It CORNELL UNIVERSITY. THE THE GIFT OF ROSWELL P. FLOWER FOR THE USE OF THE N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE. 1897 Cornell University Library R 123.C18 The language of medicine; a manual giving 3 1924 000 277 420 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000277420 ^ . S6a THE LANGUAGE OF , MEDICINE A MANUAL GIVING THE ORIGIN, ETYMOLOGY, PRONUNCIATION, AND MEANING OF THE TECHNICAL TERMS FOUND IN MEDICAL LITERATURE BY F. R. CAMPBELL, A. M., M. D. PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF NIAGARA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK APPLETON AND COMPANY 189s Copyright; i88?, By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. els' TO EDWARD MOTT MOORE, M. D., LL. D., EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF SURGERY, MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO. IN HOMAGE TO HIS RIPE SCHOLARSHIP, HIS GENIUS AS A SURGEON, AND HIS SKILL AS A TEACHER, THIS BOOK IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED BY HIS FORMER PUPIL, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. THE object of this work is to provide the medical student with a suitable means of acquiring the vocabulary of his science. Like Shakespeare, the great majority of medical students have but "small Latine and lesse Greeke." Even those who have enjoyed the advantages of literary colleges are often unable to apply their knowledge of the classical languages in determining the etymology and meaning of ordinary medical words, partly because the classics are studied more from a literary than a philological point of view, but largely because the words most used in medical works seldom appear in the Latin and Greek with which tney are familiar. In studying mathematics or grammar tne pupil begins with definitions of the new words to be employed. In medi- cine, also, much valuable time could be saved if the student would first master the meaning of the technical terms by which the principles of the science are to be carried into his mind. The words must be understood before thoughts which they convey can be comprehended. In the first part of this work are discussed many of the elementary principles of philology and etymology, illustrated by common words occurring in medical literature. Coleridge has said that we may often derive more useful knowledge from the history of a word than from the history of a campaign. In medicine we may often obtain more practical benefit from the study of some word with an account of the errors involved therein, than from the study of a new theory which rises like a balloon only to burst like a bubble. A brief history of medicine, from a linguistic iv PREFACE. point of view, is given in order that the sources of our tech- nical words may be known. In part second will be found the majority of the Latin words used in medical works. The principles of Latin gram- mar which are employed in nomenclature and prescription writing are discussed and exercises for translation are given in order that the student may fix the words and grammatical principles in his mind. The subject of orthoepy is incidentally discussed and a list of many words commonly mispronounced is given. The majority of these have been collected in the class-room, but many, very many, have been mispronounced by medical society orators and college professors who have persisted in propagating their orthoepical blunders through the medical profession until one hesitates before pronouncing some words correctly for fear of being misunderstood. In part third will be found the principal words of Greek origin with a description of the method of converting Greek words into Latin and English. In part fourth are collected the majority of the words transferred from the modern foreign languages into our medical vocabulary. In determining the correct etymology of words the author has, in the main, followed Curtius, Skeat, and Halsey. But philologists, like doctors, sometimes disagree, and in these cases the writer has selected what appeared to him the most reasonable derivation. It may be urged that this work should have been under- taken by a professor of the languages rather than by a physi- cian. But the teacher of languages knows comparatively little of the real needs and defects of the average medical student, while a physician reasonably familiar with the ancient and modern languages is able to apply his linguistic knowledge in PREFACE. V a manner at once more interesting and instructive to the medical student. In conclusion, the author must acknowledge his indebted- ness to the following authors, for without their aid the prepara- tion of this book would have been an impossibility : — Andrews, Latin- English Lexicon. BiONDELLi, Studii Linguistici. Brachet, Dictionaire Eiymologique de la Langue Francaise CuRTius, Grundzuege der Griechischen Etymologic. Darmesteter, Life of Words as the Symbols of Ideas. Encyclopedia Britannica. Farrar, Origin of Language. Halsey, Etymology of Latin and Greek. LiDDELL and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon. Dr. Meredith, Errors of Speech. Pareira, Physicians^ Prescription Book. Skeat, Etymological English Dictionary. Thomas, Medical Dictionary. Trench, On the Study of Words. Whitney, Language and the Study of Language. Frederick R. Campbell. Buffalo, N. Y., January, 1888. CONTENTS. CHAPTER. I. II. III. IV. PART I. origin of the language of medicine. Introduction, Historical Sources of the Language OF Medicine, .... The Origin of Words, The Life and Death of Words, PAGE. 1-6 7-33 34-48 49-54 PART II. THE latin ELEMENT IN THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. I. Orthography, 55-56 II. Orthoepy, .... 57-64 III. Words Commonly Mispronounced, . 65-90 IV. Parts of Speech and Declension Endings, 91-93 V. The First Declension, 94-99 VI. The Second Declension, 100-106 VII. The Third Declension, 107-120 VIII. The Fourth Declension, . . 121-125 IX. The Fifth Declension, 126-127 X. Indeclinable Nouns, 128-129 XI. Derivation of Nouns, ■ 130-135 XII. Declension of Adjectives, ■ 136-151 XIII. Comparison of Adjectives, • 152-157 XIV. Numeral Adjectives, . 158-161 XV. Derivation of Adjectives, 162-165 XVI. Pronouns, 166-170 XVII. The Verb, .... . 171-178 XVIII. Adverbs, 179-182 viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER. PAGE. XIX. ^ftjEPOBITIONS, 183-186 XX. Conjunctions, 187-189 XXI. Prescription Writing, . . . 190-202 PART III. THE GREEK ELEMENT IN THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. I. Orthography, 203-206 II. The Parts and Functions of the Body, 207-216 III. Prefixes, ...... 217-229 IV. Numeral Adjectives used as Prefixes, 230-? 31 V. Suffixes or. Postfixes, . . . 232-261 VI. Etymology of Some Other Words of Greek Origin, .... 262-267 VII. Hybrid Words, 268-270 VIII. Nomenclature, 271-286 PART IV. ELEMENTS DERIVED FROM THE MODERN LANGUAGES. I. The French Element, . . . 287-294 II. Words Derived from Other Modern Languages, 295-298 General Index, ..... 299-301 Index of Words, .... 303 PART I. ORIGIN OF THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. SCIENCES and arts, like nations, have languages of their own. When a nation makes progress in civilization, new words are formed to express new thoughts and discoveries. When old institutions die out, the words used to symbolize them disappear. So it is with the language of a science ; with each new theory or discovery a new word is born; with each exploded hypothesis or abandoned instrument an old word dies. Words in a language like the cells of an animal are con- stantly forming and dying, this process being one of the surest indications of life. To use the "wof-ds of a poet : — " Life itself is but a rider On the myriad steeds of death, Since some tissue, some secretion Lives and dies at every breath. But the force which binds the atoms. Which controls secreting glands, Is the same that guides the planets Acting by divine commands." Nations disappear from the political map of the world and we often speak of them and their languages as " dead ; " but their life is not really gone, for their blood is mingled with that of their conquerors and the words used to designate truths discovered by them are retained as monuments, to tell the story of their customs 2 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. and civilization. There is no longer a Roman empire but Latin is the basis of the languages of five great nations and has exerted a lasting influence upon the vocabularies of every civilized race. The so-called sciences of alchemy and astrology have long slept in the dim and dusty past, but many of the terms employed by their devotees still exist in scientific nomenclature. Many of these words have assumed meanings en- tirely different from the original. Al eksir, elixir, with the alchymists meant, the philosopher's stone, but is now applied to an agreeable preparation of a medicine. So also many words which arose from strange medical notions, long ago abandoned, still remain in our language with their forms and significations more or less changed. Mania, Greek [lavia, or [ir/vt!; as used by Homer, is derived from the same root as [i-^v, the moon, and meant originally, the moon sickness, being the exact counter- part of the Latin lunaticus from luna, the moon. These words are still employed to designate states of mental aberration although we ridicule the aetiological notions involved in them. A careful study of the etymology of medical terms would enable us to reconstruct, in a measure, the history of our art, just as the geologist from strata and fossils, tells the story of the earth's creation and the develop- ment of all the life it now contains. By examining the silt at the mouth of a river we can determine the char- acter of the soil through which the waters have passed ; so also we can discover in the ancient medical words which have drifted down through the ages, indications of the sources of our knowledge, of our past errors and successes. We still talk oi plagues, a word derived from ■ithff^., a blow inflicted by the almighty gods to wreak vengeance upon guilty mortals; of melancholy from THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 3 Hklaz black and yoh^ bile, which was supposed to cause this affection ; of poultices which are no longer bean puddings or porridge, tioIto!; ; of arteries, from d.pzy]pia a wind pipe or air tube, because they were supposed to contain nothing but air ; and yet the original ideas repre- sented by these words have long since faded from our view. In fact, as Archbishop Trench has shown, we find poetry, history and ethics in words, even in medical terms, which are supposed by those ignorant of their history, to be the symbols of the dryest of facts and ideas. Saturn, one of the gods of the older school, has come down to us in saturnine poisoning ; Mars, the god of war and iron weapons, has given us the martial pre- parations; Jupiter Ammon, the horned god, is remem- bered in ammonia, hartshorn ; some of our instruments are of Vulcanized rubber; Mercury, as a Roman, has pre- sented us with mercurial preparations, as a Greek with name of Hermes, {^Epy.-rj<^ he sees that our tubes are hermetically sealed. Venus, as a Roman, has a particular portion of the female anatomy, the mons veneris, dedi- cated to her memory, while she has sent us a host of diseases, the venereal, which are very remunerative to the doctor but not very complimentary to herself. As a Greek goddess with the name of Aphrodite, i^Afpodirrj) we see her in the class of aphrodisiac remedies. Eros (^'Hpax;), the Greek Cupid is remembered in Erotomania, Psyche ( ^^yy}) his companion in psychiatry, and from Iris, the messenger of the gods, we now extract a cholagogue. All Olympus thus seems to have been interested in medicine, while demigods, nymphs, satyrs, and naiads stroll through the various branches of our science giving their names, here to a plant used medicinally, and there to a disease, symptom, or part of the body. 4 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. When we speak of the tendo Achillis we are re- minded of that classical tale relating how the son of Peleus was held by the heel and dipped by his seaborn mother into the river Styx to make him invulnerable; how this particular tendon and the parts about it were not immersed, and how Paris succeeded in inflicting a mortal wound in this locality. There is poetry too in the names of drugs and plants. Phosphorus { medi- cine were Celsus, who flourished from b. c. 53 to 7 A. D., and Pliny the Younger, 23-105 A. D. Perhaps neither of these men was a physician. The second speaks in a very deprecatory manner of the art of medi- cine, but the first displays much practical knowledge. But their works are encyclopaedias of the medical knowl- edge of their time, and Celsus is regarded as the perfec- tion of medical Latinity, even at the present day. Coelius Aurelianus wrote on acute and chronic diseases, "De 22 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Celeris Passionibus" and " De Tardis Passionibus." He is noted for the purity of his Latin, and his attempt to avoid, as far as possible, the introduction of pure Greek words. The monastic physicians, a few years later, read his work to the exclusion of all others, and, in this manner, his influence upon the subsequent medical Latin was very great. Celsus, Pliny and Aurelian are the only important Latin medical authors of the classical period. They were much read by the Latin writers who lived after the revival of learning, and thus have had a lasting influence upon our language, if not upon our methods of practice. When the Roman Empire fell, it dropped into the lap of the Church, which straightway proceeded to despoil it of its system of government, thus becoming, for many centuries, the greatest of temporal powers. The old pagan literature and philosophy were locked up in cloisters or destroyed by papal command. The arts and sciences, with the exception of war, theology and law, were, to a great extent, suppressed. The scientific medi- cal works composed by heathen writers, and filled with allusions to strange gods, were among the first to dis- appear, and physicians who showed any familiarity with them were regarded as being in league with the evil one. But the monks began to cultivate, in a rude way, the arts and sciences. Some whiled away their lonely hours in the perusal of medical works, and often on their frequent begging expeditions, in a very unscientific man- ner, they practiced the healing art. Surgery fell into the hands of barbers, and not until the tenth century, when the monks of Salerno began to teach medicine, was there a medical school in Europe outside of Moorish Spain. In this school at Salerno surgery was again taught, and there is some evidence that animals were dissected, for THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 23 about this time a work was written on the anatomy of the hog, "Anatomia Porci." In the twelfth century the Crusades brought the nations of Europe into contact with Saracenic culture, and medical works were translated from Arabic into mediaeval Latin. Medicine then became a purely Arabic science, and so con- tinued until, in the latter part of the fifteenth century, the ancient medical authors were again studied in the origi- nal Greek. About this time practical human anatomy was revived. AchiUini, Berenger, Fallopius, Arantius, Eustachius, and Varolius of Italy, with Sylvius and Vesalius of France, form a galaxy of anatomical investi- gators who have given their names to many of their dis- coveries. Their works were all published in the six- teenth century, and in Latin,, the language of the Church and State- in all Western Europe at this time. Their .style was far purer than that of their monkish prede- cessors, who had-corrupted the language of medicine by the introduction of numerous Arabic and Moorish-Greek terms, such as meri for cesophaguSj sumac for the umbilical region, myrac for the abdomen, siphac for the peritoneum, zirbus for omentum, and nucha for cervix. This word nucha is almost the only Arabic-Latin word still remaining in anatomical nomenclature, as seen in ligamentumnuchcBy^t.Xi'^sxatVLt of the nape of the neck. In the latter part of the sixteenth century, medical men in England began to write in their own language, ■although the great majority of the text-books in all the sciences were Latin, and professors in the schools lectured in that language. The first English work on anatomy was compiled by John Banister, in 1 578, and was entitled, " The Historic of Man, from the most Approved Anath- omistes in this Present Age." In other countries of Europe, Latin was still the only language of the physi- 24 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. cians, and so continued far into the eighteenth century. Even at the present day, in Italy, Germany, and Spain, monographs are occasionally composed in Latin, although as a literary language it is fast disappearing. In Ger- many there is now a tendency to abolish Latin and Greek terms and substitute pure German words. Thus we find them using krebs for cancer, kehlkopf for larynx, magen- entzuendung for gastritis, frauenheilkunde for gynae- cology, etc. In the German language this change is possible, though, perhaps, not advisable. In English, however, it would be very difficult to form words to take the place of our scientific technical terms derived from the Classic tongues. " Windpipehead," " womanhealing- art," and " straightgutinflammation," would certainly be no improvement upon the learned words now em- ployed. Moreover, our colloquial vocabulary is in a constant state of change, as will be shown in a future chapter, whereas, scientific truths, once established, should have names to designate them in all times and in all countries. Where there are several common names for the same thing, much confusion would, in a short time, be introduced into the language of medicine, were the Classical terms to be dropped. What one of the hundred vulgar names for the male organ of generation, which Rabelais has taken the trouble to record in French, could we substitute for the Latin penis? Before leaving the discussion of the Latin element in medicine, we must call attention to the fact that many of our technical words belong to Low Latin, and would not be found in the works of Cicero or Celsus. For example, scorbutus, scurvy, is derived from the Teutonic schaar, torn, and buuk, belly, and embrocatio from Greek ifi^ps^Biv, to soak in, both being Mediaeval Latin. Sometimes we have both the Classical and Mediaeval EDI^VAL LATIN. ENGLISH. bulla ball chamomilla chamomile glabella frontal bone bucca mouth caballus horse THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 25 Latin word for the same thing, as the following illustra- tions will show : CLASSICAL LATIN. pila anthemis OS frontis OS equus Sometimes we have adopted in medicine the later meaning of words instead of the signification found in the classics. Thus curatio, from euro, to care for, has come to mean cure, just as from the Greek dspoKcuv, who was originally a slave or menial who waited upon a mas- ter, is derived the modern therapeutist who is quite a different person. The ancient word for healing was medi- catio from medeor to heal, and a medicus was a healer, at first of wounds, afterward of all diseases, just as was the case with the Greek iarpoQ. Our word heal has a simi- lar history. It is derived from a root hel meaning cover, and from it heal, heel and hell are all formed. To heal meant originally, to cover a wound with skin ; the heel is covered by the leg, and hell is a covered place somewhere below. Latin words are still being formed, and it is anything but a dead language. Antimonium, potassium, and tannicum are words unknown to the Ancients. The recently formed Greek words all wear Latin dresses ; we do not write yovomxxoz but gonococcus, nor fiupcyylTcz but myringitis. Many of the medical words imported from the modern languages are, when it is possible, promptly turned into Latin. Although we do not inflect tolu as- a Latin word, we form from it the adjective tolu- tamis. Spanish, Portuguese and Italian words, like cas- 26 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. carilla, ipecacuanha, and scarlatina, are usually treated as if they were Latin, forming a genitive in (Z. The nomenclature of a recently-developed branch of our science, medical jurisprudence, is almost exclusively Latin. The rudiments of forensic medicine are found in that mine of legal knowledge, the "Institutes of Jus- tinian," where such subjects as prolonged gestation, sterility, impotence and hermaphroditism are discussed. The technical terms employed by the Latin legal writers have passed through Norman French, and into the English codes, from which our laws are so largely derived. The Arabic Element. While philosophy and the sciences in Christian countries, during the middle ages, were in a state of slumbering decay, the Arabs, imbued with the wisdom of Indians, Egyptians and Greeks, kept the sacred flame of knowledge burning. Their sages made translations of the Ayur Veda, the commentaries of Charaka and Susruta, and cultivated the occult sciences of that mysterious race, the Egyptians. Much of their medical knowledge was derived from the works of Hippocrates and Galen, and, as the Arabic language does not possess that capacity for word-building which belongs to the Greek, many Greek words, slightly modi- fied, were adopted into their vocabularies. The Arabs did not permit the dissection of animals or human bodies. In their manuscripts no drawings of any living thing were permitted, and, as a consequence, there could be no discoveries in anatomy, physiology or surgery. B, to pour, thus shutting- off the etymo- logical argument in favor of the Egyptian origin of this science, making the word mean "the mixing science," instead of the Egyptian or Hamitic science. The alchemists had two objects constantly in view; first, to discover "the philosopher's stone," which would convert the baser metals into gold, and, second^ to find the source of life, or compound a mixture which would enable mankind to retain perpetual youth; In order to accomplish this, they sought for a universal solvent, alkahest, which would reduce substances to the four primitive elements of which they believed all things composed. This word alkahest was "sometimes translated quintessentia, fifth essence, by the Latin alchemists, and the word still survives in this form, with altered meaning, in nearly all European languages. Many of the works of the alchemists were composed in cipher, in order that the uninitiated might not learn of their discoveries, and it is now quite impossible to translate them. This custom led an old Latin writer to say: "Alchymy is a great science, for few can understand the language thereof." Wild as were their schemes, and obscure as 28 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. were their methods, great discoveries were, nevertheless, made. They invented the method of preparing the mineral acids, calling nitro-hydrochloric acid the " royal water," aqua regia, as translated in Latin, because it would dissolve gold, the royal metal. Brandy also, was, first prepared by them, and, for a long time, was regarded as the elixir of life. Aqua vitce, it was called by the Latin writers, a name which it still retains in France and Italy as eau de vie and acqua vita. It also had this name among the Spaniards at one time, but is now called aguardiente, burning water, being nearly a literal trans- lation of the German brandy, i. e., burning. The classic period of Arabian medicine began with Rhazes of Persia, 920 A. d., who was the first to describe small-pox and measles in an intelligent manner. In fact, it is to him that we owe our first knowledge of the exanthematous diseases. Messua, who lived in the eleventh century, wrote an extensive treatise on materia medica, which was trans- lated into Latin in the fifteenth century, passing through twenty-six editions, and finally becoming the basis for the formation of the first London Pharmacopoeia, in the reign of James I. Avicenna, "the prince of physicians," was born 980 A. D., and wrote his " Canon of Medicine," in the first part of the eleventh century. A hundred years later his work was translated into Latin, and continued to be used as a standard text-book until about 1650. He was the first to mention the use of the obstetric forceps. Albucasis wrote on surgery and invented the pro- bang. Of the Moors of Spain, Avenzoar and Maimonides the Jew, were the principal authors, and their works were read throughout the civilized world. ' THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 29 The Arabian influence was much greater upon the art than upon the language of medicine. Arabic, belong- ing to a family of languages quite distinct from the Indo- European, could not easily be Latinized. Arabic words were, therefore, rarely adopted to designate ideas or dis- coveries, whatever may have been the defects in the Latin vocabulary. The great majority of the words that were transferred before the revival of learning were dropped by the medical writers of the sixteenth century. We give below a list of the principal Arabic words still found in medical literature: WORD. ARABIC. SIGNIFICATION. Alkali al the, qali ash f the ashes of glasswort, \ abounding in soda. Alcohol «/ the, ^«^«/ eye-wash { ^ '^"pl^^lXTs' '° Amber anbar a rich perfume Barberry barbaris barberry tree Benzoin benzoah a balsam Borax buraq borax Caraway carvi caraway Carmine qirmiz crimson Cubebs kubabah bitter plant Elixir el the, iksir quintessence ■ the quintessence, phi- losopher's stone. Myrrh murr bitter Nitre, natron nitrun , f an alkaline earth, from \ Nitria Naphtha naft bitumen Sherbet sharbat a drink Sumbul sumboul a spike Syrup sharab drink sweet wine Senna sana senna Sumach summaq a shrub, sumach 30 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Saffron za'faran yellow- Taraxacum tarasacon sxiccoxy dandelion j r^ J _?• J r because it is obtained Tartar durdtg, dregs \ from dregs of wine. Tamarind tamrhind, tavir, palm, and kind, Indian Zero sifr through Italian zefiro As the mediaeval translators of the Arabic medical authors were ignorant of philological science, several words derived from non-Arabic sources were introduced into Latin. In these cases the Arabic definite article al, or el, was, through a mistaken notion, prefixed to words, thus forming hybrids. We have alembic, from al S-n^iZ, the cup or vessel for distilling. In some of the older English works we find the word alembroth for ammoni- ated 'hydrochlorate of mercury. This word is derived from the Arabic al, the, aiid the Chaldaic embroth, " the key to knowledge," because the alchemists expected to determine the final composition of matter from this salt. This method of transferring the definite article as a pre- fix is occasionally observed in words derived from other languages. Thus, the word alligator is merely a corrup- tion of el ligarto, Spanish for the lizard. The English sailors who heard the word knew nothing of Spcmish grammar and would naturally speak of alligartas, a word found in the language of that erudite scholar, Ben Johnson. Elements Derived froin Other Ancient Languages. The study of the Old Testament and the commercial rela- tions with the East have introduced a few Hebrew and Persian words into the language of medicine. From the Hebrew we have : — Cassia, Heb. qatzah, to cut, because the bark was cut off Cinnamon, Heb. qinamon, from qinch, a reed. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 31 Manna, Heb. man hu. What is this ? Bedlam, a corruption of Bethlehem, where Mary was in child-bed. Afterward applied to the Asylum of St. Mary of Bethlehem. From the Persian we have: — Azedarach, from aza, a gum, a plant with anthel- mintic properties. Asafoetida, from aza, name of gum, and Yjalimfoetida, stinking. ' Bezoar, Persian padzahar, {rompad, against, and zahar, poison; whence, — Bezoardics, remedies used for the prevention of disease. Cinnabar, from Persian zinjarf, red lead. Jasminum, from Persian ^a.f»«?%, jasmine. Jujube, corrupted from 7ers. zizafun, the jujube tree. Julep, from Yexs.gulab, rose-water, a sweet drink. Laudanum, Greek X'jdavov, from Persian ladan, the gum of the herb, lada. Limon, from Pers. limun, lemon or lime. Orange, Latin aurantium, from Pers. naranj. Nard and spikenard, Pers. nard, an odor. Elements Derived from the Modern Languages. Dur- ing the present century, and, especially, since the Napo- leonic wars, a large number of foreign words, especially from the French, have found their way into the language of medicine as used by English-speaking authors. In- creased facilities for travel, the telegraph, and the host of medical journals, afford remarkable advantages for the interchange of scientific thought. So rapidly are new discoveries heralded throughout the civilized world that we do not stop to translate new terms but adopt, without change, the word coined by the inventor or discoverer. 32 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Thus words from the French, German, Spanish, and even from the far distant countries of the Orient have found a place in our medical literature. When Piorry wrote his work on percussion, and Laennec published his dis- coveries in auscultation, English writers did not, at first, stop to frame new words for the terms used to designate these discoveries and, as a consequence, we find the nomenclature of physical diagnosis replete with French words. In neurology, obstetrics, and venereal diseases, branches of medicine carefully studied in France, we also have a number of French words. From Germany and the Scandinavian countries we derive the names of some minerals and of a few diseases. From the Spanish and Portuguese we have obtained the names of many plants and of a few pathological conditions. From the Italian, also, a few words are derived, although this language is so much like the Latin that we generally prefer the Latin equivalents. Commerce has brought words into our language, as well as merchandise into our markets. From Turkey we have coffee, Turkish qahveh. Latinized into caffea. From Hindoostan we have shampoo, Hindoostani champna to rub or press. From the Malay Peninsula we have gutta-percha, Malay gatah, gum, and percha, the tree from which it is obtained ; camphor, Malay kapur barus, barous chalk. Latinized into camphora; rum, Malay rum booze, good drink, and mango, Malay mangga. From China we have tea, Chinese te, Latinized into thea. From Annam we have gamboge, derived from the name of the Province Cambodia, where the plant grows. From a common African personal name we have Quassia. Quashi was a West Indian slave, and a " medicine man," who first pointed out the uses of this plant. In slavery days the name Quashi was frequently met with among THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 33 our Southern negroes. We have the plantation song : " Quashi scrapes the fiddle string, And Venus plays the flute." From the Abyssinian we have kousso or kusso and kamala. From the Tartar koumiss or kumyss. From the Fijian, kava-kava, a word meaning intoxication. From the American Indian languages through the Portuguese, we have ipecacuanha, from ipecaaguen, "the roadside sick-making plant," jequirity or jeriquity, and jaborandi. From the Indian languages through the Spanish, we have boldo, coto, guaiac, jalap from the Province of Xalapa in Mexico, kino, quebracho, quinine from kina, bark, tobacco from the name of the island of Tobago, tolu, the name of a place, and tonga, or tonka. From this brief history of the sources of our techni- cal terms, we learn that the language of our science, like the science itself, is truly cosmopolitan, all nations and all ages having contributed to our knowledge and our vocabulary. Chapter hi. The Origin of Words. WORDS are the symbols of ideas, not mere arbi- trary signs such as those used by the mathema- ticians, but mental pictures addressed to the imagination and recalling the exact relations of the thought symbol- ized. To be sure these pictures are, in many cases, faded, or as Goethe expresses it, like the images on coins they are worn away by long continued use or obscured by the rust of ages. Mankind instinctively shrink from the use of words of which they have no accurate knowledge. When foreign words, replete with meaning, are forced upon the common people, they often reform or deform them into words with which they are familiar. The Latin word carbunculus means "a little live coal," and was applied to a bright sparkling gem. When these brilliants were introduced into Germany, the Teutonic genius, though obliged to accept the Latin name, converted it into karfunkel, from funkeln, to sparkle. Many other words have been similarly modified. The German kausenblase, fish or sturgeon bladder, has been converted into isin- glass, the Arabic carui into caraway, and benzoin into benjamin. The French dent de lion, lion's tooth, has become dandelion; ros marinus, sea foam, has become rosemary; salpetra, rock salt, has become saltpetre ; verd de gris, Fr., green of gray, verdigrease ; wermuth, Germ., mind preserver, wormwood ; cingulum, the girdle, a Latin name for herpes zoster, has been converted into shingles, and staphisagria, from araipic:, a vine, and dypta, wild, has become stavesacre. The Spanish dengue, a kind of fever THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 35 common in the Southern United States and Mexico, was called by the English, danggy fever, and then "dandy fever" a name now found in our medical works. We are also reminded, in this connection, of the physician who told an Irish woman that her husband had pneumonia. " You're right he has no money" was her reply. Words that do not speak to the imagination are things without life. The attempt has been made to form such words in chemical nomenclature, the names of the organic series of compounds being distinguished by the -vowel in the final syllable, thus, sextane, sext^ne, sextme, sexti'ne, sextane, and the terminations ate and ite, have no inherent meaning. The word sepal used in botany, it is said, has no etymological signification, having been :devised by Neckar, but in this case his mind was influ- enced, by the word petal, and, perhaps, by the Latin sepio, to divide. Bulwer has modeled his language of the "Vrilya," as given in " The Coming Race," largely after the Greek, and Volupuk, "the universal language," contmns the majority of the Indo-European roots. It is quite probable that the earliest words in all primitive languages were formed by onomatopoeia, that is, the sound expressing the thing by some peculiar adapta- tion. When we wish a person to stand we instinctively say St. This sound is found as the root of words express- ing the idea of immobility in all the Indo-European languages; Aryan sta, Greek cavrjiii, Latin stare, Ger- man sianden, etc. The first cry of the infant on its entrance into this world is ma-ma, and, as its lamentations cease when it is applied, to its mother's bosom, our im- aginative ancestors employed the word mamma as the name of the female breast; thus we have the Greek HifjLfia, and the Latin mamma, etc. This same root, ma, is found in the word for mother in all the Indo-European 36 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. languages ; Sansk. matri, Gr&ek [i-JTtjp, Latin mater, French mere, German mutter, Russian mate, Anglo-Saxon, moder, Icelandic modher, etc. Animals were named from their peculiar inarticulate sounds. The Greek word for frog is ^dxpaypi^, from " bair-r-r-ack," the sound which he utters. From the sound made by the cow we get the Sansk. gao. Germ, kuk, Greek ^ooc, and Latin bos. Names of animals that cannot thus be explained are probably of late origin and are derived from other char- acteristics. But even when there are such words we find among the people, and especially with children, a tendency to frame onomatopoeic synonymes. The regular Latin word for cat was felis, but cattus, the first syllable of which is the sound made by the cat when spitting, is found in colloquial Latin. So we have chat (pronounced shci) in French, katze in German, all being preferred to words derived from other characteristics. When people are in strange lands they often go back to the primitive method of word-forming in order to make themselves understood. A story is told of an English- man who, on dining in China, wished to know the com- position of a certain dish. Pointing to it he said, " Quack ? quack ? " The answer received was, " Bow-wow ! " The sounds made by animals were soon applied to other things. The winds and torrents roared, as well as the lion. The Palatine Hill takes us back to the days when the shepherds watched their bleating (balatans) flocks upon its grassy slopes. The palate, Latin palatum, is the balatans organ. The Latin word for tongue, lingua, is derived from the licking sound of the tongue. Compare English lick, Greek Ae/;fw, German lechen, Italian leccare. The language of the passions is largely onomato- poeic. The Greek yzldana^ Latin cacchinatio, German THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 37 lachen, and English laugh, will serve to illustrate this point. In a similar manner words were made to express the sounds of bodies colliding or passing through the air, of ringing, breaking, cracking, splashing, and many- others. These sounds, we believe, were the basis of speech, and were learned by the primaeval man as the parrot imitates the sounds he hears. But man has a higher faculty than speech, namely, that of reason, and through this he was enabled to remember, compare and express relations. If he had been created without a larynx, he would undoubtedly have found other means than speech, of communicating his thoughts. As Nodier has aptly said, " Man speaks because he thinks." From the radical words thus formed by onomato- poeia, a host of new expressions may be developed by the addition of prefixes and postfixes. It is said that in the German language there are only about 250 roots, and many of these can be traced to earlier forms ; yet, from this comparatively small number of original words, a vocabulary 80,000 strong has been elaborated. To illustrate the formation of words from onomatopceic roots, we may take the radical adi, which originally denoted pain, like our ouch! In Greek we have d/;^, a point, dxav^a, a thorn, S-yOoz, a burden, etc. ; Latin acuo, to sharpen, acus, a needle, aculeus, a spur, acer, sharp, etc.; and the ^ame root may be traced throughout the Indo-European family of languages, always having this primary signification of pain, but modified by inflections into a thousand different shades of thought. Indeed, these onomatopoeic roots seem to be the true protoplasm of speech, and from a single one, a thousand words often so unlike the original that their relation cannot be detected, are developed. Take, for example, the sound of the initial in of mum, 38 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. denoting silence. In Greek alone there are nearly a hundred words containing this radical. There is //licy, to close, as seen in myopia^ in which a partial closing of eyelids is a symptom, mydriasis, from [lodpioi;, a hot iron which caused the eyes to close and the pupils to dilate, muscles, which enclose the viscera, mucus (fjiuxo^), phlegm, which is enclosed in the body, yuuffoc, hatred which one conceals in his mind, fjioxr^i;, a mushroom which grows in dim, concealed places, and the tnysteries of a society are the things that are kept "mum." Mutus, dumb, con- tains the same root, as do, also, the English words muzzle, mummery and mumps. Words having meanings very different from the original root are often formed. Thus, from the root xak^ call, we have the Greek xluoi, to hear. The word " dear " has two meanings, "prized," because you have it, and "expensive," because you want it. The Latin word sacrum and Greek 8.yiov have the meanings of sacred to the gods and accursed by the gods. Os sacrum means "the accursed bone" because it was not offered up in sacrifices, and not " the sacred bone," as usually translated. Words are also formed by changing their meaning, neologisms of meaning, they are sometimes called. To illustrate this, we may look at the etymology of the words for man, mankind, and woman. Man is derived from an Aryan root, ma, meaning to think or measure, as seen in the Sanskrit manu, and Brahmana, holy man. Kind is from the Saxon ge-cynd, nature. -Mankind is m.an nature. Woman was, in Anglo- Saxon, wifman, wifeman, becoming in Old English, wimman, plural wimmen, as pronounced to-day. The origin of wife is not known, but probably referred to her reproductive capacity, as in the sound of the modern wom(b)man. In Greek the word for man, the male, is THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 39 d.vqp, root {and'), from an Aryan word meaning testicle. Woman yuvq (root gyncec), from ytwAu), to bring forth, produce. Mankind is diidpco7ro<;, dvrjp, man, and &ip, looking. The etymology d.vio, upward, and tpsnco, to turn, indicating that the primitive man worshipped the sun and stars, is probably a pure fancy. In Latin we have vir for man, referring to his strength, vis, allied to Greek £C, (root in) fibre, strength ; for woman we have femina, from an old word, feo, to produce, as seen in foettts, fertile, fecund, and some other terms; for mankind we have homo, allied to humus, .t\i& soil, because man was formed according to the ancient myth from the earth. We thus see that language is, as Richter truly says, a dictionary of faded metaphors, using the word meta- phor in a generic sense and not subdividing it into the specific rhetorical figures, synechdoche, metonymy, simile, etc. In the recently-developed sciences, such as organic chemistry, figurative language is almost entirely wanting, but in medicine, an ancient art, with a history as old as the human race and bearing in its vocabulary the records of a thousand triumphs, struggles and mistakes, there is an abundance of the poetical method of word formation. In regard to the metaphorical formation of words, we have : — I. The name of a part or symptom applied to the whole, and conversely. In scrofula, for example, the neck of a child often swells until it resembles that of a pig, hence the name scrofula meaning, literally, a little pig. In many cases of idiocy the motor apparatus is affected and the patient is obliged to walk with a staff or cane ; hence we have imbecile, from in bacillum, upon a staff or cane. We now use the word /^w«?^r which means the thigh for os femoris, the thigh bone. In the Hindoo 40 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. word beriberi, we have the symptom for the disease. The limbs in this affection become rigid, and the patient feels as though he were shackled, hence the name from beri, a fetter. 2. The name of a quality or characteristic of an object for the name of the whole. This method of form- ing new words is exceedingly common. Aconite is so named because it grows upon sharp projecting rocks, kv dxbvMz. Hydrargyrum is a watery or fluid silver, uomp water, dpyupov silver. Paraffin was so called because it had little affinity, parum affinis, for any other chemical substance. Apocynum was named from the fact that dogs keep away from it, d.nb away, xuoiv dog. Calomel is a beautiful remedy for black bile, xakbz beautiful and ;/eAac black. Sarcophagi were originally made of a stone which was supposed to consume the body, adp^ flesh, ipiym to eat. The bregma is that part of a child's head where sweating or moisture is first observed, from ^psyoi to moisten. We speak of the vagus or wandering nerve, and call the windpipe the trachea because it is rough, ipayfia. 3. The cause for the effect. In this class of words we have such as intertrigo, to rub together, designating the disease caused by such friction; nausea, literally ship sickness, from vaDc, a ship ; and we now hear of people having malaria, when they mean they have a disease caused by malaria or bad air. 4. The place for the thing. In this class of words we have copper, cuprum, from Cyprus; colchicum from Colchis, Kolyii;., in Asia; magnesia and magnets from Magnesia a district in Thessaly ; chalybeates, named from the Chalybes (Xdh^et;), who dwelt in Pontus ; coco from the province Choco in Mexico; rhubarb from Rha bar- THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 41 barum, so called because it grew on the wild banks of the river Rha or Volga. Charlatan comes through the French from the Italian ciarlatano, an inhabitant of Cerreto. The people of this town were notorious for their boastful language, and we find in Italian the verb cialare, mean- ing to brag. Fom Tarento we get tarantula, a spider whose bite was supposed to cause the dancing mania of the middle ages, the affection being called tarantism, for which about the only remedy was a peculiar variety of music which is still known as the tarantella. Clap, the vulgar word for gonorrhoea is derived from the name of a part of Paris, Le Clapier, the word meaning literally a rabbit burrow. This quarter con- tained numerous houses of ill fame and soon the com- mon French word for brothel was clapise, hence the name of the disease acquired in such places. 5 . The name of the inventor or discoverer for the name of the thing. Every student of human anatomy has observed the common practice of naming a newly dis- covered part of the body from the person first describing it. Thus we have the fissures of Sylvius, Rolando, and Glasser, the lobus Spigelii, the formanina of Monro and Thebesius, and many other similar expressions. In physics Voltaism, Galvanism, and Faradism are named after Volta, Galvani and Faraday who first observed these varieties of electrical phenomena. Nicotine and pelletierine are derived from the names of Nicot and Pelletier. Davyum was named after Sir Humphrey Davy, krameria after the botanist Kramer, the guillotine immortalizes the name of the supposed inventor Dr. Guillotine, and Dr. Condom has a " monumentum aere perennius" in the apphance which commemorates his name. 42 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Thfere is also a large number of plants named in honor of distinguished persons. Asdepias, Greek 'AaxUma(;, is the botanic name of the milkweed. Jug^ lans butternut, is the nut of ]ove, Jovisglans. Valerian is named in honor of the Roman Emperor, cinchona is named after the countess of Chinchon who is said to have been cured by the use of this plant. Asagraea is derived from the name of the distinguished botanist, Dr. Asa Gray. 6, The name of the thing derived from something re- sembling it. This is pure metaphor and is the commonest way in which words assume new meanings. Coleridge has compared words to some of the infusoria which increase by fission, continually splitting themselves up into new organisms. This method of growth in language is remarkably exemplified in tongues having but a com- paratively small number of words. The Chinese for example have only 1500 words, and yet these have at least a 100,000 meanings, and if you will turn to the word zug in your German dictionary you will find over thirty English words given as equivalents. It is not necessary to make any extended search to illustrate this method of word formation.* The vomer is the plough- share, the tibia, a flute ; the clitoris, from Greek tiXuz, a key, is the door tender; the testes are evidences of virility; theobroma is the food of the gods, Qtbz god, ^pcofia food. The little tumors which form in the eyelids are hail- * It is a remarkable fact that synonymes for vulgar or obscene things are always most numerous, a fact which does no great credit to the natural bent of the human imagination. Thus we find in the Latin medical writers some 200 names for the anus, penis and vulva. Among the Latin names for the male organ of generation are : — Clava, Cauda, columna, gladius, penis, pyraTnis, radix, ramus, trabs, vas, vena, and vomer. For the external female genitals we find among , a hundred others: — Annulus, cava, delta, folliculus, fovea, fundus, hiatus, mesa, ostium, porta, sinus, sulcus, trema and vulva. These nomina impudica all illustrate the formation of meta- phorical neologisms. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 43 stones, from the Greek yaXAl^tov^ while pannus is a cloth growing over the eye. Sometimes these comparisons are expressed in the form of the words, and not implied as in the above cases. ^ The Greek termination oid, from s?^oc, an image, and the Latin termination formis, form, being employed. This constitutes a figure of speech denominated by the rheto- ricians as simile. We have anthropoid, manlike, apes, and cuneiform, wedge-like, bones, as illustrations of this method of formation. Many words in common use have strange artd often obscure etymologies. Many of the dictionaries give no derivation of syphilis, yet it plainly comes from abz, a hog, and fdem, to love. In a poem published by the Italian Fracastoro, Syphilis was a swine-herd, very appro- priately named, for he certainly ought to have been a lover of hogs. But he unfortunately acquired the mor- bus Gallicus, French disease, as the venereal affection was then designated in Italy.* The French called it mal de Naples, the Neapolitan disease, and no nation cared to claim it as their own invention, a fact that induced Voltaire to say : " The pox, like the fine arts, owes its origin to no particular race." As it soon became necessary to have a common word to designate the affection, the name of Fracastoro's swine-herd was adopted into nosology by Sauvage, being peculiarly appropriate, for by a slight change in meaning syphilis means a tendency to have scurfy skin like a hog, just as hcemaphilia, blood loving, means a tendency to have hemorrhages. * Quotations from the ancient writers are often given to prove that syphilis existed long before the fourteenth century. We find the following passage in the poems of Perseus, who lived 32-62 A. D. : ** Tenietnus fauces : tenero laiei ulcus in ore Putre, quod haud deceat plebeia raderebeta ! " But this *^ putrid ulcer in the s'wollen throat " might apply as well to scarlatina anginosa, diphtheria, or noma, as to syphilis. 44 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. The French word enceinte, now meaning pregnant, is derived from the Latin incincta, girded in. The Roman matron wore a girdle of a peculiar pattern to inform people that she was pregnant and her person sacred. At a later period incincta was applied to designate pregnancy, although the women went ?^«girdled when in that inter- esting condition. The word dexter, the right hand, takes us back to the infancy of the Aryan race. This ancient people worshipped the sun, bhog, and the south was on the right while thus performing their orisons. The Sanskrit word for south was dekkan, allied to dhu, shining, and the early meaning of dexter was the south or shining hand. As the sun-god kept to the south, things seen in that direction were looked upon as of good omen as were afterward all things seen on the right hand. Things observed on the left, or north, the region of cold and darkness, were looked upon as unlucky, and so great has been the influence of this myth that many a cultivated lady at the present day feels more comfortable if she first sees the new moon over the right shoulder instead of the left. A sinister look is still literally a left-handed, that is, an ill-omened look. Moreover, the right hand is the skillful hand, and dexterity, right-handedness, is skillful- ness. Among the Romans sinisteritas, left-handedness, was awkardness. The common Aryan word for God was dyaus, shining, a word found in the genitive of the Greek Zeus, Aloc. and dtbz a god, the Latin deus and /wpiter, that is, Diu^^\&t, shining Father, the Italian Dio and the French Dieu, all meaning our bright Heavenly Father. It is quite possible, moreover, that our God is only a modifi- cation of the Sanskrit bhog, the rising sun. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 45 The word used for soul or spirit in various Indo- European languages, is almost uniformly the same as that for breath. The Greek nvsuiia (^pneumd), meaning a gas or the soul, is derived from Ttvem, to breathe, and the New Testament phrase, zb nueufia dyiov, usually ren- dered " Holy Ghost," might from an etymological point of view be translated "sacred wind." So the Latin spiritus and our spirit are derived from spiro, to breathe. The ancients, observing that the soul winged an eternal flight with the cessation of respiration, applied a common word to both. Van Helmont is said to have invented the word gas, and yet, whether conscious of the fact or not, he has made it resemble ^m^f, the German word for soul. In nightmare we still see the old Norse demi-god, Mara, who was said to strangle people in their sleep. The risus Sardonicus, observed in cases of lock-jaw, is derived from the tradition that in Sardinia there grew a plant which, when eaten, caused people to die of laughter or at least to die laughing. Delirium is derived from the Latin de, off, and lira, a furrow or track. When a man is delirious, he has wandered from his normal mental track. The same poetical figure is observed in the slang phrase, "off his base." We have given a sufficient number of examples to prove that imagination and poetry have played an important part in the building and remodeling of words. Sometimes when the origin of words is very obscure men have invented fanciful or legendary derivations. Such etymologies are seen when formica, an ant, is derived iroxa. ferens micas, carrying crumbs; mors, death, from amarus because it is bitter, or from Mars because 46 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICliSfE. he is the god of war and death. Cadaver* a corpse, has been derived by taking the first syllables of the words caxo data vermihns, flesh given to the worms. Even the scholarly Archbishop Trench seems to favor the derivation of crypt, which evidently comes from xpunro), to hide, from "crypit," because sinners in doing penance were placed in pits from which their cries were heard. In this case the cart has evidently been placed before the horse, for cry pit is but a corruption of crypt. We are reminded of the peasant's explanation of the word Jew: "They will jew you and jew you, and that is why they are called Jews." Antimony, also, has a legend connected with its name. Basil Valentine was an abbot of a scientific turn of mind. He gave antimony to the hogs upon the monastery farm, and found that they thrived upon it, but when he dosed the monks with the same chemical he learned that it acted with well-nigh fatal violence. On this account he named it antimonium, not good for monks, from dvn, against, and fibvaypz, a monk, or more directly from the French moine, a monk. The word crystal is derived from the Greek xpuaTaUo<; through the Latin crystallum, which meant, originally, ice. Michaelis in his work entitled, " The Influence of Language on Opinions, and of Opinions on Language," shows how this word brought a ridiculous error in its train. Pliny tells us that crystals are ice which has been frozen so long that it has forever lost its fluidity ; and in St. Augustine, one of the Church Fathers, we read: * I. Mors is derived from Aryan root, war, meaning to die ; cf. Sansk. murtis, body, marasmus, etc. 2. Formica is cognate with the Sanskrit vamraka, an ant, from the root vant, meaning to vomit. So named because the ant, when held in the hand, discharge's formic acid. Formication is the name of a symptom in which the patient has the sensation of ants crawling over the skin. 3. Cadaver is derived from cado, to fall, and was first applied to the bodies of those who had fallen in battle. Cf. Greek ptoma, a corpse, from pipto, to fall. From ptoma, the word, ptomaine, a cadaveric alkaloid, is derived. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 41 "What is a crystal? Snow hardened into ice for so many years that it cannot readily be . dissolved by sun or fire." We still employ the word gonorrh(ea, from yov-q, semen, and f>ioi, to flow, although we know it is a flow of muco-pus. As an example of the manner in which ideas in- fluence language we may cite the notion of the alche- mists who believed that there was sex in metals. Arsenic is derived from dpaevixdi; masculine, from dparjn a male. Silver was feminine and was sacred to Diana or the moon, Luna, a myth which has influenced medical prac- tice even down to the present day. Dr. Martin tells us that nitrate of silver, still called lunar caustic, was first administered in epilepsy because it was supposed that epileptics were under the malign influence of the moon, as were cill lunatics. It followed by a natural course of reasoning that the moon's metal, silver, must be the specific for all moon blasted patients, and this remedy continued its popularity until a few years since, the bromides became the fashionable drug in this affection. Pliny tells that " sordes hominis, sudor et oleum" that is, "the dirty sweat and grease of man," are sovereign remedies for angina. As a consequence of this fallacy how many a quinsied youth has had a dirty stocking wound about his neck at night by his anxious but not over-scientific mother. The nomenclature of the brain, moreover, shows how ideas may influence language. Our anatomical fathers believed that in the encephalon the homologues of all the parts of the body, both male and female, could be found in miniature; and if you will turn to your text book on anatomy to the description of the brain you will find arms brachia, legs crura, knees corpora geniculata. 48 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. breasts corpora mammillaria, five stomachs ventriculi, one of which was anciently called the womb, utriculus, a vulva cerebri, buttocks nates, testicles testes; a penis, clava; a vulgar name for the pubic haxr, flocculus ; a veil, velum interpositum, and a marriage bed, thalamus. With all this procreative apparatus before us, we are not sur- prised to find a union fornix, and numerous offspring, quadruplets, corpora quadrigemina. CHAPTER IV. The Life and Death of Words. IT is a common error to suppose that words, especially scientific terms, are born, as was Minerva from the head of Jove, complete, eternal and unchangeable. One of the advantages claimed for Latin in scientific nomen- clature is that, being a "dead" language, the words will not be subject to those continual alterations observed in all modern tongues. The language of Homer is quite different from that of Sophocles who lived five hundred years later. Piers Plowman and Chaucer are unin- telligible to the average English student of to-day. Italian is but a modified Latin, and in the language of medicine the student would find considerable difficulty in com- prehending Banister in his " Anathomy of Man." To be sure, many of our medical terms are identical with those employed 1800 years ago by Celsus, whose style has served as a model for medical writers down almost to the present decade. Jonathan Pareira, in a work published as late as 1870, advises the student to read Celsus in the original in order to acquire an elegant and accurate medical Latin style. The alterations in the form of medical words may be traced most readily by studying a few terms which have found their way into the language of the people and have thus undergone changes corresponding to those of their vulgar lay associates. Home Looke, in his work entitled "Winged Words," has called attention to the fact that words in their pro- gress through the ages, like regiments of soldiers on the march, are liable to lose letters and syllables as the 50 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. latter are liable to lose soldiers by sickness, casualty and desertion. TJie word eleemosynary, from the Greek ihrifioauvq^ consisting originally ' of twelve letters and seven syllables, has become alms, in which only four letters and a single syllable remain. The classical medical word hemkrania, irom the Greek i/jfuxpauea, half a skull, became in Low Latin migrcena by a process of clipping and alteration, just as in the vulgar English of to-day we hear people saying " morphydite " for " hermaphrodite," " janders " iox jaun- dice, which is itself a corruption of the Yx^LVichjaUnisse, yellowness, and "anguintum" for unguentutn hydrargyri. From this mediaeval Latin word MigrcBua the French m-igraine, often used in medical works, was formed, and migraine, when it traveled across the English Channel, was changed into megrim, a word recognized in all our medical dictionaries. The Greek xuvdyyyj, cyanche, from zuojv, a dog, and a.iffm, to choke, that is, to choke like a dog, became in Low Latin esquinantia from which the French esqui- nancie and our quinsy have been formed. Paralysis, Greek napdluatz, an abnormal loosening, or loosening on the side, became in middle English, parlesy, and in modern English palsy. Hydrops, Greek udp(o/ ka mal'a. keloid, ke'loid, not kel'oid. keratitis, ker a tl'tis, not ker a te'tis. kino, ki'no, not ke'no. kyestein, kl es'te in, not kl'es ten. L. lacteal, lac'te al, not lac te'al. lagopus, la go'pus, lag'o pus. lamella, la mel'la, not lam'el la. lanthanum, lan'tha num, not Ian than'um. laryngectomy, lar in jec'to my, not lar yng ghec'to my. laudanum, laVda num or lod'a num, not lawd'num. lecethin, les'e thin, not le se'thin. legumine, le gu'min, not leg'u min. leuchsemia, lu ke'mi a, not lu se'mia, unless spelled leucaemia. THE. LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE, ^79 lentigo, len tl'go, not len'ti go. levator, leva'tor, «/ um bil'i cus. — Webster gives latter. unguentum, ung gwen'tum, not un gwen'tum. THE LA]SfGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 89 unguinal, ung'gwinal, «<7/ un gwe'nal. urachus, u'ra kus, not u rak'us. uraemic, urrem'ic, «(?/ure'mic. uredo, u re'do, not u're do. ureter, u re'ter, preferable to u're ter. urethra, u re'thra, not u're thra. urtica, ur ti'cah, not ur'ti can. ustilago, us ti la' go, not us til'a go. uterine, u'ter in, not u'ter in. V. vaccina, vak sJ'nah, not vak'si nah. vagina, vaji'nah, /z^/vajinah. vaginal, vaj'i nal, not va ji'nal. variola, va n'o lah, not var i o'lah. varioloid, var'i o loid, not var i o loid'. vena, ve'nah, not va'nah. venereal, vene'real, ««, an hour), an hour. 98 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. ichthyocol'la, se (fr. Greek «/(?!>?, a fish, and xbRa, glue), isinglass. iner'tia, se {in, without; ars, art, activity), inactivity. in'ula, se (corruption of Helenium, fr. Helen of Troy), elecampane. lach'ryma, se (cf. Sdxpu, a tear), a tear. lacu'na, se (fr. /acus, a lake), a small cavity in osseous tissue. lam'ina, se (fr. same root as iXauvM, to drive) a plate or layer. lappa, se (lappa, a clitbur), burdock. libra, se (cf Greek Xixpa, a coin), a balance, a pound. leptan'dra, se (fr. Xzmoz, slender, and d.vTjp, stamen), Cul- ver's root. lin'ea, se (cf linum, flax fibre), a line. lingua, se (onomatopoeic, fr. licking sound), the tongue. lobe'lia, se (fr. Lobel, a Flemish botanist), Indian tobacco. lupuli'na, se (fr. lupulus, lit. a small wolf; a name for hops), pollen from hops. lympha, se (lit. pure water), lymph. mac'ula, se (dim. fr. same root as [id-jf^ofiat, to fight), small spot on skin. mamma, se (Greek [idfifia, breast), breast. massa, se (cf Greek nd^a, a lump of dough), a mass. mate'ria, se (fr. mater, a producer), that which is pro- duced; matter. maxil'la, se (augmented fr. mala, cheek bone), jaw bone. mamil'la, » (dim. of mamma, the breast), the nipple. maran'ta, ae (named in honor of Maranti, a Venetian botanist), arrow -root. ^ medici'na, se (fr. medeor, to heal), the art of healing; a medicine. medul'la, se (fr. medius, middle, centre), the marrow. membra'na, se (fr. membrum, a member), a membrane. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 99 mentha, se (Greek fiivOrj, mint), mint. mica, se (fr. mico, to sparkle like the motes in a sunbeam), particle ; a crumb, mistu'ra, se (fr. misceo, to mix), a mixture. mor'rhua, se (fr. fuopo^, stupid), codfish. , , mu'cuna, se (fr. mucus), cowhage. est, is. sunt, are. EXERCISE II. A. I. Lacunae et medulla. 2. Libra aloes. 3. Mis- turacretae. 4. Laminae fibulae. 5. Massacerae. 6. Mis- tura marantae et menthae. 7. Lappa est medicina angi- nae. 8. Lympha et lachrymae. 9. Mistura mastiches et myrrhae. 10. Micae et galla. 11. Medulla fibulae. B. I. Masses, crumbs and mixtures. 2. The spots of the tongue. 3. The line of the fibula. 4. The wing of the balance. 5. The spots on the cheek in acne. 6. The lacunae of the jaw-bone. CHAPTER VI. The Second Declension. NOUNS of the second declension end in us, um, ir, er, OS and on. Those ending in um and on are neuter, the others are masculine. The great majority of the nouns of this declension used in medical works end in us or um. Those ending in os and on are of Greek origin. Digitus, a word kindred with dsixvoiie, to point, like indico, is declined as follows : — SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn, dig'it us, a finger dig'it i, fingers Cen. dig'it i, of a finger digit o'rum, of fingers Dat. dig'it o, to or for a finger dig'it is, to or for fingers Ace. dig'it um, a finger dig'it os, fingers Voc. dig'it e, O finger dig'it i, O fingers AH. dig'it o, by, with, or from a finger dig'it is, by, with or from fingers Folium, from the same root as fbllov, a leaf, is de- clined as follows : — SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn, fo'li um, a leaf fo'H a, leaves Cen. fo'li i, of a leaf fo H o'rum, of leaves Dat. fo'li o, to or for a leaf fo'li is, to or for leaves Ace. fo'li um, a leaf fo/Ji a, leaves Voc. fo'li um, O leaf fo'li a, O leaves Abl. fo'li o, by, with, or from a leaf fo'li is, by, with, or from leaves THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 101 VOCABULARY III. aC'inus, i (Greek Smvoz, a grape), a granule; kernel; part of a gland. alve'olus, i (dim. oialvus, the belly), a little belly, cavity, socket. an'imus, i (5v£//oc, the wind), the mind, soul. an'nulus, i (dim. oi annus, a circle, a ring), a little ring. anus, 1 (fr. annus, z.x'vs\^\ cf. ol//p/, around), orifice of rectum. bacil'lus, i (dim. of baculum, a staff), a little rod; rod- like bacterium. bolus, i (Greek ^coloz, a clod), a lump, mouthful, large pill. bulbus, i (Greek ^ol^bq, an onion), a bulb. cal'amus, i (Arabic kalam, a reed), a writing pen. cal'culus, i (dim. oicalx, a lump of lime), a pebble, a stone capil'lus, i (cf caput, the head), a hair of the head. carpus, i (fr. carpo, to pluck), the wrist. caryophyl'lus, i [xdpuoiJ, walnut; (puklov, leaf), clove tree. clavus, i (cf cldvis, a bolt or key), a nail; a corn; sick headache. con'gius, i (cognate with iioyy^, a shell), a gallon. morbus, i (allied to morior, to die), a disease. natu'ra, se (fr. nascor, to be born), that which will produce, nature. v neb'ula, se (dim. of nubes, a cloud), a haze. nympha, se (Greek vu^tpyj, a nymph or bride), a nymph; labium minus. ret'ina, se (fr. rete, a net), belonging to a net; retina. offici'na, se (fr. opifex, doing work), a work-shop, drug- store. oleoresi'iia, 3d [oleum, oil; resina, resin), oleo-resin. or'bita, se (fr. orbis, a circle, orb), the orbit, eye-socket, in, in. a, ab, from. 102 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. EXERCISE in. A. I. Bacilli morbi. 2. Acini glandulae. 3. Fis- tula in ano. 4. Sunt alveoli in maxilla. 5. Folia cary- ophylli. 6. Congius aquae menthae. 7. Nebula cor- neae. 8. In officina sunt oleo-resinae et misturae. 9. Calculi in orbita. 10. Clavus digitorum. B. In the apothecary shop are mixtures and a gal- lon of rose water. 2. The sockets of the jaw-bones. 3. A ball of arrow-root. 4. Sick headache is a disease. 5. In the orbit there are an artery and a network, 6. The little ring of the cornea. 7. In the retina are small rods. 8. The membrane of the nipple. 9. In the breast are kernels (acini). 10. A pound of cloves. There are a few nouns of the second declension ending in er. Cancer (cognate with xdpxivoi;, a crab) a crab, or cancer, is declined as follows : — SINGULAR. PLURAL. JVom. cane er, a cancer cane li, cancers Gen. cane ri cane io''rum Dat. cane to cane lis Ace. cane rum cane tos Voe. cane er cane ri Abl. cane ro cane ris VOCABULARY IV. liber, bri, the bark of a tree; a book ; cf. A. S. boc, beach, puer, pu'eri (cf. Greek TraTc, a boy) a boy. puel'la se (dim. fem. oi puer) a girl. vir, viri (cf vis, strength) a male; man. pupil'la, ae (dim. oipupa, a doll) the pupil. palma, se (Greek naldfitj, palm) palm of hand or sole, patel'la, ae (dim. oi patina, a pan) the knee-pan. phytolac'ca, ae (Greek fvro\/, plant, and Uxxo^, pond) poke plant. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 103 pil'ula, se (dim. oi pila, a ball) a little ball ; a pill. planta, se (cognate with nkaxut;, flat) a plant; the sole of the foot, porta, se (cf. porto, to carry) the place through which things are carried ; a gate. ran'ula, se (dim. of rana, a frog) tumor of salivary gland, resi'na, se (cf. prf'wa, a gum) resin. rose'ola, se (dim. of rosa, a rose) rose rash, rube'ola, se (dim. of ruber, red) measles. fascic'ulus, i (dim. oi fasds, a bundle) a little bundle. focus, i (fr. an old root, fo; zL fovea, to boil) a fire-place. fundus, i {/undo, to found) the bottom; lowest port. funic'ulus, i (dim4 oi funis, a. rope) a string; umbilical cord, gladi'olus, i (dim. o{ gladius, a sword) a part of sternum. globus, i {^ike glonms, a ball) a ball; a globe. cer'ebrum, i (cf. xA.pa, the head) the greater brain. habet, has. habent, have. EXERCISE IV. A. I. Pilulae aloes et mastiches. 2. Plantae pweri et viri. 3. Cancer mammae est morbus feminarum. 4. Rubeola et roseola morbi sunt. 5. Quinina medi- cina anginae est. 6. Liber medici est in officina. 7. Eucalyptus est malariae medicina. 8. Libra folio- rum phytolaccae. 9. Femina neuralgiam orbitae habet. 10. Viri gladiolos habent. B. I . A little bundle of small .rods. 2. Cancer of the brain is a disease. 3. The physician (medicus) has pills of aloes and myrrh. 4. The boys and girls have measles. 5. The books of the men are in the office. 6. Pepsin .is a medicine for-dyspepsia. 7. In the conjunc- tiva is the gate of tears. 8. Ranula in the cheek {mala) of the girl. 9. Rose rash is a disease. 10. The woman has the hysterical {hystericum) globe. s 104 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. GREEK NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. A few nouns of Greek origin ending in os are found in medical works, used only in the singular The word asbes'tos, from d, intensive, a^svvufu, to quench, because it will not burn, is declined as follows : — Nom. asbes'tos Gen, asbes'ti Dat. asbes'to Ace. asbes'ton Voc. asbes'te AM. asbes'to A much larger number end in on, such as those derived from (purbv {phyton), a plant, ^mov {zoon), an animal, dhdpov {dendron), a tree, and anopov (sporon), a spore. Ganglion (Greek •(d.yyhov, a knot, a tumor) is thus declined:^ — SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. gang'lion gang'Ua Gen. gang'lii ganglio'rum Dat. gang'lio gang'liis Ace. gang'lion gang'lia Voc. gang'lion gang'Iia Abl. gang'lio gang'liis VOCABULARY V. am'nion, or am'nios, i (fr. Greek d/iv^c, a lamb, from its softness) a foetal membrane. cho'rion, i (Greek lopiov, leather) a tough foetal mem- brane. epiploon, i (Greek kni, upon, nXko, to fold) omentum. haematox'ylon, 1 (Greek aciia, blood, and fu/iov, wood) logwood. hydrozo'on, i (Greek hbwp, water, Z'^ov, animal) water animalcule. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 105 lirioden'dron, i (Greek Xsipiov, a lily, Sevdpov, tree) tulip tree. olec'ranon, i (Greek coXsvrj, elbow, and xpdvov, head) head of ulna, pleuron, i (Greek nhupov, the side) the serous covering of the lungs. micros'poron, i (Greek puxpoc;, small, ajiopoz, a spore) a microscopic spore. sali'va, se (cf Greek aia}.ov, spittle) spittle. scap'ula, 36 (cf Greek axdipoi;, skiff) shoulder blade, scarlati'na, se (fr. Italian scarlatto, scarlet) scarlet fever. scilla, se (Greek axilla, an onion) squill. serpenta'ria, se (fr. serpo, to creep) Virginia snake-root. scutella'ria, se (dim. oi scutum, a shield) skull cap. spige'lia, se (fr. Spigelius, the Dutch anatomist) pink root. spina, se (contraction of spicna, a point) a thorn, spine, stria, se (fr. strio, to groove) a groove, colored line, sutu'ra, se (fr. suo, to sew) a seam, suture. hu'mulus, i (fr. humus, the ground) hop plant, lob'ulus, i (dim. of lobus, a lobe) a small lobe, lobule, locus, i (originally stlocus, cogn. w. areUco, to send) a place, malleus, i (cf Sansk. mak, to strike) a hammer; a bone of the ear. malle'olus, i (dim. of malleus) a small hammer, ankle tuberosities, mus'culus, i (dim. of mzis, a mouse, or Greek //oc, a muscle) a muscle, naevus, i (contraction of nativus, fr. nascor, to be born) a birth-mark, nanus, i (Greek v«voc, a pigmy) a dwarf nervus, i (fr. same root as vtupov) a nerve, nodus, i (fr. gnodus, a knot) a knot, node. nu'cleus, i (dim. of nux, a nut) a kernel. 1 06 THE LANG UA GE . OF MEDICINE. nucle'olus, E(dim. of nucleus) primary nucleus. pilocar'pus, i {pila, ball, carpus, fruit) jaborandi. ruga, se (fr. Aryan root rag, rough) a wrinkle. ruta, se Greek porfj, rue) rue. sabba'tia, se_(fr. Sabbati, an /Italian botanist) sabbatia. , sabi'na, se (fr. a town in ancient Italy; :a Sabine woman) savine. salici'na, se (fr. salix, a willow) alkaloid from willow. sanguina'ria, ae (fr. sanguis, blood, from color of juice) . bloodroot. sen'ega, se (fcrlndian Senekd) corrupted into snake root. sH'ica, se (fr. silex, flint) oxide of silicon. non, not. EXERCISE V. A. I. Musculi stfias habent. 2. Scapulafossam habet. 3. Scrofula est morbus puerorum. 4. Corona spinarum. 5. Nervi ganglia habent. 6. Scilla medicina morbis est pleuri. 7. Amnion et chorion sunt membranae. Ictems et scarlatina morbi sunt. 9. Cerebrum lobos habet. 10. Hydrozoa non plantae sunt. B. I. The physician gives pills of salicin to the boy. 2. Nerves have ganglia but not furrows. 3. Men have muscles, nerves, and arteries. 4. Chalk mixture is a medicinefor diarrhoea. 5. Pills of sanguinaria and and ammonia for disease of the pleura. 6. Silica is not a medicine. 7- The women have savine and ergot; 8. Glands have nuclei. 9. The nodes of the nerves. 10. The dwarf has a birth-mark. CHAPTER VII. The Third Declension. NOUNS of the third declension have various- endings in the nominative singular but the -genitive singu- lar always ends in is; sometimes with an increment {i. e. additional syllable) and zly, sometimes by the etddition of is to the nominative singular, and sometimes, when the nominative singular ends in is, the word is not changed in the genitive. Metus, fear, for example, forms the geni- tive singular metoris; the or being the increment and is the termination. Tremor, trembling; simply adds w, while classis, a class or fleet, remains unchanged. The student must commit to memory the termina- tion of the genitive singular and the gender of all words of this declension. Arbor, a tree, is declined as follows: — SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. arbor (m) arb'ores. Gen. arb'oris arb'orum Dat. arb'ori arbor^ibus Ace. arb'orem arb'ores Voc. arbor arb'ores Abl. arb'ore arbor'ibus Nouns of the third declension ending in or are usually of the masculine gender. The words in the fol- lowing vocabulary are declined like arbor. 108 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. VOCABULARY VI. abduc'tor, o'ris (m) (from ab, away, duco, to lead) an abductor, aer, a'eris (m) (Greek d-y^p, air) air. anser, an'seris (m) (allied to ansa, a handle, fr. long neck) a goose. aether, seth'eris (Greek aid^p, ether) ether, ardor, o'ris [ardeo, to burn with zeal) a burning., calor, o'ris {caleo, to be warm) heat. climac'ter, e'ris (Greek xhpaxT-jp, a round of a ladder) a critical period. croton, o'nis (Gk. xpozwv, dog tick) palma Christi plant. dila'tor, o'ris {dis, apart, fero, to bear) dilator. erec'tor, o'ris (fr. erigo, to stand up) erector, exten'sor, o'ris {ex, out, and tendo, to stretch) extensor. flexor, o'ris {fligo, to bend) bender, fluor, o'ris (Jiuo, to flow) a flowing. furfur, fur'furis (reduplication oi far, a cereal) bran, humor, o'ris (cf ypp-oz, a liquid) a moisture, humor, labor, o'ris (cf labor, to slip) labor, parturition. leva'tor o'ris (fr. levo, to lift) a lifter. lichen, e'nis (Greek luyyjv), a cryptogamous plant. limon, o'nis (from Portuguese town Limoa or Persian limufi) lemon, liquor, o'ris (fr. liqueo, to be fluid) fluidity; liquid, solution. motor, o'ris (fr. moveo, to move) mover. prona'tor, o'ris (from prono, to bend forward) a bender forward, ren, is (cf (fp'fiv, the diaphragm) the reins, kidneys. rigor, o'ris (fr. rigeo, to be numb) a chill, rota'tor, o'ris (fr. roto, to turn) roller. rubor, o'ris (fr. rubus, red) redness, blushing, sal, is (cf Greek 8.lz, salt) salt. sopor, o'ris (cf Greek 6;r6c, juice) sleep. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 109 sphincter, e'ris (Greek ofpiyyco, to squeeze) contractor. stertor, o'ris (onomatopceic) snoring. stupor, o'ris (fr. stupeo; cf. zu-nroi, to strike senseless) insensibility. sudor, o'ris ( fr. sudo, to sweat; cf. udmp, water) sweat. tumor, o'ris (fr. tumeo, to swell) a tumor, swelling. trochan'ter, e'ris (Greek rpoyoco. to roll) a roller; process tensor, o'ris (fr. tendo, to stretch) a stretcher. vapor, o'ris (cognate with xokvoz, smoke) smoke, steam, aliquando, sometimes. dat, gives. dant, give. EXERCISE VI. A. I. Feminae aliquando anseres sunt. 2. Vir nervos motores habet. 3. Flexores et extensores humeri. 4. Anus levatorem et sphincteres habet. 5. Sunt ali- quando in morbis rigores et calor. 6. Fluor humorum est causa morborum. 7. Motores carpi musculi. 8. Micros- poron furfur planta est. 9. Renes viri lobos habent. 10. Aliquando in morbis sunt stertor, sudor, stupor, tremor, et sopor. B. I. Vapor of water and salt of ammonia. 2. The trembling, snoring and sluggishness of disease. 3. The liquids of ammonia and potash (potassa). 4. The fluid of the amnion. 5. Women have critical periods. 6. The lifters of the ribs. 7. The sweat and tears of the women. 8. Ether is not air. 9. The stretchers and benders of the carpus. 10. The physician gives a drachm of jalap to the man. Some neuter nouns of the third declension form the genitive like the above by adding is to the nominative. The accusative and vocative cases in both numbers are like the nominative. 1 1 THE LANG.ua GE OF MEDICINE. Sometimes a final / or J of the nominative, is doubled when the termination of an oblique case is added. Vas (from same root as Sanskrit vasti, a bladder, and Latin vesica) is declined as follows: — SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. vas, a vessel vasa, vessels Gen. vasis vasum JDat. vasi vas'ibus Ace. vas vasa Voc. vas vasa Abl. vase vas'ibus VOCABULARY VIL an'imal, a'lis (n) (fr. anima, vital principle) animal, cada'ver, eris (n) (fr. cado, to fall in battle) a corpse, fel, fellis (n) (kindred with bilis,\A&) bile, galL mel, mellis (n) (Greek fish, whence, fikhaaa, a bee) honey. OS, ossis (n) (cf Sanskrit osthi, a bone) a bone, pulmo, onis (n) (fr. nXBUfuov, for tcvsu/hcuii) the lung. ' stear, is (n) (Greek arsap, tallow) stiff grease, tallow, tuber, eris (n) (for timber from tumeo) a bulb. ' tab'ula, se (fr. the root tab, flat surface) a table, tae'nia, se (Greek Toivia, from tscuco to stretch) a tape, ribbon; tape-worm, terebin'thina, ee (fr. Gk. zeps^ivdoc, pine tree) turpentine. terra, se (kindred with torreo, to dry) earth, testa, » (allied to tosta^ parched) a shell- tibia, se (cf tabeo, to waste away) a flute, shin-hone, tinctu'ra, se (fr. tingo, to dye) a tincture. • tin'ea, se (perhaps from tivw, to punish) a bookworm; ringworm, tu'nica, se, a close-fitting undergarment, tunic, covering, octa'rius, i (fr. octo, eight) the eighth of a cohgius; a pint, oc'ulus, i (dim.; cf. Ionic oxxoz) an eye. pedic'ulus, i (dim. oi pes, a foot) a small foot; pedicle; a louse. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Ill papy'rus, i (Greek nAntipoz, the paper-reed) parchment, ace'tum, i (fr. past part, of aceo, to become sour) saur wine; vinegar, curat, cures.- curant, cure. EXERCISE VII. A. I. Mistura fellis et mellis. 2. Ossa tiibera et pediculos habent. 3. Chirurgus (surgeon) cancros et tumores curat. 4. Medicus rubeolam et scarlatinam curat. 5. Animalia ossa et musculbs habent. 6. Octa- rius tincturae zingiberis. 7. Arteriae vasa vasonim (fr. vasum, a vessel) habent. 8. Medicus curat tineam cum terebenthina. 9. Tabulae et laminae ossium. 10. Drach- ma aceti scillae. B. I. The shell of the earth. 2. The covering of the eyes, 3. The physician gives vinegar to the boy. 4. Tinctures of rhubarb and ammonia. 5. There is gall in the vessel. 6. The corpse is on the table. 7. The shin-bone has lines and grooves. 8. A pint of tincture of squill. 9. There is paper in the book. 10. The ani- mal has bones, tallow, and nerves. Many nouns of the third declension ending in is in the nominative singular remain: unchanged in the genitive. Avis {i), a bird (allied to Greek d.o), to move the air), is declined as follows : — SINGULAR. PLURAL. Norn. avis, a bird aves, birds Gen. avis, of a bird a'vium) of birds Dat. avi av'ibus Ace. avem aves Voc. avis aves AM. ave, or 1 av'ibus All the nouns of the third declension in the follow^ ing vocabulary are similarly declined. 112 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. VOCABULARY VIII. apis (f) (fr. apo, to fasten) the clinging animal; a bee. auris (f) (fr. same root as Greek dhz, the ear) an ear. axis (m) (Greek dMdiv, an axle, fr. d.y(o, to carry) an axle- tree; second vertebra. basis (f ) (Greek ^iatz, a pedestal) foundation, base. crinis (m) (fr. cer, as seen in cresco, to grow) the hair. cutis (f) (kindred to xuroz, a bag of leather) the skin. digita'lis (f) (fr. digitus, a finger, or digitale, a glove finger) foxglove. febris (f) (Ix.ferbis ix.ferveo, to be warm) a fever. funis (m) (fr. a root meaning to bind) a rope, cord. ignis (m) (Sanskrit agnis) fire. naris (f) (cf Tzvsm, to breathe, nasum, the nose) a nostril. panis (m) (perhaps fr. Pan, a demigod of the fields) bread. pelvis (f) (allied to Greek nueXoz, basin) basin, pelvis. pertus'sis (f) (fr./^rintens. and ^2i(i), to flow) a humor. rhizo'ma, atis (n) (fr. Gk. ^iC,a, a root) root stock. stigma, atis (n) (fr. Gk. azi^o), to point) the top of a pistil. sulphis, i'tis (m) (sulphur) a sulphite. sympto'ma, atis (n) {ffuv, together, Ttenro), to fall) symptom syste'ma, atis (n) (auv. together, "arrj/jti, to stand) system. theobro'ma, atis (n) {deo^, god, ^prnfia, food) cocoa, antrum, i (Greek durpov, a cave) a cavity. arca'num, i (fr. arceo, to shut up) a nostrum. EXERCISE XI. A. I. Rubor et tumor symptomata arthritidis sunt. 2. Medicus enema hydrastidis puero dat. 3. Morbus oculorum symptoma syphilidis est. 4. Gramma sodii phosphitis et uncia theobromatis. 5. Hepar sulphuris morbis cutis. 6. Fel in urina est symptoma morbi hepatis. 7. Pyramides renum. 8. Miasmata causae feb- rum sunt. 9. In corpore sunt arcana naturae. 10. In exanthematibus sunt maculae, papulae, et bullae. 9 120 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. B. I. An ounce of tincture of golden seal. 2. A pound of star grass in a gallon of water. 3. In the cavity of the jaw-bone there is a membrane. 4. A pint of tinc- ture of agave in the shop. 5. The man has cancer of the liver and kidneys. 6. In the bladder there are some- times pebbles, but not stones. 7. The rootstock of ivy is not a medicine. 8. A gramme of sulphite of soda in water. 9. The nerves, veins, and lobes of the liver; 10. Macules and papules are symptoms of syphilis. CHAPTER VIII. The Fourth Declension. NOUNS of the fourth declension form the genitive singular in us, the u being a contraction of the earlier ending uis, and is, therefore, long in quantity; e. g., manus, a hand, genitive manus, of a hand. The us of the genitive is sometimes written with the circumflex accent in order to distinguish it from the nominative singular. Nouns of this declension ending in us are masculine with the exception of manus, a hand, acus, a needle, and the names of plants, which are feminine. Nouns of the fourth declension ending in u are of the neuter gender. The genitive plural ends in uum, the dative plural in ibus, except acus, a needle, arcus, a bow, artus, a joint, lacus, a lake, and partus, a birth, which form the dative plural in ubus. Manus (fem.) a hand (fr. Aryan root ma, to measure) is declined as follows : — SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. manus, a hand manus, hands Gen. manus man'uum Dat. man'ui man''ibus Ace. manum manus Voc. manus manus Abl. manu man'ibus VOCABULARY XII. abor'tus, fls {aborior, to rise from a losing game) abortion, absces'sus, te [abs, from, and cedo, go) departure, abscess. afflux'us, fls {ad, to, and _/?«£>, to flow) a flowing to, afflux. 122 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. appara'tus, dear) pleasing, grateful. graVidus, a, um (fr. gravis, heavy) full, pregnant. hepat'icus, a, um (fr. Greek rpzap, the liver) hepatic. huma'nus, a, um (fr. homo, a man) pertaining to man. hyber'nus, a, um (fr. hiems, winter) wintry. ili'acus, a, um (fr. ilium, the haunch-bone) iliac. corona'lis, e (fr. corona, a. crown) coronal. cortica'lis, e (fr. cortex, bark) bark or outer layer, costa'lis, e (fr. casta, a rib) costal, crura'lis, e (fr. crus, a leg) belonging to a leg, crural. fornix, icis (m) (allied to furca, a fork) arch, connection. frigus, goris (n) (fr. same root as plyoz, cold) cold, frons, frondis (f) (fr. same root asfrux, fruit) a stem. frons, frontis (f) (cf Greek dfpuc;, eyebrow) forehead. genus, eris (n) (kind. w. yewdco, to produce) a race, genus. 154 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. glans, glandis (f ) (kindred w. ^61avoz, an acorn) a gland, gluten, inis (n) (fr. gluo, to stick together) glue, gluten, halo, o'nis (f ) (Gk. Sloiz, a circle around the sun) areola of nipple, helix, icis (f ) (Slff , a coil) part of external ear. herpes, e'tis (m) (from Ijottoj, serpo, to creep) an eruptive skin disease. hiru'do, inis (f) (unknown) a leech. hydrops, o'pis (n) (from Greek ubmp, water, ^ip, looking) dropsy. quam, than. EXERCISE XXIV. A. I. Diarrhoea est morbus mitior quam cholera. 2. Alcohol fortius est antisepticum. 3. Spinae vertebra- rum ligamenta flava habent. 4. Extractum cornus floridae fluidum. 5. Potassa fusa est caustica. 6. Spiri- tus frumenti fortior est quam aqua. 7. Nervi craniales in paribus sunt. 8. Uterus abactus (empty) brevior est quam uterus gravidus. 9. In osse frontis sunt cavitates, in cerebro, fornix. 10. Gluten cereale est cibus diabeti- corum. B. I. The surgeon has leeches and apparatus. 2. Dropsy of the amnion is not a common disease. 3. The "coil" of the ear and the gland of the penis. 4. The cat tribe, the dog species. 5. The bone of the forehead is a part of the skull. 6. There is the stem of a leaf in the fountain of water. 7. Cold is astringent, heat is antiseptic. 8. The "bark" of the brain and kid- neys. 9. The iliac arteries and nerves. 10. Whisky - is more pleasant than compound tincture of gentian. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Many adjectives in Latin, as in the modern lan- guages, are compared irregularly. This results from the THE LANGJjAGE OF MEDICINE. 155 use of synonyms, of which a part have been lost, so that the different degrees are often derived from entirely dif- ferent words. In the following list will be found the principal irregular adjectives used in medical works: — POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. Bonus, good me'lior. op'timus Dexter, on the right dexte'rior dex'timus Ex'tera (f ), outward exte'rior extre'mus infe'rior, lorwer in''fimus inte'rior, inner in'timus Malus, bad pejor pes'simus Magnus, large major max^imus Multus, many plus plu'rimus Parvus, small minor miiT'imus Pos'tera, behind poste'rior postre'mus prior, former primus pro'prior, nearer prox'imus Su'peras, abffve supe'rior supre'mus xAtt'-nor, further uKtimus When quam, than, is not expressed after the com- parative degree, the noun with which the first thing is compared is put in the ablative case ; thus we may say : — Mel dulcius est quam acetum, honey is sweeter than vin- egar, or, mel dulcius est ace to. The superlative is often rendered by the positive with very; thus optimus vir may be rendered either the best man, or a very good man, an exceedingly good man. VOCABULARY XXV. impu'rus, a, um (fr. im, not, sccvA purus, pure) impure. in'dicus, a, um (fr. India) Indian. innomina'tus, a, um (fr. in, not, and nomino, to name) not named, insa'nus, a, um (fr. in, not, and sanus, healthy) insane. 156 THE LANG UA GE OF MEDICINE. lac'ticus, a, um (fr. lac, milk) lactic. largus, a, um, broad, large. liq'uidus, a, um (fr. liquor, a fluid) liquid. longus, a, um (cf. Greek loyyd^u), to loiter) long. latus, a, um (kindred with TzXaxuz, broad) broad, wide. lotus, a, um (fr. luo, to wash) washed. lymphat'icus, a, um (fr. lympha, clear water, lymph) lymphatic, denta'tus, e (fr. dens, a tooth) toothed. dorsa'lis, e (fr. dorsum, the back) dorsal. erec'tilis, e (fr. erigo, to erect) erectile. facialis, e (Jr. fades, the face) facial. feb'rilis, e (ir.febris, fever) febrile. femora'lis, e {{r. femur, the thigh) femoral, flex'ilis, e ({r.flecto, to bend) bending, flexile, foeta'lis, e {ix.fatus, an embryo) foetal. frag'ilis, e (ir.frango, to break) easily broken, fragile, nasus, i (cf Aryan sna, to discharge, Eng. snot) the nose. nastur'tium, i (fr. nasus, nose, and torqueo, to twist) nasturtium. infu'sum, i (fr. in, in, asvdfundo, to pour) an infusion. insec'tum, i (fr. in, not, seco, to cut, too small to be cut) an insect. intesti'num, i (fr. intus, within) intestine, gut. io'dum, i (fr. ia)drj<;, violet color) iodine. ka'Iium, i (fr. Arabic kali, an alkaline plant) potassium. la'bium, i (perhaps fr. labor, to slip or slide) lip. labrum, i (fr. labium, a lip) the lip of a flower or insect. lactuca'rium, i (fr. lac, milk, the color of its juice) lettuce. lardum, i (cf Greek kapoc, fat) lard. lignum, i (kindred with ligo, to bind) fire wood, wood. linum, i (Greek Uvov, flax) flax, lith'ium, i (fr. Greek A«^oc, a stone) lithium. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 167 EXERCISE XXV. A. I. Musculi faciales et dorsales multi sunt. 2. Musculus longissimus dorsi major est longo muculo colli. 3. Libra sulphuris loti et drachma nasturtii gem- marum. 4. In vulva feminae sunt labia majoraet minora. 5. Tinctura cannabis Indicae est stimulus nervorum. 6. Levatores labii superioris sunt musculi faciales. 7. Musculus latissimus dorsi est depressor acromii_ 8. Infusum lactucarii soporem causat. 9. In vagina sunt labia et cervix uteri. 10. Caput foetale maris majus est quam caput foetale femininum. B. I. Quinine and aconite are very good medicines for febrile diseases. 2. River water is good for drinking and baths. 3. The bones of birds are more fragile than those of cats and dogs. 4. The outer surface of the frontal bone is smooth. 5. The small gut is longer than the large. 6. Infusion of digitalis is a medicine for dis- eases of the heart. 7. The extending muscle of the " smallest " (little) finger. 8. The physician gives a flax seed poultice to the boy. 9. Carbonate of lithium is diuretic. 10. Itch is a bad disease, syphilis is worse, but leprosy the worst of all. CHAPTER XIV. Numeral Adjectives. NUMERAL* adjectives are of three kinds, viz., cardinals, ordinals, and distributives. From numeral adjectives numeral adverbs are derived. CARDINALS. Unus, 3 Duo, ij Tres, iij Quatuor, iv Quinque. v Sex, vj Septem, vij Octo, viij Novem, ix Decern, x Un'deciin, xj Duod'ecim, xij Tre'decim, xiij Quatuor'decim, xiv Quiti'decim, xv Se'decim, xvj Septen'decim, xvij Vigin'ti, XX Quinquagin'ta, 1 Centum, c Mille, m NUMERAL ORDINALS. DISTRIBUTIVES. ADVERBS. primus,yf>-rf sin'guli, one by one semel, once secun'dus, second bini, two by two bis, tmice ter'tius, third, etc. terni, three by three ter, thrice quartus quater'ni oifaX&i, four times quintus quini quin'quies sextus seni sex'ties sep'timus septe'ni sep'ties' octa'vus octo'ni oc'ties nonus nove'ni no'nies dec'imus deni de'cies undec'imus unde'ni unde'cies duodec'imus duode'ni duode'cies ter'tius dec'imus terni deni terde'cies quartus dec'imus quater'ni deni quatuorde'cies quintus dec'imus quini deni quinde'cies sextus dec'imus seni deni sede'cies sep'timus dec'imus septe'ni deni de'cies et sep'ties vices'simus vice'ni vi'cies quinquE^es'simus quinqu^e'ni quinqua'^es centes'simus cente'ni cen'ties milles'simus mille'ni mil'lies * Numerus^ a number, comes from an Aryan root, nam^ meaning to divide. It may interest the student to know that the names of numerals in all languages are derived by metaphor. Thus, one, Greek hen, Latin unus, and German ein, are all derived from the root of the first personal pronoun /. The word tiao, Greek and Latin duoy is from the root of the second personal pronoun, cf. German Du, Greek and Latin te^ iuus. Five, Greek pente, Latin quinquCy German /uenf, are all akin to the Sansk. Paniy the hand, which has five fingers. The Greek deca, ten, and Latin decern, con- tain the same root as the Greek daciylos and Latin digitus^ finger, the ten fingers be- ing thus the foundation of the decimal system. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 159 Urnis, one, is declined throughout, of course only in the singular, like an irregular adjective of the first and second declensions. (See declension oi alius, p. 141.) Duo, two, is declined as follows: — MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. duo duae duo Gen. duo'rum dua'rum duo''rum Dot. duo''bus dua'bus duo''bus Ace. duos or duas duo Voc. duo duae duo Abl. duo'^us dua'bus duo''bus Tres, three, is declined like an adjective of two end- ings of the third declension; thus, tres, tria; trium, trium, etc. All other cardinals are indeclinable. Ordinals are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions. Distributives are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions in the plural, but form the geni- tive masculine and neuter in um instead of o'rum; thus, masculine bini, feminine binae, neuter, bina, nominative; binum, binarum, binum, genitive, etc. There is also a class of multiplicatives ending in plex from plico, to fold; thus, simplex (semelplex) single, duplex, double, triplex, triple, quadruplex, fourfold, etc. VOCABULARY XXVI. or'ganum, i (fr. Greek ohysoi, to work) a tool, organ. os'tium, i (fr. os, a mouth) an entrance. ox'idum, i (fr. d^hz, sour) an oxide. pab'ulum, i (fr. pascor, to graze) fodder, nutriment. palatum, i (fr. balato, to bleat) the palate. palla'dium, i (fr. IlaUdz, Minerva) the metal palladium. 160 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. pedilu'vium, i (fr. pedes, feet, and luo, to wash) foot bath, plumbum, i (cognate with [loh^doi; lead) lead, podophyl'lum, i (fr. Greek nouz, foot, and (puUov, leaf) mandrake. potas'sium, i (fr. English potash) also called kalium. poma'tum, i (fr. pomum, fruit) a pommade. index, icis (m) (fr. indico, to point out) first finger, iter, in'eris (n) (fr. ire, to go) a passage. jecur, oris (m) (cognate with rjTzap) liver, jus, juris (n) id.jugum, a yoke) that which is binding, law. lac, lactis (m) (cognate with ydla, milk) milk. lanu'go, inis (f) (fr. lana, wool) downy hair on skin. lens, tis (f) (unknown) a lentil, lens, lien, enis (n) (cognate with ajzkijv, spleen) spleen. lues, luis (f) (cf Xoypoz, baneful) pestilence, syphilis, lumba'go, inis (f ) (fr. lumbus, the loin) lumbago, opa'cus, a, um (fr. bnoz, juice) juice colored, opaque, op'ticus, a, um (fr. omo), to see) optic. oxal'icus, a, um (fr. b^aU^, sorrel) oxalic. pal'lidus, a, um (fr, palleo, to be pale) pallid. pathet'icus, a, um (fr. Ttddoi;, feeling, emotion, disease) pathetic. paucus, a, um (kindred with parum, little) few. planus, a, um (fr. contract, of placnus. Germ, platz, an open place) level. posti'cus, a, um (fr. postea, behind) posterior, purus, a, um (fr. a root /a, meaning to clean) pure, muli'ebris, e (fr. mulier, a woman) belonging to woman. nob'ilis, e (fr. gnosco, to know) learned, noble. occidenta'lis, s (fr. occidens, settling down of the sun) western. EXERCISE XXVI. A. I . Homo, jecinorem unum, lentes duas, et or- gana multa habet. 2. Patheticus est nervus quartus THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 161 cranii. 3. Pilulae duae ter in die. 4. Lumbago est neuralgia musculorum dorsalium. 5 . Nervus opticus est nervus secundus cranii. 6. In cranio sunt ossa octo, in facie quatuordecim. 7. Nervi tertii, quarti et sexti cranii sunt motores oculi. 8. Portio mollis nervi septimi cran- ialis est nervus auditorius. 9. Peroneus tertius est musculus cruris. 10. Plumbum est metallum grave. B. I. Oleoresin of mandrake. 2. In the forearm is the long flexor of the first finger. 3. The eight bones of the carpus. 4. The third bone of the little finger. 5. The plane bone of the orbit. 6. Oxalic acid is bitter. 7. In sour milk there is lactic acid. 8. There are two hundred bones in the body. CHAPTER XV. Derivation of Adjectives. DERIVATIVE adjectives are formed principally from nouns and verbs. I. Adjectives derived from nouns are called denomi- tives, and are formed by adding suffixes to the stem of the noun. -eus, a, um, and -inus, a, um, denote material or resemblance, like the English suffixes ous and en. Examples: Aureus, golden, from aurum, gold; piceus, pitchy, from pix, pitch; adaman'tinus, adaman- tine, from adamas, adamant. -a' lis, e ; -a'ris, e ; -a'rius, a, um; -o'rius, a, um; -i'lis, e; -at' His, e; -ic'ius, a, um; -icus, a, um; -ius, a, um; -i'nus, a, um. The above suffixes signify belonging or pertaining to the thing denoted by the noun. Examples : Fcetalis, pertaining to the foetus ; alaris, pertaining to a wing; salivarius, pertaining to spittle; tinctorius, pertaining to dyers; senilis, pertaining to an old man; saxatilis, belonging to the rocks; patricius,h&- longing to the father; pulmonicus, belonging to a lung; vesicatorius, pertaining to a blister; equinus, pertaining to a horse. Observation : The termination -inus, a, um belongs especially to animals. Thus, we have felinus, feline, cat- like; elephantinus, from elephas. -o'sus, a, um; -len'tus, a, um, denote abounding in the thing expressed by the noun. Examples: Nervosus, abounding in nerves; viru- lentus, abounding in poison. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 163 -en' sis, e; -a'nus, a, um, attached to the stems of the names of places, denote belonging to a place. Examples: Chinensis, belonging to China; Vir- ginianus, belonging to Virginia. -a'tus, a, um, denotes furnished with the thing desig- nated by the noun. Examples: Barbatus, having a beard; pinnatus, having wings ; vertebratus, furnished with vertebrae ; ven- enatus, furnished with poison; cornuius, furnished with horns. 2. Adjectives derived from verbs are called verbals, and are usually formed by means of the following suffixes: — -bundus, a, um, added to the stem of a verb, has a strengthened meaning of the present participle in ns, English ing. Example : From morior, to die,, we have moribun- dus, about to die, moribund. -idus, a, um; -uus, a, um, added to the stems of neuter verbs to denote the quality expressed by the verb. Examples : From valeo, to be of worth, validus, of value; from noceo, to be harmful, noccuus, injurious. -His, e ; -bilis, e, added to the stem of a verb, denote capability or desert. Examples: From duco, to lead or draw, ductilis, capable of being drawn ; from retraho, to retreat, retract- ilis, capable of being drawn back; from texo, to weave, textilis, capable of being woven; from volo, to fly away, volatilis, capable of flying away; from horreo, to frighten, horribilis, capable of frightening. -a'tus, -e'tus, -itus, i'tus, terminations of past parti- ciples, equivalent to English -ed. Examples : Perfero, to perforate, perforatus, per- forated; aceo, to be sour, acetum, soured; soleo, to 164 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. be accustomed, solitus, accustomed; partio, to divide, partitus, divided. -ns is the tepmination of present participle, English -ing; thus, from repo, to creep, repens, creeping. VOCABULARY XXVII. cosmet'icus, a, um (fr. Greek xoafiiia, to adorn) cosmetic, grac'ilis, e (Sanskrit gca, thin) slender, graceful, gravis, e (cognate with ^apuz, heavy) heavy, iner'mis, e (in, without, arma, arms) unarmed, inguina'lis, e (fr. inguen, the groin) inguinal, intercosta'lis, e (from inter, between, casta, rib) between the ribs, interspina'lis, e (fr. inter, between, spina, spine) between the spinous processes, jugula'ris, e {ir.jugulum, the neck) jugular, lactea'lis, e (fr. lac, milk) lacteal, letha'lis, e (fr. Gk. l^dtj, the river from which the souls of the dead drank causing them to forget the past) deadly, mala'ris, e (fr. mala, the cheek) malar, margina'lis, e (fr. margo, a border) marginal, mola'ris, e (fr. mola, a millstone) molar (tooth), morta'lis, e (fr. mors, death) deadly, raatu'rus, a, um (kindred with mater, mother) ripe, media'nus, a, um (fr. medius, middle) median, mor'bidus, a, um (fr. morbus, a disease) diseased, nevus, a, um (cognate with veoc, new) new. obliq'uus, a, um (from ob, against, and a root lak, to lean) slanting. lycopo'dium, i (fr. kuxoc, a wolf, nou<;, foot) wolf's foot. meco'nium, i (fr. fx^xwv) poppy juice) contents of foetal intestine. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 165 membrum, i (kind. w. membrana, a membrane) member. men'struum, i (fr. mensis, monthly purgation) a vehicle or solvent. moUus'cum, i (fr. mollis, soft) a mollusc. momen'tutn, i (fr. moveo, to move) moving force. monstrum, i (fr. moneo, to warn) evil omen ; a monstrosity o'leum, i (fr. oliva, olive, fr. which oleum was obtained) oil. crista, ae (fr. same root as crinis, hair) crest, topknot. gallus, i (fr. root gar, to call garlus) a cock. EXERCISE XXVII. A. I. Epilepsia gravior est morbus horribilis. 2. Crista galli est pars ossis ethmoidalis. 3. Ossa crani- alia immobilia sunt. 4. Taeniae sunt inermes, nanae, latae, et sagittatae. 5. Bubo est inflammatio glandis inguinalis. 6. Dosis lethalis opii est de granis tribus ad grana viginti. 7. Os malare, dentes molares. 8. Vir est homo masculus. 9. Columna spinalis est linea corporis mediana. 10. Virus morbidum rabiem caninum causat. B. I. In the ovaries there are ovules, in the uterus ail egg. 2. In morbid poison there are pathogenetic bacteria. 3. The external oblique muscle of the abdo- men. 4. In the gut of the foetus there is meconium. 3. The virile member of a man. 6. Gold and silver have I none. 7. Contagious mollusc is a disease of the skin. 8. Oil of clove and bitter almond. 9. The birth of a monstrosity is a cause of tears. 10. Oleo-resin of male fern. CHAPTER XVI. Pronouns. THE regular third personal pronoun, is, ea, id,, he, she, it, is seldom used in medical Latin, idem, eadem, idem, the same, being preferred. Idem is declined as follows : — SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. idem e'aden idem Gen. ejus'dem ejus'dem ejus'dem Dat. ei'dem ei'dem ei'dem Ace. eun'dem ean'dem idem Abl. eo'dem ea''dem PLURAL. eo'dem MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. ii'dem eae'dem e'adem Gen. eorun''dem earun'dem eoTun'dem Dat. eis'dem eis'dem eis'dem Ace. eos'dem . eas'dem e'adem Abl. eis^dem eis'dem eis'dem The relative qui, quae, quod, who, which, is thus declined : — SINGULAR. MASCULINE, FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. qui quae quod Gen. cujus cujus cujus Dat. cui cui cui Ace. quern quam quod Abl. quo qua quo THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 167 PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. qui quae quae Gen. quorum quarum quorum Dot. quibus quibus quibus Ace. quos quas quae Abl. quibus quibus quibus The demonstratives hie, haec, hoc, this (near us), and ille, ilia, illud, that (yonder), like adjectives, agree with the nouns which they limit in gender number and case. When two things are mentioned hie is applied to the lat- ter, and ille to the former; thus, vir et puella, haec est pulchra, ille, fortis. " The man and the girl, the latter is beautiful, the former brave." SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. hie haec hoc Gen. hujus hujus hujus Dot. huic huic huic Ace. hunc banc hoc Voc. hie haec hoc Abl. hoc hac PLX.TRAL. hoc MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom. hi hae haec Gen. horum harum horum Bat. his his his Ace. boj has haec Voc. hi hae haec Abl. his his SINGULAR. his MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Nom, ille ilia illud Gen. ini''us illi'us illi'us Vat. illi illi illi Ace. ilium illam illud Voc. ille ilia illud Abl. Ulo ilia illo 12 168 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Norn. illi illae ilia Gen. illo^rum illa''TUm illo'rum Dat. illis illis illis Ace. iUos iUas ilia Voc. illi illae ilia AM. Ulis Ulis illis VOCABULARY XXVIII. cochlea're, is (n) (fr. Greek xo^Xia(;, a small shell) a shell, a spoon, princip'ium, i (ff primum, first capio, to take) a begin- ning, puden'dum, i (future part, of pudeo, to be ashamed) of which one should be ashamed, genitalia, punctum, i (fr. pungo, to prick) a point. pyr'ethrum, i (fr. nup, fire, fever, ipudpbz, red) " fever few." quadriho'rium, i (from quartus, a fourth, hora, hour) a quarter of an hour, rectum, i (fr. rego, to lead straight) straight, straightgut. regnum, i (fr. rego, to lead) a reign, kingdom, reme'dium, i (fr. re, again, medeor, to heal) a remedy, rheum, i (fr. Rka, a name for the river Volga) rhubarb. rostrum, i (fr. rodo, to gnaw or pick) a beak, muzzle. scammo'nium, i (fr. Greek axafifuuvia, bind-weed, from axdfi^oz, crooked) scammony. scrotum, i (cogn. w. ;fo/>«ov, a hide) pouch, bag of a male, matrix, I'cis (f) (fr. mater, mother) the nourishing part, womb, root, mucila'go, inis (f ) (fr. mucus, Gk. [3X)xoz, mucus) mucilage, nox, noctis (f) (from Aryan nak, destroy; cf Greek vu^, night) night, nux, nucis (f ) (kind. w. nutrio, to nourish) a nut, kernel. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 169 praepara'tus, a, um (part. fr. prceparo, prepare) prepared. profun'dus, a, um {^pro, out horn, fundus, depth) deep, purifica'tus (fr. purus, ^nre, facto, to make) made pure, quadra'tus, a, um (fr. quatuor, four) square. quantus, a, um (fr. quam, as) as much as. quarta'nus, a, um (fr. quartus, fourth) belonging to the fourth day. quotidia'nus, a, um (fr. quotidies, every day) quotidian. oc'ciput, itis (n) (fr. ob, opposite, caput, the head) base of the head. OS, oris (f ) (fr. Aryan as, to live, breathe) the mouth. orbicula'ris, e (fr. orbis, a circle) circular, orbita'lis, e (fr. orbita, the orbit, fr. orbis, a circle) orbital, ova'lis, e (fr. ovum, an ^^'^ egg-shaped, palma'ris, e (fr. palma, the palm) palmar, parieta'lis, e (fr. paries, a wall, fr. pario, to divide) parietal. pectora'lis, e (fr. pectus, the chest, breast) pectoral. peren'nis, e (fr. per, through, annus, the year) perennial, living throughout the years, planta'ris, e (fr. planta, the sole) plantar. rec'ipe (verb) i^re, again, capio, to take) take (imperative), EXERCISE XXVIII. A. I. Recipe cochleare medium cretae preparatae nocte. 2. Pudenda maris sunt penis, pubes et scrotum. 3. In conjunctiva sunt puncta lachrymalia. 4. Recipe cochleare magnum spiritus frumenti omni quadrihorio. 5. Rectum est pars tertia magni intestini. 6. Saccharum lactis dulce est. 7. In naso est rostrum vomeris. 8. Oleum santali est remedium gonorrhoeae. 9. Muci- lago est vehiculum utile. 10. Flexor profundus digito- rum est musculus cubiti. 110 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. B. I. The square lobe of the liver. 2. The sick man has a daily fever. 3. The occipital bone is the lowest in' the skull. 4. Compound pills of iron are officinal. 5. The circular muscles of the mouth. 6. In the orbit there are sutures, grooves, and fissures. 7. The oval hole of the fcetal heart. 8. The long palmar muscle is a flexor. 9. The plantar muscle is a flexor of the toes. 10. The violet and the rose are perennial plants. CHAPTER XVII. The Verb. A FULL discussion of the Latin verb is a subject outside of the province of this book. We will, accordingly, limit our study to those parts of the verb employed in prescription writing. In the active voice, the imperative second person singular, and the subjunctive third person singular, are the only parts used. In the passive voice, the infinitive, the third person singular subjunctive, the gerund or future participle, and past participle, are the only parts employed. For ex- ample, take agita're, to shake; we may use in the active voice the imperative agita, shake (thou), and the sub- junctive third person singular, agitet, let him shake. In the passive voice we may use the infinitive agitari, to be shaken; the subjunctive third person singular, agitetur, let it be shaken ; the gerund, agitandus, -a, -um, {est), it should be shaken ; and the past participle, agitatus, -a, -um, shaken. I. The Conjugations: There are four conjugations or methods of inflecting the verb, depending upon the vowel which precedes the ending re of the present infini- tive active. Verbs whose present infinitive active ends in: — are, are of the first conjugation, ere, are of the second conjugation, fire, are of the third conjugation. Ire, are of the fourth conjugation. 172 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 2. The imperative active second person singular is used in giving directions to the dispenser, and is formed by dropping the termination re of the infinitive. Examples: AgitaV^, to shake (ist coig.^ agfita, shake (thou). Admove'r?, to apply (2d conj.) mlmo've, apply (thou). Ad'dfi^, to add (3d conj.) ad'de, add (tiiou). Vaitl're, to divide (4th coiiy) parii, divide (thou), 3. The subjunctive active third person singular is formed by adding the following terminations to the stem of the verb: — In the first conjugation, (et), thus, ag'itet, let him shake. In the second conjugation, (eat), thus, admove'at, let him apply. In the third conjugation, (at), thus, addat, let him add. In the fourth conjugation, (iat), thus, partiat, let him divide. 4. The infinitive passive is formed in all conjuga- tions except the third by changing the final e of the infinitive active to i. Thus, agitari, to be shaken; moveri, to be moved, etc. In the third conjugation the infinitive passive is formed by adding i to the root, as addi, to be added. 5. The passive of the subjunctive third person singular is formed by adding ur to the subjunctive; thus, agitet'ur, let it be shaken, admovea'tur, let it be applied. 6. The future passive participle or gerund is formed in the four conjugations by adding to the stem of the verb, -andus, -a, -um, -endus, -endus, and -iendus, respect- ively; thus, agitandus, about to be shaken, admovendus, etc. The uses of the different parts of the verb are illus- trated in the following prescription: — Recipe, Pulveris Jalapae co'mpositae unciam, Potassii Bitartratis uncias duas. Misce. Ejusdem capiat seger cochleare parvum nocte maneque donee anasarca curari videatur, dein prse- scribe pilulas ferri compositas quarum duae ter in die sumendae sunt. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 173 o o :z; c I— ( < 8 Eh m Pi W H P4 O PQ .-§ s- = =5alllll Sll l; y -ij u 13 TO c o 2 s-s 3 5 g ga « i-iri(-inlr SITS 3 u i3b 9.13 ! 2 'J U U V >■ _ 3 CL. O. sgl.l pa Ix CO (A •g 'S i "2 r S .-300^ U U nj u .13 ._ .„ s ts « 'c -n s s s as g I S o 3 3 g b .Bi CU CU Oh CLi )-• en (O i.l|||l--|&|t!« I .8 i o o ^ a " ri c »4 u 5 s I ■S ■^^ -■s 1^ 4) "Vi >* <« .r ,r S S 9 jf a ■^ ,r>o JJ u h S >: t! B 5 S S! & -^Hl^^lILiELiFLiPHaic/^a! ^■s «l ■« 1^ g ^A tS augendus cavendus clendus exhibend fovendus miscendu movendu respondei •Si UJ ■(J (3 > ^ ■^ t. -M UJ > ■§* Igeatur, veatur eatur ;hibeatu veatur isceatur oveatur spondea 15 2 2 SSuSvSBSSi H M t 1 a 1^ S" .< ^1 8 to be ri deri 2; igen, iveri eri :hibe veri iscer over! spon §s-oE^sesi ^ w .8 1 H ■ll, w -« H 8 ■^ ^ 1 fa ^ rt *- *j 'O M Jl J3 13 «J OJ IlliSSJjgS- s ss-sg^ssa (^ H > UJ ^ «■ S > V. ^ 'b it. 111 > 1 « 3 t- - J3 4> QJ S 5^ auge cave cie exhi fove misc mov resp: ^"S 1 s sal ■^ CQ b 1-1 V^ ^ 9 gigs-Si's ISI^^B S S r> J^*i' -^ S^ ^ Ri '5 O 1^ T-« ft ■3 S 1- « -2 d y S /■a : - - ^ " •= 3 S S 5 2 .- - -a -c "S .& S 3:2 ffo S o o ;3 ;a xxjiSgoaSisSo d,nuuouuX)'^!UVU3aCUcn[n-«^3^i> ^1 c9 ,a P « s 3 S cT^ 5 o u u u u S"5 o.s c.^ s a u-g^s a e o o (J (J ^ -S -S 1 §■- , ft -^ -^^ s:i=l. aT OJ (U M III ■^ 3 >■ ^. a .3 3 3 iz; £ 3. -c-S "m 3 "C O -s ^g. H < O D iz; o 1 ■c K J :e:s Pi t II D 1 liH 8 H i « a *j O egluti ormia aurial artiat r/5 T3 -O J3 d pa Pi W > o > III > > 1- 'i >^ degluti dormi hauri parti 1^1* 1 Deglutire, to n Dormire, to sle Haurire, to dn Partire, to divi THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. Ill VOCABULARY XXX. talis, e, such a, such. stramo'nium, i (fr. root stra, strew; cf. strafes, slaughter) poison thornapple. stratum, i (fr. sterno, to lay down) a layer. succeda'neum, i (from sub, under, after, cedo, to follow) a substitute, successor. suc'cinum, 1 (fr. succus, juice, supposed source) amber. supercil'ium, i (fr. super, over, dlium, eyelash) eyebrow. tanace'tum, i (corrupted fr. d.davdata, immortality) tansy. tig'lium, i, croton plant. triho'rium, i {tres, three, and horae, hours) three hours. trios'teum, i (from Greek rpk, three, daveov, bone, from form) fever root. trit'icum, i (fr. tero, to thresh) wheat, dog grass. tym'panum, i (Greek zufmavoiJ, a drum, from Tunno, to strike) drum of ear. infans, i (in, not, fans, speaking) infant. tempus, oris (n) (fr. root tem, to cut) time; the temple; the fatal spot. tendo, inis (m) (fr. tendo (v.) to stretch) a tendon. testu'do, inis (f ) (fr. testa, a shell) tortoise; scalp tumor. sciat'icus, a, um (fr. Greek iaitarrK6<:, belonging to thigh.) sclerot'icus, a, um (from Greek axl-^pbz, hard) hard mem- brane of the eye. serra'tus, a, um (fr. serra, a saw) saw-toothed, serrated. siccus, a, um (cf. sitio, to be dry) dry. sol'idus, a, um (fr. solum, the ground) solid. somnif erus, a, um (fr. somnus, sleep,/^r/jease. re, again, back. jff4apse ; remedy, to heal again. retro, behind. i?i?/w-pharyngeal, behind the pharynx. se (seco, to divide) apart. .Seclude. It is quite important that the student learn the exact meanings of prepositions. Although ■ not much employed separately, they are of very frequent occur- rence in the composition of medical terms. * /«, as a negative prefix, is a different word entirely from the preposi1;ion in. The former is akin to the Greek aneu, without, and English un, while the latter is cognate with the Greek en and eis, in and into. t Su6 often has the signification of English iiA. Thus, i«}flava, somewhat yellow, yellowzjA. A j«51uxation is not a luxation downward, • but .," somewhat of a luxation," a partial luxation or sprain. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 185 VOCABULARY XXXII. luxa'tio o'nis (f) (fr. luxo, to dislocate) dislocation. quantus, a, um, how much ; as much as. tantus, a, um, so much. tep'idus, a, um (fr. tepeo, to be warm) tepid, lukewarm. tertia'nus, a, um (fr. tertius, third) belonging to third day. trigem'inus, a, um (fr. tres, three, geminus, a twin) triplet. ustus, a, um (fr. uro, to burn) burnt. varus, a, um (kindred with verto, to bend) baridy-legged, bow-legged, verus, a, um (cf. German wahr) true, real. semis'sis, e (fr. semi, half) half, suavis, e (cogn. with )Jrce, before hand, and scribere, to write, and signifies the written directions of a physician or surgeon for the pre- paration and use of a medicine or other means of cure. A physician may prescribe change of climate or blood- letting. When the apothecaries consulted the physicians about their patients, prescriptions like the following were often given: — " Emitte sanguinis uncias sedecim saltern, vel ad deliquium; draw at least sixteen ounces of blood, or until fainting is produced;" or "Ad recidivium prcecavendum, delrahatur sanguis pro re nata; to pre- vent a relapse, let blood be drawn occasionally." K formula, (dim. oi forma, a rule) is a written direction for preparing and using a pharmaceutical remedy, being more limited in its application than the word prescription. Formulae are of two kinds, extemporaneous or magis- tral, and officinal. Magistral formulcB are so called because they are constructed by the physician, who is supposed to be a master (magister) of his art, on the 192 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. instant, {ex tempore). Officinal formulce are so desig- nated because they are published in the pharmacopoeias and are supposed to be kept ready for use in the apoth- ecary shop [officind). Furthermore formulae may be either simple or com- pound. A simple formula, {formula simplex) contains but a single ingredient, while a compound formula {for- mula composita) contains two or more. /. The Parts of a Prescription or Formula. 1. In this country it is usually customary to begin a prescription with the name of the patient and the date, although the majority of the books recommend that these be placed last or next the physician's name. 2. The heading. In primitive societies the priest and the physician were one and the same man. When acting in his medical capacity no cure was ever underr taken without first invoking the assistance of the gods, a custom still in vogue among the Brahmins and Mohammedans. Prescriptions were begun with a prayer and at a later period when medicine had become distinct from theology, it was deemed sufficient to place the sign of the chief of the gods, Jupiter, (2f ) at the beginning of the parchment. Whenever a metal which was supposed to be the property of any particular deity was prescribed, it was thought that the medicine would act with greater certainty and power if the symbol of the god were used instead of the name of the drug. Thus: — C the new moon, the symbol of Diana, was written for silver. ? the mirror of Venus, for copper. S the shield and spear of Mars, for iron. T; the sickle of Saturn, for lead, etc. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 193 At present the heading of a prescription is B;, a sympol composed of the first letter of Recipe, R, and the sign of Jupiter, the king of the gods (2^ ). This is about the only relic in modern medicine showing that in ancient times medicine was practiced only by the priesthood, but, nevertheless, a relic quite as suggestive as the hairy point sometimes seen on the helix of the human ear, which Darwinians tell us proves that the ancestors of mankind were monkeys. 3. The names and quantities of the ingredients. The name of each ingredient should be in a line by itself. The ingredients should be placed in the following order: — («) The basis, or principal drug. ((5) The auxiliary or adjuvant, which is supposed to assist the action of the basis. {c) The corrective, which removes or corrects some objectionable quality of the basis or adjuvant. (d ) The vehicle, which gives a proper form to the whole and serves as a means to convey it into the system. After the name of each ingredient, in the same line, are placed the symbols denoting the quantities required. The following symbols and abbreviations are now used: — C for Congius, a gallon. O for Octarius, an eighth of a congius, a pint. § for uncia, an ounce. 3 for drachma, a drachm, gr. for granum, or grana, grain or grains. Ttl, for minimum, a minim, or ^ of a drachm. In prescribing fluids, /, for fluidum, is sometimes placed before the symbol designating the quantity. 194 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. although this is not necessary. 3, the sign for scrupu- lum, will be found in the books, but is now seldom used in prescriptions, all weights being expressed in ounces, drachms and grains. It will be observed that many of these symbols are mere abbreviations. The signs for ounce, drachm, and scruple, however, are modeled after those employed by the Arabic alchemists. The number of ounces, drachms, and grains is ex- pressed by means of the Roman letters i, ii, iii, iv, v, yi, etc., but fractions of grains and minims, with the excep- tion of one-half, which is written ss, an abbreviation of semisis, half, are usually expressed by the Arabic numerals; thus, gr. \, a quarter of a grain, lU^, a twenty-iifth of a minim. With regard to the grammatical construction of this portion of a prescription it may be stated as a rule that the names of the ingredients in all compound formu- lae should be put in the genitive case* after the quan- tities which are in the accusative case governed by recipe. Take for example : — 8: Quininae Sulphatis 5 j- Extract! Gentianae gr. xxx. Fiat Massa in pilulas xxx dividenda. In simple formulae, however, in which the ingredient is not weighed or measured, but counted, as is the case with pills, troches and suppositories, the name of the ingredient is put in the accusative case. Thus we may write: — Bb Pilulas ferri compositas xii, "take twelve com- pound pills of iron," not B: Pilularum ferri composi- tarum xii. * When g. s, ad, quantum sufficzai ad is employed after the name of the last ingredient, the genitive is used. If, however, ad is used and the g. s. is omitted, the name of the ingredient should always be put in the accusative. Thus we may write : — Agu -rt dJ H flj •a rO JS Q o m H K H O O P H tn 05 3 « 3 S •Ur3-^ 5 .2 330 fi -- C " (U n! 3 jj 3 ft k .2 3 ^ tn to tj43 .S< rt " 3 s ft y 3 s2 ? ■ !U 3 3 I — . o 3 ? c U 1-r Ui •— < TO *-< ,3 ^^ *-• c; _ b/)j::!.i:iunirtnlcdbfl (XXi co J J .3 u en 3 a 3 .3 nl cd (Tt O o " '1-4 -4-) 4) rt > o 3 "t -^^ 5 So- ft's U 3 3?:^" o 3 3 a- 3 o 3 ni 3 « 3 != u ^ ' !-. j_, j_, %H ,T^ .T^ U ■^ 3 >^S -ij cd -J rt 3:ir)<;c/) "O •^ o Oh b l*H 0-g o o „ (u -§-^ ft w * _< ^"< . . 5 o to « -w -5 -0-5 cl Q_ ^j^ r^ a ni y (u 5" bfl'XS TD S a a •C w, q J3 JS o to •g c _ rt ° w -a o t » V ■ocGC!Cot:t;rtij™il;3u3rtrt(uj3j;x! <<<<<<<:::5^ooiurt3jijrtc^yy-=?^rtua,Sa,2 o +-» .5 e s I E d >, 3 :3 3 5i3.y:H s:S ji CS &i O, 5 Oh 1) i: vfa t- "sa» 210 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. c o s tn 5 -^ rt _o _ 3 (J CI m 3 O .H, rt ns g g-g Si • a. :2 « s s 2 „ . « "O .•-IS ■M C & 2 O S w rt b/3 2., ij .t! !-■ C ■§ •::: u C c ,S .ti •<-■ ,S .-ti in" i; iJ "5 .-H -^ = c (U bo nrtrt,«iu">.>>u^43(UniaI wooooooooooKffiffi!i:Ka,S^23WHjj THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 211 ■3 - "2 - « 53 b.l 9^ 3 3 a E c S^ ;6 j3 S:^ ^ S -S • > g 1 2 §- g IB gj'C .^ c3aJnj(U artecccccsccCcco'ao.ciaaoi; 1) CCS ,rt3&'ci5^3iu E 'a to cucxo. M -o r^ ,rtO-n2!:>/3g-S lii rt lis Ji ^ CU O-ja Cq3i2 inXl>tn'>3u>S:i:+5^ S Sc^ .2 ^iJo^jS ^ ^rt "S C C u m ,^ nJrt-S^o.2SS>T3mlMg2 OirtiS D4ti> Oiu c ov bfi.o >u:: >,3 rt o;i:iiii •gs >-s rt-g ^^.s 2 p oj :§ o ^ . ^g. M g "1;; I o ■5 -^^ ^ a--^ 'So a -p, .Si .-r . -cA J5 i:" d ti ^i. =-'5 ^ .S-"^ -T^'S S^w-o a S « 214 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. tn o 3 ^ rt g iUrt43;i33njVHt.u>, C450.n bfla-3 3 3 N collum capillus thorax caecum gingiva palatum urachus ureter urethra arcus zygomaticus o 1 "O 1 'o a ^ -g,« g-^ ^^ g^i § ^' Q, is _, 3 ^ . ►a -3 ^^ -3 d aa d *■ ^ 0: 03 0: th 1^ S^ir ,§- a,,'-^ =L =s. =L <5. ^- w Trachel Trich Thorac Typhi Ul Uranisc Urach Ureter Urethr Zygomat Q O FQ W a H o tn iz; O (—1 H O U W Q < O I— I H U ;^ w K H o feeling sexual desire life mucus chyle chyme gall, bile colostrum sensatio venustas vita mucus chyle chyme fel, bilis colostrum c ^ 2 -^2 .So a -r« £ iH O gT3 ^ 1;^ 3 ^ 3"-r| d d u^ "tl S * .i i >2 3-2 -^ 3 3 O o « tS <53.<5a- N! N! !>^ »! [/3 iEsthesis Aphrodisias Bio Blenn Chylo Chymo Chole Colostr THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 215 c o C ■^ d v^ ■c «; n 3 1m u -s C O X 4J" K 5! C ^ c : 3 2 v-i rt O 2.2 JJ to c U l-i .S ' u IJ >-< , lis 0,3 3 int!C-rietnctl«l>'0 oini ^ M So SJ ,S S! s ^ 6 e s s a n! E m ifl " bjo el -5 P i2 Si ^ -u 3; as - *- ^ "^ biO ^ >-■ I-" o en O r^ ^ O O O l-T) S ■S4 g o ^ 3 6= ^ -M (U o o CJ "^ -4-J - jL Tin >» P L-J lH lii ti^ vj3 "43 "i! jrt C3 .n o 53 -M ■M §-5 3 2 6 if -to »^ S«o«o«*«5i'>..>~ ii- a, a, a,- a.- s -§--§- ID O .2 .S .- >. G ni .c rt oj oj oe-Slt o « « c >,>.« Si ^ UQPQQWOOOoSjyWjSSSSSDOO 15 216 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. o u q g .S .S 1 ^%^- o bfl « I S 1 .2 rt .^ ia o D •" o o > O O TJ TJ > > _ -43 O 2 2 ts 2 'tJ 6 c « b ■- 5 be aj 3 ni ■^ cS S rt B £ 3 -c 6 P tn +J D tn //Ctf, to J, to go eat speak speak ice grow breath drink f^ o -§ tj &.s-s-s-a~ti b ,-t! ° O i3 " f P O S is s - > ft ti S ,S5)S,S«^o OOOPLiPU(lk (dpif) be- fore vowels. A preposition equivalent to the Latin amdi or amd, meaning literally on both sides, with a secondary meaning of both ways. amphiarthro'sis, articulating both ways, i. e. synar- throsis and diarthrosis. amphib'ious, living both ways, i. e. on land and in water. am'phora, handles, ^lopot, on both sides, two-handled jar. ana-, (dv<£-) before consonants, an- {d.v) before vowels. A preposition meaning up, throughout, again, Latin re, or apart, like Latin se and dis. anal'ysis, a loosening again, solution, anasar'ca, (water) throughout the flesh, anastomo'sis, inosculation. an'aplasty, a forming again, restoration of lost parts, anaspa'dias, opening {arradca) upwards of urethra. anode, the upward track (6(J6f) of electric current. anti- (dvr/-) before a vowel, ant- (clvr) before a con- sonant, anth- {dud^-) before the aspirate h. A preposition meaning against, opposite, opposed to, like Latin contra and English counter. It is often used in the formation of words denoting remedies for the affection specified by the primitive. antephial'tes, a remedy for nightmare. anthe'lix, (the part of ear) opposite the helix. anthelmin'tic, a remedy for removing worms, iXfJuv^. an'ticheir, opposite the hand, i. e. the thumb. anfidote, a counteracting medicine, given {bbtoz) against. antilith'ic, a remedy for stone, calculus, Xidoz, or for lithaemia. antip'athy, a feeling {nddoz) against. antiphlogis'tic, a remedy for inflammation, (pXoywaez. 220 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. antipyret'ic, a remedy for fever, nup. antisep'tic, opposing putrefaction, arinatz. antispasmod'ic, a remedy for spasm, aTZ&a(io<;. antith'enar, opposite the hollow part of hand, devap. antit'ragus, opposite the tragus. apo- (dTTo) before consonants, ap- {d-n) before vowels and aph- {d.(p) before the aspirate h. A preposition meaning away, from, like Latin ab, English off. aph'orism, a marking off, definition, fr. bpc^co, to bound. aponeuro'sis, (expansion) from a tendon, veupov. apoph'ysis, a natural growth, tpi^atz, from a bone, ap'oplexy, a striking off, from nXrjyTJ, a stroke. apoth'ecary, one who stores away drugs, from drjxrj, a storehouse. aposte'ma, a standing away, abscess, larqiu, to stand. auto- {ahro-^ before consonants, aut- (aur) before vowels, from auToi;, self, a reflexive pronoun. autoplas'tic, formed from one's self, i. e. by taking tissue from the patient, au'topsy, a seeing, o the substance which dissolves, fr. dta-larrjfju, to separate, dias'tole, a sending apart, dilatation, from diaaziXXo), to dilate. diath'esis, a placing through, constitution, 8taridrj[ju, to arrange, diet, a regulation, regimen, fr. diairso), to regulate. dys (du;) an inseparable adverbial prefix like the Sanskrit dus and English mis. The meaning is dad, difficult, painful, or defective. dyscra'sia, bad temperament, xpaaei;. dyseco'ia, defective hearing, dxo-^. dys'entery, lit. a difficulty with the bowels, inflammation of colon. dysla'lia, slow difficult speech, kaUa. dyslex'ia, pain in eyes caused by reading. dysmenorrhoe'a, painful menstruation. dyskine'sis, painful motion or movement, xbrjatz. 222 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. dyspareu'nia, painful sexual intercourse. dyspep'sia, difficult or defective digestion. dyspha'gia, painful mastication and swallowing. dyspho'nia, defective voice, hoarseness. dyspnce'a, difficult respiration. ec- (^z) before a consonant, ex- (i^) before a vowel. A preposition cognate with Latin e or e^:, meaning out, out from; whence we have ecto- (ixrof), outside. ecbol'ic, a medicine which casts out, causes abortion, from ^dUco, to throw. eccoprot'ic, a medicine to remove faeces, xoTtpoi;. eccye'sis, extra-uterine pregnancy, xur^an;. eclamp'sia, an effulgence, a symptom in some convulsive diseases. ec'phlysis, a bubbling out, vesicular eruption, ix^kuw, to bubble. ecphy'ma, an outward growth, rcs, before, forward. prodrome, running (^/jo/za) before, preliminary symptom. proglot'tis, lit. a fore-tongue, a segment of a tape-worm which resembles a tongue. prognath'ic, having a projecting lower jaw, yvAdoz. progno'sis, a knowing beforehand the termination of a disease. prophylax'is, guarding {cpuM^i^) beforehand, prevention. prostate, the gland which stands before the bladder, fr. nfioaTdTfjz, a president or bishop. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 229 pros- {izpbz) cognate with Sanskrit prate, against. A preposition meaning to, equivalent to Latin ad, as in adverse. prosthet'ic, adding, replacing, fr. ■KpoaridTjfit, to add to. That branch of surgery which relates to res- toration or substitution of lost parts, as the making of artificial teeth and limbs. sym- {trufj), syn- (fftiv), syl- (ffuA), sy- (ou), from auv, a preposition meaning with, together, cognate with Latin cum. Germ, zusamen, and English same. symbleph'aron, adhesion of eyelids. symbol, lit. cast together, fr. ^dUco, to throw, a sign. sym'metry, a measuring {fiezpov) together, alike. sym'pathy, a feeling with, fellow-feeling. symptom, falling together, fr. ninzco, to fall, concadence. sym'physis, a growing [(pucrci;) together. syn'chronous, happening at the same time. syn'chysis, a pouring {yuatz) together of humors of eye. syn'cope, a cutting short of vitality, fainting, from wtztco, to cut. synechi'a, a holding together, adhesion of iris to cornea, from ^yo), to hold, syno'via, lit. white of egg (jcoFov), fluid of joints. syn'thesis, a putting together; composition, fr. auvzidriiu, to put together, syn'tonin, the substance which holds fibres together, Ttiviiy, to stretch. system, a placing together, arrangement, fr. auviazrjui, to arrange. sys'tole, a sending together, contraction, fr. ariXla), to send. CHAPTER IV. Numeral Adjectives Used as Prefixes. STEM. GREEK. LATIN. ENGLISH. Prot npWTOZ primus first Mon Hovoc. singulus single Di 8k bis or bin twice, double Deutero dvjTEpoi; secundus second Tri rpslc tres three Tetr(a) TSTrapsz quatuor four Pent -KeVTS quinque five Hex ef sex six Hept(a) hrt-cd septem seven Oct(o) dxrdt octo eight Enne iwea • novem nine Dec(a) dexa decern ten Hecat(o) kxarov centum hundred Kilo yihoi mille thousand Myri(a) pupioi decern millia ten thousand pro'teid, a first or original compound in an organism. pro'toplasm, the first formative substance, nl&apa. protox'ide, the first or lower oxide. protpzo'a, the first, or lowest animals. pro'toplast, a primary formation, fr. TrXdaffw, to form. monad, a unit, ultimate atom, combining with a single atom, monan'drous, a plant with one stamen {dv^p, a man), monoba'sic, having a single base, monograph, a writing {jpaf^') on a single subject, monoma'nia, mania with a single delusion, monor'chis, a male with but one testicle. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 231 di'atom, lit. an organism composed of two atoms, lowest living organism. dichot'omous, cut in twain {dl^a), dividing by twos. dicrot'ic, a double stroke (ZjOoroc) of pulse. digas trie, double bellied, Latin biventer. dimor'phism, having two distinct forms [fiopip-^). dip'loe, a doubling, fold; nXoo), to fold; two layers of cranial bones. diplo'ma, lit. a folded parchment. dis toma, an animal having two mouths ; fluke worm. disto'cia, birth of twins. deuterop'athy, a secondary affection. triad, an element capable of combining with three monad atoms. trichot'omous, a dividing {tofjcj) by threes, rpi^a. trisplanch'nic, belonging to viscera {anXayyyax) of three cavities ; sympathetic nerve, tetrad, an element capable of combining with four monad atoms, tetran'drous, having four stamens. pentad, an element capable of uniting with five monad atoms. decan'drous, having ten stamens. 16 CHAPTER V. Suffixes or Postfixes. SUFFIXES are of two kinds : first, inflectional or in- separable, those which cannot exist separately and are employed exclusively to change the form and mean- ing of stems; and secondly, separable, those which are capable of being used alone without any connection with another word. For example, the ness in ccAdmess belongs to the former variety of suffixes, while the man of cart- man belongs to the latter. I. -aemia or -hsemia, from al^a, blood, is used to form compound words denoting that the substance indi- cated by the original word is in the blood, or describes the character of the blood ; the first member of the com- pound thus having the signification of an adjective. acetonx'mia, acetone in the blood. cholae'mia, bile in the blood, cholesterae'mia, cholesterin in the blood. galactae'mia, milk in the blood. hyperinse'mia, excess of fibrin in blood, hypinx'mia, deficiency of fibrin in blood, hydrae'mia, watery blood. ischae'mia, deficiency of blood, leucae'mia,* excess of white blood corpuscles, fr. hux6<;, white. leucocythse'mia, excess of white blood corpuscles, from huxoxuTot:, a white blood corpuscle, lithse'mia, lithic acid in the blood. * Leucsemia, septicasmia and uricEemia would be more properly spelled leucha- inia, septichcemia and urickeemia, thus preserving the aspirate h, K should not be used for ch in these words. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 233 melanse'mia, lit. black i^itklaz) blood, pigment in blood. olighae'mia, deficiency of blood corpuscles, bliyoz, few. piarrae'mia, fat in the blood. pyae'mia, pus {tvjov) in the blood. saprae'mia, putrid (matter) in blood, fr. aaKpoz, rotten. septicae'mia, putrid blood, fr. arptrbz, putrid. toxae'mia, poison (ro^txbv) in blood. urae'mia, urea or urine in blood, fr. ohpov, urine. uricae'mia, uric acid in blood. 2. -agogue. Greek d.ymy6. fr. &yui to lead, force, carry off. This suffix is attached to the stems of words denoting secretions or excretions, to form words signify- ing a remedy which will stimulate or carry them off. chol'agogue, a remedy to carry off bile. cop'ragogue, a remedy to carry off faeces. emmen'agogue, a remedy to stimulate menstrual flow. galact'agogue, a remedy to stimulate secretion of milk. hy'dragogue, a remedy to carry off water from the system. panchym agogue, a remedy to stimulate secretion of all digestive ferments. sial'agogue, a remedy to stimulate salivary secretion. 3- -agra. Greek d.ypa a seizure, fr. dypdw to pounce upon. This suffix denotes a sudden attack of pain, usually with inflammation of a gouty or rheumatic char- acter. It is attached to the stems of words designating the part of the body affected. "Ay pa was first employed in this manner by Aristotle. arth'ragra, gout or rheumatism of a joint. cephal'agra, sudden attack of pain in the head. car'pagra, sudden attack of pain in wrist. cheir'agra, sudden rheumatic attack of hands. cardi'agra, sudden pain in region of heart. 234 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. dactyl' agra, attack of gout or rheumatism in fingers. gon'agra, attack of gout or rheumatism in knee. om'agra, attack of gout or rheumatism in shoulder. odonf agra, gouty or rheumatic toothache. ophthal'magra, gouty or rheumatic pain in eye. pel'lagra, lit. a skin attack, Italian leprosy. pod'agra, a gouty attack of foot, gout. 4. -algia. Greek dlyia, fr. Slyoi; pain, ache. This suffix denotes an aching or neuralgic condition of the part designated by the primitive. '' Alyoz in Greek differs from 68(jvq from which odynia is derived in being more general in its application, and was applied to both mental and physical pain. In medicine algia denotes a pain of longer duration than one designated by odynia, although these suffixes are in many cases used synonymously. antral'gia, neuralgia of the antrum Highmori. arthral'gia, chronic pain in a joint. brachial'gia, armache. cardial'gia, lit. pain in heart, now applied to pain at car- diac end of stomach. cephalal'gia, headache, clitoral'gia, pain in clitoris. ccelial'gia, belly ache, cystal'gia, neuralgic pain in bladder, dermatal'gia, neuralgia of skin. enteral'gia, pain in intestines. gastral'gia, stomach ache. glossal'gia, neuralgia of tongue. hepatal'gia, pain in region of liver. hysteral'gia, pain in womb. mastal'gia, pain in breast. metral'gia, pain in womb, myalgia, pain in muscles, muscular rheumatism. THE LANGUA GE OF MEDICINE. 2 3 5 nephralgia, pain in region of kidney. neural'gia, pain in a nerve. nostalgia, a painful longing to return home {yoarbz, a return). odontalgia, toothache. oophoralgia, neuralgia of ovary. orchialgia, neuralgia of testicle, ostal'gia, pain in a bone. otalgia, earache. pancreatalgia, pain in region of pancreas, phallal'gia, pain in penis. pleural gia, side ache. proctalgia, pain in anus or rectum. prosopalgia, facial neuralgia. rhachal'gia, backache, pain in spine. rhinalgia, pain in nose. splenal'gia, pain in region of spleen. spondylalgia, pain in a vertebra. urethral'gia, pain in urethra. With the great majority of the above words, the expression "neuralgia" of the part affected may be employed synonymously. 5. -atre'sia. Greek dzp-^aia, from d, privative, and zpdio, to bore, unbored, equivalent to the Latin imper- foratio. This suffix is attached to the stems of words designating organs of a tubular character and denotes an imperforate condition of these organs. colpatre'sia, imperforate vagina. enteratre'sia, imperforate intestine. gynatresia, imperforate condition of female iy^vfj) genitals. proctatre'sia, imperforate anus. urethratre'sia, imperforate urethra. 236 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 6. -ca ce. Greek ^6xrj, evil, from xcabz, bad. This suffix was formerly much used to denote an ulcerated or offensive condition of the part designated by the primi- tive word. The word evil, as employed in poll evil, an ulceration on the back of the neck {poll) of horses, is the exact counterpart of the Greek x&xrj as a suffix. King's evil, scrofula, is an ulcerous condition of the glands of the neck, and was so called because the royal touch was supposed to cure it. arthroc'ace, ulcerous disease of a joint. gonoc'ace, ulcerous condition of knee, white swelling. rhinocace, fetid ulceration of nose. stomatoc'ace, fetid ulceration of mouth. 7. -cele- Greek x;^hj, a hernia, rupture. This suffix denotes the protrusion of an organ or part from its normal position. It is attached sometimes to the stem of the word designating the part protruding, and some- times to the stem of the word designating the locality in which the hernia exists. bubon'ocele,* inguinal hernia, fr. ^oo^tov, the groin, bron'chocele, lit. a protrusion of the wind pipe, now applied to goitre. corpocele, vaginal hernia. cyst'ocele, hernia of the bladder, epi'plocele, hernia of the omentum. enceph'alocele, hernia of the brain, {kyxeipahv). en'terocele, a protrusion of the intestine, gas'trocele, a protrusion of the stomach, haemat'ocele, a protruding tumor filled with blood, hepat'ocele, a hernia of the liver or in region of liver. * In regard to the pronunciation of words ending in cele, we may state, that they may be treated as Latin words and the suffix pronounced ce' le or as English words, in which case the suffix is pronounced eel. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 237 hydrocele, a protruding sac containing serum. is'chiocele, hernia through inchiadic foramen, menin'gocele, protrusion of meninges. os'cheocele, scrotal hernia. proc'tocele, hernia of rectum, prolapse of bowel, sar'cocele, a fleshy enlargement of testicle. splanch'nocele, a protrusion of any abdominal viscus. trache'ocele, lit. a hernia in region of trachea, goitre. 8. -ec'totny. Greek ixrofiia, from ixzifjLua), to cut out, a cutting, extirpation. This suffix is employed to form words signifying the total removal of the part or organ specified by the primitive. It differs from the suffix -tomy, weich denotes the operation of cutting, but not necessarily of cutting out or removal. The Latin equivalent of kxtofiia is exsectio. arthrectomy, exsection of a joint. chondrectomy, resection of a cartilage, cionectomy, ablation of uvula. coccygectomy, exsection of coccyx, clitorectomy, ablation of clitoris. corectomy, cutting out a part of the iris, glossectomy, extirpation of the tongue, hysterectomy, extirpation of uterus. laryngectomy, extirpation of larynx. nephrectomy, extirpation of kidney. neurectomy, exsection of a portion of a nerve. oophorectomy, extirpation of ovary. orchiectomy, extirpation of testicle, castration, ophthalmectomy, removal of eyeball. phacectomy, removal of crystalline lens. proctectomy, removal of portion of rectum. pylorectomy, resection of pylorus. splenectomy, removal of spleen. 238 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 9. ^graphy. Greek yixatfia, from ypdfo), to write. A suffix denoting description of the thing designated by the primitive, -graph denotes an instrument for record- ing the movements of an organ ; -grapher, one who writes about or describes a thing. car'diograph, an instrument for recording the move- ments of the heart. my'ograph, an instrument for recording movements of muscles. sphyg'mograph, an instrument for recording the vibra- tions of an artery, fr. Oipuyfid^, pulse. adenog'raphy, a description of the glands. climatog'raphy, a description of climates [xli[ia). cytog'raphy, a description of cells (xuroz). desmog'raphy, a description of ligaments. demog'raphy, a description of a people, vital statistics. embryog'raphy, a description of embryos. ethnog'raphy, a description of races or nations. haematog'raphy, a description of the blood. myog'raphy, a description of muscles, recording muscu- lar movements. neurog'raphy, a description of nervous diseases. nosog'raphy, a description of diseases. pharmacog'raphy, a description of drugs. sphyg'mography, the art of using the sphygmograph. syphilog'raphy, a description of syphilitic lesions. 10. -ia. (Greek «a.) The Greek medical writers added this termination to the stem of a word designating an organ to denote a morbid condition of that organ. This termination is not much employed at present in the formation of new words, but a number of words thus formed have come down to us with meanings more or less changed. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 239 ade'nia, disease of the lymphatic glands. hyste'ria, originally womb disease, now a nervous affection. me'tria, originally womb disease, now puerperal fever. ophthal'mia, originally eye disease, now inflammation of the eye. onych'ia, originally nail disease, now felon or whitlow. pneumo'nia, originally lung disease, now inflammation of lungs. diphthe'ria, originally disease of the membranes ((?!f^£/j«) now an infectious disease with formation of false membrane. II. -ic. Greek -abz. A suffix used in the forma- tion of adjectives, and denoting pertaining or belonging to the thing specified by the primitive. It is equivalent to the Latin -alis and -icus. The following are a few adjectives thus formed: — caustic, burning, from zaj'w, to bum. chronic, enduring, from yt^pbvoz, time. clonic, belonging to irregular spasm, fr. xkouoi;, tumult. eclec'tic, selective, from ixUya), to select. enthet'ic, inoculable, from iuridn^fju, to put in. esoter'ic, pertaining to the organism, fr. iacurspoi;, within. hero'ic, belonging to a hero (^pox;), applied to extreme methods of treatment. idiopathic, belonging to a disease (nddoz) originating within one's self {J8coz), not acquired from without. mephit'ic, belonging to a skunk {pLSpoz). otorrhoea, catarrh of ear. phallorrhcea, mucous discharge from penis. pharyngorrhcea, catarrh of pharynx. piarrhoea, excessive flow from sebaceous glands. proctorrhcea, catarrh of rectum. rhinorrhoea, nasal catarrh. salpingorrhoea, catarrh of Eustachian tube. spermatorrhcea, abnormal flow of semen. trachelorrhcea, catarrh of cervix uteri. 28. -sis. Greek mz. A suffix used in forming verbal nouns. It is equivalent to the Latin -ens, -entia, -cia, and English -ing, and denotes a process, action, or possession. It is added to the stems of verbs to form nouns denoting the continuance of such action, process, or possession. Thus from dvdpa^, coal, we have the verb dudpaxooj, to turn to coal, and duOpd'/coat!:, a turning to coal, now applied to the deposit of coal dust in the lungs, or to the formation of carbuncles (dudpaxe;:) which were supposed to resemble coals. So also carcinosis denotes the cancerous process, formation of cancer, as carcinoma denotes the result of the process, a cancerous tumor. amaurosis, a darkening, blindness, fr. dpaupoco, to darken archebio'sis, original [dpyfj, beginning) formation of life, from ^iS>, to live. 256 THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. argyro'sis, lit. a turning silver; a deposit of silver salts in tissues. biogen'esis, generation of life, fr. ^eoyewdeo, to form life. byssino sis, lit. a turning to cotton (/3u<7<7oc) ; deposit of cotton in lungs. cardiec'tasis, dilatation of heart, fr. ixtdco, to distend. chemo'sis, lit. formation of a cavity (;f)7/i;y); inflammation of eyes in which the cornea seems to be in a cavity. chloro'sis, a turning greenish yellow, from ^kcopoco, to turn green. chromidro'sis, having colored sweat, fr. ^pcofioc:, colored. cirrhosis, turning reddish yellow, from xip^ow, to turn reddish yellow. copho'sis, deafness, from xocpoco, to be deaf coredei'sis, closing of the pupil, from xopy^xMeo, to close cyano'sis, turning blue {xuavoz'). cyrto'sis, a bending, from xupToco, to bend, dermatol'ysis, a shedding of the skin, from depftazoXua), to cast off the skin. distichi'asis, having a double row {diart-^oz) of eyelashes, dosis, dose, a giving, fr. didcofii, to give. ecchymo'sis, a pouring out of blood into the tissues, fr. iy-j^upoui, to pour out. elephanti'asis, becoming like an elephant (i^syiavwcfi^to); a disease in which there is great hypertrophy of tissues. gompho'sis, (articulating) like a molar tooth, fr. yopupoo), to cut teeth. haematem'esis, a vomiting of blood, fr. atfiareftea). helco'sis, ulceration, fr. khoa), to ulcerate. helminthi asis, having intestinal worms, from IXixtvded^w, to have worms. histol'ysis, dissolution of tissue. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 257 hystrici'asis, resembling a hedgehog (uffr^of?); stiffness of the hair, icthyo'sis, resembling a fish («;f(?uc); scaly skin disease. iridokine'sis, abnormal movement or twitching of iris. lithi'asis, formation of calculi {Xidot). lordo'sis, a bending forward of spine, from Xopdooi, to bow down. lysis, solution, breaking up of a disease, fr. Xuco, to loose. narco'sis, stupefaction, from vapxoco, to stupefy. necro'sis, a dying, mortification, fr. vBxpoo), to mortify. pathogen' esis, generation of a disease, phimo'sis, a muzzling (of penis with foreskin) fr. fifioco, to muzzle. phlegmo'sis or -ma'sia, inflammation, from fky fiasco, to inflame. phtheiri'asis, having lice, fr. , eye; ulcer in corner of eye. aegoph'oy, fr. a:?, a goat, (pwvi^, voice; bleating sound. allot'ropy, from J^^oc, other, and r/>e;ro>, to turn; changing to another form, amal'gam, fr. Kfia, together, ya[isa), to marry; mixture of metals. alope'cia, from dXcoTnj^, the fox, which is sometimes bald; baldness. ankylo'sis, immobility, fr. dyxukoo), to clasp. ankylo-glos'sia, clasp (dyxu^) tongue{j-Xcl)aaa); tongue-tie. anthropoph'agous, man eating, fr. dvOpmnoz, man, and fdyu), to eat. aphtha, fr. dnro), to burn ; a burning, sore mouth, arach'noid, spider web-like membrane, from dpd^u:^, a spider. asci'tes, a full bag (daxiTrj<;) ; abdominal dropsy, asthma, a gasping for breath, from dad/^d^co, to gasp for breath. atro'pa, fr. "Atponoc:, the Fate that ends life ; belladonna, bacte'rium, fr. ^(xxTrjpiov, a little rod ; microbe, bary'ta, heavy metal, fr. ^apuc;, heavy, basirikon, the royal {^aadixoi;) ointment. bi'oplasm, life-forming substance, fr. /9:6c, life, and nldaao, to form. THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 263 bofany, fr. ^orai^, an herb; the science of plants. bothrioceph'alus, a tapeworm with the Httle pitted (^odpiov) head. bromine, the element with the bad smell, from ^pai/io^, noisome. bronchoph'ony, bronchial voice, fr. ^poyy^oz and voc, a breach, a rupture, herpes, fr. epjio), to creep ; a skin disease, " shingles." Hippoc'rates, lit. a horse driver, fr. ^tctcoi;, a horse, and xpazio), to govern, " the Father of Medicine. hip'pus, a constant winking, as seen in the horse (Jtittoi;). hy'datid, lit. a watery vesicle, fr. bdaTtz, a cyst containing water. hydroceph'alus, lit. water h.ea.d{u8a)p and xetpakj), dropsy of brain, hy'drogen, water (bdmp) making (jswdm). hydronephro'sis, watery collection about kidney. hydropericar'dium, watery serum in pericardium. hy'giene, fr. liysia, health; cognate with Sanskrit ugras, strength. Hygeia was the daughter ot .iEsculapius. hyphom'yces, web fungus, from ufoi;, a web, and pOxyjz, fungus. idiosyn'crasy, from YSioz, one's own, auYxpaae(;, mixing together; temperament. i'odine, fr. Icpdi^i:, violet-like, fr. tov, a violet; an element, kinesither'apy, movement {xivrjaiz) cure {OspaKBia). THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE. 265 kyes'tein or cyes'tein, from Ttmjatz, pregnancy, and laQ-qz, clothing; a substance in urine of pregnant women. lagophthal'mia, hare {laywz) eye ; inability to close eye. lagos'toma, hare {la^mz) mouth (azofia); harelip, lec'ethin, a substance found in yolk of egg {Xsxidoi;) and brain, lepra, lit. the scaly disease, fr. Xst:oz, a scale; leprosy. lep'tothrix, lit. a delicate (^STrroc) hair {dpi^); a microphyte. leu'coc3rte, a white cell or blood corpuscle from hi>x6<;, white, xuTOQ, cell. lupus, fr. Xujn^, pain, contracted from lypesis, certainly not the Latin lupus-, a wolf; painful eating ulcer. lyssa, rabies, fr. Ihaaa, madness. macroscop'ic, seen from a distance, fr. fiaxpbz, long. mels'na, black {fieXac:) vomit. melano'sis, deposit of black pigment; black jaundice, melas'ma, blackness from a contusion, mias'tna, a pollution of the air, fr. fud^^m, to pollute. micrococ'cus, a small (jiexpoz) berry {xoxxo^), spherobac- terium. neurilem'ma, nerve sheath or bark (U/n/ia). neurogflia, nerve glue (j-i/a). niphlotyphlo'tes, snow (uitpa) blindness (ru^Acur;yc). olec'ranon, {ajXivT^) ulna (xpdvoi;) head. orthopedic, fr. dpddo), to straighten, and nalc, a child. orthopnoe'a, dpdSi;, upright position, and nvoia, breathing. os'teoblast, a bone (daTeov) bud {^Uazi/jiia). o'tolith, a stone {kiOoi;) found in ear (oSc). oxyu'res, worms with sharp ((5fuc) tails {obpa). ozae'na, the name of a stinking sea fish {d;^aiva); fetid nasal catarrh. o'zone, fr. o^w, to stink; modified oxygen. pachybleph'aron, thick {nayrk) eyelids {^Xs*W»Eij m •iSiii >l»;»jt'j^»j»j