CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 189X BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library QL 708.B82 1866 CaUloaue of seals ?nd whales ^1^^^^^^^^ 3 1924 024 782 603 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024782603 CATALOGUE SEALS AND WHALES BRITISH MUSEUM. BY JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., &c. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1866. PBINTED BY TAYLOB AND FHANCIS, KED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PEEFACE. This Catalogue contains an account of all the specimens of Seals and Cetacea, and their bones, that are contained in the British Museum, and a description of the specimens which are contained in other collections, in order to show what are the species which are desiderata to the Museum Collection. Many of the woodcuts are the same as were prepared to illustrate papers published in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' which have been kindly lent by the Council of that Society for the purpose. JOHN EDWAED GEAY. British Museum, Dec. 15, 1865. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Family Phocid^ 1 1. Stenobhtnchina 8 1. Lobodon 8 carcinophaga 10 2. Leptonyx 11 Weddellii 12 3. Ommatophoca 13 Eossii 14 4. Stenorhynchus 15 Leptonyx 16 5. Monachus 17 albiventer 19 tropicalis 20 2. Phocina 20 6. Callocephalus 20 vitulinus 20 ? Caspicus 22 ? dimidiatus ...... 22 7. Pagomys 22 fcetidua 23 ? Laigha 24 8. Pagophilus 25 Grcenlandicus 25 9. Halicyon 27 Richardi 30 10. Phoca 31 barbata 31 3. Teickechina 33 11. Halichoerus 33 Grypiis 34 12. Trichechus 35 Rosmarus 36 4. CXSTOPHOBINA 38 13. Monmga 38 elephantina 39 14. Cystophora 40 cristata 41 Antillarum 43 5. Abctocbphalina . . 44, 368 15. Callorhinus 44 ursinus 44 Page 16. Arctocephalus 47 Monteriensis . . 49, 368 lobatus 50 Califomianus .... 51 nigrescens, 52 Delalaudii 52 Hookeii 53 Gilliespii 55 Falklandicus 55 cinereus 56 australis 57 17. Otaria 57 leonina 59, 369 SteUeri 60 Order CETACEA 61 Suborder I. Cbtb 62 Section I. Mysticete 68 Earn. BAL.ffi)NiD.i; 75 1. Balsena 79 Mysticetus 81, 370 Biscayensis 89 marginata 90 gibbosa 90 2. Eubalsena 91 australis 91 Sieboldii 96,370 3. Hunterius 98 Temminckii ...... 98 4. Caperea 101 antipodarum . . 101, 371 5. Macleayius 103, 371 Australiensis 105 6. PalsBocetus 106 Sedgwickii 106 Fam. BAL-aENOPTEiiiD.a; .... 106 Mbgapteeina 115 1. Megaptera 117 longimana .... 119, 373 2. Poescopia 125 Lalandii 126, 373 VI TABLE 01' CONTENTS. Page ? Nov8e-Zelandise . . 128 P Burmeisteri 129 Americana 129 Kuzira 130 3. EschrichtiuB 131 robustus 133, 373 Physalina 134 4. Benedenia 135 Knoxii 138 5. Physaius 139 antiquorum .... 144, 374 Duguidii 158, 374 Patachonicus 374 Sibbaldii 160, 380 ? avistralis 161 Brasiliensia 162 ? fasciatus 162 Indicus 162 Plwasi. 163 antarcticus 164 6. Cuvierius 164 latirostris 165,380 Sibbaldii 380 7. Sibbaldiua 169 laticeps 170 borealis 175 SchlegeUi 178 ? antarcticiis 381 Bal^noptehina 186 8. Balsenoptera 186, 382 rostrata 188 Swinhoei 382 Section II. Dbnticbte 194 Fam. Oatodontid.«! .... 195, 386 Catodontina 386 1. Oatodon 196 macrocephalus. . 202, 387 australiB 206 Pacific Sperm Whale 209 South AMcanSp.W. 209 Indian Sperm Whale 209 South-Sea Sperm W. 210 2. Meganeuron 387 I&efiyi? 389 Physjiteeina 390 3. Physeter 210 Tursio 212 4. Kogia 215, 391 breviceps 217, 391 Grayii 218 simus 391 Macleayii 391 5. Euphysetes 386, 392 Grayii 392 Fani. PLATANi8TrD.si 220 1. Platanista 221 Gangetica 223 Page Indi 224 Pam. Inhd^ 226 1. Inia 226 Geoifroyii .... 226, 393 Fam. Dl!i.PHiNiD.a3 .... 228, 393 Delphinina 231 1. Pontoporia 231 BlainvjUii 231 2. Steno 232 Malayanu3 232 roaeiventris 233 frontatus 233 compressus .... 234, 394 Oapensis 394 lentiginosus 394 Gadamu 394 attenuatus 235, 394 ? brevimanus 236 Tucuxi 236, 395 ? pseudodelphis .... 395 ? fluviatUis 237 ? paUidus 237 ? coronatus 238 ? rostratus 238 fuscus 239 3. Delphinus 239, 395 microps 240, 395 longirostris 241 stenorhynchus .... 396 Delphis 242, 396 major 396 Moorei 396 Walieri 397 marginatus 245 Jamra 246, 398 punctatua 398 Novse-Zealaoadise . . 246 albimanus 247 Forsteri 248 Sao 248 Frithii 248 pemiger 249 Clymene 249 Styx 250 Tethyos , . 251 Euphrosyne 251 Alope 252, 399 fulvifasciatuB 252 duHus 253 lateralis 254 4. Tursio 254, 400 Doris 256, 400 Dorcides 400 fraenatua 256 Metis 256, 400 Oymodoce 267, 400 ? Guianensis . . 257, 400 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page truncatus 258, 400 Abusalam 261, 401 Eurynome 261 Entropia 262 Catalania 262 Heavisidii 263 obscurus 264, 400 compressicaudu8 . . . . 266 4*. Sotalia 393, 401 Guianensis 401 6. Lagenorhynchus .... 267 Electra 268 csBruleo-albus 268 Asia 269 acutus 270 clanculus 271 breviceps 271 Thicolea 271 albirostris 272 leucopleurus 273 ? Nilssonii 275 lateralis 275 fusiformis 402 6. Delphinapterus 276 Peronii 276 Pborealis 277 7. Orca 278 gladiator 279 intermedia 288 Capensis 283 brevirostris 285 8. Pseudorca 290, 402 crassidens 290 meridionalis 291 9. Grampus 295 Cuvieri 295 Rissoanus 298 Eichardsonii 299 affinis 300 Sakamata 301 10. PhocKna 301, 402 communis 302 tuberculifera 304 spinipinnis 304 11. Neomeris 306 Phocsenoides 306 12. Beluga 306 Oatodon 307 Page Kingii 309 13. Monodon 310 monoceros 311 Fam. Gi-OBiocEPHALiDiE. . . . 313 1. Globiocephalus 313 Svineval 314 affinis 317 intermedius 318 Edwardsii 320 macrorhynchus .... 320 Indicus 822 Sieboldii 323 Chinensis 323 2. Sphserocephalus 323 incrassatus 824 Fam. ZiPHin).a! 326 Hypeboobontina 327 1. Hyperoodon 328 Butzkopf 330 2. Lagenocetus 836 latifrons 339 Epiodontina 340 3. Epiodon 340 Desmarestii ........ 341 4. Petrorhynchus 342 Oapensis 346 Indicus 346 Ziphiina 348 5. Berardius 348 Amuxii 348 6. Ziphius 348 Sowerbienaia 350 Layardii 353 7. Dioplodon 355 SecbeUensia 855 Suborder II. Siebnia 356 Fam. Manatid^ 356 Manatina 357 1. Manatus 357 australis 358 Senegalenais 360 2. Halicore 360 Dugong 861 Tabemaculi 864 RyxiNiNA 365 3. Rytina 365 gigas 365 Additions and Cobbections 367 CATALOGUE SEALS AND WHALES. Family PHOCIDiE. Cutting-teetli f or f or -f or |, conical or truncated; canines conical, sometimes elongated ; grinders || or ||, more or less lobed or plaited. Head rounded ; face more or less produced ; ears, very small, rudimentary, or none external ; eyes large, only slightly convex. Body elongate, hairy, attenuated behind; teats 2 or 4, ventral. Feet short, enveloped in the body ; the fore feet short ; fingers five-clawed ; the hind feet directed backwards, and close together ; toes five-clawed. Tail very short, depressed, sharp-edged on each side. Fera (partim), lAnn. S. N'. i. 56. Bruta (part.), Zinn. S. N. i. 48. Phoca, JJinn. 8. JVi i. 55 ; Pennant, Syn. Quad. 330 ; Gray, Gfriffith's A. K. V. 176. PhocadsB et Trichecidse, Gray, Land. Med. S^os. 1821, 302. Phocidse et Tiichechidse, Gfray, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340. Phocidse, Gray, Zool. JSreb. ^ Terror ; Cat. Seals B. M.l, 1850. Mammif eras a nageoires, Aatiphibies, Desm. N. Diet. HM. Nat. xxiv. 34, 1804 Amphibia, Gray, Land. Med. Eepos. 1821, 302 ; Latr. Fam. R. A, • 51,1830. Phocaceema, Nilsson, Vetemk. Akad. Handl. 1837, 235 ; lUum. Figurer Shand. Fauna, 1840, traml. hy Br. Peters, Wiegm. Arch. vii. 301. (Pinnipedia) Euderfiisse, Illiger, Prodr. 138, 1811; Piippell, Vers. Senck. Samml. 167, 1845. Lea Phoques et les Morses, F. Cm. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 463, 465, 1829 ; Duvernoy, Tab. R. A. Tetrapterygia, J. Brookes, Catal. Mus. 36, 1828. Ursi (part.), Wagler, N. S. Amph. 27, 1830. Cynomorpha (Phoca et Otaria), Zatr. Fam. R. A. 51, 1825. Brocha (Morse), Latr. Fam. JR. A. 52, 1825. Phoques, J^. Cuv. Dents des Mamm,. 113, 1825. B PHOCIDiB. Amphibies quadriremes, Duvemoy, Tab. Anim. Vert. Quadrupeda Nectopoda aeu Plectropoda, O. Fischer, Zoognom. 12. Nectopoda, § 2. Pinnipeda (part.), G. Fischer, Zoognom. 15. Phocidse seu Brachiodontia, J. Brookes, Catal. Mus. 36, 1828. Trichecliidss seu Oampodontia, J. Brookes, Catal. Mns. 37, 1828. ■> Otariadse, J. Brookes, Catal. Mm. 37, 1828. Their limbs are short and fin-like, supported by the same number of bones as those of other carnivorous mammalia ; the arm and leg bones are much shorter ; the fingers and toes are armed with claws, and are webbed together. They swim with facility, and dive for a long period. On land they scarcely use their limbs in walking, the fore arms resting inactive on the sides, and the hind feet close together, parallel on the sides of the tail ; they move, by the action of the ventral muscles, in short jumps, or by wriggling themselves alternately from side to side. They have very large, scarcely convex eyes ; the nostrils are closed by their own elasticity, and opened at the will of the animal ; their sense of smell is very acute, and the convolutions of the bones and membranes of the nose are much developed. Of aU the families of Mammalia the species composing that of the Seals {Phoddce) are the most difficult of determination, partly on account of their great resemblance to one another in external cha- racters, and the changes which they undergo in colour and form during their growth, but more especially on account of the difficulty of observing them in their natural habitations. The labours of M. de Blainville, the two brothers Cuvier, and especially of Professor Nilsson of Lund, have done much to elucidate the characters of the European species and those frequenting the eastern coast of North America; the species found in the North Pacific are only known by the descriptions of SteUer, Pallas, and Temniinok. Many naturalists have been inclined to consider them as identical with those found in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, believing that the species migrate from one half of the world to the other, though we have the testimony of most voyagers that Seals are very rarely found between the equatorial line and 21° north latitude. The Seals of the Southern hemisphere have not been so well studied, from the want of sufficient materials. Cuvier, when he wrote the ' Ossemens FossUes,' possessed only eight skuUs, belonging to four species (viz. 1. Phoca Le/ptonyoo, 2. F. elephantina, 3. P.pusilla, 4. P. leoninaT); but as several of these had been brought home without the skins, he could only refer them doubtfully to established species. Indeed, almost the only knowledge that we have of the Seals of the Pacific is derived from the observations of Cook, and the Porsters, who accompanied that intrepid navigator as naturalists ; and the materials which they brought home were well collated by Pennant in his • History of Quadrupeds,' a work of very extraordi- nary merit considering the date of its publication. England might then fairly be described as taking, as she should do, the lead in scientific zoology. This period has not been fairly estimated by the modem school of zoologists, who, at the opening of the Continent after the war, appear to have been so dazzled by the brilliant pro- gress made by the Professors appointed by Napoleon, that they over- looked the fact that these men were only following in the footsteps of Pennant, Latham, Solander, the Forsters, Fabricius, and others (who were either Englishmen, or had been fostered by the scientific men of this country), as Linnaeus followed in the footsteps of Bay. Besides the particulars given by Cook and Forster in the account of their voyages, Forster communicated to Buffon the figures of two of the species he had observed, accompanied by details of, their organization and habits, which were printed in the supplementary volumes of Bufibn's ' Natural History,' and form the most complete and best account we have yet had of the history of these species. P^ron and Lesueur, in their record of Baudin's voyage, indicate some Seals found in the South Sea, and give fuller details of the Sea Elephant, they having been so fortunate as to fall in with some males of that species ; but the Natural History of the voyage was never published, so that we are indebted to Cuvier (Oss. Fobs, v.) for the description of the only Seal they brought home, which appears to have been the Fur Seal of commerce. In the Zoology of Captain Duperrey's ' Voyage of the CoquiUe,' a Seal is figured under the name of Phoca molossina ; but the skull and skin now in the Paris Mus^m, as Nilsson has correctly observed, are only the young Sea Lion's. In the ' Voyage of the Astrolabe ' two other southern Seals are figured; one called Otaria cinerea, P^ron, which appears to be the Fur Seal of commerce, and the Otaria australis, which is very like the Aretoe^hdlus lobatus, described from a skuU in Mr. Brookes's collection many years previously. It is to be regretted that the figures here referred to, especially of the skull, are so bad as to be utterly useless for the determination of the species without comparison of the original specimens. In the French 'Voyage to the South Pole,' figures are given of the Sea Leopard and the common White Antarctic Seal, the two most common species found everywhere in these regions on the packed ice ; the latter is named Phoca earcinophaga. Mr. W. Hamilton has given an account of the Seals and other marine mammalia, in Sir W. Jardine's ' Naturalist's Library,' which contains a carefully compiled account of these animals, and some original figures from the specimens in the Edinburgh and Liverpool Museums ; but, unfortunately, Mr. Stewart, the draughtsman, has been more intent on giving them an arijstic effect than on attending to their zoological characters. Thus, some which should have no claws on their hind feet have large ones, and sometimes one too many for any mammal ; and the toe-membranes of aU. the Eared Seals or Otaries are represented as hairy instead of bald. The same author has given an account of the Fur Seal in the ' Annals of Natural History,' which he considers as different from the Sea Bear of Forster 4 PHOCIDJE. and other South-Sea navigators. According to Dr. Hooker, the Fur Seals of the FaMands rarely exceed 3| or 4 feet in length. Seamen have long divided the Seals, on account of the great dif- ference in their form, into the Earless -and Eared Seals. Buffon adopted the division ; and Peron, in his account of Baudin's Voyage (ii. 37), gave the name of Otaria to the Eared Seals. Cuvier and most naturalists have adopted this name. In the ' Medical Kepository ' for 1821, p. 302, I considered the Seals as forming an order, named Amphibia, containing two families : Phocadce for Phoca and Otaria, and Tricheddce for Trichecus. Dr. Fleming, in 1822, placed the Otters (Lufra), Sea Otters (En- hydra), Seals (Phoca), Ursine Seals (Otaria), and Walrus (Trichecus) in a single group, which he called Palmata. — Phil. Zool. ii. 187. Dr. W. Vrolik, in 1822, in his ' Thesis de Phocis,' divides the Seals into five trihes : — I. Phocce sine auriculis : Trihvs prima, P. vitu- lina ; Trihus seounda, P. monachus ; Tribus tertia, P. mitrata ; Tribvs qhiarta, P. prohoscidea. II. Otarioe (Phocce auricidatce) : Tribvs quinta, P. leonina, &e. In the ' Annals of Philosophy' for 1825, 1 considered the genera Phoca and Trichecus as each forming a family, and proposed to divide the Seals thus : — I. Grinders many-rooted ; ears none ; nose simple. 1. SieMor^ync^j'na, Pelagius andStenorhjTichus. 2. Phocina,, Phoca. — II. Grinders with simple roots, or with divided roots, and with distinct ears. 3. Enhydrina, Enhydra. 4. Otariina, Otaria and Platyrhynchus. 5. Stemmatopina, Stemmatopus and Macro- rhinus. M. F. Cuvier, in 1825, in the ' Dents des Mammiferes,' 118, divides the Seals into those which have many roots to the grinders, including P. vitulina-, P. Leptonyx, and P. mitrata, and those with simple- rooted grinders, as P. ursina ani P. proboscidea. In 1829, in the article Zoolosib in the ' Diet. Sci. Nat.' lix. 367, he divides them into — 1. Les Phoques proprement dits, including the genera Callo- cephalus, Stenorhynchus, Pelagius, StemmMopus, Macrorhinus, Arcto- cephalus, and Platyrhynchus, and 2. Les Morses, for the genus Tri- checus. In a paper on the genus, in ' M^m. Mus.' xi. 1827, 208, he proposed to divide them into the following subgenera placed in three sections : — Sect. 1. Grinders similar, double-rooted. — 1. Gallocephalus (vitu- linus) ; 2. Stenorhynchus (leptonyx) ; 3. Pelagius (monachus). Sect. 2. Grinders simple-rOoted ; cutting-teeth |-. — 4. Stemmato- ptis (cristatus) ; 5. Macrorhinus (proboscidalis). Sect. 3. Grinders simple-ropted ; cutting- teeth f. — 6. Arctocepha- lus (ursinus); 7. Platyrhynchus (leoninus). An abstract of this paper is given in Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 230. Mr. Joshua Brookes, in the Catalogue of his Anatomical and Zoological Museum, 36, 1828, divides the Tetrapterygia, or Seals, into three families: viz. 1. Phocidce or Brachiodontia ; 2. Ofariada; and 3. Trichechidcn or Campodontia. Latreille {Fam. Reg. Anim.), in 1825, proposed to form the Seals into an order. Amphibia, containing two families : — 1. Oynomor^ha, for Phoea and Otaria ; 2. Brocha, for Trichechus. Wagler (JSTatiirl. Syst. AmpHbien), in 1830, places the Seals in the order Ursi, and divides them into three genera : — 1. Phoeix (mona- chus) ; 2. Bhinophoca (proboscidens) ; 3. Triehecvs (rosmarus). Professor Nilsson, in 1837, in a monograph of the species of Seals, proposed to divide them into seven genera, distributed in two sec- tions, thus : — Sect. I. — ^^1. StenorhyncJms (leptonyx) ; 2. Pelagius (monachus) ; 3. Phoca (vituUna). Sect. II. — 4. Halichoerus (grypus) ; 5. Trieheeus (rosmarus) ; 6. Cystophora (proboscidea and cristata) ; 7. Otaria (jubata and ursina). See Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1837, 235 ; Skand. Fauna, no. 20, 1840. This essay is translated into German by Dr. Peters in Wieg- mann's Arch. vii. 301. In Loudon's ' Magazine of Natural History' for 1837 (i. 583) and in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror ' is proposed the arrange- ment which is followed in this Catalogue. Mr. Turner, m 1848, proposed the following arrangement of the family Phoeidce from the study of skulls : — I. Arctoeephalina : 1. Otaria; 2. Arctocephalus. II. Tricheeina: 3. Triohecus. III. PTiocina : 4. Morunga ; 5. Cystophora ; 6. HaU- choerus; 7. Ommatophora ; 8. Lobodon; 9. Leptonyx; 10. Steno- rhynchus ; 11. Phoca. — Proe. Zool, Soe. 1848, 88 ; Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1848, iii. 422. Synopsis o]? the Teibes and Gteneea. A. Grindirs two-rooted; ears none; toes simple, of fore feet short, of hind feet unequal, the outer on each side longest, the middle sho7-test; the palms and soles hairy. a. Cutting-teeth i ; hind feet nearly clawless ; muffle hairy on the edge and between the nostrils ; fore feet triangular ; zcrist very short. StenorhyncHna. * First, second, and third front upper and the first front lower grinders singh-rooted, the rest two-rooted ; lower jaw moderate. 1. Lobodon. Skull and muzzle elongate ; grinders unequally lobed. ** The front grinders of each jaw single-rooted, the rest two-rooted. t Lower jaw weak, with obtuse angle ; orbits very large. 2. Leptonyx. Skull broad, depressed behind; muzzle short, broad; grinders subcompressed, with a small subcentral conical tubercle and a very small posterior one ; lower jaw narrow behind, without any hinder angle ; fore feet clawed. 3. Ommatophoca. Skull broad, depressed behind; muzzle very short, broad ; orbits very large ; grinders small, compressed, with a central incurved lobe, and a small lobe on each side of it ; fore feet very slightly clawed. 6 PHOCIBiE. tt Lower jaw strong, mth an acute angle; orbits moderate. 4. Stbnobhynchus. Skull and muzzle elongate ; grinders compressed, with three cylindrical elongated lobes, the centre one longest and largest. 5. MoNACHUS. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad ; orbits large ; grinders small, conical, thick, with a small anterior and posterior lobe; lower jaw broad, with a distinct posterior angle; upper cutting-teeth transversely notched ; palate ang^arly notched behind. b. Ottftmg-teeth | ; the first grinder in each jaw single-rooted, the rest two-rooted; mtizzle bald, callous between and above the nostrils, and divided by a central groove ; wrist rather exserted; jmgers suhequal; claws five, large. Phocina. * Branches of lower jaw diverging; lower edge of lower jaw rmmded, simple; palate angularly arched behind; angle of lower jaw blunt, sloping behind. 6. Callocephalus. Muzzle rather narrow ; whiskers waved ; toes gra- dually shorter ; web between the hind toes hairy ; hair subcylindrical ; under-fur thin. ** Branches of lower jaw diverging; lower edge of lower jaw dilated on the inner side. 7. Pagomts. Palate angularly notched behind; angle of lower jaw blunt, sloping behind. 8. Pagophilus. Palate truncated behind; angle of lower jaw acute, erect behind, with a notch above the basal tubercle ; muzzle rather produced ; whiskers waved ; toes gradvially shorter ; web between hind toes baidish ; hair diy, flat, close-pressed, without any nnder- fur. *** Branches of lower jaw arched on the side and vnde apart; lower edge produced on the inner side behind the syrriphysis; palate arched. 9. fiALiCYON. Tubercle on inner edge of front part of lower jaw elon- gate, sharp-edged ; teeth moderate ; angle of lower jaw simple, with a distinct notch above it. 10. Phoca. Tubercle on inner edge of front part of lower jaw blimt, rugulose; teeth small; angle of lower jaw with a rounded lobe on inner side above the basal tubercle ; muzzle broad, short ; forehead convex ; whiskers smooth, sirnple ; ear-hole large ; fingers unequal, the third longest, second and forath long, the first and fifth shorter, nearly equal. B. Grinders with single root (except the two hinder grinders of Hali- choerus). c. Ears without any conch; toes simple, of fore feet exserted, of hind feet large, the inner and outer ones large and tang, the three middle ones shorter; palm and soles hairy, sometimes chaffy and callous from wear ; muffle hairy to the edge and between the nostrils. * Muzzle large, truncated, simple; canines large; grinders lobed, ivhen old truncated. Trichechina. 11. Halichcbbtjs. Muzzle broad, rounded; cutting-teeth f ; grinders—, conical, the two hinder of the upper and hinder one of the lower iaw PHOCIDJE. 7 double-rooted, the rest simple ; canines moderate ; whiskers crenu- lated; muffle hairy; palm and soles hairy; claws 5-5, elongate. 12. Tbichechus. Muzzle yery broad, truncated, swollen and convex above ; muffle, palm, and soles chafly, callous, with the hair more or less wom_ off in the adult (hairy when young ?) ; cutting-teeth a in youth, f in adult ; grinders 4-4, truncated, all single-rooted ; canmes of upper jaw very large, exserted. ** Muzzle of the malemth adilatUe appendage; cutting-teeth^; grinders with a large swollen, root amd a small, compressed, simple, plaited croton ; muffle hairy. Cystophorina. 13. MoBUNaA. Nose transversely wrinkled above, exsertile ; muzzle of theskullbroad, truncated in front; forehead convex ; hinder palatine bone short, transverse ; hair flat, truncated, close-pressed ; whiskers round, rather waved, thick ; front claws obsolete ; crown of grinders finely plaited. 14. Cystophoba. Nose of male with a large compressed hood extending to the back of the head ; muzzle very broad, hairy ; nostrils large ; muzzle of skuU broad, narrowed on each side in front ; forehead flat ; palatine bone broad, square ; hair elongate, cylindrical ; whiskers flat, waved ; claws 5'5, distinct ; crown of grinders strongly wrinkled. d. Ears with a svbcylindrical distinct eocternal conch ; toes of the hind feet subeqiud, short, with long memhranaceoiis flaps at the end; fore feet fin-Uke ; palm and soles bald, longitifdinaUy grooved ; nose simple, mth a rather large calloits muffle above and between the nostrils ; cutting-teeth f, upper often bifid; grinders ^. Arctocephalina. 15. Callobhinus. Cutting-teeth subequal; face of skuU short; fore- head convex, regularly rounded from the end of the nasal bone to the middle of the vertex ; nasal opening small ; palate rather concave, contracted behind, short, nearly reaching the middle of the zygomatic arch ; lower jaw short, thick, flattened, expanded beneath just in fi'ont of the condyle. 16. AncTOCEPHAi/irs. Cutting-teeth subequal; face of skull elongate; forehead flattened, and nearly horizontal from the nasal bone to the vertex ; nasal opening large, high ; palate rather narrower behind than in front, rather concave, short, not reaching behind the middle of the zygomatic arch ; lower jaw narrow, with a crest-like ridge behind, beneath, just in front of the condyle. 17. Otabia. Muzzle broad, high in front ; forehead rather convex ; occiput high ; cutting-teeth f , upper and outer one very large, like canmes; grinders of adult with very large roots and small, com- pressed, lobed crown ; palate-bone rather wider behind than in front, long, extending nearly to the articulation of the jaws behind; lower jaw broad, dilated in front and behind at the angle ; upper jaw elon- gate, and dilate with age. 8 PHOCIDiE. Sect. I. Grinders ^ two-rooted; ears nam; toes simple, of the fore feet short, of the hind feet unequal, the outer on each side longest, the middle shortest; the palms and soles hairy. (See fig. 1.) The skuU has no postorbital process nor aJisphenoid canal. The mastoid process is swollen, and seems to form part of the auditory bulla. — Turner. Fig.l. Monachus albiventer. Fore and hind feet. Phoca, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 175, 1827. Phoca, Sect. I., F. Ouvier, Mdm. Mus. xi. ; Nilsson, Wiegm. Arch. ■yii. 306 ; Skand. Fauna, n. xx. PhocidsB seu Brachiodontia, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 36, 1828. Phoques, las dents ont les racines multiples, J. Owmer, Dents des Mamm. 116. t. 38, 1825. Phocina (part.). Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88. PhocidsB, § 1, Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 5-8. SubfamUy 1. STENORHYNCHINA. Cutting-teeth ^ ; hind feet nea/rly clawless ; muffie hairy to ike edge and between tlie nostrils ; fore feet triangular ; wrist very short. Stenorhynchina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340 ; Mag. N. S. i. 583, 1837.; Zool. Erebus 8f Terror ; Cat. Seals B. M. 5, 8, 1850. * The first, second, and third front upper and the first front lower grinders single-rooted, the rest two-rooted; lower jaw moderate, rather weak; orbits large. 1. LOBODOK. Skull elongate ; muzzle elongate ; grinders rather compressed, with a large lobe in front, and three lobes behind the larger central one. Head elongate ; ear-conch none externally ; muzzle broad ; nostrils ovate, hairy to the edge ; whiskers rigid, tapering, waved. Skull elongate, rather depressed ; nose broad, rather produced ; orbits 1. lOBODON. 9 moderate; the petrose portion of the temporal bone very convex, nearly hemispherical. Cutting- teeth f ; the upper middle o^es moderate, with a smaller, rather compressed crown; the two others large, conical, like the canines ; the lower pair small ; the two middle ones subcyliadrical, rather internal, projecting forwards and rounded at the end ; the outer ones rather larger, blunt. Canines pj, conical, curved, small, the upper largest. Grinders ||, with large swollen roots ; the crown triangular, subtrigonal, lobed ; lobes rather recurved at the tip, the Fig. 2. Lobodon carcinophaga. Skull and hinder grinder. larger lobe with one, or sometimes a second, small lobe in front, and Avith three lobes behind ; the first upper one smaller, with a single large root, the second, third, and fourth nearly equal, and the fifth smaller and more compressed ; the second and third have the root only divided at the base, the fourth and fifth have the root divided nearly to the crown, and diverging ; the first under is smallest and single-rooted, the rest are all similar, 2-rooted, the third being the largest, and the fifth most compressed in the crown. The symphysis of the lower jaw is very long. The teeth of the younger animals have a rather broader crown, with rather shorter tubercles, a rugose surface with some smaller tubercles on the inner side, near the base of the hinder lobes, but separated from them by a groove. Body tapering behind. The fore limbs moderate, rather elongate, triangular, hairy above and below ; toes 5, tapering, with a narrow, thick, hairy web between them ; claws 5, elongate, acute, subequal. The hind limbs large, broad, triangular, hairy above and below ; the oiiter toes on each side of the foot very large, broad, rounded at the end ; the three middle ones smaller, narrow, tapering, with a thick hairy web between them ; the central one smaller and shorter ; all clawless. Tail short, conical, depressed. Fur close-set, rather rigid, directed backwards, soft at the end ; the hairs flat at the base, tapering to a fine point, without any under- fur at the roots. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. 10 PHOCID^. Lobodon, Oray, Zool. Erebm 8f Terror ; Cat. Seals B. M. 5, 9. Phoca, ap., Homb. ^ Jacq. Toy. Pole Sud (no description). Stenorhynchus (part.), Owen, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1843, xii. 331. Halichoerus, sp., T. Feale. ' ' This genus is more nearly allied to SteMrTiynchus than to Phoca, to which the French surgeons have referred it ; but still it differs so much from' that genus in the conformation of the skull and in the lobing and rooting of the teeth, that it can scarcely be left in it. The latter peculiarity appears to have escaped Prof. Owen's research, as in hia generic character of Stenorhynchus he says, "Anterioi; molars with one root, the rest with two roots," while in this genus the three front upper molars are single-rooted, a character by which it differs from all the other genera in the family. 1. Lobodon carciuopliaga. Crah-eating Seal. Head, back, hind feet, and upper part of the tail pale olive ; fore feet, side of the face, body, and tail beneath yellowish white ; the hinder part of the sides of the body and the base of the hind fins yeUow-spotted, spots unequal, often confluent ; whiskers white, the upper ones smaller, dusky. Phoca caroinophaga, Sbmb. Sf Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, t. (skull, good : not described) ; Pucheran, Voy. d' Urville, t. 10, 10 a. Lobodon carcinophaga, Gray, Zool. Ereh. Sr Terror, Mammalia, 2. 1. 1, t. 2 (skull) ; Ca(. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 82 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 10. Stenorhynchus serridens, Ozven, Ann. ^ Mag. JV. H. 1843, xii. 331 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, 131 ; Cat. Ost. Mus. CoU. Surg. 641. Halichoerus antarctica, T. Peak, TI. S. Explor. Bxped. 30. t. 5, skull, fig. p. 31, 1848 ; ed. Cassin, 25, 1858, fig. skull, not good. /See Stenorhynchus yetas, Zeidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vi. 377, fig. tooth, said to be found in the greensand of New Jersey. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean, on the packed ice. a. Skull: three-parts grown. Antarctic Seas. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty, from the Antarctic Expedition. — SkuU figured ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. 6. Skiill : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. e. Skull : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by Lieut. W. Smith, E.N. d. SkuU : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by Lieut. W. Smith, E.N. e. Skidl : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by Lieut. W. Smith, E.N.— See Fig. 2, p. 9. /. Skidl : young. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. g. Skeleton. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. h. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. The skeleton and skull of this animal are described in detail by Prof. Owen, Cat. Osteol. Mus. CoU. Surg. 641. no. 3937. 2. LEPXONTX. 11 ** The finst front grinder in each jaw single-rooted, the rest two-rooted. t Lower jaw weak, with an obtttse angle behind ; orbits very large. 2. LEPTONYX. Skull broad, depressed behind; muzzle short, broad; grinders subcompressed, with a small subcentral conical tubercle and a very small posterior one; the lower jaw narrow behind, without any hinder angle ; fore feet clawed. Head flattened ; muzzle broad, rather short, roimded ; muffle hairy between and to the edge of the nostrils ; nostrils ovate ; whiskers compressed, slightly waved ; ears, no external conch. Skull slightly depressed, expanded behind ; nose rather short, broad, high above ; orbits rather large ; the petrose portion of the temporal bone convex, hemispherical. Cutting-teeth A, conical, rather recurved, those of the upper jaw largest ; the middle in each jaw smaller ; the outer upper much larger. Canines ^j large, conical, curved, rather compressed, upper largest. Grinders |1|, moderate, rather far apart, parallel to the edge of the jaw, compressed, with subcentral, conical, prominent tubercle ; the second, third, and fourth, in the more perfect specimens, with a small conical tubercle on the hinder edge, and a sharp-edged ridge round the inner side of the base ; the front grinder in each jaw . smaller, and with a single conical root, the rest all 2-rooted nearly to the crown. Lower jaw slender, with a short symphysis in front, and narrow, without any angle at the hinder part of the lower edge. Fig. 3. Leptonyx Weddellii. SkuU, and first and last grinder. Fore feet small, elongate, triangular, hairy above and below, with five graduated, distant, marginal claws : Mnd feet moderate ; the two marginal toes largest, rounded at the end ; claws small, rudi- mentary, two middle largest. Fur short, adpressed, without any under-fur; hair slender, tapering, slightly flattened. The skull of this genus resembles in many respects Cuvier's figure of a skull of Phoca bicolor ; but it diifers from it in all the grinders 12 PHOCIDJ!!. being placed more longitudinally, and in the lower jaw being slender, and without any angle on the hinder part of the lower edge. It is far more nearly allied to that genus than to StenorJiynchus, to which Prof. Owen (Ann. N.H. 1843, xii. 331, 332) has referred it ; observing that his Sten. serridens (our Lobodon cancrivora) shows modifications of the molar teeth which would give it a better claim to subgeneric distinction than the Sten. Weddellii (which, he observed, is the type of the subgenus Leptonyx of Mr. Gray) has been supposed to possess. Prof. Owen made this remark, and drew up his specific character, without having seen the teeth of this species ; for the skuU was not then removed from the skin, and the specimens in the British Museum were stuffed with the mouth nearly closed. This animal is easily known from StenorJiynchtis by the shortness of the wrist and the triangular form of the fore feet, being interme- diate in this respect between that genus and Ommatophoca. Mr. Swainson, in 1832, applied the name of Leptonyte to a genus of birds, and in 1837 the same name to a second ; but the former had before been named Pteroptochos, and the latter Ooryphospiza, so that the name may still be used for the Seal. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Leptonyx, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1836 ; Zool. Voy. Erebus ^ Terror, Mamm. ; Cat. Seah B. M. 6, 14 ; not Swainson. 1. Leptonyx Weddellii. False Sea Leopard. Pulvous, with the front of the back and a line down the back blackish grey ; whiskers brown, tapering. Female and young blackish grey above ; sides with a series of longitudinal yellowish spots. ' Phoca Leopardina, Jameson, Weddell, Vdy. 8outh Pole, i. 22, 24, 134, t. , not good ; Spec, Mms. Edin. Sea Leopard, or Leopard Seal, Weddell, Voy. S. Pole, i. 22, 134. Otaria? WeddelUi, Lesson, Pull. Sci. Nat. vii. 343, 438, 1826. Stenorhynchus "Weddellii, Lesson, Mamm. 200 ; Owen, Ann. &■ Mag, N. H, 1843, xii. 333. Leopard Seal, ITamilton, Nat, Libr. 183. t. 12 (from Capt. WeddeWs specimen). Leptonyx Weddellii, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1836 ; Zool. Voy. Erebus <§■ Terror, t. 5 (animal), t. 6 (skull) ; Cat. Seals P. M. 16. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. South Orkney, Weddell. a, b. Skins : adult : stuffed. Santa Cruz. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy, E.N., 1833. — The specimens described as Leptonyx Weddellii, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1836 ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 31. N.B. When this species was first described, I thought it was the Leopard Seal of WeddeU. I was afterwards induced to believe that I was mistaken, as the name Sea Leopard was applied by the whalers to Stenorhynchus Leptonyx ; but it would appear that they used the same name for the two Seals ; and I have convinced myself, by exami- ning the teeth of WeddeU's specimen in the Museum of the Univer- sity of Edinburgh, that my first opinion was correct. 3. OMMATOPHOCA. 13 /• Skin : stuffed : small. Antarctic Sea. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. — Specimen described and figured in 'Zool. Erebus and Terror.' SkuU. Eiver Santa Cruz, east coast of Patagonia. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy. SkuU of specimen a. Skull. Eiver Santa Cruz, east coast of Patagonia. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy. Skull of specimen b. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. — The skull figured in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror,' t. . SkuU. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. 3. OMMATOPHOCA. SkuU broad, depressed behind ; muzzle very short, broad ; orbits very large ; grinders smaU, compressed, with a central incurved lobe, and a small lobe on each side of it ; fore feet very slightly clawed. , Head short, broad ; ears smaU, with no internal conch ; muzzle very short, rounded ; muffle hairy between and to the edge of the nostrils ; nostrils ovate ; whiskers tapering, conical. SkuU depressed, expanded behind ; orbits very large ; nose very short, broad, truncated in front, high behind ; petrose portion of the temporal bone convex. Cutting-teeth -J, smaU, conical, sharply recurved at the tip. Grinders smaU, compressed, vsdth a subcentral, rather large, broad, slightly incurved lobe, having a very smaU lobe on the inner side of Fig. 4. Qmmatophoca Rossii. Skull and hinder grinders. its front, and a larger conical one in the middle of its hinder edge ;■ the front grinder of each jaw is smaUer and thicker, with a single conical root, the rest aU with two diverging roots to the crown. 14 PHOCIDJB. Lower jaw rather slender, with a short symphysis in front, and rather narrow, with a thick rounded edge in the hinder part of the lower edge in the place of the angle. Fore feet moderate, elongate, triangular, hairy above and below ; toes 5-5, tapering, subequal, separated by a thick, narrow, hairy web ; claws two or three, very small, rudimentary, horny, acute. Hind feet large, broad, triangular, hairy above and below ; the outer toes on each side of the foot very large, broad, rounded at the end ; the middle ones small, narrow, tapering, with a thick hairy web between them ; the central one smaller and shortest ; all clawless. Tail short, conical. Fur very close-set, rather rigid. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Ommatophoca, Gray, Zool. Hrehus Se Terror, Mamm.; Cat. Seals S.M. 6,18. Ommatophora, Turner, Proc. Zool. See. 1848, 88, misprint. 1. Ommatophoca Bossii. Moss's Large-eyed Seal. Greenish yellow, with close oblique yeUow stripes on the side, pale beneath". Ommatophoca Rossii, Gray, Zool. Erehm fy Terror, Mamm. t. 7 (animal), t. 8 (skull and teeth) ; Cat. Osteol. S^ec. B. M. 31 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 19. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. a. Stuffed skin. Antarctic Ocean. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. From the Antarctic Expedition. 6. Skull of a. Figured ia ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. 8. f. 1, 2 & 4. The ilrst and second grinders of the upper jaw are small, with a single conical root; on the right side both these teeth are united together in one cavity ; and as there are four other grinders on each side, it would appear as if there were front grinders of two sets. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth of the same jaw have a compressed, single, tapering root, with a deep central groove nearly dividing it into two parts, the groove being deepest and most distinguishable on their outer side. In the lower jaw the front grinder has a double crown, with a thick single root, tapering below, as if formed of two teeth united together by their roots ; the second and third grinders have a broad, compressed, single root, divided by a rather deep, central, longitudinal groove on each side ; and the fourth and fifth grinders each have two tapering, nearly parallel roots, well separated at the base from each other. In this skuU the palate is rounded behind, and the suture between the two bones is much more nearly in its centre. I do not recollect to have observed such a malforma- tion, or soldering together of the roots of the teeth, in any other Seal, c, d. Skull and skeleton. The skull has the first upper and lower grinder with a single large subcylindrical root, tapering to a poiat beneath, and each of the other grinders has two conical separate roots diverging nearly from the collar. The palate is broad and rather truncated behind, and 4. STENORHTNCHtrS. 15 the transverse suture between the two bones in the palate is rather more than two- thirds the distance from the inner edge of the cutting- teeth. e. SkuU. Figured in ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. 8. f. 3, 5. Antarctic Ocean. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. These skulls differ considerably from one another in the form of the palate and iu the teeth ; but it is probable that the teeth of the skull (6) belonging to the skin (Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 8. f. 1, 2, 4) are a malformation. tt Lower jaw strong, with an acute angle behind; orbits moderate. 4. STENORHYNCHUS. SkuU elongate ; muzzle elongate ; grinders compressed, with three cylindrical elongate lobes, the centre one longest and largest. Head elongate ; ear-conch none externally ; muzzle broad, elon- gate ; mufB.e hairy to the edge and between the nostrils ; nostrils acute ; whiskers slightly waved. Face elongate, rather compressed ; nose tapering, rather produced and compressed on each side ; orbits moderate ; the petrose portion of the temporal bone rather convex. Cutting-teeth |^, conical, acute, incurved, granular, and with a cutting-edge on each side in a regular row; the two outer larger ; the upper much larger than the lower, and separated from the canines by a broad space. Canines conical, with sharp cutting-edges within and on the sides, the upper largest. Grinders ||, withmoderate roots, separated from the crown by a narrow groove ; the crown compressed, divided into three elongate lobes, the centre lobe much the largest, longest, and subcyhndrical, the anterior and posterior lobes conical ; Fig. 5. Stenorhynchus Leptonyx. Skvdl and grinders. the bases of the lobes are surrounded by a sharp-edged ridge, with two small, short, conical tubercles on the inner side, the larger one being at the liase of the separation of the hinder from the middle" lobe : the front grinder in each jaw is rather the thickest, with a 16 PHOCID^. single thick conical root; all the rest have two rather diverging roots, divided nearly to the crown ; the hinder tooth in each jaw is rather the smallest. Symphysis of the lower jaw short. Body tapering behind. The fore Umbs moderate, rather elongate ; the toes are rather larger than the wrist, and each furnished with a small nearly terminal claw. The hind limbs are rather large, of two nearly equal lobes, destitute of any claws; the three middle toes small, tapering. The fur close-set, short, without any under-fur ; hairs flattened, tapering at the tip to a point. In the young skuU the grinders are well developed, while the cutting-teeth are small and far apart ; the hinder grinders have four lobes where they have only three in the adult. Mr. MacMurtrie, in his translations of Cuvier, erroneously adds to the generic character in the text of the author, " but with single roots ;" this is repeated in the reprint of the American edition pub- lished by Orr, i. 98. Dr. 'Knox, observes, " Teeth, |- . f . -j4=32 : the two lower middle incisors peculiar. Vertebrae : — cranial, 4 ; cervical, 7 ; dorsal, 14 ; lumbar, 6; sacral, 3; coccygeal, 13=47. " The nostrils opened much after the manner of the Cetacea, in the form of elongated fissures, one inch from the extremity of the snout ; the pelvic extremities very large and far back ; tail extremely short. The skin was hairy. The stomach contained numerous fish- bones, a few feathers (gulls'), and some considerable portions of a pale-green, broad-leaved, marine Pucus ; thousands of a small, hard, round, white worm (parasitical) pervaded all parts of the Lntestines. The intestinal tube measured 71 feet 10 iuches : caput caecum, 1 inch 9 lines : diameter of small intestines, 1 inch ; of large intestines, 1 inch 6 lines. Liver weighed 14 lbs. ; kidneys, 2 lbs. each ; spleen, 1 lb. ; heart, 6 lbs. The arch of the aorta gave off an extremely short innominata, which • divided it into a right carotid and subclavian, and left carotid ; the left subclavian came off separately. It resembles Tiedemann's third variety, pi. 3 (copy published in Edinburgh)." Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Stenorhvnchus (Stenorhynque), F. Cuv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxix. ; M(m. Mm. xi. 190 ; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 463 (1829) ; Nikson, Wiegm. Arch. vii. 307; Skand. Fauna; Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, Mamm. ; Cai. Seals B. M. 6, 11. Phoca, sp., Home ; Blainville ; F. Cuv. Dents des Mamm. t. 1. Stenorhynclius Leptonyx. Sea Leopard. Grey, paler beneath, vdth small black spots on the sides of the neck and body, and with a few smaller white spots on the sides ; upper part of the hinder Umbs dark, pale-marbled. Phoca Leptonyx, Blainv. Journ. Phys. xci. 288, 1820 ; Desm. Mamm. 247, from Home's mecimen ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 208. t. 18. f, 2 ; Gray, Griffith's A. JCi v. 178; Blainv. Ost^ogr. Phoca, 1. 1, & t. 4. f. , skull (Mus. Paris) ; F. Cuvier, Dents des Mamm. 118. t. 88 A. Seal from New Georgia, Home, Phil. Trans. 1822, 240. t. 29, skull. 5. 1I0NACHT7S. 17 Phoque quatrieme, Blainv. in Desm. Mamm. 243, note; see Cm. Oss. Foss. V. 207. Stenorhynclius Leptonyx, F. Ouv. Did. iSc. Nat. xxxix. 549. t. 44: Mem. Mm. xi. 190. t. 13. f. 1 ; Bents des Mamm. 118. t. 88 a ; NUsson, Wiegm. Arch. vii. 307 ; Skand. Fauna, t. ; aray, Zool. Erehm Sf Terror, Mamm. t. 3 (animal), t. 4 (skull) ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B.M.Sl; Cat. Seals B. M. 13 ; Blainv. Oateogr. PUca, t. 6. f. 9 (teeth and skull) ; Owen, Ann. N. H. 1843, xii. 332. Phoca Homei, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 417. Phoca(Stenorliynclie) Leptonyx, Blainv. ; Pucheran, Dumont d' Urville, Zool. t. 9. The Small-nailed Seal, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 180. 1. 11 (nails too large). Stenorhynclius aux petits ongles, Hombr. Sf Jacq. Voy. a Pole Sud, t. 9. Sea Leopard of the Whalers. Sea Bear of New Zealand, Knox, in hitter. Phoca ui'sina, or Sea Bear, Pollaeh, New Zealand. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean, on the packed ice. North shore, New- castle, N. S. W., G. Bennett. Drawn by Angas. a. Skin : adult : stuffed. Antarctic Ocean. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. h. Skin: adult: unstuffed. e. SkuU. d. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. Skull figured in ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. . f . . e. SkuU. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. /. Skeleton. Port Nicholson, New Zealand. Presented by Dr. Frederick Knox. g. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. h. SkuU and bones of the body. Antarctic Seas. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. i. SkuU. Antarctic Seas. The skuU of this Seal is described by Prof. Owen in Cat. Osteol. Mus. CoU. Surg. 642. nos. 3938-3941, and in Ann. N. H. 1843, xii. 331, he says the Sea Leopard is distinguished from it " by the spotted hide." 5. MONACHUS. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad ; orbits large ; grinders smaU, conical, " thick, with a smaU anterior and posterior lobe;" lower jaw broad, with a distinct posterior angle; "upper cutting-teeth transversely notched ; " cutting-teeth ^. Inhab. Mediterranean. Monachus, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 187, 1822; Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837, 235; Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 17. Pelagios (Pelage), F. Ouv. Mem. Mus. xi. 193, 196. 1. 13, 1827; Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, Mamm. 3. Pelagius, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 463, 1829 ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 230 ; Wiegmann, Arch. vii. 308 ; Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Sandl. 1837, 285 ; Skand. Fauna, xx. t. Heliophoca, Gray, Ann. <^ Mag. N. H. 1854, xiii. (from young animal). c 18 Monaclius albiventer. Skull. From Cuvier, Oss. Foss. Muzzle rather elongate, broad, hairy, with a slight groove between the nostrils ; whiskers small, quite smooth, flat, tapering. Pore feet short; fingers gradually shorter to the inner one; claws 5, flat, truncate. Hind feet hairy between the toes ; claws very small ; hair short, adpressed, with very little or no under-fur. SkuU depressed; i nose rather depressed, rather elongate, longer than the length of the zygomatic arch ; palate ang-ularly notched behind. Cutting-teeth -i, large, notched within, the middle upper much smaller, placed behind the intermediate ones. Canines large, conical, sharp-edged. Grinders |i|, large, crowded, placed obliquely with regard to the central pala- tine line; crown large, conical, with several small conic rhombic tubercles. Lower jaw angulated in front below, with diverging : branches, the lower edge of the branches rounded, simple. The ! grinders, except the two first in both jaws, are implanted by two roots ; their crown is short, compressed, conical, with a cingOlum ! strongly developed on their inner side, and developing a small ante- rior and posterior accessory cusp ; the upper jaw is much less deep than in Halichoerus.; the canines are relatively large, and the nassd ! bones are much shorter. The feet, palate, and teeth resemble those of the genus Gallo- cephalus (O. communis), but the grinders are larger and less deeply lobed ; and it has the smooth whiskers of the restricted genus Phoea (P. harlata). It differs from the latter genus in the depressed form of the skuU, the large tubercular grinders, and the angular termina- tion to the palate. As the other subtropical Seal, PJioca tropicalis (Gray, Cat. Seals, B. M. 28), from Jamaica, described froni an imperfect skin without a skiill, has similar spiaU smooth whiskers, it may very probably, ' when its skull has,,been examined, be found to belong to this genus, which win then prijye to be a subtropical form of the famUy. 5. MONACHUS. 19 1. Monachus albiventer. Monh Seal. Phoque a ventre blane, Byffan, H. N. Supp. vi. t. 44; Ouv. M. A. i. 166 ; Oss. Foss. v. 208. t. VI. f. 1 (skeleton), f. 2, 3, 4, 5 (skuU) ; Loh- stein, Obs. Anat. Comp. ; Ranzani, Opusc. Scient. Phoca Monaclius, Herm. Bert Abh. 1779, iv. 1. 12, 13 ; Besm. Manim. 241. Phoca Hermanni, Lesson, Diet. Class. S. N. xiii. Pelagios Monachus, F. Cuv. Bid. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 550; Ann. Mm. 1813, XX. 38; Mem. Mus. xi. 193. t. 13 (skull); Blainv. OsUog. Phoca, t. 5, 7, 8, 9; Owen, Cat. Osteal Mm. Coll. Surg. 643. Pelagius Monachus, NUsson, Skand. Fauna ; Wiegm. Arch. viii. 309 ; Gray, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror. " Monachus Mediterraneus, Nikson, Vet. Akad. HancO,. 1837, 235. Phoca alMventer, Bodd. Flench. 170. Phoca bicolor, Shaw, Zool. i. 254. t. 70, 71. Phoca leucogaster, Peron. Phoca vitulina, Wolf, Abbild. i. 18. t. 4 (good). Phoque Moine, F. Cuv. Ann. Mus. xx. 38. Pied Seal, Penn. Quad. ii. 173. Heliophoca Atlantica, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1854, xiii. 200; P. Z. S. 1854. Phoca leporina, Verreaux, not Lepechin. Mediterranean Seal, Shaw, Zool. i. 255. Inhab. Mediterranean, Algiers. S. Atlantic, Madeira, Mac Andrew. In Cumara das Lobos,runcbal, KrdgJit. Canaries, Isle Lobos? a. Young animal. N. Atlantic, Deserta Grande Island. b. Adult animal. N. Atlantic, Deserta Grande Island. Presented by E. MacAndrew, Esq., E.E.S. Specimens described as Helio- phoca Atlantica. An imperfect skuU of this Seal is described in Cat. Osteol. CoU. Mus. CoU. Surg. 643. The Trustees of the British Museum purchased the dead body of a Seal which had been exhibited in London as the " Talking Fish." The proprietor, an Italian, at first said that it was from the coast of South America, but afterwards admitted that it was from one of the ports on the north side of the Mediterranean ; and on examination it proved to be the Monk Seal {Phoca albiventer), the type of the genus Monachus of Meming and Pelagios of P. Cuvier, a genus which was one of the desiderata in the Museum Collection. The comparison of the skull of this animal with the skulls of the Seal from Madeira, which I described in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History' for March 1854, under the name of Heliophoca Atlantica, has shown that the latter animal is the same as the Medi- terranean Seal. The British Museum has since received from M. Verreaux a very good skeleton of a Seal from Algiers, under the name oi Phoca lepo- rina, which is evidently the same as the Phoca albiventer of Cuvier (Oss. Foss. V. 1. 17). These facts are interesting as showing that the Seal which was formerly believed to be confined to the north shore of the Medi- 20 PHOCIBiE. terranean is also found on the southern one and on the islands of the Atlantic— P. iT.^. 1864. 2. Monachus tropicalis. Jamaica Seal. Grey-brown; hair very short, strap-shaped, closely adpressed, black with a slight grey tip ; whiskers short, thick, cylindrical, re- gularly tapering, without any appearance of wave or twist ; fingers gradually shorter. Phoca tropicalis, Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 28. Inhab. Jamaica. a. Skin, imperfect, wdthout skull. Skin referred to in description of Cystqphora AntUlarum, Gray, Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1849, 93. SubfamUy 2. PHOCINA. Cutting-teeth \ ; the first front grinder in each jaw single-rooted, the rest two-rooted ; muzzle hold and calloiis between and above the nostrils, and divided by a central groove; wrist rather exserted; fingers svheqyml ; claws 5-5, large. Phocina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1826, 340; Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, i. 583; Zool. Brebus Sf Terror, 3 ; Cat. Phocidce B. M. 20. Phocaceema, § 1, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837 ; Wiegm. Arch, vii.; Skand. Fauna, t. , 1840. Phoca, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837 ; Wiegm. Arch. vii. ; Skand. Fauna, xx. 1840. Callocephalus, F. Cuv. Mdm. Mus. xi. 1827. 0. CALLOCEPHALUS. Muzzle rather narrow ; whiskers waved ; fingers gradually shorter ; palate angularly notched behind ; hair subcylindrical ; under-fur thin ; web between the hind toes hairy. The branches of the lower jaw diverging ; the lower edge of the lower jaw rounded, simple, the angle blunt, sloping behind ; grinders large, crowded. (Fig. 7.) Inhab. Northern Ocean. Callocephalus (Callocephale), pt., F. Cuv. Mhn. Mt/s. xi. 182, 1827; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 463, 1829 ; Fischer, Syn. 230 ; Gray, Zool. Erebus S/- Terror, Mamm. Callocephalus, § *, Cat. Phoc. B. M. 21._ Phoca, sp., Zinn. ; Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 187; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, xz. 1. Calloceplialus vitulinus. Common Seal. Finely sprinkled with blackish and whitish, and with greyish brown and yellowish grey along the back, usually unspotted and blackish ; the underside of the body whitish ; a widish, paler, unspotted ring round each eye, and over each eye a small roundish spot, from which a bristle proceeds. Edge of lower jaw rounded below in front, with a short symphysis. Grinders large, rather crowded and oblique. 6. CALLOCBPHAITJS. Kg. 7. 21 CaUocephalus vitulinus. Skull, grinder, and palate. Phoca vitulina, JUnn. ; Nihson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837; Skand. Fauna ; Wiegmann, Arch. vii. 316 ; Oray, Griffith's A. K. v. 176 ; Blainv. OsUog. Phoca, t. 2, 5, 9 ; Gaimard, Voy. Islande, 1. 11. f. 1, 2 (skull) ; Ball, Trans. Boy. Irish Acad, xviii. t. 4. f. 11-13, t. 5, t. 6 : Sketches Brit, Seah, t. 8. f. 23-25 (animal), t, 9. f. 26-32 (anat.). Phoca communis, I/inn. Mm. Ad. Prid. i. 6. Phoca canina, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. 114. Phoca littorea, Thienem. Nat. Bemerk. 61. t. 6, 7, 8 : Bull. Sci. Nat. V. 216. Phoque commune, var., F. Cuvier, Mamm. I/ith. ix. t. ; Mem. Mus. xi. 182. t. 12. f. la,b,e. Phoca variegata, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 359. CaUocephalus vitulinus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sei. Nat. xxxix. 640 ; Gray, Zool. Erebus &■ Terror, 3 : Cat. Osteog. Spec. B. M. 32 : Cat. Phoc. B. M. 21. Seal, Pmn. Brit. Zool. i. 71. t. 48. Common Seal, Parsons, Phil. Trans, xlvii. 120. t. 6 ; Penn. Syn. 339 ; Ben, Brit. Quad. 263. Phoca Linnsei, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 414. See Hund, Blumenb. Abbild. t. 73. Veau marin, Perrault, Anim. i. 187. t. 97. Phoque commune, Buffmi, H. N. xiii. 333. t. 45 ; Suppl. vi. t. 46 ; Cuv. R. A. i. 165 ; Oss. Foss.vv. 278, v. 200; F. Cuvier, Ann. Mm. xvii. 377; Mamm. lAth. t. . Var. ? Phoca commimis octonotata, Kutorga, Bull. Sac. Imp. Nat. Mosg. 1839, 189. t. 13. f. 1, t. 14. f. 1, 2, 3, t. 15. f. 1, 2 & 5, t. 16. f. 1^, and 1. 18. f. 1-4 (skull). Var. ? Phoca coromunis undulata, Kutorga, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosg. 1839, 189. t. 13. f. 2, t. 14. f. 4.-6, t. 16. f. 3, 4, t. 17, t. 18. f. 2. Var. ? Phoque a fortes moustaches, Mus. Paris ; fide Nilsson, Wieg- mann, Arch. vii. 311. Inhab. North Sea. Caspian Sea. Baikal. a. Skin : stuffed. Belfast. ■ From Mr. W. Thompson's Collection. 6, c. Skins : stuffed. d. Skull. Greenland. From Dr. Holler's Collection. 22 PHOCID^. e. Skeleton : young. Coast of England. From Dr. ManteU's Col- lection. /. SknU. Greenland.— (Fig. 7, p. 21.) g. SkuU. h. Skull of specimen from coast of Europe. i. Skeleton of specimen from coast of HoUand. Presented by the Zoological Society. j. Skeleton. Greenland. From Mr.Warwick's Collection. — " Phoca hispidus or P. annvlatus," Warwick. Middle toe of tlie fore flipper the largest, the others on each side decreasing in length, so that the two outer are half an inch shorter than the middle one ; the hind flipper with the outer toes largest and connected by a thick membrane, containing three of the slender and shorter toes. — Sabine, Boss's Voy. 12. A young Seal became so entirely domesticated and attached to the ship, that it was frequently put into the sea and suffered to swim at perfect liberty, and when tired would return of itself to the boat's side to be taken in. — Sabine, Boss's Voy. 13. Lower jaw not observed. 2. Callocephalus ? Caspicus. Caspian Seal. Back and sides grey-brown, decorated with irregular, thickish, yellowish rings ; the sides of the mouth gradually of a pale yel- lowish ; hairs of the beard thick, pale. Length 4 feet. Phoca Gaspica, Nilsson, Vetensh. Akad, Sandl. 1837; Skand. Fauna; Wiegman, Arch. vii. 313. Phoca canina, var. Caspica, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. Phoca vitulina 0. Caspia, QmeUn, S. iV. ; Fischer, 8yn. 675 ; &ray, Griffith's A. K. v. 173. Callocephalus Caspicus, Oray, Zool. KSfT.S; Cat. Phoc. S. M. 24 Inhab. Caspian Sea. 3. Callocephalus ? dimidiatus. Norway Seal. Whiskers waved ; dark grey above ; lips and beneath pure white. Phoca dimidiata, Schlegel, Mus. Leyden. Callocephalus dimidiatus, Cfray, Cat. Phoc. B. M. 24 Inhab. Norway. Mus. Leyden. May be only a particular state of one of the preceding species. 7. PAGOMYS. The branches of the lower jaw diverging ; lower edge of the lower jaw dilated on the inner side, with the angle blunt and sloping be- hind (see flg. 9, e, p. 28) ; the palate angularly notched behind. Inhab. Northern Seas. Pagomys, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860. Callocephalus, § **, part., Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 23. 7. PA60MTS. 23 1. Pagomys foetidus. Ringed Seal. Back blackisli ; on it, or on its side, there are largish, oval, 'whitish, thin rings (from 11" to 2" long) ; the circle round the eyes is of one colour ; the hairs of the beard are thin and brown ; the grinders rather far apart, and straight as regards the margin ; fur short, crisp, recurved at the tip ; lower jaw dUated and inflexed beneath in front. Yov/ng greenish black (not eyed like the adult), beneath paler. Phoca foetida, Miilkr, Zool. Ban. Prodr. viii. ; O. Fabr. Fauna Grcenl 13; Mscher, Syn. 577; Gray, Oriffith's A. K. v. 178. Phoca Mspida (part.), Erxl. Syd. 589. Phoca Hapida, 0. Fabr. Skrivt. Nat. Sdsk. i. 74. t. 12. f. 1 (skull). Phoca Bothnica, Gmelin, S. JV. i. 63. Callocephalus foetidus et 0. hispidus, Oray, Cat. Seals B. M. 23. ? Phoca concolor, Dekay, N. H. New York, 54. ? Phoca equestris, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiat. iii. 40 ; Schrench, Amur- Lande, 1. 182. t. 9. f. 1, 2 ( d' ), £ 3 ( g ), uniform-coloured. Phoca fasciata, Shaw, Zool. Phoca annellata, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 362. t. 38 ; Thienem. Nat. Bemerk. 83. t. 9-12 ; Bull. Set. Nat. v. 261 ; Wiegmann, Arch. vii. 312; Oaimard, Voyage Islande, 1. 11. f. 7; Ball,_ Sketches Brit. Seals, 1. 11. f. 86 (skull), cop. Thienemann ; Badde, Beisenin Suden von Ost- SiUrien, 1862, i. 296. 1. 1-3 (animal, skull, and other bones). Phoque commune, F. Cutder, Mamm: IMhog. iv. t. , cop. Hamilton, Seals, t. 4. CaUooephalus discolor, F. Ouvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 545 ; M^m. Mus. xi. 186. Phoca (Callocephalus) Hspida, F. Cuvier, M4m. Mus. xi. 189. t. 12. f. 3, g, h, i (skull) ; Gaimard, Voy. Isl. Mamm. 1. 11. f. 1, 2 (skidl). Phoca discolor. Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 177. Phoca Frederici, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 416. ? Phoca Schreberi, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 414 (part.). Callocephalus hispidus (part.), F. Cm. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 547. Callocephalus annellatus, RiippeU, Verz. 167 ; Gray, Zool. E. St T. 3. ? Ribbon Seal, Penn. Arct. Zool. i. 165. Kuma of the Tugunsen, near Baikal. Nerpa of the Russians. Inhab. North Sea. England, Nilsson. Lake Baikal. a. Skin: stuffed. J. Specimen : stuffed. North Sea. c. Skull of specimen 6. d. Specimen : stuffed. North Sea. e. SkuU of specimen d. Ferr GustavEadde gives the measurements of three skuUs oi Phoca vitulina from the East Sea, one Phoca Oaspica from the Caspian, and four P. annellata — three from the East Sea and one from Lake Baikal (see op. cit. p. 301). We have received a Eiaged Seal (Pagomys foetidus) that was born in the Zoological Gardens and died soon after its birth. " It was entirely covered with closely-set, well-developed fur of a silver-grey colour, being rather browner on the upper surface. It is 2 feet 8 inches long, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail ; the fore paws are 6, the hinder 8 inches long, and the latter are 7 inches 24 PHOCIDiE. wide when expanded. The webs of the feet are covered with hair, and the claws are well developed and black. The whiskers are white, well developed, and slightly waved." — Froc. Zool. Soc. 1862, 202. The Seal of the Severn, which Professor Nilsson regarded first as P. annellata and then as P. Orcenlandica, Mr. Ball thinks, from its small size and the form of the intermaxillary bones, is neither, and that it has yet to be determined. — Ball, Proc. Boy. Irish Acad. 1836, 19. f. 32-35. 2. Pagomys ? Largha. Largha Seal. Muffle bald, narrow, with a central groove ; whiskers compressed, waved; shining ashy white, with numerous scattered, small, oval black spots, smaller and closer on the back ; feet brownish ash ; claws long, black ; no under-fur. Towng yellow ; back dark grey, from the skin being visible through the pale hair ; hair short, flattened ; web baldish. Var. Spots larger, more equally scattered (Japan). — Skull and teeth Uke P. oeeanica, Temm. Phoca Largha, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiai. i. 113. Phoca nummularis, Temm. Fauna Japan, c. 3. t. ; Sehrench, Amur- Lande, i. 180 ; Middendarff, Seise aussersten 8;c. i. 122. Chien de mer de Detroit de Behring, Choris, Voy. Pictoi-esque, t. 8. Callocephalus Largha, Gray, Cat. Phoc. 24. Phoca Choriaii, Lesson, Diet. Class. If. N. xiii. 417 ; Fischer, Syn. 24. Phoque tigre, Kraschennenihow, Hist. Kamtsch. Phoca tigrina. Lesson, Manuel, 550. ? Phoque de Steller, Xraschenn. Hist. Kamtsch. 107. Pagomys P nimmmlaris, P. Z. S. 1864, 31. Inhab. North Pacific. Japan, Mws. Leyderl. East Shore, Kamt- schatka, Pallas. This species is only known from some skins and three fragments of skulls in the Leyden Museum, which were sent to me for com- parison by the energetic Curator of the Leyden Museum. The fragments of skulls above referred to consist of the face-bone and the lower jaws of three specimens ; the most perfect specimen has part of the orbit and the upper part of the brain-case attached to it. They are all from very young specimens, of nearly the same age ; and, unfortunately, the most perfect one is without the hinder portion of the palate, so that one cannot make sure that it has the same form of the palatine margin that is found in Pagomys ; but the part of the side of the palate that is present, when compared with the same part in Pagomys, leads one to think it most likely to be of the same form as in that genus. The general form and size of the face, and the form of the teeth, are very similar to those of a skull of Pagomys fcetidm of the same age. It only differs from the latter in the lower jaw being rather shorter and broader, in the grinders being larger, thicker, and rather closer together, in the central lobe of the grinders being consider- ably larger, thicker, and stronger, and in all the lobes of the grinders being more acute. The lower margin of the lower jaw is dilated 8. PAGOPHIL¥S. 25 in front, just as in Pagomys foetidus ; but the jaws behind tbe dila- tation diverge more from eacb other, leaving a wider space between them at the hinder part. The form of the hinder angle of the jaws is very similar in the two species. The orbit is rather smaller and more circular ; for in P. foetidus it is rather oblong, being slightly longer than wide. The forehead appears, as far as one can judge by the fragments, to be flatter and broader, and the nose rather shorter.— GVaj/, P. Z. S. 1864. The lower jaws short and broad ; the grinders thick, with abroad thick central lobe, and nearly side by side (in the skulls of the young animals). The following measurements show the difference between the two species : — P. fcetidns. P. nummularis. in. 12ths. in. 12ths. Length of lower jaw to hinder notch ..211 17 Length of lower jaw to end of dilatation. 15^ 1 2§ Length of upper teeth-Une 1 3| 1 2 Length of three grinders 2^ 3 "Width at outside of hinder notch 19 17 Length of orbit 1 8^ 1 5 The Phoca mtmmularis of Japan has been considered to be iden- tical with Phoea Largha of PaHas, from the east shore of Kamts- chatka, the Phoca Ghorisii of Lesson, and the PTioque tigre of Kras- chennenikow (which has been named Phoca tigrina by Lesson), on the strength of their coming from nearly the same district ; but I am not aware that specimens of any of the latter species exist to verify the union and determine what are the species described under these names. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1864. 8. PAGOPHILUS. Palate truncated behind ; fingers gradually shorter ; muzzle rather produced ; hair dry, flat, close-pressed, without any under-fur ; web between the hind toes baldish. Lower jaw vnth the branches diverg- ing, dilated and inflexed beneath in front, so as to close in the front part of the gullet ; the angle acute, erect behind, with a notch above the basal tubercle ; grinders rather distant. (Fig. 8.) Inhab. Northern Ocean. Callocephalus §, F. Cuvier, M4m. Mm. xi. 1827. Pagophilus (subgen. of Callocephalus), Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 3. Pagophilus, Cat. Phocida B. M. 25. 1. Pagophilus Groenlandicus. Harp Seal. Grey or whitish, with large and small black spots ; hairs of the beard waved on the edges ; the- cutting-teeth diminish in size; the grinders separate, straight ; edge of the mouth oblique. Length from 4 to 6 feet. 26 Pagophilus Groenlandicus. Skull. Until six or seven weeks old white, — called White Coats at New- i foundland ; at one year old they have small spots ; at two years old they have large spots, and the males are called Bed Lampiers ; at i three years old the males and females have the harp-shaped band, j and are then called Saddlebacks. — Jukes, Newfoundland. ' Phoca Groenlandica, MiUler, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 8 ; O.Fdbr. Fauna Qr(ml. 11; Thienemann, Nat. Bemerh. 1. 14-21 ; Bull. Sci. Nat. v. 261. t. 15 & 18, 1. 19 (skuU) ; F. Cm. Mem. Mus. xi. 186. 1. 12. f. 2 ; Nihsm, \ Slcand. Fauna, i. 370. t. 37 (young) ; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 314 ; Chray, GriMtKs A. K. ii. t. 91 d' , t. 92, v. 177 ; BaU, Sketches of British . /Seals, 1. 12. f. 87-89 (skull), Mus. Paris ; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. 1 t. 4. f. 1, 8; Owen, Cat. Osteol. Mus. CoU. Surg. 646. Phoca oceanica, Lepech. Act. Petrop. 1777, i. 295. t. 7 & 8 ; Fisch. Spn. 238 ; Hamilton, Seeds, t. 7. Callocephalus oceanicus, Lesson, Man. 196. Phoca semilunaris, Bodd. Elench. 170. Phoca doliSta, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. 112. Phoca Miilleri, Lesion, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 412. Phoca annellata, Gaimard, Voy. Islande, 1. 11. f. 7, 8, 9. Callocephalus Groenlandicus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 546 ; Mhn. Mus. xi. 186. t. 12. f. 2, d,e,f; Suppell, Verz. Smelt. Samml. 169. Pagophilus Grcenlandicus, Gray, Cat. Fhoc. B. M. 25. fig. (skull). PPnoca Alhini, Alexandra, Mem. Twin. 1850, ii. 141. 1. 1-4 ^skeleton). Saddleback of Northern Sealers, Wallace, Proc. Boy. Phys. Sac. Fdinb. 1862, 392. Phoque a croissant, Bttffdn, H. N. Suppl. 325 ; Cuv. R. A. i. 166. Harp Seal, Penn. Quad; Griffith's A. K. t. ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 269; Hamiltom, Seals, t. 7 ; Jukes, Newfonmdland. Swart siide, Egede, Groeml. 62, flg. Attarsoak, Crantz, Grcenl. 16-3. Young. Phoca lagura, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 206 ; Fischer, Syn. 238 ; Blainv. Ost4og. Phoca, t. 9 (? dentition) ; Gaimard, Voy. Islande, t. 11. f. 6 (skull) ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 177. Callocephalus lagurus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 546. Phoca albicauda, Desm. Mamm. Supp. 541, from Mm. Paris. Phoca Desmarestii, Lesson, Diet. Class. U. N. xiii. 416. Phoca Pilayi, Lesson, Diet. Class. U. N. xiii. 416. Inhab. North Sea. 9. HAIICTON. 27 a. Adult : stuffed. North. Sea. h-d. Adult : stuffed. 6. Skin. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. f-j. SkuUs. Greenland. From Dr. MoUer's Collection. Tc. Skeleton. Greenland. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. I, m, n. Skulls. Greenland. From Dr. MoUer's Collection. 0. Skull of a young specimen. Greenland. From Dr. Edward Eiip- peU's Collection. — Tlie front of the lower edge of the lower jaw of this young specimen is scarcely dilated. The skeleton and two skulls of this Seal are described in Cat. Osteol. CoU. Mus. CoU. Surg. 646. no. 3961. " Several Harp Seals are now seen in the deep sheltered voe at Balta Sound. " This Seal can scarcely be considered very rare here, but it is said only to occur in bad weather, and certainly the present visit forms no exception to the rule, the wind having for some days been blowing heavily from the north-east, accompanied by sleet and snow." — H. L. Saaiby, Balta Sound, Shetland, March 14, 1864, 'Zoologist,^ 1864, p. 9099. At a brewer's in Spring-grove Lane, Isleworth, there is a stuffed specimen of a Seal that was caught on the 25th of March, 1858, in the river Thames at Isleworth, which appears to be a young specimen of this species ; unfortunately the bones which would have deter- mined the question were destroyed, or at least not kept. " The Qround Seal, which forms the larger part of the prey of the Northern sealers, has the colour and markings like the male Saddle- back, but it is more robust ; it is perhaps Ph. leporina, or the ' Hare of the Sea.: "—Wallace, Proe. Boy. Phys. Soe. Edinh. 1862, 390. This cannot be, as that has not the mark on the back. M. Gaimard, in his ' Voyage to Iceland and Greenland,' Mammalia, pi. 11, devotes a plate to the skull and teeth of th#Seals of Ice- land and Greenland ; but he does not pay any attention to the form of the lower jaw, except incidentally, when representing the teeth of the lower jaw of his P. armellata (t. 11. f. 9). I may observe that this author names on his plates what we call Phoca annellata P. his- pida, and what we call P. Orcenlandiea P. annellata. — P. Z. S. 1864. 9. HALICYON. The palate of the skuU arched out behind. Cutting-teeth f . Grinders 3 or 5, lobed, compressed. The lower jaw strong, bowed out on the sides, thick in front, and with a low crest on the inner side of the lower edge near the front ; th^ ramus of the lower jaw erect, with a tubercular prominence beneath the notch at the angle. (Fig. 9.) Skin &c. unknown. Inhab. Northern Seas. Halicyon, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 28. In Pagophilus Orcmlavdicus and Halicyon Eichardi the angle of the lower jaw is far back, and the hinder edge of the ramus ascends 28 PHOcroa:. nearly perpendicularly, with a notch at the hinder end, as shown in /, fig. 9. In Phoca harhata the form of the lower jaw and ramus is nearly similar ; but instead of a notch near the angle, the inner edge is produced inwards into a rounded lobe (6, fig. 9 ; and see Cat. Seals B. M. p. 27. f. 9). Fig- 9- a. Skull of HaUq/on Richardi. b. End of lower jaw of Phoca barhata, to show the dilatations and inflexions of the lobe over the angle. c. End of the lower ji?sv oiPagomys foetidus. The end of the jaw of Callocephalus mtulinus is somewnat similar. d. Lower edge of the lower jaw of Halicyon Richardi. e. Lower edge of the lower jaw of Phoca barbata. f. Lower edge of the lower j aw of Pagophilus Orcenlandicits. The j aw of Pagomys fmtidus is somewhat similar, but much smaller." In Callocephalus vitulinus and C. (^Pagomys) fcetidus, on the con- 9. HALICYOy. 29 trary, the angle of the lower jaw is more towards the front, and the hinder edge of the ramus ascends obliquely, with the notch consider- ably in front of the condyle (see c, fig. 9).— P. Z. S. 1864. The sknll of Halicyon resembles that of Callocephalus hispidus and PagopMlus Qroenlandicus in. the dilatation of the front part of the lower edge of the lower jaw ; but it agrees with Callocephalus his- pidus most in the greater development of the face, and in the concave edge of the hinder part of the palate. It differs from these skulls — 1. In the dilatation of the lower jaw not being extended so far back, only occupying the first two-fifths of the length of the jaw ; whUe in the other two species it occupies full half the length of that bone. 2. In the sides of the lower jaw being much wider apart, and arched outwards, making the space between them much wider be- hind, agreeing in this respect with Phoca harhata. 3. In the front of the lower jaw being thick and swollen, and with only a slight ridge on the middle of the lower edge in. front ; and the jaws in this part being well separated from each other, not thin, concave inwardly, and with a well-developed inferior edge on the inner sides, those of the two sides of the jaws being parallel and near together in the centre. The angle at the hinder lower edge of the lower jaw is much more produced, and with a more prominent tubercle, than in either Callocephalus hispidus or Pagophilus Oroenlandicus. 4. The hinder edge of the palate being concave forwards, and not straight and transverse as in Pagophilus, nor angularly cut out as in Callocephalus. — Gfray, P. Z. S. 1864. In the younger specimen the edge of the palate has a slight pro- minence in the middle of each side ; but this is evidently an acci- dental deformity, as the prominences are not of the same size in the two sides. In the adult skull the two sides of the palate are evenly arched out. The lower jaw most resembles that of the restricted genus Phoca (of which P. harhata is the type) in being solid and strong, and in the two sides being arched out, leaving a very wide oval space be- tween them, the front "part of the space being continued by a tubercle on the inner edge of the front of the jaw, a short distance from the symphysis. In Phoca the tubercle on the inner side of the lower edge is short, rounded, blunt, and more or less rugose ; in the new Seal, Halicyon, it is a short-edged, elongated ridge. In Phoca the teeth are small, erect, and far apart ; in Halicyon they are larger, closer together, and distinctly three- or five-lobed. In Halicyon the hinder edge of the ramus of the lower jaw is simple, with a distinct notch between it and the tubercular angle of the jaw. In Phoca the hinder edge of the ramus is inflected, forming a large half-oblong lobe, convex in front and concave behind (h, fig. 9). It is very interesting to observe that there is a representative genus on each side of the Arctic Pole; and this agrees with my 30 EHOCID^. previous experience — ^that each species of Seal has a limited, indeed I may say a very weU-defiaed and very limited, geographical dis- tribution. Though the species are very difficult to distinguish by their external characters, yet the skeleton, and especially the skull, affords weU-maxked and very definite characters. M. Lepechin described a Phoca oceanica (Act. Petrop. 1777, 259. t. 6 & 7), which has been considered the same as PagophilMS Oroen- landicus, as abundant on the ice around Nova Zembla. It would be desirable to see the skuU of a specimen from that locality, and thus discover which species extends itself so far north as those islands. Phoca oceanica, ia its young and old state of fur, resembles Pago- philus Oromlandicus ; but imfortunately we have only a very limited knowledge of the external appearance of this new Seal {Halicyon Bichardi) from Yancouver's Island. The study of a large series of specimens of several species of Seals shows that the form of the lower jaw, though hitherto little attended to by zoologists, affords a very good character for the dis- tinction of the species. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 28. 1. Halicyon Richardi, sp. nov. Fur pale brown ; when young, darker. Halicyon Biohardi, Gray, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1864, 28. Phoca Groenlandica, Middendorff, Reise in den azessersten N. und O. Sibiriens, i. 222. Inhab. Eraser's Eiver and Vancouver's Island. Mr; Charles B. Wood, Surgeon of H.M.S. ' Hecate,' has very kindly sent to the British Museum, along with other interesting specimens from the north-western part of North America, the skeleton of a Seal from_ Eraser's River, and the skull of a Seal obtained on the west coast of Vancouver's Island. The skull was procured from the natives, who were towing the animal alongside of their canoe. They refused to part with the entire animal, but were at length induced to seU the head. The examination of the skulls shows that the two Seals evidently belong to the same species, the specimen from Eraser's River being adult, and the other not quite so old. Mr. Wood observes that " the younger Seal was captured among the islands in Queen Charlotte's Sound, at the north end of Vancouver ; has a fur of a dark brown, almost black colour ; and is unlike that from Eraser's River, which is lighter and less timid, being often seen seated on a log floating down with the current."— P. Z. S. 1864. This species, at the request of Mr. Wood, is dedicated to Captain Richard, the Hydrographer to the Admiralty, and Captain of H.M.S. ' Hecate' when these Seals were collected. I have the more pleasure in doing this, as the Museum has received many very interesting specimens collected during the voyage of the ' Hecate,' shovring the interest which her Commander takes in the natural sciences, which I have no doubt will receive additional encouragement in the new 10. PHOCA. 31 position which he has won by his hydrographic and scientific quali- fications. 10. PHOCA. Muzzle broad, short ; forehead convex ; whiskers smooth, taper- ing ; ear-hole large ; fingers unequal, the third longest, second and fourth long, the first and fifth shorter, nearly equal ; palate with a semicircular edge behiad. Forehead arched; grinders smaU, far apart, often much worn ; teeth small. The branches of the lower jaw arched on the sides and wide apart ; lower edge produced, form- ing a blimt rugulose tubercle on the inner side behind the symphysis ; the angle of the lower jaw with a rounded lobe on the inner side above the basal tubercle. (Fig. 10.) Female. Teats 4. Inhab. Northern Seas. Phoca, sp., Linn. &c. Phoca, Gray, Zool. E.SfT.; Cat. Phoadce B. M. 26. Oallocephalus, sp., F. Ouvier, Mim. Mm. xi. 1827. Fig. 10. Phoca barbata. Skull, grinder, and palate. 1. Phoca barbata. Leporine Seal. Male. Black ; belly yellowish, black-dotted. Female. Beneath grey. Phoca barbata, O. Fabr. Skrivt. Nat. Sehk. i. 139-159. 1. 13. f. 3 (skull) ; Faun. Gfroenl. 15; MiiU. Zool. Dan. Prodr. viii. ; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. i. 374; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 317; Thienem. Nat. JBemerh. i. t. 1, 2, 3, t. 4 (skull); BM. Sei. Nat. y. 261; F. Cuv. Mint. Mm. xi. 184. 1. 12. f. 4, h,l,m; Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 32 ; Zool. Frebua 8f Terror ; QrifftKs A.K.-V. 178 ; Fischer, Syn. 240 ; Blainv. Ostiog. Phoca, t. 9 (dentition) ; ? Temm. Fauna Japan. 32 snociDM. Calloeeplialus barbatus, F. Ouv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 547 ; Ruppell, Vei-z. 167. Phoca lii^onna,,Lepech.Act.I'eirop. i. 264. t. 8, 9; O. Fabr. Skrivt. Nat. Sehk. 1. 164; Fischer, Syn. 237 j Gray, GriffitKs A. K. v. 178. Phoca Lepechinii, Lesson, Diet. Class. II. N. xiii. 415. Calloeeplialus Leporinus, F. Ouv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 545. ? Phoca maxima, Steller, Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 290. Leporine Seal, Penn. Quad. 177. ? Sea Calf, Parsons, Phil. Trans, n. 469. 383. t. 1. f. 1 ; cop. Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. t. 14. ■ ? Phoca Parsonii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 414, from ? Long-bodied Seal, Parsons, Phil. Trans, xlvii. 121, cop. (Hali- chrerus ?). ? Grande Phomie, £ufon, H. N. xiii. 333. ? Great Seal, Penn. Syti. 341. Inhab. North. Sea and Japan, according to Temminck. Skin sold as an article of commerce in Japan.- — Temm. a. Skeleton : length 8 feet. North Sea. From Mr. Brandt's Col- lection. 6. Skin : adult. North Sea. From Mr. "Warwick's Collection. The Lachtak, Steller, Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 290= P^oca Lachtak, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxv. 588 =PAoca nautica, Pallas, Zool. Eosso- Asiat. i. 108=PAoca barbata, Schrenck, Amur-Lande, i. 181 ; Mid- dendorff, Eeise aussersten &c. i. 122==P/ioca albigena, Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. 107 — of Behring's Straits, has been referred to Phoca barbata, but Pallas describes the fingers as subequal and webbed to the end, which scarcely agrees with that animal. The body is ventricose ; the hair very short (5 Unes), rigid, silver- grey ; back brown-lettered ; tail very short. The MaraJcu=Phoca Oehoiensis, Pallas, Zool. Eosso-Asiat. i. 117; Schrenck, Amur-Lande, i. 181 — with soft fur, and pure white when youag, from the North Pacific, also requires further examination. 11. HALICHCEKUS. 33 Grinders ^^or ^:^ with single root (except the two hinder grinders ' 5-5 "' 5-5 ' Sect, n, of Halichoerus). A. &rs, conch none. Toes simple, of fore feet exserted, of hind feet large ; the inner and outer ones large, long, the three middle ones smaller ; palm amd soles hairy (sometimes chaffy and callous with wear). Muffle hairy 5*5 to the edge and between the nostrils. Grinders ^r^, Phocaceema, § 2, part., NUsson, Skand. Fauna; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 317. Phocina, part., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88. Subfamily 3. TRICHECHINA. Muzzle large, truncated, simple ; canines large ; grinders lohed or truncated when, old. Cetse, part.. Gray, Ann. Phil. 1826, 346. Trichechina, Gray, Zool. Erehus Sf Terror, 3. Trichecina et Phocina, part.. Turner, P. Z. S. 1848, 88. TrichechidsB, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340. TrichechidsB seu Campodontia, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 37, 1828. Les Morses, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sd. Nat. lix. 465 ; Dents des Mamm. 233. 11. HALICH(ERUS. Muzzle broad, rounded ; cutting-teetli \ ; grinders 1^, conical, the hinder two upper and one lower double-rooted, rest simple ; canines moderate ; whiskers crenulated ; niuffle hairy, becoming baldish with age ; palm and soles hairy ; claws 5-5, elongate. Palate of skuU with a narrow rounded notch behind; lower edge of lower jaw rounded, not dilated or inflexed in front. Fig. U. Halichoerus Grypus. Skull. Halichoerus, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. ITandl. 1837; Skand. Fauna, i. 377; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 318. Halychoerus, Hornschiioh, Isis, 1824, viii. 810 ; Bull. Sci. Nat. v. 104. Fhoca, sp., O. Fdbr. ; lAchtenstein. D 34 pnociBiE. 1. Halichoerns Grypus. Qrey Seal. Phoca grypus, O. Fabr. Skrivt. Nat. Sekk. i. 167. t. 13. f. 4 (skidl). Halichoerus grypus, Nikson, Skand. Fawm, i. 377. t. 34. f. 1, 2 ; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 318. Phoca gryphus, Idcfct. Berl. Acad. 1821, t. 1. f. 1, 2 ; Blainv. OsUog. Phoca, t. 9 ; Fischer, Syn. 239. Phoca hispida, 8chr^ Simgeth. 312. t. 86; Hamilton, t. 8. Phoca Halichoerus,_-^jCT8«»re. Nai. Semerk. 142. Phoca leporina ?, I/ieht. in Havde und Spinersch, Zeitung, n. 46. Phoca Ochotensis, PaUas, Zool. Fosso-Asiat. i. 117. I-Ialychoerus griseus, Sormch. Ms, 1824, 810; Butt. Sci. Nat. v. 104. Halichoerus griseus, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 377. t. 34. f. 1, 2 ; llamilUm, t. 10. Halichoerus gryphus, iJ. Ball, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad, xviii. 1. 1 (male and female), t. 2, 3 (skull, teeth, &c.) ; Sketches Brit. Seals, 1. 1, 2, & 7. figs. 1-22; Cat. Seals B. M. 80. Grey Seal, Bell, Brit. Quad. 284. f. . Seal from South Sea, Home, Phil. Trans. 1822, t. 27 (skuU). Young. Phoca scopulicola, Thienem. Nat. Bemerk. 1824, 69. t. 5 ( (3' adult); Bull. Sci. Nat. v. 261; Fischer, Syn. 237. Phoca Thienemanni, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 415. CaUocephalus scopulicolus, Lesson, Man, 199. Inhab. North coast of Europe (Ireland and Scotland). a. Adult : stuffed. Coast of Northumberland. 6. Half-grown : stuffed. Fern Island. Presented by J. P. Selby, Esq. c. Skiill of a. Fern Island. d. SkuU of 6. Fern Island. Presented by J. P. Selby, Esq. Mr. BaU states that the habits of the Irish Seal differ so much from those ascribed to it in the Baltic, that he thinks it may, on compa- rison, prove to be a distinct species. The colour of the Irish animal varies so much, from sex, age, season, &c., that it cannot be regarded of value as a specific character ; the brain is very smaU compared with that of Phoca, and its intellectual power bears the same pro- portion. It may always be distinguished from other Seals by its straight profile, fierce aspect, and greater proportionate length. — Proc. Boyal Irish Acad. Dec. 1836, p. 18. The skull figured by Mr. ClLft in Home's paper in the Phil. Trans. 1822, t. 27, with other bones of the body, is in the Museum of the Koyal College of Surgeons (see Owen, Cat. Osteol. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 643. no. 3943, from a specimen given by Mr. Oxendon to Mr. Hunter). It was shot in the Orkneys. The " Grey-bearded Seal from Orkney " (Home, PhU. Trans. 1822, t. 28, skull, cop. BaU, f. 31), Mr. BaU regards as the skuU of Phoia vitulina with some teeth of P. Oromlandica inserted in the upper jaw. — Ball, op. at. Dec. 1836, p. 18. MM. Homschuoh and Schilling ("Wiegmann's Arch. 1851, 22) pro- pose to separate the genus into three species : — 1. H. grypus, 0. Fabr.=ir. griseus, NUseon. 2. H. macrorhynchus, Homschuch & Schilling, 1850. 3. H. pachyrhynchus, Hornschuch & Schilling, 1850. See also LUljeborg, Arskrift. Kongl. Vetensk. Soc. i Upsal, 1860, 297; 12. TRICHECHUS. 35 Overs. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. 1860, 698; Arch. Naturg. 1861, 100. AU the specimens I have seen seemed to belong to a single 12. TRICHECHUS. Muzzle very broad, truncate, swollen and convex above ; muffle, palm, and soles chaffy, callous, with the hair more or less worn off in the adult (hairy when young?). Cutting- teeth f in young, ^ in adult; grinders ^ in adult, truncated, all single-rooted; canines, upper very large, exserted. Eyes prominent ; tail none. The skin is covered with smaU. ovate scales. Nose with very rigid, white, compressed, pellucid bristles, rounded at the end. Fore feet small ; outer and hinder edge of the upper side bald, rest covered with hair ; front claw rudimentary ; skin of the soles rigid, warty. Hind feet rather large ; first and fifth toes elongated, with a distinct flap and rudimentary claw ; three middle ones shorter, with subacute claws. Tail rudimentary. Fig. 12. Trichechus Rosmarus. Skull : adult. The skuU differs from the other Earless Seals in having a distinct aJisphenoid canal, like the Eared Seals ; and it agrees with the Ear- less ones in having no postorbital process, and the mastoid process strong and salient, its surface continuous with the auditory buUse. — Turner. In the young there are in the upper jaw three incisors on each side, the first or inner extremely small, the second a little larger, and the third or outer disproportionately large, being equal to the D 2 36 PHOCID-E. largest grinders. The canine tooth is displaced, being thrust out- -wards beyond the line of the other teeth. There are five grinders with single roots, the fifth very small. In the lower jaw there are five grinders. In the adult the incisors are obliterated, except the lateral pair of the upper jaw. The fifth grinder also disappears, and sometimes the fourth. — Macgilliv. Nat. Lib. vii. In the very young the cutting-teeth |, aU, especially the two upper lateral, deciduous ; canines ^, upper elongate, lower conical like the grinders ; grinders ^, small, rather compressed. — Ea^, Bull. Sci. Nat. xvii. 280. The young Walrus has three teeth in each premaxiHary bone, and two on each side of the fore part of the mandible. They soon dis- appear, except the outer pair of the upper incisors, which remaiu close to the maxiUo-premaxillary suture on the inner side of the long canine tusks, and, by their thick obtuse form, seem to commence a series of small and simple molars. In the adult there are usually three molars on each side behind the permanent molariform incisor, and there are four similar teeth on each side of the lower jaw. — Owen, Cat. Osteol. Series Mus. CoU. Swrgeons, p. 630. no. 3860. The skeleton is described by Prof, Owen, op. cit. p. 630. nos. 3860 to 3919. Odobenus, Brisson, Eigne. Anim. 48. Eosmarua, Scopoli, Introd. H. N. 1777. Trichechus, lAnn. Syst. Nat. i. ; NUsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837 ; Skand. Fauna, t. ; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 322 ; Fleming, Phil. Zool ii. 187 ; Rapp, Bidl. Sci. Nat. xvii. 280 ; Fischer, Syn. 678 ; F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 465, 1829 ; Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 30. (Tribe) Trichecina, Ttirner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88. Morse, F. Ouvier, Dents des Mamm. 233. t. 95, 1825. Tricheohidse sen Campodontia, J. Brookes, Mvs. Catal. 37, 1828. M. F. Cuvier thinks the Morse forms an isolated family, distin- guished by the great breadth of its muzzle, the length of its upper canines, and the form of its teeth. It has the same organs of move- ment and intestinal canal as the Seals. — D. S. N. lix. 465. Professor Baer illustrates his paper with a map showing the geo- graphical distribution of the "W alrus in the Arctic Sea. For the chase and uses of the Morse, see Wrangel, ' Nordkiiste von Sibirien,' ii. 319, 320. 1. Trichechus Rosmarus. Morse..-. Pale brown ; when young black, when old nearly white. Trichechus Rosniarus, .XtMM. S. N. i. 39; Miiller, Prod. Zool. Dan.l; Schreber, Sdugeth. 262. t. 79 ; Nilsson, Wtegm. Arch. vii. 322 ; Blainv. Osteog. Phoca, t. 1 & 4; Fischer, Syn. 243; Baer, MSm. Acad] PMersb. iv. 97. t. 4, 1838; M&m. Mus. vii. t. 9; Ch-ay, Cat. Seals B. M. 32 ; Otven, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853 ; Ann. &■ Mag. Nat. Sist. 1856, XV. 226; Cat. Osteol. CoU. Mus. Coll. -Swy. 631. Rosmarus aroticus, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Adat. i. 269; Schrenck,Amur- Lande,i. 179; Volkmann, Anat.Anim. Tab. 1831, 1. 10. f. 3 (skull). 12. TEICHECHTJS. 37 Trichechus obesua et T. divergens, lUiger. 'Rossmarus, 01. Magnm, EM. Reg. Septentr. 757, fia;. ; Gemer, Aquat. 249,250, fig. » JT - Walross, Nilsson, Shand. Fauna, i. 388. Walmss, Bell, Brit. Quad. 282. Plioca Rosmarus, Linn. 8. N. ed. 10. i. 38. Arctic Wallrua, Penn. Syn. 335; CooWs Last Vcyy. iii. 262. t. 8, fig. ; Shaw, Zool. i. 234. t. 68, 69; Nat. Misc. t. 76. Morse ou la Vaelie marine, Buff. H. N. xiii. 353, 415. t. 54, 55. Morsch, J. G. Gmelin, Sibirien, iii. 165. WaUross, MaH. %>itzb. 78. t. P. f. 6 ; Egede, Grcenl. 61, fig. ; Steller, Kamtsch. 106. Inhab. Iforth Sea. Mus. Brit, adult. a. Adult: stuffed. North Sea. Greenland? 6. Skull: adult. North Sea. «. SkuU : adult. North Sea. Presented by General Thomas Hard- wicke. d. SkuU of young. e. Tooth, longitudinally divided. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. /. Foetus, in spirits. North Pacific. g, h, i. Three teeth. N."W. coast of America, Presented by Captain KeUett, R.N., H.M.S. ' Herald.' j. Skeleton. Jc. Skull of young. Presented by the Linnean Society. In the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' for 1853, p. 112, is a paper by me " On the attitudes and figures of the Morse," as given at various periods by different authors, with copies of some of the more interesting examples, arranged in chronological order, show- ing the extraordinary notions that the older naturalists had of the animal. Sea Horses are said to be found in abundance on the seaward part of the island of St. Lorenza near CaUao, mentioned in M. Bonelli's ' Travels ia Bolivia,' i. 90 & 128. I have never heard of the genus Trichechus living out of the Arctic Ocean, and should have believed that the author had mistaken the Sea Bear (Otaria leonina) for the Sea Horse, if he did not describe " the two great vrhite tusks project- ing from the mouth on either side," and further observe that " the tusks are of great value and form an important article of commerce" (see i. 90), which cannot apply to the tusks of the Sea Bear. It is to be observed that the Peruvian continuation of the Antarctic current runs up the shores' of Chili and Peru (see Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. 1853) and chills that coast. This may explain why Seals are found so near the tropics in these seas. 38 PHOCID^. SubfamUy 4. CTSTOPHORINA. Muzzle of the males with an injlatile appendage. Outtmg -teeth |- ; grinders with a large swollen root, and a small, compressed, simple, plaited crown. Muffie hairy. Stemmatopina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340. Cystopliorina, Cfray, Zool. Erehm 8r Terror, 3 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 33. Cystophora, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl ; Skand. Fauna : Wiegm. Arch. vii. 323. Mirounga, Oray, Griffith's A. K. v. 179, 1827. Hioca, § 2, F. Ouvier, Mem. Mm. xi. 196. 13. MORUNGA. Nose of the male with an elongated tubular proboscis ; muzzle of the skuU broad, truncated in front ; forehead convex ; hinder palatine bone short, transverse. Hair flat, truncated, adpressed ; whiskers round, rather waved, thick. Claws, front obsolete, hinder distinct. Fig. 13. Morunga elephantina. SkulL The head broad, short, truncated in front, with a tuft of bristles ■ over each eye, and one on each side of the middle of the muzzle ; the upper lip longer than the lower ; the forehead convex ; the nostrUs of the male "are wrinkled, and can be blown up into a crest" (Forster), " with an elongate tubular proboscis " {Peron) ; of the female simple, rounded, with a hairy mufie between and around the edge of the nostrils. Cutting-teeth -I, far apart, conical, the two middle upper smaller, the rest nearly equal ; the grinders with large, swollen, subcylin- drical roots, and a small, compressed, simple, plaited crown; the hinder palatine bones short, transverse. 13. MOEUNGA. 39 The whiskers are very long and large, roundish, very slightly com- pressed, rather waved. The fore feet are rather small, oblong, obhquely truncated, the wrist being nearly as long as the feet, with five elongated claws, the first the smallest ; the hinder feet are moderate, the marginal toes upon each side large, rounded, the three middle ones very small, tapering ; all clawless. The taU conical. Fur short ; hair short, flat, broad and rounded at the tip in the adult, rather more tapering in the young ; hair on the lips rather longer, more slender, and slightly curled. Inhab. Southern Ocean. Mirounga, part., Gray, Oriffith's A. K. v. 179, 1827. Morunga, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 33 ; Zool, Erebus Sf Terror. Macrorhinus (Macrorhine), F. Cuvier, Mim. Mm. xi. 200. 1. 13, 1827 ; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 464, 1829 ; -Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 230. Cystophora, part., Nihson, Wiegm. Arch. vii. 324. Macrorhyna (misprint), Gray, Griffiths A. K. i. 180. Rhinophora, Waghr, Nat. Syst. Amph. 27, 1830. This genus has many characters in common with the Crested Seal of the North American continent, but differs especially in the noso being provided with a proboscis, while in that genus it has a hood- Uke swelling proceeding up the nose to the back of the head. The male and female are so different in size that Lord Byron mis- took them for mother and young. — Weddell, Voy. 84. PaUas (Zool. Eosso-Asiat. i. 106) describes the skull of this species as the skuU of a Sea Lion, brought from the Cape of Good Hope by Mr. Tulbagh. 1. Morunga elephantina. Sea Elephant. A Sea Lion and Lioness from Juan Fernandez, Anson, Voy. round the World (1786), t. 122. t. 19, copied Pemetty, Voy. lies Malouines, ii. 47. t. 9*. f. 1, and altered t. 8*. f. 1 ;— hence Phoca.leonina, lAnn. S. N. i. 65; Schreber, Sdugeth. 297. t. 83 o ; lilainv. Ost&og. Phoque, t. 5, 9. Bottle-nosed Seal, Shaw, Zool. i. t. 73 ; Penn. Quad. ii. 631 (with an original description of the female). Phoca Ansonii, t)esm. Mamm. 239, 369 (part only). Mirounga Ansonii, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 180. Grand Phoque a museau rid^, Buffon, Suppl. vi. 316. Anson's Sea Lion, Forster, Voy. round the World, ii. 627. Phoca major, &c. n. 6, "Manate from .Nicaragua," Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1751, 121 (female). Phoca elephantina, Molina, Saggio, 260 (1782). L'Elgphant marine, ou Phoque a trompe, Phoca proboscidea, PSron Sf Lesueur, Voy. TerresAustr. ii. 34. t. 32 ; Hamilton, Seals, 1. 16, 17 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 18. f. 1 ; i^. Cuvier, M4m. Mus. xi. t. 14. f. 1 (skuU) ; Dents des Mamm. 123. t. .39 a. Phoca proboscidea, Hamilton, Jard. Nat. Lib. t. , Mus. Liverpool. Cystophora proboscidea, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837; Skand. Fauna ; Wiegm. Arch. ; Owen, Cat. Osteol. Coll. Miis. Coll. Surg. 638. Mirounga proboscidea, Gray, Gfriffith's A. K. v. 180, 1827. Monmga elephantina. Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 33 ; Cat. Seals B.M.S^ 40 PHOCID^. Leo marinus (Cap. B. S.), Pallas, Zool. Sosso-Asiat. i. 106. Sea Elephant, WeddeU, Voy. 63, 84, 134. Macrorhynchus proboscideus, Gray, in Brookes's Mus. Cat. 36, 1828. Phoque gris argentfi a os nasaux tres courts, Mus. Paris, from M. Dubison = Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 213 ; Nilsson, Wiegm. Arch. vii. 325 ; — Whence Phoca dubia, Fischer, Mamm. i. 235, Phoque des Patagons, F. Cuvier, Mim. Mus. i. 203. 1. 14. f. 2, d, e,f. Mirounga Patagonica, Oray, Griffith's A. -K v. 186. Stemmatopus Patachonicus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mm. 36, 1828. Rhinophora proboscidea, Wagkr, Nat. Syst. Amph. 27. Inhab. Southern Ocean. a. Skull of young. Antarctic Ocean. 6. Adult : stujQfed. Antarctic Ocean. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. c. Skeleton of h. Antarctic Seas, Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. — SkuU figured in ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. . d. Skin, with skull. e. Skin of young male. Cape of Good Hope ? /. SkuU. Antarctic Seas, Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. g. Skull and imperfect skeleton of young. Antarctic Seas, Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. h. Skeleton of specimen e. Cape of Good Hope ? From Mr. Bartlett's collection. The skulls of different ages of this species are described by Professor Owen, Cat. Osteol. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 368. no. 3920. Among others is the anterior portion of the jaws of the Sea Lion from the South Seas, described and figured in Anson's Voyage round the World, p. 122. t. 19 (see no. 3923). See Peron on the Sea Elephant, Freyoinet, Voy. Australe ; trans- lated in Brewster's Edin. Joum. of Science, 1827, vii. 73. 14. CYSTOPHORA. Nose of the male with a large compressed hood, extending to the back of the head ; muzzle very broad, hairy ; nostrils large. Muzzle of the skull broad, narrowed on each side in front ; forehead flat ; palatine bone broad, square. Hair elongate, cylindrical ; whiskers flat, waved. Claws 5-5, distinct. Cystophora, Gray, Zool. Erehus 8f Terror, 4. Cystoplioia, sp., Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Jlandl. 18S7 ; Skand. Fauna; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 826. Mirounga, part., Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 468. Stemmatopus (Stemmatope), J'. Cuvier,Mem. Mm. xi. 196. 1. 18, 1827: Diet. Sei. Nat. lix. 464 ; Fischer, Syn. 230. The young is like the young of Payophilus Qrcenlandicus in external appearance, but it is easily known from that species by the hairiness of the muffle between the nostrils, and by the teeth not being lobed, but only plaited on the surface. (See also Nilsson, Wiegm. Arch, vii. 320.) 14. CYSTOPHOEA. Fig. 14. 41 Cystophora cristata. Skull, 1. Cystophora cristata. Hooded Seal. Outer cutting-teeth, and the canines narrow, compressed. Phoea cristata, Hrxl. Syst. 690; F. Cm. M^m. Mm. xi. 196. t.l3. f. 3; O. Fdbr. Skrivt. Nat. Sekk. i. 120. 1. 12. f. 2; DeJcay, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. t. 7; Fischer, Syn. Mamm, i. 241 ; Blainv. OsUog. Phoca, t. 5 (skull), t. 9 (teeth) ; Hamilton, t. 14 ; Gervais, Zool. et Pal, Franq. t. 42 (animal and skuU, young). Phnca mitrata, Milbert, MS. ; Cm. Oss. Foss. v. 210. 1. 18. f. S; F. Cm. Dents des Mamm. 122. t. 39. t. 38 b; Fucker, Syn. Mamm. 241; Hamilton, Seals, 1. 13. Phoca leucopla, Thienem. Bemerk. 102. 1. 13 (young) ; Bt/U. Sci. Nat. V. 261 ; Mscher, Syn. 257, 675. Miiounga cristata, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 463. Cystophora cristata, Nilsson, Vet. Ahad. Handl. 1837 ; Skand. Faun. ; Wiegm. Archiv, YJi. 327; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 91; Cat. Ost. CoU. B. M. 32 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 36. Stemmatopus cristatus, F. Ouvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 551 ; Mim. Mus. xi. 196. 1. 13. f. 3, g, h, i. Stemmatopus mitratus, Gray, in J. Broohes's Mus. Cat. 36, 1828. Phoca leonina, Linn. 8. N. i. 55 ; Mohr, Isl. Nat. 2 ; Muller, Prodr. Zool. Dan. yiii. ; O. Fdbr. Faun. Grcerd. 7 ; Wallace, Proc. Boy. Phys. Soc. Edinh. 1862, 393. Cystophora borealis, Nilsson, Skand. Faima, i. 383. Phoca cucullata, Bodd. Elench. 107. Phoca dimidiata, Cretzschrmr,fide Rii/iypeU. Seal with a caul, F3lis, Hudson's Bay, 134. t. 6. f. 4. Klapmyds, Egede, Grcsnl. 46. Klap myssen, Egede, Groerd. 62. Hooded Seal, Penn. Syn. 342 ; Shaw, Zool. i. 262. Phoca Isidorei, Lesson, Bev. Zool. 1843, 256 ; Echo du Monde Savant, 1843, 228. A Seal new to the British shores, W. B. Clarke, Aug. 14, 1847, 4to figure of Seal, skull, &c. Inhab. North Atlantic. Called Bladder-nose by the Sealers. Bare. 42 PHOCIDiE. Coast of Europe. De d'Oleron, Mus. Paris ; Kiver Orwell, 29tli June, 1 847, Mus. Ipswich. Very young, grey, without spots when wet. Called Blue-backs in Newfoundland. o. Skin, stuffed, of adult male. h. Skin, stuffed, of adult male. c. Skin, stuffed, of adult female. d. Skin, stuffed, of half-grown young. Phoca leucopla, Thienem. Bemerk. t. 13, 1824. Phoca mitrata, MUbert, in Ouv. Oss. Foss. v. 210. a. SkuU of adult. Greenland. Crowns worn ; the roots of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rather enlarged, oblong club-shaped, rather elongate ; the root of the 5th grinder compressed, of the left side simple, of the right partially divided into two short roots continued in grooves on each side. Specimen No. 1 described Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 92. 6. The skull of an adult or aged specimen. Greenland. The crowns plaited ; the roots of all the grinders enlarged and short, club-shaped and simple, separated from the crown by a narrow coUar. Specimen No. 2 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. c. Skull of an aged specimen. Greenland. The crowns plaited and tubercular, the roots of the grinders rather enlarged ; the roots of the 3rd grinder rather compressed, simple, with a groove on the outer side of the 4th and 5th grinders, scarcely enlarged, and divided into two distinct diverging roots. Specimen No. 3 described P.Z.S. 1849, 92. d. Skull, without lower jaw, of nearly adult. Greenland. Want- ing the grinders ; but the cavity for the grinders shows that the 4th grinder on both sides had a short clavate root, with a slight central groove on the outer side, and the 5th grinder on each side had two separate roots. Specimen No. 5 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. e. Skull of a half-grown animal. Greenland. The crowns of the grinders plaited and tubercular ; the 4th grinder on each side with ovate, short, simple roots, and the 5th grinder with compressed, truncated, simple roots ; the grinders are rather further apart than in the preceding skull. Specimen No. 6 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. /. SkuU of a very young animal. Greenland. The crowns of the grinders are very distinctly plaited; the 4th and 5th grinders of both sides have two distinct roots, and the 3rd grinder has a groove down the middle of the outer side. In all these skulls the grinders . are close together, forming a nearly continuous line. Specimen No. 7 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. gi. SkuU of nearly adult. Greenland. The crowns of the few grinders remaining plaited ; the root of the 4th and 5th grinders of the left side, as shown by the cavities, divided into two roots ; of the 4th grinder of the right side simple, with a slight groove on the outer side ; and of the 5th grinder two-rooted, like the similar grinder on the outer side. Specimen No. 4 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. The specimen found in the OrweU was uniform dark grey above, 14. CTSIOPHOEA. 43 darker over the basal parts of the hinder extremities, and yellowish white beneath. 40 inches long. The skull and dentition of this species are described by Prof. Owen in Cat. Osteol. CoU. Mus. CoU. Surg. p. 640. 2. Cystophora Antiilamm. West Indian JSooded Seal. Skull, face broad. The outer upper cutting-teeth and the canines broad, strongly keeled on each side and longitudinally plaited within. Fur grey-brown ; lips and beneath yellow. Cystophora Antillarum, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 93 ; Zool S. 8f T. t. ined. ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1850, 58; Wiegm. Arch. 1851, 29. Inhab. "West Indies. a. Stuffed specimen. West Indies, Jamaica, Mr. Gosse. b. Skull of a very young specimen. The face is broader than the skull of C cristata of the same size. The crowns of the teeth are plaited and tubercular ; the 4th grinder has only a single root, the 5th grinder has two. West Indies, Jamaica, Mr. Gosse. — (Specimen described. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 93.) a. Cystophora ? sp., Cassin, U. S. Exploring Exped. Mamm. 26, 1858. " Jan. 20, 1839. Coast of South America, between llio de Janeiro and the Eio Negro, at 9 a.m., a Seal appeared about the bow of the vessel, easily keeping ahead and frequently coming to the surface. Our distance from the nearest land was 135 miles, though the water was green as if on soiindings. When swimming below the surface the animal might almost have been mistaken for a shark, except that its body was much more flexible in turning ; and another remarkable difference was that it appeared to swim entirely by means of its pec- toral flappers, the taU being extended and apparently inactive." — Dr. Pickering's Journal, quoted in Oassin's U.S. Exploring Expedition, Mamm. 26. h. " Cystophora proboscidea ?, a young male Seal from the lies Creu- settes," Owen, Cat. Osteol. Coll. Mus. Coll. Su/rg. 640. no. 3939. Inhab. " lies Creusettes." This skidl differs from Cystophora cristata in the greater length of the enamel crowns of the canine^ and the smoother character of the enamel. The crowns of the molars are relatively larger, are separated by a less marked constriction from the fang, and the enamel does not present the same wrinkled character. The palatal process of the palatines forms a transverse quadrate plate more deeply emarginated behind. It may probably have belonged to a young individual of C. prohos- eidea. — Owen, op. cit. p. 640. 44 PHOCID^. B. Mars with a suhcyUndriccd, fUdirust, external conch. Toes of the hind feet suheqwd, short, with long membranes at the end; fore feet Jm-Uke; palm and soles bald, longitudinally grooved. Nose- simple, vMh a rather large callous muffle above and between the nostrils; cutting-teeth |, upper often bifid; grinders ^. SubfamUy 5. ARCTOCEPHALINA. The skull has a postorbital process, an alisphenoidal canal, the mastoid process strong and salient, st^ding aloof from the auditory bullae. — Turner. Arctocephalina, Gray, Zool. Erebus Se Terror, 4 : Turner, Proc. Zool. Sop. 1848, 88. Otaria, P4ron, Toy. Terres Austr. ii. 118 ; Desm. Mamm. 248 ; Fleming, PhU. Zool. ii. 187; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 182; Nilsson, Vet. Akad, Handl. 1837 ; Skand. Fauna ; Wiegm. Arch, vii. Phoca, § 3, F. Cuvier, Mim.. Mux. xi. 205. Otariadee, J. Brookes, Mm. Cat. 86, 1828. Fig. 15. Arctocephalus Hookeri. Fore foot and Hnd foot. 15. CALLORHINUS. The face short ; forehead convex, regularly rounded from the end of the nasal bone to the middle of the vertex ; the nasal opening is small; the palate rather concave, contracted behind, short, nearly reaching the middle of the zygomatic arch. Lower jaw short, thick, flattened, expanded beneath jiist in front of the condyle. CallorhinuB, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, 357. Arctocephalus, § *, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, 117. Arctocephalus, sp., F. Cuvier. 1. Callorhinus ursinus. Mr them Fur- Seal. Adult male grey-black ; hair of the back long, black, reddish, with a Bubterminal band and a short grey tip ; under-fur short, woolly, 15. CALLOEHINTJS. 45 red ; the hair of the neck and front of the body longer, forming a kind of mane ; lips and nose reddish ; whiskers very long, strong, white, smooth, tapering to a fine point. Skull short, forehead very convex and rounded. — P. Z.S. 1859, 102. Fig. 16. CallorHnus ursinus. Skull. Palate rather concave in front, narrowed and flattened behind, with a deep narrow hinder aperture, which has a regular ovate front edge ; outer upper cutting-teeth moderate ; orbit very large ; zygoma very strong ; grinders small. — P. Z. 8. 1859, 117. Ursus marinus, Steller, Nm. Comm. Petrcrp. ii. 331. 1. 15 ; — hence Phoca uisina, Schreh. Sdugeth. iii. 289. t. 82 ; Omel. S. iV; i. 62 ; Sliaw, Zool. i. 266. t. 72: Fischer, &/n. 231: F. Cm. M4m. Mm. xi. 205. 1. 16. f. 1 (skuU ?). Otaria ursina, Desm. in P&ron 8r Zemeur, Voy.'ii. 41 ; Nouv. Diet. S. N. XXV. 695 ; Mamm. 249 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 182 ; Wagner, Butt. Akad. Minchen, 1849, 168; Wieffm. Arch. Nat. 1849, 39; Schrenck, Amur-Lande, 189. Otaria ursina, var., Mtis. Leyden. Otaria Fabricii, Lesson, Diet. Class. S. N. xiii. 419, from O. Fahr. Otaria Kraschennenikovii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 420. Chat marin, Kraseliermenikow, Hist. Kamtsch. i. 306. Arctocephalus ursinus, ii*. Cuv. Diet. Set. Nat. xxxix. 564; Gray, in Brookes' s Cat. Mas. 37 ; Zool. Ereb. Sf Terror, 3 ; Cat. Phoeidce B.M. 41 ; P. Z. S. 1869, 103, 107. t. 68 (skuU) ; Nilsson, Wieffm. Arch. Ursine Seal, Penn. Hist. Quad. ii. 6^6, 631. Ours marin, Buffon, Supp. vi. t. 47 ; Cuv. Bigne Anim. i. 167. Sea Bears, Forster, Cook's Second Voy. ii. 203. Young. Phoca nigra, Pallas, Zool. Bosso-Asiat. 107 ? CallorHnus u^iaus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, 357. Inhab. Northern Pacific Ocean, Kamtschatka. Behring's Straits. Sea of Ochotsk, Schrenck. a. Skin of adult male. 6. Skull : adult male. Behring's Straits. — Described in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, 103. t. 68. Skins collected to sell to the Chinese. — Pallas. 46 PHOCID^. Pallas described a small Seal from the Kurile Islands (Zool. Eosso- Asiat. i. 107), which he regatds as the same as la petite Phoque of Buffon (P. pusilla, Gmelin), imder the name of P. nigra. SteUer figures and describes a large Seal under the name of Vrsus mariniis (Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 331. t. 15), which is the authority for the Ursine Seal of Pennant (Quad. ii. 526) and Phoea ursina of Schreber, Gmelin, and most succeeding authors. Forster, in Cook's Second Voyage (ii. 203), appears to speak of the same animal under the name of " Sea Bear." No specimen of this species existed in any of the Museums which I visited on the Contiaent or in England, nor could I find a skuU of the genus from the Northern Pacific Ocean ; yet I felt so assured, from SteUer's description and the geographical position, that it must be distract from the Eared Fur-Seals from the Antarctic Ocean and Australia, with which it has been usually confounded, that in the ' Catalogue of Seals in the Collection of the British Museum ' I re- garded it as a distinct species under the name oi Arctocephalus ursinus, giving an abridgment of SteUer's description as its specific character. The name Arctocephalvs ursinus is usually applied to the various species of Eared Eur-Seals found in the diflferent English and Con- tinental Museums. The British Museum has just received from Amsterdam, under the name Otaria leonina, a specimen of the Sea Bear from Behring's Straits, which was obtained from St. Petersburg. It is evidently not an Otaria, but a new genus allied to Aretoce/phalus, and agrees in all its characters with the Sea Bear, Ursine marinus of SteUer, and not with the Sea Lion or Leo marinus of that author, which is caUed Otaria Stelleri in the catalogues, and was confounded with Otaria leonina -of the Southern Pacific Ocean by Nilsson and most modern authors. The latter animal is stiU a desideratum ia the British Museum and other European CoUections. The skin is 8 feet long, and agrees in aU particulars with SteUer's description of the adult male of the species, and is most distinct in external character and colour from the Fur-Seal (ArctocepJmliis Falhlandicm) of the Falkland Islands and from A. lohatus from Australia. The skuU is equaUy distinct from the various skulls of aU the species of the genus Aretocephalus (both !Fur- and Hair-Seals) which are in the CoUection of the British Museum, and is easUy known from them by the shortness of the face and the height and convexity of the nose. The skuU of this specimen is quite distinct from the skuU of the Aretocephalus Qilliespii of CaUfomia, recently described by Dr. Mac- Baiu in the 'Proceedings of the Physical Society of Edinburgh,' under the name of Otaria Gilliespii, from a skuU in the Edinburgh Natural History Museum, of which we have a cast in the British Museum : but we are not able to ascertain with certainty whether this is a Fur- or Hair-Seal, though, from the length of the palate, compared with the width of the skull at the hinder grinders, I am induced to believe that it may belong to an animal which has a soft 16. ABCTOCEPHALUS. 47 under-fur. This proves that the Seak from the different parts of the west coast of America are distinct from each other, each specimen having a specific geographical range. 16. AECTOCEPHALUS. Muzzle rather tapering in front. Cutting-teeth |-, upper nearly square. Grinders ~. Palate of the skaR rather narrower behind than in front, short, scarcely reaching to the middle of the zygo- matic arch. Lower jaw-bone narrow, rounded below, without any angle behind. The face and skull rather elcjngate ; the forehead flattened, and nearly horizontal from the nasal bone to the vertex ; the palaterather concave, contracted behind, short, not reaching beyond the middle of the zygomatic arch ; the nose-aperture large, high ; the lower jaws moderate, with a crest-Uke ridge behind, beneath, just in front of the condyle. The crest-like process on the hinder part of the under edge of the lower jaw differs somewhat in shape and development in the different species ; but it nowhere resembles the flat expanded disk found in a similar situation in the lower jaw of the preceding genus. Nose simple, with a rather large callous muffle above and between the nostrils. Whiskers cylindrical, thick, round, tapering, not waved ; hinder ones largest. Ears with a subcylindrical, distinct, external conch. Fig. 17. wt'^v . Arctocephalus Hookeri. Skull, palate, and grinder. The fore feet elongate ; the palms bald, longitudinally grooved ; claws five, very small, rudimentary, scarcely visible. Hind limbs rather produced ; the legs free. The hind feet elongated ; the soles bald, longitudinally grooved ; the toes subequal, short, webbed, and each furnished with a long membranaceous expansion, the web and the membranaceous expansion bald. 48 PHOCIDiE, Arctocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, 358. Arctocephalus (Arctocephale), F. Cuvier, Mdm. Mm. xi. 205. t. 15. f. 1 ; Bid. Set. Nat. lix. 463, 1829 ; Mscher, Syn. 230 ; Gray, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror ; Turner, F. Z. S. 1848, 88. Otaria, sp., P^on ; NUsson. Dr. J. Miiller (Wiegm. Arch.. 1841, p. 333) described two species, Otaria Chilensis, and Arctoeq>halus Lamairii from Australia; but 0. Chilensis is probably 0. leonina, which is the only Eared Seal I have seen from the west coast of South America, and the latter is Arctoc^hahis lohafus. In the Leyden Museum (1845) there are four specimens of Pur- Seal, all named Otaria ursina; they are of a black or dark grey colour, with white tips to the hair and reddish under- fur ; the largest is 4 feet long. One is from the Aleutian Isles, one from New Hol- land, and two from the Creusette Isles. The Hair-Seals in the same museum, and the skull from Brookes's museum, which I described as Arctoce^hal^^s lobatus, are called 0. Stelleri ; some are said to come from Japan and others from New HoUand. In King's Narrat. Austral, ii. 414, 1828, I pointed out the dis- tinction between the Fur-Seal of New South Shetland and the Hair- Seal of Australia. The skull from the cabinet of M. Faujas, which Cuvier figures (Oss. Foss. V. 222. 1. 18. f. 4), is much more like the skull of an adult Aretoeephaliis than of Otaria juhata ; the outer and upper cutting- teeth are scarcely larger than the others. There are ten skulls of this genus in the Paris Museum : — 1 & 2. Adult and half-grown. From the Cape of Good Hope. The palates become narrower behind. The front outer upper cutting- teeth rather large ; grinders large, all except first and hinder upper with two lobes (see Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 221. t. 18. f. 5). 3. Old skuU, from M. Parzudaki. 4. From Australia, by MM. Quoy and Gaimard. 5. Adult. From Port Jackson. Phoea cinerea. Very little different from the adult from the Cape of Good Hope. 6 > y y Kg. 19. The fifth cervical vertebra of Megaptera Lahndii. Ribs 14 ; the second, third, and fourth attached to the vertebrsB, the rest to the processes. Vertebr® 52. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 382. The humerus very short ; forearm-bones nearly twice as long as the humerus ; fingers 4, very long, the second longest, twice as long as the lower arm-bone. Phalanges 3.8.8.4, the third finger nearly as long as the second, the first and fourth much shorter, not half as long as the first, thicker.— Guv. Oss. Foss. vi. t. 26. f. 22. According to Cuvier, it differs from the Greenland Megaptera in the following particulars : — 126 BALaljrOPTERIDiE. Axis vertebra distinct (Cuv. t. 26. f. 19) ; second and third oer- vicals united by spinous apophyses (t. 26. f. 20) ; the fourth (t. 26. f. 21), fifth, sixth, and seventh free. Blade-bone short, much broader than high, with a small acromion (Cuv. t. 26. f. 9). Humerus short, thick ; the forearm-hones elongated ; hand very long ; fingers four, very long, the two middle much the longest (Cuv. t. 26. f. 22). Pelvis crescent-shaped (Cuv. t. 26. f. 24). The cervical vertebrae which are in the British Museum (see fig. 19), received direct from the Cape, present several very important charac- ters, especially the square form of the bodies of the vertebrae, which afford most striking specific distinctions ; but perhaps Professor Eschricht may not have been able to examine the form of this part, as the skeleton in the Paris Museum is articulated, and the articular surfaces of the cervical vertebrae are not shown. Professor Eschricht, who seems to have formed a theory that the number of species of "Whales was very limited, states that he could not find any distinction in the skeleton of the Cape specimen in the Paris Museum to separate it as a species from the Greenland ex- amples. I cannot make any observation as regards the Paris ske- leton ; but it is said to have been brought by Delalande from the Cape, and is probably from those seas. M. Van Beneden, in his " Eesearches on the Cetacea of Belgium," also regards the Cape species as the same as the Greenland one (see Nouv. Mem. Acad. Eoy. Bruxelles, xxxii. 38, 1861). He now con- siders them as distinct, and is about to publish a description of the Paris skeleton. 1. Poescopia Lalandii. The Cape Humpback. Blade-bone with a very small coracoid process (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 29. f. 9). Dorsal nearly over the end of the pectoraL Inter- maxillary narrowed and contracted in front. Temporal bone broad, triangular. " Second and third cervical vertebrae united by the upper part of their body." — Cuvier. Eorqual du Gap, Ctii: Oss. Foss. v. 370. t. 26. f. 1-4 (skull), t. 26. f.l9- 21 (yerteb.), f. 9 (blade-bone), f. 22 (fins), f. 24 (pelvis), t, 25. f. 15 (tongue-bone) : all from Delalande's specimen. Ealsena Poeskop, Desmoidins. Balasna Balsenoptera Poeskop, Desmoulins, Diet. Class. IT. N. ii. 164, from Delalande's M8S. Balaena Lalandii, Fischer, Syn. 525, from Cuvier. Balsenoptera Oapensis, Smith, 8. African Quart. Journ. 130. Megaptera Poeskop, Gray, Zool. E. ^ T. 17 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 29. Eorqual noueux, Voy. Pole Sud, t. 24 (fem. not described). Balsenoptera leucopteron. Lesson, N. Tab. JR^g. Anim.. 202. Humpbacked Whales, Hoss, Antarctic Voy. i. 161, 191 (?) ; Mitchell, Trav. Austr. ii. 241 (?) ; Beale, H. Sperm W. 12, -30 (?). Megaptera Poescopia Lalandii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 207 ; Ann. if Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 350. Tnhab. Cape of Good Hope {Delalande) ; called Poeskop. Skeleton, Mus. Paris. 2. POEScoj?iA. 127 a. Cervical vertebrae. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased. The two are united on one side and free on the other. Anterior with short lower lateral process, sixth and seventh without any lower lateral process. " Head depressed, slightly convex above, with a small projection on each side of spiracle ; the apex of the upper jaw acutely rounded ; lower jaw much longer and broader than the upper jaw, and with three or four subglobular elevations on each side near tip. Back sUghtly arched, with a carinated and slightly elevated hunch towards the tail, highest about its middle, whence it slants off to each extremity; hinder part of the body carinated above and below. Throat and breast strongly marked with elevated longitudinal rugsB, with deep corresponding furrows between them. Eyes a Utile above the angle of the mouth; the opening of the spiracles rather in front of them. Laminae of whalebone 300 on each side, of a bluish colour, and margined on the inner side with stiff homy bristles. "Back and sides black; belly diill white, with some irregular black spots. Pectoral fin narrow, both its anterior and posterior e^ges irregularly notched ; upper surface black, under surface pure white. Hinder edge of tail fin nearly square, with a slight notch at its middle, opposite the back-bone, on each side of which it is slightly convex, towards points a little concave. " Length from tip of lower jaw to hinder margin of tail fin 34| feet, from tip of lower jaw to angle of mouth 7^ feet, from tip of upper jaw to angle of mouth 6 feet, from angle of mouth to base of pectoral fin 9 feet ; width of pectoral at base 2 feet, near point 1 foot ; width of tail from tip to tip 9 feet. Length of whalebone near angle of mouth 1 foot. " Inhab. the seas about the Cape of Good Hope. The Humphadc of the whaleflshers. " The only specimen of the species which I have had an oppor- tunity of examining had lost the skin of the hinder portion of the back before I saw it, so that I am unable to describe the hunch from my own observation. Those who have been in the habit of seeing and killing this species all agree as to the character of the hunch, and from what I have myself observed at a distance through a tele- scope, I should feel inclined to regard their description as correct. They unite in asserting that there is nothing of the appearance of a regular fin ; and all that I could distinguish, from watching the animal when in motion, and partly above the surface of the water, was a sort of semilunar elevation towards the tail and somewhat above the line of the back." — A. Smith, African Quart. Journ. p. 131. Delalande's account was published by Desmoulins, who merely gives the following particulars, except what appears to be common to the genus. He says, " it has a boss on the occiput, and its dorsal is nearly over the pectoral ; " in the European and Bermudean figures it is over the end of these fins. Cuvier's figures of the adult skuU differ from Eudolphi's figure of M. longimana in the intermaxUlaries being narrower and contracted in front of the blowers, and then rather widened again and linear. 128 BALiENOPTEEIDJE. and the temporal bone is broader and more triangular — which made me believe it to be a distinct species before I obtained the cervical vertebrae. M. Desmoiilins, in describing this species, pointed out the most important character of the genus, viz. the length of the pectoral. The following species are probably Megapterinoe, but they are too imperfectly known to determine to what genus they belong. 1. Megaptera NoTse-Zelandise. The tympanic bones very like those of M. longimana, but shorter and more swollen, and the periotic bone broad and expanded ; the rest of the skeleton, unfortunately, is unknown. Megaptera Novse-Zelandiae, Oray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 208; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 351. Inhab. New Zealand. Fig. 20. Ear-bones of Megaptera Nmee-Zelandiee. The specimens in the British Museum of the bones of the ear, with tympanic bones attached, were sent from New Zealand by Mr. Stuart, and are very like these bones in the Megaptera longimana from Greenland in the Museum collection, but differ in the tympanic bone being rather shorter and more swollen. The latter is nearly regu- larly oblong, and very convex at the upper part, with a somewhat hemispherical outline, and rather wider below. MEGAPTERINiE. 129 The bones attached to the tympanic are broad and expanded, very unlike the same bones in the Greenland species. This species may be the same as the one from the Cape ; but it is well to indicate the existence of a Humpbacked Whale in this dis- trict, in the hope of inducing naturalists to give an account of it, or to send a skeleton of it to England for comparison. M. Van Beneden states that there is the incomplete skull of a Megaptera, brought from Java by Professor Reinhardt, in the Leyden Museum, but Mr. Flower informs me that i't is more like the skull ■ of a young Sibbaldius. 2. Megaptera? Burmeisteri. Balsenoptera allied to B. Lalandii, JBurmeider, MSS. Inhab. coast of Buenos Ayres. Mus. Buenos Ayres. Skeleton complete, without the fore fins (Burmeister). The skeleton is allied to £. Lalandii of the Cape of Good Hope, figured in Cuvier's ' Ossemens Possiles.' The shape of the skull is different. The ribs 14 . 14. " The vertebrae are also peculiar. After the fourteen dorsal, which bear the rib's, follow twelve lumbar without any under processes (hsemapophyses), and then follow three with processes. The first of these is very remarkable for the shortness and peculiar figure of its small transverse processes, and especially for the very large size of the body of the vertebra, which seems to me to indicate clearly the sacral vertebra, or the beginning of the tail." — Burmeister, LetteVf 24th Sept. 1864. 3. Megaptera Americana. The Bermuda Humpback. Black ; belly white ; head with round tubercles. Whale (Jubartes?), Phil. Trans, i. 11 (1665). Bunch or Humpbacked Whale of Dudley, Phil. Trans, xxxiii. 258. Balaena nodosa, Bonnaterre, Cet. 6, from Dudley. Megaptera Americana, Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^ Terror, 17. Megapteron Americana, Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^ Terror, 52. Inhab. Bermuda, March to end of May, when they leave. I have a tracing of the Bermuda Whale, but do not know whence it was derived: it is said to be common in that island. It is very like the figure of Megaptera longimana, but the dorsal fin is repre- sented as lower, and the tail wider. This is doubtless the whale described in Phil. Trans, i. 11 and 132, where an account is given of the method of taking it. It is described thus : — " Length of adult 88 feet ; the pectoral 26 feet (rather less than one-third of the entire length), and the tail 23 feet broad. There are great bends (plaits) underneath from nose to the navel ; a fin on the back, paved with fat like the caul of a hog ; sharp, like the ridge of a house, behind ; head pretty bluff, full of bumps on both sides j back black, belly white, and dorsal fin behind." " Upon their fins and tail they have a store of clams or barnacles, upon which he said rock- weeds and sea-tangle did grow a hand long. 130 BALJENOPTEKIDiB. " They fed mucli upon grass (Zostera) growing at the bottom of the sea : in their great bag of maw he found two or three hogsheads of a greenish grassy matter." — Phil. Trans, i. 13. Baleen from Bermuda, called Bermuda finner, is extensively im- ported ; it is similar to the baleen of the Grey Finner. 4. Megaptera Kuzira. The Euzira. Dorsal small, and behind the middle of the back ; the pectoral fin rather short, and less than one-fourth the entire length of the body ; the nose and side of the throat have round warts ; belly plaited. Balsena antarctica, Temm. Faun. Japan. 27. Balsenoptera antarctica, Temm. Faun. Japan, t. 30 (not t. 23). Megaptera antarctica, Gray, Zool. Freb, $■ Terrm; 17 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 80. ? Balsenoptera longimana, Schrench, Amur-Lande, 192. Inhab. Japan. ? Amur-Land. Skull in Mus. Leyden, fide Van Beneden. The figure in the ' Fauna Japonica ' is from a drawing brought home by M. Siebold, not accompanied by remains. M. Siebold ob- serves that the Japanese distinguish three varieties : — 1. Sato Euzira. Black ; nose more elongate and rounded, and the pectoral long ; the belly and lower face of the pectoral are grey, with white rays. 2. Nagasu Kuzira. Paler ; nose more pointed ; the belly has ten plaits. In both, the lower jaw is larger than the upper. 3. Noso Kuzira. Distinguished from the first because the back and fins are white-spotted. — Faun. Jap. 24. Chamisso figures a species of this genus from the Aleutian seas, under the name of Aliomoch or Aliama ; when young, Aliamaga dach (N. Acta Nat. Cur. xii. 258. 1. 18. f. 5; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 527. n. 4), from a wooden model made by the Aleutians : and Pallas (Zool. Eosso-Asiat. i. 288) calls it Bal-cena AllamacJc. The pectoral fins are long ; they, and the underside of the tail are white. Pallas, under the name of B. Boops ? (Zool. Eosso-Asiat. i. 291), describes a whale which appears to belong to this genus, found at Behring's Straits by SteEer, when he was shipwrecked. The head was i, the pectoral fin \, the entire length, and the vent ^^ from the head, as shown by the following measurements : — length, 50 feet ; head, 12.feet ; pectoral fin, 10 feet long and 5 feet wide ; tail, 16 feet wide, and the vent 35 feet from the head. If these measurements are correct, the pectoral fin is shorter and much wider than it generally is in this genus. The position of the dorsal fin is not noted. In the Zoologia Eosso-Asiat. 293, Pallas described a whale under the name of B. musadus, observed by Merle at Kamtschatka. It was long and slender, ash-brown, white-clouded above, snow-white beneath, and spotted on the sides. It was 22 feet 6 inches long ; the dorsal was 6 feet from the tail, and 1 foot 11 inches high; behind the fin the back was two-keeled ; the pectoral fin was rounded at the 3. ESCHEICHTltrS. 131 end, and 10 feet 7 inches distant from the tip of the beak, 4 feet 2 inches long, and 1 foot 2 inches wide : behind the vent, 7 feet before the tail, and 3 feet from the vent, is a kind of white fin, and the genital organs are 1 foot 3 inches before the vent. If this de- scription and these measurements are correct, it must be a most distinct species, if not a peculiar genus : the pectoral fins are nearly in the middle of the body ; and I know of no whale with a fin behind the vent beneath, and with the genital organs nearly under the pectorals. The pectoral is almost one-fifth of the entire length. Schrenck (Amur-Lande, i. 192) mentions a whale called Keng, which he refers to " Bakenoptera hngimana, Eudolphi," as inhabit- ing the south coast of the Oehotskian seas. Forster, in ' Cook's Voyage,' appears to have met with a species of this genus between Terra del Fuego and Staten Island. He says, " These huge animals lay on their backs, and with their long pectoral fins beat the surface of the sea, which caused a great noise, equal to the explosion of a swivel." Lesson (Tab. Keg. Anim. 202) gives the name of B. l&ueopieron to the " Humpback of the whalers in the high southern latitudes." Mitchell (Travels in Australia, ii. 241) speaks of a Hunchbacked Whale which inhabits Portland Bay, Australia Felix. This genus is also found iu the seas of Java, for there is an im- perfect skuU, brought from that country by Professor Keinhardt, in the Leyden Museum. — F. Japan. 24. In the Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta, there are portions of a Whale skeleton, presented by Mr. Swiaton, as recorded iu the ' Gleanings of Science,' ii. 70. They consist of a nearly perfect skidl, a rib, an injured scapula, and 34 vertebrse. Mr. Blyth thinks this species agrees with the Rorqual du Cap (Cuv. Oss. Foss. viii. 276. t. 227. f. 1, 4). A Megapteron, according to Gray (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847 ; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 282).—Blyth's Reports. The Borqtud noueux, Hombr. & Jaeq. Zool. Dumontd'UrviUe, t. 24 (Balomwptera Astrolabice, Pucheran, Mag. Zool. 1854, and Arch. Na- turg. 1855, 42), is probably a Humpback Whale. 3. ESCHBICHTIUS. Dorsal fin ? Pectoral fin ? The lower jaw-bone rather compressed, with a very low, slightly developed coronoid process. Cervical vertebrse free ; the second ?, the third, fourth, and sixth with the lateral processes elongate, and separate at the end ; body small, thick, solid ; the canal of the spinal marrow very wide, trigonal, and nearly as wide as the body of the vertebra, almost as high as wide, with rounded angles. The blade-bone broader than high, with an arched upper edge, and with a strongly developed acromion and coracoid process. Breast-bone trigonal, rather longer than wide ; front part arched out on the front edge, truncated at the sides ; the hinder part at first suddenly tapering for half its length, then gradually tapering to a point behind. Vertebrse 60. Eibs 15.15; the first rib simple-headed; the first, second, and third k2 132 B ALiENOPTEEIDiE . with a compresBed slender process below the condyle. The humerus short, thick; the forearm-bones broad, compressed, rather longer (about one-third) than the humerus. Fig. 21. Thu'd cervical vertebra, lower jaw, blade- and breast-bone ot JEschrichim robustim. (From drawings by Professor Lilljeborg.) Professor Lilljeborg refers these bones to the genus Balcmoptera, because the blade-bone has a well- developed acromion and coracoid process as in that genus, and because tiiey are not developed in Megapt&ra hngimana ; but the acromion is partially developed on the blade-bone of M. Lalandii from the Cape, and there is no reason why it may not be more developed in another species allied to it. He says, " it is distinguished from B. longimana by the strongly developed acromion and coracoid process on the blade-bone." I am induced to refer it to Megapterbia on account of the form of 3. ESCHKICHTmS. 133 the canal of the spinal marrow of the cervical vertebrae, and the want of development of the ramus of the lower jaw. The ribs and the blade-bone are more like Physalus than Mega- ptera. This combination of characters induces me to think it should form a genus by itself. These observations are founded on some drawings of the bones of the tropical specimen which Professor Lilljeborg has kindly sent to me. 1. Eschrichtius robustus. The Oraso Whale. Batenoptera robuata, LiUJehorg, Foredag Kiohmh. 1860, t. 611. f. 1, 2 ; Skand. Svalartade, 77. Megaptera ? Eschrichtius robustus, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1865. Eschnchtius robustus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865. Inhab. North Sea. The British Channel ; Babbicombe Bay, Tor- bay, Devonshire {Mr. Pengelly, 24th Nov. 1861). a. Cast of the fifth cervical vertebra, from a specimen cast ashore at Babbicombe Bay, Devonshire, 1861. Presented by Mr. Pen- gelly, 1864. The Danish skeleton was discovered buried from 2 to 4 feet below the surface, about 840 feet from the beach, and about 12 to 15 feet above the surface of the sea. It is imperfect, haviag only the first, third, fourth, and sixth cervical vertebrse, a right scapula, a left humerus, the right lower arm-bones, six carpal, four metacarpal, and four phalangeal bones. Approximate length 45 or 50 feet; length of under jaw 8' 2" ; breadth of atlas 1' 5J" ; thickness of body of third cervical 2i, breadth of body 8f iuches, width of including transverse processes 2 feet; length of breast-bone 11^ inches, breadth 1 foot ; length of shoulder-blade 2' 8i", width 3' 6|" ; length of humerus 1' 9J", width llj" ; length of radius 2' 3", breadth in middle 7" ; length of ulna 2' 2^", breadth in middle 4". Fig. 22. Worn cervical vertebra. Devonshire. The body of the fourth or fifth cervical vertebra of this whale was cast on the shore of Babbicombe Bay on the 24th of November, 134 B AL JSN0PTEEID2E . 1861. It is very thick, and of nearly uniform thickness ; front and hinder articulations nearly flat ; the sides nearly straight, the lower side being the widest or most arched out. The upper and lower lateral processes are very strong, the upper one subtrigonal, and bent down nearly on a level with the articulating surface of the centrum ; the under one rather compressed above, broader, rather flattened on the lower edge. Width of the body 7^, height 6 inches ; the upper process 3|, and the lower 4^ inches ; but they are evidently broken, and the ends worn. II. Dorsal Jin high, compressed, falcate, about three-fourths of the entire length from the nose. Pectoral Jin moderate, with 4 short Jimgers of not more than 6 phalanges. Vertebres 58 or 04. Caincal ver- tebree not amchylosed; body oblong, transverse; neural canal oblong, transverse, broad and low. Mibs 14 to 16, first iinth an internal compressed process. Lower jaw loith a conical coronoid process. Physalina, or Tinner Whales. Physalina, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1804, 211. Bafsena tripenms, Sibbald, Phal. 1692. Balenapterus, sp., Lac4p. Balenopterus, sp., Lacip. ; F. Cuv. D. S. If. Ixi. 618. Balsenoptera, sp., LacSp. C^t. Balsenoptera, Sect. 2 & 3, Cfray, Zool. Ereb. Sf Terror, App. 50, 1846. PterobalSBna (pars), Eschrieht, Nord. Wallthiere, 1849. (Oatoptera or) Cetoptera, Rqfin. Anal. Nat. i. 219, 1815. Mysticetus, sp., Wagler, N. 8. Amph. 33. ' Balsena, sp., Linn.; MUger, Prodr. 142, 1811. Physalis, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 1828. Physalus, Lacip. Cet. ; Gray, Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1847, 90 ; Cat. Cetac. 1850,34; Brandt. Physelus, Safin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. True Pinners, Chray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 351. " Orbital process of frontal nearly as broad at the outer extremity as the base, or somewhat narrowed. Scapula low, broad, mth a long acromion and coracoid process. Metacarpus and phalanges of moderate dimensions. " Van Boneden (" Paune Littorale de Belgique," Acad. Eoy. Belg. 1860, xxxii.) has recognized the distinctive characters of three species belonging to this group, which he calls Pterohalcena communis, P. gigas, and P. minor. Dr. Gray (Proc. Zool. Soo. 1864, p. 215) con- stitutes these three species as the types of distinct genera, which he has named Physalus, Sibbaldius, and Balmioptera ; he also makes a fourth genus, Benedenia. Although I am as little disposed as any one to multiply generic names (a tendency of modem times of which we are all apt to complain), I cannot help admitting that, if the genera of Whales are to be at aU equivalent in value to those now generally received in other groups of mammals, the first three of these are perfectly vaKd. Of the genus Benedenia I speak with more hesitation, as it is constituted only upon the examination of a very young individual, which I confess I am unable to distinguish from a Physalus. As the diagnostic characters given by Dr. Gray 4. BENEDENIA. 135 are brief, and limited to certain parts of the organization, I may be permitted perhaps to give more detailed characters taken from the skeleton generally, which wiU, I think, fully confirm his views as far as these genera are concerned. Into those characters, taken from the external form, position of dorsal fin, or from the visceral anatomy, it is not my purpose to enter at present." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 391. A. VertebrcB 60 to 64. The first rib single-headed. 4. BENEDENIA, The maxilla gradually and regularly tapering in front, with a straight outer edge. Second cervical vertebra with two short trun- cated lateral processes ; first rib simple-headed, with a compressed internal process. iN'eural arch of cervical vertebrae oblong, trans- verse, broad and low, not more than two-thirds the width of the body of the vertebrsa ; coracoid process distinct, high behrad. Physalus, § Rorqualus, Ctray, Cat. Cet. Benedenia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 211 ; Ann. Sf Mag. N. B. 1864, xiv. 351. Pectoral fins moderate ; dorsal fin falcate. SkuU rather broad ; maxUlaB broad, with nearly straight outer margins. The second cervical vertebra with two separate, broad, strong, nearly equal- sized lateral processes, which are rather expanded and truncated at the tip (as in Megaptera). The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae with elongated slender upper and lower lateral processes, which are attenuated and separated at the end (not forming rings). The bodies of the cervical vertebrae oblong, transverse ; the canal of the neural arch low, oblong, transverse, much wider than high. The scapula short, broad, with a strong, well-marked coracoid process. Vertebrae 60. Eibs 15, aU simple; the front ones compressed and dilated at the end ; the first with a broad rounded lobe on the inner side ; the second with an elongate, slender, rounded internal . process. Fig. 23. Benedenia. Brit. Mus. This genus is only described from the skeleton of a young speci- men ; it combines the characters of Megaptera and Physalus. Its second cervical vertebra has the form of that of Megaptera ; and it has the low neural arch and the oblong transverse canal for the spinal marrow, the blade-bone with the strong anterior process, the same kind of front ribs, and the short pectoral fins of the genus Physalus. 136 BALiENOPTERIDiE. It has been suggested to me by a comparative anatomist of con- siderable experience that perhaps the lateral processes of the cervical vertebrse of this whale might be lengthened in the adnlt, and the end of the upper and lower processes united into a broad expanded plate as in the genus Physaliis. In the skeleton of the small foetus of Balcenoptera, only 9 inches long, figured, by Esohricht in the ' Eoyal Danish Transactions ' for 1846, 1. 14. f. 2, the lateral processes of the second vertebra are very nearly of the same shape as in the adult, forming a broad expansion, with a perforation at its base. The cervical and other vertebrae of this foetus seemed to agree, in all details of form, with the same bones in the adult. I do not deny that the lateral process of the first cervical vertebra may not be continued in cartilage, and be of the same form as that of the genus Physahis ; but at any rate we have no proof, if this be the case, that the cartilage at the end ever becomes ossified in this genus any more than in the genus Megaptera, both genera agreeing in the equality of the thickness and strength and shortness of the lateral processes. Fig. 24. Second cervical vertebra of Benedenia Knoxii. Extreme width 19 inches ; height 10 inches. The genera Megaptera and Benedenia have separate, short upper and lower lateral processes, which are rather dilated and truncated at the end, having an interrupted circular perforation between their inner bases. It has been suggested that, in the latter genus at least, the separated processes may be only the imperfectly developed state of the broad lateral process of the genus Physalus, the end that is wanting in the skeleton probably existing in the living animal in the state of cartilage. Bnt if this should be the case (which I much doubt), the form of the margin of the perforation and the per- foration itself must undergo great change during the ossification of 4. BENIDENIA. 137 the end of the process for there to he any resemhlance between the lateral processes of these genera and that of the genus Physalus. From what I have observed, I believe that no such change takes place, and that the form of the processes and the situation of the perforations afford good characters for the separation of the species into groups and the species from each other. Fig. 25. Fifth cervical vertebra of Benedenia Enoxii. Fig. 26. First and second ribs of Benedenia Knoxii. 138 BAL^NOPTBRIDJE. 1. Benedenia Enoxii. Balsenoptera antiquorum, junior, Or ay, Cat. Osteol. Spec. 142. Physalus (Rorq^ualus) Boops, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, 91 ; Cat. Cetac. 41, 1850. Benedenia Knoxii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 212. f. 8, 8o, 86. The lower jaw with a distinct, low, long impression ; coronoid process as high as half the height of the lower jaw-bone. Cervical vertebrse all free ; the upper lateral processes bent down ; the lower ones ascendant at the end, with a more or less acute angle on the lower edge near the base. The second cervical vertebra moderately thick ; the third, fourth, fifth,- sixth, and seventh rather thia, and aU nearly of the same thickness. The upper lateral processes of the third and fourth very slightly bent back at the end; of the fifth similar, but nearly straight ; of the sixth and seventh broader and stronger to the end, and rather bent forwards towards the head at the end. The lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae compressed, high, nearly similar, and nearly equally strong, with an obscure angular prominence on the lower edge near the base ; of the sixth vertebra not so long, high, and compressed at the base, tapering at the end, and with a decided angular projection on the lower edge, where the end bends up. The seventh vertebra without any lower lateral process on either side. The breast-bone broad above, with an arched upper edge, narrow and rather produced below, with concave sides, and without any central perforation. The front (iirst, second, and third) ribs thin, compressed, dilated at the end ; the first vdth a short, broad, rounded, the second with a larger, slender, produced process on the inner side. The skull is 108 inches long and 54 broad at the broadest part of- the brain-case, 34 at the base, and 25 in the middle of the upper jaw. The lower jaw is 118 inches long. a. Skeleton of animal taken on the coast of Wales and towed into Liverpool in 1846. The length is 38 feet ; the head is 9 feet long ; the vertebras are 60 in number, and there are 15 pairs of simple ribs. The specimen here described was mentioned in the papers of the day as a Spermaceti Whale ! This whale, or some of the saitie genus, has also probably been caught on the coasts of France and Spain. M. Van Beneden, having met with skeletons of whales, one at Bayonne and the other at Abbeville, which he considered the young of Physalus antiquorum, observes that, in both, the two apophyses of the axis were not yet united ; the ribs, he observes, are wanting (Nouv. Mdm. Acad. Eoy. BruxeUes, xxii. 37). I am aware that Eschricht and Eeiuhardt (Essay on the Northern Whale) seem to doubt the distinctness of this species. TJnfortimately I do not understand Danish sufiiciently to quite make out what is their objection ; but I feel that, excellent as is their essay on the animal which they describe, some part of their argument would be much modified if they had been able to examine a larger collection 6. PHYSAITTS. 139 of skeletons from different localities, and if they could have examined those in other museums and from other locaUties more in detail ; but they give their opinions on specimens which they have not seen, and, like many other Continental naturalists, without making suffi- cient allowance for the very large extent of the collection in England, or considering that the species here described are not separated until after careful consideration and comparison. There is an inclination in many of the Continental naturalists to believe that all the species they do not possess are the same as, or only slight variations of, those they have — an idea that is a fertile source of confusion and error .in reasoning. This theory of the limited number of species of Whales greatly detracts from the value of M. Eschricht's observations on the anatomy of Whales, in his papers in the ' Danish Transactions' ; for he constantly speaks of variations which would only be true if they were found in the same kind of Whales, but are peculiarities and important differences when they are found in different species or kinds of animals. 5. PHTSALUS. Pectoral fin moderate. Dorsal fin falcate, three-fourths the entire length from nose. Cervical vertebrae aU free ; the second with a broad, expanded lateral process, with a large perforation in the upper part of its base. Neural canal of cervical vertebrae oblong, transverse, broad and low, not more than three-fourths of the width of the body of the vertebrae. Tympanic bone oblong, elongate. Vertebrse 60 or 64. Ribs 14 to 16. First rib simple, compressed, not divided ; head with a compressed internal process near the condyle. Lower jaw thick, convex on the sides, with a conical coronoid process. Physalus, Lac&p.; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, 88; Cat. Cetac. 34, 1850; P. Z. S. 1864, 215 Physalis, Fleming, B.A. 1828. Physelus, Rafln. Balaena tripennis, Ray (Razorback). Balssnopterus, sp., Lacip. Balsenoptera, sp., LacSp. Pterobalsena, sp., Eschr. Ogmobalsena, Eschr. WaUthiere, 7, 1849. The head elongate, flattened, about one-eighth the whole length. The eye is near the angle of the mouth, and the blowers lunate, covered by a valve and separated by a longitudinal groove. The throat and chest with deep longitudinal folds and very dilatUe. The dorsal fin compressed, falcate, three-fourths the length of the body from the nose, behind the line over the orifice of generation. The pectoral moderate, about one-eighth the length of the body, one- fourth the length of the body from the nose, of four fingers. The , vent under the front of the dorsal fin. Male organs two-fifths from the chin, in front of line of dorsal ; female near vent. Vertebra 60-64 ; cervical vertebrae aU separate and free. The skuU is broad, depressed ; nose broad, gradually tapering, with straight sides, with a narrow interorbital space (Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 373. t. 26). Maxilla 140 BALiENOPTEEIDia:. and intermaxilla narrower than in Megaptera (see Eschr. & Eeinh. Nordhv. t. 3. f. 3). The baleen is short, broad, triangular, rather longer than broad at the base, and edged with a series of elongate, unequal, bristle-Uke fibres, which become much thicker and more rigid near the upper tip. It is internally formed of one or two crowded layers of thick tubular fibres, covered on each side with a thin coat of enamel, which becomes thinner and thinner near the edge, where the fibres are free ; always twisted. Fig. 27. Physalus antiquorum. Eschr. Nordhv. t. 3. f. 3. Fig. 28. Physalus antiquorum. Cuv. Oss. Foss, t. 26. f. 3. " Total number of vertebrse 61-64. Eibs 15 (or 16) pairs. Orbital process of frontal bone considerably narrowed at its outer end. Nasal bones short, broad, deeply hollowed on their superior surface and anterior border. Eami of the lower jaw massive, with a very con- siderable curve, and a high, pointed, curved coronoid process. Neural arches of the cervical vertebrae low ; spinous processes very slightly 5. PHTSALUS. 141 developed. Transverse process of tie atlas arising from the upper half of the side of the body, long, tapering, conical, pointed directly outwards. Upper and lower transverse processes, from the second to the sixth vertebrse, well developed, broad, flat (and united at the ends in the adult, forming complete rings ?). Head of the first rib simple, articulating with the transverse process of the first dorsal vertebra. Second, third, and sometimes the fourth ribs with capi- tular processes, reaching nearly to the bodies of the vertebrae. Sternum broader than long, ia the form of a short broad cross, of which the posterior arm is very narrow ; it might perhaps be com- pared to the heraldic trefoil ; it is subject, however, to considerable individual modifications."— J7oM/«r, P. Z. 8. 1864, 392. The upper maxillary bone is rather broad, gradually tapering, with a straight oiiter edge ; the intermaxUlaries are moderate, and the nasal very small. The frontal bone is broad and short, suddenly narrowed on the outer side, and truncated over the orbit. The lower jaw slender, arched, with a distinct elevated ramus near the base (see Eschr. & Eeinh. p. 544). The atlas vertebra with a sub- circular body ; the lateral processes cylindrical and near the middle of the side. The second cervical vertebra has a broad, more or less elongated lateral process, which is pierced near the base vidth an oblong perforation : the upper margin of the perforation is narrow, and the lower edge much broader. The other cervical vertebrae have two lateral processes, which are often united at the ends into a more or less broad ring. The body of the cervical vertebrse is ob- long, transverse, broader than high. The neural arch is long, with an oblong transverse canal for the spinal marrow, which is much broader than it is high. The front ribs compressed, thin, with a broad, more or less elongated expansion on the inner edge near the condyle. The scapula high; with a broad coracoid process near the joint. The Ijaleen forms three or four concentric lines on the palate, the rows forming transverse lines. The plates of the inner rows are short, of the outer elongate triangular ; they are aU fringed on the inner obhque side. (See Eavin, Ann. Sci. Nat. v. 270. 1. 11. f. 5-10 ; see also Eosenthal, Abhandl. K. Acad. Berlin, 1827, 127.) The shape of the lateral process of the second cervical vertebra seems to be a good character of the genus. The perforation at the base of it is rather above the middle of the base of the process, so that the upper margin is narrower than the lower. In the genus Balcenoptera it is nearly in the centre of the base. " The first pair of ribs is not articulated to the first dorsal vertebra, nor to any vertebra whatever ; the head of it is buried in a mass of ligament which connects all the upper lateral processes of the cer- vical and the first dorsal vertebra together. " No articulating surface exists in these processes on the first dorsal vertebra. The articulating surfaces are well marked on aU the other dorsal vertebrse. This shows the use of the lateral apophyses and their great development in some species." — Heddle, P. Z. S. 1856, 197. " In a glassy sea near Wick, a Knner rushed round us in every 142 BALa;NOPTBKIDa:. direction, with its upper jaw above the water, blowing with great violence and noise, and diving sometimes tranquilly, sometimes in a seething wave created by its fin and taU. It was evidently feeding on herrings, as every now and then it would rush headlong into por- tions of the sea where the smooth surface was broken by the shoals of flsh. The blowholes were at times flat and unprojecting, at others boldly prominent, the animal evidently having the power of raising or depressing these organs. The Fin-whales of Orkney and Caithness every season are observed in pursuit of herrings." — Heddle, P. Z. 8. 1856. These animals are often called Bazor-hachs and Pilced Whales by the sailors. The baleen or fin of the Tinners is only used to split into false bristles, but for this purpose they are inferior to the Southern or lowest kind of baleen of the Balcence. Martens (Spitz. 125. t. 2. f. c) figures a whale, under the name of Fin-fish, which agrees in all points with this group ; but, as there are no folds on the belly in the figure, Ray, and after him Brisson and Linnaeus, established for it a species under the name of Balama Phy- salics (S. N. i. 186). As, however, the name Fin-fish, used by Mar- tens, is the one now given by the Greenland whalers to these fin-backed whales with plaited bellies, and as Martens does not mention the colour, nor say a word about the beUy, and as Scoresby says, from report, that the skin of the Fin-fish is smooth, " except about the sides of the thorax, where longitudinal rugae or sulci occur," I think there can be little doubt that this whale was only a common Finner, and that the absence of the plaits arose from a mistake of the artist. This renders the existence of the section which Lacepede calls Eorqudls d, ventre lisse, and which Dr. Fleming transformed into a genus under the name of Physalis, very doubtful. Lacepede referred to the smooth-belhed Eorquals the " Hunch- back " of Dudley, who distinctly says the belly is " reeved " ; but Lacepede did not understand that word to be synonymous with plaited. Sibbald (Phalaenologia Fova, 1692) figures two specimens of Pin- ners, caught on the coast of Scotland. Eay (Hist, Piseium, 17) noticed these specimens. Brisson and Linnseus regarded them as separate species. Linnaeus designated the one with the skin under the throat dilated, probably by the gas in the abdominal cavity, B. museulus, and the other with this part contracted and flat, B. Boops. I proved, by the examination of the specimen we have in the British Museum, when ahve, and M. Eavin observes (Ann. Sci. Nat. v. 275), that this skin is very dilatable ; so that these characters appear to depend on the manner in which the specimen might lie when drawn, and the quantity of gas which might have been produced by the decomposition of the interior. These species have been retained by Turton, Fleming, Jenyns, and other authors who have compiled works on the British fauna, except Bell, who cut the Gordian knot by uniting them and the Balcena rostrata of Hunter into a single species ! The author who appears to have best understood the 5. PHYSALUS. 143 British species is Mr. F. J. Knox, who took some pains to examine these animals and their anatomy. For the purpose of convenient comparison the hones of these large animals (indeed of aU animals) are best kept separate. I beheve that it is having them separate that has enabled me to determine some of the species here mentioned which had before been overlooked, — a single specimen of each family or genus being mounted to show the general form of the animal and the position the bones naturally bear to each other. E.ay calls these whales Balcena trijoennis, thus separating them from those which have no dorsal fin ; but Polach misunderstood him, and says they have three fins on their back. Mr. F. J. Knox, having purchased a whale 84 feet long, which was stranded near North Berwick on the 5th of October, 1831, and another 10 feet long, taken in the stake nets at Queensferry, Firth of Forth, in February 1834, determiued by anatomical differences that they were distinct species, in a ' Catalogue of Anatomical Pre- parations illustrative of the "Whale," by F. J. Knox, Conservator of the Museum in Old Surgeons' HaU, 8vo, Edinburgh, 1838. He dis- tinguished the former by the name of Balcena maximus borealis, and the latter as Balcena minimus borealis. As no description of the colour of the animal, or any account of the nuchal vertebrse, is given, it is impossible, from his account, to determine the species of the former ; but the catalogue contains some most interesting particulars relative to the anatomy of these animals. Fortunately the skeleton of the larger whale was purchased by the Town Council of Edinburgh, and was exhibited in the Zoological Gardens of that city. As far as it was possible to examine it at the height at which it was suspended, it appeared to be a Physalus ; and the same as, or very nearly allied to, the species described in this Catalogue under the name of P. antiquorum. This skeleton was last year moved to the New Museum, but the walls would not support the weight, and they have to be rebuilt. The B. minimus borealis appears to be a young specimen of tbe B. rostrata or Pike Whale of Hunter. Mr. F. J. Knox's drawing of this specimen, as suspended, in the act of swimming, is represented in Jardine's ' Naturalist's Library.' This was the first time that the Northern Finners had been sepa- rated on an actual examination and comparison of specimens. But the pamphlet in which these observations were published being a mere guide to the exhibition, has been overlooked, and I could only procure a copy after great trouble, and from the family of the author. 144 BAl^NOPTEKID^. * 7%e iipper and lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrm elongate, vmited, forming a ring ; the bodies of the cer- vical vertehrcB oblong, transverse, much wider than high, the vpper and lower edge nearly straight; the lateral process of the second cervical elongated. Ribs 14 . 14. 1. Physalus antiquorum. The Bazorhadc. Slate-grey, beneath, whitisli. Baleen slate-coloured; under edge blackish, inner edge pale streaked. Razorback of the whalers. " B. Physalus, lAnn. B. Gibhar, Lac(p." — Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. 479. Balsena maximus borealis, Knox, Cat. Prep. Whale. Great Northern Rorqual (Knox\ Jardine, Nat. Lib. t. 6 (skeleton). Physalus antiq^uorum, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, 96 ; Cat. Cetac. 38 ; P. Z. 8. 1864, 216. f. 9-12; Heddle, P. Z. S. 1855, 195, fig. verteh. bad. / Rorqual de la M^diterran^e, Lacep. t. 6. f. 1 ; Ouvier, Oss. Foss. v. 370. t. 26. f. 5. Balsena, Shaw, Zool. Misc. t. 720, from LacSp. t. 6. f. 1. Balsena antiquorum, Fischer, Syn. 525 (from Cuvier), Balsenoptera antiquorum. Gray, Zool. K Sr T. 50. Balsena Physalus, Turton, B. F. 15 ; Jenyns, Man. 47; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 636. Balsenoptera Boops (part.), Fleming, B. A. 31 ; Jenyns, Man. 47. Balsena musculus, Turton, B. F. 16 ; Jenyns, Man. 47 ; Malmgren, Arch. Nat. 1864, 97. Balaenoptera musculus, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 30; F. Cuv. Cetac. 385; Eachr. Sf Reinh. Om Nordhv. t. 3. f. 2 (skuU), t. 4. f. 6; Ulljehm-g, I.e. 42 ; Malmgren, Arch. Nat. 1864, 94. Balsenoptera acuto-rostrata, Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. 485. t. 13. f. 2. Balsenoptera Boops, Bell, B. Quad. 520. f. 1. Balsenoptera Physalus, ScMeg. de Dieren, 101. t. 20. Borqualus antiquorum, Gervais, Compt. Rend. 1864, 676. Balsena Physalus, O. Fabr. Faun. Groerd. 35. Physalus vulgaris, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 32. Balsenoptera Gibbar, Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. 478. Balsenoptera arctica, Schhg. Abhandl. 10. t. 9. Balsenoptera borealis (part.), Rapp, Cetac. 51. Pterobalsena communis, Fschricht, Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Brux. ser. 1. 1857, i. 393 ; BuU. Acad. Belg. xxii. 464; Nonv. Mim.Acad. Brux. xxxii. (1861) 37; Arch. Naturg. 1868, 57. Baleine de Sainte Oyprien, Companyo, Mem. 4to, 1830 ; Carcassonne %■ Farines, Mem. ; F. Cuv. C4tac. 337. The following may probably belong to this species : — 1. Balsena tripennis quss rostrum acutum habet, Sibbald, PhaUmol. 29. t. 1. f. D, E, cop. Bonnat. Cit. E. M. t. 3. f. 2; Schreb. t. 354.— Nov. 17, 1690, O. S. (46 feet long). Pike-headed Whale, Penn. B. Zool. iii. 40. Balsena Boops, Linn. S. N. i. 106. Balsena borealis, var. Boops, Fischer, Syn. 524. Balsenoptera Jubartes, Lac^. CM. 120. t. 4. f. 1. Jupiter-fish, Anderson, Isl. 220. Pike-headed Mysticete, Shaw, Zool. ii. 492. t. 227. 2. Balsena tripennis quse maxillam inferiorem rotundam &c., Sibbald, Phalcenol. 33. t. 3 ; (edit. 1792) 78. t. 3, cop. Bonnat. CM. E. M. t. 3. £ 1. Round-lipped Whale, Pennant, Quad. iii. 42. 5. PHTSALUS. 145 Balaena musculus, Linn. 8. N. i. 106. Balsena borealis moBcaixiS, Fkcher, Syn. 624. Balsenoptera Rorqual, LacSp. Cet. 126. t. 1. f. 3. Under-jawed Mysticete, Shaio, Zool. ii. 495. 3. Finne Fische, Egede, Grcml. 48, fig. 4. Fin-fisch, Mart. Spitzb. 125. t. Q. f. c, cop. Fin-backed Mysticete, Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 227 ; Enc. MSth. t. 2. f. 2. Balaena Physalus, Linn. S. iV. i. 106 ; Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 333, from Mar- tens, t. 5. f. 2. Balaena Gibbar, Desm. Mamm. 528. Balsenoptera Gibbar, LacSp. CM. 114. t. 1. f. 3, from Martens. Balaena edentula, &c., Sai/, Syn. 5. Fin Wbale, Ndll, Wem. Trans, i. (1811) 261 (cf 43 feet long). 6. Balsena sulcata. Walker, MSS. ? ; NeUl, Wem. Trans, i. 212 (41 feet long, Burntisland, 10th June 1761). 7. Balaena sulcata arctica, Schlegel, Verhand. Nederl. Ins. i. 1828, 1. 1, 2 ; Abhandl. t. 6. f. 1, 2. 8. Balsenoptera arctica, Schlegel, Abhandl. ii. 10. t. 9 (length 40^ feet). 9. Balsenoptera sulcata, Jacob, JDubUn Joum. Sci. 1825, 333. Inhab. North Sea ; North Berwick, 1831 (F. J. Knox) ; skeleton at Zoological Gardens, Edinburgh. Coast of Hampshire, 1842 ; ske- leton at Black Gang Chine. Plymouth, 1831 ; skeleton in British Museum. The Hope Reach, near Gravesend, 1858 or 1859 ? ; ske- leton at RosherviUe Gardens, 1864. AUoa, Frith of Forth (Mill), male. Burntisland, 10th June, 1862 (Walker). Plymouth, 1863 (Qerrard) ; skeleton ia Alexandra Park. a. Two plates of baleen. Needles, coast of Hampshire. From the skeleton at Black Gang Chine. b. Several plates of baleen united together. Greenland. From Mr. MiiUer's collection. e. Skeleton, 74r|- feet long. Plymouth. Fia-. 29. Atlas vertebra of Physahis antiquorum, from Devonshire. Extreme width 26 inches ; height 13 inches. In the normal state of the cervical vertebrae of this species, both the upper and lower lateral processes of all of them are developed 146 BAIJENOPTERIDiE. and united into rings. This is the case in the skeleton in the British Museum, and in that, from the Thames, in Kosherville Gardens. But this is subject to some variation : in the specimen from Plymouth, prepared by Messrs. Gerrard, now in Alexandra Park, the lower processes of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae are abortive — in the sixth they axe reduced to smaU tubercles, and are entirely wanting ia the seventh. Fig. 30. Second cervical vertebra of Physalm antiquorum, from Devonshire, Extreme width 43 inches ; height I35 inches. Width of articular surface 10 inches ; height 8 inches. Fig. 31. Fifth cervical vertebra of Physalus antiquorum, from Devonshire. Extreme width .35i inches ; height IO5 inches. Width of articular surface 12 inches ; height 7g inches. The different English skeletons of this whale which I have ex- amined and which are adult, or at least nearly of the same size (that is, from 70 to 80 feet long), exhibit considerable variation in the form and in the size of the perforation, and in the development of the rings of the lateral processes of the hinder cervical vertebrae, showing that there are several species, or, what is more probable, that their bones are liable to a considerable amount of variation. The British Museum specimen was found floating on the sea in a 5. PHTSALUS. 147 decomposed state, on the 2nd of October 1831, in Plymouth Sound, and is said to have been 102 feet long and 75 feet in circumference ; but most likely the abdominal cavity was distended by the internal decomposition. It formerly travelled the country, curiously mounted in three caravans, the first containing the head, the second the thorax, and the third the middle of the tail ; when placed one after the other so as to exhibit the parts of the skeleton in their proper situation, the ends of the caravans were removed, and the cervical vertebrse, the lumbar vertebrae, and the caudal vertebrae were suspended in their proper situation between or beyond the caravans. The proprietor had placed a blade of Greenland whalebone (Balcma Mystieetus) on one side, and several blades of South-Sea whalebone {Balcma aus- tralis) on the other side of the upper jaw, in the place of the true baleen of Balcenoptera. Fig. 32. Tympanic bones of Physalus antiquorum, from Devonshire. The cervical vertebrae are all free and separate ; the second with a broad lateral expansion, pierced at the base ; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth with rings, the ring of the third being the broadest ; the seventh with only a superior lateral process, without a small tubercular rudiment of a lower process ; the lateral processes of the second and third cervical bent backwards, of the fourth straight, and of the fifth and sixth bent forwards. The hinder vertebrae large and heavy. Caudal vertebrae without chevrons 7, with chevrons 10, lumbar 17, dorsal 13, and cervical 7=54. The sternum is sinuous ; but the front edge is truncated, on a line vrith the widest part ; it is l2 148 BALiENOPTBEID^. 18 inches wide and 14^ inches long. The transverse apophyses are as broad as the body of tho vertebra, and the latter is oblong, half as broad again as high. The lateral processes of the cervical ver- tebrje are much longer than the width of the body of the vertebrae ; the lateral process of the second cervical has a small, nearly central perforation, and this perforation gradually becomes larger on each succeeding vertebra, until it nearly occupies the whole disk of the lateral process in the sixth ; the seventh being formed with only a narrow elongated process from the upper edge, the lower process being reduced into the form of a small tubercle. The ribs are simple. The lumbar vertebrse are thick and large ; both these cha- racters must render this Finner much more powerful and active in the water than any of its allies. The lower jaw is 17 feet long ; the blade-bone 32 inches by 51. The upper arm-bone is 20 inches long by 10 J wide ; the lower arm-bone 31 inches long. The chest- bone is 28 inches wide and 18 inches long. The lumbar vertebrje are 11 inches long and 14 inches wide ; the first rib 59 iuches long and 10^ inches wide at the sternal end. There is a nearly perfect skeleton of this species (which I some years ago visited in company with Professor Eschricht) exhibited at Black Gang Chine, in the Isle of Wight, which was caught in April 1842, near the Needles. When first found, it was dark grey above and whitish beneath. The baleen is slate-coloured, with white streaks on the near or inner side ; nearly black and with a few darker streaks near the outer or straight side. It was 75 feet long. The skuU is 16 feet 7 inches long, 5 feet wide at the notch, and the edge of the beak from the notch is 12 feet long ; the lower jaw 16 feet 9 inches ; the upper arm-bone 2 feet, and the larger forearm-bone 33 inches long. In this skeleton the scapula and the chest-bones are wrongly placed, and the bones of the carpus and finger. The lower processes of the vertebrse, as well as some of the smaller parts of the head, are deficient. There are 7 cervical vertebrae ; the second very broad, with a very large lateral process, on each side pierced with a hole near the body; and the three following have a ring-like lateral process. There are 14 thoracic vertebrae. The ribs are long ; the first simple, shortish and broadish, the rest almost of equal size and length, the last being very nearly as long as the others. The lumbar vertebrae are 15, with considerably thicker bodies than the others. Caudal vertebrae 18, exclusive of those contained in the fin of the tail, which is preserved entire. The skeleton at Eosherville is said to be 70 feet long, and was taken in the Hope Eeach in 1858 or 1859. The lateral process of the second cervical is large, elongate, produced, obliquely truncated at the upper edge ; the perforation is moderate, not half the length of the process, on a line with the lower edge of the opening. The lateral processes of the third, fotirth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrse are narrow, ring-like, thin, with a large central cavity ; the seventh, like the dorsal, has only an upper lateral process. Lower jaw 13 feet long ; paddle 14 feet. 5. PHTSALirs. 149 In the skeleton from Plymouth, prepared by Mr. Gerrard, now in the Alexandra Park, the lateral processes of the second cervical are large, produced, obliquely truncated, with a moderate-sized oblong perforation, not half the length of the process, on a Hne with it, and not more than one-third of the length of the lower edge ; of the third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae ring-like, not quite so long as those of the second vertebra, slender, thin, and weak ; the processes of the fifth vertebra are the thickest and strongest, especially below ; the sixth has upper processes only, which are very thin and slight ; in the seventh they are like the sixth, but much thicker and larger, and bent back so that the two processes are close together at the upper edge ; the sixth vertebra has small short tubercles in the place of the lower lateral process ; none are present in the seventh vertebra. . The bodies of the second and third cervical vertebrae are oblong, transverse, much broader than high. The OS hyoides elongate, transverse, broad in the middle, more or less tapering at each end, with a deep wide notch in the middle of the front edge, which has an elongate thick cylindrical process on each side of it, and a slightly rounded scoUop in the middle of the hinder edge, with a slight prominence at each end of it. The forearm-bone half as long again as the humerus. The breast-bone is subtrifoliate, the upper part very broad, subtri- gonal, with a slight broad notch in the middle of the upper sides, and the hinder part more or less produced into a kind of broad flat stem. The shoulder-blade with a large coracoid and acromion process ; the upper edge arched, angle acute at each end, hinder end produced. The skeleton of a specimen, taken at Margate in 1850, was ex- hibited at Shoreditch in 1864. It was not quite adult, and not in a good condition. Dr. P. NeiU describes a male Fin-Whale stranded near AUoa in the Frith of Forth, on the 23rd October 1808. It was 43 feet long. The dorsal flu, called a pilce by the whalers, was placed far down thp back, about 1 2 feet from the end of the taU, and nearly over the vent. The lower jaw rather the longest, 14 feet long, and somewhat wider than the upper. The taU was 10 feet wide. The blubber was 2 inches thick, firm in texture, not unlike the fat of pork. The baleen dirty bluish. Bibbald's specimen came ashore near Burntisland, 17th Nov. 1690, 0. 8. ; it was 46 feet long. Dr. Walker mentions one from near Burntisland, 10th June 1761, 46 feet long (see Neill, Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 201). This species seems to be not uncommon, and most usually comes to the Cornish coast in the winter. A female was found dead at sea, and towed into Plymouth, 27th Sept. 1831. Length 79 feet {Couch). Gullet found filled with a large quantity of pilchards, by which it was supposed to have been choked. Said to have visited the coast before. Plymouth, 1831, Dr. Moore (Loudon's Mag. N. H. i. n. s.). It had frequented the Cornish coast a long time previously in pursuit 150 BAL^NOPTEEID^. of young herrings, multitudes of whieh it was seen to devour. — Couch, Cornish Fauna, 9. Several specimens of this enormous species are seen on the Cornish coast every year, feeding on the smaller gregarious fishes. — Couch, Cornish Fauna. Mr. Heddle ohserves, " The pectorals (of this and the Laman Whale) measured from tip to head of humerus exactly -^ths of the length of the body. The head of each bears very nearly the same proportion to the whole length. The cervical bones were so alike that one drawing would do for either, except with some very minor diiferences. In the Laman Whale the upper and lower transverse processes of the fifth cervical vertebra are united, and the lower process of the sixth is short, whereas in the Copinshay Whale the transverse processes of the fifth are not united, and the lower process of the sixth is as long as those of the third, fourth, and fifth." The comparative union and disunion of the processes of the second vertebra, the comparative length of the processes as regards the body of the vertebrse, and the form of the angular aperture of the ring appear to constitute the best characters for the separation of the species. " The Orkney Whales seem to resemble P. Boops of the Museum Catalogue in some respects, but then the processes are longer, and the wing of the second cervical vertebra in the Orkney Whales, with its perforation, is very different from the short development of the second cervical in P. Boops. In P. antiquorum the processes rise from the plane of the body of the vertebrse; in the Laman and Copinshay Whale they fall (see figs. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 195, 196). In fact, in some points the Orkney Whales seem to connect the characters of the two sections of Dr. Gray's genus Physcdus, resem- bling, however, P. Boops more than P. antiquorum. The colours of the whale were identical with those of the Laman Whale. The under jaw is wider. The length fi-om the tip of the under jaw to the notch in the tail is 45^ feet, from tip of upper jaw to eye 8^ feet, to anterior pectoral 15 feet, tip of lower jaw to penis 28 feet, to anus 31 1 feet, length of pectoral to anterior junction 4^ feet, length of cranium 10^ feet. " The epidermis was ^th of an inch thick, easily torn, and finely striated, except on the fins, tail, jaws, lips, (fee. Where black, the pigment was easily removed by washing, and from the inner surface was readily communicated to the fingers. " Where the body was black, the furrows and their interspaces were black also, being covered with skin of the same texture as the body. Where the black of the body began to wash off into the white of the lower parts, the furrows were black and the interspaces pure white. On the lower surface, where the colour was white, the plio£e when separated were lined with a rosy epidermis. Vertebras 62 : viz. cervical 7, dorsal 15, lumbar and caudal 40 ; the last not larger than a walnut, and partly cartilaginous. The last six di- minished in circumference very rapidly. Eibs 15 . 15 ; the first pair simple, the second, third, and fourth with necks directed for- 5. PHrsALirs. 151 wards, but not reaching the bodies of the vertebrae, the rest simple. The greatest length of the cranium was 11| feet, the greatest length of the lower maxilla 11^ feet, from the tip of the pectoral to the head of the humerus 6| feet. The colour of the back of the head and of the sides to a line passing from the tail beneath the pectoral, black. The jaws, and under and upper sides of both pectorals and tail, black. The black washed off at the sides into a brilliant white, of which colour were aU the other parts, except the hollows between the folds. Scattered irregularly over the back were greyish spots, three or four in a square foot, resembling the appearance produced by touching the skia with a slightly whitened finger. The polished surface gave the whole body a greyish appearance, and it was said to be grey. " The baleen towards the snout gradually gave place to narrower plates, three or four occupying the place of one. This change com- menced from the inside. At the snout the plates were still more broken up, and there assumed the appearance of small, slightly com- pressed rods of baleen, of the thickness of a crow-quill, each tipped with a tuft of long white bristles. The baleen completed the circuit of the snout at a distance of 4 inches within the upper Up. At the snout, the base of the baleen was 1 inch in width, gradually in- creasing until, where the largest plates were inserted, it attained the breadth of 9 inches, whence it decreased to a rounded point at the interior angles of the mouth. Here the baleen entirely resolved itself into white hair, which took its rise from the gums, without the intervention of the quill-like rods of the anterior extremity. " The gum (or eheese of the whaleflshers) was from 2 to 4 inches thick, and between the bones of the jaw intervened a callous bed of muscular substance. " The tongue flesh-coloured above, and beneath leaden grey, without distinct edges, of a very loose tissue. " The throat easily admitted the closed hand. " The trunk only separated from the head by a very sUght depres- sion behind the spiracles, the upper edge forming a beautiful and even curve from head to taU, with the exception of the protuberance of the dorsal fin. " The expansion of the tail continued 2 or 3 feet along the side of the trunk, giving, with the dorsal and ventral keels, a rhomboidal form to that part of the animal. These keels consist entirely of fatty tendinous substance, permeated through their entire length by strong round tendons an inch in diameter, and when these were removed the parts became round like the rest of the trunk. " A female : length from point of lower jaw to notch in taU 50 feet, girth beneath the pectorals 23^ feet, point of lower jaw to umbiUous 24| feet,' to termination of the plicae 26 feet, to reproductive organ 30 feet. "The external ear in a shallow groove, with small aperture the size of a quiU. " The blowholes (see P. Z. S. 1856, t. 45. f. 1, 2, 3) in a hollow on the summit of a low rounded eminence, immediately in front of a 152 B A LyEN OPTERIDiE . dejjression directly over the eyes, with a shallow groove between them, and with a ridge in front gradually disappearing ere it reaches the snout. The sides of the blowholes elastic, opening laterally. The nares, each 4 inches in horizontal diameter, protected above and at the sides by cartilaginous arches, which extend nearly to the surface of the spiracles behind. The whole lining of the spiracles, breathing- canals, and bronchial cavities was of a deep black. The septum between the nares membranous. " The eyes on bony prominences which projected outwards and downwards ; about 4 inches long. The conjunctiva whitish, the iris very dark brown, the crystalline lens two-thirds of an inch in dia- meter. "The lower jaw covered for nearly half its depth by strong firm lips, turned inwards above. The jaw nowhere projected much over the folds on the throat, and beneath the eye passed imperceptibly into the general surface. The lower j aw fitted accurately into hollows in the upper. The baleen extended from within 4 inches of the snout to the angles of the mouth. The plates in the middle of the series largest. The back of the mouth and the throat thinly covered with soft white hair, inserted on the wrinkled skin. " An ideal section of both jaws, partially opening, showing the palatine ridge, the projecting baleen, and the overlapping under-lips, with the tongue in the distended pouch, is represented in P. Z. S. 1856, t. 45. f. 6." " The broad wing of the second cervical of the Nyhster Whale-^m perforated by a hole as in the Copinshay and Laman Whales, and the vertebrae appeared to correspond with theirs. The external characters and colour also corresponded. The length was 65 to 68 feet, the pectoral from the head of the humerus nearly 8 feet, the cranium 15 feet long. The blubber or speck was 8 or 10 inches thick. They are not P. Boops, for three out of the four specimens captured, all of which were examined, agreed with each other, and differed from P. Boops in the upper and lower lateral processes of the second cervical vertebra being united, leaving a subcentral ioia,- men."—Eeddle, P. Z. S. 1856, 187-198. Mr. F. J. Knox, under the name of Balcena maximus horealis, Knox (Cat. Prep. Whale, p. 5, and Edin. New Phil. Joum. 1833, 181), notices a specimen of a whale found off North Berwick which was 80 feet long, the head 23 feet, and the tail 20 feet wide from tip to tip. He describes it as having 13 dorsal and 43 lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrse (Edin. N. PhU. Joum. 1834, 198). The skeleton of this whale, purchased by the Town Council, was in the Zoological Gardens, Edinburgh, and is figured in Jardine's 'Naturalist's Li- brary,' vi. t. 5. It was last year removed to the New Museum in Edinburgh, but on suspending it from the roof, the walls yielded to the weight, and it had to be removed. The baleen is black ? Cervical vertebrae separate. Second lateral process veiy large ; third, fourth, and fifth large, ringed ; sixth very imperfect, upper process elongate, bent down, lower short, rather depressed; seventh upper process elongate, lower wanting. The 5. PHTSALUS. 153 third and fourth cervicals thinnest and of nearly equal thickness, fifth rather thicker, sixth thicker still, seventh thickest, and the thoracic vertebrae becoming gradually thicker. Ribs 15 . 15, first narrower at the vertebral end, second, third, and fourth dilated and produced on the inner side of the vertebral end, rest simple. Chest- bones in three series ; first simple, second larger with processes, third cordate, with the first pair of ribs on the hinder end. Vertebras^ 10 caudal, 15 with chevron, 17 lumbar, 15 thoracic, 7 cervical. A dead specimen occurred in the Channel, near Brighton, 63 feet long, 29th December 1830. The baleen was called the gills by the fishermen at Brighton. — Mantell, Mag. N. H. iv. 163. At Overstrand, Norfolk, March 1822; length 57 feet, pectoral Q^ feet. And at Cromer, autumn 1822. M. Yan Beneden described the skeleton of a whale found by the fishermen near the Isle Urk on the 23rd November 1851, and fioated to the Isle Vlieland, which is now mounted in the Gardens at Antwerp. " It is a male, 22 metres long and 12 metres in circumference, and the head 5| metres. The head and back bluish grey ; the belly white. The dorsal was half a metre long, and 3 metres from the tail. " The skeleton is 21 metres long. The baleen black, white on the inner side, the front plates all white. Skull like that described by Eudolphi (?). Cervical vertebrae 7, all free, of the same thickness (not complete) ; the second with enormous transverse apophyses, 40 centimetres wide, with a perforation 18 centimetres in diameter. The i^third, fourth, fifth, and sixth with a circle ; in the fourth to the seventh the apophyses diminish consecutively in length ; in the seventh the circle is incomplete. " The vertebrae 61. The dorsal 14 or 15 ; the body of the first very thin, like the cervical, gradually becoming thicker. The lumbar vertebrae 15, very large and strong, with 17 chevron bones. The ribs 1 4, or perhaps 15 pairs ; the first simple, without any appearance of ossification. The sternum triangular, short in front, and subtri- foliate, without any hole. No lacrymal bone." Eschricht has observed that the number of vertebrae in whalea varies according to the species, but is fixed in each, there being the same number in the foetus as in the adult. " In the Zoological Gardens at Antwerp is a very fine articulated skeleton of a male {Physalus antiquorum, Gray). The specimen has already been the subject of a paper by Professor Van Beneden, en- titled " Sur une Baleine prise pres de I'lle Vlieland, et dont le sque- lette est monte au Jardin Eoyal de Zoologie d'Anvers " (Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 2^ ser. tome i. 1857, p. 390). " The skeleton is complete, with the exception of one of the pelvic bones, the tympanic bones, the last pair of ribs (probably), and one or two caudal vertebrae. As at present mounted, the interver- tebral spaces appear to me too wide, especially in the cervical and caudal regions ; and yet the skeleton measures in a straight line but 67' 6", viz. 15' 4" for the skull and 52' 2" for the vertebral column. The length of the animal is given by Van Beneden at 22 metres, or 154 BAL.=ENOPTEKID^. 72' 1". It exhibits all the signs of adult though not extreme age. AU the epiphyses of the vertebrae are completely joined, as well as those of the humerus and the upper end of the radius and ulna. Those of the lower end of the last two bones are partially united. The upper border of the scapula is still incomplete towards the two extremities. The number of vertebrae is sixty-one, the last being modelled in wood ; but from the character of the sixtieth I should say that there ought to be two behind it. Seven are cervical and fifteen dorsal, and, according to Van Beneden, fourteen or fifteen lumbar, though the place of attachment of the first chevron bone in the skeleton indicates but thirteen as belonging to this series. The characters of the atlas and the other cervical vertebrae are quite typical of the species ; the upper and lower transverse processes, from the second to the sixth inclusive, are united to form complete rings. The breadth of the atlas is 25" ; of the axis 44" ; of the third 37". The aperture in the base of the great wing-like lateral process of the axis is 6j" long and 3" deep. The inferior process of the seventh is represented by a tubercle. " The cranium and lower jaw present little worthy of special notice, except that the articular processes of the squamosals are unusually developed laterally, giving great breadth to the posterior part of the head. The dimensions are given at p. 166. A circumstance that I have not observed in any other Whalebone Whale is that a consider- able mass of bone of irregular form projects forwards from below the nasal bones in the trough of the vomer, to the extent of about two feet, only attached posteriorly. This is evidently an ossification developed in the ethmoidal cartilage. " There are fourteen pairs of ribs present ; but as the fourteenth has not the characters usually met with in the last rib, and as the fifteenth vertebra has the end of the transverse process thickened and showing traces of an articular surface, it is most probable, as Van Beneden supposes, that the fifteenth pair has been lost, and therefore that the skeleton, if complete, would present no exception to the normal number. The first rib is simple, 51" in extreme length, and 13f " in breadth at its lower end. The second and third have capitular processes which reach nearly to the bodies of the vertebrae ; that of the second is rather the longest. There are corresponding rough tuberosities on the sides of the bodies of the first and second dorsal vertebrae. The neck becomes rudimentary in the fourth, and obso- lete in the iifth and all succeeding ribs. " The sternum is trifoliate, differing from the one figured at p. 110 chiefly in having the posterior process shorter, broader at the base, and more tapering to the point. Its extreme length is 19", and breadth 24". The hyoid has the usual shape ; its extreme breadth is 38", and length 14". The stylo-hyals are 19" in length, and 5|"in greatest breadth. " One pelvic bone is present, suspended on the left side ; the other is modelled in wood. It is 15" long and 3" in greatest breadth, simple, straight, much compressed, slightly twisted on itself, broader generally at one end than the other, but pointed at both extremities. 5. PHTSALTJS. 165 One edge is smootli and rounded, but furrowed by a deep linear groove ; the other is irregularly tuberoulated and spiculated. This form is quite diiFerent from that of the pelvic bones of the specimen in the Alexandra Park, vrhere they are each 18|" long, gently curved, flattened, quite smooth along the edges, and mtii a prominent angular projection from near the middle of the convex border. " The scapula is 31" in height and 51" in breadth ; the acromion is 12" long ; the coracoid 5^". The humerus 19" long, 9" in greatest diameter, and 26J" in girth at the middle. The radius is 32" long, 7^" in breadth at the upper and 9" at the lower end. The ulna 36" in extreme length, from the end of the olecranon, 30" from the middle of its surface for articulating with the humerus, 10" in breadth above and 6^" below. There are six ossifications in each carpus. The phalanges appear complete. It should be stated that the latter are not very exact, as the ends of the bones are more or less con- cealed by the composition, which replaces the cartUage. The baleen is present in both sides. The largest plates measure about 28" in length. " The recent discovery of a large number of fossil remains of Ceta- ceans in the excavations occasioned by the fortification of the city of Antwerp has given a great impulse to the study of the osteology of the existing members of the order in Belgium, and, chiefly by the exertions of Professor Yan Beneden of Louvain, a very fine collection has been brought together, in great part obtained from the Northern seas, through the cooperation of the late Professor Eschricht of Copenhagen. Many of the specimens enrich the admirable anato- mical collection of the University of Louvain ; but most of the larger ones have passed from the hands of Van Beneden to the Eoyal Museum of Natural History at Brussels, where they are arranged and displayed to great advantage, under the able direction of M. Du Bus."— Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 414-416. " In December 1841 a male Pin-Whale about 40 feet long was stranded at Katwijk-aan-Zee, about six miles from Leyden. Dr. Schlegel gave a figure and description of its external characters, with some notes on its anatomy, in the second part of his 'Ab- handlungen.' The skeleton passed into the hands of a person at Scheveningen, at which place it was for some time exhibited. It has been transferred to the Leyden Museum. " The skeleton was evidently that of a very young individual of the genus Fhysaliis, agreeing in every particular, as far as I oovld ascer- tain, with P. antiquorum. The bones were spongy, and the epi- physes on the limb-bones and vertebrae all non-united, even that on the hinder surface of the axis. The skull was about 9 feet long ; the nasals were deeply excavated ; the orbital process of the frontals narrowed at the extremity. The lower jaw^had a considerable curve and a long coronoid process. As mentioned by Schlegel, the verte- bral formula was C. 7, D. 15, L. 14, C. 24=60. The form of the atlas and of the bodies of the cervical vertebrae were as in Physalus generally ; the transverse processes were not developed, being in fact mere stumps. The upper and lower processes were not united even 156 BALiENOPTEEir^. in the axis. The lower process of the fifth very short. Ribs 15 pairs ; the first with a simple head. Sternum small, undeveloped, with two broad lateral lobes at the anterior part, and a deep notch between them on the front border, prolonged posteriorly into a handle-like process ; its entire length was 9", its breadth 10". Scapula 20" in height, and 32" in breadth. Humerus 14" long. Eadius 22" long." — Flower, P. Z. 8. 1864, 409. " A fine cranium from the Jutland coast, in the Louvain Museum, about 15' in length. It is rather narrow posteriorly in proportion to its length ; and the nasal bones, though of the general form cha- racteristic of the genus, are very narrow, and pointed at their hinder ends."— i*'Zow«»-, P. Z. S. 1864, 418. " A skuU of a young specimen in the Leyden Museum, agreeing in all its characters with P. antiquorum, Gray ; marked ' BaUsnoptera Physalus, Mer Sept.' Its length, from the condyles to the tip of the beak in a straight hue, is 10' &'."— Flower, P. Z. 8. 1864, 397. PaUas, under the name of B. Physalus (Zool. Eosso-Asiat. 290), described a specimen of this genus found in the North Sea in 1740. It was 84 feet long ; the pectoral 9, the head 22 feet long, and the tail 14 feet wide. He describes the skin as brown. The young male, 42 feet long, caught near the mouth of the Somme, on the coast of France, described and figured by Eavin (Ann. Sci. Nat. X. 266. t. 11, XV. 337. t. 9), under the name of Balcenoptera rostrata, from the form of the skull, seems to be a species of the genus Physalus, probably P. antiquorum ; but the details of the ske- leton have not been given. The tympanic bones are drawn of a very small size (I. c. t. 9. f. 2 r, 3 r). It is described : — " Black above, beneath white. Pectoral black. Dorsal and caudal with white scar on the edge. Baleen of the first part of the series white ; of the rest blackish blue, the colour changing suddenly from one to the other. " Inhab. coast of France, Somme (Bavin)." M. Eavin (Ann. Sci. Nat. n. s. xv. t. 9) figures the skull ; but although it resembles generally Cuvier's figure above quoted, it is shorter and broader in proportion, being only twice the length of the width of the jaws in front of the orbit. Lacepede (Cetac. t. 5, 7) describes and figures a whale, stranded near the Isle of Marguerite on 20th March 1797. It is described as 60 feet long ; distance from nose to pectoral 14^, thence to dorsal 10|^, and from dorsal to caudal 8f . But there must be some mistake, as this accounts for only 34 feet. The pectorals are 5 feet long (that is, only one-twelfth of the total length), and all black. Cuvier figured the skuU of this whale (Oss. Foss. t. 26. f. 5), and founded on it his Rorqual de la MSditerranee. M. F. Cuvier (Cetac. 334) regarded this as the type of his Balcena musculus. The skull and some of the bones are at Paris (see Gervais, sur la Baleine de la Mcditerranee, 8vo, 1862, Montpellier). M. Companyo describes a male whale cast ashore near St. Cyprien. The entire length was 82 feet, of the head 16 feet ; and the pectoral was 13 feet long. VcrtebrEe 61, viz. cervical 7, dorsal 14, lumbar 5. rnTSAiTTS. 157 15, caudal about 25. It was dark grey, with tte throat and sides of the pectoral white; the beUy blue, white-banded; the pectoral greyish. M. F. Cuvier refers this to the B. musculus, or Mediter- ranean Eorqual. The skeleton was at Lyons in 1835. M. Van Beneden (Ann. Sui. Nat. n. s. vi. 159) says the tympanic bones brought from Iceland by M. Quoy belonged to the B. musculus of Cuvier {P. antiquorum). Lesson records a young female taken at He d'Oleron, 54 feet long, 10th March, 1827. There is a skeleton in the Zoological Gardens, Antwerp (see Bull. Acad. Eoy. Brux. xxiv. 3). A skeleton not mounted, Museum Paris. And a skeleton. Museum Louvain, 1836, 60 feet long ; Holland, 1836. Professor Eschricht has two heads of this species at Copenhagen, from Greenland. There are a head and some vertebrae at Paris, and some vertebrae at Berlin. M. Van Beneden observes that the Rorqual de la Mediterranee of Cuvier is the Mysticetos of Aristotle and the Musculus of Pliny. It is the only whale that has aS yet been observed in the Mediterranean. It may be doubtful if the Mediterranean whale is the same as the one from the Atlantic Ocean here described. Cuvier described the species from the head of a specimen, now in the Paris Museum, which was cast ashore on the Isle of Marguerite on the 20th of March 1797. M. Van Beneden says it is the same as his Pterobalcena communis, but at the same time he observes that the skuU of the specimen from Antwerp which he describes has " la plus grande ressemblance avec cette qui a ete decrite par Eudolphi, et qui se trouve au Museum de Berlin ; elle offre exactement les mSmes proportions." Now, Pro- fessor Eudolphi's specimen is the type of M. Cuvier's Rorqual du Nord, which is separated from the Meiterranean Eorqual on account of the very great difference in the form and proportions of the head. However, the Antwerp specimen has the simple first ribs of the true Physalus, and I suspect that in comparing the skuU with the Berlin skull some characters must have been overlooked. " It is seen from time to time on the French coasts, especially those of the Pyrenees orientales and the Var. In 1862 a female, with her young, remained for more than a month chiefly in the small bays of PauUlles, Port-Vendres, and CoUioure. This was perhaps the cetacean which, some months later, ran ashore at the rock of Borro, on the Spanish coast, and was towed to Llanza, where M. Gervais saw it." This species is found in the Mediterranean. M. Gervais observes that " such Cetaceans rarely run aground on the sandy shores of Languedoc and La Camargue ; but the great whale with a chan- nelled belly, mentioned by Dalechamp as having come ashore in his time near MontpeUier, must be regarded as a Eorqual, and the jaws of this species preserved at Frontignan have probably a similar origin. " There is a skeleton of a whale 17 feet long in the museum of Perpignan. The large whale taken at St. Cyprien has been de- 158 BALiENOPTEEIDvE. scribed by Farines and Carcassonne as Balcenoptera Aragous. That at St. Tropez, in 1833 ; those of the He Sainte Marguerite, one in 1797, described by Lacep^de and Cuvier, and the other in 1864.; and two or three others taken near Toulon, of which the skull or the entire skeleton have been preserved." — Oomptes Reiidus, 28 Nov. 1864, 876 ; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1865, xv. 77. Albers (Icon. Anat. 1822, t. 1) figures, under the name of Balrnia Boops, the skeleton of a whale cast ashore at Vegisack, near Bremen, in 1669. The length was 29 feet; length of pectoral fin 3, width of tail 9 feet. Camper (Cetac. 74. 1. 11, 12) figures the skull of this specimen. Cuvier says he compared this skull with the one from He St. Marguerite, figured by Lacepede, and could see no difference between them. Albers's figures would lead to the idea that the lower jaw was scarcely wider than the upper ; this is corrected by Camper. Professor Eschricht considers Albers's specimen the same as Hunter's B. rostrata ; but it agrees with the whales of this genus in having 34 and 35 lumbar and caudal vertebrae. * The upper and lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrcs elongate, slender, free at the ertds ; the upper arte bent down ; the lateral process of the second cervical large, truncated. Body of the cervical vertebrae oblong, ovate, not much broader than high ; the upper edge concave ; the lower very slightly convex. Mibs 15 . 15. 2. Fhysalus Du^dii. The Orkney Whale (Physalus Dugiiidii), Heddle, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1856, 187, Mamm. t. 44 & 45, anat. d & $ ; Arch. JVatterg. 1858, 56. Physalus Duguidii, Oray, P, Z. S. 1864, 221. f. 13, 14, 15 ; Ann. 8f Mag. N. S. 1864, 352. Inhab. Orkney {Heddle). Atlas of Physalus Duguidii, Extreme width 21 inches; height 12^ inches. PHYSALirS. 159 Cervical and part of dorsal vertebrae and tte baleen in the British Museum. Length 50 feet. The upper lateral processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebrae are very slender and bent down, with two slight angular ridges on the outer edge ; the lower processes are much thicker and bent up at the end, with a broad flat lower edge near the base, which forms an angle at the end. The bodies of the cervical vertebrae are roundish oblong, rather wider below than above, about one-fourth the width wider than they are high. The form of the body and the slenderness and form of the latered processes of the cervical vertebrae seem to separate this species from P. antiquorum, as well as the separate form of the lateral processes. In the Plymouth specimen of the latter in the Museum, the bodies of the cervical vertebrae are oblong, transverse, being one-third the width broader than high. Fig. 34. Second cervical vertebra of Physahts Duguidii. Extreme length, measured by a cord, 25| inches ; height 12 inches. Articulating surface : height 7 inches ; width 11 inches. Fig. 35. Fifth cervical vertebra of Phymlas Duguidii. 160 BAL^NOPTERID^. ^ The short haleen forms the front part of the series, in which the layer in the middle is dark slate-coloured, and the intermediate- sized hlades are more or less slate-coloured on the outer and white on the inner side. The hreast-bone is lozenge-shaped, with a large central perforation. Mr. Heddle gives a long account of this species in his paper in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society' above referred to. *** Tlie upper and lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, artdjiflh cervical vertebree short, strong, separate, directed laterally ; the lateral process of the second cervical short, truncated. Ribs 16 . 16. 3. Fhysalus Sibbaldii. Physalus (Rorqualus) Sibbaldii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, 92 ; Cat. Cetae. 43,;P.Z. 8. 1864, 222. fig. 15 a ; Ann. Hf Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 332. Inhab. North Sea, ascending rivers ; in the Humber, Yorkshire. Skeleton in Museum of the Hull Eoyal Institution and Literary and Philosophical Society. Length 50 feet. The skeleton in the Hull Philosophical Society's Museum is 47 feet long, and evidently of a young animal ; the arm or paddle is rather more than 6 feet long. The baleen is all black. The lower jaw strong, with a conical, large, well-developed ramus. Vertebrae 64: cervical 7, dorsal 16, lumbar and caudal 41. Breast-bone wanting. The cervical vertebrae are all separate ; the second cervical vertebra has a broad lateral expansion, and is oblong, obliquely truncated from the wide upper to the narrow lower edge, and with a small oblong subcentral perforation near the base ; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebrae have a straight, rather elongate lateral process, which projects straight out from the body of the vertebra, and the upper and lower ones are of nearly equal length. The ribs 16 . 16, all simple. The end of the first rib, near the ver- tebra, has a single head ; and the head of the first and second rib is compressed laterally, and with a slender internal process. The articulating surfaces of the cervical vertebrae are oblong, transverse, much broader than high. Fig. 36. Second and fifth pervical vertebras oi Physalus Sibhaldii. (From a sketch by Mr. Harrison, of Hull.) 5. PHTSAIUS. 161 " The form of the head is much like that of Bavin's figure of the Bkull of P. antiquorum. It is 10 feet 10 inches long, 4 feet 8 inches wide at the orhits, and 2 feet 9 inches wide at the base of the beak. The lower jaw is 9 feet 8 inches long without allowing for the curves." — B. Harrison. Firmer Whales that have been only imperfectly noticed. 1. Fhysalus? austraUs. The Southern Finner. Balaena Quoyii, Fischer, Syn, 526. Balsena rostrata australis, Desmmdins, Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 166. Balsenoptera australis, Chray, Zool. E. 8f T. 51. Balsenoptera australis, Southern Rorqual or Finback, Nunn. Narrat. Favourite, 18.3, fig. Physalus ? australis. Gray, Cat. Cetae. B. M. 1850, 44. Inhab. Falkland Islands (Quay). Desmoulins (Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 164), under the name of Balcena rostrata australis, describes a whale seen by M. Quoy on the shores of the Falkland Islands, which he says was exactly like B. Physalus. It was 55 feet long, and the pectoral fin 6 feet 3 inches — that is, about one-eighth of the. entire length, the same as in Balamoptera Physalus; but he says the dorsal fin was over the male organ — a character which, as far as I know, is pecidiar to the Humpback Whale {Megaptera) — thus presenting a combination of characters which, if correct, wiU not only prove it to be -a distinct species, but one forming a section by itself. Lesson (Tab. Regne Anim. i. 202) gives the name of Balamoptera australis to the " Fin-back of the whalers of the South Sea." It is most probably intended for this species, as Falkland Islands is given for the habitat; but it may be Megaptera Poeskop, or perhaps a confusion of the two. " The Fin-backed Whale of Desolation, near Kerguelen's Land, is about 30 feet long. The whalebone short. The dorsal fin is arched backwards, nearly over the pectoral, or, some fishermen say, a little behind the middle of the back. The upper surface is black, lighter beneath. The spout is single, much higher than that of the Eight Whale (Balcena) in the same latitude." — Nunn's Narrative. The figures, after the drawings of the whalers, represent the body only as rather more than three times the length of the head. " From the description I have received of the Fin-fish {Balomo- ptera B/orqudl), which often appears in the bays of both the western and eastern coasts of Africa, I feel disposed to regard it as the Borquni. It may, however, prove to be a different species when those who can note its characters shall have an opportunity of ex- amining a dead specimen. It is here rarely attacked by the fishers, being considered dangerous, and of little value from its yielding but a small proportion of oil. About twelve years ago one was killed in Table Bay which measured 95 feet." — A. Smith, African Quarts Journ.lQO. 162 BALJENOPTEKID^. 2. Fhysalus Brasiliensis. Balsenoptera Brasiliensis, Gray, Zool. E. SfT.Sl; Cat. Ost. Spec. App. 142. Physalus Brasiliensis, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 43. I have also received from Mr. Smith specimens of what is called in trade Bahia Firmer, This baleen is black ; the fibres on the edge of the larger flakes are purplish brown, and of the smaller or terminal ones paler brown. They are 35 inches long by llj inches wide ; and the smaller, 10 inches long and 4 inches wide at the base. This is so different in appearance from the other baleen of this genus that I propose to call it Balaenoptera BrasUiensis. a. Three plates of baleen, " Bahia Pinner." Bahia. 3. Physalus ? fasciatus. The Penmian Firmer. " Lower jaw scarcely longer than the upper ; head and back ash- brown ; belly whitish ; tips of fins and a streak from the eye to the middle of the body white. Length 38 feet." — Tschudi. Balsenoptera, n. s., Tschudi, Mamm. Comp. Peruana, 13. Balsenoptera Tschudi, Reich. Cetac. 33 ; Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 255. Physalus fasciatus, Cfray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 42. Inhab. coast of Peru. 4. Physalus ludicns. " Lower jaw remarkably slender." Balsenoptera Indica, Great Rorqual of the Indian Ocean, Blyth, Journ. A. S. xxi. 358, xxii. 414 ; Mep. Asiatic Society Calcutta, xxviii. 5 ; Friend of India, 1842, Sept. 15. Balsenoptera, sp., Heuglin, in Sitmingsber. d. Math.-naturw. Acad. d. Wissensoh. zu Wien, 1851, vii. 449. Physalus, sp.. Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 408, note. Inhab. Eed Sea. Mr. Blyth records the following : — 1. Chittagong coast, 15th August 1842, 90 feet long and 42 feet in diameter. 2. Arakan coast, 84 feet long. Lower jaw remarkably slender, the coronoid process well developed. Length 21 feet. Kadius 38| inches long. 3. A large jaw-bone of a Whale (Asiat. Bes. xv. Append. p. xxxiv). 4. Yertebra and cranium of a Whale (Asiat. Bes. xvii. 624, and Glean, of Science, ii. 71). 5. A skuU and lower jaw, 10 feet long, from Arakan. In the Museum of the Calcutta Medical College. Whales seem to have been not unfrequently stranded on the coast of Mekran. Thus Nearchus, the commander of Alexander's fleet from the Indus to the Persian Gulf, b.c. 327, described the lehihyophagi of that woodless region as using the bones of whales for building- purposes (see Vincent's Voyage of Neaxchus, p. 267-269, quoted by Blyth). " Whales are very rarely seen " in Ceylon ; " a dead one is occa- 6. PHTSALTJS. 163 sionally stranded. The skeleton of one cast ashore some twenty years ago at Mount Lavinia is still in the museum at Colombo." — Kelaart, Prod. Faunae ZeyloniccB, 1852. " Whales are frequently captured within sight of Colombo." — Tennent's Ceylon. " Whales are very common on the coast of Alipi, South Malabar. American ships, and ocoasionaUy Swedish ones, call at Cochin for stores during their cruises for them, but no English whalers ever come here that I have heard of. One [whale], said to be 100 feet long, was stranded on the coast. I saw some of the vertebrae and ribs about three years ago. Last year another, 90 feet long, got among the reefs in Quilon, and was murdered by some hundreds of natives with guns, spears, axes, &o., and was cut up and eaten, salted and dried as weU as fresh. The Eoman Catholic fishermen of the coast pronounced it ' first chop beef.' " The Maldives and Seychelles are said to be the headquarters of the whalers who seek for these whales. I am sorry I never noticed the jaw-bones sufiiciently, for I saw them on the beach." — Hev. H. Baker, of Alipi, S. Malabar, quoted by Blyth. 5. Physalus ? Iwasi. The Japan Winner. Black ; side white-spotted ; belly white. Balsenoptera arctica, Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 26. Physalus? Iwaai, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 42. Balsena sulcata antaretica, ScMegd, Abh. 43 ; Faun. Japan. Mamm. t. .30. Inhab. Japan. A species of this genus is known in Japan under the name oi Iwasi Kuzira. It is very rare. One was cast ashore in 1760 at Kii, which was about 25 feet long ; black, belly whitish, sides white-spotted. They distinguish it from the other whales by the head being smaller, narrower, and more pointed, and the pectoral shorter. It was driven ashore by the Sakanata (Grampus). No remains of this species were brought home by M. Siebold. Temminck (Fauna Japonica) regards it as identical with the Northern species. It is very desirable that the bones of the Japan and Northern specimens should be accurately compared. It may be observed that several animals, the Mole and the Badger for example, were formerly said to be like the European species, but recent research has shown that they are distinct, and they are now so considered in the ' Fauna Japonica.' The following species are described by LacepMe from Chinese drawings (see Mem.Mus.iv.473): — Balcenopterapunctulata, B.nigra, B. ccerulescens, and B. maculaia. " Eazorbacks occur in the Strait of Formosa. Some Americans fitted out lorchas for their capture, and erected boiling-houses at Swatow, but they said they yielded too little oil to compensate for the trouble and risk incurred in their capture, as they are dangerous creatures to meddle with. They have very large flat heads and smooth backs. Seldom a year passes but one is stranded some- m2 164 BAL^NOPIEEIDiE. wliere in the vicinage of Swatow." — Swinhoe, Proe. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1863. 6. Physalus antarcticus. Balsenoptera amtarctica, Gray, Zool. E. Sf T. 51. Physalus antaroticus, Ch'ay, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 43. There has been imported from New Zealand a quantity of flnner- fins, or baleen, which are all yellowish white ; this doubtless indicates a diflferent species. The Finner Whales also inhabit the Columbian shores. Lewis and Clarke mention the skeleton of a Borqual found near the Columbia River, 105 feet long. — Travels, 422. Chamisso, in his accounts of the wooden models of whales which were made by the Aleutians, of the species found in their seas, which he deposited in the Berlin Museum, and described and figured in the N. Acta Nat. Cur. xii. 212, figures three kinds of this genus : viz. Abugulich, t. 16. f. 2 ; Mangidach, t. 16. f. 3 ; and Agamaehtschich, 1. 18. f. 4, the B. Agamachschilc, Pallas, Zool. Eosso-Asiat. i. t. a. If reliance is to be placed on the wooden models made by the Aleutians, which have been described and figured by Chamisso — and many of them, are not bad representations of known genera — there is a genus found at Kamtschatka which has not yet been described. It is called Balcena TsehieJcagluk by PaUas (Zool. Eosso-Asiat. i. 289 ; Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xii. 259. 1. 19. f. 6). It has no dorsal fin, and a smooth belly and chest ; the upper and lower part of the under portion of the body are slightly keeled ; the head rounded, like Balce- noptera, with the blower on the hinder part of the crown. The lower side of the tail and the pectoral are white. 6. CUVIERIUS. The rostrum of the skull very broad, continued as far as the middle with very little diminution of width, and then rounded; outer margin much more convex in the front half. Maxillary bones broad as in Megaptera. The atlas with short, thick, rounded lateral processes growing straight out of the upper half of the sides of the body. The axis with two short broad lateral processes which do not completely unite, having a regular oval basal aperture. The cervical vertebrsB with oblong rounded bodies, with upper and lower lateral processes which are not united into a ring. The neural canal trans- versely oblong, flattened above. Vertebrae 64. Eibs 15 . 15 ; head of first undivided ; the second and third each with a weU-developed capitular process, which is longest and most slender in the third. Sternum irregularly oval, notched in front. The scapula with a dis- tinct acromion and coracoid. The humerus moderate. The radius and ulna much longer than the humerus. Phalanges long. This genus is intermediate between Physalus and Sibbaldiws ; it has the broad rostrum of the latter and the vertebrse and ribs of the former, and a peculiar sternum. 6. ctrviEaiTTs, 165 1. Cuvierius latirostris. Physalus latirostris, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, 410-414 Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton of young specimen in the museum of the late Professor Liclth de Jeude, at Utrecht. " In the collection of the late Professor Lidth de Jeude, at Utrecht, 1.9 a fine skeleton of a Fin- Whale. It was obtained on the coast of Holland. It was from a young animal. The epiphyses were de- tached from both ends of the bodies of all the vertebrse between the axis and the last two or three of the tail ; also from both ends of the humerus and bones of the forearm. The exoccij)ital, parietal, and squamosal bones were non-united ; and moreover the processes of the vertebrae were imperfectly ossified, as shown by the condition of their ends, and their shortness compared with the large size of the bodies of the bones. It was more advanced, however, than the specimen examined at the Hague. " The length of the cranium is 9' 10"; of the vertebral column, the bones being placed close together, without the epiphyses, 31' 2"; to this must be added at least- 5 feet for the thickness of the epiphyses and the intervertebral spaces ; so that the whole animal could not have been much short of 50 feet in length. The number of vertebrae is C. 7, D. 15, remainder (of which 15 or 16 are lumbar) 42=64, The column is quite complete, and ends, not in an elongated bone composed of two or three centrums anchylosed, but in a small, flat, circular, disk-like bone haK an inch in diameter. The penultimate vertebra is simple, short, rounded at the edges, and about an inch in diameter. The one before this is much larger in every direction, increasing rapidly at its anterior end. " The cranium presents many of the characters before attributed to the genus Physalus, but with some peculiarities that I have not met with in any other specimen. The most remarkable of these is the great width of the rostrum, which, instead of gradually and steadily contracting from the base to the apex, as in P. antiquorum and the members of the genera Sihhaldius and Balcenoptera, continues as far as the middle with very little diminution of width, so that the outer border is much more strongly convex in the anterior half. This is occasioned by the width of the maxUlary bone, which more resembles that of Megapiera longimana. The great difference of the propor- tional breadth of the beak to the length of the cranium in this specimen, as compared with other Fin- Whales, is seen in the Table at p. 112, and in the Table of dimensions below. I may mention also that the breadth of the palatini surface of the maxillary, measured in a straight line, at the middle of the beak, is 16", whereas in the cranium of a Common Fin- Whale (P. antiquorum) in the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons, of almost the same length (viz, 9' 3"), it is but 11 1". The nasal bones are very broad and short, raised to a ridge in the middle line, and hollowed on each side on the upper surface and anterior border, though to a less extent than ill the common species. The orbital plate of the frontal resembles in its general form that of Physalus antiquorum, but is rather less 166 BAL«lfOPTERID^. narrowed externally. The lower jaw is massive, has a high, pointed coronoid process, and a considerable but not excessive curve. "Dimensions {in inches) of SkiUls of different examples of Physalus antiquorum and of the specimen at Utrecht. Jbov all Iiength of skull in a Btraight line Breadth of condyles Breadth of exoceipitals Breadth of squamosals (greatest breadth of skull) Length of Bupraoccipital Length of articular process of squamosal . . . Orbital process of frontal, length Orbital process of frontal, breadth at base "j (from curved border of maxillary to I hinder edge of orbital process of frontal) J Orbital process of frontal, breadth at upper \ surface of outer end J Nasals, length Nasals, breadth of the two, at posterior end Nasals, breadth of the two, at anterior end Length of beak (from curved border of"! maxillary to tip of beak) J Length of maxUlary Projection of maxillary beyond premaxillary Breadth of maxillaries at hinder end Breadth of maxillaries across orbital pro- cesses (following curve) Breadth of beak at base (all ttie measure- ments across the beak include the curve of the upper surface) Breadth of beak at one-quarter of its length from base Breadth of maxiUary at the same point.... Breadth of premaxUlary at same point ..., Breadth of beak at middle Breadth of maxillary at middle Breadth of premaxillary at middle Breadth of beak at tmree-quarters of its length from base Breadth of maxilUiry at same point Breadth of premaxillary at same point Length of lower jaw in a straight line Height at coronoid process Height at middle .*. Amount of curve (greatest distance of the l inner surface of the jaw from a straight I line drawn between the extremities) ... J 118 15 36 60 27 28 19i 32 13 6i 5i 6 73 86 5 15 64 13i 3 32 11 4 22 112 18 11 184 12 56 96 41 36 32 34 18 8i 6 9i 133 145 9 17 89 56 45 13^ 6 33 9i 5i 18J 5 3i 180 21 186 14 55 86 37i 34 30 32 179 12 54 78 38 35 29 35 126 39 60 26 25 17 7 ^ 7i 132 142i 10^ 17 88 54 45 14J 5 36 10 6 23 5 5 177 23 13 24 18 8i 3 9 119 137 8 15 84 55 42 3^ 10 5 21 44 44 25 12i a 4 64 79 86 9 14 60 38 26 74 4 111 114 38 56 26 24 19 21 124 7 3 6 75 87 13 57 30 10 3i 22i 7i 3 K 3 24 112 15 71 15 Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 411. " In aU.the characters by which the atlas of Physalus differs from that of Sibhaldius, the present specimen agrees with the former. 6. CtTTIEEIirs. 167 The transverse processes are short, thick, and rounded, growing straight out of the upper half of the sides of the hody of the bone, but, as said before, incomplete at their ends. It measures 14J" in height, and 23" in extreme width ; 16" across the articular surface for the skuU, each facet being 12^" in height and 6" in width ; at their lower end these do not meet by a space of 2". The neural canal is 10" in height, 5^" wide at the upper end, contracts rather above its middle to 3|", tiien expands somewhat again. The body of the axis measures 16" across and 7^" in depth; with the processes, it is 24i" wide and 16^" high ; the neural canal is 6|" wide by 5|" high. The upper and lower transverse processes do not completely unite, although they approach on one side within half an inch, on the other not quite so much ; their extremities, however, are not ossified. The opening between them is regularly oval, 4^" long and 3|" wide. " The bodies of the remaining cervical vertebrae are founded ob- longs, their arches are low, and their spines little developed; the neural canals transversely elongated, and flattened above ; from the third to the sixth, each has an upper and lower transverse process, the upper ones rising somewhat from the body of the vertebrae, before taking their outward and downward course, very thin, especially at their concave margin, gradually and very slightly decreasing in length. The lower processes somewhat shorter, and considerably broader, though thin ; with a tuberosity on their under edge near the base ; decreasing regularly in length, that of the sixth vertebra being notably shorter than the others. In the seventh vertebra the upper process is wider than in the others, and the lower one is reduced to a mere tubercle, " Dimensions of the Cervical Vertehrce (in inches). Extreme height. Estreme width. Height of body. Width of body. Height of neural canal. Width of neural canaL Third 14 14 14i 15 m 23 22 22 21i 22 8 8 8i 8i 13 124 12 Hi 11$ 4 6i 7i Fourth Fifth ;,• Sixth . . Seventh " There are 15 pairs of ribs. The first has an undivided head. The tuberosity is prominent but narrow, and a thin crest extends from it for some distance along the convex border of the rib. The greatest length in a straight line is 34" ; the breadth at the middle 3", at the lower end 6". The second and third ribs have both weU-developed capitular processes extending towards the bodies of the vertebrae, longer and more slender in the third. In the fourth this process is nearly obsolete, and absent in all the succeeding ones. There are rough surfaces on the infero-lateral portions of the hinder , edges of the bodies of the first and second dorsal vertebrae, to which those processes of the ribs were connected, probably by the intervention of a strong ligament. The length of the second rib is 49" ; of the third 59". 168 BAL^NOPTBKID^. " A bone which, from its general appearance, texture, and surface, I presume must be the sternum, especially as there was no other which could have represented this portion of the skeleton, presents most anomalous characters. It is very flat on both surfaces, a little more than 1" in thickness, of an irregularly oval form, being larger on one side than the other, and slightly produced at what I suppose would be the posterior border, and notched in the anterior. It is only 5|-" in its greatest diameter (transverse), 'tod 4" in the other direction. Certainly the condition of the edges gave evidence of a bone incom- pletely ossified; but its very small size, especially in the antero- posterior direction, for a Physalus of the dimensions of the one under examination, is very remarkable. " The body of the hyoid I was unable to find ; but the stylo-hyals are slightly curved, compressed, with a thick convex border, and a thinner concave border, rather larger at one end than the other ; 14" in length, 4^" in greatest width, and 2" in thickness ; presenting, in fact, the usual form seen in the genus Physalus. The scapula and arm-bones had also the ordinary form ; the former is 21" in height, and 35^" in breadth ; the acromion 7|" long, and 3|" in breadth ; the coraooid 2|" long ; the glenoid fossa 10^" by 7". The humerus is 17" long, 7J" in longest diameter, and 20" in circumference at the middle. The radius is 27" long, 6" in breadth at the upper end, 4|-" at the middle and 7g" below, and 3" thick at the middle. The ulna is 25" long, 7" across at the top, 3g" at the middle (and 2" ia thickness), and 6^" at the lower end. The circumference of the two bones -together at their middle is 20f ". The metacarpal bones are long for the size of the animal, being respectively, beginning at the radial side, 6", 8", 6|", and 4J" ; whereas the same bones in the adult Common Fin- Whale in the Antwerp Zoological Gardens are 4J", 6", 6", and 4|" ; and in the specimen in the Alexandra Park 4f ", 6", 5", 3f". The phalanges are long, and rather different in number from those in the specimens of the Common Fin -Whale which I have examined, being 4, 5, 5, and 3 in the several' digits, com- mencing on the radial side with Ko. II. In the Antwerp.P%saZ'MS they are 2, 7, 6, and 3. But, as in both cases they have been arti- ficially articulated, much importance cannot be attached to these numbers. " This skeleton differs in some respects from any other that I have seen, nor can I identify it with any published description sufficiently detailed for exact comparison. That it belongs to the genus Physalus as above defined there is little question. The only difficulty is in the form of the sternum. It must be remembered that the individual was young, and the bone, being slow of development, is subject to considerable variation'in form, during growth, and also, when fuUy grown, to great individual diversities of form. It scarcely seems advisable, therefore, on account of this one specimen to modify the generic diagnosis as regards this bone, though such a course might be necessary if a very small oval, transversely elongated sternum were found characteristic of the adult animals belonging to the species. I think that there can be no question that this character, together 7. SIBBALDITJS. 169 with the additional two caudal vertebrae, the wide maxillaries, the more elongated metacarpals, and the slight diiferences in the form of the cervical vertebrsB and the ribs, are sufficient to establish a well-marked species ; and, unless it can be identified with any that has been previously described, I would suggest the name of latirostris as an appropriate designation." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 411-414. B. VertebrcB 55. The first rib double-headed, 7. SIBBALDIUS. The pectoral fins moderate. The second cervical vertebra with a broad elongated lateral process, perforated at the base. The first and second ribs double-headed. Lower jaw compressed, high, flat on the sides, with a conical coronoid process. Vertebrae 55 or 56. Ribs 13 . 13 or 14 . 14. Bal89noptera, sp., Gray. Pterobalssna, sp., Esehricht, Van Beneden. '" Sibbaldus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1864, 223; Ann. &■ Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 352. Sibbaldius, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 392. Pectoral fin one-eighth of the entire length; and the dorsal fin, " opposite the opening of the vent," nearly three-fourths of the entire length from the nose. Skull very broad. Maxillary bones very broad, gradually tapering, with nearly straight outer edges. The intermaxillaries moderate, linear. The frontal bones broad, band- like, with a wide sinuous edge over the orbits. Nasal bones small. The lower jaw slightly arched, compressed, with a conical ramus near the condyle. The lateral process of the second cervical vertebra expanded, with a basal perforation (Rudolphi, Berl. Trans. 1822, 1. 1. f. 2). Tympanic bone oblong, ventricose (see Dubar, t. 4. f. 1 ; Biudolpbi, t. 3. f. 6). The lateral processes of the second to the sixth cervical vertebrae separate, elongate. The arm-bones strong, the forearm-bones nearly double the length of the humerus. The sca- pula broad, with a large, well-developed eoracoid process in front. The hand with four rather short fingers ; the second and third equal and longest ; the inner or fourth rather shorter than the first. Phalanges 4.5.5.3. Vertebrae 54. Eibs 13 or 14. The first rib slender, with a process on the side near the condyle, as if the rib was divided into two somewhat similar lobes above (Rudolphi, t. 5. f. 6). According to Dubar, the first rib is articulated to the first and second dorsal vertebrae. The under jaw less curved; but the great character is that the front rib is spHt into two separate parts near the condyle, or double- headed as Dubar calls it. The tympanic bones are short, oblong, swollen (figured in situ in the skull, Rudolphi, I. c. t. 3. f. 6). " Total number of vertebrae 56-58. Ribs 14 pairs. Orbital pro- cess of frontal bone nearly as broad at outer end as at the base. Nasal bones elongate, narrow, flat, or very slightly hoUowed on the sides of the upper surface, obliquely truncated at the anterior end 170 BAL^NOPXEEIDJB. (fig. 13, e, p. 111). ■ Lacrymal bones thickened and rounded at the outer end. Lower jaw with a comparatively slight curve, and a low, obtusely triangular ooronoid process. Neural arches of the cervical vertebrae high, and their spines well developed. Transverse process of atlas arising from upper two-thirds of side of the body, short, and deep from above downwards (fig. 41, p. 181 ; fig. 42, p. 182). On the hinder border of the under surface a median pointed triangular process, directed backwards and articulating with the axis. Upper and lower transverse processes of the second to the sixth vertebrae inclusive well developed, broad, and flat (united at their ends in the adult, except the sixth ?). Lower process of the sixth short, broad, and much twisted on itself. Head of the first rib bifurcated into an anterior and posterior division, articulating with the extremities of the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and first dorsal vertebrae respectively. Second, third, and fourth ribs with short capitular pro- cesses. Sternum verysmaU, short,and broad, somewhat lozenge-shaped (fig. 12, b, p. 110). Stylohyals very broad and flat (fig. 48, p.l84). " Type species, /S. latieeps, Giaj."— Flower, F.Z.S. 1864, 392, 393. Fig. 37. Sibbaldim latieeps (from RudolpW). Cuv. t. 26. f. 6. Professor Schlegel seems to think that the bifurcation of the first rib is a mark of youth, for he observes, " It appears that in old specimens of the Balcenoptera Physalus this bifurcation is grown to one solid mass This singular character has often induced me to believe that the first rib, as it is called, is only the horns of the os hyoides." — Letter, 24tth Augmtl?>QA. I may observe, in reply, that the fuU-grown specimen described as the " Ostend Whale " had the bifurcation well developed. * Dorsal Jm compressed, falcate, two-thirds of the entire length from the nose. Mibs 13 . 13. First rib short, dilated at the sternal end. Sternum with an elongate, narrow posterior lobe. Rudolphius. 1. Sibbaldius latieeps. Black, beneath white. Upper jaws wide, in the skuU only twice as long as the width of their base in front of the orbits ; the lower 7. SIBBALDIFS. 171 jaws slightly curved and scarcely- wider than the edge of the upper ones. Pectoral fin one-eighth of the entire length, and rather more than one-third, and the dorsal nearly three-fourths, from the nose. The length was 31 feet 1 inch, from nose to the eye 2 feet g inches, to blower 3 feet 11 inches, to pectoral 3 feet 6^ inches, to the front of the dorsal 19 feet 2 inches, to the vent 21 feet. Balsena rostrata, Rwdolphi, Serl. Ahhandl. 1820, t. 1 (not Hunter) ; Brandt <^ Ratzeb. Med. Zool. i. 119. 1. 15. f. 3, 1. 16. f. TS ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. Korqual du Nord, Cuxsier, Oss. Foss. v. 564, t. 26. f. 6 (copied from Biidolphi). Balaenoptera laticeps, Gray, Zool. E. 8f T. (from Budolphi); Cat. Cetac. B. M. 37. Balsena borealis (part.), Fischer, Syn. 524 (from Cuvier). Balsena Physalus (part.), NUsson, Scand. Fauna, 635. Pterobalsena Boops (part.), Esehricht, K. Dansk. Vid. Selsh. 1849, 130,131. Balaenoptera borealis (part.), iJap^, Cetac. 61. Inhab. North Sea. Holstein, 1819 (Sudolphi) ; skeleton in Mus. Berlin, 31 feet long. Zuyder Zee, 1816, skeleton in Mus. Leyden. Fig. 38. First rib of Sibbaldius laticeps. (From Rudolphi.) The blade-bones with an elongated coracoid process, bent up to- wards the upper edge of the bone, and only a very rudimentary acromion ; the upper edge arched ; the ends acute, the hinder one rather produced. The forearm-bones are slender, rather dilated at each end, more than twice the length of the short thick humerus ; the ulna with a rounded dilatation on the upper end (olecranon). Fingers 4, moderately long ; the two middle longest, subequal, each of seven joints ; the first shorter, of four joints ; and the fourth shorter stiU, of three joints. — Budolphi, t. 1. f. 1. Entire length 31 feet 1 inch. Length from nose to front of eye 5 feet 3 inches, to pectoral fin 9 feet, to dorsal fin 19 feet 2 inches, to vent 21 feet ; length of pectoral fin 3 feet 6 inches, breadth of pectoral fin 8 inches. The OS hyoides broader in the middle, the end rather tapering and bent up towards the front, the middle of the hinder edge produced out into broad rounded lobes (see Kudolphi, t. 4. f. 1, 2). The tym- panic bones are short, oblong, swoUen ; they are figured in situ in the skuU (Rudolphi, I. c. t. 3. f. 6). Dorsal fin two-thirds of the 1 72 BAL^NOPTERID^. entire length from the nose. (Length 31 feet, dorsal 19 feet.) Lilljeborg describes the dorsal fln as of the usual size, and the baleen as black. Cuviej copies the figure of the head of this whale as that of the Northern Eorqual, and points out its distinctions from that which he had received from the Mediterranean. The nasal bones appear much broader than in the small common Pinner, Balmnoptera rostrata. J. B. Fischer, in his ' Synopsis Mammalium,' gives the name of Balmna horealis to the Eorqual du Nord of Cuvier, which is estabhshed on the Balcena rostrata of Eudolphi. He adds the account of the Ostend Whale to his synonyms, and gives the bifid head of the first rib as one of his specific characters ; but he mentions the Balcena Boops and B. Musculus of Linne, and B. rostrata of Muller, as pro- bable varieties of this species. M. Van Beneden, who regarded this as the young of the follow- ing, observes that the skeleton in the BerUa Museum, from Holstein, is not quite adult ; and also states that there is a skeleton, not quite adult, in the Leyden Museum, from the Zuyder Zee (1816). " A skeleton in the Leyden Museum, marked ' Balcenoptera Phy^ salus, Vinvisch, Zuider Zee.' This is no. 17 of Eschricht's list (Un- tersuchungen fiber die Nordischen Wallthiere, Leipzig, 1849), accord- ing to which it was taken in the Zuider Zee, near Monnikendam, Aug. 29th, 1811, its length being 32' Rheinland. The skeleton is perfect, with the exception of the hyoid and pelvic bones. The malars, lacrymals, and tympanies are present. The entire length (including the skuU, which is 6' 7") is 29' 7"; but the bodies of the vertebrae are placed close together, so that 2 or 3 feet should be added for the intervertebral spaces. The animal was young ; the epiphyses of all the vertebrae, including that of the hinder surface of the axis, are separate from the bodies, as well as those of both ends of the humerus, radius, and ulna. The vertebral formula is C. 7, D: 13 or 14, L. 16 or 15, C. 19=55; but the last caudal is elongated, and really consists of two bodies anchylosed, with even a minute rudimentary third. The cervical vertebrae exhibit all the cha- racters peculiar to the genus ; but their lateral processes are, as the surface of the bone shows, incomplete at the ends. The atlas has a deep, compressed-from-before-backwards, short transverse process, and a backward-directed, median triangular projection on the under surface of its body for articulation with the axis. The five following vertebrae have each an upper and lower transverse process, but not united together at their ends in any of them — not. quite, even in the second. The processes are of tolerably equal length throughout, except the lower one of the sixth vertebra, which is shorter and broad, and twisted on itself so that its flat surface is horizontal at the end. The upper processes are slenderer than the lower, and become more so posteriorly. The spaces between the upper and lower processes, in vertical height, are in the second 2"-2, in the third 4"-2, in the fourth 4" -2, in the fifth 4"-l, in the sixth 4" -7. The spines are comparatively well developed, especially that of the axis. " There are thirteen pairs of ribs present ; but it is probable that 7. SIBBALBIUS. 173 the posterior pair are wanting. The first has a bifid articular head, the cleft extending to the depth of 5 inches. It articulates by this with the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and first dorsal. Its extreme length in a straight line is 21"; its breadth at the middle 2|-", at the lower end 4i". The second, third, and fourth have short capitular processes, not reaching haKway to the bodies of the ver- tebree. These processes are absent in all the others. The longest rib (the fifth) is 41" in a straight hue, the twelfth is 31", and the thirteenth 30". There are ten chevron bones present. The ster- num is remarkably small for the size of the animal, a transversely elongated lozenge in shape, 4" in antero-posterior and 8" in trans- verse diameter. " The scapula is, as usual in the family, much elongated trans- versely, and has a long acromion process. Its length is 14", its breadth 25". The humerus is 10" long ; the radius 18|", and pro- portionately slender. The hand, artificially articulated, is 18" long ; the second- digit has, besides the metacarpal, three bones, the third three bones, the fourth six bones, the fifth three bones. These numbers are probably not correct, as they do not correspond with a natural skeleton of the hand of the same species at Brussels. " The upper surface of the orbital plate of the frontal is almost of a rhomboid form. The malars are very thin ; the outer end of the lacrymals forms a thick, projecting, rounded knob. The nasal bones are almost straight across their anterior ends, slightly longer at the middle, and sloping away at the sides ; their upper surface tolerably flat, but raised to a low ridge in the middle towards the anterior end, and slightly hollowed on each side of this. The dimensions of the cranium are given in the Table at p. 180, compared with those of other specimens of the genus. The inferior maxUlaries have low, obtusely triangular coronoid processes. They are articulated too close to the head, and their upper edge rotated too much inwards. This position greatly diminishes their curve as seen from above, and causes their extremity to bend downwards. I was much interested in observing this, as it explains away a great peculiarity in the figure of the whale in the Berlin Museum by Rudolphi (Abhandlungen Acad; Berlin, 1822), in which the same mode of articulating has caused some misconception as to the character and relation of these bones, the more important to be rectified, as this is the only figure extant of the skuU of any member of this genus. " There can be little, doubt that this skeleton is identical with the above-mentioned specimen described by Rudolphi; at least, a careful perusal of his description and figure (for I have not seen the skeleton) leaves this impression on my mind. In habitat, age, size, number of vertebrae and ribs, and aU other important osteological characters they agree. There are certainly slight differences in the proportions of the parts of the cranium, but not greater than are found among different individuals of undoubtedly the same species ; and it is possible that even these may arise from inaccuracies on the part of the artist. Some of the evidence also is wanting to make the comparison complete ; for instance, the sternum from the Berlin 174 BALiBNOPTERTDjJS, specimen, and the hyoids from tte one at Leyden. In assigning only five vertebrae to the cervical region, Eudolphi is obviously in error, being probably misled by the mode ia which the skeleton was articulated. He states that the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrse have all (that is, the first five) very large holes. If this is strictly correct (that is, if the holes are completely surrounded by bone), it indicates a more advanced state of ossificaCtion than in the Leyden specimen — a circumstance, of which the pecidiarity is some- what diminished by the fact that the skeleton of a whale of the same species, and of almost exactly the same size, in the Brussels Museum is in a condition intermediate between the two, the processes of the second and third vertebrae being completely united, but not those of the fourth and fifth. In calling his specimen Balcena rostrata, Eudolphi was acting upon the idea, then prevalent, of the specific unity of many of the northern Fin-Whales now known to be distinct. Dr. Gray seems to have been the first to point out that it differed from all whales which had been previously described with anything like definite accuracy, and gave it the name of ' Eudolphi's Finner Whale,' Balcenoptera laticeps (Zoology of the Erebus and Terror, 1846); this name therefore has the right of priority for the species." —Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 397-399. In the Brussels Museum " there is a very interesting skeleton, almost the exact counterpart in size to that in the Leyden Museum. It was obtained by Eschricht from the North Cape. The condition of the epiphyses shows that it is young, they being all non-united both in the vertebral column and long bones ; but the ossification of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae has proceeded farther than in that at Leyden. The skeleton is well articulated, and gives now a total length of 31' 8" ; but about 6" must be added for the end of the tail, which is wanting. The dimensions of the skull are given in the Table at p. 180. The nasals stre narrow, cut off nearly straight at their anterior ends, slightly hoUowed on each side above. The lacrymals are thickened at their outer edge. The orbital pro- cesses of the frontals broad externally. Lower jaw light, Uttle curved, and with a short triangular coronoid process. " There are 7 cervical, 14 dorsal, and 32 lambo-caudal vertebras present ; about 5 of the latter are absent, which would make a total of 58. The atlas has the usual characteristics of the genus. The transverse process of the axis forms a complete ring, the aperture of which has a length of 2|" and height of 2". The whole process is 5 J" long, but is incomplete at the end ; it is 5|" in height at the middle, and the opening is situated much nearer the upper than the lower margin of the process. In the third vertebra also the upper and lower processes are united ; in the fourth, fifth, and sixth they are separate. The lower one of the sixth is shortest, broad, and twisted on itself. In the seventh the inferior process is represented by a small tubercle. " There are 13 ribs present on the right side, and 14 on the left. The fourteenth is very much thinner than the others, twisted back- wards at its lower end, with a very slender head, articulated to the 7. SIBBALBIirS. 175 transverse process of the vertebra. The &8t pair of ribs have double heads ; but the anterior head oa both sides is very incompletely deve- loped, and on the right side completely detached from the remainder of the bone ; it has a pointed end below, merely applied to the main part of the rib ; so that if it had been lost in maceration, this rib might have been supposed to be simple. On the left side it is anchy- losed, but very slender. It would be interesting to ascertain, by the examination of younger specimens, whether this anterior head has always a separate centre of ossification, as it is not improbable that this singular double-headed bone is in reality formed by the coales- cence of two originally distinct ribs. The second, third, and fourth ribs have small capitular processes. The stylo-hyals are very flat, but not so broad proportionately as in the Java "Whale, being 11" long and 3^" in greatest width. The bones of the fore limbs present the same general characters and proportions as in the Leyden spe- cimen from the Zuyder Zee. The sternum is absent. " This specimen has been previously mentioned in this paper as an example of Sibbaldhis laticeps. Gray, presenting some interesting individual deviations from that at Leyden, referable to the develop- ment of the two skeletons not having proceeded pari passu in all parts of the system."— i^'Zower, P. Z. S. 1864, 417. * * Dorsal Jm very small, far behind, and placed on a thick prominence. Mibs M . 14 ; Jirst short, sternal end very broad and deeply notched. Sternum with a broad short hinder lobe. Os hyoides transverse ; sides slender ; hinder edge cut out in the middle, 2. Sibbaldius borealis. The Flat-hack. Sibbaldus borealis, Gray, P. 'A. 8. 1864, 223; Ann. <&• Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 352. Baleine d'Ostende, Van Breda, en letter bock, 1827, 341 ; Dubar, Os- t6ographie, BruxeUes, 8vo, 1828, t. 1-10 ; Bernaert, " Notice sur la Baleine echou^e pres dOstende," Paris, 1829. Baleinoptere d'Ostende, Van der Linden, 1828, BruxeUes, 8yo. The Ostend Whale, Guide to the Exhibition at Charing Cross, with dramngs by Scharff. Great Northern Rorqual, " R. borealis, Lesson" Jardine, Nat. lab. 125. t. 5 {from Scharf). Balsena borealis (part.), Fischer, Syn. 524 {from Dubar). Balsenoptera Rorqual, Dewhurst, Loudon Mag. N. H. 1832, v. 214. Balaenoptera gigas, Eschr. Sf Reinh. Nat. Bidrag, af Groenland, 1857 ; Lilljeborg, I. c. 56, 57 ; Mahngren, Arch. Naturg. 1864, 97. Pterobalsena Boops' (part.), Eschr. K. Dansk. Vidensk. 1849, 134. Pterobalaena gigas. Van Beneden, Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bnuc. 1861, xxxii. 37, 463 (not characterized). Female : — Balsenoptera Boops, Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 11. Balaenoptera tenuirostris, Sweeting, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, iv. 342. Inhab. North Sea. " A whale was observed floating dead in the North Sea between Belgium and England," and -towed into the harbour of Ostend on the 4th of November 1827. The skeleton was exhibited at Charing Cross, and is now, I beheve, in the United States. 176 BAL^NOPTEBIDiE. This specimen was 102 feet long, the lower jaw 2H feet long, and the fins 13|^ feet long. Vertebra 54. Ribs 14 . 14. The atlas {Dubar, t. 6. f. 1) : the second cervical vertebra with large lateral processes, pierced with a large hole ; the third, fourth, and fifth with two lateral processes on each side, which are not formed into a complete ring as in the second ; the fifth offers a rudiment of a spinal apophysis. The first rib double-headed, articulated to the first and second dorsal vertebrse. Bones of the ears (Dubar, t. 5. f. 1 ) ; OS hyoides (t. 5. f. 2) ; breast-bone" (t. 6. f. 4) not pierced, short and broad, with a broad hinder portion. The vertebral column 37. Dubar's figures represent the second, third, and fourth cervical ver- tebrse as with a ring, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh with deflexed upper and straight lower separate lateral processes. Eibs, first (t. 8. f. 1) with two heads, vei-y broad at lower end; second (f. 2) with rather elongate internal process ; fourteenth (f. 3) quite simple. Pelvic bones (t. 9. f. 1, 2). Shoulder-blade short and very broad on the external edge, with a large lobe for the ridge (t. 10). Pectoral fin and bones (t. 11). Fingers four ; the second and third nearly of equal length, and longest ; the fourth or outer shorter, longer than the first or inner. Fig. 39. First rib of Sibbaldim borealis. (From Dubai.) The upper jaw narrower and shorter than the lower, so as to be embraced by the lower ; a tuft of homy round filaments or long hairs, united at their roots by a common membrane and divided at the end into small points, at the tip of the snout. Eyes rather high and very near the angle of the mouth. Ear-hole near the eye, but a little further back. Hinder part of the back keeled. Dorsal fin rather less than three-fourths of the entire length from the end of the nose, exactly opposite the vent. Skin polished, black above, white beneath. Length (entire) 25 metres, of mouth 4-8, to pectoral 6-9, to navel 13-7, to front of vagina 18-1, to front of vent 18-1. Length of pec- toral fin 3-1, width of pectoral 0'65. The atlas transverse. The lateral processes thick, elongated, rather above the middle of the side (Dubar, t. 6. f. 1). The os hyoides broad in the middle and gradually tapering at each end, and with a deep notch in the middle of the hinder edge (Duhar) {ScUarff's figure). Tympanic bone ob- long, very imperfectly figured as the os clu rocher (t. 5. f. 1). The 7. SIBBALDITIS. 177 stemum : upper part broad, three-lobed, with a Knear elongate hinder lobe (Buhar, t. ). (In Scharff's figure it is represented as shield- Kke, with four nearly square rounded lobes.) The first rib is tri- gonal, rather short, curved, and very broad, and with a rather deep notch at the sternal end (as broad as one-third the length of the outer edge). (Buhar, t. 8. f. 1 (8 feet long).) The second rib slender, subcylindrieal, with a rather long subcyUndrical process on the inside, just below the condyle (Dubar, t. 8. f. 2). The last rib slender, subcylindrieal (Dubar, t. 8. f. 3). The blade-bone with a large coracoid process and acromion, the former broad, flat, rather bent up at the end (Bubar, t. 10). The humerus very short and thick, not longer than broad. The radius and ulna nearly twice as long as the humerus, the ulna with a long fiat olecranon process. The fingers 4, slender, tapering ; the second and third longest and nearly equally long, of 7 joints ; the fourth shorter, of 5 ; the first shortest, of 4 joints, nearly half the length of the second (Bubar, 1. 11). Lilljeborg describes the " dorsal fin as very small, situated far be- hind and placed on a thick prominence " (I. c. p. 57), and, aeoording to Dubar's measurement, it was three-fourths the length from the nose. "From the calculations made by M. le Baron Cuvier and the Professor of the Jardin du Eoi, this enormous cetaceous animal must have lived nine or ten centuries." — H. Mather's account of the Ostend Whale, 1831, 8vo. Mr. Yarrell (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 11) notices a female of this genus under the name of " Balanoptera Boops." It was stranded at Charmouth, Dorsetshire, on Feb. 5, 1840. It had no warts about the Ups ; back black; underside white ; pupil oval, with- out any eyelashes. Length 41 feet. Pectoral fin 5|- feet long, base lOf feet from tip of nose, and H foot wide. Dorsal small, conical, 11 feet in advance of the tail. Skeleton 40 feet long, head 10 feet. Vertebrae 60, viz. 7 cervical, 15 dorsal, 16 lumbar, 15 caudal, and with 7 caudal bones. Eibs 14/14 ; the first double-headed, and at- tached to the first two vertebrae ; each of the other ribs is attached to a single vertebra, and has a single head. The dorsal vertebrae ex- ceed the ribs by one. " The subcutaneous layers of fat varied in thickness from 3 to 5 inches." " In other details the skeleton agreed with Dewhurst's description of the ' Ostend Whale.' " " Head, back, taU, and outside of the pectoral fins black ; inside of the pectoral fins, throat, breast, and belly beautifiil white ; inside of the under jaw black ; tongue, palate, and the spaces intervening between the reefs on the beUy pink. The under jaw the widest, and projecting 9 inches beyond the upper one ; end of both jaws rounded. The muzzle longer and more attenuated than in Balcena. The spi- racles longitudinal, like sHts or fissures, nearly meeting in front, and gradually diverging behind to a distance of about 3 inches. Baleen bluish black and yellowish white. Female 42 feet long, weighing 25 tons. Blubber varied in thickness from 3 to 5 inches ; yielded three hogsheads of oil." — Sweeting, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 342. The accounts in the ' Mag. of Nat. Hist.' and in the ' Proc. Zool. N 178 BAL^JTOPTEEID^. Soc' 1840, p. 11, are evidently from the same animal, but there are some discrepancies between them. Mr. Sweeting says, breadth 21 feet ; Mr. Yarrell says, girth 21 feet. Mr. Sweeting, total weight 25 tons ; Mr. YarreU, probable weight between 20 and 25 tons. Mr. Sweeting, length of skeleton 41, and head 11 feet ; Mr. Yarrell, 40, and head 10 feet. Mr. Sweeting says, " For the discrepancy as to the number of vertebree, &c., I am of opinion that this species has not been described before, and I have proposed for it the name Balcenoptera tenuirostris " (Mag. Nat. Hist. 24th March, 1840, 342). The skeleton here described was sold, about sixteen years ago (1859), for five pounds, to Mr. Freane, and it was stated to have been sent to London as a present to the British Museum, but it has never been received, and I cannot find any further account of it ; probably it was sold for manure. B. tenuirostris is the earliest name given specially to this species, but it cannot be used for a whale with a broad nose or beak. This is most likely the same as the " Ostend "Whale," or a nearly allied species. The dorsal fin is described as small, conical, and three-fourths the length from the *•* Dorscdjm unknown. First rib elongate, dilated at sternal end. 3. Sibbaldius Schlegelii. Balsenoptera Physalus, from Java, ScKlegel, Mm. Leyden. Balssnoptera Schlegelii, Flower, MS. "Megaptera (from Java)," Van Beneden, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 208. Balsenoptera longimana, Schlegel, Mm. Leyden. Sibbaldus Schlegelii, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 352. Sibbaldius Schlegelii, Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 408, 419. Inhab. Java. Skeleton, Mus. Leyden (young); skull, Mus. Leyden. Fig. 40. First rib of Sibbaldius Schlegelii?, in Mus; Eoy. Coll. Surgeons. There is the first rib of a whale of this genus in the Museum of the Koyal College of Surgeons, which, if it is not this, would seem to in- dicate a fourth species. The origin of the specimen is unknown. 7. SIBBALDIUS. 179 " The Leyden Museum during the present year (1864) has received the skeleton of a Ein-Whale taken on the north-west coast of the island of Java. The hands, from the carpus downwards, the pelvic bones, and some of the terminal caudal vertebrae are wanting, also the lacrymals and malars from the skull ; in other respects the skeleton is complete. Not being yet articidated, the separate bones could be examined with great facility. Both epiphyses are anchylosed to the bodies of the first three cervical vertebrae; the anterior epiphyses only are united on the fourth and fifth. From this, as far as the ninth caudal, inclusive, they are detached ; on the tenth caudal the hinder, and on the succeeding ones both epiphyses are firmly united. On the humerus the upper epiphysis is partly, and the lower one completely, united to the shaft, all traces of the original separation of the latter having disappeared. The upper epiphyses of the radius and ulna are in the same condition ; but those at the lower end are separate. The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae show, from the condition of their terminal surfaces, that they are not quite complete. The upper edge of the scapula appears completely ossified in the middle, but must have been cartilaginous towards the two extremities. These conditions taken together show that the animal was in the adolescent stage, and had probably attained very nearly its ftill size. " The skuU is 9' 8" long in a straight line ; the vertebrte, placed close together and without their epiphyses, measured 30" ; so that, allowing for the epiphyses, intervertebral spaces, and the end of the tail, the animal could not have been less than 45 feet long. " The number of vertebrae present is 54 ; and 3, or probably 4 of the caudal are wanting, raising the total number to 57 or 58. Of these, 7 are cervical, 14 dorsal, and about 13 or 14 lumbar ; but, the articular surfaces for the anterior chevron bones not being well marked, I could not be certain where the tail should be considered to begin. There are fourteen pairs of ribs. " The skuU presents the general characters of the genus Sibhaldius. The only important difference that I could find between it and the specimen from the coast of Holland is in the form of the orbital process of the frontal bone, which is narrower at its outer end, approaching more to the form characteristic of Physdlus, although by no means so narrow as in this. The nasals (fig. 13, e, p. Ill) are long and narrow, nearly flat on their upper surface, and slightly shelving downwards from the middle line. Their anterior border is rather less produced near the middle line than at the sides — the reverse in this respect to the Zuyder Zee specimen. The tympanic bones are 4"'6 long, 3"*5 in greatest breadth, and 2"-5 thick. Their form is seen in the annexed woodcut (fig. 47). The lower jaw has a very sKght curve and a low coronoid process, the highest part of which is 20" from the hinder end of the bone. It is triangular in form, rounded at the apex, with a base about 4" in breadth, and rising about 2^" in height. The principal dimensions of the skull in inches are given in the following Table, compared with those of the skuUs of the two, other specimens of the genus mentioned in this notice. n2 180 BALiENOPTEEIDiB. Length of skull in a straight line > Breadth of condyles .\. Breadth of exoccipitals Breadth of squamosals (greatest breadth of skull) Length of supraoccipital Length of articular process of squamosal Orbital process of frontal, length Orbital process of frontal, breadth at base Orbital process of frontal, breadth at outer end > . . Nasals, length Nasals, br^dth of the two, at posterior end Nasals, breadth of the two, at anterior end Length of beak, &om middle of curved border of maxil- 1 lary to the tip of premaxillary J Length of maxillary Projection of premaxillary beyond maxillary Greatest width of nasal aperture Breadth with its flat surface almost vertical ; the lower one, short and broad, with a stout conical tuberosity projecting forwards and downwards from its base, turns so completely on itself that its broad terminal end is directed hori- zontally ; it is, moreover, very nearly complete. The peculiar form of this process is highly characteristic of all the specimens I have examined of the genus Sibbaldius, though it is best marked in the one under consideration, being the most mature. It should be men- tioned that, when the series is placed togethei:, a gradual approach to its form is seen in the lower processes of the antecedent vertebrae. The seventh cervical vertebra has no trace of an inferior transverse process. The thicknesses of the under surface of the bodies of the last five cervical vertebrae, and of the first two dorsal (without the epiphyses), are respectively 1'5, 1'3, 1-4, 1'5, 2, 2-25, and 2-5 inches. The width of the first dorsal vertebra across the transverse processes is exactly the same as that of the last cervical, 23" ; the second is 3" less. The transverse processes of the posterior dorsal and of the lumbar vertebrae are very broad in the antero-posterior direction. 182 B Al-ENOPTBEID-aS . and the spines are high. In the second lumbar vertebra, which is the largest, the extreme width is 40" and the height 29". Kg. 42. Atlas ; under surface. Fig. 43. Axis ; anterior surface. " The ribs generally are slender, the first much shorter, broader, and flatter than any of the others. The vertebral end of this is split to the depth of about 6" into two flat broad plates, of which the anterior is slightly the longer ; this brings their articular sur- faces, when the rib is placed in its natural position (i. e. somewhat sloping backwards), exactly on a level, and proves that they must have articulated with the equal transverse processes of the seventh cervical and first dorsal vertebrae, and not vdth those of the latter and the second dorsal vertebra, which is 1^ inch shorter. This rib is 32|^" in length in a straight line, 4^" wide at the middle, and 8" at the lower end ; in thickness at the middle it is l"-2. Its general form closely resembles the figure given by Dr. Gray (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 224) from a specimen in the Museum of the Eoyal CoUege of Surgeons, but it is rather broader in proportion to the length. The second, third, and fourth ribs have large articular heads and only 7. SIBBALDIUS. 183 Tie. 44. Fifth cervical vertebra; anterior surface. Fig." 45. Sixth cervical vertebra ; anterior surfacer Fig. 46. The same ; inferior surface. 184 BALiEIfOPTEKID^. slightly produced capitular processes. The seeoud rib is 45" in length, the third 60", the fourth 61", the fifth 62^", the sixth 61|", the seventh 61^", the ninth 57", the tweKth 51", the thirteenth 49", and the fourteenth 48". They gradually decrease in breadth from the first. The last is considerably twisted on itself ; it has a small, flat articidar head, but there is no corresponding surface on the fourteenth dorsal vertebra, which is only slightly thicker at the extremity than the succeeding ones. On the thirteenth vertebra there is a distinct -articular surface. " The sternum (fig. 12, 6, p. 110) is small, in the form of an irre- gular transversely elongated lozenge, the posterior angle being nar- rower and more produced, and the anterior more rounded, than in the Zuyder Zee specimen ; so that it approaches more the form seen in the genus Physalus. Its length is 8f ", and its breadth 12|-". " The scapida is low and broad, with a long acromion and well- developed ooraooid process. Its breadth is 40", its height 22f"; the acromion 10" long, and 3" in depth ; the coracoid 4" ; the gle- noid fossa 8^" by o\". The humerus is 15" long, by 6" in diameter in the middle of its shaft and 7\" at the lower end. The radius is 24i" long in a straight Une, 4"-6 broad above, 3"-7 at the middle, and 5"'3 at the lower end. The ulna, which is 25" long, including the olecranon projection, is 7""5 broad above, 2"'7 at the middle, and 4"-5 at the lower end. The thickness of the radius at the middle is 2"-2; that of the ulna l"-8. Fig. 47. Fig. 48. Fig. 47. Tympanic bone ; half nat. size, Fig. 48. One of the stylo-hyals. " The hyoid bone, formed of the completely united basi- and thyro- hyals, is flatter and deeper from before backwards, and the lateral 7. siBBAimirs. 185 processes are smaller and more tapering, than in Physalus ; but otherwise its general form is not dissimilar. Its extreme width in a straight line is 25" ; its antero-posterior length 10|". The stylo- hyals (fig. 48) present a remarkable modification in form. Instead of the usual subcylindrieal shape seen in Physalus and Balwnoptera, they are very broad and fiat, and much curved, having a convex rounded border and a concave thin edge, their flat surface having somewhat the form of a crescent with truncated ends, 15" long by 6" broad. Their greatest thickness at the convex border is about IJ". The ends are not alike, one being narrower and thicker, the other broader and flatter. The two bones are precisely similar. " In the present case I have carefully compared the skeletons (that from, Java and those from the European coast) together. I have even had the advantage of placing many of the bones of the two in the Leyden Museum side by side ; and I confess that, allowing for difference of age, it is difficult to fix upon any characters in which they decidedly differ. The stylo-hyoids in the first, it may be said, are broader than in the Berlin or Brussels specimens, the sternum larger and of more definite cross-like form than in the Leyden skeleton, the transverse processes of the vertebrae are more developed and united at their ends than in either of these ; but such characters are of no value for specific distinction. One, however, does appear to me of some importance, and that is the form of the orbital plate of the frontal,' so decidedly narrower at the outer end in the Javan cranium than in the three specimens from Europe ; but it is possible that even here age may cause the difference. Eschrioht has laid great stress upon the Httle dependence that can be placed upon the proportions of the bones of the head in making out the specific characters of Whales. It is rather curious that the tympanic bones, though agreeing in general form, are actually smaller in the Java than in the Zuyder Zee skeleton, being less in length by 0"'3, and in breadth by nearly the same amount. " Moreover, although a comparison of osteological details of the immature bones of the other specimens with those of the adult Ostend example was not Kkely to throw much light upon the subject, here the case is different ; as far as can be made out from the descriptions and drawings given by Dubar of the Ostend skeleton, there are notable differences, as in the form of the atlas, of the first rib, of the stylo-hyoid, in the statement that the second and three following ribs have heads reaching the bodies of the vertebrae, and in the statement that the transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebrae do not unite to form a complete hole as in the second, which last, however, would be of greater importance if the figure did not throw some doubt upon its accuracy. " A skull of a very young whale, in the Leyden Museum, is of great interest as having been brought from Java by the late Dr. Eein- hardt. It is labelled ' Balcenaptera langimana,' and has in conse- quence been quoted in some of our most esteemed catalogues as evidence of the extensive geographical range of that species (Van Beneden, ' Faune littorale de Belgique,' p. 38, and after him. Gray, 186 BALiENOPTEKlDiE. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 208). The cranium is now in an extremely imperfect condition, the maxillaries, premaxUlaries, and nasals being absent. There is, however, enough to show that it is not a Mega- ptera, but belongs to the subfamily Balcmopterinm, and probably, on account of the great width of the external part of the orbital process of the frontal bone, to the genus Sihhaldius. The lower jaw is 52" long, which would indicate an animal of about 18 feet, perhaps a young individual of the species last described." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 408. in. 'Dorml Jin high, erect, compressed, fdkate, about two-thirds of the entire length from the nose. Pectoral moderate, ivith 4 short fingers, of i or G joints. Vertehrm 50. Cervical vertehres sometimes anchy- losed. Neural canal broad, trigonal, broader than high. Ribs 11 . 11. Balsenopterina, or Beaked Whales. 8. BALiENOPTERA. BalEenoptera, Sect. 1 (Balsenoptera), Gray, Zool. Ereb. S; Ten: 50. BaljEBoptera, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, 89; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 31; P. Z. S. 1864, 226; Ann. &■ Mag. iV. H. 1864, xiv. 352; Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 893. BalEenoptera (pars), JJacSp^de, CHac. Pterobalsena (pars), Eschricht, Nord. WalUhiere, 1849, fol. Balaena (pars), lAnn. ; Miiller, Zool. Dan. ; Illiger, Prodr. 242. Rorqualus. sp., Dekay ; F. Cuvier, C4tac. 321. Balsena minimus, Knox, Cat. Whale, 14. Head elongate, flattened, throat and chest with deep longitudinal folds and very dUatile. The dorsal fins compressed, falcate, two- thirds the length of the body from the nose and behind the line above the orifices of generation.- The pectoral fins moderate, one- eighth the length of the body, one-third the length of the body from the head, with 4 short fingers of few joints. The humerus short, thick. The radius nearly twice as long as the humerus. Lower jaw-bone moderate, with a distinct high conical coronoid process. Vertebrae 50 ; last very small. The first pair of ribs undivided near the condyle. The lateral process of the second cervical vertebra elongate, pierced at the base ; of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical elongate, slender, separate ; the lower with an angular bend below. The front ribs simple, thick, with only a slight swelling on the inner edge near the condyle. Tympanic bones obovate, short, ventricose. The lateral process of the second cervical vertebra expanded, broad, with a large ovate perforation in the middle of its base, the upper and lower margins being broad and of nearly equal width, the upper being, if anything, rather the broader of the two, very unlike the lateral process of the same bone in Physalus. The neural arch high, acute, with a rather high subcircular canal for the spinal marrow. The body of the atlas vertebra oblong, transverse, with a suboylin- drical lateral process produced from the middle of the side. " Total number of vertebras 48-50. Eibs 11 pairs. Orbital pro- cess of frontal almost as broad at the outer eild as the base. Nasal bones rather narrow and elongate, truncated at their anterior ends, 8. BALiENOFXEKA. 187 convex on the upper surface in both directions (fig. 13,/, p. 111). Eami of lower jaw much curved, and with a high pointed coronoid process. Cervical vertebrae usually separate ; but this family character not unfrequently departed from by the union of the second and third, or the third and fourth, by their arches. Keural arches high ; spines moderately developed. Transverse process of atlas arising from the middle of the body, elongated, tapering, directed outwards and slightly upwards. Upper and lower transverse processes of axis and succeed- ing vertebrae, to the sixth inclusive, well developed. Those of the axis broad, flat, and in the adult united at their extremity ; those of the other vertebrae slender, and never imited at their extremity, except occasionally in the sixth and more rarely in the fifth vertebra. Head of the first rib simple ; capitular processes scarcely developed upon any of the ribs. Sternum longer than broad, having the form of an elongated cross (fig. 12, c, ip.llO)."— Flower, P.Z. S. 1864, 394. The lateral processes of the cervical vertebrae are generally free and tapering at the tip ; but some of them are sometimes united, forming a ring. Eschricht described those of the fifth and sixth vertebrae as sometimes united. In the specimen in the Eoyal College of Surgeons the lateral processes of the sixth cervical vertebra are united on one side and free on the other. In aU these cases the form of the processes is not altered ; the end is only elongated and united. The cervical vertebrae are some- times quite free, as is the case with Hunter's specimen in the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons. The second and third vertebrae are often united by more or less of the surface of the neural arches ; and this seems to be the normal state. In the specimens from Cro- mer, lately acquired by the Royal College of Surgeons, the third and fourth cervical vertebrae are united by the neural arches, and the second and third free. The elongated processes on the end of the front ribs have two muscles attached to them, one arising from each of the two neigh- bouring vertebrae. Eschricht, in his essay above cited, figured a foetus and a new-bom specimen, which was 34 inches long, and gave the anatomy of it, with details of its skeleton (see Eschr. K. D. Vid. Selsk. 1846, fig. p. 309). They have a single series of bristles parallel with the lips (see K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. xi. 1. 1 & 2). Tympanic bones oblong, swollen, rounded above and below and at each end. They are figured in situ in the skull by Eschricht in the 'Danish Transactions,' vol. xii. t. 11. f. 2 ^f in the foetus, t. 9. f. 2 & 4gr, & t. 10. f. 25r, in the more adult state. In the ' Royal Danish Transactions ' for 1846, Eschricht gives a detailed comparison of the bones of the head of a foetal specimen (one 6|- feet) and one 34 feet long (see t. 9-11), and the detaUs of the skeleton of a foetus 9 inches long (t. 14). The form of the cer- vical and other vertebrae of the skeleton seems to be nearly identical with that of those of the adult animal. The lateral processes of the second cervical process, for example, are united into a broad expanded blade, with a perforation near the body of the vertebra, which is so characteristic of the genus. 188 BALiENOPTBEIDiE. Eschricht figured the cranium of a B. rostrata from a foetus 9 inches long, an older foetus 6^ feet long, and an older specimen 31 feet long (t. 9, 1. 10, 1. 11, & 1. 14), which show how much more rapidly the rostrum elongates in comparison with the size of the hrain-case, the very unequal manner in which the hones enlarge as compared with each other, and how they anchylose, especially the very large size of the tympanic bones in the smallest foetus com- pared with these bones in the older specimen, and how they enlarge laterally and become more transverse and less oblique as the animal increases in size. In the foetal state the forearm-bones are slender and nearly twice as long as the humerus ; the longest fingers are almost as long as the forearm-bones ; the second and third and the first and fourth fingers are nearly equal in length ; the first finger has three, the second and third six or seven, and the fourth four phalanges. — Eschr'ie'ht, WalWiiere, t. 7. f. d, D. 1. Balaenoptera rostrata. The Pike Whale. Black, beneath reddish white. Pectoral fin white near the base above. Balssna rostrata, Miiller, Prodr. ; O. Fabr. Faun. Grcml. 40 ; Hunter, Phil. Tram. Ixxvii. t. 20-23, cop. F. ilf. t. 4 ; Turtofi, B. Fauna, 16 ; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 632. Rorqualus rostratus, Dehay, Zool, New York Mus. 730. t. 30. f. 1. Balsena muaculus (pars), Fkm. B. A. 30 ; Jenyns, Man. 47. Balaena Boops (pars), Mem. B. A. 31. Balsenoptera acuto-rostrata, Lacep. C4tac. ; Scoresby, Arct. Peg. i. 485. 1. 13. f. 2. Balcenoptera acuto-rostrata, Lesson, N. T. P. A. 202. Balaenoptera microcephala, Brandt, MSS. Balsena minimus borealis, Enox, Cat. Whale, 14. Rorqualus minor, Knox, Jardine, Nat. Lib. l42. t. 7 ; Gaimard, Voy. lAande, Mamm. 1. 13 (skull), t. 14 (skull). Balsena borealis rostrata, Fischer, Syn. s. 25. Balsena Boops, Alters, Icon. Anat. 1822, t. 1 ; Camper, Cetao. 74. 1. 11, 12 ; Cat. CoU. Surg. 171. n. 1194, Hunter's spec. ? ; Oiesecke, Edinb. Fncyclop. Balsenoptera Boops, Fin-backed Whale, Newman, Zoologist, i. 33, flg. ; Fleming, B. A. 31 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 520. flg. p. 521, from Hunter. Rorqualus Boops, F. Cuv. Cetac. 321. t. 20. Balsenoptera Physalus, Gray, Zool. F. 8r T. 18. Vaagehval, Eschricht, K. D. Vidensh. Selsk. xi. 1. 1, 2, and p. 286-299 (foetus and anat.). Balsenoptera rostrata. Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^ Terror, 50. t. 2 (skull), t. 1. f. 3 (baleen) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 90 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 32; Proc. Zool. iSoc. 1864, 227 ; Flowm; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864 (anat.). Pterobalsena minor, Eschrioht,Nard. Wallthiere, 59, 1849 ; Van Beneden, M.im,. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, xxxii. 36 ; Couch, Rep. Nat. Hist. Soc. Penzance, 1851 ; lAl^eborg, I. c. ; Malmgren, Arch. Naturg. 1864. Pterobalsena minor et prostrata, Van Beneden, I. c. 463. Inhab. North Sea. Ascending the mouths of rivers. New York B&y (JDelcay). Valognes, France (ffeojfroy). Greenland. Norway. 8. BAliEafOPTEKA. 18ff a. Stuffed specimen : young. Thames at Deptford. h. Stuffed specimen : very young. Greenland. c. * Plates of baleen from a. Thames at Deptford. Figured in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror,' 1. 1. f. 3. d. Skeleton. South Greenland. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. Fig. 49. Atlas vertebra of JBalamoptera rostrata. Extreme width 9 inches ; height 95 inches. Fig. 50. Second and third cervical vertebras of Salanopiera rostrata, united by the crural arch. Extreme width 12 inches ; height 6 inches. Articular surface : width 4 inches. 190 B AtiENOPTEEIDjE . The skull figured in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror,' t. 2, is 46| inches long, 28 at the beak, 23 inches wide at the orbit, 16| at the notch, and 10| in the middle of the nose. The nose of the skull is elon- gate-triangular, -with straight, reg-ularly converging sides, not quite twice as long as the width at the notch. The first cervical vertebra is rather broader than long. The central hole is half as high again as broad. The second and third cervical vertebrae are united toge- ther by the upper edge. The second cervical vertebra has a broad, mnch-expanded, lateral process, with an oblong central hole near the body of the vertebra, reaching rather more than half its length. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae have two (or upper and lower) lateral processes. The upper process of the third is the shortest and least developed, and they increase in length to the sixth. The lower process of the third is the thickest. The fourth and fifth are rather small ; and in the sixth the basal part of the process is shorter and the upper part much elongated and thinner. The seventh has only the upper process, which resembles that of the first dorsal in form, but is smaller. This species, which is the smallest of the family, scarcely if ever exceeds 25 or 30 feet in length. Fig. 51. Eifth cervical vertebra of Balcenoptera rostrata. The skeleton of the " young Balcma Boops" (No. 1194, Mus. Coll. Surg.), which formed part of the Hunterian collection, and is pro- bably the skeleton of the B. rostrata described by John Hunter (as the head is atout 4 feet long, which agrees with the measurements of his figure of the animal), belongs to this species. The cervical vertebrse are aU free. The skeleton and baleen are described by Professor Owen in Cat. Osteol. Coll. Mus. CoU. Surg. ii. 441. Mr. Knox examined a young Rorqual, 9 feet 11 inches long, 3 feet from snout to ear, and 4 feet 8 inches in girth at the end of the folds, which was cast ashore near Queensferry, Firth of Forth, in 1834. He considers it quite distinct from the Great Eorqual (B. 8. BALiENOPTEEA. 191 Boops), because it has only 11 dorsal, 36 lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae ; but he considers it the same as B. rostrata of 0. Fabricius, Hunter, and Scoresby (Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1834, 199). Mr. Knox's specimen is figured by Jardine under the name of the Lesser Rorqual (Nat. Lib. vi. t. 7). Schlegel (Pauna Japon. 24, and Abhandl. 44) erroneously refers to this figure as a representation of Balcerioptera arctica (antarctica) ; for though the pectoral in the figure is larger in proportion than it should be for a Bdlcmoptera, it is not of the shape of the fins of Megaptera ; and the artist has made the fin of both the animal and skeleton of the larger Eorquals too large in proportion for the other parts of the body, and perhaps the length of the body is foreshortened. Fig. 52. Tympanic bones of Balcenoptera rostrata. Fig. 53. Top of first and second ribs of Balcenoptera rostrata. 192 BAL^NOPTERID^. " In the Leyden Museum there are two skeletons ; the first a Tery beautiful and perfect specimen from the same locality as the last- mentioned skeleton. The baleen is in situ on both sides of the mouth, never having been removed. The animal was in the adolescent stage. The epiphyses of the upper end of the radius and ulna are united, but that of the head of the humerus is still separable. The entire length is 23' 2", of which the head occupies 5' 2". The vertebral formula is C. 7, D. 11, L. 12, C. 17=47 ; but one or more bones are wanting from the end of the tail. The cervical vertebrae are aU free. The upper and lower transverse processes of the sixth are united on the right side, but separate on the left. The other skeleton of the same species is rather larger, but not so complete. The cervical vertebree are all free, and none of the transverse pro- cesses (excepting those of the second) are united at their ends." — Flower, P. Z. 8.1864,4:18. " In the Louvain Museum there are two skeletons, but neither of them yet articulated. The first is young and not very perfect ; it formed part of the old anatomical collection of the University. The second and third cervical vertebrae are anchylosed by their arches ; aU th? rest are free ; the transverse processes are not fuUy developed. The second is a fine perfect skeleton of an adolescent individual obtained more recently from the Norway coast. The cervical vertebrae are aU free from each other ; the upper and lower transverse processes fully developed; those of the axis and the sixth vertebra united together on both sides ; the others all separate. A small tubercle represents the inferior transverse process on both sides of the body of the seventh Yeitehia."— Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 409. " Skeleton of a young individual, in the Louvain Museum, marked B. mirdma, and said to belong to a small variety only found among the Eight Whales of Greenland. The total length is 17' 3" ; but several vertebrae are wanting from the end of the tail. The skuU is 4' long. There are 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, and 12 lumbar vertebrae, and 11 pairs of ribs. The cervical vertebrae are all free, and the upper and lower transverse processes are not united at their ends in any of them ; but in the axis the union is almost complete. There is in the same Museum a skull, 8' 8" long, of a younger specimen of this species."— i^'fewe*-, P. Z. S. 1864, 418. The skeleton figured by Albers (Icon. Anat. Comp. 1. 1) was taken at Bremen on the 8th of May, 1669, and is preserved in the Town Hall of that city. The skuU was figured by Camper, Cdtac. It is 29 feet long. The scapiila is much broader than Mgh, with a large broad coracoid process. The sternum is slender and cross-shaped, and is suspended in the place of the pubic bones. Professor Eschricht observes that " the Greenland TilcagvKk, or Balcena rostrata of 0. Fabricius, may be distinct from the Norwegian Vaagehval or B. minor " (4th Mem. 157). Our Greenland skull does not appear to differ from that of the English skeleton. Specimens have been taken in the Thames at Deptford (Hunter), skeleton in Mus. CoU. Surg. ; Liverpool,. April 1829 (Mag. N. Hist, ii. 391, 1829) ; Largo, Scotland, 15th May, 1832, 14 feet long (Mag. 8. BALSlNOPTEPvA. 193 N. Hist.) ; Frith of Forth, near Queensferry, 1834 (Knox) ; coast of Norfolk, 23rd Nov. 1839, 24 feet long (Mag. N. Hist. iii. 157) ; Cromer (Gurney), skeleton in Mus. CoU. Surg. ; Thames opposite Deptford Creek, Oct. 23, 1842 (lUustrated London News, i. 388 ; Zoologist, 1842), skeleton ia British Museum; Jutland, 1837, skeleton in Mus. Lonvain ; skeleton in Mus. Bremen, head figured hy P. Camper ; Bergens, skeleton in Mus. Paris, Charante. Polperro ; caught in a mackerel drift-net. May 1850. The hluhber 2 inches thick. — Ootceh. In the specimen described by Dr. Jacob the remains of herrings only were detected. — Dublin Phil. Jowm. 1825, 343, This species is well described by John Hunter (PhU. Trans. 1787, 373. t. 20) from a specimen caught on the Doggerbank. It was 17 feet long. Fleming refers this animal to the Balcena tripinnaque rostrum aeutimi of Sibbald, on which Balcena Boops is established, which was 46 feet long (Brit. Anim. 31). Fleming also refers an animal described and figured by Mr. Scoresby (Arctic Eegions, i. 485, t. 13. f. 2), from notes by Mr. James Watson, from the Orkneys, to Balcena musoulus (Brit. Anim. 31 ). He quotes Sir Charles Gieseoke's statement " that B. Boops is a small kind of whale, its length being from 20 to 25 feet;" and asks, "are we to rely on the size in de- termining the species, and consider B. rostrata as a distinct species, limited to 25 feet in length, and represented by the rostrata of Fabricius and Hunter and the Boops of Giesecke ? Future observers may determine the point." (Fleming, Brit. Anim. 32.) The exami- nation of specimens has determined it in the afSrmative. Dr. Knox, in his account of the dissection of a young Eorqual, or Short "Whalebone Whale, gives the following as the specific differ- ences in the skeleton of the greater Eorqual and the smaller, or rostrata of Fabricius : — Great Borqual. Vertebrse C3 : cervical 7, dorsal 13, lumbar, sacral, and caudal 43. Smaller Rorqual. Vertebrae 48 : cervical 7, dorsal 11, lumbar 13, sacral and caudal 17. The position of the fins in the genus is very different from that found in the genus Physalus. 1 first pointed this out in my paper on British Whales (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, xvii. 85), when, misled by the general belief that there was only one species of Finner Whale, I stated that the body appeared to elongate between the fins as it arrives at maturity. In the small ones (females ?), from 14 to 25 feet long (these are B. rostrata), the pectoral fins are about one-third, and the dorsal two-thirds of the length from the end of the nose ; but in the larger specimens, male and female (these are Physnli), the middle of the body appears to lengthen twice as fast as the other parts, for in these the pectoral is about one-fourth, and the dorsal three-fourths the entire length from the end of the nose. Thus, one is obliged to feel one's way in the study of these animals so difficult to observe. Professor Barkow describes the skeleton of a small Whalebone Whale in the Museum of Breslau (Das Leben der Walle : Breslau, 194 " CATOliONTIDiE. 1862, folio, with five woodcuts). It is 25 feet long, with 48 ver- tebrBB, and appears to agree in most particulars with Balcmoptera rostrata, or Beaked Whale of Hunter. The fore-limb or hand has five short fingers, like the short truncated fin of the Eight Whale or Balcena, the first having three, the second four, the third five, the fourth four, and the fifth a single phalange. The middle finger is longest, the second and fourth nearly equal, a little shorter, the first shorter stUl, and the fifth rudimentary and very slender (see f. 5 at p. 22). He proposes to call it Pterohalcena nana pentadactyla, giving the name of P. nana tetradactyla to the Balcena rostrata of Hunter, P. gigantea longwnana to the Megaptera longimana, and P. gigantea microchira or hrevimana to the B. Physalus of Scoresby. I think this determination requires reconsideration, for I am doubtful if this specimen is not made — that is to say, a skeleton of Balcenoptera rostrata with the arm and fingers of a young true Balcena or Eight Whale appended to it. Mr. Flower (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 394) observes, " Barkow (Das Leben der Walle, &e. : Breslau, 1862) has described another species under the name oi Pterohalcena pentadactyJa ; but much uncertainty hangs over the origin and composition of the single skeleton in the Museum at Breslau, on which it is founded. If genuine, it would necessitate a considerable modification of both the family and generic characters." Section II. DENTICETE. Teeth well developed in one or hothjaws, rarely decidtums.. Palate lined with a hard membrane, without any baleen. GuUet large. Head large or moderate, more or less compressed. Tympanic bones at first separate, nearly similar in size ; they uniie early into a single bone, which is sunk in and suspended in a cavity in the base of the shidl. Cetacea dentata, Brisson, R. A. 225. Delphinidse, "J. Gray," Tandhwalar, Xi7J(e6or^, Ofversigt, 1862, p. 3. Denticete, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. xiv. 1864; P. Z. S. 1864. Delphinoidea, JFlower, P. Z. S. 1864, 389. Zahnwalle, Esohricht, Nord. Wallthiere, 7. "Teeth always developed after birth, and generally numerous, sometimes few and early deciduous. No baleen. Sternum elon- gated, composed of several pieces placed one behind the other, to which are attached the ossified cartilages of several pairs of ribs. The anterior ribs with capitular processes developed, and articulating with the bodies of the vertebrae, as in other Mammalia. The pos- terior ribs without head, and only articiilating with the transverse processes. Eami of mandible straight, the two coming in contact in front by a surface of variable length, but always constituting a true symphysis. Upper surface of the skuU generally, if not always, unsymmetrioal. Upper end of the maxiUa expanded, and produced over the orbital process of the frontal bone. Nasal bones rudimentary and unsymmetrioal. Lacrymal bone confluent with the jugal." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 389. CATODONTID^. 195 A. Nostrihlongitudinal, parallel or diverging, covered with a valve, one often larger and nwre developed. Pectoral hroad, truncate. Fingers 6. Physeteroidea. FamUy 3. CATODONTIDJE. Head large, subeylindrical, blunt. Lower jaw narrow. Teett large, in th.e lower jaw only, fitting into pits ia the gums of the upper one. Nostrils separate, one often abortive. The hinder edge of the maxiUary elevated, forming a concavity on the forehead of the skull. Pectoral broad, truncated. Fingers 5. Eye and Umb of left side smaller ; left nostril very large. The lower jaw is early joined in front into a subeylindrical mass ; the branches converge and nearly straight. Delphinia Catodonia (pars), Hq/m. Anal. Nat. 60, 1816. Cete Camivora (pars), Lesson, N. Big. Anim. 201. Physetereae, Lesson, N. Rkg. Anim. 201. Zahnwalle (pars), 0km, Lehrb. Naturg. 672, 1815. Physeteridse seu Hypodontia, J. Brookes, Cat. Mm. 38, 1828. Catodon, Artedi, Gen. Hscium, 78, lehth. Les Cachalots, Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1851, 23. Catodontidse, Grag, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 44; P. Z. S. 1864, 231 ; MacLeay, New Sperm Whale, 1851, 63. Phyaeteriens, Oeoff. Leqons, Mamm. 1835, 66. Der Cachalots .(Pnyseter), Schlegel, Abhandl. 24. Physeteridse, Otpen, Cat. Osteol. Mus. Coll. Surg. ii. 442. " Upper surface of massive skull concave for the reception of sper- maceti. Nostrils enormously disproportionate in size, the left one the largest. The nasal bones as well as those of the face generally unsymmetrical and distorted. Blowhole externally single (in aU ?). Branches of the toothed lower jaw united ia front by a bony sym- physis, which is always considerably narrower than the toothless upper jaw. Teeth of the under jaw conical, hollow, like those of a crocodile, and fitting into cavities formed in the gum of the upper jaw." — MacLeay, I. e. p. 63. " The Cachalots or ' Sperm Whales,' Catodontidce of Dr. Gray, I humbly consider to constitute a subfamily rather of Belphinidw, especially since the discovery of that very remarkable small species, the Ewphysetes Graii of Mr. "W. S. Wa]l."—Blyth. Mr. W. S. Mac- Leay discusses this question in his ' History and Description of a new Sperm Whale,' set up by Mr. W. S. Wall. Synopsis op the Geneba. 1. Head compressed, truncated in front. Blowers in front of upper part of head. SkM elongate. Dorsal hump rounded. 1. Catodon, o2 196 OATODONTIDJE. II. Head depressed. Blower on hack of the forehead. Dorsal Jm com- pressed, falcate. 2. Physbter. Head large, rounded in front. Skull elongate. 3. KoaiA. Head moderate, with a truncate snout in front. Skull short, broad. I. Head compressed, truncated in front, with the nostril in the upper edge of the trimcation. Skull elongate. Dorsal hump rounded. 1. CATODON. Spermaceti Whales. Head rather compressed in front and truncated, with the blowers close together on the front of the upper edge, separated from the head by an indentation. Nose of skull elongate, broad, depressed. Lower jaw shorter than the upper one, very narrow, cylindrical in front, and the rami united by a symphysis for nearly half its length. Back with a roundish tubercle in front, over the eyes, caEed the " bimch," and a rounded ridge of fat behind, highest in front over the genital organs, called the " hump," and continued in a ridge to the tail. No true dorsal fin. Pectoral broad, truncated. Teeth conical, often worn down. Males larger than the females. The atlas is distinct; the other cervical vertebrse are soldered together. Catodon, Artedi, Sgst. ; ZaeSp. Cei. ; Mafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815 ; Oken, Lehrb. Nat. 678 ; Gray, Zool. E.^T.; Cat. Cetac. B.M.^-, P.Z.S.1BGZ; 1864,231. Physeter (Catodontes), Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 517. Physeter, sp., Linn. ; Illiger, Prod. 143, 1811 ; Lesson, N. Big. Anim. JnJX. Physeter, WayUr, N. 8. Amph. 33; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 38; Mousseau, Mag. Zool. 1856, 257. Physalus, Lac^. CH. 219. t. Q,frmn Anderson, Cachalot, t. 4. Balsenoptera (Physalus), Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 519. ? Notaphrum, Rajin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815 (no char, nor type). Cfitus (pars), Olcen, Lehrb. Naturg. 674. Fig. 54 Catodon macrocephalus. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. t. 24. f. 4. 1. CAIODOIf. 197 Clusius erroneously describes the blowers as placed on the head near the back, and Artedi and Linnaeus adopt this error in their character of Fhyseter macrocepJialus. Anderson (Iceland, ii. 186. t. 4) gives a fig^e of a whale with a truncated head, much resembling the old figures of the Sperm "Whale, with the blower on the hinder part of the head, Hke a Physeter. Bonnaterre established on this figure his Physeter cylindrus ; and Lacepede forms a genus for it, which he calls Physalus. The Dutch engraving of the animal de- scribed by Clusius shows this to have been a mistake. The bunch and hump referred to by Beale and the other whalers appear first to have been described by T. Haseeus of Bremen, in 1723, in a dissertation on the ' Leviathan of Job and the Whale of Jonas ; ' on " a specimen 70 feet long, with a very large head, the lower jaw 16 feet long, with 52 pointed teeth, with a boss on the back, and another near the tail, which resembles a fin." Cuvier, after quoting this very accurate description, observes, " Mais d'apres Tobservation fait sur divers dauphins, cette disposition que personne n'a revue pourroit avoir ^te accidenteUe, et alors cet animal n'auroit differe en rien du Cachalot vulgaire " (Oss. Foss. v. 331). Indeed he wrongly accuses Bonnaterre of having added a tubercle in his copy of Ander- son's figure, which is not in the original (Oss. Foss. 333). Anderson, in the description of this animal, says that it has a prominence 4 feet long and a foot and a half high near its tail, as in his figure. But the fact was that Cuvier erroneously combined the Sperm Whale and the Black-fish (Physeter) together ; and he could not otherwise reconcile how some authors, as Hasaeus, Anderson, and Pennant, described the Sperm Whale with a hump, while Sibbald describes the Physeter, which Cuvier erroneously considered the same animal, with a dorsal fin, overlooking at the same time the great difference in the form of the head, and in the position of the blower of these two very dis- similar genera (Oss. Foss. 338). " When the young Cachalot has attained the length of 34 feet, its teeth are perfectly formed, though not visible until it exceeds 28 i^i."— Bennett, P. Z. S. 1836. " The teeth in the lower jaw (in young specimens 16 feet long) had not yet come through. Captain Benjamin Chase states that he has more than once seen teeth of a considerable size in the upper jaw of the adult females, though always covered by the gum. The males, he says, being much larger, are cut up differently, and in such a way as not to expose the teeth."— Jackson, Boston Mag. i\r. H. v. 140. " The upper jaw is not altogether toothless, as usually described. It has on either side a short row of teeth, which for the most part are placed more interior than the depressions which receive the teeth of the lower jaw, though they sometimes also occupy the bottom of these cavities. Their entire length is 3 inches; they are curved backwards and elevated about half an inch above the soft parts, in which they are deeply imbedded, having only a slight attachment to the maxillary bone. In two instances I have found their number to be eight on each side. They exist in both sexes of the Sperm Whale ; and although visible externally only in the adult, they may 198 CATOBOITTIDiE. be seen in the young animal upon removing the soft parts from the interior of the jaw." — Bennett, Whaling Voyage, ii. 163 ; Proc. Zool. Soe. 1836. " The number of the teeth varies greatly in different individuals, and does not appear to be influenced by either age, sex, or size. Amongst many Cachalots I find their variations in number to be as follows : — 21 on one side of the jaw, 20 on the opposite ; 23-21, 22-22, 24r-25, 22-23, 24-26, 23-24, 22-24, 19-20. Length of male 60 to 76 feet ; of female, 30 to 35 feet. Foetus, 14 feet long and 6 feet in girth." — Bennett, I. c. 154. M. de BlainviUe described what he considered as two varieties, observed in the lower jaws : — the first, from Cape Horn, has long, slender, cylindrical, rather acute teeth, and the symphysis to the twentieth tooth (figured Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 24. f. 8) ; the second with 25 or 27 blunt and vertical teeth on each side, the symphysis to the eighteenth tooth. — Ann. Anat. et Phys. ii. 335, 336. The ear-bones are figured by Camper (Anat. des Cetac. t. 23 & 25) and Cuvier from these figures (Oss. Foss. v. 376) ; they most resemble those of the DelpJiinidoe, but are less elongate and less bilobed posteriorly. The fympanic bone is small, scroll-like, oblong, anchylosed to a somewhat sinular-shaped tegmen tympani and pars mastoidea (see Owen, Hist. Brit. Foss. Mamm. p. 526. t. 33. figs. 220 Os hyoides very wide (Cuv. t, 25, f, 15?), There is the skuU of a foetus of this animal in the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons : the bones are of a very soft structure. The following are its measurements : — Length, entire 32 inches. Length of nose 20 Length of lower jaw 28 Length of symphysis 9-6 Width at notch of nose 12-6 Width of condyles apart 16-6 This foetal skull is most fully and accurately described as showing the cranial organization of the present genus of Cetaceous animab by Professor Owen (Cat. Osteol. Series, ii. 442). The length of the symphysis in the skuU of the foetal Cachalot is three-fourths that of the rest of the ramus. In the adult male, the disproportionate growth of this part of the jaw leads to an excess of the length of the symphysial part beyond the rest of the ramus. 1. CATODON. 199 This skull IS also described and figured by Huxley in his ' Elem. . Comp. Anat.' 1864, fig. 118, on page 275. In the foetal skull the right preemaxilla is much larger than the left, extending far back upon the right frontal, ■while the left does not reach the left frontal ; the left nostril, on the other hand, is much more spacious than the right (see Huxley, Elem. Comp. Anat. ■276. f. 110 a), " These huge but timid animals on the approach of a ship or boat dive into the depths of the ocean or sldm along its surfa,ce with the utmost precipitation, and when harpooned they are paralyzed with affright, in which state they will often remain a short period on the surface of the sea, lying as if they were fainting. When they recover they show extreme activity in avoiding their foes, and but rarely turn upon their adversaries ; for although men and boats are frequently destroyed in these rencontres, they are more the effect of accident during violent contortions and struggles to escape than any wilful attack. They emit no sound, except a trifling hissing at the time of the expiration of the spout. They only eject a thick and dense vapour, and never water, from the spoutholes." — Beale, 3, 5, & 16. " The male and female differ greatly in size and form. The adult female is only about one-fifth the size of the adult male ; but this is not altogether to be understood as regards length, but of their general bulk, for the females are longer in proportion to their cir- cumference than the males, and they are altogether more slender, which gives them the appearance of lightness and comparative weak- ness." — Beale, 15. " The herds or schools of the Sperm "Whale are of two kinds : 1st, of females, which are accompanied by their young and one or two adult males ; and, 2ndly, of the young andlialf-grown males ; but the large and full-grown males always go singly in search of food." — Beale, 20. " There is little external appearance, beyond the size of the indi- vidual or the development of its teeth, to distinguish the male from the female. Whalers are inclined to believe that the convex or ' hatchet- shaped ' snout is characteristic of the male Cachalots, but I do not think that there is sufficient ground for this conclusion." — Bennett, 167. Captain Chase states, " They couple in a horizontal position and not upon the side ; nor does the female remain supine, but being close to the surface of the water they occasionally turn, so as alter- nately to bring the top of the head above the water, evidently for the purpose of breathing. The Right Whale (Balcena) breeds at particular seasons, but the Sperm Whale {Gatodon) at any season of the year. He has never seen more than a single young one at a time about the old female. Has seen a bucketful of thick rich miLk discharged from the mammary gland of a female when cut up, -but has never witnessed the young in the act of suckling." — Jackson, Boston Joum. N. H. v. 141. He figures the stomach as having three cavities (I. e. t. 14). 200 CATODONTIDJE. " Owing to the great projection of the snout beyond the lower jaw, it may be requisite for this whale to turn on its side or back to seize its more bulky prey. "When the animal attacks a boat with its mouth it invariably assumes a reversed posture, carrjing the lower jaw above the object it is attempting to bite." — Bennett, I. c. 176 ; see also Beale, Hist. Sperm Whale, 159, and fig. at 164. " The ordinary food is the cuttle-fish or squid {Sepia), many kind? of which are rejected from the stomach of the whale when the latter is attacked by the boats. It is probable they occasionally indulge in other food. In 1835 a School Whale rejected from her stomach a bony fish more than a foot long. Some whalers assert that they have seen Cachalots throw up rock-cod, and even sharks." — Bennett, I. c. 176 ; see Beale, 18. Couch says a young one, 20 feet long, caught at Eopehann, on the coast of Cornwall, had 300 mackerel in its stomach. " The habitat of the Sperm Whale is more peculiarly the central and fathomless water of the ocean, or the vicinity of the most abrupt coast. The geographical range of the species (genus ?) must be re- garded as very extensive, since no part of the aqueous globe, except- ing the Polar seas, would appear to be altogether inimical to their habits or free from their visits. It is, however, in the warmer seas, within or upon the verge of the tropics, that the Cachalot is sought with the greatest success, as in those corresponding to the inter- tropical coasts of Africa, America, Asia, and New Holland, or sur- rounding the Indian and Polynesian islands, but more especially and uniformly in the 'Hue of currents' which extend from the equator to almost the seventh degree of north and south latitude, both in the western and eastern hemispheres." — Bennett, I. c. 182, with map, showing where they occurred during his voyage. They were ob- sejrved in the Antarctic 'Seas as high as lat. 71° 50'. — Boss, Antarctie Voyage, i. 169, 197. Mr. Beale says, " From having particularly noticed their external form, and also their manner and habits in various parts of the world very distant from each other, yet I was never led to suppose for an instant from their observance that more than one species" (the Sperm Whale) " exists. The large full-grown male appears the same in every part, from New Guinea to Japan, from Japan to the coast of Peru, from Peru to our own island ; while their females coincide in every particular, having their young ones among them in the same order, and appearing similar to aU others which I had seen in every respect, merely differing a little in colour or fatness according to the climate in which they were captured, as we had an opportunity of observing as they were lying dead by the side of the ship." — Beale, 12, 13. But this is merely speaking the language of whalers, and by species he means, as he does in the other parts of his book, geniis. I have no doubt, from analogy of other whales, that when we shall have had the opportunity of accurately comparing the bones and the various proportions of the parts of the Northern and Southern kinds, we shall find them distinct. Mr. W. S. MacLeay, in his essay on 1. CATODON. 201 the Southern "Whale, has shown that this is the case. Wishing to call attention to this suhject for future examination, I may observe that Beale (N. H. Sperm Whale, 22. f. 1, 14) describes the Southern Sperm Whale as grej'. Female one-fifth the size and bulk of the males, more slender and large in proportion. Young black, skin thicker. Varies sometimes in being black and grey mottled. Quoy gives an engraving of a drawing of a Sperm Whale, which was given him by an English captain, which is probably the Southern Whale. He calls it Physeter polycyphiis (and Desmoulins renames it P. australis), because its back appears to be broken into a series of humps by cross ridges. In this particiilar it agrees vrith the Scrag Whale of Dudley (on which Bonnaterre established his Balama gib^ bosa) ; but it cannot be that animal, as Dudley says it is a Whalebone Whale. Quoy's figure differs from Scale's in being much longer; but, as Beale observes, when speaking of the figures of the Northern kind, this is the common fault of aU the drawings of the Sperm Whales. Dr. Jackson observes — " The dorsal fin or hump forms a very obtuse angle, and is ill-defined, being (in a space 16 feet long) about 10 inches in length and 2 or 3 inches high ;" there being, he further remarks, " also between it and the caudal two or three quite small finlets " (Boston Journ. N. H. v. 137). These latter are, perhaps, what are represented as humps in Quoy's figure of 0. polycyphus. The figure of the Sperm Whale in Duhamel, Pfiches, iv. 1. 16. f. 3, is good for the form and blower, and has the " taqwet " marked ; but a fin has been added below, between the vent and taU, in the position of the anal fins of fishes (!), in t. 9.;f. 1. This author has figured and described Orca gladiator for the Sperm Whale (!). Bonnaterre's figure (E. M. t. 7. f. 2) of the Grand Cachalot taken at Andiene, 1784, and copied by Lacepede, 1. 10. f. 1, is not so bad for form, but has a fin instead of a hump on the back. The figure of the Spermaceti Whale from the coast of Kent, 1794, in the Gent. Mag. t. •!, is very inaccurate, especially respecting the tail. It is to be remarked that all the older writers only describe this animal as occurring in the Northern seas, and Eobertson and Fabri- cius described it as black when young, becoming whitish below. All the figures, except Anderson's, are, by the unanimous expe- rience of the whalers, far too long for the thickness ; and Anderson's scarcely represents the " bunch " sufficiently prominent, and erro- neously represents the blower on the wrong part of the head. Sperm Whales are infested with smaU lice (Larunda Geti) and species of barnacles (as Otion Guvieri), which usually adhere in clusters to the integument around the jaws. (See Bennett, I. c. 169 ; Beale, Hist. Sperm Whale.) Beale (Hist. Sperm Whale, 8vo, 1889) and Bennett (Narrat. Whaling Voyage, 1840, 8vo, ii. 153) give a long account of the habits, the mode of catching, &c. of the South-Sea Sperm Whale. Colnet, in his ' Voyage,' p. 80. f. 9 (copied by Brandt and Eatze- burg, 1. 14. f. 3), gives a very good figure of a Sperm Whale^ 15 feet 202 CATODONTID^. long, from measuremente ; with details of the manner of flenching or peeling it. His figure agrees with Beale's in proportions. It was caiught in the North Pacific, near Point Angles, on the coast of Mexico. This figure escaped Cuvier's researches. Purchas says the Sperm Whale is found at Bermuda, where it is called Trumpo, a name which Lacep^de applied to the Northern animal. An anonymous writer in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' i. 132, and Dudley, describe them as found on the east coast of North America. The Japanese distinguish three varieties of this animal, according to their size. They hve in herds on the Japanese coast. — Faun. Ja-pon. A whale's tooth is highly prized in Fiji, being used in augury by the priests, and was formerly a sort of currency. — Bensusan, Jowm. Boy. Geogr. Soe. 1862, 48. " The crown jewels of Viti were kept in a wooden box, in charge of the widow of the late Governor of Namose : first, there was a necklace of whale's teeth, the first that ever came to the mountain ; secondly, a large whale's tooth, highly polished, and carefully wrapped up in cocoa-nut fibre (whale's teeth are in Kji what diamonds are with us) ; thirdly, a canniTjal's foot, in the shape of a club, and bear- ing the name of Strike twice, i. e. first the man and then his flesh." — Seemann, Journ. Boy. Geogr. Soe. 1862, 62. 1. Catodon macrocephalus. The Northern Sperm Whale. Black, becoming whitish below. Trumpo, Phil. Trans, i. 132. Catodon Trumpo, Gerard, Diet. Sci. Nat. vi. 57; Lac4p. CU. 212. t. 10. f. 2. De Balssna macrocephala quae binas tantum pinnas laterales habet, SihhaM, Phal. 12. Balaena major in inferiore tantum maxilla dentata macrocephala bipinnis, Raii Pise. 15. Cetus bipinnis supra niger, etc., Brisson, Cefe, 357. Catodon fistula in cervice, Artedi, Syn. Catodon macrocephalus, Zacip. CM. 1. 10. f. 1 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B.M, 1850, 49; Proc. Zool. Soe. 1863; 1864, 231. Sperm Whale, Anderson, Cambridge Phil. Tram. ii. 250. 1. 12 (view of animal), 1. 13 (cranium and lower jaw), 1. 14 (side view of head) ; Jackson, Boston Journ. N. IT. ,v. 137. 1. 14 (stomach). Spermaceti Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans, xxxii. 258 ; Gent. Mag. 1794, 33. 1. 1. Blunt-head Cachalot, Mobertson, Phil. Trans. Ix. t. Physeter Catodon, O. Fabr. Faun. Orosd. 44, and Mobertson, not lAnn. : T. Thompson, Mag. N. Hist. 1829, ii. 471. f. 114 (bad). Physeter Trumpo, Bonnat. CStac. t. 8. f. 1, from Robertson, copied Reiehenb. Cetac. t. 4. f. 12 (anat. t. 10) ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 518. Physeter macrocephalus, Linn, S. N. i. 107 ; O. Fabr. Faun. Grcenl. 41; Shaw, Zool. ii. 497. t. 228 ; ReicJienb. Cetac. 4. t. 4. f. 11 ; Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 337 a $ , t. 337 ;3 5 ; Gosse, Jamaica, 349; Turtrni, Fauna, 16; Jenyns, Man. 44; Bell, Brit. Quad. 606. f. 511. Cetus macrocephalus, Oken, Lehrb. Nat. 675. ,1. OAIODON. 203 Physeter gibbosus, Schreb. Saugeth. t. 338; Johnston, Pko. 216. t. 41. f. 1, 2, Supp. t.. 42, copied Brandt 8c Ratz. Med. Zool. t. 12. f. 20 r Wilhighh. IcMh. t. A 1. f. 3. Inliab. Atlantic Ocean. North Sea. Teignmouth {Gesner, 1532). Whitstable Bay, 1794. Scotland (Sibbald, Robertson). Greenland (0. Fabr. (fee). New England, nine months of the year (Dudley, Phil. Trans, i. 132). a. SkuU. North Sea. Length, entire 179 inches. Length of beak 127 „ Width at notch 67 „ Width at middle of beak 52 „ The beak is not quite twice the length of the breadth at the notch, and more than two-thirds the length of the entire head. This specimen is figured, Cuv. Oss. Fobs. v. 6. 24. f. 1-5. 6. Lower jaw. Indian Seas. Presented by Colonel Cobb. e. Lower jaw of young. d. Lower jaw bent and distorted in front. b. c. d. in, in. in. Entire length 157 92 51 Length of teeth-groove .... . . 29 Length of symphysis .... 85 44 21 1 Teeth on each side 23 21 19 Width at condyle . . 31 The lower jaw appears to increase in length in front, for in the older specimens the symphysis is more, and in the younger ones less, than half the entire length of the jaw. e, f. Teeth, various. g. Section of a tooth. The Spermaceti Whale frequently comes ashore in Orkney ; one was caught at Hoy, 50 feet long (" Lowe," Flem. B. A. 29). A male, 52 feet long, with a dorsal fin, was found at Limekilns, in the Perth, in Peb. 1689, and described by Sibbald (Phal. 33. 1. 1). After a hard gale of wind northerly, no less than twelve male whales, which undoubtedly came out of the Northern Ocean, were towed and driven on shore, all dead and in a high state of putrefac- tion, excepting one ; six were found upon the coast of Kent, two on the coast of HoUand. One at the Hope Point, in the Eiver Thames, was the only one seen alive ; he ran aground and smothered himself in the mud, and was afterwards made a show of in the Greenland Docks. {Letter from Walderwick, on the coast of Suffolk, 7th March 1788, in Sir Joseph Banks's copy of Phil. Trans, in B. M. Hbrary.) Whitstable, Kent, Peb. 16, 1829. A male, 62 feet long and 16 feet high. " It was purchased by Messrs. Enderby and Sturge, who erected coppers on the beach and collected the oil. They presented the skeleton, which had been prepared by Mr. J. Gould, to the 204 CAIODONTID^. Museum of the Zoological Society. The government having put in a claim to the 'royal fish,' the whole proceeds of it were under arrest, and the bones are now whitening on the shore." — P. Hunter and H. Woods, Mag. Nat. Hist. May 1829, ii. 197. The skeleton of an adult male, 66 feet long, at Burton Constable (TumstaH in Holdemess, Yorkshire, 1825), was articulated by Mr. Wallis (see Beale, 73). This specimen was cast on the coast of Holdemess, and claimed by Mr. Constable as Lord of Holdemess, and sent to Burton Constable (Thomas Thompson, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1829, ii. 477). The skeleton is 49 feet 7 inches long ; cranium 18 feet \ inch ; lower jaw 16 feet 10 inches. Teeth 24 . 24. Eibs 10 . 10, nearly circular ; the first with one, the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth with two articulating surfaces, each arti- culated to two vertebrse. Cervical vertebrae 2 — that is, atlas and another united ; dorsal vertebrae 10 ; lumbar and caudal 32 ; = 44. Pelvis two flat bones ; sternum of three bones ; clavicles none ; blade-bone flat, without any spine, but with two projecting coracoid processes near the articulation ; bones of pectoral fins 4 feet 4 inches long ; carpus of seven loose square bones ; the phalanges five, the three middle ones each of four and the two outer each of three bones. The OS hyoides 2| feet long. — Beale. This is the skeleton from the coast of Yorkshire described by Dr. Anderson in Cambridge Phil. Soc. Trans. 1825, ii. 1. 12, 13, 14, but it is said to be 58^ feet long, teeth 24 . 24. " In July 1835 a whale came alongside of his boat, and sometimes at no greater distance than a fathom. It was between 30 and 40 feet long, but he could not well distinguish the hiuder part of his body.. The body very thick and solid, with a ALq on the tail of an extraordi- nary shape, appearing like a hump, not high, and almost two fathoms long, with the upper portion in a waved form as of separate humps, and tapering behind into the general shape, where the body became more slender." — Couch, Whale on the Coast of Cornwall, 32. This is probably the whale Mr. Couch in his former list referred to Physeter polyoystus. Ireland, north and north-west coast {Molyneaux, Phil. Trans. 1795, xix. 508) ; Youghal {Smith) ; Dublin, 1766 {Rutty). Sandy Side Bay, Thirso, August 1863, skeleton presented to the British Museum ; supposed to have been brought by the Gulf-stream ; was decayed when discovered. Duhamel (P§ches, iv. 1. 15. f. 63) figures a male Cachalot, 48 feet long, taken near Bayonne. He erroneously represents it as having a long high fin between the vent and the tail, like the anal fin of fish. " A true Cachalot was taken in 1856 by the fishermen of St. Na- zaire, in the Mediterranean, and a considerable portion of its lower jaw is preserved in the collection of the Marist Fathers, at La Seyne, near Toulon." — Gervais, Comptes Bendus, 28th Nov. 1864, 876 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1865, 75. Skeleton mounted in the Court of the Cabinet of Comparative Ana- tomy at Paris (BlainviUe, Ann. Fr. et Etrang. d'Anat. et de Phys. ii. 326), which is said to have been purchased in London. 1. CATODON. 205 See Dawphin de Berlin, Dnham. Pectes, ii. 1041. t. 10. f. 5, and Belph. Bertini, Desm. Mamm. 516, 768 ; Ksclier, Syn. 509. Is it a young Physeter ? — Fischer. M. H. de BlainviUe, in his ' Systeme du E^gne Animal,' ex- tracted in the ' Annales Pr. et Etr. d'Anatomie et de Physiologie,' ii. p. 235, states that the jaws with teeth in the Paris Museum seem to show two or three distinct forms. The first, a head, stranded at Audierne, on the coast of Brittany, in 1784, has the lower line of the lower jaw in the form of a hoat. Teeth 25 on each side ; 18 to the symphysis. In two other jaws of this variety, one has 26 and the other 27 teeth. The second form has the lower jaw much less curved, nearly straight, the symphysis reaching to the twentieth tooth. Teeth all long, straight. It was obtained at Cape Horn by M. Daubre, and is figured in Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 340. t. 24. f. 8. There is a second jaw of this variety figured in Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 24. f. 9 (?). The third form is a jaw intermediate between the two former. The symphysis ends between the twentieth and twenty-first teeth. The teeth are 25 on each side. Camper (Cetao. 1. 17, 20-22, from the church of Scherclinge, 1. 18, 19, 27, Mus. Paris) figured the skuU of this whale. He represents the nose of the skuU as nearly twice and a half as long as the width at the notch. " Sperm Whales were frequently hunted off the shores of the AntUles. Moreau de St.-Meri, in his 'History and Description of the old French Colony of "St. Domingo,' relates that in his time (1785, in the months of March, AprU, and May) as many as twenty- five vessels from the North American States could be seen off the coast of Sale Trou, near Jacmel, fishing for the Cachalot Whale, and, he adds, for Souffleurs (Balcenoptera), and that this fishery was pursued with equal spirit and success within the gulf to the west of the colony, that is, within the Bight in which I saw the Cachalot beach. The whalefishers resorted to Turk Island to boil their oil." — Gosse, Nat. in Ja/maiea, 353. Dr. J. B. S. Jackson gives the dissection of a very young Sperm Whale taken near Boston, U. S., on 29th March 1842, which was 16 feet long ; the hump, which was 9 feet from the tip of the nose, formed a very obtuse angle, and was iE defined, there being also be- tween it and the caudal two or three quite smaU finlets. The outer surface was everywhere quite black, remarkably smooth, and elastic like India rubber. — Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. 1845, v. 138, 1. 16. f. 1 (the stomach). The blowholes are situated on the top of the head, at the very extremity, and rather towards the left side ; they are of the form of an italic/, as observed by Anderson, Beale, and Jackson. F. Cuvier says they are semicircular (p. 288), and they are longitudinal, and not transverse as stated by Hunter. Koof of the mouth smooth, high-coloured, hollowed as if to receive the lower jaw, which is quite narrow in front. — Jackson, I. c. 140 ; Wyman, I. c. 1. 14 (stomach). 206 CATODONTIDiB. Dr. Jackson gives a comparison of the measurements and teeth of nine lower jaws of the Sperm Whale, taken on the coast of North America, which he had examined. — Boston Journ. N.H. 1845, v. 152. 1. Length 16^ feet. Teeth 25 . 24, moveable, rather irregular. 2. Length 15^ feet. Teeth 25 . 27, opposite in front, behind irregular, hinder smallest and worn. Width at condyles 5|. 3. Length 8^ feet. Teeth 20 . 20, regularly opposite, and very little worn, the front largest, middle most slender, hinder smallest. Width at condyles 3|. 4. Length 7f feet. Teeth 26 . 23. 5. Length 5| feet. Teeth 23 . 22, but connected in animal 18 feet long. Width at condyles 2|. 6. Length 5| feet. Teeth 25 . 24, all pointed, and some hardly cut the jaw. Cranium 6J feet long ; the petrose portion instead of being free, as usual in the Cetaceans, is as closely connected with the base of the skull as any other bone. Width at condyles 5-Jj. 7. Length 15^ feet. Teeth 26 . 25. Width at condyles 5Jj. 8. Length 7^ feet. Teeth 24 . 24. Width at condyles 3|. 9. Length ^ feet. Teeth 23 . 23. Width at condyles 4|. A very young Spermaceti Whale, taken near New Bedford, Massa- chusetts, 29th March 1842, weighed 3053 lbs. Entire length 16 feet, to rudimentary dorsal 9 feet, to anterior fin 4 feet, to vent 10-^ feet, to eye 3-^ feet, to angle of mouth 2-J feet. Circumference 9 feet. Teeth of lower jaw not yet cut. The young is quite black, remarkably smooth and elastic, like India rubber ; from a line with the anterior extremity of the head to the top of the tail 16 feet, to the rudimentary dorsal fin 9 feet, to the anterior fin about 4 feet, to the vent 10 feet 2 inches, to the eyes 3 feet 2 inches, to the external orifice of ears (which was about the size of a goose-quill) 3 feet 8 inches, to the angle of the mouth 2 feet 10 inches ; vertical diameter of the head, just in front of the opening of the mouth, 2 feet 10 inches, of the largest part of the body 3 feet ; anterior fin 18 inches long and 9 inches wide. The dorsal fin or hump forms a very obtuse angle, and is ill- defined, being about 10 inches in length and 2 or 3 inches in height ; there heing also between it and the caudal two or three quite small Jmlets. Span of tail 1 foot 7 inches, and 4 inches wide midway. Lower jaw to angle of mouth 1 foot 8 inches ; right eye 1^ inch long. Circum- ference of the body 9 feet. — Jackson, Boston Journ. N. H. v. 139. 2. Catodon australis. The Australian Sperm Whale. Vertebrae 49. Cervical atlas free, rest very thin and anchylosed together. Gatodon australis, W. S. MacLeay, New Sperm Whale, set m by W. 8. TFba, 8vo, 1 1 (skeleton), 1851. Sperm Whale, JBeale. Inhab. South Seas. " The head is very thick and blunt in front, and is about one-third of the whole length of the animal ; at its junction with the body is 1. CATODON. 207 a large protuberance on the back, called the 'hunch of the neck' ; immediately behind this, or the shoulders, is the thickest part of the body, which from this point gradually tapers off to the tail ; but it does not become much smaller for about another third of the whole length, when the 'small' or taU commences; and at this point on the back is a large prominence of a pyramidal form, called the hwmp, from which a series of small processes run halfway down the small or tail, constituting what is called the ridge ; the body then contracts so much as to become not thicker than a man's body, and terminates in the jlnlces or tail. The two fluTces constitute a large triangular fin. The chest and belly are narrower than the broadest part of the back, and taper off evenly and beautifully towards the tail, giving a clear run. The depth of the head and body is in all parts, except the taU, greater than the width ; the head, viewed in front, presents a broad, somewhat flattened surface, rounded and contracted above, considerably expanded on the sides, and gradually contracted below, so as in some degree to attain a resemblance to the cutwater of a ship. At the angle formed by the anterior and superior surface on' the left side is placed the single blowhole or nostril, which in the dead animal is a slit or fissure in the form of an S, extending hori- zontally. In the right side of the nose and upper surface of the head is a large, almost triangular-shaped cavity, called the case, which is lined with a beautiful glistening membrane, and covered by a thick layer of muscular fibres and small tendons running in various direc- tions, finally united by common integuments. This cavity is for the purpose of secreting and containing an oUy fluid, which is, after death, converted into a granulated substance of a yellowish colour — the spermaceti. Fig. 55. Atlas of Catodmi australis, MacLeay. From the Museum at Sydney. " Beneath the case and nostril, and projecting beyond the lower jaw, is a thick mass of elastic substance — the junk, which is formed 208 CATODONTID^. of a dense cellular tissue, strengthened by numerous strong tendi- nous fibres, and permeated with very fine oil and spermaceti. " The mouth extends nearly the whole length of the head ; both jaws, but especially the lower, are in front contracted to a very narrow point ; and when the mouth is closed, the lower jaw is received within a sort of cartilaginous Up or projection of the upper one — ^but prin- cipally in front ; for further back at the sides and towards the angles of the mouth both jaws are furnished with weU-developed lips. In the lower jaw are forty-two large conical teeth ; in the upper are no teeth, but depressions corresponding to and for the reception of the ends of the teeth in the lower jaw. Sometimes a few rudimentary teeth may be found in the upper jaw, never projecting beyond the gum, and upon which those in the lower jaw strike when the mouth is closed. The tongue is small, white ; the throat capacious, very unlike the contracted gullet of the Eight Whale. Mouth lined with a pearly- white membrane, continuous at the lip, which is bordered with the black external skin. Eyes small, with eyeUds, the lower one most moveable, placed a little behind and above the angle of the gape, at the widest part of the head. Ears very small, without any external appendage, a short distance behind the eyes. The swim-- ming-paws or fins are placed behind, not far from the angle of the mouth ; they are not much used as organs of progression, but as giving direction and balancing the body in sinking suddenly, and occasionally in supporting their young. " The fall-grown male of the largest size is about as follows : — entire length 84 feet ; depth of head 8 or 9 feet ; breadth 5 or 6 feet ; depth of body seldom exceeds 12 or 14 feet, so that the circumference rarely exceeds 36 feet ; the fins about 6 feet long, and 3 feet broad ; the tail or flukes 12 or 14 feet wide." — Beale. Vertebree 49. Cervical 7, the first free, the other six much com- pressed, and anchylosed together ; dorsal 10, having the vertical spinous processes inclined backward, and increasing in length from the first to the last. The ribs 10 . 10 : the first, ninth, and tenth pairs have only one articulating surface to their proper vertebrae ; the second, third, and fourth have two articulating surfaces; and the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth have three. The ribs on the left side larger in dimension than the corresponding ones on the left. Stemimi triangular, composed of three pairs of bones, the upper pair larger, oblong, elongate, the second and third pairs smaller, nar- rower behind (MacLeay, 1. 1. f. 2). Humerus very short and thick, nearly half the length of the scapula ; it expands very much at its carpal end. The radius and the ulna both constricted in the middle, and of much the same form, except that the globular olecranon process of the latter gives a peculiar character to this last by its being very prominent as it turns towards the thumb. The bones of the carpus not articulated together, but imbedded in a mass of cartilage. Carpal bones 6 ; five rounded, irregular, placed in a transverse row, one opposite each finger ; the sixth thin, laminar, transverse. Metacarpal bones much compressed, and scarcely to be distinguished from the phalangeal. 1. CATODON. 209 Pelvis composed of three pieces, a middle and two slender ones, whict are articulated one on each side of the former ("Wall, 1. 1. f. 4), the middle bone being composed of two arched pieces. It is clear from "Wall's description of the skeleton of the Sperm "Whale which lives on the coast of New HoUand that it is quite distinct from the Northern one described by Beale and Cuvier. Mr. "Wall says " there were no vestiges of any alveoles in the skull of a very young Sperm discovered on the beach near Botany (Bay) ; " he suspects " that Mr. Bennett must have mistaken some kind of Dolphin for a young Cachalot." Verj* unlikely, when we consider that Dr. Bennett was a surgeon on board a "whaler. John Hunter states that there is only a single tube or canal from the commencement for both nostrils. In some Dolphins there is said to be a dividing membrane. Species wanting further examination. The Pacific Sperm Whale. Sperm "Whale, Colnet, Voyage, 80. f. 9 ; Beale, N. H. Sperm Whale, 22. f. 1-14. Physeter macrocephalus, Brandt Sf BMzeburg, Med. Zool. 1. 14. f. 3, from Colnet. Spermaceti "Whale, Nunn, Narrat, Favourite, 40, 68 (fig. not good), 175 ; Fauna Japonica P Catodon Colneti, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 52. Inhab. North Pacific. Japan, South Seas {Nvnn). " Equatorial oceans " (Lesson), The South African Sperm Whale. Catodon macrocephalus, A. Smith, African Zool. 127. Inhab. Mozambique Channel and South-east coast of Africa (A. Smith), The Indian Sperm Whale. Catodon macrocephalus, Blyth, Cat. Mm. A. S. 93. Inhab. Ocean ; occasionally hunted at the entrance of the Bay of Bengal, within sight of Ceylon. Whales visit the Straits of Namoa regularly every May. They are mostly cows, and are usually accompanied by their calves, some 30 or 30 feet long. Some of the adults attain the length of 70 feet. At night they make a loud puflng noise resembling the sound pro- duced by the piston of a steam-engine. At daytime they are seen putting their long heads out of the water and opening their immense jaws. Lacepede describes a whale, figured in some Chinese drawings, under the name of Physeter sulcdtus, in Mem. Mus. iv. 474. 210 CiTODONTID^. The South-Sea Sperm Whale. Physeter polycyphus, Quay Sf Gaim. Zool. Tlran. Mamm. t. 12, cop; Seichem. Cetac. 5. t. 5. f. 13. Physeter australis asiaticus, Desmoulins, Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 618 ; Fischer, Syn. 518, from Qaoy. Catodon polyscyphus, Lesson, Mamm. 422. Cachalot, or Sperm Whale, Bennett, Whaling Voyage, ii. 153, flg. Inhab. Molucca. Only described and figured from a drawing by an EngMi sea captain. The humps on the hinder part of the back, from which MM. Quoy and Gaimard name the] Molucca Sperm Whale, do not appear, by the account of Dr. Jackson and Mr. Couch, to be a peculiarity of that animal. Under the name Physeter poh/cyphus, the Humped Blower, Mr. Couch, in his ' Cornish Fauna,' observes : — " A specimen like the figure of the above in Gaimard, ran itself on shore in pursuit of small fish several years since ; another was seen and minutely de- scribed to me by an intelligent fisherman ; but it would appear that the number of humps on the back is variable. It is probably the Balcena monstrosa, Euysch, Theat. Anim. i. t. 41." — Couch, Cornish Fauna, 9. It is curious that the same form should be observed in the Northern and Southern oceans. " The Spermaceti Whale is not uncommon in the latitudes of New Zealand, and often falls a prey to the whale ships which cruise in the open sea ; but it does not approach the shallow coast or inlets, as its habits are different from those of the Black Whale. One driven on shore at Te-awa-iti gave about 2 tuns of oil," — JHeffenhach, New Zealand, i. 42. II. Head depressed, broad, rounded in front. Slower on the back of the forehead. Dorsal Jin compressed, falcate. 2. PHYSETER. "Head rounded, very large, in the adult about one-fourth the entire length of animal, oblong, rather compressed ; eyes small, on the sides behind the blower, convex above ; upper jaw longest ; the blowers on the middle of the top of the head, separate, covered with one flap ; pectoral fin moderate, triangular ? ; dorsal fin high, falcate ; teeth conical, compressed ; the male organ under the front edge of the dorsal, and the vent nearly under its hinder edge," — Sihbald. Physeter, sp., Linn. ; Artedi; lUiger, Prodr. 143, 1811; Crray, Zool. E.SrT.; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 53 ; P. Z. S. 1863 ; 1864, 234. Physeter, Bqfin. Anal. Nc^t, 1816, 60. Tursio, Fleming, Phil. Zool. 211, 1822 (P. microps). Cetus (Ruckennnne), Oken, Lehrb. Nat. 676. ? Orthodon, Safin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815 (no char, nor type). Physeteres, Lac4p. ; F. Cur. D. S. N. lix. 318. We only know this genus by the description and figure of Sibbald. 2. PHYSEIER. 211 According to Sibbald they produce spermaceti. Cuvier, in his 'History and Examination of the Synonyma of the Cachalots or Sperm "Whales ' (Oss. Foss. v. 328-338), regards the description of this animal given by Sibbald as merely a redescription of the Sperm Whale, and finds great fault with Artedi, Bonnaterre, and others for having considered them as separate ; and he regards the second, blunt-toothed specimen as either a Delphinus globiceps or a D. Tursio which had lost its upper teeth ; this error is important, as it vitiates many of his subsequent observations. To have come to these con- clusions he must have overlooked Sibbald's figure and ample details of the first, and the figure of the teeth of the second, or they would have at once shown him his error. That he did so is certain ; for "when he comes to Schreber's reduced copy of Sibbald's figures of Balaena microcephala (p. 337), he says Schreber does not indicate its origin ; but on this copy of Sibbald's figure, which he before regarded as a Sperm Whale, he observes, that " from the form of its lower jaw it most resembles a large dolphin which had lost its upper teeth." Thus, while Cuvier was reducing the numerous species of Sperm Whales that had been made by Bonnaterre, Lacepede, and other compiling French authors, to a single species, he has inadvertently confounded with it the very distinct genus of Black-fish, or Physeter of Artedi, which has a very differently formed head, the top of the head being flattened, with the blowers on the hinder part of its crown, and with a distinct dorsal fin, particulars all well described by Sibbald, a most accurate observer and conscientious recorder, and not badly represented by Bayer. Mr. Bell observes, — " After careful examination of the various ac- counts which have from time to time been given of whales belonging to this family, called Spermaceti Whales, I have found it necessary to adopt an opinion in some measure at variance with those of most previous writers, with regard to the genera and species to which all those accounts and details are to be referred. The conclusion to which I have been ledjis, first, that the High-finned Cachalot is specifically but not generically distinct from the common one, and that therefore the genus Catodon is to be abolished, and the name Physeter retained for both species ; and, secondly, that all the other species which have been distinguished by various naturalists have been founded upon trifling variations or upon vague and insufficient data." — Brit. Quad. 507. Thus, though Mr. BeU differs from Cuvier in regarding them as distinct species, yet he overlooked Sibbald's figures, for he says there is no figure of the High-finned Cachalot in existence, and keeps it in the genus Physeter, which he characterizes as having the " head enormously large, truncated in front," which is quite unlike the depressed rounded head of the High-finned Cachalot ; and he also adopts the mistaken description of the dorsal fin. Eschricht seems to believe that Sibbald described a Killer, or Orea gladiator, under the above name, but I have never heard of an Orca 52 feet long. Some parts of Sibbald's description, and his reference to Johnston's figure, might lead to this error ; but his figures, which exactly agree p 2 212 CATODONTIDJSB. in proportion with his description, though not referred to in the text, at once set this at rest, the drawing being -^ of the natural size, that is to say, 6 feet to an inch ; and he observes that his animal is longer and more slender than WiUughby's figure of the Sperm Whale. Sibbald describes the comparatively small triangular dorsal to be erect like a "mizen mast," which Artedi and Linnseus translate pinna cdtissima, and cause Shaw to call it the High-finned Cachalot. Dr. Meming by mistake calls this species the Spermaceti Whale (Brit. An. 38) ; and he refers to F. macrocephalus (Linn.) as the true Sperm Whale figured by Robertson. Sibbald, in speaking of another specimen, says, " spinam dorso longam," as correctly quoted by Artedi and Linnseus, but used by them in opposition to the altissima of their other species. J. Bayer (Act. Nat. Cur. 1733, 111. 1. 1. 1) gives a rather fanciful but very recognizable figure of a male specimen of this genus, which was thrown ashore at Nice, on the 10th of Nov. 1736, where it is called Mular. He compared it with Clusius's description of the Sperm Whale which was stranded on the coast of Holland, and ob- serves that it has a dorsal fin, very small pectorals, and other cha- racters not noticed by Clusius ; and he says it agrees in all points with the whale noticed by Ray (Syn. Pise. 14), which is extracted from Sibbald as above quoted. F. Cuvier, overlooking the reference to Clusius and Ray, and the characters, speaks thus of Bayer's figure, "EUe est en efiet d'un Cachalot ; mais eUe le rend de la maniere la moinsfidele." — Ctoc.267. Duhamel (Peches, iv. t. 9. f. 2) figured a whale from the " River Crabon " in Guinea, with teeth in the lower jaw, a dorsal on the hinder part of the back, and the blowers in the crown, as in this genus ; but the jaws are equal, and the mouth bent up at the angles to the eyes. He says it is called Grampus by the English. This figure is evidently only a copy of the Baleine franehe (Duhamel, ix. t. 1. f. 2), with teeth in the place of the exserted baleen, and has a dorsal fin added. There is an etching, by Van den Velde, of a " Pot Walwesk op Noortwijek op Zee, 28 Dec. 1614," which I think represents this species. Beale (History of Sperm Whale, 11) observes, "Others of the whale tribe have dorsal fins while they possess the cylindrical jaw (like the Sperm Whale), as the Black-fish, but yet spout from the forehead or top of the head, and do not produce spermaceti. It is doubtful if this is not derived from Sibbald, for it can scarcely refer to the Qlohioeephcdus macrorhynehtis, which, according to Bennett, Nunn, and others, is called the Black-fish by South-Sea whalers. 1. Physeter Tursio. The Black -fish. Black. Teeth 11 to 22 on each side, conical, compressed. Head nearly one-fourth, pectoral fin one-thirteenth the entire length ; the length 50 to 60 feet. 2. PHY8EIEB. 213 Physeter Tursio, ArteM, Syn. ; Linn. S. JV. i. 107 ; Oray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 56; P. Z. S. 1863; 1864, 234. Physeter ?, Schlegel, Dieren, 96. t. 19. Delphiaus Orca, Hschricht. 1. De Balsena macrocephala quae tertiam in dorao pinnam sive spinam habet et dentes in maxilla inferiores arcuatos falciformes.— ; Eeinwardtii, Schhgd, Abh. i. 21. t. 2. f. 3, 4, t. 4. f. 7 (skull and teeth), Steno frontatus, Gray, Zool. Erehaa ^ Terror, 4,3 ; Cat. Cetac. S. M. 1850, 128 ; Ebyth, Cat. Mus. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 91. Inhab. Indian Ocean. Bay of Bengal (Oapt. Lewis, 1846). Eed Sea (Ji Owen, Esq., 184^). Pacific. 234 BEIPHINID^, a. Part of the upper jaw, teeth large, 6. Bones of the ear. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. e, d, e. Three skuUs. Dimensions of skull (No. 1) in the British Museum ; No. 2, of skull of female in Dr. Dickie's Collection : — No. 1. No. 2. in. 11a. in. lin. Length, entire 20 6 22 Length of nose 12 13 5 Length of teeth-line 10 11 Width at notch 3 10 Width at orbit 7 9 7 9 Width of middle of beak 2 2 Length of lower jaw 17 18 Length of symphysis 5 6 6 Var. 1. Lower jaw rather straighter below and rather wider be- hind ; teeth -f^. Var. 2. Nose much compressed on the side and depressed above, rather larger, rather, more than three times as long as wide at the notch ; teeth ^. Var. 3. Tooth-series rather longer, 10" 6'" ; teeth |-i- ; lower jaw like Var. 1. Dr. Dickie's skuU has teeth -f^ ; the two front of lower jaw are small, and separated from the rest. A foetus extracted from the womb of Dr. Dickie's specimen had the tail convex at the end and emarginate. D. Q-eoffroyi, Desm., which is the type of the genus Inia, has been confounded with this species. There are two skulls in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Cal- cutta, one of an animal taken near the Nicobar Islands, lie other from the Eed Sea. — Blyth, Bep. I. c. 11, 4. Steno compressus. The Narrow-beaked Dolphin, Nose of skull much compressed, attenuated at the tip, three-fifths the entire length, three times and a half as long as its width at the notch. Teeth conical, acute, -f^. Head narrow, and rather com- pressed at the orbit. Delphinus compressus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. Steno compressus, Zool. M-ebics &■ Terror, 43. t. 27 (skull) : Cat, Cetac. B. M. 1850, 129. Inhab. ? a. Skull. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' pi. 27. h, c. Two skulls. d. SkuU. South Sea. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. 2. siENO. .235 ink Length, entire 20| Length of nose 13 Length of lower jaw 17 Length of symphysis 6J Width of notch 3^ Width at orhit 6| The skulls of this species are easily known from the former by being much more slender and more attenuated in front, and by the head, though longer, being 2^ inches narrower over the orbit ; lower jaw nearly straight below, united for more than one-third its length. It may be the same as D. rostratus, but the teeth are more numerous ; and Cnvier's figure, which he thought might be Breda's species, certainly much better represents a common Indian species than this. In one of the skulls the nose is rather shorter and more depressed. 5. Steno attenuatus. The Slender-beaJced Dolphin. Nose of skull three-fifths the entire length, once and a half the length of the skull, twice and three-fourths the length of the width of the notch, slender, tapering in front ; intermasiUaries forming a long triangular part of the front of the palate ; vomer elongate, in middle of palate. Teeth fj. Delphinus attenuatus, Gray, Idst Mamm. B. M. 105. Steno attenuatus, Gray, Zool. Ereb. §■ Terror, 43. t. 28 (skuU) ; Cat. Cetae. B. M. 1850, 180; Blyth, Cat. Mm. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, 92; Asiatic Researches, xii. App. xxvii. ? Inhab. Cape Horn. Sea west of Cape of Good Hope and Bay of Bengal (Blyth). Mus. Coll. Surg. Edinb. a. SkuH. Presented by Mrs. Ince. b. Skull. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' pi. 28. c. Skull. 9° N. lat. Presented by A. Pearson, Esq. Measurement of the three skulls in the British Museum : — a. b. c. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. Length, entire 15 9- 16 6 15 6 Length of nose 8 9 10 9 3 Length of lower jaw 13 3 .... 13 Breadth of temples 60 65 61 Breadth of notch 33 33 36 Breadth of middle of beak . . 16 17 18 Breadth of intermaxillaries 1 1 1 Delphinus pseudodelphis, Wiegm. Schreb. t. 358 (skull) ; Eeiohb. Cetac. Anat. t. 18. Teeth A| or ||. " Skull in Mus. Leyden so named has the form of D. Malayanus, but beak shorter, and teeth shorter and thinner, very like those of D. Delphis. Palate not grooved. Symphysis of lower jaw rather long." May be the same 236 • DELPHINID^. as the Stem attenuatus, but the Museum copy of Schreber does not contain the plate referred to. ■ ■ There is a skuU in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta which seems to be that of Steno attenuatus, being probably that mentioned as " a Dolphin found near the Isle of France " (Asiatic Eesearches, xii. App. xxvii.). Lower jaw 14 inches. Teeth |-L. And another lower jaw, "from the high seas," with series of 38 teeth, presented by Mr. C. Harvey (Joum. As. Soc. x. 737). Also two skulls, toothless, wanting the lower jaw, with series of 39 teeth- sockets. Length 15 and 15^ inches. All these would appear to be the aajne.—Bh/th, I. c. A left ramus of the lower jaw with series of 43 teeth, in the same museum, is vertically much deeper at the symphysis, and un- doubtedly appertains to a distinct species. — Blyth. Captain Jethro Fairweather presented to the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta a sktdl of a small but not young 8Uno, which seems to be St. attentmtus. Gray. It was procured not far from the Sand-heads, out of an innumerable herd of them, " as far as the eye could reach in aU directions," and was of a palish lead- colour. Not therefore, however, the Delphinus Malay anus, var . plwm- heus, which is a much larger species common in the bay. Teeth '^.-Blyin. Major E. C. Tyler has also sent to the same museum a skuU taken west of the Cape of Good Hope, which agrees, or very nearly so, with the two heads minus the teeth, and the lower jaw, mentioned before. — Blyth. 6. Steno ? brevimanus. Blackish, rather paler below. Delphinus brevimanus (D. a petit pectoral), Pucheran, Vou. Dummt iUrvUle, t. 21. f. 2, t. 23. f. 7 & 8 (skull). Delphinus ? microbrachium, Oray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 119, from Pucheran. The. skull named Dauphin d petit pectoral in the Paris Museum has the palate flat, rather convex behind. Triangle extended rather in front of the teeth-hne. Teeth |^. Nose narrowed in front, three-fifths the length, and twice and three-fourths the length of the breadth at the notch. Lower jaw slender in front. Nasal rather high and convex. It may be a Stem. Inhab. Banda, Singapore. 7. Steno Tuciud. Dark blackish or fuscous. Nose of the skuU depressed at the base, convex and attenuated at the tip, rather (one-fifteenth) longer than the length of the head, nearly three times as long as the width at the notch. Frontal triangle elong9,te, continued considerably in front of the line of the notch. Teeth ^^, slender, conical. Lower 2, STENO. 237 jaw rather slender and slightly bent up at the tips. Symphysis rather keeled beneath in front. Steno Tucuxi, Qray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1857, xviii. 158. Inhab. The upper parts of the Amazons Eiver, near Santarem (Bates). Called Tucuxi. The males are larger. It does not roll over like the Bouko, but comes to the surface to breathe. Male. Female. in. lin. in. lin. Length of the skuU 13 12 Length of the beak 7 3 6 6 Length of teeth-line 6 5 9 Length of lower jaw 10 3 9 6 Length of symphysis 2 1 3 Width of skuU 6 5 6 Width of beak at notch 2 6 2 3 Width of forehead over notch 4 9 4 6 8. Steno ? finviatilis. Above blackish, a broad band from the eye to the pectoral, and the pectoral fin black. Lower jaw and beneath rosy white, the white bent up so as to form a broad white lobe behind the orbit over the pectoral. Teeth H- or f| on each side. Dorsal fin moderate, falcate. Delphinus fluviatilis, Gervaia 8; DdUle, Bull, de la Soc. Agric. de I'Serautt, 1853, 148; Gervais, in Castelm,. Voy. Mamm. 92. t. 19. f. 2 ; Sist. Mamm. ii. 522. Buffeo negro. Missionaries of Upper Amazons. Bolo preto of the Brazilians, in Casteln. Hist, du Voy. dans FAmh: duSud,Yv.mi,y.S-i. Inhab. Upper part of the Eiver Amazons, near Peru. Probably the same as the former. An imperfect skin with the ends of the beak of the skull in the Paris Museum. The palate of the beak is flat, without any lateral grooves. The teeth are small, acute, and, like those of Delphinus Delphis, without any internal lobe. 9. Steno ? pallidas. Teeth |-i- or |^. Pale yellowish white above, beneath white. Dorsal fin very low. Delphinus paUidus, Gervais, Acad. Sci. Montp. 1855 ; Casteln. Voy. Mamm. 94. 1. 19. f. 1 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. xvii. 521 ; Bates, Tra- vels in Brazil. Buffeo bianco. Missionaries of Tipper Amazons, Casteln. Hist, du Voy. dans VAm6r. du Sud, iv. 460. Inhab. Eiver Amazons. May be the same as S, Tucuid. 238 DELPHINID^. 10. Steno ? coronatns. Black ; forehead with two concentric yellow circles. Beak very long. Teeth ^. Dorsal fin very minute. Ddphimis coronatus, Freminmlle, Nov. Bull. Soc. Phil. ill. 56, 78. 1. 1. f. 2,a, B; Desm. Mamm. 512; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 132. Delphinorliynchiis coronatus, Zessow, Man. 405; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. Inhab. Spitzberjgen ! "Beak slender, the upper jaw longest. Black, with two yellow concentric circles on the convexity of the forehead. The upper jaw with 15 teeth on each side, the lower with 24, all very acute. The dorsal fin half-crescent-shaped, nearer the tail than the head. The caudal crescent-shaped. The pectoral of a moderate size. Length 36 feet. The skuU not kriowni ' " Inhab. Spitzbergen, 18D6, near lat. 74°. Found in numerous troops (FreminviUe). It is singular that no other authors have spoken of it." — Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 278. "h. Beak scarcely separated from the forehead." 11. Steno? rostratus. The Beaked Dolphin. "Forehead gradually shelving to the beak" {Cuv.). The skull ■with the nose as long as the brain-cavity. Teeth |i-||, rather large. Black, lower lip and body beneath rosy white, not separated by distinct lines, lower part of the sides Hack-spotted. DelpHnus rostratus, Cuv. Ann. Mm. xix. 9 ; R. A. i. 289 ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. ; Cetac. 166. t. 10. f. 2; Sehlegel, Dieren van Nederland, 85. t. 11 (not Shaw). Dauphin de Breda, Cuv. Oss. Foss. 278, 296. v. 400. t. 21. f. 7, 8. Delphinus Bredanensis, " Cuv." ; Fischer, Syn. 505, from Cumer, Oss. Foss. Delphinus oxyrhynchus, Jardiiw, Nat. Lib. t. 27, cop. from F. Cuv. Delphinus planiceps, Breda, Verh, Nederl. Hist. 1829, 236. t. 1, 2 ; Sehlegel, Ahhandl. t. 4. f. 8 (teeth). Steno ? rostratus, Chray, Zool. Frebus Sf Terrm; 43 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 131 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 236. Inhab. North Sea. HoUand (Breda). Brest {D' Orbigny). " M. Blainville, who observed a skull of this species in the museum of Mr. J. Sowerby, says it had 22 teeth in each jaw, and the sym- physis two-thirds the entire length " (Desm. Diet. H. iff. ix. 160). If this is not a mistake for one-third, it will at once separate it from the other Stenos, and connect it with Pontoporia, but the figure of the skull in Cuvier and Sehlegel resembles that of the genus Steno. The skulls named D. rostratus in the Paris Museum are very like the Museum specimens of Steno frontatus. The nose is compressed in front. Teeth |} |} . Length, entire, 21^ inches; nose 121; symphysis of lower jaw 5^ ; width at preorbital notch 4 inches. I have not been able to find the skuU of this animal, which was in Mr. Sowerby's Museum in Mead Place, Lambeth. 3. DELPHINUS. 239 12. Steno fuscus. The Cuban Steno. Black above and below (in spirits). Head conical, gradually taper- ing into a rather long nose, without any separating groove, with five black whiskers on each side. Teeth ? Steno fuscus. Gray, Zool. Ereh. Se Terr. t. 26. f. 1 (foetus and tongue) ; Cat. Cetae. B. M. 1850, 131. Inhab. Cuba ( W. S. MaeLeay, Esq.). a. Foetus in spirit ; not in. good state. Presented by W. S. Mae- Leay, Esq. ** Beak of the skull longer than the hrain-ease, more or less depressed. Symphysis of the lower jaw moderate, 3. DELPHINTJS. Head longly beaked. Porehead rounded. Nose produced, bald. Dorsal fin falcate, in the middle of the back. Skull with the hinder wings of maxilla horizontal, sometimes thickened on the edge over the orbit. Nose elongate, light, much longer than the head, tapering, depressed ia front, broader than high, convex, roundish above, and shghtly concave in front of the blowers, nearly parallel on the sides and rounded ia front. Teeth Ag. to l^, small, conical, extending the greater part of the length of the jaw. Delphinus, Gray, Spic. Zool. i. 1828; Cat. Cetae. B. M. 1850, 105; P. Z. 8. 1863 ; 1864, 236; Zool. Ereh. ^ Terr. 36, 1847; Wagler, N. 8. Amph. 35. Delphinus (pais), Linn. ; IlUger, 143, 1811, Most maritime persons call these animals Bottle-noses, Bottle- heads, Flounder-heads, sometimes adding "Whale to the name. They generally confine the name of Dolphin (most used by landsmen) to the Seomberoid fish (Coryphoena), which changes colour in dying. In the British Museum there is a foetus, apparently belonging to the Delphinus Delphis, figured in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 26, with its tongue in detail ; it formed part of the collec- tion of Sir Hans Sloane. It differs from the foetus of Lagenorhynchus acutus in the nose being more produced (nearly one-third the length of the distance from the end of the nose to the eye) ; it has seven black rigid bristles on each side ; the two front, rather the largest, are. on the side of the upper part of the nose, the five hinder forming a descending Une nearly parallel to the groove which separates the beak. The tongue is convex on the sides, with a rather narrow flat space on the hinder part, separated from the under sides by a sharp entire edge ; the front is rather dilated, sharp-edged, and obscurely crenated. a. Shtdl round. Triangle not reaching to the teeth-line. Palate convex, ivith a very concave Une on the hinder part of each side. Beak twice as long as the head. Teeth ^. No. 1. b. Skidl roundish. Triangle just to the teeth-UnS. Palate ivith a deep groove on each side and a high central ridge behind. 240 DELPHINIDiE. • Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-eavity. Teeth H-f f . No. 2. ** Beak moderate, once and a half the length of the brain-cavity. Teeth If or If. No. 3. c. Skulljlattened behind. Triangle to the teeth-line. Palate flat, not grooved on the side. No. 4 a. SkiiU rornid. Triangle not reaching to the teeth-line. Palate convex, tcith a very concave line on the hinder part of each side. Beak twice as long as head. Teeth fg-. 1. Delphinus microps. The Small-headed Dolphin. Skull small, subglobular. Palate convex. Nose very long, slender, twice as long as the length of the brain-eavity, nearly four times as long as broad at the notch ; intermaxiUaries convex above, with a broad cavity between them in front, rather contracted in front of the blowers. Teeth ^. MaxUlaiies very spongy. The triangle in front of the blowers short, not nearly reaching to the line of the hinder tooth. Palate with a prominent ridge extending along its hinder two-thirds. Delphinus microps, Gray, Zool. JErehus 8^ Ten-or, 42. t. 25 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 126. Inhab. Coast of Brazils (Dr. DicMe). Near mouth of Eio de la Plata, Mus. Buenos Ayres (Burmeister). a. SkuU ? From the Haslar Hospital. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' tab. 25. p. 42. b. Skull, larger; the skull behind the frontal longer, slightly com- pressed. Teeth |^ on each side. Length, entire, 18 inches ; tooth-line 10|, beak 12, lower jaw 15| ; width at orbit 6|, at notch 3, middle of beak 1|. This skull chiefly differs from the type skuU of D. microps in the back of the skull being much less convex, and in its being of a rather larger size ; can this depend on the sex of the specimen ? Dimensions of five skulls, in inches: the 1st is in the Norwich Museum ; the 2nd, in the British Museum ; the 3rd, in the MuSeum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons ; the 4th, in Dr. Dickie's collection ; the 5th, in the Edinburgh College, n. 164. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. in. in. in. in. in. length, entire 17^ 15| 15 18 16^ Length of nose 9| 11 10| Length of teeth-line 8 8| Length of lower jaw 14| 13 12| Width at notch 2^ 2^ 4 3 Width at orbits 5| 6 Width of middle of beak 2| 2^ 1| 2| Width of intermaxiUaries .... 8 9 . . 2 Var. 1. SkuU in Mus. Coll. Surg. Edin. n. 164. Barclay Collec- tion. Head smaller, and the nose rather shorter, only once and three- 3, DELPHINUS. 241 fourths the length of the brain-cavity, but quite as long as compared with the width of the notch. Length, entire, 16|- inches, of beak 10|- inches ; width at notch 3 inches ; triangle to the teeth-line rugose. Nose-groove open in front. Teeth -j^, small, curved. This skull resembles Sohlegel's figure of the skuU of D. longirostris in general form, but the beak is rather more slender, and the orbits more obliquely truncated in front. h. Skull rotmdish. Triangle jyM to the teeth-Kne. Palate with a de^ groove on each aide and a high central ridge behind, * Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-cav&g. Teeth ||— f f. 2. Delphinus longirostris. The Cape Dolphin. Black. Dorsal fin large, high. Teeth ^-f— f-g-. Nose three-fifths the entire length. SkuU nearly thrice and a half the length of its breadth at the notch. Delphis, GVoy, P. Z. S. 1864, 237. Delphiniis longrostris, 6rag, Spic. Zool. I ; Brookes, Cat. Mm. 39, 1828; Ouv. S.A. i. 288, fmmDussumier, MSS.; Schlegd, Ahhandl. t. 1, 2, & 4. f. 1, from skull of Brookes ; Faun. Japan, t. 24 ; Chray, Lid Mamm. B. M. 105 ; Zool. Ereb. ^ Terr. 42 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 25 ; Puclieran, Bev. Sf Mag. Zool. 1856, 315. Delphinus Capensis, Gray, Spic. Zool. ii. t. 2. f. 1 ; not Cuv. nor Bapp. Inhab. Southern Ocean. Cape of Good Hope (Qray). Japan and Ceylon (Schlegel), Malabar {Dmsumier), a. Stufied specimen. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Trustees of the Royal College of Surgeons. The specimen figured and described in ' Spic. Zool.' and 'Zool. Erebus and Terror.' in. Length, entire 81 Length of beak 7 Length to angle of mouth 13 Length to blowers 7| Length to dorsal fin 38 Length to pectoral fin '. . 21 Length of dorsal 12 Length of pectoral 13 Breadth of pectoral 5 Breadth of tail 26 Circumference 42 The figure in the 'Fauna Japoniea' is from a drawing by a Japanese artist, made under Mr. Burger's direction. The skull named D, longirostris in the Paris Museum (n. 4), from Malabar, brought by M. Dussumier, 1827, has the palate with a deep groove on each side of a central ridge in the hinder half, slightly keeled behind near the blower; beak long,. tapering; nasal convex, rounded. Teeth |^, small, slightly curved ; triangle exactly to the teeth-Une. R 242 DBLPHINIDiE. in. lin. Skull: Length 2 Length of beak 13 9 Width at notch 3 2 Width of middle of beak 1 7 * * Beak moderate, once and a half the length of tlie Jyram-cavity. Teeth fl-H. 3. Delphinus DelpMs. The Dolphin. Black, sides grey, beneath white ; the dorsal moderate. Teeth -if (l^l, SchlegeT). Nose of skull half as long again as the length of the brain-cavity. Delphinus vulgaris, Lae^. C4t. 250. t. 14 (skull). Delphinus antiquorum, May, Willughh. Pise. t. A 1. f. 1. Delphinus Delphis, Unn. S. N. i. 108 ; Hunter, Phil. Trans. VIST, 373, 618; Bmnat. Cet. 20. t. 10. f. 2; Schreh. Sdugeth. t. 343; Deswj. Mamm. 514 ; F. Cuv. CM. 123 ; Mam. Lith. t. ; Jardine's Whales, t. 23, cop. BelFs Brit, Quad. 463. &g. ; Schkgel, Abhandl. i. 20. t. 4. f. 2 (teeth) ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 275, 303. t. 21. f. 9, 10; Ch-ay, Zool. Breb. 8f Terror, 40. t. 26 (tongue and foetus) ; Cat. Cetae. B. M. 1850, 120; P. Z. S. 1864, 237 ; Schkgel, Dieren, 82. t. 10; Ttirton, B. Fauna, 17 ; Jenyns, Man. 40 ; Fleming, B. A. 35 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 463. fig. ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 591 ; Malmgren, Arch. Naturg 1864, 88. Delphinus, Pliny, S. N. ix. c. 7, 8 ; BeUon, Aqiwt. 7. fig. ; Bondel. Pise. 459. fig. ; Aldrov. Pise. 704. flg. ; WiUughb. Pise. 28. t. A 1. f. 1 ; mein, Misc. Pise. ii. 24. t. 3. f. a. Dolphin, Shaw, Zool. ii. 507. t. 229 ; Borlase, Cornwall, 264. t. 27. f. 1. Dauphin ordinaire, Cuv. B. A. i. 278. Anat. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 21. f. 9, 10; Lac6p. t. 14; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. Tab.lSSi, t. 9. f. 2, 3, 4 (skull) ; S^v, Cephahg. t. 8. f. 8 (skull) ; Rapp, Cetac. t. 1 (skeleton). Inhab. North Sea. Atlantic Ocean. Mediterranean. a, b, c. Stuffed specimens. English coast. Presented by Messrs. J. and C. Grove. ?a. Skull, large. 6. Skull, smaller. Australia. Presented by A. Cunningham, Esq. c. Skull. St. Helena. Presented by A. Pearson, Esq. d. Skull. Presented by J. J. Bennett, Esq., F.K.S. e-p. Twelve skulls. q. Skeleton. English coast. The most prominent difference between the specimens is in the width of the upper jaw in front of the notch, just over the com- mencement of the teeth-series ; but there does not occur any other character in connexion with it. There is also a slight difference in the form of the palate : in a, the central ridge is narrow and rounded above behind ; in & it is broad, flat, sharp-edged, and very deeply concave on the sides, under the edges, but the different specimens vary in this particular. In d and g, the hinder part of the palate. 3. DELPHINUS. 243 near the entrance of the inner nostrils, is sharply keeled ; and in a the two ridges are rounded. I am by no means certain that, with a larger series of skulls in a perfect condition, and with the animals they belonged to, it might not result that there are more than one species amongst these skulls. In aU these skulls the intermaxillaries are seen below, forming a slender, elongated, triangular space in the front of the palate, and in some the vomer is also more or less seen in the middle of the palate ; but the absence or presence of this bone in the palate is of very little consequence, as a character, in this kind. Measurements of different skidls in the British Museum, particular localities are unknown. The DelphinuB Belphis. Length, entire. Lengtli of nose. Breadtli at notch. Breadth at the commencement of teeth. Length of noae as compared to width at notch. ITumber of teeth. a in. liu. 19 18 18 3 17 17 17 "o 17 18 17 6 16 6 17 6 18 in. Un. 12 11 4 11 3 10 10 6 ii'"'b 10 6 11 6 10 6 10 3 11 6 11 in. lin. 3 10 3 10 3 8 3 4 3 6 3"'5 3 9 3 8 3 6 3 6 3 7 3 li in. lin. 2 9 2 9 2 3 2 2 2""2 2 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 in. 1* 3" 3 f 3 45 43 45 46 46 45 46 50 48 46 48 43 h c d e / 1:::::::::::. k I Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 303) described the cervical vertebrae as fused into a single piece, yet in Anat. Comp. i. 105 he states that in the Dolphins the atlas and axis only are united, the other cervical ver- tebrae remaining separate, though extremely thin. Lesson (Get. p. 226) describes the first six as quite thin in the D. Delphis, and the last as somewhat thick. Dr. Jackson, who points out these discrepancies, described the dolphin he examined as having the first and second cervicals scarcely moveable upon each other, and the other five smaller and rather more moveable. — Bost. Journ. N. S.y. 155. The vertebras are thus enumerated : — 1. Cuvier, Anat. Comp. i. 103 14 dorsal, 52 posterior. 2. (Mvier, Oss. Foss. v. 303 13 „ 47 „ 3. Lesson, m. 226 13 „ 52 „ 4. Jardine, Cetacea ; 12 „ 52 „ 6. ? Jackson, Bost. Journ. N. H. v. 154 .... 14 „ 55 „ Dr. Jackson gives the following description of an American speci- men: — " Dusky black on the back, white on the belly, and lead-eoloirred on the sides ; a dusky line from 1 to 2 inches in width commenced a little above the eye and passing along the sides was lost in the r2 244 DELPHIMDJiE. lead-colour within 18 or 20 inches of the tail, and another much lesa distinct ran parallel to this. Length 7^ feet. Forehead convex, divided from the snout by a furrow. Foetus 38 inches ; back dark bluish grey ; belly nearly salmon colour ; no longitudinal stripes as in the mother, but some very indistinct broad transverse stripes were seen towards the back. Teeth had not yet appeared. Cervical ver- tebrae 7, dorsal 14, posterior to these 55 ; the first and second cer- vicals large and scarcely moveable upon each other, the other five were much smaller and rather more moveable." Dolphin, Jackson, JBost. Journ. N. H. v. 153, 1845. Inhab. Atlantic Ocean, North America. "Whales, differing in no appreciable respect from the common dolphin of the British coast, came round us in the high seas of every region of the globe during the voyage. It is widely open to question whether the dolphins of so many distinct climates are not also dis- tinct species, but as long as we are to be guided by general resem- blance and are deficient in opportunities of comparing individuals, we must be content to regard them as identical. The contents of the stomach were fish, cuttle-fish, or shrimpss The food contained in the first compartment of the stomach had seldom undergone any change, in the second its digestion had advanced, while in the third and fourth cavities it was reduced to a well-assimilated pulp." — Bennett, WTuding Voyage, 238. Professor Eapp (Cetac. t. 4) has described and figured the skeleton. The scapula with a broad dila.ted coracoid process, and a broad dilatation on the front edge of the condyle. Fingers 5, short ; the fourth longest; the third rather short, the fifth shorter; the first very short, shorter than the second. The spinal processes of the dorsal vertebrae with a distinct subbasal anterior process ; the caudal vertebrae with a similar process on the hinder part of the spinal pro- cess ; but the greater part of the lumbar vertebrae are without them ; the lateral process of the lumbar vertebrae slender. The skeleton is also described by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 303), and some bones figured (t. 24) ; and by Professor Owen (Cat. Osteol. Series Mas. Coil. Surg. p. 451. n. 2489). Dr. Jackson gives an account of a dissection of a foetal dolphin taken at Lynn, United St-ates ; it was 38 inches long, and the mother 7i feet. Sometimes seen in the fishmongers' shops in London, having been brought to Billingsgate for sale ; but their particular habitat is not to be procured, or if one is obtained it is not to be depended on with any confidence, as the animal has generally passed through more than one dealer's hands. There are three specimens in the British Museum, procured at Billingsgate, presented by Messrs. J. & C. Grove. Mr. Couch says, " They come on the Cornish coast in considerable numbers, more especially when the pilchards and mackerel abound ; and not unfrequently are taken in the drift-nets, in the meshes of which they become entangled by tiie teeth. In the month of Sep- tember 1845, eight or ten in a day were brought on shore in Mount's Bay for many days in succession." — Cornish Wliales, p. 39. 3. DELPHINUS. 245 According to 0. Fabricius, it is not uncommon as far north as Greenland. M. Gervais states that the species is stationary on the coast of the Mediterranean. — Oomptes Rervdw, 28 Nov. 1864, 876 ; Ann. 6^ Mag. N. H. 1865, 76. Consult also Del/phinus Delphk, A. Smith, African Zoology, 125, from the west coast of Africa. 4. Selphinus marginatns. Above black, paler on the head and sides to the middle of the genital region ; throat, chest, and abdomen white ; edge of the jaws blackish, end black, with a dark band just below the edge of the white on the side, which is rather wider near the vent, with two streaks from the eye to the base of the pectoral, and a streak on the under side bent down behind the base of the pectoral. Beak slender. Teeth ^^-^, larger than those of D. Ddphis. Delphinus marginatus, Duvemoy, in Pucheran, Sev. Sr Mag. de Zool. 1856, 346. t. 25 ; Besmareef, Eney. cCHist. Nat. Mamm. v. 284. t. 29. f. 1 ; Arch. Naturg. 1857, 26. Inhab. Dieppe ; two specimens in Mus. Paris. See also a. Delphinus Algeriensis, ZocAe,ii^. Sf Mag. Zool. 1860, t. 22. f. 1 ; Arch. Naturg. 1861, 113. Beak thick. Sides with a narrow streak from the eyes to the tail, curved down over the end of the pectoral. Teeth %^- Inhab. Mediterranean j coast of Algiers. 6. Delphinus Mediterraneus, Loehe, Men. 8f Mag. Zool. 1860, 475. t. 22. f. 2 ; Arch. Naturg. 1861, 113. Beak slender. Sides with a streak from the eyes nearly to the tail, which is curved down nearly over the base of the pectoral fin. Inhab. Mediterranean. 5. Selphinus Janira. The Janira, Skull roundish ; nose depressed, half as long again as the head 5 triangle rather in front of the tooth-line ; intermaxillaries very con- vex behind, vdth a wide groove between, above in front; palate with very wide,- deep grooves on each side, extending two-thirds of the length, centre ridge flattened in the middle, the intermaxillaries forming a long triangle in front. Teeth ||^. Delphinapterus Peronii, Mzis. Bristol Institvti(m. Delphinus Janira, Gray, Zool. E. ^ T. 41. t. 23 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 123. Inhab. Newfoundland. Skull. Presented to the Bristol Institu- tion by G. Thorne, Esq. 246 DELPHISriD^. in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 17 10 Length of head 6 1 Length of nose 11 9 Length of lower jaw 12 6 Width at orbit 7 8 Width at notch 4 3 Width at middle of beak 2 5 This skuU differs from that of D. Delphis of the Atlantic in the beak being much shorter and narrower, 6. Delphinus Novsb Zealandise, The New Zealand Dolphin. Teeth |-|-. Body elongated, rounded in front. Nose cyliudrical, rather flattened above. Black-brown, edge of the upper jaw and beneath duU white, a yeUow band from the eye along the side to below the dorsal ; tail slate-colour ; pectoral and dorsal dull white, the latter dark-edged. SkuU — — ? Delphinus Novse Zealandise, Quoi/ et Gaim. Voy. Adrol. 49. t. 28 ; Gray, Zool. E. ^ T. 41; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 123. Inhab. Kew Zealand, near Cape Gable, and Bay of Talago, a. Skull, from Antarctic Expedition, Length 14 inches, of nose 8 inches, lower jaw 12 inches, width in middle of beak 1 inch 9 lines. Is very like figure of skuU of D. Janira. b. Skeleton. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. Form elongate, rounded in front, with a cylindrical beak, flattened above and pointed. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper. The forehead is gradually rounded, and forms on the middle of the beak a well-marked prominent ridge. The sides are well rounded. The lobes of the tail are flattened, with a compressed keel between their base and the dorsal fin. The dorsal large, triangular, rounded at the tip ; the caudal is small, nicked, and cordate in the middle ; the pee* toral moderate, falciform. Above black-brown, like polished leather ; the beUy, and the edge of the upper jaw and the whole of the lower dull white. A broad yellow band commences at the eye, narrows on the sides, and ends below the dorsal. The tail slate-colour. The pectorals are lead-white, like the middle of the dorsal, with black edges. A black line from the upper part of the head, enlarging, and enclosing the eye, which is bordered above and below with a white line. The eye large, black. The lower jaw -with small rings of pores, and the body with smaU plates of regularly twisted white striEB. Teeth small and pointed, *^™=180. Length 5 feet 10 inches, circuniferenoe 2 feet 11 inches, length from muzzle to blower 1 foot 1 inch, to eye 1 foot, to dorsal 2 feet 8 J inches, to base of pectoral 1 foot 5 inches, of hips 10^ inches, from middle of dorsal to tail 2 feet 5 inches, from vent to caudal 1 foot 1 inch, length of pectoral 9 inches. 3. BELPHINUS. 247 The following is probably the same : — Dauphin k bande fauve, Voy. Pole Sud, t. 21. f. 1, t. 23v f. 1, 2 (not described). Skull (in the figure) rather suddenly contracted behind; nose seven- elevenths of the entire length of the skull, and twice and three-fourths the breadth at the notch ; intermaxillaries convex. Teeth Al. SkuU so named in Mus. Paris has a deep groove on each side the palate, and the triangle to the teeth-line. Inhab. Van Diemen's Land. 7. Delphinns albimanus. Snout, head, back, tail, and dorsal fin blue-black ; belly and pec- toral fin white ; sides pale tawny ; eyes small, brown, and surrounded with a black ring, which joins the black of the snout ; body between the dorsal fin and tail very much compressed. Teeth |f^. Delphinus albimanus, Peale, Zool. Expl. Exped. Mamm. 83 (ed. 1, 1848) ; Cassm, U. S. Expl. Exped. Mamm. 29. t. 6. f. 1. Inhab. Coast of Chili. " Total length 6 feet 6 inches, snout 5| inches ; dorsal fin, mea- sured along the front edge, 9| inches ; tail 6 inches long, 4 inches wide ; from the end of the snout to the eye 12 inches ; body 6 inches ; above the tail, when most compressed, IJ inch wide ; circumference in front of dorsal fin 40| inches. Weight estimated to be 150 pounds. " The specimen was a female. Its uterus contained a single foetus, which was a male, of a reddish flesh-colour, and about 9 inches long. The stomach contained fragments of cephalopod moUusca only. It was harpooned from the bows of the U. S. ship ' Peacock,' on the coast of ChUi, latitude 27° 16' S., and longitude 75° 30' "W., on the 12th of June." " This species was captured by the Expedition on the coast of ChUi. Its locality therefore is widely difiierent from that of the species of which we have cited the name provisionally and inquiringly as a synonym, and which, as its name implies, is from the coast of New Zealand. We are, however, inclined to suspect that they are identical, on grounds which will be apparent on comparison of our plate with that in the Zoological Atlas of the ' Voyage of the Astrolabe,' Mam- miferes, pi. 28. figs. 1 & 2, or in Schreber's Saugethiere, pi. 357. The small circular openings on the throat of J). Novce Zetandice, repre- sented in the plate of the 'Voy. Astrolabe,' just cited, and par- ticularly in fig. 2, and called " pores," by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard, we regard as very probably the work of a parasitic animal infesting it. The fact that these orifices are placed with entire irregularity is, in our opinion, fatal to the supposition that they are a character of the animal. Their absence in the present species is probably a con- sideration of no moment in the question of identity. The dentition of the two species is stated by their desoribers as exactly the same." 248 DBLPHINID^. 8. Delphinus Forsteri. Forster's Dolphin. Greeiusli brown or rust-coloured, beneath white ; a small white spot on the disk of the dorsal and pectoral fin. Teeth A4=176, acute, erect, conical, incurved. SkuU ? Delphinus Delphis, Forder, Descript. Anim: 280 ; Icon. ined. Brit. Mm. t. 31. Delphinus Forsteri, Gray, Zool. Freb. ^ Terror, 42. t. 24 (from Forster) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 124. Inhab. Pacific Ocean, between New Caledonia and Norfolk Island (^Forster, 1774). " Body straight, round, thickest behind ; the pectoral fin tapering at both ends ; head rounded, shelving in front, beaked ; beak straight, pointed, cylindrical, depressed, attenuated and blunt at the tip ; upper jaw shorter, both blunt, toothed ; eyes small, lateral, oblong, nearly in the middle of the side, near the gape of the mouth ; a small hole (the ears) above and behind the eyes ; blower single, between the eyes in crown, lunate ; a linear abdominal sHt a little behind and beneath the dorsal fin, the front part the vulva, the hinder the vent ; teats 2, one on each side the vulva, with a nipple the size of a pea ; tail compressed on the sides, keeled above and below, and attenuated towards the tip ; pectoral fin lanceolate, scarcely as long as the beak ; dorsal fin in the middle of the back, nearly three-sided, falcate behind, as long as the beak ; tail horizontal, two-lobed, each lobe oblong, lateral, subfalcate. " Gregarious, swimming very rapidly around the ships and boats. " Length 6 feet from nose to tail." — Forster. This species resembles, in the distribution of its colouring, the Dauphin d, hande fauve (Voy. Pole Sud), but the band on the side is whitish, not fulvous. 9. Delphinus Sao. The Sao. SkuU : beak elongate, shelving on the sides, with central cartilage near half its length in front ; triangle to the teeth-line ; teeth ^\ l\ , small, cylindrical, hooked ; palate flat in front, with a broad groove extending nearly half its length behind ; intermaxiUaries and palatine distinct, former broad in front ; lower jaw slender, shelving, and flat-sided in front. Length 17 inches, teeth-hne 8| inches, beak 10^ inches, width at notch 3^. Delphinus Sao, Oray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1860, 125. Inhab. Madagascar (Dusswnier, 1838). Skull, Mus. Paris. 10. Delphinus Frithii. Delphinus Frithii, Blytk, Rep. Asiatic Sac. Calcutta, 12; Joum. A. 8. B. xxviii. 192 ; Cat. Mui. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 91. Inhab. " Procured, during a voyage from England to India" (iJ. W. 0. Frith, Esq., Jowm. Asiatic Soc. xvi. 386). Skull in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, presented by Mr. Frith, and probably an undescribed species, with a general 3. DELPHINTJS. 249 Resemblance to that of DeVphinus Delphis. The intermaxillaries, united as far as the middle of the rostrum, are vaulted, so that the section of their united middle portion forms a complete semicircle, arising abruptly from the maxillaries, and being there only as broad as the exposed portion of each maxillary: probably a distinctive specific character. Teeth g- ' ^ . 11. Delphinxis pemiger. Delphinus pemiger, Elliot, Jmtm. Asiatic Soe. xvii. 250, xxviii. 491 ; Blyth, Hep. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, 11; Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 91. Teeth large. Inhab. Bay of Sengal. A stuffed specimen of this small Cetal is in the Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Presented by the Hon. Walter Elliot of the Madras Civil Service, 1848. " This species is distinct from any of those described by Dr. Gray, and having the teeth proportionally large." — Blyth, c. SktM flattened behind. Triangle to the teeth-line. Palate flat, not grooved on the side. Olymene. 12. Delphinus Clymene. Skidl rather depressed, the hinder part slightly convex ; nose rather depressed, shelving on the sides ; inter maxillarieB convex, vrith an elongated groove between them in front, three-fifths the entire length, twice and a half the length of the width at the notch ; the triangular impression in front of the blower rather elongate, produced a little beyond the line of the hinder tooth, rugose in front, with oblique grooves on each side. Teeth -1^, small, slightly incurved, acute, six in an inch. Clymene, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 237. Delphinus Clymene, Gray, Cat. Osteol. S^ec. B. M. 36 : Cat. Cetac. S. M. 1850, 115. Delphinus Metis (No. 2), Gray, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror, 39 (not No. 1, nor figure). Inhab. ? in. lia. Skidl : Length, entire 15 7 Length of head 6 3 Length of nose 9 4 Length of teeth-hne 7 4 Width of temple 6 10 Width at nostril 3 7 Width at middle of beak 2 2 Width of intermaxillaries .... 1 This species is like the D. Doris in size, but the skull behind the frontal ridge is much flatter and gradually shelving to the foramen magnum, and the beak is more depressed. 250 BBIPHINID*. Var. In the Museum of the Bristol Institution there is an imper- fect skull, apparently of this species, which differs in the nose being about three-quarters of an inch shorter, and rather narrower. It has 36 teeth in the upper jaw. in. lin. SkuU : Length of nose 8 7 Width at notch 3 8 Width at middle of nose 2 A lower jaw is fitted to it, which has no teeth and a short gonyx, but it is doubtful if it belongs to the same animal ; its length is 12| inches, symphysis \\ inch. A second skull in the same collection is very similar, and has If teeth. in. lin. SkuU : Length, entire 15 Length of nose 9 Width at notch 3 4 Width at middle of nose 1 10 This skidl only differs from the former in the lower jaw being slenderer and united by a longer symphysis in front. Lower jaw 12| inches long ; symphysis 2 inches. These are probably indications of two other species. The hinder part of the skull of the latter is also rather more convex than the same part in B. PJierusa. In the description of this species in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' D. Metis is mentioned in three places instead of D. Doris. 13. Delphinus Styx. The Styx. Skull roundish, flattened behind ; nose depressed, convex in the middle, shelving on each side, longer than the head, five-ninths the entire length, nearly twice and a half as long as the width at the notch ; the triangular impression just to the line of the hindermost teeth. Teeth -H, slender, subcyHndrical, acute, about five in an inch ; palate nearly flat ; lower jaw rather produced and rounded in front. Delphinus Styx, Oray, Zool. E. Sc T. 40. t. 21 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1860, 117. Inhab. W. Africa {Gapt. W. T. W. Owen, B.N.). Skull in Mus. United Service Institution: — . ,. m. Im. Length, entire 18 Length of nose 10 3 Length of lower jaw 14 9 Width at the notch 4 6 Width at the orbit 8 6 Teeth a| This species is very like D. Euphrosyne, but is somewhat smaller and the beak rather shorter : it may prove to be only a variety. 3. DELPHINUS. ,251 14. Delphiaus Tethyos. Delphinus Tethyoa, Oervais, BvU. Soc. HerauU, 1853, 140. t. 1. f. 14 (skull) ; BuU. Soc. I^ilom. Extr. Proc. Verb. 1853, 23 ; L' Institute, 1853, xxi. no. 1001. 85; BuU. Sci. Nat. 1853, xx. 289. Orca Tethyos, Gerard, Cat. Osteol. Mamm. B. M. 155. Inhab. Mediterranean; Department of Herault {Oervais). Two specimens of Delphinus Tethyos have been taken, one at the mouth of the Orb Herault in 1852, and the other in the vicinity of Port Vendres, Pyrenees Orientales, of which the skull is in the col- lection of Dr. Pinchenat (Gervais, Comptes Kendus, 28th Nov. 1864, 876 ; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1865, 76). The groove on the side of the palate does not exist in B. Tethyos, 15. Delphinus Euphrosyne. The Ewphrosyne. Skull round, flattened behind ; nose broad and tapering in front, depressed, flat at the base, shelving on the sides and rounded in the middle above, about half as long again as the head, or three-fifths the entire length, and twice and a half the length of the width at the notch. Teeth ^, slender, elongate, sUghtly curved, acute. The intermaxUlaries are convex and rounded above, with a wide groove between them for half their length in front. DelpMnus Euphrosyne, Gray, Cat. Ost. Spec. .B. M. 147 ; Zool. Ereh. * Terrm-, 40. t. 22 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1860, 117 ; Nilssmt, Skand. Fauna, i. 595. Delphinus Styx (pars), Gray, Cat. Osteol. S^ec. B. M. 38. Delphinus HolbbUii, iischricht,Naturf.mdtiKopmh. 1847, fide iWfeoK. Delphinus Delphis, Cat. Mm. Coll. Surg. 161. n. 1117. Inhab. North Sea. Coast of England. South Atlantic. Near mouth of Eio de la Plata, Mus. Buenos Ayres (Burmeister). Skull, Mus. Norwich : — ■ Jq_ jJjj^ Length, entire 18 6 Length of head 7 4 Length of nose 11 3 Length of lower jaw 16 Length of temple 9 6 Width at notch 4 6 Width at middle of beak 2 4 Width at temples 8 3 a. Skull, imperfect behind. Specimen figured in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror,' t. ined. This'skuU only difiiers from the one at Norwich in being rather smaller in aU its dimensions. ^ -^^ Length, entire 17 6 Length of nose 10 3 Length of lower jaw 14 3 Width at notch 4 3 Width at orbit 7 6 Teeth If-ff 252 DELPHINID^. This and the former species are very like D. Clymene, but are broader and more depressed ; the intermaxillaries are more convex, especially behind, and form a regular defined front edge to the triangle, which is rough in front, and marked with oblique cross grooves, while in B. Clymene the triangle is furnished with an acute, raised margin on each side in front. A skull in Mus. Coll. Surgeons (Del^pMnus Belphis, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. 161. n. 1117), with Qie palate convex, not grooved on the side ; intermaxillary and vomer forming part of the palate ; teeth f^ ; obtained from the Leverian Museum in 1806, may be another variety. in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 16 Length of nose 10 Length of lower jaw 13 3 Width at notch 3 6 Professor Nilsson thinks that D. Doris (Gray), D. pseudodelphis (Schlegel, Abhandl. i. 22), and D. duhius (Cuvier, Mus. Paris), all probably belong to this species. — SJcand. Fauna, i. 598. There is a skull from the Bay of Bengal in the Museum at Cal- cutta, which Mr. Blyth has named Del/phinvs Eurynome, Gray (Blyth, Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 90). Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Professor Burmeister informs me that he has a skull of this species, in the Museum of Buenos Ayres, taken at the mouth of the Kio de la Plata. I think it very probable that when the skulls from India, the North Sea, and La Plata are compared, they may prove to be distinct ; or there may be some confusion in the habitats. 16. Delphinus Alope. The Alope. Skull moderate ; beak elongate, depressed, once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity, rather more than three times the width at the notch ; intermaxUlaries convex, rounded, with a very narrow cavity between them ; maxiUaries spongy, shelving ; triangle elongate, reaching just beyond the tooth-line, rugose. Teeth very slender, ^ ; palate rather convex ; lower jaw slender ; gonyx keeled, short. Delphinus Alope, Gray, Zool. Erehus 8f Terror, t. ined. : Cat. Cetae. B. M. 1850, 118. Hab. ? a. SkuU ? Mr. Warwick's Collection. Skull: length, entire, 16| inches; of nose, 10| inches; skuU, 6 inches ; width at orbit, 6 inches ; at notch, 3J inches ; at middle of beak, 2 inches. 17. Delphinus fulvifasciatus. Blackish ; side of back fulvous ; throat and beneath white ; beak, orbit, streak from angle of mouth to pectoral fin, and pectoral fin 3. DELPHINTJS. 253 blackish. Beak of skull more than half as long again as the brain- cavity. Teeth ^. Delphinus fulvifasciatus, jPueheran, Voy. Dumont d' UrviUe, Mamin. t. 21. f. 1, t. 23. f. 1, 2 (skull). Inhab. Van Diemen's Land. 18. Delphinus dnhins. Beak of skull depressed, like D. Ddphis, but rather shorter ; the teeth small and sharp, ^, thin, pointed. Delphinus dubius, Cuv. R. A. i. 288; F. Cut: Mamm. lAfh. t. ; Caac. 154 ; Ann. Mm. xix. 14 ; Qray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 119. I found three skulls under this name in the Paris Museum. 1. "D. dubius, Cm. n. 10." (Mus. Paris.) SkuU : length (in inches and lines) 15-3, of beak 10-0, width at notch 2-9, at middle of beak 1-7 ; teeth ff or ff ; palate flat, rather convex ; lower jaw flat, obliquely in front and keeled in front beneath. 2. "D. dubius, Cuv. n.2." (Mus. Paris.) Skull : length 16-6, of beak 10-0, of teeth-line 8-6, width at notch 3-8, at middle of beak 1-7| ; teeth fj or ^^ , small, hooked ; palate flat, rather convex ; beak tapering in front, reflexed before the notch ; intermaxUlaries rather convex; triangle extending rather in front of the teeth-line, rugose in front. 3. «D. dubius. Cm. n. 7." (Mus. Paris.) Skull, from the Cape de Verd : length 16-0, of beak 9-4, of teeth- line 7-6, width at notch 3-7|, at middle of beak 1-4 ; teeth ||-|f ; triangle scarcely extended in front of the teeth-line ; palate flat ; lower jaw oblique, compressed and flat on the sides, rather turned iip at the tip ; intermaxillaries convex behind ; nose tapering in front. This last is perhaps B. frontalis (Dussum. Cuv. R. A. i. 288 ; Pueheran, Eev. & Mag. Zool. 1856, 449). " Black, belly white, with a lead-coloured band from angle of mouth to pectoral. " Inhab. Cape Verd." M. Pueheran observes, from the examination of the bones, that he believes that D. frontalis differs more from D. duMus than from B. frcenatus. In the skulls of all the three specimens the palate is flat ; but in B. frontalis the beak is longer than in B. dubius, and the anterior groove of the intermaxillaries is more open and more pro- minent. The skull of B. frcenatus resembles that of B. dubius in the length of the beak. (See I. c. pp. 459, 460.) Belphinus dubivs. — This skuU differs from that of B. Belpliis, as Cuvier has observed, by the appearance of the vomer in a longitu- diual space on the palate between the maxUlaries and premaxiUaries. The palatal prominence formed by the palatine bone is broader and phorter, and the grooves on each side are shallower and much 254 DELPHINID2E. sliorter, not extending forward beyond the last four alveoli. The cranium is more convex behind, especially in the vertebral direction, than in the D. DelpMs, and the supraocoipital ridge bends forwards towards the rudimental nasal bones. Alveoli in number 2494: ^"=160; in number 2495: |1^J=102." (202?) Del^hmus plumheus. — The adidt specimen of B. plumbeus, figured by F. Cuvier (Mamm. Lithog.), is in the Paris Museum. M. Puche- ran describes it at length. M. Pucheran (Eev. & Mag. de Zoologie, 1856, pp. M8 & 315) gives some additional particulars of the specimen received from M. Dus- sumier in the Paris Museum, on which this species was originally described, and corrects some part of the description of M. P. Cuvier. He describes it thus : — " Delphinus plwnbev^, Duss. Adulte. Taille grande ; couleur de cors gris plombe ; extremite et dessous de la machoire inferieure blanchatre ; nageoire dorsale peu eleve'e mais allongee ; nageoire, pectoral et caudal Men etalees et bien developpes ; formule dentaire 32 33.34 37 '> jeune bord de la machoire superieure et dessous du corps jusqu'a la moitie de la queue de couleur blanchatre. " Hab. Cote de Malabar." The Delphinus plumbeus, although very common on the Malabar coast and Penang, and rather heavy in its movements, is rarely cap- tured, except by chance in fishing-stakes. It is called Parampuan haul by the Malays of the Peninsula. " The stomach of a single young specimen observed contained remains of small fish, apparently Clupea and Glyphisodon coelestinus, Cuvier." — Cantor, Malay Mammalia, Journ. Asiat. Soc. xv. 19. Delphinus lateralis. Delphinus lateralis, J. Peak, U. S, Expl. Exped. 35 (t. 8. f. 1. ined.) Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 133. Snout small ; body thick, but much compressed behind the dorsal light purplish grey beneath, while a dark lateral line edged with spots separates the colours of the upper and under parts of the body a separate line, paler in colour, branches from the lateral hne opposite the pectoral fin and passes downwards and backwards another connects the eye and pectoral fin; fins and snout black- Teeth |J^,|i= 164. Length 90 inches. Inhab. Pacific Ocean, latf 13° 58' N., long. 161° 22' W. 4. TURSIO. Head shortly beaked ; forehead convex. Nose short, bald. Dorsal fin falcate, near the middle of the back. SkuU with the hinder wing of the maxiUa horizontal, somewhat thickened over the orbit edge. Nose of skull moderate, scarcely produced, depressed, scarcely or not so long as the brain-cavity. Triangle on hinder part of the beak, elongate, produced before the teeth-line. Teeth || to ^, 4. TTjBsio. 255 small, conical, extending the greater part of the length of the jaws. Palate flat. Grampus, sp., Chay, iS^je. Zkiol. 2, 1828. Delphinus f « (Tureio), Gray, Zool. Ereh. 8f Terr. 36, 1817: Cat. Cetac. R M. 105, 1850 ; P. Z. S. 1863 ; 1864, 236. Cephalorhynchus, F. Cuvier, Citac. Delphinus §. Cephalorhynchus, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 106. Tursiops, Gervais, Mamm. 323. I. Beak short. Mostrum of skidl expanded over the whits, thick, conical, convex above, half as long as the head. a. Rostrum of skull slender, subeyUndrical. Nos. 1, 2. b. Rostrum of skull rather thick, conical, evenly tapering. Nos. 3, 4. c. Rostrum of skull rather thick, and rather swollen on the sides. 5, 6, 7, 8. U. Beak short. Rostrum of skull very broad, half as long as the head, shelving on the side. Skull shelving over the orbits. Eutrope. III. Beak scarcely produced.. Rostrum of skuU rather depressed, scarcely longer than the brain-cavity, convex. Skull expanded over the orbit. Teeth ll-fi. I. Beak short. Rostrum of skull thick, conical, convex above, half as long as the head. Tursio. Tuisio, Gray, Zool. Ereb. Sf Terr. 37 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 109. Cetus, sp., Brisson. a. Rostrum of skidl slender, subcyUndriccd. Teeth ^-^\. 1. Tursio Doris. The Boris. SkuU roundish; rostrum depressed, four-sevenths of the entire length, and twice and one-third the length of the width at the notch, concave behind, rounded on the sides, convex in the middle of the central ridge, flattened in front ; intermaxUlaries convex, especially in the middle of their length, with a groove between them in front ; an irregular impression in front of the blower, rather elongate, extend- ing a little before the line of the hinder teeth. Teeth ||- or ^, slender, conical, iacurved, acute ; lower jaw slender, very obliquely truncated ; palate rather convex in front, taperiag, shortly grooved behind. Delphinus Doris, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 36 ; Zool. Erebus ^ Terror, 39. t. 20 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 114. Inhab. ? a. Skidl ? The specimen figured in the ' Yoyage of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 20. j^^ U^ SkuU: Length, entire 17 4 Length of head 7 3 Length of nose 10 1 Length of teeth-line 9 2 "Width at temples 7 9 Width at nostrUs 4 4 Width at middle of beak 2 4 Width at intermaxiUaries 1 1 256 BELPHINID^. 6. Skull. From Haslar Hospital, c. Skull. This species, in the slenderness and length of the beak and number of teeth, forms the passage between this and the next section. In the Ipswich Museum there is a skuU of a species allied to this, if not the same. The beak is twice and a half as long as wide at the notch; intermaxillaries convex, solid, with an elongate lanceolate space in front ; triangle elongated, about one-third before the end of the tooth-Une, rugulose; lower jaw slender in front, slightly trun- cated ; back of the head convex, rounded ; palate flat, rather concave in the middle of the front part. Teeth ||-. in. lin. Length, entire 16 Length of lower jaw 13 3 Length of beak 9 3 Width at notch 3 6 Width at orbits 7 9 2. Tursio frsenatus. The Bridled Dolphin. Blackish, paler on the sides, the belly white, end of tail black beneath ; head black ; sides ashy, with a dark band from the angle of the mouth under the eye. Delphinus frenatus, F. Cuv. Mamm. lath. t. ; CHac. 158. t. 1. from ^DvMwmier'a description and drawing ; Pucheran, Sev. &■ Mag. Zool. 1856, 449; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 115. Inhab. Cape de Verd. Skull in the Paris Museum, from Cape de Verd, sent by Dus- sumier. Length 18 inches, of beak 8-3, width at notch 3-5, of middle of beak l-ll. Teeth ff, rather larger than in B. dvhiiis; palate smooth ; intermaxillaries large, expanded ; nasal convex be- neath ; triangle rather extended in front of the teeth-Kne, rugose, and rather more so than in D. dubius. There is a second skidl marked D. frenatus, No. 2 ; width at notch 3'7 ; teeth ff or ff ; palate flat ; nasal very convex, especially behind ; triangle extending rather in front of the teeth-line, very rugose ; jaws rather strongly reflexed in front of the notch. b. Mostrum of shull rather thick, conical, eoenh/ tapering. 3. Tursio Metis. The Metis. ' Skull globular ; back of blower tubercular ; rostrum thick, conical, regularly tapering, upper part convex, longer than the head and more than twice as long as the width at the notch ; intermaxillaries con- vex, more than half the width at the beak. Teeth -H, conical, acute, curved. Delphinus Metis, Gray, Cat. Osteal. B. M. 36 ; Zool. JErebus &■ Terror, 38. t. 18 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 113. Inhab. ? 4. lUEsio. 257 (u Skull. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.' in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 21 Length of nose 11 9 Length of lower jaw 17 Breadth at orbit 9 6 Breadth at notch 5 Breadth at middle of beak 3 This skull is like that of B. Euphrosyne, but differs in the nose being rather shorter compared with the length of the head, more tapering, and the teeth rather larger. It differs from Del^hinus Twsio's in the nose being much shorter and more conical and acute. 4. Tursio Cymodoce. The Gymodoce. Skull roundish ; rostrum broad, rounded above, broad at the base, gradually tapering in front and convex on the sides, one-twelfth longer than the head — or more than half the entire length, and more than twice as long as the width at the notch ; the triangular impres- sion in front of the blowers elongate, extended beyond the line of the hinder teeth. Teeth l^, moderate, conical, slightly incurved, acute, more than three in one inch ; lower jaw regularly converging, straight on the sides, the front obliquely truncated, and the gonyx slightly produced. Delphinus Cymodoce, Grat/, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 35 ; Zool. Erebus 8r Terror, 38. t. 19; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 113. Inhab. ? a. SkuU — • — ? The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' 1. 19. . ,. ' m. Im. SkuU : Length, entire 18 6 Length of head 8 6 Length of nose 10 Length of teeth-line 7 9 Length of lower jaw 15 Width of temple 8 6 Width of notch 4 9 Width at middle of nose 2 8 Width of intermaxillary 1 7 This skull is very like B. Metis, but much smaller, and the beak more conical. c. Beak of skull rather thick, and rather swollen on the sides. Teeth |g jg . 5. Tursio? Gtdanensis. The Guiana BolpMn. Teethff.fforf^.l^; Delphinus Guianensis, Van Benedenj M4m. Acad. Roy. Brux. 1862, xvi. t. Inhab. British Guiana {Van Beneden). From Mus. Stutgardt. 2o8 EELPHINIDJB. 6. Tursio trimcatus. Botttenose Dolphin. Black, whitish beneath. Teeth f^, truncated when old; skull- nose five-ninths of the entire length ; intermaxillaries very convex, forming a strong rib on each side above ; intermaxilla and vomer forming part of the peilate. Delphinus Tursio, O. Fabr. Fauna Grcml 49 ; Wright, Mag. N. H. ii. 609, 1838; Bormat. CUae. 21. t. 11. f. 1; Schreh. Saugeth. t. 344; Desm. Mamm. 614 ; Fischer, Syn. 508 ; Oray., Zool. Erebus 8f Terror, 37. 1. 10 (animal); Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 109; P. Z. 8. 1864; W.B. Clark, Ann. 8f Mag. 'N. H. ; Van Beneden, Nmtv. Mini. Acad. Roy. Brux. xxxii. 32 ; Schhgel, de Bieren, 86. 1. 12 (var. obtusiis, t. 13) ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. 35; Jenyns, Man. 41 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 469. fig., 472. fig. ; Nilsson, 8kand. Fauna, 602. Tm:sio truncatua. Bottle-nose Whale, Oray, List Mam, B. M. 104. Tursiops Tm'sio, Gervais, Comptes Bendus, 1864, 876. Delphinus Orca, Gerard, Diet. Sci. Nat. 75. Delphinus Ne8amal:,Xac^^. CH. 307 ; Desm. Mamm. 516, from O. Fah. Delphinus truncatus, Montagu, Wern. Trans, iii. t. 5, f. 3 (skull), cop. Sell, Brit. Quad. 472, fig. Bottlcnose, Hunter, Phil. Trans. Ixxxvii. t. 18, cop. Bonnat. CUol, t. 11. f. 1, and Bell, Brit. Quad. 469, 1787, fig. L'Orque (Orca), Bellon, Agruat. f. 6. tab. at p. 18. Dauphin vulgaire, Camper, Cetab. t. 85-40 (skull). Grand Dauphin, ou Soufiieur, Cuvier, B. A. i. 278. Anat. Ctevier, Oss. Foss. v. 277. t. 21. f. 3, 4, t. 23. f. 18, 22, 23, 29; Camper, Cetac. t. 36-40 ; Mont. Wern. Trans, iii. t. 5, Var. P Uniform deep black. Delphiaus Tursio, Schlegel, AbhamB,. t. 6. f. 1, 2, t. 4. f. 9. Black : a blotch over the pectoral and over the vent. Var. ? Delphinus Tursio, Sundevall, CEfv. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. 18SI, 385, t. 7. Inhab. Mediterranean and North Sea. Coast of south of Ireland, Nov. 1828 (iS. Templefoh). Mouth of the ' Thames, Nore, June 1828 {HowsUp) ; skull, Mus. Coll. Surg. no. 1125. Orwell, May 10, 1849. Devonshire, Eiver Dart (^MorMgu) ; skuU Brit. Mus. Mrth of Forth ; skeleton, Mus. University, Edinburgh ; skeleton in Sur- geons' HaU, Edinburgh,' teeth aciife. Holland; skeleton, Leyden. North coast of France ; fekeleton at Paris. Belgium ; skeleton, Ghent, Denmark; skeleton, Mus. Copeiihagen. a. SkuU and teeth. 6. Skull ; bad state. From Dr. Mantell's Collection. In the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' tab. 10, is a copy of a most accurate iawing, by Mr. E. Templeton, of a specimen caught on the south coast of Ireland, in November 1828. The following are its measurements : — „, . ,. It. in. Im. Length, entire 8 1 3 Length from snout to the eyes 1 Length to the ear .' 1 2 5 Length to the base of the pectoral . . 1 6 9 Length to the end of the pectoral .... 2 6 7 4. TURSIO. 259 ffc. in. liii. Length to the front of the dorsal .... 3 2 5 Length to the end of the dorsal 4 2 5 Length to the genital organ 5 3 Length to the vent 5 6 3 Length to base of tail 7 Length to end of middle of tail 7 6 Length to end of tail-fin ,...8 1 3 There is some difficulty about the colour of this species, which may arise from two being confounded under one name. Bonnaterre, Montagu, and Wright describe it as black above and whitish be- neath ; 0. Fabricius as all blackish, the beUy a little whiter, and the young paler ; Schlegel figures it of a uniform deep black. The following are the measurements of five skulls, the first being Montagu's specimen in the British Museum, and four in the College of Surgeons; the fourth is No. 1126, and the fifth No, 1125 of the College Catalogue : — 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Length, entire Length of nose ..... Length of teeth-Une Length of lower jaw Width at notch ... Width at orbits . . , Width at middle of beak 214 5| lOl 21 12 9| 184 m. 21 12 10 18| 5* 104 34 H 21 114 10 51 104 22 12 104 18 5| 9| Li the skuU of Montagu's specimen, in the British Museum, the fourth and tenth teeth from the front on each side appear, from the hole, to have been larger than the rest. We have a second imperfect skull of the same measurement. The skuU of the skeleton presented by Mr. Howship, in Mus. CoU. Surg. (n. 1125), taken below the Nore, in June 1828, has the teeth f|, the two hinder upper without any opposite them ; the fourth, toth, and sixth upper are largest, the middle lower are trun:- cated ; the lower jaw obliquely truncated, with a rather prominent gonyx. The elongated intermaxillaries and the vomer are visible in the palate. In the old skulls the intermaxillaries are one-half width above, and the sides of the maxillaries are shelving. In skull n. 1126 (Mus. CoU. Surg.) the teeth are very oblique and truncated at the end. In all the skulls I have seen of this species the teeth are more or less worn down, but Mr. Bell says he has two skulls in which they are acute (Brit. Quad. 472). M. P. Cuvier (Cetac. 223) complains of Montagu's figure of the skuU of D. truneatus ; he does not recog- nize in it the D. Tursio, but thinks it most resembles D. Delphis ! hence the origin of his complaint. A stufied specimen and skeleton, in the Edinburgh University Museum, from the' Firth of Forth, have all the teeth truncated and s2 260 DELPHINID^. flat. A skeleton in the Sui-geons' Hall of Edinburgh, from the same locality, has them all acute. The latter is named D. Belphis. The atlas (or first) and second cervical vertebrse united by the body and lateral processes ; the third to the seventh cervical vertebrse free. A specimen with teeth fl, large, conical, acute, was taken in the Eiver OrweU, May 10, 1849. Mr. Charles D. Meigs described the foetus of Belphinus Nesamah, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. i.,267; see Arch. Naturg. 1832, 64. Col. Montagu described an old specimen, taken on the 3rd of July 1814, in Duncannon Pool near Stoke Gabriel, about fivemUes up the river Dart, as D. truncatus (Worn. Trans, iii. 75. t. 3). It was 12 feet long. The skull, which came into Montagu's possession, is now in the British Museum. First described as British by John Hunter, under the name of the Bottle-nose Whale, in the ' Phil. Trans.' for 1787, t. 18. It was caught on the sea-coast near Berkley, and the skeleton is now in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. Mr. Jenyns mentions one observed by Mr, Gilbertson in the river at Preston in Lancashire (Manual, p. 41). The skeleton of this species is described by Professor Owen from a female specimen taken at the Nore, June 1828, in company with a male. " It survived many hours after having been dragged out of the water, during which time it einitted a sound not unHke the beUowing of a calf."— Cai. Osteol. Series Goll.Swg. p. 449. n.2483. Professor Owen observes that Cuvier assigns to DebphirmsTursio from 42 to 46 teeth in each jaw ; so' that the teeth seem to vary from 40 to 50 in each jaw. In a second skuU in the same collection (no. 2484) " a greater por- tion of the crown is worn away in all except the last two or three, and a large proportion of the unenamelled fang is exposed, upon which their more oblique position and larger proportionate size appear to depend" (p. 451). In the same collection (no. 2485) is " the skuU of an apparently aged specimen, with a disease of the jaws; aU the teeth are lost, and the sockets are obliterated, except at the anterior part of the alveolar tracts, where they are very shallow." The axis and atlas coalesced (nos. 2483, 2488). " The cervical vertebrae are very thin, and.separate. Vertebrae 41, of which 13 are dorsal. First bone of the sternum not pierced, with blunt lateral angles. Bladebone with the acromion larger and more rectilinear with the spine than in D. Belphis." — Quvier, Oss. Foss. v. 305. "This species is not so beautifully marked with lines as the D. Belphis. The snout is much shorter, the upper jaw not so long as the lower. The dorsal fin smaller and more posterior, as I noticed in a specimen inspected at Plymouth. The eye appears small, and is placed more directly over the angle of the mouth ; the teeth small, ■conical, 23 on each side." — Couch, Cornish Whales, 39. Fursiops Tursio is not so rare as Grampus Bissoanus, but far less , common than Belphinus Belphis. M. Gervais hjis specimens taken in the Gulf of Lyons, especially at Cette and La Nouvelle, and at ,4. TT7ESI0. 261 Crruissau in the Mediterranean. — Gervais, Comptes Rendus, 28 Nov. 1864, 876; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1865, xv. 76. 7. TnTsio Abnsalam. The Ahisalam. Black, belo-w -white, with small dark spots ; teeth |f-f^. Nose of skull in length about five-ninths of total, twice and a half its width at the notch. Intermaxillary bones very convex, forming a strong ridge on each side. Lower jaw tapering in front. Delphinus abusalam, Bi^. Mus. Seneh. 1842, t. 12. f. 1, 2, 3; Oray, Zool Erebus 8r Terror, 38; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 111. Tursiops adimcus, Gervais, Mamm. 323. Inhab. Eed Sea. Only known from Dr. Eiippell's description and figure. It has been said to be the same as D. Tursio, but it appears to be different., Belphkms aduneus, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. ii. (Beak de- pressed, elongate ; teeth 1^, conical, strong. Inhab. Island of Bel- hosSe), is perhaps the same as the former. 8. Tursio Eurynome. The Ev/rynome. Skull roundish ; nose thick, broad, rounded above ; intermaxil- laries rather convex, one-half as wide as maxillaries ; nose one-third longer than the length of the head (or contained four times and one-seventh in the entire length), twice and one-third the width at the notch ; hinder edge of blower largely tubercular ; teeth ^, moderate, cyHndrieal, rather curved, acute. Delphinus Eurynome, Gray, Cat. Ost.B. M. 143; Zool. Ereb. 8f Terr. 38. t. 17 (skull) ; Cat. Cetae. B. M. 1850, 112 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1860, 202. Inhab. Bay of Bengal (Blyth'). a, SkuU. Figured ia ' Voy. Erebus and Terror,' t. 17. in. lin. SkuU : Length, entire 22 Length of head 9 1 Length of nose 12 3 Length of teeth-line 10 Length of lower jaw 18 "Width at temples 11 Width at notch 5 4 Width at middle of beak 3 6 The skuU of this species is most like D. Tursio ; but the nose is one-fourth longer than the length of the head, slenderer, and more rounded, and the teeth smaller. 262 DEIPHINIDiE. II. Beak short; of skull v^-y broad, shelving on the sides. Maxilla shelving over the orbits. Teeth fj or ff . Eutropia. Eutropia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, 145. 9. Tursio Eutropia. The Eutropia'. Nose of skull rather longer than the length of the brain-caTity, sUghtly dilated on the sides before the notch, very convex; and rounded above. Triangle elongate, produced in front of the teeth -line, concave on the sides and strongly keeled in the centre behind ; hinder edge bf blovhole prominent. Intermaxillaries wide, convex above, leaving a broad open space in front. Lower jaw thick, blunt, and produced beyond the upper in front. SkuU compressed behind. Palate con- cave in front, convex in the centre behind, and keeled on each Side. Teeth fl, slender, cylindrical, conical at the top. The frontal ridge half the distance between the notch on the convexity of the condyles. Condyles large, oblique. Foramen magnum wider than high. Delphinus Eutropia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 1 ; Ann. §■ May. K H. v. 1850, 48 ; Zoot. Erebus