5 52.3 98 52.1 100 ... 51,9 51. T 104 51.5 51.3 51.2 110 51.0 112 50.8 114 50.6 50.4 118 5a2 120 sao 380 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Observed - temperature in Observed degrees Baum€ 58. ^.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 64.0 Corresponding degrees Baiim6 at 60° F 60.5 60.3 60.0 59.8 S9.S 59.3 59.1 58.9 58.6 58.4 58.1 57.9 57.7 57.5 57.3 57.0 56.8 56.6 56.4 56.1 55.9 55.7 55.5 55.3 55.0 54.8 54.6 54.4 54.2 54.0 53.8 53.6 53.4 53.2 53.0 52.8 52.6 52.4 52.2 52.1 51.9 51.7 51.5 51.3 51.1 50.9 61.6 62.7 63.7 64.8 65.8 66.9 67.9 69.0 61.3 62.4 63.4 64.5 65.5 66.6 67.7 68.8 61.0 62.1 63.1 64.2 65.2 66.3 67.4 68.5 60.8 61.9 62.9 64.0 65.0 66.1 67.1 68.2 60.5 61.6 62.6 63.7 64.7 65.8 65.8 67.9 60.3 61.4 62.4 63.5 64.5 65.5 66.5 67.6 60.1 61.2 62.2 63.3 64.3 65.3 66.3 67.4 59.9 61.0 62.0 63.0 64.0 65.0 66.0 67.1 59.6 60.7 61.7 62.7 63.7 64.8 65.8 66.8 59.4 60.4 61.4 62.5 65.5 64.5 65.5 66.5 59.1 60.2 61.2 62.2 63.2 64.2 65.2 66.2 58.9 60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 64.0 65.0 66.0 58.7 59.8 60.8 61.8 62.8 63.8 64.8 65.8 58.5 59.5 60.5 61.5 ■62.5 '63.6 64.6 65.6 58.3 59.3 60.3 61.3 62.3 63.3 64.3 65.3 58.0 59.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 64.0 65.0 57.8 58.8 59.8 60.8 61.8 62.7 63; 7 64.7 57.6 58.6 59.6 60.5 61.5 62.5 63.5 64.5 57.4 58.3 59.3 60.3 61.3 62.3 63.3 64.2 57.1 58.1 59.1 60.1 61.1 62.1 63.1 64.0 56.9 57.9 58.9 59.8 60.8 61.8 62.8 63.8 56.7 57.7 58.7 59.6 60.6 61.6 62.6 63.5 56.5 57.4 58.4 59.3 60.3 61.3 62.3 63.2 56.3 57.2 58.2 59.1 60.1 61.0 62.0 63.0 56.0 57.0 58.0 58.9 59.9 64.8 61.8 62.8 55.8 56.8 57.8 58.7 59.7 60.6 61.6 62.6 55.6 56.5 57.5 58.4 59.4 60.4 61.4 62.3 55.4 56.3 57.3 58.2 59.2 60.1 61.1 62.0 55.2 56.1 57.1 58.0 59.0 59.9 60.9 61.8 55.0 55.9 56.9 57.8 58.8 59.7 60.6 61.5 54.8 55. 7 56. V 57.6 58.6 59.5 60.4 61.3 54.6 55.5 56.5 57.4 58.4 59.3 60.2 61.1 54.3 55.2 56.2 57.1 58.1 59.0 59.9 60.8 54.1 55.0 56.0 56.9 57.9 58.8 59.7 60.6 53.9 54.8 55.8 56.7 57.6 58.5 59.5 60.4 53.7 54.6 55.6 56.5 57.4 58.3 59.3 60.2 53.5 54.4 55.4 56.3 57.2 58.1 59.0 59.9 53.3 54.2 55.2 56.1 57.0 57.9 58.8 59.7 53.1 M.O 55.0 55.9 56.8 57.7 58.6 59.5 53.0 53.9 54.8 55.7 56.6 57.5 58.4 59.3 52.8 53.7 54.6 55.5 56.4 57.3 58.2 59.1 52.6 53.5 54.4 55.2 56.2 57.1 58.0 58.9 52.4 53.3 54.2 55.1 56.0 56.9 57.8 58.7 52.2 53.1 54.0 54.9 55.8 56.7 57.6 58.4 52.0 52.9 53.8 54.7 55.6 56.5 57.4 58.2 SI. 8 52.7 53.6 54.5 55.4 56.3 57.2 58.0 KANSAS CITY TESTLXG LABORATORY 381 Observed degrees Baume Obaeived temperature in 67.0 68.0 69.0 70.0 71.0 72.0 73.0 74.0 75.0 76.0 Correspondlnt degrees Baumi at 60° P 71.1 70.9 70.6 70.3 70.0 69.7 69.4 69.1 68.8 68.6 68.3 68.0 67.8 67.6 67.3 67.0 66.7 66.4 66.2 66.0 65.7 65.4 65.2 64.9 64.7 64.5 64.2 63.9 63.7 63.4 63.2 63.0 62.7 62. S 62.2 62.0 61.8 61.6 61.3 61.1 60.9 60.7 60.5 «0.2 60.0 59.8 72.1 71.9 71.6 71.3 71.0 70.7 70.4 70.1 69.8 69.6 69.9 69.0 68.8 68.6 68.3 68.0 67.7 67.4 67.2 67.0 66.7 66.4 66.2 65.9 65.6 65.4 65.2 64.9 64.7 64.4 64.2 64.0 63.7 63.5 63.2 63.0 62.8 62.5 62.3 62.0 61.8 61.6 61.4 61.1 60.9 60.7 73.2 73.0 72.7 72.4 72.1 71.8 71.5 71.2 70.9 70.6 70.4 70.1 69.9 69.6 69.3 69.0 68.7 68.4 68. 2 67.9 67.6 67.4 67.2 66.9 66.6 66.4 66.1 65.8 65.6 65.3 65.1 64.9 64.6 64.4 64,1 63.9 63.7 63.4 63.2 62.9 62.7 62.5 62.3 62.0 61.8 61.6 74.3 74.0 73.7 73.4 73.1 72.8 72.5 72.2 71.9 71.6 71.4 71.1 70.9 70.6 70.3 70.0 69.7 69.4 69.2 68.9 68.6 68.4 68.2 67.9 67.6 67.4 67.1 66.8 66.6 66.3 66.1 65.8 65.6 65.4 65.1 64.9 64.6 64.3 64.1 63.8 63.6 63.3 63.1 62.9 62.7 62.5 75.4 75.1 74.8 74.5 74.2 73.9 73.6 73.3 73.0 72.7 72.5 72.2 71.9 71.6 71.3 71.0 70.7 70.4 70.1 69.8 69.5 69.3 69.1 68.8 68.5 68.3 68.0 67.7 67.5 67.2 67.0 66.7 66.5 66.3 66.0 65.8 65.5 65.2 65. 64.8 64.5 64.2 64.0 63.8 63.6 63.3 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.5 75.2 74.9 74.6 74.3 74.0 73.7 73.5 73.2 72.9 72.6 72.3 «.o 71.7 71.4 71.1 70.8 70.5 70.3 70.1 69.8 69.5 69.3 69.0 68.7 68.4 68.2 68.0 67.7 67.4 67.2 66.9 66.7 66.4 66:1 65.9 65.7 65.4 65.2 64.9 64.7 64.5 64.2 77.5 77.2 76.9 76.6 76.3 76.0 75.7 75.4 75.1 74.8 74.5 74.2 73.9 73.6 73.3 73.0 72.7 72.4 72.1 71.8 71.5 71.2 71.0 70.8 70.5 70.2 69.9 69.6 69.3 69.1 68.9 68.6 68.3 68.1 67.8 67.6 67.3 67.0 66.8 66.6 66.3 66.1 65.8 65.6 65.4 65.1 78.5 78.2 77.9 77.6 77.3 77.0 76.7 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.5 75.2 74.9 74.6 74.3 74.0 73.7 73.4 73.1 72.8 72.5 72.2 72.0 71.8 71.5 71.2 70.9 70.6 70.3 70.1 69.9 69.6 69.3 69.0 68.8 68.5 68.2 67.9 67.7 67.5 67.2 67.0 66.r 66.5 66.3 66.0 79.6 79.3 79.0 78.7 78.4 78.1 77.8 77.5 77.1 76.8 76.5 76.2 75.9 75.6 75.3 75.0 74.7 74.4 74.1 73.8 73.5 73.2 72.9 72.7 72.4 72.1 71.8 71.5 71.3 71.0 70.8 70.5 70.2 69.9 69.7 69.4 69.1 68.,a 68.6 68.4 68.1 67.8 67.6 67.4 67.1 66.8 80.7 32 80.4 34 80.1 36 79.7 79.4 40 79.1 78.8 44 78.5 46 78.1 77.8 50 77.5 52 77.2 76.9 56 76.6 58 76.3 76.0 62 75.7 75.4 75.1 68 74.8 74.5 74.2 73.9 76 73.7 73.4 73.1 82 72.8 72.5 86 72.3 72.0 90 92 71.7 71.4 71.1 96 70.8 70.6 70.4 102 104- 106 70.1 69.8 69.5 69.3 69.0 68.7 68.5 116 . .. 68.3 68.0 67.7 382 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Observed degrees Bamn6 Obsemd Mmperalun in 77.0 78.0 79.0 80.0 81.0 82.0 83.0 84.0 85.0 860 Conesponding degrees Baum6 at 60° F 30 81.8 81.5 81.2 80.-6 80.5 80.1 79.8 79.5 79.2 78.9 78.6 78.2 77.9 77.6 77.3 77.0 76.7 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.5 75.2 74.9 74.6 74.3 74.0 73.7 73.4 73.2 72.9 72.6 72.3 72.0 71.7 71.5 71.2 71.0 70.7 70.4 70.1 69.8 69.6 69.4 69.1 68.8 eas 82.9 8^6 82.2 81.9 81.5 81:1 80.8 80.5 80.2 79.9 79.6 79.2 78.9 78 6 78.3 78.0 77.7 77.4 77.1 76.8 76 5 76.2 75.9 75,6 75:3 75.0 74.7 74.5 741 73.9 73.6 73.3 73.0 72.7 72.4 721 71.9 71.6 71.3 71.0 70.7 70.5 70.3 70.0 69.7 69.4 84.0 83.7 83.3 83.0 82.6 82.2 81.9 81.6 81.3 81.0 80.6 80.3 79.9 79.6 79.3 79.0 78.7 78.4 78.1 77.7 77.4 77.1 76.8 76.5 76.2 75.9 75.6 75.3 75.0 74.8 74.5 74.2 73.9 73.6 73.3 73.0 72.8 72.5 72.2 71.9 71.6 71.4 71.2 70.9 70.6 70.3 85.0 84.7 84.3 84.0 83.6 83.2 82.9 82.6 82.3 82.0 81.6 81.3 81.0 80.6 80.3 80.0 79.7 79.4 79.1 78.7 78.4 78.1 77.8 77.5 77.2 76.9 76.6 76.3 76.0 75.8 75.5 75.2 74.9 74.6 74 3 74.0 73.7 73.4 73.1 72.8 72.5 72.3 72.1 71.8 71.5 71.2 86.1 85.8 85.4 85.1 84 7 84.3 84.0 83.7 83.4 83.0 82.6 82.3 82.0 81.6 81.3 81.0 80.7 80.4 80.0 79.7 79.4 79.1 78.8 78.4 78.1 77.8 77.5 77.2 76.9 76.7 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.5 75.2 74 9 74.6 74.3 74 73.7 73.4 73.2 72.9 72.6 72.3 72.0 87.1 86.8 86.4 86.1 85.7 85.3 85.0 84 7 84.4 84 83.6 83.3 83.0 82.6 82.3 82.0 81.7 81.4 81.0 80.7 80.4 80.1 79.8 79.4 79.1 78.8 78.5 78.2 77.9 77.6 77.3 77.0 76.7 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.5 75.2 74.9 74.6 743 74.1 73.8 73.5 73.2 72.9 88.2 87.9 87.5 87.2 86.8 86.4 86.1 85.8 85.4 85.1 84.7 84.3 84 83.7 83.3 83.0 82.7 82.3 82.0 81.7 81.4 81.1 80.7 80.4 80.1 79.8 79.4 79.1 78.8 7&5 78.2 77.9 77.6 77.3 77.0 76.7 76.4 761 75.8 75.5 75.2 74.9 74 6 74 3 74.0 73.7 89.3 89.0 88.6 88.2 87.8 87.4 87.1 86 8 86.5 86.1 85.7 85.3 85.0 84.7 84.3 84.0 83.7 83.4 83.0 82.7 82.4 821 81.7 81.4 81.1 80.8 80.4 80.1 79.8 79.5 79.2 78.9 78.6 78.3 78.0 77.6 77.3 77.0 76.7 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.5 75.2 74 9 74.6 90.4 90.1 89.7 89.3 88.9 88.5 88.2 87.8 87.5 87.1 86.7 86.3 86.0 85.7 85.3 85.0 84.7 84.3 84 83.7 83.3 83.0 82.7 82.4 82.0 81.7 81.3 81.0 80.7 80.4 801 79.8 79.5 79.2 78.9 78.5 78.2 77.9 77.6 77.3 77.0 76.7 76.4 761 75.8 75.5 91.5 32 91.1 34 90.7 36 90.3 38 : 89.9 40 89.5 89.2 44 88.8 46 88.5 48 88.1 50 87.7 52, 87.3 54 87.0 56 86 7 58 86.3 60 86 62 85.7 64 85.3 66 85.0 68 ,... 84.7 70 84.3 72 84.0 83.7 76 83.4 83.0 82.7 82 82.3 82.0 86 81.7 88 90 81.4 81.1 80.8 m::;;:::::;;;:::::: 80.5 96 80.2 79.8 79.5 102 79.2 78 8 106 78 5 110 77 9 112 77 6 77.3 116 77.0 118 ..•-.... 76.7 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 383 Obuiveil tompentun In •F uDMived degnn Banini 9aO 91.0 92.0 93.0 94.U CoirMpondlnc dagnes Btmnt at M* V 95.0 96.0 92.6 92.2 91.8 91.4 91.0 90.6 90.3 89.9 89.6 89.2 88.4 88.0 87.7 87.3 87.0 86.7 86.3 86.0 85.6 85.3 85.0 84.6 84.3 84.0 83.6 83.2 82.9 82.6 82.3 82.0 81.7 81.3 81.0 80.7 80.4 80.1 79.7 79.4 79.1 78.8 78.5 78.2 77.9 77.5 77.2 93.6 94.7 95.7 93.2 94.3 95.3 92.9 93.9 94.9 95.9 92.5 93.6 94.6 95.6 92.1 93.2 94.2 95.2 91.7 92.8 93.8 94.9 95.9 91.3 92.4 93.4 94.5 95.5 90.9 92.0 93.0 94.1 95.1 96.1 90.6 91.7 92.7 93.7 94.7 95.7 90.2 91.3 92.3 93.3 94.3 95.3 89.8 90.9 91.9 92.9 93 9 94.9 95.9 89.4 90.5 91. S 92.5 93.5 94.5 95.5 89.0 90.1 91.1 92.1 93.1 94.1 95.1 8a 7 89.7 90.7 91.7 9t1 93 7 94.7 95.7 8&3 89.4 90.4 91.4 92.4 93.4 94.4 95.4 88.0 89.0 90.0 91.0 92.0 93.0 94.0 95.0 87.7 88.6 89.6 90.6 91.6 92.6 916 94.6 87.3 88.3 89.3 90.3 91.3 92.2 93 2 94.2 87.0 8a 89.0 89.9 90.9 91.8 92.8 93.8 86.6 87.6 8a 6 89.5 90.5 91.4 92.4 93 4 86.3 87.3 88.3 89,2 90.1 91.0 92.0 93.0 86.0 86.9 87.9 88 8 89.8 90.7 91.7 92.7 85.6 86.5 87.5 8a4 89.4 90.3 91.3 92.3 85.3 86.2 87.2 sai 89.1 90;0 91.0 92.0 85.0 85.9 86.9 87.8 8a7 89.6 90.6 91.6 84.6 85.5 86.5 87.4 8a 4 89.3 90.2 91.2 84.2 85.1 86.1 87.0 8a 8a 9 89.8 90.8 83.8 84.7 85.7 86.6 87.6 88.5 89.4 90.4 83.5 84.4 85.4 86.3 87.3 8a2 89.1 90.0 83.2 84.1 85.1 '86.0 87.0 87.9 8a8 89.7 82.9 83.8 84.8 85.7 86.6 87.5 8a4 89.3 82.6 83.5 84.4 85.3 86.2 87.1 88.1 89.0 82.2 83.1 84.1 85.0 85.9 86.8 87.7 8a6 81.9 82.8 83.7 84.6 85.6 86.5 87.4 8a 3 81.6 82.5 83.4 84.3 85.2 86.1 87.0 8ao 81.3 82.2 83.1 84.0 84.9 85.8 86.7 87.6 81.0 81.9 82.8 83.7 84.6 85.5 86.4 87.3 80.6 81.5 82.5 83.4 84.3 85.2 86.1 87.0 80.3 81.2 82.1 83 83.9 84.8 85.7 III 80.0 80.9 81.8 82.7 83.6 84.5 85.4 79.7 80 6 81.5 82.4 83.3 84.2 85.1 86.0 79.4 80.3 81.2 82.1 83.0 83.8 84.7 85.6 79.1 80 80.9 81.7 82.6 83.5 84.4 85.3 78.8 79.7 80.6 81.4 82.3 83.2 84.1 85.0 78.4 79.3 80.2 81.1 82.0 82.8 83.7 84.6 78.1 79.0 79.9 8a 8 81.7 82.5 83.4 84.3 384 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Reduction of Specific Gravity Readings to 60T vThis table shows the specific gravities at 60°/60°F of oils having-, at the designated temperatures, the observed specific gravities indicated. For example, if the observed specific gravity is 0.610 at 80°F, the true specific gravity at eo'/eo'E* will be 0.621. The headings "Observed specific gravity" and "Observed temperature" signify the true indication of the hydrometer and the true temperature of the oil; that is, the observed readings cor- rected, if necessary, for instrumental errors.) Observed temperature in "F Observed specific gravities 0.610 0.611 0.612 0.613 0.614 0.615 0.616 0.617 0.6ia 0.619 OoJTespondins: specific gravities at 60° /SO" r TO. T2. 76 78 80 Si 0.6200 .eai .628 84 .623 86 88 90 92 .624 .626 .628 .627 i>4 62S 98 98 100 .630 .631 102 ... . 632 104 .633 106 .634 lOS 110 .635 .636 112 .637 lU 116 .638 .639 118 ... . 640 120 .641 0.6200 .6210 .627 .628 .683 .634 .est .em .641 0.6200 .6210 .624 .625 .626 .627 .630 .631 .640 .641 .642 0.8200 .6210 .628 .637 .640 .641 .642 .643 0.6BOO .6210 .6220 .6230 .6240 .625 .626 .927 .628 .631 .632 .637 .640 .641 .643 .644 .645 .6210 .6220 .6240 .6260 .628 .627 .640 Ml .643 .643 .644 .649 .646 .6205 .6215 .6225 .6835 .6245 .6255 .635 .636 .637 .640 .641 .642 .643 .644 .645 .648 .647 0.6200 .6315 .6245 .6255 .627 .629 .630 .685 .636 .637 .640 .641 .644 .645 .m .648 0.8200 .6210 .6243 .6285 .6265 .^75 .628 .630 .631 .634 .686 .637 .640 .841 .642 .843 .844 .645 .646 .647 .648 .849 0.6200 .6210 .6220 .62Sg .8245 .8285 .8^5 .6275 .635 .636 .637 .640 .641 .642 .643 .644 .645 .846 .647 .6^ .640 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 385 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed specific gravities Observed t.', ... .64? .643 .644 .645 .646 .647 .647 .MS .649 .850 mi. .643 .644 .645 .648 .947 .648 .648 .949 .660 .851 in. ... ... .647 .648 .649 .660 .6.11 .652 .852 .663 .954 .855 111. , .. ... .M8 .649 .6,% .651 .652 .683 .853 .654 .655 .666 n« .. .649 .660 .651 .652 .653 .954 .954 .655 .656 .657 118. . . . ... .650 .651 .653 .653 .654 .655 .955 .959 .657 .668 120 ... .651 .652 .653 .654 .655 .666 .668 .657 .858 .659 386 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO «0°F— Con. Observed temperature in °F ObsarTed specific gravities o.eso 0.631 o.esa 0.1 0.634 O.eSS 0.636 0.637 0.638 0. Oorresponding- specific gravities at e0°/60° P 0.6200 .6210 .6260 .6280 .6300 .6310 .6320 .6330 .6345 .6355 .6365 .6375 .6385 .640 .641 .642 .643 .644 .645 .646 .647 .648 .6.50 .651 .654 .655 .656 .65? .658 .669 0.6200 .6310 .6270 .6280 .6290 .6300 .6310 .6340 .6355 .6375 .6385 .6385 .6405 .941 .842 .643 .644 .645 .646 .647 .648 .649 .660 .663 .654 .655 .657 .6210 .6220 .6230 .6265 .6300 .6310 .6330 .6340 .6395 .6405 .6415 .642; .6431 .644 .645 .646 .647 .648 .649 .650 .651 .653 .654 .656 .657 .658 0.620- .621 .6240 .6250 .6275 .6290 .6340 .6350 .6405 .6415 .6425 .643 .644 .645 .646 .M7 .648 .649 .650 .651 .656 .657 .660 .681 0.620 .621 .6230 .6240 .6250 .6260 .6270 .6300 .6310 .6320 .6340 .6350 .6360 .6370 .6385 .6395 .6405 .6415 .6425 .6435 .644 .645 .646 ,647 .648 .649 .650 .651 .654 .655 .657 .658 .664 0.620 .622 .eaio .6320 .6330 .6340 .6350 .6380 .6370 .6405 .6415 .642S .6435 .64^ .645 .646 .647 .648 .649 .650 .651 .659 .657 .658 .659 .661 .662 0.620 .621 .624 .6255 .63K .6275 .6285 .6295 .6305 .6320 .6330 .6340 .6S0 .6360 .6370 .6380 .6390 .6400 .6410 .9420 .9430 .9440 .M50 .946 .947 .648 .649 .650 .651 .652 .653 .664 .^5 .657 .658 .659 .660 .661 .662 .663 .664 .623 .624 .6275 .6305 .6315 .6330 .6340 .6350 .6370 .6380 .6390 .«00 .6410 .6420 .6430 .6440 .6450 .6460 .647 .648 .649 .650 .651 .653 .654 .655 .666 .657 .964 0.622 .6275 .6285 .6296 .6305 .6315 .6340 .6350 .6360 .6370 .6380 .6390 .6400 .6410 .6420 .6430 .6440 .6450 .6490 .6470 .648 .649 .650 .651 .654 .655 .656 .657 .964 .695 .696 0.923 .624 .625 .6305 6315 .6350 .6360 .6370 .6400 .6410 .6420 .6440 .6450 .6480 .6470 .6480 .649 .650 .651 .652 .654 .655 .657 .658 .664 .665 .667 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 387 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. ObBerved tMiiperature ill F 0.640 Observed specific gravities 0.641 0.642 0.643 0.644 0.645 0.647 0.648 0.649 Corresponding- specific gravities at 60° /SO" P 30 1 0.624 32 ' .625 M 626 39 927 ■■« 928 40. 42.. 44.. 46. 48. 50. 52. .')4. 66. 58. B4. 66. 74. 76. 78. 80.. 82. 84 »( . «8 . oo.. 92.. 94.. 96.. 98.. 100.. 102.. 104.. 106.. 108.. 110.. 112.. 114.. 116.. 118.. .6295 .6305 .6315 .6345 .6360 .6370 .6400 .6110 .6420 .6430 .6440 .6450 .6460 .6470 .6480 .6490 .6.50 .651 .652 .653 .654 .655 .666 .657 .658 .664 .670 0.625 .926 .927 .628 .6315 .63% .6345 .6400 .6410 ' .6420 .6430 .6440 .6460 .6460 .6470 .6480 .0490 .8500 .852 .653 .654 .655 .664 .665 .670 .671 0.626 .927 .6315 .6325 .6400 .6410 .9420 .6430 .6440 .6460 .6460 .6170 .6480 .6490 .6500 .6510 .654 .655 i .666 0.627 .628 .629 .630 .631 .666 .657 .657 .658 .e.w .659 .659 .660 .680 .961 .6335 .6345 .6355 .6375 .6300 .6400 .6410 .6420 .6430 .l>440 .6150 .6490 .6470 .6480 .6490 .6600 .6510 .6520 .653 .664 .665 666 .657 .668 .662 .863 .664 .665 .670 .670 I .671 .671 ' .672 .672 .673 0.628 .920 .630 .631 .632 0629 .630 .631 .632 .633 .6335 .6345 ] .63)5 .6355 .6355 .6385 .6365 .6375 .6375 .6385 .6100 , .6410 j .6420 I .6430 i .9440 .61.50 .6460 .6470 .6490 .6500 .6610 .9520 .6530 .654 .955 .656 .957 .658 .664 .665 .667 .670 .671 .672 .673 .674 0.630 .631 .633 .634 .6375 .6385 .6110 .6420 .6430 .6440 .6450 .IWM .6)70 .6480 .64«) ; .6500 i .6510 .6520 .9530 .6610 .655 .656 .657 .660 .em .662 .663 .664 .666 .687 .6f8 .670 .671 .672 .673 .674 .675 .6410 .6120 .6430 ' .6440 ' .6)50 .6460 .6170 ' .6480 .6490 i .6500 j .6510 .6520 .6530 .9540 .6560 j .686 .657 .668 .669 0.631 .632 .933 .934 .635 .6375 .6385 .6395 .6406 .6420 .6430 .6440 .6450 .6160 .6470 .6480 .6)90 .6600 I .6510 .6520 .6530 .6540 .6550 .6560 .657 .668 .670 .671 .672 .673 .674 .675 .676 0.632 .833 .634 .635 .670 .671 .872 .673 .674 .675 .676 .677 0.633 .634 .635 .636 .637 .6375 .6385 .6385 I .6395 .6395 ; .6106 .610.5 .6415 .6416 .6425 .6430 .6440 .6460 .6460 .6470 .6480 .6490 .6600 .6610 .6620 .6530 .^40 .6550 .658 .659 .661 .662 .670 .671 .672 .873 .974 .875 .676 .677 .678 .6440 .6450 .6)110 .ft)70 fi).*^) .6400 .6500 .6510 .6520 .6530 .6540 .6660 .6560 .6570 .9580 .859 .690 .661 .682 .964 .865 .666 .687 .670 .671 .672 .673 .674 .675 .676 .877 .678 388 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed specific gravities Observed teiiiperature 0.650 0.651 0.652 0,653 0.654 0.165 0.658 0.657 0.658 0.650 Corresponding specific gravities at e0°/60° P 30 0.634 32 i .635 34 .636 33 637 38 40. 42. 44. 46. 48. 54. 56. 58. 82., 64., 70., 72., 74., 73., 78. 82. St. 86. 90. 92., 94., 93. 100. 102., 104, 106., 108. 110., 112. 114. 116., 118., .6385 .6405 .6415 .6425 .6435 .6450 .«eo .6470 .6480 .6490 .6500 .8510 .6520 .6530 .6540 .6550 .6560 .6570 .6580 .660 .661 .662 .667 .668 .670 .671 .673 .673 .674 .675 .676 .677 .eis .679 .680 ).635 0.636 .638 1 .637 .637 j .638 .638 I .639 .639 I .640 .6405 .6415 .6425 .64^ .6445 .6460 .6470 .6480 .6490 .6510 .6520 .663) .6570 .670 .676 .an .678 .679 .680 .6435 i .6445 .6455 .6470 .«80 .6480 .6500 .6610 .6520 .6630 .6540 .6650 .9570 .6680 .6600 .6610 .664 0.637 .640 .641 .6425 .6435 .M45 .6465 .M80 .6500 .6510 .6520 .mm .6540 .®50 .6660 .6570 .6580 .6590 .6600 .6610 .667 I .668 .668 , .669 .669 .670 .670 .671 .671 ; .672 .872 .671 .672 .673 ; .674 .6(74 I .675 .675 .678 .677 .678 .679 .673 .674 .675 .676 .677 .678 .679 .680 .640 .641 .642 .6435 .6446 .6465 .6465 .6475 .6500 .6510 .6520 .6540 .6550 .6660 .6570 .6530 .6580 .6600 .6810 .6320 .6630 .664 .665 .670 .671 .672 .673 .674 .675 .678 .677 .678 .640 .641 .U2 i^ .6500 .8510 .65-:o .6630 .6540 .6550 .6560 .6570 .6580 O.MO .641 .642 .643 .644 .&m5 .6465 .6475 .6485 .6495 .6510 .6520 .6530 .6540 .6650 .6660 .6670 I .6610 .6620 .6630 .6,40 .665 ; .666 •' .667 .670 .671 .672 .673 .674 .675 .676 .677 .678 .679 .6300 .6610 .6620 .6640 .6650 .ftJ9 .OTO .671 .672 .673 .674 .675 .676 .677 .678 .678 0.641 .642 .643 .6U .645 .6465 .8475 .6485 .6495 .6505 .6520 .9530 .6540 .6550 .6560 .6570 .6580 .6590 .6600 .6610 .6640 .6650 .667 .670 .671 .672 .673 .674 .875 .676 .677 .678 .879 .680 .680 .680 .680 .681 .681 .^1 .682 .682 .682 .683 .683 .683 .684 .684 .684 .685 .686 .685 .686 .644 .645 .646 .6475 .6485 .6495 .6505 .6515 .6530 .6540 .6550 .6560 .9570 .6680 .6680 .6600 .6610 .6640 .6650 .6660 .8670 .670 .671 .672 .673 .674 .675 .676 .677 .678 .681 .682 .683 .684 KANSAS CITY THSTL\u LABORATORY iSS) REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed specUic gravities (ihscrveil tt'ni;'i'ratiirf! Ill F 0.960 0.661 0.682 0,66.1 0,864 0.695 0.668 0.667 0,6f8 0.669 DorresponiJing specific fravltlee at 60°/60° F :«! , . . K.ntA 0.646 0.646 0.947 0,848 0,649 0.690 0.8S1 0,652 0659 32 MT, .646 .647 .648 Mi) .650 .651 .852 ,653 .654 M .(U'i .647 .648 .649 ,6,W ,651 .662 .653 .654 .855 ;ffi .(■47 .648 .640 .650 .r,r>\ ,652 .653 .664 .865 .6513 ,' Ls .... .648 .«4fl .650 .651 ,6.1-2 ,663 .655 .666 .657 .658 Ml .B495 .f..-|OS .0515 .6525 .6535 ,(i,>4.-> .6580 .657" .6580 .6690 a .6605 .«r,i,. .6525 .6536 .6645 .t555 .6570 .6580 .6680 .8800 +4 .6515 fCi'iii .6685 .6645 .6565 .65® ,6580 .6590 .6600 .6610 4(1 .6626 .(SH.^ .6545 .6565 .6686 .6575 .6590 .6800 .9610 .0920 4'^ .6535 .(i.M.', .6565 .8665 .6675 .6685 .6600 .6610 .6620 .8630 ."lO .(rvwi .6660 .6Sro .6580 ,6590 .6600 .6610 .6620 .9630 .eem ,-,'2 .().'> ■() .9570 .6680 .6500 ,8800 ,8810 .6620 .6630 .6640 .6650 lU, '.'.'.'.'.'.. .('.^>7(> .9680 .6680 .6600 .8610 .6&M .6630 .6640 .6860 .6880 rjl ... . .(iwi .6590 .6800 .6610 .8920 .8630 .8640 .mm .8860 .9870 .'>H. , , . . . . .6.500 .9000 .6610 .6820 .6630 .6640 .6650 .8860 .6670 .9680 m .(I80O .8610 .6610 .6620 .6620 .6830 ,6630 ,6640 .66)0 .6660 .6650 ,6860 .K,70 .8670 .6680 .6680 .6690 .eneo tV2 .6700 in .MM .6880 .6640 .8660 .6660 .6670 .6680 ,6690 .6700 .6710 11(1 .6630 .6640 .6650 .6660 .6370 .6680 .6690 .6700 ,6710 .6720 IW .ee«) .B6.W .6690 .9(370 .6660 .8890 .6700 .6710 6720 .6730 70 .6660 .6660 .6670 .6880 .6890 ,8700 .6710 .6720 ,6730 .6740 Ti .0690 .6070 .8680 .6690 .6700 ,6710 .6720 ,6730 ,6740 .8750 74. .6670 .6880 .8690 .6700 .6710 ,6720 .6730 ,6740 .6760 .6700 7(1 .6680 .eeco .8700 .6710 .(rz'jii ,6730 .8740 ,6750 .6760 .6770 7H .e«90 .6700 .6710 .8720 ,w,w ,8740 .6750 .6760 .dm .6780 ^(1 .... .670 .071 .872 .673 ,674 ,675 .876 ,677 .678 .679 n-2 .671 .672 .873 .674 ,875 .676 .en .678 .679 .680 ■il .672 .8(73 .674 .675 ,676 .mi .878 .679 .680 .681 ,'«> .673 .6^4 .675 .876 ,877 .678 .679 .880 ,681 .682 S.S. . .674 .675 .676 .677 ,678 .979 .879 ,680 ,881 ,682 1)(). .675 ,676 .677 .678 ,679 .680 .880 ,881 ,682 .683 yi. .676 .677 .8'8 .679 ,680 .f81 .681 ,682 .683 .684 '14., .677 .678 .879 .680 .681 .682 .682 ,683 .684 .685 '«■> .678 .f?r9 .880 .681 .882 .683 .883 ,684 .685 .688 !« .679 .680 .881 .682 .683 ,884 .684 ,685 .886 .887 100 .680 .681 .682 .683 .683 .684 .681 .682 .683 684 .6»» .685 .682 .683 .884 .685 .685 .686 .683 .684 .685 .686 .686 .687 .684 .685 .686 ,887 ,687 ,688 .P86 .686 .687 .688 .688 .689 .685 .686 .887 .688 .689 .890 ,686 .687 .688 .889 .690 .691 .687 .ess .689 .890 .691 .692 .688 102 .689 :04 .990 101 .991 1(18 .692 110 .693 112 .685 .685 .687 .688 .986 .687 .6S8 .689 .68fr .688 .689 .690 .688 .689 .690 .891 ,6S© .890 .691 .6K .690 .891 .692 .893 .891 .892 .693 .694 .892 .693 .694 .695 .693 .694 .695 .696 .em 114 .695 UK .696 118 .697 150 .689 .690 .691 .692 .693 .6W .695 .896 .697 .698 390 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed specific gravities Observed temrerature; O.ffTO in T o.«4 I o.ers o.ffre o.ms Corresponding specific gravities at eO^/OO" P 30., 32.. 34.. 3).. .38. 40. 42. 44. 46. 4S. .» m. M. .t6., 58. fi4, ft'i, 68. 70. 72. 74. 76. 78. 80. Si. 84. 94. 93., 98. 100., 102., 104. 106., 108., 110. 112. 114. 116. 118. 0.654 .655 .656 .657 .6600 .6610 .6650 .6660 .6670 .6T00 .9710 .era) .6730 .6740 .6750 .6760 .6770 .6780 .8790 .680 .681 0.655 .656 .657 ,6640 ,6650 eno ,6720 ,6730 ,6740 ,6(750 ,6790 ,6770 6780 6790 6S0O 681 ,687 .700 ,667 ,658 661 6630 6640 6670 ,6680 ,6690 ,6700 ,6710 ,6720 ,6780 ,6740 ,8750 .6760 6770 .6780 67W .684 .685 .685 .688 .687 o.esr .658 .659 .6840 .6650 .6670 .6700 .6710 .6720 .6730 .8740 .6750 .6760 .6770 .6780 .6790 .6800 .6810 .700 ,701 .694 .665 .700 .701 .7X10 0.658 0.659 0.661 0.682 0.693 .659 .660 .662 .663 .664 .660 .681 .663 .eM .965 .661 .662 .664 .6« .688 .663 .664 .685 .666 .667 .6640 .6660 .6660 .8670 .6680 .6650 .6660 .8670 .6680 .6890 .6860 .6670 .6680 .6690 .8700 .6870 .6680 .8690 .6700 .6(710 .6680 .6890 .6700 .6710 .6720 .6690 .6700 .eno .6720 .8730 .6700 .6710 .6720 .6730 .9740 .6710 .6720 .6730 .6740 .6750 .6720 .6730 .6740 .6750 .67«0 .6730 .6740 .8750 .6760 .6770 .6740 .6750 .6760 .6770 .6780 .6750 .6760 .6770 .6780 .6790 .6760 .W70 .6780 .6790 .6800 .6770 .6780 .6790 .6800 .6810 .9780 .6790 .6800 .6810 .6820 .6790 .6800 .6810 .8820 .6830 .6800 .6810 .8820 .6830 .6840 .6810 .6820 .6830 .6840 .6850 .6820 .6830 .6835 .6^5 .8885 .6830 .6840 .6845 .8855 .©65 .684 .685 .685 .686 .687 .685 .688 .686 .887 .688 .686 .687 .687 .888 .688 .687 .688 .688 .689 .690 .687 .688 .689 .690 .691 .688 .689 .690 .691 .892 .689 .690 .691 .892 .693 .690 .891 .892 .693 .894 .691 .692 .693 .694 .895 .692 .693 .684 .695 .686 .603 .694 .695 .698 .697 .694 .695 .696 .697 .698 .685 .696 .687 .898 .899 .696 .687 .698 .999 .700 .697 .698 .899 .700 .701 .698 .699 .700 .701 .702 .699 .700 .701 .702 .703 .700 .701 .702 .708 .704 .701 .702 .702 .703 .704 .702 .703 .703 .704 .705 .70S .704 .704 .705 .706 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 391 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. ' Observed specific gravities Observed Utuiperature 0.680 in "F 0.686 0.687 Corresponding specific gravities at 80°/eo° P 30 .■« ■M 36 :« 10 i> U 0.666 .666 .667 .668 .660 ,6700 ,6710 .6720 .6730 .6740 .6760 .6760 .6770 .6780 .6790 .6800 .6810 .6820 .0830 .6840 .6860 .6860 .6870 .0875 .6886 .689 .690 .601 .692 .693 ,601 ,605 ,696 ,697 .698 .699 .700 .701 .702 .703 .704 .705 .706 .706 .707 .708 0.666 .m .668 .669 .670 .6710 .6720 .6730 .6740 ,6750 ,6780 .6770 .6780 .0790 ,8800 ,6810 ,6800 .8830 .6840 .6850 .6860 .6870 .6880 ,8885 ,6895 ,690 ,891 ,692 ,693 .694 .893 .696 .687 .693 .689 .700 .701 .702 .703 .704 ,706 ,706 ,707 ,707 .708 ,700 0,667 ,668 ,660 ,670 ,671 .6720 .6730 .6740 .erso .8760 .6770 ,6780 ,6790 ,6800 ,6810 ,6820 .6630 .6840 .6850 .6860 .6870 ,6880 ,6890 .6895 .8905 ,891 ,892 ,693 ,694 ,695 ,696 ,997 ,698 ,690 ,700 .701 ,702 ,703 ,704 ,706 ,706 .707 .708 .708 ,709 ,710 0,668 ,669 ,670 ,671 .672 .6730 .6740 .6760 .6760 .6770 .6780 ,6790 ,6800 ,6810 .6820 .6630 .6840 .9850 .6880 .68f70 ,6880 ,6890 .6800 .6905 .6916 .esa .603 ,694 ,686 ,696 ,997 .698 ,689 ,700 ,701 ,702 ,703 .704 .705 .706 .707 .708 .700 .709 .710 .711 0.660 .670 .671 .672 .673 .6740 .67.50 .67fiO .6770 .6780 .6790 .6800 .6810 .6820 .6830 .6840 .6860 .6860 .6870 .6880 .6890 .6800 .6010 .6915 .6825 .693 .694 .695 .696 .697 .688 .689 .700 .701 .702 .703 .704 .705 .706 .707 .708 .709 .710 .no .711 .712 0.670 .671 .672 .873 .674 .6760 .9760 .6770 .6780 .6790 .6800 .6810 .68120 .6830 .6840 .6850 .6860 .6870 .6880 .6880 .6900 .6010 .6920 .6926 .6935 .994 .696 .696 .697 .688 .699 .700 .701 .702 .703 .704 .705 .706 .707 .708 .709 .710 .711 .711 .712 .713 0.671 .972 .673 .674 .675 .6760 .6770 .6780 .6790 .6800 .6810 .6820 .6830 .6810 .6850 .6860 .6870 .9380 .6890 .6800 .6910 ,6920 ,6925 ,6935 ,9945 ,995 ,696 ,607 ,998 ,699 ,700 ,701 ,702 ,703 ,704 ,705 ,706 ,707 ,708 ,708 ,700 .710 .711 .n2 .713 .714 0.672 .673 .974 .675 .676 .6770 .6780 .8790 .6800 .6810 .6820 .6830 .6840 .6850 .6860 .6870 .6880 .8880 .9000 .9910 .6820 .9930 .6836 .6845 .9865 .996 .607 .998 .690 .700 .701 .702 .703 .7(H .705 .706 .707 .708 .700 .709 .710 .711 .712 .713 .714 .715 0.673 .674 ,675 ,676 ,677 ,6780 ,6790 ,6800 .6810 .9820 .6830 .6840 .6860 .6860 .6870 .9880 .6890 .6900 .6910 .9920 .6930 .6940 .6045 .6956 .6065 .697 .698 .999 .700 .701 .702 .70S .704 .706 .706 .707 .708 .709 .no .no ,ni ,712 ,n3 ,n4 ,n5 .ne 0.674 .675 .976 .677 .678 .6790 .6800 .8810 .6820 M .6830 60 .6810 52 .6660 ,M .6860 56 58 .6880 (» .6890 (12 i;4 .6900 .6910 .6920 m 70 .. . .6930 .9940 72 ' .6960 74 .6956 78 .6965 78 .6975 -SO .696 . I .6960 r>' 1 .6990 .'4 .6070 ".! 6080 .">« 8990 74. 76. 78. ,Sli. 104 106.. 108. 110.. 112.. 114.. 116.. 118.. lao.. .7000 .7010 .7020 ; .7030 I .7040 j .7050 I .7065 .7066 .7075 .7065 .709 .710 .711 .712 ,713 .714 .Tie .716 .716 .717 0.986 .687 .8915 .6025 .6045 .6060 .6970 .9980 .6990 .7000 .7010 .7020 .7030 .7040 .7030 .7080 .7065 .Tt/TS .7085 .7095 .710 .711 .712 .713 .m .715 .716 .717 .717 .718 0.687 0.688 .718 I .719 .719 .720 .720 i .721 .721 i .722 .722 , .723 .723 .724 .725 .726 .726 .727 .724 .726 .726 .727 .727 .728 .601 .6925 .6935 .8945 .6965 .6970 .6980 .9990 i .7000 .7010 t .7020 .7030 j .7040 I .7050 .7060 .7070 .7075 .mm .7098 .7105 .711 .712 .713 .714 .715 .716 .717 .718 .718 .719 .720 .721 .722 .723 .724 .725 .726 .727 .T28 .728 .729 .690 .691 .602 .6045 .9955 .6966 .6070 .6980 .KM .7000 .7010 .7020 .7030 .7040 ,7060 .7060 .7070 .7080 .7085 .7005 .7105 .7115 .712 .713 .711 .715 .716 .717 .718 .719 .719 .720 .721 .732 .723 .724 .725 .727 .728 .729 .729 .730 0.689 0.8B0 .600 i .891 .691 j .602 .692 ! .(iSS .903 .804 .9065 .6075 .6880 .7000 .7010 .7020 .7030 , .7040 .7050 .70^0 .7070 .7080 .70!1.-, .71(t". .711.-> .712.-) .713 .714 .715 .716 .717 .718 .719 .720 .720 .721 .722 .75:! .7-:4 .7':,5 .726 .727 .728 .729 .730 .730 .731 .714 .715 .716 .717 .718 .719 .720 .721 .721 .722 .723 .724 .725 .726 .727 .728 .729 .730 .731 .731 .732 0.991 e.K .602 J .693 .693 I .694 .894 .895 .606 I .606 0.693 .684 .9966 .6966 I .6975 : .6985 i .6990 I .7000 '' .7010 .7020 .7030 .7040 .7060 .7060 i .7070 ! .7080 .7nno .6976 .9986 .6996 .7006 .7015 .7025 .7030 .70(0 .7060 .Toeo .7070 .7080 .7090 .7095 71(10 .7105 7iai .ni5 7115 .7125 Tit's ; .7135 7135 .7145 .715 .716 .717 .718 .719 .?20 .720 .721 .722 .•w .724 .725 .72! .727 .728 .729 .730 .T31 .T31 .T32 .T33 .6975 .6965 .8996 .7005 .7015 .7025 .7035 .7W0 ■ .7050 I .7090 .70TD .7080 .7090 .7100 ; .7105 i .7115 .T125 .T135 .T145 .T165 .T16 ' .m .T18 .710 .T20 .721 .721 .722 .723 .724 .725 .726 .727 , .728 .729 I .730 I .731 I .732 .732 1 .733 .734 0.694 .606 .696 .697 .697 : .6(18 .8985 ' .6995 .8995 1 .7006 .7006 ! .7015 .7015 i .7025 .7025 I .7035 ,7035 .7045 .7050 .7060 .7070 .7080 .7090 .7100 .nio .7116 .7125 .TIE .T145 .T155 .7166 .TIT .Tlfl .T19 .720 .T21 .T22 .722 .723 .724 .725 .726 .727 .728 .729 .730 .731 .732 .733 .733 .734 .735 .7045 .7056 .7000 .7070 .7080 .7000 .7100 .7110 .T120 .T125 .T1,W ,714.5 .T1.55 .T166 .71T5 .T18 .719 .720 .721 .722 .72.-? .723 .724 .725 .7'2'i .727 .728 .729 .730 .731 .732 .733 .734 .734 .735 .736 394 BULLETIN' NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed temperature in "F Observed specific gravities 0.712 0.713 0,714 I 0.715 0.716 0.717 0.718 Oorresponding: specific gravities at e0°/60° r .7005 .7015 .Toes .7035 .7045 .7055 .7085 .7070 .7OS0 .7090 .7100 .7110 .7120 .7130 .7135 .714S .7165 .7165 .7175 .7185 .719 .720 .721 .722 .723 .724 .72* .725 .726 .727 .728 .729 .730 .731 .732 .733 .734 .734 .785 .736 .787 0.696 .697 .700 .7015 .7025 .7035 .7W5 .7055 .7065 .7075 .7080 .7090 .7100 .mo .7120 .7130 .7140 .7146 .7155 .7165 .7175 .7185 .7195 .720 .721 .722 .723 .724 .725 .725 .726 .727 .728 .729 .730 .731 .732 .733 .734 .735 .73S .736 .737 .738 0.967 .700 .701 .7025 .7035 .7W5 .7055 .7065 .7075 .7085 .7090 .7100 .7110 .7120 .7130 .7140 .7150 .7155 .7165 .7175 .7185 .7195 .72CB .721 .722 .723 .724 .725 .726 .726 .727 .728 .729 .730 .731 .732 .735 .736 .736 .737 .738 0.698 0.699 0.700 0.701 0.702 0.703 .609 .700 .701 .702 .703 .704 .700 .701 .702 .703 .704 .705 .701 .702 .703 .7(M .705 .706 .702 .703 .704 .705 .706 .707 .7035 .7045 .7055 .7065 .7075 .7085 .7045 .7055 .7065 .7075 .7085 .7095 .7055 .7085 .7075 .7085 .7095 .7105 .7065 .7075 .7085 .7095 .7105 .7115 .7075 .7085 .7095 .7105 .7115 .7125 .7085 .7095 .7106 .7115 .7125 .7135 .7095 .7105 .7115 .7125 .7135 .7145 .7100 .7100 .7120 .7130 .7140 .7150 .7110 .7120 .7130 .7140 .7150 .7160 .7120 .7130 .7140 .7150 .7160 .7170 .7130 .7140 .7160 .7160 .7170 .7180 .7140 .7160 .neo .7170 .7180 .7190 .7160 .7160 .7170 .7180 .7190 .7200 .7160 .7170 .7180 .7185 .71^ .7206 .7165 .7175 .7185 .7195 .7205 .7215 .7175 .7185 .7195 .7205 .7215 .7225 .7185 .7195 .7205 .7215 .7226 .7235 .7195 .7205 .7215 .7223 .7236 .7245 .7205 .7215 .7225 .7235 .7245 .7256 .7215 .7225 .7235 .7245 .7266 .7266 .722 .723 .724 .725 .728 .727 .723 .724 .725 .726 .727 .728 .724 .725 .728 .727 .728 .729 .725 .726 .727 .728 .729 .730 .726 .727 .728 .729 .730 .731 .727 .728 .729 .729 .730 .731 .727 .728 .729 .730 .731 .732 .728 .729 .730 .731 .732 .733 .729 .730 .731 .732 .733 .734 .730 .731 .732 .733 .734 .735 .731 .732 .733 .734 .735 .736 .732 .733 .734 .735 .736 .737 .733 .1U .735 .736 .737 .738 .734 .735 .736 .737 .738 .739 .735 .736 .737 .737 .738 .739 .736 .737 .738 .738 .739 .740 .737 .738 .739 .739 .740 .741 .737 ;738 .739 .740 .741 .742 .738 .739 .740 .741 .7421 .743 .738 .740 .741 .742 .743 .7144 .740 .741 .742 .742 .743 .744 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 395 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed specific gravities Observed temperature 0.720 in F 0.721 0.722 0.728 0.724 1 0.725 0.726 0.729 Corresponding specific gravities at 80" /80" F :>J 0.705 0.706 0.707 0.708 0.700 0.710 0.712 0.713 0.714 0.715 :« .706 .707 .708 .709 .710 .711 .713 .714 .715 .718 IM .707 .708 .709 .710 .ni .712 .n4 .715 .716 .717 3;! .706 .709 .710 .711 .712 .713 .715 .716 .717 .718 :« .700 .710 .711 .712 .7i3 .714 .716 .717 .718 .719 40 .no6 .7116 .7125 .7135 .7145 .7156 .7165 .7175 .7186 .7146 42 .7116 .7125 .7185 .7145 .7166 .7126 .7135 .7146 .7185 .7165 .7138 .7145 .7165 .7165 .7175 .7146 .7166 .7165 .7175 .7185 .7155 .7165 .7175 .7186 .7195 .7165 .7175 .7185 .7195 .7-0.) .7175 .71^ .7195 .7205 .7215 .7185 .7195 .7205 .7215 .7225 .7195 .7206 .7215 .7225 .7285 .7205 44 .7215 4a .7225 48 .r23B 50 .7245 52 .7166 .7176 .7185 .7195 .Taos .7215 .7225 .7235 .72145 .7255 54 .7170 .7180 .7100 .7200 .7210 .7220 .7230 .7240 .7260 .7260 69 .7180 .7190 .7200 .7210 .7220 .7230 .7240 .7280 .7260 .7270 66 .7100 .7200 .7210 .7220 .7280 .7240 .7280 .7260 .7270 .7280 (ill .7200 .7210 .7210 .7220 .7220 .7230 .7230 .7240 .7240 .7250 .7260 .72160 .7260 .7270 .7270 .TJtU .7280 .7290 .7290 1.2 .7300 64 .7220 .7280 .7240 .7260 .7280 .7270 .7280 .7280 .7300 .7810 06 .7225 .7236 .7245 .7266 .7265 .7275 .7285 .7295 .7305 .7315 as .7236 .7245 .7266 .7266 .7375 .7-285 .7295 .7305 .7315 .7825 70 .7246 .7255 .7266 .7276 .T-JX") .7295 .7305 .7315 .7828 .7335 72 .7255 .7266 .7276 .7285 .72;f.) .7305 .7315 .7325 .7335 .7346 74 .7265 .7275 .7285 .7295 .7305 .7.il5 .7325 .7335 .7345 .7355 76 .7275 .7285 .7296 .7305 .7:!15 .7325 .7330 .7340 .7360 .7380 78 .7286 .7295 .7805 .7315 .7J2.i .7336 .7340 .Tzao .7390 .7370 80 .729 .730 .731 .732 .733 .734 .735 .736 .737 .788 82 .730 .731 .782 .733 .734 .735 .786 .737 .738 .730 84 .7S1 .732 .733 .734 .735 .736 .787 .738 .739 .740 8S .732 .733 .784 .735 .736 .737 .737 .738 .739 .740 88 .733 .733 .734 .73* .735 .785 .736 .736 .737 .737 .738 .738 .738 .739 .789 .740 .740 .741 .741 90 .742 92 .734 .735 .786 .787 .738 .785 .736 .787 .738 .739 .738 .737 .738 .739 .740 .737 .738 .739 .740 .741 .738 .739 .740 .741 .742 .739 .740 .741 .742 .743 .740 .741 .742 .743 .743 .741 .742 .748 .744 .744 .742 .743 .744 .745 .745 .743 94 .744 96 .746 98 .746 100 .746 102 .789 .740 .741 .742 .743 .744 .744 .745 .748 .747 104 .740 .741 .742 .743 .744 .745 .745 .746 .747 .748 106 .741 .742 .743 .744 .745 .746 .746 .747 .748 .749 108 .741 .7421 .743 .744 .745 .746 .747 .748 .749 .760 110 .742 .748 .744 .745 .748 .747 .748 .740 .750 .751 112 .748 .744 .746 .748 .747 .748 .749 .750 .751 .762 114 .744 .748 .746 .747 .748 .749 .749 .750 .751 .752 lie .746 .746 .747 .748 .749 .750 .750 .751 .752 .753 118 .746 .747 .748 .749 .750 .751 .751 .752 .758 .754 120 .748 .747 .748 .749 .750 .751 .752 .■^3 .754 .755 396 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60° F— Con. Observed temperature in °F Observed specific gravities 0.733 0.738 0.737 0.7S8 0.739 Corresponding- specific gravities at eO°/60° F 32. 31. 3S. 38., «*. . &.. 44.. 40.. 48.. 50.. 52.. 56.. 5K. 70. 72. 74. 76. 78. 80. 82. S4.. 90. 92. lOO. .. 102... 104... ion... 108... UO... 112. . . 114. . . lie. . . 118. . . 0.716 \ 0.717 .717 I .718 .718 I .719 .719 I .720 .720 .721 .7205 .7215 .7229 .7285 .7245 .V2S5 .7265 .7270 .7280 .7290 .7800 .7310 .7320 .7328 .7338 .7345 .7350 .7385 .7370 .7380 j .739 .740 .741 .741 .743 7.43 .744 .746 .748 .747 .747 .748 .749 .750 .751 .753 .753 .754 .765 .738 .7215 .7225 .7235 .7245 .7255 .7265 .7275 .7280 .7290 .7300 .7310 .7380 .7330 .7335 .7345 .7355 .73% .7375 .7380 .7390 .740 .741 .742 .742 .743 .744 .745 .746 .747 .748 .748 .749 .750 .751 .Tea .753 .7M .7W .765 .766 .757 0.718 .719 .720 .721 .722 .7225 .7235 .7245 .7266 .721-6 .7275 .72® .7290 .7300 .7310 .7320 .7330 .7340 .7345 .7385 .7376 .7385 .7390 .7400 .741 .742 .743 .743 .744 .745 .746 .747 .748 .740 .749 .750 .751 .7512 .753 .754 .755 .755 .766 .757 .758 0.719 .720 .721 .722 .723 .7235 .7245 .7255 .7265 .7276 .7285 ,7295 .7300 .7310 ,73SO .7330 .7M0 .7350 .7356 .7366 ,7375 .7885 .7395 .7400 .7410 .742 .743 .744 .744 .745 .746 .747 .748 .749 .780 .750 .TCI .TC2 .753 .764 .755 .756 .766 .767 .768 0.720 ,721 ,7-2 .723 .724 .7-245 .7255 .7265 .7275 .7285 .7295 .7305 .7310 .7320 .7330 .7340 ,7350 .7360 .7M5 .73fr5 .7385 .7366 ,7406 .7410 ,7420 ,743 .744 .745 .746 .746 .747 .748 .749 .7.50 .761 .751 .752 .753 .754 .755 .755 ,757 .767 .758 .769 0.721 .722 .723 , .724 .728 .7255 .7285 .7276 .7285 ,7295 .73(6 .7315 .7320 I .7330 ,7340 .7350 .7360 .7370 .7375 .73^ ,7395 .7405 ,7415 ,7420 .7430 .744 ,745 .749 .746 .747 ,748 .749 .750 .751 .762 .762 .753: .754 .755 .756 .757 .768 .758 .759 .760 0.722 .723 ,7-24 .725 ,726 .7270 ,7275 .7285 .7396 .7305 .7315 .7325 .7330 .7340 .7350 .7360 ,7370 .7375 .7385 .7385 .7405 .7410 .7420 .7430 .7440 .744 .745 .746 .747 .748 ,749 .750 .751 .751 .752 .758 .754 .765 .756 .756 .757 .758 ,760 .760 .761 ,761- 0.723 .724 .725 .728 .727 .7280 .7285 .7296 .7305 .7315 .7325 .7335 .7340 .7350 .7360 .7370 .7380 ,7385 .7395 .7405 ,741S ,7420 .7430 .7440 .7450 .745 .746 .747 .748 .749 .750 .761 .752 .750 .753 .754 .755 .756 .767 .137 .758 .759 .760 .791 ,762 0.724 .725 .726 .727 .728 .7290 .72K 7305 .7315 ,7325 .7338 .7M5 .7850 .7360 .7370 .7380 .7390 .7395 .7406 .7415 .7425 .7430 .7440 .7460 .7460 .747 .748 .740 .760 .751 .752 .763 .753 .754 .760 .756 .787 .758 .768 .759 .760 .761 .762 .763 .763 K.I.\'S.-1S CITY TESTIMG LABOKAJORY 397 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60° F— Con. Observed specific gravities tH.iiperutiire in 'P 0.T41 0.743 \ i 0.744 I 0.715 I 0.743 Corresponding specific gravities at it< K' F :M. SB. 0.T26 .727 .728 .r» .730 0.727 .728 .729 .730 .731 40 .7810 .7320 42 .7315 I .732S 44 7325 .7885 46 7335 : .7345 48 7345 .7366 .50., Si. .M. .56.. .■».. HO. 152. S4. .7855 .7366 .7365 .7376 .7370 .7380 .7380 .7300 .7380 .7400 .7400 .7410 .7410 .7420 .7415 .7426 .7425 .7435 I .7435 .7445 I .7446 .7485 .7450 .7480 .7480 , .7470 .7470 .7480 .7480 .7490 ^. . . .748 It; 740 M.. .. .750 ■lii 751 .SH 762 90 763 :« 754 :H... 755 1X5 755 !« 756 lio 7S7 102 758 KM 750 lOfi 760 m< 760 no 7S1 112 .7ffJ 114 : .763 116 764 118 765 120 765 .749 .750 .751 .752 .753 .754 .765 .766 .756 .757 .758 .759 .760 .761 .761 .762 .763 .764 .765 .766 .796 0.728 .729 i .730 .731 .73B .7330 .7338 ; .7845 .7356 i .7366 .7375 .7385 .7380 .7400 .7410 .7420 .7430 .7436 .744.-> .7455 .746.1 .7470 .7480 .7400 .7500 .7.W .7.->l !75.-! 7M .755 .756 .757 .757 .758 .750 .760 .761 .762 .763 .764 .765 .766 .767 .767 0.729 .730 .731 .732 .733 .7340 .7345 .7356 .7365 .7375 .73K .7395 .7400 .7410 .7420 .7430 .7440 .7445 .7455 .7465 .7475 .7480 .7490 .7600 .7510 .751 .782 .753 .754 .765 .756 .757 .758 .768 .750 .760 .761 .762 .763 .763 .764 .768 .766 .767 .768 0.730 .731 .~K, .733 .7.34 .7350 .7355 .7365 .7375 .7385 .7395 .7406 .7410 .7420 .74:j> .741(1 .7l.'i" .74,'>,'i ,7411^1 .747.'> .7485 .7.ieo .7500 .7510 .7520 ,7.V2 .7.W ,7.>4 .7.^7 7.").'> .75!) .7.iO -■•f\ .761 .763 .763 .764 .764 .765 .766 .767 .769 0.731 .732 .733 .784 .736 .7360 .7366 .7375 .7385 .7395 .7405 .7415 .7401 .7430 .7440 .7450 .7J60 .7465 .7475 .7485 .74K) .75H> .7.=il" .75 .75ai .7.W .7*4 .7;k> .7.^! .7S7 .7.W .759 .780 .760 .761 .764 .7K .765 .7C/i .787 .768 .7W .770 0.732 .733 .784 .735 .738 .7370 .7380 .7390 .7400 .7405 .7415 .74ij .74.15 .7440 .7460 .745 .7515 .7520 .7.530 .7540 .7550 .755 .756 .757 .758 .750 .760 .780 .761 .762 .70S .764 .765 .7® .766 .767 .768 .780 .760 .770 .771 .772 0.734 .738 .736 .737 .738 , .7390 .7400 .7410 .7420 .7425 .7435 .7445 .7455 .7460 .7470 .7480 .7490 .7406 .7506 .7515 .7525 .7530 .7540 .7560 .7560 .736 .797 .758 .750 .760 .761 .761 .762 .763 .7M .765 .766 .676 .767 .768 .769 .770 .770 .771 .772 .773 0.735 .736 .737 .738 .739 .7460 .7410 .7430 .7430 .7435 .7445 .7455 .7465 .7470 .7480 .7490 .7500 .7505 .7515 .7525 .7536 .7540 .7650 .7560 .TWO .757 .758 .750 .760 .761 .762 .782 .763 .764 .785 .786 .767 .787 .768 .769 .770 .771 .771 .772 .773 398 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed epeeific gravities Observed temperature 0.750 0.751 0.752 0.753 0.754 0.7SB 0.758 o.7ar 0.758 0.759 Corresponding- specific gravities a.fc 60Veo° P 30 0.736 .737 .738 .739 .740 .7410 .7420 .7430 .7440 .7445 .7455 .7465 .7475 .7480 .7490 .7500 .7510 .7515 .7525 .7535 .7545 .7550 .7560 .7570 .7580 .758 .750 .780 .761 .792 .769 .763 .764 .765 .768 .7W .768 .768 .769 .770 .771 .772 .772 .773 .774 .775 0.737 .738 .738 .7W .741 .7430 .7430 .7440 .7450 .7455 .7465 .7475 .7485 .7490 .7500 .7510 .7520 .7525 .7533 .7545 .7565 .7560 .7570 .7560 .7590 .759 .760 .761 .762 .769 .764 .764 .769 .768 .767 .768 .769 .789 .770 .771 .772 .773 .773 .774 .775 .77B 0.738 .739 .740 .741 .742 .7430 .7440 .7450 .7460 .7465 .7475 .7485 .7485 .7500 .7510 .7520 .7630 .7535 .7545 .7553 .7565 .7570 .7560 .7600 .7600 .760 .781 .762 .763 .764 .765 .765 .769 .767 .768 .769 .770 .770 .771 .772 .773 .774 .774 .775 .776 .777 0.739 .740 .741 .742 .743 .7440 .7450 .7460 .7470 .7475 .7485 .7485 .7505 .7510 .7520 .7530 .TB40 .7545 .7555 .7565 .7S75 .7580 .7590 .7600 .7610 .761 .763 .763 .764 .765 .766 .769 .767 .768 .769 .770 .771 .771 .772 .773 .774 .775 .775 .779 .777 .778 0.740 .741 .742 .743 .744 .7450 .7460 .7470 .7480 .7485 .74^ .7605 .7515 .7520 .7530 .7540 .7550 .7^5 .75® .7575 .75S5 .7580 .7800 .7810 .7820 .762 .763 .764 .765 .789 .767 .767 .TO8 .789 .770 .771 .772 .772 .773 .774 .775 .776 .776 .777 .778 .779 0.741 .742 .743 .744 .745 .7480 .7470 .7480 .7490 .7486 .75(» .7515 .7525 .7530 .7540 .7550 .7560 .7665 .7575 .7685 .7595 .7900 .7610 .7620 .7630 .763 .764 .769 .766 .767 .768 .768 .760 .770 .771 .772 .773 .773 .774 .775 .7719 .777 .777 .778 .779 .780 0.742 .743 .744 .745 .746 .7475 .7480 .7490 .7500 .7510 .7515 .7525 .7535 .7540 .7560 .7560 .7670 .7675 .7585 .7590 .7600 .7810 .7615 .7625 .7635 .764 .766 .768 .76f?' .767 .768 .789 .770 .m .771 .772 .773 .774 .775 .775 .776 .777 .778 .779 .780 .780 0.743 .744 .745 .746 .747 .7435 .7490 .7500 .7510 .7520 .7525 .7535 .7545 .7550 .7560 .7570 .7580 .7585 .7595 .7600 .7610 .7620 .7635 .7845 .765 .768 .767 .768 .768 .760 .770 .771 .772 .772 .773 .774 .7T5 .778 .779 .777- .778 .779 .780 .781 .781 0.744 .745 .746 .747 .748 .7485 .7500 .7510 .7520 .7530 .7685 .7545 .7555 .7560 .7570 .7580 .7500 .7585 .7605 .7610 .7620 .7690 .7635 .7845 .7665 .788 .719? .768 .789 .799 .770 .771 .772 .773 .773 .774 .775 .TVS .777 .777 .778 .779 .780 .781 .782 .782 0.745 3Si .746 34 .747 36 .748 38 .740 40 .7505 4a .7510 44 .7620 46 .7530 48 .7540 go .7545 52 .7566 54 .7585. 56" .7570 68 .im) 60 .7590 62 .7600 64 .7605 69 68 .7615 .7620 70 .7630 73 .7640 74 .7645 76 .7635 78 .7666 80 .767 82 .768 84 .799 86 . .770 88 .770 90 .771 92 .772 94 . . .773 96 .774 98 .774 100 . . .775 102 .779 104 .777 106 .779 108 778 HO 112 780 114 7S1 116 lis .783 120 783 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 399 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed specific gravities Observed temperature 0.7W) 0.7B1 0.762 0.763 0.79t 0.765 0.766 O.TST 0.768 cree Oorrespondingr specific gravities at 80* /eo" P 30. 32. 31. 40. 42. 44. 46. 48. fiO. 82. 64. 70. 72. 74. 70. 78. 84. S6. . 88. 90. 92., M. 86.. 08. 100.. 102.. 104.. loe. . loe. . no,. 112.. 114,. 116.. 118.. 0.751 .752 .753 .754 .756 0.753 j 0.75* .754 .756 .755 ! .759 .756 .TST .757 ' .758 .7565 I .7575 | .7585 .7570 ' .75® I ,7566 .7580 1 .7580 ' .7600 .7580 .7600 i .7810 .7800 ' .7610 I .7820 .7806 •' .7615 ; .7825 .7830 .7640 .7950 .7660 .7965 .7675 .7690 .rroo .7706 .7716 .7725 .773 .774 .776 ' .776 i .7620 .7625 i .7836 .70)5 .7^0 .7960 .7970 .7OT5 1 .7695 .7890 .7700 .7710 i .7715 : .7725 .7736 .TH i .775 j .778 .778 .777 .777 .T7B .778 .779 .779 .790 .780 .780 .780 .7a .781 .782 .782 .783 .783 .784 .784 .784 .7» .786 .785 .786 .789 .787 .787 .78fr .788 .788 .789 .789 .789 .760 .7646 .7655 .7660 .imo .7680 .7685 I .7695 .r?oo I .7710 I .7720 .7r2S .7735 .7745 .775 ( .776 I .777 I .777 I .778 I .779 ! .780 .781 ! .781 : .782 .783 .784 .785 .786 .786 .787 .788 .788 .791 0.759 .758 .757 .758 .789 .7596 .7606 .7610 .7920 .7680 .7640 .7645 .7866 .7965 .7«70 .7880 .7690 .7696 .7705 .7710 .7720 .7730 .7735 .7746 .7755 .776 .777 .778 .778 .779 .780 .781 .783 .784 .789 .788 .789 .787 .788 .789 .789 .790 .791 .792 4 I .7890 .7895 .7906 .7915 ,792 ,70;! ,70.'! ,70+ .705 0.772 .773 .774 ,775 .776 ,77(:.n 777.1 77S.=» .7790 .7800 .7810 .7815 .7825 I 7,«.-(.S .7810 .7(150 .7860 ' .7865 .787S .7880 ; .7890 .7900 .7905 .7915 .7W.T 703 -04 704 .705 ,700 .800 .800 .801 .802 .804 .805 .806 .807 ,70fi I .797 ,707 I .798 ry; \ .798 7'K I .799 too I .800 0.773 .774 .775 .776 ,777 .7780 .7785 .7795 .78(S .7810 .7820 j .7a'» .7835 ; .7R4.T ,7&50 .7860 .78^ .7875 .7885 .7890 .7900 .79(S I .7915 .7926 .7930 .794 j .794 I .795 .796 i .797 I .798 .798 .799 .800 .801 ..sfll .801 ,801 I .802 .803 .804 8(14 I .804 ,Sf>:! ' .804 .805 .806 .807 .808 .8W .806 .807 .807 .809 0.774 .775 .776 .777 .778 .7790 .7796 .7805 .7815 ,7,*;o .7830 .7840 .7845 .7855 .7860 .7870 .7875 .78S; .7895 .7900 ! .7910 .7915 .7925 .7938 .7940 .795 .796 .796 .797 .798 .799 .799 .800 .801 .802 .802 i .803 .804 .805 .805 .806 .807 .808 .808 .810 0.775 .778 .777 .778 .779 .7800 .7806 .7815 .7825 .7830 .7840 .7850 .7856 .786S .7870 .7880 .7885 .7896 .79(B .7910 .7920 .7923 .7935 .7945 .7450 .796 .796 .797 .798 ,709 .800 .800 801 .802 .808 .803 I .804 .806 .806 .806 .807 .808 ' .809 .899 .810 1 ■Sll i 0.776 .7T7 .778 .779 .780 .7810 .7815 .7825 .7835 .78(0 .7850 .7890 .7865 .7875 .7880 .7890 .7805 .7906 .7916 .7920 .7930 .7935 .7M5 .7965 .7960 .797 .797 .798 .790 .800 .801 .801 .802 .803 .804 .804 .805 .806 .807 .807 .808 .809 .810 .810 ,811 402 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed temperature in °P Observed specific gravities 0.792 0.793 0.794 0.795 o.79e 0.7S8 1 0.799 Corresponding" specific gravities at &yj&f F 0.777 .778 .779 .780 781 .7820 .7825 7835 .784S 78S0 7880 ,7870 787S ,7885 ,7890 .7BC0 7905 7915 ,7928' 7930 ,7940 ,7945 7955 7986 7970 ,798 798 ,799 ,800 ,801 ,803 804 806 807 ,808 ,808 ,809 ,810 .811 ,811 812 ,813 .0778 .779 .780 .781 .782 .7830 .7835 .7845 .7^5 .7860 .7870 .7^0 .7885 .7895 .7900 .7910 .7915 .7920 .7935 .7940 .7950 .7965 .7965 .7975 .7980 .799 .799 .800 .801 .806 .806 .807 .800 .810 .811 .812 .812 .813 0.779 .780 .781 .782 .7840 .7845 .7855 .7865 .7870 .7880 .7890 .7895 .7905 .7910 .7920 .7625' .7935 .7945 .7950 .7960 .7965 .7975 .7985 .7990 .800 .801 .802 .804 .804 .805 .806 .807 .8(ff .810 .810 .811 .SM .813 .813 .814 .815 0.780 .781 .78a .783 .784 .7850 .7855 .78^ .7875 .7880 .7890 .7900 .7905 .7915 .7920 .7930 .7935 .7945 .7955 .7960 .7970 .7975 .7985 .801 .801 .802 .805 .805 .806 .807 .808 .808 .809 .810 .811 .811 .812 .813 .814 .814 .815 0.7a 0.782 .782 .783 .788 .784 .784 .7» .785 .780 .7860 .7870 .7865 .7875 .7875 .7885 .7885 .7895 .7890 .7900 .7900 .7910 .7910 .7920 .7915 .7925 .7925 .7935 .7930 .7940 .7940 .7950 .7945 .7955 .7965 .7965 .7965 .7975 .7970 .7980 .7980 .7990 .7985 .7995 .7995 .8005 .8005 .8015 .8010 .8020 .802 .803 .802 .803 .803 .804 .804 .805 805 .806 .806 .807 .806 .807 .807 .808 .808 .809 .809 .810 .809 .810 .810 .811 .811 .812 .812 .813 .812 .813 .813 .814 .814, .815 .815 .816 .815 .816 .816 .817 .817 .818 0.784, .784 .785 .788 .787 .7880 .7890 .7895 .7905 .7910 .7K0 .7930 .7935 .7W5 .7955 .7960 .7965 .7975 .7985 .7990 .8000 .8005 .8015 .8020 .8030 .804 .804 .805 .81)3 .807 .808 .810 .811 .811 .812 .813 .813 .S14' .816 .817 .818 0.7® .785 .786 .787 .7890 .7900 .7905 .7915 .7920 .7930 .7940 .7945 .7965 .7965 .7970 .7975 .7985 .7995 .8000 .8010 .8015 .8025 .8030 .8040 .805 .805 .808 .8W .809 .810 .811 .812 .812 .813 .814 .814 .815 .819 -.817 .817 0.786 .786 .787 .788 .789 .7900 1.7910 .7915 .7925 .7930 .7940 .7960 .7965 .79^ .7975 .7980 .79^ .7995 .8005 .8010 .8020 .80E6 .8036 .8040 .8050 .808 .807 .80S .809 .810 .810 .811 .812 .813 .813 .814 .815 .815 .816 .817 .818 .818 .819 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 403 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. ObBerred specific gravities Observed temperature 0.800 In 'F 0.801 0.802 0.803 0.804 O.806 0.808 0.807 Corresponding specific gravities at 80° /eo* F 30. 32. U.. .18. .■«. 40... 42.... 4-1.... 46.... 48.... 50. S2 .14. .V). SS. . 82. «4. 83., 68. 70., 72.. 74.. 78.. 78.. 80.. 82.. 84.. 88.. 90. 92. 94. 08., 98. 100. 102. 104. 106. 108. 110., 112.. 114., 118.. 118.. 120.. 0.788 I .783 .789 .790 1 .791 .7W20 .79.TO .70,'« .7945 .7960 .7960 .7970 .7975 .7986 .799,5 .8000 .8005 .8015 .8025 .8030 .8040 .8045 .8065 .8065 .8070 .808 .808 .809 .810 .811 .812 .812 .813 .814 .815 .815 .818 .817 .817 .818 .819 .820 .820 .821 .822 0.789 .789 .790 .791 .792 .7980 ; .7940 I .7945 .7956 .7980 .saiF, .8025 .8035 .8(M0 .8050 .8055 .8086 .8075 .8080 .800 .809 .810 .811 .812 .813 j .813 ! .814 .815 .816 .816 .817 .818 .818 .819 .820 .821 .821 .822 .823 .824 0.790 .780 .791 .792 .793 .7940 .79.50 .7955 .79^ .7970 .7970 .7980 1 .7980 .7990 1 i .7985 .7995 .7996 .8006 1 .8005 flmn .8015 .sr»ft .8025 .8035 .8046 .8050 0.791 .791 .792 .793 7.04 .7450 .79«0 .7965 .7975 .7980 .7900 .8000 .8005 .8015 .8026 .8035 .8045 .8056 .8060 8060 .8070 8065 .8075 8075 .8085 8085 .8095 8090 .8100 .810 .810 .811 .812 .813 .814 .814 .816 .816 .817 .817 .818 .819 .819 .820 .821 .822 .822 .823 .824 .811 .811 .812 .813 .814 .815 .815 .816 .817 .818 .818 .819 .820 .820 .821 .823 .824 .825 .826 0.792 .792 i .793 .794 .795 .7960 .7970 .7975 .7965 .7990 .8000 .8010 .8015 : .8025 .8036 .8040 .80<5 .8065 ! .8066 .8070 .8060 .8085 .8095 .8105 .8110 .812 .812 .813 .814 .815 .816 .816 .817 .818 .819 .819 .820 .821 .831 .824 .825 0.793 .793 .794 .795 .796 0.794 i 0.7B6 .795 ! .799 .795 i .796 .796 .797 .797 .798 .7970 .7980 .7990 .7980 .7990 .8000 .7985 , .7995 ' .8005 .7905 .8005 .8015 .8000 .8010 .8020 .8010 .8020 .8026 .8036 .8045 .8050 .80.55 .8065 .8075 .8080 .8000 .8095 .8105 .8115 .8120 [ .813 .813 .814 .815 .816 .817 .817 .818 .819 .820 .820 .821 .822 .822 .824 .825 .826 .827 .8020 .8030 .8036 .8045 .8055 .8060 .8066 .8075 .80% .8000 .8100 .8105 .8115 .8120 .8130 .813 .814 .815 .816 .816 .817 .818 .819 .819 .820 .8030 .8040 .8W5 .8056 .8065 .8070 .8075 .8085 : .8095 .8100 .8110 .8115 .8125 .8130 .8140 .814 .815 .816 .817 .817 .818 .819 .820 .820 .821 .821 822 .822 .823 .822 .823 .823 .824 .834 .826 .825 .826 .825 .826 .826 .827 .82fr .828 .828 .829 .828 .829 0.796 .797 .797 .798 .799 .8000 .8010 .8015 .8025 .8030 .8040 .8060 .8065 .8065 .8075 .8060 .8105 .8110 .8120 .8126 .8135 .8140 .8150 .815 .816 .817 .818 .818 .819 .820 .821 .821 .822 .8B4 .824 .825 .827 .827 .828 .829 .830 0.797 .798 .798 .799 .800 .8010 .8020 .8025 .8036 .8040 .8060 .8060 .8065 .8075 .8086 .8090 .8096 .8106 .8115 .8120 .8130 .8136 .8145 .8150 .8180 .816 .817 .818 .819 .819 .820 .822 .823 .824 .825 .825 .826 .827 .828 .828 .829 .830 .831 .831 404 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60° F— Con. Observed temperature in T Observed specific gravities 0.814 0.815 0.816 0.817 0.818 Corresponding: specific gravities ab eO'/eO" F 0.819 0.798 .789 .799 .800 .801 .8020 .8045 .8050 .8060 .8070 .8075 .8086 .8095 .8100 .8105 .8115 .8125 .8130 .8140 .8145 .8155 .8160 .8170 .817 .818 .819 .820 .820 .821 .822 .826 .887 .831 .832 0.799 .800 .800 .801 .802 .8030 .8040 .8045 .8055 .8060 .8070 .8080 .8035 .8095 .8105 .8110 .8115 .8125 .8135 .8140 .8150 .8155 .8165 .8170 .8180 .819 .820 .821 .821 .824 .821* .825 .827 .827 .828 .829 .830 .830 .831 .832 .800 .801 ,801 802 .803 ,8040 .8050 ,8055 8085 8070 8080 8090 ,8095 81(K ,8115 ,8120 ,8125 I ,8135 ,8145 ,8160 8160 ,8165 ,8175 ,8180 ,8190 ,819 ,826 ,827 ,831 ,831 833 834 0.801 .802 .802 .803 .804 .8060 .8060 .8065 .8075 .8090 .8100 .8105 .8115 .8125 .8130 .8135 .81 4S .8156 .8160 .8170 .8175 .8185 .8100 .8200 .821 .822 .823 .824 .825 .826 .827 .829 .830 .831 .832 .834 .835 0,802 .803 .80S .804 .805 830 830 ,831 0.803 .804 .804 .805 8070 .8075 ,8085 ,8090 ,8100 ,8110 S115 ,8128 ,8135 ,8140 ,8145 Sl.W 8165 8170 8180 I 8185 I 8195 ; ,8200 ! ,8210 831 1 .^22 823 824 824 827 827 .8095 .8100 .8110 .8120 .8125 .8135 .8145 .8150 ■ .8155 , .8165 .8175 .8180 , .8190 .8195 I .8205 1 .81210 .8220 .826 .827 .828 .829 .831 .831 .83-2 .837 .837 0.804 .805 .808 .807 .80S .8065 .8090 .8100 .3105 .8115 .8120 .8130 .8135 .8145 .8155 .8160 .8165 .8175 .8180 .8190 .8200 .8205 .8215 .8220 .8230 .823 .824 .825 .828 .827 .828 .828 .829 .830 .a31 .831 .832 .833 .834 805 0.806 806 .807 807 .80S «0R .809 809 .810 8095 .8105 8100 .8110 8110 .8120 8115 .8125 8125 .81S 8130 .8140 ! 8140 .81.50 8145 .8155 8165 .8165 I 8165 .8175 \ 8170 .8180 8175 .8185 »1«> .8195 8190 .8200 8200 .8210 .8210 .8215 .8225 .8230 .8240 .824 .825 .826 .827 .827 .828 .830 .831 .835 .8^ .836 .837 .837 .838 .8220 .S2ES .8240 .8250 .827 .828 .828 .829 .830 .830 .831 .832 .833 .833 .834 .840 KAA'SAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY •405 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed specific gravities ruiservp.d t*!Tnperoture 0.820 in ■ F \- 0.801 0.822 0.823 0.824 I 0.825 I 0.826 0.827 Corrpsponcling specific gravities at eo'/fiO" F 4l'. 41 •u: 4K. BO. .'li. .V. «n. . 7.'* .S2 S4- 5.S •M. 0.808 0.809 0.810 .809 .810 .811 .810 .811 .812 .811 .812 .813 .812 .813 .814 .8125 .8130 .8140 .8145 1 .8155 .SlflO .8170 .8175 .8185 .8105 .8200 .8205 .8215 .8220 .8230 .K'J40 .8245 .8255 .82(50 .8270 .827 .828 .829 .830 .830 .R.« 100 835 102 1 .835 104 I .838 Ififi I .837 108 .838 no 838 113 83R 114 840 118 840 118 841 120 842 .8135 .8140 .8150 .8155 .8165 .8170 .8180 .8185 .8185 .8205 .8210 .82:15 .8225 .82,W .asuo .saso .828 .S2I) .8S1 .,s:!i .832 .833 .833 .8^4 .835 .836 .836 .837 .838 .«0 .841 .841 .842 .843 ,8145 .8150 .8160 .8185 .8175 .8180 .8190 .8195 .8205 .8215 .8220 .8J.S."> .K_'.1<1 ..ViVl .8260 .8265 .8275 .8280 .8290 .829 .&W .831 .832 .832 .834 .835 .837 .837 .838 .839 .840 .840 .841 .842 .84-2 .843 0.811 .812 .813 .814 .815 .8166 .8160 .8170 .8175 .8185 .8190 .8200 .8205 .8215 .8225 .8230 .S2:a .8245 .,s-_'.'^ .srro .8275 .8285 .8280 .8300 .830 .a'il .832 .833 .8.33 .834 .835 .835 .836 .837 .840 .841 .841 .842 .843 .843 .844 .845 0.812 .813 .814 .815 .810 .81«.-. .SI 70 -.INi hl.-v'> ..Mil.-. KTO S21() M'4,=i 8i.T.-> slIjO 8270 .8 So .82SS .8300 .8310 .8.31 .833 .834 .834 .839 .840 .841 .842 842 .843 .844 .844 .845 .846 0.813 .814 .815 .816 .817 0.814 .815 .816 .817 .818 .8210 8220 .8225 .82,35 ..H-J4.i „8-,>.yi .ssr> .81^(55 .8270 .S2S0 .8290 .8295 .8305 .8.310 .8320 .832 .833 .834 .835 I .835 .8.37 .837 .841 .842 .843 .843 .844 .845 .845 .846 .8175 , .8185 .8180 .8190 .8190 .8200 .8195 .8206 .8206 .8215 .8240 .8245 .8265 .8260 .8265 .8275 .8280 \ .8290 ' .8300 .8305 .8315 I .8320 .8330 .8340 j .834 .835 .835 .836 .837 .840 .840 .840 I .841 .842 .843 M3 .844 .845 .846 .846 .847 .848 815 0.816 816 .817 817 .818 818 .819 819 .820 S195 .8805 8200 .8210 8210 .8220 8215 .8225 822S .8236 8230 .8240 8240 .8250 8250 .8280 8.!55 .8265 8285 .8275 .8270 .8275 1 .8285 .8200 .8300 .8310 .8315 .8325 .837 .840 .841 .841 .842 .843 .844 Mi .8280 .82% .8295 .8300 .8310 .8320 .8325 .8335 .8940 .8330 .835 .836 .83rr .837 .840 .840 .841 .842 .842 MS .844 .^5 .845 .845 ! .me .846 ; .847 .847 I .848 .847 .848 .850 0.817 .818 .819 .820 .821 .8216 .8220 .8240 .8250 .ffiflO .8270 .8275 .8285 .8305 .8310 .8320 .8330 .8335 .8345 .8350 .8360 .836 .837 .838 .1^0 .841 .841 .842 .843 .843 .844 .845 .846 .846 .847 .848 .849 .849 .850 .851 406 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed | temperature 0.830 in T I Observed specific gravities 0.831 0.83B 0.833 0.834 I 0.835 I 0.836 j 0.837 Correspandini: specific gravities at eo°/60° P 30 32 34 .... 0.818 819 ! .820 3S .. _»vVl 38 i iva 40 42 44 . . . . ■ .8225 ....'■ .wan ^40 8245 48 8255 .8265 50. 52. 54. 56. 64. 66. 70., 72. 74. 76. 78. 90.. 92. 94. 96., lOO. . 102.. 104., 106.. 108., 110., 112. 114. 116. 118. .8200 .82(70 .8285 .8300 .8305 .8310 .8320 .8340 .S34d .8355 .840 .841 .842 .842 .813 .844 .844 .845 .846 .847 .847 .848 .849 .850 .850 .851 .S2TO .8310 .8315 .8329 .8330 .8340 .8350 .8355 .8365 .8370 .8380 .»0 .840 .841 .S4e .843 .843 .844 .845 .845 .840 .847 .848 .848 .849 .850 .851 .851 .852 823 ,824 ,8?45 ,8260 ffiao 8265 8275 8305 8316 8340 .8SS0 ,8380 8365 8375 840 Ml 841 ,842 843 .844 ,844 .SiB ,846 ,849 850 ,851 ,852 .852 .853 .854 .82t .825 .8270 .8275 .8288 .8300 .8310 .8315 .8346 .8350 .8360 .8370 .8375 .8386 .8380 .8400 .840 .841 .842 .842 .843 .844 .845 .845 .846 .847 .849 .860 .850 .851 .862 .863 .853 .854 .855 0.8EB .824 .8265 .8270 .8280 .8285 .8290 .8300 8310 .8320 .8328 .8335 .8^0 .8346 .8355 .8360 .8390 .,S400 .8410 .841 .842 .tU3 .&4.'i .S44 .846 .847 .848 .8148 .849 .860 .851 .851 .863 .864 .854 .855 0.823 .824 .826 .8275 .8280 .8290 .8205 .8305 .8310 .8320 .8330 .8350 ■8355 .8385 .8370 .8405 .8410 .8420 .842 .843 .844 .844 .845 .846 .847 .847 .848 .862 .853 .854 .(B5 .855 .856 .857 0.824 .825 .826 .827 .8285 .8295 .8300 .8305 .8315 .8325 .8330 .8^0 .8345 .8355 .8360 .8365 .8375 .8400 .8405 .8415 .8420 MSO .843 .844 .845 .845 .840 .847 .848 .850 .850 .851 .852 .853 .853 .854 .855 .855 .856 .857 826 0.826 8216 .a27 S27 .828 828 .829 829 .830 .8295 .8305 .83(6 .8315 .8310 .8320 .8316 .8326 .8325 .8335 .8335 .8345 .saw .8350 .8350 .8360 .8365 .8365 .83^ .8375 .8370 .8380 .8375 .83® .SSSS^ .8395 .8390 .8400 .8400 .8410 .8410 .8420 .8415 .8425 .8426 .8435 .84.30 .8440 .8440 .8460 .8+4 .845 , .845 .846 1 .845 .847 1 .846 .847 .847 .848 .848 .849 .849 .850 .849 .850 .850 .851 .851 .862 .851 ,852 .852 .853 .853 .854 .854 .855 .854 .856 .865 .856 .856 .867 ■sm .857 .SST .853 .858 .859 .859 .880 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 407 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 6ft°F— Con. Observed specific gravitiee Observed loiuiierature 0.810 in 'F 0.841 0.842 0.843 0.844 0.84S 0346 0.847 0.840 CorrespondiDg specific gravities ab eo°/flO* F .W 0.828 0.829 3i 829 .830 31 ' .830 .831 m 831 .882 38 832 .838 40. 42. 44. 46. 48. SO. 52., 51.. 90. 1.2. 84. 00. 08. 70. 72., 74., 76,, 78., 80.. 82.. 84.. sa.. 90. I'J !M. 'X '.IS. 100. 103. 104. 106. 108. 110., 112., 114., llfi., 118,. 120,. .8325 .8335 .8336 , .8345 .834d .8360 .8346 .8356 .8335 .83^ .8365 .8370 .8400 .8405 .8415 .8420 .8430 .8440 .8445 .8455 .8460 .8470 .847 .848 .846 .846 .850 .851 .862 .852 .853 .8M .8375 .8405 .StlO .8415 .8425 .8430 .8440 .3450 .8455 .84)6 .8470 .8480 .848 .849 .860 .853 .863 .854 .855 .854 .855 .«,"i5 .856' .856 .857 .857 .858 .857 .858 .S5S .859 .859 .860 .859 .860 .860 .881 .881 .862 .86B .863 0.830 .831 .834 .8345 .S»3b .8375 .8390 .8400 .8406 .8415 .8420 .8425 .8435 .8440 .8450 .8480 .8465 .8475 .8480 .8490 .849 .850 .853 .864 .864 .855 .856 .856 .857 .858 .859 .839 .860 .861 .861 .861 .834 .836 .8355 .8365 .8370 .8375 .8385 .8395 .8400 .8410 .8415 .8426 .8430 .84% .8445 .8450 .8460 .8470 .8475 .8485 .8490 .8500 .860 .851 .852 .852 .853 .854 .855 .865 .856 .857 .857 .851 .862 .862 .863 .864 .865 834 .8% 836 8375 8380 .S.ia6 8395 .8406 .8410 : .8420 I ,8425 ,8436 1440 .8446 .8455 .8460 .8470 ! .8480 .^85 .8496 .85UO .8510 .851 .852 .853 .853 .854 .855 .856 I .866 .857 .868 .859 .860 .861 .861 .863 .864 .865 .866 0.833 .834 .836 .837 .8406 .8415 .84£0 .8430 .8435 .8445 .8450 '. .8156 .84(» .8470 .8480 .8490 .84!» .8305 .8510 1 .8600 ; .852 .853 .854 .854 .855 .857 .857 .859 .869 .861 .862 0.835 0.836 0.837 ; .836 .836 .83r .836 .8sr .838 .837 338 .839 .838 .839 340 .8.^ .8393 .8405 .8395 .8405 .8415 .8400 .8410 .8420 .8410 .8420 .8430 .8415 .8426 .8435 '■ .8425 .8430 .8440 .»45 .8435 .8460 .8466 .8475 .848u ! .8490 .8505 .8510 .8520 .%26 .865 .835 .867 .857 .8436 .8440 .8460 .8465 .8465 .«70 .8476 .8485 .8490 .8300 .8510 .8515 .8520 .8630 .8635 .834 .855 .8.i6 .866 .857 .860 .861 .8445 .8450 .84«0 .8466 .8475 .8480 .8485 .8495 .8600 .8510 .8520 .8625 I .8530 .8540 .8545 .855 .856 .837 .857 .859 [ .860 .859 ; .860 .890 i .861 .861 .862 362 .863 .840 .841 .8415 .84^ .8430 .8440 .8445 .846E .8460 .8470 .8476 .8486 .8490 .8496 .8606 .8610 .8535 .8640 .8350 .88? 8S0 .861 .882 .883 881 .862 .863 .884 862 .863 .881 .865 .S62 .863 .864 .863 .864 .865 .864 .865 .866 1 .864 .865 .866 1 .ses .886 .887 .see .867 .868 .867 .868 .869 .867 .867 369 .870 .867 .810 .871 408 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF RE10UCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed specific gravities Observed \ temperature 0.^0 in "F ! 0.853 0.853 0.854 I 0.855 I 0.857 -Corresponding specific gravities at SO^/eO" F 30 1 0.839 32 .839 34 I .840 .841 .842 40. 42. 44. 50. 52.. 54.. 60. 92. 64. 70., 72.. 74., 76., 78., 82. 84. 90. 92., 9i., X.. 98.. 100.. 102.. 104.. 109.. 108.. 110.. 112.. 114.. 116.. 118.. .8425 .8435 .8440 .8450 .8455 .8465 .8470 .8480 .8485 .8495 .8500 .8605 .8515 .8520 .8530 .8540 .8545 .8550 .8560 .8665 .857 .861 .882 .803 .864 .864 .865 .866 .866 .867 .870 .871 .872 0.840 .840 .841 .842 .ms .^35 .8445 .8450 .8475 .«S0 .8490 .84% .8505 .8510 .8515 .8525 .8830 .8540 .8550 .8565 .8560 .8570 .8575 .800 .860 .861 .865 .866 .867 .867 .870 .870 .871 .872 0.841 0.842 0.843 .841 .842 .^3 .842 .843 .844 .843 .844 .848 .844 .^5 .846 .8445 .8455 .8465 .8455. .8465 .8475 .8460 .8470 .8480 .8470 .8480 .8480 .8475 .8485 .8405 .8485 .8495 .8505 .8490 .8500 .8510 .8500 .8510 .8520 .8605 .8515 .8528 .8515 .8525 .8535 .8520 .8530 .8540 .8525 .8585 .8^5 .8535 .8545 .8865 .^40 .8550 .^60 .8550 .8560 .8570 .8560 .8570 .8580 .sum .8575 .8885 .8570 .8580 .8690 .8580 .8590 .8600 .8585 .8595 .8605 .859 .860 .861 .860 .861 ,863 .861 .862 .868 .861 .862 .883 .862 .863 .864 .863 .864 .866 .863 .864 .865 .864 .865 .866 .865 .866 .867 .866 .867 .868 .866 .867 .868 .867 .868 .869 .868 .869 .870 .868 .869 .870 .869 .870 .871 .870 .sn .872 .871 .872 .873 .871 .872 .873 .872 .873 .874 .873 .874 .875 .874 .875 .876 0.844 .844 .845 .846 .847 .^75 .8485 .8490 .8600 .8505 .^15 .8520 .8530 .S5«6 .8545 .S50 .8556 .8565 .8570 .8580 .8590 .8595 .8600 .8610 .8615 .863 .864 .884 .870 .871 .871 .872 .873 .874 .874 .875 .8716 .877 0.845 .845 .846 .847 .848 .^86 .84» .8500 .8510 .8515 .8525 .8530 .8540 .8545 .8566 .8660 .8566 .8575 .8580 .K90 .8595 .8606 .8810 .8820 .8625 .853 .867 .867 .870 .871 .872 .872 .873 .874 .874 .875 .876 .877 .877 .847 .848 .8496 .8505 .^10 .8620 .8525 .8535 .8540 .8550 .SS55 .8665 .8570 .8575 .8905 .8615 .8635 .864 .896 .867 .870 .870 .871 .872 .873 .873 .874 .875 .875 .876 .877 .878 .878 0.847 .847 .848 .849 .850 .8S0S .8515 .8520 .8530 .8550 .8560 .8595 .ffi75 .8600 .8810 .8615 .8625 .8680 .8^0 .8946 .870 .871 .871 .872 .873 .874 .874 .875 .876 .877 .878 .879 .879 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 409 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed Bpeclfic gravities Observed tfmperature O.sao In T 0.862 0.883 0.8S1 0.86S Correfiponding specific gravities at 80° /eo" F .e, :«. :#i .». 4o. r-'. 44. AH. 50. 92. 54. .59. 58. l¥l. (12 in. Tit. ?.' 74. 7().. 78. 80. 82.. 84.. 8(1.. 100 KB. 1114. ](<>. 108. 11". 112. 114.. ne. . 118.. 0.840 .849 .850 .851 .852 O.KO .850 .851 .852 .853 0.851 .851 .852 .853 .854 .8525 .8635 .8545 .8636 .8646 .%56 .8540 .8560 .83M) .8550 .mm .8570 .8565 .8566 .8575 .ffiTO I .8680 ! .8686 .8595 .8600 .8606 .8615 .8646 .8660 1 .8600 i .8066 .8(57 .870 .871 .871 .s/r-z .873 .873 .874 .875 .876 .876 .srr .878 ^ .878 .STB .880 .881 .881 ' .8576 .8580 .8696 .8606 .8610 .8616 .8630 .8640 .8fM5 .8656 .8670 .8976 .870 .871 .872 .872 .873 .874 .874 .875 .876 .877 .877 .878 .879 .879 .8586 .8590 .8600 .8605 .8615 .8626 .8635 .8640 .8950 .8655 .8665 .8670 .870 .870 .871 .872 .873 .873 .874 .875 .875 .876 .877 .878 .878 .879 .880 .881 0.852 .8.52 .853 .854 .856 .8565 .8566 .8570 .8600 .8610 .8615 .86-26 .8630 .8635 .8646 .8650 .8690 .8675 .8(180 .8680 .870 .871 .871 .872 .873 .874 .874 .875 .876 .876 .877 .878 .879 .879 .881 .881 .884 0.863 0.864 .863 .864 .854 .856 .856 .866 .856 .857 .%66 .8575 .8-40 .8645 .8i»5 .8690 .8670 .8675 .8688 .8690 I .8700 I .8706 I .sn .872 .872 .873 .874 .875 i .875 .876 .877 .877 .878 j .879 I .880 .880 .881 .882 .882 .885 .885 .8575 .%86 .8590 ' .8600 .8596 j .8606 .8605 ; .8615 .8010 ' .8620 .8W0 ! .S(t30 .8686 .86K .8635 .8(H5 .8660 .8666 .8666 .8670 ' .8080 f ,8700 8710 ,8715 872 873 ,873 874 ,875 ,876 ,876 ,877 ,878 ,878 ,879 880 881 ,8« 885 ,886 0.855 .856 .866 .857 .8695 .m» .8610 .8015 .8630 .8(>W .8645 .8656 .8660 .8865 .8675 .8705 .8710 .8720 .8728 .873 .874 .874 .875 .876 .877 .877 .878 .879 .879 .880 0.856 .est • .867 .868 i .S9 ; .8506 .8606 .m\o .8620 .8625 .8635 .8610 .8650 .8656 .8665 .8670 .8375 .8700 .8706 .8715 .8720 .8730 .8735 .874 .875 .875 .876 .877 .878 .878 .879 .880 .880 .881 .8% .883 .887 .887 0.8OT .868 .898 .869 8606 ,8615 8650 83rJ0 ,8666 8675 8695 8700 8710 8715 8725 ,8730 ,8740 8745 875 87B 876 877 878 879 ,879 880 881 881 .8SA S&4 .860 .861 .8616 .8640 .8646 .8670 .8675 .8600 .8605 .8705 .8710 .8720 .8728 .8735 .8740 .8750 .8765 .876 .877 .877 .878 .879 .887 .887 410 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed temperature in T Observed specific gravities o.sn O.S72 0.873 0.974 0.875 0.876 0.877 0.879 Corresponding speeiJic gravities a.t 60°/60° P .860 .860 .861 .8640 .8650 ,8955 ,8670 ,8700 ,8705 .8715 ,8720 8730 ,8735 ,8745 ,8750 ,8760 ,8765 ,877 ,878 ,878 879 .881 .881 ,886 886 ,887 ,890 890 891 0.860 .881 .861 mts ,8680 .8690 ,8665 ,8705 ,8710 ,8715 ,8725 8730 8740 ,8745 ,8755 ,8760 8770 ,8775 ,878 879 879 880 ,881 ,887 887 891 .893 ,864 8645 ,8658 ,8660 ,8670 ,8675 8700 ,8706 8715 8720 ,S72S ,8735 8740 8760 .8755 ,8765 8770 8780 8785 879 .880 880 881 ,887 ,890 ,891 .863 ,864 8700 8710 ,8715 8725 .8730 .8735 8743 .8750 8760 8765 .8775 .8780 .8790 ,8795 ,881 .881 884 884 ,885 0.863 .884 .865 ,8675 ,8580 ,8690 ,8705 ,8710 ,8720 ,8725 ,8735 ,8740 ,8745 ,8765 ,8760 ,8770 ,8775 ,8785 ,8790 ,8800 ,881 887 887 803 ,894 0.864 .865 ,867 ,8675 ,8700 ,8705 ,8715 ,8720 ,8730 ,8735 ,8745 ,8750 ,8765 ,8785 ,8770 .8780 .8785 ,8795 ,8800 ,8sao ,8815 ,801 891 .8700 ,8710 ,8715 .8725 .8730 8740 .8745 .8755 m&) 8765 ,8775 ,8780 8790 ,8795 .8805 .8810 8820 8825 .884 .884 897 ,887 ,890 ,891 ,891 ,887 ,867 .8700 .8705 .8710 .8720 .8728 9735 ,8740 9750 8770 ,8775 ,8785 .8790 ,8815 0.867 .868 870 ,8710 ,8715 ,8720 ,9730 ,8735 8745 ,8750 ,8760 8765 ,8775 ,9780 ,8785 8795 ,8800 ,8810 8815 ,8825 ,8830 ,8840 ,8845 ,885 .890 .890 .892 .893 .894 895 897 897 ,887 890 ,891 ,893 ,994 .897 ,870 .871 .9730 .«!•& ,8730 .8740 .8745 .8755 .8760 ,8770 .8775 .8785 ,8790 ,8795 8805 .8810 .8835 .8840 ,887 897 ,890 ,890 .891 .892 897 ,897 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 411 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO BOT— Con. Observed specific gravities Observed temperature O.fi In °P 0.881 0.882 Corresponding specific gravities at ao*/80" F 30.. ■a.. 34.. at.. 38.. 40., 42., 4t., 48., 48.. 50., 52., 54. 66. 58., OB., 62., 64.. 70. 72, T4. 76. 78. 94. 96. 100. 102. 104. 106. 106. 110. 112. 114. 116. 118. .889 0.870 0.871 0.872 0.873 0.874 0.f .870 .871 .sn .873 .874 .878 .870 .871 .872 .873 .874 .875 .i .871 .872 .873 .874 .875 .876 .i .872 .873 .874 .875 .878 .877 .( .8730 .8740 .8760 .8780 .8770 .8780 .f .8735 .8748 .8755 .8766 .8775 .8786 .! .8740 .8780 .8760 .8770 .8780 .8790 .8750 .8760 .8770 .8780 .8790 .8800 .i .8755 .8766 .8775 .8785 .8795 .8805 .t .8785 .8775 .8785 .8798 .8806 .8815 . .8770 .8780 .8780 .8800 .8810 .88-iO ' . .8780 .8780 .8800 .8810 .8820 .8830 .STSS .8795 .8805 .8815 .8825 .8838 .8795 .8806 .8815 .8828 .8835 .8845 .asm .8810 .8820 .8830 .8840 .8850 .( .RK05 .8816 .8828 .8835 .8845 .8855 . .8815 .8826 .8835 .8845 .8855 .8865 .8820 .8830 .8840 .8850 .8860 .8870 .8830 .8840 .8850 .8860 .8870 .8880 ,8835 .8845 .8855 .8866 .8875 .8835 .i .S«4ft .8856 .8866 .8875 .8885 .8895 .saw .8860 .8STO .8880 .8890 .8900 .8860 .8870 .8880 .8880 .8800 .8910 •8665 .8876 .8885 .8895 .8805 .8915 .Rsrr .889 .899 .890 .891 .802 .1 .888 .388 .880 .801 .892 .893 .888 .880 .890 .891 .892 .893 .889 .880 .801 .892 .893 .894 .890 .891 .892 .893 .894 .396 .891 .892 .893 .894 .895 .896 , . .891 .882 .893 .894 .80S .396 . . .892 .893 .894 .895 .886 .397 . .im .894 .895 .896 .897 .898 . .893 .894 .805 .396 .897 .896 .( .804 .895 .896 .897 .888 .899 .( .895 .896 .887 .398 .899 .900 . .895 .896 .897 .893 .899 .900 . .896 .897 .898 .899 .900 .901 . .897' .898 .889 .900 .901 .902 .i ,898 .899 .900 .901 .902 .903 . .898 .899 .900 .901 .908 .903 .899 .900 .901 .90e .908 .904 . .900 .901 .902 .903 .904 .905 . .900 .901 .902 .90S .904 .905 . .901 .902 .90S .904 .906 .906 .! ,875 ,876 876 ,877 .878 ,8780 ,8795 8S00 ,8810 ,8815 8810 8845 8855 ,8875 8880 ,8800 ,8910 ,8918 .893 .891 .894 897 .900 ,901 ,901 ,902 903 904 ,906 806 ,906 .807 0.878 .877 .877 ; .878 ; .879 : .8800 .8805 .8310 .8820 .8840 .8850 .8870 r .8875 I 877 0.878 S78 .879 .878 .879 .879 .880 ,880 .881 .8810 8815 8820 8800 .8000 .8906 .8910 .8920 .8025 .894 .395 .395 .896 .897 .897 .900 .900 .901 .902 .902 .903 .904 .904 .905 .906 .906 .907 .908 .8830 .8840 .8846 8845 .8865 .8360 .8870 .8875 .8875 ' .8885 8880 I .8390 8885 ' .8886 ,8895 .8906 3900 I 8910 I 8915 ,8920 8930 ,8035 894S I ,896 { ,896 896 ,897 .8910 .8920 .8925 .8930 .8940 .8945 .897 .900 .901 .901 .901 .906 .906 .906 .807 .907 .903 .909 .900 .901 .808 .904 .904 .906 .808 .906 .907 .908 .906 .909 .910 412 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed temperature in "F 30. 32., 34., ■tc. 42. 44. 46. 48. 50. 52. bi. 50. 58. 64., 66. 68.. TO.. 72.. 74., 76.. 78.. 80.. 82.. 84.. 90. 92. 100. loe., 104. 106. 108. 110. iia., 114., 119. 118. Obseffved specific gravities ,8950 ,8955 8965 .900 ,900 901 ,902 90S 903 904 906 ,905 .906 907 .907 gos .910 .911 0.892' 0.894 1 O.S &.8e7 0.S9IS Oorrespondine specific gravities at 60' /eO" F .879 0.880 880 .881 880 .881 m. .832 882 .883 8830 .8840 8840 .88.50 8840 .8850 8850 .8860 8855 .8865 SS6.5 .8875 8870 .8880 .8910 .8815 .8925 .8945 .8950 .900 .901 .901 .902 .903 .904 .904 .906 .907 .908 .908 .909 .910 .910 .911 .912 .8850 .8870 .8875 .8915 .8925 .893S .8970 .8975 .900 .900 .901 .902 .902 .908 .904 .905 .905 .906 .907 .907 .910 .911 .911 .912 .913 ,8900 .8910 .8915 .8943 8960 8960 ,8085 ,8995 .900 901 .901 ,902 .904 .905 .906 .906 ,907 ,908 ,908 ,909 ,910 ,910 ,911 ,912 912 913 8910 8920 .8925 8960 8970 8975 ,901 902 9021 903 904 904 905 ,G0i5 9OT 907 ,908 ,909 ,909 910 911 ,911 ,912 ,913 913 914 0.884 .887 .8905 .8915 .8945 .8950 .8955 .8970 .9000 .9005 .9015 .902 .903 .903 .904 .905 .905 .906 .907 .9(6 .908 .909 .910 .910 .911 .912 .912 .913 .914 .9!U .915 .916 0.885 0.886 0.887 0. .886 .887 .888 .886 .887 .888 .887 .888 .889 .888 .889 .890 .8890 .8900 .8910 .8895 .8905 .8915 .8900 .8910 .8920 .8910 .8920 .8930 . .8915 .8925 .8935 .i .8925 .8935 .8945 .( .8930 .8940 .8950 .8940 .8950 .8960 .8945 .8955 .8965 .8955 .8965 .8975 .8960 .8970 .8980 .8965 .8875 .8985 .8975 .89^ .8995 .8990 .8990 .9000 .8990 .9000 .9010 .8995 .9005 .9015 .9000 .9010 .9020 .9010 .9020 .9030 .9015 .9025 .9035 .9025 .9035 .9045 .903 .9M .905 .903 .904 .905 .904 .905 .906 .905 .909 .907 .906 .907 .903 .906 .907 .908 .9)7 .908 .909 .908 .909 .010 .909 .910 .911 .909 .910 .9U .910 .911 .912 .911 .913 .913 .911 .913 .913 .912 .913 .914 .913 .914 .915 .913 .914 .915 .914 .915 .916 .915 .916 .917 .915 .916 .917 .916 .917 .9118 .917 .91S .919 .S KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 413 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO GO-F— Con. Observed temperature 0.9W) In "F Observed specific gravities 0.901 0.902 0.903 0.901 0.906 0.90S Corresponding specific gravities abffr/m' F .30. 36. 40. 42. 44. to. 48. 54. 56. 58. 80. 02. i4. (W. 70. 72. 74. 719. 78. 80. a.'.. .800 .891 .8950 .mm .8980 .9000 .900S .9015 .9020 .9030 .9038 .9040 .9050 .9055 .9066 .907 .907 .908 .909 .910 0.890 .891 .891 .802 .8940 .8948 .8060 .8960 .8975 I .8980 ' .8990 .8995 .9oa> .9010 .9015 .902S .9030 j .9040 .9(M5 .9060 .9060 .9065 .9075 .90S ' .908 .909 .910 911 90. 92. M. 93. 98. 100. 102. 104. 106. 108, 110. m. 114. 116. 118., .910 .911 i .911 .912 i .912 .913 .913 .914 ' .913 .914 .914 .915 .915 .916 .917 .917 .918 .919 .919 .920 .915 .916 .916 .917 .918 .918 .919 .9f20 .920 .921 0.891 .892 .892 ■ .893 .894 .8950 .8965 .8960 .8970 .8975 .8981 .8990 .9000 .9005 .9015 .9IK0 .9026 .9085 .9040 .9060 .90,55 .9060 .9070 .9075 .9080 .909 .900 .910 .911 .912 .912 .913 .914 .915 .915 .916 .917 .917 .918 .919 .919 .920 .921 .921 .922 .923 0.892 .893 .893 .894 .8935 .8970 .9000 .9010 .9015 .9025 .9030 .903S .9045 .9050 .9060 .9065 .9070 .9080 .9085 .9096 .910 .910 .911 .912 .913 .913 .914 .915 .916 .916 .917 .918 .918 .919 .920 .920 .9ei .922 .922 0.893 .894 .891 896 0.894 0.896 0.896 0.8B7 .897 .8980 .9040 .9045 .8065 .90 (1 .9070 •Vlb .\fy.» .141*5 .9106 .914 .915 .916 .917 .917 .918 .919 .919 .920 .921 .921 .922 .923 .X3 ,;V24 .8970 .8975 .aSO I .8090 .8990 ' .9000 .9005 .9J05 .9015 .9010 .9020 .',«i;0 .9030 .iXC5 j .9035 .9l.r85 .9045 ,9050 .9065 .9065 .9070 IM« .9085 .9090 .9100 .9109 .9115 911 .912 911 .912 912 .913 :m .914 914 .915 .915 .916 .917 .918 .918 .919 .920 .920 .921 .922 .92a .923 .924 .924 .9K .9006 .9010 .9015 .9035 .9030 .9040 .9045 .9065 .9060 .9065 .9075 .9080 .9090 .9095 .9100 .9110 .9115 .9125 .913 .913 .914 .915 .916 .916 .917 .918 .918 .919 .920 .921 .921 .922 .923 .923 .924 .926 .925 .926 .927 .887 .897 .9000 .9005 .9015 .9020 .9025 .9035 .9040 .0060 .9065 .9om .9070 .9075 .9065 .9090 .9100 .9105 .9110 .9120 .9125 .9135 .914 .914 .915 .918 .917 .917 ! .918 .919 .919 .920 .921 .923 .922 .923 .9ei .924 .925 .926 .926 .927 .900 .9010 .9015 .9025 .9030 .9035 .9045 .9050 .9060 .9065 .9075 .9060 .9085 .9096 .9100 .9110 .9115 .9120 .9130 .9136 .9145 .915 .915 .916 .917 .918 .918 .919 .920 I .920 I .921 .922 .923 .923 .921 .925 .925 .926 .927 .927 .900 .901 .9020 .9025 .9035 .9040 .9045 .9065 .9060 .9070 .9075 .9085 .9090 .9096 .9106 .9110 .9120 .9125 .9130 .9140 .9145 .9155 .916 .916 .917 .918 .919 .919 .920 .921 .921 .922 .923 .921 .924 .926 .926 .927 .928 414 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed temperature in °F Observed specific gravities 0.912 0.913 0.W4 0.915 0.91T Corresponding: specific gravities at 0O°/eo° F St. 36. 38. 40. 42. 44. 46. 48. 60. 52. S4. S3. 68. 70.. 72.. 74., 76.. 78.. 80., 82., 8*., 90. ge. 94. 96. 100., 102., 104.. 106.. 108.. 110.. 112.. 114.. 116.. 118., .900 .900 .901 .902 .90K .9046 .9050 .9065 .9070 .9080 .9085 .9095 .9100 .910S .9115 .9120 .9130 .9140 .9160 .9155 .9165 .917 .917 .918 .919 .920 .920 .921 .922 .922 .923 .924 .925 .925 .928 .927 .927 .928 0.900 .901 .901 .902 .903 .9040 .9045 .«m .9060 .9065 .90TO .9080 .9090 .9095 .9105 .9110 .9115 .9125 .9130 .9140 .9145 .9160 .9160 .9165 .9175 .918 .918 .919 .920 .921 .921 .923 .9M .925 .926 .928 .927 .928 .929 ».901 0.902 .902 .903 .902 .903 .903 .904 .904 .905 .9060 .9060 .9065 .9066 .9065 .9075 .9070 .9080 .9075 .9085 .9085 .9095 .9090 .9100 ;91()0 .9110 .9105 .9115 .9115 .9125 .9120 .9130 .9125 .9135 .9130 .9145 .9140 .9150 .9150 .9160 .9155 .9165 .9160 .9170 .9170 .9180 .9175 .9a85 .9185 .9195 .919 .920 .919 .920 .920 .921 .921 .922 .922 .923 .922 .923 .999i .924 .924 .925 .92* .925 .925 .926 .92fi .m .927 .928 .927 .928 .928 .929 .929 .930 .929 .930 .930 .931 .931 .932 .931 .932 .932 .9^ .933 .931 0.903 .904 .904 .906 .9070 .9075 .9065 .9090 .9105 .9110 .9120 .9125 .9135 .9140 .9145 .9159 .9160 .9170 .9175 .9180 .9190 .9195 .9205 .921 .921 .923 .926 .926 .927 .928 .930 .931 .934 .935 0.904 .995 .906 .906 .907 .9080 .9089 .9095 .9100 .9105 .9115 .9120 .9130 .9135 .9145 .9150 .9159 .9165 .9170 .9180 .9185 .9190 .9200 .9205 .9215 .924 .925 .92!r .927 .931 .9^ .932 .933 .934 .934 .935 0.905 0.906 .906 .907 .906 .907 .907 .908 .908 .909 .9090 .9100 .9095 .9106 .9106 .9115 .9110 .9120 .9115 .9128 .9126 .9135 .9130 .9140 .9140 .9150 .9146 .9155 .9155 .9169 .9160 .9170 .9165 .9175 .9175 .9185 .9180 .9190 .9190 .9200 .9195 .9206 .S&X) .9210 .9210 .9220 .9215 .9229 .9226 .9235 .923 .924 .923 .924: .9Z4 .925 .925 .926 .926 .927 .926 .927 .927 .928 .928 .929 .928 .929 .929 .930 .930 .931 .931 .932 .9131 .932 .932 .933 .983 .934 .983 .9341 .934 .938 .933 .936 .935 .938 .936 .937 .937 .938 0.907 .906 .90S .909 .910 .9110 .9115 .9126 .9130 .9135 .9145 i .9150 .9160 .9165 .9175 .9180 .9185 .9195 .9200 .9210 .9215 .9220 .9230 .9235 .9245 .925 .927 .928 .928 .929 .930 .931 .934 .935 .937 .937 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 415 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed temperature in°r no. 112. lU. 116 118. Observed specific gravities 0.920 0.921 0.922 0.923 0.9^4 0.925 0.926 0.927 0.928 0. Oorresponding specHio gravities at W/W T 0.909 0.910 0.911 0.912 0.913 0.914 0.915 0.916 0.917 0.91S .910 .911 .912 .913 .914 .915 .916 .917 .918 .919 .910 .911 .912 .913 .914 .915 .916 .917 .918 .919 .911 .912 .913 .914 .915 .918 .917 .918 .919 .920 .912 .013 .914 .915 .916 .917 .918 .919 .920 .921 .9130 .9140 .9150 .9160 .9170 .9180 .9190 .9200 .9210 .9K0 .9135 .9145 .9155 .916S .9175 .9185 .9195 .0205 .9215 .9225 .9145 .9155 .9165 .9175 .9185 .9196 .9205 .9215 .9225 .9235 .9150 .9180 .9170 .9180 .9190 .9200 .9210 .9220 .9230 .9240 .6155 .9166 .9175 .9185 .9166 .9205 .9215 .9225 .9235 .9245 .9166 .9178 .9185 .9196 .9205 .9215 .9225 .9235 .9215 .9256 .9170 .9180 .9190 .9200 .9210 .9220 .9230 .9240 .9250 .9260 .91 '« .9190 .9200 .9210 .9?J0 .9230 .9240 .9250 .9260 .9270 .»1«6 .9195 .9205 .9215 .»?3 .92*1 .9245 .9255 .9265 .9275 .9195 .9205 .9215 .9225 .n-iw .9245 .9255 .9266 .9275 .9286 .9200 .9210 .9220 .9230 .9240 .KUn .9?«) .9270 .9280 .9290 .9205 .9216 .9225 .9235 .9245 .9256 .9265 .9275 .9285 .9296 .9215 .92as .9236 .9245 .9256 .9265 .9275 .9285 .9296 .9305 .9220 !t2m .9240 .92.W .9260 .9270 .9260 .9290 .9300 .9S10 .9230 .9240 .9250 .9260 .9270 .9280 .9290 .9300 .9310 .9320 .9236 .9246 .92.55 .9265 .9275 .9286 .9296 .9306 .9815 .9325 .9240 .9250 .92fiO .9270 .51280 .9290 .9300 .9310 .9820 .9330 .92.50 .9290 .9270 .9280 .9290 .9300 .9310 .9320 .9830 .9340 .9255 .9266 .9275 .9285 .9395 .9305 .9315 .9326 .9836 .9345 .9285 .9275 .9285 .9295 .9306 .9315 .9326 .9335 .9345 .9356 .927 .928 .929 .980 .981 .932 .933 .984 .935 .938 .927 .928 .929 .930 .931 .933 .933 .934 .935 .936 .968 .929 .980 .931 .982 .933 .934 .936 .936 .987 .929 .930 .931 .982 .083 .934 .935 .938 .937 .938 .930 .931 .932 .933 .934 .935 .936 .937 .938 .989 .930 .931 .932 .933 .9^ .936 .936 .937 .938 .989 .931 .982 .933 .934 .935 .986 .937 .938 .938 .940 .932 .933 .934 .935 .983 .937 .938 .939 .940 .941 .982 .933 .934 .935 .936 .937 .938 .939 .940 .941 .933 .934 .935 .936 .937 .938 .939 .940 .941 .942 .93+ .935 .936 .937 .988 .939 .940 .941 .942 .9t3 .935 .936 .987 .938 .939 .940 .940 .941 .942 .943 .935 .936 .937 .938 .939 .940 Ml ; .942 .943 .M4 .93S .9Sfr .938 .939 .940 .941 .942 .M3 .944 .945 .937 .938 .939 .940 .941 .942 .«3 .944 .948 .946 .937 .938 .939 .940 .941 .942 .943 .944 .945 .946 .938 .939 .940 .941 .942 .943 .M4 .945 .946 .947 .939 .940 .941 .942 .943 .944 9.45 9.46 .947 .948 .93!) .910 .941 .942 .943 .944 9.45 9.46 .947 .948 .940 .941 .942 .M3 .944 .945 .940 .947 .948 .949 .Wl .942 .943 .944 .945 .946 .947 .948 .M9 .960 416 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO SOT— Can. Observed temperature in °F Observed specific gravities 0.930 0.931 0.932 0.9S3 0.934 0.935 0.939 0.937 0.938 0. Correspjonaingr specific gravities at W 193° F 0.919 .920 .930 .921 .9245 .9250 .9255 .9263 .92«li .9280 .93te .9315 .9340 .9350 .9355 .937 .987 .940 .941 .942 .942 .944 .944 .945 M! .949 .950 0.920 .921 .921 .92a .923 .9240 .9245 .92S5 .9260 .92JB .9280 .9290 .9295 .9305 .9310 .9315 .9346 .9350 .9366 .9875 .940 .941 .941 .942 .W3 .943 .M4 .945 .«5 .946 .947 .948 .948 .949 .950 0.921 .922 .922 .923 .9230 .92K .9270 .9275 .9280 .9300 .9305 .9315 .9350 .9355 .9370 .9375 .940 .941 .942 .942 .943 .944 .944 .947 .948 .923 .923 .924 .9275 .9280 .9285 .9295 .9300 .9310 .9315 .9M5 .9350 .9360 .9386 .9370 .940 .940 .941 .9^ .943 .943 .944 .945 .945 .947 .947 .M8 0.923 .924 .924 .925 .928 .9270 .9z75 .9285 .9280 .9285 .9310 .9320 .9380 .9370 .9375 .9380 .9390 .941 .941 .942 .943 .944 .944 .945 .946 .946 .947 .948 .W8 .949 .950 924 0.925 925 .926 925 .926 928 .927 927 .928 9280 .9290 9285 .9295 9295 .9805 3300 .9310 9305 .9320 9315 .9325 9320 .9330 9330 .9840 ssm .9345 9345 .9355 9K>0 .9360 9355 .9355 9:«s .9375 9370 .9380 9380 .9390 93% .9395 93,90 .WOO 9400 .9410 9406 .9415 9415 .9425 942 .943 942 .943 94;^ .944 9U .945 945 .946 945 .946 »4fi .947 947 .948 947 .948 948 .949 949 .950 950 92S 0.927 92(7 .928 927 .928 928 .929 92» .930 930O .9S10 930ft .9315 9305 .9325 9320 .9330 9330 .9340 9335 .9345 9340 .9350 9350 .9360 9.%^ .9385 93^5 .9375 9370 .9380 9375 .9385 9385 .9395 9390 .9400 940O .9410 94«5 .9415 9410 .9420 9420 .9430 9425 .9435 9435 .9445 .944 .945 .944 .945 .945 .946 .946 .947 .947 .948 .947 .948 .948 .949 .949 .950 .949 .950 i 1 0.92S .9^9 .9340 .98S0 .9370 .9375 .9405 .9410 .9420 .9425 .9430 .9440 .9445 .9456 .946 .946 .947 .948 .949 .949 .950 KAXSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 417 REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed specific gravities Observed 1 tell! porn ttire 0.940 m F 0.9*1 0.942 0.943 0.944 0.W5 0.948 0.949 ( 'orrrspon'linK specific gravities at: GO "/BO" F ■Ci II. 5(t. .51. 5(1. 68. 7(1. 72. 74. 0.K9 0.930 0.931 0.93Z 0.933 0.9W 0.93S 0.936 0.937 0.938 .9.TO .931 .932 .033 .934 .9:H .936 .937 .938 .939 .9.W .931 .932 .938 .934 .!>:s .9.36 .937 .038 .939 .931 .932 .933 .934 .935 .936 .937 .938 .939 .940 .932 .933 .934 .935 .936 .937 .938 .939 .940 .941 .9380 .9340 .9350 .9380 .9370 .9.1MI .9390 .9400 .9410 .94ao .9335 .9345 .9355 .9365 .9375 fi:!s.-i .9395 .9405 .M15 .9425 .ii;i4.-> .9855 .9306 .9375 .9385 .W.C-, .!M«5 .9415 .9425 .9435 .9350 .0300 .9370 .9380 .9390 .9400 .9410 .9120 .9430 .9440 .9300, .9ar70 .9380 .9390 .9400 .9410 .9420 .9430 .9440 .9450 .9305 .9375 .9385 .9395 .niir, .9415 .942.5 .9435 .9445 .9456 .9370 .9380 .9390 .9400 .!»4l(l .9420 .fi4:!o .9440 .9450 .9460 .9380 .9390 .9400 .9410 • tU-JO .9430 .0441) .9450 .9460 .9470 .9388 .9395 .9405 .9416 Mir> .9435 .9146 .9455 .9465 .9476 .9396 .9405 .9415 .9426 .9435 .9445 .9455 .yii;5 .9475 .9485 .9400 .9410 .9420 .9430 -tVHO .M.-O .9400 .9470 .9480 .9490 .0406 .9415 .94ii) .9435 .1114.-1 .945:, .9165 .9476 .9485 .9495 .9415 .9425 .iM;r> .9445 . .9485 .9495 .9440 .9460 .9I«) .9470 .'.llSf) .9190 .9500 .IM.'il) .9460 .!M7(> .9480 .nirid .9.500 .9455 .9465 xw-> .9485 .!ij;.r> .9405 .9475 .9485 .9495 .IhilH) M7 .948 .919 .960 .947 .948 .949 .948 .949 .950 .!H!) .950 .!W 418 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY READINGS TO 60°F— Con. Observed temperature in °P Observed specilic gravities 0.952 0.953 0.K5 0.967 0.968 0.959 Corresponding specific gravities at GO'/eO" F 30.. 32.. 34.. 36.. 38.. 40.. 42.. 44.. 46.. 48.. 50.. 52., 54.. 53.. 0.939 .940 .940 .941 .942 .9430 .M35 .9445 .M50 .9465 .9470 .9480 .9485 .9495 0.940 0.941 0.942 0.943 .941 .942 .943 .944- .941 .942 .943 .944 ,942 .943 .944 .945 .943 .944 .945 .946 .9440 .9450 .9460 .9470 .9445 .9455 .9465 .9475 .9455 .9465 .9475 .9485 .9460 .9470 .9480 .W90 .9470 .9480 .«90 .9500 .9475 .M» .9495 .9480 .9490 .9500 .9490 .9500 .9495 .9500 0.944 .945 .945 .946 .947 .9485 .9495 .9500 0.945 .948 .943 .947 .948 .9490 .9495 .9500 0946 .947 .947 .948 .949 .9500 0.W7 .948 .948 0.948 .949 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 41 Specific Gravity Tables Equivalent of Degrees Baume' (American Standard) and Specific Gravity at 60 °F. 145 X^Cgl. ^«o x^auiii C L-au Sp. Gr. \Jl l_Jll|U xu£> xxcavi ^i, ifiiaii » aifCi Degrees Spedfic Degrees Spi'i-ifif Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Bjume' Gravity Baume/ .7 Gravity l.O-JK Baumc Gravity Baumc ,1 Gravity l),0 1.0000 .4 1.05.38 1.0829 .1 1.00O7 .8 1.0269 .5 1.0545 .2 1.0837 .2 1.0014 .9 1.0276 .6 1 .0.-..M .3 1.0^5 ..■i 1.0021 4.0 1.0284 .7 1.0561 .4 1 ll.s.5.1 .4 1.0028 .1 1.0291 ,s 1.0569 ,5 1 (1S«! 5 1.0035 .2 1.0298 ,9 1.0676 ,6 1 (K70 !r. 1.0042 .3 1.0306 , 8.0 1.0W4 ,7 1 ,l>i7S .7 1.0049 .4 1,0313 ■ ,1 1.0502 .8 1,088. .8 1.0056 .5 1.0320 • ■1 1 if,\'.i 9 l,OS.'>t .9 1.0002 .11 1.0.328 ' .3 l.tKUff 12. n l,fKV^2 1,1) 1.0089 .7 1.0335 ,4 1 (Jlil.T ,1 1 (i:il(i .1 1.00T6 .8 i.o:m2 .5 1 .o:«:< ,2 1,101 !i ,•> 1.0083 .9 1.03S0 .6 1,(K») '?. 1 ()ti2," ..■f 1,0090 5.0 l.O.W .7 1.(>(i,;8 ,4 1,0:13,5 .4 1.0007 .1 1.0.'«6 .8 n»;+i ,5 1,0!I4.': .5 1.0105 .2 1 ,rt!72 .9 1,II6,">4 .6 1,0'),52 ,(i 1.0112 .3 1,1 W!) 9.0 1.0662 .7 1,0:1 (1 ,7 1.0119 .4 i.o;»7 .1 1 .0 70 .8 MKIIw^ .8 1.0126 .5 1,(>,CH .2 1,0701 2 1,1(102 ,2 1.0154 .9 1.W24 .6 1,0709 '3 1,1010 .S 1.0161 6.0 1,0432 .7 1.0717 4 1,1018 .1 1.0168 .1 1.043! .8 1.072.-, .5 1,1027 .ft 1.0175 .2 1.0447 .9 1,(173:! .6 1,1035 !6 1.0183 .3 1.0)54 10.0 1,0741 7 1,1043 .7 1.0190 .4 1.04'» .1 1,07-1!) .8 1.1052 .8 1.0197 ,.S 1.0469 _2 1,0757 .9 1.1060 .!) 1 .(WW .6 1.0477 .3 1.0765 14.0 l.ll>:!> S.0 1,0211 ,7 I.IMSI A 1.0773 .1 1,1077 .1 1 ,0 'l,-* ,8 l,Wil2 .5 1.0781 2 1,1081 .2 1,0221! .!) 1,(),"A«> .6 1.0789 7$ 1,10_'.-» .3 1.0630 11.0 1.0821 ■" 1.1128 I ^2o BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF EQUIVALENT BAUME' DEGREES— Con. Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Baume' Gravity Baume/ Gravity Baume' Gravity Baume' Gravity .8 1.1137 .3 1.1536 .6 1.1944 28.0 1.2393 .9 1.1145 .3 1.1535 .7 1.1954 .1 1.2404 15.0 1.1154 .4 1.1645 .8 1.1964 .2 1.2414 .1 1.1162 .5 1.1654 .9 1.1974 .3 1.2428 .2 1.1171 .6 1.1563 24.0 1.1983 .4 1.2436 .3 i.uao .7 1.1972 .1 1.1993 .5 1.2446 .4 i.nss .8 1.1 5S1 .2 1.2003 .6 1.2457 .5 1.1197 .9 1.1591 .3 1.2013 .7 1.2468 .6 1.1206 20.0 i.iaoo .4 1.2033 .8 1.2478 .7 1.1214 .1 1.1609 .5 1.2033 .9 1.2489 .8 1.1223 .2 1.1619 .6 1.2043 29.0 1.2600 .9 1.1232 .3 1.1928 .7 1.2053 .1 1.2511 16.0 1.1240 .4 1.1637 .8 1.2063 .2 1.2622 .1 1.1E49 .5 1.1647 .9 1.2073 .3 1.2S32 .2 1.1258 .6 1.16S6 26.0 1.2083 .4 1.2S43 .3 1.1267 .7 1.1665 .1 1.2093 .5 1.2,i54 .4 1.127S .8 1.1675 .2 1.2104 .6 1.2565 .5 1.1284 .9 1.1684 .3 1.2114 .7 1.2676 .6 1.1293 21.0 1.1694 .4 1.2124 .8 1.2587 .7 1.1302 .1 1.1703 .5 1.2134 .9 1.2698 .8 1.1310 .2 1.1712 .6 1.2144 30.0 1.2609 .9 1.1319 .3 1.1722 .7 1.2154 .1 1.2620 17.0 1.1328 .4 1.1731 .8 1.2164 .2 1.2631 .1 1.1337 .5 1.1741 .9 1.2175 .3 1.2842 .2 1.1346 .6 1.1750 28.0 1.2185 .4 1.2663 .3 1.1. K5 .7 1.1780 .1 1.2195 .5 1.2864 .4 1.1364 .8 1.1769 .2 1.2205 .6 1.2e75 .5 1.1373 .9 1.1779 .3 1.2219 .7 1.2886 .6 1.1381 2-2.0 1.1789 .4 1.2226 .8 1.2697 .7 1.1390 .1 1.1798 .5 1.2236 .9 1.2708 .8 1.1399 .2 1,1808 .6 1.2247 31.0 1.2719 .9 1.1408 .3 1.1817 .7 1.2257 .1 1.2730 18.0 1.1417 .4 1.1827 .8 1.2*7 .2 1.2742 .1 1.1426 .6 1.1837 .9 1.2E7S .3 1.2763 .2 1.1435 .6 1.1846 27.0 1.2288 .4 1.2764 .3 1.1444 .7 1.1856 .1 1.2299 .5 1.2776 .4 1.1453 .8 1.1886 .2 1.2309 .6 1.2787 .5 1.1492 .9 1.1875 .3 1.2319 .7 1.2798 .6 1.1472 231.0 1.1885 .4 1.2330 .8 1.2809 .7 1.1481 .1 1.1895 .5 1.2340 .9 1.2821 .8 1.1490 .2 1.1905 .6 1.2351 S8.0 1.2832 .9 1.1499 .3 1.1915 .7 1.2361 .1 1.2843 19.0 1.1508 .4 1.1924 .8 1.2372 .2 1,2855 .1 1.1517 .5 1.1934 .9 1.2383 .3 1.2866 KA\'SAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY EQUIVALENT BAUME' DEGREES— Con. Degrpoe Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Baumo' Gravity Baume' Gravity Bauine' Gravity Baume" Gravity .4 1.2877 .8 1.3401 .2 1.3969 .6 1.4588 .5 1.2889 .9 1.3414 .3 1.3983 .7 1.4802 .0 1.2900 37.0 1.3428 .4 1.3996 .8 1.4617 .7 1.2912 .1 1.3438 .5 1.4010 .9 1.4632 .8 1.2923 .2 1.3451 .6 1.4023 46.0 1.4«6 .9 1.2935 .3 1.3463 .7 1.4037 .1 1.46(51 OT.O 1.2949 .-1 1.3476 .8 1.4060 .2 i.me .1 1.2968 .5 1.3488 .9 1.4064 .3 1.4691 .2 1.2970 .fi L.'SiiOl 42.0 1 4IIT8 .4 1.47116 .3 1.2981 .7 1.3514 .1 1.4«>1 .5 1.4721 .4 1.21)93 .8 1.3526 ,2 LIU'S .6 1.47:56 ,5 1.3004 .9 1.35.39 .3 1.4Ui> .7 1 47.-)l .fl 1.3016 38.0 1.3551 .4 1.4133 .8 1 am .7 1.3028 .1 1.3564 .5 1.4146 1.4781 .8 1.3040 .2 1.3S?7 .6 1.4160 47.0 1.1 7W .9 1.3061 .8 1.3163 ,7 1.4174 .1 1 4.'ill :f-l.i> 1.3063 .4 1.3602 .8 1.4188 .2 1 48-26 .1 1 .tDT") .5 1.3615 .9 1.4202 .3 1 4^41 .2 1.3087 .a 1.3628 43.0 1,4216 .4 1.4.s%7 ,;{ 1.3098 .7 1.3041 .1 1.4230 .5 1.4S72 .4 1.3110 .H l.:«6S .2 1.4244 .6 1.4887 r, 1.3122 .it 1..3606 ..•i 1.4JaS .7 1.4902 .(1 1.S134 3IM> 1.3679 .1 ^A;T2 .8 1.4918 7 1.81 4fi ,1 1.3192 .5 1.428r, .9 1.403:) in 1 :ii.".8 ,2 1.3705 .il \M)»l 48.0 1.4948 !l 1.3170 .3 1.3718 7 1.4314 .1 1.4!WM ;{.>.(! 1.3182 .4 i.srsi .8 1.4,fJS .2 1.4979 .1 1.3194 ..r". 1.S744 .9 1.4342 ..■? 1.49! 15 .2 1.3206 .(; 1.3757 44.0 1.4356 .4 1 ,.'>oin ■3 1.3218 7 1.3770 .1 1.4371 .6 1 .'»ii2'i .4 1.S2.W s 1.3783 .3 1.4385 .6 1 .'"i"41 .5 1.3242 .9 1.3796 .3 1.4399 ,7 l,.TO.->7 .r. 1.3264 40.0 1.3810 .4 1.4414 .8 1,.^I7.1 .7 1.3268 .1 1..3823 .5 1.4428 .9 1 .'KISS .8 1.S278 .3 1.3836 .6 1.I44.' 49.0 1.6104 ,11 1.3201 .3 1.3849 .7 1 44.1? .1 1.6120 .?i!o 1.3303 .4 1.3882 .8 1.4471 .2 1.5136 .1 1.8315 .r> 1,3876 .9 1.44S(1 .3 1.5152 ,'> 1.3327 .R 1.3889 45.0 1.4'.(iO .4 1.5167 .s 1.3329 .7 1.3902 .1 1.4.'^1,-. .5 1.5183 .4 1.3352 .8 1.3916 ,2 1. 4.729 .6 1.6199 .S 1.3884 .9 1.3828 .3 1.4.'W4 .7 1..W15 .6 1.3379 41.0 1.3943 .4 1 4.->.x'i .8 l..-)231 ■■> 1.3389 .1 1.3956 .5 1.4573 .9 1 5247 ^22 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF EQUIVALENT BAUME' DEGREES— Con. Degrees Specific Degrees Speciilc Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Baume' Gravity Baume' Gravity Baume' Gravity Baume' Gravity 5O.0 1.5263 .1 1.6129 .1 1.7079 .1 1.8148 .1 1.5279 .2 • 1.6147 .2 1.7099 .2 1.8170 .2 1.9295 .3 1.6165 .3 1.7119 .3 1.8193 .3 1.5312 .4 1.6183 .4 1.7138 .4 1.8216 .4 1.5328 .5 1.6201 .5 1.7160 .5 1.8239 .5 1.5344 .6 1.6219 .6 1.7180 .6 1.8262 .6 1.5360 .7 1.6237 .7 1.7200 .7 1.8285 ,7 1.5376 .8 1.6256 .8 1.7221 .8 1.8308 .8 1.5393 .9 l.fH5» .9 1.7241 .9 1.8331 .9 1.5409 56.0 1.6292 61.0 1.7262 66.0 1.8354 51.0 1.5426 .1 1.6310 .1 1.7282 .1 1.8378 .1 1.5442 .2 1.6329 .2 1.7303 .2 1.8401 .2 1.5458 .3 1.6347 .3 1.7324 .3 1.8424 .3 1.5475 .4 1.6366 .4 1.7344 .4 1.8448 .4 1.5491 .5 1.6384 .5 • 1.7365 .5 1.8471 .5 1.5508 .6 1.6403 .6 1.7386 .6 1.8495 .6 1..5525 .7 1.6421 .7 1.7407 .7 1.8519 ; 1.5541 .8 1.6440 .8 1.7428 .8 1.8542 .8 1.5558 .9 1.64t9 .9 1.7449 9 1.8566 .9 1.5575 .-|7.0 1.647Y 62.0 1.7470 67,0 1.8590 52.0 1.5591 .1 1.6496 .1 1.7491 .1 1.8614 1 1.5608 .2 1.6515 .2 1.7a2 .2 1.8638 .2 1.5625 !i 1.6534 .3 1.7533 .3 1.86S2 .3 1.5642 .4 1.W53 .4 1.75'4 .4 1.8688 .4 1.5659 .5 1.6571 .5 1.7576 .5 1.8710 J 1.5676 .6 1.6590 .6 1.7597 .6 1.8734 .d 1.6693 .7 1.6809 .7 1.7618 .7 1.8758 .7 1.5710 .8 1.6628 3 1.7B40 .8 1.8782 .8 1.5727 9 1.6459 .9 1.7661 .9 1.8807 .:) 1.5744 58.0 1.6667 63.0 1.7683 68.0 1.8831 53.0 1.5761 .1 1.6686 .1 1.T705 .1 1.8856 1 1.5778 2 1.6705 2 1.7728 .3 1.8880 .2 1.5795 .3 1.6724 i 1.7748 .3 1,8905 .3 1..5812 .4 1.6744 .4 1.7770 .4 1.8930 .4 1.5830 .5 1.6763 .5 1.7791 .5 1.8954 .5 1.5847 .6 1.6782 .6 1.7813 .6 1.8979 .6 1.6864 .7 1.6802 .7 1.7835 .7 1.9004 7 1.5882 .8 1.8S21 .8 1.7857 .8 1.9029 .8 1.5899 .9 1.6841 .9 1.7879 .9 1.9054 .9 1.5917 59.0 1.6860 64.0 1.7901 69.0 1.9079 .t4.0 1.5934 .1 1.6880 .1 1.7923 .1 1.9104 .1 1.5952 .2 1.6900 .2 1.7946 .2 1.9129 2 1.5969 .3 1.6919 .3 1.7968' .3 1.9155 ^3 1.5987 .4 1,6939 .4 1.7990 .4 1.9180 4 1.6004 .5 1.6959 S> 1.8012 .5 1.9206 .5 1.6022 .6 1.6979 .6 1.8035 .6 1.9231 .6 1.6040 .7 1.6999 .7 1.8057 .7 1.9256 .7 1.6058 .8 1.7019 .8 1.8080 .8 1.9282 .8 1.6075 .9 1.7039 .9 1.8102 .9 1.9308 ,9 1.6093 00.0 1.7059 fiS.O 1.8125 70.0 1.9333 .-).'-i.O 1.6111 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 423 Specific Gravity and Content of Sulphuric Acid Spi'citU' 100 parts by 1 liter ,Speftifie 100 parts by 1 liter finivity weight contains firuvily weight contains irr- correspond to Sll, II,S(I, grams 15" 4° In vacuo l.UlO correspond to SOj II.jSlI, 21.26 26.(H gra SO, ms 4° In vacuo SO, ir=sr)j II, SO, l.OOO 0,07 0.09 1 1 ■253 310 1.005 0,68 0.83 7 8 1 13.1 21.7,s ■2ii.m 2r>j> 319 1,010 1,28 1.67 13 16 1.211(1 22.;3> 27.3U 21 M 328 1.016 1.88 21.30 19 23 1.2i).'i 22,82 27,!).) 275 337 1.020 2.47 3.0a 26 31 1.211] ■i:V43 28.58 2-'^ 2 346 1.025 3,07 3.7U 32 39 l/Jl,--. iXM 20.21 2;«> 355 1.030 3,67 4.40 38 46 1,220 24.36 29.84 ■)'/7 364 1.035 4,27 6.23 44 54 1,225 24.88 30,4S 305 373 1.040 4,87 6.96 51 62 1,230 25.39 .Jl.U 312 382 1.045 5,45 6.67 57 71 1,235 25.88 31.70 320 391 1.0.50 6,02 7,37 63 77 1,240 26.35 32.28 327 400 1.055 6.59 8,07 70 85 1,245 26.83 ;!2 »; 334 409 i.oeo 7.16 8,77 76 93 1,260 2fr.2» 33.43 341 418 1.0."« 7.73 9,47 82 102 1.2.™ 27.76 MM 348 426 1.070 8.32 10.19 89 100 1 .200 28.22 34.57 356 435 1.075 8,90 10.90 96 117 1.2n5 28.69 35.14 363 444 i.oeo 9,47 11,60 103 125 1.2T0 29.15 35.n 1 370 464 1.0S5 10,04 12.30 109 133 1.275 29,62 36.29 ' 377 462 1.000 10,80 12.99 116 142 1.2SO 30,10 36.87 , 385 472 1,095 11,16 13.67 122 150 1.285 30,57 S7,45 ! 393 481 1.100 11.71 14.35 129 158 1.280 31,04 33,03 400 490 1.106 12.27 16.03 138 166 1.295 31,52 38,61 ; 408 500 1.110 12.82 15.71 143 175 1.300 31,99 39.19 416 510 1.H6 13.38 16,30 149 183 1.305 32.46 39.77 424 519 1.120 13.89 17.01 156 191 1.310 32,94 40.35 432 529 1.125 14.42 17.66 162 199 1.315 33,41 40.93 439 538 1.1.W 14.95 18.31 169 207 1.320 33,88 41.50 447 548 1.135 15,48 18.96 176 215 1.325 34,35 42.08 ; 455 557 1.140 18,01 19.91 183 223 1.330 34,80 42.68 ; 462 607 1.145 16,54 20,26 180 231 1,338 35,27 43.20 ' 471 677 1.150 17,07 20,91 196 239 1.340 35,71 43.74 479 586 1,155 17,59 21.55 203 248 1.345 36,14 44.28 486 696 l.lflO 18,11 2-2.10 210 257 1.350 36.58 44.82 : 494 605 1.165 18,64 22,83 217 266 1.3r,5 37.02 45.35 602 614 1,170 19,16 23,47 224 275 1.360 37.45 45.88 ' 509 624 1,175 19,60 24,12 231 283 1.365 37.89 46.41 617 633 1,180 20,2a 24,76 , 238 292 1.370 38.32 46.94 525 643 1.185 20,73 25,40 246 301 1.375 38.75 47.47 533 653 424 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND CONTENT OF SULPHURIC ACID— Con. Sipecilic 100 parts by 1 liter Specific 100 parts by 1 liter Gravity weight contains Gravity weight contains 15° correspond to grams 15° 4° correspond to grams i° J" % % % In vacuo SOa H2SO1 SO, HjSO* in vacuo SOa H,SO. SOa H2SO, 1.380 39.18 48,00 541 662 1.675 61.20 74.97 1025 1256 1.385 39.62 48.53 649 672 1.680 61.57 75.42 1034 ■ 1267 1.390 40.05 49.06 667 682 1.685 61.93 75.86 1043 1278 1.395 40.48 49.50 664 ^92 1.690 62.29 76.30 1053 1289 1.40O 40.91 50.11 573 702 1.695 62.64 76.73 1062 1301 1.405 41.33 60.63 681 711 1.700 63.00 77.17 1071 1312 1.410 41.76 61.15 589 721 1.705 63.35 77.60 1080 1323 1.415 42.17 61.66 597 730 1.710 63.70 78.04 1089 1334 1.420 42.57 6B.15 604 740 ■ 1.715 64.07 79.48 1099 1348 1.425 42.98 6a.63 612 750 1.720 64.43 78.92 1108 13S7 1.430 43.36 63.11 620 759 1.725 M.78 79.36 1118 1389 1.435 43.75 53.59 628 769 1.730 65.14 79.80 1127 1381 1.440 44.14 54.07 636 779 1.735 65.50 80.214 1138 1392 1.445 44.63 64.55 643 789 1.740 65.88 80.68 1146 14(M 1.450 44.92 65.03 651 798 1.745 66.22 81.12 1156 1416 1.455 4531 55.60 659 808 1.760 66.68 81.66 1165 1427 1.4«0 45.69 55.97 667 817 1.755 69.94 82.00 1175 1439 1.485 46.07 66.43 6(75 827 1.760 67.30 82.44 118S 1451 1.47U ■46.45 56.90 683 837 1.765 67.65 82.88 1194 1483 1.475 46.83 57.37 691 846 1.770 68.02 8332 1204 1475 1.480 47.21 67.83 699 866 1.775 68.49 83.90 1216 1489 1.485 47.57 58.28 707 865 1.780 68.98 84.60 . 1228 1504 1.490 47.95 68.74 715 876 1.785 69.47 85.10 1240 1619 1.49S 4S.34 59.22 723 885 1.790 69.96 86.70 1252 1634 l.BOO 48,73 69.70 731 896 1.795 70.46 86.30 1265 1549 1.505 49.12 60.18 739 908 1.80O 70.94 86.90 1277 1664 1.610 49.61 60.65 748 916 1.805 71.60 87.60 1291 1581 1.615 49.89 61.12 756 926 1.810 72.08 88.30 1305 1698 l..'>20 50.28 61.59 764 936 1.815 72.69 89.05 1319 1621 1.525 50.66 62.06 773 946 1.820 73.51 90.05 1338 1639 1.530 51.04 62.63 781 957 1.821 73.83 90.20 1341 1M3 1.6S5 51.43 63.00 789 967 1.822 73.80 90'.4O 1345 1647 1.540 51.78 63.43 797 977 1.823 73.96 90.60 1348 1661 1.645 62.12 63.85 805 987 1.824 74.12 90.80 1352 1656 1.550' 52.46 84.26 813 999 1.825 74.29 91.00 1356 1661 1.565 62.79 64.67 821 10O6 1.826 74.49 91.25 1360 1686 1.560 63.12 65.08 829 1015 1.827 74.69 91.50 1364 1671 1.565 53.46 65.49 837 1025 1.828 74.89 91.70 13B8 1676 1.6T0 63.80 65.90 845 1035 1.8E9 75.03 91.90 1372 1681 1.675 54.13 66.30 853 1044 1.8S0 75.19 92.10 1376 1685 1.580 54.46 66.71 861 1054 1.831 75.35 92.30 1380 1690 1.5» 54.80 67.13 869 1084 1.832 75.53, 92.62 1384 1695 1.690 55.18 67.69 877 1075 1.833 75.72 92.75 1388 170O 1.595 65.55 88.05 886 1085 1.834 75.86 93.05 1393 1708 i.eoo 65.93 68.51 897 1098 1.835 76.27 93.43 1400 1713 1.605 68.30 68.97 904 1107 1.836 76.57 93.80 14(S 1722 1.610 66.68 69.43 913 1118 1.837 76.90 94.20 1412 1730 1.615 57.0S 69.89 921 U28 1.838 77.23 94.60 1419 1739 1.620 67.40 70.32 930 1139 1.839 77.55 95.00 1426 1748 1.625 67.75 70.74 938 1150 1.^0 78.04 95.60 1436 1759 1.630 58.09 71.19 947 1160 1.8405 78.33 95.95 1441 176S 1.635 68.43 71:57 955 1170 1.8410 79.19 97.00 1468 1786 1.640 58.77 71.99 964 1181 1,8415 79.78 97.70 1469 1799 1.645 59.10 72.40 972 1192 1.8410 80.16 98.20 1476 1808 1.650 59.45 72.83 981 1202 1.8405 80.57 98.70 1483 1816 1.655 69.78 73.23 989 1212 1.840O 80.98 99.20 1490 1825 1.660 60.11 73.64 998 1222 1.8395 81.18 99.45 1494, 1830 1.665 60.46 74.07 1007 1233 1.8390 81.39 90.70 1497 1834 1.670 60.82 74.51 1018 1244 1.8385 81.59 99.95 1500 1838 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 425 Percentage of Sulphur Trioxide and Sulphuric Acid in Fuming Sult>huric Acid The add The acid I'he acid Total SO, contains % Total SO» contains % Total contains % as found l.y titration as found hy titration as found by titration llaSO, SO, 87.8775 II2SO, SO. IIjSO, S(1, 81,a'?26 100 66 34 93.9380 38 67 81.81R3 no 1 8S,IKil2 65 36 94.1224 32 68 m.imo 08 2 88 2448 64 36 94.3061 31 60 82.1836 97 8 88 4J.S.T 63 37 94.4807 :» 70 82.36T<1 96 4 HS fil22 62 38 94.6734 2(1 71 82.6510 05 6 88.7959 fil 39 94.8571 2.8 72 82.7846 94 « 88.9795 60 40 95.0408 27 73 82.9183 93 7 89.1632 59 41 95.2244 28 74 88.1020 92 8 89.3469 58 42 95.4081 2.'> 75 89.28W 91 89.5306 S7 43 95.5018 24 76 83.4693 90 10 89.7142 56 44 95.Tr65 2.t 77 83.6530 89 11 88.8979 55 45 95.9691 .» 78 83.8367 88 12 90.0819 54 46 96.1428 21 79 81.0204 gl 13 90.2653 .53 47 96.3265 20 80 84.2040 86 14 90.4488 52 48 96.5102 19 81 &I.3877 85 IB 90.6326 51 49 96.6938 18 82 84,5714 84 16 90.8163 60 50 96.8775 17 83 84.7551 83 17 91.0000 49 51 97.0612 16 84 84.9387 82. 18 91.1836 4.8 52 97.2418 15 85 85.1224 81 19 91.3673 47 53 97.428S 14 80 85.3061 80 20 91.6610 4(1 54 97.6122 13 87 85.4897 79 21 91.7346 4.-1 55 97.7959 12 88 85.6734 78 22 01.9183 44 56 97.9795 11 89 85.8571 77 23 02.1020 r.i 57 98.1632 1" 00 86.0408 76 24 92.2857 42 58 98 3469 9 91 80.2244 75 25 92.4693 41 69 98.5306 8 92 83.4081 74 26 92.6530 411 60 98.7143 7 93 86.5918 73 27 92.8387 39 61 98.8979 6 94 86.7755 72 28 93.0204 38 62 99.0816 5 95 86.9591 71 29 9.3.2040 :i7 63 99.2753 4 96 sn.uis 70 30 93.3877 36 64 99.4489 3 97 87.8205 69 31 93.504 35 65 99.6326 2 98 87.5102 6S »2 93.7551 34 66 99.8163 1 99 ,S7 (WIS W .13 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Sod lum Hydroxide Solution at 1 5°C (Caustic Soda) LUNGE. 1 Liter Contains Specific Degrees Degrees Per Cent Per Cent Grams Gravity Bauine' Twaddell NagO. NaOH. NasO. NaOH. LOW 1.0 1.4 0.47 0.61 4 6 l.OU 2.8 2.9 0.93 1.20 9 12 1.022 3.1 4.4 1..M 2.00 16 21 1.029 4.1 5.8 2.10 2.70 22 28 1.638 5.1 7.2 2.60 3.35 27 35 1.045 6.2 9.0 3.10 4. CO 32 42 1.053 7.2 10.4 3.60 4.64 38 49 1.060 8.2 12.0 4.10 5.29 43 56 1.067 9.1 13.4 4.55 5.87 49 ea 1.075 10,1 15.0 5.08 6.56 55 70 1.083 Jl.l 16.6 ^.m 7.31 61 79 1.091 12.1 18.2 6.20 8.00 68 87 I.IOO 13.2 20.0 6.73 S.68 74 95 1.108 14.1 21.6 7.30 9.42 81 104 1.116 15.1 23.2 7.80 10.06 87 112 1.12S 16.1 26.0 8.50 10.97 96 123 1.134 17.1 26.8 9.18 11.84 104 134 1.U2 18.0 28.4 9.80 12.« 112 144 1.152 19.1 30.4 10.50 13.55 121 156 1.162 20.2 32.4 11.14 14.37 129 167 1.171 21.2 34. 2 11. YS 15.13 137 177 1.180 22.1 36.0 12.33 15.91 146 188 1.190 23.1 38.0 13.00 16.77 155 200 1.200 24.2 40.0 13.70 17.67 164 212 1.210 25.2 42.0 14.40 18.58 174 225 1.220 23.1 44.0 15.18 19.68 185 239 1.231 27.2 46.2 15.96 20.59 196 253 1.241 28.2 48.2 16.76 21.42 208 266 1.252 29.2 50.4 17.55 22. W 220 283 1.263 30.2 52.6 18.35 23.67 232 299 1.274 31.2 54.8 19.23 24.81 245 316 1.285 32.2 57.0 20.00 25.80 257 SSi 1.297 33.2 59.4 20.80 26.83 270 348 1.308 34.1 61.6 21.55 27.80 282 364 1.320 35.2 64.0 22.35 28.83 295 381 1.332 36.1 66.4 23.20 29.93 S09 399 1.345 37.2 69.0 24.20 31.22 326 420 1.357 38.1 71.4 25.17 32.47 342 441 1.370 39.2 74.0 26.12 33.69 359 462 1.383 40.2 76.6 27.10 34-96 375 483 1.397 41.2 79.4 28.10 38. i". 392 506 1.410 42.2 82.0 29. (K 37,47 410 5-?8 1.424 43.2 84.8 30.08 38.80 428 553 1.4S8 44.2 87.6 SI. 00 39.99 446 675 1.453 45.2 90.6 32.10 41.41 466 602 1.468 46.2 93.6 33.20 42.83 487 629 1.483 47.2 96.6 34.40 44.38 510 6.68 1.498 48.2 99.6 35.70 46.15 535 691 1.614 49.2 102.8 36.90 47.60 559 721 1.530 50.2 106.0 38.00 49.02 581 760 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 427 Tabl e of Chloride of Calcium S olution , Ammonia Gauge Spccltic Itegree Degree Sal- Freezing Pressure Jravlty at 64 Boaunieat64 ometer at 64 Per Cent Point in Pomids per Degrc*"** P. j Degrees P. 1 Degrees P. otCaCl, Degrees P. Square Inch 1 (1(17 4 (1.(143 + 31. 2() 46 ].(I14 2 8 l.SSl b.ti.Hi 45 1 (121 3 12 2.8.0 + 20.6(1 44 1.028 4 16 3,77-2 + 28.8(1 43 1.036 5 20 4.715 +28.00 42 1.043 6 24 5.658 +26.88 41 l.O&l 7 28 6.601 +25.78 40 1.('58 8 32 7.544 +24.67 38 1.0,15 l> 36 8.487 +23..T.7.". 29 1.114 15 no 14,145 + 13.S2 27 l.li-J 16 64 15.088 ■ 11, ,^1 25 1.1, il 17 08 iii,(i:n (Ml) 23.5 1.14(1 18 72 i(i,:i74 ■ 7 , 1 h^ 21.5 1.14!l 11) 76 I7.!I17 + ."1,411 20 1.1. "Vh ■:s> 80 Ls Si - 4.44 12,5 l.lKi 2.^ !I2 21 ,lMi -8.03 10.5 l.llHi ?4 'X> 22 , (;'i2 -11.63 8 I.'Jl.l 25 100 2.'i.,'.7,-i -15.23 6 1.21,'-> 2fi 1114 L'4,5ia —19.56 4 1 . 22.1 27 108 25.4S1 —24.43 1.5 1.23« 28 112 28.404 —29.29 1" vacuum I.24(! 29 116 27,:«7 -35.30 5" vacuum 1.2.'i7 .W 120 2v,2«l -41.32 H.5" vacuum 1.2(S 31 2!i.2.-« —47.66 12" vacuum 1.27r> 32 .■!0.176 —.54.00 15" vacuum 1 2!0 33 31.119 -44.32 W vacuum 1 'Mvl 34 32.062 —34.66 4" vacuum l.^U 35 33. —25.00 1.5 pounds Table of Brine Solution (CHLORIDE OF SODIUM— COMMON SALT.) gfefci «8 •c c a •c t, .'5 c— o cS"^ ffi 4A ' " Q C S ; 5^ 9 =~-£ ■) 1. 1. 8.35 0. 8.35 HA 0. 62 4 32. 1 4 1.007 0.992 8.4 0.084 8.316 62 8 0.628 62.172 31.8 6 20 1.037 0.96 8.65 0.432 8.218 64.7 3.237 61.465 26.4 10 40 1.07S 0.892 8.95 0.895 8 055 66.95 6.605 60.253 18.6 15 60 1.115 0.855 9..C 1.395 7.905 69.57 10.435 59.134 12.2 20 80 1.150 0.829 9.6 1.92 7.68 71.76 14.352 57.408 6.86 25 100 1.191 0.783 994 2.485 7.455 74.26 18.5® 55.695 1.00 428 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF The Metric System, Fundamental Equivalents The fundamental unit of the metric system is the Meter—the unit of length. From this the units of capacity (Liter) and of weight (Gram) were derived. All other units are the decimal subdivisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply related, e. g., for all practical purposes one Cubic Decimeter equals one Liter and one Liter of water weighs one Kilogram. The metric tables are formed by combining the words "Meter," "Gram," and "Liter" with the six numerical prefixes, as in the following tables: Prefixes. Meaning. Units. milli- = one thousandth centi- = one hundredth deci- = one tenth Unit — one .1/1000 0.001 .1/100 0.01 .1/10 0.1 1. .10/1 10. .100/1 100. .1000/1 1000. "meter" for length "gram"!forweightormass "liter" for capacity deka- = ten hecto- = one hundred . . kilo- = one thousand . All lengths, areas, and cubic measures in the following tables are derived from the international meter, the legal equivalent being 1 Meter = 39.37 Inches (law of July 28, 1866). In 1893 the United States Office of Standard Weights and Measures was authorized to derive the yard from the meter, using for the purpose the relation legalized in 1866, 1 Yard = 3600/3937 Meter. The customary weights derived from the international kilogram are based on the value of 1 avoirdupois pound = 453.5924277 grams. This value is carried out farther than that given in the law, but is in accord with the latter as far as it is there given. The value of the troy pound is based upon the relation just mentioned and also the equivalent 5760/7000 avoirdupois pounds equal 1 troy pound. In the following tables the metric unit has been selected as the common unit so that conversions may be made through the metric unit. 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Si 313 "O 3 W43 iim ill IM (M tH^ CO o ^ ferti O o n o X-i 3 (U to h a) to Sid t3t3 li, <» p Oo.H~ <~, THrH OrH ■ tH ■<* . l^^CO Oi OOCOOOOO O t-.rH 00-^ "5 N 00 00 OO' KAXSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY < rH O ^ ® ^ oo oo oo oo a O H <: fa o t» Si > o o I H U iTo CO (M C-l 0^0505 WOO CC CD CO oosinincot-otNTjiiomoiHcDOKiioco Ot-lOmO>OOTHMWCOCOOOI>»-(tOCOU3rH (-^ -HI l^^ ii-t ffo nr ' t^ m ir^in er^ c^ c^ eri ^^ tr^ fTi OC30C-lOiniO^OOTHPQCOCQCOODD-T-(loCQir3r-( oOO'^ioii5iNoo^t>;oqininoooMt-;oe; rH rH rH CO rH rH iH CO CO M (M ■^ -^ in oJ tH to •-! IN C4 (N 11.5 ^3 II O M M o X> •^ Tt* tj ■2o«o (N qOO iiSi< ___ o, gco II °S > O o C5 •- !>>.S II O .lo'^ US'* CD 2oo ,Coo C3C> 3 CO eo to to (» he "'"'"'"""" CO 00-*U5"^ NO-*'rHC. > l^ ^£"^:"i H WH^^HH'<> .CO I Q -'t^ I a^ g ,§2; Zo C o => H 53 t- E-' m -Ui do* 1 o r-tr-t tH OiH^ I CO S-o II II II I ■2 II 5 »-i 5 O s^ y O 6 Z-w II H fc, i.^O < M m "\ D ^ m 2: Co <: ci OiHOOrH «o o o o oo oo oo oo oo oo ,„••,-••■ -ol 1 OlOOOl • r-lOO T-l O iH T-l rH O O ■* ■* (N ,-t tH r-l iH 05 -* Tjl ■* (M . • • • Oi (M (M 1-1 rH . • Ca • • CO CD CD ".* CO 113 mc4coc4coiN"(Nr-ii-5oeot^'^o' hS 434 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF M 'Ill— t- I I II oooooo ooo oo tHt-ItHtHN iH iH tH iH t-I iHO • * ' lo loio th th o CO o th cow t-; tr^ t> co,co o o in OS ^ ^ CO CO CO iH r-H tH lO t4 CO COCO H t-It-I as tH iH tH M 00 00 <£> OOOOU3(NCO>H t-OO -^ !0 CD CO i> o o t- 1> ■-; oj OJ rH i-i O M tH OJ in ooo CO o 02 z o o o >OOo0000005o_o«oc>i-;o5 ■(Nc^C^iHOlrtCOrHC^ o ^ o t- I . =1 « Cr ooc ooo ooo o too 5 tH coo i O to CO com toco CO aixa 00 us ■-lO . °J^ o O ^O T)l '^ c» ^iO^OtOCOCOr-HCO ^THrHOCOC^TH"^LO O LTD to O CO tH H5 miM CO t- COI> bJ3 o C tO(N TCtO h OOO (1) OOO -*J (M rH Tji tH O OS to cocs to 00 ^3 w3 r-l iH ^H r-l '-' iH CjS0S^,Ht*i-lC^CDOO S^t-t-MOOt-t;-COO OOCD^t-COG^OCOO T-i rH CO 00 C^i 1-5 "^ i-^ 00 T-l iHoo * « eg ■3CN ■0„ ri to K^ I I M « I CO M ^oooooo 00 . Q iH tH i-l 1-t iH iH tH iH o . -*-*-^00 00Cl>C g-2t2 r3 bo ^(Mco"^l^>GOOlO,-; KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY » ■a K^ 3 . M !D to c- o 5 t- O OS IM iH (N C4 _00C<3(M05mO00 t-tOtDT|iNrt £(Mt-ooeoo50iNto(Ncceo>-iiniN CQ .5 "OCJOOOMOOOSi-jOOOOOJO; oooooi-Ioo6oNodO(Mos (N (M c c« ■a 1 n 1 1 o > bo S "^ ifl .in>oo oo in (Mih os ECO coco OOOCO COOlOlCOO ,,t>00"^OOTft-CONiHTtcCOO Ooi-jNrHOirtOiocoinwomo OONOrHWOC0OOWOl>CD b£ rH COlO O CO '^tH ' " Jl«00 O W (N»H(NOlO ECOCONOOOW C0t-CO(NTHOCOlOO N tH (M CO 50 S d o to Z o QJ ^ CO **"* VJW l*V '«-' TH *^ "V »— 1 ^ "^ UJ UJ W .(MMO tOrHCOlM ■* t- iH tO in O -, ^ |i(OOOTl(-r)(rHOOOr-;COOOCCOS " 3 o o 1-! o ■^ iH o e4 o cj o o M eo l; o W A ° & . S • £ 52 .^t-O M C- O OCCIO ~ JQ (Mtr]MO lOMinM o Me^TCto o ft} '^oiooecmosos ooooiHoir-io ■" t; jg CMOoinc<3incoi>i>cqoi-;ooq ^ (u a, '~'OiH(NOlOC<50iWrHl>00-^"to' .■£ " rtrHOSIM 0>>e CO Tf ^ C 1 Jc o -t^ a^ ,-: Jh . !- o O 4* ►J? • X S _;SS IN ° =" rt " .a to o mint- ■* mS Soo 05in ooTf 00005 ^ S g. ,^0 Tj<00lO05-*OO03NC000>H05 tS gS^ Ooin-^commoococoo-^ooq " m rt,c a ■ ■ ■ ■ " "" .2 S ^ g u g g 3 u O.S.SVCH D-l > ?l „ u g g 3 u o.S.SvcH cr*„ o 2. O (M O iH CO t- 50 2 OOOOOCOO5O oooooosoo ia S (N CCDOOCOOOCOOlw .■So OJ C> M CO in' O O £ « mOOOSCiCOCOCDOOWO T-loJO^-^OOCOCOOOO^CCM fi (MOStHCOCO O"^ >. jOlO S>-ICM 1*2 2 in a in -rf4 CO in m o "^ CO O r4 CO tf 1-1 O '^ -OCM ■ m SorHcooom t-in 00 O O O O O O CO "^ p ^ OOOOOrH^ joo cjjin 2 "^ 2o-*ooino5^o oi Soin-^comLop'P^ i'l-icMOr-icO'^''-'"^"* CO tH CO O O CM m o NCO coo oc> m 00 00 o OJ CM_ CO CO o rH CM CO "^ ^ to tr- 00 OS O tH CM' KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 437 COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURE DEGREES. Degrees Degrees Degrees Degrees Absolute Cent. Fahr. Reaumur. Degrees Absolute 1.0 1.0 % % Degrees Centigrade 1.0 1.0 % % Degrees Fahrenheit % % 1.0 H Degrees Reaumur % % % 1.0 COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURE POINTS. Absolute zero=— 273° Centigrade= — 459.4° Fahr.= — 218.4° Reaum. Freezing water = 0° C. = 273° A. = 32° F. =0 R. Boiling water = 100° C. ==373° A.=212° F.=r80° R. HEAT QUANTITY CONVERSION FACTORS. One British Thermal Unit = 251.995 X calories (gm.) = 0.251995 X Cal. Large. One gram caloric = 0.00396832 British Thermal Units. One B. T. U. per pound = % calorie per gram. One calorie per gram = 1.8 B. T. U. per pound. TIME CONVERSION FACTORS. One year = 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 48 seconds = 12 calendar months. = 52.1693 + weeks = 8765.8133 + hrs. = 525948.8 minutes = 31556928 seconds. One week 7 days = 168 hrs. = 10080 minutes = 604800 seconds. One day = 24 hours =: 1440 minutes ^ 86400 seconds. One hour = 60 minutes =: 3600 seconds. One minute = 60 seconds. VELOCITY CONVERSION FACTORS. Mi./hr. Ft./sec. Km./hr. Jl/sec. Mi./da. Km. /da. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. Miles per hour.. .1.0000 1.4667 1.6093 0.44704 24.00 38.62 2. Feet per second... 0.6819 1.0000 1.0973 0.30480 16.37 26.33 3. Kilometers/hour .0.6214 0.9114 1.0000 0.2778 14.913 24.00 4. Meters per second.2.237 3.281 3.600 1.0000 53.69 86.40 5. Miles per day 0.04167 0.06112 0.06706 0.01863 1.0000 1.609 6. Kilometers /day . .0.02589 0.03797 0.04167 0.01157 0.6214 1.0000 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR MONEY. $toA. A. A. to *. 1.000 Dollar (U. S.) 1.000 100.000 Cent (U. S.) 0.010 0.196 Guinea (English) =21 shillings 5.10972 0.2055 Pound Sterling = 20 shillings 4.8665 ( Sovereign ) 4.11 Shilling (s) =12 pence 0.24331 40.93 Penny (d) —4 farthings 0.02028 163.72 Farthing = % penny 0.00507 0.822 Crown =5 shillings 1.21660 4.200 Mark (Germany) =100 pfennigs 0.238 420.0 Pfennig 0.00238 5.182 Franc (France) = 100 centimes 0.193 518.2 Centime 0.00193 438 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF CLASSIFICATION OF U. S. PATENTS ON PETROLEUM RE- FINING. A. Water separation, dehydration, de-emulsification, heating and physical purification of oil and bottom settlings. B. Cracking, conversion, and decomposition processes. C. Paraffin and wax. D. Chemical treatment of petroleum. 1. Acid or alkali. 2. Other than acid or alkali. E. Asphalt. 1. Compositions. 2. Production. 3. Refining. . F. Simple distillation. 1. Fire. 2. Steam. 3. Gas. 4. Air. 5. Vacuum. I. Batch. II. Continuous. G. Coal oil. Kerosene and Illuminating oils. H. Oil-fire prevention, extinction and storage. L Recovery of acid-sludge and alkali-sludge. J. Gasoline production and treatment. K. Gas. 1. Production. 2. Treatment. 3. Production of carbon black. L. Chemical products. M. Patented blends and compounds. N. Testing apparatus. 0. Lubricating oils. P. Electrical processes. Q. Transporting oil. R. Methods of removing carbon and coke. S. Mechanical appliances in oil refining, and processes. (Not covering any particular operation.) T. Plastics. U. Condensers and condensing. V. Desulphurizing and deodorizing. W. Oil shales, oil sands and coals. KAXS.IS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 439 UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS. Name Nuiiiber Aab., Ueo. & S. K. Campbell 369,90a Adaii', James 35, 4u / Adair. Jas. & Tweddle. H. W. C... 56,343 Aaair, Thos. D 1,108,352 AaaUiS, Chas 52,60!) Aaams, J. H 978,975 Adams, Henry W 12,B14 Adamson, Wm 45,007 Adlassewlch, Alexander 629,536 Alberger, J. L 37,798 Alexander, Cllve M 1,230,975 Alexander, Jas. H 229,297 Alexander, Jas. H. & Eberhard 166,265 Alexander, Kobt 435,198 Alkemade, J. von R 1,007,600 Allen, George 182,625 Allan, D. M., Jr 1,187,979 Alter, David & Hill, S. A 20,026 AWord, Clark 213,1.'>7 Ambruson, H. J I,2.'j2,(i4'2 Amend, Otto I' 747,3-l,s Amend, Otto I' •Ih(i,:il2 Amend, Otto I' -iNO.iill Amend, Otto P 551,941 Amend, Otto P col, 331 Amend, Otto P 747,347 Andrews, Saml ss.lin Andrews, Saml flu,745 Angus, H. R ... 407.274 Anthony, C. E ii2o,os2 Arohbold, Geo 003, 02s Archei-, Wm 44,137 Aitmann, Call 1,031,227 Ai-vtne, Freeling W 620,059 Arvine, Freeling VV 431, 7!i.) Ash, Horace W 779,197 Jan" Ash, Horace W 779,198 Jan. Ash, Horace \V 757,387 j* pr. Ashworth, A. A 1,300,648 Apr. Andrews and Averill 1,312,467 Apr. Atwood, Luther 27,767 Atwood, Luther 21,805 Atwood, Luther 22,406 Atwood, Luther 22,407 Atwood, Luther 23,006 Atwood, Luther 23,337 Atwood, Luther 28,246 Atwood, Luther 28,448 Atwood, Luther 27,768 Atwood, Luther 31,858 Atwood, L. & Atwood, W 15,506 Atwood, L. & Atwood, W 16,605 Atwood, William 226,151 Aukerman, Cal. M 572,882 Bacon, Brooks & Clark 1,181,309 Bacon & Clark 1,101,482 Backhaus, Arthur A 1,271,114 Backhaus, Arthur A 1,271,115 Backhaus, A. A 1,296,902 Barber, Guy M 1,251,952 Balllard. Chas. L 340,411 Baker. Leslie A 299,611 Barnes. Wm. T 24,920 Barnes. Wm. T 24,921 Barrett, Michael 59.631 Barron. Thos. J 46,987 Barnlckel. W. S 1,093,098 Barnickel. W. .s 1,223,669 Barniokel. W. S 1,223,660 Bartels. E 1.116,887 Date Class Sept. 13, 1887 C June 10, 1862 U July 17, 1S66 F Aug. 4, 1914 A keu. 13, 18BB C Nov. 29, 1910 B Apr. 3, 1855 11 Nov. 15, 1864 D 1 July 25, 1899 F Mar. 3, 1863 U, B June 26, 1917 B June 29, 1880 F Oct. 27, 1874 F Aug. 26, 1890 E 3 Oct. 14, 1913 C Sept. 26, 1876 A, O June 20, 1916 D 1 Apr. 27, 1858 F 11, 1S79 U 8, 1918 Kl 22, 1903 D 1, V 9, 1892 V. D 1,B 9, 1892 V. D 1, B 24, 1896 V, D 1 29. 1898 V, D 1 22. 1903 V. D 1 25, 1866 V 1, I 15, 1867 S 10, 18S0 F 21, 1899 B. T 5, lb03 E 1 (i, 1864 F 2, 1912 E 1 18, 1899 A 8, 1890 G. N 3, 1905 E 2, F 3, 1905 E 2. F 12, 1904 F 1 15, 1919 S 10, 1860 S 19, 1858 F2 28, 1S58 B 28, 18.).S B 22, 1859 B 29, 1859 B 15, 1860 G 29, 1860 G, B 10, 1860 F 26, 1861 U 12, 1866 B.2D 1 12, 1856 W, F 6, 1880 G 20, 1901 A 6, 1919 B 9, 1916 J, B June 23, 1914 B July 2, 1918 M July 2, 1918 M Mar. 11, 1919 M Jan. 1, 1918 S 20, 1886 D 1 3, 1884 A 2, 1859 U 2, 1859 G 6, 1866 I 28, 1865 M 14, 1914 A, Dl 24, 1917 A, Dl 24, 1917 A 3, 1914 H Mar. Jan. Dec. Aug. Aug. Dec. Mar. Dec. Sept. Oct. July Feb. Aug. Sept. .'uly •Tuly July Oct. Dec. Dec. Feb. Mar. May May Apr. Mar. Aug. Ai g. Apr. Apr. Aug. Mar. Apr. June Aug. Aug. Nov. Mar. Apr. Apr. Apr. Nov. 440 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS- Name Number Date Barstow, Frank Q 181,814 Sept. 5, 1876 Barthel, Peter 135,879 Feb. 18, 1873 Baskerville, Chas 1,231,986 July 3, 1917 Bassett, R. D 1,120,669 Dec. 15,1914 Bassett, R. D 1,120,670 Dec. 15,1914 Bates, H. F 1,046,641 Dec. 10, 1912 Baum, B. P 1,109,103 Sept. 1, 1914 Baynes, R. & Fearenside, J 299,324 May 27, 1884 Bell, A. F. L. 681,451 Apr. 27, 1897 Bell, A. F. L, 681,692 Apr. 13,1897 Bell, A. F. L 617,712 Jan. 17, 1899 Bell, A. F. L 1,231,696 July 3,1917 Bell, A. F. L. 655,430 Aug. 7,1900 Bell, A. F. L 506,416 Sept. 19, 1893 Bellingrath, Leonard, Jr 20,465 June 1, 1858 Bending, Wm. P 998,670 July 26, 1911 Benham, B. B 1,262,576 Apr. 9, 1918 Berg, Friedrich 645,743 Mar. 20, 1900 Berg, Friedrich 560,463 May 19, 1896 Berg, F 736,479 Aug. 18, 1903 Berg, F 736,480 Aug. 18, 1903 Berg, F 623,066 Apr. 11, 1890 Berg, H. J 93,952 Aug. 24, 1869 Bibby, John & Lapham, A 48,896 July 25, 1865 Bicknell, John B 313,979 Mar. 17, 1885 Bicknell, John E 400,042 Mar. 26, 1889 Bicknell, John B 400,043 Mar. 26, 1889 Birge, Wm. H 175,014 Mar. 21, 1876 Blackmore, H. S 486,654 Nov. 22, 1892 Blackmore, H. S 793,026 June 20, 1905 Blair, John B 139,654 June 10,1873 Bloede, Victor G 169,887 Feb. 16, 1876 Blumenthal, Leon 312,605 Feb. 24, 1885 Boleg, Friedrich 761,939 June 7, 1904 Boote, A. J. & Kittredge, H. G 620,882 Mar. 14, 1899 Bower, Henry 230,171 July 20, 1880 Beckley, R. B 1,127,722 Feb. 9, 1915 Bending, Wm. P 1,144,622 June 29, 1915 Benham, B. B 1,040,124 Oct. 1,1912 Butcher, J. A 1,311,763 July 29, 1919 Benhoff, Geo. F., Jr., & Jensen, J. 0.1,181,664 May 2 1916 Benton, G. L 342,664 May 25, 1886 Benton, G. L 342,666 May 25,1886 Berend, Ludwig 1,167,373 Jan. 11, 1916 Blacher, L. & Sztencel, S 866,276 Apr. 26 1910 Black, J. C 968,640 Aug. 3o! 1910 Black, J. C 1,152,478 Sept. 7 1915 Black, J. C 1,164,162 Dec. 14, 1916 Blowski, Jno. & Blowski, A 1,186,373 June 6, 1916 Born, Sidney 1,234,124 July 24, 1917 Borrman, C. H 1,220,067 Mar. 20 1917 Bowman, F 12,852 May 15,1856 Brace, H. B. & Swart, Wm. T 64,495 May 8, 1868 Brackebusch, Hans', 275,565 Apr. 10 1883 Bradford, Geo 806,116 Nov. 2l' 1906 Bragg, John 604,516 May 24, 1898 Braggins, Bdw 46,633 Mar. 7,1866 Braun, Otto 243,496 June 28, 1881 Breinig, Revere 306,897 Oct 21 1884 Brooks, Essex & Smith 1,191,916 July 18, 1916 Brooks and Smith 1,231,123 June 26, 1917 Briokman, Saml 1,279,506 Sept. 24, 1918 Brown, Arthur L 1,234,862 July 31 1917 Brown, Ernest 1,225,669 May 8 1917 Brown, D. P. & Neeley, J. W 361,671 Apr. 26 1887 Brown, B. G. Cammann, O. N. & Willcox, 510,672 Dec. 12,1893 Brown, L.. W. 994,100 May 30, 1911 Brown, W. A 1,309,794 July 15, 1919 Brown, Wm 10,055 Sept. 27, 1853 -Con. Clasf C £11,3 I J J Kl A D2 BS, 2 E3 £12, 3 B,K £2,3 E2, 3 Fl, 4 A Kl F2, 1 Dl V,D1 V Dl PI, I] Fl F2 C c F2 V N^ F O M V, Dl I B Dl B H F 2 B B Dl I Dl F3 D 2, P S I F 1, n, S P2, n F1,I M, G Dl Fl, 5 V, Dl F5 U I L L P D2 D2 Fl, 2 Fl, 2, 4 A A C, W KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 441 UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Date Class Brownlee, R. H. & Uhllnger 1,265,043 May 7, 1918 K 3, B Brownlee, R. H 1,308,161 July 1,1919 F Brucke, Otto 963,610 July 6, 1910 A Brundred, Wm. J 148,806 Mar. 24,1974 F2 Bullard, John 34,195 Jan. 21, 1862 G Burcey, Chas. J. T 122,810 Jan. 10,1872 F Burch, Eli F 1,238,101 Aug. 28,1917 O, T Burden, J., W. M. & M. M 1,112,051 Sept. 29, 1914 Kl Burghardt, C. A 309,027 Dec. 9,1884 U Burk, H. R 284,811 Sept. 11, 1883 G Burke, A. M. & Wright, .S 66,999 June 26, 1867 Dl Burket, D. M. & Gray, J. (' 57,285 Aug. 21. 1866 O Burrows, H. G 998,937 July 2:>. 1911 F 2, It Burton, W. M 1,055,707 Mar. 11,1913 B, E 2 Burton, W. M 1,049,687 Jan. 7,1913 B, J Burton, W. M 1,106,961 Aug. 4,1914 J, B Burton, W. M 1,112,113 Sept. 2!i, 1914 C, B Burton, W. M 1,167,884 Jan. 11,1916 B Burwell, A. W. & Slierman, 1>. (>... 738,656 Sept. h, 1903 V. D 1 Bush, Asa A 269.382 Dec. 19, 1882 Fl Busse, Heinrlch 376,289 Jan. 10, 1888 T Byerley, Francis X 347,288 Aug. 10, 1886 C, F Byerley, F. X 624,120 Aug. 7, 194 E 2, 3, F Byerley, F. X 647,329 Oct. 1. 1896 F4.2 Byerley, F. X 244,431 July 19, 1881 C Byerley, F. X 132,363 Oct. 22, 1872 C Byerley, F. -X 164,672 June 22. 1875 C Biggins, James E 1.274,976 Aug. 6, 1918 B Black, John C 1.276,648 Aug. 13, 1918 J Boyle, Alex. M 1,276,866 Aug. 27,1918 W Buerger, C. B I,.in2,761 May 6, 1919 S Calkins, A. C 779,398 Jan. 3, 1905 B Calkins, A. C 769,681 Sept. 6,1904 Dl Campbell, Andrew 999,628 Aug. 1, 1911 C Cantour, David 562,206 Jan. 14, 1896 F Carman, F. J 601,988 July 25,1893 V Carpenter, Calvin, Jr 82,083 Sept. 16, 1868 O Carter, G. F 680,639 Aug. 13, 1901 S Catlln, Robert M 1,272,377 July 10, 1918 W Gazin, Francis' F. M 400,634 Apr. 2, 1889 F Cazin, F. M. F 400,633 Apr. 2. 1889 V, G Chamberlain, H. P 1,221,790 Apr. 3,1917 B Chemin, Jean C. 297,766 Apr. 29.1884 F, D Cheney, Samuel 230,239 July 20, 1880 F 2 Cherry, Cummings 15,642 Sept. 2, 1866 A Cherrv, C 16,643 Sept. 2, 1866 W Cherry, L. B 1,229,886 June 12, 1917 B, P Chesebrough, Robt. A 127,568 June 4,1872 M Chesebrough, Robt. A 237,484 Feb. 8, 1881 M Chesebrough, R. A 49,502 Aug. 22, 1866 G, S Chesebrough, R. A 48,367 June 27, 1865 S Chesebrough, R. A 61,567 Dec. 19, 1866 S Chesebrough, R. A 61,658 Dec. 19, 1866 S Chesebrough, R. A 542,704 Aug. 21, 1894 F 2, II Chevrier, Gervais 106,916 Aug. 30, 1870 I Childs, Samuel 11.059 June 13, 1864 F 1, 2, I Clarke, Edward 232,685 Sept. 28, 1880 I Clark, Edward M 1,119,496 Dec. 1, 1914 B Clark, E. M 1,129,034 Feb. 16,1916 B Clark, E. M 1,132,163 Mar. 16,1915 B Clark, C. B 1,147,608 July 20,1915 Kl Clark, Prank W 547,332 Ocl,. 1,1895 P 3, 4 Clark, R. C. & Beecher, W. F 276,589 Apr. 10, 1883 P 1, 4 Clark, R. C. & Warren, M. H 298,825 May 20, 1884 F Clark. R C. & Warren, M. H 318,698 May 26, 1885 F Clark, S. G 34,816 Apr. 1, 1862 G, Clifford, Victor 1,266,407 May 14, 1918 H Coast, John W., Jr 1,260,798 Dec. 18, 1917 B Coast, J. W., Jr. 1,250,800 Dec. 18,1917 B Coast, J. W., Jr. 1,250,801 Deo. 18,1917 B F 2, II 442 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Date Class Coast, J. W., Jr 1,252,401 Jan. 8,1918 B Coast, J. W., Jr 1,253,000 J'an. 8,1918 B Coast, J. "W., Jr 1,268,190 Mar. 6,1918 B Coast, J. W., Jr 1,262,999 Jan. 8,1918 B Coast, J. W., Jr 1,291,414 Jan. 14, 1919 B Coast, J. W., Jr 1,307,724 June 24,1919 S Coast, John W., Jr 1,260,799 Deq. 18,1917 B Coast, John W., Jr 1,258,191 Mar. 5, 1918 B Cobb, J. 1,201,658 Oct). 17, 1916 A Cobb, E. B 1,300,816 Apr. 15, 1919 D Cochran, A 1,296,367 Mar. 4, 1919 B Cole, Jas., Jr 128,169 Sept. 12,1876 F 2, 4, II Coleman, John T 19,406 May 29, 1877 F Colin, Theodore F 607,017 July 12, 1898 V D 1 Colin, T. F 723,368 Mar. 24,1903 V, D Colin, T. F. 744,720 Nov. 24, 1903 V D Colin, T. F 685,907 Nov. 5, 1901 V D Collins, Jacob 1,029,439 June 4 1912 A CoUins, John F 59,334 Oct. 30, 1866 F 4 I Collins, Jos'. G 32,557 June 18, 1861 S Connelly, Martin 240,093 Apr. 12, 1881 D 1 V Connelly, Martin 240,094 Apr. 12, 1881 D l' V Cook & Price 1,190,633 July 11, 1916 B 3 Cooper, A, S 67,226 Jan. 3, 1899 E 2 3 Corfield, Wm ; 54,061 Apr. 17, 1866 M Corfield, Wm 54,060 Apr. 17, 1866 M Cornell, Sidney 1,202,969 Oct. 31, 1916 F 2 Cosden, J. S'. 981,176 Jan. 19, 1911 F 2 II Cosden, J. S. & Coast, J. W., Jr 258,196 Mar. 5, 1918 B ' Cosden & Coast 1,261,216 Apr. 2, 1918 B Cottrell & Wright 987,117 Mar. 21,1911 p Cottrell & Speed 987,115 Mar. 21, 1911 p A Cottrell & Speed 987,116 Mar. 21 1911 p' Cottrell, F. G 987,114 Mar. 21,1911 p Courtois, F. A. 788,260 Apr. 26, 1905 N Cowan, Wm. P 658,358 Apr. 14, 1896 C Crane, Frederick D 1,223,153 Apr. 17, 1917 m d Crane, Gerard 231,280 Aug-. 17, 1880 k' 1 Crane, Adolphus G 1,276,879 Aug. 27, 1918 ?. i Crawford, Benjamin 113,023 Mar. 28, 1871 ^ Crocker, Saml. H 120,463 July 16, 1872 ■« Cronemeyer, A. H 718,318 Ja.n. 13, 1903 m Cronenberger, W. M 1,152,399 Sept. 7, 1915 a Cronin, C. J 160,466 May 6, 1874 F Cross, James P ; . 67,096 Aug. 14, 1866 M Cross, Roy 1,255,138 Feb. 5, 1918 P 1 o Cross, Walter M 1,203,312 Oct. 3,1916 F " Culmer, Geo. & Geo. C. K 636,429 Oct. 24, 1899 F Culmer, Geo. & Geo. C. K 635,430 Oct. 24, 1899 w Culmer, J. W 217,995 July 29, 1879 G Cunningham, Christopher 158,042 Dec. 22, 1874 C Danckwardt, P 1,141,629 June 1, 1915 J F 1 TT Daul, John , 213,396 Mar. 18,1879 f' 2 Daul, Louis 268,284 May 23, 1882 F 2 Davidson, J. G. & Ford, R. W 1,228;042 June 5, 1917 p Davidson, Samuel 1,238,644 Aug. 28, I917 J K ' Davis, John T 671,078 Apr. 2, 1901 F 1 TT Davis, John T 1,159,186 Nov. 2, 1915 w 0' 11 Davis, Samuel 66,884 June 18, 1867 S Day, David T 826,089 July 17, I906 A V Day, D. T 1,004,632 Dot. 3, 1911 b' Day, D. T 1,221,698 Apr. 3, 1917 B T> Day, D. T 826,089 July 17,1906 v'd Day, D. T ...1,280,178 Oct. 1,1918 W Day, Roland B 1,280,179 Oct 1,1918 R Dayton, W. C 1,174,971 Mar. 14, 1916 K i Dayton, W. C 1,174,970 Mar. 14,1916 Kl Dean, Richard 290,866 Dec. 25, 1883 F 2 II Dean, Richard 305,056 S'ept. 16, 1884 F 1' 2 II Dean, Richard 310,497 Jan. 6, 1886 F ' ' KAA'SAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 443 UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Date Class Oean, R 314,368 Mar. 24, 1885 F 1, 2, 3. Dean, R 342,500 May 25, 1886 F 2, II Dehnst, Julius 1,112,602 Oct. 6,1914 V, D De Smedt, Edw. J 236,995 Jan. 25, 1881 E 1, 2 De Smedt, E. J 237,662 Feb. 8, 1881 E 1, 2 Devericks, F. C 1,260,970 Mar. 26, 1918 J. K 2 Dewar, J. & Redwood, B 419,931 Jan. 21, 1890 B Dewar & Redwood ■ 426,173 Apr. 22, 1890 B Dewitt. Henry C 63,299 Mar. 26, 1867 M tntmar, Peter 246,096 Aug. 23, 1881 M Devine, S. R. & Seely, C. A 56,071 May 29, 1866 F 2 Dickey, Julius C 166,349 Aug. 3, 1875 F 1 DIehl, H. A 469,777 Mar. 1,1892 E2, 3 Delterlchs, E. F 253,990 Feb. 21, 1882 F 1, 2 lilvlne, R. E 1,303,779 May 13.1919 I Divine, R. E 1,803(662 Apr. 22.1919 I Divine. R. E 1,303,663 Apr. 22,1919 I Doe, Wm 174,789 Mar. 14,1^76 S Dow, Allan W 688,073 Dec. 3, 1901 E 1, 2, li Downard. J. S. & Roloson, B. A 722,600 Mnr. 10, 1903 E 2 Downer, Wm. P 44,619 Oct. 4, 1864 D 1 Drake, Thos 471,863 Mar. 29, 1892 L Draper, Henry V. r 238,867 Mar. 15,1881 G. D Drayton, Thos 11,239 July 4, 1864 D Dubbs, Henry 161,672 Apr. 6, 1876 D, S Dubbs, Jesse A 470,911 Mar. 15, 1892 V Dubbs, J. A 646,639 Apr. 3.1900 F 2. 4 Dubbs, J. A 1,002,570 Sept. 5. 1911 A. F Dubbs, J. A 1,100,717 June 23, 1914 B Dubbs, J. A 1,067,227 Mar. 25, 1913 E 2 Dubba, J. A 694,621 Mar. 4, 1902 F 4, II Dubbs, J. A 694,622 Mar. 4, 1902 F 4 Dubbs, J. A 407,182 July 10, 1889 V, D Dubbs, J. A 1.123,602 Jan. 6, 1915 A Dubbs, J. A 1,135,606 Apr. 13, 1016 E 2, B Dubbs, C. P 1,231,509 June 26, 1917 B Dubbs, C. P 1.231,609 June 26, 1917 B Dubler, John B 251,770 Jan. 3, 1882 F Dubler, J. B 283,471 Aug. 21,1883 F 1. II Dubreull, A 48,265 June 20, 1866 F 2 Duffus, Q. H. S 46,088 Jan. 31, 1865 F. S Duffus, G. H. S 46,089 Jan. 31, 1865 F. S Duftus, G. H. S 46,090 Jan. 31, 1865 F. -S Dundas, R. C 1,056,980 Mar. 25,1913 E 2. B Dundas, R. C 1,120,039 Dec. 8, 1914 F 1. II Dundas, R. C 1,257,199 Feb. 19, 1918 B Dunham, F. H 1,003,040 Sept. 12.1911 E Dunham, F. H 1,013,283 Jan. 2. 1912 E 2 Dunkle. Allen H 530.300 Dec. 4, 1894 U Dunscomb, Edward 62,739 Mar. 12, 1807 S Dupias, A. C. G. & Fell, W. S 749,368 Jan. '12, 1904 F. S Durant, C. W. & Griffith, J 132.263 Oct. 16. 1872 U Dvorkovltz, Paul 646,697 Sept. 24,1896 F 2 Dvar, N. A. & Augustus, J. F 26,362 Sept. 6. 1869 M Dyer. E. 1 1,207.381 Dec. 5,1916 A Dyer, E. 1 1,220,504 Mar. 27, 1917 A Dyer, E. I. & Helse, A. R 1,242,784 Oct. 9, 1917 A Dyer, Frank L 579,360 Mar. 23, 1897 F 2. 5 Dyer, Walter 1,256,635 Feb. 19,1918 D Dyer, Walter & W. E 1,266,536 Feb. 19, 1918 D Earle, G. W 1,221,038 Apr. 3. 1917 H Eaton, Richard 110,638 Jan. 3, 1871 O Edeleanu. Lazar 911,563 Feb. 2, 1909 D Edgerton, Henry H 159,665 Feb. 9, 1876 K 1 Edwards, E. A 439,745 Nov. 4, 1890 F 2, 4, U Edwards, Jos. B 100,874 Mar. 15, 1870 F 2 Edwards, Jos. B 1,277,884 Sept. 3,1918 B Eggleston, J. B 1,018,040 Feb. 20,1912 F, V Eldred, B. E. & Mersereau, G 1,234,886 July 31, 1917 B 444 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Class UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Date Elliott, W. S 1,242,667 Oct. 9, 1917 Ellis, Carleton 1,089,359 Mar. 3, 1914 Ellis, Carleton 1,191,880 July 18, 1916 Ellis', C 1,216,971 Feb. 20,1917 Ellis, C 1,249,278 Deo. 4,1917 Ellis, C 1,295,825 Feb. 25,1919 Ellis, Jno. & Kattell, E. C 63,789 Apr. 16, 1867 Ellis & Kattell 68,860 Sept. 17, 1867 EUithorp, S. B 62,277 Jan. 30, 1866 Emory, F. P 1,148,834 Aug-. 3, 1916 Bngle, Jacob P 481,391 Aug. 23, 1892 Enirle, J. P 481,392 Aug-. 23, 1892 Erickson, Emil T 1,281,320 Oct. 16, 1918 Erwin. J. B. & O. R 1,085,805 Feb. 3, 1914 Eva; Gray & Christy 1,100,126 June 16, 1914 Evans, Ed-ward 1,267,829 Feb. 26, 1918 Everest, H. B 212,914 Mar. 4, 1879 Everest, H. B 68,426 Sept. 3, 1867 E-wing, Chas. R 1,083,998 Jan. 13, 1914 Ewing, M. P 56,862 July 31, 1866 E-wing, M. P. & Everest, H. B 68,021 Sept. 11, 1866 Fagan, John G 1,148,763 Aug. 3,1916 Fairohild, J. H 63,528 Mar. 27, 1866 Fales, Levi S 49,740 Sept. 6, 1865 Fales, D. S 52,161 Jan. 23, 1866 Fales, L. S 49,739 Sept. 6, 1866 Fales, L. S 97,182 Nov. 23, 1869 Parrar, Alonzo 96,097 Oct. 26, 1869 Farrar, A 100,876 Mar. 15, 1870 Faucett, H. W. & McGo-wan, T 133,426 Nov. 26, 1872 Faueett & McGo-wan 133,425 Nov. 2 6, 1872 Faucett & MoGo-wan 117,873 Aug. 8, 1871 Fazi, Romolo de 1,108,351 Aug'. 25, 1914 Felizat, Louis 1,070,435 Aug. 19,1913 Felton, D. F. 1,179,296 Apr. 11, 1916 Parrar, F. F. & Gill, F. P 206,309 July 23, 1878 Fichet, L. -V 53,964 Apr. 17, 1866 Field, John K. 408,472 Aug. 6, 1889 Fleming, J. C 966,066 Apr. 26,1910 Fleury, Huot 60,671 Oct. 24, 1S65 Flo-wers, Geo. W., Happersett, J. C. & Happersett, D. W 74,766 Feb. 26, 1868 Fordied, John 54,267 Apr. 24, 1866 Forrest, Chas. N 1,163,593 Dec. 7, 1916 Forward, C. B 1,189,083 June 27, 1916 For-ward, C. B 11,181,301 May 2, 1916 For-ward, C. B 1,202,823 Oct. 31, 1916 For-ward, C. B 998,569 July 18, 1911 Forward, C. B 1,100,966 June 23, 1914 Forward, C. B 1,088,693 Mar. 3, 1914 Forward, C. B 1,088,692 Mar. 3 1914 Forward, C. B 1,247,808 Nov. 27, 1917 Forward, C. B 1,265,149 Feb. 5, 1918 Forward, C. B 1,274,405 Aug. 6, 1918 Forward, C. B 1,299,449 Apr. 8 1919 Forward, C. B. & Davidson, J. M. ... 611,620 Oct. 4, 1898 Foubert, Andre 71,166 Nov. 19, 1867 Foubert, Andre 118,602 Aug. 29, 1871 Foubert, Andre 60,166 Dec. 4, 1866 Fowler, David W 75,147 Mar. s, 1868 Franke, A. H 1,142,612 June 8, 1915 Frasch, Hans A 488,628 Dec. 27, 1892 Fras'ch, Hans A , 640,292 Jan. 2, 1900 Frasch, Hans A 625,811 Sept. 11, 1894 Frasch, Hans A. 581,546 Apr. 27, 1897 Frasch, Hans A 1,212,620 Jan. 16, 1917 Frasch, Herman 846,735 Feb. 26, 1907 Frasch, Herman 968,760 Aug. 30, 1910 Frasch, Herman 487,216 Nov. 29, 1892 A, D l>, 1, H J, K B y 2, II V 2, II II s A A W H V K h' '': 5, II s b' 2, 6, II V 2, 5, II H tJ S H', II V 4, I 1 n 1 s, F s, 1) ir M n K 1 1 F 2, II 1) -1 S, A F 5, D M W , D 1 h; -|, 3 H, J j<- 2, II H E 2, B H B K 2, B IT H R K E 2, 3, D 1 K 2 h" F 1 M A 1 F 2, II 1> 1 K 2 3 H F 2, II V 1 V KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 445 UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Frasch, Herman 664,920 Frasch, Herman 490,144 Frasch, Herman 663,191 Frasch, Herman 661,216 Frasch, Herman 664,921 Frasch, Herman 448,480 Frasch, Herman 378,246 Frasch, Herman 961,729 Frasch, Herman 961,272 Frasch, Herman 622,799 Frasch, Herman 190,483 Frasch, Herman 630,496 Frasch, Herman 600,262 Frasch, Herman 572,676 Frasch, Herman 321,420 Frasch, Herman 206,792 Frasch, Herman 649,047 Frasch, Herman 340,499 Frasch, Herman 487,119 Frasch, Herman 281,046 Frasch, Herman 664,922 Frasch, Herman 664,923 Frasch, Herman 664,924 Frasch, Herman 649,048 Frasch, Herman 642,849 Frasch, Herman 643,619 Fras'er, William M 1,259,223 Fraser, Wm. M 1,258,103 Fredericl, C. F 48,672 Freel, John 604,917 GaRgrin, Richard 118,359 Gallsworthy, Benjamin 1,234,327 Galloupe, J. H 1,283,723 Gardner, J. & Harris, J, F 442,802 Garner, J. B. & Clayton, H. D 1,262,769 Garner, J. B 1,299,466 Garrlty, W. F. & Jarvis, A 1,190,638 Gravey. Benjamin 29,218 Gathraann, Louis 768,796 Gathmann, Louis 756,760 Gay, Cassius M 1,179.001 Gearing, C. M 212,084 Gellen, A 1,063,025 Gengembre, H. Gengembre, H. Gengembre, H. Gengembre, H. Gengembre, H. Gengembre, H. 62,283 62,284 24,464 25,109 27,642 33,699 Gerbeth, P. L. de 81,071 Gesner, Abraham Gesner, A Gesner, A Gibbons, Samuel . Gibbons, S Gibbons, S Gi^jbons, S Gillespie, Jas. . . . GlUons', G. H 11,206 11,203 11,204 87,486 87,668 85,810 68,974 23,362 .1,084,080 Goldwater, Henry 365,720 Goldwater, Henry 432,525 Ooodaire, Wm. & Stead, Geo 101,003 Gordon, Thos 461,724 Covers, F. X 1,297,833 Grade, John 114,802 Grade, John 114,803 Grade, John 117,405 Grade, John 117,406 Grade, John 99,081 Grady, Chas. F. 666,412 Date July 28 Jan. 17 Jan. 14 June 2 July 28 Mar. 1 7 11 24 20 Feb Mar. Mar. Apr. May Aug. June 2 Dec. 8 Aug. Aug. May Apr. Nov. 29, July 10 July 28, July 28 July 281 May 8 July 16 July 30 Mar. 12 Mar. 6 July 11 Sept. 12 Aug. 22 July 24 Nov. 6, Dec. 15 Apr. 16 Apr. 8 July 11 July 1 7, Aug. 30 Mar. 29 •Apr. 11 Feb. 4 May 2 7 Jan Jan. 30 June 21 •Vug. 1 Mar. 20, Nov. 12 Aug. 18 June 27 June 27 June 27 Mar. 2 Mar. 9 Jan. 12 Sept. 17 Mar. 29 Jan. 13 July 19 July 22 Mar. 22 May 6 Mar. 18 May 16 May 16 July 26 July 26 Jan. 26 Mar. 17 1896 1893 1896 1896 1896 1891 1888 1910 1910 1899 1877 1899 1893 1896 1880 1878 1900 1886 1892 1883 1896 1896 1896 1900 1895 1896 1918 1918 1866 1893 1871 1917 1918 1890 1918 1919 1916 1860 1904 1904 1016 1879 1813 1866 186'6 1859 1869 1860 18fil 1867 18.54 1864 1854 1869 1869 1869 1867 1859 1914 1887 1890 1870 1891 1919 1871 1871 1871 1871 1870 1896 Class V V s D 1 V V V, D G, D G, D V F 2, 4 V V V, D U F O, V F V F 2, S V V V, F V, D V, D 1 V E 1, 2 E 1, 2 F S, F D 2, V F 2, II W V, F L J, K O, A G F 1, 5 F J P 1, II I A A G G, B G, W G L, P G G G O P F 2, II P 1, 2, II G, F F 1, II P 1, 2, II S I D W F i P F P 1, I F 1, II F 2, II 44b BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Name Number Graham, C. B 732,937 Grannis, C. W 36,403 Grant, Jas. B 57,311 Grant, J. B. & Mason, A 339,545 Grant & Mason 339,546 Gray, A. MoD 653,235 Gray, Daniel T 260,624 Gray, D. T 248,736 Gray, D. T 281,491 Gray, E. B 1,005,425 Gray, G. W 1,193,640 Grant & Mason 339,545 Grant, H. F 1,303,292 Gray, G. W 1,193,541 Gray, J. L. 923,429 Gray, J. L 923,428 Gray, J. L, 1,192,889 Gray, J. L. 923,427 Gray T. T 1,168,206 Gregory, Ralph 1,271,611 Greene, H. J 1,252,000 Green, Joel 46,794 Greenstreet, Chas. J 1,110,924 Greenstreet, Chas. J 1,110,923 Greenstreet, C. J 1,110,926 Greenstreet, C. J 1,166,982 Greenstreet, C. J 1,299,172 Grieg, A. & Smith, Jas 42,121 Griffin, Jonathan 23,167 Groble, J. C 1,283,502 Grogan, Henry 94,409 Grogan, H. & Lape, G. T 89,988 Grousilliers, Hector de 378,774 Ouillaume, Emile 996,081 Gulick, W. R 1,187,061 Oumpoldt. Bmil 616,888 Gestier, Abraham 12,612 Hadley, B. E 1,300,230 Hague, S'. L 775,448 Hague, S. L, 769,988 Hall, C. H 86,536 Hall, C. H 65,855 Hall, C. H. & Ellis, John 58,813 Hall, T. G 372,672 Hall, Wm. A 1,176,909 Hall, Wm. A 1,105,772 Hall, Wm. A 1,194,289 Hall, Wm. A 1,239,099 Hall, Wm. A 1,175,910 Hall, Wm. A 1,247,671 Hall, Wm. A 1,242,795 Hall, Wm. A 1,242,796 Hall, Wm. A 1,239,100 Hall, Wm. A 1,261,930 Hall, Wm. A 1,242,746 Hall, Wm. A 1,242,796 Hall, Wm. A 1,286,136 Hall, Wm. C 266,990 Hamilton, T. S 1,018,871 Halvorson, Halvor 306,182 Halvorson, H 306,180 Hand, Harry W 596,874 Handy, Jas. 1,281,354 Handy, Jas. 1,084,738 Hansen, Julius 1,281,355 Hardy, C. A 51,042 Hardy, C. A 40,168 Hardy, C. A 46,899 Harris, Ford W 1,281,962 [ PATENTS- -Con. Date Class .Tulv 7 1903 D 1 Sept. 9 1862 U, G Aug. 21 1866 F Apr. ■ 6 1886 F 1, 2, 6. Apr. 6 1886 F 2, 5. >l July 10 1900 C Dec. 6 1881 C Oct 25 1881 C July 17 1883 C, S Oct. 10 1911 I Aug. 8 191 B, J Apr. B 1886 A May 13 1919 O Aug. S 1916 B June 1 1909 I June 1 1909 I Aug. 1 1916 F June 1 1909 I Oct. 26 1916 P July 2 1918 S Jan. 1 1918 K 1 Mar. 14 1865 K 2 Oct. 26 1915 B Sept. 16 1914 B Sept. 15 1914 B Sept. 15 1914 B A-pr. 1 1919 B Mar. 29 1864 K 1 Mar. 8 1869 M Nov. 5 1918 K Aug. 31 1869 F 2 May 11 1869 F 2, 5, 11 Feb. 28 1888 I June 27 1911 B June IS 1916 M Dec. 27 1898 M Ma,r. 27 1856 G Apr. 8 1919 S Nov. 22 1904 W, S May 17 1904 w, s Feb. 2 1869 F 2 June 26 1866 F 1, 2, I Oct. 16 1866 F 1, II Nov. X 1887 V Mar. 14 1916 B Aug. 4 1914 B, K 1 Aug. R 191-6 B Sept. 4 1917 B Mar. 14 1916 B, K 1 Nov. 27 1917 B Oct. 9 1917 B Oct. 9 1917 B Sept. 14 1917 B Apr. H 1918 B Oct. 9 1917 B Oct. 9 1917 B Nov. 19 1918 B Nov. 7 1882 F 2 Jb'eb. 27 1912 A Sept. 16 1S84 s Sept. 16 1884 F Jan. 4 1898 TJ, S Oct. 16 1918 O Oct. 15 1918 O Jan. 20 1914 c Nov. 21 1865 F Oct. 6 1863 F 2, 4 Mar. 21 1866 F Oct. 16 1918 A, P K.I.VSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 447 UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Name Number Date Harris, John 1,283,608 Nov. 6, 1918 Harris, Milo 170,730 Dec. 7,1875 Hart. Thos. M 1,262,433 Jan. 8, 1918 Hartshorn, H. M 91,843 June 29, 1869 Hastings. D. & Brink, A. W 867,505 Oct. 1, 1907 Hatch, N. B 22,798 Feb. 1,1859 Hawes, Benj. N 444,833 Jan. 20, 1891 Hazlett, R. W. & Hobbs, J. H 24,211 May 31, 1859 Hebard, BenJ. F 31,457 Feb 19, 1861 Heckenblelkner & Gilchrist 1,310,078 July 15, 1919 Helblngr, H. & Passmlre, F. W 666,010 Jan. 15, 1901 Hempel, H 621,338 Mar. 21,1899 Hempel, H 621,411 Mar. 21,1899 Henderson, Geo. A. .....1,266,261 May 14, 1918 Henderson, N. M 490,199 Jan. 17,1893 Henderson, N. M 340,878 Apr. 27,1886 Hennebutte, H 1,165,878 Dec. 28,1915 Hennebutte. H 1,166,877 Dec. 28,1916 Hense, Rudolf 1,073,233 Sept. 16, 1913 Herber, Samuel M 1,111,680 Sept. 22, 1914 Herber, S. M 1,183,457 May 16, 1916 HIbbert, Harold 1,270.759 June 25, 1918 Hlgble, M. S. & Dougherty, A 387,368 Aug. 7, 1888 Hlgble, M. S. & Dougherty, .\ , , , .187. S67 Aug. 7, 1888 Hlgglns, Chas. S 309,718 Dec. 23, l.f84 Hlgham, A. D 64,157 Apr. 24,1866 Hill, R. I.. 1,269,439 June 11,1918 Hill, S. & Thumm, C. F 101,364 :Mar. 29, 1870 Hill, S. & Thumm, C. F 101,365 .Mar. 29, 1870 Hill, S. & Thumm, C. F 102,819 M.tv 10, 1870 Hill, S. & Thumm, C. F 114,293 May 2, 1871 Hlrshberg, Leon 1,042,916 i vt. 29, 1912 Hlrt, Leon E 1,222,402 Apr. 10, 19J7 Hi>t. L. K 1,230.879 Dec. 18, 1917 Hlrt, L. E 1,284,796 Apr. 30, 1918 Holmes, F. W. & Blasdell, E 1,066,747 Mar. 11, 1913 Hodklnson, M 26,326 Nov. 29,1869 Hofferberth, John 106,683 July 20, 1870 Hoffman, Bernhard '. . . 641,962 Jan. 23, inoo Hoffman, Ross J 405,738 June 26, 1S89 Holmes, Jos. E 23,427 Mar. 29, 1869 Holmes, Jos. E 1,241,979 Oct. 2. 1917 Holmes, J. E 24,212 May 31. 1859 Hood, J. J. & Salamon, A. G 962,840 June 28, 1910 Hopkins, A. S 1,199,463 Sept. 2fi, 1916 Hopkins, A. S 1,199,464 Sept. 2fi. 1916 Horner, E. N 22,727 Jan. 25; 1859 Houlker, Christopher 110,364 Dec. 20, 1870 Howard, F. A 1,284,687 Nov. 12.1918 Howarth, John 42,772 May 17,1864 Howe, Ephrlam 7,667 Sept. 24,1850 Howell, 1,294,909 Feb. 18, 1919 Howell, C. G 66,841 July 16,1867 Howell, H. F 216,518 June 17,1879 Hudson, Chas. R 681,170 Aug. 20, 1901 Hudson, Samuel 123,907 Feb. 20, 1872 Huglo, Victor 963,952 Apr. 5, 1910 Hout, F. & Rogers, John 71,619 Nov. 15, 1867 Hout, F. & Rogers, John 63,051 Sept. 19, 1866 Humason, G. A 1,291,899 Jan. 21. 1919 Humphreys, R. R 1,122,002 Dec. 22, 1914 Humphreys, R. E 1,122,003 Dec. 22, 1914 Humphreys, R. E 1,119,700 Dec. 1,1914 Humphreys, R. B 1,286,179 Nov. 26, 1918 Huntington, John 62,760 Mar. 12, 1867 Huston, John B 297,603 Apr. 29, 1884 Huston, John B 486,406 Nov. 15, 1892 Hyde, Burrows 281,999 July 24, 1883 Hall, Wm. A 1,242,746 Oct. 9, 1917 Con. Class K 2 A, E 2, 3 N K 2, J G V G, S M T D 1 M M E 1 C K F F 4, I M F D 1 K 2. 3. r H K 2 (', E, 1 r, E, 1.3 N F B F 1, n F 1, 11 F 1, u F 1, 3, 1 n R, p B, p K, 3 H G, w F 1,1 M S G w B, .1 W 1) o H B W .D O F •w ■ F M s PI, 2 L A G B F4 S f? B, S B B 1 F S V T B 448 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS- Name Number Date Hall, Wm. A 1,242,795 Holmes, Fleteher B 1,276,219 Hussey, John S 1,277,935 Ihart, J. P. 654,268 Ilges, T. W 968,478 Isom, Edward W 1,286,200 Jaeg-er, W. G. W 24,217 Jaeger, W. G. W 24,661 Jaeger, W. G. W 54,368 James, C. M 86,232 Jann, John. 52,574 Jann, John 67,727 Jenkins, U. S 1,226,626 Jennings, Isaiah 1,453 Jenney, W. P 190,762 Jenney, W. P 178,061 Jenney, W. P 178,164 Jensen, J. 1,268,721 Johnson, John 64,917 Johnson & Snodgrass 1,283,202 Johnston, Jas. J 117,425 Johnston, Jas. J 117,426 Johnston, Jas. J 48,285 Johnston, Jas'. J 31,982 Johnston, Jas. J 50,935 Johnston, Jas. J 91,448 Jones, Philip 1,255,018 Jones, E. C. & Jones, L. B 1,089,926 Jones & Jones 1,157,226 Jones, R. G 1,166,375 Jones, R. G 1,006,977 Jordery, Chas. A 126,562 Just, John A 658,988 Kasson, H. R. & Saxton, S. S 998,691 Kattell, E. C 222,408 Kaysar, Adolf 508,479 KaysS,r, A 640,918 Keen, Morris L 25,552 Kelley, E. -G 67,988 Kelley, E. G. & Tait, A. H 32,568 Kelley, B. G 84,195 Kells, Edw 298,210 Kells, Edw 374,838 Kelsey, S. B 1,092,366 Kelsey, S. B 1,302,669 Kendall, Edw. D 413,187 Oct Kendall, Edw. D 359,357 Kendall, Bdw. D 284,437 Kendall, Edw. D 461,660 Kendall, Bdw. D 1,192,529 Kendall, Bdw. D 1,164,617 Kendall, Edw. D 1,154,516 Kennedy, D. McD 370,960 Kerr, A. N 1,199,903 Keyt, M. H 1,262,808 Kipper, H. B 1,253,048 Kirchhoffer, G. W 32,373 Kirk, Arthur 78,878 Kirk, J. L ■■ 215,766 Kirk, Solomon W 267,752 Kirschbraun, L 1,194,760 Kitchen, J. M. W 1,008,273 Klein, John S 306,837 Kline, Geo. H 353,362 Klosterman, Robt 162,660 Knottenbelt, H. W 1,194,033 Knottenbelt, H. W 1,277,606 Koehler, Herman 607,441 Koehler, W. C. & Link, L. 1,084,016 Oct. 9, Aug. 20, Sept. 3, July 24, Aug. 23, Nov. 19, May 31, June 28, Apr. 16, Jan. 26, Feb. 13, Sept. 4, May 15, Dec. 31, May 15, May 30, May 30, June 4, May 22, Oct. 29, July 25, July 26, June 20, Apr. 9, Nov. 14. June 16, Jan. 29, Mar. 10, Oct. 19, Dec. 2K, Oct. 17, May 7, Oct. 2, Apr. 7, Dec. 9, Nov. 14, Jan. 9, Sept. 20, Aug. 20, June 19. Nov. 17, May 6, Dec. 13, Apr. 7, May 6, Oct. 2 2, Mar. 16, Sept. 4, May 6, July 26, Sept. 21, Sept. 21, Oct. 4, Oct. 3 Apr. 16, Jan. K May 21, June 16, May 27, Nov. VI, Oct. 3, Aug. 16, Oct. 21, Nov. SO, June 30, Aug. 8, Sept. 3, Oct. 24, Jan. IS, 1917 1918 1918 1900 1910 1918 1859 1869 1866 1869 1866 1866 1917 1839 1877 1876 1876 1918 1866 1918 1871 1871 1865 1861 1865 1869 1918 1914 1915 1915 1911 1872 1900 1914 1879 1893 1900 1859 1867 1861 1868 1884 1887 1914 1919 1889 1887 1883 1891 1916 1915 1915 1887 1916 1918 1918 1861 1868 1879 1882 1916 1916 1884 1886 1874 1916 1918 1893 1914 -Con. Class B D C A F2, II B W W, S Fl, 2, II F 1, 2, II M M J, B M I I I, T A S S F A F4, 5 S F2 F2, II K2, S Kl, 2 Kl F2, II A M M B 1, 2 F 2, 4 Dl, V V, D 1 PI Fl, II Fl, 2,11 Fl, II P F1,I B S D D 1 D, M D 1, 2 K2, J Dl, S D 1 V J D Dl G, W Fl.II Fl,II C El, 2 Fl, 2,n S F 1, II, S F W Dl V O KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 449 UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Date Class Koppen, H 1,098,734 June 2, 1914 F 2, II Krelaer, J. M 384,768 June 19,1888 S Kreiaer, J. M 886,487 July 12, 1887 F Kreusler, A 50,868 Oct. 10, 1865 F Lacy, B. S 1,263,906 Apr. 23, 1918 L Lackmen, A 1,171,624 Feb. 15,1916 F 2, II Lalng, John 471,291 Mar. 22. 1892 B Lainar, John 488,767 Dec. 27,1892 B Laird, Robt. H 607,230 Oct. 24, 1893 F 2, II Laird, Robt. H 498,618 May 30, 1893 F Laird, R. E. & Raney, Jos. H 1,116,299 Nov. 3. 1914 A, P Laird & Raney 1,142,761 June 8,1915 A, P Laird & Raney 1,142,760 June 8,1916 A, P Laird & Raney 1,142,759 June s, 1915 A, P Lamb, D. M 183,401 Oct. 17, 1876 D 1 Lambe, Frederick 102,136 Apr. 19, 1870 C Lambert, Chas. G 1,245,930 Nov. 6, 1917 B Lamplough, F 1,229,098 June 5,1917 B Landes, Wm 1,199,909 Oct. 3,1916 B Landaberg, L 1,211,721 Jan. 9,1917 I Lane, Edw 172,131 Jan. 11,1876 F 1, II Lang, J. S' 954,676 Apr. 12, 1910 B Lapham, Allen 59,317 Oct. 30, 1866 F Lapp, C. E 1,266,281 May 14, 191S B Lasher, D. F 1,075,481 Oct. 14. 1913 D 1 Lee, A, K 162,394 Apr. 20, 1875 E 1 Leete, H. C 1,288,934 Dec. 24. 1918 D Leman, Wm. T 727,391 May 5. 1903 U Lennard, F. 459,123 Sept. R. 1891 F 2, TI Lennard, F 499,667 June 13. 1893 F2 Lennard, F 659,076 Oct. 2, 1900 T Lepley, Clyde B 1,261,410 Apr. 2, 1918 F Leslie, B. H 1,310,164 ,TuIy 15. 1919 S Lesslng, Rudolf 1,281,697 Oct 15,1918 K2 Letohford, R. M. & Nation, W 138,042 Nov. 12. 1872 C Levy, B. D. & Jacobs', H. W 1,261,978 Jan. 1, 1918 Q Lewis, Sylvester 35,627 June 10, 1862 M Lewi.s, S 42,671 May 10. 1864 V Lewis, S 43,166 June 14, 1804 M LIndenberg, G. & Scott, W. B 1,220,651 Mar. 27, 1917 K 2, B Llndsey, Wra. J 1,256,340 Feb. 12.1918 Kl Linn, S. S 1,284,117 Nov. 5. 1918 M Ltvesay, Jas. & KIdd, Jas 268,778 May .'io. 1882 F Llvlngrston, Julius 1 239,260 Mar. 22, 1881 T Livingston, Max 237,660 Feb. s. 1881 F Livingston, Max 728,267 May 19, 1903 FII Lockhart, Chas. & Grade, J 40,632 Nov. 17, 1863 F Lockhart & Grade 80,294 July 28, 1868 F Loew, Oscar 101,284 Mar. 29, 1870 D 1 Lofhjelm, Karl 546.018 Sept. 10, 1895 F Loftus, Robt. G 113,782 Apr. 18,1871 Dl Loftus, Robt. G 81,664 Sept. 1, 1868 K2 Loftus, Robt. G 43,167 June 14, 1864 I Long, F. R 1,266,146 Feb. 12, 1918 g Loomis, C. C 1,280,612 Oct. 1,1918 L LoomiS, Wells, Hitchcock & Stryker. 66,364 July 2. 1867 M Looney, John J 139,009 May 20, 1873 D 1 Lorch, H. D 1,264,668 Apr, 30,1918 F 2, 5 Lossen, Clemens 637,121 Apr, 9, 1896 V Low, Frank S 1,192,663 July 25, 1916 J, B Lowe, W. P, & Bilfinger, C. W 666,166 Mar. 10, 1896 B Lucas, Owen D 1,168,404 Jan. 18,1916 B Lucas, Owen D 1,183,091 May 16,1916 B Lugo, Orazio 51,843 Jan. 2, 1866 F 3 Lugo, Orazio 60,757 Jan. 1, 1867 V, D 1 Lugo, Orazio 58,113 Sept. 18, 1866 F 3, 4, 1 Lugo, O. & Schrader, T. O. L 60,396 Dec. 11, 1866 F3, 4, 1 Lupton. George 110,054 Dec. 13, 1870 D Lutz. H. E 240,914 May 3,1881 F 1, II 450 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Maag, G. C 1,142,625 McAfee, Aimer M 1,277,092 McAfee, A. M 1,099,096 McAfee, A. M 1,127,466 McAfee, A. M 1,144,304 McAfee, A. M 1,202,081 McAfee, A. M 1,277,329 McAfee, A. M 1,277,328 McAfee, A. M 1,235,623 McArthur, D. R 1,119,974 McCaig, D. C 1,265,449 McCarty, P 91,963 MoCarty, Wm. F. M 1,274,912 McCarty, "W. F. M 1,274,913 McCue, J. & W. B 21,143 McElroy, Karl P 1,259,767 McElroy, Karl P 1,269,758 McGowan, Thompson 492,421 McGowan, T 464,061 McGowan, T 443,328 McGowan, T 668,867 McGowan, T 257,961 McGowan, T 431,386 McGowan, T 166,285 McGowan, T 492,419 McGowan & Van Syckel, S 164,700 McGowan & Van Syckel 166,229 McHenry, C. D 1,164,869 McKee, Ralph H 1,244,444 McKibben, C. W 1,299,589 McKibben C. W 1,299,590 McKissack, R. 1 1,113,029 McManus, H 305,097 McMillan, F. M 215,471 Macalpine, Thos 656,500 Macalpine, Thos 686,663 Macalpine, Thos 664,813 Macalpine, Thos 741,617 Maitland, H. T 1,188,961 Maitland, H. T 1,272,979 Mann, F. W 619,593 Mann & Chappell, M. L 1,163,025 Mann & Chappell 1,183,094 Mann & Chappell 1,214,204 Mann & Chappell 1,249,444 Mann & Chappell 1,257,906 Mann, Stephen S 204,236 Mann, Stephen S ■ 152,856 Mansfield, David 56,880 Marrin, Thos 211,762 Marrin, Thos 243,930 Martin, J. N.. 264,990 Martini, Dan 892,378 Mason, Allan 444,203 Mason, Allan 444,202 Mason, F. B 1,294,136 Mathieu, Jean A 374,077 Maybury, Wm 737,756 MeedBl, Wllber R 2««,869 Meeds, W. R. .-. 260,830 Meigher, Jas. D 224,301 Mellen, G. H. & Hazelton, J. C 67,749 Mengel, Chas. C 116,852 Mengel. C. C 465,703 Mengel, C. C 452,678 Meredith, S 13,358 Merrick, Thos. B 91,664 Merriam, E. S 1,304,587 Merriam, J. B, 61,946 Date Class June «, 1915 B Aug. 27, 1918 C June 2, 1914 B Feb. 9, 1916 B June 22, 1916 B Oct. 24, 1916 B Aug. 27, 1913 D Aug. 27, 1918 D July 31, 1917 B Deo. «, 1914 B Feb. s. 1918 g June 29, 1869 F2, II Aug. 6, 1918 B Aug. 6, 1918 B Aug. 10, 1858 W Mar. 19, 1918 K2, B Mar. 19, 1918 K2 Feb. 28, 1893 F June 16, 1891 F Dec. 23, 1890 F Oct. 2, 1900 V May 16, 1882 F3,D1 July 1, 1890 P Aug. 3, 1876 F2 Feb. 28, 1893 S Sept. 1, 1874 S Oct. 27, 1874 PI Sept. .28, 1916 B, Kl Oct. 9,R, 1917 L, Apr. 8, 1919 A Apr. «. 1919 A Oct. 6, 1914 Kl Sept. 16, 1884 I May 20, 1879 C Aug. 7, 1900 Dl, 2 Nov. 12, 1901 Dl, 2 Deo. 25, 1900 F2, 5.1 Oct. 13, 1903 D June 27, 1916 O, D July 16, 1918 Dl Feb. 14, 1899 B Dec. 7, 1915 D May 16, 1916 L, Jan. 30, 1917 B Dec. n, 1917 B Feb. 26, 1918 B May 28, 1878 N July 7, 1874 N June 26, 1866 M Jan. 28, 1879 C July 6. 1881 P Mar. 14, 1882 F June 30, 1908 B, P Jan. 6, 1891 PI, 2,11 Jan. 6, 1891 PI, 2,11 Feb. u, 1919 M Nov. 29, 1887 F 2, 6, II Sept. J, 1903 F 1, 2, II Oct 31, 1882 M Dee. 13, 1881 M Feb. in, 1880 Fl, 4, II Sept. 4, 1866 M July 11, 1871 P Dea 22, 1891 PI, 3 May 19. 1891 P3,V July SI, 1855 W June 22, 1869 O, D May 27, 1919 J-K Feb. 12, 1867 C KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 451 UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS- Name Number Merrill, Francis B 761,815 Merrill, Joshua. 33,9S6 Merrill, Joshua 32,961 Merrill, Joshua. 82,706 Merrill, Joshua 32,704 Miller, J. R 1,312,265 Merrill, Joshua 32,705 Merrill, Joshua. 90,284 Merrill, Joshua. 43,325 Merrill, Willis C 1,252,376 Mertz, Josef 339,201 Mesereau, G 1,282,906 Mesereau, G 1,308,802 Meuccl, Antonio 36,419 Midgely, T., Jr 1,296,833 Mils, Jan 1,178,532 Miles, George 205,407 Miles, George W 1,168,634 Miller, Jas 77,070 Millochau, Adolph 38,641 Millochau, A 37,918 Millochau, A 63,167 Millochau, A 46,923 Millochau, A 41,086 Millochau, A. 49,777 Mills, E. N 1,007,788 MlUspaugh, Pethuel 127,259 Mims, John C 713,476 Minshall, P. W 614,876 Mitchell, Willis 1,141,072 Montague, H. E 1,227,651 Mooney, L 1,174,888 Moore, E. A 786,828 Moore, George H 686,520 Moore, E. S. & Thomas, H. H 1,281,808 Moore, J. B 1,130,318 Morehouse, C. L 56,426 Morehouse, C. L 174,921 Morfit, Clarence 66,243 Morris, W. L 1,137,076 Morris, W. L 1,306,736 Mott, Leander M 64,192 Mowbray, George M 26,575 Munson, A. L 440,830 Murray, Thos. B 1,273,623 Murray, T. B. and Ricketts, E. B. . .1,293,866 Mueller, C. L. B 1,297,388 Murray, T. E 1,302,200 Myers, Geo. W 147.783 Navin, F 1,312,266 Neahous, Herman 242,564 Neal, Stephens 1,036,306 Neilson, Albert 239,618 Newall, Robert 63,656 Newsome, Thos. J 405,047 Nichols, H. M 1,302,832 Nicholson, John 22,973 Nlcolai, J. H. & W. F 224,037 Nicolai, Pierre 225,635 Nikiforoff, A 765,309 Noad, James 971,468 .Noad, Jas 985,053 Nordenson, Carl 1,218,675 Norton, J. W. & Rouse, F. H 313,514 Norton & Rouse 336,941 Noteman, Alonzo 812,894 Noyes, John E 82,151 Ogllvy, David J 1,268,142 O'Hara, Jas 22,678 Date May 31, Dec 17 July 30 July 2 July 2 Aug. 5 July 2 May 18, June 28 Jan. 1 Apr. 6 Oct. 29 July 8 Sept. 9 Mar. 11 Apr. 11 June 26 Jan. 18 Apr. 21 May 19, Mar. 17 Mar. 13 Mar. 21 Jan. 6 Sept. 6 Nov. 7 May 28, Nov. 1 1 Nov. 26 May 25 May 22 Mar. 7 Apr. 11 July 13 Oct. 15 Mar. 2 June 5 Mar. 21 July 2 Apr. 27 June 3 Apr. 24 Sept. 27 Nov. 18 July 23 Feb. 11, Mar. 18 Apr. 29 Feb. 24 Aug. 5 June 7 Aug. 20 Apr. 6 Apr. 3 June 1 1 May 6 Feb. 15 Feb. 3 Mar. 16 Mar. 22 Sept. 27 Feb. 21 Mar. 6 Mar. 10 Mar. 2 Jan. 16 Sept. 15 June ^ Jan. 11 1904 1861 1861 1861 1861 1919 1861 1869 1864 1B18 1886 1918 1919 1862 1919 1916 1878 1916 1868 1863 1S63 1866 1865 1864 1866 1911 1872 1902 1889 1915 1917 1916 1005 1897 1918 1915 1866 1876 1867 1915 1919 1866 1869 1890 1918 1919 1919 1919 1874 1919 1881 1912 1881 1866 1889 1919 1869 1880 1880 1904 1910 1911 1917 1885 1886 1894 1868 1918 1869 Con. Class F S S s Dl B Dl Fl, 2 Dl E 3 F2, II K K Dl M C F, S C F5, II Dl Dl Fl Fl D 1 N Q N D 1,E3 F2 3, V Kl B R A V, Dl S B D 1, C G U C o o PI, 4,11 D S F M S K2, .S W C F2 F V, D A S W G, S . P2 ' B B B, W Kl S F 2, 4, D 1 D G, M W Kl 452 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Date Class Olsen, Geo. B 1,199,491 Sept. 26, 1916 J, A O'Neall, J. M 764,687 Mar. 16, 1904 F 1, 2, II Opl, Karl 1,128,494 Feb. 16,1915 C Paine, Henry H 9,119 July 13, 1852 M Palmer, Chas. S 1,187,380 June 13, 1916 B Palmer, Chas. S 1,268,763 June 4, 1918 K 1 Palmer, Chas. S 1,313,009 Aug-. 12, 1919 B Parker, J. H 968,820 May 24, 1910 B Parker, R. B 1,262,481 Jan. 8,1918 K2 Parker, W. C 169,189 Oct. 26,1875 O' Parker, W. M 1,226,990 May 22, 1917 B Parsons, Chas. C 88,978 Apr. 13, 1869 F 2, 6 Parsons, C. Chaunoey 93,739 Aug. 17, 1869 C Parsons, H. E 214,946 Apr. 29, 1879 F, K 2 Pease, Francis S 226,187 Apr. 6, 1880 N Pemberton, Henry 24,952 Aug-. 2, 1869 W, I Penissat, Andre 204,244 May 28, 1878 I Perkins, A H 36.632 Oct. 7, 1862 T Perkins, George H 399,073 Mar. 6,1889 F Perkins, Geo. H 240,923 May 3, 1881 S Perkins, J. & Burnet, Wm. H 47,125 Apr. 4, 1865 F 2, II Perkins, W. D 731,943 June 23,1903 F 1, 2, II Perrier, Odilon 644,516 Aug. 13,1896 F 1, 2. II Perrine, Robt. M 419,347 Jan. 14, 1890 V, D Peterson, F, P 1,031,664 July 2,1912 J, K 2 Petroff, Grigori 1,087,888 Feb. 17,1914 I Petroff, G 1,233,700 July 17,1917 Dl Petty, T. K. & Warden, W. G 37,263 Deo. 23, 1862 S Peuchen, S. C 631,660 Dec. 26, 1894 P Pfeifer, F 1,296,115 Mar. 4,1919 K Pfeifer, F 1,296,116 Mar. 4, 1919 K Philip, A 1,286,091 Nov. 26,1918 Q Phillipps, Joseph 98,883 Jan. 18, 1870 G, M Pictet, Raoul P 1,228,818 June 6, 1917 B Pielsticker, Carl M 186,961 Feb. 6, 1877 D 1 Pielsticker, Carl M 477,163 June 14, 1892 F 2, IT Pijzel, Daniel 1,070,730 Aug. 19,1913 C Pinckney, T. De "Witt 221,421 Nov. 11, 1879 N Pinkham, C. W 34,772 Mar. 25, 1862 M, G Pine, J. A. W. & Ruggles', Wm. B.. 1,057,667 Apr. 1, 1913 E3 Pitt, Wm. H 379,492 Mar. 13,1888 F, V Pitt, Wm. H 411,394 Sept. 17,1889 F, V Place. Chas. T 243,080 June 21,1881 F Poisat, A. M. & Knab, D. C 7,124 Feb. 26, 1860 F 2, II PoUak, R. R 1,264,271 Jan. 22,1918 A Ponton, John. 165,612 July 13,1875 N Porges, P, & Neumann, R 1,017,587 Feb. 13, 1912 C Porter, Alonzo W 146,778 Jan. 27,1874 G Poterie, George 463,386 June 2, 1891 W Pray, Lyman 61,098 Jan. 8, 1867 S, F Prentiss, E. P. & Robertson, R. A.. 48,436 June 27, 1866 U Prentiss & Robertson 41,858 Mar. 8, 1864 F 2, II Price, C. P 1,273,091 July 16, 1918 P 2, 4 Price, Walters 548,391 Oct. 22,1895 Dl Price, W. B 522,628 June 26, 1894 G, D 1 Prichard, Geo. 1 1,264,435 Apr. 30,1918 P 2, II Prichard, G. L 1,290,846 Jan. 7,1919 I Propfe, H 478,266 July 6, 1892 F 1, II Prutzman. PaijJ W 1,238,381 Aug. 28, 1917 A Puning, Franz 1,176,094 Mar. 21,1916 K 2, S Pyzel, Daniel 1,040,408 Oct. 8, 1912 C Pyzel, Daniel 1,276,690 Aug. 20,1918 S Quinn, Abraham 31,998 Apr. 9, 1861 F Ouinn, A 36,481 Sept. 16, 1862 F Rand, Alonzo C 62,362 Feb. 26, 1867 S Rave, Chas 425,905 Apr. 16,1890 I, P Reese, Jacob 38,602 May 19, 1863 S Reese, Jacob 150,614 May 5, 1874 g Reeves, S. H 1,302,090 Apr. 29, 1919 T K.-tXS.-iS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 453 UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Reeves, W. P 1,283,559 Keilly, P. C 1,310,164 Renslnk, G. C 1,134,419 Kequa, Chas. \V 77,094 Restleux, Thos'. 63,749 Reynolds, F. R 1,119,463 Rice, L. M. & Adams, S. B 90,392 Richardson, Clifford 651,294 Richardson, Wm. D 1,257,397 Richardson, John E 65,275 Rlchter, Felix 1,098,763 Richter, Felix 1,098,764 liites, F. M 1,167,021 Rites, V. il 1,144,788 Rites, F. M 1,144,789 Roake, John S 700,373 Roberts, A. E. & Ehmiv, A. Li 1,016,968 Robertson, J. H 1,238,339 Robinson, C. 1 1,014.520 Robinson, C. 1 1,018,374 Robinson, C. 1 988,692 Kobinson, C. 1 910.684 Robinson, J. C 218,901 RodmaJi, Hugh 1,209,336 Rogers, Davenport 211,068 Rogers, D 284,331 Rogers, F. M 1,299,385 Rogers:, Henry H 120,539 Rogers, John 60,276 Rogers. Lebbeus H 1,269,747 Rogers, F. M. & Cooke, T. S 1,122.220 Rogers, M. C 1,148,990 Rogers, Wm. B 60,559 Roots, James 840,522 Rose, H. C 182,776 Rose, James R 1,252,033 Rosen, Jean.' 1,165,900 Rosen, Jean 1,162,654 Ross. S. J. & Schofield, H 1,204,492 Roth, P. & Venturino, M. E 1,208,378 Roth & Venturino 1,208,214 Roth & Venturino 1,208,378 Rowlands, P. 1,262,966 Rowsell, John 299,167 Ryder, Henry 142,515 Ryder, Watson 214,199 Ryder, W. & Qualey, J. A 739,957 Roslenbaum, R. R 1.278,023 Ruff, F. C 1.263.289 Sabatier, P. & Mailhe, A 1,124,333 Sabatier, P. & Mailhe, A 1,152,765 Salathe, Frederick 452,764 Salathe. F 564,341 Sampson, C. B. & Woods, W 1,177,816 gangster, W. H 54,414 Sangster, W. H. & Spencer, T. C. 56.276 Sargent. Thos. D 20,587 Savage, Wallace 1,279,918 Sawyer, G. T., Rowland. W., Jr.. & Hatch, T. C 33,905 Saybolt, Geo M 666,039 savbolt, G. Jf 566.040 Saybolt, G. M 989,827 Saybolt, G. M 218,066 Saybolt. G. M 245,568 Schalk, Emil 146.405 Schalk. Emil 133,698 Scheseh, H. A 64,218 Scheuffgen, Robert 1,118,952 Date Class Nov. 5 1918 S July 15 1919 F, S Apr. 6 1915 A Apr. 21 1868 Fl. 2, I Apr. 9 1867 V, Dl Dec. 1 1914 F2 May 25 1869 S Dec. 10 1895 E 3. A Feb. 2« 1918 P May 28 1867 C June 2 1914 D June 2 1914 JJ Jan. 4 1916 Kl.B June 29 101.5 K1,B June 29 191.-1 K1,B May 20 1IIII2 Dl Feb. 13 191 J Aug. 28 1917 B, P Jan. 9 1912 I Feb. 20 1912 Fl Aug. 30 1910 Dl Jan. 26 1909 V, D Aug. 26 1879 F2, II Dea 19 1916 B Dec. 17 1878 p:. 4.1 Sept. 4 1883 F Apr. 1 1919 A Oct. 31 1871 F Oct. 3 1865 F June 18 1918 A\' Dec. 22 1914 J Aug. 3 liUfi s Dec. 18 1866 M Apr. 20 1886 M.G Oct. 3 1870 Fl,2. I Jan. 1 1918 B. K 1 Dec. 28 1915 O Nov. 30 1915 B Nov. 14 1916 B Dec. 12 1916 B Dec. 12 1916 B Dec. 12 1916 B Jan. 8 1918 S May 27 1884 D 1 Sept. 2 1873 F, S Apr. 8 1879 Fl.II Sept. 22 1903 F Sept. 3 1918 C. E 2 Apr. Ifi, 1918 D 1 Jan. 12 1915 B. P Sept. 7 1915 B May 19 1891 T July 21 1896 T Apr. May 4 1916 B 1 1866 S. D July 10 1866 F June 15 1858 W Sept. 24 1918 El Dec. 10 1861 S Aug. 4, 1896 Dl Aug. 4, 1896 Dl Apr. 18 1911 J.K2 July 29, 1879 N Aug. 9 1881 N Jan. 13 1874 D Dec. 3 1872 D. S Apr. 24, 1866 F Dec. 1 1914 H 454 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Date Class Schildhaus, G. & Condrea, C 956,184 Apr. 26, 1910 I Sohill, E 1,100,260 June 16,1914 F, K 2 Schill, B. 1,142,275 June 8,1915 J, K 2 Schiller, Max 680,652 Apr. 13, 1897 V Schmidt, A. T 164,694 June 22, 1875 D Schmidt, W. A. and Wolcott, E. R. .1,308,161 June 24, 1919 B Schubert, Julius 156,600 Nov. 3, 1874 A Schwartz, Stephen 1,247,883 Nov. 27, 1917 B ' Scott, John B 58,180 Sept. 18, 1866 M Seeger, Robert 1,259,786 Mar. 19, 1918 B Seely, E. D 57,390 Aug-. 21,1866 M Seely, C. A 87,207 Feb. 23, 1869 F Seibert, F. M. and Brady, J. D 1,290,369 Jan. 7, 1919 A Seidensohur, F. & Dehnst, J 1,162,729 Nov. 30, 1915 B Seigle, A. 567,751 Sept. 15,1896 F 1, II Seig-le, A 667,752 Sept. 15, 1896 F Sellers, H. L. & Conyngton, H. R. . 649,399 Nov. 5, 1895 B3 Setzler, H. B 1,292,966 Jan. 28, 1919 B Sewell, B. F. Brooke 781,045 Jan. 31, 1905 F Sexton, Wm. A 1,248,730 Deo. 4, 1917 A Seymour, M. J 306,965 Oct. 21,1884 A Shapter, J. S 61,474 Jan. 22, 1867 F 1, 2, 5 Shaw, F. D 1,098,412 June 2, 1914 Kl Shaw, G. B 61,572 Jan. 29, 1867 N Shaw, G. B 56,107 July 3, 1866 N Sheets, Earl H 1,273,191 July 23. 1918 K 2, J Sherman, D. 968,088 Aug. 23, 1910 B Sherman, L. 1,260,684 Mar. 26, 1918 B, J Sherman, L. 1,288,711 Dec. 24, 1918 B Shiner, O. J 1,099,622 June 9, 1914 D 1 Shively, Martin 613,728 Mar. 11, 1919 S Shreves, F. G 1,297,022 Nov. 8,1898 A Sliroder, Richard 16,255 Deo. 16,1856 W Slater, Wm. A 1,263,950 Apr. 23, 1918 I Skidmore, C. J. and Coventry, P. F. 1,302,094 Apr. 29, 1919 O Slemmer, Henry T 52,897 Feb. 27,1866 O Sloane, W. M 109,772 Nov. 29,1870 A Sloane, W. M. & Potter, R. M 223,549 Jan. 13, 1880 C Sloane, W. M. & Bell, Wm 235,057 Nov. 30, 1880 C Slocum, F. L. and Stutz, C. C 1,304,211 May 20, 1919 B Slocum, F. L. and Stutz, C. C 1,304,212 May 30, 1919 B Small, H. J. & Stillman, H 595,788 Dec. 21,1897 D 1, F 2 Smedley, J. D 37,709 Feb. 17,1863 S Smith, A. D 1,239,423 Sept 4,1917 J, B Smith, C. A 558,747 Apr. 21, 1896 V, D Smith, H. C 300,811 June 24, 1884 F II Smith, Hamilton L, 60,585 Dec. 18, 1866 S Smith, H. L, 60,076 Nov. 27, 1866 F 2, 4, 1 Smith, H. J. & Jones, W 35,184 May 6, 1852 N Smith, Rollin H 306,653 Oct. 14, 1884 C> Smith, Wm 23,119 Apr. 19, 1850 @f S Smith, Wm. A 596,437 Dec. 28,1897 V Smothers, H. F. & Norquist, E. E. . .1,263,337 May 14,1918 Q Snee, J. A 1,165,668 Deo. 28, 1915 K 2 Snelling, W. 1,056,845 Mar. 25,1913 J, K 2, B Snelling, W. 1,186,855 June 13,1916 Fl Snelling, W. 1,215,732 Feb. 13,1917 V Snow, Wm. B 130,668 Aug. 20,1872 S Snow, Wm. B 137,496 Apr. 1, 1873 S Soderlund and Boberg 1,252,962 Jan. 18, 1918 F2 Sommer, Adolph 625,969 Sept. 11, 1894 V Sommer, A, 623,716 July 31, 1894 V Southey, A. W 1,120,857 Dec. 15,1914 Kl Spangle, George W 58,905 Oct. 16,1866 D Spears, Wm 107,734 Sept. 27, 1870 F, G Spier, Robert & Mather, J 168,060 Sept. 21, 1875 TJ Speller, F. N 774,341 Nov. 8,1904 N Squires, Frederick 1,249,232 Dec. 4,1917 J, K2 Squire, P. B 197,197 Nov. 13,1877 N KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 45S UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Stafford, Jas. R 10,813 Starke, Eric A 697,920 .Starke, B. A 781,240 SUnley, A. M 1,177,904 Starke, E. A 913,780 -Starke, B. A 1,109,187 Stearns, H. A 103,386 Steenbergh, B. van 1,124,864 SteinBchnelder, 1,302,988 Stelnschnelder, Leo 981,963 Stelnschnelder, Leo 1,192,681 Stelwagon, W. H 603,996 Stevens, Levi 363,432 Stevens, Levi. . •. 414,601 Stevens, Wm. H 1,165,462 Stewart, John L 24,687 Stewart, J. L 162,966 Stewart, J. L. & Logan, J. P 113,811 Stewart, J. L. & Dubler, J. B 186,667 Stewart, Lyman 1,168,570 Stm, Carl • 1,080,177 Stombs, D. S. & Brace, J 27,842 Stone, C. W 1,070,656 Stott, Chas 68,267 Strache, H. & Forges, P 1,206,678 Strain, E. W 811,643 Street, G. B. J 70,716 Stringfellow, John H. W 454,777 Stuber, John, Stuber, Jacob & Mager, Jnlin W 123,741 Suckert, J'limis J 534,296 Suhr, C. L 1,122,169 Swan, O. C 1,250,526 Swan, O. C 1,288,946 Swaton, J. A 1,260,781 Sylvester, P. 68,669 Symmea, H. K 26,000 Symonds, D 66,136 Symonds, D 66,137 TagUabue, ChaS. J 266,462 TagUabue, Chfs. J 264,176 Tagllabue, Giuseppe 36,826 TagUabue, Chas. J 1,263,146 Tagllabue, Giuseppe 38,427 Tagllabue, John 36,488 Talt, A. H 96,997 Talt, E. W 1,069,908 Talt, G. M. S 1,128,549 Talt, A. H. & Avis, J. W 63,369 Talt & Avis 63,115 Talt & Avis 135,673 Tatro, Jos. A 99,728 Tatro, Jos. A 106,233 Taveau, Rene de M 1,271,387 Taylor, H. K. & Graham, D. M 64,978 Taylor & Graham 59,751 Tempere, Albert J 557,291 Testelln, A. & Rehard, G 1,188.260 Thelsen, Eduard 652,466 Thelsen, Eduard 662,465 Thlele, Felix C 688,354 Thlele, Felix Carl 1.264,866 Thlrault, A 61,120 Thirault, A 41,871 Thlrault, A 63,963 Thomas, John J 178,889 Thomas, Joshua 282,239 Thomas, Joshua 314,490 Thomas, Richard 781,864 Thompsfon, W. P 1,160,670 Date Apr. 25 Jan. 26 Jan. 31 Apr. 4 Mar. 2 Sept. 1 May 24, Jan. May Jan. July 25 Aug. 29 May 24 Nov. 6 Dec. 28 June 28 May 4 Apr. 18 Class 17 Mar. Deo. 7 Dec. 2 Apr. 10 Aug. 19 Aug. 19, Nov. 21 Feb. 3 Mar. 11, June Feb. 13, Feb. 19 Dec. 22 Dec. 18, Nov. 12 Mar. 26, Sept. 10, Nov. 1 May 28 May 28, Oct. 3 Feb. 28 Oct. 28 Apr. 16 May 6, Sept. 16 Nov. 16 Aug. 12 Feb. 16 Mar. 20 Mar. 19 Feb. 11 Feb. 8 Aug. 9 July 2 May 22 Nov. 20 Mar. 31 May 4 Dec. 31 Dec. 31 Sept. 24 Jan. 29, Jan. 8 Mar. 8 Apr. 16, June 20, July 31 Mar. 24 Feb. 7 Nov. 16 1854 1898 1905 1916 1909 1914 1870 1915 1919 1911 1916 1893 1887 1889 1915 1850 1875 1871 1878 1915 1913 1860 1913 1867 1916 1883 1902 1891 1872 1895 1914 1917 1918 1918 1867 1859 1867 1867 1882 1882 1862 1918 1863 1862 1869 1013 1915 1866 1867 1873 1870 1870 1918 1866 1866 1896 1915 1895 1895 1901 1918 1867 1864 1867 1876 1883 1886 1905 1915 TT 1)1 K8, B Kl D,F2 Dl K2, II Kl B R F5 K6 S F2 B M W F2, II F S B S (} A Fl, 2 B Fl, 2,11 M D Fl, 2,11 V F2, II A S B A (} V V Fl, 2,3,4,11 Fl, 2,11 N N N N S J, K2 Kl B F 2 3,11 Fl F2, II 1)1 Dl I, Bl Dl Dl V, D B F F ni r, F4, II F2 S Fn F2 S B 456 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS- Name Number Thumm, Chas; P 389,988 Thursby, John 3,067 Tiemann, Julius H 321,465 Tiemann, J. H 330,637 Tienen, W. O. Th. van 1,000,6*6 Timmons, J. R 1,105,383 Timmons & Swain, O 1,179,243 Tilton, Ole 204,943 Timmons, J. R 1,279,611 Tokheim, J. J 1,248,951 Toppan, Chas. 498,688 Travers, W. J 1,004,219 Trewby, G. C. & Penner, H. W 262,981 Trumble, Milton J 996,736 Trumble, M. J 1,002,474 Trumble, M. J. ..., 1,070,361 Trumble, M. J. . 1,182,601 Trumble, M. J 1,250,052 Trumble, M. J 1,269,171 Trumble, M. J 1,260,598 Trumble, M. J. 1,262,876 Trumble, M. J 1,269,134 Turner, C. W 1,046,683 Turner, C, W 1,161,422 Turner, R. D 194,276 Thompson, N. W 1,298,602 Trumble, M. J 1,304,125 Trumble, M. J 1,304,124 Trumble, M. J 1,281,884 Turner, R. D 164,430 Turner, R. D 166,899 Tweddle, Herbert W. C. Tweddle, H. W. C. Tweddle, H. W. C. Tweddle, H. W. C. Tweddle, H. W. C. . Tweddle, H. W. C Tweddle, H. W. C. 120,349 189,401 189,402 45,363 72,125 72,126 34,324 38,015 289,788 Tyler, Chas. N, Ujhely, Heinrioh. Ujhely, H. & Buerle, C 131,137 Upham, Richard D 512,494 Van Devort. C. & Van Pleet, C 168,642 Van Dyke, J. & Irish, Wm 1,096,438 Van Dyke & Irish 1,073,648 Van Dyke & Irish 1,143,466 Van Dyke & Irish 1,130,862 Van Vliet, L. & O'Neil, F 1,094,762 Vander Weyde, Peter H 104,798 Vander "Weyde, P. H 61,125 Vander Weyde, P. H 58,006 Vander Weyde, P. H 68,612 Vander Weyde, P. H 53,062 Van Syckel, Samuel 191,203 Van Syckel, S 140,801 Van Syckel, S. 162,440 Van Syckel, S 126,603 Van Syckel, S 164,772 Van Syckel, S 154,771 Van Syckel, S 143,946 Van Syckel, S 110,616 Van Syckel, g. . . 191,204 Van Tine, Henry C 60,290 Van Wyck, C. 1 27,603 — 66,313 Van Wyck, William. Vaughan, Aaron C 63,709 Vaug-han, John Ives 49,689 Von Boyen, Edgar 689,381 Von Boyen, Edgar 690,693 Vuilleumier, Rudolph 1,038,691 Date Sept. 25 May 2 July 7 Nov. 17, Aug. 15 July 28, Apr. 11 Nov. 12 Sept. 24 Dec. 4 May 30, Sept. 26 Jan. 31 July 4 Sept. 5 Aug. 12 May 9 Dec. li; Mar. 12 Mar. 26 Apr. 16 June 11 Dec. 10 Aug. 24, Aug. 14 Mar. 25 May 20, May 20 Oct. 15 Aug. 25 Nov. 17: Oct.- 24 Apr. 10 Apr. 10 Dec. 6 Dec. 10 Dec. Feb. Mar. 24 Dec. 4 Sept. 3 Jan. 9 Oct. 6 May 6 Sept. 16 June 15 Mar. 9 Apr. 28 June 28 Jan. 8 Sept. 11 Oct. 2 Mar. 6. May 22 July 15; June 23 May 7, Sept. 8 Sept. 8 Oct. 21 Dec. 27 May 22 Dec. 4 Mar. 20 May 28 Apr. 3 Aug. 29 Deo. 24 Jan. 7 Sept. 17 1888 1843 1885 1886 1911 1914 1916 1878 1918 1917 1898 1911 1882 1911 1911 1913 1916 1917 1918 1918 1918 1918 1912 1915 1877 1919 1919 1919 1918 1874 1874 1871 1877 1877 1864 1867 1867 1862 1863 1883 1872 1894 1875 1914 1913 1915 1916 1914 1870 1867 1866 1866 1866 1877 1873 1874 1872 1874 1874 1873 1870 1877 1866 1860 1867 1866 1865 1901 1902 1912 -Con. Class P 2, 4 M Dl Dl I PI, II PI P2, 4 A A D A P2 S, F PI, II P2, II B2. P2, II F, S P2, A F F K2, S B B A, V S B A B A S, P D T T K 2 P 2, 5, II F 2, 5, II G, P 2, 5, M D C E 3 F 2 B B B B K 1 N A P P F P, P F, 2, i, 5, II F, II U K 2 P 2, I P, II D W S G P 1 C C K 1, B 2, II KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 457 UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Von Groellng, A. F. G. P. J 1,295,088 Waddell, Alexander 1,249,864 Waltz, J. W 1,105,727 Walker, Henry V 972,953 Walker, H. V 965,372 Walker, W. E 1,307,280 Wallace, Geo. W 1,288,000 Wallace, John Stewart 716,132 Warden, Henry 266,929 Warden, Wm. G 240,937 Warden, Wm. G 260,936 Warden, Wm. G 110,806 Warden, Wm. G 112,761 Warfleld, R. N 40,068 Waring, Richard S 284,098 Waring, Wilson 643,678 Warren, Cyrus M. 248,074 Warren, Cyrus M 47,236 Warren, John 97,998 Warren, John 102,186 Warren, John W 706,168 Warren, John W 666,446 Warren, M. H 1,110,361 Warth, C. H 1,131,880 Washburn, C. H 1,138,266 Welsenberger, P 54,984 Welser, Josef 1,127JI61 Wellman, F. E 1,276,337 Wells, A. A 1,232,464 Wells, A, A 1,187,874 Wells, A. A 1,248,226 Wells, WlUet C. & Wells, F. B 877,620 Wells, W. C. cS; F. E 1,296,244 Welles, Wm. C 61,291 Wellman, F. E 1,246,291 Welsh, M. J 1,169,460 Wemple, H. R 1,262,886 Wendtland, August 618,307 Weston, Elijah 219,646 Wetraore, I. W 39,978 Wheeler, Norman W 62,477 Whitall, Frahk M 768,101 Whitall, Samuel R 734,482 White, Garter. 1,226,041 Whiting, Jas. R 622,936 Whiting, J. R. & Lawrence, W. A. Whitmore, Samuel W. Wiegand, S. Lloyd Wiegand, S. Lloyd Wiggins, Isaac B Wllber, William. 683,779 .1,126,422 39,607 62,583 63,777 23 2lO Wilcox, L. N .' 49,'020 Wilkinson, Asa W 145,707 Wilkinson, Walter S 612,348 Wilkinson, Walter S 597,892 Wlllard, Franklin W 26,739 Willard, Franklin W 27,503 Willard, Franklin W 27,327 Williams, R. A. & Bragg, J 304,390 Willis, Geo. M 918,628 Wilson, R. J 379,090 Wlngett, John N 1,229,189 Wintz, Jas. P 807,983 Wirkner, George von 783,916 Wolff, Albert 1,240,523 Wolf, Hermann 604,280 Wolf, Linus 1,266,573 Wohle, Salo 1,081,801 Wynne, Edward W 901,411 Date Feb. 18 Dec. 11 Aug. 4 Oct. 18 Apr. 19, June 17 Oct. 29, Dec. 16, Oct. 31 May 3 May 3 Jan. 3 Mar. 14 Sept. 22 Aug. 28 Feb. 13 Oct. 11 Apr. 11 Dec. 14 Apr. 19 July 22 Jan. 22 Sept. 16 Mar. 16 May May 22 Feb. Aug. 1 3 July 3 June 20 Nov. 27 Jan. 28 Mar. 4 Jan. 15 Nov. 6 Nov. 9 Apr. 16 Jan. 24 Sept. 9 Sept. 16, Feb. 6 Aug. 24 July 21 May 16 Apr. 11 June 1 Jan. 19 Aug. 18 Mar. 5 Apr. 9 Mar. 8 July 26 Dec. 1 9 Jan. 9 Jan. 25 Jan. 3 Mar. 13 Feb. 28 Sept 22 Apr. 20 Mar. 6 June 5 Dec. 19 Feb. 28 Sept. 28 x«iay 17 May 7, Dec. 16, Oct. 20 1919 1917 1914 1910 1910 1919 1918 1902 1882 1881 1881 1871 1871 1863 1883 1900 1881 1865 1869 1870 1902 1901 1914 1918 1915 1866 1915 1918 1917 1916 1917 1908 1919 1867 1917 1916 1918 1899 1879 1863 1866 1904 1903 1917 1890 1897 1915 1863 1867 1867 1869 1866 1873 1894 1898 1880 1860 1860 1884 1909 1888 1917 1905 1906 1917 1898 1918 1913 1908 Class B K 1 J, K 2 D 1 V L. K W D C S S, D F 1. II F 1 V T I T U F S V V B F 2, II, G B D 1 S B B B B, J F 1, 3, II F S B, S C K 1 C s u s T T B S V F 1, II F 2 C M M F F 3 E 3 E 3 G, S F G, S S E 3 F 4 P D D 1 D D 1 K 1 D 1 D 458 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF UNITED STATES PETROLEUM PATENTS— Con. Name Number Date Class Wallace, Geo. W 1,283,001 Oct. 29, 1918 F, W Wells, Raymond 1,267,611 May 28, 1918 A Wright, B. H. & Atwood, E. H. ...1,278,280 Sept. 10, 1918 F Whitman, J. C 1,312,375 Aug. 5, 1919 O, S Taryan, Homer T 300,185 June 10, 1884 F 2, 5, II Young, Jas. .. 127,446 June 4,1872 Dl Young, W. H 62,798 Mar. 12^ 1867 O Zerning, Hermann 1,183,266 May 16, 1916 J, K 2, B Zimmerhng, August F 313,796 Mar. 10, 1885 M KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 459 BOOKS ON PETROLEUM, ASPHALT AND NATURAL GAS Abady — Gas Analyst's Manual $ 6.50 Abraham — Asphalts and Allied Substances 5.00 Aisinmann — Taschenbuch fur die Mineralol-Industrie. 8vo. Berlin, 1896 Allen — Modem Power Gas Producer 2.50 Archbutt and Deeley — Lubrication and Lubricants. 8vo. Lon- don, 1912 Bacon and Hamor — The American Petroleum Industry 10.00 Baker — Roads and Pavements 5.00 Battle — Lubricating Engrineer's Handbook 4.00 Berlinerblau — Das Erdwachs, Ozokerit and Cerestin. 8vo. Brunswick, 1917 Booth— Liquid Fuel 3.00 Boorman — Asphalts: Their Sources and Utilizations 2.60 Brannt — Petroleum: Its History, Origin, Occurrence, Production, Physical and Chemical Constitution, Technology, Examina- tion and Uses. Philadelphia and London, 1895 Butler — Oil Fuel: Its Supply, Composition and Application 2.25 Campbell — Petroleum Refming. 8.50 Clowes and Redwood — The Detention and Measurement of In- flammable Gas and Vapor in the Air. 8vo. London, 1916. . . . Cooper- Key — Storage of Petroleum Spirit. London, 1914 Coste — Calorific Power of Gas 2.00 Craig— Oil Finding 2.40 Crew — A Practical Treatise on Petroleum. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1887 Danby — Natural Rock Asphalts and Bitumens 2.50 Delano — Twenty Years' Practical Experience of Natural Asphalt and Mineral Bitumen. 8vo. London and New York, 1893 .... Dennis — Gas Analysis 2.10 Deutsch (De la Meurthe) — Le Petrole et ses Applications. Paris, N. D Dowson and Larter — Producer Gas 3.00 Dunn — Industrial Uses of Fuel Gas 3.00 Franzen — Exercises in Gas Analysis 1.00 Frost— The Art of Roadmaking 3.00 Gas Chemist's Handbook 3.5C Gibbings — Oil Fuel Equipment for Locomotives and Principles of Application 2.50 Gill— Short Handbook of Oil Analysis 2.50 Gregorius — Mineral Waxes: Preparation and Uses 2.50 Hager — Practical Oil Geology 2.50 Hempel — Methods of Gas Analysis 2.25 Hicks — Laboratory Book of Mineral Oil Testing 1.00 Hofer — Das Erdol (Petroleum) und Seine Verwandten. Bruns- wick, 1888 Holde-Mueller — Examination of Hydrocarbon Oils 5.00 Hubbard — Dust Preventives and Road Binders 3.00 Jaccard — Le Petrole, L'Ashphalte, et le Bltume au Point de vue Geologique. Paris, 1895 Guttentag, W. E. — Petrol and Petroleum Spirits, Sources, Prep- aration, Examination, Uses 3.40 460 BULLETIN NUMBE R FIFTEEN OF BOOKS ON PETROLEUM, ASPHALT AND NATURAL GAS— Con. Johnson and Huntley — Principles of Oil and Gas Production .... 3.75 Judson — City Roads and Pavements 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention 1.50 Lewes — Liquid and Gaseous Fuels 2.00 Lunge — Technical Gas Analysis 4.00 Marvin — The Petroleum Industry of Southern Russia. 4to. Lon- don, 1884 The Region of the Eternal Fire; An Account of a Jour- ney to the Petroleum Region of the Caspian in 1883. 8vo. London, 1884 The Petroleum of the Future. Baku, the Petrol ia of Europe. 8vo. London, 1883 The Moloch of Paraffin. 8vo. London, 1886 The Coming Deluge of Russia Petroleum, and its Bear- ings on British Trade. 1887 England as a Petroleum Power, or the Petroleum Fields of the British Empire. London, 1887 Our Unappreciated Petroleum Empire. 8vo. London, 1889 The Coming Oil Age: Petroleum — Past, Present, and Future. 8vo. London, 1889 Mills — Destructive Distillation: a Manualette of the Paraffin, Coal-Tar, Rosin Oil, Petroleum, and kindred Industries. Lon- don, 1887 Neuberger — Technology of Petroleum 9.00 Neuberger and Noalhat — Technology of Petroleum. Paris .... 10.00 North— Oil Fuel 2.00 Paine and Stroud — Oil Production Methods 3.00 Peckham— Solid Bitumens 5.00 Redwood — Mineral Oils and their By-products 5.40 Petroleum and its Products. (3 vol.) 13.50 Redwood and Eastlake — Petroleum Technologist's Pocketbook.. 3.00 Richardson — Asphalt Construction for Pavements and High- ways 2.00 Riche-Halphin— Le Petrole. Paris, 1896 Richardson — The Modern Asphalt Pavement 3.00 Singer — Beitrage zur Theorie der Petroleum-bildung. Zurich, 1892 Southcombe — Chemistry of the Oil Industries 3.00 Sur — Oil Prospecting and Extraction 1.00 Tecklenburg — Handbuch der Tiefbohrkunde. 6 Bde. Leipzig, 1886-1896 Thompson — Oil Fields of Russia. London, 1908 7.50 Petroleum Mining and Oil Field Development.... 5.00 Thomson and Redwood — Handbook on Petroleum 2.70 Tillson — Street Pavements and Paving Material 4.00 Tinkler and Challenger — The Chemistry of Petroleum and its Substitutes 4.50 Tower — The Story of Oils 1.00 Vieth — Das Erdol und seine Verarbeitung. Brunswick, 1892 . . Westcott^The Handbook of Casinghead Gas 4.00 Whinery — Specifications for Street Roadway Pavements 1.00 Ziegler — Popular Oil Geology 2.50 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 461 U. S. Government Publications on Petro- leum, Asphalt and Natural Gas BUREAU OF MINES TECHNICAL PAPERS. Liquified products from natural gas, their properties and uses. Methods for determination of water in petroleum and its products. Sulphur content of fuel oils. Cementing process of excluding water from oil wells as practiced in California. Preparation of specifications for petroleum products. Fuel oil for internal combustion engines. Prevention of waste of natural gas. Prevention of waste of oil and gas in California. Influence of inert gases on explosive mixtures. Waste of oil and gas in Mid-Continent field. Flash point of oil. Causes of decline of oil wells. Petroleum and gas in Wyoming. Mud laden fluids in well drilling. Mud laden fluid in well drilling in Oklahoma. Oil recovery in California. Problems of petroleum industry. Properties of California petroleum. Electric lights for use about oil and gas wells. Method of testing natural gas for gasoline content. Fractional distillation of natural gas at low temperature. Composition of natural gas in 25 cities. Explosibility of acetylene. Inflammability of gasoline and air mixtures. Explosions of gasoline in sewers. Limits of inflammability of mixtures of methane and air. Bibliography of gas manufacture. Conditions of explosibility of methane air mixtures. Hazard in handling gasoline. Underground waste in oil and gas fields. Compressibility of natural gas. Oil products of carbonization of coal. Vapor pressures of various hyrocarbons at low temperatures. Nitration of toluene. Absorption of gases by coal. Inflammability of mine gases. Compression and composition of natural gas. Construction of single tube cracking furnaces for making gasoline. Properties of commercial gasoline sold during 1915. Methods of testing and properties of motor gasoline. Recent developments in the absorption process for recover- ing gasoline from natural gas. Determination of unsaturated hydrocarbons in gasoline. ™ Oily or volatile matter in coal. No. 10. No. 25. No. 26. No. 32. No. 36. No. 37. No. 38 No. 42. No. 43. No. 45. No. 49. No. 51. No. 57. No. 66. No. 68. No. 70. No. 72. No. 74. No. 79. No. 87. No. 104. No. 109. No. 112. No. 115. No. 117. No. 119. No. 120. No. 121. No. 127. No. 130. No. 131. No. 140. No. 142. No. 146. No. 147. No. 150. No. 158. No. 161. No. 163. No. 166. No. 176. No. 181. No. 183. 462 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF BUREAU OF MINES BULLETINS. No. 19. Physical, and chemical properties of the petroleum of the San Joaquin Valley, Calif. No. 32. Commercial deductions from comparisons of gasoline and alcohol tests on internal-combustion engines. No. 43. Comparative fuel values of gasoline and denatured alcohol in internal combustion engines. No. 65. Oil and gas wells through workable coal beds. No. 88. The condensation of gasoline from natural gas. No. 144. Manufacture of gasoline and benzene-toluene from petro- leum and other hydrocarbons. No. 125. The analytical distillation of petroleum. No. 120. Extraction of gasoline from natural gas by absorption methods. No. 134. The use of mud-laden fluid in oil and gas wells. No. 148. Methods for increasing the recovery of oil from wells. No. 151. Compression plants for extracting gasoline from natural gas. No. 155. Oil storage tanks and reservoirs. No. 158. Cost accounting for oil producers. BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Action of sunlight and air upon some lubricating oils. 1911. (Stand- ards Reprint 153.) 5c. Behavior of high-boiling mineral oils on heating in air. 1911. (Stand- ards Reprint 160.) 5c. Data on oxidation of automobile cylinder oils. 1916. (Standards Technologic Papers 73). 5c. Density and thermal expansion of American petroleum oils. 1916. (Standards Technologic Papers 77). 10c. Effect of adding fatty and other oils upon carbonization of mineral lubricating oils. 1911. (Standards Technologic Papers 4.) 5c. Evaporation test for mineral lubricating and transformer oils. 1913. (Standards Technologic Papers 13.) 5c. Fluorescent test for mineral and rosin oils. 1911. (Chemistry Cir- cular 84.) 5c. Iodine number of linseed and petroleum oils. 1914. (Standards Tech- nologic Papers 37.) lOc. Modification of Herzfeld-Bohme method for detection of mineral oil in other oils. 1912. (Chemistry Circular 85.) 5c. Oil films on water and on mercury. (In Smithsonian Report 1913, pages 261-273, illus.) Cloth $1.10. United States standard tables for petroleum oils. 1916. (Standards Circular 57. 15c. Determination of ammonia in illuminating gas. 1914. (Standards Technologic Papers 34.) 10c. Determination of sulphur in illuminating gas. 1913. (Standards Technologic Papers 20.) 10c. Industrial gas calorimetry. 1914. 150 pages illus. (Standards Technologic Papers 36.) 40c. Lead acetate test for hydrogen sulphide in gas. 1914. 46 pages, illus. (Standards Technologic Papers 41.) 25c. Legal specifications for illuminating gas. 1913. (Standards Tech- nologic Papers 14.) 10c. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 463 BUREAU OF STANDARDS— Con. London sliding scale for gas. 1909. (60th Congress, S. Doc. 696.) 5c. On definition of ideal gas. 1910. (Standards Reprint 136.) 5c. Standard methods of gas testing. 1917. 202 pages, illus. (Standards Circular 48.) 40c. Standards for gas service. 3d edition. 1915. 197 pages. (Standards Circular 32.) 35c. Supersedes 1st edition with title, "State and municipal regula- tions for gas," and 2d edition entitled, "Standard regulations for manufactured gas and gas service." U. S. GEOLOGIC SURVEY. Annual Reports of Geological Survey. 22d. 1901. Part 1 Director's Report and paper on asphalt and bituminous rock deposits. 464 pages, illus., maps. $1.60. Bulletin No. 365. Fractionation of crude petroleum by capillary dif- fusion. 1908. 10c. Bulletin No. 392. Commercial deductions from comparisons of gaso- line and alcohol tests on internal-combustion engines. 1909. 5c. Bulletin No. 401. Relations between local magnetic disturbances and genesis of petroleum. 1909. 24 pages, map. 5c. Bulletin No. 475. Diffusion of crude petroleum through fuller's earth with notes on its geologic significance. 1911. 5c. Bulletin No. 653. Chemical relations of oil-field waters in San Joaquin Valley, California. 1917. 119 pages, illus. 10c. Water Supply Papers 113. Disposal of strawboard and oil-well wastes. 1905. 5c. Mineral Resources of U. S. — Non-metals. Part II (yearly). Asphalt and Bituminous rock deposits of United States. (In Geo- logical Report 1901, pt. 1, pp. 209-452, 52 plates, illus. maps.) Cloth, $1.60. Asphaltum deposits of California. (In Mineral Resources, 1883-4, pp. 938-948.) Cloth, 60c. Asphaltum, production, importation, commercial applications, history of paving industry, etc. (In Mineral resources, 1893, pp. 627-669.) Cloth, 50c. AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. Effect of controllable variables upon penetration test for asphalts and asphalt cements. (In Journal of Agricultural Research, Jan. 24, 1916, pp. 805-818.) 10c. Bitumens and their essential constituents for road construction and maintenance. 1911. (Roads Circular 93.) 5c. Methods for examination of bituminous road materials. 1915. (Agri- cultural Bulletin No. 314.) 10c. Macadam roads. Construction of macadam roads. 1907. (Roads Bulletin No. 29.) 10c. Macadam Roads. 1908. (Farmer's Bulletin No. 338.) 5c. Use of mineral oil in road improvement. (In Agricultural Yearbook, 1902, pp. 439-454, illus.) Cloth, 85c. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION— U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bulletin No. 102, part 6. Petroleum. A resource interpretation. 464 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF PETROLEUM TRADE JOURNALS. Published at Allegemeine osterr. Chemiker-und Techniker- Zeitung Vienna California Derrick San Francisco, Calif. The California Oil World Bakersfield, Calif. Coalinga Oil Record Coalinga, Calif . Gulf Coast Oil News Houston, Texas Journal du Petrole Paris Moniteur du Petrole Romain Bucarest Naphtha Lemberg, Gahcia National Petroleum News Cleveland, Ohio Natural Gas & Gasoline Journal New York Neftianoie Dielo Baku Oil City Derrick Oil City, Pa. Oil & Gas Journal Tulsa, Okla. Oil and Gas News Kansas City, Mo. Oildom New York City, N. Y. Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter New York City, N. Y. The Oil Industry Los Angeles, Calif. Oil News London, Chicago Petroleum Berlin Petroleum Chicago, 111. Petroleum Age Chicago, 111. The Petroleum Gazette Titusville, Pa. The Petroleum Review London The Petroleum World London Revue du Petrole Bucarest Petroleum Review Petroleum Gazette Journal of Gas Lighting Chicago, 111. Gas Record Chicago, 111. Gas Engineering New York City, N. Y. IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS AND SOCIETY PUBLICA- TIONS (With articles on Petroleum, Asphalt and Natural Gas). Chemical Abstracts of American Chemical Society Easton, Pa. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.New York City, N. Y. Journal of American Chemical Society Easton, Pa. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering New York City, N. Y. Engineering and Mining Journal New York City, N. Y. Engineering News Record New York City, N. Y. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. . . .London American Society for Testing Materials Philadelphia, Pa. International Society for Testing Materials .... Journal of the Franklin Institute Philadelphia, Pa. Institute of Mining Engineers New York City, N. Y. KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 465 State Geological Survey Publications on Pe- troleum, Asphalt and Natural Gas ALABAMA. Circular No. 3. Concerning oil and gas in Alabama, by E. A. Smith. Bulletin No. 10. The Fayette Gas Field. Bulletins Nos. 20, 22, 23, 28, 31, 33, 35. KANSAS. Vol. IX. Oil and Gas. Bulletin No. 3. Oil and Gas Resources of Kansas. KENTUCKY. Vol. I, Series V, No. 1. Oil and Gas. MICHIGAN. Publication No. 14, Series No. 11. Occurrence of oil and gas in Mich- igan. Publication No. 19, Series No. 16. MINNESOTA. Bulletin No. .5, 1889. Natural Gas in Minnesota. N. H. Winchell. 39 p. MISSISSIPPI. No. IB. Oil and Gas Prospecting in Mississippi. By E. N. Lowe. MISSOURI. Vol. Ill, No. 4. Missouri School of Mines — Production of Oils and Tars from Bituminous Materials. NEBRASKA. Vol. 4, Part 25. Natural Fuels of Nebraska. NEW YORK. Vol. 6, No. 30. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York, by Edward Orton. OHIO. Bulletin No. 1. Oil and Gas. A New Geological Map of Ohio. Bulletin No. 12. The Bremen Oil Field. Vol. VI. Geology and Petroleum and Natural Gas. OKLAHOMA. Circular No. 8. Methods of exploring for oil and gas. Handbook of Natural Resources of Oklahoma. Bulletin No. 2. Rock Asphalt, Asphaltite, Petroleum, Natural Gas in Oklahoma. Bulletin No. 14. Asphalt in Oklahoma. Costs of drilling oil and gas wells. Circular No. 7. Correlation of the oil sands in Oklahoma. Circular No. 5. Rock asphalts of Oklahoma and their use in paving. Bulletin No. 16. Ponca City Oil and Gas fields. Bulletin No. 18. Gushing Oil fields. Bulletin No. 19. Part I, 1915. Petroleum and Natural Gas. Part II, 1917. Petroleum and Natural Gas. PENNSYLVANIA. Reports I, 12, 13, 14 and J. Bituminous coal fields. Report L for the Pittsburgh gas well and the use of gas in iron manu- facture. 466 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Reports Q, Q2, Q3 and Q4 for reference to oil rocks in Beaver, Law- rence, Mercer, Crawford, Erie and S. Butler Counties. Report K for the Dunkard Creek oil wells of Green County. Reports R, R2 for description of oil rocks in McKean, Elk and Forest County. Reports V, V2 for notes on the oil rocks of N. Butler and Clarion County. Report H2 for oil boring at Cherry Tree, Cambria County. Report G5 for oil boring in Wajme County. Annual Report, 1885, for report of the progress in oil and gas region, with special facts relating to the geology and physics of natural gas. Grand Atlas Div. Ill, Part I, under Bituminous Coal Fields. Annual Reports, 1886, Part II. SOUTH DAKOTA. Circular No. 4. Possibilities of oil and gas in Harding County. Circular No. 1. Oil in South Dakota. TENNESSEE. Vol. II. No. 2, No. 7. Vol. V. No. 4. Vol. VI. No. 1. Vol. VII. No. 1, No. 4. Vol. VIII. No. 3. TEXAS. Texas University Bulletin 246. Geology of Oil and Gas fields of Wichita and Clay Counties. Texas University Bulletin No. 66. Thrall Oil field. Texas University Bulletin No. 44. Review of Geology of Texas. WEST VIRGINIA. Coal, oil, gas, limestone and iron ore map. Vol. I. Petroleum and Natural Gas, levels and true meridians. Vol. la. Petroleum and Natural Gas. WYOMING. Bulletin No. 2. The Lander Oil Fields. Bulletin No. 14. The Byron Oil Fields. Bulletin No. 15. The Oregon Basin Oil and Gas Fields. LIST OF STATE GEOLOGISTS, Eugene A. Smith, University, Ala. R. W. Ellis, Albuquerque, New Mex N. F. Drake, Fayetteville, Ark. J. M. Clarke, Albany, N Y R. D. George, Boulder, Colo. J. H. Pratt, Chapel Hill N C H. B. Gregory, New Haven, Conn. A. G. Leonard, Grand Forks N D E. H. Sellards, Tallahassee, Fla. J. A. Bownocker, Columbus Ohio ' S. W. McCallie, Atlanta, Ga. C. W. Shannon, Norman, Okla F. W. DeWolf, Urbana, 111. R. H. Hice, Beaver, Pa Edward Barrett, Indianapolis, Ind. C. W. Brown, Providence R I Geo. F. Kay, Iowa City, Iowa, Stephen Taber, Columbia' s' C Raymond Moore, Lawrence, Kans', Freeman Ward, Vermillion S Dak J, B. Barton, Louisville, Ky. w. A, Nelson, Nashville Teiin B, B, Mathews, Baltimore, Md. J. A, Udden, Austin Texas R, C, Allen, Lansing, Mich, G, H, Perkins, Burlington Vt W. H. Emmons, Minneapolis, Minn. Thos, L. Watson, Charlottesville Va E, N, Lowe Jackson, Miss. Henry Landes, Seattle, Wash, H. A, Buehler, Rolla, Mo. I. c. White, Morgan town, W, Va, E, H. Barbour, Lincoln, Neb W, O, Hotchkiss, Madison, Wise. H. B, Kummel, Trenton, N. J, L, W, Trumbull, Cheyenne, Wyo KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 467 INDEX. Papre 318 318 Abel tenter Abel-Pensky teatcr ■.......■......','.,..... Abaorptlon OasoUne produced by absorption process 23 Spec flcatfons for straw oil for benzol absorpUon 155 Specifications for absorption oil 155 Absorption process for casinghead gasoline 248 Relation of absorption test, specific gravity and yield of gasoline by compression 248 Absorption method of testing gas for gasoline content 354 Lilterature on absorption processes 461-462 Accumnlatlan of oil and saa In anttcUnea, ayndlnea and faults 7 Acetylene Heat of combustion of 190-254 Specific heat of .:.::..:;.: 254 Explosions of . . 252 Acid (see sludge acid) Treatment of benzine with acid and caustic soda 131 Treatment of sludge acid 138 Method of removing sulphonlc acid 138 Acid in lubricating oil 161 Determination of free acid 338 Adhesive testa of rope lubricants 173 \rroiiliineN Fighting grade of aeroplane gasoline 141 Navy specifications for aeroplane gasoline 146 U. S. Navy speclfloations for Liberty aero oil 168 General specifications for aviation gasoline 139 Specifications for aeroplane machine gun oil 169 Aeroplane oil 175 AsKreieates In asphalt pavements 192-S For asphaltlc concrete 192-5 For Topeka speoiflcations 192-6-7 For bituminous concrete 192-5-7 For sheet asphalt 192-5 Of rock asphalt 192-5 For binder course 194 Tables for calculating the voids in aggregates from welsht per cubic foot 201 Methods of grading aggregates of asphaltlc surface mixture. . 345-9 AsUatlon and agrltators 13l Air required tor burning fuel oil 184 Ultimate composition of air blown residuum 128 Air blowing of asphalt 191-3 Speclflo heat of air 254 bama Summary of kerosene inspection laws 156 Aleobol Heat of combustion of grain alcohol and wood alcohol 190 Use of alcohol with benzol 146 Alien County. Kansas, Properties of crude oil from 120 Fractional gravity distillation analysis of crude oil from .... 127 Alnmlnum Cblorlde Use of In removing color and odor 136 Use of in cracking oil 215 Aaiarlcan Society (or Teatlnic Materials DlBtlllation apparatus of for mineral spirits 306 Flash point test 318 Cloud, pour and cold tests 301-4 Softening point of bituminous materials 297-8 Carbon test 822 Penetration tests 389-40 AmmoBia Lifting power of ammonia gas compared with otber gases in balloons 249 Anmonlnm anlphate In oil shale 2S4 468 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Page Outline of methods of analysis of petroleum products 269-70 Index to applications of methods of analysis ^"- Slethoda ot analyals , ^, , „ ,, Of crude petroleum, gasoline, benzine, naphtha, kerosene, il- luminating oil, straw oil, absorption oil, lubricanta, paraj- fin oil, fuel oil, Diesel engine oil, road oil, flux oil, asphalt, pitch, wax, grease, asphaltic surface mix. • . (See special index outline, page^271) Specific gravity and Baurae' gravity alt nil Color 278-282 Odor Transparency 282 282 Viscosity iSl-iVl Melting point and softening point 297-303 Cold tests 302-4 "Water and bottom settlings aub Distillation tests ,?, ,i o Plash and burning tests •. ,10^00 Pressure, heat and cracking tests oo?"oo- Carbon residue tests 5oi 900 Emulsifioation test HnH^ Heat of combustion and calorimeter tests ?s2"„2. Sulphur testa 332-334 Ultimate analysis 334-5 Doctor tests 336 Olefins, ethylenes, unsaturated hydrocarbons and loss on refining 335-7 Aromatics and paraffin hydrocarbons 334-6-8 Free acid 338 Ploc test 338 Corrosion and gumming tests 338 Penetration and consistency tests 3'39-40 Ductility. 341 Loss on heating 341 Amount of asphalt 341 Asphaltenes and solubility in petroleum ether 342 Solubility in carbon bisulphide and carbon tetrachloride.... 342 Resistance of asphalt to oxidation 844 Paraffin scale or wax determination 344-7 Bitumen and grading of asphaltic mineral mixtures 345-8-9 Tensile and cementing strength of asphaltic surface mixtures 348 Specific gravity of gas 350-1-2-3 Determination of gasoline in gas 354-5-6 Complete chemical analysis of gas by the Burrell-Orsat apparatus 357-8-9 Preparation of reagents for gas analysis 359-60 Determination of heat of combustion of gas 361-2-3-4-5-fi Anticllnea and dome* 4 Relation of anticlines to surface topography 5 Illustration showing conditions for accumulation of oil, gas and water in anticlines 7 Api»alachlan Geologic occurrence of oil in the Appalachian field 6 Outline map of oil fields and pipe lines of Appalachian district 21 Area Heating area of oil stills 223 Table of equivalents of units of areas 430 Argentina Production of petroleum in 10-11 Arizona Kerosene regulations of 156 Arkansas Kerosene regulations of 15g Gasoline Inspection regulations 143 Aromatic* (see also benrene and beniol) Chemical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons 129 Aromatic compounds in gasoline Igg Graphic representation of relation of gravity to distilling temperature of aromatics 227 Method of determining aromatics in petroleum 034-6-6 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 469 Page netermlnatlon of In bituminous materials 3Z4 \avhalt Significance of asphalt outcrops 5 Refinery operations on crude oil in 1918 with amount of oil treated and amount of asphalt, etc., produced 32 Amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur In Trinidad asphalt 128 Definition of asphalt and paraffin base oil 129 Definition of asphalt 132-192 Heating value of hard asphalt 190 OH suitable for asphalt manufacture 192 Definition of asphalt pavements 192 Of asphaltlc concrete 192 Of sheet asphalt 192 Principles Involved In asphalt construction 193 Composition of natural asphalt 193 Composition of Trinidad and Bermudez asphalt 193 Composition of Cuban, Mexican, California, StanoUnd asphalt 193 Composition of oil asphalt 193 Of air blown asphalt 193 Of pressure still asphalt 193 Of rock asphalt 194 Of asphaltlc sandstone, of asphaltlc limestone 194 Of asphaltlc limestone from Siciliy. France, Missouri and Oklahoma 194 Of asphaltlc sandstone from Kentucky, Oklahoma, Missouri 194 Composition of asphalt pavement 195 Of Topeka specification asphalt 195 Of sheet asphalt 195 Of binder course for sheet asphalt 195 Composition of top course for sheet asphalt 195 Standard composition of sheet asphalt 196 Material required for asphaltlc concrete 196 Relations or defects of an asphalt pavement to Its physical properties 196 Cracking of asphalt pavement 196 nisintegration and hole formation of asphalt pavements.... 196 Scaling of asphalt surface mixture 196 Wavlness, displacement and marking of asphalt surface mixture 196 Punctlona of various constituents of asphaltlc surface mixture 196 Filler in asphalt pavement 196 Specifications for asphaltlc cement 197 Specifications for asphaltlc surface mixture 197 Epitome of the purposes of the specifications for asphaltlc cement 198 Ductility of asphaltlc cement 199 Viscosity of asphaltlc cement 199 Effect of mineral matter on penetration of asphaltlc cement. 199 Fluxing of hard asphalt 199 Typical specifications for the wearing surface of asphaltlc concrete 202 Definition of asphaltlc surface mixture 202 Methods of applying asphaltlc surface mixture 202 Asphalt filler for brick, Mexican and Texaco type 207 Asphalt filler for brick, Sarco type 208 Asphalt produced in cracking oil 210 Method of determining the specific gravity of asphaltlc cement 274 Method of determining the specific gravity of asphaltlc surface mixtures and solid asphaltlc materials 274 Illustration of methods of determining the specific gravity of asphaltlc cement 277 Viscosity of asphalt 294 Float test of asphalt 294 Melting point of asphaltlc cement by the ring and ball, the cube and the general electric methods 297-300 470 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Page Flash point determination of asphalt ^^§S5^f Carbon and ash in asphaltic cement iaa Determination of sulphur in asphalt J»j Determination of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen In asphalt. . «3S Method of determining the penetration of asphalt 339 Method of determining loss on heating and of penetration of oil and asphalt compounds 341 Determination of amount of asphalt in oil 341 Determination of ductility of asphalt 342 Determination of asphaltenes and solubility 342 Apparatus for determination of loss on heating tests and per- centage of asphalt in bituminous materials 343 Method of determining the resistance of asphaltic cement to oxidation 344 Determination of bitumen and grading in asphaltic surface mixtures by burning and by extraction 34B Paraffin scale in asphalt 3'47 Method of determining tensile strength of asphaltic surface mixtures 348 Illustration of apparatus required for determination of bitu- men in asphaltic surface mixtures 349 Illustration oi apparatus for deternlination of grading of asphaltic surface mixtures 349 Asplialtnes — determination of 342 Asaociation of salt M^ater, oil and eaa 4 Atomixation of fuel oil n'lth steam 184 Atwood process for cracking 217 Automobiles Demand for petroleum for automobiles 2 Gasoline consumed by automobiles 2 Number of automobiles in the United States 2 Properties of automobile oil 162-175 Axle oil 175 Baku, Russia Graphic illustration of composition of crude oil from 121 Ball and rlnK Determination of molting point or softening point of bitumin- ous materials by the ring and ball method 297-8 Barbour, E. H 466 Barometric pressure Correction tables on flash points for barometric pressure... 317 Barrel Capacity of petroleum barrel 99 Barrett, B 466 Barton, J, E 466 Base of petroleum 129 Banme' (see specific gravity and gravity) Benton apparatus for cracking oil. 216 Benton process for cracking oil 217 Fractional gravity distillation of gasoline made by the Benton cracking process 231 Benzene (see Benzol) Benzine Definition of 131 Treatment of benzine with acids and caustic 131 Stream gravity of benzine from various crude oils. 131 Specifications for benzine or petroleum ether of U. S. F. . . . . . . 145 Benzol manufactured In U. S. and Canada sn-l Ultimate composition of ' ." .' 12g Chemical properties of benzene hydrocarbons 129 Properties of benzol JoS Heat of combustion of l-g iqj Comparison of gasoline and benzol as motor' fuel "l4fi Freezing temperature of benzol iTi Rate of evaporation of benzol [ fjS Solubility of wax in benzol itn Fractional gravity distillation of benzol '.'..'. iSo ' Benzol from light oils of gas works o5f Benzol in manufactured gases 044 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 471 Page Bemndez asphalt, compasltlon of 193 By-iiroduct coke plants and benzol manufacturers In U. S. and Canada 80-1 Bllllnsa, Okla., crude oil, fractional gravity distillation analysis of 125 Binder course for sheet asphalt 195 Bitumen (see asphalt) Determination of bitumen and grading In asphaltic surface mixture 346-8 llltumlnons materlalB (see asphalt) Determination of melting point or softening point 2t7 Determination of fixed carbon and ash 324 Determination of loss on heating and percentage of asphaic In 343 Determination of ductility 340 Determination o£ wax 344 Bituminous concrete 192-195 Bituminous surface mixture 192-195 Bituminous earth 192-195 Bixliy, Ukla., crude oil, fractional gravity distillation analysis of. . 123 Blocks, asphalt filler for 207-8 Bloom or fluorescence in petroleum products and methods of re- moval 136 Blown oil 176 Blown asphalt 193 BollInK point (see temperature and distilling) of gaseous, liquid and solid parafflu hydrocarbons giving boiling point.... 130 Bolt oil 175 Books relating to petroleum, asphalt and natural gas 459-60 Bottom settlings, method for determination of. In petroleum.... 305 Bowuocker, J. A 466 Briuk filler 207-8 Brick oil 175 Brick plants, consumption of natural gas by 260 Brine Gravity, strength and freezing temperature of brine and cal- cium chloride solutions 427 Brown, C. W 466 Bnehler, H. A 466 Bunker oil, specifications for 154 Bureau of MineB Methods of distilling gasoline 306 bulletins of 462 Technical papers of 461 Bureau of Standards Scale for converting Baume to speoiflo gravity 272 Hydrometers 272 Tables for conversion of viscosity readings 287-9 Publications of, on petroleum, asphalt and natural gas 462 Burkbumett, Texas, crude oil, fractional gravity distillation iiaaly- ■iB of 120-2 Burning oil (see kerosene and Illuminating oil) Specifications for long time burning oil 150 BiirnlnK tests for kerosene 151 For mineral seal oil 152 For signal oil 153 Method of determining flash and burning points of lubricants and other heavy petroleum products 315 Burning tests by the Cleveland open cup method 316 Burrell-Orsat apparatus for analysis of gas 35g Burton Composition of gas obtained from Burton cracking stills.... 2lo Burton apparatus for cracking oil 220 Description of Burton process with modiflcations 221 Butane, propertlea of 130 In natural gas 245 Heat of combustion and ignition temperatures of 254 Byerllte, ultimate analysis of Byerlite pitch 12g 472 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Pag» Cabin Crcet petroleum, properties of l20 Cylinder stock from Cabin Creek crude petroleum 13^ Calciuiq Clilovlde, gravity, strenglii and freezine temperature at. . 4Z7 California Geolog-ic occurrence of oil in California fields 6 Outline map of oil fields and pipe lines of IJ Daily production of crude oil by pools In 25 Oil gushers in 30 Prices of crude oil in 35 Large producers of oil in 40 Important oil companies of 41 Properties of California crude oil -^'"o^ Ultimate composition of California crude oils 128 Color of cracked gasoline from California crude oil 136 Gasoline inspection laws of California 143-4 Kerosene inspection laws of California 156 Effect of temperature on viscosity of lubricants made from California crude oil 163 California fuel oil. 181 Gravity and flash point of California crude oil 189 Composition of California asphalt 193 Calorific value (see heat of combustion) Of petroleum 330 Method of determining calorific value of gas by the gas calorimeter 361 Calorimeter Illustration of bomb calorimeters 331 Determination of sulphur by the bomb calorimeter 331 Parr calorimeter 331 Kroeker bomb calorimeter 334 Gas calorimeter 361 Cambrian Series Stratigraphic section of rocks In 10-11 Canada, production of petroleum in 12 By-product coke plants and benzol manufacturers 80-1 Cannel coal 233-235 Capacity Formula for cylindrical horizontal tanks 100 Capacity tables for cylindrical horizontal tanks 101 Capacity tables and gauging tables for tank cars 104 Car oil 175 Cars (see tank cars) Carbons in asphalt 342 Carbon Amount of In asphalt 128 In various crude petroleums and their products 131 In lubricating oil 161 Produced by cracking 209 Composition of still carbon from cracking stills 223 Method of determining carbon residue in lubricating oil by the Conradson method 322 Apparatus for Conradson carbon test 323 Determination of carbon in petroleum products 333-4 Carbon black from natural gas 249 Properties of, uses of 249 Theoretical and actual amount obtained '. 249 Carbon bisulphide, determination of the solubility of bituminous materials 342 Carbon dioxide in stacls gases from fuel oil furnaces 184 In gas 246 Carbon monoxide in gas 246 Heat of combustion and ignition temperatures of i^ii Bxplosibility of '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 252 Carboniferous Relation of oil to carboniferous period 4 _ Character of oil from carboniferous formation 4 Carbon tetrachloride, solubility of asphalt In 342 Casinghead gasoline (see gasoline) Production of, by absorption and compression 23 Plants and producers of ' 04 List of casinghead gasoline plants ' 61-64 Casinghead gasoline in relation to other gasoline sources..' 13 1 Gasoline carried by natural gas 24? Cost of casinghead gasoline plants .' ' j^* KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY A73 Page Absorption process for 248 Properties of hydrocarbons found in 251 Testing the capacity of casinghead gas wells with the oriflce meter 253 Method of determining the vapor pressure of 321 Cantor oil Viscosity of lubricating oil made from 1C3 Kffect of temperature on viscosity of 163 CntnlyMlw In crarklngr of oil 215 CaiialU- potaHh an u reuKent ".6" Cuuatltf Moda ana Teafcent 360 In treatment of benzine 131 Cement (see niiphaltio cement) Cement plant*, natural gas consumed by 250 Cliuln lubricant! 171 Cbemlcnl propertle* (see specifications and special subject) of nnpbtliene hydrocarbons 128 Of various crude oils 120-S, 131 Of paraffin hydrocarbons 128-30 Of natural gas 245-6-7-8-9,251-2 Of aromatic hydrocarbons 129 Chemical nature of the cracking of oil 209 Chlorine (or removal of color and odor 136 Cbromomcter, Saybolt Universal For color of refined oil 278 Comparison of chromometer color with potassium bichromate solution 280 Clarollne oil 155 Cleveland (lashteater 313-6 Cloud testa 304 For signal oil 153 For mineral seal oil 152 ConI oil (see kerosene) Coal Comparison of heat of combustion of coal with petroleum and natural gas 181 Equivalents of coal and fuel oil ' 182 Heating value of bituminous coal and cannel coal 190 Heat of combustion of anthracite coal 190 Resemblance of cannel coal to oil shale 283 Properties of cannel coal 235 ConI Kns, heat of combustion of 181-6 Explosions of coal gas 252 Tables for calculating the orifice capacities of coal gas 266-268 Coke produised in reflnery operations on crude oil 32 By-product coke plants 80-1 Definition of coke 132 Coking stills 176 Cold teut 161-304 Color of refined petroleum 136 Relation of sulphur to color 136 Effect of cracking on color 136 Color of cracked gasoline 136 Shrinkage in removing color 136 In lubricants 161 Method of determining color with the Saybolt Chromometer.. 278 With the Lovibond Tintometer 279 By the potassium bichromate solution 280 By the iodine solution 282-3 Colorado^ Gasoline inspection laws of 143 Kerosene Inspection laws of 156 Oil shale operations in 234 Oompreasor oil 164 Compression, sasoline by compression of natural gas 23 Concrete storagre tanks 87 Asphaltic concrete 192 Cnndenaer oil 175 Condenser and condensing Effect of sulphur on condensers 137 Water required for condensers 224 474 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Fagr* Surface required for condensers ^24 Cross section area of vapor lines 55* Heat absorbed in condensing gasoline and kerosene ii* Connecticut— Keraiiene Inspection laws at 509 o ConrndBon carbon te^t 6£i'6 Conversion factors _„ For units of measure of water and petroleum •• »» For temperature degrees on Fahrenheit and Centrigrade scales • ■ |°s J For viscosities • ■ zb4-7-»-9 For Baume' and specific gravity for liquids lighter than water. Bureau of Standards scale ^s ' •' For Baume' and specific gravity for liquids lighter than water, Tagliabue scale 373-6 For Baume' and specific gravity for liquids heavier than .,„ „. water *^*;?2 For metric units 4j| For units of linear dimension 429 For units of square measure, surfaces and areas 430 For units of U. S. liquid and apothecary and U S. dry measure 481 For units of capacity, British liquid and dry measure 432 For units of weight 43S For units of work .~t J For units of pressure. 435-6 For units of temperature, heat, time, velocity and money.... 437 Copper chloride tor sas analyal.^ 3'60 Copper oxide for removing color and odor 136 Corrosion tests 140-173-338 Cottonseed oil, heat of combustion of 190 Cove oil 175 Cracking Production of cracked gasoline 1913-8 82 Gasoline obtainable by cracking 120 Pyrometry in cracking 134 Effect of cracking on odor and color 136 Color of cracked gasoline from California and Mexican oil. . . . 136 Amount of cracked gasoline from crude oil 138 Effect of cracking on the lubricating qualities of oil and the viscosity of oil 166 Effect of cracking on the visoclty and gravity of fuel oil. . . . 181 Fuel oil required for cracking 185 Chemical nature of the cracking of oil 209 Carbon produced by cracking 209 Chemical formulae Illustrating cracking 209 Yield from cracking paraffin wax 209 Polymerization and side reactions involved in cracking oil. . . 210 Asphalt produced in cracking oil 210 Composition of gas obtained from Burton cracking stills.... 210 Olefins produced by various systems of cracking 210 Graphic illustration of the relation of specific gravity to dis- tilling temperature of water white distillate before crack- ing and after cracking and of heavy fuel oil distillate be- fore cracking and after the first, second and third cycles of cracking, illustrating polymerization 211 Graphic representation of the relation of the percentage dis- tilled to specific gravity and distilling temperature of water white distillate before and after cracking 212 Graphic representation of relation of Baume' gravity to per- centage distilled of water white distillate before and after cracking 213 Graphic representation of relation of distilling temperature and percentage of olefins to specific gravity of light hydrocarbons produced from heavy hydrocarbons by several well known cracking processes 214 Classification of oil cracking processes '. 215 Cracking of oil in the vapor phase at atmospheric pressure and with Increased pressure 215 Cracking oil in the liquid phase wtlh and without distillation at and above atmospheric pressure with and without vapor space 215 Catalytic processes for cracking of oil 215 Effect of certain chemicals on cracking of oil ' 2IS Ben+nn apparatus for cracking oil ' ' ' ' 2I6 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 475 Pafa Development of commercial practice In the cracking of oil... 217 Atwood process for cracking 217 Young process for cracking 217 Renton process for cracking 217 Specifications and claims of Dewar & Redwood on the crack- ing of oil 217 Dewar & Redwood apparatus for cracking oil 218 Burton apparatus for cracking oil 220 Advantages of liquid phase cracking 222 Refinery engineering data on distilling and cracking petro- leum 223 Fuel consumed in cracking crude oil to produce one gallon of gasoline 223-4 Ga.s produced in cracking oil. Carbon produced In cracking oil 223 Composition of so-called carbon residue in cracking 223 Typical run of a typical cracking process 223 Graphic representation of effect of oil cracking temperatures on strength of steel 225 Graphic representation of vapor cracking and slow cracking. 228 Graphic representation of relation of speclflo gravity to dls- tilling temperature of gasoline, by cracking, of natural gasoline from various sources, of naphthenea, of aromatlca and of olefins 227 Kqulllbrlum cracking tests on different petroleum hydro- carbons giving viscosity before and after cracking, the pressure, the gas produced, the shrinkage loss, the gaso- line yield and the character of residue 228 Kffect of varying pressures on the products of cracking kero- sene and fuel oil 229 Detailed properties of water white distillate before and after cracking including fractional gravity distillation and stream gravity 230 Fractional gravity distillation of gasoline made by Benton cracking process 231 Fractional gravity distillation of shale oil before and after cracking 237-8 Graphic representation of relation of gravity to percentage distilled of shale oil before and after cracking 240 Graphic representation of relation of gravity to distilling temperature of shale oil before and after cracking 239 Pressure cracking test for heavy petroleum hydrocarbons.... 319 Illustration of apparatus for determining the vapor pressure and for cracking tests of petroleum 320 Crank cnae oil 164 Cream aeparator oil 175 CretaoeouH — relating to oil of Cretaceous formation 4 t'ulie metliod — of detei'miiiing melting point 297-8 Cui» srrpoac 176 CiiahiiiK, Okla^ crude oil, (ractlonal gravity diatlllatlon analyala of 124 Properties of 120 Graphic representation of 121 Cyj'U- — result of first, second and third cycle of equilibrium crack- ing of fuel oil distillate 211 Cylinder oil Properties of 162-4 Specifications for 174-5 Cylludpr stuck 132 From Cabin Creek crude oil 132 Cylindrical tanka, capacity and gnuiErlng; of 100-119 Decane Specific gravity, formula, melting point, boiling, molecular weight, etc., of 130 Decline and production of IndlWdual oil ivella 38 DeKreca Fnhr. and Cent., (see temperature and conversion factors) Dehydration Refining of oil by and method of 191 Delaivare — State kerosene inspection laws of 156 Demand for petroleum for nutomobllea and for fuel oil 2 For petroleum products 2-3 476 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Page Depth of oil Tvells Effect of depth of wells on quality of oil 6 Effect of depth on temperature 6 nevonlan — Stratigraphic section of rocks of Devonian series.... 10-11 Den'ar Specifications and claims of patent of Dewar & Redwood on cracking of oil 217 Dewar & Redwood apparatus and process for cracking oil.. 218-9 Diesel eneinc — ^specifications for fuel oil for 183 Consumption of fuel oil by 184 Dlnplaccment method of determining specific gravity 277 Disposition of crude oil in the U. S. in I&IA 13 Distillate Uses for heavy distillate 3 Water white distillate 131 Distillate oil 132 Pressed distillate 132-175 Wax distillate 175 Distillation and distilling Relation of specific gravity to distilling temperature of water white distillate before and after cracking 211-3 Fuel oil required for distillation of crude oil 185 Fractional gravity distillation of various crude oil 120-12S Effect of steam on distillation 131 Typical refinery practice of fire distillation 131 Pyrometry applied to petroleum distillation 134 Diagram of pyrometric control 135 Effect of distillation on sulphur content of distillate 137 Distillation curves for market gasoline 148 Effect of vacuum and fire distillation on sulphur content and viscosity of distillate 167 Refining of oil by fractional distillation and steam distilla- tion 191 Gas produced by fire distillation 209 District Petroleum products by districts 13 Refinery operation by districts 32 Prices of crude oil by districts 33 Doctor test for gasoline 335 Drilling costs for oil and sas Avails in various fields 31 l>ry gas 247 Ductility of asphaltic cement 199 Method of determining ductility 340-2 Duocosane 128 Uuodecane 218 Dnst laying oil (see road oil) Dust Gnst Indies* production of petroleum in 12 Dutch Shell group of oil companies 60 Dynamo oil 175 Earth, hitnmlnons 1 92-6 Kd-wards gas balance, specific gravity by 151-3 Bffusion method of determining specific gravity of gas 350 Egypt — World's production of petroleum from 1857 to 1918 12 Electricity — costs of electrical heat compared with petroleum.. 181 Cracking with electricity 215 Elliott flash and fire closed tests 3 13 End point — ^apparatus of U. S. Bureau of Mines and American Society for Testing materials 308 Method of making end point distillations 307-8-9 Energy — Conversion of factors for units of .' 434 Engler Conversion of Saybolt Universal viscosity readings to Engler 284 Description of Engler viscosimeter 2g4 Factors for converting viscosities on the Engler, Saybolt and Redwood machines to each other 287-8-9 Engine oil — properties of various lubricants including engine oil. 164-175 Engineering — refinery engineering data on distilling and cracking oil 223 Equivalents (see Tables, Convesion factors, temperature, etc.) Of units of measurement of water and petroleum at (iO°F. ... 99 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 477 Page Eaehka — determination of sulphur by the Eschka method 331 Ether — petroleum, V. S. P 145 ISthanv — exploalveness of 252 Heat of combustion and Ignition temperatures of 254 Gravity, formula, melting point, boiling point and molecular weight of ethane 130 Rthane in na tural gas 245 Specific gravity, liquefaction pressure, heating value and ex- plosibility of ethane 251 BthylencR — chemical properties of 129 Kvnporntlon Losses in the storage of crude petroleum due to S7 Effect of temperature, of storage, gasoline content, surface exposed, roof and color on evaporation 87 Amount of oil lost by ovaporation 87 Rate of evaporation of gasoline and benzol 146 ISxpansion of petroleum by lient — tables 376-418 Coefficient of expansion of fuel oil 183 ExpIOKions of natural gas and eaiiollne Definition of explosion, limits of explosibility of mixtures of combustible gases and air, explosions of ethane, rates of propagation of pxplosions 252 Expreux — rules governing the shipment of oil samples by express. 91 Extraetlon-— effect of viscosity, porosity and pressure on ex- traction of oil from oil sands 4 FnctoTM (see conversion factors) KaultB — illustration showing conditions for accumulation of oil and gas 7 Field Geological occurrence of oil in the Appalachian field", Ohio- Indiana field, Illinois, Mid-Continent, Wyoming, Gulf Coast, California, and Mexican fields 6 Outline map of oil fields and pipe lines of Mexico, California. Wyoming. Texas and Louisiana, Oklahoma and Kansas. Appalachian " 16-21 Outline map of oil fields of the United States and the world. 22 Total oil wells drilled in the Mid-Continent field 29 Relative activity of oil fields in 1918 showing number of rigs and wells drilled 29 Table showing price per foot for drilling oil and gas wells in variou.s fields 31 Filler In asphalt pavement 196 Asphalt filler for brick. Mexican, Texaco and Sarco type.... 207-8 Filtration of petroleum througli Fuller's earth 136 Fire — losses of petroleum due to 87-8 Causes of and conditions for 88 Static discharge as cause of 88 Methods of prevention and eradication of 88 ii'ixed eiirlion — method of determining fixed carbon and ash in bituminous materials 324 Apparatus for 325 Flnsh and fire texts of Inbrlcauts 161 Illustration of various types of flash and fire test apparatus. 313 Methocf of determining flash point of kerosene and lubricants 314-5 Determination of flash point of lubricants by Cleveland open cup 316 Correction tables of flash point for barometric pressures. . 317 Various types of flash and fire testers 318 Flask for end point distillation of gasoline 306 Floot test, deterntlnatlon of viseosity of petroleum residue by. . 294-6 Floe tost, determination of in petroleum produets 338 Floor oil 175 Florida — State Kerosene laws of 156 Flour mill-H — natural gas consumption by 250 Flow — formula for the flow of oil in pipe lines 82-258 Flow sheet — of complete refinery 133 Fluoreseence or bloom in petroleum and method of removins- ■ 136 FIuxlnK of hard asphalt 199 Foam for Are e.Ttlnctlon 88 Formollt reaction 128 Formula — for methane series of hj'drocarbons 130 Frnctlonal gravity distillation of shale oil before and after crack- InBT 237-8 478 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Page Frasoh method of removing- nulphur 137 France — asphaltic limestone from. . . . .• 197 Freezing temperatures of gasoline and benzine 146 Freezing test — apparatus for freezing test of natural gas 356 Fnller's eartli — filtration of petroleum through 136 Fuel eonsuined in distilling crude oil ^^3 Consumed in cracking, crude oil to produce one gallon of gasoline ' 223-4 Fuel oil 181 Demand for fuel oil of the U. S. Navy • ■ 2 Refinery operation on crude oil in 1918 with amount of oil treated and amount of fuel oil produced 32 Specifications for fuel oil storage tanks 89-90 Definition of 132 Gravity and viscosity of fuel oil from various sources 181 Effect of cracking on viscosity and gravity of fuel oil.... 181 Equivalents of coal and fuel oil 182 Heat of combustion, gravity, flash point and sulphur in Mid- Continent and Mexican fuel oil 181-182 Specifications for fuel oil of the U. S. Navy 182 Specifications for fuel oil for Diesel engines 183 Miscellaneous information concerning fuel oil 184 Steam required for atomizing fuel oil 184 Air required for burning fuel oil 184 Carbon dioxide in stack gases from fuel oil furnaces 184 Temperature of fuel oil and gas flames 184 Gases produced by combustion of fuel oil 184 Fuel oil for melting iron and steel 184 Advantages of fuel oil for metallurgical purposes 184 Consumption of fuel oil by Diesel engines 184 Stack area for fuel oil furnaces 184 Efficiency of fuel oil 184 Advantages of fuel oil installations in locomotives and boats 184 Fuel oil required for distilling crude oil and in refining. . . . 185 Fuel oil required for cracking 185 Calculation of heat of combustion of fuel oil from gravity. . .185, 187 Method of sampling fuel oil 185 Heating value of fuel oil. ., 188, 190 Graphic representation of relation of temperature to viscosity of various fuel oils 186 Relation of gravity to heating value of fuel oils in B. T. U. per pound and per gallon 187 Effect of varying pressures on the products of cracking kero- sene and fuel oil 229 Proximate distillation of petroleum giving amount of fuel oil, etc 305 Galtcla — World's production of petroleum from 1857-1918 12 Garber, Okla.. crude oil Fuel oil from 181 Graphic illustration of composition of crude oil from 121 Fractional gravity distillation analysis of 126 Gas Geologic occurrence of petroleum and natural gas 4 Conditions for occurrence of oil and gas 4 Association of salt water with oil and gas 4 Relation of salt water, oil and gas 5 Diagram showing conditions for accumulation of oil and gas in anticlines, synclines and faults 7 American Gas Syndicates and their holdings giving detailed names of companies 65-79 Hydrocarbons constituting natural gas 130 Comparison of the heat of combustion of petroleum, coal, natural gas and coal gas '. igi Relative cost and heating value of natural gas, producer gas, coal gas, water g-as 188 ign Formula for calculating cost of producer gas ' igg Products of refining of light oil from gas works 241 Benzol from light oil of gas works 241 Gas manufacturing process in use in U. S. 242-3 Manufacture of carburetted water gas, oil gas, coal gas... 242-S Gas oil for gas manufacture 242-3 Removal of sulphur from gas 242-S Content of light oil from manufactured gases 244 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 479 Page Yield of crude light oil from manufactured gases 244 Benzol, toluol and naphtha in manufactured gases 244 Paraffin hydrocarbons separated from manufactured gases.. 244 Natural gas, occurrence of 245 Helium, methane, ethane, propane, butane and nitrogen in natural gas 245-8 Composition and heating value of natural gas of Oklahoma and Kansas 246 Comparative properties of natural and manufactured gases... 24* Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide in 246 Dry gas, wet gas 247 Gasoline carried by natural gas 247 Formula for calculating the probable yield of gasoline from gas 248 Properties of incombustible gases in natural gas 24S Method and cost of extracting helium from natural gas 248 Lifting power of helium, hydrogen, ammonia and methane in balloons 249 Carbon blaclc from natural gas 249 Theoretical and actual amount of carbon black from natural gas 249 Commercial uses of natural gas 250 Comparison of natural gas with coal and oil 250 Natural gas consumed for gas engines, brick plants, etc.... 250 Composition of gas from Burton cracking stills 210 Detailed properties of hydrocarbons found in natural and caslnghead gas 251 Natural gas, coal gas. water gas and illuminating gas ex- plosions 252 Limits of exploslbillty of mixtures of combustible gases and air 252 Testing the capacity of caslnghead gas wells with orifice meter 253 Production ol' natural gas in United States 253 Pitot tube for testing open flow of gaS wells 255-6 Tables for determining flow of gas wells by means of the Pitot tube 257 Formula for calculating the flow of gas in pipes 258 Method of measuring the flow of natural gas by the orifice meter 263 Tables for calculating the capacity of orifices for testing the flow of natural gas from gas wells 266-7-8 Tables for calculating orifice capacity for natural gas, water gas and coal gas 266-8 Method of determining specific gravity of gas by effusion... 350 Absorption and freezing method for testing natural and cas- lnghead gas for gasoline content 354-5-6 Method for complete analysis of gas with Burrell-Orsat apparatus 357-8 Method of calculating the composition of gas from absorption data 3S9 Reagents for gas analysis :i60 Method of determining heating value of gas by the gas calorimeter 361-2-3 Approximate heating value of natural gas by calculation from oxygen consumed on combustion 362 Heating value of gas by calculation from chemical analysis. . 362 Tables for reduction of volume of gas to 60''F and 30 Inches of mercury 364-5-6 Gb« balance — illustration of Edwards gas balance for specific gravity 351-2-3 Raa binck (see carbon black) Gaa Compresaora Natural gas consumed for gas compressors 250 Gaa En^nes Natural gas consumed by gas engines 250 Raa Rnglne Oil Properties of 164 480 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OP Page Gas Oil Uses of 3 Deflnition of, properties of, and specifications for 154 Heat of combustion, gravity, flash point and sulphur in Mid- Continent and Kansas gas oil 182 Gas oil for gas manufacture 242-3 Gasoline Increase in gasoline from crude oil 2 Consumption by automobiles 2 Uses for gasoline 3 Production of natural gas gasoline in 1917 by states and from absorption and compression 23 Total gasoline from natural gas marketed in 1917 ■ • 23 Number of plants and producers of casinghead gasoline 1911-6 24 Reflnery operations on crude oil in 1918, with amount of oil treated and amount of gasoline produced 32 Production of cracked gasoline from 1913-8 32 Kind of gasoline produced in 1917 32 Production of casinghead gasoline plants by states 61-4 Rules governing the location of loading racks and gasoline storage 96 Content of crude oil giving gravity, percentage of gasoline and kerosene and total obtainable gasoline by cracking. . 120 Amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur in commercial gasoline 128 Detailed properties of hydrocarbons constituting gasoline. . . . 130 Deflnition of 131-8 Effect of various types of crude oil on gravity of gasoline. . 131 Color of cracked gasoline from California and Mexican oils.. 136 Properties of hydrocarbons constituting gasoline 138 Aromatic compounds in gasoline 138 Amount of natural gasoline, casinghead gasoline, and cracked gasoline from crude oil 138 Desirable properties for gasoline 139 U. S. specifications for gasoline 139 Specifications for aviation gasoline 139 Corrosion and gumming tests of gasoline 140 Export grade, fighting grade and domestic grade of gasoline. 140-141 Specifications for U. S. motor gasoline 141 Summary of gasoline inspection laws 143-4 Navy specifications for gasoline, aero gasoline, export and domestic 146 Comparison of gasoline and benzol as motor fuel 146 Heat of combustion of gasoline and benzol 146 Freezing temperature of gasoline and benzol 146 Boiling temperature of gasoline and benzol 146 Rate of evaporation of gasoline and benzol 146 Jijosses and possible savings in gasoline 147 Suggestions for saving gasoline 147 Distillation curves for market gasoline ; 148 Heating value of gasoline 190 Relations of heating area to amount of gasoline distilled.... 223 Fuel consumed in cracking crude oil to produce one gallon of gasoline 223 Heat absorbed in condensing gasoline 224 Graphic representation of the vapor pressure of gasoline, kerosene, etc., undergoing cracking 226 Graphic representation or the relation of specific gravity to distilling temperature of gasoline by cracking, of natural gasoline from various sources 227 Equilibrium cracking tests on different petroleum hydrocar- bons giving gasoline yield, etc 228 Fractional gravity distillation of gasoline made by the Ben- ton cracking process 231 Gasoline from oil shale \\ 233 Naptha or gasoline from oil shale ' ' ' ' 235 Gasoline carried by natural gas and casinghead gas '.'.'. 247 Amount of gasoline obtained from natural gas 247 Cost of casinghead gasoline plants 247 Absorption process for casinghead gasoline 248 Yield of gasoline from casinghead gas by compression com- pared with absorption and specific gravity tests 248 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 481 Page Formula for calculating the probable yield of gasoline from gas 248 Gasoline and natural gas explosions 252 Bxplos'bllity of gasoline vapors 2S2 Method for determining the viscosity 290-291 Proximate distillation of petroleum, giving amount and grav- ity of 305 Apparatus of the U. S. Bureau of Mines and American Society for Testing Materials end point distillation of 30n Method of making end point distillation of gasoline 307-8-9 Method of determining vapor pressure of caslnghead gasoline 321 Absorption method for testing material and caslnghead gas for gasoline content "-^4 Freezing method for testing natural gas for gasoline content. 3."i5 C>auKin^ tabloM for tank cnrw and horixontnl cylinder tankn 100-119 Ci«ar cnff p oil 1 7 Ti Gear lubricants, speclfleatioDN for 172 General electric method For melting point or softening points of bituminous ma- terials 297 Illustration of apparatus for melting point by 299 Geologry Geologic occurrence of petroleum and natural gas 4 Relation of petroleum concurrence to volcanic action 4 Relation of carboniferous period to oil 4 Conditions for occurrence of oil and gas 4 Association of salt water with oil and gas 4 Character of oil from tertiary, cretaceous and carboniferous periods 4 Physloal condition of oil bearing rocks 4 Voids in oil sand 4 TOffect of water on migration of oil 4 Relation of oil, salt water and gas 5 Domes and anticlines 4 Amount of oil in one cubic foot of oil sand 4 Amount of oil discharged from oil sand 4 Effect of viscosity, porosity and prcssui-o on extraction of oil from oil sand 4 Significance of asphalt outcrops 5 Relation of anticlines to surface topography 5 Depth of oil wells, effect of depth of wells on quality of oil. ■''i Deepest well in the world 5 Depth of wells at Ranger, Texas 5 Theories as to origin of petroleum, demonstration of the origin n Temperature in wells li Effect of depth on temperature of oil fi Temperature of oil in Texas wells. West Virginia wells fi Summarized table of oil occurrences fi Geologic occurrence of oil in Appalachian, Ohio-Indiana field. Illinois, Mid-Cnntinent, Wyoming, Gulf Coast, California and Mexican fields 6 Typical composition of "JTississippi lime" from Kansas fi Diagram showing conditions for accumulation of oil and gas In anticlines, synclines and faults 7 Stratigraphic section of rocks in oil bearing regions of Kan sas, showing Permian and Pennsylvanian series 9 Stratigraphic section of rocks In oil bearing regions of North- ern Oklahoma, showing Permian and Pennsylvanian series, Mississippian, Devonian, Ordovlcian and Cambrian series 10-11 List of geologic reports on petroleum, asphalt and natural ^as 465 List of State Geologists and their addresses 466 Georicla Tables of essential points in State Kerosene Laws 156 Gasoline inspection laws 143 Germany Production of petroleum from 1857-1918 In 12 GlUonlte Composition of 193 482 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Page Graliamlte Composition of ig* Amount of carbon, liydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur in 1^8 Gram *2S Gravity , i 'il-J„n Content of crude oil giving gravity, percentage gasoline, etc. 120 Detailed properties of hydrocarbons, giving gravity, etc 130 Streapi gravity for benzine 131 Effect of various types of crude oil on gravity of gasoline. . 131 Gravity of kerosene from various crude oils 131 Gravity of kerosene from Wyoming 132 Specific gravity of lubricants 161 Gravity of Mexican fuel oil 1§1 Viscosity and gravity of fuel oil 181 Effect of cracking on the viscosity and gravity of fuel oil and heavy crude oils 181 Heat of combustion, gravity, etc., of Mid-Continent and Mex- ican fuel and gas oil 181 Calculation of heat of combustion of fuel oil from gravity. . 185 Gravity and flash point of various crude oils in Mexico, Cali- fornia, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and Texas 189 Graphic representation of relation of gravity to heating value of fuel oils in B. T. U. per pound and per gallon. 187 Graphic illustration of relations of specific gravity, Baume' gravity, distilling temperature and percent distilled of water white distillate before and after cracking 211-2-3-4 Graphic representation of the relation of specific gravity to distilling temperature of gasoline made by cracking.... 227 Detailed properties of water white distillate before and after cracking, including fractional gravity distillation tem- perature and stream gravity 230 Fractional gravity distillation of gasoline made by Benton cracking process 231 Fractional gravity distillation of coal tar benzol 23'2 Fractional gravity distillation of shale oil before and after cracking 237-8 Detailed' properties of hydrocarbons found in natural and cas- inghead §-as giving specific gravity, etc 251 Specific gravity and Baume' gravity with the hydrometer.-. 272 p'ormula for converting specific gravity to IJaume' gravity for liquids lighter than water and heavier than water on the Bureau of Standards and Tagliabue scales 272 Method of determining the specific gravity with the picno- meter, the Westphal balance 273 Method of determining the specific gravity of asphaltic ce- ment 274 Method of determining the specific gravity of asphaltic sur- face mixtures and solid asphaltic material 274 Illustration of methods of determining the specific gravity of asphaltic cement by d'isplacement 277 Method of determining the specific gravity of gas by effusion 350 Method of determining the specific gravity by Edwards gas balance 351-2 U S. Bureau of Standard's tables for equivalents of Baume' gravity, specific gravity and pounds per gallon 370-1-2 Tagliabue tables for equivalents of Baume' gravity, specific gravity and pounds per gallon 373-4-5 Baume' gravity correction tables for temperature to 60''P. .376-383 Specific gravity correction tables for reduction of specific gravity readings to SO'P 384-418 Specific gravity tables giving equivalents of Baume' and spe- cific gra'vity at 60°F for liquids heavier than water 419-422 Specific gravity tables for strength of sulphuric acid 423-4-5 Specific gravity Baume' and Twaddell tables for strength of sodium hydroxide solutions .- 426 Gravity, strength and freezing temperature of calcium chlo- ride and brine solutions 427 Grease Cup grease I75 Gun oil spcclfleatlons ,. 172 Gushers Oil gushers of Russia, Mexico, Louisiana, Texas, California, Roujnania and Kansas , 39 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 483 Page Hammer oil 175 HarneHH oil 175 Hcnidton, Okln., crude oil, propertle* of 120 Graphic illustration of composition of 121 Amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur In 128 Hent Conversion factors for units of 437 Hent of oombiiatlon Of fuel oil and gas oil and other petroleum products 181-2-330 Of various substances 190 Of grain alcohol, wood alcohol, hard asphalt, benzol, coke, acetylene, coal gas, methane, water gas, hydrogen, iron. anthracite coal, bituminous coal, lignite, cannel coal, pe- troleum, coal, natural gas, peat, cottonseed oil. gasoline, fuel oil, shale oil, paraffin wax, wood, sulphur, naptha- lene and Gllsonite 181-190 Determination of heat of combustion of petroleum products. . 330-1 Hcitermlnatlon of heat of combustion of gas .'J62-6 I 'akulation of heat of combustion of fuel oil from jir.i vity . . . . 1 s.'i-l ^7 Composition and heut of combustion of natural gas found In various sections of Oklahoma and Kansas 216 Method of determining heating value of gas hv the gas calorimeter 361-2 Approximate heating value of natural gas by cakulation from oxygen consumed by combustion 3fi2 Heating value of gas by calculation from chemic:il an.ily.sis . . 362 Hent abMorbed In condenMlnic gasoline and kernii»ne in dlHtlllins: erude oil and In cokInK oil . . 224 Heattngr area of atlllii 22.i Hent eYelinnKeN— calculation of. In rellnory condenNerN.. -. 224 Heat of fuNlon of solid petroleum hydrocarbons lsr> Heat of vnporlxatlon of petroleum 18' Heiivy dUtillnte, umch for 3 Helium In natural gas 245-248 Properties of 248 Method and cost of extracting from natural gas 24S-9 Lifting power of, in balloons 249 Heptane Properties of 130 Specific gravity, liquefaction pressure, h.^ating value, etc., of. 251 Hexnne Sneciflc gravity, liquefaction pressure, heating value, etc., of. 130 Heat of combustion and ignition temperatures of 254 IforlKontnl cylindrical tanks Formula for calculating content of ino Tables for capacity of. showing relation of diameter In per- centage, to content in percentage of capacity 101 Contents of, at different shell depths lO.'i Contents of, with various depths of liquids and with diameter of from 36 to 120 Inches Uiji-llfl Hydrocarbons (see special hydrocarbons, p:iraffln, aromatics, ' naptheucs, olefins, etc.) Hydrogen Exploslbllity of 252 Specific heat, heat of combustion and ignition temperatures of 254 Lifting power of 249 Determination of. In petroleum products 333-4 Hydrogen chloride for removing color and odor in petroleum 136 Hydrometer— (see gravity) Specific gravity and Eaume' gravity with the hydrometer.... 272 Method of reading the hydrometer 272 Illustration of method of reading the hydrometer 275 Illustration of various types of picnometers. hydrometers and Westphal balances 275 fee machine oil 164 Ice plants, natural gas consumption 250 Idaho State kerosene inspection laws 156 State gasoline Inspection laws 143-4 484 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Page fsnition temperatures Of natural gas 252 Of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, etc 254 Illinois Gravity and flash point of crude oil from 1°9 Graphic illustration of composition of crude oil from 121 State gasoline inspection laws of 143-4 State kerosene inspection laws of 156 Geologic occurrence of oil in the Illinois field 6 Illuminating fsi&Ht explosibility of 252 Illuminating oils (sec kerosene) 3-149 India— production of petroleum in 12 Indiana Gravity and flash point of crude oil from 189 State gasoline inspection laws 156 State kerosene inspection laws 143-4 Geologic occurrence of oil in the Indiana-Ohio field 6 Insiilnted storage tanks 87 Iodine — Determination of color of oil by the iodine method 282-3 lOTva State gasoline inspection laws " 156 State kerosene inspection laws 143-4 Iron Heating value of 190 Fuel ou for melting iron and steel 184 Italy — Production of petroleum in 12 Japan — Production of petroleum in 12 Journals — List of petroleum trade journals and technical publica- tions on petroleum and gas 464 Kansas Typical composition of "Mississippi lime" from 6 Stratigraphic section of rooks in oil bearing regions of S 9 Outline map of oil fields and pipe lines of Okla. and Kansas. . 20 Daily production of crude oil by individual pools in 27 Oil gushers of 30 Large producers of crude oil in 40 Important oil companies operating in 41 Properties of crude oil from Allen County, Kansas 120 Graphic illustration of composition of Kansas crude oil 121 Fractional gravity distillation analysis of Allen County, Kansas, oil 127 Amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur in Kansas air blown residuum 128 Summary of gasoline inspection laws of Kansas 143-4 State kerosene laws of 156 Composition and heating value of natural gas found in Okla- home and Kansas 246 Kansas City Southern Railway specilications for petroleum 157 Kentucky Properties of crude oil from 120 Fractional gravity distillation analysis of crude oil from.... 127 Daily production of crude oil by individual pools in 25 State kerosene inspection laws of 156 Asphaltic sandstone from 194 Kerosene Uses for 3 Refinery operations on crude oil in 1918 with amount of gaso- line, kerosene, etc., produced 32 Hydrocarbons constituting kerosene 130 Amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur in kerosene 128 Definition of 131-149 Gravity of kerosene from various crude oils 131 Gravity of kerosene from Wyoming, Oklahoma and Pine Island crude oils 132 Kerosene content of crude oil ' 120 Kerosene, coal oil and illuminating oil ,' ' ' 149 Sulphur in kerosene . I49 Requirements for good kerosene ' ' ' ' 140 U. S. specifications for water white kerosene and U. S Navy speciflcation.s for kerosene 149-150 KA\SAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 485 Page Burning test for kerosene 151 Kerosene reg-ulatlons in effect in 1919 156 State kerosene regulations isr. Effect of varying pressures on tlie products of craciMiio' kero- sene 22!) Illustration of Ubbelohde viscosimeter for kerosene and gaso- line 290 Method of determining viscosity of kerosene 291 Determination of kerosene in crude oil 305 Method of determining flash point of kerosene 3H Grapiiic representation of vapor pressure of kerosene and heavy oil undergoing rapid cracking and slow cracking.. 22i'. Knitting: machine oil 1T5 Leather oil 1 " 5 Liberty aero oil, I'. S, «peclflcatlon« for 16N Lifting: power of graHCH In balloonii 249 LlR:lithouHe oil, specifications for 151 Limestone, aniiholtlc Composition of 191 From Sicily, France, Missouri and Oklahoma 194 Linear dlmeniilonH, tablew of equlvah'nta of iinltH of 42!i Liquid petrolatum, iipeeillcatlonB for 177 Liquid pbnRe Cracking oil in thn liquid phase 21.j Advantages of liquid phase cracking 22- Liter 428 Londlnc raekM. ruleii grovernlng 96-8 LocomntivcH — advantages of fuel oil installations in 184 Lonn on heutlne^method of determining nud apiiaritiiN for 340-34:^. LOMMCH In ntoragre of crude petroleum by evai>oratlon, fire nud Neepatfe N7-88 Loiilnlnna Outline map of oil fields and pipe lines of 19 Daily production of crude oil by individual pools in. . . 2.'i Oil gushers of 30 State kerosene inspection laws ISB Ijovlbond tintometer IM(!thod of determining color by and illustration of 279-281 liUbrlentlng: oIIm nnd lulirleuutM Refinery operations on crude oil, with amount of kerosene produced 32 Lubricating oil, sources iind refining of 160 Kmonomy and theory of lubrication 160 Selection of proper lubriciints 161 Mfianing of physical test lor lubricants 161 Acid in lubricating oil 161 Effect of temperature on viscosity of lubricating nil 163 Properties of various lubricants 164 Effect of high temperature motors on the lubricating proper- ties of oil 165 Effect of cracking on the lubricating qualities of oil 166 U. S. specifications for lubricating oil 168 Emulsion tests for 168-326 Specifications tor transmission and non-fluid transmission lubricants 170 Specifications for gear, chain and wire rope lubricants 172 Adhesive, corrosion, drying and penetration tests of rope lubricants 173 Lubricating refinery terminology 175 Method of determining flash and burning points of lubricants by Cleveland open cup 315-6 Method of determining carbon residue in lubricating oils by Conradson method 322 Method of making emulsiflcation tests of mineral lubricating oil 326-7-8-9 Determination of free acid in 338 Amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur in 128 >lnchlne Bun oil, specifications for aeroplane machine gun oil.... 169 ^lai'lilne oil Properties of light and heavy 162-175 Ice machine oil 164 Sewing machine oil 176 486 BULLETIN NUMBER FIFTEEN OF Page lUacMichael Tiscoslmeter Illustration of and determination of viscosity on 292-S Conversion of Saybolt Universal viscosity readings to 1:84 31agriider vincosimeter Conversion of Saybolt Universal viscosity readings to 284 Maine — State kerosene inspection la-ws 156 Mnnc;aneRe Dioxide in removing; color and odor in oil 136 Maps — Outline maps of oil fields of U. S. and the world 16-i'2 Of principal oil shale areas of U. S 236 Marketed — Petroleum in U. S. from 1859 to 1915 by states 14-15 Marketers — Refiners and producers of the Standard Oil group. ... 59 Maryland — State kerosene inspection laws tor 156 Ma8saehu8ett.s — State kerosene inspection laws for 156 Measure — (see conversion factors) U. S. liquid and apothecary and U. S. dry measure tables 430 British liquid and dry, tables of equivalents of units of 432 Mcasnrement— Equivalents of units of measurement of water and petroleum 99 Melting point Detailed properties of hydrocarbons giving melting point gravity, etc 130 Determination of melting point of bituminous material by ring and ball, cube and general electric method and apparatus for 297-8-9 Comparison of melting point determination by various methods 300 Method of determining melting point of paraffin wax and ap- paratus for 301-2-3 Metallurgical purposes — advantages of fuel oil for 184 Meter 428 Methane Specific gravity, liquefaction pressure, heating value and ex- plosive mixture of 251 Explosions of 252 Specific heat of, heating of combustion and ignition tempera- tures of 254 In natural gas . 245 Lifting power of in balloons 249 Heating value of 190 Methods of analysis — (see analysis) Index to application of 271 Outlines of methods of analysis of petroleum products 269-70 Metric System — Fundamental equivalents of 428 Mexico Geologic occurrence of oil in 6 Properties of crude oil from 120 Production of crude oil in Mexico from 1901-1919 40 Production of petroleum from 1857 to 1918 in 12 Outline map of oil fields and pipe lines of 16 Daily production of crude oil by individual pools in 26 Oil wells in Mexico by companies 28 Oil gushers in 30 Production of crude oil by companies in 1919 36-7-8-9 Graphic illustration of composition of Mexican crude oil in. . . 121 Color of cracked gasoline from Mexican oil 136 Gravity of fuel oil from Mexico 181 Heat of combustion, gravity, fiash point and sulphur in Mex- ican fuel oil and gas oil 182 Gravity and flash point of various crude oils in Mexico 189 Composition of Mexican asphalt 19:^ Asphalt filler for brick, Mexican type 207 Michigan State kerosene inspection laws for 156 State gasoline inspection laws for 14S-4 Mid-Continent Geologic occurrence of oil in Mid-Continent field 8 Map of oil pools and pipe lines of 20 Fuel oil IRl Total oil wells drilled in Mid-Continent field 28 Heat of combustion, gravity, flash point and sulphur in fuel and gas oil 182 Price changes in crude oil in Mid-Continent field from 1905- 1919 35 KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY 487 Page SUBratton — Effect of water on migration of oil 4 Mineral Value of petroleum as a mineral product 2 Marketed mineral products in U. S. 1918 compared with pe- troleum 32 MInornI Matter^Effect of, on penetration of asphaltlc cement. . . . 199 Mineral oil or liquid petrolatum of the U. S. P. speclficatlonM of.. 177 Mineral Heal oil Specifications for 152-175 Cloud test and burning test for 152 Mlnpral Bplrlta, speciflcatiosn for 142 .lllnneaota State kerosene inspection laws for 156 State gasoline Inspection laws for 143-4 Misslaiilppl^State kerosene inspection laws for 156 Mtr