The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002963589 Cornell University Library QC 91.U4S The International metric system of weigh 3 1924 002 963 589 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR BUREAU OF STANDARDS ., S.W, STRATTON, Director THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM o» WEIGHTS AND MEASURES WASHINGTON, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1906 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR BUREAU OF STANDARDS S. W. STRATTON, Director THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1906 THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. INTRODUCTION. The following was prepared to answer some of the more sifaiple questions addressed to the Bureau of Standards in regard to the metric system of weights and measures and its use. The essential features of the system were embodied in a report made to the French National Assembly by the Academy of Sciences in 1791. A number of other nations were invited to cooperate with France in establishing the new system, and Holland, Denmark, Switzerland, Spain, and several minor States were represented on an international commission which met in Paris in 1799 to accept the metric standards constructed under the direction of the French Institute. Although the metric system very soon attracted the favorable attention of other nations, it was not until forty years later that its use became general in France. Since 1840, however, its use has rapidly spread until at the present time it is either obligatory or permissive in every civilized country in the world. Its use was made " lawful throughout the United States " by act of Congress in 1866, and at the same time provision was made to supply every State in the Union with a set of metric weights and measures. No organized effort had been made up to this time to supply the different countries with authentic copies of the metric prototypes which were preserved in the archives of France. In order to meet the demand for accurate standards whose relation to one another would be known with the highest precision, metric conventions were held in Paris in 1870 and 1872, which were attended by offi- cial delegates from about thirty countries. At these conferences committees were appointed to investigate the best form and material 4 BUREAU OF STANDARDS. for the proposed new standards. In 1875 a treaty ^^^ J^^^^^^l organization of an International Bureau ot Weignts under the direction of an International Committee 'The ^°^J Trnportant work of the International Committee was to provide for r^^stmction of a sufficient number of Pl-tinu-indrum meter and kilograms to meet the demand of the interested -^txons 'The comparison of all these standards with one another and with the origLl meter and kilogram wa3 made at the International Bureau which had been established near Paris on neutral territory ceded to the International Committee by the French Government. This work wa5 completed in 1889, and after selecting a certain meter and a certain kilogram as the international prototypes, the others were distributed by lot to the different countries. The inter- national meter and kilogram « have values identical with the original meter and kilogram, are preserved in a special underground vault at the International Bureau, and are accessible only to the Inter- national Committee. The United States secured two meters and two kilograms, which are now preserved at the Bureau of Standards at Washington and serve as the fundamental standards of length and mass of the United States. It is the plan of the International Committee to intercompare all the national meters and kilograms with the international prototypes at regular intervals or whenever considered necessary. At the present time the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is supported jointly by the following countries: The United States, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, France, Austria- Hungary, Belgium, Argentine Confederation, Spain, Italy, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Roumania, Servia, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Venezuela, Japan, and Denmark. The advantages claimed for the metric system are: (i) The decimal relation between the units. (2) The extremely simple relation of the units of length, area, volume, and weight to one another. (3) The uniform and self-defining names of units. "The original meter and kilogram "of the Archives" -were adopted as standard in 1799. INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM. 5 SYNOPSIS OF THE SYSTEM. The fundamental unit of the metric system is the meter — the unit of length. From this the units of capacity (liter) and of weight (gram) were derived. All other units are the decimal sub- divisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply related; e. g., for all practical purposes one CUBIC DECIMETER equals one LITER and one LITER of water weighs one kilogram. The metric tables are formed by combining the words "METER," "gram," and "liter" with the six numerical prefixes, as in the following tables: prefixes meaning milli- = one thousandth centi- = one hundredth deci- = one tenth Unit = one deka- = ten hecto- — one hundred kilo- = one thousand 1 lOOO 1 100 1 10 lO 1 lOO 1 1000 .001 .01 .1 10 100 1000 UNITS "meter" for length, "gram" for weight or mass. ' liter" for capacity. UNITS OF LENGTH. milli-meter = .001 meter centi-meter = .01 " deci-meter = .1 " METER" = 1 " deka-meter = 10 " hecto-meter = 100 " kilo-meter = 1,000 " Where mzles are used in England and the United States for measuring distances, the kilometer (i,ooo meters) is used in metric countries. The kilometer is about 5 furlongs. There are about 1,600 meters in a statute mile, 20 meters in a chain, and 5 meters in a rod. o One meter equals 39.37 inches exactly. 6 BUREAU OF STANDARDS. The meter is used for dry goods, merchandise, engineering con- struction, building, and other purposes where the yard and foot axe used. The meter is about a tenth longer than the yard. The centimeter and millimeter are used instead of the inch and its fractions in machine construction and similar work. The centi- meter, as its name shows, is the hundredth of a meter. It is used in cabinet work, in expressing sizes of paper, books, and many cases where the inch is used. The centimeter is about two-fifths of an inch and the millimeter about one twenty-fifth of an inch. The millimeter is divided for finer work into tenths, hundredths, and thousandths. Illlllil umui, mil Illlllil, ,i,Hi]i|i|i,iiiii.iii.i iiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiii iiiii 6 I'lTiTiTl'i'l'i' l 'ifi'l'l iUli m iiiiiiiii 8 9 10 cm. mm m iUJ li'ililMiliiili ililililililili ililihlililih ihlilililililil FiQ. 1. Comparison Scale: 10 Centimeters and 4 Inches. (Actual Size.) If a number of distances in millimeters, meters, and kilometers are to be added, reduction is unnecessary. They are added as dollars, dimes, and cents are now added. For example, " 1,050.25 meters " is not read " i kilometer, 5 dekameters, 3 decimeters, and 5 centi- meters," but "one thousand and fifty meters, twenty-five centi- meters," 3ust as " $1,050.25 " is read " one thousand and fifty dollars, twenty-five cents." AREA. The table of areas is formed by squaring the length measures, as m our common system. For land measure 10 meters square ii called an "ARE" (meaning "area"). The side of on^ are is about ^j,feet. The hectare is 100 meters square, and, as its name mdicates, is 100 ares, or about zyi acres. An .... is about 04 INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM. hectare. A standard United States quarter section contains almost exactly 64 hectares. A square kilometer contains 100 hectares. For smaller measures of surface the square meter is used. The square meter is about 20 per cent larger than the square yard. For still smaller surfaces the square centimeter is used. A square inch contains about 6^ square centimeters. VOLUME. The cubic measures are the cubes of the linear units. The cubic »««^^r (sometimes called the st^re, meaning "solid") is the unit of ONE CUBIC DECIMETER ONE LITER UNIT OF CAPACITY ONE KILOGRAM OF WATER FiQ. 2. Cubic Decimeter. (Actual Size.) 8 BUREAU OF STANDARDS. volume. A cubic meter of water weighs a metric ton and is equal to I kiloliter. The cubic meter is used in place of the cubic yard and is about 30 per cent larger. This is used for "cuts and fills*' in grading land, measuring timber, expressing contents of tanks and reservoirs, flow of rivers, dimensions of stone, tonnage of ships, and other places where the cubic yard and foot are used. The thousandth part of the cubic meter (i cubic decimeter) is called the LITER. (See table of capacity units.) For very small volumes the cubic centim.eter (cc or cm^) is used. This volume of water weighs a gram, which is the unit of weight or mass. Th^re are about 16 cubic centimeters in a cubic inch. The cubic centimeter is the unit of volume used by chemists as well as in pharmacy, medicine, surgery, and other technical work. One thousand cubic centimeters make i liter. UNITS OP CAPACITY. milli-liter = .001 liter centi-liter = .01 " deci-liter = .1 " LITER" = 1 «« deka-liter = 10 « hecto-liter = 100 " kilo-liter = 1,000 " The hectoliter (100 liters) serves the same purposes as the United States bushel (q,,\^o.\z cubic inches), and is equal to about 3 bushels, or a barrel. A peck is about 9 liters. The liter is used for meas- urements commonly given in the gallon, the liquid' and dry quarts, a liter being 5 per cent larger than our liquid quart and 10 per cent smaller than the dry quart. A liter of water weighs exactly a kilogram, i. e., 1,000 grams. A thousand liters of water weigh i metric ton. UNITS OF WEIGHT (OR MASS). miUi-gram = 0.001 gram centi-gram = .01 deci-gram = .1 GRAM = 1 deka-gram — 10 hecto-gram — 100 kilo-gram * = t _ — .,-» -. 1,000 «One liter equals 1.05668 liquid quarts or 0.9081 di^ quarts. ftOne kUogram equals 2.204622 avoirdupois pounds DRY QUART LITER LIQUID QUART Fig. 3 COMPARISON OF THE DRV QUART, UTEB. *N0 UOUIO QUART. (ACTUAL SlEE-l lO BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Measurements commonly expressed m gross tons or short tons are stated in metric tons (1,000 kilograms). The metric ton comes between our long and short tons and serves the purpose of both. F1Q.4. Relative Size of 2-Pound and 1-Kiloqram (Brass) Weights. (Actual Size.) The kilogram and "half kilo" serve for everyday trade, the latter being 10 per cent larger than the pound. The kilogram is approx- imately 2.2 pounds. The gram and its multiples and divisions are FiQ. 5. Relative Size of Avoirdupois Ounce, 30-Gram, AND Troy Ounce (Brass) Weights. (Actual Size.) Q FiQ. 6. Relative Size of Gram and Scruple (Brass) Weights. (Actual Size.) used for the same purposes as ounces, pennyweights, drams, scruples, and grains. For foreign postage, 30 grams is the legal equivalent of the avoirdupois ounce. STATUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES. " The Congress shall have power to * * * fix the standard of weights and measures." (Constitution of the United States.) THE METRIC SYSTEM LEGALIZED. f It shall be lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the weights and measures of the metric system." (Revised Statutes of the United States, sec. 3569, 1866.) THE METRIC STANDARDS ADOPTED AS FUNDAMENTAL. " The office of weights and measures * * * -will in the future regard the international prototype meter and 'kilogram as funda- mental standards, in accordance with the act of July 28, 1866." (Order approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, April 5, 1893.) FOREIGN POSTAL RATES BASED ON METRIC WEIGHTS. " The Postmaster-General shall furnish to the post-offices exchang- ing mails with foreign countries, and to such other offices as he may deem expedient, postal balances denominated in grams of the metric system, fifteen grams of which shall be the equivalent for postal purposes, of one-half ounce avoirdupois, and so on in progression." (Revised Statutes of the United States, sec. 3880.) METRIC WEIGHTS USED IN THE COINAGE. "The weight of the half-dollar shall be twelve grams and one-half of a gram; the quarter-dollar and the dime shall be, respectively, one-half and one-fifth of the weight of said half-dollar." (Revised Statutes of the United States, sec. 3513.) CONGRESS PROVIDES METRIC STANDARDS FOR THE STATES OF THE UNION. '■'■Be it resolved by the Seriate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled^ That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to furnish to each State, to be delivered to the governor thereof, one set of the j2 BUREAU OF STANDARDS. July 27, 1866.) UNITED STATES JOINS IN ESTABLISHING INTERNATIONA!, BUREAU. "The high contracting parties engage to establish and mamtam^ ParL" (Extract from convention of 1875, signed for the United Stated by the United States ambassador to France.) CONGRESS ADOPTS THE METRIC UNITS FOR ELECTRICAL MEASURES. It was enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives that the international electrical units based on the ^f"e system 'shall be the legal units of electrical measure m the United btates. (Revised Statutes of the United States, Supplement, vol. 3, chap. 131. 1894.) METRIC SYSTEM REQUIRED IN THE MEDICAL WORK OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. "The metric system of weights and measures shall hereafter be employed in the Medical Department of the Navy." (Order approved by the Secretary of the Navy, April 15, 1878.) METRIC SYSTEM REQUIRED IN MEDICAL WORK OF WAR DEPARTMENT. "All requisitions, invoices, receipts and returns, pertaining to medical supplies will be in accordance with the metric system of weights and measures. After the 30th day of June, 1894, the use of this system in writing official prescriptions is desired; on and after the ist day of January, 1895, such use is hereby ordered." (Order approved by Secretary of War April 13, 1894.) METRIC SYSTEM MADE OBLIGATORY IN PORTO RICO. " I. The use of the metrical system of weights and measures and its nomenclature are obligatory. "2. Its use is enforced in all transactions, sales, contracts. * * * " 3. Wholesale and retail mercantile establishments shall sell their goods to the public conformably to the metric system." (Proclama- tion of military governor, March 18, 1899, Department of Porto Rico.) »This bureau has the custody of the international standards of the metric system, to which all metric prototypes of the world are referred for verification. It was established and is maintained jointly by all the principal governments of the world. INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM. 1 3 METRIC SYSTEM MADE THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. " The metrical system of weights and measures as authorized by sections 3569 and 3570 of the Revised Statutes of the United States and at present in use in the Philippine Islands shall be continued." (Act No. 330, September 17, 1901, sec. 9, Philippine Tariff.) METRIC SYSTEM REQUIRED IN UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE-HOSPITAL SERVICE. " Officers shall, for all official, medical, and pharmacal purposes, make use of the metric system of weights and measures. In express- ing quantities by weight the terms of ' gram ' and ' centigram,' and in expressing quantity by measure the term ' cubic-centimeter,' only shall be employed." (Regulation promulgated by the President November 21, 1903.) 14 BUREAU OF STANDARDS. COMPARISON OF JVIETRIC AND CUSXOUASY UNITS FROM 1 TO 10. UENQXH. Milli- meters. Inches. Centi- meters. Feet. Meters. U.S. yards. Meters. U.S. miles. Kilo- meters. 0.03937 ' 0.07874 ' o. 11811 ■ 0.15748 ■■ 0.19685 : G. 23622 : 0.27559 = 0.31496 = 0.35433 = 2 = 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 5 = 6 7 = 8 = 9 : 25. 4001 = 50. 8001 = 76. 2002 : 101.6002 ■■ 127.0003 ■ 152.4003 ■ 177.8004 203. 2004 228. 6005 0.3937 0.7874 1 I. I8II : 1.5748 ■■ 1.968s ■■ 2 2.3622 : 2.7559 = 3 3.1496 = 3-5433 = 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 1 = 2 = 2. 54001 = 3 = 4 = S = 5.08001 = o = 7 3 7. 62002 = 8 = 9 ' 10. 16002 ■ 12. 70003 ■■ 15.24003 ■ 17.78004 ■ 20.32004 22.86005 1 2 3 3.28083 4 5 « 6.56167 = 7 8 9 9.84250 = 13-12333 = 16.40417 = 19.68500 = 22.96583 = 26.24667 = 29-52750 = : O. 3O4S0I : 0.609601 ' 0.914402 1.219202 I. 524003 = 2 = 2.133604 ■- 2.438405 = 2.743205 = 3 ■ 4 . 5 6 ■■ 7 ■■ 8 9 1.093611 2 2. 187222 ^ 3 3.280833 : 4 4-374444 = 5.468056 = 6 = 6.561667 = 7 7.655278 = 8 8.748889 = 9 9.842500 = = 0.914402 = 1.828804 = 2 = 2.743205 = 3 = 3-657607 = 4 = 4-572009 = S = 5. 48641 I : O ■■ 6.400813 : 7 ■ 7-315215 : 8 S. 229616 9 0.62137 = i ' = i,-6o935 1.24274 = 2 I. 86411 = 3 2 2.48548 3 3-10685 . 3.72822 ! 4 4-34959 = 4.97096 = s- 59233 = o = 7 8 9 = 3.21869 = 4 = 4.82804 = 6 = 6.43739 = 7 = 8 = 8.Q4674 = 9 = 9.6560S = II. 26543 = 12. 87478 = 14.4S412 AREA. Square Square 0.0015s ; 0.00310 : 0.00465 ; o. 00620 • 0.00775 = o. 00930 = O. OIOS5 : 0.01240 = 0.01395 = 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 = 645. 16 = 1,290.33 ' 1.935-49 = 2,580.65 ■■ 3, 225.81 ■ 3,870-98 ■■ 4, 516- 14 ■ 5,161.30 ■ 5,806.46 Square Square 0.1550 : 0.3100 : 0.4650 ■■ 0.6200 : 0.7750 . 0.9300 = 1.0850 = 1.2400 = 1-3950 = 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 6-452 : 9 ■■ 12.903 ■ 19-355 • 25.807 ' 32.258 ' 38.710 ^ 45- 161 51.613 58-065 Square Square feet. meters. 1 2 3 . 4 5 6 7 8 9 10.764 . 21.528 i 32.292 i 43.055 . 53-819 : 64-583 ■ 75-347 = 86. m = 96.875 = = 0.09290 = 0.18581 = 0.27S71 = 0.37161 = 0.46452 = 0.55742 = 0.65032 • 0-74323 = 0.83613 ■■ t ■■ 2 ■■ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Square yards. Square meters. Square miles. Square Kilo- meters. 1 1.1960 2 2. 3920 3 3.5880 4 4-7839 5.9799 o 7 7.1759 8 8.3719 9.5679 10. 7639 = 0.8361 :^6723 = 2.5084 3-3445 •' 4 ' 4. 1807 ■ S ' 5.0168 ' 5.8529 ■ o 6.6890 7- 5252 8 9 VOLUMI Cubic Cubic inches, millimeters. 0.000061 o. 000122 ! 0.000183 ; o. 000244 ' 0.000305 ■■ 0.000366 ; 0.000427 ; O. 000488 : 0.000549 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = S = 6 = 7 = 8 9. = 16, 387. 2 = 32,774.3 = 49,161.5 = 65,548.6 ■ 81.935.8 ' 98,323.0 ' 114.710.1 ■ '31,097.3 147,484.5 Cubic Cubic cen- inches. timeters. 0.0610 ! O. 1220 : 0.1831 . 0.2441 ; 0.3051 : 0.3661 . 0.4272 = 0.4882 = 0.5492 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = S = 6 = 7 = 8 = 9 = i6. 3872 ' 32-7743 = 49-1615 = 65. 5486 ' 81.9358 ' 98.3230 ■ 114.7101 ' 131-0973 ' 147-4845 Cubic feet Cubic meters. 1 = 02832 2 = 0. 0,'i663 4 = 0. 08495 — 0. 11327 5 6 7 = 0. 141.W ; 0. 0, 19822 9 : 0. 0. 22654 254S5 35-314 _ 1 70.629 = 2 "5.943 = X 141-258 = 4 176.572 _ ,s 211.887 :=3 6 247. 201 — 7 282.516 =3 8 317-830 = 9 Cubic yards. Cubic meters. 0.3861 : o. 7722 ■■ I- 1583 ■■ 1.5444 ■■ 1.9305 = 2 2.3166 = 2.7027 : 3 3.0888 = 3.4749 = 4 5 6 7 8 9 ■■ 1 ■■ 2 2.5900 ■ 3 4 S 5.1800 6 7 7.7700 8 9 10.3600 12.9500 15.5400 18. 1300 20. 7200 23. 3100 AREA — cont'd. f.3079 2.6159 3 3.9238 4 5 5.2318 : 6 6.5397 ' 7.8477 : 8 9 9.1556 = 10.463s = "•7715 = = 0.7646 = ^.5291 = 2.2937 = 3.0582 ■ 3.8228 ■ 4 ■ 4.5874 ' 5.3519 : o 6. 1165 6.8810 7 8 9 Acres. Hectares. 1 = 0.4047 2 = 0.8094 2.471 = t 3 = 1.2141 4 = 1.6187 4.942 = 2 5 =2. 0234 6 = 2.4281 7 = 2.8328 7.413 = 3 I = 3.2375 9 = 3.642a 9.884 = 4 12.355 = s 14.826 = 6 17.297 = 7 19.768 = 8 22.239 = 9 INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM. 1 5 COHPASISON OF METRIC AND CtTSTOUART UNITS FROM 1 TO 10— Cont'd. CAPACITY. Milli- liters, (cc.) U.S. liquid ounces. Milli- liters, (cc.) U.S. apothe- caries' drams. U.S. apothe- caries' scruples. MUU- liters. (cc.) U.S. liquid quarts. Liters. U.S. liquid gaUons. Liters. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 29-574 ■■ 118.295 ■ 147.869 : 177.442 : 207.016 : I 0.03381 1 0.06763 > o. 10144 ' 0.13526 : O. 16907 • 0.20288 ' 0,23670 ' 0.27051 ■ 0.30432 1 2 3 3.6967 ■■ 4 S 6 7 7.3934 ' a 9 11.0901 ' 14.7869 ■ 18.4836 22. 1803 ' 25.8770 . 29-5737 ■ 33-2704 o. 2705 0.5410 0.8115 ' 1.0820 ' 1-3525 : 1. 6231 ' 1.8936 : 2 ' 2.1641 . 2.4346 3 ■ 4 : 5 '6 7 9 0.81 13 = 1 1.6231 = 2 2.4344 = 3 3-2461 = 4 4-0577 ' 4.8692 = 5 5.6807 = o 6.4923 = 7 7.3038 = 8 9 I I. 2322 2 2.4645 3 3-6967 4 4.9290 5 6 6. 1612 7 7-3934 8 8.6257 9 9-8579 11.0901 1 1.05668 : 2 2.11336 ' 3 3. 17005 : 4 4.22673 ■ S 5-28341 . 6 6.34009 ■ 7-39677 ' 8.45345 ' 9 9.51014 : = 0.94636 = 1.89272 = 2 = 2.83908 ■ 3 = 3-78543 s 4 = 4-73179 • S ' -■ S-6781S = o = 6.62451 ■ 7 = 7-57088 = 8 = 8. 51723 = 9 0.26417 ■• 0.52834 . 0.79251 : 1.05668 : 1.32085 i 1.58502 . 1.84919 ■ 2. 11336 ' 2.37753 ' 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ' 1 ' 2 • 3 ' 3-78543 . 4 ' 5 : 6 : 7 ' 7.57087 ■■ 8 : 9 ■ 11.35630 ' I5-I4I74 ■ 18.92717 > 22. 7126X > 26.49804 ■ 30^28348 ■ 34.06891 U. S. dry . .,__ quarts: ^'■*^^- U.S. pecks. Liters. Deka- liters. u. s. pecks. U.S. bushels. Hecto- liters. U. S. Hecto bushels liters per per acre, hectare. 0.9081 = 1 1 = 1. 1012 1. 8162 =2 2 = 2.2025 2. 7242 = 3 3 = 3.3037 3.6323 =4 4 = 4.4049 4.5404 = 5 5 = 5.5061 5.4485 = 6 6 = 6.6074 6.3565 =7 7 = 7.7086 7. 2646 = 8 8 — 8.8098 8. 1727 = 9 9 =• 9.9110 : = 2 = 3 . = 4 ; = S = 6 ■ = 7 = 8 = 8. 80982 = 9 = 17.61964 = 26.42946 = 35.23928 = 44.04910 = 52.85892 = 61.66874 = 70.47856 = 79.2S838 0.8810 . 1 1.7620 •■ 2 2.6^2g •■ 3 3.5239 ' 4 4.4049 : 5 5.2859 ' 6 6.1669 = 7 7.0479 . 7.9288 = 8 9 1.1351 2 2. 2702 3 3.4053 4 4.5404 5 5.6755 6 6.8106 7 7-9457 8 9 9.0808 10. 2159 1 2 2.83774 ' 3 4 S 5-67548 ' 6 7 8 8.51323 : 9 ".35097 ' 14.18871 . 17.02645 : 19.86420 - 22. 70T94 = 25.53968 ■ = 0.35239 = 0.70479 = 1.05718 • 1.40957 = 1.76196 = 2 = 2.11436 = 2.46675 : 2.81914 ■ 3 = i- 17154 = 4 ■ S = 6 = 7 = 8 = 9 1 1. 14840 - 2 2. 296SO : 3.44519 4 4.59359 5.74199 ' o 6.89039 7 8 8.03879 9 9.18719 : 10.33558 ■■ ■ 0.87073 = I. 74156 = 2 • 2.61233 ' 3.4S3" = 4 = 4. 35389 ■ 5 = 5.22467 ■■ 6 • 6.09545 3 6.96622 ■ 7.83700 ■ 8 = 9 WEIGHT (OR MASS). Grains. Grams. Avoirdu- pois Grams. >unces. Troy ounces. pounds, e^^'^^- Troy Kilo- pounds, grams. 1 2 3 4 S 6 , 7 8 9 15.4324 = 30. 8647 = 46.2971 = 61. 7294 = 77. 1618 = 92.5941. 108.0265 = 123.4589 = 138.8912 = = o. 064B0 = o, 12960 > o. 19440 ^0.25920 = 0.32399 = 0.38879 = 0.45359 = 0.51839 = 0.58319 0.03527 = 0.07055 = 0. 10582 = 0.14110 = o. 17637 = o. 21164 = o. 24692 = o. 28219 = 0.31747 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = S = 6 = 7 = 8 = 9 = 28.3495 = 56.6991 = 85.0486 = 113. 3981 = 141.7476 = 170. 0972 = 198.4467 : 226. 7962 = 255. 1457 0.03215= o. 06430 = 0.09645= o. 12860 = o. 16075 = o. 19290 = o. 22506 = o. 25721 = o. 28936 = 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 = I = 2 = 3 = 4 = S = 6 = 7 = 8 = 9 = 31.10348 = 62. 20696 = 93.31044 = 124.41392 = 155.51740 = 186. 62088 = 217.72437 = 248.82785 = 279.93133 1 2 2. 20462 = 3 4 4:40924 = 5 6 6.61387 = 7 8 8. 81849 = 9 11.02311 = 13. 22773 = 15-43236 = 17.63698 = 19. 84160 = = 0.45359 = o. 90718 = I. 36078 = 1.81437 = 2 = 2. 26796 = 2.72155 = 3 = 3. 17515 = 3.62874 = 4 = 4.08233 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8 = 9 1 2 2.67923 3 4 5 5.35846 ■ 6 7 8 8.03769 ; 9 10. 71691 : 13.39614 16.07537 ■ 18.75460 ■■ 21.43383 ' 24. 11306 ■■ ' 0.37324 ■ 0.74648 ' 1.11973 ' 1.49297 ■ 1.86621 :2 ' 2.23945 ' 2.61269 ' 2.98593 ' 3.35918 ' 4 : 5 6 ■7 • S .9 O Pressboard Pamphlet Binder Gaylord Bros. Makers Syracuse, N. Y. MT. JAN 21, 1908