i! 1^ ^ lij/ ■•^ \ S64- ' ■iTf?:, m '^k v--M enoneiic yapues ot the cuneiform charact su^-v- 3 1924 026 946 743 THE PHONETIC VALUES OF THE CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS. By GEORGE SMITH, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF OEIENTAL ANTIQUITIES, BEITI8H MTJSEPM, WILLIAMS AND NORGATB, 14, HENEIBTTA STEEET, COVENT aAEDBIT, LONDON, AHD 20, SOUTH FEEDERICK STEBBT, BDINBUE&H. MDOCCLXXI. . Price Two SMUiags and Sixpence. r^ Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026946743 THE PHONETIC VALUES CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS. By GEORGE SMITH, tat OP THE DEPAETMBNT OF ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE, 14, HBNEIBTTA STREET, COVEWT G-ABDBN, LONDON, ASD 20, SOUTH EEEDERICK STREET, EDINBUEaH. MDCCCLXXI. Frice Two Shillings and Sixpence. KA\iiV^?.^' lONDOK : SAEBISON AND SONS, PEINTEBS IN OEDINAEY 10 HBB MiJKSTT, ST. UASTIN'S IiANE. THE PHONETIC YALTJES OF THE CUNEIFORM CHAEACTERS. The Cuneiform characters used in the Euphrates Valley had their origin in a Hieroglyphic or Picture system of writing. In a few inscriptions, the style of which is more primitive than usual, con- siderable resemblance to the original hieroglyphics is stUl preserved, and the Lapidary Babylonian character retained, down to a late period, some of this likeness ; but in most of the Assyrian inscrip- tions the conventional characters preserve very little resemblance to their original pictures. One fragment of an Assyrian tablet now in the British Museum does, however, show the connection of several of these signs. In parallel columns down the tablet several rude hieroglyphical pictures of objects are arranged, and opposite to each is placed the Cuneiform character derived from it. The different stages in the growth of the Cuneiform characters can be illustrated by the example of the character which is the sign of divinity; this character originally representing a star is -^ in Hieratic, ^ in Babylonian Cimeiform, and >"'-y in Assyrian. The change undergone by some of these characters in their progress from the Hieratic forms to the Assyrian Cuneiform has not always been uniform, and thus it has happened in some cases that a single Hieratic character, by different modifications in different instances, has given birth to two distinct Assyrian signs, which have afterwards co-existed side by side, and been used as separate characters. One instance of this is the sign for a house, which has been modified into both t^] and t^]]]]- Opposite instances also exist in which two Hieratic chaxacters are both represented by a single Assyrian sign, thus the signs l>-] and l^ are both represented by the Assyrian JgJ. This system of writing was invented and first used by a race speaking a Turanian language, quite different in structure from the Semitic tongues. The Turanian people being afterwards conquered by a Semitic race, the latter adopted the system of writing which they found already existing in the country. Most, if not all, of the Cuneiform characters were polyphones. Each sign originally represented some object, and had the sound of the Turanian name of that object, thus the figure of the sun had the phonetic value par ; an eye the sound a ; and a mouth the sound ha. Each character was then taken as a representative of some action or idea in obvious connection with the original object, thus the sign of the sun stood for light and day, the figure of the eye for sight, and the character representing the mouth for speech. The sounds of these words were thus also attached to these signs, and, beside these, the Semites added the words which expressed these ideas in their own language, thus the character for the sun gained the value Samas, the eye the sound enu, and the mouth the value 'pu, &c. A later step in the development of this system took place when the characters were used merely as phonetic signs in writing new words, wthout any reference to the original meaning of the characters. The original Hieroglyphic system from which the Assyrian cha- racters were derived, differed from the Egyptian and Chinese modes of writing in the small number of characters employed, there being only about 180 original signs; but by combining two or more of these characters together about 200 compound characters were produced, raising the whole number of signs to about 380. Some curious points relate to these combinations, which serve also to show the nature of the phonetic system. The sign <[ was taken to represent 10, consequently two of them, thus «, represented 20, and three <« represented 30 ; now the sign of the sun and of one day or revolution of the sun was in Babylonian O' (a figure originally derived from the shape of a circle representing the sun's disc) ; a month consisted of 30 days, so they placed the figure 30 <« inside the figure representing day Il^r producing the compound sign ]^, which means 30 days or one month. This compound sign in the Assyrian Cuneiform is simplified, becoming *C^f the Assyrian sign for a month. A con- siderable number of these compound signs were made by combining various characters with >"^]tll- The sign "-^Jtl i^ the Assyrian form of the chaxacter for mouth ; now the sign ^ represents food, and placed inside the sign for mouth, thus '-^^| becomes the monogram for "food in mouth," or "eating;" again y][ represents water, and when placed inside the character for mouth, thus >-^^^, becomes the monogram for "water in mouth," or "drinking." Another of these compound characters is made up with J^| and y^- The sign ^ yf^ y was originally the figure of a phallus, and is sometimes combined with y^, the character for water, thus ^^W_y, it then means "phallus-water," or "urine." Several characters are altered by the addition of the sign V^- An instance of this occurs in the monograms for an ox ; these in Assyrian are i^'\^ and I^^- There is very Httle resemblance between these two forms, but their relation is at once seen on comparing their Babylonian equivalents, the equivalent of i^]-i^ being f:]^, and of J^^ being S^yv>, which is the same character with the insertion of V"- This addition appears to indicate the wild ox, and the simple character the domestic ox. The character -^U^, the monogram for a king, is another of these combinations. The Hieratic form of this sign is ^-QUOlTTb' composed of |=|- meaning great, and flTnT] Trts meaning man, the whole meaning "great man," or "king." It wiU be observed that in this combination the character for the adjective gal, meaning "great," precedes the sign for the noun un, meaning "man," but the Turanian sound of the monogram ungal shows that they were pronounced in the reverse order. There are many combinations with ]^) which originally meant an enclosure, and hence a gathering or collection. i^i^, as before stated, means an ox, and the plural is made by combining the elements of two of these characters together, thus ^^j^-> the meaning being cattle ; now when this compound character is com- bined with J^, thus '^i^, it means a flock or herd, and is generaUy attached to ]^, the sign of sheep. Other compound characters are formed by doubling simple signs ; 6 thus ^Y is formed by doubling J^|; ilt^ by doubling *-'^], and ^j:;j^ by doubling •J^i^• Such double forms generally represent a stronger, or more . forcible form of the root. These points will show some of the peculiarities of the Cuneiform system : one other point in it is this, a certain number of these characters, one sound of which consisted of a vowel or a consonant in conjunction with a vowel, served to form a syllabary. This syllabary, when divided into its elements, shows a correspondence with the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet. The following is a table of these characters : — Vowels: — T? o"? Heb. ^J; ■«^>->-T ^ (hardly distinguislied from a), Heb. P|; jryyyjr, <, and -< be. ;: ^^jab, fc^up, I^ipj 3 I JF P^' lEf P"' n P'- P -J^ ak, ^V?Y uk, >-y-»-TT da, ( ^ j^yyy ta, >^y tu, .-^ mu, y^ mi, ^Jlj: me. J .-.-y an, t:y|][ un, j^Sj^ in; >-^y na, ^ nu, ^^ ni, JZ^^J ne. "1 •' ^ "' ^j:II ra, -^ ru, -yy- si, ^^^ es. "^ and _E][ se. It will be seen by this table that while each consonant has a distinct character whenever followed by a vowel, when the consonant is preceded by a vowel there is no distinction between b and p, between g, k, and q ; between d, d, and t ; and between s, z, and z ; that is to say, the same character ^i^ is both ah and ap, Sec. When a syllable consists of two consonants with a vowel between them, - this distinction is lost in both consonants ; thus the same character stands for gar, kar, and qar, &c. The characters in this list are again included in the following table, in which I have arranged all the Cuneiform signs I know. After each character follows whatever syllabic values belong to it, gar being understood to include har and qar, rob to include rap, &c. ; then after the contraction mon. (for monogram) are all the Assyrian roots and combinations I can find it equivalent to. Sometimes more than one form is given, as in the case of the word for mouth, No. 30, where the three cases pu, pi, pa, are given ; the word for speech. No. 30, where the variations Mbit and qabu are given ; the word for knowledge. No. *7^, where the forms idu and nudu are given. A few remarks on the meanings of some characters are in italics. After several of the characters I have given instances of their values, in conjunction with other signs. I have examined and tested each value before making up the table, but I think the list is still defective in some places. 8 TABLE OF THE PHONETIC A^ALUES OF THE CUNEIFOEM CHARACTERS. 1. >~, as, ru, dil; mon. magaru, zikaru, nabu, namkullu, Assur, istin, hidu, edis. »— >-<, mon. nabu. 2. *-*-) bas, bal; mon. pul-uh, gararu, zuz. >-*- >-*-, mon. gararu-sa-me, also a name of the Tigris. >->- * *. mon. abenna. 3. *"*"■!) ^jD, sa; mon. Anu, saqu, samu, kakabu, supultu, dimir, dingur, ilu, samamu. >->-[ >-^T, mon. anaku, elit, saqu. *■*--{ ^»-TtY, mon. elitu, saqu. >-»-T >■*•-], mon. saqu. *"*" I ^>T-^«' "'<"*• simidan, nalbaru- same. *-*-{ ^T, mon. nalbaru-same. »->-T ^11 Jj mon. lamma, lamazzu. >->-T ^YT>— ^ ^>-TT, mon. danu. 5. >-^Y-^, pal, tal; mon. ebiru, palu, ahri, supilu-sa-sinnis, nukur, napal- kutu, admu, hiru, naqu, pubhu-sa- sinnis, supiltu, etiqu, zabur. \^\ *-^yA "»<»»• napalkattu. »-^y4- >-yy-<, be, bat, mit, us, til, ziz(?); mon. pitu, damu, uduntu, naqbu, labiru, samu, naqbu, kaptu, gamaru. >-< mI5T, mon. ukkusu, parasu, besu, requ. >-< >-^T, mon. kitu, gamru. >— < >-<, mon. quttu, luqqutu. >-< *Y, mon. sarkat. >-< \>iX-i "fx-on. adamatu. 7. *~^|Yl5 gi'J Jreora.-sumuq-same. 8. *~'^inA P^') P'll) ^^t g™; mon. garru, pasaru, usu, edisu, basmu, putu. >-^YYY4' >-^YYY.^, JKOTO, duppupu- . sa-dalu. >-^YYY-^ ^^11' ™<"'' pasru. 8«. ^ 1 11*" > Hieratic variant of 8, sometimes used as a distinct cha- racter with the phonetic values du, puluk, edisu. 9. )^, pap, kur; mon. nakir, sannu, zikaru, pappu, tarbu, nazaru, abu. Ji^ >-»-, mon. zittu, nizirtu. »a^ iS^, mon. sanaqu, rabu. 10. ^j|||, kit; mon. ezibu, qarasu, sabur, pata. 1 1 . ^^Ifi inon. kipratu. 9 12. ^y, qa. 13. ^III, kit. 14. >- 1 1 Tt rU) sub ; mon. idu, taqqa. ^11 »-jt:Y,iwow.lapatu-sa-YI y* »-v^| , abaku. illl jjT-^ii mon. naqaru-su-abni, maham-su-mahirti. 1 5. »^, mn, sum, ; mon. masaddu, santu, zikaru, sumu, nadan, ya. *^ 5t^ p "*""• pitusu. »^ \](., mon. inu, zikaru. »T^ *^5 mon. me. 1 6- ^^5 nu ; mon. zikaru, la, ul, zalam, ^/- i^i-f, mon. nisakku. 1 7. *"\'^'> zir, kul ; mon. ziru. *"V^ \fTT» >non. namhuzu-sa-qani. 18. *-^^&j zir J mon, nurn. 19. *'^l5 naj OTOM. zikaru, annu. »-V"Y >-Y-----^Y, mon. baladu. 21. »-^Yy» »«o». uru, alii, determinative of city. yrveJiti^ <^ 22. »-^Y-^YT5 mon. uru, abubu. 23. >-pY'l''Yi mon. erim, isittu or irittu. 24. *~Xy^if I (?)) *ek ; m,on, saqummatu. 25. »"^Yt:Yyj lised for city. 26. *~^Y^-^Y) gur; mon. kasamu. 27. >-^Y>f-Y, mon. uqqi, puhru. 28. >-JI||y[, rnon. gisgal, manzazu. 29. »-t:y-y or *-^yy-^^*~|, ka, gu, duk, kir, du ; mon. idkulu, pii, pi, pa, erisu, ilu-sa- naphari, matu, panu, inu, uznu, bunu, mahru, sepu, amaru, du, zu, saqu- sa-me, amat, kanik, sunnu, appi, rikim. >-^|*~[ >-^t_f^ "*<"*• idakkulu, palii, dabibu. *-^][*~y tn^' ^'"*' kalu-sa-me. •-^ly "^-y-S^y^ "'o™- kalu-sa-me. »-JlJ^ y^, mon. kalii-sa-me, *-^]^*~| ^{^ILlf' "*<"*• nagagu, hababu, nabii, gudi. >-^J^*~] S^T &^'^ r, mon. nagagu. *-^^*~y »= V.^T , mon. asibu. *-^m[ '^TY-<^-<^» "low. simat-pi. •-tiy ""^T' "*"'*• ®'*"P^' epis-pi. >-^j['~y V*?-' "*"'*• i™btu. *-^]['~y ■^^^5 'mon. sulub. *-t-]^\ t:yyy-«^, mon. kibit, qabu. >-^]^y >->«;rj 'mon. dalilu. >-^|y -«^, 'mon. demu. >-^][*~| ^, mow. kanaku. 10 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. *"^Sj» "^"w. tahazu. »-^n^; inon. emi, Iisanu. >-^Tyh[ T^T, mon. Sumiru. >-^TT>-7 TJ*". wow. murasu. >-J:T»^f [, mon. saptu, sapat. >-^T>~e:^=yy |, mon. saptu, zumu. >-^|wj, mon. akalu, padn. *~^L^]j' ™" ' man. kamu. >-^ ]f^<^ y , mow. ibira, damkaru. 45. 46. 47. >-^]^Y, m/3n. imtu. >-^V-^YY?Y, nak ; man. satu. *-t], la- >r^Y >X-, mon. kalu. >-^fc:Y, tu; jMow. eribu, suramatu. »-fc^Y ^Y, mora. kima. >-fc^Y >-Y^t:Y ^^TT) mon. muruz. >-t^^TY, li, gub ; mon. lilisu. >->-»-Y, wore. U8SU, uru, apin, ingar, ikkar. >-j>^J|, mah ; mon. tublu, rubu, tizqaru, bahalu, mahdu, zlru, mabhu. >-j^JJ ^[pp, mow. tizqaru, naballu. 48. >¥-, bar, mas; mon. parasu, burra, zindu, ahratu, ahhuru, riqatu, zatu, ahatu, kamatu,- ahu, gabbi, tinu, • ahu, abitu, enitu, kimtu, pisaktii, kabitu, mala, palas, arku, usur, tuhamu, zihtu, dallu, kisittu, nisu, ruzzu, elit, sanqu, baru, mabazu, bitru, asaridu, zabitu, bulu, maru, bitramu, ellu, ibbu, libut, amaru, masii. K3 •'/''•' J^ >?-, mon. masmasu, kis8u-sa- musare. Jf- t^^|>->-Y, mow., iklitu. 49. *-yT>-j sit, rat ; mon. radu. 50. *"TTT*~5 ^ nun; mon. nunu, Hea, rabii, rubii. *"|IiHyI» ''^o'*- silam. 51. M-^) mon. ziptu, suttu, nipih, urizn, biru. *-i-«^ ^^T^»-, mon. piilu. 52. *~|-<^*'*" [ T I » ^^^ • mon. zibbat. 53. '-{■^■i l>u, pak ; mon. musennn, saru, izzuru. >-]-»-, mon. kippaltu. >-[< Y *>-\\j mon. raqip. 54. '-[<1^» y~^. sa; man. nabfl. 55. >-]-]-|» hingdom. 11 »-Y-Y<['^, mon. nabu. >-T-<, mon. mutanu. >-Y-Y-Y-Y zii mon. pilu, nasah, napistii, nis, diku, bua. ►"YY"^ »"Y {"^j 'mon. harsu. j-YY"^ *"*"! I' "mon. imnu. 59. *~YT-^» gi» ?^ ' 'mon. simtu, zikaru, matu, esiru, qanu, utir, pudak, gimir, duppu-sadru. >-YY.^ T, mon. hisu. >-YY.<^ tZd' "*"'*• J^^radin, kissu. >-YY-^ S^TT-<^-<^5 'mon. kubu. >-YY.^ T Yl, mon. kubu. -TTA -II and >.y|^ ^|, mon. kun. >-YY.«^ ttSS?' 'm'On. amat. >-YY.^ >— , mon. qanu. >-YY.^ ""^tlfs "*"'*• ussu^su. 60. »~n-Mf, ak, gar ; mon. episu, banu, mabaru, nabu, hasisu, pit-uzni, rapsa-uzni, Nabu. >-u*y *~H^5 mon. bubbu-sa-qani. >- Y ^y *~*~p ^^^ ' 'mon. tabaz. >4-, kumj mon. kitu. >-Jj3i^, ti, tim; mow. markas, timmu, rikis-qane, riksu. >-f^^ , mon. munu, dabtu. j-'jVk, mon. puluk. >-II, en, bel ; mxtn. enu, belu. >-II *-*-Y, mon. Baru. >-IT^II, mon. turabu. *~II^II *l ' "*"**• ^•^™- >-W , sur ; mon. zamaru, zarahu, nasahu-sa-amati, zarur, babsu, kapalu, ridu. >^ SY, suh(?) ; mon. pultu, matu, naparku, zimu, pallu, nasaqu. *nr T?^T>t I' '''^' ®^^' ^^^ » »io?i. surpu. *->t:Y, ba ; mon. epis, banu, kisuj zuzu, nasar, esir. *-jt:YY, zu ; mon. lamad, ka, raddu, idu, mudu. — jt^YY ^t Y, 'man. absu. >^>— YY, su, sir; mon. zumur, zuru. >^>— YY >?- , mon. dipu, elatu. >j>^YY >-^]^T> 'mon. busubhn. >-^^YY f<^ mon. saklil, nasaqu. 12 78. >j>^YytY, sun ; mon. gablu. 79. >-Ji_, muk. 80. >-\^, inon. zadim, sasinu. 81. ->-^'^Y, mon. zikaru, ardu, nita. 82. >-^:|, mon. arhu. 83. »-5^Ij:Jn][, suh, sah ; Tnon. daba 84. *-^]f> ''*'"»■ ^'ti- 85. *^fflyil' "*""■ ^^'''''' 86. ^YY, gur ; mon. utir, tarn, fakib. 87. ^YWY, dar ; mon. tarru. 88. *^, sa, pa. ^TIT iwww 1 vn/vn. RJi.Tin.m_ ^rryi JjpPffj "WW. saparu. 89. ^TT) fij ''*'''*• garnn, nialu, giru, enisu, samu, issakku, dussu, itanu, pitu, kunnu. ^YT ^Yatj mon. esir. "S^YY »-J;T^, mon. suttatu. "Ji^YY ^J:J>-»-Y, mon. ailu. 90. '►^Y-j^Yj ?i j "^ow. gunnu, kalu, pilu, pilutu, bitru, dar. 91. ^iTT) Ills' i mon. elappn. ^YYY >-5P) mon. suqquUu, dellu, aku. 92. ^11 if) dir ; mon. nihappn, suparruru, halabu, samu, adru, saqu-sa-nisi, hibu. 93. '^IHf, 94. ^YYj3^, sak, ris; mow. sangu, garnn, puhu, resu, rabii, panu. "J^l J5t Jjpf^Y, man. saqu-sa-risi, risi- elau, asaridu. ^YYdt *-YY'ij^j »»<"»• saqii-sa-risj, aearitu. "pYYjt ""^Yj mamitn. "pYY^t tr, Tnon. rezu. t^YY^ ^^^^^j 'mon. dibu. . "t^YYjt »-fc:T>-T, man. tiknu. 95. "S^YYfrTYYdr, man. uru, zikaru.: 96. •!=TVtiy '"'^T' nion. bissatu. >YT >Yt., mon. ili, zinabL 101. 5f^» ir; man. salalu. 102. ii'\ Yj mal, ma, gal ; mon. sakan, sarak, maru, kallu. 5f^Y >^ Yj nion. nasabu-sa-tirti. 103. ?:^y?T| , mon. gusuru. 104. ^vyg Y . mon. kisallu. 105. S^Sf, mon. ummu, rapsu. 5fJf>fE^>-^y?}?y, mon. Istar. 106. - -. Vr I, mon. remu. 107. *^^ T'-'-XXy, man. agu. I'd 108. JjpfxY, gan, karj Tnori. iklu. if^i Sf^Tj won. nabadu-sa-immi. 109. S^ppf.^, dak, par J mon. rapadu, uapaldu. 110. ^^1( ^ ]pVTTg= >.)»^TTT , mon. kisim, harubu, sihu, gibin, nabbillu, Burin, zaziru. 111. fipppy^ ^TTT.6 ; m,on. ubur, akan, tulu, zirtu. 112. SpT) us; mon. emiin, ridu, zikaru, nitah. ^ YY [ »5w) "^ore. raksa. 113. J»».yY, kas; mon. sinatu. 114. ^TT^Ijtak; mo».abnii,saqu-8a-ikli. ^S>Y ^11, mow. kunukku, kanaku. 115. >Jp^5 tik, gu ; mon. kisadu, mehiztu, niahru, matu, naphar. >1_<^ >*^j More, kiipilu. >|L<^ t^^^^^j mon. ezen-ziru. >i_^i n*~, mon, sarii. >t-^ >i-TY-*^-*^' """*• tatu-sa- igari. »^p^^ "^II' "''"'■• niebzatn. >f-^^ > YY Tt ^non. nasu-sa-resi. >f-^4 *"| 1^5 "^o^- nasu-sa-resi, saqu-sa-resi. >Jp^^ '~^|jp^J:|][^, gun; mon. biltu, and for a talent. 117. 4^^, dur. 118. -- ; mon. arbu 119. ^J^Y, ab, es; mon. abtu, bitu, qabu. Jl^Y pY, wioM. nipbu. ^^Y >— , mo«. namaru. 120. ::;:][, nab. 121. ^^I»^>-Y, mul ; mow. nabadu,qaqqab. 122. ^J^Cj tak, sum nas; mon. libitu, lapatu, baru, laban. ^jf*r- ^gfV-, mow. buhuru. 123. ^5^1' ^'' won. babu. 1 24. fcVYY_5 az ; mow. asu. 125. ^**.^Y , uk ; mwi. immu, uku. 126. ^t]]] or tC]]]]> "lit, urn, dub, mus ; mon. abnu, lamu, ummu, kanaku-sa-taggil, eapik, libu. t^yyy ^yy^, mon. suqmu(?). 127. f^yy-^TYYl' won. sumuq, sutu. 128. t^^yyOfl' mon. samak, muzzatu. 129. t^ < yj mx>n. urudu, eru. 130. t:^, i; mon. nahid. t:^ ^yyj man. nizzatu. *~^ J^lN mon. azdupu. iz^ ^~^^1, mon. panu, mahar. 131. S^t^> g^H) li6; mon. annu, nagab. 1 32. t^ty? ad ; man. abu. ^^y Yj>~, man. edutu. p^y >-yy-A, man. malaku. ^Ey Vj won. malaku. 133. JI^yT» ?*' mow. martu. J:^yy TJ>-, mow. palbu. ^^yy ]*~]\t mon. dabu. 14 134. tt]l y^- 135. f:^, tur; mon. zahru, maru, ablu. ^ *^ "^^j mon. bintu, marat. f:^ ^f y, iqdu. 136. jr^y, 137. *"^yyy) ^> "*'"*• ^^^^ "^i*"- 138. ^yy-y, »i(W. karasi. 145. *~^~ ' girj mow. namandu, ninda, ittu. 146. >^yy» i^) ™^' ™'''' ''^''''■" ?^^3,r, urru, isi, sadu. *~^Ty p^ YTT "^' mon. idranu. 147. :i^^yy, rik, sim. 148. ::^:r->-, mon. kulla. iz\ jt, mon. padu. ^y >-^T>-y, mon. kiru. ^y >-y mezu. t^y -t^^) azurat. ^y ^^^y? mitpanu. ^y *~^^i ''^on. samullu. 15 159. at, pa, hat, Ju ; mon. aru. dt *'*~^t inon. parzu, kus, garza, billudu. jt S:TYY^, mon. surup. jfc ^iz ^Tyf-^, mon. adiru. 160. t^YT*-, roar, nih; mon. sakanu, marru, migganu, pada, radu. S^ff'- ^^y|, esir. 161. t^YYY, g6,kit, lil ; m^n. kitn, zakiku. 1 62. fcYYYt, n, sam, kus ; moth ahu, akaln, ammat. tYYYt: YJ, man. zanin, akal. tYYj^ ^"^^~*YY. mon. urkitu. 163. tiYYY^, ga, gur; mon. kamaru-sa- makuri, sizbu. SrYYY^ TTfcj, mon. nasu, saqu, ili, guru, mahru. 1 64. ^YYk, lah ; More, pasisu, sukkallu. t:YYY< II<, mxin. mesa. 165. ^kY, al; man. allu. tJM >*^, mon. dapinu. , 1'66. ?j lY, miz, sit, rit, lak ak; mon. kisip, rittu, alal, pisan, idlu, minutu, idqu, karbannu, sangn, sangu. 167. t:TTl?* ' "*<"*• 3.1al, nazabu-sa-qani, duppu-sadru. 168. t^yyyy, e, et; mon. bitu. 169. >-\-^, le; mon. alpu, lii ekimmu. 170. fpj^Y, mon. nuzku. 171 5fr]^JJ, sib; mon. siba, rihu. 172. Cpj^^yy, sab; mon. gablu, sabn, saramu. 17d. tyj, e; mon. qabu, qabu, zadu-sa- izqiti. t-fi tip:^:, mon. kaptu. 174. iz]]^, duk, lut. 175. fcyii, in; "icw. uku, nisu, kalama, matu. Mil ^r ' ''*^'*' ^^'^^ 176. t^yy^, dan, kal, lib, rib; mon. dannu, matu, idlu, akru, gurusu. 177. ^-^^, am; mon. rimu. 1 78. JI_i*^>-<, sir ; mon. uzu, siru. 1 79. i-j^t^y? tum, ne, bi, bil, de ; man. essetu, izu, isatu, kararn, nahu, sussu. J-j^t^y ■^lU' tamtu, aabu. 180. Jl^^^y, man. gibil; either a variant of Fo. 179 or often con- founded with it. 181. C}|f4^, gii. t\}^£i, llj, mon. kibis. 182. -Ilf^^, ^]I]rV'-^ Cl' **"'*• '^^'''?- 183. t^TiYT' ''^'''' "*"'*' ?arru, maliku. ^TTTT *~nl'^' "*"'*• kinattu. 184. J:][][}][^lj[, man. abluhtu. 185. fc^, ub, ar; man. tubqu, garmd. fi^ "^yy^T' '"'"*• nuhudu, hittu, tanittu, namutu. fc'^ Ji^yy' ''*'"*• kipratu. 16 186. fc•^Y , sam ; wxm. simu. g:^ j<« , has, zik ; mora, sapru, ziqqu. 188. L89. [90. L91. L92. 193. L94. 195. 196. [97. [98. L99. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. ^<( _£:YTT£: >- , mon. urn, aru, esgumi. J:^ >^pEy^, mon. uzn, baru J:^ ey^-J, jreoji. urugal, gabru. J:'(»-»-Y, sam. £:< }:A^ y, or ::< 'gA^ \ ram; mon. aka, ramu, madadu, mabir. Jj^^^l^J, mon. parzu. ^/jTYEy T, mon. agarin, ummn. ^■^^^, mon. pubuz, gaza, daku, bibQ. Jj(~;3(, lil; mon. saru, naklu, ubi, abut. fc^I, se ; mon. nadan, sakaru, palaz, nadu, sapan, idu. >>£:» *~|T-^5 »iora.*emuq. ^£:I£appf., 7non. ubula. v-fc:p-T, sar,bir; «io». darudu, sadru, zamaru, arqu, rakis, rukuz, musaru. ^^ ^^ J, mon. ubara, kididu, kidinu, rimutu, nirarutu. 205. »-&:Tjr^ T, asilal, risatu. 206. w^wT, bat J mMn. duru, mitut. >.£:WY fiYYY^, mon. mitu. 207. ^jpY) lu; mmi. dalabu. 208. ^TT-^j d6J ''*<"*• nakamu, ekimu, kipnpi, napal, malak, utir, palab, passab, sabadu, kalal. 209. ^-tyjjfr or^yjjjfr, kus, sur; mon. nabu, saggagunu, izzis, uzzis, nibu. 210. ^^11 5 ra, sa; mon. ana, rabazu, la, lu, abazu. ^JlYY >— , mon. samu. 0^YY M^Y, mon. alaku. 211. t>f-^k' mon. usan. 212. ^Jii., mon. sa, amilu, nisu. 213. ^Sw"^' ®'®' ^^'' "*'"*• abu, nazaru. 214. ^>-YY, da; Miore. pitnu, nasii-sa-nisi. j*;YY >~yif^, Bippu. 21 D. ^Y, ma; mon. padinnu, matu. ^1 ^I^' '"■"'*■ ^akan, nasii. 217. ^E, aa; mon. basahu, kikkinu, arrat. ^^ -fcY-^, m/}n. basahu. 17 218. ^y»-) g^^ i "*'"'■• rabu, gallu. 219. cTTl^y, mirj mm. agu, uzzu. 220. B]&» ^^^'> '""'*• ^^"'' P8'™l^k"> udu, basamu. 221. ^Y' ''"^''' s"K?); '»<'»• isdu- 222. tn/, bis, kir, gar ; mon. palahu, kaoattu. ?"• 3>-, i? 223. f3^5 gar ; mon. abbuttu. 224. ?i^|, id ; mon. garnu. f»^t *iz, mon. asakku. »*tAY >-^YYY-^, mon. abru. 225. g<*«< f mon. uru, gablu, niqfl, unu, subtu, biru. 226. fc^ S<< ?; ^^i mon. saqii-sa-ikli, - sikitu, nappabu, mummu, tubuk, sagumu, umun, ubil. 227. £<^<, lil; mon. lillu. 228. ^Sr, sub, luh ; mo». rihii, talliku. 229. £I_^^^~* y - ^ . man. lani, bunnu. 230. ^^, man. belat. 231. ^^1 , sik; mon. ara, arqu, banii, sizi. 232. ^—f fc— T , dub ; mon. napazu, egu. 233. ^yy, sa. 234. ^"TU^j mon. tilla, Akkad ; meares also highland. 235. ^y, su, qat; mon. qatu, gimillii, emuqu, uban. Ey >-yy'j{^5 nadru. '^y Sjf^y? '""'*• abaku-sa-elappi. ^y ^, Twora. kibu-sa-sepi. Sy SSt) mon. rapadu. ^y ^I^i, mon. ramaku. ^y tiy, mon. gamalu. ^y ^fe^y^, mon. ukallu. 236. ^Ifj^lfrH' ' "^- ^^^^1- 237. ^y^j nar, lab, lul, ruk; mon. snim. ^y^ f|, mon. sahu. ^y^ *^T*fcT , mon. asibu. 238. ■^, se; mon. seum, uhum, magaru. ■^ f:yyy^, mon. semu, magaru. ■^ ^yJs '«o». ittu, amaru. ■^ y, mon. saru. ■^ Tpy, mon. agu-pasi. 239. "jj^*-} pii> gii^!, sir, git; man. maru, nuru, seru, sadadu, erik, rabadn, ebiru. "^>- ■^»-, mon. hababu. '^>- »-*-yyj mon. elibu. ■^»- fc^yyj mon. sapitu. ■^>- t:fc, man. surur, sadadu. 240. "j{^*~yyy5 ^^ ^nd ; mon. am, erik, ruqutu, sir-gunii, zaraqu, sulub, irisu, sabal. 241. -^^yyy<, zir. 242. 'ij^^'y^y? 12 > mon. usu. 243. ^m tir. 24o4:. 'j*^y, te, dih ; man. temennu, dabu. ■^y y*", man. gallu. ■^y >-TT, man. pasah. 245. "^yyr? kar ; mon. ediru ekimu. 18 246. ^, u, pur, ge; mon. rulu(?), umun, damu, saru, giguru, belli, ubanu, siln. < ^^|> mon. kiru. < ■^Y, mon. erib-samsi. < >-? V- , mon. qaqqullu, namzitu. < ^t^> kis; mon. pulu. 247. \ T*") si, lim ; moM. enu, matu, ekizu, mabar, amar. <[*" »5w|» mon. baru. < T>- ^t^Y> 'WOW- Elamtu, matu- elitu. ^T'^^TITT ^}\}}' ziggurratu. < T>r M^, mon. alik-mabri. / T>- tS?", mon. amirtn, tamirtn. 248. M*"IJ*~T' bul;mo»i. qullulujlimuttu. 249. \|*~'^Y' ' "*°'*" ^'^'^ paqadu, damqu. 250. \|*"f^>_1 1 1> ; man. tugultu, ardatu. /• 251. ^|»- ■^JJX' P^» »»o%. tamatu, nabu, zakaru, namru, utu. 252. -]^|[, u, si; mxm. igidippu. M*"I&I *~^T' '"<"*• aladu, banu. ^T""]^ ^^11' '^»*- labirtu. 254. \ySp5 di, sa; mm,, silim, milku, denu, dinu, erisu, sulmu, musallimu, Baqabu, sanan. ^yj3p Y^, mo». sagar, malikn. ^y^ ^ySf^' '"<"*• sutesu, kasadu, dubbubu. ^ySp ■^*->-y, »«o». parakku. ^y^ ^yyy^^' "*'"*• samu. 255. /T^y, kij »io». itti, asm, qaqqar, irzitn, matu, saplu. < fcj ^y*-j wjon. birutn, * tej Sy ) mo». birutu. /T£y Sf^y, ««o». kibsu. /T^y T^y, jraoji. kullatu. ^yyy> '»»»• ^r^"- ^T^y &yy», mon. mdntu, sulum, teriktn. \IE| yt' "*<"*• idrann. ^fcy mI^, 'reow. kibiru. \Is y^» '"<'**• napalsubu. < T^ »-^yyy, mon. sapUs. - t:g'^ yy, more, nsatu. ^^y ^yy>-n. kaiaei. ^Tpy »-^y.^, mon. napalkattu, napalkutu-sa-amati. 256. ^TfcnT, meam '■'■ sams," or "ditto," 257. \^ , lit, ab, u; "'ore. arbu. , < T^y, mon. utul. 258. ^ ^YTY , kir, ub, sem; mxyn. zurru, libis, labbu, ubbu, kirn, balhallatu. 259. 0>->-AA , OTo». mid, manzu. 260. ^ ^>->- T? -, mow. ditanu. 261. ^^« , kis, ; man. kissat. 262. ^5^5 ner, ; mow. sepu, emuq, namru. i.^*~ >*?y, »2ow. kabasu. i.^*- >->-, mow. habatu. 19 263, 264. 265, 266. 267 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. / , Bur, pur; mon. amar, puru, gannu. , ^ffS \ rmn. sjsse, niqu, taslu, kirib. . < T, nim, num, nu; man. saqu, elama, naqaru-sa-takhar. /^~M Si^^y, mon. nubtu. ^^T-T *"^f 1 1> "^"'^ birku. ^ j^YIYI y, tarn; mon. babalu. ^^^T[, lam; mon. lammu. ^£^11 ^t^jY, mon. usaubu. y^j^^Q, nu ; mon. rabzu, nadu, mayal. \^!J5Z3^ Ijf, mon. snnihil. (^^1 ul, ru; mon, elibu-sa-iz, muttakbu, surru, sumu, takkab, kalal. ^t^l^- K^J-^j inon. isurru, nakibu. ^^ [, bam, ban. ^i^I' *'*'"' '^™; "'<"*• kima, eumma, banu, baraz. \^^, me, ge, gig, ku ; mon. zalmu, eriba, mnsu. y^X- ^^X-1 '"I'On- iklitii. \^t ^lIK' ™°"- erib-samsi. ^%< ]f> sin; ?now. nardapu, subtu, kalu-sa-amili. \>^< I fcff Tj wjore. iditu. \i^^^S^^ '' ""'*• tidnu, aharru. \tfcK ; ™o». dugud, kabtu, miktu. 278. ^^Bf J-^j gig; mon. marzu, kiptu, simmu. 279. ^1< , tin; «jo?i. baladu. 280, -» pC) me, a, tal ; mon. giltanu, uznn. 7. ■^YYYj lil>5 sa, zub(?)j mon. labbu. ■^YYY Y^iy, ?now. kizirtu. 8. ■^TYy?Y> pi^ 5 "*"'*■ ^™) aladu. 9. ■^1 T-<, mon. tirtu-sa-hase. .j^gP M-^' mon. irnra. 4^^ yi^yy, wore, puqqu. .4^^= >-a*^, mon. kabitu. .^^p ^YYS-' man. sadii. 308. ■^•'*-Y' ^'' "''"*■ 'i^'i'ii- 309. -<^*"*~YYY' ^^ ' mon. uhu, ublu, nabu, kalmatu, bursuhu, umunu. .^»-*-YYY Y*"' "**"*• Pa^i^"^" .^>-*-YYY ^{frT; mx)n. huttutu. 310. -^^^^j ; mon. hussfi, russii. 311. 4^<^^, kimmatu. mon. sumur. 312. \, dis, gi; mon. ana, sar, istin. 313. Y" , lal, lu, nas; mon. malfl, madu, sapaku, saqalu, ubburu-sa-amati, hizu, sapala, ezilu, saradu-sar, sanaqu, kirn, tarzu, kallu, zindu, nirn, aniru. [ Y ) man. ubburu-sa-amati. 21 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. y«»^, lal; mon. suqalulu. y.*" >.gj>-T, mon. usar, settu. yj»- S^, mon. uku, labnu. Vw*- Yj, MOK- nagu, nangu. y?- YI, 9«o?i. labbatu. Y>-, mi, me, sip; mon. qulu, qalu, tamzu, isib, ramku, zikaru, tahaz, dutn. Y>- J_^i^Y, mon, milammu. !>■>**-, mis, ^es; mon. mahdutu. YY, ; mon. ili {used for ditto), sinu, sanu. a, dur, e; mon. ablu, ibil, me, labaku, abu, raqip. [ , mon. alu. tJiT, 'man. eba, melu. t YTY^, mon. arkn, arkata. t^ ST> more, sulu-sa-me. S^Y, mon. milku. TjMr, mon. amiranu. /]>-, mon. nnninnu, dimtn. Yi, ai ; mon. abu. *-<"[, mon. minu. ]r>-<^ y , mora. iddu(?), Utvmen. 319. 320. 321. >->+-, m/m. zanun. za; more, arbu, ki. 4^, mxm. ibbu, uknu. tYJ, OTora. atta. YI, mon. kummu. , }}.&; mon. nunu, ranu, simru. ! j|, »no?i. nabutu, huluq. < TJ, gug ; more, samtu. '*• , mitbartu. 322. 323. 324. salaa. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. r«, Xir, sa, gar ; mon. saraqu, sakan, giru, nasahu-sa-tirti, rabazu, zaltu, nura, ham^u, masahu, ribu, gamal. \C^ -S^fc*-*-. mon. sakbitu. ^ YI, mon. mala. TIT »-Y OTore. sussan (oree third). TT^^T*">- [) more, gikim, ekimmu. UY) "^ow. sanabi, sinibu (two thirds). YfT^^*^^ !, »iore. udukku. T?!, Blow, qigusili, parap (^^w siacths). 338. T^Y, ku, tus, dur, bun, se, nib ; mon. su, usib, subtu, zubat, ina, ana, tugultu, nasu-sa-eni, musaru, akru. 22 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. jfcj ^YYrit:, mon. ristu. T^T T ^YT, mon. kibbu. is *j(~t "'"w. kiribu. TgrY T£|, mon, sakabu-sa-alali, kndnr. ]^ Sff^y, nuh. \\i t^'P) gUjgur, kir, rim, gar; mon. dubutu, bahalu, bihisu, rakasu, lagap, puhhuru, gararu-sa-nisi. % T^, ; mon. umun, alapu. ]^Y^, uh ; mon. rubzu, kabu, piqannu, ua. ]yf>^| , mon. takkabu. YY?Y, euk ; mon. umun, hammu, YY?Y fc**~~TT, ip, dar, daa; mon. uras, baru, gisri, uibittu, tubuktu. 355. feiT, lu, dib ; mon. etiq, zabat, dibbu, kamu, lamu, immiru, tamhu, dassu, bahti. JfcJJ >-<, mon. bibbu. fe|[ *"i^N nwn. sakiz. 356. j^TL qi) kin; ^noM. turtu, miru, paru, sitehu, senihu. 357. I^TIfcj sak; mora, sarad. J^JJ^< JZjYYj man. busus, damum. ]tJJ^>-| Y.^, mon. tur-sipri. 358. jj*~y, ur, lik, das; mora. amil(?), nis(?), pultu, baltu. Tj*~-Y -j^, mon. assinnn. JJ*~[ LJLj 5 ™ow. zai-zidu. jj*~Y 'jV^F, mora, masuktu. j[J*~T ^lyjli, mora, qaradu. jj*~y ^Z^, mora, mitkaris. 359. TTl£:|, du, al; mon. kibu. T JT^Y >-gT>~], mon. elit-arki. TJfeY Jf-, mora, saptu-saplitu. |TT£:Y ^YYYj "Jora- kalu. TTlt [ ^, mon. kibu-sa-qan-duppi. TTjtj •"11 -^5 wow. kibu-sa-qan- duppi. 360. -jV, qal, sal; mon. uru. ■J>- <^, mora, .female servant. ^[V »-^T*-T, mora, kunnn. ■J[V *-^|> 'mon. uru, bizzuru, uru- sa-sal, gal, muk, murub. t?" ^yTj """*• Pflj murul), usuh. 361. 'J»=-<, gar; mora, nan .... Od2. ■J^fcYj nin; mon. beltii. 23 363. tV>-»-y, dam; mon. assat, allat, mutu. 364. ^^, guj mm. qa. ■jV^' *-^T) "W- snrbutu. 365. t^^. ?"> W) ", zim ; mon. 366. t^Hy. niq; "«"»• 367. l>E:yyy, el, ; mo«. bibu, ellu. 368. tj^ll' ^"™' ^'^°' ' '"'"*• inJii^"' ^^ 1^^> '"9"- unnubu. 369. t^^^^^5 ; mm. libit, labin, Siranu, malgu. 370. ^Jn^> "*<"*• nssps. 371. T, su ; mon. baru, essa, sepu, nihappu, lemu, sahpu, mastinu, asaro, sihu, kaiamu, adaiu. T Tl, num. sahpu, erib. 372. TT, sik ; mon. siktu, mazu, matu, ensu, nadhu, sahpu. 373. Ill J '"<"»• gibil, kibir, kUutu, sarap. 376.-T»-*-Tj en J man. siptu. 377. Ttt^f *"*"!> J ''""*• suiupj suppatu. 378. I^ Jiy^ j, ; mxm. sudun, niru. 379. I ^TTi till; mon. hidutu, bibru, tiigu, ukus, kisBU, padu. 380. \% tui. MABftlBON AND SONS, ^EINTSBS IN ORDINARY TO HEB HAJESTTt 6T. UA&Hn's LANf > ^mS^ %:^^-mM^'^m>^Mi f I -Kffi-fe