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 Aeronautics: an abridgment of aeronaut 
 
 3 1924 004 407 056 
 
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 the Cornell University Library. 
 
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 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004407056 
 
AERONAUTICS 
 
AERONAUTICS: 
 
 AN ABRIDGMENT 
 
 OF 
 
 AERONAUTICAL SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 FILED AT THE 
 
 PATENT OFFICE 
 
 FROM A.D. 1815 TO A.D. 1891. 
 
 GRIFFITH BREWEE 
 
 AND 
 
 PATRICK Y. ALEXANDER. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
 1893., 
 
PRINTED BY TAYLOB AND FRANCIS, 
 BED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
PEEFACE, 
 
 Owing to the large number of specifications which have been 
 filed at the Patent Office, it is extremely difficult for inventors 
 of the present day to ascertain if their inventions have been 
 anticipated. 
 
 It is hoped that those interested in the subject of Aero- 
 nautics, will find this work of benefit to them in their 
 researches, though it must not be expected that all the 
 information contained in the specifications is comprised in so 
 small a volume. 
 
 In the J r early indexes published by ELM. Patent Office, 
 many inventions are included under the heading " Aero- 
 nautics " which do not particularly refer to the subject. 
 This error in the official indexes is partly the fault of 
 inventors who wish to cover an enormous ground under one 
 Patent. Say, for example, an inventor patents a new motor, 
 and states in his specification that the said motor may be 
 employed for driving locomotives, traction-engines, ships, 
 balloons, etc. The Government would probably place that 
 invention under each of the separate titles, comprising the 
 apparatus to which the motor could be applied. No doubt 
 this is the best way to evade unnecessary responsibility in 
 compiling such indexes ; but in a work of this condensed 
 description it would be impracticable to follow their example, 
 as the reader searching for improvements in aerial machines 
 
VI 
 
 would hardly appreciate a light sprinkling of traction-engines- 
 or ironclad war-ships. 
 
 Many of the specifications describe inventions which are 
 no doubt impracticable ; some are even ridiculously absurd 
 and are probably the result of dreams. All these, however, 
 are equally included with the ingenious inventions, as in 
 weeding them from the remainder we should make the work 
 incomplete and therefore of little value. Besides, many 
 practical suggestions may be gleaned from the most absurd 
 inventions; and is it not premature to criticize a question 
 which is still unsolved ? 
 
 It is to be hoped that so many failures will not deter 
 inventors from still striving to master the great problem of 
 aerial navigation ; for it should be remembered that aerial 
 navigation is not an impossibility but only a difficulty, which 
 may be mastered by careful study and perseverance. 
 
 GRIFFITH BREWER. 
 PATRICK T. ALEXANDER. 
 
AERONAUTICS. 
 
 A.D. 1815. No. 3909. 
 
 PATJLY, Samuel John, and EGG, Durs. 
 
 " Aerial Conveyances and Vessels." 
 
 Round bodies being unfit for navigation through a fluid, a 
 fish-shaped aerostat is employed. The net is attached to a 
 frame round the lower part of the aerostat, and the belly of 
 the balloon is attached to this frame by a ribband or other 
 appendage to enable same to act as a parachute, in case of 
 the balloon bursting. The car is suspended to the frame. 
 
 Wings are described composed of a head-piece playing 
 backwards and forwards horizontally, and provided with 
 feathers formed of sills, fixed to one side of a rod by means 
 of ribs of whalebone. Five of these feathers may form a 
 wing, and have their silk edges toward the tail. These wings 
 will draw the air from the nose of the balloon, and drive it 
 along its sides to the tail, thus causing the forward motion. 
 They may also produce an upward or downward motion. 
 
 The tail is of similar construction to the wings, and any 
 motor may be employed. 
 
 A barrel is suspended below the car, which, when moved 
 toward the tail, causes the nose to rise, and when moved 
 toward the nose depresses same ; thus the balloon proceeds 
 upwards or downwards, as the case may be, in an inclined 
 direction. Water contained in the barrel may be used as 
 ballast. The inventors state that the aerostat might be 
 dispensed with. 
 
A.D. 1826. No. 5420. 
 
 VINEY, James, and POCOCK, George. 
 
 " Improved Kites." 
 
 Kites are employed for drawing vessels, etc., or for raising 
 persons in the air. 
 
 The peculiarities of these kites are: — They are fitted with 
 joints in the wings and the standard so that they may be 
 folded up. The wings are spread by a moveable distender. 
 There are four lines for controlling their power or diverting 
 their course. Kite after kite may be attached one behind 
 the other, and thus an indefinite power is obtained. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1840. No. 8337. 
 
 POOLE, Moses. (A Communication.) 
 
 " Obtaining Motive Poweb foe the Propulsion of 
 Vessels, etc." 
 
 The inventor describes a screw-propeller having from two 
 to twelve blades, which may be set at from one to eighty- 
 nine degrees, according to " the power of wind you have to 
 act against." 
 
 This screw is shown in the two sheets of drawings, in 
 conjunction with a boat or car. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1842. Mo. 9478. 
 
 HENSON, William Samuel. 
 
 " Mechanical Flying Machine." 
 
 This invention describes the employment of an " aero- 
 plane " for mechanical flight. 
 
 In the ■ introductory part of the specification the inventor 
 
states : — " If any light and flat or nearly flat article be pro- 
 jected or thrown edgewise in a slightly inclined position, 
 the same will rise on the air till the force exerted is ex- 
 pended, when the article so thrown or projected will descend ; 
 and it will readily be conceived that if the article so pro- 
 jected or thrown possessed in itself a continuous power or 
 force equal to that used in throwing or projecting it, the 
 article would continue to ascend so long as the forward part 
 of the surface was upwards in respect to the hinder part, and 
 
 that such article, when the power was stopped or when the 
 inclination was reversed, would descend by gravity only if 
 the power was stopped, or by gravity aided by the force of 
 the power contained in the article, if the power be continued, 
 thus imitating the flight of a bird." 
 
 It will be seen from this quotation that Henson had a 
 clear knowledge of the properties of what is now termed the 
 " aeroplane," and he proceeds to describe a machine in which 
 an " aeroplane," propelled forward at a suitable inclination 
 and speed, serves as a support on the air for itself and other 
 parts connected therewith. 
 
 The car or vessel is made with a view to strength and 
 lightness, and three wheels are situated below to enable it to 
 run on the ground. On either side of the car is an extended 
 
 b2 
 
surface, made of wood framework covered with silk and 
 firmly stayed with wire, so that the two extended surfaces 
 form a trussed beam of great strength and lightness. A 
 horizontal tail, which can be raised or lowered, is employed 
 at the stern, for the purpose of guiding the machine up or 
 down, and a vertical rudder or tail is employed for steering 
 to the right or left. 
 
 Two propellers are employed to drive the machine, and 
 the engine and boiler which are to drive the propellers are 
 preferably placed in the bow of the car, as the weight should 
 be placed forward. 
 
 The machine is started by running down an incline, at the 
 same time having the propellers in motion, when it will be 
 found to leave the ground, and it may then proceed in any 
 direction. 
 
 There should be about one square foot of surface for each 
 half-pound of weight; and the following are the dimensions 
 of a machine of 3,000 lbs., which the inventor states he was 
 making : — Surface of the main aeroplane 4,500 square feet, 
 tail 1,500 square feet, and the high-pressure steam-engine 
 was of from 25 to 30 horse-power. 
 
 This invention created a great stir at the time, and 
 Mr. Henson made a machine, but it was of no practical use 
 as a means of flight. 
 
 A.D. 1843. No. 9598. 
 
 SUNDERLAND, Thomas. 
 
 " Propelling Ships and Balloons." 
 
 Sckew-PBOPELLEB having two flat blades attached to the 
 ends of a cross-bar affixed to a longitudinal shaft. 
 
 The impact of a jet of steam on the atmosphere is also 
 described as a means of propulsion. The invention is illus- 
 trated as applied to ships, for which it seems to be chiefly 
 intended. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
A.D. 1843. No. 9642. 
 
 POTTS, Lawrence Holier. 
 
 " Application of Balloons." 
 
 Balloons are employed for drawing cars on tension railways, 
 by which means they become of greater utility than hereto- 
 fore. 
 
 A machine is described consisting of treadles, handles, and 
 cranks, for enabling men to utilize all their strength to 
 actuate wings and oars. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 AD. 1843. No. 9856. 
 
 MOAT, William Crofton. 
 
 " Aeeial Locomotion." 
 
 A machine is described to be driven by manual power (though 
 the inventor states he does not limit himself to this power), 
 composed of an oblong framework of wood. 
 
 Four men are shown in the drawings turning a crank, 
 which rotates two frames on either side of the machine, 
 carrying four " flappers " each. These flappers act on the 
 air in their downward stroke, but rise edgewise in their up- 
 ward movement. The flappers consist of rectangular frames 
 covered with parchment, which swing from pins on the ro- 
 tating frames, and legs are provided for the machine to stand 
 on when on the ground. A rudder is employed to steer the 
 machine. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1847. No. 11578. 
 
 NEWTON, William Edward. ( Communicated by 
 Dr. Van Heche) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 This invention is to enable balloons to take advantage of the 
 
various currents of air which constantly blow in the same 
 direction, or monsoons, and currents which are variable. 
 These currents not being very deep it is necessary to keep 
 the balloon at a constant height, and the inventor proposes to 
 do this without loss of gas or ballast. 
 
 Wings (propellers) are formed of wire rectangular frames, 
 having silk stretched thereon. Two wings are mounted 
 obliquely on each of four spindles, which are rotated by 
 means of hand-wheels, to which they are connected by suit- 
 able gearing. When rotated the wings exert a force either 
 up or down ; thus the balloon may receive a force of from 
 ten to fifty pounds in either direction vertically, and so be 
 enabled to remain at any desired altitude. If desired, greater 
 power may be employed than that of manual labour. 
 
 A.D. 1848. No. 12337. 
 
 ■ BELL, Hugh. 
 
 "Navigable Balloon and Mechanical Flying Machine." 
 
 This invention describes two distinct apparatus for navigating 
 the air. 
 
1st. A navigable balloon. 
 
 2nd. A mechanical flying machine. 
 
 There are also some detail improvements applicable to 
 aerial machines generally, described and shown in the 
 drawings. 
 
 The balloon is made in an elongated form and having a 
 membrane within same, below which latter air can be forced 
 to keep the balloon always distended. The network is made 
 of flat silk bands, which are placed longitudinally and trans- 
 versely, and also diagonally if required. A single strong 
 band attaches the net to the horizontal circumference of the 
 balloon, which, in case of accident, would allow the lower 
 membranes to rise and fill like a parachute. 
 
 A circular valve is held up to its seat by springs and 
 opened by pulling a line. 
 
 The balloon is fitted with a framework made of metal tubes, 
 to which the boat-shaped car is attached. 
 
 One or more two-bladed propellers are employed to propel 
 the aerostat. Wings having a backward and forward motion 
 in conjunction with a rotary motion are described. Pro- 
 pellers are described which reciprocate, and open and shut 
 like an umbrella, or a hinged double shutter. A water 
 grapnel is made like an umbrella, and having a rope at each 
 end. Dragging it by the rope attached to the " handle " end 
 of the umbrella causes the grapnel to remain full of water, 
 
8 
 
 but by pulling the other rope the grapnel is reversed and 
 empties. 
 
 For mechanical flight, an aeroplane, having its sides curved 
 downward, is propelled at an angle. Wheels are provided 
 to enable the machine to obtain the necessary velocity, in 
 order to make the ascent. Tubes are employed in the con- 
 struction of this machine. 
 
 A.D. 1849. No. 12452. 
 
 BK0WNE, John. 
 
 " Balloon Bail-way." 
 
 A balloon having a car containing passengers is attached by 
 means of a cord to a metal holder, which runs in contact with 
 a rail situated on the ground. 
 
 No drawings illustrate this vague specification, which also 
 describes inventions for " wheel-rigged ships " and " atmo- 
 spheric railways." 
 
 A.D. 1852. No. 155. 
 
 BROWN, David Stephens. 
 
 " Navigating Ships." 
 
 This invention, although only described as applied to ships, 
 is of interest in aeronautics, for the reason that an aeroplane 
 is employed to take the weight of the ship partly off the 
 water. 
 
 The inclined plane may be employed either above the ship 
 or below same. In the first position the plane will act on 
 the air, whilst in the second position the water will be acted 
 on. The ship may be drawn by kites or balloons. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
A.D. 1853. 
 
 No. 143. 
 
 DE MANARA, Horace. {Provisional only.) 
 
 "Application of Balloons." 
 
 Balloons are employed to keep seats on vessels in an up- 
 right position, in order to prevent sea-sickness, consequent 
 on the motion of the vessel. 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1853. No. 179. 
 
 JOHNSON, John Henry. {A Communication.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon supports a frame carrying the boiler 
 and engines, which latter drive two pairs of paddle-wheels 
 and parachute propellers. The paddle-wheels are made to 
 act on the air during half their revolutions, the blades being 
 feathered during the return motion. 
 
 The parachute propellers are mounted on horizontal re- 
 ciprocating shafts, and open and close alternately, the said 
 shafts being actuated by eccentrics on the paddle-wheel axles. 
 
 Horizontal sails, which may be adjusted to any angle, are 
 employed to regulate the descent. Four triangular sails, 
 
10 
 
 fore and aft, prevent rolling by their resisting surface, and 
 the machine may be inclined at any angle by means of two 
 weights, which may be adjusted longitudinally. 
 A rudder is employed for steering horizontally. 
 
 A.D. 1853. No. 395. 
 
 DE NORMANDY, Alphonse Bene Le Mire. 
 {Partly a Communication.) 
 
 " Articles made oe Gutta-percha." 
 
 Balloons are made by pouring a certain quantity of gutta- 
 percha into a vessel having its interior shaped to the form of 
 the required balloon. The vessel is turned in every direction 
 until the interior of same is covered with a film of the solu- 
 tion. In drying this film contracts, and may then be 
 removed. 
 (Drawing?) 
 
 A.D. 1854. No. 224. 
 
 ALDBOROUGH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of. 
 
 " Aerial Navigation." 
 
 In this most lengthy specification (79 pages) an aerial machine 
 is described having an aerostat of elongated form. 
 
 Wings are most minutely described, which are intended to 
 act in a similar manner to those of a bird. These wings are 
 made to rise slowly against springs and then descend almost 
 instantaneously, thus compressing the air by percussion under 
 the concave part of each wing. 
 
 Various theories on the flight of birds are propounded by 
 the inventor, and his object has been to imitate these actions 
 with his artificial wings. 
 
 A tail is described which may act as a rudder, and strike 
 
11 
 
 downward when, the vessel is rising, and so compress the air 
 beneath, as the inventor believes birds commonly do, especially 
 pigeons. 
 
 The wings may be employed in a machine without an 
 aerostat. 
 
 Any number of persons on board the aerial vessel may 
 work the wings, each person working a separate wheel. 
 
 Combinations of canes are used in all parts of the aerostat 
 which require to be kept stiff, or of a sharp or angular form, 
 the strength of each being suitable to its situation, and these 
 strips are sewed to the material of which the envelope is 
 constructed. 
 
 Smoke or heated air, with or without gas, is employed, 
 and long chimneys diminish the danger of fire. 
 
 Perforated metal or wire-gauze is placed inside the chim- 
 neys, which latter may be covered, or partly so, with asbestos 
 cloth. 
 
 Vacuum chambers, which can be acted on by currents of 
 air, are described, for admitting the gas from the aerostat 
 when the same has been distended by rare atmosphere at 
 great altitudes, and the aerostat is divided to contain gases of 
 various density. 
 
 A " pilot boat " containing as much weight as can be 
 spared from the aerial vessel, such as cordage, provisions, and 
 persons, descends first, and then draws the vessel down by 
 means of cords and two windlasses. Grapnels are also taken 
 in the pilot boat. 
 
 A landing-place, having a railway for receiving air-ships, 
 is described, and a building is provided for their reception. 
 
 The 24 sheets of drawings are most theoretical in their 
 nature, and it is extremely doubtful if many parts of this 
 invention could be made from the vague though lengthy 
 description. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
12 
 
 A.D. 1854. No. 759. 
 
 BOBQSUF, Pierre Alexis Prancisse. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloons for Military Purposes." 
 
 Balloons are held captive by wires, which may also be 
 employed for signalling or exploding matters in the balloon, 
 from an electric battery situated on the ground. 
 
 The gas in the balloon may be used for projecting missiles. 
 
 A.D. 1854. No. 1224. 
 
 ALDBOROUGH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of. 
 
 " Locomotion on Land and "Water." 
 
 The adaptation of wings (described in specification No. 224, 
 A.D. 1854) to navigation on water, land, or ice. Aerostats, 
 combined with vacuum and medium chambers, are also 
 employed. 
 
 By exhausting the air in the vacuum chambers and work- 
 ing the wings the vessel maybe caused to slide upwards from 
 the water on to the ice ; as, for instance, for the purposes of 
 scientific discovery at the North Pole. 
 
 Claim : " The adaptation of the principles and combinations 
 for which I obtained former Letters Patent, bearing date the 
 30th day of January last, under the title of ' Improvements 
 in Aerial Navigation,' or of modifications of the same, or of 
 certain parts thereof ; and also the other improvements, as 
 herein specified, to the navigation of the water, and also to 
 locomotion on land or upon ice, and to any other purposes to 
 which the same may be applicable/' 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
13 
 
 A.D. 1854. No. 1334. 
 
 DARTIGUENAVE, Prosper Guilhaume. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Two apparatus, similar to parachutes, are placed one above 
 the other, and alternately pulled up and down. 
 
 These parachutes are worked by steam or other suitable 
 power, and when the desired height is reached the machine 
 is directed by a horizontal flapper fixed on a centre, which 
 may have an upward or downward inclination given to it by 
 the aeronaut. Wings are provided to enable the machine to 
 turn, their direction being guided by the aeronaut. 
 
 A.D. 1854. No. 2447. 
 
 LUFF, Henry James. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Wae Balloon." 
 
 A balloon freighted with explosive compounds, and having 
 a telegraphic communication with a vessel, is used for attack- 
 ing forts and towns. 
 
 The movements of the vessel can be directed from the 
 balloon, and the movements of the vessel can bring the 
 balloon to any desired position for letting down explosives. 
 Plans of fortifications by photographic process may be 
 obtained from the balloon, which latter may, when desired, 
 be actuated from the land. 
 
 A.D. 1855. No. 206. 
 
 JOHNSON, John Henry. ( Communicated by Andri Marie 
 
 Prdverand.) 
 
 " Kites." 
 
 The kite-frame is composed of two laths crossing at their 
 centres, and capable of being folded parallel to one another. 
 
14 
 
 The textile material which forms the sail portion is per- 
 manently secured to the ends of one lath, and temporarily- 
 attached to the ends of the other. 
 
 The tails are composed of flat boards, through the centres 
 of which the cord passes, the said boards presenting their 
 flat faces towards the wind. 
 
 A float attached to a mooring line may be drawn along by 
 a kite ; and for signalling purposes, signals may be attached 
 to the body or other part of a kite. 
 
 A number of loops are provided on the " belly-band " of 
 the kite, for attaching the main line, and thus the angle may 
 be varied according to the amount of wind. 
 
 [Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1855. No. 625. 
 
 ALDBOROUGH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of. 
 
 "Aerial Navigation." 
 
 Improvements are described on the invention described in 
 specification No 224, A.D. 1854, and forts are described for 
 the reception of aerial vessels. 
 
 Various warlike manoeuvres with aerial vessels are also 
 described. 
 
 This specification, like others by the same inventor, is very 
 lengthy, and no abridgment of same can give any idea of 
 the nature of the invention. Indeed, with the original speci- 
 fication before them, the writers are quite unable to understand 
 how the apparatus is to be manufactured from such vague 
 descriptions. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1855. No. 1136. 
 
 CURTIS, William Joseph. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloons and Kites." 
 
 Gtinpowder-gas is employed to inflate balloons. Kites or 
 
15 
 
 wings are attached to balloons to enable same to be governed 
 from land or water, and these kites and balloons may propel 
 a ship. Missiles may be conveyed and discharged by an 
 electric spark, conducted along the cords or connections, or 
 the missiles may be discharged by clockwork attached to 
 the balloon. 
 
 A.D. 1856. No. 3063. 
 
 ALDB0R0UGH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of. 
 
 "Aerial Navigatioh." 
 
 This specification describes improvements on inventions 
 described in specifications No. 224, a.d. 1854, and No. 625, 
 a.d. 1855. 
 
 Valves in the outer aerostat admit air to same when the 
 external pressure is great, and air may also be permitted to 
 escape by valves at the stern. Tubes or air-channels in the 
 aerostat strengthen same. 
 
 Air-channels in the aerostat assist in steering the aerial 
 vessel, and two separate aerostats may be employed, their 
 lower surfaces acting as wings. 
 
 Double curtains protect the passengers and machinery 
 during bad weather ; and improved springs are described for 
 actuating the wings, which latter may also be assisted in their 
 movement downwards by the force of the air contained in 
 the chambers above. 
 
 Two pilot boats are employed, and elastic cables are used 
 with the grapnels. 
 
 Rotary aerostats may be employed, and the invention may 
 be applied to locomotion generally. 
 
 Fourteen sheets of drawings are appended to a seventy- 
 page description, both of which are like other specifications 
 by the same inventor, viz. most vague and theoretical in 
 their character. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
16 
 
 A.D. 1856. 
 
 No. 2154. 
 
 LASSIE, Jean Baptiste Justin. 
 "Navigable Balloon." 
 
 The aerostat is made in a cylindrical form having a pro- 
 jecting helical screw on its outer surface. A smaller cylinder 
 is provided within the aerostat, in which latter the crew walk 
 
 round in a similar manner to convicts in a treadmill. This 
 rotates the whole aerostat, which makes the same advance in 
 the air: 
 
 The inventor proposes to make the aerostat 900 feet lon^ 
 and 90 feet diameter. Three hundred men could be em- 
 ployed, half of which number would be on duty at a time. 
 According to the pitch of the screw, the speed may be fast 
 or slow. 
 
 A cut-wind is provided at the bow, and an auxiliary 
 balloon having two vertical blades is employed at the stern 
 for steering. 
 
 An adjustable weight is suspended below to regulate the 
 angle of the balloon. 
 
 The descent may be performed by pumping air into 
 auxiliary balloons. Spring safety-valves are employed ; and 
 the aerostat may be made of iron, copper, or aluminium. 
 
17 
 
 A.D. 1856. No. 2256. 
 
 PELLEN, Marius. 
 
 " Coating foe Balloons." 
 
 Caoutchouc prepared in England, and subjected to the 
 inventor's mode of preparation, is particularly applicable to 
 the manufacture of balloons. 
 
 Varnish is composed of amilaceous substances ; such as 
 enulin, lichen, gum arabic, adragant, mucilage, and vegetable 
 substances mixed with some kinds of gum, sugar, gelatine, 
 dextrine, glucose, albumen, collodion, submitted to a certain 
 preparation " without ether of gelatinous matter, that is, of 
 pure gelatine of fish skin and of glue." 
 
 These gums are prepared with pure water diluted with 
 alcohol ; they must be very limpid, and should be strained. 
 
 The varnish is applied while the balloons are distended. 
 
 Small balloons should be filled at a pressure of about 40 
 inches of water ; and the varnish above described may suit- 
 ably be employed for coating the interiors of large balloons. 
 
 A.D. 1856. No. 2993. 
 
 CAKLINGFORD, Godwin Meade Pratt Swift. Viscount. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 The car is in the shape of a boat, and fitted with three wheels 
 beneath same, one being in front and two behind. 
 
 Two wings of slightly concave form are fixed to the sides, 
 the sustaining laths of which wings pass through the body of 
 the car from one wing to the other, and thus hold them 
 firmly in position. These wings serve the purpose of an 
 " aeroplane " resting on the air, but having no movement 
 imparted to them. A tail and rudder are provided, and the 
 machine is propelled by means of the " Carlingford screw," 
 actuated by a hand wheel and situated in the bow of the 
 car. 
 
 A sustaining surface of 25 to 30 ft. square is proposed, 
 
18 
 
 though the machine may be considerably increased in size to 
 carry very superior weights, in which case, however, the 
 surface need not be increased in the same proportion. This 
 conclusion is arrived at for the reason that an eagle weighing 
 80 lbs. has only four times the floating surface of a rook 
 weighing one pound. 
 
 The machine may be started by suspending the stern end 
 of the car by means of a trigger and cord, to the top of a 
 9 ft. pole. The bow of the car is connected to two lines 
 passing over pulleys on the tops of two other poles, and a 
 weight is attached to the other ends of these lines. By re- 
 leasing the trigger, the lines at the bow are pulled forward 
 by the weight descending, and the machine receives a great 
 forward velocity. The machine then becomes free, and speed 
 may easily be sustained by turning the aerial screw. 
 
 " I have proved by experiment that an aerial screw of only 
 5 inches long can give a pull greater than a ten-pound 
 weight suspended to a cord and drawing through a pulley ; 
 and as it will only take such a small force to maintain the 
 flight of the aerial chariot, that what we look upon as fabulous 
 may hereafter come to pass, and that, like the chariot of 
 Jupiter, we may yet behold two eagles trained to draw the 
 aerial chariot. — N.B. This observation may give the witty an 
 opportunity of showing off." 
 
 It is not necessary to continually turn the winch or work 
 the pedal for actuating the aerial screw, as the machine can 
 descend on an incline, and thus travel fifty or sixty miles 
 according to the height attained. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1857. No. 1054. 
 
 ALDB0R0UGH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of. 
 
 "Aerial Navigation." 
 
 This specification describes improvements on Nos. 224 and 
 625, a.d. 1855, and No. 2062, a.d. 1856. 
 The weight of the crew of aerial vessels and other weight 
 
19 
 
 carried by such vessels, is utilized for producing a rotary 
 motion in the rotary aerostat. The application of the weight 
 is also described to produce an oscillating or vibrating 
 motion, or to operate wings or propellers. 
 
 Twin hulls or cars may be employed, in which the advan- 
 tages of a sharp prow and bluff prow are united. 
 
 Curtains form a protection to the aerostat when anchored 
 in an exposed position. 
 
 Retractile tubes, projecting downward, warn the aeronaut 
 on approaching the ground ; and the aerostat may be jointed 
 to the car in such a manner that the movements of the aerostat 
 need not be imparted to the car. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1857. No. 1581. 
 
 CLAIR, Joseph Etienne Marie Jean. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Propeller." 
 
 Two hollow barrels tapering towards both ends and sur- 
 rounded by screw vanes, on being rotated propel the vessel 
 to which they are connected. 
 
 A.D. 1857. No. 2483. 
 
 BALBONI, Pascal. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Propeller." 
 
 The fin or propeller is formed by a triangular blade, working 
 through a slot in an axle which receives a rotary motion. 
 The blade receives a vibratoiy motion at every half revolution 
 of the axle, thus moving towards the bow and performing 
 another half revolution, when the same action is repeated. 
 
 This fin, or " aile nageoire," is to supersede the paddle- 
 wheel and screw now used in steam vessels. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 2 
 
20 
 
 A.D. 1859. No. 2330. 
 
 BRIGHT, Henry. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Two propellers are mounted above the car of a flying machine, 
 these propellers being made to revolve in contrary directions. 
 
 This revolving of the propellers in opposite directions keeps 
 the car from gyration. 
 
 The descent is performed by reversing the propellers. 
 
 The accompanying illustration shows the principle of this 
 invention. 
 
 A.D. 1860. No. 561. 
 
 SMYTHIES, John Kinnersley. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A boiler is described having a number of tubes for obtaining 
 a large heating surface ■with a small amount of weight. 
 
 Vaporized hydrocarbon is burnt, which is formed from 
 liquid hydrocarbon, stored in a tank below the apparatus. 
 
 The weight of the water to be carried is also reduced by 
 condensing the steam and employing the said water over and 
 over again. The steam is condensed by passing into a hollow 
 aeroplane formed of oiled silk and stayed by steel rods. The 
 steam condensing in this large condenser runs to the lower 
 part of same and is then pumped back into the boiler. 
 
21 
 
 One or more pairs of wings are employed, which are 
 flapped up and down by an engine, and these wings are made 
 up of large feathers having a rod on one side, the other side 
 being flexible. The rods slightly overlap the flexible edges 
 in such a manner that on the downward stroke the wings 
 beat firmly, with the exception of the last feather which bends 
 to an angle. Thus the main portion of the wing supports 
 the machine vertically, whilst the last feather on each wing 
 gives the forward motion. 
 
 The rider steers the machine by leaning in whatever 
 direction he desires to travel, thus changing the centre of 
 gravity. Elastic legs are employed for descending. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1860. No. 1114. 
 
 HENRY, Michael. ( Communication by Lands Coignard.) 
 
 " Propelling and Steering." 
 
 Jet propulsion is described with reference to ships, and the 
 direction of the jet tube is adjustable to enable the force to 
 be exerted in the required direction for steering. 
 
 This jet propulsion is also applicable to the propulsion of 
 balloons and aerial vessels, though it is not particularly 
 described as applied thereto. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1860. No. 1155. 
 
 BOYMAN, Richard Boyman. 
 
 " Motive Power." 
 
 This invention describes the application of the intermittent 
 force of steam to obtain continuous rotary motion. 
 
 There is no description of the apparatus as applied to aerial 
 
22 
 
 machines, and the inventor merely remarks that the inven- 
 tion may he applied to vessels, locomotives, and aerial 
 machines. 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1860. No. 1598. 
 
 STEVENS, Charles. (Communication by G. F. Rablat.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloons." 
 
 Cigar-shaped balloon, divided into four compartments, is 
 fitted with wings on either side. These wings are moveable 
 on hinges which form springs, and compartments or valves 
 are situated in the wings. 
 
 Pockets are provided, connected by valves to the under 
 part of the balloon, for receiving the gas from the balloon 
 when the same becomes distended. The car is made suitable 
 for navigation on water, and a waterproof cloth inflated with 
 air is attached to its upper edge to prevent the possibility of 
 an upset. Springs are also provided on the under surface of 
 the boat to lessen concussion on landing. 
 
 The apparatus ascends or advances according to the velocity 
 given to the wings. 
 
 In a modification, the inventor states that the car may 
 ascend by the employment of the wings alone, and without 
 the help of the balloon. 
 
 Rudders at bow and stern are employed for steering. 
 
 (Draimng.) 
 
 A.D. 1860. No. 3103. 
 
 SILAS, Ferdinand. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Signalling with Balloons." 
 
 A captive balloon displays various coloured lamps in certain 
 positions, and powerful lights situated below the balloon or 
 on the ground may render the balloon a luminous sphere. 
 When electric light is employed, the ropes may serve as 
 
23 
 
 conductors from a battery on the ground ; and when gas is 
 the lighting medium, the gas may be conducted through 
 tubes attached to the ropes. 
 
 Captive balloons may be employed as lightning-conductors, 
 or as " electro-substractors." 
 
 The balloon may be steadied by kites. 
 
 A.D. 1861. No. 492. 
 
 JAMES, William Henry. 
 
 "Application of Balloons." 
 
 Balloons made of strong material are partly filled with 
 water to serve as ballast, and these balloons are then employed 
 for dragging nets or lines with hooks for the purpose of 
 catching fish. 
 
 Such balloons may also be employed for saving life from 
 stranded vessels, and also for other purposes at sea. 
 
 These balloons are not described with reference to aerial 
 navigation. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1861. No. 593. 
 
 JACOB, Joseph. [Communication by Carl Preisenhammer 
 
 and Carl Weniger.) 
 
 " Hydeogen Gas." 
 
 Hydrogen gas is made by passing steam through retorts 
 containing metal, such as iron or copper, fired to a red 
 heat. This action decomposes the steam and liberates the 
 hydrogen. 
 
 Two sets of retorts may be employed, one set only being in 
 action at a time. 
 
 No reference is made to aerial navigation, but this speci- 
 fication is included in this abridgment, because reference is 
 made to same in No. 2377, a.d. 1861, as describing the 
 manufacture of gas for filling balloons. 
 
24 
 
 A.D. 1861. No. 1929. 
 
 PONTON D'AMECOURT, Gustave Louis Marie, Viscount de. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Two propellers mounted on a vertical axis, one above the 
 other, are situated at the upper part of the machine. These 
 propellers are made to revolve in opposite directions, thus 
 exerting an upward force, whilst at the same time one 
 propeller keeps the other in proper equilibrium and prevents 
 the apparatus taking a gyratory motion. 
 
 Another propeller is mounted on a horizontal shaft and 
 imparts a forward motion to the machine. Vertical horizontal 
 rudders are provided for steering purposes. 
 
 All the propellers are driven from one prime mover, such 
 as a steam-engine, which is situated in the lower part of the 
 apparatus. 
 
 This invention is practically the same as No. 2330, 
 a.d. 1859. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1861. No. 2377. 
 
 JACOB, Joseph. (Communication by Carl Preisenhammer 
 
 and Carl Weniger.) 
 
 " Hydrogen Gas." 
 
 Impeovements are described on the invention set forth in 
 No. 593, A.D. 1861, for manufacturing hydrogen. The 
 retorts for producing hydrogen are made to revolve, or 
 stationary retorts are fitted with trays one above the other, 
 through which the steam is made to circulate. 
 
 The iron to be heated is placed on the trays, which iron, 
 if in a finely divided state, can be heated in a few minutes. 
 The steam is then admitted, and passing in contact with the 
 heated iron is decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen, the 
 former being conducted to a condenser and thence to a 
 
25 
 
 gasometer, and the latter forms a compound with the heated 
 iron. 
 
 Hydrogen thus obtained may be employed for inflating 
 balloons. 
 
 A.D. 1861. No. 2420. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Joseph Scott. (Provisional refused.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 The principle is contained in the propulsion of a plane 
 against the atmosphere by means of wings shaped like the 
 hoof of a calf (or any other animal), affixed to large light 
 wheels, and made of firm or loose flapping and bagging 
 material, the said plane being made of a wooden or iron 
 framework stretched with silk. The winged wheels being 
 rotated by springs, by hand, or by steam, will flap as they 
 revolve and renew an impulse on the air compressed by the 
 plane, faster than the said air can recede from the pressure, 
 and the machine will be upborne by the air. 
 
 The chief part of the invention lies in the rotating wings, 
 which pass on the air in one half a revolution and flap as 
 they pass through the other part. 
 
 The inventor probably had some idea of mechanical flight 
 by propelling an aeroplane with feathering paddle-wheels. 
 
 A.D. 1861. No. 2529. 
 
 BKOWN, David Stephens. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Propelling and sustaining Balloons." 
 
 Ammonia and carbonic acid are employed to work engines 
 which actuate propellers for propelling and sustaining 
 balloons. 
 
 Condensers containing the ammonia and carbonic acid in 
 a liquid or solid state are suspended from the balloon and 
 borne on the air. The gases produced are first utilized in 
 the engines and are then injected into the balloon. Two 
 
26 
 
 collapsed balloons are placed in the main balloon to receive 
 the ammoniacal and carbonic acid gases. The balloon is 
 made oblong and has a propeller and rudder at either end. 
 Horizontal fans or screws are placed above the car, which is 
 of boat-like form, these fans being worked by springs which 
 are partly rewound by rotating in a contrary direction during 
 the descent. The car is made inflated, and changes of tem- 
 perature or atmospheric pressure may be utilized as motive 
 power. 
 
 This specification is very vague. 
 
 A.D. 1862. No. 1786. 
 
 CRESTADOEO, Andrea. 
 
 " Fire Balloon." 
 
 The motive power of a draught, caused by the air-sucking 
 property of fire, actuates a rotary fan-wheel. 
 
 A fire-balloon is described in which a stove rests upon a 
 platform, and the chimney terminates in the balloon above. 
 
 A motor worked by air-sucking faculty of fire actuates a 
 propelling apparatus. 
 
 A.D. 1863. No. 867. 
 
 GEDGE, William Edward. {Provisional only. Communication 
 by Pierre Jacques Carmien.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is mounted on a shaft which passes 
 through same from bow to stern. The car is adjustably sus- 
 pended to the ends of the shaft in such a manner that the 
 angle of the balloon may be regulated. An engine situated 
 in the car propels the balloon by rotating the shaft and 
 balloon, which latter carries sails or a screw thread. 
 
27 
 
 A.D. 1863. No. 2028. 
 
 LUDEKEj Johann Ernst Priedrich. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Suspending Cameras ekom Balloons." 
 
 A OAMEEA is suspended by the rope of a captive balloon, and 
 the exposure may be made by means of an electric current. 
 
 A pulley is situated above the camera, over which pulley 
 passes a rope attached to the ground at one end, and to a 
 drum on the ground at the other end. By this means the 
 balloon may be raised and lowered whilst the camera is kept 
 steady thereby. 
 
 [Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1863. No. 2141. 
 
 WELDON, Walter. 
 
 " Balloon/' 
 
 An elongated balloon is composed of a number of bags, like 
 the carriages of a railwaj^-train, but with little or no space 
 between the bags. These bags should be of greater diameter 
 than their longitudinal length, and the balloon should be of 
 much greater length than its diameter. The machine thus 
 constructed will float horizontally, and may be propelled and 
 steered. 
 
 A.D. 1863. No. 2959. 
 
 NEWTON, William Edward. (Provisional only. 
 Communicated by Eugene Godard.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 An improved fire-balloon is described in this specification, and 
 apparatus applicable to fire or gas balloons are also described. 
 An air-heating apparatus is placed in the car of a " Mont- 
 golfier " balloon, and straw or light dry wood is employed to 
 obtain the required heat. Outer casings, through which air 
 may circulate, are provided round the air-heating apparatus 
 
28 
 
 to prevent the radiation of heat inconveniencing the aeronauts, 
 and a fire door communicates with the interior. The fire is 
 supported on a perforated sheet of iron, or a trellis-work of 
 iron bars, and the ash-pan, which is suspended below the 
 
 MMHtfK 
 
 fire, may be raised or lowered to regulate the draught. The 
 air fed to the fire is admitted through a perforated truncated 
 cone, and a similar cone, but inverted, is employed to conduct 
 the heated air to the balloon. 
 
 Valves regulate the draught, and a wire-gauze disk pre- 
 vents sparks entering the balloon. The balloon, which need 
 not be varnished, is covered with straps like an immense net, 
 and a valve may be employed at the upper part of the 
 balloon. 
 
 It may sometimes be necessary to empty the balloon more 
 quickly, so for this purpose a cutting instrument is provided 
 in the upper part of the balloon, which, on being pulled by 
 means of a rope, rends the balloon from top to bottom. 
 
 To render the grapnel rope elastic, rubber springs are pro- 
 vided, but the rope itself takes the strain when the springs 
 are stretched to their utmost. 
 
29 
 
 A parachute is fitted to the outside of a balloon to prevent 
 rapid descents. 
 
 A balloon was made according to the above specification, 
 weighing 4,700 lbs., and having a capacity of 498,500 ft. 
 
 A.D. 1863. No. 3284. 
 
 DE SAINT MARTIN, Henry Reda. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Lungs having a respiratory action, and composed of two 
 inflatable • bags, are employed to give a rising and falling 
 motion to light, rigid frames (wings ?). 
 
 A hot-air apparatus supplies the lungs, and also actuates 
 the propelling wheels. The lungs give necessary ascentional 
 momentum to the apparatus, whilst the propellers move same 
 in any required direction. 
 
 A.D. 1864. No. 298. 
 
 DAVIES, George. (Communication by Ferdinand Charles 
 Honori Phillippe d'Esterno.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 This machine is provided with two wings and a tail, which are 
 moved vertically, horizontally, and torsionally, and the weight 
 of the aeronaut may be altered in position in the car. 
 
 The wings and tail are composed of a rigid framework, 
 combined with whalebone strip and a covering of strong silk. 
 
 There are hand wheels in the car by which the operator 
 may move the wings or tail in any desired direction. 
 
 The inventor has omitted to provide aDy power for actu- 
 ating the machine. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
30 
 
 A.D. 1864. No. 591. 
 
 BROOMAN, Richard Archibald. (Provisional only. 
 Communicated by Pierre Quentin.) 
 
 " Captive Balloons." 
 
 Two large balloons are connected to a wire rope in such a 
 manner that one rises whilst the other descends. The distance 
 between the balloons should be about 300 yards, and the 
 people in the cars are protected from the sun and rain. 
 
 The ropes which support the balloon, the car, and the 
 holding rope, are all attached to a spar on which they are free 
 to turn, the car thus being maintained in a vertical position. 
 
 In order to prevent the holding rope coming into contact 
 with car in windy weather, the end of the rope may be 
 divided in two and carry a frame in which the car is free to 
 turn ; or two cars may be attached to the spar, and the rope 
 attached between them ; or the car may have a recess from 
 the side to the centre of same, and thus allow the rope to take 
 any angle without tilting the car. 
 
 The balloon is made of strong tarred fabric, lined with tissue 
 paper, combined with light fabric coated with india-rubber. 
 
 The network may be combined with the envelope, and the 
 envelope thus consolidated terminates in a circular frame 
 having outlet and inlet valves. 
 
 A hyperbolical trunk allows the wind to exert an internal 
 pressure when the balloon is employed in a hurricane. 
 
 A.D. 1864. No. 748. 
 
 GEDGE, William Edward. (Provisional only. Communicated 
 by Pierre Jacques Carmien.) 
 
 " Metal Balloon." 
 
 A cylindrical metal balloon with conical bow and spherical 
 stern, and fitted with sails on its exterior surface, is made to 
 rotate by means of a suitable steam-engine situated in the car 
 below. 
 
 Two hemispheres, placed at the bow and stern, are blown 
 
31 
 
 into by means of a bellows, actuated by the steam-engines, 
 the air so blown acting as ballast. 
 
 Archimedean screws are turned in one or other direction to 
 aid in ascending or descending. 
 
 A.D. 1864. No. 1982. 
 
 CLARK, William. ( Communicated by Alexandre Marie 
 Quinet and Archille Baudouin.) 
 
 " India-rubber Balloons.-" 
 
 India-rubber balloons having an internal valve, which is 
 kept closed by the pressure of the gas within, are described 
 in this specification. 
 
 As this only refers to toy balloons, it is unnecessary to deal 
 with the details of this invention. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1864. No. 2030. 
 
 BR00MAN, Richard Archibald. (Provisional only. Com- 
 municated by Charles Edmond Francois Couturier?) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Extending arms are fixed at a distance from the body and 
 terminate in wings or flappers. Springs are fitted at the 
 connection of the wings and arms, and the aeronaut works 
 the flappers by means of cords, and may thus progress even 
 against the wind. 
 
 A.D. 1864. No. 2245. 
 
 HAMMOND, Thomas Rundle. (Provisional protection 
 refused.) 
 
 " Drawing Balloons." 
 
 Vulcanized india-rubber is distended, and any objects are 
 attached thereto, such as mail bags, boats, waggons, or bal- 
 loons, which, on being released, are drawn along by the 
 india-rubber. 
 
32 
 
 A.D. 1864. No. 2299. 
 
 MENNONS, Marc Antoine Francois. {Communicated by 
 Gustave de Struve and Nicholas de Telescheff.) 
 
 "Flying Machines." 
 
 Stationary or moveable concave surfaces are employed in 
 machines which fly by mechanical power, the stationary 
 surfaces acting on the principle of aeroplanes, and the move- 
 able surfaces acting as wings. 
 
 The first machine, which is designed to carry 120 persons 
 and to move at 30 miles an hour, has a large concave surface 
 attached round the body or vessel for floating on the air. A 
 propeller is provided, driven by a steam-engine, for giving 
 the machine a forward motion, and vertical and horizontal 
 rudders are employed for steering horizontally or vertically. 
 A weighted regulator is provided to maintain the centre of 
 gravity as nearly as possible in the same position. The 
 machine is started down a decline, and when free the engines 
 driving the propeller keep the machine flying. 
 
 The second machine is provided with moveable wings, 
 which are actuated by the aeronaut, and the machine is 
 started in a similar manner to the first machine. 
 
 (Drawings.*) 
 
 A.D. 1865. No. 930. 
 
 HAENLEIN, Paul. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon, having a horizontal framework around 
 same, is driven by means of a propeller, and steered by a 
 rudder covered with silk. Instead of propellers at the bow, 
 propellers may be situated on either side of the balloon, and 
 mounted on the framework, and a propeller may be mounted 
 on a vertical axis situated below the car for regulating the 
 altitude of the balloon. 
 
 The propellers are driven by a gas-engine of particular 
 
33 
 
 construction, having most of its working parts hollow to give 
 lightness, and the gas required is drawn direct from the 
 
 WMmw^&w&&^ ; - ; 
 
 balloon. A small auxiliary balloon, situated inside the 
 balloon, is inflated with air to compensate for the loss of gas. 
 
 A.D. 1865. No. 1037. 
 
 KOTHLEB, Gustave Wilhelm. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A steong but light framing surrounds the body of the person 
 who is to fly, and the said framing is prolonged in front and 
 behind about 5 feet. A windrose (having arms like the sail 
 of a windmill) is employed in front, and offers very little 
 resistance to the wind, as it is free to turn on its axis. A 
 revolving wheel, having feathered spokes, acts as a rudder, 
 and the onward motion is obtained by wings which are actu- 
 ated by spiral springs and by the arms of the person flying. 
 Two elastic reservoirs of hydrogen are attached to the framing 
 to assist in buoying up the person flying in the air. 
 
 This provisional specification is extremely vague, and the 
 parts are not very particularly described. 
 
 A.D. 1865. No. 1953. 
 
 LAKOCHE, Leon Paul. (Provisional protection refused.) 
 
 " Fiee-Engines and Hydeaulic Machines." 
 
 Pistons of pumps are armed with " conic sharp-edged needle 
 
 D 
 
u 
 
 plates, well polished, round, square, and triangular, showing, 
 in one word, all the shapes that have been adopted, to be 
 thoroughly polished and edged." 
 
 This principle, the inventor states, may be applied to aerial 
 machines and balloons. 
 
 This description is quite incomprehensible, and the inventor 
 who is a native of Paris, probably made his own translation. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1865. No. 2208. 
 
 BONNEVILLE, Henri Adrien. (Provisional only. 
 Communicated by Charles Edrnond Francois Couturier.) 
 
 " Flying Tots and Parachutes/' 
 
 A flying toy has wings attached to a central body, and a 
 rudder is attached to the hinder part of the body. When 
 the bodies are to fly rigidly, the body, tail, and wings are 
 fixed in the same plane ; but when the wings are to flap they 
 are hinged to the body, which is then inclined downward with 
 the tail in an upright direction. The flapping of the wings is 
 controlled by a thread or other means. 
 
 In applying the principle to a parachute the wings would 
 be made of silk, mounted on a suitable framework. 
 
 A.D. 1865. No. 3283. 
 
 CLARK, William. (Communicated by Solomon Andrews.) 
 
 " Directing the Course of Balloons." 
 
 The principle of this invention is propelling and steering 
 balloons during the rising and falling motion, by means of 
 inclined planes. 
 
 The specification describes, and the drawings illustrate, three 
 elongated balloons placed side by side, and having their 
 longitudinal equators joined together by a diaphragm. An 
 elongated car is also employed, and the aeronauts, by standing 
 
35 
 
 either in the bow or in the stern, depress the bow or stern of 
 the balloons, which in rising or falling travel along in the 
 plane to which the diaphragm is inclined. 
 
 flMtot 
 
 Wm4m 
 
 mm 
 
 The accompanying illustration shows a plane for the above 
 purpose fitted to a spherical balloon, which plane may be 
 adjusted to any required angle. 
 
 A.D. 1866. No. 1143. 
 
 BUTLER, James William. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Manumotive Flying Machine." 
 
 An aeroplane is attached across the shoulders of the person 
 intending to fly. The operator imparts an upward and forward 
 motion to the apparatus by pulling a pair of wings downwards, 
 the upward motion of the wings being obtained by springs. 
 
 The operator, with the above apparatus attached, is con- 
 veyed rapidly down a hill on a carriage until the rush through 
 the air, acting on the aeroplane, lifts him from the carriage, 
 when by plying the wings vigorously, a flight of considerable 
 extent may be attained. 
 
 D 2 
 
36 
 
 The start might also be obtained by jumping from a height, 
 or by being pulled through the air at a great velocity by a 
 rope. 
 
 A.D. 1866. No. 1497. 
 
 BOYMAN, Richard Boyman. 
 " Pkopelling Vessels." 
 
 In this very lengthy specification the inventor describes 
 further improvements in propelling vessels by reaction, which 
 improvements are the result of his experiments on intermit^ 
 tent reaction. 
 
 He states that this method will be the only method of pro- 
 pulsion on land, water, and in air. 
 
 The invention is not particularly described as applied to 
 aerial navigation, so it is beyond the scope of this book to 
 deal with this particular means of propulsion. 
 
 {Drawings.} 
 
 A.D. 1866. No. 1571. 
 
 WENHAM, Francis Herbert. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Two or more aeroplanes are arranged one above the other, 
 and support a framework or car containing the motive power. 
 The aeroplanes are made of silk or canvas stretched in a 
 frame, by wooden rods or steel ribs. When manual power 
 is employed the body is placed horizontally, and oars or pro- 
 pellers are actuated by the arms or legs. 
 
 A start may be obtained by lowering the legs and running 
 down hill, or the machine may be started from a moving 
 carriage. One or more screw-propellers may be applied for 
 propelling when steam-power is employed. 
 
37 
 
 A.D. 1866. No. 2489. 
 
 BOULTON, Matthew Piers Watt. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Propelling Aerial Vessels." 
 
 A jet of fluid is forced from the stern of the vessel in the 
 direction of the required movement of such vessel. This 
 action imparts movement to the air, which impinges against 
 a curved surface on the stern of the vessel, which is thus 
 propelled. The necessary elevating force of aerial vessels 
 might be obtained by the employment of inclined planes, 
 surfaces, or vanes. 
 
 A.D. 1866. No. 2809. 
 
 BOULTON, Matthew Piers Watt. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Propelling Aerial Vessels." 
 
 The invention described in this specification is practically 
 similar to the invention previously protected by the same 
 inventor (No. 2489, a.d. 1866). 
 
 A.D. 1866. 
 
 BOTMAN, Eichard Boyman. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon/' 
 
 No. 3262. 
 
 The inventor describes at length the state of aeronautical 
 science at date of the application for this patent, and endea- 
 vours to show by his arguments that aerial navigation can 
 
 never be accomplished by mechanical flight. The opinions 
 of Dr. Pettigrow, the Duke of Argyll, and Dr. Arnott are 
 
38 
 
 quoted, but the inventor differs from them, and maintains 
 that aerial machines must displace a quantity of air of equal 
 weight to the entire aerial machine with its cargo. 
 
 It is proposed to make a machine having a steel aerostat 
 and weighing in all 600 tons. The aerostat is to be cylin- 
 drical with conical ends, 200 feet in diameter, and a quarter 
 of a mile long ; yet the resistance will only be 5070 lbs., 
 and the propelling force 406 horse-power. 
 
 Jet-propulsion is employed (viz. propulsion by the impact 
 of a current of air), which may either be produced by a jet of 
 steam, or by a blower of the rotary blower type, which is 
 shown in detail in the drawings accompanying the specifi- 
 cation. 
 
 The reaction-nozzles revolve so as to propel or back the 
 vessel, and also to act as elevators and depressors. 
 
 Endders are employed, working in pairs, one fore and one 
 aft. 
 
 The gas contained in the aerostat may be employed for 
 heating the boilers, though, if preferred, the heating-gas may 
 be stored in separate receivers. 
 
 Water is injected into the boiler by a steam injector, which 
 forces the water at a sufficient velocity to overcome the 
 pressure in the boiler. 
 
 Moveable ballast keeps the machine at the required angle. 
 
 To anyone interested in the science of aeronautics, this 
 specification is well worth careful study ; the reflections, 
 opinions, and theoretical views being most elaborately written 
 and argued by an inventor, who without doubt was a most 
 clever man. 
 
 A.D. 1867. No. 466. 
 
 HENRY, Michael. (Communicated by Henry Giffard.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 An enclosure of the height of a balloon, and having a rounded 
 upper edge, is employed to protect a captive balloon from the 
 wind whilst on the ground. The captive rope passes over a 
 
39 
 
 pulley to a steam engine, the said rope tapering in thickness 
 from the balloon downward. A trench is made to receive the 
 car, which latter is suspended from a ring and situated in a 
 cage. The lower part of the balloon is elastic to allow of 
 expansion, and a stuffing-box closes the mouth of the balloon, 
 through which the valve-line passes. Tubes are connected to 
 the neck of the balloon and rise upwards to elbows hung from 
 the net ; these tubes then descend towards the ground, where 
 they are open to the air and act as exits and safety-valves. 
 A tube is connected to the valve at the top of the balloon to 
 enable gas to be admitted from above, and thus expel the 
 heavier gas at the lower part of the balloon. A waterproof 
 covering protects the balloon and net from rain. 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1867. No. 473. 
 
 KAUFMANN, Joseph Meyers. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 The car contains the engine and boiler, and is mounted on 
 wheels to enable it to run on land when starting, whilst at 
 the same time the said car can float on water. 
 
 The engine actuates the wings, and pillow-blocks are 
 employed to oscillate the wings, so that they may strike the 
 air at an angle both in the up-stroke and the down-stroke, 
 thus wedging or screwing the machine through the air. 
 
 Buffers, which may be forced out by steam-pressure, are 
 provided for giving the machine a sudden lift upwards when 
 starting, or the machine may be run along on its wheels until 
 the air acting on suitable aeroplanes, set at an angle, gives 
 the required lifting-power. 
 
 A tail and two guides are employed to steer the machine 
 vertically or horizontally. 
 
 A tender, carrying stores, fuel, and water, and cars may 
 be drawn behind the above-described machine, in which case 
 the tender and cars would be provided with aeroplanes for 
 supporting them on the atmosphere. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
A.D. 1867. 
 
 No. 696. 
 
 40 
 
 BOTJLTON, Matthew Piers Watt. 
 " Pkopelling Vessels." 
 
 This invention refers most particularly to propelling vessels 
 by drawing water hy means of a pump, in a direction " oppo- 
 site to the vessel's advance, and expelling it in the same 
 direction." 
 
 Reaction-wheels worked directly by steam may give a 
 rapid rotation to a propeller for the purpose of aerial loco- 
 motion. 
 
 A.D. 1867. 
 
 No. 1392. 
 
 SMYTH, William. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 The car, which is of cylindrical form with tapered ends, is 
 provided with horizontal propellers for propulsion, and ver- 
 tical propellers for elevating. 
 
 Aeroplanes are employed for sustaining the machine, and 
 one pair of these aeroplanes may be extended at the bow and 
 one at the stern, or several pairs may be arranged one above 
 the other, in order to save length and weight. 
 
 The propellers are actuated by a motive-power machine, in 
 
 which the explosive force of the combustion of mixed gases 
 is utilized, which explosion expands concertina-like chambers. 
 
41 
 
 A.D. 1867. No. 1525. 
 
 KAUFMANN, Joseph Meyers. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Apparatus connected with Flying Machines." 
 
 The pressure in the boiler is regulated by a " sneap," which 
 consists of two pistons connected together, one being in com- 
 munication with the steam, and the other with a mercury- 
 gauge. At a certain pressure, the movement of the piston 
 allows the steam to escape, and a whistle which is provided 
 warns the attendant. 
 
 The flow of oil to the furnace is regulated by a piston, 
 which moves in proportion to the amount of pressure in the 
 boiler ; the piston-rod is connected to a valve, and thus 
 diminishes the amount of oil fed to the furnace on the 
 pressure in the boiler exceeding the amount required. 
 
 The inventor also describes apparatus previously set forth 
 in his specification No. 473, a.d. 1867. 
 
 A.D. 1867. No. 1982. 
 
 CRADDOCE, Thomas. {Provisional only.) 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A SMALL shaft is fixed to the person's body, and rotated by 
 means of clutch pulleys, which are actuated by the feet and 
 hands pulling down cords, the recovery of the pulleys being 
 accomplished by springs. 
 
 The rotation of this shaft actuates wings, which receive an 
 up and down, and also a swivel, action, thus pulling the 
 person forward as well as supporting him in the air. 
 
 The wings, which are made on the principle of a lady's fan, 
 are intended to move like the wings of a bird. 
 
 By employing two or more pairs of wings acting at dif- 
 ferent times, a continuous power is obtained. 
 
 Steam-power may be employed, and as many as 40 wings 
 on each side of the car could then be utilized. 
 
42 
 
 A.D. 1867. No. 2115. 
 
 BUTLER, James William, and EDWARDS, Edmund. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 An elongated triangulari aeroplane is employed, having a 
 web down the centre of its underside, the aeroplane and web 
 resembling in shape a paper dart. 
 
 Horizontal and vertical rudders guide the machine verti- 
 cally and horizontally. 
 
 Propellers or wings may be employed for imparting a 
 forward movement to the apparatus, or a jet of steam or- 
 other fluid may act by reaction on the air. 
 
 When steam-power is employed, the aeroplane may be 
 made hollow for condensing the steam, and thus save weight 
 by using the same water repeatedly. 
 
 The apparatus may be started from a carriage running on 
 wheels, and when the speed has become sufficient the air 
 acting below the aeroplane will raise the apparatus from the 
 
 A.D. 1867. 
 
 No. 2223. 
 
 BOYMAN, Richard Boyman. 
 
 " Propulsion." 
 
 This invention describes, and shows in very clear drawings, 
 further improvements in jet-propulsion ; but these improve- 
 ments being shown as applied to ships, and it being only in- 
 cidentally mentioned that the invention may be applied to 
 
43 
 
 aerial machines, a detailed description would be beyond the 
 scope of this work. 
 [Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1867. No. 2229. 
 
 NELSON, James Edward. [Provisional only.) 
 
 " Navigable Aerostat." 
 
 The car is suspended from an aerostat of disc form, having a 
 portion of its centre removed. By adjusting a -weight sus- 
 pended below the car the apparatus assumes an inclination, 
 and can thus skim through the air in descending. 
 
 Sails hinder the passage of air through the central opening 
 of the balloon, thus regulating the velocity of descent ; 
 and rudders steer the machine vertically and horizontally. 
 
 In order to obtain a start, the machine is forced vertically 
 upwards out of a cylindrical tower by means of compressed 
 air. 
 
 The machine may be propelled by the reaction of a jet or 
 jets of fluid escaping from a reservoir or generator. 
 
 A.D. 1867. No. 2397. 
 
 GOUCHEK, John. 
 
 " Propelling." 
 
 An apparatus is described for propelling vessels on water, 
 which apparatus, it is stated, is also applicable to propelling 
 aerial vessels, though this application is not particularly de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Wings or flaps are hinged to a central rib in such a manner 
 that they hold the water if moved in one direction, but fold 
 on the rib if moved in the contrary direction. These ribs 
 are attached at right angles to rods which connect similar 
 cranks, so that on the rotation of the cranks the flaps hold 
 the water during half a revolution, but are withdrawn from 
 the water on the return half-revolution. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
44 
 
 A.D. 1867. 
 
 No. 2504. 
 
 SMYTHIES, John Kiniinersley. 
 
 " Steam Flying Machine." 
 
 A steam bird is constructed, with wings fulcrumed on the 
 ends of links attached to the body of the apparatus, and these 
 wings are composed of feathers which act on the air during 
 their downward stroke, but rise without much resistance, 
 owing to . the feathers deflecting and permitting the air to 
 pass between same. 
 
 The wings are connected at their inner ends to the piston- 
 rod of a steam cylinder, which in falling and rising flaps the 
 wings up and down. 
 
 The boiler is constructed with a number of small tubes to 
 give a large heating surface with small amount of weight, as 
 well as requiring a very small amount of water ; and the heat 
 
45 
 
 is obtained by burning vaporized hydrocarbon combined with 
 a hot-air blast. The exhaust steam is condensed in a hollow- 
 tail, thus saving weight in the quantity of water required. 
 This tail also serves the purpose of a supporting surface (i. e. 
 aeroplane). 
 
 Minute details are described. 
 
 A.D. 1867. No. 3036. 
 
 HENRY, Michael. (Communicated by Henry Giffard.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 The specification describes improvements on an invention of 
 Henry Giffard's, No. 466, 1867. 
 
 Instead of employing an elastic neck, the leading lines are 
 made shorter, thus allowing the balloon to expand or contract 
 without sagging. 
 
 Safety-valves are employed at the lower part of the balloon, 
 and the neck is made of a short rigid tube having a flexible 
 end. 
 
 A pressure-valve shows the pressure of the gas in the 
 balloon, and the mooring-cable passes through the centre of 
 the car, which latter may have a double bottom for the recep- 
 tion of ballast &c. 
 
 The mooring-cable is worked by steam-engines and is 
 fitted with a tension-gauge. 
 
 The passengers enter the car by means of a foot-bridge, 
 and an enclosure is provided to protect the balloon from the 
 effects of bad weather. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 392. 
 
 B0ULT0N, Matthew Piers Watt. 
 
 " Propelling Aerial Machines." 
 
 Jets of fluid are employed as the motive-power of aerial 
 machines. The jet of fluid, steam for instance, issues towards 
 
46 
 
 the hinder part of the vessel, which is shaped to offer but 
 small resistance to the air. 
 
 Various kinds of jets are described, which may be employed 
 as a supporting power by passing over the upper surface 
 of a plane, thus reducing the pressure on its upper side, 
 or the jets may be employed for propelling aeroplanes at an 
 angle, which thus perform mechanical flight. 
 
 Mixtures of inflammable gases may be ignited in a recep- 
 tacle and thus produce the required jet by its escape through 
 a suitable orifice. 
 
 Steam boilers are described having a large heating-surface. 
 
 In order to prevent an aeroplane leaving the plane in 
 which it is travelling, self-regulating mechanism is employed, 
 consisting of two rudders and a balance-weight, which mecha- 
 nism corrects the angle automatically. 
 
 [Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 412. 
 
 MASEY, Philip Edward. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Steam Flying Machine." 
 
 A series of rotary vanes or blades, mounted on vertical axes, 
 give the required lifting-power, and vanes mounted on hori- 
 zontal axes impart a forward motion to the machine. 
 
 These vertical and horizontal axes are driven by means of 
 a rotary engine situated on a boiler having a large heating- 
 surface. 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 568. 
 
 HULLETT, John. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Employment of Kites and Balloons." 
 
 A ROPE is suspended by kites, situated one above the other. 
 These kites may be adjusted in angle by means of cords and 
 
47 
 
 weights. Persons &c. may ascend the rope by means of a 
 sail attached to a spar carried on a frame free to run up the 
 rope on pulleys. 
 
 The kite or kites may be fitted with gas-holders, and a 
 balloon may be employed for elevating. 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 1005. 
 
 B0ULT0N, Matthew Piers Watt, and IMRAY, John. 
 
 "Flying Machine.'' 
 
 A cylinder having two pistons, one working at either end of 
 same, is situated in the body of the machine. The piston- 
 rods are atoached to a pair of wings in such a manner that on 
 the pistons being driven apart, one from the other, by the 
 explosion of mixed gases between them in the cylinder, the 
 wings are brought down, thus effecting the flight of the appa- 
 ratus. The upward movement or recovery of the wings is 
 effected by the natural pressure of air beneath same caused 
 by the weight of the machine. 
 
 A secondary piston conveys the inflammable mixture be- 
 tween the two main pistons, and modifications are described 
 of the various parts of mechanism. 
 
 The wings are formed of rods curved backwards and 
 covered with light fabric, and these wings are capable of ad- 
 justment. 
 
 A tail is employed, mounted on a universal joint, thus 
 allowing of its moving vertically and horizontally for the pur- 
 pose of steering and balancing the vessel. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 1178. 
 
 SPENCEK, Charles Green. {Provisional refused.) 
 
 " Manumotive Flying Machine." 
 
 The apparatus consists of a T-shaped web having vertical and 
 horizontal limbs, which diminish to a point at the bow. The 
 
48 
 
 horizontal web acts as an aeroplane when the machine is pro- 
 pelled forwards, and there is a receptacle in the vertical web 
 for a man. 
 
 By running along the ground the machine becomes sup- 
 ported on the atmosphere, and the person actuating suitable 
 propeller-fins keeps the machine in motion. A rudder may- 
 be employed. 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 1666. 
 
 HAMMANT, William. (Provisional refused.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 This provisional specification does not clearly describe any 
 invention, but the inventor states that the apparatus consists 
 of a frame of thin copper hollow cylinders charged with 
 hydrogen. 
 
 Elevating apparatus, consisting of fans, whose blades de- 
 scend flatways and rise edgeways, are provided, and the sup- 
 porting apparatus is said to consist of wings fitted with 
 feathering blades. Screw-blades are employed for propelling, 
 and the machine may be actuated by any suitable power. 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 1815. 
 
 CRESTADORO, Andrea. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Hot-aie Balloon." 
 
 A balloon is made of metallic sheet, and provided with a tap 
 at top and bottom. The air inside the balloon is heated by a 
 
49 
 
 furnace, whose chimney passes up through the centre and out 
 at the top of the balloon. 
 
 The inventor states that the air in a balloon of 200 ft. 
 diameter, heated to 230° F., would have an ascending power 
 of 38 tons. 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 1881. 
 
 BOYMAN, Richard Boyman. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 This specification describes improvements on the invention, 
 by the same inventor, No. 3262, a.d. 1866. 
 
 Instead of employing gas as the lifting power (in navigable 
 balloons made of metal), it is proposed to rarefy the air in the 
 aerostat by exhausting or heating same. Rotary pumps are 
 shown for exhausting, and the machine is propelled by the 
 action of a jet or jets of air on the outer atmosphere. The 
 pumps are set in action until sufficient air is exhausted to give 
 the required lifting power, and the machine can then be pro- 
 pelled in any direction. 
 
 When it is desired to descend, air is admitted to the aero- 
 stat, which becomes heavier than the amount of air it dis- 
 places. 
 
 The aerostat is made of rings of metal with a sheet-metal 
 covering to same, and is strengthened internally by stays. 
 Quotations from correspondence between Professor Blanc 
 and the inventor are given at great length. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 1987. 
 
 NEWTON, William Edward. (Provisional only. 
 Communicated by C. Williams.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon/' 
 
 The balloon is of elongated form, having the under horizontal 
 surface flat. The propellers, which consist of adjustable vanes 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 capable of being feathered, may be employed for propelling, 
 steering, elevating, or lowering the machine. 
 
 A rigid platform is attached to the balloon, and the car is 
 attached below the platform by rigid stays. The balloon, 
 with the help of a " stay-hoop," forms a parachute in case of 
 accident, and horizontal adjustable rails act as aeroplanes. 
 
 Compressed gas is carried to compensate for leakage, and 
 steam is generated with carburetted hydrogen gas. 
 
 Persons may descend to the ground by ladders, when the 
 balloon is anchored, and the balloon need not be brought 
 right down to the ground for this purpose. 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 2162. 
 
 LIVCHAK, Josef. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A balloon, which is elongated with conic ends, is stated to 
 be driven by the centrifugal force of the moving parts, and 
 also by the application of the resistance of the air. The 
 balloon is covered with an air-tight cloth, the two edges of 
 which are secured to a loose frame connected with the body 
 which carries the steam motor. 
 
 The body may have its distance from the balloon modified, 
 and " prismatic casings or wings " are mentioned in this 
 specification. 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 2680. 
 
 HUNTER, John Morrison. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Aeroplanes are employed for supporting the apparatus on 
 the atmosphere, and the propulsion is obtained by rocket jets, 
 i. e. jets impinging on the atmosphere, which jets are pro- 
 duced by the combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with 
 atmospheric air. 
 There are two aeroplanes, one on each side of the vessel, 
 
51 
 
 mounted on their centres so that they may be adjusted in 
 angle, to direct the machine up or down ; and the outer 
 edges of these aeroplanes are provided •with jets, pointing 
 downwards, to buoy the machine up when required. 
 
 Jets are provided at the stern to propel the machine, or 
 propellers may be 1 employed having jets at the ends of their 
 blades, for giving the desired rotary movement. 
 
 By altering the direction of the bow or stern propeller, the 
 vessel is turned on its axis, and so travels to the right or left, 
 or this steering may be performed by steam-jets acting diago- 
 nally at the bow or stern. 
 
 The machine is started by running down hill on wheels 
 which are provided for that purpose, which wheels are con- 
 nected to the body by means of springs. 
 
 A generator for making gas, and improved jets are also 
 described. 
 
 {Drawings.') 
 
 A.D. 1868. No. 3677. 
 
 GRYLLS, Henry William. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Spring-motor for Aerial Machines." 
 
 This provisional specification describes a motor to be driven 
 by a spring or springs. 
 
 The mechanism is placed in the car of a balloon, and drives 
 a shaft, which projects from the car and carries fans or other 
 driving arrangement. 
 
 A.D. 1869. No. 1124. 
 
 ABEL, Charles Denton. {Provisional only. Communicated 
 by Emile Jombart.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A narrow platform constructed of a framing of wood and 
 
 a2 
 
52 
 
 filled in with louvre boards, laths, or staves is provided with 
 quadrant-shaped wings. 
 
 A person can impart an up and down motion to the wings 
 by means of levers. 
 
 A.D. 1869. No. 1769. 
 
 MICHEL, Marius. (Provisional refused.) 
 
 " Employing Birds foe Flying." 
 
 Bikds are harnessed to a triangular framework, to which 
 latter the car is suspended. 
 
 The birds may be guided by means of reins attached to 
 their wings, or rudders may be employed for this purpose. 
 
 A.D. 1869. No. 2827. 
 
 NOBLE, William Henry. (Provisional only. Communicated 
 by Frederick Marriott.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is divided into three compartments, the 
 bow and stern compartments being for the reception of gas, 
 and the centre compartment for the steam engine. 
 
 Aeroplanes which increase in width from the bow to the 
 stern are mounted horizontally on each side of the balloon, 
 and a rudder having vertical and horizontal webs is employed 
 for steering vertically and horizontally. 
 
 The balloon does not contain sufficient gas. to cause it to 
 rise, but when the propellers are actuated the machine rises 
 with the greatest ease. 
 
 A.D. 1870. No. 623. 
 
 BOYMAN, Richard Boyman. 
 
 " Propelling by Beaction." 
 
 This invention refers to improvements in propellers for 
 producing jets for propelling vessels and aerial machines by 
 
53 
 
 reaction. More efficiency is obtained by employing these 
 improved propellers, which, as in the previous inventions by 
 the same inventor, draw air from the forward direction and 
 eject it towards the stern. 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 AD. 1870. No. 1469. 
 
 HAETE, Richard. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 This machine, which may be propelled by either muscular or 
 steam power, is provided with an aeroplane and propelled by 
 a two-bladed screw. These blades have more of their super- 
 ficies on one side of their axes than on the other, and they 
 may be regulated in pitch according to the speed required. 
 
 Rudders are employed for steering, and wheels are pro- 
 vided to enable the machine to move on land. 
 
 A " balancing beak " is employed at the bow of the 
 machine, which, by its momentum, ensures the passage of the 
 front of the machine through the air. The machine may be 
 started down a hill or by rotating the propellers. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 AD. 1870. No. 2040. 
 
 ROSS, William Murray. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Pkopulsion.-" 
 
 Aekial machines are to be raised and propelled through the 
 air by means of apparatus consisting of a number of vacuum- 
 pumps. 
 
 Vessels are also to be propelled in a like manner, and 
 locomotives are to be stopped by pistons acting against the 
 
 air. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
54 
 
 AD. 1870. No. 3272. 
 
 BRANNON, Philip. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 A balloon is constructed in three divisions, one above the 
 other, the upper division containing hydrogen and the middle 
 division being fitted with a heating-apparatus for rarefying 
 the air. 
 
 Wheels with feathering-gear, or propellers, give propulsion 
 to the machine, and the motive power may be obtained from 
 a tangential fan-wheel driven by currents of air. 
 
 Plunging parachute propellers might also be employed, and 
 all the propellers work on universal joints for steering. 
 
 A.D. 1871. No. 728. 
 
 OSSELIN, Francois Alfred. 
 
 " Obtaining and applying Motive Power." 
 
 This invention is based on a new law, and the apparatus, 
 which is to be called the " dynamogene," is stated to be both 
 " economical and universal.'" 
 
 The apparatus is described as applied to " ascentional 
 engines " which are of the " general form of a kiosk borne 
 in the air by the statical action of the differential." 
 
 The inventor gives a quantity of mathematical formulae, 
 and states with confidence that by the use of his apparatus 
 the problem of aerial locomotion is solved, but he does not 
 particularly describe the manner of obtaining this much- 
 wished-for result. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1871. No. 944. 
 
 BOYMAN, Richard Boyman. 
 
 " Ships and Propulsion." 
 The principal part of this invention .refers to ships which are 
 
55 
 
 made of great length and small cross section, to enable them 
 to proceed at great speed without extra power. 
 
 These ships are propelled by reaction, the power being 
 obtained by means of rotary pumps, which pump water in 
 the reverse direction to the movement of the ship. These 
 propelling pumps are also applicable to aerial navigation. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1871. No. 2031. 
 
 HUNT, Bristow. {Provisional only. Communicated by 
 Robert Courtemanche.) 
 
 " Aerial Machine." 
 
 The machine is of a fish-like form, and propelled by propel- 
 lers driven by steam-power. 
 
 Two screws will be used for ascending, and one screw is 
 situated at the rear end for propelling, whilst the steering is 
 performed with a rudder. 
 
 Aeroplanes, which can be adjusted, are provided at the 
 sides of the vessel, and in descending the screws may be 
 stopped and the vessel allowed to descend on an inclined 
 plane. 
 
 A foot bridge and four supports are provided, and balloons 
 containing hydrogen are attached to the bow and stern to 
 lighten the ship. 
 
 A.D. 1871. No. 2781. 
 
 RIEBER, Juan. {Provisional refused.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A tkiangulae balloon is provided with steam-engines for 
 blowing the balloon forward, having one edge foremost to 
 cut the wind. Weathercocks are employed to indicate the 
 direction in which the balloon is moving. 
 
 The drawing accompanying this specification would have 
 been more suitable for a comic paper than to illustrate this 
 " supposed " invention. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
56 
 
 A.D. 1871. No. 3067. 
 
 WILSON, George. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Motive Poweb." 
 
 Steeams of water are forced from a receiver and pass over 
 step-like channels, thus unbalancing the pressure of the 
 atmosphere, and causing it to act at intervals beneath the said 
 channels. 
 
 This motive-power apparatus is for performing mechanical 
 work in propelling bodies on the ground or through water, 
 and is also employed for raising bodies in the air. 
 
 {Draining.) 
 
 A.D. 1871. No. 3238. 
 
 MOY, Thomas, and SHILL, Richard Edmund. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 An elongated body for containing the motor and passenger is 
 suspended in the centre of a double hoop framework, which 
 latter is mounted on four wheels for running on the ground 
 when starting the machine. 
 
 Two propellers, each composed of eight aeroplanes placed 
 radially on an axis, are situated on either side of the 
 machine. These aeroplanes are altered in their pitch as they 
 revolve in such a manner that on striking downward their 
 forward edges are slightly inclined downwards, whilst in 
 ascending they are inclined upwards, thus always propelling 
 and serving as supports on the air. 
 
 Two adjustable horizontal aeroplanes are situated at the 
 stern of the machine to steer same up or down, and these 
 aeroplanes are actuated automatically by a pendulum, or they 
 may be actuated by hand. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
57 
 
 A.D. 1872. No. 411. 
 
 BROWN, David Stephens. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Two aeroplanes, which may be double-walled to serve as 
 generators or condensers, are placed at a distance apart and 
 held in position by tubular framework. 
 
 The planes may be altered in inclination at rapid intervals, 
 and the propellers may be of the screw, fish-tail, wing, or 
 rocket kind. 
 
 A.D. 1872. No. 821. 
 
 SOUL, Matthew Augustus. ( Communicated by 
 Paul Haenlein.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A balloon of elongated form supports a framework, having 
 two propellers mounted horizontally on same. A car con- 
 taining a gas-engine, and fitted with a vertically mounted 
 propeller below, is attached to the frame, and rudders are 
 attached to the frame at the bow and stern for steering 
 horizontally. 
 
 The gas for burning in the gas-engine is drawn from the 
 balloon itself, and an auxiliary balloon situated within the 
 main balloon is provided for the reception of air as the gas 
 is withdrawn. 
 
 By driving the side propellers by means of the gas-engine 
 the balloon is propelled forward, and by driving the propeller 
 below the car the balloon may be raised up or down without 
 expenditure of gas or ballast. 
 
 A condenser is described in which ether or ammonia is 
 employed for keeping the gas-engine cool. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
58 
 
 A.D. 1872. No. 3076. 
 
 DUTHTJ, Jean Baptiste. 
 
 " Steering Balloons." 
 
 Sails are provided on a balloon to enable it to beat and tack 
 against the wind in a similar manner to a ship. A screw or 
 fan, actuated from the car, is provided to aid " in these 
 evolutions " in such a manner that when manoeuvring the 
 proper side may be presented to the wind. 
 
 Anchors are provided with two ropes to enable them to 
 hook or unhook at will, the flukes being jointed for this 
 purpose. 
 
 A mast and horizontal spars are provided in the balloon, 
 and a spring safety-valve is provided at the top to allow the 
 gas to escape when at a certain pressure. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 AD. 1873. No. 2346. 
 
 BROWN, David Stephens. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Motor." 
 
 A steam-engine for propelling aerial machines is made to act 
 with great energy at short intervals, instead of in a continuous 
 manner. 
 
 Springs hold the piston-rod back until the pressure is 
 sufficient to overpower the springs, which piston then moves 
 with great force. 
 
 A.D. 1873. No. 2776. 
 
 MARTIN, Margaret. 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 A balloon or train of balloons of elongated form travels be- 
 tween two points by means of an endless rope to which they 
 are attached. The endless rope passes over pulleys at either 
 
59 
 
 end which are worked by steam, and auxiliary balloons may 
 be attached to the rope at intervals to support the weight of 
 same. 
 
 This lady inventor proposes to run a balloon line in this 
 manner from Dover to Calais, the rope being suspended about 
 400 feet above the sea. 
 
 (Draioing.) 
 
 A.D. 1873. No. 3309. 
 
 FLEURY, Albert. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Steering Parachute/' 
 
 If a weight be attached to a rectangular plate by cords of 
 equal length connected to the corners of the plate, such plate 
 in falling will be pulled down vertically. Should, however, the 
 cords be of unequal length, the plate will travel down on an 
 incline, or if the weight be omitted and a balloon employed 
 in its place the balloon will rise on an incline. 
 
 This principle may suitably be employed to convey tor- 
 pedoes of considerable weight under water, by weighting them 
 to descend at an angle. On arriving at the bottom a weight 
 is unhooked and they rise at an incline towards the ship. 
 Flying-birds, fishes, &c, may also be made in this manner. 
 
 A.D. 1873. No. 4154. 
 
 VAUGHAN, Edward Primerose Howard. {Communicated 
 by Edward Clarence Morse.) 
 
 " Advertising Balloons." 
 
 Caoutchouc balloons are ornamented or otherwise marked by 
 means of stencil plates. The marking or colouring materials 
 may be applied to a balloon whilst inflated or uninflated, and 
 the balloon may also be marked internally. 
 
60 
 
 A.D. 1873. No. 4255. 
 
 GAVEAIT, Jean Charles. 
 
 " Navigable Balloons." 
 
 Two or more balloons of equal capacity are connected by a 
 framework, which forms a vessel with a deck and lower 
 frame. 
 
 A screw propeller is driven by mechanism which is not 
 described, and a mast and sails are provided for directing the 
 apparatus in case of need. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1873. No. 4279. 
 
 BROWNE, John Collis. 
 
 " Propelling Balloons." 
 
 A screw propeller, composed of two pairs of blades, is em- 
 ployed for propelling and assisting to raise balloons, such 
 blades being constructed so as to act separately on the fluid. 
 
 The propeller-shaft is provided with a universal joint to 
 enable same to be directed in any direction. 
 
 This propeller is also described as applied for raising water, 
 ventilating buildings, &c. 
 
 {Drawing. ) 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 81. 
 
 DE VOGT, Hemic Christian. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A frame or wing, nearly horizontal and slightly convex in 
 form, constitutes the elevating and propelling means. This 
 frame is strengthened by struts and stays, and is fitted with 
 feathers which overlap one another, thus holding the air on 
 the downward stroke, but opening to allow the air to pass 
 between same on the upward stroke. 
 
61 
 
 A reciprocating up-and-down motion of this frame is ob- 
 tained by the direct action of a piston-rod, and a rudder 
 having vertical and horizontal vanes is employed for steering 
 vertically or horizontally. 
 
 A boat carries the boiler and engine, and a kite is fitted 
 round the boat to prevent rolling. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 777. 
 
 RIDLEY, Joseph Douglas. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Wings are reciprocated by means of a piston actuated by 
 explosions, the motion being imparted through the medium 
 of a piston-rod and cross-piece. 
 
 The explosive agents in the cylinder are ignited by an 
 electric spark ; and a tail is provided for steering the machine. 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 1144. 
 
 MENIER, Jean Sebastien Anacliarsis, 
 
 " Fike Balloons." 
 
 Fike balloons are provided with circular burners fed with 
 hydrocarbon from tanks situated in the car. 
 
 Asbestos wicks are employed in the burners, and the fuel 
 is partly burned in the form of vapour. The fabric of the 
 balloon may be rendered fire-proof, and the chimney for con- 
 ducting the heated air to the balloon is provided with a wire 
 spark-guard. 
 
 A special carriage is employed for transporting the balloon 
 and its appurtenances in readiness for inflation ; and when 
 inflated the balloon may be held captive to the carriage by a 
 wire rope. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
62 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 2808. 
 
 MOY, Thomas. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 This invention relates to improvements on the invention 
 described in specification No. 3238 (1871). 
 
 The machine is placed at a suitable angle to the horizontal, 
 and the fixed aeroplanes at the hinder part of the machine, 
 supporting part of the weight, reduce the angle of flight as 
 the speed of the machine increases. The pendulum adjusts 
 the revolving aeroplanes, and steering may be effected by- 
 altering the angles of the aeroplanes while in motion. 
 
 The machine can be mounted on pontoons or wheels, to 
 adapt them for resting on water or land when at rest. 
 
 A pendulum regulates steam or other valves, which actuate 
 mechanism for regulating the angle of a balancing plane, 
 which latter keeps the machine at the desired angle. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 2821. 
 
 BAGGS, Isham. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 Hydrogen is generated in suitable generators, by the action 
 of hydrochloric acid or zinc. 
 
 In inflating fire-balloons the products of combustion are 
 caused to pass through layers of wire gauze. 
 
 Wings are attached to a framework surrounding the bal- 
 loon, which wings being inclined at an angle cause the 
 balloon to travel on an incline when rising or falling. These 
 wings are so balanced that they take the required angle by 
 the pressure of the air up or down. 
 
 A tail is employed for steering. 
 
 An arrow is shot into soft ground to anchor the balloon 
 when landing. 
 
63 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 3058. 
 
 LAKE, William Robert. {Communicated by William 
 Frank Browne.) 
 
 u Hydrogen Apparatus." 
 
 A portable hydrogen generator is described in which steam 
 is passed through retorts over incandescent material, and 
 from thence through a condensing-coil. 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 3132. 
 
 SIMMONS, Joseph. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Fire Balloons." 
 
 The chimney is placed on a fire-proof seat and is attached 
 within the balloon. 
 
 The car is provided with wheels, and the fuel, which is con- 
 tained in separate vessels, is raised to the car by force-pumps. 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 3177. 
 
 HIME, Frederick. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 The balloon is of elongated form and supports three cars, one 
 below for balancing the balloon, and one at each end. A 
 propeller is mounted on a hollow shaft running longitudinally 
 through the balloon, such shaft being supported at the centre 
 as well as at both ends. 
 
 A rudder is employed at the bow for steering the balloon. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
64 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 3831. 
 
 WATT, Alexander. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 Balloons are composed of air-tight chambers in the form of 
 segments of a circle, or the so-called quarters of an orange. 
 
 Chambers for generating hydrogen by the action of acid 
 on zinc are described. 
 
 A.D. 1874. No. 3996. 
 
 ALEXANDER, Edwin Powley. (Provisional only. 
 Communicated by Stanislas Ludovic Brion.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 Inclined or helicoidal wings or blades are attached round 
 the exterior surface of an elongated balloon, in such a manner 
 that on the rotation of the balloon on its longitudinal axis it 
 is propelled through the air. 
 
 The balloon is rotated from the car, which latter is oblong, 
 and is suspended from the axis of the balloon by light 
 frames. 
 
 The car is furnished with a screw propeller of its own, and 
 one or more balloons may be combined with one car. 
 
 A.D. 1875. No. 140. 
 
 CAVE, John O'Connell. (Provisional only.) 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Two shafts, one mounted within the other, carry screw pro- 
 pellers at their upper ends. The lower propeller is of greater 
 size than the upper propeller, in order to overcome the down- 
 ward current of air caused by the rotation of the latter, or 
 the lower propeller may be revolved at a greater speed. 
 
 By varying the angle of the propeller-shafts, the machine 
 may be propelled in any direction. 
 
65 
 
 The steering is effected by a rudder which may also act as 
 a drag. 
 
 For military purposes, the machine may be actuated by a 
 compressed-air engine, which is supplied with compressed air 
 from the ground by means of a suitable tube. 
 
 A.D. 1875. No. 169. 
 
 CLARE, Alexander Melville. ( Communicated by Ferdinand 
 Charles Honore Philippe d"Esterno.) 
 
 " Kites." 
 
 Kites are employed for suspending a person in the air for 
 military purposes. 
 
 The kites, which, if desired, may be provided with a frame, 
 are held in tension from the ground by three or more ropes 
 instead of one rope as has hitherto been the case. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1875. No. 289. 
 
 SIMMONS, Joseph, and MORRIS, Joseph Matthew. 
 
 (Provisional only.) 
 
 "Purifying Gas." 
 
 Hydrogen gas is purified by passing it through a mixture of 
 lime and water contained in a gasometer. 
 
 The gas thus purified is rendered more expansive and 
 lighter, and is particularly applicable to balloons. 
 
 A.D. 1875. No. 574. 
 
 BOULTON, Matthew Piers Watt. 
 
 " Generator." 
 
 A generator of small weight in proportion to its power is 
 heated from a combustion-chamber, in which a jet of petro- 
 leum and a jet of oxygen meet and are burnt. 
 
 The flame thus produced is passed into a chamber where 
 a spray of water is playing. The spray is converted into 
 
66 
 
 steam, which, mixed with the products of combustion, is fed 
 from the generator to the engine. 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 AD. 1875. 
 
 No. 1690. 
 
 MENIER, Jean Sebastien Anacharsis. 
 " Balloons." 
 
 The inventor states that by the employment of aeroplanes 
 attached to balloons the descent or ascent may be made on 
 an inclined plane, thus propelling the balloon. 
 
 Rudders steer the balloon, and the car being adjustable 
 the centre of gravity may be changed at will. 
 
 A.D. 1875. 
 
 SIMMONS, Joseph. 
 " Kite." 
 
 No. 2428. 
 
 A kite, composed of fabric strengthened by means of a net 
 
67 
 
 and stretched on a framework, is employed for raising a car 
 containing an aeronaut. 
 
 The kite becomes a parachute should the rope break. 
 
 A.D. 1875. No. 2901. 
 
 BIDDLE, Daniel. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Sails foe Balloons." 
 
 Sails supported by a mast and yard-arms are employed for 
 steering balloons. 
 
 A.D. 1875. No. 2979. 
 
 McKEE, Henry. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 A hot-air balloon is suspended by a wire rope to a gas 
 balloon, and by regulating the heat in the hot-air balloon the 
 ascent or descent may be effected. 
 
 A speaking-tube is employed for communicating between 
 the cars attached to the two balloons. 
 
 Captive balloons are kept inflated by the combustion of 
 gas fed up through a tube from the ground. 
 
 A.D. 1875. No. 3315. 
 
 JENSEN, Peter. (Provisional only. Communicated by 
 Edward Vidal.) 
 
 "Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is provided with two sets of fans (pro- 
 pellers) mounted on the same vertical axis and propelled in 
 opposite directions. 
 
 Similar fans are employed for propulsion, and a steam 
 engine is employed for working the fans, which engine is 
 supplied with steam generated from a mixture of carbonic 
 
 f2 
 
68 
 
 acid with alcohol, or other appropriate substance. Buffers 
 are provided for landing. 
 
 This specification is not at all clear. 
 
 A.D. 1875. No. 4151. 
 
 SMYTHIES, John Kinnersley. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A vektical multitubular boiler, in which liquid hydrocarbon 
 is employed as a heating agent, generates steam for actuating 
 an engine. The piston-rod of the cylinder is connected to 
 the inner ends of two wings which are fulcrumed on the ex- 
 tremities of two links, and by the rising and falling of the 
 piston the wings are flapped up and down. 
 
 The steam is condensed in the tail of the apparatus, whence 
 it is pumped back into the generator. 
 
 The wings, which are built up of overlapping feathers, 
 hold the air on the down stroke, but not on the up stroke. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1875. No. 4523. 
 
 SANDERSON, John George Emilius. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Peopellbk." 
 
 Semi-circular or semi-oval flat surfaces are attached to a 
 horizontal shaft at an angle of 45°, and this apparatus is 
 employed as a windmill. The inventor, however, states that 
 it may also be employed as a propeller either in water or air. 
 
 A.D. 1876. No. 327. 
 
 BUCHANAN, John. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Propelling." 
 
 Air or gas is forced into a chamber which is heated by a 
 steam-jacket. The compressed air or gas thus heated expands, 
 and by escaping through suitable valves propels or steers a 
 balloon by its impact on the atmosphere. 
 
69 
 
 A.D. 1876. No. 439. 
 
 SNOW, Josiah John. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Kite Parachute." 
 
 A parachute is fastened to a short tube, and an elastic spring 
 in the parachute tends to keep it open against a frame until 
 a large pressure of wind acts against the parachute. 
 
 The apparatus, being placed on a kite line, runs up same 
 by means of the wind acting under the parachute, but on 
 arriving at the desired height it is suddenly stopped, and the 
 extra force of the wind collapses the parachute, thus allowing 
 the apparatus to run back down the kite-line to the starting- 
 point. 
 
 (Drawing?) 
 
 A.D. 1876. No. 2393. 
 
 RTJNKEL, Marc. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 The altitude of the balloon is regulated by compressing the 
 gas into a reservoir contained in the car. By compressing 
 the gas the balloon descends, and by allowing the compressed 
 gas to escape into the balloon from the reservoir, the ascent 
 is effected. 
 
 The balloon is propelled by projecting a weight horizontally 
 from the car. The weight is connected to another weight 
 below the balloon by a cord, which passes over a pulley, and 
 the weight in being projected hoists the second weight up to 
 the car. When hoisted the second weight may be projected, 
 and in its turn effect a similar result. 
 
70 
 
 A.D. 1877. No. 603. 
 
 MENIER, Jean Sebastien Anacharsis. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Aerial Toy." 
 
 An india-rubber balloon is supplied with a bird's head, two 
 wings, and a tail, which being fixed to the body of the 
 balloon render same a self-steering aerial toy. 
 
 Balloons are to be used as mediums for advertising. 
 
 A.D. 1877. No. 924. 
 
 BALLENI, Henri, and PAYNE, John Webber. 
 
 {Provisional only.) 
 
 "Navigable Balloon.-" 
 
 Wings or flappers are attached to a framework situated above 
 a balloon. The wings are worked by means of rods from the 
 car below, which latter is provided with a motive-power 
 engine. A horizontal shaft running through the balloon 
 carries a propeller on its rear end, and the car is provided 
 with a rudder for steering. 
 
 A gas generator and exhauster are employed for regulating 
 the pressure in the balloon. 
 
 AD 1877. No. 1406. 
 
 MOY, Thomas. 
 
 " Boilers and Engines." 
 
 Boilers for aeronautical purposes are composed of a number 
 of fine curved tubes connecting tubular reservoirs, thus giving 
 a large heating surface with small amount of weight. Gas 
 or petroleum is employed for heating the boiler. The feed- 
 water is controlled by a self-acting valve. 
 
 Single-acting engines are described which have but a 
 small number of working parts, and as direct an action as 
 possible. 
 
 (Draicings.) 
 
A.D. 1877. 
 
 71 
 
 WOODBURY, Walter Bentley. 
 
 " Balloon Photography." 
 
 No. 1647. 
 
 A photographic camera is suspended to a balloon, which is 
 held captive by a rope containing three insulated wires. 
 A tail is provided to keep the balloon in its proper position. 
 
 A current passing up by the first wire causes a clockwork 
 apparatus, attached to the camera, to actuate rolls holding the 
 sensitive film in such a manner as to bring a fresh portion of 
 the film behind the lens after an exposure has been made. 
 
 A current through the second wire actuates the shutter, 
 and the third wire acts as the return in both instances. 
 
 A.D. 1877. No. 2313. 
 
 LAKE, William Robert. {Communicated by Count 
 Antoine Apraxine.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 An annular balloon is mounted on a framework, and is of 
 sufficient size to sustain the maximum weight to be raised. 
 
 An auxiliary balloon is provided above the main balloon, 
 and the car is suspended from the main balloon framework. 
 
72 
 
 A rope passes from the auxiliary balloon down through the 
 main balloon to the car below. 
 
 The inventor states that by pulling the small balloon down 
 by means of this rope a descent can be effected without loss 
 of gas. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1877. No. 3814. 
 
 ROGERS, Charles Ogle. {Provisional refused. 
 Communicated by Alfred W. Gittens.) 
 
 " Aerial Battery." 
 
 A sheet of canvas, or a sail or kite with one or more balloons, 
 is held captive from a suitable apparatus on the ground. 
 
 Eockets propel the apparatus ; and projectiles, explosive 
 bombs, and nitro-glycerine are conveyed up the rope and 
 dropped into hostile fortifications. 
 
 Many other suggestions are made, but not particularly 
 described. 
 
 A.D. 1877. No. 3974. 
 
 BRANNON, Philip. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A supporting surface, termed the " arcuate," is formed of 
 any discoid, inverted ship or boat shape, " or any domic or 
 pyramidal configuration, or other roof form, so as to act both 
 for ascension and propulsion by its concave inferior surface 
 in producing the greatest possible concentric or inward pres- 
 sure on the adjacent air." 
 
 Kotary propellers of various forms are shown and described, 
 as are also their connections and their adjustment in various 
 directions. Treadles and hand-wheels are in some cases pro- 
 vided for actuating the propeller and rudders, and their con- 
 nections are also described and shown in the drawings. 
 
 For short journeys stored power is employed, or the appa- 
 
73 
 
 ratus may be worked by an air engine or steam engine, in 
 which a lamp-furnace, mass-furnace, flare and guard, or jury 
 furnace may be employed for obtaining the required heat. 
 
 An aerostat may be attached to the upper part of the 
 aeroplane if desired. 
 
 Many details are described to which the inventor gives his 
 own names, but their number is too great and their forms are 
 too vague for description in this abridgment. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 513. 
 
 JACKSON, William. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 Peopellers are mounted horizontally and vertically in the 
 car of a balloon for the purpose of propelling and regulating 
 its altitude. The propellers may be worked by hand or by 
 other suitable means or mechanical contrivances. 
 
 The balloon proper may be formed in the shape of a bird 
 or other design, and thus be suitable for places of amusement. 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 939. 
 
 HEATHOEN, Thomas Bridges. 
 
 " Jet Propulsion." 
 
 Balloons are propelled and steered by the action of a jet of 
 fluid being ejected from the stern end of the car or other 
 
74 
 
 part. The orifice through which the jet is ejected is elon- 
 gated or + -shaped, thus forming a flat sheet of fluid which 
 is more effective than a jet of a similar quantity of fluid 
 projected through a cylindrical orifice. 
 
 A fan or blower is employed for obtaining the draught, and 
 any suitable power is employed for actuating the said fan or 
 blower. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1878. 
 
 No. 943. 
 
 ATKIN, Eobert. {Provisional only.) 
 " Aekial Vessel." 
 
 A vessel formed of thin metal, cane, or wood, covered with 
 silk, is propelled by means of propeller-blades driven by a 
 gas engine or other motor. 
 
 The propeller-blades are carried on a hollow shaft, through 
 which steam may circulate, and the vessel is steered horizon- 
 tally and vertically by rudders. 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 1328. 
 
 HADDAN, Herbert John. {Communicated by Frederick 
 Augustus Lehmann and Charles Ritchel.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 The altitude is regulated by means of a propeller mounted on 
 
 a vertical axis, and a forward or backward movement is im- 
 parted to the machine by a propeller mounted horizontally. 
 
75 
 
 The latter propeller is mounted in such a manner that it 
 may be directed to the right or left for steering purposes. 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 1827. 
 
 HADDAN, Herbert John. ( Communicated by Richard 
 William Cowan and Charles Page.') 
 
 " Navigating Balloons." 
 
 Balloons are propelled by paddle-wheels composed of a 
 number of paddles, which are capable of turning on their 
 pivots, and thus in rotating either cut through the air or 
 hold same. Bach paddle is provided with a projection, and 
 on the paddles being rotated the projection comes in contact 
 with a bar, which turns the paddle at right angles. The 
 paddles are thus always feathered or edge on the wind, except 
 when held in position by the bar, so that on rotation they 
 only hold the fluid in one direction. 
 
 The paddles may be made to act in any direction by ad- 
 justing the bar, and thus the balloon may be propelled up or 
 down, or in any other direction. 
 
 [Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 2039. 
 
 VATJGHAN, Edward Primerose Howard. ( Communicated 
 by Count Antoine Apraxine.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 Two balloons are employed together, and by regulating the 
 distance between them the inventor believes the altitude may 
 be regulated. 
 
76 
 
 This invention is very similar to one previously described, 
 by the same inventor. 
 
 A.D. 1878. 
 
 No. 2421. 
 
 SAMPLE, James. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Propeller." 
 
 A propeller for aerial machines is constructed with blades 
 shaped like the wings of a bird, which reduces the slip of the 
 propeller in the air. 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 3228. 
 
 BREWER, Edward Griffith. (Provisional only. 
 Communicated by Eugene Ernest Egrasse.) 
 
 " Hydrogen Generator." 
 
 Vessels and other appliances are described for making 
 hydrogen gas, and the apparatus may suitably be employed 
 for generating hydrogen for inflating balloons. 
 
77 
 
 It is also suggested to carry a small hydrogen generator in 
 the car of a balloon, for generating hydrogen to replace the 
 natural loss of gas. 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 3546. 
 
 ATKIN, Robert. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Aekial Vessel." 
 
 This provisional specification describes a similar invention to 
 No. 943, A.D. 1878, by the same inventor. 
 
 A sheet of drawing is added, showing screw propellers, 
 rudders, and a car which is attached to the vessel. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 4104. 
 
 KESSELEE, Carl. {Communicated by Wilhelm Raydt.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 Captive balloons are inflated from a reservoir containing 
 compressed gas. When the balloon is no longer required it 
 is drawn down and the gas is returned to the reservoir by the 
 help of a force-pump. 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 4268. 
 
 SMYTH, James Stewart. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloon Bail way." 
 
 Balloons are employed for supporting weights to be trans- 
 ported on rope railways. The balloon can either be hauled 
 by ropes, or advantage may be taken of a favourable wind. 
 
78 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 4332. 
 
 NEWBOLD, Henry. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 Auxiliary balloons are provided connected by suitable valves 
 to the lower part of a main balloon. When the gas expands 
 it passes into the auxiliary balloons, and is thus prevented 
 from escaping into the air. 
 
 Hydrogen may be generated by chemical reaction. 
 
 A.D. 1878. No. 4757. 
 
 JACKSON, William. 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 This invention refers to further improvements on No. 513, 
 A.D. 1878, by the same inventor. 
 
 A free balloon is propelled and regulated in altitude by 
 screw propellers, it is also provided with a cannon for pro- 
 jecting a harpoon-like grapnel into the ground for anchoring 
 purposes. Canvas bags, fastened to the car, are inflated for 
 keeping same afloat should a descent be made at sea. 
 
 Trapezes are provided suspended to captive balloons, and a 
 safety net is suspended below. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1879. . No. 409. 
 
 ABEL, Charles Denton. (Communicated by Julius von 
 Binzer and Eduard Bentzen.) 
 
 " Propellers." 
 
 Screw propellers for propelling bodies through air are built 
 up of a number of S-shaped sections, the centre of the S 
 forming the boss of the propeller. 
 (Drawings.) 
 
79 
 
 A.D. 1879. No. 594. 
 
 BREWER, Edward Griffith. (Communicated by 
 Eugene Ernest Egasse.) 
 
 " Hydrogen Generator." 
 
 This invention is a repetition of that described by the same 
 inventor in his provisional specification Eo. 3228, a.d. 1878. 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1879. No. 1207. 
 
 DILLON, Thomas Arthur. 
 
 " Elbcteic Light on Balloons." 
 
 Balloons are employed for signalling by electric light. A 
 dynamo on the balloon is operated by compressed air con- 
 veyed to the car by means of a tube, or the compressed air 
 may be carried in strong receptacles. 
 
 A.D. 1879. No. 1569. 
 
 BUCKHAM, William Peruano. (Communicated by 
 James Stewart Smyth.) 
 
 " Balloon Kail way." 
 
 Weights are transported along a rope by the aid of a balloon, 
 which sustains or partly sustains the said weights. 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1879. No. 2229. 
 
 PEARSE, Edward Arthur. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated conical-ended balloon is constructed of sheet 
 copper strengthened externally by stays. A silk gas-bag is 
 
80 
 
 provided in the interior of the copper cylinder, which bag on 
 being inflated expels the air from the cylinder. 
 
 A frame, having sleigh-shaped runners, carries the car, 
 which is suspended to the balloon by spring attachments. 
 
 Gas engines in the car actuate a pair of screw propellers, 
 which, when driven at a uniform speed, drive the balloon 
 straight ahead, but by altering the speed of these propellers 
 the machine may be driven to the right or left. 
 
 The steering up or down is effected by means of an ad- 
 justable weight, and spirit-levels are employed to indicate 
 the angle of the apparatus. 
 
 The car can be adjusted in relation to the frame, and spring 
 buffers are employed for deadening the shock on alighting. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1879. 
 
 BEEAREY, Frederick William. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 No. 2376. 
 
 An elongated body pointed at both ends contains the requisite 
 machinery and the passengers. 
 
81 
 
 Flexible lever-arms extend on either side, and a flexible 
 spar extends from tie tail end of the body. Silk or other 
 suitable fabric is extended from the arms and along the spar 
 at the tail, thus giving a large supporting surface. 
 
 Vibrations are imparted to the arms, which propel the 
 machine by a wave-like motion. 
 
 The inventor does not mention how the said motion is 
 imparted to the arms. 
 
 A.D. 1879. No. 3779. 
 
 WISE, William Lloyd. {Communicated by William 
 Augustus Leggo.) 
 
 " Aeeoplanb Balloon." 
 
 An elongated dart-shaped aeroplane is formed of a double 
 skin to receive gas. 
 
 The aeroplane displaces sufficient air to nearly support its 
 entire weight, and also the weight of the car. 
 
 
 By heating an expansion-chamber the entire machine is 
 made to displace more air than its entire weight, and thus 
 has a lifting power. The centre of gravity is adjusted by 
 means of a moveable weight, and the angle of the aeroplane 
 can thus be adjusted and cause the ascending or descending 
 force to propel the machine ahead. 
 
A.D. 1879. 
 SIMON, Henry. 
 
 82 
 
 No. 3997. 
 
 (Communicated by George Baumgarten.) 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 The balloon is composed of four component parts, and the 
 car is suspended close up to the lower part of the balloon by 
 means of a rope, which passes through the interior to various 
 ropes and bands on the outer envelope. 
 
 A rope-ladder is provided up through the balloon to enable 
 the aeronaut to ascend to the upper part of same when desired. 
 
 The apparatus is propelled by means of a two-bladed 
 feathering paddle, which takes a quarter turn at each half 
 revolution, thus alternately holding and cutting through the 
 air. The altitude is regulated by means of a propeller, the 
 blades of which are adjustable in pitch. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A J). 1880. 
 
 No. 985. 
 
 LAKE, William Robert. (Communicated 
 by Albert Livingstone Blackman.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A FIEE-PEOOF elongated balloon is made rigid by an internal 
 framework of thin metal tubing, and the interior is divided 
 
 into separate partitions. The hull of the air-ship extends the 
 full length of the balloon. 
 
 Propellers are employed for propelling the balloon horizon- 
 tally, and a propeller which can be adjusted in its angle is 
 employed for steering the machine in any desired direction. 
 
83 
 
 A.D. 1880. No. 1776. 
 
 HILL, Micaiah. (Provisional only?) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A fish-shaped balloon is propelled by compressed air, which 
 is allowed to escape by suitable orifices, situated about one 
 third of the length of the balloon from the head. 
 A flexible tail is employed for steering. 
 
 A.D. 1880. No. 4701. 
 
 BONNEVILLE, Henri Adrien. ( Communicated by 
 Anton de Schuttenbach.) 
 
 " Balloons/' 
 
 Balloons are constructed in the form of "an open para- 
 chute," thus, in case of the balloon bursting, the parachute 
 prevents an accident occurring. 
 
 The balloon, which is constructed of several reservoirs, has 
 the underside of stronger material than the upper side, so 
 that the upper side would burst before the lower. 
 
 An air cushion is provided to deaden concussion on landing. 
 
 " Mechanics-antagonistical power " is employed for propul- 
 sion, obtained by helices actuated by steam-engines. (This 
 part of the specification is not very clear.) 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1880. No. 4839. 
 
 HIKE, Frederick. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Two sets of rods are mounted on axes on either side of a 
 suitable framework. The inner ends of these rods are con- 
 nected to the cranks situated on a common shaft running 
 down the centre of the machine. The rods are covered with 
 suitable fabric, and thus form a wing on either side. 
 
 >• G 2 
 
84 
 
 The cranks are arranged spirally on the shaft, which latter 
 in revolving imparts to the wing a wave-like motion, thus 
 propelling the machine. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1880. No. 4871. 
 
 STEVENSON, Robert. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Bodies are propelled or lifted in the air by a revolving fan, 
 which exhausts the atmosphere in front of the machine or 
 above same, and thus drives it forwards or upwards. 
 
 A.D. 1881. No. 122. 
 
 MARTIN, Thomas. (Provisional only.) 
 
 " Captive Balloon." 
 
 A small balloon without a car is held captive by a rope, and 
 kept vertical by guys attached to its major diameter. 
 
 A balloon to carry the passengers has a light tubular guide 
 through same, which passes round the captive rope of the 
 small balloon, and the main balloon can be let up or down 
 the rope by means of a guide-rope connected to the ground. 
 
 A stop may be provided to prevent the balloon ascending 
 too high, and the rope may be marked to indicate the height 
 from the ground. An adjustable clip may be employed to 
 arrest the balloon at any elevation on the rope. 
 
 A.D. 1881. No. 430. 
 
 CAPEL, Thomas John, and DE LA PATJZE, Alfred. 
 
 [Provisional only.) 
 
 " Flying Machine.-" 
 
 The car or boat is constructed of a framework of light weld- 
 less steel tubing, or of bamboo, stayed or trussed together. 
 
85 
 
 This framing is covered with oiled silt or other suitable 
 covering. 
 
 A large aeroplane is balanced on a mast situated in the 
 car, and the said aeroplane can be inclined either up or 
 down. 
 
 Propellers are mounted on ball-and-socket joints, and can 
 thus be employed for steering as well as for propelling. 
 The car is mounted on springs connected to wheels, and the 
 machine, when started on a level road, rises on the aeroplane 
 being inclined upwards. 
 
 A.D. 1881. No. 807. 
 
 WIRTH, Frank. (Communicated by JEduard Goehrung.) 
 
 " Navigating Balloon." 
 
 A frame composed of tubes carries a car and is suspended 
 by cords to a balloon. A shaft is mounted horizontally in the 
 frame, the outer ends of the shaft being bent at an angle in 
 the same direction. Two sleeves are provided on each end 
 of the shaft, the said sleeves being connected by bevil wheels 
 at the bent portions of the shaft, and being provided with 
 discs at their other ends. Four radial arms are attached to 
 each disc, the arms on one disc being connected to the corre- 
 sponding arms on the adjoining disc by blades, vanes, or 
 flexible material. By rotating the sleeves with their discs, 
 the arms, rotating on different axes, are close together at one 
 part of their revolution, and far apart at the opposite portion 
 of their revolution. 
 
 The larger surface exposed acts more forcibly on the air 
 than the smaller surface, and by adjusting the bent shaft the 
 larger surface may be made to act in any direction, and so be 
 employed to propel or regulate the altitude of the balloon. 
 
 The propellers may be driven at different speeds one to the 
 other, and thus be employed for steering the -balloon. 
 
 [Drawing.) 
 
86 
 
 A.D. 1881. No. 1195. 
 
 BREWER, Edward Griffith. ( Communicated 
 by Auguste Debayeux.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is propelled by rarefying the air in front 
 of same. This is done by rotating a fan at the bow of the 
 balloon, and any suitable power may be employed. 
 
 Auxiliary fans may be employed for governing the move- 
 
 ments of the balloon, and rudders may be employed for 
 
 steering. 
 
 By this principle of propulsion the balloon is not forced 
 against the wind, but a path is opened in same into which 
 the balloon passes without resistance. 
 
 A.D. 1881. No. 1710. 
 
 VAUGHAN, George Edward. (Communicated 
 by Count Antoine Avraxine.) 
 
 " Balloons/' 
 
 Balloons are regulated in their altitude without loss of 
 ballast or gas by the employment of ballasted or buoyed 
 parachutes. These parachutes by being pulled up or down 
 relieve the balloon of weight or lessen its lifting power. 
 Propellers mounted on vertical axes are also employed for 
 
87 
 
 a like purpose, and oscillating beams, which are provided 
 
 with vanes to hold the air in one direction of the stroke but 
 not in the other, may also be employed. 
 
 A.D. 1881. 
 
 No. 1879. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, William Nelson. 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 The elevation of balloons is regulated by tightening the 
 envelope, and thus compressing the gas. 
 
 The net is extended below the balloon and drawn together 
 at the zone by pulleys, thus compressing the balloon. 
 Elongated balloons are compressed longitudinally by a rope 
 which pulls the balloon together telescopically. 
 
 "Various other means are described for compressing bal- 
 loons, and vanes may be employed to prevent gyration. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
88 
 A.D. 1881. No. 3401. 
 
 JOHNSON, John Henry. {Provisional only. 
 Communicated by Gaston Tissandier.) 
 
 " Pkopelling Balloons." 
 
 An elongated balloon is propelled by a screw propeller, driven 
 by an electro-dynamic motor, which is supplied with elec- 
 tricity from a secondary battery. The electric spark which 
 is generated is enclosed by wire netting to prevent danger 
 from fire. 
 
 By employing electricity, the weight of the balloon 
 remains constant, and the danger of fire which exists in 
 propelling balloons by steam is obviated. 
 
 A.D. 1881. No. 3561. 
 
 VAN de KERKHOVE, Auguste Henry, and SNYERS, Theodore. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Propulsion is effected by the impact of fluid on air or water, 
 which fluid escapes through an orifice, which is preferably of 
 conical form. 
 
 An aeroplane is connected above a long vessel which floats 
 on water. By propelling the vessel and setting the aeroplane 
 at an angle, the vessel will rise and travel through the air. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1881. No. 3691. 
 
 BLACKMAN, Alhert Livingstone. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 An elongated balloon is provided with one or more propelling 
 
 screws at each side, and a steering-screw situated either fore 
 or aft, or at both extremities of the balloon. 
 
89 
 Machinery for changing the direction of the propellers is 
 
 provided, and a governor is employed for keeping the vessel 
 on an even keel. 
 
 A framework is provided to keep the halloon rigid, and th9 
 chimney from the generator passes up through the balloon. 
 
 A.D. 1881. No. 4684. 
 
 KINNEAR, Frederick Constantine. 
 
 " Signalling Balloons." 
 
 Electric or other lamps are attached to a framework below 
 a balloon, and such lamps throw light on the surface of the 
 balloon for advertising and signalling purposes. 
 
 Electric currents or gas may be conveyed from the ground 
 by wires or pipes. In free balloons the electric current is 
 supplied from the car. 
 
 [Drawing.") 
 
 A.D. 1881. No. 4887. 
 
 EDWARDS, Edmund. ( Communicated by 
 Julio Cezar Ribeiro de Sousa.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A tubular framework, attached to the lower part of an 
 elongated balloon, carries aeroplanes, a tail, a screw-propeller, 
 and a steam-engine for actuating the latter. The steering is 
 effected by raising the aeroplanes on one side of the balloon, 
 and depressing them on the other side. 
 [Drawing.) 
 
90 
 
 A.D. 1882. 
 
 No. 31. 
 
 LAKE, William Robert. (Communicated ly 
 Carl Wolfgang Petersen.) 
 
 " Balloons/' 
 
 Instead of employing a valve at the top of the balloon, the 
 gas is ejected through the neck by compressing the balloon 
 by means of a reefing-line. 
 
 An aeroplane is attached between the balloon and the car 
 for ascending or descending on an incline; or the balloon may 
 be flat at top and bottom to act as an aeroplane for a like 
 purpose. Disc-shaped rudders are employed, and several 
 flat balloons may be coupled one above the other. 
 
 Gas is generated in a suitable apparatus, situated in the 
 boat or car, to compensate for the necessary loss of gas from 
 the balloon. 
 
 An indicator shows the inclination of the vessel, and a 
 train of air-ships may be coupled together. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1882. No. 34. 
 
 SMYTHIES, John Kinnersley. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 Two wings are fulcrumed to the sides of a light steam 
 
 carriage, and these wings are flapped up and down by the 
 action of a steam-cylinder. 
 
91 
 
 Benzoline vapour is burnt to generate steam in a multi- 
 tubular boiler. 
 
 A.D. 1882. No. 1229. 
 
 LAKE, Arthur Wellesley. (Communicated by 
 Thaddeus Hyatt.~) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A FLYING macbine is described in which a rotary fan is 
 mounted in the bow, and two small fans are mounted on 
 eitber side. 
 
 Tbe blades of these fans, which are made of hollow 
 hardened rubber frame-pieces covered with silk, propel and 
 support the macbine without the aid of a balloon or other 
 supporting surface. 
 
 This invention is based on a law of flight discovered by the 
 inventor. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1882. No. 1737. 
 
 BOULT, Alfred Julius. (Provisional only. 
 Communicated by Jules Jouanique.) 
 
 " Balloon.-" 
 
 The balloon, which is preferably constructed of aluminium, is 
 stated to be made in three parts, though two only, the upper 
 and the lower, are described. The upper part is somewhat 
 smaller than the lower part, and these two parts are held 
 
92 
 
 together by a gallery or framework. The lower part carries 
 a deck, which supports all the appliances required for a 
 journey. 
 
 By filling the upper part with gas, the balloon will ascend ; 
 and by pumping gas from the upper to the lower part, the 
 balloon will descend. 
 
 A rudder is provided for directing the balloon, but the 
 inventor does not state how this operation is performed, 
 except that the rudder is to be revolved. 
 
 AD. 1882. No. 1772. 
 
 WILKINS, Frederick. (Provisional refused.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 Trains of balloons, cigar, fish, kite, cylindrical, and other 
 shaped, are mentioned ; which may be propelled by fins, 
 wings, paddles, or be pulled by horses. 
 
 Numbers of other vague improvements are suggested, but 
 not particularly described. 
 
 AD. 1882. No. 2509. 
 
 BOTJLT, Alfred Julius. (Provisional only. 
 Communicated by Adolph Werner.) 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 Bellows-like balloons are attached to a board, and a number 
 of brackets attached to the underside of the board carry 
 shafts with propellers. 
 
 Parachute wings and additional propeller-shafts are men- 
 tioned, but the invention is not very particularly described. 
 
 A.D. 1882. No. 4098. 
 
 FISHER, Joseph Alfred, and SPENCER, Charles Green. 
 
 " Fiee Balloons." 
 The lower part of a hot-air balloon is made of asbestos, and the 
 
93 
 
 upper part is made fire-proof by the application of a solution 
 of silicate of soda, tungstate of soda, or by asbestos paint. 
 
 A.D. 1882. No. 4387. 
 
 GREEN, Upfield. {Provisional only.) 
 
 " Balloon Ball way." 
 
 Balloons and aeroplanes are to be drawn along by means of 
 a drum, which takes up a rope, situated on the ground, as the 
 machine travels along. 
 
 A.D. 1882. No. 4585. 
 
 MATJGHAN, Benjamin Waddy, and WADDY, Samuel Banks. 
 
 " Peopelleb." 
 
 A peopellee, which can be employed for aerial navigation, 
 has its blades adjustable in such a manner that they may be 
 adjusted in pitch whilst the propeller is in motion. 
 
 The surface of the blades, which are concave in form, may 
 be roughened to increase their efficiency. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1882. No. 4954. 
 
 TEMPLER, James. (Communicated by Henry Elsdale.) 
 
 " Balloon Photogbaphy," 
 
 Small balloons are employed to support a photographic 
 camera for taking views of ground below the balloon. When 
 
94 
 
 the balloon is held captive, an electric current may be 
 employed to effect the exposure of the plate ; when the 
 balloon is free an automatic apparatus is employed. 
 
 A.D. 1882. No. 5251. 
 
 JENSEN, Peter. (Provisional only. Communicated 
 by Gustav Koch.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 Featheking paddle-wheels are arranged in recesses in a 
 cigar-shaped balloon, the said paddle-wheels being capable of 
 revolving at different speeds for steering purposes. 
 
 A number of suggestions are made which are not particu- 
 larly described. 
 
 A.D. 1883. No. 518. 
 
 LAKE, William Robert. (Provisional only. Communicated 
 by Eugene F. Falconnet.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 The balloon, which is elongated in form and divided into 
 chambers, is constructed of a metal framework covered with 
 a thin metal or other suitable covering. Screw propellers, 
 situated on the sides and also aft, are employed for propelling 
 the balloon, and a screw is provided at the bow for steering 
 purposes. 
 
 The internal frame of the balloon is strengthened by braces, 
 trusses, and girders. 
 
 A.D. 1883. No. 1552. 
 
 MAUGHAN, Benjamin Waddy, and "WADDY, Samuel Danks. 
 
 " Flying Machine and Motok." 
 
 An engine is described which derives its power from the 
 combustion of solid, liquid, or gaseous explosives, the said 
 
95 
 
 engine being of very light construction compared with the 
 power developed. 
 
 Two discs or wheels mounted on the same centre are made 
 to rotate in contrary directions by the force of explosions 
 acting between abutments on one wheel and valves on the 
 adjacent wheel. By causing a number of explosions to take 
 place during each revolution a steady power is obtained. 
 
 Two or more machines are employed for feeding and firing 
 the explosive, which latter may be composed of a chain of 
 gunpowder-cylinders, one cylinder being exploded at a 
 time. 
 
 A flying machine is described having four vertically 
 mounted propellers, two of which are driven in one direction 
 by one wheel of the motor, and the two other propellers are 
 driven in the contrary direction by the second wheel of the 
 motor. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1883. No. 1824. 
 
 DE TELESCHEFF, Nicolas. 
 
 " Navigable Balloons." 
 
 An elongated balloon is made with a longitudinal channel 
 through same from end to end. This channel decreases in 
 size at about the centre of the balloon, and thus the resistance 
 encountered in front of the balloon is utilized to assist in 
 propelling same, by the expansion of the air in the rear half 
 of the channel. 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1883. No. 2264. 
 
 SJOSTEOM, PER. (Provisional refused.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 This machine is not very clearly described, and the inventor 
 
96 
 
 proposes to use many appliances, which, however, he does not 
 particularly describe. 
 
 Screws made of frames covered with canvas are employed, 
 and the blades of these screws can be varied in pitch. 
 
 A.D. 1883. No. 2715. 
 
 WELLNER, Georg. 
 
 " Balloon." 
 
 A BALLOON is made in a wedge form and provided with a neck 
 on its lower side. A stove is provided in the car attached to 
 the neck of the balloon, by which means the temperature may 
 be regulated for ascending or descending. 
 
 The balloon takes an inclined force by reason of its angular 
 form acting on the air in the ascent or descent. 
 
 A rudder is employed for steering. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1883. No. 4055. 
 
 IMR A Y, Harold. ( Communicated by Edouard Oppikofer.) 
 
 " Propelling Aerial Machines." 
 
 The propelling force of the momentum of a moving body is 
 employed in aerial machines, such propelling force not taking 
 its point resistance from the outside air. 
 
 The apparatus can be driven by steam or other power, 
 which reciprocates the weight backwards and forwards. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1884. No. 7. 
 
 SMYTHIES, John Einnersley. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 This machine is of the type previously patented by the same 
 inventor, in which two wings are flapped up and down by 
 the piston-rod of a steam-cylinder. 
 
97 
 
 The wings may have a rigid front edge and a flexible back 
 edge, and they are arranged to hold the air on the down 
 stroke, but not on the up stroke. This may be accomplished 
 by shortening the wing, or allowing the air to pass through 
 the wing, or deflecting the wing at an angle of 30° or 40° 
 during the up stroke, and allowing the said wing to return to 
 its normal position and hold the air during the down stroke. 
 
 A large tail may be employed to steady tho machine, and 
 if made double-skinned, it may be used as a condenser to con- 
 dense the exhaust steam. The machine is guided by the 
 aeronaut changing his position and thus altering the centre 
 of gravity. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1884. No. 2057. 
 
 LAKE, William Robert. ( Communicated by Francois 
 Folacci and Paul Sertin.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A girder is suspended by means of a net from an elongated 
 balloon, the ends of the girder being turned up and connected 
 to the ends of the balloon. 
 
 -fiiill 
 
 ^^0 
 
 Screw propellers rotate in cylindical casings situated in the 
 girder, and a fan, which is mounted on a universal joint at 
 the stern of the balloon, directs a current of air against an 
 adjacent surface. 
 
 H 
 
98 
 
 The said fan, it is stated, assists in propelling the balloon 
 and the steering is effected by a double rudder operated by 
 steering-cords. 
 
 A.D. 1884. No. 2339. 
 
 QUARTERMAIN, William. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A flying machine is actuated by a motor in which the power 
 of gases generated from vegetable products is employed; 
 thus dispensing with the weight of a separate generator. 
 
 Wings are actuated by cranks and connecting-rods to a 
 crank-shaft, and are feathered on their up stroke, when they 
 also propel the machine forward. 
 
 {Drawings.') 
 
 A.D. 1884. No. 2469. 
 
 HADDAN, Herbert John. (Communicated by Otto Hartung.) 
 
 "Navigable Balloons." 
 
 A LIGHT frame carrying the propelling screws is suspended 
 from an elongated balloon, and the propeller-shafts being 
 adjustable allow the propellers to steer as well as propel the 
 balloon. 
 
 A pair of propellers are mounted on vertical axes, and turn- 
 tables or wheel-tracks are employed for altering the position 
 of the propeller-shafts. 
 
 The propeller-blades are stayed with wires to prevent their 
 lateral deflection. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1884. No. 2589. 
 
 CORNELIUS, William. 
 
 " Flying Machine " 
 Two wings are fulcrumed on the free ends of a U-shaped 
 
99 
 
 frame, and a seat is provided within the frame j'or the aero- 
 naut, whilst he actuates the wings by handles attached to the 
 inner ends of their rods. 
 
 A hinged tail of an inverted trough form is attached to the 
 rear of the frame, and may be actuated by cords attached to 
 the feet of the aeronaut. 
 
 A.D. 1884. No. 2628. 
 
 BALLIAN, Serkis-Bey. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon and Pakachute." 
 
 A flat balloon is caused to travel on inclined planes in ascend- 
 ing and descending. The underpart of the balloon is made 
 with an umbrella frame, and may be employed as a parachute 
 without the rest of the balloon. 
 
 A rudder is employed for steering. 
 
 [Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1884. 
 
 No. 2879. 
 
 DUFF, Robert Low. 
 
 " Captive Wak Balloons." 
 
 Captive war balloons are employed for attacking and defend- 
 ing fortifications and the like, projectiles and explosive bombs 
 
 h2" 
 
100 
 
 being convey sd up to the balloon by a rope and discharged 
 on to the hostile force. 
 (Drawincj.) 
 
 A.D. 1884. No. 5621. 
 
 WIRTH, Frank. {Communicated by Eduard Gohrung.) 
 
 " Propeller." 
 
 A propeller for aerial navigation is composed of a paddle- 
 wheel having four blades mounted on a shaft, the said blades 
 being partly enclosed by a casing. 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1884. No. 11301. 
 
 GOWER, Frederic Allen. 
 
 "War Balloon." 
 
 The valve at the top of a balloon is connected to a valve in a 
 ballast-tank by a wire in such a manner as to automatically 
 discharge gas or ballast in order to keep the balloon at a 
 predetermined altitude. 
 
 An explosive agent is released at a given time from the 
 balloon by the burning of a fuse. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1884. Ho. 11994. 
 
 HILFREICH, Francis. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is provided with two cars, which are 
 connected together by means of a gangway. 
 
 Feathering paddles are attached to each car, the said paddles 
 being constructed of a rod having a blade at either end at 
 right angles one to the other. 
 
101 
 These paddles are caused to revolve and also to turn on 
 
 lEssisir 
 
 their axes ; and the steering is effected by rotating the paddles 
 at different speeds. 
 
 A.D. 1884. 
 
 SMART, George Edward. 
 
 " Propellers." 
 
 No. 12503. 
 
 Propellers with hinged blades or wings are employed for 
 aerial machines, the blades opening out during the power 
 stroke and contracting during the return stroke. 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1884. 
 
 No. 13768. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Horatio Frederick. 
 
 " Blades for Deflecting Air." 
 
 Blades having curved surfaces are employed to deflect 
 upward the air that comes in contact with their forward edges. 
 
 | — "~<" "W»»- g. 
 
 A vacuum is formed over the blades, thus aiding the air 
 below to support the weight. 
 
A.D. 1884. 
 
 No. 14038. 
 
 102 
 
 ARMOUR, James. 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 Pairs of wings are hinged to a spring blade and actuated by 
 manual power, each pair of wings consisting of a main wing 
 and a supplementary wing, all of which are adjustable. 
 
 A wheel-frame is provided at the lower part of the machine, 
 and by running the machine down hill whilst actuating suitable 
 treadles the machine is caused to rise by reason of the flap- 
 ping motion of the wings. 
 
 Several pairs of wings may be employed in one machine, 
 and steam or other power may be employed instead of manual 
 power. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1884. No. 15023. 
 
 BOULT, Alfred Julius. {Communicated by Alphonse Aubrde.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 Two pear-shaped balloons are connected together by a car 
 
 containing the motive power, and the propelling is performed 
 by oars and a screw. 
 
 A rudder is employed for steering. 
 
103 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 1549. 
 
 LAKE, William Robert. ( Communicated by Eugene F. 
 Falconnet.*) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 The "frame, gas-field, hull, and cabin" of an elongated 
 cylindrical air-vessel is constructed of one general frame of 
 metal jointed and braced together. Cross-girders, bulk- 
 heads, posts, and braces are employed in the construction of 
 the frame. 
 
 The buoyancy of the air-ship is regulated by means of an 
 air-sack situated in the gas-holder, and the vessel is covered 
 with a roof provided with gutters and spouts, to protect it from 
 the elements. 
 
 " Wheel-houses " carry the propelling-screws, and a vertical 
 screw regulates the altitude of the machine. Fin-shaped 
 rudders are used for steering, and adjustable fans are employed 
 as sails when the wind is fair. 
 
 This complicated specification has 71 claims, and the draw- 
 ings contain 85 figures. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 4618. 
 
 CLARK, Alexander Melville. ( Communicated by Moses 
 Liberia Stilwell Buchner.) 
 
 " War Balloons." 
 
 Explosives are suspended to a frame attached to a balloon, 
 and clock-work or other means is provided for releasing the 
 explosives at a predetermined time. 
 
 The balloon may be allowed to drift, or be propelled over 
 the hostile force, when the explosives are released as above 
 stated. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
104 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 5118. 
 
 HENDERSON, Arthur Charles. ( Communicated by Blaise 
 B. Bontems.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloons." 
 
 Wings are attached to a frame situated between a balloon 
 and its car, the said wings being worked by a hand-lever. 
 
 The motions of the wings are intended to imitate those of 
 birds, and auxiliary mechanical birds may be actuated at the 
 sides of the car. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 5854. 
 
 BRUCE, Eric Stuart. 
 
 " Balloon Signalling." 
 One or more incandescence lamps are suspended within a 
 
 balloon, and an electric current is supplied to the lamps by a 
 
105 
 
 conductor on the captive rope. By alternately breaking and 
 connecting the circuit the balloon is illuminated by flashes of 
 any required duration, or the balloon may be illuminated 
 continuously. 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 7727. 
 
 BATE, Henry. 
 
 " Balloon Bailway." 
 
 Elongated balloons are employed with a travelling endless 
 rope in a balloon railway. 
 (Drawing.') 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 8567. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, William Nelson. 
 
 " Testing Screw Propellers." 
 
 A machine is described for gauging the push of screw 
 propellers intended for aerial propulsion. 
 
 The screw to be tested is mounted on a horizontal shaft, 
 which shaft is provided at its end with a spring indicator. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 9193. 
 
 OWEN, Eichard George. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A framework is provided with a seat, and two propellers, 
 mounted on vertical axes at the upper part of the framework, 
 
106 
 
 are rotated by treadles actuated by the persoD riding the 
 machine. 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 9472. 
 
 AUSTIN, Charles Edward, and BUKCHELL, William. 
 
 " Propelling Balloons." 
 
 A casing or tube is attached longitudinally to an elongated 
 balloon, and within the tube a sheet of pliable elastic material 
 is placed, and receives a reciprocal movement. In this manner 
 the air is drawn in at one end of the tube and forced out at 
 the other, thus propelling the balloon. 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1885. 
 
 No. 9585. 
 
 PRESTWICH, William Henry. 
 
 " Navigable Balloons." 
 
 An elongated balloon is propelled by means of a pair of 
 feathering paddles, which are similar in construction to those 
 described in specification No. 11994, a.d. 1884. 
 
 By attaching the balloon out of centre to a horizontal bar 
 forming the frame below the balloon, gyration is avoided. 
 
107 
 
 The direction of the paddles may be changed for the 
 purpose of steering, and a rudder is employed for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 "Lappets/' or parachute-like wings, are attached to the 
 sides of the balloon to prevent a rapid descent in case of 
 accident. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 11158. 
 
 WINKLER, August. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A balloon is propelled by the action of escaping jets of fluid, 
 which exhaust the air in front of an umbrella-like surface. 
 This surface, which is attached to the car, is drawn forward 
 towards the vacuum, and the balloon may be steered by alter- 
 ing the direction of this propelling-apparatus. 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 14827. 
 
 LAKE, William Robert. ( Communicated by 
 Eugene F. Falconnet.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloons." 
 
 This specification describes the construction of elongated 
 navigable balloons, in which a metal frame is employed within 
 the aerostat. The balloons are propelled and steered by screws, 
 and the interiors of the balloons are subdivided into several 
 gas-tight compartments. 
 (Drawings.) 
 
108 
 
 A.D. 1885. No. 15627. 
 
 ARCHIBALD, Edmund Douglas. 
 
 " Kite-Balloon/' 
 A kite is employed in combination with a captive balloon, 
 
 whereby ascents may suitably be made in windy weather. 
 
 A.D. 1886. 
 
 No. 1821. 
 
 YBARGOITIA, Felipe Modet e. 
 
 " Balloon Railway." 
 
 A balloon is attached to a pair of wheels running between 
 two pairs of rails, situated on the ground or anchored in 
 water. 
 
 The rope is connected to a winch in the car of the balloon, 
 and springs are employed on the rope to prevent jars of the 
 balloon being communicated to the rails. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
109 
 
 A.D. 1886. No. 1830. 
 
 WAELDE, Jacob. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A flying machine is propelled by a pair of revolving frames, 
 which carry feathering paddles. A rudder is employed for 
 steering, and the machine may be actuated by an electric 
 motor, the electric current being supplied from a stationary 
 dynamo-electric machine on the ground. 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1886. No. 7015. 
 
 REDFERN, George Frederick. (Communicated by Joseph 
 Symonds Foster.) 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A SEAT is attached to a frame carrying a wheel, pedals, and 
 two vertical screw propellers. The aeronaut rotates the 
 propellers by means of the pedals, and thus causes the machine 
 to fly. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1886. No. 7837. 
 
 M0LESW0RTH-HEPW0RTH, Edward Newall. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A longitudinal spar is suspended by a net to an elongated 
 balloon, which latter may be subdivided or composed of a 
 number of small balloons enclosed in an outer envelope. 
 
 The car is suspended by rods which hang fulcrumed to the 
 centre of the longitudinal spar, and by means of cords, which 
 connect the car to the extremities of the spar, the said car can 
 be adjusted in position and so change the horizontal position 
 of the balloon. An aeroplane is attached to the spar, and the 
 balloon is propelled by a propeller actuated by the feet of the 
 
110 
 
 passenger. Air is pumped into an elastic reservoir situated 
 in the balloon, or allowed to escape in order to keep a 
 uniform tension. 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1886. No. 8051. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, William Nelson. 
 
 "Navigable Balloons." 
 
 Elongated balloons are provided with a tube or bar running 
 the full length of the balloon and along the lower surface. 
 By means of weights and springs this tube or bar is employed 
 to compress the balloon for the purpose of keeping the surface 
 smooth or to cause a rapid descent. 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1886. No. 9452. 
 
 CLARK, Alexander Melville. {Communicated by Amddee 
 Mathurin Gabriel Sebillot.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is built of metal, and is propelled by a 
 screw, which is actuated by a steam-motor. The heat from 
 the smoke-stacks of the steam-generators is fed into the 
 balloon for the purpose of dilating the air within the balloon, 
 and thus dispensing with hydrogen or other gas. 
 
 The balloon is constructed with an inner frame of nickel- 
 plated steel, covered with a strong envelope composed of two 
 sheets of asbestos with wire netting between. The balloon 
 may be divided into compartments, each of which may be 
 kept at any required temperature. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
Ill 
 
 A.D. 1886. 
 
 No. 13901. 
 
 LEMMON, Sydney. 
 
 " Aerial Machine." 
 
 An aerial machine is described which may be also operated 
 on land or water. It is supported in the air by " balloons or 
 air-vessels/' and propelled by paddles worked by foot-power. 
 
 Shells may be dropped on the enemy, when an extra balloon 
 would be attached to support the weight of the shell. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1887. No. 316. 
 
 HADDAN, Herbert John. {Communicated by 
 Arthur de Bausset.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon of cylindrical form with pointed ends 
 is constructed of solid steel plates, and is preferably about 
 414 feet long. The lifting power is obtained by producing a 
 vacuum in the balloon, and the propulsion is obtained by 
 
 ejecting air against the atmosphere. Aeroplanes are provided 
 on either side, and the car is suspended in such a manner 
 that it may be adjusted longitudinally below the balloon. 
 
 A.D. 1887. 
 
 No. 5644. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, William Nelson. 
 
 " Propelling Balloons." 
 
 A rotary blowing-engine is employed to project a jet of air 
 from a nozzle for the purpose of propelling balloons. 
 
112 
 
 By adjusting the jet the balloon may be steered in any 
 direction. 
 {Drawing!) 
 
 A.D. 1887. No. 8182. 
 
 JOHNSON, James Yate. {Communicated by 
 Alexandre Ciurcu.) 
 
 " Jet Propulsion." 
 
 A compound consisting of nitrate of ammonia, petroleum, and 
 charcoal is burnt within a closed vessel, contained in the car 
 of the balloon. The gas formed by this combustion is per- 
 mitted to escape through a suitable orifice, and thus propel 
 the balloon in a contrary direction to the escape of the jet. 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1887. No. 8255. 
 
 GUSTAFSON, Wald. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 An elongated balloon supports a framework carrying a pro- 
 
 peller which is actuated by the aeronaut. The propeller may 
 
113 
 
 be adjusted in position in order to propel or regulate the 
 altitude of the balloon. 
 
 Other power may be employed, and any number of persons 
 may assist in propelling the balloon. 
 
 A.D. 1887. No. 8386. 
 
 RIBEIRO, Joaquim Ignacio. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 Two pairs of paddles actuated by the aeronaut are employed 
 for propelling an elongated balloon, the paddles being set at 
 right angles to each other and made to alternately feather and 
 hold the air. This action may be adjusted so that they tend 
 to propel the balloon up or down, or backwards or forwards. 
 
 Two side aeroplanes, a tail, and a number of louvre flaps 
 are employed to steady the balloon, and the side aeroplanes 
 may be folded like fans. 
 
 An adjustable weight is employed for trimming the balloon. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1887. No. 9665. 
 
 NORMAN, John James. 
 
 " Inflating Fire-Balloons." 
 
 Liquid or gaseous fuel is fed, under pressure, to burners 
 situated within a hood ; it is then burnt, and the products of 
 combustion are fed through a pipe having a flexible joint to 
 the interior of a balloon. 
 
 The burner can also be suspended to the mouth of the 
 balloon, and be employed during ascents, when a curtain is 
 employed to confine the ascending heat. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
114 
 
 A.D. 1887. No. 11941. 
 
 THOMPSON, William Phillips. (Communicated by 
 George C. Baker.) 
 
 " Propelling and Begulating." 
 
 A PEOPELLER is mounted on an adjustable arm in such a 
 manner that it may be caused to act in any direction. 
 
 The propeller is rotated from a main driving-shaft by means 
 of bevel gearing. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1887. 
 
 LANE, Howard. 
 " Making Balloons. 5 
 
 No. 15567. 
 
 Material for making balloons is shaped to the desired form 
 by means of a spindle having tapering extremities. The 
 
 spindle is supported on anti-friction wheels, and the material 
 is spread on the spindle whilst it is being rotated. 
 
 A.D. 1888. 
 
 No. 508. 
 
 PARKINSON, George Seaborn. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is propelled by the reaction of three 
 jets of air, which are ejected from trumpet-shaped mouths 
 situated at the stern and on either side of the balloon. 
 
115 
 
 The air is forced through the mouths by means of a fan 
 
 wm 
 
 or blower, which is actuated by the aeronaut or by a suitable 
 motor. 
 
 A.D. 1888. 
 
 APRAXIN, Count Anton. 
 
 " Balloon Railway." 
 
 No. 4552. 
 
 An endless rope passes round pulleys situated on either side 
 of a ravine or river, and the rope is made to travel by actuating 
 the pulleys. Two or more balloons are attached to the rope 
 by rigid rods, and the balloons support the weight to be 
 transported. 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1888. 
 
 No. 5742. 
 
 GAGGINO, Giovanni. 
 
 " Navigable Balloons." 
 
 The ascending or descending force of an elongated balloon is 
 employed to cause it to ascend or descend forward on an 
 
 inclined plane. 
 
 12 
 
116 
 
 An aeroplane is attached to the zone of the balloon, and 
 rudders are provided for steering horizontally or vertically. 
 
 A balance-weight is suspended below the balloon to regulate 
 the angle of its inclination. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1888. 
 
 BEUGGEE, John. 
 
 "Navigable Balloon.' 
 
 No. 9448. 
 
 The balloon has preferably the shape of a biconvex lens, and 
 is distended by an internal frame composed of A-shaped rods. 
 The car carries two propellers, which are actuated by two 
 motors, and by driving the propellers at varying speeds the 
 balloon may be guided to the right or left, or the steering may 
 be performed by a rudder. 
 
 The vertical direction of the balloon is regulated by an 
 adjustable weight, or by increasing or decreasing the speed of 
 the propellers. 
 
 The lifting-power of the balloon alone is not sufficient to 
 cause an ascent, so that it is only when the propellers force 
 the machine ahead, causing the balloon to act as an aeroplane, 
 that flight can be accomplished. 
 
A.D. 1888. 
 
 No. 9725. 
 
 117 
 
 MIDDLETON, Henry. 
 
 " Flying Machine.-" 
 
 A pair of wings, which are preferably concave on their under 
 surface, are flapped up and down by the piston of a cylinder 
 which is actuated by steam or other power. 
 
 The wings are composed of elastic ribs attached to a main 
 rod, which latter is fulcrumed to a link attached to the cylinder, 
 and its inner end is connected to the end of the piston-rod. 
 
 The wings are made to turn on the rods in order to feather 
 in the air. 
 
 Modifications are shown, but the construction of all the 
 details is not fully described. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1888. No. 10937. 
 
 FARINI, Guillermo Antonio, and BALDWIN, Thomas Scott. 
 
 " Parachute." 
 
 A flexible parachute is made mushroom-shaped with a hole 
 at the top for the passage of air. 
 
118 
 
 Cords are sewn on the seams, and a cord is also sewn round 
 the lower edge of the parachute. 
 
 A.D. 1888. No. 11354. 
 
 LORRAIN, James Grieve. 
 
 " Electrical Propulsion." 
 
 Electro-static motors, which influence machines of the 
 " Wimshurst" type, are employed for propelling aerial vessels, 
 and the electricity is supplied from a primary battery consisting 
 of a large number of small cells. 
 
 In cases where the electro-motor is on a captive balloon, 
 the current may be conveyed from apparatus on the earth. 
 
 A screw which is employed for propelling may also steer 
 the machine. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1888. No. 12736. 
 
 HILFREICH, Francis. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 This specification describes a balloon which is substantially 
 identical with the one described in specification No. 11994 
 a.d. 1884, by the same inventor. 
 
 Screw propellers are mounted at the front of the cars to 
 facilitate ascending and descending. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1888. No. 14610. 
 
 MONTEITH, Joseph. 
 
 " Balloon Eailway." 
 
 Elongated balloons are provided with an electric motor for 
 uctuating screws for propelling and regulating the altitude. 
 
119 
 
 Electricity is supplied from a carriage running on an in- 
 sulated railway-track, the current passing through the rails. 
 Several arrangements of propellers and balloons are shown. 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 47. 
 
 WORMS, James. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 An aeroplane is attached to the underside of an elongated 
 
 balloon, the connecting-cords being continued down to support 
 
120 
 
 the car. A motor is provided in the car for actuating a pair 
 of wings, and a weight is adjusted below the aeroplane to 
 regulate the angle of the balloon. 
 
 The ascent is effected by working the wings, and a forward 
 motion is obtained by placing the weight in front of the 
 apparatus, thus causing the descent to be made on an inclined 
 plane. 
 
 By moving the weight to one side the machine may be 
 steered horizontally. 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 1671. 
 
 EDWARDS, Edmund. (Communicated by Jean 
 Joseph Gloton.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon of the form of a haystack is constructed 
 of metal plates rivetted and soldered together. 
 
 Vertical screws are employed for regulating the altitude, 
 and a horizontal screw is mounted at the stern for propelling. 
 Two rudders are pivotted in the stern for steering purposes. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 3360. 
 
 CRAIG, John. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 A feamewoek of wood or of metal tubing is covered with cloth ; 
 tibove this framework two propellers are mounted on vertical 
 axes, and naphtha turbines are mounted below the frame for 
 driving the propellers. 
 
 No mechanism is provided for horizontal propulsion, though 
 a rudder is shown for steering the machine. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
A.D. 1889. 
 
 No. 3957. 
 
 121 
 
 BASTARD, William John. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon. 
 
 The balloon, ■which is elongated in form, is contained in a 
 frame consisting of upper and lower longitudinal rods and 
 circumferential ribs. The interior of the balloon is subdivided, 
 and an elastic pocket is provided below for the reception of 
 the overflow gas. 
 
 Two propellers are mounted on either side for propelling 
 the balloon, and these propellers are actuated by the aeronauts, 
 and may be partly worked by wind-fans mounted at the top 
 of the balloon. 
 
 Rudders are mounted at the bow and stern for steering 
 purposes, and a line connects these two rudders in such a 
 manner that they may be actuated simultaneously. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1889. 
 
 DALE, William Duucombe. 
 
 " Balloon Parachute." 
 
 No. 4301. 
 
 Valves are fitted at the neck and at the top of a balloon. 
 
122 
 
 Two guide-cords descend through the balloon from the top 
 valve to the ring, and the lower valve is free to travel on these 
 guide-cords. The upper valve is constructed of netting, 
 covered with gas-proof material, and by pulling the above- 
 mentioned material away the gas escapes, and the force of 
 air caused by the rapid descent causes the lower part of the 
 balloon to rise inside the upper part, and thus form a parachute. 
 
 A.D. 1889. 
 
 No. 4811. 
 
 RIECKERT, Herman August Julius, and RIECKERT, Albert 
 Emil Karl. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is composed of three compartments, 
 situated one above the other, the lower compartment being 
 strengthened by a strong wooden framework. The second 
 compartment is attached to the upper surface of the lower 
 one, and the third compartment is situated above the second 
 and shifts its position according to the direction of the wind. 
 
 A fan or propeller is driven by treadle mechanism, and the 
 passengers are provided with seats within a closed car. Four 
 boats are carried below the car for supporting the apparatus 
 should a descent be made on water. 
 
123 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 6419. 
 
 CHAMBERS, Jesse Mary. 
 
 " Propelling Balloons." 
 
 Balloons are to be propelled by the reaction of jets of air 
 which are forced by means of two pairs of bellows attached 
 to the sides of the car. 
 
 The sides of the bellows may act as wings, and by adjusting 
 the said bellows the balloon may be propelled in any direction. 
 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 7427. 
 
 ZIMER, Frederick William. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon having a concave under surface is pro- 
 pelled by a screw propeller actuated by treadle mechanism. 
 
 The underside of the balloon is made rigid by means of 
 metal tubing, and the upper part of the balloon is kept to the 
 required shape by thin bands of steel ribbon. The fabric of 
 the balloon is held down onto the frame by means of cords, 
 and by loosening these cords the fabric forms a parachute. 
 
 The car, which is elongated and very deep, is mounted on 
 a keel attached to the underside of the balloon, on which keel 
 it is free to slide, the centre of gravity of the balloon being 
 thus adjusted. 
 
124 
 
 The propeller-blades are composed of tubular framework 
 covered with canvas, and the steering is effected by means of 
 rudders. 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 11108. 
 
 ROBINSON, George. 
 " Aeeial Machine." 
 
 A eectangulae box has gas-bags attached to two of its sides 
 and " hinged elevators " attached to its ends. 
 
 A gas-engine in the box rotates two shafts having screw 
 propellers at both ends. 
 
 This specification is very vague, the utility of several parts 
 not being described. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 13320. 
 
 THAYER, David. 
 
 "Kites." 
 
 A number of kites, with or without balloons attached at the 
 rear of same, are employed for elevating passengers, &c, in 
 the air, and also for towing vessels over land or water. Con- 
 trolling lines are connected to the sides of the kites in order 
 to control the direction of the kites as may be required. 
 
 By connecting a balloon to the upper part of a kite the 
 failure of wind will not cause it to descend. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 13207. 
 
 DAVIDSON, George Louis Outram. 
 
 " Aerial Machine." 
 An elongated balloon is attached above a ' body surface," to 
 
125 
 
 which latter the car is attached, and to which two wings and 
 bow and stern rudders are pivotted. 
 
 The "power of the attraction of the earth " is employed as 
 a means of propulsion. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 14737. 
 
 OTTO, Edward Charles Frederick, and OTTO, Edward Charles 
 Frederick (Junior). 
 
 " Navigating Balloons and Flying Machines." 
 
 Balloons and flying machines are to be propelled and sus- 
 tained, partially or wholly so, by three distinct arrangements of 
 mechanism. 
 
 1. By employing feathering paddles, which are made to 
 revolve and only hold the air on one quarter of their revolution. 
 The paddles, of which there are four in each set, are con- 
 structed on the principle described in the abridgement of 
 No. 11994, A.D. 1884, and by rotating the sets of paddles at 
 varying speeds the direction of the balloon may be varied. 
 
 Mr. Otto, who is the inventor of the bicycle which bears his 
 name, seems to have embodied some of the details of his 
 bicycle invention in this specification on aeronautics. 
 
 2. The second arrangement describes a pair of wings which 
 are actuated by the direct action of a piston-rod, the said wings 
 cleaving the air when moving upwards and forwards, and 
 employing their full acting surface in the downward motion. 
 
 3. The third propelling arrangement consists of a chamber 
 having its rear end open to the atmosphere, through which 
 opening periodical sudden discharges of steam are forced. 
 
 The car is adjustable longitudinally below the balloon, and 
 side aeroplanes are employed either with or without a balloon. 
 (Drawings.) 
 
126 
 
 A.D. 1889. 
 
 No. 16883. 
 
 MAXIM, Hiram Stevens. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 The object of this invention is to construct a flying machine 
 having great power, effectually expended ; and every part of 
 the machine is constructed as lightly as possible, consistent 
 with the necessary strength. 
 
 An aeroplane, composed of tubes covered with fabric, is 
 pivotted to the main frame in such a manner that it may be 
 adjusted, up or down, to any required angle. 
 
 Two propellers, constructed of spokes covered with silk, 
 are mounted side by side on the frame below the aeroplane, 
 
127 
 
 and by driving these propellers at varying speeds the machine 
 may be steered to the right or left. 
 
 The propellers are driven by separate engines, supplied with 
 steam from a boiler composed of comparatively large tubes 
 connected together by tubes of very small diameter, thus 
 giving a large heating surface ; and the heating of such 
 boiler is effected by the combustion of vaporized hydrocarbon. 
 
 A condenser, composed of flat tubes, is situated in the 
 aeroplane, or the aeroplane may act as a condenser itself if 
 constructed of two skins ; thus the necessity of carrying a 
 large quantity of water for the boiler is obviated, as by means 
 of the condenser the water may be used over and over again. 
 
 The speed of the engines may be regulated by barometric 
 means, thus enabling the machine to be kept at any required 
 altitude, as by increasing the speed of the propellers the 
 machine will rise, and by decreasing the speed the machine 
 will descend. 
 
 The machine is started on rails, one pair of rails being 
 below the wheels and another pair a short distance above them. 
 By running the machine along, it can be noticed whether the 
 wheels run in contact with the upper or the lower pair of rails, 
 and the required inclination of the aeroplane may thus be 
 ascertained before the apparatus rises in the air. 
 
 A modification of the invention is described, in which the 
 aeroplane is fixed to the main frame, and auxiliary aeroplanes 
 are pivotted at the bow and stern for the purpose of steering 
 the apparatus vertically. 
 
 The framework of the machine is built of steel tubes, 
 trussed together, with the object of gaining the greatest amount 
 of strength with the smallest expenditure of weight. 
 
 There are 35 claims and 12 sheets of drawings to this 
 specification. 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 18952. 
 
 HOWSON, William. 
 
 " Wak Balloons." 
 Balloons are employed for conveying and automatically dis- 
 
128 
 
 charging shells of either illuminating, asphyxiating, or ex- 
 plosive capacity. The shells on being discharged allow of 
 an escape of gas from the balloon by actuating a valve by 
 means of a connecting-cord. 
 
 A telescopic valve is described, as well as various construc- 
 tions of shells and means for discharging same. 
 
 Shells may be conveyed on the captive rope of a balloon 
 by means of auxiliary balloons, and torpedoes may be employed 
 in conjunction with balloons. 
 
 Various warlike manoeuvres are described. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1889. No. 19209. 
 
 TIELKE- ALLAN, Francis Henrick. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 This inventor has adopted the plan described in specification 
 No. 2154, a.d. 1856, in which the balloon is provided with a 
 helical worm or blades, and by rotating the balloon it forms 
 its own propeller. 
 
 In the particular arrangement described, two horizontal 
 balloons are mounted on a shaft, and the car is suspended 
 from the centre of the shaft between the balloons. The 
 balloons are rotated by gearing from the car, and they may 
 be subdivided into compartments. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1890. No. 4647. 
 
 KADOTINSKY, Josef. 
 
 " Balloon." 
 
 Balloons are made in two chambers, the upper one, which 
 is in the shape of an inverted heart, being made of the 
 ordinary fabric, and the lower chamber being constructed of 
 
129 
 
 aluminium, so as to form a rigid case. By pumping gas 
 from the upper chamber into the lower one, the balloon is 
 caused to descend, whilst by allowing gas to return to the 
 upper chamber an ascent is effected. A cord which is attached 
 
 to the upper part of the balloon is drawn down when the gas 
 is being withdrawn, for the purpose of preventing damage 
 being caused to the balloon whilst making the descent. 
 
 A rudder is provided for steering, and a propeller is also 
 shown, though no particular means for actuating same is 
 described. 
 
 A.D. 1890. 
 
 GEEY, Ernest Howard. 
 " Navigable Balloon. 
 
 No. 5404. 
 
 The balloon is constructed of a framework of wire or bamboo, 
 covered with silk, and the interior is divided into separate/ 
 compartments. 
 
130 
 A frame which is attaehed to the balloon carries a saddle, 
 
 treadle mechanism, and a propeller, and the aeronaut is thus 
 enabled to propel the balloon. 
 
 A.D. 1890. No. 8816. 
 
 HARRIS, Henry Marmaduke. 
 
 "Aerial Machine." 
 
 This machine is built in the shape of a boat, and compart- 
 ments are provided at the bow and stern for containing gas. 
 
 A blast is blown through a funnel, which being adjustable 
 enables the vessel to be steered. A balloon is fastened to the 
 vessel to assist and control the ascent and descent. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A D. 1890. No. 11455. 
 
 CAIRNCROSS, Stewart. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 A rectangular framework covered with a light glazed 
 material forms the lower part of a balloon ; and at the centre 
 of this frame two pendulum arms are fulcrumed, at the lower 
 ends of which arms a car is attached. 
 
 A propeller is mounted on a horizontal shaft situated on 
 the frame below the balloon, the said shaft being actuated by 
 the aeronaut through gearing communicating with treadle and 
 hand mechanism in the car. A rope is fastened to the bow 
 
131 
 
 of the frame and thence over a pulley in the car to the stern 
 of the frame. By rotating the pulley, the car is adjusted in 
 
 
 
 position below the balloon, and thus enables the balloon 
 and propeller to be regulated in position up or down. 
 
 A.D. 1890. 
 
 No. 12349. 
 
 GRIFFITHS, Thomas, and BEDDOES, Thomas 
 Henry Willoughby. 
 
 " Jet Pkopulsion." 
 
 Gases or explosives are ignited within a tube, where they 
 expand, and in escaping against the outer atmosphere cause 
 the propulsion of the aeronautic machine to which the 
 apparatus is attached. 
 {Drawing.') 
 
 k2 
 
132 
 A.D. 1890. No. 13099. 
 
 HUELSER, Charles. {Communicated by Soplius 
 Hartmann and Max Nathan.} 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is provided with a longitudinal frame- 
 work, on each side of which are mounted frames carrying 
 valve flaps. These frames are reciprocated backwards and 
 forwards, the valve flaps closing and opening alternately, 
 thus propelling the balloon. 
 {Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1890. No. 13311. 
 
 MOORE, Ross Franklin. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 This machine is constructed in imitation of a bat, with a 
 frame below for carrying the driving-power and the load. 
 The wings, which are made of a' bamboo, steel, or aluminium 
 frame covered with gold-beater's skin, silk, or light cloth, are 
 made to oscillate, and are given a rocking motion. 
 
 The machine can receive an electric current from lines on 
 the ground, and thus dispense with the weight of batteries. 
 
 The drawings accompanying this specification are simply 
 diagrammatic views. 
 
133 
 
 A.D. 1890. No. 15332 
 
 BOULT, Alfred Julius. ( Communicated by Wilhelm Ellingen.) 
 
 " Balloon Railway." 
 
 A cable is placed loosely on the ground between two points 
 where a balloon is required to travel, and the cable is passed 
 
 liijiiiiiil 
 
 -<-?r- 
 
 over a pulley situated in the car of the balloon. The pulley 
 is rotated by an electro-motor in the car and thus draws the 
 balloon along in the direction of the rope. 
 
 A.D. 1890. 
 
 WELLS, Clara Louisa. 
 " Balloon Railway." 
 
 No. 15850. 
 
 Balloons are connected to a ring running on a line, which 
 ring is drawn from place to place by ropes actuated by a 
 stationary engine. 
 
 The description is most vague, and suggestions are made 
 for its application to travelling by land or sea, and also for 
 training of birds to aid the balloons. 
 
 [Drawings.) 
 
A.D. 1890. 
 
 No. 20435. 
 
 134 
 
 PHILLIPS, Horatio Frederick. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 This invention is based upon a previous invention, No. 13768, 
 a.d. 1884, by the same inventor, in which he described the 
 use of blades having convex upper surfaces. By giving these 
 blades a rapid forward motion, a partial vacuum is formed 
 above, thereby giving them a lifting power. 
 
 According to this present invention a number of these 
 blades are placed one above the other in a frame, and two or 
 more of these frames are attached to the upper part of a body 
 which is propelled by apparatus not described or shown. 
 
 A.D. 1890. 
 
 No. 21241. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, William Nelson. 
 " Balloons." 
 
 Salmon-shaped balloons are to have their upper halves 
 constructed of thin metal, with a ridge running along the 
 centre to throw off snow. 
 
135 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 1555. 
 
 SINCLAIR, William Houston. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is constructed of bamboo-canes covered 
 with air-proof fabric. A pair of paddles, actuated by any 
 suitable power, are employed for propelling, and the feathering 
 blades of such paddles may be on light tubular-steel frames 
 acting as Venetians covered with strong silk. " The lowest 
 deck is 96 feet long, and the balloon is divided into three 
 parts." 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 1943. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, William Nelson. 
 
 " Balloons/' 
 
 Balloons of various forms are made of sheet metal, 
 strengthened internally by struts abutting against ribs 
 attached to the interior. 
 
 Air is withdrawn through holes in the lower part of the 
 balloon, and hydrogen is admitted at the upper part, the 
 interior openings of these outlets and inlets being protected 
 by discs, to prevent the air mixing with the hydrogen 
 through agitation. 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 4090. 
 
 MTJNNS, William Henry. ( Communicated by William 
 WillsJdre Riley.) 
 
 " Application of Balloon." 
 
 A balloon is attached to the top of a tubular mast of a boat, 
 and gas is supplied to the balloon from compressed gas 
 reservoirs in the boat. 
 
 The balloon keeps the boat afloat in case of it becoming 
 filled with water, and it also acts as a sail to attract the 
 attention of passing ships. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
136 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 4485. 
 
 NAHL, Perham Wiluelm. 
 
 "Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon, constructed in separate compartments, 
 is provided with an aeroplane on either side, which increase 
 in width towards the stern. Two propellers, one on either 
 side of the balloon, are actuated by electric motors, which are 
 supplied with electricity from secondary batteries. The 
 propellers with their motors are mounted on a shaft, which 
 
 enables their position to be adjusted by means of a hand 
 wheel. A rod which is fulcrumed below the balloon carries a 
 hollow ball at its lower end containing sand, and by adjusting 
 this rod forward or backward the angle of the balloon may 
 be adjusted. By opening a valve at the lower part of the 
 ball, sand may be discharged from same and thus serve the 
 purpose of ballast. 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 8142. 
 
 BOULT, Alfred Julius. ( Communicated by Arthur 
 de Bausset.) 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated metal balloon is given the necessary ascentional 
 force by creating a more or less complete vacuum within 
 
137 
 
 same. The balloon, which is constructed of thin steel plates, 
 is strengthened by an internal framework, and the inventor 
 considers 738 ft. long and 144 ft. diameter to be suitable 
 dimensions. 
 
 Aeroplanes, inclined downwards at an angle of about 45°, 
 project from either side of the balloon. 
 
 A car is suspended below the balloon and is adjustable 
 longitudinally, thus regulating the angle of the apparatus. 
 
 An exhaust fan is employed to propel the machine by the 
 impact of a current of air, and by adjusting the outlet the 
 direction of propulsion may be controlled at will. 
 
 This invention is very similar to No. 316, A.D. 1887, by 
 the same inventor. 
 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 11212. 
 
 NEWTON, Alfred Vincent. {Communicated by Alfred Nobel.) 
 
 " Motive Power." 
 
 A LIGHT' motive power is obtained by the decomposition of 
 water or other liquid within a closed vessel, through the 
 action thereon of metallic sodium, potassium, finely-divided 
 manganese or other metals having a like affinity for oxygen. 
 The hydrogen which escapes is employed to work an engine 
 for driving a balloon, or a jet in escaping into the atmosphere 
 may be employed for direct propulsion by means of its 
 repulsive power. 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 12403. 
 
 PYERS, William Augustus. 
 
 " Balloon." 
 
 A BALLOON is made in the form of a ring so that it will not 
 obstruct the car in the event of a descent at sea. The car, 
 which may be covered with waterproof canvas, is suspended 
 close up to the balloon, and by dividing the said balloon into 
 
138 
 
 separate compartments the danger from bullets in time of war 
 is obviated. 
 
 A second car may be suspended below the above men- 
 tioned car. 
 
 A.D. 1891. 
 
 No. 12669. 
 
 EDWARDS, Edmund. ( Communicated by Ludwig 
 liohrmann.) 
 
 " Birds-eye Photography." 
 
 A rocket or projectile, containing a camera attached to a 
 parachute, is projected over the place to be photographed. 
 On arriving over the desired spot the rocket or projectile 
 
 explodes, thereby liberating the camera and parachute, which 
 may be drawn back by a cord after the exposure of the 
 negative. 
 
139 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 13311. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Horatio Frederick. 
 
 " Flying Machines/' 
 
 Blades or sustainers (i. e. aeroplanes) are made with a 
 convex upper surface, and a lower surface concave in front 
 
 and convex towards the rear end. The convex underpart 
 prevents the formation of an eddy below the front portion of 
 the aeroplane. 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 14742. 
 
 MOT, Thomas. 
 
 " Governing Aerial Machines." 
 
 Two appliances are described for governing aerial machines, 
 the movement of which is regulated by the action of a 
 pendulum. 
 
 In the first apparatus, two idle toothed wheels are rotated 
 by contact with right and left screws, situated on a sleeve 
 sliding on a rectangular shaft. The two toothed wheels are 
 mounted in sliding bearings which are pressed towards each 
 other by springs ; and a pendulum having a cross arm at its 
 upper part is suspended from a point between the wheels. 
 On the pendulum swinging, one end of the cross arm takes 
 into one of the toothed wheels and clamps it, thus throwing 
 it out of gear with the other wheel. The sleeve now moves 
 along the rectangular shaft, taking with it a lever which 
 actuates a plane or rudder, thus correcting the angle of the 
 machine. 
 
 In the second arrangement, a pendulum is connected to a 
 toothed lantern wheel, which tends to turn in one direction, 
 and is held between projecting pins on the surface of two 
 
140 
 
 segments keyed to a shaft. On the pendulum swinging out 
 of the vertical position, it throws the lantern wheel towards 
 one segment, thus freeing it from the other and turning the 
 segment. The shaft is thus turned, which in its turn actuates 
 rudders for controlling the machine. 
 (Drawings.) 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 16033. 
 
 GRIFFITHS, Thomas, and BEDDOES, Thomas 
 Henry Willoughby. 
 
 " Balloon." 
 
 An aerial raft is composed of a closed or covered vessel 
 having a convex under surface, and a flat or concave upper 
 surface. 
 
 Tubular chambers are attached to the upper part of the 
 raft and filled with gas to give buoyancy to the apparatus. 
 
 A well, constructed of lattice work, is formed in the centre 
 of the vessel for the accommodation of the aeronaut, and the 
 apparatus is propelled by the reaction of escaping jets of 
 fluid. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 19228. 
 
 MAXIM, Hiram Stevens. 
 
 " Flying Machine." 
 
 This specification refers to improvements on a previous 
 patent No. 16883, a.d. 1889, by the same inventor. 
 
 The chief objects of the invention are, to improve the 
 construction of framework, to increase the efficiency of the 
 boiler and the engines, and to maintain the machine on an 
 even keel. 
 
 The frame of the machine is constructed of metal tubes 
 braced together, the aeroplane being connected to the floor 
 
141 
 
 carrying the generator by two main side trusses and trans- 
 verse tubes and stays. 
 
 Rudders situated at the bow and stern are connected 
 together by crossed wires, which cause them to move simul- 
 taneously with a common effect, both tending to guide the 
 machine either up or down ; and these rudders may be 
 actuated by a cylinder which is automatically controlled by a 
 gyrostat. 
 
 The steam from the exhaust is fed to a condenser situated 
 in the aeroplane, the fluid returning to a force pump, which 
 resupplies it to the generator. 
 
 A tubular generator is described, in which ether or gasoline 
 is employed instead of water ; and engines for driving the 
 propellers are also described. 
 
 The screw propellers are two-bladed, and are built up of 
 strips of wood cemented together and strengthened by metal 
 clamps or flanges. 
 
 There are 32 claims and 12 sheets of drawings to this 
 specification. 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 19245. 
 
 BREWER, William John. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon." 
 
 An elongated balloon is enclosed in a framework, and a car 
 having side aeroplanes is suspended below. 
 
142 
 
 Propellers are mounted vertically above the balloon on the 
 framework for altering the altitude, and horizontal propellers 
 are employed for steering. 
 
 Seats are arranged in the framework to enable the aeronauts 
 to leave the car and let same fall from the balloon in case of 
 accident, thus dispensing with much weight. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 20032. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, "William Nelson. 
 
 " Balloons." 
 
 A long steel tube passes longitudinally through a balloon and 
 serves the double purpose of a " back-bone " and a steam 
 condenser for the generator. 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 21580. 
 
 LE C0MPAGN0N, Armand, PAUCILLON, Zelie (Vve), DUBOIS, 
 Georges Joseph Prosper, and KOYAUX, Emile Aleide. 
 
 " Navigable Balloon.-" 
 
 An elongated balloon, preferably composed of several com- 
 partments, is enclosed in a framework, which enables the 
 whole apparatus to move steadily through the air. 
 
 The propeller, wings, or screw-blades are fixed to the sides 
 of the framework, and are preferably actuated by a gas-engine 
 supplied with gas from the balloon itself, 
 
 The car, which is formed of a light rectangular structure, 
 is fastened to a shaft hanging from the balloon frame and is 
 held in position by stays. 
 
 (Drawing.) 
 
143 
 
 A.D. 1891. No. 21885. 
 
 MIDDLETON, Henry. 
 
 " Flying Machines." 
 
 One, two, or three pairs of wings are employed to sustain 
 and propel the machines mentioned in this specification ; hut 
 as the inventor does not confine himself to the particular 
 description of one machine, it is impossible to describe the 
 numbers of machines and their modifications in a work of the 
 concise nature of this volume. 
 
 A screw propeller is sometimes employed to assist in 
 propelling the machines. 
 
 In some of the machines the engines which actuate the 
 wings are rocked on trunnions, to impart a to-and-fro motion 
 to the wings. 
 
 Several kinds of tubular and other steam generators are 
 mentioned, and a generator having air heated by chemical 
 combination with some liquid or solid is also vaguely 
 described. 
 
 There are 10 claims to this rambling specification. 
 
 {Drawings.) 
 
145 
 
 NAME-INDEX. 
 
 Abel, CD 1124 1869 
 
 „ 409 1879 
 
 Aldborough, Earl of 224 1854 
 
 1224 1854 
 
 625 1855 
 
 2062 1856 
 
 1054 1857 
 
 Alexander, E. P 3996 1874 
 
 Andrews, S 3283 1865 
 
 Apraxine, A 2313 1877 
 
 „ 2039 1878 
 
 „ 1710 1881 
 
 „ 4552 1888 
 
 Archibald, E. D 15627 1885 
 
 Armour, J 14038 1884 
 
 Atkin, E 943 1878 
 
 „ „ 3546 1878 
 
 Aubree, A 15023 1884 
 
 Austin, C. E., and another 9472 1885 
 
 Baggs, 1 2821 1874 
 
 Baker, G. C 11941 1887 
 
 Balboni, P 2483 1857 
 
 Baldwin, T. S., and another 10937 1888 
 
 Balleni, H., and another 924 1877 
 
 Ballian, S.-B 2628 1884 
 
 Bastard, W. J 3957 1889 
 
 Bate, H. 7727 1885 
 
 L 
 
146 
 
 Baudouin, A., and another 1982 1864 
 
 Baumgarten, C , 3997 1879 
 
 Beddoes, T. H. W., and another 12349 1890 
 
 16033 1891 
 
 Bell, H 12337 1848 
 
 Bentzen, E., and another 409 1879 
 
 Bertin, P., and another 2057 1884 
 
 Beugger, J 9448 1888 
 
 Biddle, D 2901 1875 
 
 Blackman, A. L 985 1880 
 
 3691 1881 
 
 Bobosuf, P. A. F 759 1854 
 
 Bonneville, H. A 2208 1865 
 
 4701 1880 
 
 Bontems, B. B 5118 1885 
 
 Bo-alt, A. J 1737 1882 
 
 2509 1882 
 
 15023 1884 
 
 „ „ 15332 1890 
 
 8142 1891 
 
 Boulton, M. P. W 2489 1866 
 
 2809 1866 
 
 „ 696 1867 
 
 392 1868 
 
 „ „ and another 1005 1868 
 
 574 1875 
 
 Boyman, E. B 1155 i860 
 
 „ 1497 1866 
 
 „ 3262 1866 
 
 2223 18.67 
 
 1881 1868 
 
 623 1870 
 
 „ 944 1871 
 
 Brannon, P 3272 1870 
 
 „ 3974 1877 
 
 Brearey, F. W 2376 1879 
 
 Brewer, E. G 3228 1878 
 
 594 1879 
 
 1195 i88r 
 
 Brewer, W. J 19245 1891 
 
 Bright, H 2330 1859 
 
147 
 
 Brion, S. L 3996 1874 
 
 Brooman, R. A 591 1864 
 
 „ „ 2030 1864 
 
 Brown, D. S 155 1852 
 
 „ „ • • 2529 1861 
 
 „ ,, 411 1872 
 
 , 2346 1873 
 
 Browne, F. W 3058 1874 
 
 Browne, J 12452 1849 
 
 Browne, J. C 4279 1873 
 
 Bruce, E. S 5854 1885 
 
 Buchanan, J 327 1876 
 
 Buckhan, "W. P 1569 1879 
 
 Buckner, M. L. S 4618 1885 
 
 Burchell, W., and another 9472 1885 
 
 Butler, J. W 1143 1866 
 
 „ 2115 1867 
 
 Cairncross, S 11455 1890 
 
 Capel, T. J., and another 430 1881 
 
 Carlingford, Viscount 2993 1856 
 
 Carmien, P. J 867 1863 
 
 „ 748 1864 
 
 Cave, J. O'C 140 1875 
 
 Chambers, J. M 6419 1889 
 
 Ciurcu, A 8182 1887 
 
 Clair, J. E. M. J 1581 1857 
 
 Clark, A. M 169 1875 
 
 » „ 4618 1885 
 
 „ „ 9452 1886 
 
 Clark, W '. 1982 1864 
 
 „ „ 3283 1865 
 
 Coignard, L 1114 i860 
 
 Cornelius, W 2589 1884 
 
 Courtemanche, B. 2031 187 1 
 
 Couturier, C. E. F 2030 1864 
 
 2208 1865 
 
 Cowan, B. W., and another 1827 1878 
 
 Craddock, T 1982 1867 
 
 Craig, J , 3360 1889 
 
 Crestadoro, A. 1786 1862 
 
 L2 
 
148 
 
 Crestadoro, A 1815 1868 
 
 Curtis, W. J 1136 1855 
 
 Dale, W. D 4301 1889 
 
 Dartiguenave, P. G 1334 1854 
 
 Davidson, G. L. 13207 1889 
 
 Davies, G 298 1864 
 
 De Bausset, A 316 1887 
 
 „ 8142 1891 
 
 Debayeux, A 1195 1881 
 
 D'Esterno, F. C. H. P 298 1864 
 
 169 1875 
 
 De la Pauze, A., and another 430 1881 
 
 De Manara, H. 143 1853 
 
 De Normandy, A. B. L. M 395 1853 
 
 De Saint Martin, H. E 3284 1863 
 
 De Sehuttenbaoh, A 4701 1880 
 
 De Souza, J. C. E 4887 1881 
 
 De Struve, G., and another 2299 1864 
 
 De Telescheff, N"., and another 2299 1864 
 
 „ 1824 1883 
 
 De Vogt, H. C 81 1874 
 
 Dillon, T. A 1207 1879 
 
 Dubois, G. J. P., and others 21580 1891 
 
 Duff, E. L 2879 1884 
 
 Duthu,J. B 3076 1872 
 
 Edwards, E., and another 2155 1867 
 
 „ 4887 1881 
 
 „ 1671 1889 
 
 „ 12669 1891 
 
 Egasse, E. E 3228 1878 
 
 » 594 1879 
 
 Egg, D., and another 3909 1815 
 
 Ellingen, W 15332 1890 
 
 Elsdale, H 4954 1882 
 
 Falconnet, E. F 518 1883 
 
 „ 1549 1885 
 
 „ 14827 1885 
 
 Farini, G. A., and another 10937 1888 
 
149 
 
 Faucillon, Z., and others 21580 1891 
 
 Fisher, J. A., and another 4098 1882 
 
 Fleury, A 3309 1873 
 
 Folacci, F., and another 2057 1884 
 
 Foster, J. S 7015 1886 
 
 Francis, G. G •. . . . 13841 1887 
 
 Fyers, W. A 12403 1891 
 
 Gaggino, G 5742 1888 
 
 Gaveau, J. C 4255 1873 
 
 Gedge, W. E 867 1863 
 
 748 1864 
 
 Giffard, H 466 1867 
 
 „ 3036 1867 
 
 Gittens, A. W 381 4 1877 
 
 Gloton, J. J 1671 1889 
 
 Godard, E 2959 1863 
 
 Goehrung, E 807 1881 
 
 Gohrung, E 5621 1884 
 
 Goucher, J 2397 1867 
 
 Gower, F. A 11301 1884 
 
 Green, U 4387 1882 
 
 Grey, E. H 5404 1890 
 
 Griffiths, T., and another 12349 1890 
 
 „ „ 16033 1891 
 
 Grylls, H. W 3677 1868 
 
 Gustafson, W 8255 1887 
 
 Haddan, H. J 1328 1878 
 
 ,. 1827 1878 
 
 „ 2469 1884 
 
 „ 316 1887 
 
 Haenlein, P 930 1865 
 
 „ , 821 1872 
 
 Hammant, W 1666 1868 
 
 'Hammond, T. K 2245 1864 
 
 Harris, H. M 8816 1890 
 
 Harte, E 1469 1870 
 
 Hartmann, 8., and another 13099 1890 
 
 Hartung, 2469 1884 
 
 Heathorn, T. B 939 1878 
 
150 
 
 Henderson, A. C 5118 
 
 Henry, M 1114 
 
 ,. '„ 466 
 
 » 3036 
 
 Henson, W. S , 9478 
 
 Hilfreich, F ' 11994 
 
 „ 12736 
 
 HiU, M 1776 
 
 Hime, F 3177 
 
 „ ,, 4839 
 
 Howson, W 18952 
 
 Huelser, C, and another 13099 
 
 HuUett, J 568 
 
 Hunt, B 2031 
 
 Hunter, J. M 2680 
 
 Hutchinson, W. N 1879 
 
 • 8567 
 
 8051 
 
 .. 5644 
 
 21241 
 
 » 1943 
 
 20032 
 
 Hyatt, T 1229 
 
 Imray, H 4055 
 
 Imray, J., and another 1005 
 
 Jackson, W 513 
 
 .. 4757 
 
 Jacob, J 593 
 
 ,. „ 2377 
 
 James, W. H 492 
 
 Jensen, P 3315 
 
 „ „ 5251 
 
 Johnson, J. H 179 
 
 ,, : 206 
 
 3401 
 
 Johnson, J. Y 8182 
 
 Jouanique, J 1737 
 
 Kaufmans, J. M 473 1867 
 
151 
 
 Kaufmann, J. M 1525 1867 
 
 Kesseler, C 4104 1878 
 
 Kinnear, P. C 4684 1881 
 
 Koch, G , 5251 1882 
 
 Lake, A. W 1229 1882 
 
 lake, W. E 3058 1874 
 
 2313 1877 
 
 , 985 1880 
 
 31 1882 
 
 518 1883 
 
 2057 1884 
 
 1549 1885 
 
 „ 14827 1885 
 
 Lane, H 15567 1887 
 
 Laroche, L. P 1953 1865 
 
 Lassie, J. B. J 2154 1856 
 
 Le Compagnon, A., and others 21580 1891 
 
 Leggo, W. A 3779 1879 
 
 Lehmann, F. A., and another 1328 1878 
 
 Lemmon, 8 13901 1886 
 
 Livchak, J 2162 1868 
 
 Lorrain, J. G 11354 1888 
 
 Liideke, J. E. P 2028 1863 
 
 Luff, H. J 2447 1854 
 
 McKee, H 2979 1875 
 
 Marriott, F 2827 1869 
 
 Martin, M 2776 1873 
 
 Martin, T 122 1881 
 
 Masey, P. E 412 1868 
 
 Maughan, B. W., and another 4585 1882 
 
 1552 1883 
 
 Maxim, H. S 16883 1889 
 
 19228 1891 
 
 Menier, J. S. A 1144 1874 
 
 1690 1875 
 
 603 1877 
 
 Mennons, M. A. F. 2299 1864 
 
 Michel, M 1769 1869 
 
 Middleton, H 9725 1888 
 
152 
 
 Middleton, H 21885 1891. 
 
 Moat, W. C. 9856 1843 
 
 Moles worth-Hep worth, E. N 7837 1886 
 
 Monteith, J 14610 1888 
 
 Moore, E. F 13311 1890 
 
 Morris, J. M., and another 289 1875 
 
 Morse, E. C 4154 1873 
 
 Moy, T., and another 3238 1871 
 
 „ „ 2808 1874 
 
 , 1406 1877 
 
 „ „ 14742 1891 
 
 Munns, W. H 4090 1891 
 
 Nahl, P. W 4485 1891 
 
 Nathan, M., and another 13099 1890 
 
 Nelson, J. E 2229 1867 
 
 Newbold, H 4332 1878 
 
 Newton, A. V 11212 1891 
 
 Newton, W. E 11578 1847 
 
 .1 2959 1863 
 
 „ 1987 1868 
 
 Nobel, A 11212 1891 
 
 Noble, W. H 2827 1869 
 
 Norman, J. J 9665 1887 
 
 Oppikofer, E 4055 1883 
 
 Osselin, A. E 728 1871 
 
 Otto, E. C. F., and another 14737 1889 
 
 Otto, E. 0. F., Jun., and another 14737 1889 
 
 Owen, E. G 9193 1885 
 
 Page, C, and another 1827 1878 
 
 Parkinson, G. S 508 1888 
 
 Pauly, S. J., and another 3909 1815 
 
 Payne, J. W., and another 924 1877 
 
 Pearse, E. A 2229 1879 
 
 Pellen, M 2256 1856 
 
 Petersen, C. W 31 1882 
 
 Phillips, H. E 13768 1884 
 
 , 20435 1890 
 
 „ 13311 1891 
 
153 
 
 Phillips, J. S 2420 1861 
 
 Pocock, G., and another 5420 1826 
 
 Ponton D'Amecourt 1929 1861 
 
 Poole, M 8337 1840 
 
 Potts, L. H 9642 1843 
 
 Preisenhammer, 0., and another 593 1861 
 
 2377 1861 
 
 Prestwich, W. H 9585 1885 
 
 Preverand, A. M 206 1855 
 
 Quartermain, W 2339 1884 
 
 Quentin, P 591 t 86 4 
 
 Quinet, A. M., and another 1982 1864 
 
 Rablat, C. E 1598 i860 
 
 Radotinsky, J 4647 1890 
 
 Eaydt, W 4104 1878 
 
 Eedfern, G. E 7015 1886 
 
 Bibeiro, J. 1 8386 1887 
 
 Ridley, J. D 777 1874 
 
 Rieber, J 2781 187 1 
 
 Rieckert, A. E. K., and another 4811 1889 
 
 Rieckert, H. A. J., and another 4811 1889 
 
 Ritchel, C, and another 1328 1878 
 
 Robatel, J 1581 1857 
 
 Robinson, G 11108 1889 
 
 Rogers, CO 3814 1877 
 
 Rohrmann, L 12669 1891 
 
 Ross, W. M 2040 1870 
 
 Rothleb, G. W 1037 1865 
 
 Royaux, E. A., and others 21580 1891 
 
 Runkel, M 2393 1876 
 
 Sample, J 2421 1878 
 
 Sanderson, J. G. E 4523 1875 
 
 Sebillot, A. M. G 9452 1886 
 
 Shill, R. E., and another 3238 1871 
 
 Silas, E 3103 i860 
 
 Simmons, J 3132 1874 
 
 ,, „ and another 289 1875 
 
 „ „ 2428 1875 
 
154 
 
 Simon, H 3997 1879 
 
 Sinclair, W. H 1555 1891 
 
 Sjostrom, P 2264 1883 
 
 Smart, G. E 12503 1884 
 
 Smyth, J. S 4268 1878 
 
 ,. , 1569 1879 
 
 Smyth, W 1392 1867 
 
 Smythies, J. K 561 i860 
 
 „ „ 2504 1867 
 
 .. 4151 1875 
 
 „ „ 34 1882 
 
 „ 7 1884 
 
 Snow, J. J 439 1876 
 
 Snyers, T., and another 3561 1881 
 
 Soul, M. A 821 1872 
 
 Spencer, C. G 1178 1868 
 
 „ „ and another 4098 1882 
 
 Stevens, C 1598 i860 
 
 Stevenson, R 4871 1880 
 
 Sunderland, T 9598 1843 
 
 Templer, J 4954 1882 
 
 Thayer, D 12320 1889 
 
 Thompson, W. P. 11941 1887 
 
 Tielke-Allan, F. H 19209 1889 
 
 Tissandier, G 3401 1881 
 
 Van de Kerkhove, A. H., and another 3561 1881 
 
 Van Hecke 11578 1847 
 
 Vaughan, E. P. H 4154 1873 
 
 2039 1878 
 
 Vaughan, C. E 1710 1881 
 
 Vidal, E 3315 1875 
 
 Viney, J., and another 5420 1826 
 
 Von Binzer, J., and another 409 1879 
 
 Waddy, S. D., and another 4585 1882 
 
 v 4585 1883 
 
 Waelde, J 1830 1886 
 
 Watt, A 3831 1874 
 
 Weldon, W 2141 1863 
 
155 
 
 Wellner, G 2715 1883 
 
 Wells, C. L 15850 1890 
 
 Wenham, F. H 1571 1866 
 
 Wenigner, C, and another 593 1861 
 
 , 2377 1861 
 
 Werner, A 2509 1882 
 
 Wilkins, F 1772 1882 
 
 Williams, C 1987 1868 
 
 Wilson, G 3067 1871 
 
 Winkler, A 11158 1885 
 
 Wirth, F 807 1881 
 
 „ „ 5621 1884 
 
 Wise, W. L 3779 1879 
 
 Woodbury, W, B 1647 1877 
 
 Worms, J 47 1889 
 
 Ybargoitia, F. M. e 1821 1886 
 
 Zimer, F. W 7427 1889 
 
157 
 
 SUBJECT-INDEX. 
 
 BALLOONS. 
 
 Captiye.— 1854, 759, 2447. 1555,1136. 1560,3103. 1868, 
 2028. 1864,591. 1867, 466, 3036. 1868,568. 1874, 
 1144. i<575, 2979. 1877, 1647, 3814. .W70, 1207. 
 1881, 122, 4684. iSS£, 4954. 1884, 2879. -ZSS5, 
 5854, 15627. 1888, 11354, 14610. .Z&59, 18952. 
 
 Combined with Aeroplanes — 1865, 3283. 1868, 1987. .ZS69, 
 
 2827. i<§7-7, 2031. 1874, *821. 1575, 1690. 1877, 
 
 3974. 1579, 3779. 1551, 4887. 1552, 31. 1554, 
 
 2628. 1886, 7837. 1557, 316, 8386. 1555, 5742, 
 
 9448. 1889, 47, 7427, 14737. 1890, 11455. 1891, 
 4485, 8142, 19245. 
 
 Construction of.— 1515, 3909. 15^5, 12337. 1854, 224. 
 1855, 625. 1856, 2062, 2154. 1557, 1054. 1860, 
 1598. 1561,2529. 1565,867,2141. 1564,591,748. 
 1565,930. 1566,3262. 1567,466,2229,3036. 1565, 
 1666, 1815, 1881, 1987, 2162. 1569, 2827. 1870, 
 3272. 1871, 2031, 2781. 1572, 821, 3076. 1575, 
 2776, 4154. 1874, 2821, 3132, 3177, 3831, 3996. 1575, 
 2979. 1577, 603, 2313. 1575, 513, 943, 2039, 3546, 
 4332. 1570, 2229, 3779, 3997. 1556, 985, 1776, 4701. 
 1551, 122, 1195, 1879, 3401, 3691, 4887. 1882, 31, 
 1737, 1772, 2509, 4098, 5251. 188S, 518, 1824, 2715. 
 1884, 2057, 2469, 2628, 11994, 15023. 1885, 1549, 
 4618, 9472, 9585, 14827. 1886, 7837, 8051, 9452, 
 13901. 1887, 316, 15567. 1555, 508. 1550, 1671, 
 3957, 4301, 4811, 7427, 13207, 18952, 19209. 1890, 
 
158 
 
 BALLOONS {continued). 
 
 4647, 5404, 8816, 11455, 13099, 21241. 1891, 1555, 
 
 1943, 4090, 4485, 8142, 12403, 14742, 16033, 19245, 
 
 20032, 21580. 
 Fire.— 1854, 224. 1862, 1786. 1863, 2959. 1868, 1815, 
 
 1881. 1874, 1144, 3132. 1882, 4098. 
 Making Gas for.— 1856, 1136. 1865, 930. 1867, 466. 
 
 1872,821. 1874,2821,3831. 1875,289. 1877,924. 
 
 1575,3228,4104,4332. 1879,594. 1882,31. 1886, 
 
 9452. 1887, 9665. 
 
 Photography feom.— 1854, 2447. 1868, 2028. 1577, 1647. 
 1550, 4954. 1891, 12669. 
 
 Propelling by means of Jets of Fluid. — 1843, 9598. 1860, 
 1155. 1866, 1497, 3262. 1557, 2223, 2229. 1868, 
 1881. 1570,623,2040. 1876,327. 1878,939. 1880, 
 1776, 4701. 155.4, 2057. 1885, 9472. 1557, 316, 
 5644, 8182. 1555, 508. 1889, 6419, 14737. 1890, 
 8816, 12349. 1891, 8142, 11212, 16033. 
 
 Propelling by means of Screws.— 1848, 9598. 1848, 12337. 
 1555, 2154. 1861, 2529. 15(55, 867. 1555, 930. 
 1871, 2031. 1570, 821. 1575, 4255, 4279. 1874, 
 3177, 3996. 1577, 924. 1575, 513, 943, 1328, 3546, 
 4757. 1570, 2229. 1550, 985. 1551, 1195, 3401, 
 3691, 4887. 1550, 4585. 1555, 518. 155^, 2057, 
 2469, 15023. 1555, 1549, 8567, 14827. 1886, 7837, 
 9452. 1557, 8255, 11941. 1555, 9448, 11354, 12736, 
 14610. 1889, 1671, 3957, 4811, 7427, 11108. 1590, 
 4647, 5404, 11455. 1891, 4485, 19245, 21580. 
 
 Propelling by Wings.— 1515, 3909. 1854, 224, 1224. 1550, 
 2062. 1500, 1598. 1868, 1666. 1577, 924. 1555, 
 5118. 1889, 47, 6419, 13207, 14737. 1891, 21580. 
 
 Propelling by other means.— 1555, 179. 1867, 2397. 1505, 
 3677. 1870, 3272. 1571, 944. 1873, 4255. 1575, 
 2901, 3315. 1570, 2393. 1877, 3814. 1575, 1827. 
 1879, 3997. 1881, 807. 1550, 5251. 1883, 4055. 
 
159 
 
 BALLOONS (continued). 
 
 1884, 5621, 11994, 12503, 15023. 1885, 9472, 9585, 
 11158. 1887, 8386. 1888, 12736. 1889, 14737. 
 1890, 13099. 1891, 1555. 
 
 Kailways — 184S, 9642. 1878, 2776. 1878, 4268. .W70, 
 1569. 1882, 4387. -?<§&?, 7727. 1886, 1821. 1555, 
 4552, 14610. 1890, 13311, 15332, 15850. 
 
 Eegulatlto Altitude os.— 1847, 11578. 15(5^, 748. 1865, 
 930. 1571, 2031. 1572, 821. 1875, 2979. 1576, 
 2393. 1577, 2313. 1575, 513, 1328, 1827, 2039, 4757. 
 1579, 2229, 3779, 3997. 1881, 122, 1195, 1710, 1879. 
 1552,1737. 1554,11301. 1555,12736,14610. 1559, 
 1671. 1890, 4647. 1891, 19245. 
 
 Valves fob.— 15^5, 12337. 1556,2062. 1557,3036. 1872, 
 3076. 1884, 11301. 1889, 18952. 
 
 "Whisht, adjustably attached to. — 1515, 3909. 1556, 2154, 
 1565, 867. 1865, 3283. 1866, 3262. 1579, 2229, 
 3779. 1886, 7837. 1887, 316, 8386. 1555, 5742, 
 9448. 1889, 47, 7427, 14737. 1890, 11455. 1891, 
 4485, 8142. 
 
 FLYING MACHINES. 
 
 Aeeoplanbs, With.— 1842, 9478. 1848, 12337. 1852, 155. 
 1856, 2993. 1561, 2420. 1564, 2299. 1866, 1143, 
 1571, 2489. 1867, 473, 1392, 2115, 3036. 1565, 392, 
 1178, 2680. 1870, 1469. 1571, 3238. 1572, 411. 
 1873, 3309. 1874, 2808. 1577, 3974. 1551, 430, 
 3561. 1884, 7, 13768. 1559, 14737, 16883. 1890, 
 11455, 20435. 1891, 13311, 14742, 19228. 
 
 CoEEECTING ALTITUDE OP, AUTOMATICALLY. 1864, 2299. 1565, 
 
 392. 1871, 3238. 1574, 2808. 1889, 16883. 1891, 
 14742, 19228. 
 Manumotive.— 1843, 9856. 1564, 2299. 1865, 1037. 1566, 
 1143, 1571. 1867, 1982. 1565, 1178. 1569, 1124, 
 1577, 3974. 1884, 2589, 14038. 1885, 9193. 1556, 
 7015. 
 
160 
 
 FLYING MACHINES (continued). 
 
 Propelling, supporting, or steering with 
 screws : 1842, 9478. 1848, 12337. 1856, 2993. 1861, 
 1929. 1864, 2299. 1867, 1392, 2115. 1868, 412. 
 1870, 1469. 1875, 140. 1877, 3974. 1551, 430. 
 1550, 4585. 1888, 2264. 1555, 8567. 1887, 11941. 
 1559, 11108, 16883. 1891, 19228, 21885. 
 
 wings: i<S<5.£ 224. 1860, 561, 1598. !<?<%, 298, 2030, 
 2299. 1865, 1037, 2208. 1866, 1143. -?<?!??, 473, 
 1982, 2504. 1868, 1005, 1666. 1869, 1124. 157^, 
 81, 777. 1875, 4151. i570, 2376. 1550, 4839. 
 1882, 34, 1229. 155.4, 7, 2339, 2589, 14038. 1555, 
 9725. 1889, 14737. 159(9, 13311. 1891, 21885. 
 
 paddles, oars, jets, or other means : 1843, 9856. 1854, 
 1334. 1561, 2420. 1868, 3284. 1566, 1571, 2489. 
 1867, 2115, 2397. 1565, 392, 2680. 1870, 2040. 
 1571, 3238. 1878, 2421. 1551, 3561. 155-4, 5621, 
 12503. 1886, 1830. 1559, 14737. 1890, 11455. 
 1591, 11212. 
 
 Vertical screws for supporting. — 1559, 2330. 1561, 1929. 
 1565, 412. 1575, 140. 1550, 4871. 1888, 1552. 
 1555, 9193. 1556, 7015. 1559, 3360. 
 
 ' KITES. 
 
 1526, 5420. 1855, 206, 1136. 1560, 3103. 1565, 568. 
 1575, 109, 2428. 1576, 439. 1577, 3814. 1555, 
 15627. 1889, 12320. 
 
 PAKACHUTES. 
 
 1515, 3909. 1848, 12337. 1868, 2959. 1868, 1987. 1875, 
 3315, 2428. 1876, 439. 1880, 4701. 155.4, 2628. 
 1555, 9585. 1855, 10937. 1559, 4301, 7427, 16883. 
 1891, 19228. 
 
 PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
AERONAUTICAL NOTES. 
 
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AERONAUTICAL NOTES. 
 
AERONAUTICAL NOTES. 
 
AERONAUTICAL NOTES. 
 
AERONAUTICAL NOTES, 
 
AERONAUTICAL NOTES, 
 
AERONAUTICAL NOTES. 
 
AERONAUTICAL NOTES. 
 
AERONAUTICAL NOTES. 
 
AERONAUTICAL NOTES.