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ALBERT R. MANN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Coileges 
 
 OF 
 
 Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 AT 
 
 Cornell University 
 
Cornell University Library 
 HN 57.L99 
 Appalachian America; a s«"^y of {he ediica 
 
 3 1924 013 869 411 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013869411 
 
APPALACHIAN yj,fflRICA 
 
 A Study of the Educational and Social Status of 
 the Southern Mountaineers, 
 
 DEPAJITMENT 
 
 OF 
 RURAL ECONOliY 
 
 By 
 
 JAMES LYONS 
 
 May - 1914. 
 
 CORiraLL UNIVERSITY 
 
APPMjACHIAN MIERICA (Shaded Portion) 
 
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CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Appalachian America - Vahat it is 1 
 
 The People 22 
 
 Moanshining 31 
 
 Health 36 
 
 Education 47 
 
 Traveling Libraries 54 
 
 Berea College 58 
 
 Child-Labor Laws 73 
 
 Southern Educational Association -■ 78 
 
 Presbyterian Kissionary Investigations 91-|- 
 
 Religion 112 
 
 Mountain Agriculture 116 
 
 Bibliography 124 
 
1. 
 
 APPALACHIAN AlitSRICA - WHAT IT IS . 
 
 Appala.chian AmeriGa is. in reality the moun- 
 ts.in backyf'.rd of eight states, viz - Kentucky, Tennes- 
 see, V.'eet Virginia, Virginia, ITorth and South Carolina, 
 George and Ala^loama. It extends from the southern 
 foundry of Pennsylvania to the Iron mountii.ins of 
 Alabsma; covering a region 600 miles long and 200 miles 
 in width. 
 
 Mr. John C. Camphell, of t?ie Russell Sage 
 Foundation, r/ho is making a life study of this region 
 and its people, inforrn.s me that this mountainous region 
 is comprised of 246 counties, distributed smong the 
 eight states as follov/s: 
 
 36 in Kentucky 
 
 44 in Tennessee 
 
 55 in West Virginia (whole state) 
 
 41 in Virginir 
 
 22 in North Carolina 
 4 in aouth Carolina 
 
 25 in Georgia 
 
 19 in Alabama. 
 
 Their tota,l area is 108,578 sq. miles - equal 
 to all Nev/ England and New York and vdth a oopulation 
 of 5,041,311 which is larger than that of Liassachusetts , 
 Rhode Isla.nd and Connecticut combined. 
 
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K 
 
 The United States topographers report tha,t in Ap- 
 palachia, as a whole, the mountain slopes occupy 
 90^ of the total area, and that 85>:^ of the land 
 has a steeper slope than one foot in five. 
 
 The Southern Appalachians . 
 
 The Appalachian mountains occupy a, rather 
 narrov; belt extending no rtheasti'vord from eastern 
 Alabama. They reach their v/idest limit in North 
 Carolina. It can't be said, that this belt is 
 domenated by any single mountain range, but is oc- 
 cupied by numerous mountains of about equal magni- 
 tude. The eastern members are knoA?m as the "Blue 
 Ridge" - yet every individual peak has its local 
 nsjne. 
 
 The Blue Ridge serve as the main divide 
 betveen the Atlantic a.nd Gulf drainage. The south- 
 eastern slopes are very steep, forming an irregular 
 esce.pement toward the Piedmont Plain. The Unaka 
 Ra.nge occuxoies the northwestern edge of the mountain 
 
 belt. 
 
 Between these two bounding r^'nges is a long, 
 
 na.rrov/, triangula.r area v/hich is characterized by 
 high valleys, with numerous irregula.r mountain masses 
 many of v/hoee summits reach 4000 - 5000 ft. above sea 
 level, Kt. Mitchell being the highest (6711 ft.) 
 
The Appalachian Valley consists of a long 
 narrow zone, whoee surface is depressed several 
 hundred fett helo^.' the highlands on either side. 
 It is not a single valley belonging to any single 
 river system. There are found, within this belt, 
 many elevations from 890 - ISOO feet ahove the 
 general level. 
 
 The Cumberland Plateaus occupy the next 
 belt beyond the Great Valley. They occupy a belt 
 of country in M/hich the plateau type is dominant, 
 extending through eastern Kentucky and Tennesse. 
 The v;estern limit of the belt is in Alabama. West 
 of the Cumberlcnd Plateaus is a broad belt of country 
 v/'Tich extends 7;estw3.rd to the Tennessee and Ohio rivers 
 embracing the central bas n and its highland rim in 
 Tennessee. It is a sort of a. v/estern Piedmont plateau. 
 
 The first settlers of the region came to the 
 region by going up the navigable rivers to the "fall 
 line" and the trading posts were established. Prom 
 here the pioneers pushed inland over the Piedmont in- 
 to the eastern spurs of the Appalq,chian mountains. 
 ICext to be crossei was the Blue Ridge and beyond these 
 v.-ere the rugged Unakas , v-hich presented an almost un- 
 surmountable obstacle. As a result all commerce has 
 been kept at arr.iS length and the lack of ma^rkets has 
 occasioned the poverty of the people, \vhich in turn pro- 
 ' '~^' "" '- construction over the mountains. The 
 
16, 
 
 steep hills rise 700 - 1200 feet aloove the valleys and ■. 
 the latter a,re little more than gorges. Of level 
 land there is rd.lrnost none and the same ra?y be srid 
 of highways. \" Alleys, roads and mountain streams 
 coincide and in summer serve as a makeshift of a road. 
 In ¥/inter trails cut through the forest serve as the 
 only lines of travel. 
 
 It is interesting to note some of the expres- 
 sive and rather picturesque names of some of the streams. 
 e.g. "Hell-fer-Sartain" , "Bullskin" "Greasy", and 
 "Cutshin" Creeks. One trail leads from the V/'aters 
 of Kingdom-Come dov«i Lost Creek and Trouolesome, across 
 the Upper Devil and Lower Devil to Hell Creek. The 
 Creeks are invariably used to point out the highr/ays 
 and localities. 
 
 The rocks of the region in general, consist of 
 crumpled and folded conglomerates, sandstones, sha.les, 
 limestones, maroles of varying degree of hardness and 
 purity. They were for the most part deposited as 
 ocean sediments during Paleozoic times, -//ere subse- 
 quently metamorphosed and elevated into highland. The 
 mountainous topography is largely the result of erosion. 
 
 As for the minerals, the region is extremely 
 rich. Iron, copper, coal, z.inc, phosphate, marble, 
 mica, feldspar, hemitite and barytes are some of the 
 
. ( 
 
17. 
 
 more important ones found. Traces of gold and silver 
 have been found in a few daces. It is said that a 
 greater variety of minerrls have been found in the Caro- 
 lina mountains than in any other state except Colorado. 
 Cool and copper are being mined extensively. in fact 
 it is through this industry that the region is being 
 opened up s.nd railroads penetrating into it frirther and 
 farther each year. 
 
 The region is also quite rich in timber, there 
 being fine specimen of hemlock, poplar, cherry, birch, 
 oak, pine, gum, walnut, maple and many berbs of medicinal 
 value. Even noxi the "yarb doctor" is not so uncommon. 
 "Sang" (ginsing) is found both v.rild and cultivated 
 throughout this country - 
 
 The Appalachian mountains and in some measure al- 
 so the Cumberland Plateaus, as belov/ stated, acted as 
 barriers to the advance of settlement, so that the tide of 
 icmiigration was for a time checked, and turned fcom the 
 more direct course to one offering less resistance. V/ith 
 the coming of railroads, the same line of least resistance 
 was followed vhich directed the tide of irair-igration. The 
 products of the interior sought an outlet to the east; 
 but from the Roanoke south for 350 miles the Appalachian 
 mountains offered a serious obstacle and not until after 
 1880 was that portion of the mountain belt crossed by any 
 railroad. 
 
 Schtland is a mountainous country, similar in many 
 
18. 
 
 ways to our southern highlands; but any inhabitant of 
 the former can easily reach some arm of the sea and 
 thereby get into touch with the v/orld, 
 
 Switzerland is likev/ise a mountainous country, 
 but it had its Roman roads for centuries and the inland 
 lakes even before that. But the southern highlands in 
 America, has no inland lakes, no se? coast, no navigable 
 rivers, and until recently, no railroads. This may be 
 called true isolation. According to a raap there are but 
 10 gaps through the mountains from where the Potomac 
 passes to the terminus in Georgia and Alabsjna. This shows 
 wlint a barrier the mountains are to man. The location 
 of these passes determined which colonies shoulcfl furnish 
 the largest quota of the pioneers and also what should 
 be the destination of theses early winners of the west. 
 The height of the Appalachian system increases from the 
 north tov/ard the south; but the average elevation of the 
 ranges, v?hic^ is only 3-400 feet, is novfhere sufficient 
 to constitute a great obstacle. It is the long unbroken 
 extent of the system and its great width of 300 miles 
 v^hich make it a barrier. 
 
 The limited extent of railroad building necessi- 
 tated that many people who had gone into the region at 
 an early date and v/ere remote from railroads became re- 
 latively much more isolated thrn they '-ere v/hen the only 
 means of travel between parts of the country v;ere on 
 
ly, 
 
 horseback. As a result, many of the people of the 
 region have scarcely been affected by social Pnd in- 
 dustrial revolution of the modern times. Man ^as 
 done 80 little because nature has done so little for 
 the region. The people have during long geiterations 
 become so lost to modern civilizing factors and thus 
 we have todajr the mountriineer problem - y;hic'r^ is tlir't 
 of educating and modernirjing them. 
 
 These people, as I have said else-v.here, are the 
 purest stock in this cosmopolitan nation of ours - sim- 
 ply becsuse no outside blood has been introduced and 
 all because of the topographical condition of the region. 
 
 In nine counties in eastern Tennessee there is 
 8. population of 163,649 of whom only 211 are foreigners. 
 Of the 22,296 in Sevier county, seven are not America.ns. 
 From, this we see the problem is not with foreigners. 
 Neither does the Fegro enter prominently into the moun- 
 taineer problem. In the nine counties mentioned above 
 less than one-tenth are colored. In Sevier county 
 there are 373 j^Tegroes, or one to sixty w^iites. 
 
 Mr- Kephart, who has lived 3 years among the 
 mountaineers of the Great Smokies, gives four reasons 
 vyhy these people do not leave the mountains and go to 
 lands furnishing better opportunities.- viz: 
 
I'irst, "because they were so immured in the 
 raountaine, so utterly cut off fro.r, corarauncation vdth the 
 outer world, that they did not Vnow anything about the 
 opportunities offered new settles in fa.r-av;ay lands. 
 Moving "v/est" to them would have meant merely going a 
 feiv days' wagon-travel dov/n into the lowlands of Ken- 
 tucky or Tennessee, which already were thickly settled 
 by a peeple of very different social class. Here they 
 could not hope to fee a.nything but tenants or menials, 
 ruled over oy proprietors or bosses - and they would die 
 tather than endure such treatment. As for the new lands 
 of the farther West, there was scarce a peasant in Ireland 
 or in Scandinavia but ;.:new more about them than did the 
 southern mountaineers. 
 
 Second, oeac^jse they vieve passionately attached 
 to their homes and kindred, to their own old-fashioned 
 ways. The mountaineer shrinks from lowland society 
 as he does from the water and the climate of sucb regions. 
 He is never at ease until back with his home-folks, foot- 
 loose and free. 
 
 Third, because there waa nothing in his environ- 
 ment to arouse sjubition. The hard, hopeless life of the 
 mountain farm, sustained early by a, meager and ill-cooked 
 diet, begat laziness and shiftless unconcern. 
 
 Finally, the poverty of the hillside fa-mers 
 and bra.nch-v/ater people was so extreme tha.t they could not 
 gather funds to emigrate with. There were no industries 
 
21. 
 
 to v/hich a man might turn and earn rerdy raoney, no markets 
 in v/liich. he could sell a surplus from the fr.rm. 
 
 So, while the trans/iontane settlers grev rapid- 
 ly in v/ealth and culture, their kinsfolk back in the ^^'.oun-. 
 tains either stood still or retrograded, and the contrast 
 vns due not nearly so much to ony difference of capacity as 
 to a law of ITature th&t dooms an isolated and impoTerished 
 ■oeoTDle to deterioration. 
 
22. 
 
 THE PBOPDE 
 
 Isolation ; 
 
 Prom a law in Biology we learn that an isola- 
 ting environment operates for the preservation of a 
 type by excluding all intermixtures, and thereby pre- 
 serving distinguishing characteristics. 
 
 It is in the southern highlands that we find 
 
 the purest Anglo-Saxon stock of all Aieerica. The stock 
 
 is chiefly English and Scotch and Irish - the Scotch 
 
 predominating. In the Carolina mo^ontains one is likely 
 
 to come across a Frenchman v/ith Huguenot hlood, or a 
 
 German who has come dovm from the settlements of PSnnsyl- 
 
 vania. 
 
 The counties are particularly tree from foreigners 
 
 according to the 13th census, 60 of the mountain counties 
 have less than 10 foreign-born whites. No county in all 
 Bew England and ITev/ York have such a small number of for- 
 eigners, and in fact in fev; other places are there so few 
 of foreign bitth. 
 
 These people formed a part of the tide of pioneers 
 which crossed the mountains to settle the mid-west, but 
 they chanced to turn aside from the main stream and since 
 stagnated in the mountains. 
 
 The region is as free of negros as of foreigners. 
 There seems to be no place for him in the mountain economy. 
 From this it is easy to see how mountaineers declarded them- 
 selves for the Union at outset of War. 
 
/ 
 
 nC.l J; 
 
23 
 
 Though of vigorous stock, the man are tall 
 and lank, hut wiry (sinev/y), with their bony faces, 
 sallow skin and dull hair, hut a keen aye. They hold 
 
 in loose-jointed oostute. Their faces are stern 
 and iimnohile. He does a great deal of thinking hut is 
 rather reticent toward "furriners". To the mountaineer 
 all visitors are "furriners." Scandalized by this a 
 visitor once asked v/hat they would call a "Dutchman" or 
 a "Dago." The Highlander studies a bit and then re- 
 plied: "Them's the outlandish." 
 
 Of the roads the mountain v/ag says: "Goin' up, 
 ye ken mought nigh stan' straight an' bite the ground; 
 goin' down a man wants hobnails in the seat ov his pants." 
 
 Think of a people whose speech iS full, of 
 Shakespearean v/ords and phrases like "begone," "y\feard," 
 "Old Grandsir," and who still hs.ve the freedom that coins 
 new words on easy occasion, as when one says, "I haint pa- 
 tience with critters thet hez ter be gentled an hand-fed." 
 
 Despite the mountaineer' s reticent attitud'e 
 toward outsiders, he is quite hospitable when you have once 
 gained his confidence. 
 
 Mr- Fox in- one of his novels, relates the follow- 
 ing story of a mountain ma.n to his quest, as significant of 
 their hospitality:- "Stranger, take a 'tater, take t^/o or 
 three of them. llell, take pretty damn nigh all of them." 
 
 Women a nd the. jFa mily. : 
 
 There is no tendency to race suicide in the 
 
24, 
 
 .es 
 
 mountains, and not only do they have the largest famili, 
 to be found in the nation, but they have a way of 
 doubling, and trebling, that is most remarkable. Most 
 of the la-ge families have one set of twins at least, many 
 have two sets aad the living sets in a family of nine and 
 triplets and twins in another; have been reported. In 
 one mountain county a mother has presented the nation with 
 27 children in 24 years, including six sets of twins and a 
 set of triplets. 
 
 It is said "The mountains are a good place for 
 men a,nd dogs, but they are hard on women and horses," 
 and it is true that no class of v/omen in the world under- 
 go such ha,rdships as most of our mountain women. Prom 
 early childhood there is no let up tintil too feeble to 
 work and prematurely old; these mothers toil amidst the 
 darkness of isolation without conveniences or pleasures 
 to lighten the monotony of a burdensome life; and ignorant 
 of the larws of sanitation, with the crudest and most primi- 
 tive methods of nursing and doctoring, the sacrifice of 
 mothers and babies is appalling. Through the lack of 
 knov/ledge of proper care thousands of these babies that do 
 survive are afflicted with disease and have injured sight, 
 while there is hardly a mounta.in j'.other who is not suffer- 
 ing from the result of ignorance and lack of proper care 
 at child birth. 
 
 The women are simple and patient and totally 
 unconcious of self. Their manners are genial and gracious. 
 
25. 
 
 The people as a rule marry goung (women 15 - 13) (men 
 17-20). There is nothing of the romantic about the 
 marriage. Husband and wife speak of each other as 
 "my man" or "my woman". One woman who had married 
 and lived in one spot twelve years had hever seen the 
 Rockcastle river only tv/o miles from her door. Another 
 had ^oeen married twelve years and had never been back 
 home - only 10 miles distant. As a result of this con- 
 finement to one locality is the absence of social life 
 and the close intermarriage of families of one district. 
 In Breathitt county an old judge whose family were early 
 settles of thpt section said there were 96 children in 
 the district school and all but 5 were related, to him. 
 Ohe can travel 40 milis along the Kentucky river and find 
 the same names recurring to all the cabins along both 
 shores. 
 
 The women do most of the work, the men spending 
 their time in hunting, fishing, or running the illicit 
 distilleries and drinking their product. (V;hen lumbering 
 operations arein progress, the unskilled mountaineer can 
 get |l.25 per day, but the labor on the farm - where it 
 is needed, can be had for 50 cents and the workman board 
 
 himself) . 
 
 Home-made whisky contains 20fo more alcohol 
 than standard liquor. They begin drinking when mere boys 
 15-lS years old. The men and women all look as if underfed- 
 due in a large measure to their unvaried diet. Hot soda 
 
<ib. 
 
 biscuits or corn pone, fat pork swimming in grease and 
 fried eggs. 
 
 In some regions a young man lias reached the 
 summit of his cim'jition, ■when he has learned to pick a 
 hanjo, o^vns a dog and carries a gun and a bottle of 
 whisky. Many children learn to use tobacco before they 
 learn to talk. Nothing is thought of the boy, girl, 
 man or woman v/'io expectorates on the floor of the home, 
 school, or church. Baths are -oractically unknown. 
 
 The followin.fj statistics vfere gathered from 
 an isolr?.ted township of avernge conditions in a border 
 county in the southern Appalachians. It shows what 
 home life means to these people. Eighty-three families 
 ¥^ere considered. 
 
 Average size of family 5^ 
 
 Average number sleeping in one room 4|- 
 " '• of beds 1-4 
 
 " " of windows per house l-j 
 Ventilation none 
 
 Sanitation 
 
 Out closets 6 
 
 Families having cook stoves 68 
 
 " cooking on open fires 15 
 
 Number of parents illegitimate 16. 7> 
 " " children " Q. fe 
 
 Average distance to county seat 15 1/3 mi. 
 M •• to postoffice 4 l/2 " 
 
 II " to public school 2 l/2 " 
 
27. 
 
 Average distance to doctor 4 mUes 
 
 " " church pj- II 
 
 II II II J. 
 
 Store 3 1/3 I, 
 
 Average size of farm 27 acres 
 
 " amount cultivated 7 5/3 h 
 
 " tax per family $2.46 
 " expend, for clothes per fsjnily ^35.42 
 types of houses: frame 24, log 44, Box 15 
 
 Averft,;;e income from crops per farm 5)161.00 
 
 These people, in spite of the hard life they 
 lead, or perhaps as a result of it, they have amazing en- 
 durance. Examples of which are given ^:y Mr. Kephart in 
 his book, "Our Southern Highlands," in which he tells of 
 one woman (6 ft. 3 inches) known as "Long Goody" v;ho 
 walked 18 miles across the Smokies into Tennessee crossing 
 at an elevation of 5.000 ft. merely to shop more advan- 
 tageously than she could at home. l^iext day she shouldered 
 50# of flour and some other groceries and bore them home 
 before nip;htfall. Another mountaineer told of his Uncle 
 Jiminy Crav/ford - 72 years old, v/ho joined Mr. Kephart and 
 party on a bear hunt walking 12 miles across the mountain 
 carrying his equipment and 4 day's rations for himself and 
 dogs. He found the party had gone so he follov/ed, 
 walking 12 more miles, climbing another 3000 feet and fin- 
 ished the 24 mile triiD in seven hours. -then he v/anted to 
 
28. 
 
 help cut the nightwood for the party. 
 
 Home Life ; 
 
 Vithin the home the furnishings are fev/ and 
 simple. Split haskets splithottom charis are made at 
 home. The "baskets as well as clothing are dyed in the 
 home with natural -^j-ood dyes. Not a few make their o\vn 
 shoes; almost all stocibings are home 5:nit. Leather is 
 tanned in a little bark yard, which has a capncity of 
 1-10 hides per day. 
 
 The corn is ground by -water po"i7er at the little 
 mill. As for wheat flour - the vnountaineer has none. 
 
 The people of the southern highland have a home- 
 ly philosophy of life and are quite blunt in expressing 
 themselves. They eve likewise prone to discussing re- 
 ligion in the home - as one mountaineer remarked: 
 
 "Sum folks what haint no sort o' religion their- 
 selves kin argue an' hate fer the church they stans up 
 fer, an' tell Scriptur so easy hit seems l.-^.k they'd et 
 a Bible! " 
 
 Here is a sajnple of some of the "simple" 
 home remedies used by these people. - 
 
 A boy had frozen his feet -quite badly and his 
 mountaineer fsjnily applied this remedy: 
 
 , First Itiis feet ^;7ere vrrapped up in the skins of 
 a rabbit killed during the dark of the moon; then a penny 
 iiad been bent crooked and buried st the northeast comer 
 of the house, on the outside, where the r/ater dripped 
 
2'9.. 
 
 from the eves. This was thought to he a sure cure. 
 
 Ballads and ?olk Sonp;s ; 
 
 Professor H. G. Shearin of Transylv-nia 
 University has made a collection of 333 fold songs and 
 Ballads of Kentucky. The collection includes not on- 
 
 ly the 333 items hut 114 variants in addition. It 
 consists of song-hallads, love-songs, number songs, 
 dance songs, play songs, child songs, counting out 
 rhymes, lullahies, etc. 
 
 Many of these veve collected from the mountain 
 people during five years travel among them. The moun- 
 taineer reverted to his ancestrial type of literature 
 and renewed the hallad. 
 
 This has now been handed dovm from lip to lip 
 through generations v/ith slightly varied form and phrase. 
 
 The ballad of "Barbary Allen" - popular in 
 England 300 years a.go , is an old favorite in many of the 
 mountain counties today. The tragic ballad of "Little 
 Sir Hugh" or "The Jev/ish Lady" traces back to the Prior's 
 Tale of Chancer. 
 
 The lengthy ballad of "Lord Bateman" or "The 
 Turkish Lady" (contains 53 stanzas) shows unmistakable 
 identity v/ith the poem of the same name in Kurlock's 
 "Ancient Scottish Ballads" though the Scottish version 
 
 is longer. 
 
 The Mountaineer has composed ballads on the 
 analogy of the Ancient. These are romantic or heroic 
 
30.' 
 
 and of na.rrative length. There is one native Toallad of 
 52 stanzas, entitled "Beauregard and Zollicoiff er" , 
 which recounts the deeds of these t^/o generrsls of the 
 Civil 'iVar. 
 
 The music for ?.ll of these hallads is in a 
 vfeird minor key a.nd is sung in nasal tone. The women 
 seem to he the chief exponents of mountain ainstrelsy. 
 
 A Fragment from aolliG::iff er : 
 Old Zollicoff er' s dead, and the last word he said 
 v/as, "I'm going had-: South; they're a-gaining" 
 If he wants to save his soul, he had loetter keep his 
 hole, or we'll land him in the happy land of Canaan. 
 
 Prom the mountain v/hites of Hastern Tennessee 
 C3n-.es these song-rhymes: - 
 
 "Edmund had an ole gray horse; its name wuz Morgan Brown; 
 En' every tooth in Morgan's head wuz fifteen miles, around. " 
 
 Another is:- 
 The sheep's in the meadow, en' the cows' in the com 
 Where in the hell has Lulu gone! 
 
 School hutterl Chicken flutter (or f udder)! 
 Rotten eggs far yer daddy' s supper! 
 
 (This latter one is used as a cry of defiance 
 to a boy who is disgraced by having to go to school) 
 
TO .' 
 
 iC 
 
ai. 
 
 " MQCIIS imnNG" 
 
 In a late reiport of the CoraraipJpiiQner of In- 
 ternal Revenue, are found these words : 
 
 "Illicit diatilling and 'bootlegging' continue 
 without sign of abatement. It appears that in some 
 sections of the country, where locnl officers make some 
 effort to enforce local prohibitory laws, there is a 
 correspondingly greater demand for illicit whiskey, and 
 as the price goes up more persons are willing to run the 
 risk in violating the law. 
 
 "V/hile most of the plants captured are compiir- 
 atively small, when it is taken into consideration that 
 there are great numbers of plants running which we do 
 not succeed in locating and destroying, the tax on the 
 entire spirits aggregates a large amount of revenue that 
 is lost to the Government .- 
 
 "The force engaged in raidi'rg could, 'vith pro- 
 priety, be ^i^^^^tly increased, pnd if illicit distill- 
 ing is to be eradicated, it will be necessary to main- 
 tain in sections in which it is prevalent, a much larger 
 force than the present approprip.tion v/ill permit. 
 
 "The illicit disillers in their riountain homes 
 regard their corn as their own. The Government, which 
 they know only in a vague way and chiefly through revenue 
 
33 
 
 officers, has done nothing for them so far as they a.re 
 aware. In their primitive thought, they see no reason 
 why they should not make a living by turning their corn 
 into whiskey without paying a tax to the Govermaent of 
 several times what the original product is v/orth. They 
 don't need the jail and the penitentiary — they need 
 to be taught the duties of citizenship and the various 
 vs.ya by which they can take care of their farailies. The 
 Commissioner of Internal Revenue tells of the number of 
 Revenue Officers who have been killed in fights with the 
 illicit distillers, and very properly suggests that the 
 Government should provide for the care of their v/idows 
 and children. Of course it is not his province to 
 recommend provision for the widows and children of the 
 distillers who are killed. 
 
 "Judge r. .7. Gardner, of the Thirty-first Judi- 
 cial District of Kentucky to the Knott County Grand Jruy 
 has the following to say : 
 
 "The oeople of Knott county are to be congratu- 
 lated upon the decrease of crime within the county. 
 Eight years ago when I first came to this county to hold 
 your Circuit Court, I found tlnA on the Saturday night 
 before my arrival, the Clerk's Office had been entered 
 and nearly four hundred indictments stolen; more than 
 half of these indictments v/ere for the illegal sale of 
 liquor in the county. 
 
33. 
 
 "It was generally supposed that the illegal 
 liquor venders were responsible for the theft, and it 
 seeEied that thia class of outlaws had the county by 
 the throat. Llurder throughout the county was rife, 
 fights and brawls, cuttings and woundings, common, a.rson 
 numerous, drunkenness rampant, and it was hardly safe to 
 be upon the streets of the little town of Hindi-ian -'fter 
 nightfall. 
 
 "Hov/ is it today ? Ho homicide for several 
 years ; felony docket of little moment ; your town quiet 
 and peaceable, and your last Grand Jury able to report 
 that crime of all kinds is decreasing, and the illegal 
 nale of liquor reduced to a minimum. 
 
 "V/hat has brought about this happy state of af- 
 fairs ? To my mind, it is the effect of education, dis- 
 seminated among the people of this county and surrounding 
 country, through the school in your midst conducted under 
 the auspices of the \7omen's Christian Temperance Union." 
 
 In the report of the Commissioner of Internal 
 Revenue for the year 1913, an expenditure of ^'137,385.45 
 is shown for the year for "punishment for violation of 
 Internal Revenue law." 
 
 The value of illicit distilleries and other 
 miscellf reous property destroyed was ; 
 
34. 
 
 iientucky ^)3,566. 
 
 Tennensee 18.273. 
 
 Virginia 25,263. 
 
 ITortli and South Carolina . . 27,26 0. 
 
 Alabama 17,098. 
 
 C-eorsia 72,041. 
 
 West Virginif' 10. 
 
 Total ...... $ 163,511. 
 
 Just hoviT rauc?i of this loss comes from the moun- 
 tain counties of these states, it is impossible to say, 
 but it is a noticeable fact that those states having 
 mountain counties invariably have a higher valuation 
 of property seized, Illinois being the sin^^le exception 
 out of the forty-eight states. 
 
 The Coramiwsioner in this report pays : "Illicit 
 distilling continued with s. slight abatement during the 
 past fiscal year (191?.- 13). There were seized and des- 
 troyed 2,375 illicit distilleries as against 2,466 during 
 the preceding year." 
 
 "There were 459 persons arrested and two officers 
 wounded in connection with the seizures of the 2,375 il- 
 licit distilleries." 
 
 The following table shows the extent of the 
 work of the Revenue Officers for the past seven years : 
 
35. 
 
 }^91 112^ 19 09 1910 1911 1912 1913 Total 
 
 Illicit distilleries 
 
 seized 1139 1130 1743 1911 2471 2466 2375 13235 
 
 Officers and eraploy- 
 
 ees killed ... . 1 1 2 
 
 Officers and employ- 
 ees wounded. ... 32139 
 
 Persons arrested . . 300 328 388 470 529 494 459 3068 
 
36. 
 
 HEALTH 
 
 Various Boards and agencies are at work 
 in the different states on the health question of the 
 mountaineers. Some of the more im-portant are given 
 lie re. 
 
 The North Carolina State Board of Health 
 now puhlishes a monthly "Health Bulletin" which is sent 
 to the various puhlio school teachers of the str-.te. 
 This little Bulletin treats of such subjects as "Medical 
 Inspection of Schools and School Children", The Plague 
 of flies and Mosquitoes", Sanitary Privy", "Hookworm" 
 etc. They also explain the nevi law which requires the 
 registration of "births and deaths in the state. 
 
 The little bulletin reaches 8000 of the 10,000 
 public school teachers of the state. In addition to the 
 bulletin, v/eekly and daily nev^spaper articles are sent 
 over the state. 
 
 The StF,te of Kentucky now publishes a bulletin 
 similar to that of North Carolina. 
 
 The Tennessee Federation of Women's Clubs has 
 sent out through the mountains simple directions for the 
 prevention of eye trouble among infants. 
 
 The Russell Sage Foundation also has a Committee 
 on the prevention of blindness. But v/ith all these, eye 
 trouble is a serious problem among the mountain people. 
 
 Trachoma; - 
 
 In Kentucky alone, one physician found over 70 
 
36 
 
 cases of trachoma in three days axaong the mountain people. 
 
 The last report of the U. S. Public Health Ser- 
 vice says that an investigation of trachoma was made 
 in 5 mountain counties (Knott, Perry, Leslie, Breathitt, 
 Owsley) a total of .'5974 persons were examined, 500 of v;hom 
 vere found to he suffering from that trouble - or over 
 12a7a. The majority of the persons examined v/ere from 
 rural schools, but teachers and persons in the vicinity of 
 the schools --'ere also examined. The I2i-,1> ibnfec'ted, does 
 not include the persons v/ho v/ere suspected of having this 
 serious eye trouble. It v/as estimated that of 40 fajnilies 
 or about 300 persons, 75>j were infected v/ith trachoma. 
 
 The disease seems to be less prevalent in the 
 towns. But in one instrance 50 persons in a small town v/ere 
 found to h.^ve it. All stages were found, from those of a 
 few ^veeks duration to cases of 40 - 50 years standing. 
 
 "The source of the original infection is obscure 
 but the disease has undoubtedly been present bey@nd the 
 recollection of the oldest inhabitant" - snys the report. 
 
 The health officers of Kentucl<y, in making an 
 investig-ation of trachoma in Enott county, had the follov/- 
 
 ing to say:- 
 
 "The State and 7'ederal health authorities are 
 coming to recognize that becau3e of the ne'-r freedom of 
 movement, the fight vith trachoma is -Iso emergency ^™rk. 
 Our September clinic was unusally interesting because of 
 the oresence of Dr. MacMullen, U. 3. JJxpert, v/ho at the 
 
37. 
 
 invitation of the State Goyernment spend the summer in- 
 vest i-:;atin_:]; the eye diseases of the mountains. \Ie 
 quote from his report, "In company with Dr. R, \i . Duke, 
 the county health officer, I arrived July 12, 1912, ?.t 
 Plindman, the county seat of Knott County, twenty miles 
 from the nearest railroad, and rs-ch^d on horsre'Dack over 
 very rough rords. I found the people much interested 
 and willing to lend their assistance and hearty co-operation 
 to any measures which m.i,:;;ht henefit the appalling namloers 
 suffering from the "sore eyes' or 'granulated lids' as 
 trachoma, is knovm there, and this v/as particularly true of 
 the doctors of Knott County. The majority of the country 
 schools were in session -t this time, hut none of the town 
 schools, and it was decided to visit as many of the former 
 as possihle, in various section of the counties, since 
 some comj'flunities are much more heavily infected than are 
 other, sixty to seventy-f iA'^e per cent, of the f-rmilies 
 being infected in some neighborhoods. 
 
 ''The examination of four schools, which was the 
 usual day's v/ork, meant a ride of t-'enty or more niles. 
 Many persons were examined alonp; the roadside and in the 
 homes in nassing, and there was practically nsYer any 
 objection to having ibheir eyes examined, as the people 
 are well acquainted with ''granulated lids'' and its 
 fearful sequelae, usually willing to discuss the subject, 
 and always interested in learning matters pertaining to 
 health. 
 
38. 
 
 ''In Knott County turelve schools were visited, 659 
 school children were examined, a,nd 119 \7ere foiond to 
 h.pve trachoma - /.lore than IB per cent. , or nearly one 
 in five. Two of the twelve teachers v/ere found to 
 have v/ell marked cases of trachoma. Outside of schools, 
 400 peoiDle were examined throu.^hrjut the county and 102 or.ses 
 of trachoma found among them. Some of these 400, ho^7- 
 
 ever, v/ere preeented for examination because they were 
 known to have sore eyes, v/hich accounts for this rather 
 large oercentcge. A total of 1,059 people were examined 
 in this county and 221, or ahout twenty per cent, were 
 suffering from trachoma. The schools have avera,ged from 
 two to forty-four per cent, of trachoma, v/ith a general 
 average of about eighteen per cent. It is estimated 
 that from eight to ten per cent, of the population (11,000 
 estimated) of this county are suffering from this disease, 
 or qbout 900 cases of trachoma. This county was taken 
 as a tyoical one for purposes of investigation, and there- 
 fore more time v/as spent there and more people were ex- 
 amined than in any one of the other counties, the local 
 doctors heartily co-operating and lending e^rery aid in 
 accomplishing the task. 
 
 '•Among the hundreds of cases of tsachoraa seen, 
 I witnessed cases pathetic in the extreme. I saw small 
 children shut out all light from the eyes, so intense 
 was the ohotophohia. They prohaMy had not seen daylight 
 
39. 
 
 for weeks or even months, and these unfortunately, are 
 "by no means isolated cases. In one school visited 
 
 a num'ber of the nearer neigh'ibors >'ere present, and 
 there \7ere cases of trichoma which had existed for a 
 lifetime and ha.d ended in the terminal cicatricial 
 stage and total "blindness. These are only insta.nces 
 of the many -oathetic sights to "be seen in these rcountain 
 counties as the result of this dangerous, infectious 
 disease, which, mthout proper care n.nd treatment, not 
 onl^. lasts throughout the lifetime of the individual, 
 but makes victims of other and gains strength as it ad- 
 vances - certainly a terrible handicap to struggle 
 against through life, only to pass their final days in 
 darkness, a burden to themselves, their families, and 
 their friends. 
 
 Hookwo im: 
 
 The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the 
 eradication of the Hookv/orra is doing a v/onderful v-ork 
 in the south tov/ard solving this phase of the health 
 problem. If is carrying -n the rrork both independent- 
 
 ly and in connection v.ith the various Health boards. 
 Our concern here is, prinarily -ith the 246 mountain 
 counties making up "Appalachian America". 
 
 The prevalence of this disease ar.ong the moun- 
 tain folk is shovm in the Commission's report for 1911, 
 as given belov.'.- 
 
40. 
 
 Note:- The Sanitary'' Cornrnission report designates 
 three degrees of infection a? follov/s: 
 
 1. Hea,vy infection 40;1' and over 
 
 2. Li.;ht " 20 -40,:^ 
 
 3. Infection demonstrated; degree not determined. 
 
 Alaharaa ; 
 
 Infection demonstrated; degree not determined in 
 
 all mountain counties. 
 
 Georgia : 
 
 Heavy infection in 2 counties 
 
 Light " " 5 " 
 
 Degree not determined in 13 counties. 
 
 ]^Torth Carolina : 
 
 Medium infection in 15 counties 
 LSght " " S " 
 
 South Carolina : 
 
 Degree not deterrained in 4 counties. 
 
 Virginia : 
 
 Degree not determined in 41 counties. 
 
 West Vir ginia: 
 
 No report. 
 
 Tennessee ; 
 
 Infection heavy in 8 counties 
 
 " light in 5 " 
 Degree not deterii:inea m .'-il oo uities. 
 
 Kentucky : 
 
 Dep-ree not determined in 12 counties. 
 
 Up to September 30, 191?, out of 41 mountain 
 counties of Virginia, 12 of them had heen surveyed in 
 the v;orlc of determining the degree of infection of the 
 school children vfith hookworm. 2784 c.s-s ve-e found 
 
41, 
 
 v/hich r;ae ?i4,;' of the riui^.b^r ercainined. 
 
 In the other mountain counties it is equally 
 as bad or v/orse - particulru-ly North Carolina and r^eorgia. 
 
 Pellaprp. ; 
 
 The report of the Corrxnissioner of Health for 
 Virginia for 191.-^, shows that 145 deaths (27 of v/hich 
 Y'ere in the n.ountain counties) "'ere caused hy Pella^-rfi , 
 or a r-'te of 6.8 in 100,000 population. I quote from 
 the report: 
 
 "The disease, in q. word, threatens to become 
 a menace and deserves the cp.reful attention of he.-ath 
 officers and investigators. Unless v/e are able to as- 
 cert?in its cause pnd to prevent its spread, we mry ere 
 long expect to find it numbered ainon,^ our most serious 
 diseases. "Even as it is, it claims more than ine- 
 fcurth as many victims as tj'phoid fever". 
 
 This report shows the trend of this disease .-ai 
 through the section. Very little data concerning this 
 
 diseas seems to &e ave liable. Most of the information 
 as the number of ceathr^ due to Pellegre, are gi-en only 
 as "estimrtes" . 
 
 Tensessee considers it one of the thre norst 
 diseases among the raoujitaineers but I am unable to give 
 figures sho\?ing the number of deaths caused t^iere by it. 
 
42. 
 
 In order to lea/rxi defini-cel:' of the chief 
 disenpes and the vso t\ of sanitation, etc . among the 
 mountain people of the eic^ht mountain states, I pre- 
 pared and Pent to each of the St'te Boards of Health, 
 a set of four questions - v.hich I give belov, -lon2: 
 I'vith the ansrers recei^^ed. 
 
 1st - '..'h.-'t do you consider the 3 or 4 mont 
 prevalent diseases amon,? the Mountaineers? 
 
 Virginia :- Tuherculosis, pneumonia, heart 
 s.nd Bright' s Lisease. 
 
 (From July 1, 1912 - June 30. 1913 there oc- 
 curred I'^'&b deaths in the 41 mountain counties of ^'ir- 
 ginia - due to tuherculosis , and 776 deat'is -/ere due to 
 pneumonia in these counties durin;2; the snm year.) 
 
 ""est Virginia -?- Typhoid Fever, Tuherculosis , 
 and Pneumonia. 
 
 North Carolina : - Tuo e r cul o s i s , ^i'ypho i d , and 
 dia.rrheal diseases amon^r children. 
 
 Georgia; - "Typhoid fever is undouhtedly 
 first. There is some pneumonia and tuherculosis . 
 
 Tennessee ;- Hookvrorm, Tuoerculosis and Pella- 
 gra. 
 
 Kentucky: - Tuherculosis. ti^qphoid fever, pneu- 
 monia and hookworm. 
 
 Bouth Carol ina:- no ansv/er. 
 
 Alabama:- no ansr/er. 
 
43. 
 
 2nd. Is there ?, lav. in your state requiring the erection 
 of sanitary priviee at the various schools and homes in 
 the state? 
 
 Virp:inia :- "There is a regulation of the St'te 
 Eoard of Health requiring sanitary privies at horaes and 
 schools throughout the state. This regulation is being 
 enf creed as rapidly o.s the means at our command i/ill per- 
 mit." 
 
 '■'/est Virginia: - "No " 
 
 ITorth C arolina;- not ansv-ered. 
 
 Georgia; - "No . " 
 
 Tennessee; - "No . " 
 
 Kentucky ;- "A rule of this 13 card, hsving the 
 force and effect of l-<vv, requires the ejection of sani- 
 tary- closets at school houses and all other puolic, 
 "buildings not located on sewer lines." 
 
 South Carolina ;- no answer. 
 
 AlaJaajna: - no ansner. 
 
 3rd. "hfit, to your notion, is the riost important v,-ork 
 no\r being done toward bettering health condition of the 
 
 state? 
 
 Y/est Virginia; - "Estaulishinent of an Tlygenic Labora- 
 tory by the State Board of Health:" 
 
44. 
 
 Virginia ; - "The most importrnt v/ork nov being 
 done tovard "bettering the health conditionseof the moun- 
 tain section is identical with thp t being done to\fard 
 "bettering the health of other sections of Virginifi-- 
 popular education; typhoid prevention; farra sanitation; 
 anti-tuberculosis vork and hook^..vorna vroric." 
 lorth Carolina :- Not answered. 
 Georgia ;- "That of the Rockefeller Hookworm 
 
 CoiiiiTiission, " 
 
 Tennessee :- "Hookv/omi and InYe?tigstion of 
 
 contagious diseases" 
 
 Kentucky :- "Campaigns by counties vith dis- 
 pensaries and sfeereopticon displays in regard to the 
 
 various diseases." 
 
 South Carolina :- no ansver. 
 Al aba-ma ;- Ko ansv:er. 
 
 4th. Does your st^^te have a lax. requiring the registra- 
 tion of births and deaths? 
 
 Virginia: -"Virginia has a law requiring the 
 registration of births and deaths. Since Jan. 1 191.-5. 
 the st,^:te hps been a p^rt of the registration area as^ 
 recognized by the Federal Census. 
 
 yjest Virginia ;- "Yes, but a very imperfect 
 lav.' - imperfectly executed." 
 
 North Carolina:- .uesticn not ansv/ered. 
 
 Georgia, ;- "No." 
 Tennessee:- les. 
 
^i;£ii -:... 
 
45, 
 
 Kentucky :- "The uniform Vit?^! Statistics 
 ley. recommended ty the national Hivic Federation, has 
 iDe^n in successful operation here since 1911". 
 
 South Carolina. ;- no ans- er- 
 
 jSlahama;- no ansY/er. 
 
46. 
 
 NOT, ^ 
 
 ^rr^ 
 
47. 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 The one thing a.TDove all which is sorely lacking 
 among our Southern Highlanders, and the thing which 
 keeps them in a low state of civilization, is the utter 
 lack of education. By education, i do not merely 
 mean the teaching of reading and v/riting, but education 
 in a broad sense - i.e. teaching the people to really 
 live a modern normal, happy and useful life. These 
 Real Americans have been neglected by modern civiliza- 
 tion. The Mountain problem of the Southern Appala- 
 chians is due to a geological accident. 
 
 The Southern mountaineer has asked for no more 
 than a fair chance. This he is not getting, certain- 
 ly not in matters educational. As proof of this state- 
 ment, let us look at conditions in East Tennessee: The 
 first public school one writer visited was about six 
 miles from the county seat. For the sixty-five pupils 
 in attendance there was not a school desk, no provisions 
 for teaching writing, no blackboard except some painted 
 board acress one end of the room. Of the first twenty- 
 five schools the county superintendent visited two years 
 ago, nineteen were furnished as this one. 
 
 Another fact is that the public schools are in 
 session out twenty weeks of the year. In one county the 
 present year there were sixteen weeks of free school. 
 
48. 
 
 With tliat length of term it would require eighteen 
 years to complete the elementary course of study. 
 In the nine counties bordering on the Great Smokies 
 there are 61,172 young people "between the ages of 
 six and twenty. Just over the mountain there are 
 nine other counties with a population of about 
 130,000. It is entirely safe to say that in these 
 eighteen counties there are more than 100,000 v^ith- 
 out free school privileges for seven months of the 
 year. Are you surprised that more than 50,000 of 
 them are below the third grade? It is no wonder 
 that every sixth person over ten years of age is an 
 illiterate. Out in a small community recently 
 land was purchased for a little chapel. Of the 
 twenty-one persons giving the deed, one was able to 
 sign her name; the others made their mark. 
 
 The Federa.l Govenment does not aid the common 
 schools in the States, but it can and does give annual- 
 ly |15 - $30 to each enrolled child in her colonies - 
 the -Esquimo, the Filipino, the Porto Rician and to the 
 children of Guam for their education. And to these 
 far away children the south must contribute her share 
 through the Federal taxes, and one half of her school 
 tax is given to educate the blacks. 
 
49. 
 
 The taxes of most mountain counties are viitably 
 small, and the problem of educating the mountain people 
 is a stupenduous one, but it is primarily one depending 
 on sufficient, or lack of sufficient funds. According 
 to the latest report (1911-12) of the Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction for N. Carolina, there v/ere 340 
 rura,l schools for mountain v/hites \7hich were furnished 
 vfith ordinary benches — i.e., over 27/» of the total 
 number of tutal schools for whites in the mountain coun- 
 ties. But this does not mean tha.t the remaining 75p 
 had patent desks. As a matter of fact only 51% of the 
 totR,l ha.d them -- the remainder being "home-made desks". 
 
 Mr. A. C. Konihan of the U. S. Bureau of Educa- 
 tion in a recent report says there are 5000 log school 
 houses in the United States today. 
 
 i>yorth Carolina has 254 of them; 63 of vfhich are 
 in the mountain counties of that state. Virginia has 
 336 log school houses, with 147 of them in the mountains. 
 From this we see that 12^. of all the lo^ schools of the 
 U. S. are in these tv/o states. Figures are not avail- 
 able for the remaining six states comprising " Appala- 
 chian America" but I will venture to estimate that 50,"^ 
 of the log schools of the United States are within their 
 
 borders. 
 
 The v/lite teachers of the 22 mountain counties 
 
50, 
 
 of ITorth Carolina receive an average of |)173.40 for 
 the school year of lOOdays ( the average term for the 
 22 counties. ) 
 
 While the above figures only show the actual sta.- 
 tUB of affairs in two of the eight mountain states, 
 they are significant for they are a fair sample of what 
 may he expected in the other six states. 
 
KENTUCKY'S MOONLIGHT SCHOOLS 
 
 51, 
 
 < 
 
 -J 
 
 D. 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 ID 
 
 m 
 
52. 
 
 KENTUCKY'S MOONLIGHT SCHOOLS 
 
 BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
 
 BULLETIN, 1913, NO. 20 PLATE 7 
 
 A. MATHEMATICS IS AN ABSORBING STUDY. 
 
 B. THIRST FOR KNOWLEDGE NOT QUENCHED BY PASSING YEARS. 
 
--JUTTUCKY'S MOONLIGHT SCHOOLS 
 
 53. 
 
 T T 
 
 BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
 
 BULLETIN, 1913, NO, 20 PLATE 3 
 
 A. A LESSON IN READING WITH A NEWSPAPER AS THE TEXT. 
 
 ■ ■>! i 
 
 1 
 
 
 M^^ III^^HMI^I 
 
 3 • ■■ "■■ f 
 
 wiP^HM 
 
 
 Pp^wwif y ^^9I^^H> SH^^^^HhT^ 
 
 1^1.9 '^:#jm-flPi^ 
 
 
 B. FOUR GENERATIONS REPRESENTED IN THE SAME SCHOOLROOM. 
 
54. 
 
 TRAVELING LIBIi;\RIES 
 
 Next to the extension lectures given 
 through the mountain states the traveling libraries 
 are of greatest importance in reaching thes'e all 
 but inaccessible rural mountaineers, who are beyong 
 school age. 
 
 Upon corresponding with the various 
 St^ te Librarians, I learned that traveling libraries 
 are now maintained in North Carolina, Alabama, Kentucky- 
 Tennessee and Virginia. They are carried on for the 
 most part under the county system. 
 
 Kentucky has 122 traveling libraries. 65 
 of which are school libraries. 
 
 Tennessee has community traveling libraries 
 consisting of collection of 50 books of "general reading", 
 which are loaned to any community not accessible to a 
 library. They consist of books on popular science, his- 
 tory, travel, biographj'-, agriculture, household economics, 
 fiction and children's books. Many of these reach the 
 most obscure mountain settlement. In 1912 Tennessee had 
 11400 books circulating through 38 counties, but just 
 how many reach the mountain counties I ara unable to state. 
 
 In Virginia, to quote from a letter from the 
 state librarian, "There are about 12,000 books in the de- 
 partment (traveling library). About 238 stations. 
 Some of these are in the mountains, but it is impossible 
 to say the number, and to what extent the real mountaineers 
 make use of the books". 
 
DO , 
 
 The follovdng is a, specimen list, of the books sent 
 out by the stnte of Virginia. 
 
 North Carolina, first sent out traveling libraries 
 in 1914 - forty- four are novj in circulation in "all 
 parts of the state" 
 
75UT 
 
 General Traveling Library #91, 
 
 Sent to Pulaski, Pulaski County, March 14, 1913. 
 
 Returned 1913. 
 
 50 books, as follows: 
 
 MICTION. 15 vols. 
 
 Allen; A Kentucky Cardinal. No.l, 
 
 Allen: Aftermath. No. 2. 
 
 Connor: The Prospector. lTo.3, 
 
 Castle: The Pride of Jennico, No. 4. 
 
 Cooke: Kilt to Hilt. No. 5. 
 
 Cooke: Mohun. No. 6. 
 
 Cooke: Surry of the Eagle's Nest. No. 7. 
 
 Bosher: Mary Cary. No. 8. 
 
 Lorimer: Letters from a Self-Made Merchant to his Son. No. 9. 
 
 Glasgow: The Ancient Law. No. 10, 
 
 Churchill: Mr. Crevre's Career. No. 11. 
 
 Harrison: C^ueed. No. 12. 
 
 Hugo: The History of a Crime. No. 13. 
 
 Maclaren: Afterwards. No. 14. 
 
 Sienkiewicz: Q,uo Vadis. No. 15 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 5 vols. 
 
 Boulton: Sir Joshua Reynolds. No. 16. 
 
 Gaskell: The Life of C. Bronte. No. 17. 
 
 Gordon: The Earl of Aberdeen. No. 18. 
 
 Page: Robert E. Lee-Kan and Soldier. No. 19. 
 
 Hovey: The Life Story of J. Pierpont Morgan. No. 20. 
 
 LITERATURE. 5 vols. 
 
 Eanham: Letters of Cowper. No. 21. 
 
 Clifford: Lectures and Essays. No. 22. 
 
 Munford: Va.'s Attitude toward Slavery and Secession. No. £5. 
 
 Thwing: The American College in American Life. No. 24. 
 
 Van Laun: History of French Literature. No. 25. 
 
 DESCRIPTION AND TRAVEL. 3 vols. 
 
 Bellog: The Path to Rome. No. 26. 
 
 Meriwether: Seeing Europe by Automobile. No. 27. 
 
 Morfill: The Story of the Nations-Russia. No. 28. 
 
 SOCIAL SCIENCE. 3 vols. 
 Douglas: Canadian Independence. No. 29. 
 Ely & T.lcker: Elementary Economics, No. 30 
 Meade: Trust Finance. No. 31. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 4 vols. 
 
 Jordon: Feeding of Animals. No. 32. 
 
 McKeever: Farm Boys and Girls. No. 33. 
 
Of , 
 
 AGRIGULTUKE. 4 vols. 
 
 Root; A. B.C. of Bee Culture. l\ro.34. 
 
 Wright: The Practical Poultry ?;eeper. No. 35, 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 2 vols. 
 
 Gaye: The Great World's ?arni. No. 36. 
 
 Keeler: Our Northern Shrubs. No. 37. 
 
 HISTORY: 3 vols. 
 
 Roosevelt: The Y/inning of the \'/est, vol. 3. No. 38. 
 
 Trevelyan: The American Revolution, vol. 1. No. 39. 
 
 Trevelyan: The American Revolution, vol. 2. No. 40, 
 
 MUSdC. 1 vol. 
 
 Dickinson: The education of a music Lover. No. 41. 
 
 SPORTS. 2 vols. 
 
 Bell: Handbook of Athletic Sports. No. 42. 
 
 Earner: Cricket in Many Climes. No. 43. 
 
 USEFUL ARTS. 2 vols. 
 
 Barnard: Tools and Machines. No. 44. 
 
 Thurston: Growth of the Steara Engine. No. 45. 
 
 COOKERY. 1 vol. 
 
 Harland; The Cottage Kitchen. No. 46. 
 
 IfflDICIirE. 2 vols. 
 
 Adams: The Great American Eraud. No. 47. 
 
 Popular Talks on Preventable Diseases. No. 48, 
 
 THEOLOGY. 2 vols. 
 
 Moulton: The Chronicles. No. 49. 
 
 Moulton: The Judges. No. 50. 
 
58. 
 
 BEREA COLLEGE 
 
 Berea College is a school so unique and of such 
 importance to the entire mountain region of the south, 
 that it is worth while I believe, to give it a little 
 study. 
 
 The school out of v/hich Berea College grev/ was 
 founded in the anti-slaverj'- interests in 1855. An 
 attempt was made as early as 1859 to get a college char- 
 ter, but the sla.very interests coused it to be closed 
 before the end of that year and it was not reopened un- 
 til 1865. The charter was obtained then as Berea Col- 
 lege. 
 
 Negroes and whites v/ere admitted up until 1904, 
 when the state legislature prohibited the education of 
 both races in the same school. It permitted the main- 
 taining of a separate school for the negroes, so that 
 Eerea maintains a school for the negroes. 
 
 Berea College is widely knovm for its w^tU in 
 solving the mountain problem int the eight states com- 
 prising " Appalachian America." It owns 70 acres of 
 ground v;hich is used as a campus and small farm. In 
 additidn it owns 4000 acres in mountain timber land which 
 it uses in teaching the mountain folk proper forest 
 management. 
 
 Serea is admirably situated for the work it has 
 stands on the border of the famous "Blue 
 
59. 
 
 Grass" region and the C\imTDerla.nd Mountains which form 
 a part of the great A ppalachian System. The College 
 over looks the lime-stone country on one hand and the 
 mountains on the other. 
 
 The visitor finds the Institution less shut in 
 tha.n simila.r villages more deeply in the mount8.ins; ari. d 
 the surrounding mountains less lofty, but more difficult 
 to travel than those of the region f arther south. The 
 scenery is picturesque rathe;? than grand. The country 
 has heen chiseled out by the erosion of stresjns and at 
 times vie may ride long distances on the level of the or- 
 iginal plateau, v/ith deep cut valleys on either side. 
 
 The work of Berea College is probably the most 
 varied and unusual to be found in 3.ny institution-- ex- 
 tension lectures vith tents and steriopticons, industries, 
 rural adaptions, teacher training and college T/ork. It 
 is said, " Berea stands v/ith a spade and a spelling book 
 and a telescope and Greek Testament in the other- " 
 
 Berea College v/as first to discover this region 
 as a geograhpic and sociological "grand division," a 
 region requiring special help and special educational 
 
 treatment. 
 
 Berea stands for certain definite things in this 
 
 mountain v/ork: 
 
 It is deeply religious, exempt from sectarian con- 
 trol. 
 
60. 
 
 It proposes not to educate mountain boys and 
 girls away from the mountains, but to fit them for ideal 
 life in the region of their birth. 
 
 It proposes to utilize and build upon all that 
 is best in the traditions of this precious British stock, 
 and not to impose an outside 3.nd conventional education. 
 
 Berea, which is the first, and by far the largest 
 institution devoted to the mountains, has a superb land- 
 ed dom.ain, ei^ht good buildings, wings of two others, 
 and a village of barracks. 
 
 It has an unusual attendance of over a thousand 
 mountain students , (besides some from other localities, 
 and some 200 children in its "model schools"), and a,n 
 organization and teaching force adapted to the work to be 
 done. 
 
 Within five miles of Berea, v/e find ourselves 
 riding in the 18th century. The old fashioned tub mill 
 \Kith "undershot" or "overshot" wheel; -ivoraen spinning or 
 dyeing cloth on the porch, or v7orking in the field high 
 up on the mountain side -- all the "lost arts" of the old 
 days can be found here in these mountains. 
 
61. 
 
 Berea' g E xtension Work ; 
 
 Berea' s first attack upon the mountain pro- 
 blem is through its extension seyrrice. Thousands 
 of people who can never go to Berea must he reached 
 'bf those who "peddle education," through remote re- 
 gions. 
 
 The time for tVds work is in the SLimmer v.;hen 
 the roads are somewhat passable and the people having 
 done the heavy work, are ready for the lectures and 
 sermons. Besides this the public schools are in 
 session in the summer instead of the winter - en ar- 
 rangement strange to northem ideas, but exactly suited 
 to conditions. Many more can attend in August than 
 in Janus ry- 
 
 Rev. Knight, Superintendent of the Extension 
 V/ork, starts with his tents and v/agons the end of June 
 a.nd must close his work before the end of October v;hen 
 the cold nights forbid outdoor gatherings. He is as- 
 sisted by young men, one of v;hom makes appointments in 
 advance, and the other assists with horses, tents, 
 stereopticQn and the distribution of literature. 
 
 The standard method is to "camp" for two or three 
 days in one locality, visiting the nearest school houses 
 during the day and holding a "tent meeting" at night. 
 At these tent meetings great crowds will gather, and by 
 giving two discourses each night a number of topics can 
 
• 0',' < 
 
62, 
 
 First there is the mission of hygiene. In 
 Many communities there is no knowledge of disin- 
 fection, vaccination, or of a proper care of 
 health. Outdoor life and plain farekeep the 
 health record surprisingly good, but the deaths from 
 tjrphoid, tuberculosis and other preventable causes 
 are lamentably numerous. 
 
 The next mission is the teaching of mountain 
 agriculture and household management. Here a 
 single address often starts improvements which will 
 benefit the whole community. The people were or- 
 iginally hunters and then lumbermen and they need 
 definite instruction and exhortation to turn them to 
 the proper development of their somewhat meager 
 agricultural resources. 
 
 And the third mission is for morality and relig- 
 ion. Here they co-operate v/ith whatever religious 
 forces can be found in any locality, and they are 
 able to give impulses which last for years. It is 
 said after an interval of years the people can re- 
 peat long passages from a sermon given on the first 
 visit. 
 
 This department seeks to carry the greeting of 
 the College to every school-house and fireside. 
 
 !• Traveling libraries . The College has a good 
 
63. 
 
 .e 
 
 number of traveling libraries, each consisting of 
 from tv/enty to forty well selected books in a 
 strong box, which are loaned to responsible citi- 
 zens in remote districts for the use of the peopl* 
 six months at a time. 
 
 II. People' s Institutes . In the fall the De- 
 partment holds in the mountain counties assemblies 
 of a popular character called People's Institutes, 
 at which general interests are considered instead 
 of special interests as of Teachers' Institutes. 
 These programs cover topics on the Home, the School 
 and the Parm. There are steropticon lectures and 
 musical programs at night and religious services Bun- 
 day. 
 
 III. Lecture Courses . The following instructors 
 give lecture upon the subjects mentioned and other 
 subjects as veil, during vacations and frequently 
 in term time ir/hen suitable arrangementB can be made. 
 President ^^'illiam Goodell Frost: The Ladder of 
 Success; A Good Home; Discoveries in Education. 
 
 Howard E. Taylor: Running a Sunshine Factory; 
 Success, How to Attain It; Gathering up the Fragments. 
 
 William Carl Hunt: Getting a Start; Mountain 
 Patriotism. 
 
 Mr. Francis Orville Clark: Why Our Forests 
 Should be Preserved; Raising More and Better Stock; 
 
64. 
 
 Good Roads; Farming or Fooling?; Farming for the 
 Future; Mind or Muscle on the Farm?; Wearing out 
 the Soil; Grass Brings Cash. 
 
 Professor Charles Dickens Lewis: Mountain 
 Homes; That Boy and His Sister. 
 
 Ralph Righy: An Hour with the Old Songs; 
 Songs of Home, Country and Heaven; Music in the 
 School and Home. 
 
 IV. Religious ¥o rk ♦ Bearea' s religious parsi- 
 tion, like that of the Yoiong Men s Christian Associa- 
 tion, the schools founded by Mr. Moody, and many 
 other of the most progressive religious institu- 
 tions, is one of eq,rnest devotion to the cause of 
 Christ, v?hile not controlled by any one denomina- 
 tion, a,nd the College therefore co-operates with 
 all Christian people. 
 
 Sunday-school and preaching a,ppointments near 
 Berea are maintained throughout the year. Bible 
 courses and other religious meetings are conducted 
 in more rem.ote regions in the vacation. 
 
 Bferea v/orks heartily ''7ith the Young Men's 
 Christian Association, and is specially identified 
 in Eastern Kentucky with the new Association move- 
 ment called County Work, which is doing much for 
 young men in villages and country districts. 
 
65. 
 
 The extension department also teaches crop- 
 rotation; Disinfection; Management of Public 
 Schools, besides distributing books and magazines 
 and papers. It is interesting to note that the 
 latter are eagerly sought after by the people so 
 as to use them in papering their rough walls. 
 The pictures are cut out and pasted on the wall 
 to serve as decorations. 
 
 Rev. Knight of Berea, informed me that the 
 Kansas City Star is the principal paper found in 
 the mountain homes of Kentucky, next to that are 
 the local county \veekly papers. \;hy the Kansas 
 City Star should be so popular is not explained. 
 
 One Berea T?agon last summer traversed parts 
 of eleven counties, gathered audiences for over 
 200 addresses on Health, Agriculture, Public Schools, 
 Homes, Temperance and Religion and distributed 
 three cords of books and printed matter. The 
 summer of 1914 should see greater things still. 
 
 In addition a professor from Berea' s Extension 
 department is sent out by the State Board of Health 
 to lecture in the mountains on Disinfection and 
 kindred health topics. 
 
 The various country newsoapers are now aiding 
 
66, 
 
 in arousing the people and developing the country 
 by publishing articles on such subjects as Temper- 
 ance, Health and Sanitation, agricultural topics, 
 Better roads, True Patriotism, etc. 
 
 The extension department of Berea and other 
 colleges aend out weekly articles of the above 
 nature to be printed in the papers of the mountains 
 counties of Kentucky and other states. However, 
 there are 9 of the 246 mountain counties, which 
 do not yet have a printing press. within their 
 borders. 
 
 Berea C omm en o em en t : 
 
 Berea' 3 Commencement is interesting in 
 that it shows the attitude the mountain people take 
 toward the college work. It is one of the old- 
 fashioned kind. 
 
 The day is kno-\7n long in advance and is made 
 an occasion for political log-rolling, family re- 
 unions, horse-trading and most of the other "side 
 shows" of a fair or circus. 'Vith the improvement 
 of roads, the number of carriages increases and 
 the number of saddle horses d^iminishes. Bmt there 
 are still alarge number of tan-bark wagons in v;hich 
 chairs are set up so as to^bring a great load of 
 country people. Man and v/ifs come in on the same 
 horse "pillion fashion," and the crowd is itself 
 the great attraction of the day. 
 
^r^^' 
 
67. 
 
 The "talDernacle" seats 2,000 people and with 6,000 
 on the groiind there has to be a great shifting of 
 se^.ts to give all their turn at the "speakin." 
 
 The Homespun Fair is in progress where prizes 
 are given for the best "bed kivers," baskets and 
 specimens of dyeing. Agricultural implements are 
 exhibited, Printing Office, Cooking School, Sewing- 
 rooms, Class-rooms and r-ormitories are inspected 
 by the interested throng. 
 
 At intervals the firing of an anvil near the 
 tabernacle reminds the people that there is a 
 change of program and an opportunity for people to 
 go in and come out. 
 
 At the early hour of 3:10 the "procession" 
 starts from the Boarding Hall, headed by the band, 
 and makes its way through the oak crowned campus 
 to the tabernacle. The first exercies are from 
 the Industrial Departments. The Farmers' Course 
 graduates set out a fruit tree in a tub and ex- 
 plain the pruning of roots and branches, and the 
 spraying whic?a must come later. Then the Trained 
 ITurses give a demonstration in bandaging. The 
 Carpentry Boys construct .a truss or frame a small 
 building on the stand in the presence of the aud- 
 dience. 
 
68. 
 
 Then come the Normal graduates who are 
 
 going out to teach mountain schools. Their 
 
 II 
 
 pieces" are of a splendidly practical turn - 
 
 Science in the Home, Health in Country Schools, 
 Practice Teaching, Country Sunday Schools, 
 Government Roads, yilaen V.'ill the World be Con- 
 verted? Unhonored Heroes, Time Saved, Spare 
 that Tree, and the like. 
 
 The Collegiate graduates, who come last, 
 presented topics t.'hich have been discussed by 
 graduates for generations, but which ase as new 
 as the morning to each class. The Challenge 
 of the Hills, The Power of Adaptation, Newer 
 Views of Childkood.Need of the Hour, Lincoln 
 and the Book, are among the topics. 
 
 Lunch time is a gala scene with tables 
 spread on the grass under a thousand trees. In 
 the thickets back of the "tabernacle" a shy 
 moonshiner or two may be arrested, and a. revol- 
 ver shot is frequently heard. But the great 
 mass of the crov/d is serious and "peaceable". 
 
 All too soon the strains of the band calls 
 us back to the tabernacle where the afternoon 
 hour is to be occupied by "speakers from abroad". 
 
 By the middle of the afternoon the audience 
 begins to thin out. Horses and mules are harnessed 
 steady processions of teams and 
 
r 
 
69, 
 
 saddle horses issuing from each campus gateway. 
 Sunset finds Berea deserted and the influence 
 of the great day traveling in 8.11 directions 
 along the mountain roads and "bridle paths to- 
 wards the thousand homes where, after all, the 
 true work of the college takes effect. 
 
70. 
 
 BEREA'a EXTENSION WAGON ON MOUNTAIN ROADS 
 
 •-v: 
 
 r^ 
 
MOUNTAIN SCENES 
 
 71, 
 
 
MOUNTAIN SCEIEES 
 
73. 
 
 CHILD-L ABOR LAWS . 
 
 The labor lav/s as ,they nov/ exist, (or their 
 lac> of existence) in the eight mountain states 
 is an important factor in the solution of the 
 illiteracy problem. 
 
 In Kentucky, Tennessee, 'West Virginia and 
 Virginia children may begin work in factories, 
 mills, etc. at 14 years of age while in Alabama, 
 Georgia, South Carolina they may begin as young 
 as 12 years and at 13 in Worth Carolina. 
 
 As for the nurab.er of hours children may work 
 ■".Vest Virginia hes no restriction, rhile in Virgin- 
 ia and Alabama children under 14 years may not 
 work more than 10 hours and those of Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina and ITorth Caro- 
 lina may -'o rk 10 hours only if under 15 years. 
 
 In the case of night work for children, Y/est 
 Virginia and Tennessee do not prohibit night work 
 for children (except messenger service in Tennessee) 
 
 As a consequence of such laive, we find that 
 the children (as well as parents) from the moun- 
 tains are being employed in the cotton and other 
 mills. However, this thing is not going on to the 
 extent certain publications intimate. 
 
 Mr- J. C. Campbell of the Russell Sage Founda- 
 tion who is making a life ^/ork of studying the mountain 
 
■■i ivc; 
 
74, 
 
 people and is probably the best informed person 
 on fae Southern Mountaineer, gives me the fol- 
 lowing, relating to mill employment of mountain 
 people :- 
 
 We find, that the cotton mills do not draw 
 equallyupon the mountain ares of the eight states 
 under consideration. Virginia has a, few cotton 
 
 mills and also Kentuci<:y, but practically the pull 
 of the cotton mill is felt most in the mountains 
 of the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama and in Tennes- 
 see. In discussing the mountain-mill question, there- 
 fore, vie must consider chiefly the mountain popula- 
 tion of these five states, v/hich numbers 53^S'248 
 in its urban and near-urban group, a.nd 1,922,332 
 in its rural group. 
 
 But what mountain people of these five states 
 go to the mills? Are they from the urban group, 
 or the rural group, or from both? V/e would natur- 
 ally suppose, from the arguments advanced by mill 
 advocates, that they are from that group which is 
 so isolated and so poverty-stricken that their on- 
 ly hope for well-being - almost for preservation - 
 is in being taken to the cotton mills. Surely 
 the arg'oment, based on such disinterested considera- 
 tion, is not meant to apply to our urban group nor 
 to many even in the rural group. 
 
' iXV 
 
75. 
 
 Those who know the mountain country know that 
 while life is hard for many in the rural group, and 
 that life will gro<7 harder for many v/ith the passing 
 of pioneer conditions, without the training to meet 
 new conditions - there are hundreds, yes thousands, 
 who live a wholesome rural life. 
 
 It is not to he forgotten that the mill oper- 
 atives from the mountains are, after all, but a 
 small fraction of the total numher of operatives, 
 even in the group of mills adcessible to the mountain 
 people. The maximum estimate of the total number 
 of mill operatives in all t2ie southern cotton mills 
 (not merely those near the mountains but in all the 
 southland) is 250,000 and the total population de- 
 pendent on the mills 585,000. 
 
 The wa^es which these children get, the doffers 
 and soinners, a.re not low, considering' the fact that 
 it is child' s ¥/ork. The wages are comparatively 
 high, consic:ering the ages of the children. The 
 Fedreral Bureau of Labor found in 1908-9. in the 
 Southern :mills that were investigated, thatagents 
 being required to prove the ages of the children, 
 17 children 7 years of age, 48 of eight years, 107 
 of nine, 283 of ten and 494 of eleven years of --.ge. 
 There is not much remunerative work that children 
 from seven to eleven years can do in the South, not 
 
76 
 
 very much that children 12 to 14 years can do. 
 In a representative South Carolina cotton 
 mill , 
 
 doffers of 12 years were paid $3.54 per week 
 doffers of 13 years r/ere paid 3.92 per week 
 doffers of 14 years were p^ad 5.04 per vreek 
 doffers of 15 years were paid 4.75 per week 
 doffers of 20 years and over v/ere paid $2.52 
 per T/eek, v/hile the earningsof the spinners in 151 
 Southern mills were C'4.54 a v;eek and soruhloers and 
 s\-'eepers t,2.96 a week. These are actual vi'ages 
 
 p?id, not the v/ages computed for full time, v*.ich 
 wa.s an average of 62.7 hours per week. 
 
 But here is the impressive thing ah out the 
 compa.rative vage of children and adults per week: 
 251 children under 12 years of age earned less than 
 v2 per week and 731 children of twelve and thirteen 
 earned less than C'2 per v/eek. But there v/ere 
 
 1,700 workers fror.i 14 to 20 years of age v.'ho earned 
 less than $2 per \7eek. And 1,085 14 to 20 years of 
 age who earned less than $2 per week. And 1,085 
 operatives twenty-one yeprs of age and over who 
 earned less than %2 a week. There \.'ere more girls 
 from 18 to 20 years of age earning less than $2 per 
 week than there were of girls from 14 to 15 earning 
 
Ic. 
 
VY. 
 
 less than 0-. There v/ere 1,733 children under 
 16 who made from tv;o to three dollars a week and 
 there Ma.s almost an equal number, 1,712 v/orkers, 
 sixteen years end over, who earned the same wa.ges, 
 Children under 16 earning from three to four 
 dollars a v^eek numbered 2,426, and those from 16 
 to 21 and over earning from three to four dollars 
 e -"^eek numbered 2,597. 
 
 The fact that children' s vrages ante so good 
 and that few of the states require the registra- 
 tion of births and deaths, gives much lee-^vay in 
 violating the laws regarding the employing chil- 
 dren under age. Some as young as 6 and 7 have 
 been employed, it is said. 
 
 It is a difficult matter to prove the childs 
 age under such existing conditions. 
 
78. 
 
 The Southern Educational Association was 
 organized in 1906 and was formed "to promote 
 Christian and Industrial education among the 
 uneducated Y.'hites of the Appalachian Range" 
 by huilding settlement schools in the mountains 
 and aiding struggling schools of the kind al- 
 ready started; mission v;ork seems to he neces- 
 sary to reach these people at this time. 
 
 The Appalachian School Improvement Founda- 
 tion, vdth headquarters at East Radford, Virginia, 
 has undertaken to operate a Ij^ceun course for 
 the benefit of schools and. civic leagues in South- 
 west Virginia. There are no charges except 
 the actual traveling expenses of the speakers. 
 
 The co-operative Educational Association of 
 Virginia has undertaken to make the school a 
 neighborhood center. They publish and distri- 
 bute among teachers a bulletin containing a list 
 of speakers available for lectures in the schools. 
 This also gives a list of the subjects lectured 
 on by each speaker. The state Y. M. C. A. and 
 Stf te Board of Health also furnish speakers. In 
 addition to these, are professional entertainers 
 v/ho go to the smaller to'wns but as a rule do not 
 penetrate into the Mountains, 
 
I.J.L,.:', 
 
 :. 1 1.;' !-,■ •! 
 
 e X.:,T 
 
79, 
 
 They encourage the teachers in each county 
 to secure local ministers , lavjyers, physicians, 
 farmers and others to address the schools. To 
 further this cause, the Foundation publishes a 
 list of the counties and the speakers available 
 in each. A great many of these lectures are 
 
 entirely free. 
 
 The Co-operative Educational Association 
 of Virginia also puts out a booklet on "Beauti- 
 fying Our Schools", which contains many illus- 
 trations of good and bad examples of schools. It 
 also tells how to improve the grounds, setting 
 of trees, shrubs, etc. The Commissioner of 
 Agriculture, the Commissioner of Health, and Com- 
 missioner of Highways all cooperate in writing the 
 booklet, - each dealing with his phase of the rural 
 problem. These helpful paiaphlets are sent by 
 the State Superintendent of Schools to all teachers. 
 
 Much excellent work in school improvement 
 has been done all through the Southern States, by 
 school improvement associations, organized under 
 the State Department of Education. The State or- 
 gamizers work through the county superintendents, 
 encouraging the organization of associations by 
 giving public addresses on the need and value of 
 
■■:- il 
 
 i«:' 
 
80. 
 
 improvement associations, furnishing newspaper 
 copy and preparing directions for organizing 
 them. 
 
 Among the largest a.nd most interesting 
 mountain schools, being aided, is the Settle- 
 ment School at Hindman, Kentucky - established 
 in 1901 with but $100.00. This school was 
 formally 45 miles from a railroad; it now being 
 25 miles to the nearest railroad station. In 
 eight years the crime in Knott county, was said 
 to have been reduced 60,5'3 - according to the 
 statement of a Judge of that county, and 300 
 children were trained during that period (1901 - 
 1909) - all as a result of the Hindman school. 
 I quote from a report from this school. 
 
 "We still have to turn av/ay hundreds of chil- 
 dren. Several times this fall fathers have come 
 in with a wagon-load of eight or nine children 
 from "way yon side the moxintain'' all willing to 
 do anything if we could only let them stay. It 
 is hard to have to turn them away disappointed. 
 One hot day in the autumn, an old man, worn and 
 bent, with three little girls about six, eight, 
 3-nd ten years old, came down to Troublesome Creek 
 where one of us v/as directing the boys in fence 
 building and said, by v/ay of greeting, '¥al, we 
 
ncrc 
 
 ii.i 
 
81 
 
 have come like the Queen of Sheby on a visit to 
 Solomon. ¥/e have heard tell of how you is the 
 wisest wimmen in the world, and we've v;allced 
 fifty miles to git the chance to see and lam 
 from you. ' The girls all had on bright red 
 calico dresses and looked tired, but eager and 
 eqqal to anything. If/hen we asked if the little 
 six-year-old girl had walked every bit of the 
 fifty miles, he said he had taken her up and car- 
 ried her over the rough places, but she, '''lowed 
 she could walk if the rest could.'' They all 
 said they did not mind the walk for they had 
 taken three days for it, but that often they could 
 not get anything to eat on the v/ay. Their father 
 told us ths.t their mother had died of cancer and 
 he didn't know any v/oman ''fitten'' to raise them 
 up right; that where they lived everybody was 
 bad, and ''thar's a thousand children over thar 
 that want to come if you'll just take them.'' •• 
 
 The Boy's Industrial School near Rome, Georgia- 
 established 12 - 15 years ago, had 150 boys in 
 1909, who were being trained to fit the mountain 
 environment. 
 
 The Mission Schools of the Morgantown, North 
 Carolina, district, the McRea Institute and other 
 small mountain schools - practically unknown, are 
 
:' i'fm'jl 
 
 Mju'-;' 
 
82. 
 
 doing their share in working out the mountaineer 
 problems. 
 
 The Woman's Home Missionary Society of 
 the Methodist Episcopal church, has various schools 
 in Alabaipa, notably at Boaz, Alabama and Misenheimer , 
 North Carolina, etc., also at Athens, Tennessee, 
 Oliver Hill, Kentucky and Harlan, Kentucky- 
 Other schools doing work primarily among the 
 mountain people are the following: 
 
 Sue Bennett Memorial School, London, Ky. 
 
 Highland College, Guerrant, Ky. 
 
 Riverside Institute. Lost Creek, Ky. 
 
 Oneida Baptist Institute, Oneida, Ky. 
 
 Sandy Valley Seminary, Paintsville . Ky. 
 
 Beechwood Seminary, Heidleburg, Ky. 
 
 Canyon Falls Academy, Canyon Palls, Ky. 
 
 The history of the founding of Oneida In- 
 stitute in Kentucky is interesting and I relate it 
 briefly here because it shows the genuine earnest- 
 ness with which the leaders of the mountain region 
 work to help themselves toward social and education- 
 al betterment. 
 
fyt-=. 
 
 i>mo'd 
 
 aox- 
 
 -1 r- 17, fv -<■ c» ' 
 
 
83, 
 
 Mr. J. A. Burns - son of a Hard-shelled 
 Baptist preacher who has been, by turn, a farmer, 
 lumber jack, and lastly a preacher and teacher. 
 By dint of hard work he managed to get a little 
 training at Denison University in Ohio, but his 
 total schooling has been only 17 months, the last 
 7 being spent at College. In 1892 he left 
 college and went to Clay County, Kentucky. He 
 taught school in 1893 at Raider's Creek - he 
 taught 100 children for eight months, then he 
 started a subscription school. He continued in 
 various schools including a year at Berea College. 
 In 1899 he determined, without a dollar in his 
 pocket, to found a full-fledged college in the 
 Wilderness of the Cumberlands. It was in the so- 
 called Bokee - Howard settlement on Crane Creek near 
 Manchester, Kentucky where the college was to be 
 started. Six or eight men had been killed by the 
 feuds between these families. ¥ith the help of 
 Rev. MacMurray of Berea the first attempt to start 
 a college was begun. In 1899 Burns issued the clan 
 call for a meeting of the mountaineers. The men 
 came in answer to a call which offered some sort of 
 hope for their children. The first meeting was 
 
iiOH 
 
 oldJxI 
 
 >I 
 
 :->i LcOi 
 
 y\S Lii.: 
 
 .00 
 
 i; ':: y ' ■ ' ; ■ j' 
 
 ■ i J ." 9 - 
 
a^, 
 
 held in a roadside log "church- house" near Oneida, 
 Kentucky, twelve men, feudists for the most part, 
 ahout half and half in faction, came to the meeting. 
 Of those twelve men present, six had to make their 
 mark instead of signing their name in application 
 for a state charter asking for authority to found 
 Oneida Institute. 
 
 Mr. Burns in describing the meeting, says, 
 "it was a mighty quiet meeting". They sat, all 
 armed, squatted on opposite sides of the room. Mr. 
 Burns made a speech in which he told they were rear- 
 ing their sons for slaughter and that there was but 
 one way to right the wrong. YiQien he finished, he 
 said "I didn't know what they were going to do, but 
 I was glad when one man from each faction got up 
 and shook hands". 
 
 Since that date, 1899, Clay coUnty, Kentucky 
 has been free from feuds and the Oneida College was 
 founded. The first donation (|50.00) was given 
 by one of the feudists. With this money and a 
 little help of a blacksmith, Mr. Burns quarried the 
 rocks and laid the foundation of Oneida Institute's 
 first building. finally twenty neighbors came and 
 helped him finish the building. They worked all 
 
,; . -,rrj M..' ■ ■-■■■■ ,;'-;i;..M-r'0*' :s,oI ^: :■■■:.■ -^0' 
 
 ' -i. ■. ' ^ ' : / i. X O Q ,r_' .; 1 J. 
 
 
 si;- 1 1. 
 
 t -."■ ■ '..."■ J' •> i Cut '.JiV 
 
 d^iiO 
 
 J i-j 
 
 OJ- .iflC 
 
 
 v^iiOi/jrv , ■'■snuoo \ 
 
 9;;r 
 
 ;'iv,sjj!j srr 
 
 ?;;i»n ii'io'j. 
 
 fi - X J "■ s" . 
 
85, 
 
 day and even into the night to finish the first 
 building. This in a few words shows what ef- 
 forts are being put forth to improve the sturdy 
 mountain people. 
 
 Here is another example of what a yQung 
 woman is doing toward helping the educational 
 movement. Miss Pettit is working under aus- 
 pices of the Southern Industrial Educational 
 Association. 
 
 In fulfilment of a long desire Miss 
 Katherine Pettit again starts out as a pioneer, 
 to build up a much-naeded school in the Pine 
 Mountain region where four of the more remot 
 counties join - Perry, Leslie, Letcher, and 
 Harlan. 
 
 The mountain people have given 160 acres 
 of land and a large number of trees fot the 
 lumber. The first tree v/as cut by a little 
 boy seven years old who worked at it an entire 
 day. 
 
 Another novel, but very efficient method 
 of reaching the mature illiterates, is the esta- 
 blishing of "Moonlight schools". 
 
ill oxm '- . 'ii.U :/: ■' 
 
 
 ftA/o: 
 
 ro'.. 
 
 r:ln^- J, i 
 
86, 
 
 It was first begun in SeptemlDer , 1911, by Mrs. 
 Cora '7ilson Stewart, superintendent of schools 
 in Rowan Oounty, Kentucky. 
 
 • Irs. Stewart decided to open night 
 schools for adults on moonlight nights in the 
 public schoolhouses of the county. She outlined 
 her plan to the teachers and called for volxonteers. 
 All the teachers of the county responded. On 
 Labor Day, September 4, 1911, these teachers 
 visited the homes of the people throughout the 
 county, explained the plan, and announced that 
 moonlight schools would be opened the next evening. 
 It was expected that the response would be slow, 
 but more than 1,200 men and women from 18 to 86 
 years old were enrolled the first evening. They 
 came trooping over the hills and out of the hollows, 
 some to add to the meager education received in 
 the inadequate schools of their childhood, some 
 to receive their first lessons in reading and writ- 
 ing. Among these were not only illiterate farmers 
 and their illiterate wives, sons, and daughters, but 
 also illiterate merchants or ''storekeepers," illiter- 
 ate ministers, and illiterate lumbermen. Mothers, 
 
87, 
 
 bent with age. caiTie that they might learn to read 
 
 letters from absent sons and daughters, and that 
 
 they might learn for the first time to write to 
 them. 
 
 In September, 1912, a "moonlight school" 
 teachers' institue was held in Morehead, Kentucky; 
 and the superintendent and teachers who had con- 
 ducted the first moonlight schools instructed 
 others who wished to do work of this kind in Rowan 
 and adjoining counties, and in the fall of 1912 
 the movement spread to 8 or 10 other counties, 
 while the enrollment of adults in Rowan County 
 reached nearly 1,600. 
 
 The success of the men and women proves 
 that it is not so difficult for illiterate grown- 
 ups to learn to read and write as is generally 
 supposed. One man, aged 30. after four lessons 
 in the evening school, wrote the county superin- 
 tendent a legible letter. Another man, aged 50, 
 wrote a legible letter after 7 nights' attendance. 
 A woman, aged 70, -"jTrote a legible letter after 8 
 nights of study. These cases are, of course, ex- 
 ceptional; but experience has shown that a few 
 
, ^O'^h ; imb i 
 
 ;'"j'i;'/ 
 
 .iiisii:!- 
 
 OOi : .+ . 
 
 ii'CUb 
 
 "viPB : 
 
 bl\ 
 
 i:ic ;,' 
 
 DO- 
 
88. 
 
 weeks' attendance at the night schools has been 
 sufficient to enable the adult pupils to pass 
 over the dark line of illiteracy and to get in- 
 to the class of literates. Several succeeded 
 in securing a Bible, which had been offered as 
 a prize by the superintendent to those who would 
 laarn to write a letter during the first t?/o 
 weeks of the moonlight school term. 
 
 In some of the districts the enrollment of 
 adults exceeded the enrollment of children. In 
 two districts the enrollment ran as high as 70, 
 and in several as high as 65. 
 
 One teacher, 18 years old, had only four 
 adult pupils in her class, but one of these was 
 a preacher who learned to read his Bible and a 
 nev/spaper after a few weeks of earnest study. After 
 4 lessons he signed his name to a paper for the 
 first time; and after 7 lessons, to quote the 
 words of the county superintendent, "he wrote an 
 enthusiastic letter, with a period at the close of 
 each sentence as la-ge as a bird's eye." 
 
 One of the significant facts brought out in 
 this experiment is that adults of limited educa- 
 tion have taken advantage of the opportunity to 
 return to school and to increase their knowledge. 
 Of the 1,600 adult pupils attending night school 
 
X I 
 
89, 
 
 during the second term, 300 were unable to read 
 and write at all, 300 were from those who had 
 learned in September, 1911, and 1,000 were men 
 and women of meager education. 
 
 An aged father and mother, parents of 14 
 children, all of \7hom had gone beyond the roof- 
 tree, and grandparents of 84 grandchildren, 
 learned to read and vrite, and absent ones, to 
 their surprise and excessive joy, learned that 
 father and mother had been attending Moonlight 
 School and could read and write, and not only 
 was a new world of communication opened to the 
 aged couple, but a new joy and a new uplift and 
 a new dignity was given to their absent ones, 
 making them, doubtless, better citizens of their 
 adopted States. 
 
 The studies pursued in these moonlight schools 
 are reading, writing, arithi-iietic , and spelling. 
 Brief drills are given in the essential facts of 
 language, history, geography, civics, sanitation, 
 agriculture, and horticulture. The reading text 
 is the Rowan County School Messenger, edited by 
 the county superintendent, published weekly for 
 the special benefit of the adult students, and 
 
90. 
 
 furnished free of charge. This paper deals 
 largely v/ith school and county affairs, and the 
 news is made up in short sentences designed to 
 help the pupils in their efforts to read. 
 
 This experiment in Rov/an County, Ky- , shows 
 that it is possihle to bring help to illiterate 
 men and women even under the most difficult and 
 adverse circumstances. 
 
 The Governor of Kentucky in his recent 
 message to the General Assembly, recommended that 
 an Illiteracy Commission be created to investi- 
 gate the condition of adult illiterates in the 
 state sjid to aid in relieving them, this Commis- 
 sion to give volunteer service such as they shall 
 require of the teachers of the state. The Cora- 
 mission will be 8.n advisorj'' body to the teachers 
 and others in the state v/ho can be enlisted in the 
 v/ork in teaching men and women to read and v/rite. 
 
 But with all this outward stir in aiding the 
 illiterate iiiountaineer to aid himself, there is 
 a real inward weakness which must come first of 
 all, if the mountain problem is to be really solved. 
 This is the matter of compulsory education and 
 child- lab or laws. 
 
 Of the eight mountain states of the south, 
 four of them - viz. Alabama, Georgia, South Caro- 
 lina, and Virgina have no compulsory education Ioavs. 
 
X . 
 
91. 
 
 Kentucky require (through a very recent law) 
 that every child betv:een the ages of 7 - 12 years, 
 shall attend school each year during the entire 
 session of the public school. 
 
 North Carolina requires all children between 
 3-14 years of age to attend 16 v/eeks each year. 
 
 Tennessee requires each child between 8-14 
 years to attend 80 consecutiYe days. 
 
 Virginia requires children betv/een 8-12 years 
 of age to attend 12 weeks. 
 
 YJest Virginia requires children betv^een the 
 ages of 8 - 14 to attend 20 weeks. But even these 
 lo\? requirements are not enforced. How can the 
 illiteracy be greatly reduced ^vith such weak laws 
 and so poorly enforced? 
 
 South Carolina recently (Feb. 1912) passed a 
 law for consolidated and graded rural schools, pro- 
 vided by its teiTOS that any rural district :nay re- 
 ceive from the state ;^300 per anniim, if it maintains 
 a well-housed and well-equipped school of three ot 
 more certificated teachers and at least 75 pupils 
 enrolled. This is only follo^^ing the example set 
 by Virginia and other neighbor states. It shows 
 a tendency toward improvement which is bouxid to in- 
 clude the mountain section more or less. 
 
/ 
 
91| 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONARY INVESTIGATIONS. 
 
 The Presbyterian Board of Home Missionaries 
 have very recently made a survey of numerous communities 
 in the counties of Buncombe, Madison and Yancy, North 
 Carolina and Vincoi and Hancock counties in Tennessee, 
 as to the status of the schools of that region. Through 
 the kindness of Dr. Wilson of the Missionary Board I was 
 able to secure this data which as yet has not come out in 
 printed form. 
 
 This report of Dr. Wilson' s may be taken as 
 truly representative of conditions existing in the moun- 
 tain counties of all the eight states. 
 
 Out of 94 church schools in North Carolina, 
 9 are boarding schools, e.g. McCormick Institute and Yancy 
 Collegiate Institute. There is a farm school for boys 
 near Swamianca in McDowell county, North Carolina - this 
 school furnishes courses giving boys the equivalent to 
 9 grades also some practical elementary knowledge of scien- 
 tific farming. 
 
 It has been found that most of the boys come 
 from farming communities v/here the conditions of living are 
 very hard and as their training makes it easier for them to 
 do better, in a financial v;ay in other callings and as a 
 result few return to farm life. 
 
.DOOii 
 
 ^^'YI- 
 
 C;0 
 
 'I- 
 
92. 
 
 There are three institutions in Ashville 
 for girls. The work of the Normal and Collegi- 
 ate Institute presupposes common school training. 
 It gives 4 years in two departments (Normal and 
 High School). Bell Institute at Walnut, North 
 Carolina gives instructions to boys and girls in 
 grades from 6 - 7th another similar institute is 
 located at Hot Springs, North Carolina. In all 
 the schools under the Presbyterian Board, the 
 work of the farm and household is done entirely 
 by students. The teaching is in the hands of well 
 qualified teachers who are accomplishing incalcula- 
 ble results and benefit not only the students but 
 the families and communities fanom which these stu- 
 dents come. 
 
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 this community 
 
 this county 
 
 other counties 
 in this state 
 
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 non-mountain coun- 
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 other states 
 
 gone to higher 
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 returning to 
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94 
 
 The Presbyterians contemplate withdrawing from 
 •what amounts to academic competition. 
 
 DAY SCHOOLS 
 
 The following tables give the principal 
 findings on the subject of day schools in repre- 
 sentotive sections in mountains of Korth Carolina, 
 and Tennessee. 
 
 The statistics f or Brittain' s Cove are 
 included in the reports for Reem' s Creek township, 
 but are also given separately, because it is a 
 center where they have community work and maintain 
 preaching services. 
 
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 Penss.cola 
 Jacks Creek 
 Price Creek 
 Burnsville 
 Total 
 
 Marshall 
 Walnut 
 Laurel 
 Little Pine 
 Big Pine 
 Hot Springs 
 Total 
 
 naCQW 
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 c+ p rtl 
 
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 Brittain' s 
 Cove 
 
 
 
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 M 
 
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 M 
 
 Total number of 
 schools 
 
 
 M 1 H 1 1 
 
 Ml 1 1 M 1 1 
 
 i 1 1 
 
 i 
 
 Number of log 
 Buildings 
 
 
 I-" 
 
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 00 oj w ifs- to rf^ to 
 
 M 
 
 04 O -O 
 
 M 
 
 Number of frame 
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 t-" M 1 II 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 M 1 M 
 
 1 
 
 Number. of brick 
 
 
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 1 
 
 Number with tv/o 
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 Ol M 1 Ml M to 
 
 *> to to 
 
 1 
 
 Number vrith 
 more than two 
 
 
 -J W M H-M 
 
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 O to to M 0» OJ Oi 
 
 M 
 
 Ol 00 -O 
 
 M 
 
 Number v;ith pa- 
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 Number with on- 
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 H 
 
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 M 
 
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 M 
 
 Number with un- 
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 -J *» o> CJllO 
 
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 M to l^i> ^^M 
 
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 Number v/ithout 
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 H 1^ 01 to 1 
 
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 Number without 
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 ■>■ to Oi iT^tO 
 
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 Number without 
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 Hi Number of 
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 NumlDer of 
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 I I I 
 
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 rooms 
 
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 number with un- 
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 nxomber without 
 
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 Total FumlDer of 
 
 
 
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 Total Number of 
 
 Ol H Ml-' 
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 W M H 
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 M 
 
 Teachers 
 
 
 
 
 Total NiimlDer of 
 
 M 
 
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 1 
 
 Male Teachers 
 
 rf^M H H 
 
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 Total Number of 
 
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 Female Teachers 
 
 O 05 w c» o> it^OO 
 
 
 
 Total Number of 
 
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 1 
 
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 Number of teachers 
 
 -<l to W M OJ HJOi 
 
 ^5 -o Ol 
 
 1 
 
 with Normal Train- 
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 1— i 
 
 
 
 Number of teachers 
 
 l-< js. 1 Jb. 1 MtO 
 
 H 1 M 
 
 1 
 
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 , — . 
 
 Average yearly 
 
 ^3 to w ro to (-"to 
 
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 Salary 
 
 CP to O CJ1 o ^o> 
 
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 l->3 W to t>^ W WtO 
 
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 Number of Schools 
 
 
 
 
 
 Considered 
 
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 p 
 
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 Total Number 
 of Schools 
 
 HI 
 
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 03 
 
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 Total Number 
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 Total Number of jo 
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 il^ to <J to OJ 
 
 Total Number of 
 Female Teachers 
 
 ->3 
 
 
 M (-■ I 
 
 -J 
 
 :jj 00 I en 
 
 to M oi w w 
 
 ?otal Number of 
 eachers who fin- 
 ished High School 
 
 Ul 
 
 OJ 
 
 to 
 
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 Number of teachers 
 with Normal Train- 
 ing 
 
 to 
 
 03 
 
 lo 
 
 I I I 
 
 y to I M 
 
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 N\imber of teacherB 
 vyith College Di- 
 ploma 
 
 to 
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 -J 
 
 CO 
 
 Oi 
 
 «o 
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 to 
 
 ID 
 
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 ■J O Ol 
 
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 O O CJl 
 
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 ^^ rf^ (-J M to 
 
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 Ol «5 M C!l tt^ 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 H M ili. 03 M 
 
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 Average yearly 
 salary 
 
 to M M 
 
 Kj to to w 
 
 «0 Ol 0» Ol w 
 
 Nviraber of Schools 
 Consi(3ere<J. 
 
 -^^L 
 
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 cH 4 H- O 3 
 
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 P c+ 4 :3 M 
 
 MB 3 
 
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 M 'i) (D m iU 
 
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 <^ <+ 
 
 
 05 -A O 
 
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 Total NumlDer 
 
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 (O t>5 04 iti. W it^ to 
 
 M 
 
 of Schools 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 lTum"ber of 
 
 t 
 
 o oj M iP' ^^ 
 
 
 M 
 
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 Schooli Hot re- 
 
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 porting enumera- 
 
 
 
 
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 - 
 
 M 
 
 O Ol CJl 
 
 
 lTura"ber of Schools 
 
 it^' M 1 M ^^ 
 
 iP>- M H' M m H' O) 
 
 1 
 
 not reporting en- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 -■ 
 
 j^ >?»■ i»^ w ^^ 
 
 ■J ^ O CD t)J 
 
 |i» MM 
 
 —1 
 
 ^^ ^ 
 
 Theoretical school 
 
 -• oi w oi M ^^ iP^ 
 
 :;3 ci -nj 
 
 03 
 
 population 
 
 rO CD to Ol -3 Ol til 
 
 ui to to 
 
 O 
 
 -■ CJl Oi Ol ~J 
 
 i 
 
 J) tJi M W CO O 03 
 
 fi en «0 
 
 
 (1/3 total pop. ) 
 
 
 N3 
 
 _, 
 
 
 Enroailment as 
 
 » i)^ lo to to 
 
 ^^ to M 03 o> to en 
 
 o ^ o\ 
 
 rfS' 
 
 
 y Oi -3 lO (-« 
 
 j5 CO Ol O 00 W -J 
 
 -* to w 
 
 W 
 
 reported 
 
 -a ^o M 00 <o 
 
 :;! -<3 o 00 o cji ui 
 
 v3C5 ifi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Numher of Schools 
 
 -J 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ,-^ 
 
 Reporting Enroll- 
 
 Ui rf=- 0> iT^ H" 
 
 ai to to w 00 w -<i 
 
 <3 1^- W 
 
 M 
 
 ment 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average daily at- 
 tendance as re- 
 
 ts- Ml-' 
 
 3» W M 
 
 1^ OJ M 
 
 to 
 
 ported 
 
 jj 0» CT> 01 01 
 
 :;j (f^ *- en o to oi 
 
 <2M 0» 
 
 o 
 
 :;i o ro -J Oi 
 
 :>] 00 rf^ -o rfs. M «o 
 
 30 00 O 
 
 
 
 _, 
 
 
 _i 
 
 
 l^umber of schools 
 
 fi. ^^ o> it^M 
 
 J« M M M OO JO to 
 
 N3 00 rfi. 
 
 M 
 
 
 . r eip rt ing av e rag e 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 CO 
 
 "^ daily attendance 
 
!,.- 
 
 |,-: 
 

 
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 •-3 
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 NxirnTDer of Schools 
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 NumlDer of Schools 
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103. 
 
 BUILDUPS MD GROUNDS 
 
 In general the school buildings and grounds 
 have much to "be desired. The buildings are poorly 
 constructed, untainted and no exterior or interior 
 adornment to make them attractive. The only excep- 
 tion is a few advertisement pictures cut out and pasted 
 on the rough walls. As can be seen from the fore- 
 going tables 43 out of 94 schools had only wooden benches, 
 There is, however, some movement toward supplying pa- 
 tent benches. There is rarely sufficient provision 
 for the little children. Apparently the comfort of 
 adults who occupy these seats in occasional Sunday ser- 
 vices is more thought of than that of the children who 
 use them daily. Drinking arrangements are quite un- 
 sanitary. The water bucket and tin dipper is common. 
 A hot, unjacketed stove in the center of the room is 
 the common source of heat ^nd the room is quite poorly 
 ventilated. 
 
 Cloakrooms and toilets are conspicuous by their 
 
 absence in most places. 
 
 No attention is given to selecting a site for 
 school house, the grounds being seldom level and no use 
 whatever is made of the surrounding for the teaching of 
 agriculture or nature study- 
 
XU4, 
 
 TEACHBRS 
 
 The chief factor in the school is the teacher 
 and the qualif icrtions after moral chara,cter is sufficient 
 education and the teacher must be able to impart this 
 knowledge as v/ell n.s be a student. The Department of 
 Public Instruction in Illinois placed the minimum educa- 
 tional recuirements for the teacher at the equivcilent of 
 a high school course and adding the requirement of some 
 additional training i,n a normal school for the teacher 
 of what should be knor/n as a superior school. Comparing 
 this region v/ith Illinois standards 88 teachers would 
 cause their schools to fall belov stand^ard on account of 
 insufficient schooling and 42 more v/ould nske it imiossi- 
 ble for their school to rank as superior for the same 
 reason. Another test of the Illinois standard school 
 is that the pay of the teacher shall be at least sv360.Q0 
 a year. Twenty- t-w'O out of 165 teachers ^vould meet this 
 test. Only six of these r/ere found in the country. 
 
 PUPILS 
 
 Heretofore there has been no compulsory atten- 
 dance lav but North Carolina recently passed a lav; re- 
 quiring all children between 8-12 years to attend school 
 for four months each year. An attendance officer is pro 
 vided for in each tovmship who v/in take the annual school 
 
105, 
 
 census and v/ho together with the county superintendent 
 makes ipeekly reports during the compulsory period of 
 attendance. 
 
 The lav/ provides for five months of comoulso- 
 ry school in Tennessee. 
 
 Little or no attention has been given, except 
 in I.iissionary schools (Preshyterian and Baptist mostly) 
 to subjects dealing v/ith country and farm life in gener- 
 al, such as Nature Study, Elementary Agriculture, Do- 
 mestic Science, Manual Training, Tusic and dravdng. 
 It is an interesting fact to note that the mountaineers 
 are unusually a.ppreciative of music. Vocal, music being 
 most popular but the violin and banjo are found to some 
 extent. Their singing schools are serious affairs, oc- 
 cupying the entire day and often evenings also for n 
 period of 10 days to 2 weeks at a time. The singing 
 in the native churches is, however, extremely bad. The 
 people are sadly in need of improvement along this line- 
 
106. 
 
 LIBRARI3S 
 
 In all church schools, both boarding and day 
 there are collections of books. They are donated 
 by Sunday schools and Missionary societies. The se- 
 lection is often poor and unsuitable to these folk - 
 due to the societies being compelled to take v/hat is 
 given. 
 
 If we eliminate 17 church schools from the 
 total94 it leaves 77 day schools supported by the coun- 
 ty in the territory studied. Of these 77, only 9 have 
 libraries and only 8 of them working. In Tennessee 
 the only public school found with a library was at Var- 
 dy. 
 
 In North Carolina the Big Laurel Seminary has 
 a library whicli is kept at a neighbor's house one mile 
 from the school and is not used. The Walnut Run pub- 
 lic school reported that it had a library some years ago 
 but "it has run out". Other schools have libraries 
 ranging in value from llO.OO up to $50.00 
 
 OTHER USE OP SCHOOL BUILD IHGS 
 
 Nearly all the school buildings are used for 
 Sunday school every Sunday and occasional church services, 
 In Tennessee most of the buildings are joint property of 
 the school and church. The school building is the 
 
lUY. 
 
 usual meeting place of farmers Unions, where they 
 exist, and for school entertainments whenever these 
 are held. The buildings are never found locked 
 chiefly because they contain nothing v/orth carrying 
 avfay for there are no clocks, maps, globes or other 
 articles of convenience. 
 
 UUJERSUPPLY OT TSACHBRS 
 
 One of the faults of the native schools is their 
 practicing of false economy in employing too few 
 teachers. Below is a table showing the most fla- 
 grant cases. 
 
 Native Schools 
 
 
 
 
 Enroll- 
 
 - Number 
 
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 Commun 
 
 ity 
 
 School 
 
 mpn t. 
 
 T on n'h oya 
 
 
 Pensacola 
 
 Murchison 
 
 134 
 
 2 
 
 67 
 
 Jacks 
 
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 Upper Jacks Creek 
 
 68 
 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 Price 
 
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 Horton Hill 
 
 86 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 Sv/annanoa 
 
 Bee Tree 
 
 85 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 II 
 
 
 Azalea 
 
 59 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 Rocky 
 
 Fork 
 
 Flag Pond 
 
 102 
 
 2 
 
 51 
 
 II 
 
 
 Mountain Dale 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 II 
 
 
 Clear Branch 
 
 108 
 
 2 
 
 54 
 
 V/alnut 
 
 
 Walnut 
 
 130 
 
 2 
 
 65 
 
 Laurel 
 
 
 Allanstand 
 
 53 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 
 II 
 
 
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 84 
 
 1 
 
 84 
 
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 Carmen 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 II 
 
 
 Big Laurel 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 II 
 
 
 Union Valley 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 Little 
 
 Pine 
 
 Anderson Branch 
 
 52 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
108, 
 
 of the 72 preachers who serve these churches 
 37 are farmers, 35 live in villages and 29 live 
 within their respective parishes. 28 of the 
 churches are in towns and villages and the TduIJc 
 of the resident pastors are found in these. 
 Practically all of the 98 country churches and 
 stations, which are served by 45 preachers, are 
 without a resident pastor. The usual distance 
 traveled by these country preachers to reach their 
 appointments is from 10 - 40 miles. Some do 
 not own a horse and must travel these distances 
 by foot. They generally have 3 or '4 preaching 
 places and go to each one Sunday every month. 
 The number of those who had taken a seminary course 
 in preparation for preaching was 22. The niimber 
 of college graduates among them was 22 while 24 
 were found who had not completed a common school 
 training. Quite a number had learned to read 
 after they began to preach. The 45 preachers 
 received an average yearly salary of $75.95. 
 
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112. 
 
 IISLIGIGIT 
 
 The ipountaineers, despite their tra.nsgresBions, 
 are highly religious. They trend toward the highly 
 emotional sort and believe in a few simple doctrines. 
 
 Their churches and preachers, like their schools 
 and teachers, are in a -liserable 'i\'By — yes, wretched ! 
 It is not a hard matter, if gone about in the right way, 
 to develop a new sect or a branch from some of the older 
 bodies. Petty church quarrels are frequent and keenly 
 fought. 
 
 The churches are all, without exception, Protes- 
 tant,- the Baptist and Presbyterian denominptions leading 
 in numbers and importance of their work. 
 
 As far as I am able to find, not a single Catho- 
 lic Church has been erected in the mountains of the South. 
 It is quite often necessary, in repeating the Apostles' 
 Creed to explain the meaning of "the holy Catholic Church". 
 The Morraan missionaries have made numerous efforts 
 to establish their faith among these sturdy people, but 
 with little success. 
 
 It is the Home Missionary Departments of the 
 Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist churches which are 
 doing so much in establishing schools and making surveys 
 as to the real needs of our Real Americans of the South- 
 
113. 
 
 ern Appalachians. 
 
 It is through the kindness of Dr. \/iison of 
 the PrealDyterian Church in Araerica in the loan of his 
 manuscript tlj;vt I an able to here include the more im- 
 portant results of a recent survey of some of the com- 
 munities of North Carolina and Tennessee. 
 
 The churches of the nountains hold every year 
 a big "meetin*. The preacher (usually an illiterate 
 nr tive, who received the "call") delivers on these oc- 
 casions a mass of emotional rant. If more than one 
 preacher is present, each of them is expected to preach 
 p sermon. 
 
 3. C. Perrow, in the A-^ierican Polk Lore Journal 
 p.rtvs : "I h'lve known services to l^st from half past ten 
 to half past two on Sundays. Sometimes the evening ser- 
 vices a.re prolonged until nearly daybreak. At times 
 two or three exhorters are talking a.t one time. Often 
 the sermons are not very intelligible ; but the seed 
 falls on good ground, and soon the I'/hole congregntirn 
 is in an uproar of religious frenzy," 
 
 There is a sect known as the "Sanctified Eand" 
 which have very queer doctrines and forms of virorshio, 
 which illustrate mountaineer religion. 
 
 At the meetings, straw is strewn on the floor 
 for seekers to kneel in, and for the purpose of provid- 
 
114. 
 
 ing a place for those already sanctified "to die" for 
 their friends. The latter performance consists of 
 falling into a trance and remaining for hours, depend- 
 ing on the hard-heartednesB of the one for whom the 
 exertion is made. One girl lay in sucn a trance for 
 eight hours. 
 
 The Baptist denomination is most common through- 
 out the region. The Hard-shell Baptist is the dominat- 
 ing branch. It is divided into two groups : the "Cne 
 Seeders" and the "Two Seeders". 
 
 The latter helieve that some men are born of 
 God, and will be saved regardless of their actions ; 
 others are naturally of the seed of the Devil, and can 
 never be saved. 
 
 The following illustrates how the mountain peo- 
 ple amend the religious songs to fit the occasions : 
 
 "Ti"3 the ole-time religion (thrice) 
 En' it's good enough fer me- 
 
 It was good fer our fathers 
 En' it's good enough fer me. 
 
 It vrrr} rood far nv.T mothers, etc." 
 
 ( 84, 'through '8 11 the family relations). 
 
 The Sanctif icationists taught that the use of 
 
 tobacco is a sin. The follovfing stanza, as sung in 
 
 church, records their feeling : 
 
 "I do not use the filthv veed ; 
 I hate the man that sowed the seed." 
 
/ 
 
115, 
 
 The preachers in these regionn a,re Just as 
 ignorant, or even v/orse, than their congregations, as 
 I have shown elsewhere by means of a few statistics 
 gathered. 
 
 An investigator, in the mountains, spent the 
 night with a minister (?), who hed no Bible in his 
 house and whose v/ife refused to join in family worship; 
 it may he she imew her husband too v/ell. 
 
 Another preacher w^b visited who was a drunkard 
 and lived with two vrives. 
 
 At a little church near Berea, Ky . , a native 
 preacher was told by two northern students at the 
 college that his next appointment would fall on Easter 
 Sunday. He was too proud, or too confident that he 
 knew what Saster meant, so he went home, turned through 
 his Bible and came up to the appointment with a sermon 
 on ^ueen Esther- 
 
 f'Bn"' of the orepchers have f5cme quaint and 
 homely saying as here illustrated : "You can't help 
 a-havin» bad thoughts come into ver' head, but you 
 hain't no necessity for to set 'em n-cheer." 
 
MQUlT TAIIj; AGRlCULTUHa 
 
 The owner of poor land is the one most in 
 need of agricultural science, and the one least 
 likely to get it. 
 
 The mountain region of the South would not 
 be classed as good agriculture territory and much of 
 it is not even considered farra land, yet a large per 
 cent is in f a.rrs , as shown ty the statistics given 
 for the eight mountain states. 
 
 This land will "be permanently occupied and 
 whoever lives on it ought to know how to make the 
 "best possihle use of it. There are "coves" and 
 northern slopes of limestone land scptter^d through- 
 out the mountains where little farms can he devel- 
 oped. The owner can produce for market some live 
 stock and if not too remote, can sell some poultry 
 products ; hut much of his interest yet lies in the 
 forests and mines. 
 
 The prohlem is to introduce an advantageous 
 rotation of crops, to clear only the land hest adapted 
 to the plow, and to administer a small forest woodlot 
 so as to produce a yearly source of income. 
 
 There is a woeful lack of good agricultural 
 tradition for the settlers from earliest times were pri- 
 
117. . 
 
 .fio.rily hunters, T'any chone to locate in the mountains 
 rather than the proirien because game was abundant. 
 Even today the settlers who decome dissatisfied, or 
 for some reason leave the mountains to seek their for- 
 tunep! in the prairie states, invariably return. The 
 mountains, no matter how barren and rugged, "call" him 
 bac>:. 
 
 The early settlers practised aFiny short-cut 
 methods for a "crap", V/ithout clearing the land they 
 would girdle the trees, making a great "deadening", and 
 plov/ and plant among the ghastly, standing trunks of dead 
 trees. And ^Then such a field had been cultivated in 
 corn, the almost invariable crop, for a dozen years, and 
 showed a greatly diminished yield, it would be abandoned 
 and a fresh field cleared. These abandoned fields, "old 
 fields", as they are called, too often were subsequently 
 ■crashed by storms until the moimtain side was scarred 
 and the soil carried away. Such years are all too con- 
 spciuoua in the whole mountain region, especially the 
 
 southern part. 
 
 It is the task, therefore, of the agricultural 
 departments to combat these evil customs, to awaken real 
 interest in the cultivation of the soil and the raising 
 of good stock, and to instill that conser^^ative feeling 
 for tree and game birds which will make the mountain 
 dwellers less wasteful "f nature's gifts to this region.. 
 
ilb. 
 
 ^^''^^ V?^lue3. Average land value per acre in 
 Alabprvi mountaia counties is twenty-five dollars or less. 
 In some of the counties it is as lov/ as i-A..H per acre. 
 
 In Georj3:ia . the value of fp.rm land is twenty- 
 five dollars or less per acre in mountain counties. In 
 twelve of the twenty-five mountain counties, it is less 
 less than ^;i;10.00 per acre. In one county it goes as 
 low as $4.49, as average value per acre. 
 
 In Kentucky , only seven of the thirty- si>: moun- 
 tain counties have a farm land value averaging over ^plO. 
 per acre, and in Rowan County, the average value was 
 $4.39 per acre for the county. 
 
 Tennessee. Of the forty-four mountain coun- 
 ties nine ha.ve an aT'^ra^e farm land value of less than 
 $10.00 per acre. Pour have an average value of over 
 *J.25.00 per acre, -while the remaining thirty- one have an 
 average value of from $10.00 to $25.00 per acre. 
 
 Virojinia. Only one of the forty-one mountain 
 counties has an average farm land value less than i'10.00 
 per acre. Sixteen of the forty-one have an average 
 value of $25.00 to $50.00 per acre. Twenty-four of the 
 forty-one have an average value of $10.00 to ^25.00 per 
 
 acre. 
 
 West Virginia. Two of the fifty-five counties 
 have value of less than ,,'10.00. thirteen of the fifty- 
 five counties have value of over ri?25.00. Porty of the 
 
119. 
 
 fifty-five counties have value of ijplO.OO to $25.00. 
 
 Morth Carolina. Five of the twenty- two moun- 
 tain counties have value of less than iilO.OO. Seventeen 
 of the twenty-two mountain counties have value of ^10.00 
 to 1^5.00. 
 
 South C afolina. Three of the four mountain 
 counties have value of ;i?a5.00 to f50.00. One of the 
 four mountain counties have value of #10.00 to |25.00, 
 
 Crops and garm Methods . Croiis are often grown 
 in almost inaccessible places, as is shown when a member 
 of the TJ. S. GeologicPl Survey found by use of a clinome- 
 ter a mountain cornfield sloping at an angle of fifty 
 degrees , 
 
 In some fields the hills of corn are propped up 
 on the rocks to keep them from falling down hill. The 
 farmer seems satisfied if he can ra.ise two or three 
 "craps". This necessitiates much moving about by the 
 farmer, but he usually clears a patch higher up the side 
 of the mountain, but does not move his cabin. A story 
 is told by Kiphert to the effect that upon questionins 
 a farmer about the great inconvenience of moving so much 
 the fa.rmer replied that, "\Vlien I move all I hoffter to 
 do is to put out the fires and call the dog." 
 
 The method of tillage is in many parts very 
 crude. The "bull- tongue" plow is used, the harrow of 
 ^sTood with locust teeth. Some pli^ces no harrow is used, 
 the ground being "dru^" with boughs -- real prehistoric 
 age exists. 
 
120 
 
 Corn ia the one and only crop on mOFjt farms. 
 A amall anount of rye and whea'^,i7ith a little oats, are 
 produced, but are of minor conseciuence. Places are 
 easily found where vdieat is flailed out on bare ground 
 and winnotved by pouring the grain from one basket to 
 another, ^vhile Y/omen flutter their aprons. Corn is 
 topped for blade-fodder, and the ears gathered from the 
 stalks. The cribs generally are ra •' shag^co and waste 
 much corn. 
 
 The less st^ep sides of this region are adjnir- 
 ably adapted to fruit, so I am informed by an agricul- 
 turist of Berea College. Apples, grapes, peaches do 
 especially well when properly handled. But the moun- 
 taineers are not horticulturists. To teach them this 
 branch of agriculture is one of the problems before the 
 teachers of mountain agricLilture. 
 
 Potatoes and ca.bbage do \7ell, but not enough is 
 grown to last out the winter. Some tobacco is grown. 
 Ginseng is also grown and does well and makes substan- 
 tial xjrofit when properly cared for. k grovirer in ITorth 
 Carolina is reported to have had an incom-e of $2500. to 
 $5000. a year from two acres of ginseng. 
 
 Some of the land, in fact moat of it, is better 
 adapted to grazing. Cattle and razorbacks can forage 
 in the open for eight to nine month?? , but all are scrub 
 
121, 
 
 stock and do not fatten. "The back woodsman does not 
 want 'critters that hoffter be gentled and hand-fed'," 
 to use the coriimon expression. A? a result many farmers 
 go without milk a large part of the year and seldom 
 taste butter or beef. The annual rainfall varies from 
 42 inches to as :iiuch as 105 inches in some parts — 
 p.bundant for pastures. 
 
 The people in some parts of the mountains are 
 beginning to see the light and show much interest in 
 things agricultural. 
 
 The TT, S. Department of Agriculture now has 
 an investigator and demonstrator at Berea college, Ky . , 
 who is arousing much interest. 
 
 At one meeting back in the mountains the forty- 
 five men present would not leave their seats when the 
 meeting was dismissed at 9:30 P. M. after an hour and 
 a half of speaking and discussion, but stayed to a man 
 until 10:00 o'clock asking questions about the best 
 methods to prevent soil erosion, draining the wet places 
 in their narrow valleys, rotating their crops, etc. ! 
 At that hour they were again reminded of the five miles 
 of mountain road between some of them and their beds, 
 but they said, "\/e will ptay right on hear you talk till 
 11:00 o'clock." However, they were promised that they 
 iiiight meet early and go home late the next night, and 
 
OJ 
 
122 
 
 with much lingering and question asking clea.r down to 
 where the horsea and mules were tied these eager and 
 deadly-in-earnest seekers after kno-vledge dispersed. 
 
 Last summer's hot, draughty season would have 
 been disastrous to many struggling tillers of mountain 
 soil had it not loeen for the scientific methods of till- 
 age taught and insisted upon. Tfany rf the thirty corn 
 club boys under our supervision felt much discouraged 
 because the yields fell much below their expectations. 
 But when gathering time came and they had yields rang- 
 ing from 47 bushels to 106 bushels v/here their parents 
 and neighbors had from 15 to CO buahels per acre, both 
 boys and parents were highly gratified because of the 
 increased yields and the lessons they had learned. 
 
 Boys* Corn C lubs. The Boy-^' Corn Clubs and 
 Girls' Canning Cl^ibs are being started in the various 
 mountain counties and are doing much good work in ad- 
 vancing agriculture. There are not enough of these 
 clubs,- notably in Virginia. 
 
 In that state, according to the school report 
 for 1911-12, only tv/elve of the forty-one mountain coun- 
 ties had pupils enrolled in the Boys' Corn Clubs or 
 Girls' Garden Clubs. Yet these counties ar'j all con- 
 sidered agricultural counties and these children, for 
 the most part, will live and die on the farms. In the 
 
123. 
 
 narie forty-one counties only nineteen vrere teaching 
 agriculture in the schools. 
 
 Ho'vever, when the corn clubs and garden clubs 
 have been established in the Southern Appalachians, 
 good results have been attained. 
 
 A boy from Attalla, A.la. , grew 212-|- bushels 
 of corn on one acre. Another at Kingston, Ga., produced 
 214-5/7 bushels. Then nineteen boys in Gordon County, 
 Ga. averaged ninety bushels per acre. A boy in Amherst 
 County, Va. grev/ 167 bushels per acre. All these results 
 were obtained by boys who lived in the mountain counties 
 and belonged to the corn clubs. 
 
 These results are even more remarkable when me 
 consider at what a low ebb mountain agriculture is today. 
 
124. 
 
 EIELIOGRAPmr 
 
 A complete bibliography cannot be given be- 
 cause much of the information had to be gotten through 
 correspondence and personal interview with certain ex- 
 tension woricers and others. Notwithstanding, I attempt 
 to give here a partial bibliography. 
 
 Ainerican Public Health Assoc. Report 1912. 
 
 American Public Health Assoc. Journal 1911, 
 
 American Educational Review Magazine for Iiar.1909. 
 
 Appalachian Mountain Club Appalachia Journal. 
 
 Betts and Hall Better Rural Schools. 
 
 Campbell, R. P. Missionary Work Among Mouttain "^Thites, 
 
 Campbell, R. F. Classification of Mountain v/hites. 
 
 Combs, J. H. -Syllabus of Kentucky Polk-Songs. 
 
 Cooke Virginia. 
 
 Craddock, C. E. Prophet of the Great Smokies. 
 
 Filson, J.---- ------Discovery and Settlement of Kentucky 
 
 ?rost, "/. G. Our Contemporary Ancestors. 
 
 Geographical Journal --Journal for June 1901. 
 
 Hale, J. P. Trans-Alleghany Pioneers. 
 
 Hasse, A. R. Index of Economic Materials. 
 
 Hayes, C. W. ---The Southern Appalachians. 
 
 Kephart • Our Southern Highlands. 
 
 Lavinder, C. H. The Prevalence of Pellagra. 
 
 Mayo, A. D. Educational Situation in South. 
 
 Monahan, A. C.-- ■ Papers on Rural Education, 
 
125. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY - Con. 
 
 National Educational Association Journal for 1901. 
 
 Outlook for March 12, 1910. 
 
 Rockefeller Sanitary Commission Reports 1910-11-12-13. 
 
 Rogers, J. A. R. Birth of Berea 
 
 Semples, E. C. American History and Its Geog. Cond 
 
 Semples, E. C. Influence of Geographical Environment. 
 
 Shaler, N. S. - — -Kentucky. 
 
 Stewart, Mrs. C. ''f. Moonlight Schools (U.S. Ed.B) 
 
 Thompson, S. H. Highlands of the South. 
 
 U. S. ComiTiissioner of Internal Revenue Report 1912. \\\ 
 
 U. S. Census — - --- 1910' 
 
 U. S. Commission of Education - --Report 1912, 1902. 
 
 U. S. Department of Commerce ajnd Lahor Report, 1906, 1912. 
 
 U. S. Childrens' Bureau Report. 
 
 U. S. Bureau of Education Bulletin 20. 
 
 Warner, C. D. - O'^ Horsehack in Virginia 
 
 Zachos, J. C. U. S. Illiteracy.