(f crvncU ittiiret^to ^iln^atg THE GIFT OF _r^ yvv-ouul. _0\ , A. I 5'\'7 ct-v. 1 ij^UMi^oi CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBHAHY 3 1924 092 7 4 017 ^Ie . HoAV^Vli]* -T . ROUKK^- WOR LDS FAIR. ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENTOF EDUCATION Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924092714017 University of the State of New York PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION UNITED STATES PREPARED BY Henry L. Taylor Ph.D. -J under direction of James Russell J>arsons jr M. A. EDITION FOR THE PARIS EXPOSITION 190O VOL. I GENERAL, THEOLOGY, LAW, MEDICINE ALBANY UNIVERSITY OK THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1900 (ii-Tifil f? VT-- University of the State of New York REGENTS With years of election 1874 Anson Judd Upson L.H.D. D.D. LL.D. Chancellor, Glens Falls 1892 William Croswell Doane D.D. LL.D. Vice- Chancellor, Albany 1873 Martin I.Townsend M.A. LL.D. - - Troy 1877 Chauncey M. Depew LL.D. _ _ - - New York 1877 Charles E. Fitch LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. - Rochester 1877 .Orris H. Warren D.D. ----- Syracuse 1878 Whitelaw Reid LL.D. _ - - - New York 1 88 1 William H. Watson M.A. M.D. _ - _ Utica 1881 Henry E. Turner ----- Lowville 1883 St Clair McKelway L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. - Brooklyn 1885 Hamilton Harris Ph.D. LL.D, - - - Albany 1885 Daniel Beach Ph.D. LL.D. _ - _ _ Watkins 1888 Carroll E. Smith LL.D. - - - - Syracuse 1890 Pliny T. Sexton LL.D. ----- Palmyra 1890 T. Guilford Smith M.A. LL.D. C.E, - - Buffalo 1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. M.D. - - - - New York 1895 Albert Vander Veer Ph.D. M.D. - - Albany 1895 Charles R. Skinner M.A. LL.D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 1897 Chester S. Lord M.A. LL.D. - - - Brooklyn 1897 Timothy L. Woodruff M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio 1899 Theodore Roosevelt B.A. LL.D. Governor, ex officio 1899 John T. McDonough LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio 1900 Thomas A. Hendrick M.A. - - - - Rochester secretary Elected by regents 1900 James Russell Parsons jr M.A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 1888 Me lvil Dewey M.A. State library and Home education 1890 James Russell Parsons jr M.A. Administrative, College and High school depHs 1890 Frederick J. H. Merrill Ph.D. State museum CONTENTS Vol. I General Preface, Sec. Melvil Dewey. . Introduction, Director James Russell Parsons jr Authorities Growth Distribution of schools and students Varying standards Preliminary general education Students with college degrees Length of professional courses University supervision Scholarships Fees PAGE 3 5 5 « 7 8 9 11 13 14 15 17 PAGE 17 19 Libraries Endowments Value of grounds and build- ings 20 Total and average property in 1898 21 Gifts and bequests 22 Women as professional stu- dents 22 Power to confer degrees 23 Preliminary requirements. . . 24 Institutions .:. . 25 Associations 43 Index 49 Theology Introduction, Director James Kussell Parsons jr 57 Schools, faculty and students 57 Early theological training 58 Rise of independent seminaries 59 University relations 61 Present tendencies 61 Professional requirements. . . 64 Summaries for United States 65 Statistical tables 66 Summaries by states 76 Institutions by states 76 Index 139 Law- Introduction, Director James Russell Parsons jr 153 Early law schools 153 Development of law schools since 1858 154 Salaries of teachers 155 Methods of instruction 155 Admission to the bar in colon- ial days 156 Admission to the bar after the revolution 158 Synopsis of present require- ments 159 Professional requirem.emits. . . 162 Summaries for United States 163 Statistical tables 164 Summaries and institutions by states 170 Associations 215 Bules or regulations by states , 216 Synopsis of legal require- ments by states. .. ., 249 Statutes 264 Index 331 IV CONTENTS Medicine Introduction, Director James Russell Parsons jr 349 Apprenticeship system 349 First public medical lectures . . 349 Early medical schools 350 Influence of medical societies 351 Medical sects 354 Midwifery 356 Graded system of instruction 357 Medical schools and students in 1899 358 Hygiene and state medicine . . . 859 Present tendencies 360 Early legislation 362 Synopsis of present require- ments 362 Professional requirements. . . 865 Summaries for United States. . 366 Statistical tables 368 Summaries and institutions by states 378 Associations 484 Bules or regulations by states ., 496 Synopsis of legal require- ments by statra. 516 Statutes . 535 Index .. 720 University of the State of New York College Department INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Bulletin 5 October 1899 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION UNITED STATES PREPARED BY Henry L. Taylor, Ph.D. under direction of James Russell Parsons jr, M.A. GENERAL FAGB Preface, Sec. Melvil Dewey 3 Introduction, Director James Rus- sell Parsons jr S Authorities . S Growth 6 Distribution of schools and students . . 7 Varying standards 8 Preliminary general education for licenses — 9 for degrees . . 10 Students with college degrees 11 Length of professional courses 13 University supervision 14 PAGE Scholarships 15 Fees 17 Libraries . 17 Endowments 19 Value of grounds and buildings 20 Total and average property in 1898.. 21 Gifts and bequests 22 Women as professional students .... 22 Power to confer degrees 23 Preliminary requirements 24 Institutions 25 Associations 43 Index 49 991 - ^ ~ ~ \ \ Zsi -^ ■\f^\ i \ 9e 1 \ I .3 \ V 1 g'Z' s 'o O \ \ 0Z\ \ d \ i^3ox ^ ^ ^ "S K^ ^ M \ ^«nu3,3A ° ° ° " iTl^ 1 m \ > • ■O ^01 \ _c P-, t/1 i* rt V I ^ Aovmi-em ° " ^ °° %\ S, o Jii 9 6 o \ iH ^ o \ d Xjispusa ° ° " "^ ^I'g, =3 &! 89 V 'r "rt •- \ ■■i aupipoM ^ 2 S ^^\% ^ d °^ -\ \i a ?« -^ r^ ^ ^. - \ M^'l N ml 00 «J \ \ ^ \ 1-1 o \ A \ XS0103HX - N r- ^I^S* T3 a -t'S \ V 1 O iri O u-i O * '^ \ \ T T T T T r^ 9ff \ \ I V, \ \ r^ 00 00 00 00 — ^ to 1 y\ X « \ \ lU 5 9ir - s \ \ \ -s '^ \ V V a 0> - \ \ \ \ o \ S N >< t! p - ^ ^ '\ N H A y s >> ■^'^ - '"^ ^ N s. \ Vj. '■• -■> 'o \ \ \ r 91 — p '<' \ ^ ■~ s: V- ^.\ V , \ *< ,^ 9 -^ ^i \ ~^ -— ^- (J -7 --. ~— !;^ - — .. ■~~ -\ '~~ *"■ = : — _^ o o 0) o 01 10 o a o r- o ID o 'J CD a CO ( c o. D c t c 3 c < 3 c c <: a t > < c 1 3 ( 1 3 University of the State of New York College Department INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Bulletin 5 October 1899 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION UNITED STATES GKNERAL PEEFACE New York has now formally recognized in her statutes that the public is as much entitled to protection against incompetent practitioners of the learned professions, as against untrust- worthy corporations in insurance or banking. The University is responsible for the administration of these protective laws and regulations and for the registration of the standards for license and for admission and graduation from the various professional schools of other states and countries. In this connection the daily need of an authoritative register is so keenly felt that we have now undertaken its preparation and constant revision so that it shall be a standard work of reference to all interested. The register will appear in the following series of bulletins: 1 Professional education in the United States 2 Professional eduoation in foreign oovntrie^ 4 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK The first series on professional education in the United States embraces seven bulletins as follows: 1 General 4 Medicine 2 Theology 5 Dentistry 3 Law 6 Pharmacy 7 Veterinary medicine The second series on professional education in foreign coun- tries is in course of preparation. As we bear the large labor and cost of this important work we confidently relied on and have received the active coopera- tion of ofiicials in other states and countries in supplying us promptly with official information on which our publication is based. In return for this courtesy we furnish the bulletins as soon as published without cost to each oflQcer so cooperating, and record our obligations for assistance fully and freely ac- corded by others interested in professional education or stand- ards. Any information that will enable us to secure omitted or more recent statutes, court rules or government regulations touching the practice of law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine, rules adopted for their enforcement, ad- dresses of ofiicers in charge, or any suggestions for making future editions of this reference work more accurate and useful will be highly appreciated. Mia^viL Dewey Secretary PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 5 INTRODUCTION Professional education conforms to the University editing rules approved by the regents committee Feb. 10, 1899 except that abbreviations have been used more freely to condense the great volume of matter. Where matter has been greatly condensed the library abbreviations for dates are used in the following order: 1) day of week, 2) day of month, 3) month, 4) year. The abbreviations are: Months: Ja, F, Mr, Ap, My, Je, Jl, Ag, S, O, N, D Days: Sn, M, Tu, W, Th, F, St W9S85 means Wednesday, Sep. 9, 1885. In other cases the usual abbre- viations have been used; e. g. Jan. 1, 1900. Preacademic, grammar or common school work refers to the eight years of elementary instruction; secondary or academic work refers to the four years of secondary instruction between elementary school and college. Secondary school includes all institutions that give one or more years of secondary instruction, incorporated academies, high schools, academic departments in union schools and similar unincorporated schools of academic grade. College work refers to the four years of higher in- struction, following the four years of secondary. The term college in- cludes universities and other institutions for higher education authorized to confer degrees. Professional and technical institutions are uniformly called schools whatever their corporate titles. Authorities It is impossible within the limits of this bulletin to give more than a brief outline of professional education in the United States. For detailed information touching laws, regulations, lo- cation of schools, and courses of study the reader is referred to other bulletins in the series on Professional ecktoation in the United States, published by the University of the State of New York. Of the many authorities consulted the following have proved most helpful: U. S. education reports; Eliot's Educational reform; U. S. census reports ; Briggs's Theological education and its needs;" Dyer's Theological education in America;^ Jessup's Legal education in New YorJcf Wellman's Admission to the harf Hammond's American law schools, past and future f Reports of the American tar association; Toner's Annals of medical progress in the United States;^ Davis's Medical education and medical institutions in the United States;^ Journal American medical association; Shepard's Inaugural address at the World's Columbian dental congress; Pro- ceedings of the American pharmaceutical association. These and other authorities have been used freely, but limited space makes it impracticable to give in many cases more than this general acknowledgment. Assistance rendered by specialists is acknowledged in the bulletin relating to each profession. a Forum, January 1892. * Penn monthly, August 1880. c See the History of the bench and har of New York, d American law review. May 1881 e Southern law review, August 1881. f V. 8. education report, 1874. i V b' education report, 1877. UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW TOEK Growth At the time of the declaration of independence there were only two professional schools in this country, the Medical col- lege of Philadelphia (1765), now the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and the medical department of King's college (1768)." The following statistics, summarized from Professional educa- tion in the United States, show unprecedented growth :6 Theology Law Medicine Dentistry . Pharmacy Veterinary medicine eTotal Schools 1899 165 86 cl56 56 d52 17 532 Instructors 1899 1070 970 c5 735 1513 di92 249 10 029 Stndents 1898 8 317 11783 c24 043 7 221 ^3 525 368 55 257 G-raduates 1898 1693 3 110 C5 725 1921 dll22 123 13 694 StadentB 1899 8 093 11883 o24 119 7 633 dsses 378 55 669 In 1898, 286 of the 532 schools reported total property amount- ing to nearly |50,000,000 (New York 33^), 262 reported receipts exceeding $5,000,000 (New York 31^, 270 expenditures exceeding $4,500,000 (New York 28^. Degrees are granted by 73 theolog- ical schools, 82 law schools, 152 medical schools, 56 dental schools, 45 schools of pharmacy and 16 veterinary medical schools. a King's college is now Columbia university. 6 The 1898 U. S. education report gives the following: Schools Instructors stndents Graduates Theology Law Medicine Dentistry Pharmacy Veterinary medicine Total 151 50 45 14 958 845 1247 961 401 173 8 371 11 615 23 433 6 774 3 712 326 1 673 3 065 5 597 1 848 1 129 109 498 7 585 54 231 13 421 c Excluding graduate schools, but including 3 medical preparatory schools. d Including Department of pharmacy, University of Washington, which has suspended temporarily. ein these totals training schools for nurses are not included. The Philadelphia lying-in, charity and nurse school was opened in 1828, but it is said that systematic training in schools for nurses was not given till 1873. The 1898 U. S. education report gives 377 of these schools with 8805 students. The course of study is usually two years in length though nearly % of the schools now require three years. Most of these schools are connected with hospitals where medical, surgical and obstetric cases are treated. The course of study embraces anatomy, physiology and hygiene, and obstetrics. PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 7 Distribution of professional schools and students in 1899" 38 political divisions of the United States report professional schools and students as follows : Divigion So.:3Chool St.=:stadent Illinois New York Pennsylvania ... Missouri Ohio Massachusetts .. Maryland Tennessee Michigan Kentucky Dist. Columbia.. Iowa California Indiana Minnesota Virginia Georgia Wisconsin Texas Louisiana New Jersey Connecticut Colorado Nebraska Alabama.... Kansas North Carolina.. Maine Vermont Oregon South Carolina.. Arkansas New Hampshire. West Virginia .. Washington... Mississippi Oklahoma South Dakota. Theology Se 18 17 17 6 13 8 6 8 3 3 5 5 5 4 8 4 2 4 1 1 5 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 St, 1210 1039 813 448 432 514 561 226 102 401 105 204 78 161 277 194 98 160 16 23 459 152 33 59 61 9 81 78 53 46 Law Sc. 165 8 093 86 St 1308 2 202 526 366 705 974 277 211 918 m 892 365 323 456 446 236 75 259 176 72 194 93 117 27 166 86 31 65 25 26 125 45 Medicine Sc 16 11 6 16 13 4 8 9 6 St. 3 065 2 415 2 475 2 345 13 1066 1331 1876 877 1011 460 631 576 305 428 618 449 198 290 388 109 253 179 239 172 167 171 215 82 97 108 131 Dentistry Pharmacy Sc. 5 3 5 4 5 2 3 4 2 1 3 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 St. 1282 503 1503 485 589 302 497 301 346 179 135 135 395 258 110 36 258 135 50 58 42 34 Veterinary 11 883 156 24 119 56 7 633 52 3 563 17 Sc. 2 4 3 2 5 1 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 St. 284 536 619 177 418 178 106 75 129 60 46 210 83 170 62 22 31 61 40 18 26 41 45 25 13 27 33 18 10 Sc. 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 St. 82 82 52 25 14 27 26 27 27 7 7 • 2 378 Total Sc. 52 45 35 32 43 18 20 30 17 14 22 18 21 17 14 14 12 10 6 5 6 5 10 9 10 6 10 6 1 6 6 2 1 1 5 1 1 St 7 231 6 777 5 988 3 846 3 550 3 061 2 772 2 689 2 398 1747 1665 1572 1462 1357 1323 1106 911 813 522 501 485 455 429 410 410 392 359 293 215 200 195 134 131 125 69 45 18 10 532 55 669 The following report no professional schools : Alaska, Arizona, Dela- ware, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Indian territory, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Puerto Rico, Ehode Island, Utah, Wyoming. « Not including students at the University of Havana: law 124, medicine 98, phar- macy 98 (1899), or at the University of Santo Tom^, Manila: theology 6, law 558, medicine 404, pharmacy 51 (1897). Grand total, including also 1916 graduate medical students, 58,924. 8 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK Illinois leads for the first time in professional students, a fact due to a lack of proper control of the power to grant degrees and licenses. Including students in graduate medical schools^ New York and Illinois report about the same number of professional students in 1899. Varying standards There is no national authority in the United States that can prescribe standards for degrees or for license to practise the professions. Each state makes its own professional laws. As a result there are almost as many standards as there are politi- cal divisions. The desirability of uniform standards throughout the country for admission to professional practice is recognized generally, but varying conditions as to density of population, educational advantages and general development make it im- practicable to hope for the attainment of this end for some time to come." 30 years ago the public had little protection from incompe- tency in professional practice. The bar is said to have been at its lowest ebb. Medical laws were crude and largely inoperative. In several states only were there any acts designed to control the practice of pharmacy and dentistry. There was no law what- ever restricting the practice of veterinary medicine. There has been extraordinary progress, specially in the last decade, in restrictive professional legislation, and in the admis- sion and graduation requirements of professional schools throughout the United States. In view of these facts the growth in professional students is remarkable. From 1888 to 1899 the increase was as follows: theology 24^, law 224)^, medicine 84^ dentistry 380^ pharmacy 31^ veterinary medicine 17^. In 1890, when the last U. S. census was taken, the ratio to population for each given profession was: clergymen 1 to 710, lawyers 1 to 699, physicians 1 to 598, dentists 1 to 8579. The corresponding ratios for 1870 were: clergymen 1 to 879, lawyers 1 to 946, physicians 1 to 617, dentists 1 to 4919. In each profes- a See section in medical bulletin on Influence of medical societies. Growth in professional students oo fO Medicine Theology Law Phai»niacy Dentistry Veterinary 00 01 C f j: '-' 5 X J -WO 3 4-0 w c « .- o «) -. frf (0 3. tf A ■D J '-B S ?'£?" s - 1 s 13 o University of the State of New York College Department INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Bulletin 6 November 1899 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES THEOLOQY INTRODUCTION Schools^ faculty and students In the United States there is no connection between church and state. Each religious denomination establishes such theo- logical schools as may be required. In 1899 the 165 schools had 1070 instructors and 8093 students. 2 schools were nonsectarian, and the rest were distributed among 23 religious denominations in the order of students for 1899 as follows:" oThe U. S. census report for 1890 gives 119 denominations associated in ecclesiastical groups (18,841,790 members), 24 which are not thus associ- ated and some independent miscellaneous congregations (1,771,016 mem- bers). The 119 denominations are arranged according to number of com- municants as follows: 1 R. catholic (7) [See 10 Jewish (2) 130 496 Chart] 6 257 871 11 Friends (4) 107 208 2 Methodist (17) 4 589 284 12 Christians (2) 103 722 3 Baptist (13) 3 712 468 13 Dunkards (4) 73 795 4 Presbyterian (12) 1 278 332 14 Adventist (6) 60491 5 Lutheran (16) 1 231 072 15 Mennonite (12) 41541 6 Episcopalian(2) 540 509 16 (Plymouth) Brethren (4) 6 661 7 Kef ormed (3) 809 458 17 Communistic societies (8) 4 049 8 United brethren (2) 225 281 18 (River) Brethren (3) 3 427 9 Latter-day saints (2) 166 125 The independent sects may be classified as follows: Disciples of Christ 641051 Universalists 49194 Congregationalists 512 771 Spiritualists 45 030 Evang. Lutheran 223 588 Moravians 11781 Evang. association , 133 313 New Jerusalem 7 095 Unitarians 67 749 Other 79444 [Estimates revised to April 1, 1898 give total communicants 26,054,385; Roman catholics (7) 8,410,592, methodists (17) 5,735,898, baptists (13) 4 232 9621. H.D. Sedgwick jr in the October 1899 Atlantic monthly writes that the proportion of Roman catholics to the whole population in 1783 was 1 in 80, in 1829, 1 in 16, in 1844, 1 in 15, in 1890, 1 in 10. 58 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK DENOMINATIONS 1 Roman catholic 2 Baptist 3 Presbyterian 4 Methodist episcopal 5 Evang. Lutheran 6 Congregational 7 Protestant episcopal 8 Christian 9 Efeformed church 10 Lutheran 11 United presbyter! an 12 Hebrew 13 Moravian (United brethren).. 14 Nonsectarian 15 Cumberland presbyterian 16 Universalist 17 Methodist protestant 18 Evangelical association 19 African methodist episcopal. . 20 Unitarian 21 Reformed presbyterian 22 New Jerusalem 23 Associate reform presbyterian 24 Seventh day baptist Total 1899 29 16 17 19 17 12 14 8 6 5 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 165 1899 222 102 125 107 73 108 92 41 51 19 10 15 11 19 7 24 6 2 5 16 2 6 4 3 1070 1635 1286 1066 1005 876 556 460 429 180 142 129 92 81 73 65 61 35 34 37 18 28 12 14 3 8 317 Grad. 330 171 283 166 234 133 87 40 59 39 45 8 23 7 11 18 9 5 4 9 2 10 1 693 1899 1700 1142 1034 981 851 492 430 424 188 143 121 104 92 72 65 54 51 44 37 26 20 13 7 2 8 093 In 1878 there were 125 schools with 4320 students. The growth in students in 21 years has been 87^. The seminaries have increased their requirements steadily so that all the great divisions of theology are now represented in their faculties. In 1899, 1 school had a course of 7 years, 10 a course of 6 years, 6 a course of 5 years, 24 a course of 4 years, 116 a course of 3 years, 7 a course of 2 years, and 1 a course of 1 year. 78 grant degrees. Early theological training The rise of independent seminaries marked the second step in the development of theological education in this country. A desire to educate candidates for the ministry had influenced the founding of colleges at a much earlier period. In fact our first institutions for higher education owed their origin to this desire. The chief object in the founding of Harvard college (1636) for example was to provide an educated ministry. Cotton Mather in his Mogilalia Ch/risti Americana gives a list of New England churches in 1696 which shows that of 129 pulpits supplied by 116 pastors, 107 of the clergymen were graduates of Harvard college. The colleges founded at New Haven (1700) and at Princeton (1748) followed Harvard in making education free to candidates for the ministry who could not meet their own expenses. Theological schools in i8gg \i' A*' ^.-l*' te*"' Theological students in iSgg VVo^' f\a." J-^**^ THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 59 In England candidates for the ministry usually pursued a uni- versity course which included several studies that bore on their future calling. In addition to the college degree they were ex- amined on certain theological books which they had read either in private or with the assistance of a preceptor. This same scheme was followed in this country in the 17th and 18th centu- ries. The college faculty included as a rule a professor of He- brew and a professor of theology and their work was supple- mented by the study of theological books either in private or under the oversight of an experienced clergyman. Rise of independent seminaries At the close of the 18th century the colleges had departed so far from the special purpose of their creation that it was thought necessary to establish theological seminaries. For more than half a century private theological schools had been in existence. Dr Joseph Bellamy of Connecticut conducted the first of these institutions that attained distinction and some of his graduates opened other similar schools. The theological seminary proper, however, had its origin in this country in the closing years of the 18th century. In England when the univer- sities were closed to those outside of the established church, new institutions sprang up but these included academic as well as theological courses. In this country the seminaries " became a supplement to the college, not a substitute as in England." Un- doubtedly the desire to have schools in which their special relig- ious doctrines might be taught influenced the denominations in America that had no secular colleges to found their own theo- logical seminaries, but the necessity for the more definite and systematic training of the theological schools seems to have been felt by all. The history of the existing institutions that are specially de- voted to preparation for the ministry is limited with three ex- ceptions to the present century. The Seminary of the reformed Dutch church in America was founded in 1784. In that year Drs Livingston and Meyer were set apart to be professors of theology and the method of training men for the ministry by any individual pastor whom the student might select was formally discontinued. The succession of classes since 1784 has been con- tinuous with the exception of two or three years. These years were not consecutive so that the work of the professors has been continuous. This work was done first in New York, then at Platbush, L. I. and since 1810 at New Brunswick, N. J. St Mary's seminary was founded at Baltimore in 1791 and is under the direction of members of the Society of St Sulpice. Xenia theological seminary is the result of the consolida- tion in 1874 of the Seminary of the northwest with the 60 UNIVERSITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Associate seminary at Xenia. The Theological seminary of the associate presbyterian church of North America was located originally at Service, Beaver co. Pa. in 1794, when Dr John Anderson was elected professor of theology by the Associate synod. In 1821 the seminary was transferred to Cannonsburg, Pa. and in 1855 to Xenia, Ohio. In 1782 the Asso- ciate reformed synod was formed by the union of the Associate presbyteries and the Reformed presbyteries. Those who refused to accept this union established the Theological seminary of the associate presbyterian church of North America at Service, Beaver co. Pa. The Associate reformed synod opened a theo- logical seminary in New York in 1805. In 1808 New England congregationalists united in opening the theological school at Andover. In 1812 the General assembly of the presbyterian church founded the Princeton theological semi- nary. In 1815 Hartwick seminary, the oldest Lutheran theo- logical school in this country, was opened in Otsego co. N. Y. In 1817 the General convention of the protestant episcopal church established the General theological seminary in New York where instruction was first given in 1819. The seminary was removed to New Haven in 1820 but was reopened in New York in 1822. In 1820 the Baptist education society opened Hamilton theological seminary, the first theological school established by baptists in the United States, since 1893 a department of Colgate university. The Reformed church in the United States founded the theo- logical seminary at Carlisle, Pa. in 1825. In 1839 the methodists founded their first theological seminary "in commemoration of the first centennial of ecumenical methodism." The institution was opened in 1840 at Newbury, Vt., was removed to Concord, N. H. in 1847, to Boston in 1867 and became in 1871 the theo- logical department of Boston university. Of the 165 existing theological schools 3 were established be- fore 1800, 18 between 1801 and 1825, 25 between 1826 and 1850, 72 between 1851 and 1875, 47 between 1876 and 1900. When the necessity of systematic training for the ministry was recognized theological schools were established. The multiplication of these schools, however, is due to some extent to differences of opinion touching matters pertaining to the Christian faith. When men can not think alike even in details that seem trivial, they split frequently into sects which sometimes found theologi- cal seminaries to teach their own peculiar views. In an interest- ing paper on the causes and remedy of the disunion of Christen- dom the Rev. Mr Crapsey, of St Andrew's church, Rochester, ex- presses the opinion that the purpose of the church to discipline life, to make men pure and just and kind is often lost sight of in an effort to secure intellectual agreement concerning the most abstruse and difficult subjects that the human mind can enter- tain. Bishop Whipple of Minnesota emphasizes the other side THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 61 of this picture as follcws: "Never in the world's liistory has there been such enthusiasm in all humanitarian work as now. Not even in the primitive church have greater victories been won in leading heathen folk to Christian civilization." Religious bodies vary greatly with regard to the training deemed essential for the ministry. The training of the Roman catholic priest for example begins normally at about the age of 12 when the candidate is secluded in many ways from contact with secular life, living and working constantly under ecclesiasti- cal supervision. On the other hand the protestant candidate for the ministry is usually free to choose his teachers, studies and associates, and he does not begin his special training till he has finished his general education and entered the theological school. Again episcopalians, presbyterians and congregationalists for example have exacted as a rule a comparatively good general and professional education. The methodists on the other hand have not laid as much stress on intellectual training. They did not open a theological school till 1840 and even in 1899 the methodist seminaries did not report as many students as the presbyterian though in the United States there were probably about four times as many methodists as presbyterians. But pro- gress toward a thorough training has been made by the metho- dists who now supervise carefully the scholastic work of their higher institutions of learning. It is commonly asserted that many theological seminaries not- withstanding their comparatively high admission requirements do not maintain the educational standards required by other profes- sional schools, and that students in these seminaries are seldom dropped through failure to reach a satisfactory intellectual stand- ing. As the Rev. W. F. Whitaker of Albany says, however, we should not overlook the fundamental difference between theology and other professions. Strangulated hernia demands everywhere the same skill but intellectual training necessary for the cure and care of souls varies with varying needs. University relations Some theologians magnify the advantages that arise from the pursuit of a common purpose in independent seminaries. In their judgment these seminaries accomplish much more thorough work in theology than that done for example at Oxford and Cam- bridge. Other writers emphasize the fact that " the theologian needs the contact of other minds just as do other specialists," and that it is a mistake to divorce the study of theology from that of the other sciences. In the United States the seminaries long restricted the study of theology to candidates for the minis- try; laymen neglected this field almost entirely and theologians on the other hand were narrowed by the seclusion of the seminary. The work of independent theological schools is of course much 62 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATU OF NBJW YORK more thorough than that which the secular colleges attempted with the aid of individual clergymen, but the isolation of these schools is a disadvantage when we compare them with some of the great universities abroad in which theology is the leading faculty. The recognition of this fact marked the third step in the de- velopment of theological education in this country. In 1819 Harvard* and in 1822* Yale organized separate theological facul- ties. In 1899, 46 colleges and universities had theological facul- ties^ and 13 independent schools had entered into such relations with neighboring universities that their students were able to enjoy many university privileges. These friendly relations now exist even between different denominations. The Episcopal theo- logical school at Cambridge, Mass. has for example many of the advantages offered by Harvard university, the Episcopal divinity school at Philadelphia shares advantages offered by the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, the Union theological seminary in New York those afforded to the students of Columbia and New York universities. Present tendencies Dr C. A. Briggs wrote as follows on theological education in 1892: " The course in theology is still very defective in the great majority of the theological schools . . . but no one can deny real and great progress . . . The backbone of theo- logical training is still Hebrew exegesis, Greek exegesis, church history, systematic theology, pastoral theology and homiletics. . . . The scientific method is beginning to revolutionize theo- logical education; but this movement is only in its beginnings." In recent years there has been a tendency to extend the elec- tive system in seminary courses. Some theologians contend that these courses should be entirely elective; others, that they should require a symmetric training in all fundamental branches^ and that the choice of studies should be limited to those that are demanded by special tastes or by special lines of work. In an essay on the education of protestant ministers, published in the Prmoeton review in 1883, and republished in 1898 in Educational reform, President Eliot gives the following suggestions touching this matter: " The subjects which in our day should be set before a candi- date for the ministry are divisible into two classes : those which every candidate should master, and those from which every can- didate should make a limited selection. . . The preliminary subjects which every student of theology should in my judgment be required to master are as follows : oThe first professorship established In the university was the Hollis professorship of divinity, established in 1721. The differentiation of the divinity school from the college was very gradual. b The chair of divinity was established in 1755. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 63 1 Languages: Greek (including New testament Greek), Latin, Hebrew and German 2 English literature, with practice in writing, and study of style 3 The elements of psychology 4 The elements of political economy 5 Constitutional history, or the history of some interesting period of moderate length 6 Science: botany, zoology, or geology, studied in the labora- tory and the field. The requisitions in the languages other than English are the only ones in this list which are now habitually enforced in theo- logical seminaries . " Having finished the preliminary required studies, the candi- date for the ministry is ready to enter upon the advanced studies which may properly be called professional. Since preaching is to be his most important function, he will naturally give a good share of his time to homiletics and the practice of writing and speaking. The other subjects which are now included under the comprehensive term ' theology ' or ' divinity ' may be grouped as follows: 1 Semitic studies: linguistic, archeologic and historical 2 New testament criticism and exegesis 3 Ecclesiastical history 4 Comparative religion or historic religions compared 5 Psychology, ethics, and the philosophy of religion 6 Systematic theology, and the history of Christian doctrine 7 Charitable and reformatory methods, and the contest of Christian society with licentiousness, intemperance, pauperism and crime . " Any three of these seven groups thoroughly studied, in addi- tion to homiletics and the preliminary required studies, would in my judgment give a far better training for the protestant ministers of our day than is now offered in any theological semi- nary in my knowledge." In this essay Pres. Eliot deals only " with the surroundings and mental furnishing of the minister, not with his inspiration." He does not maintain that there is no need of uneducated min- isters or that men of genius are dependent on systematic training or that " sensibility, earnestness and piety " are not the most essential qualities. He does say, however, that men of genius are rare and that it is not the business of universities and theo- logical seminaries to provide " uninstructed exhorters." Jambs Eussell Paesons jr Director College department- 64 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YOEK PROFESSIONAL REQUIREMENTS Statements gleaned from catalogues and reports were sub- mitted to the executive officer of each school for correction. The statistics are based on this corrected information supplemented, when the statement was defective or not returned, by facts from the catalogues of the current year, the preceding year, or the V. 8. education report for 1897-98. The following information is given as uniformly as possible and revised to the close of October 1899 Statistics Summaries for the United States Number of schools Session's opening and closing Matriculates, graduates Fees: matriculation, course, additional Faculty: professors, lecturers, others Total property, receipts, expenditures Schools: distribution, admission, sessions, relations, course Statistical tables Summaries by states Number of schools Session's opening and closing Matriculates and graduates Fees: matriculation, course, additional Faculty: professors, lecturers, others Total property, receipts, expenditures Institutions by states Location, executive officer, address Session's opening and closing, matriculates, graduates Admission to course, to advanced standing Graduation: age, character, courses Course: length, fees, subjects Faculty: professors, lecturers, others Total property, receipts, expenditures History, organization, first class, subsequent classes, titles. Items marked a are from the previous year and are inserted from lack of definite information of the current year. Those marked 6 are from the U. 8. education report for 1897-98. When 6 follows a title it covers all the information concerning the school. A V indicates that the fact is unknown, that there is nothing to report, . . . that the fact is confi- dential or not given. Other abbreviations used in statistics will be found in full among the statements. The population is taken uniformly from the last official statistics, the Census report, 1890; an official estimate for the year 1899 follows in curves. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 65 UNITED STATES Schools: African methodist episcopal 1, associate reform presbyterian 1, baptist 16, Christian 8, congregational 12, Cum- berland Presbyterian 1, reformed church 6, evangelical association 1, evangelical Lutheran 17, Hebrew 2, Lutheran 5, methodist episcopal 19, methodist protestant 2, Moravian 2, New Jerusa- lem 1, nonsectarian 2, presbyterian 17, protestant episcopal 14, reformed presbyterian 1, Eoman catholic 29, seventh day baptist 1, unitarian 1, united presbyterian 3, universalist 3, total 165. Session opens about first of O, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 8317; graduates 1897-98, 1693; matric- ulates 1898-99, 8093. Fees: matriculation in 8 institutions $43, average |5; course in 33 institutions $3023, average $92; additional in 34 institutions $750, average |22. Faculty : professors 801, lecturers 138, others 131, total 1070. Total property of 87 institutions $27,785,997, average $319,380; receipts of 76 institutions $1,561,516, average $20,546; expendi- tures of 83 institutions $1,420,921, average $17,120. Of the 55 political divisions in the United States, including Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico, 24 report no theological schools, viz: Alaska Hawaii New Hampshire South Dakota Arizona Idaho New Mexico Utah Arkansas Indian territory North Dakota Vermont Cuba Mississippi Oklahoma Washington Delaware Montana Puerto Eico West Virginia Florida Nevada Rhode Island Wyoming Of the 165"' theological schools in the 30 political divisions 101 admit men only, 64 admit both men and women; 73 grant de- grees; 46 are departments of universities or colleges and 13 have afQliated relations; only 8 have a matriculation fee, 33 a course fee and 34 other fees; 71 require a college degree for admission, 3 the completion of junior year, 18 the freshman year, 19 a three years' high school course, 6 a two years', 1 a one year's, 19 a common school, 4 have none and 24 are not given; 2 have a 12 months' course, 12 a 10 to 11, 54 a nine to 10, 57 an eight to nine, 37 a seven to eight, 3 less than seven — average 8 months ; 1 main- tains a 7 years' course, 10 a six, 6 a five, 24 a four, 116 a three, 7 a two and 1 a one. X The theological faculty connected with the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, is not included. 66 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YOEK STATISTICAL TABLES No. TITLE OF INSTITUTION Alabama St Bernard eeminary StiUmaii institute Theological dep't Talladega coll Alaska has no sciiool Arizona hae no school Arkanaaa has no school California Berkeley Bible seminary !i Church div. sch. of the Paoiflo- Uaclay col. theo. univ. S. Cal. 6 Pacific theological seminary . . . San francisco theological aem. Colorado Denver theol. sch. in Matt, hall, Ijiff sch. of theol. uniT. of Den. Connecticut Berkeley divinity school Hartford theological seminary.. Theol. dep't Yale u. Yale div. sch Oiiba no school reported I>elaware has no school District of Columbia College of St Thomas Aquinas.. Hofvard univ. theological sch... King Uall theological school h . . Theol dep't Cath. univ. of Am. Theol. dep't TTayland sem , Florida has no school Georgia Gammon theological seminary. . Theol. dep't Atlanta baptist coll. Hawaii no school reported Idaho has no school Illinois Augustana theological seminary Chicago theological seminary. . . Concordia seminary, prac. dep't. Dan 'Norw'n theol. sem. U. Chic. English theol. sem. Univ. Chic. Eureka college Bible dep't Evangelical Lutheran theol. sem. G-arretthib. inet German theological seminary. .. Graduate div. sch.Uuiv. Chic... McCormick theological seminary Nor.-Dan. theol. sen. N'west.u.. Eyder div'y sch. Lombard nniv. Swedish theol. sem. N'west nniv. Swedish theol. sem. Univ. Chic. Theol. dep't St Viatenr'a coll. . . POSTOFEICE St Bernard Tuscaloosa Talladega . Berkeley San Mateo .- University ,. Oakland . . . . San Anselmo Denver University Park. Middletown Hartford New Haven Washington "Washington Washington Washington Washington Atlanta.. Atlanta.. Bock Island Chicago Springfield . Chicago Chicago Eureka Chicago Evanston . . . Chicago Chicago Chicago Evanston . . . Galesbnrg-. Evanston . . . Chicago Bonrbonnais 1892 1876 1872 1896 1893 1886 1871 1892 1854 1834 1822 1860 1870 1890 1889 1864 1883 1867 1860 1854 1846 1873 1867 185S 1891 1855 1885 1865 1830 1885 1881 1870 1873 1870 E. C. Presb Cong. Christ. .. P. E M. E Cong Presb P. E M. E ..... P.E Cong Cong R.C Nonsec P.E R.C Bapt M.B. Bapt. Evan.Lnth, Cong Evan.Luth, Bapt Bapt Christ Evan.Luth M.E Evan.Luth, Bapt Presb M.E Univ M.E Bapt E. C Men Both.. Both Both. Men . Both. Both. Men . Men . Both. Men . Both. Men .. Men.. Men Men .. Men.. Both.. Men.. Men .. Both. Men. Men . Both. Both. Both. Men . Both. Men . Both. Men. Both. Both. Both. Both. Men. 6 S 27 S 4 O 30Ag97 14 S "■ 1 97 6 S 98 21 S 98 1 98 7 S 20 S 28 S 98 29 S 98 12 S 98 28 S 98 1 4 O 98 4 O 98 29 S ! 1 N ! 8 S 28 S 7 S 1 O 1 Jl 13 S 1 O 28 S 30 S 1 Jl 22 S 20 S 1 20 S 1 6 S 98 98 10 Je 00 27 My 13 Je 29 Ap 24 My 99 10 Je " 25 Ap 99 28 Ap "" 1 My 99 7 Je "" 7 Je 24 My 17 My 99 6 Je 99 26 My 99 7 Je 31 My 99 10 My 99 30 Ap 99 V My 99 My 99i Je 99 My 99 Je 99 Je 99 My 99 My 99 My 99 Je 99 My 99 Je 99 » Je 99 My Je 8 8 9 7i 7 8* 8 74 7i 8 7i Z* < 94 74 9i 74 12 7i 12 74 74 10 THBOLOGT IN THE UNITED STATES THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS 67 FBBS 1898-99 STUDENTS FACULTY 1898-99 PrtfANCIAL TOTALS 1897-98 1 (D i 1 i t •< q o V ■Si li poo •aS ■s i 1 1 O 3 o H (5 1 1 No. 3 621 10 21 62 ] 16 22 23 4 2 2 4 2 2 1 3 3 $6 000 12 400 $7 000 4 073 $6 000 3 367 2 3 3 ? ? $30 ? 54 52 18 5 15 29 18 3 1 1 5 9 61 ol8 6 015 25 14 8 1 4 3 6 6 1 1 8 1 5 3 7 7 $18 400 $11 073 $9 367 4 3 5 3 6 3 3 $350 000 $12 000 $12 000 7 8 3 $84 $5 85 4 35 16 3 4 78 7 26 20 3 5 2 3 23 3 9 $350 000 $100 000 16U 000 $12 000 $12 000 9 3 $8 000 $8 000 10 3 3 3 $5 39 29 64 100 7 13 19 28 33 20 64 68 8 5 11 9 3 6 3 3 12 5 22 15 $260 000 $436 147 500 000 649 122 $8 000 $18 093 '""52 980 $8 000 $17 387 60 00(1 61 591 11 12 13 5 ! $250 ! $25 193 2 33 10 31 20 60 2 4 1 20 3 162 1 46 alO 33 15 25 3 6 5 6 12 9 2 2 8 1 1 42 3 9 5 9 12 $1 585 269 $71 073 $128 978 14 3 3 $45 000 $2 800 $2 800 15 16 4 17 i 80 000 10 000 10 OOO 18 3 3 $250 $25 $36 96 80 17 30 10 6 105 83 15 32 4 1 4 10 2 2 38 16 1 $125 000 $670 000 $12 800 $12 000 $12 800 $12 000 19 20 3 $5 5 5 5 5 5 $18 30 18 15 120 30 200 $36 $5 ,0 5 5 10 5 97 61 164 127 26 78 i>48 36 173 12 238 147 11 611 10 30 15 16 10 49 5 6? 17 23 5 11 47 2 64 3 7 4 98 (t61 139 (1127 25 66 48 43 168 3 214 172 8 all 13 25 20 5 4 13 3 X X 3 3 10 2 14 8 1 5 1 X 4 10 X .. X .. X .. 2 X .. 3 2 3 X .. X .. ^-5 • 7 1 ! 17 4 16 . 3 X X 3 8 10 2 21 11 1 5 1 X 7 $670 000 $12 000 $12 000 21 3 $1 000 000 22 3 23 2 4 3 X $5 000 X $5 000 X 24 25 26 i 3 200 000 12 000 12 000 27 28 4 3 3 3 11000 610 000 1 000 000 600 49 000 31078 500 49 000 51651 29 30 31 32 4 33 4 34 4 3 X 5 000 5 000 35 36 it See Gradnate divinity Bohool. 68 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK STATISTICAL TABLES No. TITLE OP INSTITUTION Union biblical institute Western tbeological seminary . Indian territory has no school Indiana De Pauw univ ech. of theology. Eeade theol sem. Taylor univ". . St Meinrad's seminary Union Christian coll. theol. sch Iowa Bible college Drake university Charles City college theol. school G-erman presb theol sch. of n. vr. Tbeol. course Ger. co]l.,Ia.WesL Wartburg seminary & Kcmsas Western theological seminary . Kentucky College of the Bible Presbyterian theol. seminary.. Southern baptist theol. sem. . . . Louisiana Theological dep't Straight unir Maine Cobb divinity school.. Theological semiuary. Maryland Mount St Mary 8 theol. school St Joseph' s seminary 6 Theol. dep't Redemptorist coll Theol. dep't St Mary's sem Westminster theol. seminary. Woodstock college , Masaaehusetts Andover theological seminary.. Boston univ. school of theology. Divinity school Harvard univ. . . Divinity school Tufts college Episcopal theological school New Church theological school.. Newton theological institution. . St John's Boston eccles. sem Michigan Adrian coll. school of theology. . Theol. dep't Hillsdale college West'n theo. sem. Eef. oh. of Am. Minnesota Augsburg seminary G-erman Luther theol, sem Lather seminary POSTOFFICE Naperville . Chicago ... Green castle. . . Upland St Meinrad ... Merom Des Moines . . Charles City.. Dubuque Monnt Pleasant.. Dubuque Atchison Lexington Danville Louisville . ..... New Orleans . Lewiston . Bangor ... Mount St Mary's. Baltimore Ilchester Baltimore Westminster Woodstock Andover Boston Cambridge Tufts eoHege . . Cambridge Cambridge Newton Center. Boston Adrian ... Hillsdale. . Holland. . . Minneapolis. . St. Paul. Hamline 1876 1884 1893 1857 1859 1881 1891 1852 1873 1854 Evan. A 880 P. E 1) CO 1865 1853 1859 1870 18U 1808 1888 1868 1791 1882 1867 1808 1839 1819 1869 1867 1866 1825 1884 1859 1871 1869 1885 1876 M.E M.E R. C Christ Christ M.E Presb M.E Evan.Luth. Evan.Luth Christ - Presb.. Bapt. .- Cong.. F. Bapt. Cong R. C R. C R.C R C Meth.'Prot. R.C Cong ... ". E.... Nonsec. Univ P. E.... New Je. Bapt E. C Meth. Prat. F. W. B.... Ref. ch... Luth Evan Luth. Luth Both. Men . Both Both. Men. Both. Both. Men . Both. Both. Men . Men .. Men . Men . Men . Both. Both. Men . Men. Men . Men . Men . Men . Men . Men . Both. Men . Both. Men . Men . Both. Men . Both. Both. Men . Men . Men . Men. Pi O 14 S 29 S 21 S 13 S 98 13 S 99 20 S 98 14 Je 14 S 5 S 98 ? 8 S 98 11 S 8 S 1 O 3 O 98 7 S 1 S 7 S 98 ?97 1 S 98 18 S 98 13 S 98 10 S 98 21 S 98 21 S 98 29 S 98 22 S 28 S 27 S 7 S 98 12 S 27 S 15 S 15 S 98 1 S 98 8 S 98 28 Mr 24 My 7 Je 99 6 Je 99 Je 00 4 15 Je 15 Je 99 23 Je 98 1 Je 99 12 Je 00 4 My 99 1 Je -" 23 My 99 17 My »9 17 My " 28 Je 21 Je 1 Jl 99 23 Je 9 My 99 28 Je * 8 Je 7 Je 28 Je 21 Je 21 Je 21 Je 8 Je 23 Je 99 22 Je 15 Je 26 Ap 25 My 99 20 Je — 9 Je 85 9i 7 9 9* 9 8 7i 10 8i 7i 8i 8i 8i 8i 8i 8| 9 7i 8 9 THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 69 THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS (oontinued) FEES 1898-99 STtfDENTS FAOULTT 1898-99 FINANCIAL TOTALS 1897-98 1 1 23 9 5 44 a23 2 5 1 2 6 $25 000 400 000 $3 000 $8 000 37 38 3 $30 « $631 $30 6 $75 $113 16 1244 39 45 635 26 201 6 IB 610 3 1210 (t39 60 36 26 78 6 2 7 2 6 2 16 1 3 100 7 4 7 5 $3 276 000 $105 678 $126 151 39 3 3 $60 000 $3 000 $3 000 40 41 4 100 000 7 000 6 850 42 3 J J J $36 $36 1 1 $129 $27 5 1 1 1 144 126 19 611 610 53 34 14 61 6! 16 161 120 10 all olO a53 17 4 2 2 3 3 2 6 4 2 23 10 2 2 5 3 $160 000 $10 000 $25 894 $9 850 $31 315 43 3 44 3 45 i 46 3 47 $36 $20 $32 218 7 127 21 301 31 4 21 10 44 204 9 117 22 262 14 3 3 6 6 6 3 2 1 22 6 3 5 7 $25 894 $2 000 $7 000 13 000 $31 315 $2 000 $7 000 12 900 2 4 3 4 $3 000 $70 000 170 000 48 49 50 51 8 $20 $9 « $17 449 20 43 38 76 1 5 11 401 23 40 a38 14 1 5 6 1 2 1 15 3 6 6 $240 000 $20 000 $19 900 B2 3 3 «36 000 $7 000 $7 000 63 54 4 1 I $176 $17 ! 1 81 24 32 38 270 610 128 1« 14 6 8 62 60 10 78 20 a32 32 o270 15 192 11 5 2 8 13 5 14 1 12 5 2 8 13 5 14 $36 000 $7 000 $7 000 55 3J 6 66 $160 000 57 5 58 2 59 7 250 000 60 3 $175 $100 160 100 50 225 $10 B02 40 186 40 26 36 12 96 146 100 9 30 3 9 10 2 15 23 561 39 178 26 19 36 13 64 139 47 7 10 6 8 4 3 6 7 2 6 6 4 1 4 1 1 3 4 3 8 1 47 10 19 10 12 8 6 11 8 $450 000 $1 009 000 $8 000 $8 000 $45 000 61 3 62 3 4 453 294 250 000 500 000 120 000 $36 452 38 096 63 64 3 3 3 23 000 6 000 22 000 6 000 65 66 67 4 COO 000 6 525 6 525 68 3 $3 $625 $30 19 $10 $5 5 581 25 63 22 101 9 7 614 36 44 23 51 1 4 3 18 7 15 1 84 1 4 11 $2 923 294 $71 977 $117 621 69 3 3 $85 OOO 10 000 $4 000 $4 000 4 900 70 71 3 $3 $49 e $10 « 110 28 48 40 16 18 102 34 42 41 8 3 3 4 7 1 16 3 3 4 $95 000 $4 000 $8 500 72 3 3 $30 666 60 000 $7 000 $7 000 73 71 70 UNIVEESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK STATISTICAIi TABLES No. 99 100 101 102 103 104 106 106 107 108 109 110 HI 112 113 TITLE 01' IHSTITtTTION Red Wing Nor'an ev. Luth. sem., St John's seminary St Paul seminary St Paul's coUeKe, theological soh Sea^bury divinity school Missiisippi has no school Missouri Central Wesleyan college Christian university b Concordia theological college... Kerdrick theological seminary.. Kedempt. sem.St Louis prov. b Theol. sem. Eden coU Montana has no school Nebraska Presbyterian theological eem. Santee normal training sch. 6 . Trinity seminary Nevada has no school New JSampshire has no school New Jersey Drew theological seminary G-erman theol. sch. of Newart 6. Sem. of Im. Con. Seton Hall coll. Theol. sem. Preab chuich Theol. sem. Bef. Dutch ch. in Am New Mexico has no school New York Auburn theological seminary. . . Canton theol. sch. St Law. univ. Christian biblical institute General theul, sem. of P. E. ch.. German dep't Roch. theol. sem.. German Martin Luther sem Hamilton i heol. sem. Col. univ, . Jewish theological seminary Rochester theological seminary. St Bernard's seminary St Bona venture's coll. and sem. . St Johns theological dep't St Joseph's seminary Sem. Lady of Angels, Niag. uu. Theological dep't Hartwicli sem Theological dep't Alfred univ.. Union theological seminary North Carolina Biddle univ. theological school. St Mary's college Shaw university theol. school. . iNorth Dakota has no school POSTOFFICE Red Wing CollegevflJi St Paul... St Paul - Fairibault "Warrentown Canton St Louis St Louis Kansas City . St Louis Omaha Santee Agency . Blair Madison Bloomfleld South Orange... Piinceton New Brunswick Auburn Canton Stanfordville New Tork Rochester Buffalo Hamilton New York Rochester Rochester Allegany Brooklyn Yonkere Niagara Falls Hartwick Sem. . . Alfred New York Charlotte Belmont Raleigh 1879 Evan Luth. 1857 R. C 1895|R. 1889 M. E 1869 P. B 1864 1857 1839 1893 1887 1850 M.B Christ Evan. Luth. R. C R. C Evan Luth. 1891 Presb. 1870 Cong . 1886 Luth . 1867 1869 1856 18la 1784 1820 1857 1868 1817 1853 1854 1820 1886 1850 1893 1859 1891 1896 1857 1815 1857 1836 1867 1877 1869 M.E... Presb . R. C... Presb.. Ref. ch, Presb Univ Christ P.E Bapt Luth Bapt Heb Bapt R. C R.C R.C R.C R.C Evan. Luth S. D.B.iC .. Presb Presb R.C Bapt ID CO Both. Men . Men . Both. Men . Both Men Men Men.. Men . Men.. Men . Both Both. Both.. Both.. Men .. Men .. Men .. Men . Both. Both. Men . Men . Both. Men . Men . Men . Men . Men . Men . Men - Men . Men . Both. Both. Men. Men . Both. o 1 98 5 S 98 8 S 98 13 S 29 S 98 8 S 99 » 97 14 S 98 9 S 98 1 97 7 S 98 1 24 Je 16 Je 7 Je 6 Je 14 Je 2 Je 28 Je 9 Je 22 Jl 15 Je 60 15 S 99 25 Ap 00 1 97 18 Je 10 98 30 My 15 S 1 6 S 15 S 2« S 98 18 My 97 25 My 98 21 Je 9 My 18 Mv 21 S 28 S 98 20 S 21 S 7 S 5 S 8 S 8 S 7 S 5 S 18 S 12 S 9 S 6 S 6 S 28 S 98 2 O 98 1 S 98 1 98 11 My 99 ^ 27 Je 99 8 9 My 00 n 17 My 99 V* UMy 99 8 20 Je 99 a* 22 Je 99 9 27 Je 99 9 10 My 99 8 - 12 Je 99 9 21 Jl 99 9 24 Je 99 9 18 Je 99 9 20 Je 99 9 21 Je 99 9 22 Je 99 9 16 My 99 74 2J6 99 74 1 Je 9!l 94 1 My 99 8 o 9 a 10 94 9i 94 94 9 11 9i 8 8 8 94 7i 8 X Seventh day baptist. THBOLOGT IN THE UNITED STATES 71 THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS (continued) FEES 1898-99 STUDENTS FAOULTT 1898-99 FINANCIAL TOTALS 1897-98 I 1 1 § 1 1 ■3 g 3 l5 •OS S3 f § 1 2 1 1 o 3 1 1 1 No. 4 $33 $3 21 44 66 9 31 5 5 12 3 7 ffiZl a44 a66 6 23 3 6 7 1 5 2 1 3 6 7 1 8 $35 000 $8 000 75 5 76 9 77 3 3 40 000 $1800 1800 16 000 78 79 3 1 ! $33 1 ! $100 $3 »5 « ? 287 li47 47 192 78 28 67 59 66 58 13 24 277 25 a47 187 85 028 76 32 2 3 6 8 4 3 2 I 1 3 1 36 2 3 6 11 4 4 $165 000 $8 800 $32 800 80 3 81 3 $300 000 $20 000 82 6 83 ! 84 3 150 000 $34 070 34 070 85 3 3 $100 ! $50 $5 1 459 630 14 25 101 68 2 3 448 24 al4 21 26 6 2 5 I 10 4 1 1 1 3 1 30 6 3 5 14 7 3 5 12 16 $450 000 $2 000 $48 070 $7 600 $68 070 $7 600 86 87 3 20 000 88 3 1 $50 1 1 $6 69 168 9 29 238 39 13 46 6 5 60 11 59 176 a9 30 206 38 13 6 3 5 8 5 $22 000 $7 600 $7 600 3 90 4 91 3 3 $1 876 465 670 OOO $84 579 16 000 $82 709 15 000 92 93 3 3 3 3 6 $58 200 100 $6 $60 45 30 483 104 24 22 153 53 11 47 32 103 67 69 45 102 68 7 3 158 128 42 5 2 14 10 4 2 33 11 10 6 14 11 2 9 459 105 a24 a22 154 64 all 49 32 90 72 65 a45 119 63 9 2 133 27 9 4 6 9 4 1 6 4 12 9 19 6 9 7 2 3 11 11 2 2 1 2 3 6 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 1 4 43 10 7 9 13 5 4 9 6 13 9 19 6 9 7 2 3 18 $2 545 465 $926 328 208 733 63 174 3 254 080 $99 679 $58 767 8 499 6 185 282 964 $97 709 $68 273 8 852 5 912 98 657 94 95 96 97 96 6 3 14 000 2 615 15 744 5 000 66 022 2 669 15 744 7 000 53 814 99 100 4 3 6 20 000 827 327 101 102 103 4 6 29 000 8 300 7 600 104 105 6 106 4 3 3 3 58 200 27 289 30 000 2 131 562 9 700 900 2 310 193 600 8 600 900 2 309 97 680 107 108 109 110 3 $358 $200 56 $135 1068 16 40 18 175 5 13 1039 19 41 21 121 6 2 2 19 18 1 4 149 6 6 2 $9 459 693 $727 206 $435 230 111 6 112 3 $25C 74 18 81 9 5 14 72 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK STATISTICAL TABLES No. 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 TITLE OF INSTITUTION Ohio German Evan. Lnth. theol. Bern Hebrew union college Heidelberg theological sem La^e tbeological seminary Oberlin coll. theological sch St Charles Borromeo sem. b St Mary's theological sem Theol. dep't, Xenyon college — Theol. dep't Ger. Wallaee coll.6 Theol. dep't Wilberforcenniv.i). Union biblical seminary Wittenbeig coll. theol. school... Xenia theological seminary Oklahoma has no school Oregon Eugene divinity school Theol. dep't Portland nniv.6. Fennsylvania Allegheny theol, seminary , Angustinian conv. theol. sch.&. Crozer theological semin ary . . . Divinity ►cbool Lutheran theol. seminary & Meadville theol school Moravian coll and theol. sem.. Reformed Prcsb. theol. sem St Charles Bonomeo sem St Vincents seminary St Vincents eemiijary Theol. dept. Lincoln university Theol. dept. Susquehanna nniv. Tbeol. sem. Evan. Lnth. ch Theol. sem. of Reformed church Ursinus coll. theol. school Western theological seminary. Philippines Theol. dep't Santo Tom&s univ. Puerto Pico no school reported Rhode Island has no school South Carolina Erskine theological seminary. Evan. Lutheran theol. sem Presbyterian theol. sem South Dakota has no school Tennessee Biblical dep't Vanderbilt nniv . . Cumberland univ. tJieol. sch Knoxville coll . theol. sch S'Tvest'n Presb. nniv. divin. sch. Theol dep't Cent. Tennessee coll Theol. dep't Pisk university Theol. dep't Univ. of South U. S. Grant nniv. sch. of theol .. POSTOFFICE Columbus .. Cincinnati .. Tiffin Cincinnati . . Oberlin Carthagena. Cleveland... Gambler .... Berea Wilberforce Dayton Springfield . Xenia Eugene University Park. Allegheny .. Villanova Chester Philadelphia, Philadelphia. Meadville ... Bethlehem... Allegheny ... Overbrook- . . Beatty Philadelphia Lincoln univ Selinsgrove. . Gettysburg.. Lancaster ... Collegeville.. Allegheny... Manila Due West Mount Pleasant Columbia Nashville... Lebanon Knoxville .. Clarksville. . Nashville... Nashville... Sewanee Chattanooga 1830 1875 1860 1829 1835 1860 1848 1826 1865 1892 1871 1845 1794 1895 1891 Bvan.Luth Heb Ref. ch.... Presb Cong R.O R.C P. B M.E A. M. E... Morav Lnth U. Presb... Christ M.E 1825 U. Presb . 1843 R C 1868 Bapt 1867 P. E. 1864 1844 1807 1856 1832 1846 1868 1870 1858 1826 1826 1871 1825 1825 1830 1831 1875 1853 1893 1885 1868 1892 1878 1886 Bvan.Luth. Unita Morav Ref. Presb - R.C R.C R.C Presb Evan.Luth Bvan.Luth. Ref. ch Ref oh Presb R. C. A. R. Presb Evan.Luth. Presb M.E. So... Cum. Presb U. Presb... Presb M.E Cong P. ff M.E M ID Men . Both. Both. Men . Both. Men . Men . Men . Both. Both. Both. Both. Men - Both. Men . Both. Men . Men - Men . Men . Both. Men . Both. Men - Men . Men . Men . Men . Men - Men . Men . Men . Men .. Men .. Men -. Both.. Men .. Both.. Both.. Men .. Both.. Both.. Men .. Both.. 98 97 8 S 3 S 20 S 98 15 S 21 S 1 8 S 4 O 98 14 S 98 97 08 15 S 98 5 S 98 20 S 98 i 97 ! 1 S 28 S 29 S 1 19 S 22 S 20 S 5 S 7 S 1 28 S 1 S 16 S 8 S 19 S 19 S 20 Je 16 Je 19 Ap 4 My 99 12 My 99 15 Je "' 22 Je 21 Je 14 Je 20 Je 8 My 99 7 My -- 26 Ap 99 8 Je 6 Je ! !Je 7 Je 8 Je 31 My 98 98 8Je -~ 27 Ap 99 2 My 99 15 Je 99 21 Je 99 1 99 18 Ap 99 8 Je 99 20 My 99 10 My 99 % 4 My July 3 98 5 O 98 1 21 S 98 5 O 98 1 O 98 14 S 98 26 S 98 24 S 98 12Ag98 17 O 99 17 Je 1 Je ? 21 Je 1 Je 15 Je 14 Je 1 Je 14 Je 3 Ag 99 15 My 00 99 99 •^1 t 9i 9 7 7i 7i 10 9i 9 8 7 7i Si 7 10 Ti ?l 1? 9i 19 8 8 8 7i 8i 8 7 9 I* 9 8i I* 61 X From Minerva JAhrbuch dor gelehrten welt, Triibner, Strassburg, for 1896-97. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 73 THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS {continued) FEES 1898-99 STUDENTS FACULTY 1898-99 FINANCIAL TOTALS 1897-98 I i 1 1 i 1 > '3 § •43 ID li (O 1. 3 s 1 FN g 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 No. 3 ? 1 1 e J » 1 1 « t « ! 42 60 26 35 48 18 9 20 28 37 36 38 50 15 6 11 11 8 2 5 6 5 5 11 18 33 72 22 34 39 al8 6 18 a28 . M.A. Session opens 13 S 98, closes 9 My 99, length TM, mo. ; matriculates 1897- 98„10; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 15. Admission, church membership, to degree course, B. A. from college, to regular course, certificate entitling student to enter sophomore class of college or examination in Bible, English grammar, composition, rhetoric, geography, arithmetic and United States history. Graduation, degree B. D., attendance on two annual lecture courses, thesis; regular course, attendance on three annual lecture courses, exam- inations. Course, for degree, two years, regular, three years; fees, course free; subjects, systematic, historical, pastoral and practical theology. Old and New testament exegesis, homiletlcs, church polity, catechetlcs, liturgies, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 4, emeritus 1. Organized 1882, first class graduated 1884 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1895 to 1898 inclusive; the original title School of theology, assumed present title in 1884. Woodstock college, R. c, men, Woodstocli, pop. 250, Pres. B. Vll- llger, Woodstocli college. Session opens 10 S 98, closes 28 Je 99, length 9% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 128; graduates 1897-98, 10; matriculates 1898-99, 192. Admission, completion of classical course in a recognized college or successful course in the preparatory department of this college. Graduation, attendance on seven annual lecture courses. Course, seven years; subjects, moral theology, scholastic philosophy and theology, mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, sacred scripture, canon law, ecclesiastical history, Hebrew and cognate oriental languages. Faculty, professors 14. Total property $250,000, 1898. Organized 1867, first class graduated 1870 and classes graduated each subsequent year. aEASSAOHTrSETTS Schools: baptist 1, congregational 1, methodist episcopal 1, New Jeru- salem 1, nonsectarian 1, protestant episcopal 1, Roman catholic 1, unlver- salist 1, total 8. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 99 Session opens about last of S, closes about middle of Je. Matriculates 1867-98, 581; graduates 1897-98, 101; matriculatea 1898-99, 514. Fees: matr. $0, course $625, additional $10. Faculty: professors 51, lecturers 18, others 15, total 84. Total property for six schools $2,923,294, receipts for four schools $71,977, expenditures for five schools $117,621. Andover theological seminary, cong., men, Andover, pop. 6142, Pres. George Harris. Session opens 21 S 98, closes 8 Je 99, length S^ mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, 40; graduates 1897-98, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 39. Admission, church membership, or belief in Christian religion, college graduation, or evidence on examination of fitness to pursue stfidies of this course. Graduation, degree B. D. , coUege graduation, completion of three years' course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, theology. Interpretation and theol- ogy of the Old and New testaments, encyclopedia and methodology, philoso- phy of religion, elocution, church history, homiletlcs, social ethics, history, literature, Hebrew. i Faculty, professors 7, lecturers 2, Instructor 1. Total property $1,000,000, expenditures $45,000, 1898. Organized 1808, first class graduated 1810 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Boston university, school of theology, m. e., both, Boston, pop. 448,477 (530,000), Dean Marcus D. Buell, M.A. S.T.D., 72 Mount Vernon St. Session opens 21 S 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, undergraduates 170, postgraduates 16; graduates 1897-98, 30; matricul- ates 1898-99, 178. Admission, testimonial of religious character, college degree or examin- ation in subjects required for admission to the college of liberal arts. Graduation, degree B. S. T., first degree in arts, completion of three years' course, thesis, examinations. Course, three years; fees, course $100 a yr, graduation $10; subjects, theology In general and the study of theology, historical, systematic, prac- tical theology and exegetical theology of the Old and New testaments, philosophy, soclologic studies, study of religions, ethics. Faculty, professors 8, emeritus 2, lecturers 6, instructors 3. Organized 1839, first class graduated 1850 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Methodist general biblical institute at Concord, N. H., removed to Boston in 1867; assumed present title in 1871. 100 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Divinity school, Harvard university, nonsec, men, Cambridge, pop. 70,028 (89,276), Dean Charles Carroll Everett, D.D. LL.D. Session opens 29 S 98, closes 28 Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 40; graduates 1897-98, 3; matriculates 1898-99, 26. Admission, B. A. degree or its equivalent. Qraduation, degree B. D., attendance of not less than one year at this school, examinations on work of 14 courses. Course, three years; fees, course $150 a yr; subjects, theology, study of the Old and New testaments, church history, social questions, compar- ative study of religions, homiletics, pastoral care, elocution, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 6, assistant professors 3, instructor 1. Total property $453,294, receipts $36,452, expenditures $38,096, 1898. Organized 1819a;, first class graduated IHlly and classes graduated each subsequent year. i Divinity school, Tufts college, univ., both, Boston, pop. 448,477 (530,000), Dean Charles H. Leonard, D.D., Tufts college. Session, opens 22 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 25, postgraduate 1; graduates 18&7-98, 9; matric- ulates 1898-99, 19. Admission, testimonials of character, B. A. degree, or examination in German, French or Latin from Caesar, Cicero and Virgil, and Greek from Xenophon, Homer and the gospels, Greek, Boman, English and American history, rhetoric, English composition, literature and grammar. araduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course with B. A. degree, or completion of four years' course with distinction. Course, three or four years; fees, course $100 a, yr; subjects, systematic, comparative theology, logic, psychology, English, oratory, study of the Old and New testaments, church history, homiletics, ethics, applied Chris- tianity, philosophy of theism, political economy. Faculty, professors 8, lecturers 4. Total property $250,000, 1898. Organized 1869, first class graduated 1871 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Episcopal theological school, p. e., men, Cambridge, pop. 70,028 (89,276), Dean George Hodges, D. D., 3 Mason st. Session opens 28 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 34, postgraduates 2; graduates 1897-98, 10; ma- triculates 1898-99, 36. Admission, for certificate course, two years' college work or equiva- lent; for degree course, B. A. degree or equivalent course. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course, thesis, ex- aminations; certificate granted without degree. X {See p. 61) tf "The date of the first class given In the quinquennial is 1817, which Is very arbitrary." THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 101 Course, three years; fees, course $50 a yr; subjects, biblical study of the Old and New testaments, ecclesiastical history, pastoral care, elocu- tion, systematic divinity, homlletics, liturgies, sociology. Faculty, professors 4, assistant professors 2, lecturer 1, Instructor 1. Total property $500,000, receipts $23,000, expenditures $22,000, 1898. Organized 1867, first class graduated 1868 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1870. New-church theolog^ical school, New Jerusalem (Swedenborglan), men, Cambridge, pop. 70,028 (89,276), Dean Theodore F. Wright, Ph. D., 42 Quincy st. Session opens 27 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 12; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-99, 13. Admission, college training or its equivalent. Graduation, with diploma, on completion of three years' course, exam- inations, instruction given by correspondence in some cases. Course, three years; fees, course free but service expected; subjects, the- ology, spiritual interpretation of the scriptures, sacred languages, religious history, Bible geography, homlletics, history of philosophy, pastoral duties. Faculty, professors 3, instructors 3. Total property $120,000, receipts $6000, expenditures $6000, 1898. Organized 1866, first class graduated 1869 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1874. Newton theological institution, bapt., both, Newton Center, pop. 1000, Acting Pres. Alvah Hovey, D. D. LL. D. Session opens 7 S 98, closes 8 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 96; graduates 1897-98, 15; matriculates 1898-99, 64. Admission, license to preach or approval of church, proficiency in com- mon English branches and examination in Aetoric, general history, psy- chology, logic, ethics, Greek. Graduation, degree B.D., completion of three years' course, thesis, special degree examination. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, theology, pastoral theology, theo- logical propaedeutics, study of the Old and New testaments, church history, elocution, homlletics. Christian ethics, thesis, liebrew. Faculty, professors 6, lecturers 4, instructor 1. Organized 1825. St John's Boston ecclesiastical seminary, k. c, men, Boston, pop. 448,477 (530,000), Dean J. B. Hogan, S.S. D.D., St John's sem.. Lake st., Brighton. Session opens 12 S 98, closes 28 Je 90, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1697-98, 145; graduates 1897-98, 23; matriculates 1898-99, 139. Admission, two years of philosophy, one in a seminary, examination in mental and moral philosophy, Latin, Greek and mathematics. 102 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Graduation, attendance on four annual lecture courses, examinations. Course, four years; fees, course for students of the archdiocese of Boston $180, for others $225, physician's services $5; subjects, moral, pastoral and dogmatic theology, holy scripture, church history, homlletlcs, liturgy, rub- rics, ecclesiastical chant. Faculty, professors 7, lecturer 1. Total property $600,000, receipts $6525, expenditures $6525, 1898. Organized 1884, first class graduated 1888 and classes graduated each subsequent year. MICHiaAN Schools: baptist 1, Dutch reformed 1, methodlst protestant 1, total 3. Session opens about middle of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 110; graduates 1897-98, 16; matriculates 1898-99, 102. Fees: matr. $3, course $49, additional $10. Faculty: professors 8, lecturers 7, other 1, total 16. Total property for two schools $95,000, receipts for one school $4000, ex- penditures for two schools Adrian college, school of theology, meth. prot., both, Adrian, pop. 8756, Dean David Jones, D. D., 32 State st. Session opens 27 S 98, closes 22 Je 99, length 8% mo. ; matriculates 1897- 98, 25; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 36. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course. Cotirse, three years; fees, course $30, degree $5; subjects, biblical, nat- ural, systematic, polemical and pastoral theology, mental and moral science, homlletlcs, biblical archeology, church history, churtih polity, Greek exegesis, Hebrew. Faculty, professor 1. Org'anlzed 1859. Theological dep't, Hillsdale college, f. w. bapt, both, HiUsdaie, pop. 3915 (430O), Executive officer, A. T. Salley, D. D., 153 Hillsdale st. Session opens 15 S 98, closes 15 Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 63; graduates 1897-98, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 44. Admission, church membership, B. A. degree, or examination in college subjects to junior year and philosophy of senior year. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $3, course $19 a yr, diploma $5; subjects, systematic and pastoral theology, study of the Old and New testaments, church history, homlletlcs. modem missions, denominational history and polity, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 3, emeritus 1. Total property $85,000, receipts $4000, expenditures $4000, 1898. Orgajiized 1871, first class graduated 1874 and classes graduated each subsequent year. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 103 Western theological seminary of the reformed church in America, Dutch ref., men, Holland, pop. 3945, Dean or executive officer, John W. Beardslee, D. D., 26 B. 12th st. Session opens 6 S 98, closes 26 Ap 99, length 7% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 22; graduates 1897-98, 7; matriculates 1898-99, 22. Admission, church membership, college graduation, certificate of liter- ary qualifications. Graduation, completion of three years' course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, exegetlcal, historical, systematic and practical theology, ethics. Paculty, professors 3, lecturers 7, Instructor 1. Total property $10,000, expenditures $4500, 1898. Organized 1869, first class graduated 1869 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1877-84 inclusive. Schools: evangelical Lutheran 2, Lutheran 2, methodlst episcopal 1, Protestant episcopal 1, Roman catholic 2, total 8. Session opens about middle of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 287; graduates 1897-98, 59; matriculates 1898-99, 277. Fees: matr. $0, course $83, additional $3. Faculty: professors 32, lecturers 2, other 1, total 35. Total property for five schools $165,000, receipts for three schools $8800, expenditures for five schools $32,800. Augsburg seminary, Luth., men, Minneapolis, pop. 164,738 (200,000), Pres. Georg Sverdrup. S«ssion; opens 15 S 98, closes 25 My 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 28; graduates 1897-98, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 34. Admission, a four years' classical course and sufficient proof of Christian experience. Graduation, attendance on three annual lecture courses. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, pastoral theology. Old and New testaments, dogmatics, church history, liturgies, Hebrew, French, Bnglish preaching. Faculty, professors 8. Organized 1869, first class graduated 1870 and classes graduated each subsequent year. German Lutheran theological seminary, evan. Luth., men, st Paul, pop. 133,156 (175,000), Pres. H. Ernst, D. D., 925 York st. Session opens ? S 98, closes 20 Je 99, length 9% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 48; gi-aduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 42. Admission, three years' course in the preparatory department and suffi- cient knowledge of Greek and Latin to read the New testament and early dogmaticians. 104 UNIVHESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Graduation, completion of three years' course In seminary. Course, three years; fees, course free; subjects, pastoral theology, dog- matics, history of dogmas, ethics, exegesis, Old and New testaments, isa- goglcs, church history, homlletlcs, symbolics, catechetics, encyclopedia, Augustana, hermeneutlcs, psychology, logic, rhetoric, literature, English, Greek testament, Latin, translating. Faculty, professors 3. Total property $30,000, receipts $7000, expenditures $7000, 1898. Organized 1885, first class graduated 1885 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title German practical theological seminary was changed to Luther seminary in 1893; school merged or united In this school, Practical department of seminary in Columbus, O. Luther seminary, Luth., men, Hamline, Dean J. B. Frich, 806 Simp- son av., St Paul. Session opens 8 S 98, closes 9 Je 99, length 9 mo. Inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 40; graduates 1897-98, 18; matriculates 1898-99, 41. Admission, college graduation. (Jraduation, age 25, attendance on three annual lecture courses. Course, three years. Faculty, professors 4. Total property $60,000, 1898. Organized 1876 at Madison, Wis., first class graduated 1879 and classes graduated each subsequent year; moved to Robbinsdale, Minn. 1888, where it remained till 1899, when the building burned; a new building will be erected at Hamline and opened in September 1899. Red Wing Norwegian evan. Luth. seminary, evan. Luth., both. Red Wing, pop. 6294 (9500), Executive officer, H. H. Bergsland, box 153. Session opens ? 98, closes ? 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 21; graduates 1897-98, 5; matriculates 1898-99, 21a. Admission, diploma from the preparatory department or Its equiv- alent. Graduation, attendance on four annual lecture courses. Course, four years; no fees; subjects, pastoral and systematic theology, exegesis. Old and New testaments, church history, history of dogmas, symbolics. Faculty, professors 3. Total property $35,000, expenditures $8000, 1898. Organized 1879, first class graduated 1884 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Hauges evangelical Lutheran semin- ary, assumed present title in 1883. St John's seminary, R. c, men, Collegevllle, Dean Peter Engel, Ph. D. Session opens 5 S 98, closes 24 Je 99, length 10 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 44; graduates 1897-98, 5; matriculates 1898-99, 44a. Admission on examination. Course, five years; no fees. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 105 Faculty, professors 6. Organized 1857 as St John's seminary, became St John's university 1883. St Paul seminary, B. c, men, St Paul, pop. 133,156 (175,000), Dean L. E. Oailler. Session opens 8 S 98, closes 16 Je 99, length. 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 86; graduates 1897-9S, 12; matriculates 1898-99, 66a. Admiselon on examination. Course, five years; no fees. Faculty, professors 7. Organized 1895. St Paul's college, theological school, m. e., both, st Paul, pop. 133,156 (175,000), Pres. C. W. Hertzler, St Paul Park. Session opens 13 S 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 9; graduates 1897-98, 3; matriculates 1898-99, 6. Admission, any person; to advanced standing, average 75 per cent. Qraduation, attendance on three annual lecture courses. Course, three years; fees, course $33 a yr, diploma $2.50; subjects, medieval, modern and church history, Bible archeology, ethics, dogmatics, rhetoric, logic, apologetics, exegesis, psychology, homiletics, boolikeeping, international law, history of philosophy, mental philosophy, political econ- omy. Christian evidences, Latin, Greek. Faculty, professor 1. Total property $40,000, receipts $1800, expenditures $1800, 1898. Organized 1889, first class graduated 1891 and classes graduated each subsequent year; school merged or united in this school, St Paul's college. Seabury divinity school, p. e., men, Faribault, pop. 6520, Warden Alford A. Butler, M. A. Session opens 29 S 98, closes 6 Je 90, length 8 mo. ; matriculates 1887-98, 31; graduates 1897-98, 7; matriculates 1898-99, 23. Admission, requirements of qualified candidates for priests' orders, college graduates with testimonials of moral and religious character, ex- amination (see p. 90). Graduation, degree B. D., attendance on three annual lecture courses, thesis, examinations, higher per cent required for degree than for cer- tificate. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, pastoral theology. Old and New testaments, literature and exegesis, liturgies, catechetics, homiletics, church history, ecclesiastical polity, canon law, systematic divinity, ethics, apolo- getics, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 5, associate 1, lecturers 2. Expenditures $16,000, 1898. Organized 1859, first class graduated 1860 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1861-62, 1864-65, 1871, 1874, 1878. 106 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK MissrssrPFi No theological schools. MISBOTJBI Schools: Christian 1, German evangelical 1, evangelical Lutheran 1, methodlst episcopal 1, Roman catholic 2, total 6. Session opens about first of S, closes about middle of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 459; graduates 1897-98, 101; matriculates 1898-99, 448. Fees: matr. $0, course $100, additional $5. Faculty: professors 26, lecturers 0, others 4, total 30. Total property for two schools $450,000, receipts for two schools $48,070, expenditures for three schools $68,070. Central Wesleyan college, m. e., both, Warrenton, Dean George B. AddicliS. Session opens 6 S 99, closes 14 Je 00, length 9% mo. Inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 476; graduates 1897-98, 6; matriculates 1898-99, 25. Graduation, degree B. S. D., attendance on four annual lecture courses. Course, three years; fees, degree $5. Faculty, professors 2. Org'anized 1864, first class graduated 1870 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Concordia theological college, evan. Luth., men, St Louis, pop. 451,700 (623,000), Pres. Francis Pieper, Concordia college. Session opens 14 S 98, closes 28 Je 99, length 9% mo. inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 192; graduates 1897-98, 58; matriculates 1898-99, 187. Admission, six years of classical college work, including a working knowledge of Hebrew. Graduation, attendance on three annual lecture courses. Coxirse, three years; no fees; subjects, all branches of theology and philosophy. Faculty, professors 6. Total property $300,000, expenditures $20,000, 1898. Organized 1839, first class graduated 1847 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Kendrick theological seminary, e. c, men, st Louis, pop. 451,770 (623,000), Pres. Francis V. Nugent, C. M., 1929 Cass av. Session opens 9 S 98, closes 9 Je 90, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 78; graduates 1897-98, 13; matriculates, 1898-99, 85. Admission, B. A. degree or certificate of five years' study of the classics, examination in Latin, Greek, English, mathematics. Graduation, ordination to priesthood, age 24, attendance on five annual lecture courses. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 107 OoTuse, five years; no fees; subjects, dogmatic, moral and pastoral theology, moral philosophy, scripture canon law, church history, liturgy, Hebrew, English and German literature, sacred eloquence, church music, natural philosophy, chemistry, astronomy, geology. Faculty, professors 8, associates S. Organized 1893, first class graduated 1894 and classes graduated each subsequent year; school merged or united in this school, St Vincent's theological seminary. Cape Girardeau, Mo. in 1893. Redemptorist seminary of the St Louis province, R. c, men, Kansas City, pop. 132,716 (200,000), Executive officer, F. Girardey, 33d st. & Broadway. This institution is exclusively destined for the professed students of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer of the St Louis province. The course is six years, viz: two years of philosophy, two of dogmatic the- ology and two of moral theology, besides all the other higher branches necessary for a catholic priest and missionary. It is a private institution. St Stanislaus seminary, R. c, men, Florisant, Dean Fred Hage- mann. This seminary is a novitiate preparing young men for entrance Into a religious order. It has no regular course. Theological seminary of the German evangelical synod of North America, Eden college, Ger. evan., men, st Louis, pop. 451,770 (623,000), Dean Louis F. Haeberle, College. Session opens 7 S 98, closes 15 Je 99, length 9% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 67; graduates 1897-98, 24; matriculates 1898-99, 76. Admission, four years' course at " Proseminar," Elmhurst, 111. Graduation, attendance on three annual lecture courses. Course, three years; fees, course $100 a yr. Faculty, professors 3, other 1. Total property $150,000, receipts $34,070, expenditures $34,070, 1898. Organized 1850, first class graduated 1851 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1861; the original title Missouri college, Eden col- lege not official. MOlfTAlTA No theological schools. NEBRASKA Schools: congregational 1, Lutheran 1, presbyterian 1, total 3. Session opens about middle of S, closes about first of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 60; graduates 1897-98, 13; matriculates 1898-99, 59. Fees: matr. $0, course $50, additional $0. Faculty: professors 13, lecturers 0, other 1, total 14. Total property for two schools $22,000, receipts for one school $7600, expenditures for one school $7600. 108 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Presbyterian theological seminary, presb., men, Omaba, pop. 140,452 (160,000), Chairman of faculty, Joseph J. Lampe, D. D. Session opens 15 S 99, closes 25 Ap 00, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 30; graduates 1897-98, 8; matriculates 1898-99, 24. Admission, church membership, college graduation, or approval of pres- bytery or other body, and examination. Graduation, completion of three years' course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, didactic, polemic, ecclesiastical, homiletical and pastoral theology, Old testament and ecclesiastical history, Old and New testament literature and exegesis, apologetics, missions. Faculty, professors 6. Total property $2000, receipts $7600, expenditures $7600, 1898. Organized 1891. Theological dep't, Santee normal training school, cong., both, Santee Agency, Dean A. L. Kiggs. No information received. Trinity seminary, Luth., both, Blair, pop. 2069 (3500), Dean Peter S. Vig, box 496. Session opens 1 O 98, closes 30 My 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-^8, 25; graduates 1897-98, 3; matriculates 1898-99, 21. Admission, classical course. Graduation, degree B. D., age 25, attendance on three annual lecture courses. Course, three years; fees, course $50 a yr. Faculty, professors 5. Total property $20,000, 1898. organized 1886, first class graduated 1887 and classes graduated each subsequent year. BTEVADA No theological schools. WEW SJiMPSSXRE No theological schools. iraiW JEESEY Schools: Dutch reformed 1, methodist episcopal 1, presbyterian 2, Roman catholic 1, total 5. Session opens about middle of S, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 488; graduates 1897-98, 128; matriculates 1898-99, 459. Fees: matr. $0, course $0, additional $6. Faculty: professors 27, lecturers 11, others 5, total 43. Total property for two schools $2,545,465, receipts $99,579, expenditures $97,709. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITBD STATES 109 Drew theological seminary, m. e., both, Madison, pop. 2469, Pres. Henry A. Buttz, LL. D. Session opens 15 S 98, closes 18 My 99, length 8 mo. ; matriculates 1897- 98, undergraduates 164, post^aduates 4; graduates 1897-98, 46; matric- ulates 1898-99, 176. Admission, preacher's license or a quarterly conference or leader's meeting recommendation with concuiTence of pastor and presiding elder, college course including Greek or examination in Liatin, Greek, philosophy, rhetoric, general history. Graduation, degree B. D., college graduation, and completion of three years' course; diploma of graduation granted to noncoUege graduates on completing the course. Course, three years; no fees for students living in seminary buildings, for those not living in seminary buildings, course $15 a yr; subjects, his- torical, systematic, practical theology. Old and New testament exegesis, biblical literature and English Bible, hymnology, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 6, instructor 1. Organized 1867. German theological school of Newark, presb., both, Bioomfleid, Executive oificer, Charles E. Knox, D. D. Session opens ? 97, closes 25 My 98, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 9; graduates 1897--98, 6; matriculates 1898-99, 9o. Course, three years. Faculty, professors 3. Organized 1869. Seminary of the Immaculate Conception, Seton Hall college, R. c, men. South Orange, pop. 3106, Executive officer, Rev. John A. Staf- ford, Seton Hall coUege. Session opens 6 S 98, closes 21 Je 9Q, length 9^/^ mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 29; graduates 1897-98, 5; matriculates 1898-99, 30. Admission, college graduation. Graduation, completion of four years' course. Course, four years; no fees; subjects, dogmatic and moral theology, sacred scripture, hermeneutics, exegesis, ecclesiastical history, canon law, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 5. Organized 1856. Theological seminary of the presbyterian church, presb., men, Princeton, pop. 3422 (4000), Senior professor, William Henry Green, D.D. LL.D., 38 Stockton st. Session opens 15 S 98, closes 9 My 90, length 7% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 234, postgraduates 14; graduates 1897-98, 60; matriculates 1898-99, 206. Admission, church membership, college graduation or examination in subjects of college course. 110 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Graduation, completion of three years' course; degree B. D., granted to college graduates on completion of special course of study. Course, three years, with optional fourth year; fees, course free, use of library $2 a yr; subjects, didactic and biblical theology, Old and New tes- taments, literature and history, exegesis, theism, apologetics, homiletics, elocution, relation of philosophy and science to the Christian religion, church history, government and discipline of the church, criticism of ser- mons, missions, Christian ethics, pastoral care and ordinances of worship, Hebrew. ; ] Faculty, professors 8, lecturer 1, instructors 3. Total property $1,875,465, receipts $84,579, expenditures $82,709, 1898. Organized 1812, first class graduated 1815 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Theological seminary of the reformed Dutch church in America, Dutch ref., men. New Brunswiclj, pop. 18,603 (20,000), Pres. Samuel M. Woodbridge, D.D. LL.D. Session opens 20 S 98, closes 18 My 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 39; graduates 1897-98, 11; matriculates 1898-90, 38. Admission, church membership, college diploma or certificate from another theological seminary or examination in subjects equivalent to a college course. Graduation, completion of three years' course with special course for degree B. D. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, exegetical, historical, systematic and practical theology, sacred, ecclesiastical and church history, Chris- tian ethics, archeology, preparation and delivery of sermons, liturgies, catechetics, constitution of the reformed church in America. Faculty, professors 5, lecturers 10, instructor 1. Total property $670,000, receipts $15,000, expenditures $15,000, 1898. Organized 1784, first class graduated 1785 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1805, 1809, 1811. This is said to be the oldest protestant theological seminary on the western hemisphere. BTEW MEXICO No theological schools. NEW YORK Schools: baptist 3, Christian 1, evangelical Lutheran 1, Hebrew 1, Lu- theran 1, Presbyterian 2, protestant episcopal 1, Roman catholic 5, seventh day baptist 1, universalist 1, total 17. Session opens about middle of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 1068; graduates 1897-98, 175; matriculates 1898-99, 1039. Fees: matr. $0, course $358, additional $135. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 111 Faculty: professors 121, lecturers 10, others 18, total 149. Total property for 15 schools $9,459,693, receipts for 16 schools $727,206, expenditures (or 16 schools $435,230. Auburn theological seminary, presb., men. Auburn, pop. 25,858 (32,000), Chairman of faculty, Willis J. Beecher, D. D., 183 Genesee st. Session opens 21 S 98, closes 11 My 99, length 7% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 101, postgraduates 3; graduates 1897-98, 42; ma^ triculates 1898-99, 100; postgraduates 1898-99, 5. Admission, college graduates, or men, age 25, with credentials from presbytery and examinations in psychology, ethics, history of philosophy, history, rhetoric, logic, English literature, Greek. Graduation, completion of three years' course, examinations. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, theology, systematic and pastoral theology, preaching, church history, ecclesiology, exposition, homiletics, liturgies. Old and New testaments, sociology, missions, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 6, emeritus 3, instructor 1. Total property $926,328, receipts $58,767, expenditures $58,273, 1898. Organized 1820, first class graduated 1824 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1855. Canton theological school, St Lawrence university, univ., both. Canton, pop. 2580 (2746), Pres. Isaac M. Atwood, D. D. Session opens 28 S 98, closes 27 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 24; graduates 1897-98, 5; matriculates 1898-99, 24o. Admission, moral and religious testimonials, college graduation, or high school or equivalent education. Graduation, diploma on completion of three years' course; degree B. O. on postgraduate course of one additional year. Course, three years; fees, course $57.50 a yr; subjects, pastoral and natural theology, theological encyclopedia and preaching, rhetoric, logic, biblical geography and antiquities, principles of evolution, ethics, arche- ology, ecclesiastical history, psychology, homiletics, history of doctrines, exegesis, apologetics, comparative religion. Old and New testaments, evi- dences, sociology, Christianity in its relation to science, life of Christ, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 4, lecturers 2, instructor 1. Total property $208,733, receipts $8499, expenditures $8852, 1898. Org^anized 1857, first class graduated 1861 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Christian biblical institute, Christ, both, StanfordvlUe, pop. (200), Pres. John B. Weston, D. D. Session opens 20 S 99, closes 9 My 00, length 7% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 22; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-99, 22a. Admission, good moral character, preparatory or collegiate certificates, proficiency in English studies equivalent to requirements for teacher's 112 TJNIVEHSITT OF THE STATE OF NEW TOEK certificate, acquaintance with Bible and Its geography, general history, elementary sciences, sight translation of the gospel and epistles of St John In Greek. Graduation, completion of three years' course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, natural, spiritual and pastoral theology, biblical literature and interpretation, history, studies in phil- osophy and English, homiletics, Christian ethics. New testament, Greek, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 6, lecturers 2, instructor 1. Total property $63,174, receipts $6185, expenditures $5912, 1898. Organized 1868, first class graduated 1882 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1896; location changed from Eddy town to Stan- fordville in 1872. De Lancey divinity school is not, and never has been a "Divinity school" in the ordinary sense, though bearing that name. It has no " ses- sion," no " course of study," no " matriculates," no " requirements for admission," no " graduation," no school buildings or local habitation, and at present no permanent or resident head, no resident instructors or students. It was founded in 1857 by the late bishop (De Lancey) of western New York, under the name of the Diocesan training school, solely for the purpose of providing a theological training for persons seeking the min- istry of the protestant episcopal church, in this diocese, from a ministry In other religious bodies, or from business life. In 1867 the name of the school was changed to the De Lancey divinity school, but there has been no change in its purpose or plan of work. The school has an endowment of a little less than $51,000 ($50,886.83 as last reported), of which $8511.67 is in real estate; also $6114 in scholar- ships and $900 library fund. This property is held at present by the " Trustees of the parochial fund of the diocese of western New York," sub- ject to the order of the board of education. — Prof. Charles W. Hayes, D. D., June 1899. General theological seminary of the protestant episcopal church, p. e., men. New York, pop. 1,515,301 (3,549,558), Dean Eugene A. Hoffman, D.D. D.C.L. LL.D., The Deanery, 1 Chelsea sq. Session opens 21 S 98, closes 17 My 99, length 7% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 153; graduates 1897-98, 14; matriculates 1898-99, 154. Admission, qualified candidates for priests' orders or graduates in arts from recognized universities, moral and religious testimonials, church membership and examination In S. G. Green's HanMook to the grammar of the New testament, first 12 chapters of the Acts of the apostles in the original, Maclear's class books of the history of the Old and New testa- ments, essay (see p. 90). Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course with an aver- age of 90% during entire course; graduation diploma without degree. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 113 Course, three years; no fees; subjects, pastoral and moral theology, Old and New testaments, dogmatics, ecclesiastical history, evidences, natural and revealed religion, ecclesiastical polity and law. Christian philosophy, oriental languages, ecclesiastical music, Hebrew, Greek. I'aculty, professors 9, adjunct 1, instructors 3. Total property $3,254,080, receipts $282,964, expenditures $98,657, 1898. Organized 1817, first class graduated 1822 and classes graduated each subsequent year. German dep't, Rochester theological seminary, bapt., men, Rochester, pop. 183,896 (177,000), Pres. A. H. Strong, D.D. LL.D., 7 Sibley pi. Session opens 7 S 98, closes 11 My 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 49, postgraduates 4; graduates 1897- 08, 10; matriculates 1898-99, undergraduates 52, postgraduates 2. Admission, requirements of preparatory course, three years' high school. Graduation, completion of six years' course. Course, six years; fees, incidentals $10 a yr; subjects, systematic and pastoral theology. Old and New testaments, homiletics, church history. Taculty, professors 4, instructor 1. Organized 1853, first class graduated 1859 and classes graduated each subsequent year. German Martin Luther seminary, Luth., both, BufCaio, pop. 255,664 (400,000), Dean Kev. William Grabau, 154 Maple st. Session opens 5 S 98, closes 20 Je 99, length 9% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 11; graduates 1807-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 11a. Admission, age 15, good moral character, common school education. Graduation, no formal graduation, certificate granted on completion of six years' course. Course, six years; fees, course free for students belonging to Buffalo synod, others $20 a yr; subjects, pastoral theology, theological encyclo- pedia, biblical and modern geography, secular and church history, history of dogmas, dogmatics, symbolics, ethics, liturgies, homiletics, catechetics, exegesis of Old and New testaments, music, German, English, Latin, Greek, Hebrew. Faculty, professor 1, assistant professors 2, music teacher 1. Total property $14,000, receipts $2615, expenditures $2669, 1898. Organized 1854, first class graduated 1858 and classes graduated irregu- larly in subsequent years; the original title German Martin Luther col- lege, assumed present title German Martin Luther seminary in 1893. Hamilton theological seminary, Colgate university, bapt., men, Hamilton, pop. 1744 (1980), Dean Sylvester Burnham, D. D. Session opens 8 S 98, closes 22 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-96, 47; graduates 1897-98, 4; matriculates 1898-99, 49. 114 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Admission, church membership, license to preach or approval of his denomination, B. A. degree or equivalent preparation; special courses in Greek and English have special requirements. Graduation, degree B. D., college B. A. course, completion of three years' course, completion of scheme of electives including six term-hours' work in Hebrew and two term-hours' work in some other Semitic language, thesis. Course, three years; fees, incidentals $15 a yr; subjects, theology, pas- toral theology. Old and New testament Interpretation, propaedeutics, elo- cution, rhetoric, church history, homiletlcs, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 6, lecturer 1, instructors 2. Receipts $15,744, expenditures $15,744, 1898. Organized 1820. Jewish theological seminary, men. New York, pop. i,5i5,30i (3,549,558), Chairman of board, Bev. H. P. Mendes.iu Seminary bldg, 736 Lexington av. Session opens 8 S 98, closes 27 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 32; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-99, 32. Admission, on written application containing age, residence, birthplace of candidate, none over 21 admitted unless qualified to enter college, none over 25 unless qualified to receive B. A. degree. Graduation, degrees Rabbi, teacher and reader, completion of four years' course, graduation from secular college. Course, four years; no fees; subjects. Old testament exegesis, Talmud, Jewish philosophy, history of Judaism, homiletics, rational and pastoral theology, Hebrew composition, English essays, Semitic languages. Faculty, professors 4, lecturers 2. Total property $20,000, receipts $5000, expenditures $7000, 1898. Organized 1886, first class graduated 1894 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1895. Rochester theological seminary, bapt., men, Kochester, pop. 133,896 (177,000), Pres. Augustus H. Strong, D. D. LL. D., 17 Sibley pi. Session opens 7 S 98, closes 10 My 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 103; graduates 1897-98, 33; matriculates 1898-99, 90. Admission, church membership, testimonials, graduation from college, classical course with required Greek, or examination in Greek, rhetoric, history, logic, ethics, psychology. Graduation, completion of three years' course, examinations. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, theology, pastoral theology. Old and New testaments, homiletics, elocution, church history, parliamentary law. Faculty, professors 12, instructor 1. Total property $827,327, receipts $65,022, expenditures $53,814, 1898. Organized 1850, first class graduated 1851 and classes graduated each subsequent year. fflDr S. Sdieohter accepts call to the presidency Deo. 1899 to begin labors Feb. 1900, N. T. Times Dec. 7. THBOLOGT IN THE UNITED STATES 115 St Bernard's seminary, R. c, men, Eochester, pop. 133,896 (177,000), Prorector James J. Hartley, St Bernard's seminary. Session, opens 5 S 98, closes 12 Je 99, len^h 9% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 67; graduates 1897-98, 11; matriculates 1898-99, 72. Admission, four or six years' classical course, ability to follow a Latin lecture and to respond in the same language. Graduation, age 25, attendance on six annual lecture courses, examina- tions. Course, six years; no fees; subjects, moral and dogmatic theology, scrip- tures, canon law, liturgy, natural sciences, moral philosophy, logic, meta- physics, plain chant, church history, English, German, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 9. Organized 1893, first class graduated 1894 and classes graduated each subsequent year; school merged or united in this school, St Andrew's seminary, established in 1870. St Bonaventure's college and seminary, r. c, men, Allegany, pop. 1568, Pres. Joseph Butler, O. F. M. Session opens 6 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 9% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 69; graduates 1897-98, 10; matriculates 1898-99, 65. Admission, graduation from classical and philosophical branches In this college. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of four years' course. Course, four years; fees, course $200 a yr; subjects, moral, pastoral and dogmatic theology, ecclesiastical history, sacred scriptures, exegesis, canon law, sacred elocution and oratory, liturgies. Faculty, professors 19. Total property $20,000, receipts $8300, expenditures $7600, 1898. Organized 1859, first class graduated 1875 and classes graduated each subsequent year. St John's theological seminary, r. c, men, Brooijiyn, Pres. J. J. Sullivan, 0. M. Session opens 18 S 98, closes 24 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 45; graduates 1897-98, 6; matriculates 1898-99, 45a-. Admission, satisfactory completion of the collegiate course. Course, six years, in preparation for ordination. Does not grant degrees. Faculty, professors 6. Organized 1891. St Joseph's seminary, R. c., men, Yonkers, pop. 32,033 (45,000), Rector Edward R. Dyer, St Joseph's seminary, Dunwoodie. Session opens 12 S 98, closes 18 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 102; ordained 1897-98, 14; matriculates 1898-99, 119. Admission, intellectual and moral endowments, complete classical course, examination in Christian doctrine, English, Latin, Greeii, mathe- matics, history, geography, reading; to advanced standing, examination on theological treatises previously studied. 116 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK Ordination to priesthood, age 24, attendance on six annual lecture courses either in this or a similar institution for full length of time required for courses indicated below. Course, six years; fees, physician's services $5; subjects, dogmatic, moral and pastoral theology, holy scripture, church history, canon law and liturgy, philosophy, natural science. Faculty, professors 9. Organized 1896, first class graduated 1897 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Seminary of our Lady of Angels, Niagara university, R. c, men, Niagara University, Executive officer, Rev. P. McHale. Session opens 9 S 98, closes 20 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 68; ordained 1897-98, 11; matriculates 1898-99, 53. Admission, college graduation, two years in mental philosophy (in Latin). Graduation, completion of four years' course. Course, four years; fees, course $100 a yr; subjects, dogmatic, moral, ascetic and pastoral theology, canon law, sacred scriptures, biblical exegesis, sacred rhetoric, ecclesiastical history, liturgy, Gregorian chant, German homlletlcs, English classics, rubrics of the breviary, missal and ritual, church history. Faculty, professors 7. Total property $58,200, receipts $9700, expenditures $8600, 1898. Organized 1857, first class ordained 1861 and classes ordained each subsequent year; incorporated as Seminary of Our Lady of Angels in 1863, assumed title Dep't of theology, Niagara univ. in 1883. Theological dep't, Alfred university, seventh day bapt, both, Alfred Center, pop. 786 ^000), Pres. Boothe 0. Davis, M.A. B.D. Ph.D., Alfred. Session opens 6 S 98, closes 22 Je 99, length 9 mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, 3; graduates 1807-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 2. Admission, college graduation or college preparatory classical diploma. Graduation, degree B. D., college graduation, completion of three years' course; diploma without degree granted to noncoUege graduates. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, systematic, doctrinal, biblical and pastoral theology, theism, Christian evidences. New testament, exe- gesis, elocution, church history, homiletics, Messianic prophecy, Hebrew, Greels. Faculty, professors 3. Total property $30,000, receipts $2310, expenditures $2309, 1898. Organized 1857. Theological dep't, Hartwick seminary, evan. Luth., men. Hart- wick Seminary, pop. 100, Chairman of faculty, Alfred Hiller, D. D. Session opens 6 S 98, closes 21 Je99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 7; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-99, 9. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITBD STATES 117 Admission, testimonials of character and natural talents, church mem- bership, course of academic study or regents academic diploma; for degree course, in addition to above, satisfactory completion of classical course including three years of Greek. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course. Course, three years; fees, course free to candidates for Lutheran min- istry or to children of Lutheran ministers. If they are able to pass the regents preliminary examination, others $25 a yr; subjects, exegetical, historical, systematic, pastoral and practical theology, apologetics, ethics, propaedeutics, cathechetics, elocution, biblical archeology, biblical geog- raphy, exegesis, hermeneutics, church history, encyclopedia, history of preaching, liturgies, pulpit elocution, history of doctrine, dogmatics, homl- letics, church polity, Hebrew, Greels. Faculty, professors 2. Total property $27,289, receipts $900, expenditures $900, 1898. Organized 1815, first class graduated 1876 and classes graduated irregu- larly in subsequent years. Union theological seminary, presb., both, New York, pop. 1,515,301 (3,549,558), Dean Charles C. Hall, D.D., 700 Park av. Session opens 28 S 98, closes 16 My 99, length 7% mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, undergraduates 156, postgraduates 2; graduates 18^7-98, 9; matricu- lates 1898-99, 133. Admission, church membership, college graduation or examination in Latin, Greek, logic, psychology, philosophy, rhetoric, general history. Graduation, degree B. D.,® satisfactory completion of three years' course. Including one year's work in a seminary or class for original research, special examinations; diploma granted without degree. Course, three years; fees, general $10 a yr; subjects, biblical and pas- toral theology, propaedeutics, biblical philology, exegesis, church polity, homiletics, missions, vocal culture, church history, dogmatics, catechetics, biblical doctrine of redemption, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 10, emeritus 1, lecturers 3, instructors 4. Total property $2,131,562, receipts $193,600, expenditures $97,500, 1898. Organized 1836, first class graduated 1837 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title New York theological seminary was changed to present title and incorporated in 1839. WORTH CABOLHiTA Schools: baptist 1, presbyterian 1, Roman catholic 1, total 3. Session opens about first of O, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 74; graduates 1897-98, 18; matriculates 1898-99, 81. Fees: matr. $0, course $256, additional $0. Faculty: professors 9, lecturers 0, others 5, total 14. X Conferred by the University of the State of New York. 118 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YOBK Biddle university theological school, presb., men, Charlotte, pop. 11,557 (25,000), Pres. D. J. Sanders, D. D. Session opens 2 O 98, closes 2 Je 99, length 7% mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, IC; graduates 1897-98, 5; matriculates 1898-99, 19. Admission, church membership, college graduation or Its equivalent; to advanced standing, certificate of good standing and orderly dismission from another school or examination in subjects of previous year. Graduation, degree S. T. D., completion of three years' course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, systematic and pastoral theology, biblical introduction and history. Christian evidences, homiletics, church history and government, Hebrevr, Greek exegesis. Faculty, professors 5, assistant professor 1. Organized 1867, first class graduated 1870 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Biddle memorial Institute, assumed present title in 1883. Livingstone college theological school, A. m. e. Zion, both, Salis- bury, pop. 4418, Dean W. H. Goler. No work reported in the department of theology. St Mary's college, R. c, men, Belmont, pop. 300, Pres. Leo Hald, D. D. Session opens ? S 98, closes ? Je 99, length 9% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 40; graduates 1897-98, 13; matriculates 189S-99, 41. Admission, fair knowledge of English, mathematics, grammar. Graduation, attendance on six annual lecture courses. Course, six years; fees, course $200 a yr. Faculty, professors 2, others 4. Organized 1877, first class graduated 1883 and classes graduated each subsequent year. St Paul's English practical theological seminary, evan. Luth., men, Hickory, pop. 2023, Pres. Rev. H. K. G. Doermann. No accurate Information received. Shaw university theological school, bapt, both, Raleigh, pop. 12,678, Dean M. W. D. Norman, M.A. Session opens ? O 98, closes ? My 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 18; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 21. Admission, common school course. Graduation, English course only. Course, three years; fees, course $56 a yr; subjects, systematic the- ology, church history, polity, government, Bible introduction, interpreta- tion, homiletics. Faculty, professors 2. OrgaJiized 1865. NOIOTH DAKOTA No theological schools. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 119 OHIO Schools: African methodlst episcopal 1, congregational 1, Dutch re- formed 1, evangelical Lutheran 1, Hebrew 1, Lutheran 1, methodlst epis- copal 1, Moravian 1, presbyterian 1, protestant episcopal 1, Roman cath- olic 2, united presbyterian 1, total 13. Session opens about middle of S, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 446; graduates 1897-98, 112; matriculates 1898-99, 432. Fees: matr. $0, course ?0, additional $0. Faculty: professors 56, lecturers 16, others 8, total 80. Total property for nine schools $1,481,429, receipts for eight schools $90,954, expenditures for nine schools $95,398. German evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, evan. Luth., men, Columbus, pop. 88,150 (135,000), Pres. M. Loy, D. D. Session opens 8 S 98, closes 20 Je 99, length 9% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 42; graduates 1897-98, 15; matriculates 1898-99, 33. Admission, college education. Graduation, completion of three years' course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, pastoral theology, dogmatics, isa- gogics, exegesis, liturgies, evangelistics, hermeneutics, Augsburg con- fession and apology, symbolics, encyclopedia, catechetics, church history, formula of concord, ethics, sermons, Hebrevf. Faculty, professors 3, lecturers 4. Total property $125,000, 1898. Organized 1830. Hebrew union college, both, Cincinnati, pop. 296,908 (405,000), Pres. Rabbi Isaac M. Wise. Session opens 3 S 98, closes 16 Je 99, length 9 mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, 60; graduates 1897-98, 6; matriculates 1898-99, 72. Admission, high school entrance requirements, elementary knowledge of Hebrew, Bible history to Zerubbabel. Graduation, degree Rabbi or B. D., completion of four years' course, thesis, examinations. Course, four years; no fees; subjects, theology and philosophy, philoso- phy and history of Judaism, exegesis, homiletics, Talmud, Syriac, Arabic, Assyrian, and academic course of the university. Faculty, professors 9. Total property $60,000, receipts $20,000, expenditures $20,000, 1898. Organized 1875, first class graduated 1883 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Heidelberg theological seminary, ref. ch., both, Tiffin, pop. io,80i, Pres. David Van Home, D. D. Session opens 20 S 98, closes 19 Ap 99, length 7 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 25; graduates 1897-98, 11; matriculates 1898-99, 22. 120 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATU OF NEW YORK Admission, college diploma, examination in Greek, Latin and English. Graduation, degree B. D., age 21, attendance on tliree annual lecture courses. Course, tliree years; no fees; subjects, Old and New testaments, sys- tematic and practical theology, church history, hermeneutics, history of Christian doctrine, polity, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 5. Total property $30,000, receipts $4000, expenditures $4000, 1898. Organized 1850, first class graduated 1854 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Lane theological seminary, presb., men, Cincinnati, pop. 296,908 (405,000), Chairman of faculty, Henry Goodwin Smith, D. D., Lane semi- nary. Session opens 15 S 96, closes 4 My 99, length 7% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 35; graduates 1807-98, 11; matriculates 1898-«9, 34. Admission, church membership, college graduation or, in exceptional cases, its satisfactory equivalent, or certificate from presbytery. Graduation, completion of three years' course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, systematic, practical and pastoral theology, introductory history, homiletlcs, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 3, emeritus 1, lecturers 6, instructor 1. Total property $490,000, 1898. Organized 1829, first class graduated 1836 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Oberlin college theological school, cong., both, Oberiin, pop. 4376, Pres. John Henry Barrows, T>. D. Session opens 21 S 98, closes 12 My 99, length 7% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 47, postgraduate 1; graduates 1897-98, 8; ma- triculates 1898-99, 39. Admission, church membership, college graduation or college prepara- tory classical course and logic or history of philosophy, psychology, ethics, general history, rhetoric, English literature, economics, two natural sciences, work in the gospels, chronology of life of Christ. Graduation, completion of three years' course, with degree B. D. for those already holding a B. A.; degree B. D. on completion of four years' course for those not holding a B. A. Course, three or four years; no fees; subjects, biblical, systematic and practical theology, theological encyclopedia. Old and New testaments, church history, history of doctrine and modem theology, apologetics, com- parative religion, homiletics, missions, preaching exercises, church polity, elocution, Hebrew and Greek exegesis. Faculty, professors 8, emeritus 1, associate 1, lecturers 2. Organized 1835, first class graduated 1836 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1837, 1851, 1866. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 121 St Charles Borromeo seminary, R. c, men, Carthagena, Dean Boniface Russ. It is a private seminary of a religious community. St Mary's theological seminary, R. c, men, Cleveland, pop. 261,353 (400,000), Dean M. A. Moes, D. D., 60O Lake st. Session opens 8 S 98, closes 22 Je 99, length 9% mo. Inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 9; graduates 1897-98, 5; matriculates 1898-99, 6. Admission, completion of classical course of six years and entrance examinations on subjects of same. Graduation, attendance on six annual lecture courses. Course, six years; fees, course free to those in the diocese of Cleveland; subjects, moral theology, mental philosophy, dogmatics, sacred scripture, canon law, church history, sacred eloquence, music, elocution. Faculty, professors 4, special 1. Total property $75,000, receipts $12,000, expenditures $12,000, 1898. Organized 1848. Theological dep't, Bexley hall, Kenyon college, p. e., men. Gambler, pop. 500, Dean Hosea Williams Jones, D. D. Session opens 4 O 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 20; graduates 1897-98, 6; matriculates 1898-99, 18. Admission, candidates for priest's orders with full qualifications, moral and religious testimonials (see p. 90). Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course, examina- tions, must be candidate for priest's orders. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, Old and New testament Instruc- tion and exegesis, ecclesiastical history, dogmatics, homiletics, evidences, liturgies, sociology, polity and canon law. Old testament Introduction, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 4, lecturers 4. Total property $150,000, receipts $6000, expenditures $6000, 1898. Organized 1828, first class graduated 1834 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Theological seminary of diocese of Ohio was changed to Divinity school of Kenyon college in 1891. Theological dep't, German Wallace college, m. e., both, Berea, pop. 2533, Pres. Karl Riemenschneider, Ph.D. D.D. Session opens 14 S 98, closes 14 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 286; graduates 1897-98, 56; matriculates 1898-99, 28o. Course, three years. Faculty, professors 26. Organized 1864. Theological dep't, Wilberforce universityj, a. m. e., both, wiiber- force. Dean John G. Mitchell, D. D. Session opens ? 97, closes 20 Je 98, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 37; graduates 1897-98, 5; matriculates 1898-99, 37a. 122 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK Course, three years. Faculty, professors 2, assistants 3. Organized (Payne theological seminary) 1892. Union biblical seminary, Morav., both, Dayton, pop. 61,220 (85,000), Dean G. A. Funkhouser, D. D., 27 North Summit st. Session opens 8 S 98, closes 8 My 99, length 8 mo. Inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 36; graduates 1807-98, 11; matriculates 1898-99, 45. Admission, church memherstilp, college graduation or certificate of Greek grammar, reading of Greek testament, rhetoric, logic, general his- tory, homiletlcs, comparative religion, sociology, Hebrew, Greek. Graduation, degree B. D., classical graduates on completion of three years' course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, pastoral theology, doctrines, his- tory, homiletics, comparative religion, sociology, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 4, Instructor 1. Total property $194,429, receipts $30,000, expenditures $29,768, 1898. Organized 1871, first class graduated 1874 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Wittenberg college theological school, Luth., both, Springfield, pop. 31,895 (88,000), Dean Samuel A. Ort, D.D. LL.D. Session opens 15 S 98, closes 7 My 99, length 7 mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 38; graduates 1897-98, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 36. Admission, degree B. A. Graduation, degree B. D., attendance on three annual lecture courses. Course, three years; no fees. Faculty, professors 3. Expenditures $5000, 1898. Organized 1845, first class graduated 1847 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Xenia theological seminary, u. presb., both, Xenia, pop. 7301 (10,000), Pres. W. G. Moorehead, D. D. Session opens 5 S 98, closes 26 Ap 99, length 7% mo. inc. vacations; ma triculates 1897-98, 50; graduates 1897-98, 18; matriculates 1898-99, 44. Admission, churdi membership, approval of presbytery. Graduation, completion of three years' course, examinations. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, systematic and pastoral theology, biblical exegesis, apologetics, homiletics, ecclesiastical history and law. Christian missions. Old and New testament literature and criticism, church history and government, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 4. Total property $142,000, receipts $7800, expenditures $8000, 1898. Organized 1794, first class graduated 1798 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title the Associate presbyterian theological seminary was changed to the United presbyterian theological seminary of Xenia in 1858; schools merged or united in this school. Theological semi- nary of the northwest (Associate reformed, Oxford, O, 1838, Monmouth, 111., 1857) In 1874. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 123 OKI1AB.OMA. No theological schools. OREOON Schools: Ohrlstlan 1, methodlst episcopal 1, total 2. Session opens about middle of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 44; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 53. Fees: matr. $0, course $0, additional $39. Faculty: professors 8, lecturers 4, others 0, total 12. Total property for one school $11,400, receipts $2400, expenditures $2400. Eugene divinity school, Christ., both, Eugene, pop. 5000, Dean Eugene 0. Sanderson. Session opens 20 S 98, closes 8 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 17; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 26. Admission, testimonials of character, church membership, state univer- sity entrance requirements. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of four years' course, completion of two years of state university course; English bible course completed in two years. Course, four years; fees, course free, contingent $9 a yr; subjects, pas- toral. Old and New testament theology, sacred history, elocution, scrip- ture exegesis, literature, biblical canonics, homiletics, ethics, logic, rhetoric and oratory, biblical hermeneutics, church history, astronomy, psychology, biblical typology, geology, missionary history and biography, sociology, evidences of Christianity, history of philosophy, comparative religion, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 3, lecturers 4. Total property $11,400, receipts $2400, expenditures $2400, 1898. Org^anlzed 1895. PEITNSYLVANTA Schools: baptist 1, evangelical Lutheran 3, Moravian 1, presbyterian 2, Protestant episcopal 1, reformed church 2, reformed presbyterian 1, Ro- man catholic 4, united presbyterian 1, total 17. Session opens about last of S, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 826; graduates 1897-98, 223; matriculates 1898-99, 813. Fees: matr. $0, course $350, additional $80. Faculty: professors 88, lecturers 11, others 17, total 116. Total property for eight schools $2,201,861, receipts for seven schools $111,512, expenditures for seven schools $113,732. Allegheny theological seminary, u. presb., both, Allegheny, pop. 105,287 (125,000), Dean James A. Grier. Session opens ? 98, closes ? 99, length 7 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 766; graduates 1897-9S, 25&; matriculates 189&-99, 7ea. 124 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK Course, three years. Faculty, professors 4, other 1. Organized 1825. Augustinian convent theological school, E. c, men, viuanova, Prefect of studies, Thomas 0. Middleton, O. S. A., VUlanova college. Session opens ? S 98, closes ? Je 99, length 10 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 22; graduates 1897-98, ? ; matriculates 1898-99, 22a. Course, six years; no fees; subjects, theology, philosophy, church his- tory, canon law, scriptures. Faculty, professors 5. Organized 1843. Crozer theological seminary, bapt, men, Chester, pop. 20,226 (35,000), Pres. Henry G. Weston. Session opens 28 S 98, closes 7 Je 90, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 94; graduates 1897-98, 15; matriculates 1898-99, 104. Admission, good moral character, approval of church and ability to pur- sue profitably the required course of studies. Graduation, completion of three years' course, degree B. D., granted on postgraduate course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, biblical, systematic and practical theology. Old and New testaments, exegesis, church history, Old and New testament interpretation, biblical isagogics, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 6, instructor 1. Total property $175,000, receipts $27,327, expenditures $27,327, 1898. Organized 1868, first class graduated 1870 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Divinity school of the protestant episcopal church in Philadelphia, p. e., men, Philadelphia, pop. 1,046,964 (1,350,000), Dean Edward T. Bartlett, D. D. Session opens 29 S 98, closes 8 Je 99, length 8 mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, 24a'; graduates 1897-98, 10; matriculates 1898-99, 24. Admission, college diploma or equivalent (see p. 90). Graduation, degree B. D., attendance on three lecture courses. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, systematic divinity, pastoral care, canon law, liturgies, homiletics. Old and New testaments, ecclesi- astical history, Hebrew, Greeli. Faculty, professors 4, instructors 3. Organized 1857; a training school till 1862, first class graduated 1863 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Meadville theological school, unita., both, MeadvlUe, pop. 9520, Dean George L. Gary, M.A. L.H.D. X students o( 1898-99. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 125 Session opens 19 S 98, closes 8 Je 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 18; graduates 189T-98, 4; matriculates 1898-99, undergraduates 25, postgraduate 1. Admission, good moral character, intellectual ability, college graduation or its equivalent, if candidate for degree. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course for coUegl- ates or four years' for others. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, theology, theological encyclo- pedia and methodology, Old and Nev7 testaments, church history, phil- osophy and history of religion, homiletics, sociology, ethics, vocal culture and expression, church music, English language and literature, German, Hebrew, Greels. Faculty, professors 5, lecturers 7, instructors 4. Total property $452,000, receipts $20,000, expenditures $20,000, 1898. Organized 1844, first class graduated 1844 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1857, 1872, 1876. Moravian college and theological seminary, Morav., men, Beth- lehem, pop. 6762, Pres. Augustus Schultze, D. D., Cedar st. Session opens 22 S 98, closes 27 Ap 99, length 7% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 45; graduates 1897-98, 12; matriculates 1898-99, 47. Admission, age 15, good health, character, reputation and mental abil- ity, examination in common branches, elementary algebra, Latin and Greels: grammar, first booli of Caesar. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of two years' course, thesis. Course, two years; fees, course $50 a yr; subjects, systematic and pas- toral theology, Old and New testaments, church history, Moravian church history, homiletics, G«rman, comparative religion, liturgies, church polity, apologetics, sociology. Faculty, professors 6. Organized 1807 in connection with the Academy of Nazareth Hall at Nazareth; removed to Bethlehem 1838, again transferred to Nazareth from 1851 to 1858 when it was permanently established In Bethlehem; first class graduated 1810 and from 1879 classes graduated every second year. Reformed presbyterian theological seminary, ref. presb., both, Allegheny, pop. 105,287 (125,000), Senior professor, David B. Willson. Session opens 20 S 98, closes 2 My 99, length 7% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 28; graduates 1897-98, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 20. Admission, college diploma or examination by presbytery. Graduation, attendance on three annual lecture courses. Coujrse, three years; no fees; subjects, pastoral and systematic theology. Old and New testaments, biblical literature and introduction. New testa- ment textual criticism, church government and history, homiletics. Faculty, professors 2. Total property $100,630, receipts $9248, expenditures $4666, 1898. 126 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK Organized 1856, first class graduated 1857 and classes graduated each subsequent year. St Charles Borromeo seminary, E. c, men, Overbrook, Dean John E. Fitz Maurice, D. D. Session opens 5 S 98, closes 15 Je 99, length 10 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 189Y-98, 70; graduates 1897-98, 11; matriculates 1898-99, 76. Admission, a knowledge of branches taught in preparatory seminary and ability to write and speak Latin. Graduation, attendance on six annual lecture courses. Course, six years; fees, course $300 a yr. Taoulty, professors 12, other 1. Organized 1832, first class graduated 1834 and classes graduated eadh subsequent year except 1835. St Vincent's seminary, R. c, men, Beatty, Dean Leander SchneiT. Session opens 7 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 9% mo. inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 35; graduates 1897-98, 10; matriculates 1898-99, 35a. Admission, classical course. Course, three years. Faculty, professors 4. Organized 1846. St Vincent's seminary, R. c, men, Philadelphia, pop. 1,046,964 (1,350,000), Dean James McGlll. Session opens ? 98, closes ? 99, length 10 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 396; graduates 1897-98, 76; matriculates 1898-99, 39a. Course, four years. Faculty, professors 5, others 3. Organized 1868. Theological dep't, Lincoln university, presb., men, Lincoln university, pop. 200, Dean William Deas Kerswill, B. D. Session opens 28 S 98, closes 18 Ap 99, length 6% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 46; graduates 1897-98, 17; matriculates 1898-99, 41. Admission, college graduation or its equivalent. Graduation, degree B. S. T., completion of full course of three years; certificate on completion of English course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, systematic and pastoral theology, homiletics, English Bible, evidences, archeology. Christian ethics, church government and history and polemics, ecclesiastical Latin, Greek testa- ment, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 6, instructor 1. Total property $171,900, receipts $5150, expenditures $7530, 1898. Organized 1870, first class graduated 1876 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Theological dep't, Susquehanna university, evan. Luth., men, Sel- insgrove, pop. 1315 (1500), Pres. J. R. Dimm, D. D. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 127 Session opens 1 S 98, closes 8 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates i897-98, undergraduates 9, postgraduate 1; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-99, 15. Admission, church membership, testimonials of character, natural ability, calling. Graduation, degree D. D., completion of three years' course. Course, three years; fees, diploma $5; subjects, pastoral and sys- tematic theology, ethics, biblical antiquities, hermeneutlcs, evidences of Christianity, Ohristology, liturgies, Bible history, practical sermonizing, catechetics, homiletics, ecclesiastical history, history of doctrines, higher criticism, missions, church government, elements of religion, Arabic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 3. Organized 1858, first class graduated 1861 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title The missionary institute, assumed present title in 1894. Theological seminary of the evangelical Lutheran church, evan. Luth., men, Gettysburg, pop. 3221, Chairman of faculty, Milton Valentine, D. D. LL. D. Session opens 16 S 98, closes 20 My 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 51, postgraduates 7; graduates 1897- 98, 34; matriculates 1898-99, 39. Admission, church membership, testimonials of character and ability, completion of academic course or special examination as to equivalent or proper preparation. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course, examina- tions, thesis. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, systematic, biblical, historical and pastoral theology, theological propaedeutics, homiletics, Old and New testaments, biblical criticism, church polity, catechetics, symbolics and liturgies, German, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 4, lecturer 1. Total property $160,000, 1898. Organized 1826, first class graduated 1828 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Theological seminary of the reformed church in the United States, ref., men, Lancaster, pop. 32,011 (45,000), Pres. Emanuel V. Gerhart, D.D. LL.D. Session opens 8 S 98, closes 10 My 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 48; graduates 1897-98, 14; matriculates 1898-99, undergraduates 56, postgraduates 3. Admission, church membership, testimonials of character and natural talents, completion of academic study or examination in subjects of such a course. 128 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK Graduation, degree B. D. conferred on graduates wtio have taken post- graduate course of two years, completion of three years' course, exam- inations. Oourse, three years; fees, contingent ?5 a yr; subjects, practical the- ology, theological encyclopedia, biblical archeology and theology, Old and New testaments, history, catechism. Christian dogmatics, homiletlcs, essays, ethics. Faculty, professors 6. Total property $150,000, receipts $8440, expenditures $8934, 1898. Organized 1825, first class graduated 1827 and classes graduated each subsequent year except for two years during civil war; the original title Theological seminary of German reformed church, assumed present title In 1869. Ursinus college, school of theology, ref. ch., men, Philadelphia, pop. 1,046,964 (1,350,000), Dean James I. Good, D. D., Collegeville. Session opens 19 S 98, closes ? 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 22; graduates 1897-98, 4; matriculates 1898-99, 23. Admission, college degree, certificate of college preparation Including Latin and Greek, and certificate of examination in logic, ethics, psychol- ogy, rhetoric, general history and Christian evidences or evidence of thorough English education and of examination in above subjects. Graduation, degree B. D., college degree, completion of three years' course, regular and special examinations, thesis; graduation certificates granted without degree. Course, three years; fees, course free. Incidental $20 a yr; subjects, sys- tematic and practical theology, theological encyclopedia, church history, reformed church history, homiletlcs, exegesis, catechetlcs, liturgies, church polity, history of preaching and Christian sociology, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 6, lecturers 8. Opened 1871, first class graduated 1878 and classes graduated each subsequent year; Ursinus college theological dep't was changed from Collegeville to Philadelphia in September, 1898. Western theological seminary.presb., men, Allegheny, pop. 105,287 (125,000), Pres. Thomas H. Robinson, D. D., 816 Ridge av. Session opens 19 S 98, closes 4 My 90, length 7% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 94, postgraduates 4, special 1 ; gradu- ates 1897-98, 27; matriculates 1898-99, 75. Admission, testimonials of character, church membership, college graduation with recommendation of presbytery, examination for admis- sion of such as have no college diploma, on studies equivalent to college course. Graduation, completion of three years' course. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 129 Course, three years; no fees; subjects, systematic and practical theology, Old and New testaments, ecclesiastical history and the history of doc- trines, apologetics, sacred rhetoric, church polity and elocution, Hebrew. Taculty, professors 6, assistant 1, instructor 1. Total property $792,331, receipts $31,247, expenditures $35,275, 1898. Organized 1825, first class graduated 1827 and classes graduated each subsequent year. PHiLippnsrEs " The Military Governor directs me to inform you with reference to the other professions (than law) that the Spanish law as to admission to prac- tise still governs." — Capt. H. A. Greene, Assistant Secretary, Sep. 1899 Real y Pontificia Universidad de Santo Tomas de Manila, =" E. c, men, Manila, pop. (800,000), Rector Santiago PayS,. Session opens about the first of Jl; matriculates 1896-97, 6. Course, ontology, kosmology, philosophy of religion, church law, moral and dogmatic theology, church history, Biblical exegesis, elocution, ethics, canon law, church discipline. Faculty, professors 6. History. As early as June 8, 1585, Philip 2 gave orders for the found- ing of a university in the Philippines. In 1601 the Seminario de Nobles was opened and on Apr. 8, 1611 the Dominican order established the Col- lege of Santo Tomas for the instruction of the natives and the care of the Spanish poor. This received royal sanction July 16, 1628. The university was founded by royal decree Oct. 29, 1857. The Dominican order appoints the theological professors, the governor-general the others. PUERTO KICO No theological Bchools reported. No theological schools. SOUTH CASiOI^LNA. Schools: associate reformed presbyterian 1, evangelical Lutheran 1, Presbyterian 1, total 3. Session opens about first of O, closes about middle of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 55; graduates 1897-98, 21; matriculates 1898-89, 46. Fees: matr. $0, course $0, additional $0. Faculty: professors 10, lecturers 0, others 5, total 15. Total property for two schools $48,000, receipts for one school $2000, ex- penditures for one school $1500. Erskine theological seminary, associate reformed presb., men, Due West, pop. 644 (800), Pres. W. L. Pressly, D. D. xSee p. 73 toot note. 130 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Session opens 3 O &8, closes 17 Je 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 14; graduates 1897-98, 10; matriculates 1898-99, 7. Admission, testimonials of natural talents, scholarship, piety and church membership, college graduation or its equivalent; without exam- ination on credentials from presbytery. Graduation, attendance on two annual lecture courses. Course, two years; no fees; subjects, systematic and pastoral theology, anthropology, soteriology, eschatology. New testament literature and criti- cism, ecclesiastical history, English Bible, homiletics, presbyterian law, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 4. Total property $35,000, receipts $2000, expenditures $1500, 1898. Organized 1825. Evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, evan. Luth., men, Mt Pleasant, pop. 1138, Dean J. A. Morehead. Session opens 5 O 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 8; graduates 1897-98, 5; matriculates 1898-99, 6. Admission, collegiate education, church membership, good character. Graduation, attendance on three annual lecture courses. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, exegetical, historical, systematic and practical theology, German, Hebrew, Greek. faculty, professor 1, others 4. Total property $8000, 1898. Organized 1830, first class graduated 1835; the original title Theological seminary of evangelical synod of S. C. was changed to Theological semi- nary of united synod of the evangelical Lutheran church in the south In 1884 when the S. C. synod's sem. and the Theological seminary of the old general synod of the evangelical Lutheran church in the south were united in this school. Presbyterian theological seminary, presb., both, Ooiumbia, pop. 15,353 (25,000), Dean J. D. Tadlock, D. D. LL. D. Session opens ? 98, closes ? 99, length 7 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 336; graduates 1897-98, 6; matriculates 1897-98, 33o. Graduation, attendance on three annual lecture courses. Course, three years. Faculty, professors 5, other 1. Organized 1831. SOUTH DAKOTA No theological schools. TEOiOl'BSSEF Schools: congregational 1, Cumberland presbyterian 1, methodist epis- copal 2, methodist episcopal South 1, presbyterian 1, protestant episcopal 1, united presbyterian 1, total 8. Session opens about last of S, closes about middle of Je. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 131 Matriculates 1807-98, 230; graduates 1897-98, 38; matriculates 1898-99, 226. Fees: matr. $10, course $0, additional $40. Faculty: professors 28, lecturers 5, others 5, total 38. Total property for one school $25,000, receipts for one school $2000, ex- penditures for two schools $3000. Biblical dep't, Vanderbilt university, m. e. South, men, Nashville, pop. 76,168 (100,000), Dean Wilbur F. TilUett, D. D., Vanderbilt university. Session opens 21 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 46; graduates 1897-98, 7; matriculates 1898-99, 53. Admission, college graduation, or completion of sophomore year, or examinations in subjects of sophomore year of this university. Graduation, degree B. D., college degree B. A., completion of three years' course; diploma granted to noncollege graduates; certificate granted on completion of English course of two years. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $10, course free, library $5; sub- jects, systematic, practical and biblical theology, Hebrew and Old testa- ment exegesis. New testament Greek and exegesis, biblical and ecclesiasti- cal history, English exegesis, elocution, music. Faculty, professors 5, lectiirer 1. Organized 1875, first class graduated 1878 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Cumberland university theological school, Cumb. presb., both, Iiebanon, pop. 1883, Dean J. M. Hubbert. Session opens 5 O 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 7% mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, undergraduates 62, postgraduates 3; graduates 1897-98, 11; matricu- lates 189S-99, 65a. Admission, college degree or examination. Coxirse, three years; subjects, systematic and practical theology, English Bible, Old and New testaments, literature, ecclesiastical and biblical his- tory, missions, apologetics, oratory and music, Greeli, interpretation. Faculty, professors 5, instructors 2. Organized 1S53. Knoxville college theological school, u. presb., both, Knoxviue, pop. 22,535, Pres. Eev. J. B. Work, M. A. Session opens 1 O 98, closes 15 Je 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 3; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-99, 1. Admission, college degree B. A. or B. S. Graduation, degree B. D., attendance on three annual lecture courses. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, systematic and pastoral theology, Old and New testament introduction and exegesis, church history, sacred rhetoric, evidences of Christianity, Hebrew. Faculty, professor 1. Expenditures $1000, 1898. Organized 1893, first class graduated 1898. 132 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Southwestern presbyterian university divinity school, presb., men, Clarksville, pop. 7924 (12,000), Chancellor George Summey, D. D. Session, opens 14 S 98, closes 14 Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 23; graduates 1897-98, 8; matriculates 1898-99,26. Admission, completion of B. A. course in recognized college. Graduation, degree B. D., attendance on two annual lecture courses. Course, two years; fees, diploma $5; subjects, practical, systematic and pastoral theology, church polity, homiletics, public reading. Old and New/ testaments, English, biblical instruction, biblical and ecclesiastical his- tory, philosophy, missions and church work, ancient languages, and four of the following, English, German, French, chemistry, natural philosophy, geology, zoology, mathematics, ancient, medieval and modem history. Faculty, professors 5, instructor 1. Organized 1885, first class graduated 1886 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Theological dep't, Central Tennessee college, m. e., both, Nash- ville, pop. 76,168 (100,000), Dean D. M. Birmingham, S. T. D. Session opens 26 S 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 814 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 25; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-fl9, 21. Admission, students who have a common school education and are licensed to preach or exhort; to advanced standing, completion of full course of English studies. Graduation, attendance on two annual lecture courses. Course, two years; no fees; subjects, exegetic, historical, systematic and practical theology, Old and New testaments, history of methodism, Bible, rhetorical exercises, hymn and Bible readings. Faculty, professors 2. Organized 1868, first class graduated 1882 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1889. Theological dep't, Fisk university, cong., both, Nashville, pop. 76,168 (100,000), Pres. E. M. Cravath, D. D. Session opens 24 S 98, closes 14 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 5; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 4. Admission, regular course, college degree or examination in Greek, psy- chology, logic, moral science, political economy, English literature and rhetoric; English course, graduation from normal or high school or equivalent. Graduation, regular course, degree B. D., attendance on three annual lecture courses; English course, attendance on two annual lecture courses. Course, regular, three years, English, two years; no fees; subjects, pastoral and practical theology, introduction to Old and New testaments, exegesis, natural and revealed theology, evidences of Christianity and comparative religion, church history, homiletics, sociology, Hebrew, Greek. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITSJD STATES 133 Faculty, professors 2. Total property $25,000, receipts $2000, expenditures $2000, 1898. Organized 1892, first class graduated 189S and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1896-1898 inclusive. Theological dep't, University of the South, p. e., men, Se- wanee, pop. 428, Dean William P. DuBose, M. A. S. T. D. Session opens 12 Ag 98, closes 3 Ag 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 31; graduates 1897-98, 5; matriculates 1898-99, 21. Admission, college graduation, or its equivalent. Graduation, degree B. D., college degree B. A., compleucn of three years' course with satisfactory average, thesis; degree G. D. granted on comple- tion of course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, dogmatic and pastoral theology, Old and New testaments, exegesis, ecclesiastical history and polity, mis- sions, homiletics, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 4, lecturers 4, instructor 1. Organized (formally opened) 1878, first class graduated 1881 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1888, 1892, 1897. U. S. Grant university school of theology, m. e., both, Chatta- nooga, pop. 29,100 (40,000), Dean G. T. Newcomb, M. A. D. D. Session opens 17 O 99, closes 15 My 00, length 6% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 326; graduates 1897-98, 3; matriculates 1898-99, 35. Admission, to those holding B. A., Ph. B. or B. S. degrees including Greek, without examination; others, examinations, certificate of license to preach, recommendation from quarterly conference, or certificate from denomination to which the applicant belongs. Candidates without classi- cal training will be admitted to English course. > Graduation, degree S. T. B. to B. A. students and those having equiva- lent degrees, satisfactory completion of course. Course, three years; fees, course free, incidental $10 a yr; subjects, in- troduction to theology, exegetical, historical, systematic and practical the- ology, Old and New testaments, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 4, instructor 1. Opened 1886. XEXAS Schools: congregational 1, total 1. Session opens about first of S, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 18; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 16. Fees: matr. $0, course $45, additional $0. Faculty: professor 1, lecturers 9, others 0, total 10. Rio Grande congregational training school, cong., men, El Paso, pop. 10,838 (18,627), Executive officer, Eev. A. C. Wright. Session opens 1 S 98, closes 30 My 90, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; ma triculates 1897-98, 13; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 16. Admission, common school education. 134 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YOKK Graduation, completion of five years' course. Course, five years; fees, course $9 a yr; subjects, arithmetic, algebra, geography, vocal music, history of civilization, history of the reformation and the church, Bible study by books, constitution of Mexico, English language, Spanish, Greek; all classes conducted in Spanish language. Faculty, professor 1, lecturers 9. Organized 1890 at Ciudad, Juarez, Mexico, transferred to El Paso 1893, first class graduated 1896 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Theological dep't, Wiley university, m. e., both, Marshall, pop. 720T, Dean M. W. Dogan, M. A. The department is preparatory to the Gammon theological seminary at Atlanta, Ga. UTAH No theological schools. VEBMONT No theological schools. YTRGcTSlA Schools: baptist 1, presbyterian 1, protestant episcopal 2, total 4. Session opens about last of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 175; graduates 1897-98, 29; matriculates 1898-99, 194. Fees: matr. $0, course $0, additional $22. Faculty: professors 16, lecturers 0, others 2, total 18. Total property for three schools $809,186, receipts $36,000, expenditures $36,000. Bishop Payne divinity school, p. e., men, Petersburg, pop. 22,680 (25,000), Prin. C. B. Haines, D. D. Session opens 7 S 98, closes 13 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 30; graduates 1897-98, 4; matriculates 1898-99, 9. Admission, qualification for priest's orders according to church canons, recommendations from clergy and testimonials, examination (see p. 90). Graduation, B. D., completion of three years' course. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, pastoral, exegetlcal, doctrinal, his- torical and practical theology. Christian evidences. Old and New testa- ments, church history and polity, homiletlcs, apologetics, liturgies. Faculty, professors 2. Organized 1878. Richmond theological seminary.bapt, men, Richmond, pop. 81,388 (100,000), Acting Pres. George F. Genung, D. D. Session opens 4 O 98, closes 27 Ap 99, length 7 mo. Inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 59; graduates 1897-98, 4; matriculates 1898-99, 54. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 135 Admission, satisfactory evidences of piety and call to the ministry, cer- tificate of approval from church of which a member, (students of other schools, testimonials of character and standing), completion of normal course in Baptist home mission schools; examination in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, grammar, geography, physics, civil government, rhetoric, physical geography, physiology and TJ. S. history. Graduation, degrees B. D. Th. B., attendance on three or four annual lecture courses. Course, three or four years; fees, course free, incidentals $7; subjects, theology, biblical introduction, church history, homiletics, pastoral duties, church polity, psychology, moral philosophy, music, elocution, English and Greek interpretation, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 4. Founded 1867; incorporated as Richmond institute in 1876, assumed present title in 1886. Theological seminary of the protestant episcopal church in the diocese of Virginia, p. e., men. Theological Seminary, Chairman of faculty, Angus Crawford, M. A. D. D., Theological Seminary, Alex- andria. Session opens 28 S 98, closes 22 Je 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 38; graduates 1897-98, 4; matriculates 1898-99, 43. Admission, qualified candidates for priest's orders according to church canons, or testimonial from rector or presbytery certifying to character and fitness, college graduation or examination (see p. 90). Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course with satis- factory standing, thesis, examinations. Course, three years; no fees; subjects, theology, pastoral theology, Old and New testaments, ecclesiastical history, interpretation of scripture, Christian ethics, exegesis, liturgies, elocution, homiletics, evidences of revealed religion, systematic divinity, church polity, canon law, Hebrew, Greeli. Faculty, professors 4, emeritus 1, instructors 2. Total property $329,186, receipts $18,000, expenditures $18,000, 1898. Org'anized (Education society) 1818, Theological class at William and Mary 1821, transferred to Alexandria and first class graduated in 1823. Union theological seminary, presb., men, Richmond, pop. 81,388 (100,000), Chairman, T. B. English, D. D., College. Session opens 5 O 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 68; graduates 1897-98, 176; matriculates 1898-99, 88. Admission", church membership, college graduation or satisfactory tes- timonials of possessing qualifications entitling student to enter senior class of college on examination; without examination communicants of presby- terlan church under care of presbytery, "on experimental piety and motives for seeliing the ministry." 136 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Graduation, unblemished Cbrlstlan character, attendance on three an- nual lecture courses, examinations; for degree B. D. academic degree B. A. or equivalent literary course. Course, three years; fees, incidentals $5 a yr; subjects, systematic and pastoral theology, Old and New testaments, biblical literature, ecclesias- tical history, English Bible, church polity, homiletics. Faculty, professors 5. Total property $480,000, receipts $18,000, expenditures $18,000, 1898. Organized 1824, first class graduated ? and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1862 to 18(>4 inclusive; assumed present title in 1826. WASHINGKrOlT No theological schools. WEST VIRGEKriA No theological schools. wiscoifsiasr Schools: evangelical Lutheran 1, protestant episcopal 1, reform 1, Roman catholic 1, total 4. Session opens about last of S, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 170; graduates 1897-98, 66; matriculates 1898-99, 160. Fees: matr. $0, course $0, additional $0. Faculty: professors 24, lecturers 0, others 4, total 28. Total property for tv?o schools $380,000, receipts for two schools $44,000, expenditures for one school $14,000. Evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, evan. Luth., both, 'V^'^auwatosa, Dean A. Hoenecke. Session opens ? 98, closes ? 99, length 10 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 35; graduates 1897-98, 15; matriculates 1898-99, 35a. Course, three years. Faculty, professors 3, other 1. Organized 1878. Mission house, ref. ch., both, Franklin, Dean H. A. Muehlmeier, D. D. Session opens ? 98, closes ? 99, length 10 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 24; graduates 1897-98, 12; matriculates 1898-99, 24a. Course, three years. Faculty, professors 3, other 1. Organized 1860. Nashotah house, p. e., men, Nashotah, pop. 30, Dean William Walter Webb, M. A. D. D. Session opens 29 S 98, closes 25 My 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 46; graduates 1897-98, 4; matriculates 1898-99, 36. THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 137 Admission, qualifications for priest's orders according to church canons (see p. 90), examination in S. G. Green's Handbook to grammar of Greek testament, first twelve chapters of Acts of the apostles in the original, Maclear's Class hook of history of Old and Neio testaments, essay. Graduation, degree B. D., completion of three years' course with re- quired standing, thesis. Course, three years; no fees; euibjects, dogmatic and pastoral theology, theism, moral philosophy, analogy, English Bible, church history, eccle- siastical polity, canon law, homiletics, liturgies, Greek, Hebrew. Faculty, professors 4, Instructors 2. Total property $200,000, receipts $14,000, expenditures $14,000, 1898. Organized 1842, first class graduated 1845 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Provisional seminary, St Francis of Sales, R. c, men, st Francis, pop. 225, Rector Rev. Jos. Rainer. Session opens ? S 98, closes ? Je 99, length 10 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 656; graduates 189T-98, 346; matriculates 1898-99, 65o. Admission, six years' classical, two years' philosophical course. Graduation, completion of three years' course. Course, three years; fees, board and tuition $165 a yr, physician's ser- vices $5; subjects, dogmatic, pastoral and moral theology, church history, canon law, holy scriptures, exegesis, homiletics, liturgy, ecclesiastical his- tory, Hebrew, Greek. Faculty, professors 14. Organized 1856; the original title St Francis seminary, assumed present title in 1884. wyoiMiiirG No theological schools. INDEX The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 119' means page 119 beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of the way down. Abbreviations, 64'. Adrian (Mich.) college, school of theology, GS'-eQ', 102". African methodist episcopal schools, Alfred university, theological de- partment, TC-Tl', 116'. Allegany (N. Y.), St Bonaventure's college and seminary, 70'-71', 115*. Allegheny (Pa.), Reformed presbyte- rian theological seminary, 72^-73°, 125^-26'. Allegheny (Pa.), theological semi- nary, 72»-73', 123»-24:\ Allegheny (Pa.), Western theolog- ical seminary, 72»-73», 128'-29=. Andover theological seminary, 60*, 68^-69', 99'. Associate presbyterian theological seminary, Xenia, 59»-60^, 122°. Associate reformed presbyterian schools, 58". Associate reformed synod, 60'. Atchison (Kan.), Western theolog- ical seminary, 68=-69», 93»-94'. Atlanta theological schools, 66'-67', 84'. Auburn theological seminary, 70'- 71', 111'. Augsburg seminary, Minneapolis, es'-eg*, los'. Augustana theological seminary, Rocli Island (111.), 66'-67', 85'. Augustinlan convent theological school, Villanova (Pa.), 72''-73°, 124'. Baltim.ore (Md.), theological schools, 59», 68'-^9', 97'-98'. Bangor (Me.), theological seminary, 68°-69', 96». Baptist schools, 58', 60=. Baptist union theological seminary, see University of Chicago, gradu- ate divinity school. Bates college, theological school, see Cobb divinity school. Beatty (Pa.), St Vincent's seminary, 72»-73', 126^ Bellamy, Joseph, private theolog- ical school conducted by, 59*. Belmont (N. 0.), St Mary's college, 70'-71», 118*. Berea (O.), German Wallace college, 72»-73', 121'. Berkeley (Cal.), Bible seminary, 66*- 67*, 77*- Berkeley divinity school, Middle- town (Ct.), 66»-67», 80*. Bethlehem (Pa.), Moravian college and theological seminary, 72^-73°, 125*. 140 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NETW YORK Bible college, Drake university, 68*- 69*, 92'-93^ Blddle university theological school, 70»-71», 118\ Bishop Payne divinity school, Pe- tersburg (Va.), 74»-75', ISi". Blair (Neb.), Trinity seminary, 70°- 71", 108'. Bloomfleld (N. J.), German theolog- ical school of Newaris, 70'-71°, 100*. Boston, St John's ecclesiastical seminary, 68»-69', 10^-2^ Boston, Tufts college, divinity school, 68"-69', 100*. Boston university, school of theol- ogy, 60', 68'-69', 99'. Bourbonnals (111.), St "Viateur's college, 66»-67», 89'. Briggs, O. A., on theological educa- tion in 1892, 62*. Brooklyn, St John's theological sem- inary, 7V-71S 115'. Buffalo, German Martin Luther seminary, 70'-71', 113". Cambridge (Mass.), theological schools, 68»-69", lOO'-l'. Canton (Mo.), Christian university, 70»-71'. Canton theological school, St Law- rence university, 70'-71', 111'. Cape Girardeau (Mo.), St Vincent's theological seminary, 107''- Carthagena (O.), St Charles Borro- meo seminary, 72'-73', 121\ Catholic schools, see Roman cath- olic schools. Catholic university of America, the- ological department, 66°-67°, 83'. See also College of St Thomas Aquinas. Central Tennessee college, theolog- ical department, 72*-73', 132*. Central Wesleyan college. Warren- town (Mo.), 70»-71', 106*. Charles City college, theological school, e8*-69*, 93^ Charlotte (N. C), Biddle university, theological school, 70»-71", 118*. Chattanooga (Tenn.), U. S. Grant university school of theology, 72"- 73», 133*. Chester (Pa.), Crozer theological seminary, 72'-73', 124'. Chicago, Evangelical Lutheran the- ological seminary, 66'-67', 87^. Chicago, German theological semi- nary, 66'-67', 87'. Chicago, McCormick theological seminary, 66»-67», 88'. Chicago theological seminary, 66'- 67', 85*. Chicago, Western theological semi- nary, e8''-69', 90'. Chicago, see also University of Chi- cago. Christendom, disunion of, 60'. Christian biblical Institute, Stan- fordville (N. Y.), 70'-71', lll'-12'. Christian schools, 58'. Christian university. Canton (Mo.), 70»-71». Church divinity school of the Pa- cific, 66*-67*, 7T-7S'. Cincinnati Hebrew union college, 72'-73», 119'. Cincinnati, Lane theological semi- nary, 72'-73'. 120'. Clarksville (Tenn.), Southwestern Presbyterian university divinity school, 72''-73», 132\ Cleveland (O.), St Mary's theolog- ical seminary, 72»-73', 121'. Cobb divinity school, Lewlston (Me.), 68»-e9'. 96^ Coeducational schools, 65'. Colgate university, Hamilton theo- logical seminary, 60°, 70'-7r, 113'- 14». College degrees, required for ad- mission to theological schools, 65'. INDEX TO THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 141 College of St Thomas Aquinas, 66'- 67», 81'. College of the Bible, Lexington, 68"- 69=, 94*. Colleges, founding Influenced by desire for theological training, 58'-59=; relation of theological schools to, 62^ 65'. Collegeville (Minn.), St John's semi- nary, 70'-7V, 104»-5\ Collegeville (Pa.), Ursinus college, school of theology, 72''-73«, 128^ Columbia (S. C), Presbyterian the- ological seminary, 72'-73S 130'. Columbus (O.), German evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, 72'-73^ 119'. Commissariat and college of the Holy Land, 81'. Concordia college, Springfield (111.), practical department, e6'-67', 85°. Concordia theological college, St Louis, 70*-71^ 106". Congregational schools, 58', 60". Congregational training school. El Paso (Tex.), 74''-75», 133''-34^ Courses of study, length of, 58°, 65°, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75; elective system, 62°; essential subjects, 62»-63'. Crapsey, Rev. Mr, on disunion of Christendom, 60'. Crozer theological seminary, Ches- ter (Pa.), 72^-73°, 124'. Cullman (Ala.), St Bernard semi- nary, 66°-67", 76°. Cumberland presbyterian divinity house, University of Chicago, 88*. Cumberland university theological school, 58*, 72°-73°, 131'. Danish-Norwegian theological sem- inary, 66'-67», 86'. Danville (Ky.), Presbyterian theo- logical seminary, 68"-69", 94°-95^ Dayton (O.), Union biblical semi- nary, 72°-73°, 122'. Degrees, granted by theological schools, 58', 65'. See also College degrees. De Lancey divinity school, 112°. Denominations, schools under con- trol of, 57''-58'. Denver theological school in Mat- thews hall, 66*-67S 79". Denver university, see University of Denver. De Pauw university, school of the- ology, 68°-69'. 91°. Des Moines (la.), Drake university bible college, 68'-69*, 92'-93\ Diocesan training school, see De Lancey divinity school. Disciples divinity house. University of Chicago. 88*. Drake university, Bible college, 68*- 69*, 92'-93'. Drew theological seminary, 70°-71°, 109'. Dubuque (la.), theological schools, 68*-69*, 92°, 93*. Due West (S. C), Brskine theolog- ical seminary, 72'-73', 129°-30°. Dutch reformed church, see Re- formed church In America. Eden college, see Theological sem- inary of the German evangelical synod of N. A. El Paso (Tex.), Congregational training school, 74=^-75=, 133''-S4=. Elective system in seminary courses, 62°. Eliot, Pres. C. W., essay on educa- tion of protestant ministers, 62°- 63°. England, theological training, 59'- 59". English theological seminary. Uni- versity of Chicago, 66'-67', 86*. Entrance requirements, 65'. Episcopal church, qualifications quoted, 90°; registered equiva- lents, 90". 142 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NB3W YORK Episcopal schools, 58', 60*. Episcopal theological school, Cam- bridge (Mass.), 68«-69», lOO'-l^ Erskine theological seminary. Due West (S. C), 72'-73', 129'-30». Eugene (Or.), divinity school, 72*- 73*, 123'. Eureka college, Bible department, 66»-67», 86'. Evangelical association school, 58*. Evangelical Lutheran schools, 58". Evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, Chicago, 66'-67', 87'. Evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, Gettysburg (Pa.), 72°- 73', 127*. Evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, Mt Pleasant (S. C), 72'-73\ ISC Evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, Wauwatosa (Wis.), 74*^75*, 136'. Evanston (111.), Garrett biblical In- stitute, 66'-67', 87»- Evanston (111.), see also Northwest- ern university. Expenditures of theological schools, 65', 67, 69, 71, 73, 75. Faculty of theological schools, 57', 65*, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75. Falribault (Minn.), Seabury divin- ity school, 70^71', 105'. Fees of theological schools, 65', 65', 67, 69, 71, 73, 75. Flsk university, theological depart- ment, 72'-73', 132'-33'. Florisant (Mo.), St Stanislaus semi- nary, 107*. Ft Wayne college, see Keade theo- logical seminary. Franklin (Wis.), Mission house, 74*- 75*, 136". Free will baptist biblical school, 96'. Galesburg (111.), Ryder divinity school, 66»-67', 89^ Gambler (O.), Kenyon college, theo- logical department, 72'-73', 121*. Gammon theological seminary, At- lanta, 66'-67'. 84\ Garrett biblical institute, Evanston (111.), 66"-67', 87»- General theological seminary of protestant episcopal church, 60', 70'-71', 112'-13^ German college, lovs^a Wesleyan, 68*-69*, 93'. German English college, see Charles city college. German evangelical Lutheran theo- logical seminary, Columbus (O.), 72?-73S 119». German evangelical synod of North America, theological seminary, 70*-71*, 107'. German Lutheran theological semi- nary, St Paul, 68»-69», 103»-4'. German Martin Luther seminary, BufEalo, 70'-71', 113'. German practical theological semi- nary, see German Lutheran theo- logical seminary. German presbyterlan theological school of northwest, 68*-69', 93*. German reformed church, see Re- formed church in United States. German theological school of New- ark, 70°-71», 109*. German theological seminary, Chi- cago, e&-QT, 87'. German Wallace college, theolog- ical department, 72'-73', 121'. Gettysburg (Pa.), theological semi- nary of evangelical Lutheran church, 72'-73', 127*. Greencastle (Ind.), De Pauw univer- sity, 68'-69», 91«. INDEX TO THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 143 Eamiltoii theological seminary, Colgate university, 60°, 70'-71', Hamllne (Minn.), Lutheran semi- nary, 68'-69', 104'. Hartford theological seminary, 66°- 67°, 80'. Hartwiclf seminary, theological de- partment, 60*, TO'-Tr, 116»-17*. Harvard university, object in founding, 58'; divinity school, 62^ 68=-^9», 100^. Hebrew schools, 58". Hebrew union college, Cincinnati, 72»-73", 119°. Heidelberg theological seminary, Tiffin (0.), 72''-73», 119''-20». Hickory (N.O.), St Paul's English practical theological seminary, 118». Hillsdale (Mich.) college, theolog- ical department, 68°-69*, 102'. Holland (Mich.), Western theolog- ical seminary of reformed church of America, 68''-69», 103'. Hollis professorship of divinity, 62°. Holy Cross college, Washington, 82'. Howard university theological school, 66'-67", 82". Ilchester (Md.), Kedemptorist col- lege, 68'-69', 97*. IlifC school of theology, 66=-67', 79*. Independent seminaries, establish- ment, 59'-61°; university relations, 62». Instructors, see Faculty. Iowa Wesleyan, theological course of German college, 68*-69S 93°. Jewish theological seminary. New York, 70'-7r, 114". Kansas City (Mo.), Bedemptorist seminary of St Louis province, 70'-71S 107^ Kendrick theological seminary, St Louis, 70*-71*, 106=-7'- Kenyon college, theological depart- ment, 72^-73=, 121'. King Hall, theological school, Washington, 6e°-67'', 82'. Knoxville college, theological school, 72»-73=, 131'. IJauoaster (Pa.), Theological semi- nary of Keformed church in U. S., 72''-73', 127»-28''. Lane theological seminary, Cincin- nati, 72'-73=, 120«. Lebanon (Tenn.), Cumberland uni- versity theological school, 72^-73', 13r. Lewiston (Me.), Cobb divinity school, 68°-69", 96^ Lexington (Ky.), College of the Bible, 68'>-69=, 94'. Lincoln university (Pa.), theological department, 72»-73°, 126". Livingstone college theological school, Salisbury (N. C), 118'. Lombard university, Ryder divinity school, 66''-67', 89'. Louisville (Ky.) presbyterian theo- logical seminary, 94'. Louisville (Ky.), Southern baptist theological seminary, 68=-69=, 95'. Luther seminary, Hamline (Minn.), 68»-69», 104°. Luther seminary, St Paul, see Ger- man Lutheran theological semi- nary. Lutheran schools, 58°, 60'. Lutheran theological seminary, Philadelphia, 72°-73°. McCormick theological seminary, Chicago, 66'-67», 88'. 144 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW TORK Maclay college of theology, Univer- sity of Southern California, 66*- 67*, 78'. Madison (N. J.), Drew theological seminary, 70'-71', 109*. Maine charity school, see Bangor theological seminary. Manila, Santo Tom^s university, theological department, 72?-73', 129«. Marist college, Washington, 82'. Marshall (Tex.), Wiley university, 134'. Meadville (Pa.), theological school, 72=-73=, 124»-25*. Merom (Ind.), Union Christian col- lege, theological school, 68»-69=, 92^ Methodist episcopal church, schools, 58^ 60°; training of ministers, 61'. Methodist general biblical institute, see Boston university, school of theology. Methodist protestant schools, 58*. Mlddletown (Ct), Berkeley divinity school, 66"-67°, 80^. Minneapolis, Augsburg seminary, 68'-69', 103". Mission house, Franklin (Wis.), 74*- 75*, 136'. Missionary Institute, see Susque- hanna university, theological de- partment. Missouri college, see Eden college. Moravian college and theological seminary, Bethlehem (Pa.), 72=-73°, 125*. Moravian schools, 58". Mount Pleasant (la.), Iowa Wesley- an German college, 68*-69*, 93'. Mount Pleasant (S. C), Evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, 72'-73», ISC. Mount St Mary's theological school, 68'-69', 97'. Naperville (111.), Union biblical in- stitute, 68^-69', 90*. Nashotah house, Nashotah (Wis.), 74*^75*, 136'-37'. Nashville (Tenn.), Central Tennes- see college, 72°-73°, 132*. Nashville (Tenn.), Fisk university, 72»-73°, 132^-^3*. Nashville (Tenn.), Vanderbilt uni- versity, 72'-73^ 13r. Nazareth (Pa.), Moravian college, 125'. New Albany theological seminary, see McCormick theological semin- ary. New Brunswick (N. J.), seminary of Reformed Dutch church in Amer- ica, 59», 70''-71», 110=. New Church theological school, 58°, 68=-69', 95'. New Orleans, Straight university, 68»-69°, 95'. New York, General theological sem- inary of protestant episcopal church, 60*, 70'-71', 112'-13=. New York Jewish theological sem- inary, 70'-71', 114". New York theological seminary, see Union theological seminary. Newton theological Institution, 68'- 69", 101". Niagara university. Seminary of our Lady of Angels, 70"-71", 116". Nonsectarian schools, 58*. Northwestern university, Norweg- ian-Danish theological school, 66"- 67", 88". Northwestern university, Swedish theological seminary, 66»-67', 89". Norwegian -Danish theological school. Northwestern university, 66"-67», 88". Oakland (Cal.), Pacific theological seminary, 66*-67*, 78". Oberlin college theological school, 72"-73", 120". INDEX TO THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 145 Omaha, Presbyterian theological seminary, 70''-71', 108\ Overbrook (Pa.), St Charles Bor- romeo seminary, 72«-73', 126^ Pacific theological seminary, Oak- land (Oal.), 66*-67^ 78». Paulist novitiate. New York city, see College of St Thomas Aquinas. Petersburg (Va.), Bishop Payne divinity school, 74»-75^ 134«. Philadelphia, Divinity school, 72"- 73°, 124». Philadelphia, Lutheran theological seminary, 72=-73°. Philadelphia, St Vincent's seminary, 72''-73°, 126=. Philadelphia, Ursinus college, school of theology, 72»-73°, 128^ Philippines, theological department of Santo Tomas university, 72^- 73', 129=. Portland university, theological de- partment, 72^-73*. Presbyterian schools, 58^ 60^. Presbyterian theological seminary, "^ Columbia (S. C), 72»-73», 130^ Presbyterian theological seminary, Danville (Ky.), €8'-69=, 94»-95^ Presbyterian theological seminary, Omaha, 70^-71', 108^ Present tendencies in theological education, 62*-63''. Princeton theological seminary, 60*, 70^-71', 109»-1(?. Princeton university, founding, 58°. Private theological schools, 58*. Property of theological schools, 65*, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75. Protestant episcopal church, quali- fications quoted, 90°; registered equivalents, 90*. Protestant episcopal schools, 58°, 60*. Provisional seminary, St Francis of Sales, 74*-75*, 137». Kaleigh (N. C), Shaw university theological school, 70°-71', 118'. Reade theological seminary, Taylor university, 68''-69', 91^ Receipts of theological schools, 65', 67, 69, 71, 73, 75. Red Wing (Minn.), Norwegian evan- gelical Lutheran seminary, 70"- 71^ 104». Redemptorist college, Ilchester (Md.), theological department, 68'-69', 97*. Redemptorist seminary of St Louis province, 70*-71*, 107'. Reformed church, theological schools, 58°. Reformed church in America (Dutch), theological seminary, 59', 70»-71°, 110°. Reformed church In United States (German), theological seminary, Lancaster, 60«, 72«-73'', 127°-28°. Reformed presbyterian theological seminary, Allegheny (Pa.), 58*, 72»-73=, 125'-26'. Richmond (Va.) theological sem- inary, 74°-75°, 134»-35°. Richmond (Va.), Union theological seminary, 74"-75°, 135°-36». Rio Grande congregational training school, 74=-75^ 133°-34^ Rochester (N. Y.), St Bernard's sem- inary, 70^-71°, 115'. Rochester (N. Y.), theological sem- inary, 70'-71', 114'; German de- partment, 70'-71', 113'. Rock Island (111.), Angustana the- ological seminary, 66°-67°, 85". Roman catholic schools, 58". Roman catholics, proportion to pop- ulation, 57°; training of priests, 61". Ryder divinity school, Lombard university, 66°-67», 89\ St Andrew's seminary, Rochester, (N. Y.), 115*. St Bernard seminary, Cullman (Ala.), 66»-67», 7®". 146 DNIVBESITY OF THE STATE OP NBW TOEK St Bernard's seminary, Rocliester, (N. Y.), 7(y-71\ 115'. St Bonaventure's college and sem- inary, Allegany (N. Y.), 70»-71", 115*. St Charles Borromeo seminary, Carthagena (O.), 72»-73", 121\ St Charles Borromeo seminary, Overbrooli (Pa.), 72°-73», 126^. St Francis (Wis.), Provisional sem- inary, St Francis of Sales, 74*- 75*, 137'- St John's Boston ecclesiastical sem- inary, 68»-69=, lOl'-a^. St John's seminary, Gollegeville (Minn.), 70»-71», 104»-5\ St John's theological seminary, Brooklyn, 70»-7r, 115'. . St Joseph's seminary, Baltimore, 68'-69'. St Joseph's seminary, Yonkers, 70"- 7r, 115^16". St Lawrence university. Canton theological school, 70'-7r, 111'. St Louis, theological schools, 70'^ 71*, 106»-7=, 107». St Mary's college, Belmont (N. 0.), 70'-7r, 118*. St Mary's seminary, Baltimore, founded, 59°; theological depart- ment, 68'-«9', 97^-98'. St Mary's theological seminary, Cleveland (O.), 72«-73', 12P. St Meinrad's seminary, 68'-69S 91'- 92'. St Paul, German Lutheran theolog- ical seminary, 68°-G&', 103'-4". St Paul seminary, 70»-71», 105^ St Paul's college, theological school, 70=-71=, 105^ St Paul's English practical theolog- ical seminary. Hickory (N. C), 118°. St Stanislaus seminary, Florisant (Mo.), 107*. St Thomas college, see College of St Thomas Aquinas. St Viateur's college, theological de- partment, 66"-67", 89'. St Vincent's seminary, Beatty (Pa.), 72°-73», 126*. St Vincent's seminary, Philadelphia, 72«-73=, 126'. St Vincent's theological seminary, Cape Girardeau (Mo.), 107^ Salisbury (N. 0.), Livingstone col- lege theological school, 118*. San Anselmo (Cal.), San Francisco theological seminary, 66*-67*, 78°. San Francisco theological seminary, 66*-67*, 78°. San Mateo (Cal.), Church divinity school of the Pacific, 66*-67*, 77'- 78». Santee Normal training school, the- ological department, 70'-71°, 108". Santo Tomas university, Manila, theological department, 72'-73', 129=. Seabury divinity school, Fairibault (Minn.), 70°-71», 105°. Selinsgrove (Pa.), Susquehanna uni- versity, theological department, 72°-73°, 126''-27*. Seminaries, see Theological schools. Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, Niagara university, 70'-7r, 116'. Seminary of the Immaculate Con- ception, Seton Hall college, 70'- 71°, 109". Sessions, length of, 65", 66, 68, 70, 72, 74. Seton Hall college. Seminary of Immaculate Conception, 70°-71°, 109°. Seventh day baptist schools, 58°. Sewanee (Tenn.), University of the South, 72»-73', 133^ Shaw university, theological school, 70»-71», US'. South Orange (N. J.), Seton Hall college, 70''-71', 109°. INDEX TO THEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 147 Southern baptist theological sem- inary, Louisville (Ky.), 68°-e9°, Southwestern presbyterian univer- sity divinity school, Clarksville (Tenn.), 72»-73», 132\ Springfield (111.), Concordia college, e6*-67', 85°. Springfield (O.), Wittenberg college, theological school, 72*-73*, 122\ Stanfordville (N. Y.), Christian bib- lical Institute, 70'-7r, lir-12». Statistics of U. S. schools, 65-75. StiUman institute, Tuscaloosa, 66'- e7^ 76». Straight university, theological de- partment, 68»-e9°, 95'. Students in theological schools, number, 57°, 58», 65=, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75. Subjects of study in theological schools, 62^-63'. Susquehanna university, theolog- ical department, 72"-73°, 126»-27'- Swedenborgian school, 58=, 68''-69=, lOP. Swedish theological seminary, Northwestern university, 66"-67', 89». Swedish theological seminary, Uni- versity of Chicago, 66»-67'', 89". Tables, 66-75. Talladega college, theological de- partment, 66'-67=, 76°. Taylor university, Keade theological seminary, e8=-e9°, 91°. Theological institute of Connecti- cut, see Hartford theological sem- inary. Theological schools, denominational control, 57»-58''; growth, 58°; es- tablishment of independent sem- inaries, 59°-61°; comparative stand- ing, 61°; university relations, 61°- 62*; present tendencies, 62*-63°. Theological seminary of diocese of Ohio, see Kenyon college, divinity school. Theological seminary of protestant episcopal church in diocese of Virginia, 74=-75', 135". Theological seminary of the associ- ate presbyterian church of North America, 60\ 122°. Theological seminary of the Ger- man evangelical synod of N. A., 70"-71", 107°. Theological seminary of the North- west, united with Xenia theolog- ical seminary, 59°, 122°. Theological seminary of the North- west, former title of McCormick theological seminary, 88". Theological training, before estab- lishment of independent schools, 5S'-59?. Tiffin (O.), Heidelberg theological seminary, 72°-73°, 119^-20°. Trinity seminary, Blair (Neb.), 70°- 71°, 108". Tufts college divinity school, 68'- 69°, 100". Tuscaloosa (Ala.), Stillman insti- tute, 66=-67°, 76°. TT. S. Grant university, school of theology, 72°-73°, 183". Union biblical institute, Naperville (111;), 68^-69^, 90\ Union biblical seminary, Dayton (O.), 72»-73», 122=. Union Christian college, theological school, 68°-69', 92^ Union theological seminary. New York, 70^-71°, 117". Union theological seminary, Rich- mond (Va.), 74''-75°, 136'-36°. Unitarian schools, 58". United presbyterian schools, 58". United presbyterian theological seminary of Xenia, 60^, 122°. Universalist schools, 58*. 148 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW TOEK Universities, relation of theological scliools to, 6r-62S 65'. University (Cal.), Maclay college of theology, 66'-67S 78^ University of Chicago, Danish- Norwegian theological seminary, 66»-67", 86'; English theological seminary, 66'-67^ 86*; Graduate divinity school, 66'-67=, 87''-88*; Swedish theological seminary, 66V67°, 89'. University of Denver, IlifE school of theology, 66°-67', 79*. University of southern California, Maclay college of theology, ee*- 67*, 78". University of the South, theological department, 72»-73», 133^ University Park (Col.), UifE school of theology, 66''-67=, 79*. University Park (Ore.) Portland uni- versity theological department, 72*-73*. University relations, 6r-62*, 65'. Upland (Ind.), Eeade theological seminary, 68=-69», 91'. Ursinus college, school of theology, 72'-73', 128*. Vanderbilt university, biblical de- partment, 72»-73', ISr. Villanova (Pa.), Augustinian Con- vent theological school, 72=^-73=, 124^ Warrentown (Mo.), Central Wes- leyan college, 70=-7r, 106*. Wartburg seminary, Dubuque (la.), 68*-69*. Washington (D. C), theological schools, 66'=-67», 81*-83'. Wauwatosa (Wis.), Evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, 74*^75*, 136". Wayland seminary, theological de- partment, 66°-67«, 83". Western theological seminary, Alle- gheny (Pa.), 72»-73», 128=-29^ Western theological seminary, At- chison (Kan.), 68'>-69», 93'-94». Western theological seminary, Chi- cago, 68^-69=', 90". Western theological seminary of reformed church of America, 68°- 69', 103\ Westminster (Md.), theological sem- inary, 68'-69', 98^ Whipple, Bishop, on Christian prog- ress, eo'-er. Whitaker, Rev. W. F., on theological training, 61°. Wilberforce university, theological department, 72=-73», 121=-22S Wiley university, theological de- partment, 134°. Wittenberg college, theological school, 72*-73*, 122*. Woodstock (Md.)^ college, 68'-69', 98°. Xenia theological seminary, 59°-60^, 72*^73*, 122°. Yale university, founding, 58'; divinity school, 62S 66°-67°, 80'- 8r. Yonkers, St Joseph's seminary, 7C- 71°, 115'-16'. University of the State of New York College Department INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Bulletin 7 December 1899 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION UNITED STATES PREPARED BY Henry L. Taylor, Ph.D. under direction of James Russell Parsons jr, M.A. LAW PAGE Introduction, Director James Rus- sell Parsons jr . 153 Early law schools . . 153 Development of law schools since 1858 154 Salaries of teachers 155 Methods of instruction IJS Admission to the bar in colonial days 156 Admission to the bar after the revolu- tion 158 Synopsis of present requirements... 159 PAGE Professional requirements 162 Summaries for United States . .. 163 Statistical tables 164 Summaries and institutions by states 170 Associations 215 Rules or regulations by states .. 216 Synopsis of legal requirements by states 249 Statutes 264 Index 331 University of the State of New York College Department INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Bulletin 7 December 1899 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION UNITED STATES LA^^^ INTRODUCTION Early law schools The first American law school was founded at Litchfield, Ct. in 1784 and discontinued in 1833. Though not connected with any university it seems to have made an excellent record. Of 1023 graduates, 50 became members of congress, 15 U. S. sena- tors, 40 judges of the higher state courts, 10 governors of states, 5 cabinet officers, 2 justices of the federal supreme court, 1 vice- president of the United States and several foreign ministers. A course of lectures in law was delivered in the College of Philadelphia in 1791 by James Wilson who had been appointed professor of law in that institution, but his work was discon- tinued before the close of the second course. In 1797 James Kent made a similar attempt at Columbia, but he gave only one course of lectures. The Harvard law school, established in 1817, was the earliest school in the country connected with a university and authorized to confer degrees in law. The course was lengthened to 3 years in 1877. There were no examinations for the degree till 1871, and none for admission till 1877. At the beginning of the year 1897 the rule came into force by which only graduates of 154 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK approved colleges and persons qualified to enter the senior class of Harvard college are admitted as regular students. The Yale law school was established in 1824, that of the Uni- versity of Virginia in 1825 and the Cincinnati law school in 1833. Development of law schools since 1858 Law schools had exercised little influence on the legal profes- sion in this country up to the time of the opening of the Colum- bia law school in 1858. The extinct Litchfield school and the un- successful attempts at the college of Philadelphia and Columbia constitute the record up to 1800. 3 of the existing schools were established between 1801 and 1825, 7 between 1826 and 1850, 24 between 1851 and 1875, 50 between 1876 and 1900. The growth of the Columbia law school was quite steady from the first. In 1859 there were 85 students, in 1876, 573, in 1889, 491. In 1888 - the trustees decided to add a third year to the course to take effect in the fall of 1890. In 1899 they adopted a resolution con- verting the school into a graduate department by limiting admis- sion to college graduates, the change to take effect in the fall of 1903. Since 1858 the growth in law schools has been most remark- able. In 1878 there were 50 schools with 3012 students; in 1899 there were 86 schools with 11,883 students. The increase in students in 21 years has been 294^. These figures show that the old method of study in the oflQce of an attorney is rapidly giving place to the systematic training of the law school. In fact it is impracticable under existing conditions to obtain a satisfactory legal education in an attorney's office." The greatest drawback to efficient work in our law schools as shown elsewhere, is failure to demand a satisfactory preliminary education for admission. There has been rapid growth in the belief that the course of study entitling students to the LL. B. degree can not be covered properly in less than three years. The president of Western reserve university, Charles F. Thwing writes as follows : " The progress of professional education in the U. S. receives illustration in the fact that a fourth year is now frequently spoken of as a demand of the school law.* Many law schools are now doing four years' work in three years, and cer- tain schools are doing three years' work in two years. The best a The ratio of lawyers to population In 1870 was 1 to 946, in 1890 it was 1 to 699. These figures show a growth somewhat out of proportion to the growth in population, but not by any means as great comparatively as the growth in students (1870, 1653; 1890, 4518). The explanation Is simple. Only students in law schools have been reported, not those pre- pared for the bar elsewhere. BThe law department of West Virginia university will require four years' work for LL.B. degree after July 1, 1899. LAW IN THE UNITED STATUS 155 schools have increased their courses of study from two years to three, and as they have increased the length of time they have also increased the number and amount of the studies." In 1875 only 1 law school had a course of three years. In 30 schools the course was two years, in 10 one year, in 2 the length of the course was not stated. In 1899 44 schools had a three years' course, 37 a two years' course, 4 a one year's course. In 1 the length of the course was not stated. Of the 44 schools with three years' course 11 report an absolute requirement of three years' study in a law school for the LL. B. degree; 30 report three years' study in a law school as the regular requirement for the LL. B. degree. Of the 86 law schools reporting in 1899, 16 are separate in- stitutions and 70 are departments of colleges or universities; 49 hold day sessions, 24 evening sessions, 7 hold both and 6 do not report the item ; 82 grant degrees. Salaries of teachers Charles Noble Gregory in a paper read before the American bar association in 1897, showed that of 349 law teachers in the United States, 75, or only about ^ gave their entire time to the work. The law teachers who receive fixed salaries were as a rule somewhat more highly paid than teachers of other topics even in the same university. The report from Harvard law school was most complete. There we found a faculty of 9 men, all but 1 giving their entire time to the school. The salary of an assistant professor was |2250; of a professor $4000 during the first 5 years, $4500 during the next 5 years, and |5000 thereafter. The average salary of the teachers in American law schools who gave their full time to the work, including deans and assistants, was 12564.12. Replies from European law schools indicated that nearly three times as large a proportion of the law teachers gave their full time. Methods of instruction Instruction in law schools is given by lectures, by recitations from textbooks, and by discussion and explanation of selected cases. Each of these systems has its advocates. In a majority of the schools instruction is given mainly by lectures. Next in popularity comes the method of recitations on lessons previously assigned. There are only a few schools that depend mainly on the discussion and explanation of selected cases. Dean Ashley of the New York university law school writes as follows on this subject : " The leading universities repudiate the idea of any fixed method for teaching or studying law." Profes- 156 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OP NEW YOEK sor Gray of Harvard says : " In all law schools, I suppose, the students learn from textbooks, cases and oral instruction. At any rate they do so here. Each teacher is free to use these means as he pleases. The dififerent professors do actually use them in different ways and proportions." Dean Keener of Columbia says : " There is no uniform method of instruction in this school. Each instructor is at liberty to pursue the method of instruction which in his opinion will be productive of the best results. At the present time three months of instruction are used." The 1898 report of the committee on legal education of the American bar association gives returns from 20 law schools, in- cluding the leading schools of the country, on instruction in practice. 2 report that they depend principally on the obser- vations which the students can make in attending actual courts; but in all others the practical importance of school in- struction and of practice in ruoot courts is recognized. The committee recommends as the ideal plan of organization of a law faculty with reference to practical work that provision be made for a professor of pleading and practice, a thoroughly trained lawyer who shall devote his entire time to work of that kind. Admission to the bar in colonial days In early colonial days lawyers seem to have been regarded with jealousy and aversion. At the time of the revolution, however, they had gained a position of prominence which they have always maintained in this country. Of 56 signers of the declaration of independence 25 were lawyers and so were 30 out of 55 members of the convention which framed the federal constitution." There was no particular scheme of legal education in the co- lonial period but in most of the colonies there were statutes re- lating to attorneys. In North Carolina the following parliamen- tary provision was in force up to the revolutionary war: "... None shall from henceforth be admitted attorneys in any of the king's courts of record . . . but such as have been brought up in said courts, or otherwise well practised in soliciting of causes, and have been found by their dealings to be skilful and of honest disposition . . ." In Virginia in 1680 the licensing of attorneys was placed by the general assembly in the hands of the governor: "... no Person or Persons whatsoever, shall practice as an Attorney or appear to plead in the General court, or any county-court in this countrey, but such as shall be first Licenced by his Excellency, or Successors thereunto, and . . . any one that shall presume to plead in the general court, or any o Statistics of J. H. Patton jr. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 157 county or other court without such licence first obtained, and had ; shall forfeit for every such offence committed in the county- court six hundred pounds of tobacco and in the General Court 2000 pounds of Tobacco." This act was superseded in 1748 by what seems to be the ear- liest provision for an examining committee: " The judges of the General Court shall nominate and appoint such and so many of the council learned in the Law and Attor- nies practicing in said Court as they shall think fit, to examine into the Capacity, Ability or Fitness of such persons as shall from time to time apply for a licence to practice as Attornies in the County courts and other inferior courts of this colony and shall cause such nomination and appointment to be entered in the Records of their Court ; which persons so nominated shall take oath that they will well and truly examine into the Capacity, Ability and Fitness of such persons as shall make application to them for a Licence to practice as AttoTnies and that they will not grant a Licence to any person who shall not upon examina- tion to the best of their knowledge be found sufflciently qualified to practice as Attorney aforesaid." In New Jersey any one was allowed to plead till 1698, after which date attorneys were licensed by the governor. In Massa- chusetts, Ehode Island and New Hampshire an path seems to have been all that was demanded of those seeking admission as attorneys. This was the case also in Delaware up to 1726. The records of the secretary of state at Albany show that for 70 years just preceding the American revolution attorneys were admitted to practise in New York by the governor without any examination as to fitness, though for admission to practise be- fore the supreme court the usual preparation was " a college or university education and three years' apprenticeship or, without the former, seven years' service under an attorney."" In Connecticut attorneys were appointed by the county courts. In Maryland the justices admitted those whom the governor and council had previously licensed. In Pennsylvania attorneys were admitted by the justices; also in South Carolina till 1721, after which date they were admitted by the chief justice of the gen- eral and supreme court at Charleston. In all these cases tests as to fitness, if there were any such tests, seem tO' have been of a very superficial character.* a William Smith, History of New York. i I am indebted to Mr Ashley of the New York state library school for assistance In the study of the colonial records. 158 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOBK Admission to the bar after the revolution The New York constitution of 1777 provided that " all at- torneys, solicitors and councellors at law, hereafter to be ap- pointed, be appointed by the Court and licensed by the first judge of the court in which they shall respectively plead or practice; and be regulated by the rules and orders of the said courts." In 1797 the New York supreme court prescribed a seven years' clerkship with a practitioner as one of the requirements for ad- mission as an attorney except in the case of those who after the age of 14 had pursued classical studies for four years or less, such applicants being permitted to deduct the time so occupied from the seven years' clerkship. After four years' practice the attorney was admitted without further test as a counselor. These rules were modified in 1829 by requiring three years' practice as an attorney and a separate test for the degree of counselor. A few other states had similar requirements. Under the rules that followed the adoption of the New York constitution of 1846 students were admitted to the bar without any requirements as to period of study or mode of training and without satisfactory evidence as to character. The same laxity prevailed in other states and the law came to be regarded more as an ordinary trade than as a distinct profession. This was the condition of legal education in 1870 when the bar is said to have reached its lowest ebb. In 1880 most of the states had adopted a system of oral exami- nations for admission to the bar. These tests were usually held in open court. In about f of the states any ignoramus could present himself and if successful gain admission to practise be- fore all state courts. The tests at best demanded little knoV)fledge of legal principles; usually they were a farce. 15 states required a definite period of study; 6 gave an allowance in term of study to bachelors of arts; Pennsylvania and Delaware required a gen- eral preliminary education; women were admitted in 10 states." In 1871 admission to the bar in New York was placed under the control of the court of appeals. In 1882 the court adopted a rule requiring all law students unless college graduates to pass an examination as a test of preliminary general education. In 1894 the legislature provided for uniform examinations in all judicial districts, similar in essential features to those adopted in 1878 by the supreme court of New Hampshire. In the latter state from 1812 to 1872 a statute had provided as follows : " Any citizen of the age of 21 years, of good moral character, on appli- o In 1899 women are admitted definitely in 15 states and by inference in most political divisions. They seem to be excluded definitely only in Arkansas, Georgia and Indiana. LAW IN THE UNITED STATUS 159 cation to the supreme court, shall be admitted to practise as an attorney." The American bar association has recommended that examina- tions for admission to the bar be conducted by a commission ap- pointed by the court of last resort, according to the system now in force in New York, Ohio and Illinois. Boards with high stand- ards seem to feel that written examinations afford the fairest test. Oral examinations are certainly impracticable when large classes are to be examined. An attempt is now made to select questions that require the application of legal principles to given facts. All progressive boards are abandoning the plan so prev- alent in the past of limiting the tests to petty details and ques- tions of local practice. At the 1899 meeting of the American bar association, the acting president, Charles F. Manderson, spoke substantially as follows: A notable and encouraging sign of the times, presaging much good to the profession and benefit to the public, is the in- creased interest felt in the proceedings of the local bar associa- tions. Nearly every state has an active, vigorous organization,* and very many of the counties and judicial districts have their societies, composed of the best professional material of the vicinity. The standard of qualifications for admission to the bar has been materially elevated by these associations. Synopsis of present requirements In the following political divisions law-school diplomas do not now confer the right to practise law, an examination being re- quired by statute in all cases: Montana Oregon New York South Dakota North Carolina Utah North Dakota Virginia Ohio Washington Oklahoma Wyoming The following require for admission to the licensing examina- tion : Colorado, one year high school, two years' clerkship or study in school Iowa, two full years' study in oflSce or reputable school Maine, two years', after September 1900 three years' study in office or recognized school Montana, two full years' study of law New York, three years' high school course, college graduate two years', others three years' study in office or school North Carolina, 12 months' professional study Arizona Indian ter. Arkansas Choctaw nal Colorado Iowa Florida Kentucky Hawaii Maine Idaho Massachusetts 160 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NBW YOEK North Dakota, two full years' study with practitioner in this state or in reputable school in U. S. Ohio, a common school education, three full years' study with practising attorney or in school Oregon, three years' study of law Washington, two years' regular study of law Wyoming, two years', after September 1900 three years' study ■ in law school or oflSce The following require the licensing examination only: Arizona Idaho Massachusetts Tennessee Arkansas Indian ter. Oklahoma. Utah Florida Choctaw nat. Oregon Virginia Hawaii Kentucky South Dakota The 16 following states require either approval of law diploma or examination by duly qualified authority: Alabama Louisiana Mississippi Tennessee California Maryland Missouri Texas Georgia Michigan Nebraska West Virginia •Kansas Minnesota South Carolina Wisconsin The following requiring either approval of diploma or exam- ination admit to examination on: Kansas, two years' study, the last with attorney Louisiana, two years' study of law Maryland, three years' study in school or office Michigan, between one and two years' high school, three years' study of law Minnesota, about two thirds year high school, three years' study in office or school. Nebraska, two years' study in office of practising attorney West Virginia, two years' study of law Wisconsin, two years' study of law In 10 states. District of Columbia, New Mexico and Indian ter- ritory, Muskogee or Creek nation and Chickasaw nation, and the Philippines admission is governed by rules of court not defined in the law as follows: Connecticut, examination after high school graduation or in- definite preliminary test, three years' study in a law school or office, two years' study if a college or law school graduate Delaware, examination after three years' study of law under direction of a member of the bar District of Columbia, three years' study under competent at- torney or in school Illinois, examination after graduation from three years' high school course, three years of 36 weeks each in approved law LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 161 school or with licensed lawyers who subject the students to regular examinations in each subject (prior to Jan. 1900 a diploma showing a regular course of two years or an examination on two years' study in an office) Indian territory, Cherokee nation, the judge or treasurer grants a license Chickasaw nation, supreme court judges issue a license to any person possessing sufficient law knowledge Creek nation, a district judge admits to a district court and a supreme court judge to all courts any person of good moral character "Indiana, " every person of good moral character, being a voter, shall be entitled to practise law in all courts of justice." — Gonstitution Nevada, examination in open court New Hampshire, examination after three years' study under direction of a counselor of the court New Jersey, examination after three years' clerkship with degree of B. A. or B. S., or four years' clerkship, one year and a half in a law school may count for an equal period of clerkship (exceptions) New Mexico, examination after two years' clerkship or diploma of law school Pennsylvania, to supreme court on motion after four years' clerkship and one year's practice in county court or diploma of certain law schools after three years; to county courts under varying conditions Philippines, " A strict examination in open court ... by the justices of the supreme court." Those admitted to practise in U. S. courts or in the highest court of any political division may be admitted without examination. Rhode Island, examination after three years in an office or a classical education and two years in an office Vermont, (old rule) examination after three years with at- torney, or one year with attorney and two in office, (rules under 98 law not yet approved). Alaska has no law. In Cuba and Puerto Rico the require- ments are in process of transition. Jambs Russell Parsons jr Director College department a A constitutional amendment Is to be submitted to the people, which provides that the general assembly shall by law prescribe the necessary qualifications for admission to the bar. 162 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OB' NEW XOEK PROFESSIONAL REQUIREMENTS Statements gleaned from catalogues and reports were sub- mitted to the executive officer of each school for correction. The statistics are based on this corrected information supplemented, when the statement was defective or not returned, by facts from the catalogues of the current year, the preceding year, or the U. S. education report for 1897-98. The following information is given as uniformly as possible and revised to the close of October 1899 Statistics Summaries for the United States Number of schools Session's opening and closing Matriculates, graduates Fees: matriculation, course, additional Faculty: professors, lecturers, others Total property, receipts, expenditures Schools: distribution, admission, sessions, relations, course Statistical tables Summaries by states Number of schools Session's opening and closing Matriculates and graduates Fees: matriculation, course, additional Faculty: professors, lecturers, others Total property, receipts, expenditures Institutions by states Location, executive officer, address Session's opening, closing, matriculates, graduates Admission to course, to advanced standing Graduation, age, character, course Course: length, fees, subjects Faculty: professors, lecturers, others Total property, receipts, expenditures History, organization, first class, subsequent classes, titles Associations Organization Purpose Membership. Items marked a are from the previous year and are Inserted from lack of definite information for the current year. Those marljed 6 are from the V. S. education report for 1897-98; when it follows a title it covers all the information <;oncerning the school. A V indicates that the fact is unljnown, that there is nothing to report, . . . that the fact is con- fidential or not given. Other abbreviations used in statistics will be found in full among the statements. The length of session in the second paragraph of the statements of each school excludes vacations with the few exceptions Indicated. The popu- lation is taken uniformly from the last oflScial statistics, the Census report, 1890; an official estimate for the year 1899 follows In curves. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 163 UNITED STATES Schools, 86. Session opens about the last of S, closes about the first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 11,783; graduates 1897-98, 3110; matri- culates 1898-99, 11,883. Fees : matriculation in 23 schools $322, average |14 ; course in 83 schools $5794, average |69.80; additional in 59 schools $641, average $10.86. Faculty: professors 513, lecturers 311, others 146, total 970. Total property of 27 schools $3,053,265, average $113,084; re- ceipts of 31 schools $565,295, average $18,235; expenditures of 33 schools $540,887, average $16,391. Of the 55 political divisions in the United States, including Cuba'', the Philippines" and Puerto Rico, 20 report no law schools, viz: Alaska Idaho New Jersey Rhode Island Arizona Indian territory New Mexico South Dakota Delaware Montana North Dakota Utah Florida Nevada Oklahoma Vermont Hawaii New Hampshire Puerto Eico Wyoming Of the 86 law schools in the 33 political divisions, 22 admit men only, 64 admit both men and women; 49 hold day sessions, 24 have night sessions, 7 have both, and 6 are unknown; 82 grant degrees; 70 are departments of universities or colleges; only 23 have a matriculation fee, 83 a course fee and 61 other fees; 2 require college work for admission^, 3 a four years' high school course, 12 a three years' high school course, 11 a two years', 8 a one year's, 26 a common school, 16 no requirements and 8 are not given; 1 has a 11 months' course, 3 a 10 to 11, 21 a nine to 10, 52 an eight to nine, 6 a seven to eight and 3 less than seven, the average 7^ months; 44 maintain a three years' course, 37 a two, 4 a one, and 1 unknown. a; The law department, University of Havana not included. y The law department, Univ. of Santo TomS,s, Manila, not Included. « The school of law, Columbia, will be maintained as a graduate depart- ment after 1903; Harvard demands an education equivalent to that required for admission to the senior class. 164 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW TOEK STATISTICAL TABLES TSo. TITLE OF INSTITUTION Alabama Law dep't, Alabama univ .. Alaska has ao school ArizonifhaLB no school Arkangas Law dep't, Arkansas univ. . California Hastings college of law, Cal. nniv Law dep't, LelandStantordjrunlT, Law school Colorado Col. school of law, Univ. of Col Denver law school dep't, Un. of Den. Connecticut Law dep't. Tale university . Cuba Law dep't, Havana nniv. Delaware has no school District of Columbia Law dep't, Howard university Law dep't. National university — Law school, Columbian university.. School of law, G-eorgetowu univ — Schools of law, Catholic university. Florida has no school Oeorgia Atlanta law school Law dep't, Morris Brown college. . Law dep't. University of Georgia. Mercer university lawschool Sawaii no school reported Idaho has no school Illinois Chaddock college law school Chic. col. of law, dep't Lake rorest u Chicago law school Illinois college of law Kent college of law Law school. Northwestern univ... Law school, Weeleyan university. McKendree law school School of law, Univ. of Illinois Indian territory has no school Indiana Ind. lawschool, Un. of Indianapolis Law dep't, Univ. of Notre Dame... Law school, Indiana university Northern Indiana law school POSTOFFICB University. Little Bock San Francisco Stanford university Los Angeles Boulder Denver New Haven Havana Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Atlanta.- Atlanta... Athens ... Macon ... _uiBCy Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Bloom ington Lebanon Champaign . Indianapolis Notre Dame Bloomington ValparfliBO .. 1873 1890 1878 1893 1897 1892 1892 1821 1721 18691) 1869 1865 1870 1895 1891 1896 1859 1875 1880 1888 1896 1897 1893 1859 1874 1854 1897 1894 1869 1842 1879 Men . Both Both Both Both Both ., Both .. Men .. Both ., Men - . . Men . . . Men . - . Men . . . Both .. Men . . . Men ... Both .. Both .. Both .. Both .. Both .. Both .. Both .. Both .. Both .. Both .. Both . Men .. Both-. Both. . N 5 O I 3 98 15Ag93 2 S 98 1 97 6 S 98 7 S 98 29 S 98 1 O 99 1 O 98 26 S 3 O 5 O 98 4 98 2 99 1 S 98 21 S 1 S 1 S 14 S 4 O 98 9 S 98 20 S 98 30Ag93 21 Je 99 1 Je 99 17 My 24 My 21 Je 1 Je 99 7 Je 99 29 Je 1 Je 20 My 99 21 My 99 1 Je 99 7 Je 99 23 Je 99 1 Je 21 Je 99 1 Je 2 Je 31 My 24 My 28 My 20 My 15 Je 13 Je ? Je 14 Je 24 My ! 15 Je I 9 Je ! 7 Je ! 8i 8i 10 « Si 8i 9 9 8i 8i 8i 8i 8i 9 7i 8 8 9i asFrom Minerva, Jahrbuch der gelehrten welt, LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 165 LAW SCHOOLS PBKS 1898-99 STUDENTS FACULTY 1898-99 FraANCIAL TOTALS 1897-98 «r E p o O. 1 a m ! 1 ■S % 11 r at t ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 So. 2 $60 $75 $100 $10 40 $3 $10 9 25 142 139 57 9 36 20 27 26 127 al39 o57 2 10 4 1 5 9 2 1 3 7 2 19 6 6 12 1 2 2 3 3 $140 000 $9 600 $8 000 3 4 3 5 3 $00 $50 75 $10 $10 338 39 58 56 9 21 323 53 40 10 9 11 2 13 1 11 3 23 22 15 $140 000 $9 600 $8 000 3 $4 000 $4 000 $4 000 7 3 ? $10 $115 $125 ? $80 80 80 75 $10 $5 ? $50 10 5 97 173 ! 95 104 311 308 41 30 27 ! !>35 21 127 70 17 93 194 99-00 124 92 0104 347 a308 41 20 B 97 12 7 5 10 12 7 14 11 ! 4 3 19 » 1 4 6 7 7 37 38 12 8 13 16 19 14 $4 000 $4 000 $4 000 g ! 3 g 2 10 3 $19 680 $16 138 11 3 12 3 13 1 $]0 $5 $315 $75 30 75 60 $65 $10 5 859 ! 7 47 12 276 ? 39 9 892 J 9 43 23 41 5 2 4 4 4 2 1 25 70 5 4 5 4 $110 000 $27 680 $24138 14 3 $2 000 15 1 16 1 17 $3 $5 5 5 10 $240 $60 75 60 75 75 105 60 45 50 $15 $5 5 S 25 6 10 5 5 5 66 10 540 213 111 223 142 52 9 39 48 3 71 80 20 64 9 26 4 4 75 10 0540 175 alll 0223 0142 53 7 47 15 4 16 15 9 9 8 6 2 3 3 10 6 1 2 5 3 1 3 15 18 4 16 28 24 15 9 8 7 6 $2 000 3 18 3 $60 000 ■"■ 19 3 3 21 3 $14 000 $7 500 3 3 24 3 3 4 000 2 $25 $10 $605 $80 100 38 48 $71 $5 10 5 6 1339 113 54 115 166 281 56 14 616 44 1308 118 57 127 154 71 15 4 2 5 27 1 19 2 3 117 18 4 5 5 $64 500 $22 500 $16 310 27 3 2 $300 OOO $17 000 $14 000 28 2 $10 $266 $25 448 130 456 26 1 5 32 $301 000 $25 000 $22 000 TrUbneT, Strassbarg, for 1896-97 except atndents 1899. 166 UNIVERSITY OF THB STATE OF NEW YORK STATISTICAL TABLES No. 37 TITLE OF INSTITUTION Iowa Iowa college of law, Drake univ . Law dep't, University of Iowa... Kanaai School of law, Kansas university. . Kentucky Law dep't. Centre college Law school, Univ. of LoBisville... Louisiana Law dep't, Tolane u. of Lonisiana.. Maine School of law, University of Maine. Maryland Baltimore university school of law. Univ. of Maryland law school Maasaehusettg Law school. Harvard university... School of law, Boston university.. Michigan Detroit college of law Law dep't. University of Michigan Minnesota Law dep't. University of Minnesota. Mississippi Law school, Univ. of Mississippi. . . Missouri Kansas City school of law Law dep't, University of Missouri. St Louis law sch., Washington univ. Montana has no school N'ebraska College of law, Univ. of Nebraska.. Law dep't. University of Omaha. . . Nevada has no school New Hampshire has no school New Jersey has no school New Mexico has no school New York Albany law school. Union univ Buflalo law school, Univ. of Bufl'alo New York law school New York Univ., University law sch School of law, Columbia university. School of law, Cornell university. .. School of law, Syracuse university. North Oa/roli/na Law dep't, Univ. of North Carolina. Shaw university law school POSTOFFICE Des Moines. Iowa City.., Lawrence... Danville. Louisville .. New Orleans Bangor Baltimore... Baltimore .. Cambridge.. Boston.. Detroit Ann Arbor . Minneapolis University.. Kanea.9 City Columbia . . . St Louis Lincoln Omaha . Albany Buffalo .... New York.. New York.. New York.. Ithaca Syracuse . . . Chaijel Hill Raleigh 1872 1865 1878 1895 1846 1847 1898 1890 1813 1817 1872 1891 1859 1888 1854 1895 1872 1867 1891 1897 1851 1887 1891 1835 1858 18S7 1895 1876 1888 Both. Both. Both. Men. Both. Both. Both Both Men.. Both . Both... Both... Both Both Both .. Both .. Both .. Both. Both. Both... Both... Men . . . Both... Men . . . Both... Both... Men . Both. P< o 31 Ag98 14 8 98 7S 27 S 98 98 21 N 98 6 98 3 O 98 3 98 29 S 98 5 98 19 S 98 27 S 98 1 S 15 S 12 S 98 13 S 98 22 S 98 3 « 97 21 S 19 S 98 3 O 98 1 O 98 3 98 22 S 98 20 S 7 S ! 1 O I d <3 •9 23 My 99 7J6 99 7Je 99 27 My 99 28 Ap 99 22 My 99 14 Je 99 30 My 99 1 Je 99 28 Je 7 Je 22 Je 99 22 Je 99 1 Je 99 21 Je 99 10 Je 7 Je 15 Je 99 8 Je 16 Je 98 31 My 22 My 8 Je 8 Je 14 Je 22 Je 7 Je 99 31 My I 12 Mr I 9i 71 6i ? «k lOi 81 8i 8 7i 8 8 8 8 8 8» 81 LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 167 LAW SCHOOLS (^omtinwed) FEES 1898-99 STUDENTS FACULTY 1898-99 FINAUOIAL TOTALS 1897-98 1 1 1 1 CQ a 1 ! •a 1 0) ID li Is 11 1= 1 2 s o S O .1 BQ CO i a ID No. 2 $50 60 $5 7 109 227 34 80 144 221 6 4 3 1 6 8 81 2 $12 000 $11 500 a? 3 $10 $25 $75 80 $12 $5 $7 336 172 33 SO 114 72 17 20 365 166 26 70 10 3 3 3 3 6 1 1 14 10 3 3 $1000 $17 474 $18 974 33 2 34 2 $50 000 $4 685 $4 685 36 2 $5 $155 $80 $60 $40 70 $7 $10 $25 22 S3 82 83 194 37 26 28 41 96 72 31 a83 al94 6 5 3 5 10 6 1 3 6 5 10 8 10 $50 000 $4 685 $4 635 36 3 87 3 38 3 39 $5 $110 $150 125 $17 $10 277 551 431 69 139 66 277 564 410 15 10 10 4 22 3 4 13 18 18 45 3 3 $562 379 $103 382 $70 274 40 41 3 $10 $275 $50 35 $10 $10 10 982 146 767 205 30 208 974 150 768 20 17 11 26 12 17 4 63 17 27 $562 379 $103 382 $70 274 4'^ i 43 $!0 ♦10 c $85 $50 $50 $50 50 80 $20 $10 $5 B 913 440 52 104 132 144 238 97 27 28 67 49 918 446 45 118 106 142 28 6 2 11 3 2 12 16 5 5 13 4 1 1 44 23 8 11 8 15 3 2 $50 000 $10 000 $14 000 44 46 2 2 $250 $4 200 $3 900 46 47 2 137 500 12 431 11263 48 2 $5 $180 $45 S15 $8 $5 »5 380 102 40 134 41 67 366 117 16 5 ? 18 9 1 1 ? 34 15 ? $137 750 $16 631 $5 850 $15 163 $7 850 49 2 50 $5 $10 5 $60 $1C0 IPO 100 100 150 100 108 $10 $2 10 20 46 6 142 65 104 741 628 365 296 60 48 46 33 151 133 84 105 26 117 77 116 765 687 349 174 84 5 17 10 3 11 9 6 5 9 16 7 1 2 3 19 1 9 2 1 1 15 17 26 19 14 12 10 24 $5 850 $5 780 10 004 71499 57 267 52 704 23 656 4 870 $7 850 $5 780 9 532 57 455 57 267 70 250 21450 5 442 S 2 2 2 3 3 3 $23 800 1232 74 013 154 280 581 250 102 700 861 61 62 63 54 55 66 67 2 $15 $5 $758 $100 60 $83 $15 2 259 87 8 578 4 2 2 202 72 14 61 4 1 48 1 13 122 4 2 $938 136 $225 780 $227 176 58 i $482 $778 $: $160 $15 95 « 86 5 1 6 $482 $778 168 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK STATISTICAL TABLES TITLE OF INSTITUTION POSTOFFICE § 1 O "S 1 03 SESSION No. 1 h O P IS j i s Hi North Dakota has no school OMo Cleveland.. Cleveland 1897 1892 1880 1896 1893 1891 1885 1884 1834 1790 1895 1605 1866 1847 1893 1881 J 890 1875 1892 1893 1883 1826 1870 1866 1899 18786 1868 1893 Men . . . Both... Both... Both... Both... Both... Both... Both... Both... Both... Men . . . Men... Both... Men... Both... Both... Both... Men... Men . . . Both... Both... Men . . . Men . . . Men . . . Both .. Both .. Both .. Both .. N D t D D D N N D N ? D D D D D D D D B D 1 D 1 D D N ? 97 20 S 98 6 S 98 3 98 2Ag98 15 S 98 2 98 28 S 98 5 98 1 98 3 98 July .. 28 S 98 5 S 98 1 S 98 12 S 98 15 S 98 21 S 98 'Mr 99 13 S 98 21 S 98 15 S 98 23 S 98 8 S 98 1 S 99 1 98 28 S 98 ? 97 1 Je 98 15 Je 99 14 Ap 99 12 Je 99 ? Jl 99 14 Je 99 6 Je 99 24 Mv 99 7 Je 99 16 Je 99 2 Je 99 21 Je 99 1 Je 99 24 My 99 1 Je 99 10 Je 99 21 Je 99 ? D 99 25 My 99 14 Je 99 14 Je 99 15 Je 99 1 Je 99 16 Je 00 ! Je 99 22 Je 99 31 My 98 8 9 61 F. T. Backus law sch.W. Ees. univ - Lawdep't, National normal nniv.. Law dep't, University of Cincinnati. Ohio normal university law school . Ohio state university, College of law . Oklahoma has no school Oregon Law dep't, Wilhamette university . School of law, University of Oregon Pennsylvania Dickinson school of law 62 63 Lebanon 11 64 Ada . 65 Columbus....... q 66 R 67 Portland 8 68 Carlisle 7i 69 70 Law dep't, Univ. of Pennsylvania.. Pittsb'g law sch., dep't West. nniv. Phaippinea Law dep't Santo Tomfis univ Puerto Bico has no school Shade Island has no school South Carolina South Carolina college law school . . South Dakota has no school Tennessee Cumberland university law school.. Law dep't, Am. temperance univ. Law dep't, Central Tenn. college Law dep't, Univ. of Tennessee Lawdep't, Vandei hilt university .. Sewanee law sch,, Univ, of the South Texas Law dep't. Fort Worth univ Law dep't. University of Texas.... Utah has no school Vermont has no school YirgiMia Law dep't, University of Virginia.. School of law, Kichmbnd college — School of law, Wash, and Lee univ. Washington Lawdep't, Univ, ot Washington... West Virginia Law dep't. West Virginia univ Wisconsin College of law, Univ. of Wisconsin. Philadelphia Pittsburg 1 71 8} 9 72 73 Harriman I' 74 Nashville 75 Knoxville 76 77 in 78 79 Port Worth 8 8i 80 81 Charlottesville 83 Lexington 83 Seattle q 81 85 Morgantown 9 8i 8i 86 Milwaukee Wyoming has no school X From Minerva, Jahrbuch LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 169 LAW SCHOOLS {concluded) FEES 1898-99 STUDENTS FACULTY 1898-99 FINANCIAL TOTALS 1897-98 i i 1 1 1 -<1 •3 1 r 1^ 3ci L 1 1 o 1 1 a) P. ■s 1 IB £ a 1 No. 3 $80 100 40 100 45 43 $14 16 36 88 20 145 2!3 157 16 2 48 42 35 (t36 105 16 123 234 192 8 16 5 9 3 6 3 3 1 1 4 8 2U 6 13 3 9 60 3 61 3 62 3 $17 285 $17 285 63 3 $80 000 64 3 65 2 $390 $10 60 $29 $10 659 26 39 143 17 15 705 a26 a39 47 8 1 6 4 6 59 8 5 $180 000 $27 285 $27 286 63 2 67 $5 5 $100 $95 160 100 $10 $10 65 112 364 48 32 37 97 24 65 114 a361 a48 9 7 9 7 4 21 2 7 2 13 28 18 9 $1290 $100 3 68 3 3 $360 000 $30 000 $50 000 69 70 1 $10 1 $10 $355 J $40 $100 60 30 60 100 100 $10 1 $23 $10 7 10 7 15 30 524 658 23 81 18 12 63 49 18 158 ! 13 63 10 2 14 13 1 526 1 25 66 13 12 61 61 18 23 12 2 2 1 2 1 5 1 23 3 7 4 8 14 9 1 55 15 2 2 8 6 10 6 16 $360 000 $60 000 $50 000 X 2 71 1 73 73 2 74 2 75 76 2 77 $10 $30 $440 $38 $79 $10 231 19 145 93 i 41 211 ol9 157 12 3 3 33 1 46 3 3 $2 000 $2 000 2 78 2 $12 000 79 $30 $10 37 30 $38 $100 48 75 $10 $10 5 164 124 44 43 41 18 9 18 176 138 55 43 6 2 3 2 5 2 2 6 4 3 9 $12 000 2 80 2 2 $27 600 126 000 $3 266 $3 600 81 82 2 $107 $5 $223 $26 $24 $50 60 $15 $24 211 112 182 45 46 49 28 236 125 211 a45 259 7 6 3 7 3 5 18 1 4 1 16 24 3 9 3 $152 600 $3 256 $3 500 83 2 84 3 $14 654 85 ! 86 $110 227 28 10 I 1 12 $14 664 der gelehrten welt, foi 1896-97. 170 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK ALABAMA Schools 1. Session opens about first of O, closes about last of Je. Matriculates 1897-9S, 9; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 2T. Fees: matr. ?0, course $75, additional $3. I'aculty: professors 2, lecturers 0. others 0. total 2. Law dep't, University of Alabama, men, Tuscaloosa, pop. 4215 (6000), Dean W. S. Thorington. iSession opens 5 O 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 0; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 27. Admission, any person; as candidates for a degree, age 18, on exam- ination in English, "United States and general history; without examina- tion, graduates of colleges, academies, normal or high schools; to ad- vanced standing, on satisfactory examination in first year's subjects. QTaduation, degree LL. B., two years' study of law, the last at this school, examinations. Course, two years; fees, course $75 a yr, diploma $3; subjects, con- stitutional, international and mercantile law, law of persons, contracts, sales, torts, evidence, corporations, real estate, crimes and punishments, personal property, domestic relations, bailments and carriers, pleading and practice in civil cases, equity jurisprudence and procedure, code of Alabama, leading cases. Faculty, professors 2. Organized 1873, first class graduated 1874 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1897-98 inclusive. ALASKA No law schools. ARIZONA No law schools. ARKANSAS Schools 1. Session opens about first of O, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 25; graduates 1897-98, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 26. Fees: matr. $0, course $100, additional $0. Faculty: professors 10, lecturers 9, others 0, total 19. Law dep't, Arkansas university, both, Little Rock, pop. 25,874 (45,000), Dean J. H. Carmichael, LL.B. Session opens 3 O 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-9.S, 25; graduates 1897-9S, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 26. Admission, good moral character, on examination, preliminary subjects; without examination, students who present certificates from accredited schools. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 171 Graduation, degree LL.B., examinations, thesis. Course, tv/o years; fees, course $100 a yr; subjects, criminal law and conflict of laws, law of private and municipal corporations, contracts, agency, partnership, commercial paper, evidence, pleading, code pleadings, judgments, domestic relations, bailments, insurance, torts, real property, equity jurisprudence, constitutional limitations, fraud and fraudulent conveyances, leading cases, moot courts, federal practice, banliruptcy. Faculty, professors 10, lecturers 9. Organized 1890; the original title. Law dep't, Arkansas industrial university v/as changed to present title in 1899; united with Arkansas law school 1899; first class graduated 1891 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1892 and 1893. Judge F. M. Gear was the first dean. He died Ap. 6, 1898. J. H. Oarmichael acted as dean and finished the year 1897-98. At his death the alumni elected J. H. Oarmichael, and it so appears in catalogue for last year, 1898-99. The board of trustees named Mark Valentine, but never had a student for the year, and the old school continued under the name of Arkansas law school, till June 1899, when the board of trustees elected the dean of the Arkansas law school dean of the law dep't Univ. of Arkansas.^ — J. H. CarmicJiael, vice-dean CALIFOElflA Schools 3. Session opens about last of Ag, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 338; graduates 1897-98, 56; matriculates 1898-99, 323. Fees: matr. $60, course $50, additional $10. Faculty: professors 10, lecturers 2, others 11, total 23. T*)ital property for one school $140,000, receipts $9600, expenditures $8000. Hastings college of the law, University of California, both, San Francisco, pop. 298,997 (350,000), Dean Charles W. Slack, Ph.B. LL.B., 808 Montgomery st. Session opens 15 Ag 98, closes 17 My 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 142; graduates 1897-98, 36; matriculates 1898-99, 127. Admission, to junior class, age 18, good moral character, on examina- tion in English, arithmetic, algebra, plane geometry, U. S. history and civics, Latin, medieval and modern history; without examination, grad- uates of University of California, accredited high and private schools, other recognized institutions conferring degrees; to advanced standing, on examination and Increased age, members of bar admitted as special students. Graduation, degree LL.B., age 21, three years' study, examinations. Course, three years; fees, course $10 a yr; subjects, criminal, constitu- tional, international, elementary law and jurisprudence, contracts, quasi contracts, property, torts, marriage and divorce, sales of personal prop- erty, bailments, carriers and telegraphs, negotiable instruments, insurance, 172 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK agency, partnership, private and municipal corporations, wills and ad- ministrations, equity, damages, pleading and practice, evidence. Faculty, professors 4, instructor 1. Total property $140,000, receipts $9000, expenditures $8000, 1898. Organized 1878, first class graduated 1881 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Law dep't, Leland Stanford junior university, both, Stan- ford University, pop. 1500, executive officer, Nathan Abbott, B.A. LL.B. Session, opens 2 S 98, closes 24 My 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 139; graduates 1897-98, 20; matriculates 1898-99, 1390. AdmlBsion, age 16, special students age 21, good moral character; to full standing, examination aggregating 12 credits out of 28 subjects; to partial standing, 10 credits necessary; to advanced standing, students of other institutions of collegiate rank to one year less than that to vrhich they were entitled at other institution, without examination if they pre- sent satisfactory credentials. Graduation, one year's residence, thesis, three years' work of 15 hours of lecture or recitation weekly, or a total of 120 hours of which one third shall be courses in law as the major subject. Course, three years; fees, registration, regular undergraduate students $20 a yr, special students $30 a yr, course free; subjects, elementary, criminal, constitutional law, common law pleading, conflict of laws, mining and water law, contracts, torts, persons and domestic relations, agency, sales, negotiable paper, property, Anglo-Saxon and Roman laws, code pleading and moot courts, evidence, general equity, trusts, corporations, California practice. Faculty, professor 1, associate professor 1, instructors 2, lecturers 2. Organized 1893, first class graduated 1896 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Law schools, both, Los Angeles, pop. 50,395 (115,000), Dean James B. Scott, M.A. D.C.L. Session opens ? 97, closes 21 Je 98, length 10 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 57; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 57o. Course, three years; fees, course $40 a yr, additional $10. Faculty, professors 5, assistant Instructors 7. Organized 1807. OOLOBADO Schools 2. Session opens about first of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 97; graduates 1897-98, 30; matriculates 1888-99, 93. Fees: matr. $0, course $115, additional $10. Faculty: professors 20, lecturers 14, others 3, total 37. Total property for one school $4000, receipts $4000, expenditures $4000. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 173 Colorado school of law, Colorado university, both, Boulder, pop. 3330 (8000), Dean Moses Hallett, LL.D., U. S. courts, Denver. Session opens 6 S 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 39; graduates 1897-98, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 53. Admission, age 18; examination in English literature, civil government, algebra to quadratic equations, plane geometry, general history, history of XJ. S. and England, spelling, grammar, composition and rhetoric. By special arrangement certain equivalents may be accepted. Students may be admitted conditioned in two of the subjects. Without examina- tion, bachelors of any university or college, or graduates of academies or high schools; to advanced standing, work of recognized schools or ofBce study with examinations on work of previous years accepted for other yeaxs than senior. Graduation, degree LL.B., age 21, one year as resident student, exam- inations of entire course. Course, three years; fees, course $40 a yr; subjects, constitutional, in- ternational and Roman law, conflict of laws, criminal law and procedure, civil procedure at common law, constitutional history of England, eon- tracts, European legal history, political and constitutional history of the United States, property, torts, agency, bailments and carriers, bills and notes, damages, domestic relations, evidence, jurisdiction and procedure in equity, quasi contracts, sales, suretyship and guaranty, appellate prac- tice, code pleading, comparative and federal jurisprudence, conveyancing and abstracts of title, corporations, municipal corporations, extraordinary remedies. Insurance, irrigation, water rights and riparian privileges, medical jurisprudence, mines and mining, partnership, patents, copyrights and trade marks, taxation, trusts, wills. Faculty, professors 9, lecturers 13. Organized 1892, first class graduated 1894 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Denver law school, law dep't of the University of Denver, both, Denver, pop. 106,713 (165,000), Dt>an Albert E. Pattlson, B.A., Equitable bldg. Session opens 7 S 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 58; graduates 1897-98, 21; matriculates 1898-99, 40. Admission, age 18, good moral character; on examination, history, geography, English literature, algebra, plane geometry, English language, composition, rhetoric, civil government; without examination, graduates of universities, colleges, academies and high schools; to advanced standing, Increased age, examination or satisfactory certificate of work completed in another school of three years, requirements for admission. Graduation, degree LL.B., age 21, three years' study, examination. Course, three years; fees, course, undergraduates $75 a yr, diploma $10; subjects, elementary, criminal, constitutional, mining, international and Koman law, real and personal property, torts, contracts, domestic rela- 174 TJNIVEESITT OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK tions, partnership, agency, evidence, pleading, corporations, wills, bail- ments, insurance, quasi contracts, equity jurisprudence, water rights and irrigation, negotiable paper, comparative jurisprudence, legal ethics. Paculty, professors 11, lecturer 1, instructors 3. Total property $4000, receipts $4000, expenditures $4000, 1898. Organized 1892, first class graduated 1893 and classes graduated each subsequent year. OOlTlfECTICUT Schools 1. Session opens about last of S, closes about last of Je. Matriculates 1867-9S, 173; graduates 1897-98, 27; matriculates 1898-89, 194. Fees: matr. $0, course $125, additional $5. Faculty: professors 8, lecturers 11, others 19, total 38. Law dep't, Yale university, men. New Haven, pop. 81,298 (115,000), Dean Francis Wayland, LL. D. Session opens 29 S 98, closes 29 Je 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 173; graduates 1897-98, 27; matriculates 1898-99, 194. Admission, to junior class, age 18, good moral character; on examina- tion, English grammar, composition, English literature, geography, arith- metic, Roman, English and American history, constitution of the United States and evidence of ability to read Latin at sight; without examina- tion, persons who have received a liberal education at some collegiate Institution, and (in English subjects) persons who present a law student certificate issued by the University of the State of New York; to ad- vanced standing for degree of LL. B., on examination and increased age; attorneys at law and graduates of other law schools without examination. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 21, completion of course, thesis, exam- inations. Course, three years; fees, course $110 a yr paid In advance, otherwise first term $45, second term $80, graduate $200 in advance, otherwise first term $80, second term $140, graduation $5; subjects, American, elementary, criminal, constitutional, mercantile, railway, international, Roman, Eng- lish constitutional law, law of electricity, real property, ejectment, con- tracts, agency, torts, pleading, evidence, wills, commercial accounts, elocution, conveyancing, equity, private corporations, criminal procedure, taxation, judgments, fire insurance, estates, medical jurisprudence, prac- tice, sales, municipal corporations, admiralty, mortgages, practice in United States courts, trusts, general and comparative jurisprudence, political geography, history. Faculty, professors 8, assistants 2, lecturers 11, instructors 14, assistant librarians 2, registrar 1. Organized 1824, first class graduated 1826 and classes graduated each subsequent year. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 175 CXTBA Law dep't, Havana universityic, Havana, pop. (200,000), Kector Joaquin Francisco Lastres y Juiz. Session opens 1 O 99, matriculates 1895, 254; matriculates 1899, 124. Course, business, Koman, natural, church, statute, constitutional, in- ternational law, legal literature, Spanish and general civil lavsr and pro- cedure, legal procedure, church discipline, philosophy of law, private rights. Faculty, professors 12. Organized 1721 by charter of Pope Innocent 13 conferring on the Dominican order San Juan de Letriin the right to found a university in Havana and to confer academic degrees. Right confirmed by royal decree Sep. 28, 1728, and university opened in the monastry. In 1842 removed to monastery of San Domingo and secularized. Corner stone of new building laid in 1884. DEIiAWABE No law schools. DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA Schools 5. Session opens about first of O, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1897-08, 859; graduates 1897-98, 276; matriculates 1898-99, 892. Fees: matr. $10, course ?315, additional $65. Faculty: professors 41, lecturers 4, others 25, total 70. Total property for one school $110,000, receipts for two schools $27,680, expenditures for two schools $24,138. Law dep't, Howard university, both, Washington, pop. 230,392, (280,000), Dean B. F. Leighton, LL. D., 452 D St., N. W. Session opens 1 O 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 8 mo. Inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, postgraduates 18, undergraduates 82; graduates 1897-98, 35!); matriculates 1898-99, postgraduates 11, undergraduates 81. Admission, age 18; on examination, common English branches; with- out examination, graduates of a recognized college or university. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $10; subjects, criminal, con- stitutional, mercantile, international law, common law pleading, real property, contracts, bills and notes, domestic relations, torts, leading cases, equity, evidence, personal property, real property, corporations, criminal procedure, executors and administrators. Faculty, professors 7, secretary and treasurer 1. Organized 18696. .T See p. 164 foot note. 176 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Law dep't, National university, men, Washington, pop. 230,392 (280,000), Pres. Richard H. Alvey. Session opens 26 S 98, closes 20 My 99, length 5 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 104; graduates 1897-98, 21; matriculates 1898-99, 104a. Admiesion, evidence of good English education and sufficient age and intelligence to comprehend the principles of law. Graduation, degree LL. B-., two years' study of law. Course, two years; fees, course $80 a yr, postgraduate $5; subjects, criminal, constitutional law, law of real and personal property, partner- ship and corporations, equity and common law pleadings, domestic rela- tions, negotiable instruments, contracts, torts, equity jurisprudence, bail- ments, wills and administration. Faculty, professors 5, lecturers 4, judges 8, secretary and treasurer 1. Organized 1869. Law school, Columbian university, men, Washington, pop. 280,392 (280,000), Dean Walter S. Cox, LL. D. Session opens 3 O 98, closes 31 My 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 311; graduates 1897-98, 127; matriculates 1898-90, 347. Admission, satisfactory evidence of an education fitting one for the study of law; to advanced standing, evidence of having spent necessary time and performed necessary study either in another law school or with a practising lawyer and examination. Graduation, degree LL. B., good moral character, examinations in sub- jects of entire course. Course, three years; fees, course $80 a yr, patent law $40, diploma $10; subjects, constitutional, international, practical commercial and patent law, criminal law and procedure, common law practice, equity pleading and practice, history of American and English law, domestic relations, personal and real property, torts, contracts, commercial paper, common law pleading, evidence, equity jurisprudence, corporations, sociology, poli- tics, moot courts. faculty, professors 10, instructors 3, others, court of appeals, chief jus- tice 1, associates 2. Eeceipts $19,680, expenditures $16,138, 1898. Organized 1865, first class graduated 1867 and classes graduated each subsequent year. School of law, Georgetown university, men, Washington, pop. 230,392 (280,000), Dean Jeremiah M. Wilson, LL. D. Session opens 5 O 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 8 mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 254, postgraduates 54; graduates 1897-98, 76; matriculates 1898-99, 308o. Admission, any person; to advanced standing, persons who present certificates of previous study at some approved law school or with a reputable practitioner and evidence of having passed examinations of former years. LAW IN THE UNITED STATEiS 177 Graduation, one year's attendance, examinations of entire course. Course, three years; fees, course ?80 a yr, lectures $40 a yr, graduation $10; subjects, criminal, testamentary, constitutional, international, civil and natural law, personal property, torts, domestic relations, real estate, contracts, bills and notes, pleading, practice, evidence, equity, moot court, corporations, equity pleading and practice, comparative jurisprudence, conveyancing, office practice. Faculty, professors 12, court of appeals 3, examiners 2, secretary and treasurer 1, assistant 1. Organized 1870&. Schools oi law, Catholic university of America, men, Wash- ington, pop. 230,392 (280,000), Dean William C. Robinson, LL. D., Catholic university. Session opens 4 O 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, professional school 32, university school 9; gradu- ates 1897-98, professional school 3, university school 14; matriculates 1898-99, professional school 32, university school 9. Admission, to professional school, age 18, good moral character, college degree, certificate from regents of University of the State of New York, or examination in English grammar and composition, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, Caesar, ancient and modern history; to advanced standing, requirements for admission to first year class and examinations in sub- jects of lower classes. Admission, to university school, bachelors of law, members of the bar or of any other liberal profession on credentials, others on academic de- gree, examinations or other satisfactory credentials. Graduation, from professional school, degree LL. B., age 21, three years' study, one year's residence after completion of studies of first year, exam- inations of each year. Graduation, from university school, degree LL. B., to members of the bar and graduates of other schools on completion of course prescribed by faculty, to others on completion of two years in general common law and icindred subjects prescribed by faculty, examinations; degree B. C. L., two years' study of courses in Roman law and their related minors. Course, in professional school, three years, in university school, indefi- nite; fees, course $75 a yr, entire course $200, graduation $5; subjects, in professional school, elementary, criminal, parliamentary, constitutional, international and Roman law, common law pleadings, history, contracts, domestic relations, corporations, wills, estates, real property, torts, equity, pleading, criminal procedure, forensic medicine, rhetoric, oi'atory, partner- ship, sales, suretyship, evidence, procedure, economics, politics, juris- prudence, logic; subjects in university school, full general courses in ad- vanced common law, exhaustive single courses for specialists, constitu- tional, international, administrative, Roman, modern civil and ecclesias- tical, philosophical, historical and comparative jurispmdence, political and economic sciences. 178 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK Faculty, professors 7, others 7. Organized 1895', first class graduated 1896 and classes graduated each subsequent year. FLOKEDA No law schools. GEORGIA Schools 4. Session opens about last of S, closes about last of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 66; graduates 1807-98, 48; matriculates 1898-99, 75. Fees: matr. $5, course $240, additional $15. Faculty: professors 15, lecturers 3, others 0, total 18. Total property for one school $2000. Atlanta law school, both, Atlanta, pop. 65,533 (118,000), Dean Hamilton Douglas, Ph.M. LL.B., 501 Gould bldg. Session opens 2 O 99, closes 23 Je 00, length 8i^ mo. Admission, any person of good moral character. Graduation, degree LL. B., attendance on one lecture course, examina- tions. Course, one year; fees, matriculation $5, course $75 a yr, dii)loma $10, summer session $25; subjects, common and statute, constitutional, inter- national, Roman, commercial and criminal law, law of corporations and wills, equity, equity pleading and practice, torts, federal procedure, banli- ruptcy. Faculty, professors 5. Organized 1801. Law dep't, Morris Brown college, men, Atlanta, pop. 65,533 (118,000), Dean C. H. J. Taylor. Session opens 1 S 98, closes 1 Je 90, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 7; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 9. Admission, good moral character, evidence of thorough education in English branches. Graduation, degree LL.B., examinations, thesis, three lecture courses. Course, three years; fees, course $30 a yr; subjects, elementary, Ameri- can, criminal, Roman, international, ecclesiastical law, law of attorneys, study and practice of law, contracts, bills, evidence, domestic relations, pleadings, torts, real and personal property, equity, constitution, code of Georgia, agency, partnership, marriage and divorce, carriers, corporations, sales, negligence, insurance, taxation, wills, political economy, conduct of lawsuits, executors and administrators, pleading and practice. Faculty, professors 2, lecturers 2. Total property $2000, 1898. Organized 1896. LAW IN THE UNITBU) STATES 179 Lawdep't, University of Georgia, men, Athens, pop. 8639 (12,500), Chancellor William Ellison Boggs, D.D. LL.D., Chancellor's office. iSession opens 21 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 189T-98, 47; graduates 1897-98, 39; matriculates 1898-99, 43. Adioisslou, age 18, students from the academic departments must ob- tain permission from the chancellor and certificates of satisfactory worlj in those departments. GraduatiMi, degree LL. B., age 19, satisfactory completion of course, examinations, actual attendance on exercises during the year. OoTixse, one year; fees, course $75 a yr; subjects, elementary, corpora- tion, parliamentary, criminal and civil law, law of contracts and torts, principles of pleading, evidence, equity, equity practice, constitution of the United States and Georgia, code of Georgia, civil code, code of prac- tice, penal code of Georgia. Faculty, professors 4, lecturer 1. Organized 1868, first class graduated 1860 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1863-65 inclusive; the original title Lumpkin law school was changed to present title in 1867. Mercer university law school, both, Macon, pop. 22,746, Chair- man Emory Speer. Session opens ? S 98, closes ? Je 99, length 8V2 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 12; graduates 1897-98, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 23. Admission, sufficient age and intelligence to comprehend the principles of law, examinations. Graduation, degree LL. B., one year's study. Course, one year; fees, course $60, diploma $5; subjects, criminal, com- mon, constitutional, international law, law of evidence, statute law of Georgia, principles of equity, pleading, contracts, torts. Faculty, lecturers 4. Organized 1875, first class graduated 1875 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1881, 1882, 1884r-92. HAWAII No law schools reported. IDAHO No law schools. ILLIITOIS Schools 9. Session opens about middle of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 1330; gi-aduates 1897-98, 281; matriculates 1898-99, 1308. Fees: matr. $25, course $605, additional $71. Faculty: professors 71, lecturers 27, others 19, total 117. Total property for three schools $64,500, receipts $22,500, expenditures $16,310. 180 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW TOEK Chaddock college law school, both, Quincy, pop. 31,494 (45,ooo), Sec. T. K. Petri. Session opens 12 S 98, closes 2 Je 99, length 9% mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 10; graduates 1897-98, 3; matriculates 1898-99, 10. Admission, age 18, good moral character, three years' English course consisting of algebra, geometry, ancient history, physiology, rlietoric, physics, physical geography, one year each; botany and bookkeeping one year; medieval and modern history one year; English and American litera- ture, one year; zoology and English composition, one year. Graduatioii, degree LL. B., completion of three years' course in this school or a satisfactory equivalent, thesis. Course, three years; fees, course $60 a yr, graduation $5; subjects. In- ternational, common, probate, criminal and elementary law, constitutional limitations, equity pleading, commercial paper, private corporations, chan- cery practice, wills, legal ethics, contracts, suretyship, domestic relations, real and personal property, railways and carriers, torts, personal rights, sales, equity jurisprudence, partnership, public corporations, patents, copy- rights, trademarks, insurance. Faculty, professors 4. Organized 1880, first class graduated 1882 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1885, 1890, 1891, 1896. Chicago college of law, law dep't, Lake Forest university, both, Chicago, pop. 1,099,850 (1,950,000), Dean Thomas A. Moran, LL. D. Session opens 6 S 98, closes 31 My 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 540; graduates 1897-98, 71; matriculates 1898-99, 540ffl. Admission, high school education or equivalent without examination, all others on examination In subjects taught In public schools; to advanced standing, students of other law schools in good standing on certifiicate showing period of attendance and proficiency; to second year, on examina- tion, students who have studied under an attorney a course of studies equivalent to those of first year. Graduation, degree LL.B., three years' study. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $5, course $75 a yr, diploma $5; subjects, elementary, criminal, common, statutory, constitutional, inter- national, civil, copyright, patent, probate and admiralty law, laws of neg- ligence and damages, rights of persons and things, private and public wi-ongs, contracts, torts, commercial paper, domestic relations, real and personal property, equity jurisprudence, pleading, evidence, mortgages, conveyancing, suretyship, trusts, partnership, agency, corporations, bail- ments and carriers, general practice, legal ethics, procedure, extraordinary remedies, federal jurisdiction, Insurance, wills, marine insurance. Faculty, professors 15, secretary 1. Total property $60,000, 1898. Organized 1888, first class graduated 1890 and classes graduated each subsequent year. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 181 Chicago law school, both, Chicago, pop. 1,099,850 (1,950,000), Dean George W. Warvelle, LL. D., 115 Dearborn st. Session opens 6 S 98, closes 24 My 99, length S^A ™o-; matriculates 1897-98, 213; graduates 1897-98, 80; matriculates 1898-99, 175. Admission, any person; candidates for a degree, age 18, good moral character, education equivalent to graduation from high school on examination; graduates of high schools or academies without examination; to advanced standing, on satisfactory examination on prior subjects; without examination, attorneys at law and students who have completed work equivalent to that of preceding year or years. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 21, three years' study, examinations. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $5, course $60 a yr, diploma $5; subjects, law of torts, contracts, contractual and noncontractual relations, science of law, international law, conflict of laws, agency, partnership, sales, bailments, bills, notes and checks, domestic relations, elements of real property, crimes, misdemeanors, constitutional and statutory con- struction, study of cases, legal ethics, forensic oratory, logic, common law pleading and practice, evidence, damages, equity, pleading and prac- tice, wills, conveyancing, copyrights, patents, insurance, eminent domain, medical jurisprudence, jurisprudence of insanity, admiralty and shipping, private and public corporations, trusts and powers, legal procedure, federal courts, practice, banks and banking. Faculty, professors 15, lecturers 10, director 1, instructors 2. Organized 1896, first class graduated 189T and classes graduated each subsequent year. Chicago university law school — see Northwestern univ. law school, Chicago. Union college of law, Chicago university and Northwestern university — see Northwestern university law school. Illinois college of laws, both, Chicago, pop. 1,099,850 (1,950,000), Dean Howard N. Ogden, Ph.D. L.H.D. Session opens ? 97, closes 28 My 98, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 111; graduates 1897-98, 20; matriculates 1898-99, Ilia. Course, three years; fees, course $75 a yr, graduation $10, additional $15. Faculty, professors 9, assistant instructors 15. Opened 1897. Kent college of law, both, Chicago, pop. 1,099,850 (1,950,000), Dean Marshall D. Ewell, LL. D., 618-19 Ashland block, 59 Clark st. Session opens 5 S 98, closes 20 My 99, length 8(14 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 223; graduates 1897-98, 64; matriculates 1898-99, 2230. Admission, graduate of high school or any one possessing equivalent education, a three years' English course accepted consisting of algebra, geometry, ancient history, physiology, rhetoric, physics, physical geog- 182 UNIVBHSITT OF THE STATE OF NBW TOEK raphy, botany, bookkeeping, zoology and English composition, any one of which may be substituted by any science or language, English and Ameri- can history and literature obligatory. Graduatioii, degree LL. B., three years' study, examinations. Course, three years; fees, course $75 a yr, diploma $6; subjects, ele- mentary, criminal, international, constitutional and statutory law, law of persons and domestic relations, common law pleading, personal rights, contracts, torts, agency, bailments and common cari-iers, real and per- sonal property, partnership, code pleading, equity jurisprudence, pleading and practice, guaranty and suretyship, abstracts and conveyancing, dam- ages, wills and administration, sales, private and municipal corporations, medical jurisprudence, evidence, negotiable Instruments, legal ethics. Faculty, professors 9, lecturers 6. E-eceipts $14,000, expenditures $7500, 1898. Organized 1893, first class graduated 1893 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Union law school of Chicago was changed to present title in 1894. Law school, Northwestern university, both, Chicago, pop. 1,099,850 (1,950,000), Dean Peter Stenger Grosscup. Session opens 22 S 98, closes 15 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 142; graduates 189T-98, 9; matriculates 1898-99, 142o. Admission, age 18, graduate of high school or equivalent education, a three years' English course accepted consisting of algebra, geometry, ancient history, physiology, rhetoric, physics, physical geography, botany, bookkeeping, zoology, English composition, any one of which may be sub- stituted by any science or language, English and American history and literature obligatory; to advanced standing, graduates of approved col- leges or law schools, on certificate of attorney those who have studied under his direction. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 21, three years' study, one full year's work as resident student, examinations. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $5, course $105 a yr, diploma $10; subjects, criminal. International, constitutional law, common law plead- ing and practice, procedure, contracts, torts, real property, bailments and carriers, domestic relations, personal property, evidence, trusts, agency, commercial paper, quasi conti-acts, property, equity, sales, wills and ad- ministrations, partnership, coi-porations, practice, suretyship, equity plead- ing, conveyancing, federal jurisprudence. Faculty, professors 8, lecturer 1. Organized 1859; the original title Union college of law was changed to present title in 1891. Law school, Wesleyan university, both, Bioomington, pop. 20,484 (25,000), Dean Owen T. Reeves, LL. D., 119 N. Main st. Session, opens 13 S 98, closes 13 Je 99, length 9 mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, 52; graduates 1897-98, 26; matriculates 1808-99, 53. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 183 Admission, age 18, good moral character, preliminary general education equivalent to graduation from high school; to advanced standing, on ex- amination. GradiiaticHi, degree LL. B., age 21, two full years' attendance, three years' study of lavs^, examinations. Course, three years; fees, course ?60 a yr, diploma ?5; subjects, Ameri- can, criminal, elementary, international, constitutional and Koman law, law of persons, personal property, civil justice, contracts, torts, evidence, bailments and carriers, agency, pleading, real property, principles of con- tract, corporations, insurance, partnership, dom.estic relations, sales, bills and notes, principal and surety, principles of equity, probate practice, v/ills. Faculty, professors 6, lecturers 2. Organized 1874, first class graduated 1875 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Law dep't, Illinois Wesleyan univ. McKendree law school, both, Lebanon, pop. 1636 (1875), Dean George A. Grow. Session opens ? S 98, closes ? Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 9; graduates 1897-98, 4; matriculates 1898-99, 7. Admission, to advanced standing, those who have attended other schools, or who have read in the office of a practising lawyer. Graduatiooi, degree LL. B., attendance on three annual lecture courses, the last at this school, examinations. Course, three years; fees, course $45 a yr, diploma $5; subjects, Ameri- can, constitutional, criminal law and procedure, law of damages and ad- ministrations, common law pleading, torts, domestic relations, contracts, personal and real property, sales, bailments, evidence, equity jurispru- dence, bills and notes, corporations, principal and agent, legal ethics, part- nerships, moot courts, Illinois practice, practice and preparation of records. Faculty, professors 2, lecturers 5. Organized 1854, first class graduated 1859 and classes graduated each subsequent year. School of law, University of Illinois, both, Ghampaign, pop. 5839, Dean Andrew S. Draper, LL. D., Ghampaign or TJrbana. Session opens 14 S 98, closes 14 Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1S97-98, 39; graduates 1897-98, A; matriculates 1898-99, 47. Admission, age IS, good moral character, graduates of approved col- leges, scientific or high schools on diploma or certificate without examina- tion; to advanced standing, on examination, persons who have studied law in an attorney's office; without examination, students of other law schools in good standing presenting satisfactory evidence of completing work equivalent to that of prior years of this school; to third year, for degree LL. B., members of the bar of this state. Graduation, degree LL. B., three years' study, thesis. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $10, course $50 a yr, diploma $5; subjects, criminal, constitutional, international, municipal law, contracts. 184 UNIVEESITX OF THE STATH OF NBW YORK torts, real property, domestic relations, evidence, sales, pleadings, agency, damages, bailments, guaranty, suretyship, equity, private corporations, commercial paper, wills, partnership, equity pleading. Faculty, professors 3, lecturers 3. Total property $4000, 1898. Organized 1897, first class gi'aduated 1898 and classes graduated each subsequent year. INDIAN TEBBITORY No law schools. inim:a2J"a Schools 4. , Session opens about last of Ag and last of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 448; graduates 1897-98, 130; matriculates 1898-89, 456. Fees: matr. ?10, course ,$2e6, additional $^. Faculty: professors 26, lecturer 1, others 5, total 32. Total property for two schools $301,000, receipts $25,000, expenditures $22,000. Indiana central law school, Danvllle. No information since 1896-97. i Indiana law school, University of Indianapolis, both, In- dianapolis, pop. 105,436 (200,750), Dean William P. Fishback. Session opens 4 O 98, closes 34 My 99, length 7^4 nio.; matriculates 1897-98, 113; graduates 1897-98, 56; matriculates 1898-99, 118. Admission, to junior class, evidence of an education fitting one to pursue with profit the study of law; to advanced standing, on satisfactory examination in subjects of junior year, without examinations, students who have completed junior year at approved law schools. Gh^aduatiooi, degree LL. B., examinations of senior year. Course, two years; fees, course $80 a yr, senior year alone $90, gradua- tion $5; subjects, elementary, criminal, constitutional, railway law, his- tory of common law and constitution of United States, bailments, partner- ship, agency, contracts, pleading, torts, real property, trusts, evidence, mortgages, civil procedure, damages, legal ethics, forensic medicine, equity pleading and practice, jurisprudence, insurance, negligence, wills, sales, code practice and appellate procedure, contracts, bUls and notes, probate practice. Faculty, professors 15, lecturer 1, others 2. Organized 1894, first class graduated 1895 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Law dep't. University of Notre Dame, men, Notre Dame, pop. 1500, Dean William Hoynes, I.D. D. Session opens 9 S 98, closes 15 Je 99, length 8 mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, 54; graduates 1897-98, 14; matriculates 1898-99, 57. Admission, collegiate standing, including sophomores, juniors, seniors and postgraduates. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 185 Graduation, examination covering three years' work, comprising lec- tures, textbook recitations, moot court practice, case reading, theme writing. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $10, course ?10O a yr, gradua- tion $10; subjects, American, elementary, common, statutory, international, constitutional, civil or Roman law, criminal law and procedure, law of con- tracts and torts, common law pleadings, statutory construction, persons, domestic relations, medical jurisprudence, code pleadings and practice, evidence, sales, insurance, agency, partnership, equity pleadings and practice, private and municipal corporations, personal and real property, wills, executors, administrators, bailments and common carriers, negotiable Instruments, suretyship and guaranty. Faculty, professors 4. Total property $300,000, receipts $17,000, expenditures $14,000, 1898. Organized 1869, first class graduated 1872 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Law school, Indiana university, both, Bioomington, pop. 4018 (10,000), Dean William Perry Rogers. Session opens 20 S 98, closes 9 Je 99, length 8 mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, 115; graduates 1897-98, 166; matriculates 1898-99, 127. Admission, age 18, satisfactory evidence of previous training, examina- tion in English composition; to advanced standing, on examination in sub- jects of junior year or satisfactory certificate of completion of equivalent subjects. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 20, two years' study, one year's actual attendance, securing of 18 credits, examinations. Course, two years; fees, course $37.50 a yr, diploma $5; subjects, ele- mentary, criminal. International, constitutional law, common law plead- ing, domestic relations, personal property, insurance, common carriers, sales, agency, partnership, bills and notes, equity pleading and practice, criminal procedure, real property, equity jurisprudence, code pleading and practice, municipal and private corporations, evidence, trusts, torts. Faculty, professors 2; associate 1, assistant 1, librarian 1. Organized 1842, first class graduated 1844 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1877-89 inclusive; the original title Indiana univ. law school was changed to present title in 1889. Northern Indiana law school, both, Valparaiso, pop. 5090, Dean Mark L. DeMotte, M.A. LL.B. Session opens 30 Ag 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 9% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 196; graduates 1897-98, 44; matriculates 1898-99, 154. Admission, good moral character; to advanced standing, on examina- tion, subjects of junior year; without examination, certificate of completion of junior year or its equivalent at another law school. Graduation, degree DL. B. Course, two years; fees, course $48 a yr, graduation $5; subjects, ele- mentary, criminal, constitutional law, law of mortgages, common law, rights of persons and things, torts, contracts, agency, partnership, infancy, guaranty and suretyship, bailments and carriers, domestic relations, patents, copyright, life and fire insurance, equity and code pleading, evi- 186 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE) OF NBW TOEK dence, real property, sales of personal property, equity jurisprudence and procedure, trusts, administration, guardianship, commercial paper, negli- gence, remedies and procedure in civil cases, private and public corpora- tions, conflict of laws, land titles and abstracting, legal ethics. Faculty, professors 5. Org'anized 1879, first class graduated 1880 and classes graduated each subsequent year. IOWA Schools 2. Session opens about first of S, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 336; graduates 1807-98, 114; matriculates 1898-99, 365. Fees: matr. $0, course $110, additional $12. Faculty: professors 10, lecturers 3, other 1, total 14. Total property for one school $1000, receipts for two schools $17,474, expenditures for two schools $16,974. Iowa college of law, Drake university, both, Des Moines, pop. 50,093 (70,000), Dean Chester 0. Cole, LL. D., 515-17 Mulberry st. Session opens 31 Ag 98, closes 23 My 99, length 9% mo. inc. vaca- tions; matriculates 1897-98, undergraduates 104, postgraduates 5; graduates 1897-98, 34; matriculates 1898-99, 144. Admission, sufficient age to understand subjects taught; to advanced standing, on examination; without examination, on evidence of one year's study either in a law school or office of an attorney, practising attorneys and those holding a certificate of admission to the bar in any state. Qraduation, degree LL. B., good moral character, two years' study, one year's attendance at this school, examinations. Course, two years; fees, course $50 a yr, graduation $5; subjects, civil, elementary, constitutional, international, interstate commerce and insur- ance law, law of contracts, common law pleading and practice, partner- ship, bailments and common carriers, agency, torts, negligence, bill and notes, public and private corporations, evidence, real property, patents, estoppel, personal property and domestic relations, sales, damages, Iowa pleading and practice, medical jurisprudence, code pleading, equity juris- prudence, legal ethics, wills. Faculty, professors 6. Organized 1872, first class graduated 1873 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Law dep't, University of Iowa, both, lowa City, pop. 7016, Chan- cellor Emlin McClain, M.A. LL.D. Session opens 14 S 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 227; graduates 1897-98, 80; matriculates 1898-99, 221. Admission, on examination, usual branches of a high school course; without examination, graduates of a college or high school, or such evidence of proficiency as the faculty may require; to advanced standing, one year's study of law, examinations of at least five subjects of junior year, study under an attorney at law gives four months' credit. Graduation, degree LL. B., two years' study, one of which must have been spent at this school, good moral character, examinations. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 187 Course, two years; fees, course ?60 a yr, diploma and certificates of admission to courts ¥7; subjects, elementary, criminal, international, pro- bate law and procedure, constitutional law and federal jurisprudence, con- tracts, code pleading, study of cases, sales, bailments and pledges, torts, agency, domestic relations, guaranty and suretyship, negotiable instru- ments, trial and judgment, evidence, real property, insurance, carriers, criminal procedure, chattel mortgages, equity pleading, corporations, appel- late proceedings, taxation, trial, practice in justices' courts, damages, partnership, attachment, garnishment and execution, pleading. Taculty, resident professors 4, lecturers 3, librarian 1. Beceipts $12,000, expenditures $11,500, 1898. Organized 1865, first class gi-aduated 1866 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Iowa law school was changed to present title in 1868. Schools 1. Session opens about first of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 189Y-98, 172; graduates 1897-98, 72; matriculates 1898-99, 166. Fees: matr. $0, course $25, additional $5. Faculty: professors 3, lecturers 6, other 1, total 10. School of law, University of Kansas, both, Lawrence, pop. 9997 (11,350), Dean James Woods Green, M. A., State University. Session opens 7 S 98, closes 7 Je 90, length SYi mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 172; graduates 1897-98, 72; matriculates 1898-99, 166. Admission, any person, candidates for a degree, on examination in English, two years United States and general history, algebra through quadratics, plane and solid geometry, physics, physical geography, or without examination, college, academy, normal or accredited high school diploma or first grade teachers certificates; to advanced standing, on examination, on the requirements for admission and work of junior year. Qraduation, degree LL. B., one year's attendance, examinations, thesis. Course, three years; fees, course, free to residents of Kansas, all others $25 a yr, graduation $5; subjects, elementary, constitutional, railway, Roman and criminal law, conflict of laws (private international law), domestic relations, contracts, agency, bailments, commercial paper, part- nerships, sales, torts, corporations, real property, evidence, pleadings, equity jurisprudence, wills, equity pleading and practice, bills and notes, Insurance. Faculty, professors 3, associate 1, lecturers 6. Organized 1878, first class graduated 1880 and classes graduated each subsequent year. KENTUCKY Schools 2. I Session opens about last of S, closes about last of Ap and last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 83; graduates 1807-9S, 37; matriculates 1898-96, 06. Fees: matr. $0, course $155, additional $7. Faculty: professors 6, lecturers 0, others 0, total 6. Total property for one school $50,000, receipts $4685, expenditures $4685. 188 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NDW YORK Law dep't, Centre college, both, DanvlUe, pop. 3766 (6OOO), Dean J. Proctor Knott, LL. D. Sessfoa opens 27 S 98, closes 27 My 99, length 7% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 33; graduates 1897-98, 17; matriculates 1898-99, 26. Course, two years; fees, course $75 a yr, graduation $7; subjects, con- stitutional, International, commercial, common and criminal law, medical Jui-isprudence, equity pleading, evidence and practice. Faculty, professors 3. Organized 1895, first class graduated 1896 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Law school, University of Louisville, men, Louisville, pop. 161,129 (225,000), Dean W. O. Harris, LL. B. Session opens 3 O 98, closes 28 Ap 99, length 6% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 50; graduates 1897-98, 20; matriculates 189&-99, 70. Admission, any person on examination; to advanced standing, on ex- amination and those having a certificate of proficiency from a reputable law school in the studies of the junior course. Graduation, degree LL. B., satisfactory examinations. Course, two years; fees, course ?80 a yr; subjects, elementary, criminal, constitutional, mercantile law, law of corporations, contracts, pleading, torts, evidence, code pleading, real property, bills, notes, principles of sales, equity jurisprudence. Faculty, professors 3. Total property $50,000, receipts $4685, expenditures $4685, 1898. Organized 1846, first class graduated 1847 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Law dep't, TJniv. of Louisville. XiOUISIAJSTA Schools 1. Session opens about last of N, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 82; graduates 1897-98, 26; matriculates 1898-99, 72. Fees: matr. $0, course $80, additional $0. Faculty: professors 5, lecturers 0, others 0, total 5. Law dep't, Tulane university of Louisiana, both, New Or- leans, pop. 242,039 (300,000), Dean Harry H. Hall, Tulane university. Session opens 21 N 98, closes 22 My 90, length 6 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 82; graduates 1897-98, 26; matriculates 1898-99, 72. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 21, two courses of lectures, the last at this school, or one year's office study and one lecture course. Course, two years; fees, course $80 a yr; subjects, common, ad- miralty, international, constitutional, criminal, land, Roman, mercantile, maritime, civil law, law of corporations, conflict of laws, obligations, civil code of Louisiana, constitution of the United States, constitutional limitations, equity jurisprudence, equity and federal practice, partner- ship, bills, notes, commercial paper, municipal and private corporations, evidence, code of practice. Faculty, professors 6. Organized 1847, first class graduated 1848 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1862-65 inclusive; the original title Law dep't, Univ. of Louisiana was changed to present title In 1884. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 189 lyrATT J-F, Schools 1. Session opens about first of O, closes about middle of Je. Matriculates 18&8-99, SI. Fees: matr. $0, course $60, additional $10. Faculty: professors 3, lecturers 6, other 1, total 10. School of law, University of Maine, both, Bangor, pop. 19,103, Dean George B. Gardner, M. A. Session opens 5 O 98, closes 14 Je 90, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1898- 99, 31. Admission, any person; candidates for a degree, satisfactory evidence of necessary educational qualifications; without examination, graduates of colleges or satisfactory preparatory schools; to advanced standing, on examination of first year or equivalent studies; VFithout examination, students from other lavr schools in good standing, members of the bar of any state. Graduation, degree LL. B., three years' study. Course, three years; fees, course $60 a yr, graduation $10; subjects, his- tory of law, criminal, constitutional, Roman law, common law pleading, real property, contracts, torts, domestic relations, sales, bailments, evi- dence, equity, corporations, probate and insolvency practice, agency, commercial paper, wills and administration, partnership, equity pleading, quasi contracts, suretyship, construction of statutes. Faculty, professors 3, lecturers 6, librarian J.. Organized 1898, first class graduated 1899. MATtYIiAJJD Schools 2. , Session opens about first of O, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 277; graduates 1897-98, 69; matriculates 1898-99, 277. Fees: matr. $5, course $110, additional $47. Faculty: professors 15, lecturers 0, others 3, total 18. School of law, Baltimore university, both, Baltimore, pop. 434,439 (500,000), Dean Bernard O. Steiner, Enoch Pratt free library. Session opens 3 O 98, closes 30 My 99, length 7% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 83; graduates 1897-98, 28; matriculates 1898-99, 83a. Admission, diploma from recognized college or university, certificate of graduation from Baltimore city college or other similar preparatory school, examination in English grammar and composition and American history; to advanced standing, on certificate or examination. Graduation, degree LL. B., good moral character, attendance on three annual lecture courses, moot courts, examinations, thesis. Course, three years for all graduating after 1869; fees, matriculation $5, course $40 a yr, library $5, graduation $20, special students, course $75 for each group of courses; subjects, elementary, criminal, testamentary, ad- miralty, mercantile, insurance, public international, Roman, constitutional and administrative law, law of domestic relations, confiict of laws, con- tracts, agency, bills, notes, common carriers, evidence, patents and copy- 190 UNIVERSITY OF THH STATE OF NEW TOEK rights, personal property, pleading, torts, corporations, criminal procedure, conveyancing and title to realty, equity, general and medical jurisprudence, advocacy and legal ethics, practice in state and federal courts. Faculty, professors 5, instructors 3. Organized 1880. University of Maryland law school, both, Baltimore, pop. 434,439 (500,000), Dean John Prentiss Poe. Session opens 3 O 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 194; graduates 1897-98, 41; matriculates 1898-99, 194a. Graduation, degree LL. B., attendance on three courses of lectures, examinations, thesis, argument of the required number of cases. Course, three yeais; fees, course $70 a yr, course in two years $100 a yr, library $4 a yr, diploma $10; subjects, common, criminal, commercial, con- stitutional, international law and admiralty, law of contracts, personal property, bailments, domestic relations, executors and administrators, pleading, torts, real property, corporations, bills, notes, practice, evidence, equity jurisprudence and procedure. Faculty, professors 10. Organized 1813. MASSACHUSETTS Schools 2. Session opens about first of O, closes about middle of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 982; graduates 1897-98, 205; matriculates 1898-99, 974. Fees: matr. $0, course $275, additional $10. Faculty: professors 20, lecturers 26, others 17, total 63. Total property for one school $562,379, receipts $103,382, expenditures $70,274. Law school. Harvard university, men, Cambridge, pop. 70,028 (89,276), Dean James Parr Ames, DL. D. Session opens 29 S 98, closes 28 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 551; graduates 1897-98, 139; matriculates 1898-99, 564. Admission, candidates for the degree, graduates of certain colleges, persons qualified to enter senior class of Harvard college; persons, not candidates for the degree, on examination; to advanced standing, gradu- ates of certain colleges who have attended another law school one year of not less than seven months, on examination. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 21, three years' study, three full years' attendance, examinations. Course, three years; fees, course $150 a yr; subjects, constitutional. In- ternational and Roman law, law of persons, conflict of laws, criminal law and procedure, civil procedure at common law, agency, bankruptcy, bills of exchange and promissory notes, carriers, contracts, property, quasi contracts, torts, evidence, insurance, jurisdiction ana procedure In equity, sales of personal property, trusts, damages, corporations, partnership, comparative jurisprudence, suretyship and mortgages, interpretation of statutes. Faculty, professors 10, lecturers 4, instructors 2, librarian 1, secretary 1. Total property $562,379, receipts $103,382, expenditures $70,274, 1898. Organized 1817, first class graduated 1820 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1824 and 1829. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 191 School of law, Boston university, both, Boston, pop. 448,477 (530,000), Dean Samuel G. Bennett, LL. B., Boston university law school, Ashburton place. Session, opens 5 O 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 431; graduates 1897-98, 66; matriculates 1898-99, 410. Admission, suitable age, on examination, Latin, mathematics and the English branches; without examination, applicants who have taken their first degree in arts, science or philosophy, graduates of approved colleges, academies or high schools; to advanced standing, examinations in studies of preceding years or other satisfactory evidence. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 21, three years' study, one of which must have been in this school, those admitted to the bar graduated after one year if all other conditions are complied with, graduates of any ap- proved college of liberal arts, who attain an honor after two fuU years. Course, three years; fees, course $125 a yr, three years' course in two years $150 a yr, examination $5, graduation $5; subjects, criminal, patent, constitutional, international and Roman law, law of railways and cor- porations, pleading and practice at common law, conflict of laws, con- tracts, torts, sales, agency, domestic relations, bailments, bills and notes, insurance, conveyancing, partnership, real property, mortgages and liens, insolvency, equity jurisprudence, equity pleading, evidence, jurisdiction and practice of the United States courts, wills, easements, admiralty, ship- ping, medical jurisprudence, copyright, damages. Faculty, professors 10, lecturers 22, instructors 12, librarian and secre- tary 1. Organized 1872, first class graduated 1873 and classes graduated each subsequent year. MICHIGAIT Schools 2. Session opens about last of S, closes about last of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 913; graduates 1897-98, 238; matriculates 1898-99, 918. Fees: matr. $10, course $85, additional $20. Faculty: professors 28, lecturers 12, others 4, total 44. Detroit college of law, both, Detroit, pop. 205,876 (350,000), Dean Philip T. Van Zile, LL. D. Session opens 19 S 98, closes 22 Je 99, length 10% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 146; graduates 1897-98, 30; matriculates 1898-99, 150. Admission, sufficient age to begin study, on examination, elementary branches; without examination, presentation of diploma from college, high or grammar school or teachers certificate; to advanced standing, to third year, students of approved law schools having studied two years or com- pleted work equivalent to first and second year, graduates of approved law schools and colleges with a two years' course; to second year, persons who have studied law one year and pass examinations of first year and those who have completed equivalent work at another law school or college. Graduation, degree LL. B., good moral character, comply with all re- quirements, must have been a member of third year class one year and attended all exercises and sessions, examinations, thesis. 192 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW XOEK ■Course, three years; fees, course $50 a yr, diploma $10; subjects, ele- mentary, criminal, international, constitutional law, law of sales, torts, trusts, landlord and tenant and bailments, common law, domestic rela- tions, contracts, personal and real property, agency, criminal procedure, equity jurisprudence, evidence, equity pleading and practice, partnership, damages and frauds, common carriers, patents and copyrights, libel and slander, private and municipal corporations, commercial paper, surety and guaranty, insurance, admiralty, mortgages, real and personal, wills and estates of deceased persons, Michigan probate practice, jurisdiction and practice in federal courts, extraordinary legal proceedings, conduct of law suits, legal ethics, advanced equity pleading and practice, convey- ance, court work, code pleading, Michigan constitution and statutes. Faculty, professors 17. Organized 1891, first class graduated 1893 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1897. Law dep't, University of Michigan, both, Ann Arbor, pop. 9431 (15,000), Dean Harry B. Hutchins, LL. D. Session, opens 27 S 98, closes 22 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 767; graduates 1897-98, 208; matriculates 1898-99, 768. Admission, age 18, on examination, geography, English language, com- position, rhetoric and English literature, algebra, plane geometry, general, U. S. and English history, civil government; without examination, gradu- ates of universities, colleges, academies or high schools of approved stand- ing; to advanced standing, on examination, increased age; without exami- nation, attorneys at law in good standing, students satisfactorily complet- ing work of former years, those with the degree LL. B. from any approved law school or who have passed examination for admission to the bar. Graduation, degree LL. B., three years' study, examinations, thesis. Coiirse, three years; fees, matriculation, Michigan students $10, others $25, course, Michigan students $35 a yr, others $45 a yr, diploma for all $10; subjects, elementary, private, international, constitutional, admiralty, min- ing, patent, copyright, railway, criminal law and procedure, procedure at common law, law and practice of United States courts, contracts, quasi contracts, torts, domestic relations, real property, personal property, sales, husband and wife, agency, partnership, damages, bills of exchange, promissory notes, bailments and carriers, civil pleading, code pleading, equity jurisprudence, equity pleading and procedure, private and public corporations, evidence, extraordinary legal remedies, wills and administra^ tion, conveyancing, assignments, suretyship and mortgages, science of jurisprudence, practice court, practical instruction concerning preparation and trial of causes, public officers, taxation, medical jurisprudence, insur- ance, neurology, electrology, railway injuries. Faculty, professors 11, instructors 3, lecturers 12, law librarian 1. Organized 1859, first class graduated 1860 and classes graduated each subsequent year. MXUNDSOTA Schools 1. Session opens about first of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 440; graduates 1897-98, 97; matriculates 1898-99, 446. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 193 Fees: matr. $10, course $50, additional $10. Faculty: professors 6, lecturers 16, other 1, total 23. Total property for one school $50,000, receipts $19,000, expenditures $14,000. Law dep't, University of Minnesota, both, Minneapolis, pop. 164,738 (200,000), Dean William S. Pattee, LL. D., 1319 5th st. s. e. Sessioa opens 1 S 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 440; graduates 1897-98, 97; matriculates 1898-99, 446. Admission, any person of good moral character; to candidates for a degree, age 18, on examination, English grammar, composition, algebra, plane and solid geometry. United States, Greeli, Koman and English his- tory, physiology, physics; without examination, graduates of universities or colleges and of normal or state high school of Minnesota or those of equal grade in other states; to advanced standing, age 19, on examina- tion, subjects of preceding year or years; without examination, attorneys at law of this state. Crraduation, degree LL. B., age 21, three years' study, one year's at- tendance at this school, examinations. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $10, course $50 a yr, diploma $10; subjects, criminal, American constitutional, international, patent, car- riers and insolvency law, conflict of laws, contracts, domestic relations, agency, commercial paper and partnership, torts, real and personal prop- erty, pleading, bailments, private and public corporations, mortgages, suretyship, liens, wills and administration, landlord and tenant, evidence, equity, medical jurisprudence, taxation, practice in United States courts, extraordinary legal remedies, conveyancing, trusts, moot court worlc. Faculty, professors 6, librarian 1, lecturers 16. Total property $50,000, receipts $19,000, expenditures $14,000, 1898. Organized 1888, first class graduated 1889 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title College of law, University of Minne- sota. HISSISSXPFI Schools 1. Session opens about middle of S, closes about last of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 52; graduates 1897-98, 27; matriculates 1898-99, 45. Fees: matr. $0, course $50, additional $0. Faculty: professors 2, lecturers 5, other 1, total 8. Law school, University of Mississippi, both. University, Dean G. D. Shands, LL. D. Session, opens 15 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 9 mo. Inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 52; graduates 1897-98, 27; matriculates 1898-99, 45. Admission, age 19, good moral character; to advanced standing, worli of other schools. Graduation, examination and attendance for at least five months imme- diately preceding graduation. Course, two years; fees, course, three terms $50 a yr, two terms $35, one term $25; subjects, criminal, common, statutory, public international, American constitutional law, law of real estate, personal property, evi- dence, master and servant, political and legal constitution of England, 194 tJNIVBESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW XOEK public and domestic relations, principal and agent, partnership, principal and surety, bailments, contracts, organization and jurisdiction of courts, pleading and practice, criminal pleading and practice, torts, equity juris- prudence, equity pleading and practice, federal jurisprudence and pro- cedure, railways and common carriers, corporations, real estate, Missis- sippi code, bills of exchange and promissory notes. Faculty, professors 2, lecturers 5, librarian 1. Organized 1854, first class graduated 1856 and classes graduated each subsequent year. HISSOUBI Schools 3. Session opens about middle of S, closes about middle of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 380; graduates 1897-98, 134; matriculates 1898-99, 366. Fees: matr. $0, course $180, additional $8. Faculty: professors 16, lecturers 18, others 0, total 34. Total property for two schools $137,750, receipts $16,631, expenditures $15,163. Kansas City school of law, both, Kansas City, pop. 132,716 (200,000), Dean William P. Borland, 713 N. Y. Life bldg. Session, opens 12 S 98, closes 10 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 104; graduates 1897-98, 28; matriculates 1898-99, 118. Admission, good moral character, diploma or certificate from high school, academy or college, or examinations in elementary English branches; to advanced standing, work of recognized schools. Oraduatlou, degree LL. B., successful completion of full two years' course. ■Course, two years; fees, course $50 a yr, diploma $5; subjects, inter- national, Roman, statutory, common, criminal and constitutional law, common law and equity pleading, federal jurisprudence and government, jurisdiction of federal courts, constitutional limitations, rights of persons, patents, copyrights and trade marks, personal property, sales, bailments and common carriers, contracts, bills, notes and commercial paper, torts, code pleading and practice, evidence, equity jurisprudence, agency, wills and administration of estates, partnership, corporations, real property, domestic relations. Faculty, professors 11. Total property $250, receipts $4200, expenditures $3900, 1898. Organized 1895, first class graduated 1897 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Law dep't, University of Missouri, both, Columbia, pop. 4000 (5050), Dean Alexander Martin, M.A. LL.D. Session opens 13 S 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 132; graduates 1897^8, 57B; matriculates 1898-99, 106. Admission, good moral character, examination in general history, English, algebra or geometry, Latin, or diploma or certificate covering above subjects from college, academy, normal or high school; to advanced standing, work of recognized schools for first year. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 195 Graduation, degree lii. B., attendance on two lecture courses, exam- inations. Course, two years; fees, course $50 a yr, diploma $3, certificate $2; sub- jects, parliamentary, criminal, constitutional, international law, law of wills and administration, elements of law of real property, contracts, bail- ments, personal property, sales, negotiable instruments, real property, evi- dence, torts, equity jurisprudence, pleading and practice at common law and under the code, corporations. Insurance, partnership. Faculty, professors 3, resident lecturer 1, nonresident lecturers 4. Organized 1872, first class graduated 1873 and classes graduated each subsequent year. St Louis law school, Washington university, both, St Louis, pop. 451,770 (623,000), Dean William S. Curtis, L,L. B., 1417 Locust St. Session opens 22 S 98, closes 15 Je 99, length SY2 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 144; graduates 1897-98, 49; matriculates 1898-99, 142. Admission, good moral character, evidence of good English education; to advanced standing, examination on first year's course. Oraduation, degree LL. B., attendance required time, thesis, examina- tions. Course, two years; fees, course $80 a yr; subjects, elementary, criminal, constitutional, international law, history of common law, contracts, com- mercial paper, torts, negligence, sales, bailments, agency, pleading, dam- ages, real property, corporations, domestic relations, evidence, statutes of limitations and frauds, administration, jurisdiction of federal courts, part- nership, equity, moot courts. Faculty, professors 2, lecturers 13. Total property $137,500, receipts $12,431, expenditures $11,263, 1898. Organized 1867, first class graduated 1869 and classes graduated each subsequent year. MQH^TANA. No law schools. NKBItASKA Schools 1. Session opens about first of O, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 142; graduates 1897-98, 48; matriculates 1898-99, 117. Fees: matr. $5, course $60, additional $10. Faculty: professors 5, lecturers 9, other 1, total 15. Keceipts for one school $5850, expenditures $7850. College of law, University of Nebraska, both, Lincoln, pop. 55,154, Dean Manoah B. Eeese, 239 S. 11th st Session opens 3 O 98, closes 8 Je 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 102; graduates 1897-98, 41; matriculates 1898-99, 117. Admission, age 19 unless a college graduate, college or high school diploma, or state or county first grade teachers certificate; to advanced standing, work of recognized schools for first year on examination or certificate, attorneys at law, persons 21 years of age having studied law in 196 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YOKK office of attorney for one year and having satisfactory preliminary edu- cation. Graduation, degree LL. B., successful completion of two years' course, the last at this school. Course, two years; fees, matriculation $5, course $45 a yr, diploma $5, single topic $12.50; subjects, elementary, criminal, constitutional, mining. Irrigation and common law, domestic relations, study of cases, con- tracts, agency, torts and negligence, partnership, sales and mortgages of personal property, justice practice, commercial paper, bailments and car- riers, evidence, equity and code pleading, procedure, real property, private corporations, wills and administration, medical jurisprudence, suretyship and guaranty, federal practice, code practice, limitations of actions, dam- ages,' insurance, statutory construction. S'aculty, professors 5, lecturers 9, other 1. Receipts $5850, expenditures $7850, 1898. Organized 1891, first class graduated 1892 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Law dep't, University of Omaha. Omaha. Discontinued. NEVADA No law schools. NEW HAMPSEaBB No law schools. NEW JEBSEY No law schools. NEW MEXICO No law schools. NEW YORK Schools 7. Session opens about last of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 2259; graduates 1897-98, 578; matriculates 1898-99, 2202. Fees: matr. $15, course $758, additional $83. Faculty: professors 61, lecturers 48, others 13, total 122. Total property for seven schools $938,136, receipts $225,780, expenditures $227,176. Albany law school, Union university, both, Albany, pop. 94,923 (100,000), Dean J. Newton Fiero, Albany law school. Session opens 21 S 98, closes 31 My 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 65; graduates 1897-98, 46; matriculates 1898-99, 77. Admission, to first year course, students of this state who have studied two years of 10 months each (college graduates one year of 10 months), and have filed clerkship certificate with clerk of court of appeals and within one year thereafter have filed the regents law student certificate LAW IN THB UNITED STATES 197 (see p. 238); students from other states, period of study as above and certificate of preliminary requirements of their state for admission to bar; to second year course, state requirements (see p. 239); to advanced standing, work of recognized schools for other year than senior. Graduation, degree not conferred for one year's course; for two years' course, attendance on two lecture courses of eight months each, thesis. Course, one or two years for graduation, two years for degree LL. B.; foes, matriculation $10, full course $100 a yr, one semester $50, for mem- bers of bar full course $75 a yr, one semester $40, diploma $2; subjects, criminal law, common law practice, contracts, real and personal property, domestic relations, torts, agency, partnership, bills, notes, corporations, wills and administration, guaranty, suretyship, equity, evidence, sales, code procedure. Faculty, professors 6, special lecturers 11. Total property $23,800, receipts $5780, expenditures $5780, 1898. Organized 1851, became a department of Union univ. in 1873. Buffalo law school, University of Buffalo, both, Buffalo, pop. 255,664 (400,000), Dean Adalbert Moot, 45 Erie co. Savings bank bldg. Session opens 19 S 98, closes 22 My 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 104; graduates 1897-98, 33; matriculates 1898-99, 116. Admission, age 18, good moral character, without examination, college graduates and attorneys at law, others, state requirements (see p. 238). Graduation, degree LL. B., satisfactory completion of course, final examinations. ■Course, two years; fees, course $100 a yr; subjects, elementary, consti- tutional, civil, maritime, admiralty law, criminal law and procedure, law of real property, patents, evidence, parol evidence and negligence, torts, contracts, agency and partnership, bailments and common carriers, negotiable bills and notes, domestic relations, personal property, eminent domain, liens, practice, equity, medical jurisprudence, transmission of real property, powers and trusts, sales, insurance, corporations, business cor- porations, trial of actions, code of practice, drafting of papers, proceed- ings in court, special actions and proceedings, practice in surrogate's court, divorce, the study of cases, codification, public discourse. Faculty, professors 10, lecturers 16. Total property $1232, receipts $10,004, expenditures $9532, 1898. Organized 1887, first class graduated 1889 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Metropolis law school, New York, merged In 1895 into University law school. New York university, as evening division of the law department. New York law school, men. New York, pop. 1,515,301 (3,549,558), Dean George Chase, LL. B., 309 W. 74th st, Law school bldg., 35 Nassau St. Session opens 3 O 98, closes 8 Je 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, day school 588, evening school 153; graduates 1897-98, 151; matriculates 1898-99, day school 613, evening school 152. Admission, age 18, college graduation or a regents academic diploma or its equivalent; to advanced standing, work of recognized schools. 198 UNIVBRSITT OF THE STATU OF NEW YORK Graduation, degree JAj. B., attendance on two years' course, exam- inations. Course, two years; fees, full course $100 a yr, partial course $15 a month, degree examination $10; subjects, elementary and criminal law, law of torts, contracts, agency, partnership, negotiable paper, guaranty, bail- ments and carriers, pleading and practice at common law and in equity and under codes of civil procedure, real and personal property, sales of personal property, leases, mortgages, easements, trusts, powers, remaind- ers and reversions, devises, corporations, insurance, wills, evidence, domes- tic relations, equity jurisprudence, reviews of special topics, prax:tice courts. Faculty, professors 3, special Instructors 6, prize tutors 3, special lec- turers 7. Total property $74,013, receipts $71,499, expenditures $57,455, 1898. Organized 1891, first class graduated 1892 and classes graduated each subsequent year. New York university, University law school, both. New York, pop. 1,515,301 (3,549,558), Dean Clarence D. Ashley, LL. D., N. Y. univ., Washington sq. Session opens 1 O 98, closes 8 Je 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 628; graduates 1897-98, 133; matriculates 1898-99, 687. Admission, age 18, good moral character, college graduation or state requirements {see p. 238) ; to advanced standing, work of recognized schools on examination. Graduation, degree LL. B., good moral character, successful comple- tion of course, examinations, attendance on commencement. Course, day, two years, evening, three years; fees, course $100 a yr, graduation $20; subjects, elementary, criminal, substantive statutory, con- stitutional, international, common law, pleading, contracts, quasi contracts, torts, domestic relations, sales, real property, code of civil procedure, part- nership, equity, evidence, agency, wills and administration, bills and notes, corporations, trusts. Faculty, professors 11, registrar and librarian 1, instructor 1, lecturer 1. Total property $154,280, receipts $57,267, expenditures $57,267, 1898. Org'anized 1835 but no department work done till 1857, first class gradu- ated 1859 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1869; the original title Law dep't. University of the city of New York was changed to present title in 1896; schools merged or united in this school, Metropolis law school In 1895. School of law, Columbia university, men. New York, pop. 1,515,301 (3,549,558), Dean William A. Keener, LL. D., Columbia unlv. Session opens 3 O 98, closes 14 Je 99, length 8 mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, 365; graduates 1897-98, 84; matriculates 1898-99, 349. Admission, age 18, good moral character, a regents academic diploma or its equivalent; to advanced standing. Increased age, work of recognized schools on examination, but no advancement beyond second year except by special vote of faculty. Graduation, degree LL. B., satisfactory completion of three years' course, examination. LAW IN THE DNITBD STATES 199 Course, three years; fees, matriculation $5, course $150 a yr, graduation $25, gymnasium $7 a yr; subjects, administrative, comparative constitu- tional, international law, criminal law and procedure, law of taxation, common law pleading and practice, domestic relations and law of persons, elements of jurisprudence, comparative jurisprudence, equity, contracts, real and personal property, torts, quasi contracts, agency, bailments and carriers, negotiable paper, sales of personal property, equity pleading and practice, code pleading and practice, corporations, municipal corporations, evidence, partnership, suretyship and mortgage, wills and administration, insurance, doctrines peculiar to New York law. Faculty, professors 9, lecturers 2, librarian 1. Total property, $581,250, receipts $52,704, expenditures $70,250, 1897. Organized 1858, first class graduated 1860 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1890. School of law, Cornell university, both, ithaca, pop. 11,079, Dean Francis M. Finch, B.A. LIi.D. Session opens 22 S 98, closes 22 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 296; graduates 1897-98, 105; matriculates 1898-99, 174. Admission, age 18, college graduates or those who have successfully completed one year in college, academy and high school graduates of four years' course, or college entrance diploma, holders of an academic diploma or any 60 count academic certificate, school principal must send applica- tion for admission by certificate or diploma, or examination in English, physiology and hygiene, two histories, geometry, algebra, two lan- guages; to advanced standing, increased age, admission requirements, work of recognized schools for other years than senior on examination or certificate, juniors and seniors in college may elect work in law course which shall enable them to complete both the college and law school course in six years. Graduation, degree LL. B., attendance on three lecture courses, the last at this school. Course, three years; fees, course $100 a yr, special and optional students $125 a yr, graduation $5; subjects, constitutional, international, patent law, criminal law and procedure, history and evolution of law, law of shipping and admiralty, domestic relations and law of persons, contracts, torts, property, civil procedure, hypothetic cases, sales, equity jurispru- dence, agency, evidence, college courts, partnership and corporations, quasi contracts, bills, notes, cheeks, carriers, insurance, suretyship and guaranty, statute of frauds, fraudulent conveyances, general assignments for the benefit of creditors, legal ethics, bankruptcy, practical suggestions for the preparation and trial of causes. Faculty, professors 6, lecturers 3, librarian 1. Total property $102,700, receipts $23,656, expenditures $21,450, 1898. Org'anized 1887, first class graduated 1888 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Cornell univ. school of law was changed to Cornell univ. college of law in 1897. School of law, Syracuse university, both, Syracuse, pop. 88,143 (130,000), Dean James B. Brooks, M.A. D.O.L. Session opens 20 S 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 60; graduates 1897-98, 26; matriculates 189S-99, 84. 200 DNIVERSITT OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK Admission, age 18, good moral character, without examination, college graduates and attorneys, others, state requirements (see p. 238); to advanced standing, work of recognized schools for other than senior year, juniors and seniors in college may elect work in law course which shall enable them to complete both the college and law school course in six years. Graduation, degree LL. B., attendance on three lecture courses, the last at this school, satisfactory examinations. Course, three years; fees, course $108 a yr; subjects, elementary, crim- inal, Roman, statute, constitutional and international law, history and philosophy of law, law of evidence, negligence and patents, civil procedure at common law, contracts, torts, personal property, bills and notes, domes- tic relations, legal ethics, real property, quasi contracts, agency, hypo- thetic cases, sales and warranty. New York code of civil procedure, part- nership and liens, equity jurisprudence, trusts, corporations, bailments, medical jurisprudence, wills and administration, insurance. United States constitution, trial of actions, searching and examination of titles. ^Faculty, professors 5, lecturer 1, total 6. Total property $861, receipts $4870, expenditures $5442, 1898. Organized 1895, first class graduated 1896 and classes graduated each subsequent year. NORTH CAROLINA Schools 2. Session opens about first of S and first of O, closes about middle of Mr and last of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 95; graduates 1897-98, 6; matriculates 1898-99. 86. Fees: matr. $5, course $160, additional $15. Faculty: professors 5, lecturer 1, total 6. Receipts for one school $482, expenditures $778. Law dep't, University of North Carolina, men, chapei Hiii, pop. 1017 (120O), Dean James E. Shepherd. Session opens 7 S 98, closes SI My 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 87; graduates 1897-98, 4; matriculates 1898-99, 72. Admission, on examination or certificate. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 20, attendance on two lecture courses, two years' residence, thesis, completed course equivalent to freshman and sophomore years in the college. Course, two years; fees, course $100 a yr for those remaining in class, two years $150 payable in advance, course prescribed by supreme court one term, double course $75, two terms, single course $50 a term; subjects, criminal. International law, constitutional history, elements of law, real and personal property, domestic relations, pleading, contracts, cor- porations, torts, evidence, equity, constitution of North Carolina and United States, code of North Carolina, bailments, bills, checks, notes, municipal corporations, sales, insurance, agency, political economy and social science. Faculty, professors 4. Organized 1876. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 201 Shaw university law school, both, Raleigh, pop. 12,678, Dean E. A. Johnson. Session opens 1 O 98, closes 12 Mr 99, length 5% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 8; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-99, 14. Admission, age 18, good moral character, preliminary mental discipline requisite for mastery of law. G-raduation, degree LIj. B., completion of coui'se, examinations. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $5, course $60 a yr, incidentals $5, graduation $10; subjects, common, international and constitutional law, equity, admiralty, stenography, typewriting, real property, evidence, con- tracts, pleading, corporations, legal forms and practice as to deeds, mort- gages, notes and bills, civil procedure, code and constitution of North Carolina, constitution of the United States, legal forms as to conti-acts, and all Instruments of pleadings. Faculty, professor 1, lecturer 1. Beoeipts $482, expenditures $778, 1898. Organized 1888, first class graduated 1890 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1896. WORTH DAKOTA No law schools. OHIO Schools 6. Sessions opens about first of Ag and middle of S, closes about middle of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 659; graduates 1897-98, 14S; matriculates 1898-89, 705. Fees: matr. $0, course $390, additional $29. Faculty: professors 47, lecturers 6, others 6, total 59. Total property for two schools $180,000, receipts $27,285, expenditures $27,285. Cleveland college of law*, men, Cleveland, pop. 261,353 (400,000), Dean Sherman Arter, M.A. Session opens ? 97, closes 1 Je 98, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 36; graduates 1897-98, 0; matriculates 1898-99, 86a. Course, three years; fees, course $60 a yr. Faculty, professors 8. Opened 1897. Franklin T. Backus law school of Western Reserve uni- versity, both, Cleveland, pop. 261,353 (400,000), Dean Evan Henry Hop- kins, B.A. liL.B., 84 Miles av. Session opens 20 S 98, closes 15 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 88; graduates 1897-98, 16; matriculates 1898-99, 105. Admission, good moral character, for degree, graduation from college or high school of approved standing, or examination in three of the follow- ing subjects, English history, American history, civics, Caesar and Cicero, logic, algebra, geometry, physics, chemistry. 202 UNJVBRSITT OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK Graduation, degree L.L. B., attendance on two annual lecture courses at this school, examinations. Course, three years; fees, course ?1(X) a yr, three courses $230; subjects, criminal and constitutional law, history of common law procedure, com- mon law pleading, contracts, real property, torts, legal literature, agency, bills and notes, equity jurisdiction, equity pleading, evidence, code plead- ing, wills and administration of estates, sales, trusts, suretyship, mc7tgages, partnerships, corporations, shipping, admiralty and common c&/riers, Insurance, patents, federal jurisdiction and procedure, pleading and practice in Ohio. Faculty, professors 16, lecturers 3, librarian 1. , Organized 1892, first class graduated 1SS5 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Law school of Western Reserve uni- versity was changed to present title in 1893. Law dep't, National normal university, both, Lebanon, pop. 3050 (3500), Dean E. E. Crockett. Session opens 6 S 98, closes 14 Ap 99, length 7% mo. inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 20; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-99, 15. Admission, good English education; to advanced standing on examina- tion In previous work or work of recognized schools on certificate. Graduation, degree LL. B., satisfactory completion of course. Course, three years; fees, course $i40 a yr; subjects, elementary, consti- tutional and statute law, common law pleading, criminal law and proced- ure, contracts, personal property and sales, torts, equity, commercial paper, agency, bailments, partnership, real property, domestic relations, wills, debating, evidence, corporations, code i^leading, jurisdiction of fed- eral courts, legal ethics, moot courts. Faculty, professors 5, secretary 1. Organized 1880. Law dep't, University of Cincinnati, both, Cincinnati, pop. 293,908 (405,000), Dean W. H. Taft, LL. D. Session opens 3 O 98, closes 12 Je 99, length SVj, mo. Inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 145; graduates 1897-98, 48; matriculates 1898-99, 123. Admission, college graduates and matriculates, academy or high school graduates on certificate, others on examination in English composition, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, English and American history, Latin, German, French or English literature; to advanced standing, on examina- tion. Graduation, degree LL. B., completion of three years' course, exami- nations. Course, three years; fees, course $100 a yr; subjects, constitutional, criminal law, procedure, civil procedure at common law, contracts, agency, bills of exchange and promissory notes, property, torts, quasi contracts, evidence, equity, jurisdiction, procedure In equity, sales of personal property, jurisprudence, common carriers, code pleading, statutes and their interpretation, corporations, partnership, suretyship, case sys- tem of study. Faculty, professors 9, instructors 4. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 203 Receipts $17,285, expenditures $17,285, 1898. Organized 18S6, first class graduated 1898 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the above title modified by adding Cincinnati law school, 1897; united with Law school of the Cincinnati college in 1897. Ohio normal university law school, both, Ada, pop. 2079 (2500), Dean S. P. Axline, LL. D. ©ession opens 2 Ag 98, closes ? Jl 99, length 11 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 21S; graduates 1897-98, 42; matriculates 1898-99, 234. Admission, college, academy or high school diploma or ezamination In common branches; to advanced standing, work of recognized schools on certificate or examination. Graduation, degree LL. B., completion of three years' course. Course, three years; fees, course $45 a yr, law and literary studies $14; subjects, elementary, American, criminal and constitutional law, common law pleading, contracts, real property, torts, evidence, agency, code plead- ing, bailments, sales, commercial paper, pai-tnership, insurance, wills and administration, equity, equity pleading, corporations, legal ethics, jurisdic- tion of federal courts, domestic relations. Faculty, professors 3. Total property $80,000, 1898. Organized 1893, first class graduated 1894 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Ohio state university, College of law, both, Columbus, pop. 88,150 (135,000), Dean V/illiam Forrest Hunter, 18 Board of trade, 1032 Biyden road. Session opens 15 S 98, closes 14 Je 99, length 9 mo. ; matriculates 1897-98, 157; graduates 1897-98, 35; matriculates 1899-99, 192. Admission, high school, academy or college diploma, teacliers certifi- cate, or examination in common branches including U. S. history, civil government and English composition; for degree, certificate or diploma. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 21, at least one year's work at this school, senior examinations, thesis. Course, three years; fees, course $45 a yr, incidental $15 a yr; subjects, elementary, criminal, commercial, constitutional, international and pro- bate law, agency, contracts, sales, torts, bailments, evidence, pleading, construction of contracts, partnership, pleading, real property, wills, cir- cuit and supreme court practice, corporations, equity jurisprudence, ethics, federal practice, insurance, mortgages, suretyship, trial practice, moot courts. Faculty, professors 6, lecturers 3. Organized 1891, first class graduated 1892 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Law school of Ohio state university was changed to present title in 1896. OKLAHOIKEA No law schools. 204 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK OBEGOSr Schools 2. Session opens about last of S, closes about last of My. Matriculates 1807-98, 65; graduates 1897-98, 32; matriculates 1898-90, G5. Fees: matr. $0, course $100, additional ?10. Faculty: professors 9, lecturers 4, others 0, total 13. Receipts for one school $1290, expenditures $100. Law dep't, Willamette university, both, Saiem, pop. 4515, Dean Samuel T. Richardson, M.A. LL.D., Murphy block, State & Commercial St. Session opens 2 O 98, closes 5 Je 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 2S; graduates 1897-98, 17; matriculates 1898-99, 2Go. AdmissioD, good moral character, common school education and two years of Latin. Graduation, degree LL. B., completion of two years' course, examina- tions. Course, two years; fees, course, first year $30, second year $50, gradu- ates $80 a yr; subjects, commercial, international, constitutional, criminal, maritime and common law, code and common law pleadings, equity juris- prudence, contracts, torts, real property, evidence. Faculty, professors 8. Organized 1885, first class graduated 1886 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1889 and 1897. School of law, University of Oregon, both, Portland, pop. 4a,S85 (100,000), Dean Richard H. Thornton. Session opens 28 S 98, closes 24 My 99, length 8 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 39; graduates 1897-98, 15; matriculates 189S-99, 39o. Graduation leading to degree LL. B., attainment of at least 70% In final examinations. Course, two years; fees, course $60 a yr, graduation $10; subjects, con- stitutional and common law, general laws of Oregon, contracts, pleading, evidence, equity, negotiable paper. Faculty, professor 1, lecturers 4. Org'anized 1884, first class graduated 1886 and classes graduated each subsequent year. ^ FENWSYIiVANIA Schools 3. Session opens about first of O, closes about middle of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 524; graduates 1897-98, 158; matriculates 1898-99, 526. Fees: matr. $10, course $355, additional $10. Faculty: professors 23, lecturers 23, others 9, total 55. Total property for one school $360,000, receipts $50,000, expenditures $50,000. Dickinson school of law, both, Carlisle, pop. 7620, Dean William Trickett, LL. D. Session opens 5 O 98, closes 7 Je 99, length 7% mo.; matriculates 1897-98 112; graduates 1897-98, 37; matriculates 1898-99, 114. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 205 Admission, those holding diplomas or certificates from colleges, semi- naries, normal or high schools, attorneys at law, others on examination in subjects for admission to college. Graduation, degree LL. B., thesis, satisfactory completion of course. Course, three years; fees, course §;95 a yr, diploma $10; subjects, crim- inal, coiistitutional and international law, real property, torts, contracts, domestic relations, insurance, bailments, pleading, agency, equity, dece- dents' estates, sales of personal property, general jurisprudence, practice, corporations, evidence, bills and notes, partnership, damages, quasi con- tracts, liens, moot courts, banliruptcy. Faculty, professors 7, lecturer 1, stated lecturers 9, special lecturers 11. Organised 1834, first class graduated 1836 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Department of Dickinson college was changed to present title in 1890. Law dep't, University of Pennsylvania, both, Philadelphia, pop. 1,040,964 (1,350,000), Dean William Draper Lewis, B.S. Ph.D. LL.B., 115 S. 6th St. Session opens 1 O 98, closes 16 Je 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 364; graduates 1897-98, 97; matriculates 1898-99, 3640. Admission, college degree or diploma from limited number of more ad- vanced public high schools, or examination in following subjects, English grammar, literature and history, American history, algebra, plane geom- etry, Blackstone's Commentaries, besides two of the following languages, Greek, Latin, French and German, or one of these languages and solid geometry, plane trigonometry and physics; to advanced standing, work of recognized schools on certificate and examination on subjects of first year admits to second year. Graduation, degree LL. B., satisfactory completion of course, exam- inations. Course, three years; fees, matriculation $5, course $100 a yr; subjects, constitutional law, principles of common law, conflict of laws, equity, torts, crimes, property, pleading, contracts, domestic relations, partner- ship, evidence, property, quasi contracts, bills and notes, agency, carriers, corporations, insurance, suretyship, equity (contracts), mortgages and cor- porate security, insolvency, practice, property, admiralty, municipal cor- porations, constitution and statutes of Pennsylvania, damages, negligence. 5'aculty, provost 1, professors 9, lecturers 2, instructor 1, fellows 4, registrar 1, librarian 1. Total property $360,000, receipts $50,000, expenditures $50,000, 1898. Organized 1700, reorganized 1850, first class graduated 1852 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1890; the original title Dep't of law of the University of Pe"usylvania. Pittsburg law school, law dep't of Western university of Pennsylvania, men, Pittsburg, pop. 238,617 (315,000), Dean John D. Shafer, 518 4th av. Session opens 3 O 98, closes 2 Je 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 48; graduates 1897-98, 24; matriculates 1898-99, 48a. Admission, good moral character, age 18, examination in English gram- mar, geography, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, physics, English and 206 UNIVBRSITX OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK American literature, English and American history, Latin, or graduation from college; to advanced standing, admission requirements and evidence of completion of work of preceding years. Graduation, degree LL. B., successful completion of course, thesis. Course, three years; fees, matriculation ?5, course $100 a yr; subjects, constitutional law, laws of corporations, bailments, sales, real property and conveyancing, contracts, torts, domestic relations, negotiable paper, actions and elementary pleading, partnership, evidence, equity pleading and practice, crimes and criminal procedure, pleading and practice, juris- diction and practice of the United States courts, orphans' court practice, wills and administration. Paculty, professors 7, Instructors 2. Organized 1S95, first class graduated 1897 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1898. PHU/IPPimES Law dep't, University of Santo Tomas de Manila^;, Manila, pop. (300,000), Rector Santiago Paya. Session opens about the first of July, matriculates 1896-97, 558. Course, metaphysics, history, Spanish literature, natural law, political economy and statistics, Roman law, canonical law, Spanish and general civil law and procedure, general history of law, criminal statute and constitutional law, law of business and finance, international law. Faculty, professors 12, lecturers 3, total 15. 'Organized. As early as June 8, 1585, Philip 2 gave orders for the founding of a university in the Philippines. In IGOl the " Semlnario de Nobles " was opened and on April 8, 1611 the Dominican order estab- lished the College of Santo Tomds for the instruction of the natives and the care of the Spanish poor which received royal sanction July 16, 1628. The university was founded by royal decree October 29, 1857. The Dominican order appoints the theological professors, the governor general the others. PITEBTO KICO No law schools. RHODS ISLAJSTD No law schools. SOUTH CSAROLIlfA Schools 1. Session opens about last of S, closes about last of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 23; graduates 1897-98, 13; matriculates 1898-99, 25. Fees: matr. ?0, course $40, additional $23. Faculty: professors 2, lecturers 0, others 0, total 2. South Carolina college law school, both, Columbia, pop. 15,353 (25,000), Dean Joseph Daniel Pope, 1718 Pedie st. Session opens 28 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 23; graduates 1897-98, 13; matriculates 1898-99, 25. X See p. 168 foot note. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 207 Admission, age 19, good moral character, certificate from accredited school, or examination in English branches and Latin; to advanced stand- ing, on examination. Graduation, satisfactory standing and examinations. Course, two years; fees, course $40 a yr, term $18, diploma $5; subjects, criminal, constitutional, maritime law, sources of municipal law, law of evidence and nations, statute law of the state on various subjects, real and iJersonal property, conveyancing, organization and jurisdiction of courts of United States and South Carolina, domestic relations, adminis- tration, wills, contracts, bailments, bills and notes, principal and agent, corporations, torts and nuisance, public and private, pleading and practice, equity jurisprudence, title to land. Faov-lty, professors 2. Organized 1866, reorganized 1880. SOUTH DAKOTA No law schools. TENNESSEE Schools 6. Session opens about middle of S, closes about first of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 231; graduates 1897-98, 93; matriculates 1898-99, 211. Fees: matr. ?10, course $440, additional $79. Faculty: professors 12, lecturers 33, other 1, total 46. Keceipts for one school $2000, expenditures $2000. Cumberland university law school, men, Lebanon, pop. 1883, Chancellor N. Green. Session opens 5 S 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 9 mo. Inc. vacations; matricu- lates 1897-98,. 81; graduates 1897-98, 53; matriculates 1898-99, 66. Admission, no requirements. Graduation, degree LL. B., completion of two years' course, exami- nations. Course, one year; fees, course $100 a yr, contingent fee $5, diploma $&; subjects, constitutional, criminal law, proceedings, law of nations, pleading and practice in courts of law and of equity, husband and wife, marriage and divorce, parent and child, guardian and ward, master and servant, principal and agent, partnership, factors and brokers, bailments, railv/ays, common carriers, administrators and executors and probate of wills, trustees, guaranty and suretyship, sales, warranties, negotiable instruments, contracts, corporations, torts, damages, mortgages, marine, fire and life insurance, equity jurisprudence, real property, evi- dence, dower, landlord and tenant, federal jurisdiction, copyrights, patents, trademarks. I'aculty, professors 2. Organized 1847, -first class graduated 1848 and classes graduated each subsequent year except during civil war. 208 UNIVBESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK Law dep't, American temperance university, both, Haniman, pop. 4000, Dean S. C. Brown, M. A. Session opens 1 S 98, closes 24 My 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 18; graduates 1897-98, 10; matriculates 1898-99, 13. Admission, age 18, good moral character, academic education; to ad- vanced standing, work of recognized schools for other years than senior; to second year, attorneys at law who pass examinations of junior year. Graduation, degree LL. B., age 20, attendance on two lecture courses. Course, two years; fees, course $50 a yr, incidental $1.50, diploma $5; subjects, constitutional, criminal, international law and all subjects em- braced in Kent's Comment aries, law of civil pleading, evidence, corpora- tio;is, equity, contracts, bills and notes. Faculty, professor 1, lecturers 7. Organized 1893, first class graduated 1894 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Law dep't, Central Tennessee college, both, Nashville, pop. 70,168 (100,000), Dean J. W. Grant, LL. D., 411 N. Cherry st. Session opens 12 S 98, closes 1 Je 99, length 8% mo. ; matriculates 1897- 98, 12; graduates 1897-98, 2; matriculates 1898-99, 12. Admission, evidence of good moral character, on examination, studies up to a high school grade; without examination, certificate or diploma from a reputable school of having completed an academic course. Graduation, degree LL. B., two years' study or preliminary examina- tion on first year's work and one full year's study at this college, satisfac- tory examination on history and doctrines of the Bible. Course, two years; fees, course $30 a yr, graduation $10; subjects, inter- national, common, criminal law, procedure, law of contracts, domestic relations, civil and equity pleadings, bills and notes, partnership, evidence, damages, torts, federal procedure, real property and corporations, equity jurisprudence, pleadings, constitutional limitations, moot courts and debates. | Faculty, professors 2, lecturers 4. Organized 1881, first class graduated 1883 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1884^85. Law dep't. University of Tennessee, both, Knoxviiie, pop. 22,535, Dean Henry H. IngersoU, LL. D. Session opens 15 S 98, closes 10 Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; ma- triculates 1897-98, 53; graduates 1897-98, 14; matriculates 1898-99, 51. Admission, good moral character, good English education. Graduation, degree LL. B., two years' study, examinations. Course, two years; fees, matriculation $10, course $60 a yr, diploma $6.50; subjects, elementary, international, criminal, constitutional, Roman, common law, interpretation of laws, pleading and practice at law and in equity, contracts, agency, partnership, insurance, sales, bills and notes, domestic relations, real and personal property, bailments, torts, damages, evidence, wills, corporations, practice in federal courts, partnership, equity, engineering and architectural jurisprudence, forensic oratory, legal ethics. Faculty, professor 1, associate professor 1, lecturers 8. Organized 1890, first class graduated 1891 and classes graduated each subsequent year. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 209 Law dep't, Vanderbilt university, men, Nashville, pop. 76,168 (100,000), Dean Thomas H. Malone, Vanderbilt bldg. Session opens 21 S 98, closes 21 Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897- 98, 49; graduates 1897-98, 13; matriculates 1898-99, 51. Admission, no educational requirement; to advanced standing, on ex- amination. Graduation, degree LL. B., satisfactory completion of course. Course, two years; fees, course $100 a yr, library $10, diploma $5; sub- jects, criminal, constitutional law, law of partnership, bailments and car- riers, contracts, domestic relations, corporations, torts, civil pleading, real property and evidence, equity jurisprudence, wills, equity pleading, notes and bills, constitutional limitations, admiralty proceeding, federal practice and pleading. Faculty, professors 5. Organized 1S75, first class graduated 1876 and classes graduated each subsequent year. Sewanee law school, University of the south, men, Sewanee, pop. 428, Dean Burr J. Ramage, Ph. D. Session opens '! Sir 99, closes V D 99, length 10 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1898, 18; graduates 1898, 1; matriculates 1899, 18. Admission, good moral character, evidence of proficiency in English and American history, English grammar and arithmetic, on examination; without examination, on diploma or certificate from recognized schools; to advanced standing, work of recognized schools. Graduation, degree LL. B., examinations. Course, two years; fees, course $100 a yr, medical $10 a yr, graduation $10; subjects, constitutional, convmon, elementary, international, Roman law, criminal law and procedure, torts, domestic relations, real and per- sonal property, contracts, patents, principles of sales, bailments, equity, negotiable Instruments, corporations, wills and administration, code and common law pleading and evidence. Eaculty, professor 1, lecturers 14. Organized 1892, first class graduated 1894 and classes graduated each subsequent year. TEXAS Schools 2. Session opens about middle of S, closes about first of Je. jMati-iculates 1897-98, 164; graduates 1897-98, 41; matriculates 1898-99, 176. Fees: matr. $30, course $38, additional $10. Faculty: professors 6, lecturers 0, others 0, total 6. Expenditures for one school $12,000. Law dep't, Fort Worth university, both. Fort Worth, pop. 23,076, Dean Augustus J. Booty. Session opens 13 S 98, closes 25 My 99, length 8 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 19; graduates 1897-98, ? ; matriculates 1898-99, 19a. Graduation, degree LL. B. Course, two years; fees, course $37.50 a yr; subjects, criminal, common and constitutional law, statute law of the state of Texas, domestic rela- 210 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK tions, real and personal property, contracts, torts, equity jurisprudence, pleading and practice, evidence, corporations, professional ethics, partner- ship, agency, negotiable instruments. Paoulty, professors 3. Organized 1893. Law dep't, University of Texas, both, Austin, pop. 14,575, Proctor James Benjamin Clark. Session opens 21 S 98, closes 14 Je 99, length 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 145; graduates 1897-98, 41; matriculates 1898-99, 157. Admission., graduates of approved high schools,- those having passed examinations in this university In mathematics, English and Latin, who have had one full course In history in that department without examina- tion, others on examination in English, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, U. S. and English history, Latin, those holding first grade teachers certifi- cates on examination in English history and Latin or a modern language. Graduation, degree LL. B. Course, two years; fees, matriculation $30, course free, library deposit $5 a yr; subjects, elementary, common, constitutional, international and criminal law, contracts, sales, agency, torts, pleading and practice, evi- dence, political science, equity, corporations, suretyship and guaranty, partnership, real estate, insurance, commercial paper. Faculty, professors 3. Expenditures $12,000, 1898. Organized 1883. UTAH No law schools. VEBMONT No law schools. VIBGINIA Schools 3. Session opens about middle of S, closes about middle of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 211; graduates 1897-98, 45; matriculates 1898-99, 236. Fees: matr. $107, course $223, additional $15. Faculty: professors 7, lecturers 5, others 4, total 16. Total property for two schools $152,500, receipts for one school $3256, expenditures for one school $8500. Law dep't, University of Virginia, men, Charlottesville, pop. 5591 (7000), Senior professor, W. M. Sile, University station. Session opens 15 S 98, closes 14 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 3897-98, 124; graduates 1897-98, 18; matriculates 1898-99, 138. Admission, age 16, no other requirements; to advanced standing, cer-" tificate of attendance and satisfactory work for one term of at least eight months and satisfactory examination on subjects for which credit is desired. Graduation, degree LL. B., attendance on two lecture courses of nine months each, the last at this school, examinations. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 211 Course, two years; fees, matriculation $40, course $100 a yr, contingent deposit $10; subjects, constitutional and international law, conflict of laws, law of persons, agency, contracts, corporations, evidence, real estate, crimes and punisliments, personal property, wills, torts, carriers, bail- ments, pai'tnersMp, negotiable paper, insurance, pleading and practice in civil cases, equity jurisprudence and procedure. Faculty, professors 2, adjunct 1, licentiate In law 1. Organized 1826, first class graduated 1827 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1862-65 inclusive. School of law, Richmond college, men, Richmond, pop. 81,388 (100,000), Dean Roger Gregory, LL. D. Session opens 23 S 98, closes 15 Je 99, lengtih 8% mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 4(i; graduates 1897-9S, 9; matriculates 1888-99, 55. Admission, applicant must be a white man of good standing with satis- factory knowledge of the English language. Graduation, degree LL. B., a standing of 80% on recitations, examina- tions on subjects embraced in the course. Course, two years; fees, matriculation $18.50 a yr, course, first year $40, second year $55, refundable contingent $2.50 a yr; subjects, common, stat- ute, criminal, commercial, constitutional and international law, law of per- sons, real and personal property, evidence, pleading and practice, criminal law and procedure, equity jurisprudence. Faculty, professors 3. Total property $27,500, receipts $3256, expenditures $3500, 1898. Organized 1870, first class graduated 1871 and classes graduated each subsequent year except 1875-77 inclusive. School of law, Washington and Lee university, men, Lexing- ton, pop. 3059, Dean Charles A. Graves, M.A. LL.D. Session opens 8 S 98, closes V Je 99, length 9 mo. inc. vacations; matriculates 1897-98, 43; graduates 1897-98, 18; matriculates 1808-99, 43. Admission, no requirements. Graduation, degree LL. B., attendance on prescribed course taken in one or two years, examinations. Course, two years; fees, matriculation and university $30, single course $75 a yr, double course $100; subjects, constitutional and international law, law of real and personal property, conflict of laws, contracts, domestic relations, agency, partnership, insurance, negotiable paper, corporations, bailments, carriers, wills and administration, torts and crimes, criminal procedure, pleading and practice, evidence, equity jurisprudence, equity pleading, practice in the federal courts. Faculty, professors 2, adjunct 1, lecturers 5, law librarian 1. Total propsirty $125,000, 1898. Organized 1866, first class graduated 1867 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Law school of Washington college was changed to present title, in 1871; schools merged or united in this school, Lexington law school in 1866. 212 UNIVBESITT OP THE STATE OP NEW YORK WASHINGTON Schools 1. Session opens about first of S, closes about middle of Je. Fees: matr. $0, course $25, additional $0. Faculty: professors 6, lecturers 18, others 0, total 24. Law school, University of Washington, both, Seattle, pop. 42,837 (85,000), Dean John T. Condon, LL. M., 624 Burke bldg. New school first opens 1 S 99, closes 15 Je 190O, length 9 mo. Cours3, two years; fees, course $25 a yr or $10 a term; subjects, crim- inal, constitutional, private and public international, pubUc land and com- munity property law, being the law of married persons' property rights in Washington, California and other states, Blackstone, Gould pleading, equity, criminal and code pleading, evidence, real and personal property, statutory constitution, jurisprudence, agency, partnership, private and municipal corporations, domestic relations, torts, bills and notes, carriers, federal jurisprudence, wills, equity, medical jurisprudence, insurance, ad- miralty, irrigation. Faculty, professors 6, lecturers 18. Organized 1899. WEsrr viRaiNXA. Schools 1. Session opens in O, closes in Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 112; graduates 1897-98, 49; matriculates 1898-99, 125. Fees: matr. $5, course $24, additional $24. Faculty: professors 3, lecturers 0, others 0, total 3. Law dep't. West Virginia university, both, Morgantown, pop. 1011, Dean Okey Johnson, M.A. LL.B. Session opens V O 98, closes V Je 99, length 9 mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 112; graduates 1897-98, 49; matriculates 1898^-99, 125. Admission, to two years' certificate course, no requirements; to four years' degree course, general and U. S. history, spelling, English grammar, composition and literature, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, physical geog- raphy, physiology, physics, botany, two years of Latin and one year of French, German or Greek; to advanced standing, on examination for other years than senior. Graduation, degree L»L. B. Course, certificate, two years, degree, four years for all graduating after 1899; fees, matriculation $5, course free for West Virginia students, all others $24 a yr, contingent $6 a yr; subjects, criminal, parliamentary, international and constitutional law, common law pleading and practice, negotiable paper, suretyship and guaranty, bailments, contracts, insur- ance, criminal procedure, evidence, sales, partnership, agency, damages, corporations, equity and equity pleading, real property, court practice. Faculty, professors 3. Organized 1867, first class graduated 1869 and classes graduated each subsequent year. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 2l3 WISC0N"SI1J" Schools 2. Session opens about last of S, closes about last of Je. Matriculates 1897-98, 227; graduates 1897-98, 28; matriculates 1898-99, 259. Fees: matr. $0, course $110, additional ?0. Faculty: professors 10, lecturer 1, other 1, total 12. Expenditures for one school $14,654. College of law, University of Wisconsin, both, Madison, pop. 13,426, Dean E. E. Bryant, University of Wisconsin. Session opens 28 S 98, closes 22 Je 99, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 182; graduates 1897-98, 28; matriculates 1898-99, 214. Admission, recognized normal or high school, academy, college or first grade teachers certificate, or examination in geography, U. S. his- tory, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, English composition, literature and grammar; to advanced standing, vyorli of recognized schools for other years than senior, or examination in vyork of previous years, gradu- ates of this university having taken six hours a week of junior law work in this school may graduate in two years, persons 23 years of age ad- mitted as specials must pass entrance examinations before taking degree. Graduation, degree LL. B., examinations, required moot court cases, legal papers, etc., thesis. Course, three years; fees, course, first year $75, second $50, third $25, for two years' course, first year $75, second $50, senior year alone $100, students of the college of letters and science, first year $25, second $75, third $50; subjects, elementary, constitutional, probate, international and patent law, criminal law and procedure, law of real property, common law pleading and practice, contracts, domestic relations, commercial paper, courts and jurisdiction, public offices and officers, sales, evidence, wills, estoppel and torts, agency, contracts, corporations, equity juris- prudence, equity pleading and practice, code pleading, partnership, dam- ages, carriers, bailments, banking, insurance, code practice, trusts, police powers, legal history, forensic oratory, personal property, legal ethics. Faculty, professors 7, assistant 1, special lecturer 1. Expenditures $14,654, 1896. Organized 1868, first class graduated 1869 and classes graduated each subsequent year; the original title Dep't of law. University of Wisconsin was changed to present title in 1880. Milwaukee law schools, both, Milwaukee, pop. 204,468 (280,000), Dean Edward R. Veech. Session opens ? 97, closes 31 My 98, length 8% mo.; matriculates 1897-98, 45; graduates 1897-98, ? ; matriculates 1898-99, 45a. Fees, course $60 a yr. Faculty, professors 3. Opened 1898. WYOMING- NO law schools. 214 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK REQTJIEEaiBSPrS FOR LL. B. Of the 44 schools with a three years' course 11 report an abso- lute requirement of three years' study in a law school for the LL. B. degree, viz: Leland Stanford jr university Hastings college of law, University of California Morris Brown college, law department Law school, Howard university Chicago law school Jjaw school, Harvard university School of law, Columbia university Law department, University of Cincinnati School of law, New York university (evening) Law department, Shaw university Dickinson school of law; 30 report three years' study in a law school as the regular re- quirement for the LL. B. degree, viz: Denver lav/ school, University of Denver Colorado school of law. University of Colorado Law department, Yale university Law department, Catholic university of America Law department, Columbian university Law department, Georgetown university Law department. National university Chicago college of law Kent college of law Law department, McKendree college Law school. Northwestern university Law school, Wesleyan university School of law, University of Illinois School of law, Notre Dame university School of law, Kansas university School of law, Maine university School of law, Baltimore university Law school, University of Maryland School of law, Boston university Detroit college of law Law department. University of Michigan College of law, University of Minnesota College of law, Cornell university College of law, Syracuse university College of law, Ohio state university Law department, Ohio normal university Law school. Western Reserve university (Franklin T. Backus) LAW IN THH UNITED STATES 215 Law department, University of Pennsylvania Pittsburg law school, Western university of Pennsylvania College of law, University of Wisconsin. ASSOCIATIONS While the matter of admission to the bar belongs to the several states and is not a national prerogative, there are certain associa- tions that have greatly influenced and brought into closer uni- formity laws, rules and regulations, as well as the professional and preliminary requirements for admission to the bar. American bar association. Secretary John Hinkley, Balti- more, Md. Last meeting, Buffalo, 28 Ag 99. Organized 1878, to advance the science of jurisprudence, promote the adminis- tration of justice and uniformity of legislation throughout the Union, ujjliold the honor of the profession of the law and encour- age cordial intercourse among the members of the American bar. Members in good standing of the bar of any state for five years next preceding their nomination are eligible to member- ship on nomination by the local council of the state bar and approval by the council to the association which reports the name of the member. Dues $5 a year. The committee on legal education and admission to the bar consists of five members. To it are referred the recommendations of the section of legal education which it in return reports to the association. New York state bar association, Secretary Frederick E. Wadhams, Albany, N. Y. Next meeting, Albany, 16 Ja 1900. Organized 1876, incorporated 1877, to cultivate the science of jurisprudence, to promote reform in the law, to facilitate the administration of justice, to elevate the standard of integrity, honor and courtesy in the legal profession, and to cherish a spirit of brotherhood among the members. Members of the legal pro- fession in good standing, residing or practising in the state, mem- bers of the bar at least three years may become members by vote of the association on open nomination after a report of the com- mittee on admissions, on subscribing to the constitution and pay- ing the admission fee and annual dues. Pee $5 a year. " It is not surprising that the New York state bar association has accomplished much, for its membership consists of the lead- ing members of the profession in this state, men full of resources and imbued with that spirit of helpfulness which is character- istic of the legal profession. It is responsible for the miscella- neous reports, through the medium of which are preserved all the opinions of the courts of this state other than those of the court of appeals and the appellate divisions. It suggested the consti- 216 UNIVSJESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK tutional commission of 1890, composed of a body of men never surpassed by any gathering of men in the history of this state. The constitutional convention of 1894, in adopting its judiciary article incorporated into it every recommendation which the New York state bar association made to the constitutional com- mission except one. It is entirely responsible for the present system of uniform examinations for admission to the bar in this state, the result of which has been to materially elevate the standard of qualification for membership therein. It has set on foot a movement to revise and abbreviate the code of civil procedure. . . Many other instances might be cited of faith- ful devotion to the public welfare by the New York state bar association, but I refrain from referring to them further because while all that they have done has been accomplished during their minority we have every reason to expect an even greater degree of usefulness by this association now that it has reached its majority. But important as its work has been, presaging as it does still greater usefulness in the future, it never- theless occupies a far more narrow field than that which is fortu- nately in the possession of the American bar association." From the address of welcome to the American bar association 21st annual meeting August 1898. Chief Judge Alton B. Parker, court of appeals of the state of New York. RULES OR REGULATIONS OF LICENSING BOARDS, COMMITTEES OR SOCIETIES, OF REGISTRATION OFFICERS, OF EXAMINATION DEPARTMENTS OR BOARDS These extracts are made for the convenience of administrative and professional bodies, practitioners and candidates for regis- tration or examination. While rules are legal and are based on the statutes, often being the sole requirements, they are not statutes and for this reason they are properly grouped in a sepa- rate division. All facts given in the synopsis or the statutes are omitted as rigidly as consistent with clearness. The extracts give as uniformly as possible: Licensing requirements Age, moral character, general education, professional sub- jects of examinations, fees, certificates, affldavits Examination requirements Standing, failure, per cent, language, date, place, program Registration requirements OfQcer, place, fee. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 217 AJjABAMA There are no regulations other than those given in the law. ABIZOUA Licensing. The applicant who has not been admitted to prac- tise in another state or territory of the United States makes application to the judge of the district, who appoints a committee to examine him. On the report of this committee, the candidate is either rejected or admitted. If admitted to the district court, he may, on motion made in open court, be admitted to practise in the supreme court on taking the oath of oflQce. If admitted to practise in any other state or territory, he may be admitted to practise in any district in the territory on motion and, there- after, be admitted to the supreme court in like manner. CALIPOKJirrA Licensing. The examination for admission to practise as at- torneys and counselors is based on Blackstone's Commentaries, Greenleaf's Evidence (vol. 1), Story's Equity jurisprudmoe, Gould's Pleading, Lube's Equity pleading, Parsons on contracts, Pomeroy'a Introduction to municipal law, code of civil procedure, civil code, constitutions of the United States and of the state of California. The fee for license is deposited with the clerk of the court before the application is made and is returned to the applicant in case of rejection. Persons applying for admission, whether by exami- nation or motion, must personally appear in court at the time the application for admission is made. Applicants must prior to the first day of the term at which the application is made, file with the clerk of the court a certificate signed by at least two attor- neys of the court, each of not less than four years' practice, stat- ing that they have each carefully and diligently examined the applicant as to his qualifications and learning in the law; that they are each satisfied that the applicant has been engaged in the study of the law for a period named in the certificate, naming the place and person under whom, if any, such study has been prosecuted; that the applicant had during that time read cer- tain books of law, which books shall be enumerated and stating any other fact tending to show the attainments of the applicant and also stating that, in their opinion, the applicant possesses the requisite qualifications and learning in the law to be entitled to admission to practise. A person rejected can not again appear till the third regular term after such rejection. Examinations are held on the first day of each regular term and on that day only. Registration (see p. 251). 218 TJNIVBBSITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK COLORADO Licensing. An applicant who has practised two years in the highest court of another state or country or who is an American citizen with a diploma entitling him to practise in such state or country may be licensed without examination, if he has the other qualifications required and produces a recommendation from the judge of such court or other satisfactory evidence of character and qualifications. All others must file with the clerk of the supreme court a certificate from the committee of law examiners. Requirements for admission to examination from an applicant from a bar without the state, the production of his license or certificate of admission and his aflSdavit showing where he practised law at least a year; from others a certified copy of the certificate of the attorney with whom they served, as filed with the clerk of the supreme court, certifying to a two years' clerkship after the age of 18; the filing of an affidavit of this attorney showing actual service, the end thereof and not more than three months' vacation yearly; the sealed certificate of the dean of a law school showing a two years' course of eight months to the year; the affidavit of the applicant stating age at the beginning of attendance^ a certificate of moral char- acter from the attorney with whom he served or from some at- torney of the place of residence. The committee may demand far- ther evidence and may accept other evidence. The required preliminary education. An applicant must submit a New York state 30-count regents certificate or a certificate or diploma signed by some officer of an approved university, college, high school or preparatory school, showing graduation from any one of these institutions or admission to a college or university; a certificate of the superintendent of public instruction to attest the passing of a preliminary examination held with the regular county examination for teachers. Any law student whose clerk- ship or attendance at a law school began prior to Sep. 13, 1899, may obtain from the court of some county a certificate of moral character, from one or more counselors a certificate of two suc- cessive years' law study prior to his application. Registration. The name of a successful applicant, if no objection is made, must be certified to the supreme court and a license issued. Exami- nation. An unsuccessful applicant is not eligible for one year, during which he must diligently study lar/. Oral and written examinations are held in each judicial district in June of each ■year. Additional examinations may be appointed for other times and places and may be held concurrently with the annual exami- nations of any law school of the state. An applicant need not be a resident of the district in which he is examined. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 219 CONNECTICTTT . Licensing. The judges of the superior court shall appoint an examining committee of 15, of which one or more shall be judges of said court, and the rest attorneys residing in this state, one third of which committee shall hold office till July 1, 1891, one third till July 1, 1892, and one third till July 1, 1893. At each annual meeting of the judges the terms of those whose offices next expire shall be filled for the unexpired term by appoint- ments made at any meeting of the judges. An applicant must be a citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character; must pay the following fees: flO for law examination, |5 for preliminary ex- amination, |5 for admission to the bar; must file with the clerk of the superior court where the examination is held a certificate of the superior court of the county in which he intends to apply for admission, the county in which he last studied, if his study was in an office in this state, if not, the county of this state in which he resides. This certificate must show that said appli- cant 15 days prior to the examination filed notice of his intention to apply for examination and that subsequently the notice was approved by the bar. The clerk must 10 days prior to the ex- amination communicate the filing of such notice to every prac- tising member of the bar of the county. After the age of 18 an applicant must study law for two years, if a college or law school graduate; otherwise, for three years in a law school or in the office of a practising attorney, of which period one year must be spent in this state. Before beginning law study, he must either have graduated from a college, high school or preparatory school approved by the committee or have been admitted to an approved college or professional school or have passed a prelimi- nary examination before the examining committee. On removal from one county to another a law student must lodge with the clerk of the superior court of the latter a written certificate of moral character and term of study from his previous instructor. Applicants from the highest judicial court of another state may be admitted to examination on proof of identity, moral character, citizenship, age, the filing and approval of an intention to apply for examination. Such persons with three years' practice may, on vote of the bar, be admitted without examination. Subjects, the law of pleading, practice and evidence, constitutional law, the law of real and personal property, contracts, torts, equity, criminal law, wills and administration, corporations, partner- ship, negotiable paper, agency, bailments, domestic relations, such additional subjects as the committee may deem advisable. Examination. Two examinations are held annually, one at the supreme court room in Hartford, 10 a. m., the Friday after Christ- 220 TJNIVBJKSITT OF THE STATE) OF NEW YORK mas, if Friday be New year's day, on Thursday; one at the court house in New Haven, 10 a. m., the second Thursday before the last Monday in June. Registration. Names of successful ap- plicants must be certified to the clerk of the superior court where notice was filed, and the court may then on motion admit them to the bar. CXTBA Licensing . Applicants for licenses to practise law must show diplomas, together with certificates of good standing from insti- tutions or courts in the countries from which they came. They must be able to speak Spanish and must pass examinations on the civil and criminal law and the procedure in force in Cuban courts. — Lcno notes, Aug. 1899 SEI/AWABXi Licensing. A candidate for admission to the practice of law must be 21 years old, must be a person of integrity and good character, must have studied law three years under the direction of a member of the bar of this state of 10 years' practice, must have been privately and fully examined by the board of county examiners and must be admitted only on the written report of said board stating his qualifications and recommending his ad- mission. Attorneys regularly admitted elsewhere who are resi- dents of this state, of good character, and have practised three years in the court of last resort in any other state, on the written report of the board of examiners stating their qualifications and recommending their admission, may in the discretion of the court be admitted to practise in this state. Examination. The board is authorized to subject any applicant under this rule to such examination as it may deem expedient. Attorneys may be admitted pro hoc vice in the discretion of the court. Examina- tions may be oral or in writing, or both, in the discretion of the board. Every attorney shall on admission subscribe the roll and take the oath of oflSce. Registration {see p. 251). DISTIIIOT OF COLUMBIA Licensing. All applications for admission to the bar shall be made to the court in general term, and any applicant who has been admitted to practise law in the supreme court of the United States, or any applicant who has been admitted to practise law in the highest court of any state or territory, while a nonresident of the District of Columbia, may, on satisfactory evidence of good moral character, and after examination as to fitness, or, in the discretion of the court without such examination, be ad- LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 221 mitted to the bar, provided the members of the bar of this court are admitted to the bar of the highest court of such state or territory upon the same terms. No student shall be admitted till after such examination and proof of good moral character, and evidence of at least three years' study under the direction of some competent attorney. Diligent study in any law school shall^to the extent thereof, be computed as part of said three years. Registration. Each applicant for examination for admission to the bar shall file with the clerk an application in writing, in which he shall state, under oath or affirmation, his name, age and residence; with what attorney he has studied law, or in what law school, and when and for what length of time he has so studied, and also what books he has read. And on the filing of such application it shall without further order of the court be referred to the committee for examination for their action. HAWAII Licensing. The applicant must be a citizen or denizen of the Hawaiian islands and must take the constitutional oath. Licen- tiates of the highest courts of foreign states are usually admitted without examination. Whenever the court deems advisable it may subject the applicant to an examination on the constitution, laws, practice of the courts of the Hawaiian islands, and on the general principles of law. Application for admission to the bar of the supreme court or of the lower courts is by petition in the applicant's handwriting, giving age, birthplace, nationality, last place of residence and the character and term of study both liberal and professional. Certificates of good character must ac- company the application and a member of a foreign court must submit his certificate of admission. IDAHO Licensing. An applicant must pay a fee of $2 to the clerk on issuance of a certificate and to the state treasurer a fee of |25 for the state library fund. rmNOis Licensing. Every application to the supreme court for ad- mission to the bar must be made in term time, by motion in open court, based on a report of an examining board. Each applicant must, three weeks before the meeting of the board at which he intends to apply, pay a fee of $10 and file with the secretary of the board his officially sealed affidavit, or that of some other reputable person for him, that he is 21 years of age, a resident of Illinois, a citizen of the United States, or has declared his inten- 222 TJNIVBBSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK tion of becoming a citizen; a certified transcript of the record of a court of record of Illinois showing the names of two reput- able members of the bar practising in said court and their testi- mony given before the court to his good moral character. An applicant from the highest court of another state or country must further present his license to practise in such court, duly certified, or a proved copy of the record of the court showing his admission; a certified copy of the rules controlling his ad- mission, certificates of the judges of courts of record in the state in which he was admitted with the signature certified by the clerks under seal of the courts, showing affirmatively and specifi- cally five years' practice in such courts under his license; in case the certificates of the judges can not be obtained, the sealed cer- tificates of the clerks certifying to personal knowledge of the facts or certified affidavits of two or more reputable lawyers showing such personal knowledge. If the requirements for his license are equal to those of Illinois, or if the applicant has had the five years' practice, he may be admitted without examination. Any other applicant must be examined, must present written proof by examination or otherwise of a preliminary education equivalent to that of an Illinois high school graduate, a three years' English course of algebra, geometry, ancient history, physiology, rhetoric, physics, physical geography, each one year; bookkeeping and English composition, one year; medieval and modern history, with special reference to Ehglish and American history, one year; English and American literature, one year, accepted as such equivalent. As substitutes for any of these subjects except the English and Anierican history and literature may be offered any science, any ancient or modern language (Latin, specially recommended). The proof presented may be the diploma of a reputable university or college; the diploma of an Illinois high school either designating subjects and the period of study of each, or accompanied by the certificate of the princi- pal designating those facts; the affidavit of a principal of an Illinois high school or of other high school teachers of the appli- cant (or in case of the death or absence of such persons, the affi- davit of any credible witness having knowledge of the facts) designating the same facts and so far as possible the applicant's degree of proficiency; the affidavit of an Illinois high school principal or superintendent showing his examination of the ap- plicant for an application for admission to the bar, stating date, place, time consumed, standing on the scale of 100; the diploma of any accredited school, not in Illinois, admitting its holder to the freshman class of any reputable university or college in the state or country; the sealed certificate of the president or secre- LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 223 tary of any reputable university or college admitting to any class of the institution without conditions or on conditions since com- plied with. Students who began law study before the adoption of rule 39 of the supreme court and have continuously pursued such study, are subjected to no test in preliminary education. The required law course is a course of three years of 36 weeks each in an established law school approved by the board or with one or more licensed lawyers who must subject the student to regular examinations in each subject. Subjects, law of real and personal property, personal rights, contracts, evidence, common law and equity pleading, partnerships, bailments, negotiable in- struments, principal and agent, principal and surety, domestic relations, wills, corporations, equity jurisprudence, criminal law, principles of the constitution of Illinois and the United States, legal ethics. As proof of professional study must be presented the officially sealed affidavit of the applicant, the certificate of the faculty of the law school, showing personal attendance or the certificates of his preceptors or, in case of their death or absence, such affidavit of any credible witness having knowledge of the facts. A part of the period of study may be in a law school and the remainder with a preceptor. No certificate is con- clusive evidence. An attempt at fraud is ground for withhold- ing a license. The state board of law examiners, consisting of five members of the bar of five years' standing, one from each appellate court district and one from the state at large, ap- pointed one for one year, two for two years and two for three years, each of their successors for three years, must hold, regu- late, supervise and control examinations for admission to the bar and report on the qualifications of applicants from the highest courts of other states or countries. Examination. Uni- form examinations by written or printed questions, in whole or in part are held each year the first Tuesday of each of the following months, March, May, September, December at Ottawa, Chicago, Springfield, Mt Vernon, respectively. The board must certify to the court every person who passes an examination and has otherwise complied with the rules. A rejected applicant is eligible after six months on filing proof of six months' law study subsequent to his failure. The five blanks required for application are, application for admission to the bar on examina- tion, on foreign license, certificate of attendance at a law school, certificate of lawyer under new rules, proof of good moral character. TNBIAN TERRITORY The law of Arkansas governing the admission of attorneys is extended over the Indian territory in cases not covered by the nations' laws. (See U. S. Stat, at large, vol. 26, ch. 182, § 31) 224 UNIVERSITY OF THE) STATE OF NEW YORK Licensing. An applicant must present a recommendation of good moral character from any reputable citizen. IOWA Licensing. An applicant, a member of the bar from another state, must present as proof of admission his certificate of ad- mission or a certified copy of the record of the court that ad- mitted him. Proof of other qualifications he must make as if applying for examination. Five days before the first day of the term at which he asks to be examined, each applicant must file with the clerk in his own hand and with his own signature a request for examination with an affidavit of age, residence, char- acter, place and time of study, officially sealed or made before a judge of the supreme, district, or superior courts; affidavits of character, residence, age from two witnesses, an affidavit of his preceptor or of the faculty of a law school showing the period of study and the position of the affiant as a practising lawyer, judge of a court of record or a professor or instructor in a law school. A school year of 36 weeks is counted equal to a full year in an office, any fraction of such year equal to the same fraction of a year in an office. On the day of examination the court must appoint a committee of at least three members of the bar, who with the attorney general as ex-officio chairman, must assist in the examination. Examination. The court will pre- pare 30 printed questions to be answered in writing by each ap- plicant without aid of any kind. The court admits or re- jects an applicant on consideration of proofs of qualifications and of the oral and written examinations. The chief justice or any judge of this court may administer the oath of office to those recommended by the committee, must report to the clerk their names and addresses. Registration. The clerk must record their admission and on the payment of the fees issue certificates. KANSAS Licensing. There seem to be no regulations other than those contained in the law. KEKfTUCKY Licensing. Age and moral character (see p. 254). Profes- sional and preliminary education, no specifications. Rules and regulations are quite fully given in the law. LAW IN THH UNITED STATBS 225 IiOTJISIAIfA Licensing. Applications for admission to the practice of law are made to the clerk of the court, who must publish during three judicial days the names of the candidates at the foot of the docket posted at the court room door. Certificates must be filed with the clerk in evidence of moral character and of two years' study of law. The basis of examination includes Story on the constitution, Vattel's Loao of nations, or Wheaton's Elements of international law, history of the civil law of Louisiana, the Louis- iana civil code, the code of practice, the statutes of the state of a general nature, the Institibtes of Justinian, Domat's Civil law or some satisfactory equivalent for Domat, Pothier's Treatise on alligations, Blackstone's Commentaries, fourth book, Kent's Com- mentaries, Smith on mercantile law. Wood on insurance. Story or Parsons on notes, Daniel on negotiable instruments, Green- leaf, Starkie or Phillips on evidence, Kussell on crimes. Bishop on criminal procedure and the jurisprudence of Louisiana as set- tled by the decisions of the supreme court. Payment of the fee is made to the clerk at the time of filing the application. At the beginning of a session the court appoints a committee, members of the bar, to assist the court. The committee furnishes the court with a list of the candidates examined and recommended for ad- mission. The candidate presents to the court a certificate from the committee to the effect that he has on examination, in the judgment of the committee, been found qualified for admission to the bar. Examination. The court then admits the candidate to a public examination and, if such examination is satisfactory, he will be admitted and licensed as an attorney and counselor at law. Candidates are examined separately before the committee and the court. Applicants for admission to the bar who have been rejected by the court or by an examining committee or by the law school or by any member of the supreme court or by any two of the district judges, shall not be reexamined for six months after such rejection. The clerk will require from the applicant for enrolment evidence of his admission to the bar, but in case of the loss or destruction of the diploma or license showing ad- mission, the clerk will make the enrolment on the aflSdavit of the applicant, noting the circumstance on the roll. Examina- tions are held at New Orleans, Monroe, Opelousas and Shreve- port. The court will examine on Tuesday of each current week. KAHYLAKD Licensing. Applications must be made under oath to the court of appeals, stating full name, age, residence and place of birth. A petitioner from the bar of another state or from the United 226 UNIVBKSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK States courts must certify to his present residence in Maryland, to the state and the court in which he was admitted to the bar, to actual practice as an attorney, a judge or a teacher of law in such state for the five preceding years. He must file a certified copy of his license or a certified copy of the record of the court that admitted him, a certificate of a judge or of two members of the bar of such state, certifying to his moral character, legal standing and the five years' previous practice. Other petitioners must file petitions stating further that they diligently pursued the prescribed course in law with attorneys of Maryland or in law schools of the United States; must file certificates of the at- torneys with whom they studied or of the faculties of the law schools attended, certifying to moral character and to the course of study. There are no specifications for preliminary education. Subjects of examination, elementary law, contracts, torts, wills and the administration of estates, corporations, evidence, equity, real property, personal property, criminal law, domestic relations, pleading and practice at law and in equity (at common law and in Maryland), constitutional law, international law, legal ethics. Fee (see p. 256). Examination. A written examination of six hours is held each year in June and November at a place deter- mined by the board. An oral examination may be added. By order of the court of appeals other examinations may be held at 30 days' notice. Petitions must be filed 10 days before an ex- amination. Registration. Decisions of the board resulting from an examination are published and, if no objection is made, are ratified by the court. MASSACHUSETTS Licensing. Each applicant, five days prior to an examination, must file with the clerk of the supreme court an application for admission to the bar. The applicant from the highest judicial court of another state must show citizenship, age, moral char- acter, membership, term of practice and intention to practise in Massachusetts. Other applicants must give age, moral char- acter, term and place of professional study, intention to practise in Massachusetts. There are no specific requirements for pre- liminary education. The subjects of professional examination are the general principles of the common law and their develop- ment, the important provisions of the state's statute law, spe- cially that relating to probate, to insolvency and to practice, the state and United States constitutions, legal ethics. Age and fee (see p. 256). Either previous to an examination or at its beginning, each applicant must present a certificate of moral character and professional study from the attorney with whom he studied or from the faculty of the law school attended, speci- LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 227 fying regularity and thoroughness of study, the taking of not more than two months' vacation each year, while in an oflQce, not more than the regular vacations while in law school. The appli- cant must specify his residence, city or town, street and number, place and date of birth, citizenship, preliminary study, places and dates of the beginning and end of professional study, with other occupation meantime, time, place and result of previous exami- nations for admission to the bar. Examination. Applicants rejected because of failure in examination are eligible after five months. Grammar and composition are considered in grading the answer papers submitted. Eegular examinations are held in Boston, January and July of each year. Due notice will be given of other examinations. MICHIGAJiJ- Licensing. Age, fees and the required period of professional study (see 256). Each applicant must submit to the examining board an affidavit stating his full name, place and date of birth, citizenship, occupation, present residence, period of residence in Michigan, occupation and places of residence during the five preceding years, the names, residence and nationality of his parents, their places of residence the preceding five years, the course of his preliminary education, the period of professional study, when, where and with whom pursued, and whether known to the circuit judge; an affidavit of good moral character from two reputable attorneys and counselors of Michigan, not his pre- ceptors; a certificate of good moral character from the judge of the circuit in which he resides. All aflBdavits and certificates from judges or attorneys must be accompanied by a sealed certifi- cate of the clerk of the court of record, verifying the signature and person. The applicant that studied in an office must present his preceptor's affidavit showing the good standing of such pre- ceptor as attorney and counselor, the length of his practice, his period of acquaintance with the applicant, the applicant's moral character, term of professional study. The applicant that stud- ied in a law school without receiving a diploma must present the affidavit of the dean; in correspondence schools, the affidavit of the teachers showing subjects, methods, marks, period of time covered. Naturalized citizens must present certified copies of their naturalization papers. Farther evidence may be required by the board. The court may accept other evidence. A false statement or an attempt to cheat is sufficient ground for reject- ing an applicant. Bachelors degrees from reputable colleges and universities, diplomas of normal schools, high schools and similar reputable institutions of the state, recent teachers certificates of the first grade are accepted as evidence of sufficient preliminary 228 UNIVBRSITY OF THE STATE) OF NBW YORK education; but, if the professional examination, disolosee de- ficient preliminary education, the applicant must submit to ex- amination in high school studies. Subjects, arithmetic, gram- mar, elementary algebra, general American and English history, civil government, composition and rhetoric, English literature. Professional examinations, both oral and written, administration of estates including wills, agency, bailments and carriers, bills and notes and common law, contracts, constitutional law, corpo- rations, both public and private, criminal law and procedure, damages, domestic relations, equity jurisprudence and procedure, evidence, insurance, mortgages, partnership, pleading and prac- tice at common law and under the Michigan laws, personal property, real property including landlord and tenant, fixtures and easements^ torts, legal ethics, trusts, Michigan statute law^ international law, suretyship, frauds, the jurisdiction and practice of the United States courts. Other subjects will be added by the board of examiners at its discretion. Examination. Applications must be made on ofBcial blanks, furnished by the secretary, filed with him 10 days prior to an examination and presented as follows: application, applicant's affidavit, judge's certificate, aflfldavit of preceptor, affidavits of attorneys not preceptors, other affidavits, exhibits or documents. Applicants rejected because of failure in examination are eligible after six months on filing with the secretary affidavits showing diligent pursuit of professional study during that time. Per cent {see p. 256). Eegular examinations occur at 9 a. m. on the second Wednesday of the October and the April terms of the supreme court in each year. At least five questions are asked on each subject. MINNESOTA Licensing^. An attorney of five years' standing from any other state or territory or the District of Columbia may be ad- mitted without examination, but must present to the secretary of the examining board his certificate of admission, the certificate of a judge of a court of record thereof, or in lieu thereof, the certificate of two practising attorneys of such state, territory or district showing their acquaintance with him and his good moral character; a like certificate from two practising attorneys in this state. All other applicants must be examined. An at- torney of less than five years' standing from without the state must study law three years, six months of which period must be with a practising attorney of this state; must present a cer- tificate of such attorney stating the date and term of study. An applicant, not an attorney, must within the past five years have studied law three years, six months of which period must LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 229 have been with, a practising attorney of this state; must present certificates of two such attorneys showing their acquaintance with him and his good moral character; his diploma or the certifi- cates of his preceptors showing his period of study. The certifi- cate of character is not conclusive evidence. The board may accept as a part of the three years' study other than the six months in an ofiflce of a practising attorney of this state, study pursued elsewhere within five years. Graduates of a three years' course of any reputable law school of this state are admitted to examination v/ithout study in the oflflce of a practising attorney of the state. Each applicant must present a written application with his aflQdavit showing name, age, citizenship, occupation, present residence, period of residence in Minnesota, residence during the preceding three years, course of scholastic education, in what institutions pursued, the time spent; unless an attorney of five years' practice, must state in his aflQdavit place and term of law study, for what period in a law school, name and residence of each of his preceptors, period of study with each. If the papers presented are satisfactory the applicant must be notified of the next examination held three weeks after the presenting of the papers. Unless he be an attorney of five years' standing or can show evidence of having passed in these subjects, he must be examined in English history, American history, English composition and rhetoric, and the common school branches. The subjects of the professional examination are the law of real property, including mortgages, conveyances and trusts, equity jurisprudence, equity pleading and practice, common law, Minne- sota statute law, code pleading and practice, constitutional law, international law, criminal law, evidence, corporation law includ- ing private and municipal corporations, contracts, including sales, bailments and negotiable instruments, landlord and tenant, insurance, partnership, agency, suretyship, frauds, damages and liens, torts, domestic relations, executors, administrators and wills. _Examination. Applicants whose general average is at least 75^, with not less than 60^ in any subject are recommended for admission. Those whose average is 75;^ but who fall below 60^ in one or more subjects must be reexamined in each subject below 75;^. Examiaations are held in St Paul, Minneapolis, Winona, Mankato, Duluth, Fergus Falls, the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, the third Tuesday in May, the first Tuesday in September. Applicants admitted must take the pre- scribed oath. Registration. Those who can not appear before the court to be sworn in and sign the roll may take and sign the oath of attorneys {Gen. sIM. of 1878, p. 789) before any judge of the district court obtaining the clerk's certificate of the judge's signature and filing the papers with the secretary of the board. 230 DNIVDESITY OF THE STATE OP NEW XOEK MISSOURI There are no other regulations than those contained in the law. JMCONTAITA Licensing. An applicant from the highest court of another state or a foreign country under the common law of England on producing his license and evidence of good moral character, may be admitted by applying in person at any time in open court on motion of some counselor of this court and on presenting yerifled petition. This petition must show the facts in § 394 (p. 297) and where, with whom and how long the applicant studied law, where first admitted, how long he practised without this state, the time, place, circumstances and results of proceedings for dis- barment or criminal charges, if any, brought against him. He must file a sealed certificate of the presiding judge of the highest trial court of record in which he last practised showing good reputation and trustworthiness in the profession of law. If without practice such applicant must so state and furnish the same certificate of moral character as the applicant for examina- tion. If for lack of practice or for any other reason such appli- cant, in the opinion of the court, should be examined, his name will be placed on the examination list. An applicant for exam- ination must file with the clerk 10 days prior to an examination his verified petition showing that he is a citizen of the United States or intends to become such, is 21 years of age; certificates of two reputable counselors showing the required period of law study; certificates of moral character. If his papers are satis- factory, he will be notified that his name has been entered on the list for the next examination; otherwise, of the rejection of his application. Examinations, principally written, are held in open court, in the court room of the supreme court 10 a. m. the second day of the June and December terms each year. Exam- inees must take oath to seek no aid, to remove from the room no examination paper and to copy no paper. A strict examination in elementary principles and in the codes and practice of this state is given. Registration. Each successful applicant before license is issued must take an oath to support the constitutions of Montana and of the United States, faithfully to discharge his duties as attorney and counselor to the best of his knowledge and ability, and must sign the roll of attorneys kept by the clerk. A certificate of his oath must be indorsed on the license issued and a duplicate filed with the clerk. Objection to any admission may be made by filing such objection with the clerk. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 231 NEBKASKA Licensing. Each applicant for admission depositing a fee of |5, must four weeks before an examination file with the clerk of the supreme court a request for admission in his own hand, with his own signature, with his affldavit to age, residence, time and place of study; the certificate of his preceptor to two years' regular and attentive pursuit of study under personal direction; the afifldavits of two reputable citizens of his place of residence to their acquaintance with him, to his good reputation and moral character; if for satisfactory reason the certificate of his pre- ceptor can not be obtained, the certificate of any member of the bar with knowledge of the facts and in good standing in the county where he studied. An applicant, a practising attorney in a court of record of another state or territory, must farther present proof by certificate of that fact. No certificate is con- clusive evidence, but there must be presented the names and addresses of three persons other than those whose certificates are submitted of whom inquiry can be made. An attorney prac- tising in courts of record without the state and having business in the supreme or district courts of this state may on motion to such court and on taking the required oath be admitted for the transaction of such business. Examination. On or before the September term each year the court appoints a com- mission of five persons learned in law to investigate the qualifi- cations of applicants, conduct and make a written report of ex- aminations. Oral examinations must be reported by the court stenographer. Applicants recommended by a majority of the commission are on taking the oath admitted to practise. The examination fee is |15. A rejected applicant is not eligible till he presents a certificate of one year's law study subsequent to his failure. NEVADA Licensing. The supreme court on application of the judge of any judicial district appoints an examining committee con- sisting of the district judge and at least two attorneys, residents of the district. They must examine applicants in open court the first day of the term. The questions and answers must be reduced to writing. No intimation of the questions to be asked is to be given the applicant by any member of the committee previous to the examination. The written questions and answers must be returned to the court with the certificate of the com- mittee, showing that the applicant is of good moral character, 21 years of age, a resident of Nevada, was examined by the com- mittee, had no previous knowledge of the questions and that the 232 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK answers are those given by the applicant without aid. Subjects, History of Nevada and the United States, constitutional relations of the state and federal governments, jurisdiction of the courts of Nevada and of the United States, sources of municipal law, general principles of common law relating to property, personal rights and obligations, general grounds and principles of equity jurisprudence, rules and principles of pleadings and evidence, practice under the civil and criminal codes of Nevada, remedies in hypothetic cases, the course and duration of the applicant's studies. The fee of $35 must in all cases be deposited with the clerk of the court before application, to be returned in case of failure in examination. ■NEW HAMPSHIRE Licensing. An applicant must have studied law in the oflSce and under the direction of a counselor of this court, with the consent and approbation of the bar of the county where such counselor resides, three years, or one year in such oflflce and in the ofQce of a counselor of the highest judicial court of another state two years; must pass a satisfactory examination by the court, or by a committee of the bar appointed by the court; muSit present as evidence of citizenship and good character affidavits by persons known to the court. One admitted as an attorney of the highest court of another state must furnish satisfactory evidence of admission and one year's practice in such court. A petition stating age, residence, term of study, and with whom; a certificate of study and of moral character must be filed by an applicant 14 days before an adjourned law term. Within 14 days after beginning his law study, a student must file with the clerk of the court of the county where he proposes to study, a notice of beginning study, vdth whom and when; a certificate of his preceptor showing the fact and time of the beginning of study. Examination The examinations are both oral and written. Applicants are marked on a scale of 100 and must attain 70. The standing of a rejected applicant is not made known and he is eligible on an order of court to that effect. NEW JESSEY Licensing. An applicant for a license as an attorney must be 21 years of age, of good moral character, pass a satisfactory examination after a three years' clerkship, if holding the degree of B. A. or B. S. from any college or university of the United States, otherwise after a four years' clerkship; present the cer- LAW IN THB UNITED STATES 233 tificate of his preceptor or other satisfactory evidence that during such clerkship he let no occupation interfere with proper service. An attendance of not more than one year and six months on the law lectures of a college or university or in a reputable law school in the United States may be counted as an equal period of this clerkship. The clerkship may begin immediately after the last collegiate term of either college of this state. Attorneys of other states may be admitted on submitting to examination, presenting proof of moral character, professional standing and four years' study and practice in such state, providing attorneys of this state are admitted on the same terms. The rules for clerkship do not apply to persons of unusual aptitude in the knowledge of legal principles ; but any such citizen of New Jersey above the age of 21 years presenting to the supreme court at any stated term a certificate of good moral character and unusual aptitude in his knowledge of legal principles from five counselors of this court, of five years' good standing, recommending admission to examin- ation for attorney, is to be admitted to such examination and, if found qualified, admitted as an attorney of this court. The counselors must certify that prior to signing the certificate they examined the applicant in legal principles and the practice of law as established in New Jersey and that they made such cer- tificate on such examination. An applicant for a license as coun- selor must submit to examination and give satisfactory evidence of his knowledge of the principles and doctrines of law and his ability as a pleader, must have had three years' practice in the supreme court. Examination. The examination for attorneys and counselors must be conducted by a board of examiners consisting of six counselors of this court, two of whom are to be appointed at each term of court, to hold office for one year, commencing at the term next after appointment. The written examinations are held Friday, 11 a. m., the first week of each term, the oral before the court the following Monday, 11 a. m. At oral examinations for attorney, the attorneys of this court, at those for counselor, only the counselors may be present. Registration. Before admission an applicant as at- torney or counselor must take the oath of office, of allegiance to this state and to support the constitution of the United States. Any counselor from any other of the United States may be ad- mitted, pro hac vice, to speak in any cause in this court in which he may be employed. NEW MEXICO Licensing. An applicant must be 21 years of age, of good moral character, a resident of New Mexico, must be admitted by the supreme court, must file with the clerk a petition under 234 UNIVERSITY OP THH STATE) OF NEW YORK * oath giving date and place of birth, residence for the five pre- ceding years; a certificate of moral character from a reputable attorney or counselor of this court or other credible person. The petition of an applicant from the highest court of original jurisdiction of another state or territory must be accompanied by his certificate of admission and give the name of Such court, date of admission, length of practice in the courts of record of such state or territory, freedom from sentence of disbarment or suspension of any court or restoration by the same court after such sentence. Such petitioners with three years' practice immediately preceding are admitted without examina- tion. All others are examined. Any other petition must state time, place and term of law study, textbooks ; if that of a gradu- ate of a law school, must be accompanied by a diploma or other evidence of graduation; if not that of a graduate, must state name and residence of his preceptors, be accompanied by their certificates or other satisfactory evidence of a two years' clerkship. Examination. An examining committee of five mem- bers of the bar of the supreme court appointed by the court must prepare questions and assist in conducting oral and written examinations in open court the first day of each regular term and at other times designated by the court. On the written examination each applicant has the same questions. Subjects, real and personal property, contracts, partnership, negotiable instruments, agency, principal and surety, executors and admin- istrators, bailments, corporations, personal rights, domestic re- lations, principles of constitutional law, wills, equity juris- prudence, pleadings, practice, evidence and criminal law. Registration. All applicants admitted must sign the roll and take an oath or aflSrmation. The clerk must furnish each ad- mitted applicant with a certificate entitling him to practise in all the courts of the territory, and receive the fee of five dollars therefor. A retired justice of the supreme court by signing the roll and taking the oath, may practise in all the courts. Mem- bers of the bar without the territory may only in particular cases practise in its courts when associated with members of its bar, provided that all pleadings and notices are signed by a member of the bar of the court in which the litigation is pend- ing. Temporary licenses may be granted to any proper person proposing to apply for admission under these rules, on such terms as may seem best to the judge of the supreme court. Such a license unless extended by the court expires the first day of the following term. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 235 iraiW YORK Licensing. Applicants who are nongraduates of a college or have not been admitted to the bar of another state must, before entering on the study of law or within one year thereafter, have passed an examination under the rules of the University of the State of New York in English composition, advanced English, first year Latin, arithmetic, algebra, geometry. United States and English history, civics and economics or in their equivalents as defined by the rules of the University. A certificate of such fact signed by the secretary of the University shall be filed with the clerk of the court of appeals who will return to the person named therein a certified copy of the same with the date of filing. The regents may accept as an equivalent for such exami- nation the certificate of a full year's course in college, evidence of a three years' course in any institution registered by the re- gents as maintaining an academic standard, or a regents diploma. License to practise as an attorney or counselor in any court of record in this state is granted by an appellate division of the supreme court. The duly licensed practitioner of three years' practice in another state or country, or an American citizen re- siding in a foreign country who, if a citizen of such country, would be entitled to practice law in its courts, may in the dis- cretion of the licensing court be admitted without an examina- tion. But such candidate must possess the other qualifications required by these rules and furnish satisfactory evidence of character and qualifications. Other persons may be admitted to practise on filing with the court the certificate of the state board of law examiners showing that the applicant has satisfac- torily passed the examination of the board and fully complied with these regulations. Candidates for examination must have studied law for three years, graduates of a registered course in college two years, if the two years' study follow such graduation. Persons admitted to practise in the highest court of original jurisdiction of another state or country and having practised therein for one year may be admitted to examination after one year's study of law in this state, but the one year's study must be subsequent to such period of practice. The study of law is pursued by serving a regular clerkship in the office of a practis- ing attorney of the supreme court of the state, or by attending an incorporated law school with competent professors in which instruction is regularly given, or in part by attendance at such school and in part serving such clerkship, after the student is 18 years of age. Attendance at a law school of not less than eight months in any year shall be deemed a year's attendance under these regulations and in computing the period of clerkship 236 UNIVBRSITT OF THE STATB OP NEW TOEK a vacation, actually taken, not exceeding two months is al- lowed during each year. Attorneys with whom a clerkship shall be commenced are required to file a certificate of such fact in the oflflce of the clerk of the court of appeals. The certificate shall state the date of the beginning of the period of clerkship and such period shall be deemed to commence at the time of filing and shall be computed by the calendar year. The same period of time shall not be duplicated for different purposes, except that a student attending a law school may be permitted to continue his studies during the vacations of such school in the ofiQce of a practising attorney and to count such time, not exceeding three months in any year, as a part of his clerkship. An applicant whose clerkship or attendance at a law school was already begun as shown by the proper records, and who thereafter engaged in the military or naval service of the United States in the late war with Spain, may have the time of such service included as a part of the required period of study, on proof of the facts made by his own aflQdavit and by the production of his honorable discharge from such service. The state board of law examiners shall require proofs that the preliminary conditions prescribed in these rules have been fulfilled. The papers of each applicant must be attached together, indorsed with the name of the appli- cant and filed with the secretary of the board at least 15 days before the examination. They must be entitled " In the matter of the application of . . . for admission to the bar." The applicant must show by his own affidavit that he is a citizen of the United States, 21 years of age, stating his age, a resident of the state, giving exact residence for the six months prior to the date of the examination, and that he has not been examined and refused admission within three months immediately preceding, that he has studied law for the prescribed period and that he is the same person mentioned in his annexed preliminary papers. The examination fee must be paid at the time of filing the application. A college graduate must produce his diploma or certificate of graduation under the seal of the college and, if such institution is registered with the regents of the University of the State of New York as maintaining a satisfactory standard, he shall submit to the board their course certificte (see K 5, p. 24). In all other cases the applicant must submit with his diploma or certificate of graduation satisfactory proof of the course of study completed by him and of the character of the institution of which he claims to be a graduate. The candidate admitted to the bar of another state or country must produce his license or certificate executed by the proper authorities. He must show at least one year's practice in such state or country by his own LAW IN THH UNITED STATES 237 affidavit and must also present a certificate from a judge of the court in whicli he was admitted or from a county judge of the state certifying that the applicant had remained in that state or country as a practising attorney for the period of one year after he had been admitted as an attorney therein. The signa- ture of the judge must be certified to by the clerk of the court or by the county clerk under the seal of the court. Proof of clerkship in the ofQce of an attorney of the supreme court shall be made by filing with the board a certified copy of the attorney's certificate as filed in the office of the clerk of the court of appeals, and an affidavit of the attorney or attorneys with whom the clerk- ship was served showing actual service as required. The time of study in a law school must be proved by the certificate of the teacher or president of the faculty, under the seal of the school, in addition to the affidavit of the applicant, which must state the age at which attendance at such law school was begun, the beginning and end of each term spent in such school and the beginning and the end of each vacation that he has had. That the applicant has passed the regents examination or its equiva- lent must be proved by the production of a certified copy of the regents certificate filed in the office of the clerk of the court of appeals as hereinbefore provided. When it shall appear that any diploma, affidavit or certificate has been lost or destroyed without the fault of the applicant, or has been unjustly refused or withheld, the board of examiners may accept such other proof of the requisite facts as may be deemed sufficient. An applicant whose clerkship or attendance at a law school has already begun as shown by the proper records, may at his option file or produce the proofs required by the rules of the court of appeals adopted Oct. 28, 1892. The applicant must file with the court along with the certificate of the state board of law examiners, evidence of moral character which may be shown by the certificate of the attorney with whom he passed his clerkship or by some attorney in the town or city where he resides. Examination.^ The ex- aminations conducted by the state board may be oral or written, or partly oral and partly written but shall be as nearly uniform in the knowledge and capacity which they shall require, as is reasonably possible. An applicant having failed in one exami- nation can not again be examined till at least three months after such failure. The state board of law examiners shall hold at least one examination in each judicial department, at the city or village in which the appellate divisions of the supreme court are held, between June 10 and July 20 in each year and one examination in each department at the places above named dur- ing the month of January in each year. They may appoint other 238 UNIVBESITY OF THB STATE OF NEW YORK times and places for additional examinations and may hold some or all of such examinations concurrently with the regular or annual examination of any law school in the state, and any applicant entitled to be examined, may be so examined, in any department whether a resident therein or not, but the fact of his having passed the examination will be certified to the appellate division of the department in which he has resided for the six months prior to his examination. The applicant must entitle his papers in the department in which he intends to apply for examination and he must then appear in that department. Registration {see p. 259). NORTH OAUOLUTA Licensing. Applicants must be 21 years of age, of good moral character, must deposit the license tax [see p. 259) with the clerk of the supreme court before examination, must submit certificates of moral character from two members of the bar, practising attorneys of this court, must have devoted 12 months to professional study and must have read the constitutions of North Carolina, of the United States, Ewell's Ess&wtials (3 v.), Angell on corporations, Clark's Code of civil procedure, Heard on pleading. Toller or Schouler on executors, Fetter or Bispham's Eqmty, code of North Carolina, Pishback's Elements of Icmc, Creasy on the English constitution (advised), law on prescrip- tions and forfeitures so far as applicable in the United States. There are no requirements for preliminary education. Exami- nation. The only examinations are written and are held the first Monday in February and the last Monday in September. UTOUTH: DAKOTA Licensing. Duly licensed attorneys from other states may apply for a license at any regular or special term of the supreme court. The application must be on written motion of a member of the bar of this court, be filed with the clerk, be accompanied by an affidavit or the certificate of an attorney of such court showing age, moral character, residence in North Dakota and one year's practice in the state where the applicant was admitted to the bar. Other applications on similar motion and similar affi- davits or certificates must be filed on the first day of any term of the court only. The affidavit of the attorney must show quali- fications and the required course of professional study. Those admitted to practise in district courts of North Dakota prior to July 1, 1891 may hereafter be admitted to practise under the rules heretofore existing. Examination [see p. 260). LAW IN THH UNITED STATES 239 OHIO Licensing. All applicants except attorneys of five years' prac- tice from the highest judicial courts of other states (see p. 2t)0) must submit to examination. Every resident law student begin- ning the study of law on and after Jan. 1, 1898, whether in an office or in a law school, must file with the clerk of the supreme court the certificate of his preceptor or the chief ofiicer of the school, showing his name, age, residence, date of beginning the study of law; fee for filing, 50c and the required course of study dates from the filing. Every resident law student beginning his study prior to Jan. 1, 1898 must on Mar. 1, 1898 file with the clerk a certificate of his preceptor or of the chief officer of his law school, showing name, age, residence, when, where and under whom he began his study, fee 50c. Every nonresident law stu- dent not admitted to a court of record in the United States must, on coming into Ohio to reside, file with the clerk an affidavit showing his purpose to reside in Ohio, name, age, present and former residence, fee 50c; must file a certificate of his preceptor or the chief officer of his law school showing when, where and under whom he studied law. The required one year's residence in this state must date from the filing of these papers not more than 60 nor less than 30 days before the date of an examination. Every person entitled to examination by reason of admission to a United States court of record must file with the clerk an affi- davit showing the fact of residence in this state or the purpose to make it his residence, name, age, former and present resi- dence; his certificate of admission to the bar accompanied, if issued more than three years before, by the certificate of his preceptor showing the extent and character of his law study; the certificate of a judge of the court of record in which he practised, showing the period of the judge's acquaintance, the applicant's moral and professional standing. An examination fee of $5 and a registry fee of 50c must accompany these papers. In case of the omission of any paper or certificate the court may order such filing as of the proper date not more than 60 and not less than 30 days before the examination. Every person not an attorney of a United States court of record, must file with the clerk his application for admission to the bar, giving name, age, residence and postofflce address, the certificate of qualification required by § 560 or 561 of the law {see p. 308). Except as provided in § 561 of the law, each applicant must produce a certificate of qualifi- cation as required by § 560, signed by his preceptor. Certificates of other attorneys will be accepted only in case of the death of the preceptor or the impossibility of obtaining his certificate for reasons satisfactory to the court. Certificates of correspondence 240 UNIVBESITT OF THE STATE) OF NEW XOBK schools or of lawyers without the state supervising the study of applicants within the state are not recognized. If the course of study falls short by 60 days or less, a certificate completing the period may be presented at an examination. Each certificate must show the preceptor's personal knowledge of the term of study, his name and address. No certificate is conclusive evi- dence. An applicant must present a diploma or certificate of graduation or matriculation (not of admission to a law school or law department of a university merely) of a college or university, of graduation from a public high school or a private academy of equivalent standing or a certificate of the board of school exam- iners or of graduation from a common school of the state. Ex- amination. A standing committee on examinations, consisting of nine attorneys and counselors, three appointed for one year, three for two years, three for three years, each of their succes- sors for three years, hold examinations in Columbus the second Tuesday of each March and October and the first Tuesday of June, and at no other time. A majority of the members must certify to the result of an examination before the admission of an applicant to the bar. He must have sustained an average grade of 75^ in the following subjects, law of real and personal property, torts, contracts, evidence, pleading, partnership, bail- ments, negotiable instruments, agency, suretyship, domestic re- lations, wills, corporations, equity, criminal law, constitutional law, legal ethics. After the 30th day before an examination an applicant is notified whether a supplemental certificate is nec- essary and whether his name has been placed on the examination roll. In case it has not been placed on the roll, the fee of |5 is returned. When an application has been returned for correc- tion, a fee of 50c must accompany the corrected copy. An unsuccessful applicant is eligible after six months, but one re- jected in October is eligible in March on producing a certificate of study covering the intervening time and one sustaining a grade of 60^ is eligible at the following examination on like certificate. One rejected before the recent revision of the rule of the board may be governed by the unrevised rule. An appli- cant on receiving the oath of oflSce, must sign a roll showing the date of his admission and his place of residence. The printed questions and the answers of applicants must be submitted to the court with the report of examiners and, with all certificates and papers, be filed with the clerk and preserved. The clerk shall keep a record of the dates and the descriptions of all papers filed and shall enter all sums received in a cash book showing date, from whom and for what received. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 241 OKLAHOMA Licensing. All applicants must submit to examination. — J. W. H. Burford. Applicants are admitted without examination on the production of the diploma of a law school. — III. bar asso- ciation, 1898, pt 2, p. 134 OBEGON Licensing. All applications must be made to the supreme court. Each applicant must present his own affidavit to citizen- ship in the United States and in Oregon, to compliance with the statutes regarding it, to having attained the age of 21 years, to the reading of the required books; the certificate of an attorney of this court in good standing showing, if a holder of a degree from some literary institution, two years', if not, three years' law study and his possession of the requisite learning and ability; certificates of moral character from two other such attorneys. The holder of the diploma of a law school showing graduation may dispense with the certificate of law study. Attorneys, counselors and solicitors from the highest courts of any other state, territory or district or of England, her colonies or depend- encies where the common law prevails, if otherwise qualified, are admitted without examination on presenting their certifi- cates of admission to such courts. Each certificate must be accompanied by a petition in writing verified by the oath of the petitioner showing the place of his first admission, all places and periods of practice, specially the period, place and court of his last practice, any proceedings for his disbarment; the cer- tificate of the judge presiding over the highest court where he last practised or was admitted to practise showing good standing and trustworthiness in his profession; certificates of two at- torneys showing his good moral character and his good reputa- tion as an attorney. On admission a temporary license for nine mouths is granted. If such license expires during a vacation of this court it must be extended to the third Monday of the suc- ceeding term at Salem. If no objection to an admission is made and filed with the clerk within six months after the granting of such license, the applicant may, on written motion of an attorney of thvs court, be permamently admitted. The court has the right either to continue or to revoke a temporary license during the investigation of an objection filed against its holder. Examina- tion. On the written application of five or more persons for ad- mission, the second day of the October term of the court and such other time at any term as may be ordered, must be set apart for receiving, examining in open court and admitting applicants. Its justices conduct examinations, which may be partly written, partly oral, in the subjects of common law, law merchant, prin- 242 UNIVEJRSITY OF THE STATE OF HEW YORK ciples of equity jurisprudence, the history and constitutional law of England prior to the declaration of independence, the history and constitutional law of the United States, the statute and con- stitutional law of Oregon, practical administration of the law. PENNSYLVANIA Licensing. Candidates for admission to the supreme court must have served a regular clerkship within the state to some practising attorney for the term of four years and afterwards haye practised as an attorney in one of the county courts of common pleas or district courts for one year, or have served such clerkship three years and practised two years; but a per- son who shall have studied law with diligence under the direc- tion of some practising attorney for the term of two years after his arrival at the age of 21 and afterward in one of the county courts of common pleas for two years may be admitted. Gradu- ates of the law department of the University of Pennsylvania or of the Dickinson school of law who have passed the prelim- inary examination before the board of examiners of Philadelphia county or, if graduates of the Dickinson school of law, before the board of examiners of any county of the state, and an examin- ation in Latin, and who have taken the full course of three years and received the diploma and degree of bachelor of laws, may be admitted to practise in the supreme court on the expiration of three full years from the date of their preliminary examination, on filing with the prothonotary a certificate of the dean of the law department, stating these facts, and on exhibiting their diploma and a certificate of good character. Attorneys from other states who have been admitted to the court of common pleas of this state may at once be admitted to the supreme court, provided that they are in good standing and have practised for five years in the state from which they have removed. PHILADELPHIA BAR. Licensing. A person wishing to com- mence the study of law must undergo an examination on all the branches of a good English education and must file with the prothonotary a certificate signed by all the examiners present at his examination, that he is qualified to commence such study. The applicant must give one week's notice in writing to the secretary of the board of examiners of his desire to be examined for registration. Attor- neys must register with the prothonotary the name, age and place of residence of all persons studying law under their direc- tion, and the term of clerkship shall be computed from the date of such registry. An applicant for admission to the bar must be a citizen of the United States and of full age. Except as here- LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 243 inbefore provided, he must have served a regular clerkship in the oflflce and under the direction of a practising attorney resid- ing within the city and county of Philadelphia. He must have undergone an examination before the board of examiners and have filed with the prothonotary at the time his admission is moved, a certificate signed by all the examiners present at his examination, that he is qualified for admission to the bar and that they have received satisfactory evidence in writing of his moral character, and such evidence shall also be filed as afore- said. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of bachelor of laws, may be admitted to practise as an attorney, if he shall have complied with the rule as to the pre- liminary examination and been registered for one year in the prothonotary's oflflce as a student of law in said university by the dean of the law faculty thereof. Persons admitted to practise in other courts of the state may at the discretion of the court be admitted without an examination, on the production of a cer- tificate of moral character and professional standing from the presiding judge of the court of common pleas of the county wherein such person has been last admitted and has practised. No person who has studied law in the county of Philadelphia and has procured his admission elsewhere as a mere preliminary to admission in this county shall be admitted without the examin- ation and registry as before mentioned. Attorneys from other states who have resided for two years in this state and one year within the county of Philadelphia, may be admitted on the pro- duction of satisfactory evidence of admission to the appellate court of last resort of the state from which they came and a certificate of professional standing and good character signed by the presiding judge of such court. Attorneys from other states producing satisfactory evidence of admission as aforesaid, and of having practised for seven years in one or more of the courts of record of the state from which they came, may be admitted to practise in these courts on the recommendation of the board of examiners; provided that no attorney from the courts of any other state shall be so admitted unless attorneys of these courts are admitted to practise in the courts of that state, on the same or equally liberal terms. PHiLiPPrisrES The press dispatches of July 21, 189& stated that the rules adopted for admission to the practice of law had just been deter- mined {see p. 261). 244 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK PTJEBTO KIOO Matters are in a transition period with no provisions for pre- paring students for practising law. — Y. 8. €lwrk, sub-direotor public instruction, May 1899 RHODE ISLAND Licensing. Applicants must be 21 years of age and of good moral character. The applicant having a classical education must study law two years, six months of the period in the oflQce of an attorney and counselor in Rhode Island. Others must study three years. Examination. A committee appointed by the supreme court at each term in the county of Providence holds examinations. Passing these examinations gives the right to practise in all the courts of the state. The answers of the ac- cepted candidates must be filed with the reports of the com- mittee. SOUTH OAROIilNA Licensing. Persons of good moral character admitted to prac- tise in any court of record in any other state or in any United States court may, on producing the proper evidence thereof, be admitted without examination to practise in the courts of similar grade in this state on taking the oaths of ofSce prescribed by the constitution of the state in open court and signing the roll kept in the clerk's office. The following course of study is pre- scribed by the supreme court for persons seeking admission to the practice of law in South Carolina: Blackstone's Commentaries, Kent's Gormnentaries, Parsons or Ohitty on contracts, Daniel on negotiable instruments, or Chitty on bills, Williams on executors, Pomeroy on remedies, Greenleaf on evidence. Story's Equity jwris- prudence, or Adams's Equity, Daniel's Chcmoery pleaMng and prac- tice. Bishop on criminal law, Bishop on criminal procedure, con- stitution of the United States, constitution of South Carolina, general statutes of South Carolina and all acts of a public nature passed since, rules of supreme court, circuit and probate courts. Examination is in writing, on the prescribed course of study. Application on an official blank with satisfactory evidence of moral character must be filed with the court on or before the second Tuesday of the term. The fee must be paid in advance. SOUTH DAKOTA Licensing. Each applicant must present evidence of citizen- ship in South Dakota, of the age of 21 years, of good moral char- acter. Examinations are held in open court on the first day of each term of the supreme court by its judges or attorneys ap- LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 245 pointed by the presiding judge, or by both judges and attorneys. Successful applicants are admitted on taking the oath and pay- ing a fee of $5. Rejected applicants may be examined at the discretion of the court. An applicant from the supreme court of the United States or of any other state may be admitted on mo- tion in open court on the production of his certificate or license and a certificate of moral character from a court of record in this state, by flUng his oath and paying the fee. TEWITESSEE Licensing. There seem to be no regulations other than those given in the law. TEXAS Licensing. Applicants for license on examination are ex- pected to have studied Blackstone's Gmnm&nta/ries, Kent's Com- mentaries, Stephens, Gould or Chitty on pleadings, Story's Equity pleadmgs, Greenleaf, Starkie or Phillips on evidence. Parsons, Story or Ohitty on contracts, Story, Parsons or Daniels on prom- issory notes, Story or Gow on partnership. Story's Equity juris- prudence or Adams's Equity, or law books of like character. They must possess a general knowledge of the constitution and stat- utes of the state and of the rules of the district and supreme courts. A written application must be filed. The above is more than 20 years old. VEBMOlCTT " New rules have been formulated but have not been adopted." Sep. 18, 1899. VIHGOnA Licensing. An applicant for a license must obtain from the court of his county or corporation a certificate of age, moral character and six months' residence in the state. An applica- tion for the certificate, specifying the day when motion before the court will be made must be filed 10 days before the granting of the license. With this must be filed written recommendations from two members of the bar of the applicant's judicial circuit, practising attorneys in the court, and the clerk shall forthwith deliver a copy of this application to the judge of the court. An applicant for examination, on or before the first day of the term of court at which he proposes to be examined, except the term at Wytheville, must file with the clerk of the court such certifi- cate and recommendations. With no contrary evidence, this ap- plication entitles him to examination. At Wytheville such pa- 246 UNIVBJESITT OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK pers must be filed on or before July 1. Subjects of examination, real and personal property, domestic relations, contracts, agency, partnership, negotiable instruments, insurance, corporations, wills and personal representatives, torts, equity jurisprudence, pleading and practice at law and in equity, evidence, crimes and criminal procedure and the code of Virginia. There are no re- quirements for preliminary and professional education. Exami- nation. Annual examinations are held at Richmond the first Friday of the January term, Staunton the first Friday of the September term, Wytheville the first Friday in July. There are no other examinations. Applicants rejected because of failure to pass are eligible after the succeeding examination. Every ex- amination is written but in case of doubt of the result an oral examination may be added. ■WASHXN-QTON" Licensing. Age, fee, professional education [see p. 263). Pre- liminary, no specifications. Each applicant must file with the clerk of the supreme court one week before the first Thursday of each session notice of his application with his aflBdavit that h^ has the required qualifications and is not under sentence of dis- barment. Admission to the supreme court entitles an attorney to practise in all courts of the state. Any resident heretofore admitted in any of the superior courts of the state is entitled to admission in the supreme court on filing with the clerk a certified copy of his admission with his own afSdavit that he is not under judgment of disbarment or suspension from any court. Admis- sion fee f5. Examination. Six hours' written and an oral ex- amination in open court are held the first Thursday and Friday of each session of the supreme court. A committee of three members is appointed by the court to assist in examining. WEST vmaiNiA Licensing. Applicants must produce satisfactory evidence of having studied law two years previous to filing applications for examination. The examination is in writing and includes Black- stone, code of West Virginia, criminal law and procedure, real property, equity, pleading and practice, bailments, negotiable paper, surety and guaranty, corporations, common law pleading, torts, contracts, agency, evidence, insurance, partnership, sales, constitutional law. Examination. Candidates failing to attain a proper standard may be reexamined at any future examina- tion. Examinations are held on the first Wednesday in Febru- ary, May, August and November in the dean's room of the Univer- sity of West Virginia at Morgantown, LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 247 WISCONSIN Licensing. Subjects of examination, agency, constitutional law, contracts and bailments, corporations, criminal law and procedure, damages, descent and administration, eminent do- main, equity, estoppel, evidence, execution, fraud and fraudulent conveyances, highways, insurance, judgments, jurisdiction, laws and statutes, liens, mortgages, municipal corporations, negli- gence, negotiable paper, nuisances, partnership, personal prop- erty, personal relations and capacities, pleading and practice, private rights, real estates, sales, set offs, suretyship and guar- anty, torts, uses and trusts, usury, waters and water courses, wills, writs. An applicant must present to the secretary of the examining board 20 days before an examination a written notifi- cation and an aiBdavit stating age, residence, term and place of professional study; either previous to an examination or at its beginning, a certificate of moral character from each attorney with whom he studied ; certificates from two members of the bar in his own county certifying to two years' professional study. These certificates are not conclusive evidence. After three fail- ures applicants are entitled to a fourth examination one year after the third. Examinations begin at the court house, Madi- son, the last Tuesday of August; at Hotel Pfister, Milwaukee, the last Tuesday of April and December, unless these days are legal holidays, when the examinations begin the following day. The written examination is held 10 a. m. to 1 p. m. and 2 p. m. to 5 p. m. on the first day, an oral examination the second day. All applicants must take both examinations. WYOMINa OLD Licensing. The committee on admissions shall ascertain by careful examination and investigation, and report to the court on the moral character and learning of each applicant. A per- son admitted to practise in the courts of another state, while a citizen of this state, shall not be admitted to practise on evidence of admission in such other state. Applicants must make oath that they are citizens of the state, that they will commence the practice of law within three months and make the same their permanent and usual occupation. A fee of $3 shall be paid to the clerk at the time of filing the application. New law goes into effect September 1900. 248 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OP NEW TOEK WYOMXNO NEW Licensing. Application for admission to the bar is by petition to the supreme court. The petition shall be verified by the oath of the applicant and shall state his full name, place and date of birth, if foreign born, evidence of citizenship, place and periods of residence and occupation during the preceding five years and the names and addresses of five persons acquainted with the applicant during said period. If the applicant applies as a mem- ber of the bar of another state or territory, these references shall preferably be judges or members of the bar of such state or territory. Such applicant shall farther state the place or places in such other state or territory where he has engaged in practice, the period of practice in each, whether regularly admitted in more than one state or territory and, if so the name of each and the date thereof, the period of practice in each and the place of residence during such practice. The petitioner for admission on examination shall state his general educational advantages exclusive of legal study, where and with whom or in what law school or schools or under what supervision his legal studies were pursued, the works read in the course of such study, period of legal study, the respective periods at or under the supervision of a law school or in an office of a member of the bar or a judge of this state, and the place at which exami- nation is preferred and, if at some place other than the capital, the reasons therefor. A member of the bar of another state or territory shall accompany his petition by the certificate or license showing such admission, or a certified copy of the record of such admission under seal of court, also the certificate of a judge of such other state or territory showing the applicant to be of good standing in the courts of such state or territory, but such certificate shall not be conclusive. Moral character of a resident must be certified by a member of the bar or a judge of this state, who shall certify that he is personally acquainted with the applicant and the facts stated in the certificate; of a member of the bar of another state or territory, by a certificate of a judge or two attorneys of such other state or territory or a mem- ber of the bar of this state, but such certificate shall not be conclusive. The state board of law examiners shall, before ad- mitting an applicant to examination, require in evidence of compliance with the law as to periods of study, for time in a law school, the certificate of the president, dean or secretary of the faculty under whose instruction the person has studied, under the seal of the school if there be one; the time of study in the oflSce of a member of the bar or a judge of this state by LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 249 a certificate of such member of the bar or judge showing the actual time of such study. Attendance at a law school during a school year of not less than eight months shall be deemed a year's attendance and, in computing the period of study of law in an office, a vacation actually taken, not exceeding three months in each year, shall be allowed as a part of each year. All peti- tions for admission shall be deemed at once referred to the state board of law examiners but, in the discretion of the court, in case of an emergency, an applicant applying as a member of the bar of the highest court of another state or territory may be admitted on satisfactory proof that he possesses the necessary qualifications, without reference to or awaiting action by the board of examiners. Examination. After each examination the board of examiners reports its proceedings in connection with such examination, its conclusions and recommendations. If re- quested by the court or the applicant, the questions' and replies, or a copy thereof, shall be filed with the report. Regular meet- ings of the state board of law examiners are held at the capital on the second day of each regular term of the supreme court. SYNOPSIS OF LEGAL REQUIREMENTS This synopsis is made for the convenience of those that would see at a glance the legal requirements for admission to the practice of law throughout the United States. A synopsis of the law of each political division was sent to the executive oflflcer for correction and verification. There are four distinct lines of legal requirements: prelim- inary education, professional training, licensing tests and regis- tration. The synopsis gives as uniformly as passible : Method of administration Authority Executive officer Eegistration Fee Preliminary requirements for admission to Licensing examinations, or to Eegistration privileges Professional requirements for admission to Licensing examinations, or to Eegistration privileges 250 UNIVERSITY OF THH STATE OF NEW YORK Licensing requirements Authority Examination Evidence of age and character Fee. AIiABAJiEA Administrative. The supreme court administers the lave through the chancery, circuit or city courts. Executive oiHcer, a chancellor, or a judge of a circuit or city court. The oath of ofSce is taken in a court of record. Licensing. The judge or chancel- lor of a chancery, circuit or city court certifies to a supreme court judge that the applicant is a resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character and possessed of all necessary qualifica- tions except legal learning. The applicant must pass a written examination in open court in the law of real, of personal prop- erty, of pleading and evidence, commercial law, criminal law, chancery and chancery pleading, statute and constitutional law. The judge or chancellor, on the recommendation of the three supreme court judges that examined the papers, issues a license to the successful candidate entitling him to practise in all courts but the supreme. Graduates that have received the degree of bachelor of laws from the University of Alabama are admitted on motion. Fee not given. AI.ASKA No law enacted up through the 55th congress ending Mar. 3, 1899. ABIZOITA Administrative. The supreme court or any district court. Executive oflQcer, clerk of either court. The oath of o£3ce is taken before any person authorized to administer oaths. Licensing. The court issues a license on examination. The candidate must submit to an examination in open court, conducted by a com- mittee of three practising attorneys appointed by the court; must present a certificate from a board of supervisors showing fitness as to age, residence and moral character. The clerk, on order of the court, issues a license to the successful applicant. A duly licensed practitioner from any state may be admitted without examination. Fee not given. AUKAITSAB Administrative. The courts of the state. Executive ofiScer, clerk of a record court. Registration with the clerk of a record court. Licensing. The courts of the state license on satisfac- DAW IN THE UNITED STATES 251 tory examinatioa in open court any male citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character. Fee not given. CALIFORISriA Administrative. Supreme court. Executive ofiScer, clerk of the court. Eegistration with the clerk of the licensing court. Professional {see p. 217). Licensing. The supreme court grants a license on examination by the justices of the su- preme court to practise in all the courts of the state. The applicant must be a resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character; must pass a strict examination in open court. A graduate of the Hastings law school is admitted to practise in all the courts on motion. A practitioner from the highest courts of other states or foreign countries where the basis of jurisprudence is the common law of England may be admitted to practise on production of his license. Fee not given. COLORADO Administrative. The supreme court, through a committee of law examiners appointed by the court. Executive offlcer, a clerk of the supreme court. Registration with a clerk of the supreme court. Fee not given. Preliminary {see p. 218). Professional {see p. 218). Licensing. The committee on examination grants licenses to practise in all the courts of record without discrim- ination of race or sex. An attorney admitted to practise in the highest court of law in another state or country may be licensed without examination. The applicant must give evidence of good moral character. Fee $20. COmSTECTICUT Administrative. The superior court may admit as attorneys to practise in all the courts of the state such persons as are qualified according to the rules established by the judges of the court. Preliminary (see p. 219). Professional, {see p. 219). CUBA In transition {see p. 220). DELAWARE Administrative. The courts of the state. Registration of afQdavit in the recorder's. ofiSce. Professional (see p. 220). Licensing. The judges of the respective courts may admit a competent number of persons learned in the law to practise as attorneys. Annual fee $10. 252 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW TOEK DISTRICT OP COIiTTMBIA Admission to the bar is regulated by the rules of the supreme court (see p. 220). rLORIDAai , Administrative. An examining board of five members ap- pointed by the supreme court. Executive officer, the clerk of the supreme court. Eegistration of the certificate with a clerTj; of the supreme court. Fee, same as for a certificate of admis- sion to the supreme court. Licensing. (See p. 273, § 979) The board grants a license on satisfactory examination as to the intellectual, moral and professional qualifications of the appli- cant. Fee $5. GEonaiA Administrative. An examining board of three members, at- torneys of recognized ability and integrity appointed by the su- preme court. Executive oflScer, chairman of the board. Regis- tration of the certificate with the clerk of the superior court. Fee not given. Licensing. The board on examination issues licenses to practise in all courts other than the supreme. The ex- aminations prepared by the board, covering all the topics and subjects requisite to admission to the bar, are conducted under the supervision of the judges of the respective superior courts. The candidate must present a certificate from two members of the bar certifying to his moral and professional qualifications. Grad- uates of authorized law schools of the state and attorneys from other states which by comity admit to practise duly licensed law- yers of this state may be admitted without examination. Fee $15. HAWAU Administrative. The supreme court. Executive officer, clerk of the supreme court. The oath of office shall be taken before a judge of a court of record. Professional [see p. 221). Licens- ing. The chief justice issues a license on examination. The ap- plicant must give evidence of citizenship, of good moral charac- ter. Applicants to practise in the district courts may, on exami- nation, be licensed for two years. Fee for examination $10, for temporary license $5, for each renewal $2. IDAHO Administrative.,* The supreme and district courts. Execu- tive officer the clerk of a court. Eegistration of license with a clerk of the court that admits the applicant. Fee not given. »The Florida statutes seem to conflict. That of 1899 amended §979 ch. 5 of 1892 which appears to be repealed by the act of 1897. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 253 Licensing. The justices of the supreme court grant a license to practise in any court of the state to any resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character, that passes a satisfactory exami- nation in open court. An attorney and counselor at law in good standing in the highest court of any other state may be admitted without examination. Fee $25. Hiiaosrois Administrative. The supreme court. Executive ofiScer a clerk of the supreme court. Registration of license with a clerk of the supreme court. Fee not given. Preliminary (see p. 222). Professional [see p. 223). Licensing'. The supreme court grants licenses to graduates and examinees. Prior to Dec. 31, 1899 a diploma issued by a regularly organized law school showing a regular course of two years and an actual attendance of 36 weeks in each year shall be received by the supreme court. An ex- aminee must have studied in a law office for two years, or part of such two years in a law ofBce and part in a law school and shall not be required to present any proofs as to general education. The applicant must produce the usual proofs of good moral char- acter. A regularly admitted attorney in any court of record in the United States may be admitted to practise on producing proof of good moral character. Fee not given. nSTDIAN" TERRITORY CHBKOKBB NATION. Administrative. The treasurer or one of the judges of the supreme or circuit courts. Licensing. The judge or treasurer grants a license. An attorney admitted to practise in any other Indian nation, may, when vouched for by a member of- the Cherokee bar appear before any court of this nation. Fee for district and circuit courts $5, for all courts CHICKASAW NATION. Administrative. The supreme court. Licensing. The supreme judges issue a license to practise in all courts of the nation to any citizen possessing sufficient law knowledge. Fee |15. CHOCTAW NATION. Administrative. A judge of the supreme court. Licensing. The judge grants a license on examination to any one possessing a competent share of law knowledge and of good moral character. Fee ! MUSKOGEE OR cRBjEK NATION. Administrative. The supreme and district courts. Licensing. A district judge admits to practise in a district court and a supreme court judge to all courts any person of good moral character. Fee for district court |10, for supreme court |20. 254 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW TOEK Administrative. The judge of a record court or a committee of the bar selected by the judge. Executive ofQcer, the clerk. Eegistration in any record court. Licensing., ""The judge or a committee of the bar licenses to practise in all courts of the state, any voter of good moral character on satisfactory examination as to his learning in the law. Nonresident attorneys are per- mitted to practise on taking the oath for the faithful discharge of their duties. Fee not given. IOWA Administrative. The supreme court. Registration (see p. 224). Professional. The applicant must prove by affidavit of his instructor that he has had two full years of study in the office of a member of the bar, a judge of the court of record or in a reputable law school. Licensing. The supreme court grants a license on examination. The applicant must be a resident, 21 years of age, of good moral character. Students recommended by the law department of the University of Iowa may be exam- ined at the university by a committee appointed by the supreme court, and the successful examinee admitted to practise without farther examination. Duly licensed attorneys from other states having had one year's practice are admitted without examina- tion. Fee not given. KAITSAS Administrative. The district courts. Professional. The candidate must have had two years' study of law, the last of which must have been with a regularly practising attorney. Licensing. The district court issues a license on examination. The appli- cant must give evidence that he is a resident citizen of good moral character. A graduate of the law department of the Uni- versity of Kansas is admitted to practise on presentation of his diploma to a district court. Fee not given. KEHTUCKY Administrative. The circuit or appellate courts. Executive officer, clerk of the court. Eegistration of the certificate in a county circuit court. Fee not given. Licensing. The judge of a circuit or appellate court issues a license on examination. The applicant for examination must be 21 years of age, must present a certificate from a county court showing him to be a person of X A constitutional amendment is to be submitted to the people, wliich provides that the general assembly shall by law prescribe the necessary qualifications for admission to the bar. LAW IN THB UNITED STATES 255 honesty, probity and good demeanor, must pass an examination before two members of the bar appointed by the circuit court, or two judges of the appellate court. Duly licensed attorneys from the supreme court of any other state are admitted to prac- tise without examination. Fee not given. LOUISIASTA Administrative. The supreme court. Executive officer, clerk of the supreme court. Professional [see p. 225). Licensing. The supreme court grants licenses to graduates and examinees. A graduate must present a diploma from Tulane university of Lou- isiana. An examinee must pass an examination before the su- preme court. Duly qualified attorneys or graduates of a law school from other states shall be examined in open court as to their fitness to practise in this state. Duly licensed attorneys in the supreme court of other states, on presentation of their license to a supreme court judge or two district court judges, may after examination by said judges on Louisiana law, be admitted to practise. Every applicant must give evidence of good moral character and possess all the qualifications except that of resi- dence necessary to constitute a legal voter.® MAOTE OLD Administrative. A county examining committee appointed by the chief justice. Licensing. No candidate shall be ad- mitted to practise unless he has been a member of the bar of another state for at least three years, or has studied at least two years in the office of an attorney at law oir in a law school, or has served as clerk of the supreme judicial court, and has also passed a public examination in his legal studies. Every candidate must present a written recommendation from the member of the bar with whom he has studied, with evidence of good moral char- acter. Fee not given. MAINE NEW Administrative. A state examining board of five competent lawyers appointed by the governor on recommendation of the chief justice of the supreme judicial court. Executive officer, secretary. Professional. The applicant must have three years' study of law in the office of some attorney or in a recognized X By an act of the legislature, laws of 1894,'''no. 118, women who have graduated in a law school of this state, may practise law in this state. 2!56 UNIVEKSITY OF THB STATE OF NEW YORK school. Licensing. The board issues certificates of qualifica- tion on examination. The applicant must be a resident citizen of full age and good moral character; must pass at a minimum standing of 70^ an oral and written examination. Fee i MARYLAND Administrative. A state board of three examiners each hav- ing had 10 years' practice, appointed by the court of appeals. Professional. The applicant must have had three years' study in a law school or in the office of a member of the bar. Licensing. The examining board conducts the examinations and reports the results to the court of appeals. The court on evidence of good moral character issues a license to practise in all the courts of the state. Students who have matriculated in the law department of the University of Maryland or Baltimore university prior to January 1898 are admitted on their diplomas. Members of the bar of any state having five years' experience as practitioners, judges or law teachers are admitted without examination. Fee for examina- tion $25. MASSACHTJjSBiTTS Administrative. A state board of five examiners appointed by the justices of the supreme judicial court. Executive officer, the clerk. Professional (see p. 226). Licensing. The su- preme judicial or the superior court, on recommendation of the examining board, issues certificates of admission to practise in all the courts of the state. The applicant must be a citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character. A duly licensed attorney in the highest judicial courts of other states may be admitted to practise on giving evidence of good moral character and profes- sional qualification. Fee on application for admission $10, for second application $5. BUCJHIGAN Administrative. The supreme court administers the law through a board of five examiners appointed by the governor on recommendation of the supreme court. Executive officer, secre tary of the board. Preliminary {see p. 227). Professional The applicant must have had three years' study of law Licensing. The supreme court on recommendation of the ex amining board issues licenses to practise in all record courts The applicant must be a resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character; must submit to a written and oral examination in which he shall reach a minimum of 70^. A graduate of the law department of the University of Michigan or the Detroit LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 257 college of law, or a duly licensed attorney of the court of last resort or any United States district or circuit court may on the production of a letter of recommendation from a justice of the court of last resort be admitted to practise. Fee $10. MINNESOTA Administrative. A state board of examiners, one member from each congressional district, appointed by the justices of the supreme court. Executive officer, secretary of the board. Reg- istration, by the board of examiners. Preliminary (see p. 229). Professional (see p. 229). Licensing. The examining board con- ducts the examination and reports the results to the supreme court which authorizes the board to issue a license to practise in all the courts of record. A graduate from the law department of the University of Minnesota; on presentation of his diploma within two years of its date to the supreme or any district court, and on giving proof that he is a resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character, is admitted to practise, without examination or fee. Fee |15. MISSISSIPPI Administrative. The supreme court through the chancery courts. Executive oflScer, the chancellor. Registration in the court where the licensee intends to practise. Licensing. The chancellor certifies to a supreme court judge that the applicant is a resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character and possessed of all qualifications except legal learning. The applicant must pass a written examination in open court in the law of real property, personal property, pleading and evidence, commercial law, crim- inal law, chancery and chancery pleading, statute and constitu- tional law. The chancellor on recommendation of at least two supreme court judges that examine the papers, issues a license to practise in all the courts of law and equity. Graduates that have received the degree of bachelor of laws from the University of Mississippi, on evidence of moral character, are admitted with- out examination. Fee not given. MISSOUBI Administrative. The supreme or circuit court or either court of appeals. Executive officer, the clerk. Registration with the clerk of the court. Licensing. The supreme or circuit court or the St Louis or Kansas City court of appeals issues a license to practise in all the courts of the 258 DNIVBRSITT OF THE STATE OF NBW YORK state, on examination by tlie judge, a comimittee of three attorneys appointed by the judge and any attorney present who may desire to participate. The applicant must be 21 years of age, of good moral character, must submit to an examination in open court, in pleading, evidence, equity juris- prudence, commercial and criminal law, the law of contracts, of real property, of personal property, statute and constitutional law. Graduates from the law department of the University of Missouri, Washington university or the Kansas City school of law, that have received the degree of bachelor of laws, are ad- mitted to practise without examination. Fee not given. Administrative. The supreme court. Executive ofiQcer, the clerk. Registration with the clerk of the supreme court. Professional. The applicant must have had two full years' study of the law. Licensing. The supreme court issues a license to practise in all the courts of the state. The applicant must be a citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character and must undergo a strict examination by one or more justices of the supreme court. A duly licensed attorney in the highest courts of another state or of a foreign country where the common law of England is the basis of jurisprudence is admitted on produc- tion of his or her license. Fee not given. Administrative. The supreme court. Executive officer, the clerk. Professional. The candidate must have had two years' study in the office of a practising attorney. Licensing. The supreme court on examination grants a license to practise in all record courts. The applicant must be 21 years of age, of good moral character, must pass a satisfactory exami- nation in the principles of common law. Graduates of the law department of the University of Nebraska and duly licensed at- torneys in any record court of the United States are admitted without examination. Fee not given. NEVADA Administrative. The supreme court. Executive officer, the clerk. Registration with the clerk of the court. Professional (see p. 232). Licensing. The supreme court on recommendation of an examining commission grants a license to practise in all the courts of the state. The applicant must be a citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character and must possess the LAW IN THE UNITE© STATES 259 necessary qualifications of learning and ability. A certificate from another state when issued by proper authority will be accepted in lieu of an examination. Fee |35. WEW HAIIPSHIBE Administrative. The supreme court. Executive oflScer, the clerk. Eegistration of a copy of the license with the clerk of the court where the licensee intends to practise. Professional (see p. 232). Licensing. The supreme court may license any citizen 21 years of age, of good moral character and suitable qualifica- tions. A duly licensed attorney in the highest judicial court of another state may be admitted to practise, on evidence of good moral character, without an examination. Fee not given. ]SnE.W JESSEY None but licensed attorneys of the supreme court are admitted to practise in any court except before justices of the peace (see p. 232). BTEW MEXICO None but citizens of the United States are admitted to practise. STEW YOBK Administrative. A state board of three examiners appointed by the court of appeals. Executive officer, secretary of the ex- amining board. Registration with the clerk of the court of appeals in the Official register of attorneys and counselors at law, a certified copy of which shall be filed in the office of the county clerk of each county, and with the clerk of each of the appellate divisions. Fee 25c. Preliminary (see p. 235). Professional (see p. 235). Licensing. The examining board certifies to the appellate division of the supreme court that the applicant is a citizen, 21 years of age, has passed a satisfactory legal exam- ination. The court on evidence of good moral character licenses the applicant without distinction of race or sex to practise as attorney and counselor in all the courts of the state. Fee for examination $15. nobtb: CAEOLnf a Administrative. The supreme court. Executive officer, the clerk. Professional (see p. 238). Licensing. The justices of the supreme court may, on examination, issue a license to prac- tise in all the courts of the state. The applicant must give evi- dence of a competent law knowledge and upright character. Duly licensed attorneys from other states or foreign countries, 260 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKE before being admitted to practise in this state must have had one year's residence or produce a testimonial from their former chief magistrate of unexceptionable moral character. Fee $20. NORTH DAKOTA Administrative. The supreme court. Professional. The candidate must have at least two full years' study of law with a member of the bar in regular practice in this state or in a reputa- ble law school in the United States. Licensing. The judges of the supreme court grant a license to practise to a resident, 21 years of age, of good moral character, that passes a satisfactory examination in open court. A duly licensed attorney from another state may at the discretion of the court be admitted to practise without examination. Fee not given. OHIO Administrative. The supreme court. Executive offlcer, the clerk. Registration with the clerk. Fee $2. Preliminary (see p. 240). Professional. The candidate must have had three full years' study with some practising attorney or in a law school. Licensing. The supreme court, on examination, grants a license to practise in all record courts. The applicant must be a resi- dent citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character, with a competent knowledge of the law and suflScient general learning. A duly licensed attorney having practised five years in the high- est court of another state or in the supreme court of the United States may be admitted without examination. Fee not given. OKLAHOMA Administrative. A court of record. Licensing. The court licenses either on examination or by certificate of admission from iinother territory or state, showing that the applicant possesses the requisite learning and is of good moral character. Fee not given. OBEGOIT Administrative. The supreme court. Preliminary {see p. 241). Professional (see p. 241). Licensing. The court issues a license on examination without regard to sex. The candidate must be a resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral char- acter and must pass an examination in open court as to his learning and ability. A duly licensed attorney from a state grant- ing equal privileges is admitted to practise in all courts. Fee not given. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 261 PEiraHSYLVAlTIA Administrative. A court of record. Executive ofQcer, the clerk. Professional (seep. 242). Licensing. The judges have power to admit persons of honest disposition and learned in the law. PHIMPPIITES Administrative. The justices of the supreme court. Execu- tive officer, secretary of the court. Kegistration with the secre- tary. Licensing. The supreme court issues a certificate to practise in all courts on satisfactory examination. The appli- cant must be a resident citizen, 23 years of age, of good moral character. Licensed attorneys of the supreme, circuit or district courts of the United States or of the highest court of any state or territory of the United States, may be admitted without exam- ination. Eesident attorneys duly accredited as such Jan. 31, 1899, may be admitted to practise on taking the prescribed oath and furnishing satisfactory proof of good moral character and professional standing. Fees not given. PUEK.TO BICO In transition. July 1899. RHODE ISLAND The supreme court establishes rules for the admission of at- torneys to practise in the courts of the state [see p. 244). SOUTH CAROIiOTA Administrative. The supreme court. Executive officer, the clerk. Professional (see p. 244). Licensing. The court issues a license on examination. The candidate must be a citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character, must pass a satisfactory examination in writing on the course of study prescribed by the supreme court. A graduate of the law department of the Uni- versity of South Carolina or a duly licensed attorney in any United States court may on taking the prescribed oath be ad- mitted without examination. Fee $5. SOUTH DAKOTA Administrative. The supreme court. Executive officer, the clerk. Registration with the clerk. Licensing. The court grants a license on examination. The candidate must be a resi- dent, 21 years of age, must present a certificate of good moral character from a court of record. A duly licensed attorney and counselor in the supreme court of any state or of the United States is admitted without examination. Fee not given. 262 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK TENITESSEE Administrative. Any two judges or chancellors, or the fac- ulty of any law school in the state. Executive ofiBcer, the clerk. Indorsement of license by the clerk of a county court. Fee 25c. Licensing:. The administrative authorities issue licenses on ex- amination. The applicant must produce a certificate from. his county court that he is 21 years of age and of good reputation. Fee ?5. TEXAS Administrative. The district. courts. Executive officer, the (ilerk. Registration of license with the clerk of a court. Pro- fessional {see p. 245). Licensing. The court and a committee of three practising attorneys appointed by the court conduct examinations and issue licenses. The candidate must produce a certificate from a county commissioners court that he is a resi- dent, 21 years of age, of good moral character. A graduate of the law department of the University of Texas may, on presen- tation of his diploma with the commissioners' certificate to the district court, be admitted to practise in all district and inferior courts; if presented to the supreme court, then in all courts of the state. A duly licensed attorney from another state may be admitted without examination. Fee not given. tjtah: Administrative. The supreme court. Executive officer, the clerk. Registration with the clerk. Licensing-, The supreme court or a committee appointed by the justices conducts exami- nations and issues licenses to practise as attorney and counselor in all the courts of the state. The candidate must be a citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character. A duly licensed attor- ney from another state may be admitted without examination. Fee |25. Administrative. The supreme court administers the law through a board of examiners. The court may make, alter and amend all rules regulating the admission of attorneys to practise law. vrRaiTSfiA. Administrative. The supreme court of appeals. Executive officer, the clerk. Licensing. Any three judges of the supreme court of appeals may on examination grant a license to practise in all the courts, to any male resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character. Any duly licensed attorney or counselor at law from another state may be admitted to practise by paying the license prescribed by law. Fee not given. LAW IN THE UNITED STATUS 263 WASHIBrGTON Administrative. The supreme court. Executive officer, the clerk. Eegistratlon of certificate with the clerk of the court. Professional. The candidate must present a certificate from a practising attorneythat he has regularly studied lawfortwo years. Licensing. The supreme court or twoi of its judges conduct examinations and issue licenses to practise in all the record courts. The applicant must be a resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character. A duly licensed attorney in any of the courts of last resort of the United States is admitted with- out examination. Fee $20. WEST VTRGINIA Administrative The supreme court of appeals administers the law through the county courts. Professional (see p. 246). Licensing. The county courts conduct examinations subject to all rules and regulations of the supreme court of appeals which, on recommendation of the county courts, grants a license to prac- tise in all the courts of the state. The candidate must be 21 years of age, of good moral character. A graduate of the law school of the West Virginia university, or a duly licensed at- torney or counselor at law in another state is admitted without examination. Fee not given. •WTSCOIirSIN Administrative. An examining board of five attorneys ap- pointed by the supreme court. Executive ofiScer, secretary of the examining board. Professional. The applicant must have had two years' study of the law. Licensing. The judge of a circuit court on certificate of the examining board grants a license to practise in all the record courts. The applicant must be a resi- dent, 21 years of age, of good moral character, must pass a written and oral examination. A resident graduate of the law department of the University of Wisconsin, or a graduate of a law school of equal standing in another state is admitted to practise on production of his diploma. A duly licensed attorney in the supreme court of another state, giving proof of two years' practice, is admitted without examination. Fee not given. WYOMXKTG NEW Administrative. An examining board of five members of the bar of five years' standing,, appointed by the supreme court. Executive officer, secretary. Professional. The applicant must have studied law at least three years in a law school or in the 264 UNIVBKSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW TOEK office of a member of the bar. Licensing'. The supreme court on recommendation of the examining board admits to practise in all the courts of the state. The applicant must be a resident citizen, 21 years of age, of good moral character, must pass a satisfactory written examination. An attorney in the highest court of another state may be admitted to practise without ex- amination. All persons admitted to practise as attorneys at the time of the passage of this act may continue. Fees for ex- aminees $15, for practitioners from other states f 10. STATUTES Under this title are the laws or their equivalents governing the admission to the practice of law in each political division of the United States revised to the latest practicable moment, and arranged alphabetically. For convenience of reference certain facts from the most reliable and recent sources of information are uniformly given in connection with each political division. Geographic information, 1) location, 2) area, 3) population. Legislative information, 4) title of the law-making body, 5) frequency of its sessions, 6) time of next meeting, 7) place, 8) date of the last statute or amendment published, 9) date of the last statute consulted. In editing and revising the statutes care has been taken to omit all irrelevant matter and all inoperative by reason of time limit or amendments, to preserve the phraseology and punctua- tion and to give the sources of information. Minor changes in- volving paragraphing, numbering, capitalization and spelling have been made in accord with the editing rules of the Uni- versity when the change affected the significance of the law in no particular. Volume and page numbers are separated by a colon; e. g. 1:256 means vol. 1, p. 256. For convenience side heads are inserted when not given in the law. UNITED STATES Central North America; area 3,668,167 sq. m.; population 62,979,766 (75,466,659 not including Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico); federal republic; annual legislation. Sources of information: the Statesman's year look and a stand- ard geography. When they differed the various political almanacs were consulted and the weight of authority taken; population taken uniformly from the census report of 1890; an official estimate for the year 1899 follows in curves; title of law making body from the Statesman's year hook; frequency of session from the legislation bulletin of the University. The LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 265 statutes or codes of the various states found in New York state library, when the laws could not be secured from state officials. The United States has no uniform statute regulating the prac- tice of law. Each state prescribes its own requirements. AI;ABAJiIA Gulf division U. S. Area 52,250 sq. m. Pop. 1,513,017 (1,800,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Nov. 1900. Cap. Montgomery. 98^99. Code 1896, 1:256 8 579 Who may practise. Only such persons as are regularly licensed have authority to practise law. § 580 Practice in certain courts. Those who have been regularly licensed can practise only in such courts as their license may authorize; those admitted to the supreme court may practise in all the courts in this state; and those admitted by any chancery, city, or circuit court may prac- tise in any court in the state except the supreme court. i 581 Who may be licensed. Any man of the age of 21 years, of good moral character, and who possesses the requisite qualifications of learning and ability, is entitled to admission to practise in any or all the courts of this state. 5 eil Licentiates of other states. Attorneys at law residing in other states, having a license to practise law therein, may practise in any of the courts of this state, when by law the attorneys of this state are permitted to practise law in such state; and such attorneys, when practising in the courts of this state, are subject to all the rules and regulations prescribed In this chapter. Laws 1897, 656 : 1482 f 1 How applicant must proceed. That any person being a citizen of the United States, a resident of this state, above the age of 21 years, who shall desire to be admitted to the practice as an attorney and coun- selor at law, may make application in writing to any city court of the county in which the applicant resides, or to the judge of the circuit or chancellor of the division in which the applicant resides, maliing known his wish. The court, judge or chancellor shall thereupon inquire into the moral character and qualifications other than legal learning of the appli- cant, and to that end may examine witnesses; and if the applicant be found possessed of the necessary qualifications, except legal learning, that the court, judge or chancellor shall so adjudge and enter an order on the minutes to that effect, but if the applicant be found not tO' be qualified, his application shall be dismissed at his cost. lAs amended 1898, cJi. 127] § 2 Examination. That the applicant being found to be otherwise qualified, the judge or chancellor in open court, shall propound in writing to said applicant, a sufficient number of questions to thoroughly test his learning, upon the following subjects, namely: 1) of the law of real prop- erty; 2) of the law of personal property; 3) of the law of pleading and evidence; 4) of the commercial law; 5) of the criminal law; 6) of chancery and chancery pleading; 7) of the statute law of the state; 8) of the con- stitution of the United States and of the state of Alabama, which questions 266 UNIVBESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the applicant shall In open court, or In the presence of the judge or chan- cellor, answer in writing without aid from any person, or from examina- tion of boolis. § 3 Certiflcatlon to supreme court. That when the written examination shall be completed, the judge or chancellor shall certify thereon that it was talien before him and in his presence, in conformity to the last section, and he shall forward the same, both questions and answers, to a judge of the supreme court. § 4 Supreme court exam.ines papers. That the judge of the supreme court who receives the written examination, shall read and consider the same and cause at least two other judges of the supreme court to ex- amine the same; and at least three of said judges shall within 10 days, if practicable, indorse on or at the end of such writing their judgment and conclusion as to the sufficiency or insufficiency of the legal learning of the applicant to be licensed as an attorney and counselor at law; and they shall within said time transmit said writing, with the certificate thereon, to the chancellor from whom it was received. § 5 When license is granted. That upon the receipt of the written examination with the certificate of the supreme court judges by the judge or chancellor, he shall, if the certificates of two of said judges be that the applicant possesses sufficient legal learning, grant the application and cause to be entered on the minutes of the court, in term time or vacation; an order granting to the applicant license to practise law in all the courts, both of law and equity. In this state, upon the taking by the applicant of the oath prescribed by law; if the certificate of three of said judges be that the applicant does not possess sufficient legal learning, the chancellor or judge shall enter an order dismissing the application; and in either case, the applicant shall pay the costs. § 6 Reexamination. That the dismissal of an application for license to practise law shall not bar another application by the same person after the expiration of six months from the order of dismissal. § 7 License on diploma. That If the applicant present to the chancery court with his written application a diploma granted him by the University of Alabama conferring the degree of bachelor of laws, the judge or chan- cellor shall inquire into his moral character and other qualifications, but need not examine him on law, and may if he be otherwise qualified, grant him a license without a certificate from the supreme judges. § 8 Oath. That every attorney and counselor at law, before he shall be permitted to practise, shall produce his license in some court of record where he intends to practise and in the presence of such court, shall take the following oath or affirmation, to wit. . . § 9 Minors licensed. That the court of chancery may license minors in the same manner as adults, if possessing the maturity, character and attainments requisite, but the minors so licensed shall be precluded from pleading Infancy in any civil proceedings against them. § 10 Failure to take oath of office. That if any attorney commences practice before taking the oath as prescribed by the preceding section, he forfeits the sum of $200, one half to the use of the person suing for the same and the other to the state. § 11 Act construed. That this act shall not be construed so as to pre- vent any person from conducting and managing his own cause in any court in this state. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 267 AXiASKA N. w. peninsula of N. A. Area 577,390 sq. m. Pop. largely native, 32,052 (40,000). No power of self-government; laws administered by governor and commissioners appointed by federal government at Washington. Cap. Sitka. No laws. — John Q. Brady, gov. of Alaslca, Oct. 80, 1898. ABIZOITA Pacific division U. S. Area 113,020 sq. m. Pop. 59,620 (100,000). Terri- torial government. Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Pres- eott. 87-99. Revised statutes 1887, p. 66 § 101 Qualiflcations for admission; examination; license. During the term of any district court, or of the supreme court, upon application in writing of any person desiring to obtain a license to practise as an attorney and counselor at law in the courts of the territory, accompanied with a certificate from the board of supervisors of the county in which he resides, that he has been a resident of the territory at least six months, that he is 21 years of age, and that he has a good reputation for moral character and honorable deportment, the court shall, as soon as conven- ient, appoint a committee of three or more practising attorneys of good standing, and set a day for the examination of the applicant, on which day the committee so appointed shall, in open court, proceed to examine the applicant, and If they, or a majority of them, and the court are satisfied of his legal qualifications, a report of that fact shall on the next day be made by the committee, and recorded by the clerk, and thereon the court shall order the clerk to make out a license for the applicant, which shall be signed by the court and attested by the clerk, under the seal of the court; under which, when delivered, if granted by the district court, the party shall be authorized to practise in any district, or inferior court of the territory, and If by the supreme court, then in any court of the territory. § 102 Licentiates of otlier states. Any person who Immigrates to this territory from any other state of the Union, with a view of permanently residing therein, may be admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law on producing a license from any circuit or district court, or supreme court from the state or territory from which he emigrated, and also pro- ducing satisfactory evidence to the judge or court to whom he applies that he Is a man of good reputation for moral character and honorable deport- ment, and shall not be subject to the requisites of residence prescribed in § 1 [101]. § 103 Admission to supreme court. Every person heretofore or that may hereafter be licensed as an attorney or counselor at law by any of the district courts of this territory, may make his application in writing to the clerk of the supreme court for a license to practise therein; and upon furnishing to said clerk satisfactory evidence that he has been licensed by the district court, and that he is a practising attorney In good standing, and has taken the oath as required of attorneys of the supreme court, made before any officer authorized to administer oaths, and certified to by him with his seal of office, the said clerk shall enter the name of such 268 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OP NEW YORK party upon the roll of attorneys of said court, and shall also furnish such party a certificate of the fact, which shall authorize him to appear and plead in the supreme court of this territory as an attorney thereof; but nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to require the personal presence of the party making the application. § 104 Oath. Every person admitted to practise law shall, before re- ceiving license, take an oath that he will support the constitution and laws of the United States and the laws of this territory; that he will honestly demean himself in the practice of the law, and will discharge his duty to his client to the best of his ability; which oath shall be indorsed upon his license, subscribed by him, and attested by the officer administering the same. § 105 Persons not admitted. No person convicted of a felony shall receive license as an attorney at law. ARKANSAS Gulf division U. S. Area 53,850 sq. m. Pop. 1,128,179 (1,500,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Little Kock. 94r-99. Sandels & Hill's Digest of the statutes 1894, p. 301 § 422 QualificatloiLs for admission. Every male citizen of the age of 21 years, of good moral character, and who possesses the requisite quali- fications of learning and ability, may, upon application, and in the manner hereinafter provided, be admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law in the courts of this state. § 423 Power to license. No judge of the supreme, circuit or other court shall have power to license any applicant to practise law, but such power shall be exercised only by the courts of the state, by proper order, duly recorded. § 424 How admitted. Every such applicant shall be examined in open court, shall before his admission, produce to the court by sworn petition satisfactory proof of the foregoing qualifications, and shall take an oath to support the constitution of the United States and of this state, and faithfully to discharge the duties of the office upon which he Is about to enter. § 425 Roll of attorneys. It shall be the duty of the clerk of each court of record to keep a register, in which he shall register and enrol every attorney or counselor at law licensed to practise in the court of which he Is clerk. § 426 Contempt of court. Every person who shall attempt to practise law in any court of record without being licensed, sworn and registered, as required in this act, shall be deemed guilty of a contempt of court, and shall be punished as in other cases of contempt. cAiircrausriA Pacific division U. S. Area 158,360 sq. m. Pop. 1,208,130 (1,500,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Sacramento. 97-99. Deering's Cede of civil procedure 1897, p. 112 § 275 Qualifications for admission. Any citizen or person resident of this state, who has, bona fide, declared his or her intention to become a LAW IN THB UNITED STATES 269 citizen in tlie manner required by law, of the age of 21 years, of good moral character, and who possesses the necessary qualifications of learn- ing and ability, is entitled to admission as attorney and counselor in all the courts of this state. All persons are attorneys of the supreme court who were on Jan. 1, 1880, entitled to practise in the court superseded thereby. § 276 Admission on examination. Every applicant for admission as an attorney and counselor must produce satisfactory testimonials of a good moral character and undergo a strict examination in open court as to his qualifications, by the justices of the supreme court, or by the justices sitting and holding one of the departments thereof, or by not less than three of the supreme court commissioners, to be designated and appointed by the chief justice of the supreme court to conduct publicly the exam- ination, such commissioners to report the results of the examination to the supreme court for final action. § 277 License on examination. If, upon examination, he is found quali- fied, the supreme court, or department thereof before which he is exam- ined, shall admit him as an attorney and counselor in all the courts of this state, and shall direct an order to be entered to that effect upon its records, and that a certificate of such record be given to him by the clerls of the court, which certificate shall be his license. § 278 Oath. Every person, on his admission, must take an oath to sup- port the constitution of the United States and the constitution of the state of California, and to faithfully discharge the duties of an attorney and counselor at law to the best of his knowledge and ability. A certificate of such oath must be indorsed on the license. § 279 Licentiates of other states. Every citizen of the United States, or person resident of this state, who has, bona fide, declared his intention to become a citizen in the manner required by law, who has been admitted to practise law in the highest court of a sister state, or of a foreign country, where the common law of England constitutes the basis of juris- prudence, may be admitted to practise in the courts of this state, upon the production of his or her license, and satisfactory evidence of good moral character; but the court may examine the applicant as to his or her qualifications. § 280 Roll of attorneys. Every clerk shall keep a roll of attorneys and counselors admitted to practise by the court of which he is clerk, which roll must be signed by the person admitted before he receives his license. § 281 Contempt of court. If any person shall practise law in any court, except a justice's court or police court, without having received a license at [as] attorney and counselor, he shall be guilty of a contempt of court. Statutes 1878, ch. 351 An act to create Hastings coUegie of the law § 6 The diploma of the students shall entitle the student to whom it is Issued to a license to practise in all the courts of this state, subject to the right of the chief justice of the state to order an examination, as is in ordinary cases of applicants without such diploma. 270 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK COLORADO Western division U. S. Area 103,925 sq. m. Pop. 412,198 (500,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Denver, 97-99. Mills' Annotated statutes 1891, 1:465 § 196 Who may practise. No person shall be permitted to practise as an attorney or counselor at law, or to commence, conduct or defend any action, suit or plaint in vs^liich he is not a party concerned, in any court of record within this state, either by using or subscribing his own name, or tl:e name of any other person, without having previously obtained a license lor that purpose from some two of the justices of the supreme court, ■\\'hich license shall constitute the person receiving the same an attorney and counselor at law, and shall authorize him to appear in all the courts of record within this state, and there to practise as an attorney and coun- selor at law, according to the laws and customs thereof, for and during his good behavior in said practice, and to demand and receive all such fees as are or hereafter may be established for any services which he shall or may render as an attorney and counselor at law in this state. § 199 Roll of attorneys. It shall be the duty of the clerlis of the supreme court to make and keep a roll or record, stating at the head or commencement thereof that the persons whose names are therein written have been regularly licensed and admitted to practise as attorneys and counselors at law within this state, and that they have duly taken the oath to support the constitution of the United States, and the constitution of this state, and also the oath of office as prescribed by law, which shall be certified and indorsed on said license. § 200 Enrolment necessary. And no person whose name is not sub- scribed to or written on the said roll, with the day and year when the same was subscribed thereto or written thereon, shall be suffered or admitted to practise as an attorney or counselor at law within this state, under the penalty hereinafter mentioned, anything in this act to the con- trary notwithstanding. . . § 204 Oath; license. No person shall be permitted to enter his name on the roll or record to be kept as aforesaid by the clerk of the supreme court, or do any official act appertaining to the oflice of an attorney or counselor at law, until he hath taken an oath to support the constitution of the United States and the constitution of this state; and the person administering such oath shall certify the same on the license, which certificate shall be a sufficient voucher to the clerk of the supreme court to enter or insert, or permit to be entered or inserted on the roll of attor- neys and counselors at law the name of the person to whom such certifi- cate is made. § 208 Parties may appear in person; former licentiates not affected. Plaintiffs shall have the liberty of prosecuting, and defendants shall have the privilege of defending, in their proper persons^ and nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to effect [affect] any persons heretofore admitted to the degree of attorney or counselor at law in this state, so as to subject them to farther examination, or to make it necessary for them to renew their license. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 271 § 209 Nonresident attorneys. Whenever any counselor at law residing in any of the adjacent states or territories may have any business in any of the courts of this state, he may be admitted, on motion, for the pur- pose of transacting such business, and none other. § 213 Who may practise in probate courts. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed so as to prevent any male citizen over the age of 21 years, of good moral character, from practising as an attorney in the county courts of this state, while sitting for probate business, without hav- ing obtained a license as an attorney as provided herein. Mills' Annotated statutes 1891-96, 3:542 § 1872a Fee. From and after the passage of this act, the license fee for admission to practise law in this state shall be $20. Laws 1897, ch. 29 § 1 Licentiates of other states. Any person who has been admitted to practise in the highest court of law in any other state or county, or who being an American citizen and domiciled In a foreign country, has received such diploma or degree therein, as would have entitled him, if a citizen of such foreign country to practise law in its courts may, in the discretion of the supreme court, be admitted and licensed to practise law in this state with or without examination. § 2 License on exam.inaidon. No person, except as provided in § 1 of this act, shall be entitled to receive a license to practise as an attorney and counselor at law until the supreme court is satisfied by examination in open court, or by examination by members of the bar to be designated by the supreme court, that the applicant is of good moral character and possesses sufficient education and knowledge of law to justify his admis- sion to the bar. § 3 Kace; sex. No person shall be denied a license to practise as afore- said on account of race or sex. CONOSrECTICXJT North Atlantic division U. S. Area 4990 sq. m. Pop. 746,258 (900,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Hartford. 88-99. General statutes 1888, p. 192 § 784 Power to license. The superior court may admit, and cause to be sworn as attorneys, such persons as are qualified therefor, agreeably to the rules established by the judges of said court; and no other person than an attorney, so admitted, shall plead at the bar of any court of this state, except in his own cause; and said judges may establish rules rela- tive to the admission, qualifications, practice, and removal of attorneys. § 785 Licentiates of superior court. Attorneys admitted by the su- perior court, shall be attorneys of all courts, and shall be subject to the rules and orders of the courts before which they act, which may fine them for transgressing such rules and orders, not exceeding $100, for any offense, and may suspend or displace them for just cause. 272 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK CUBA West Indies. Area 45,872 sq. m. Pop. (1,631,696). In military occupa- tion of United States. Legisl. annual. Cap. Havana. No official informa- tion Nov. 1, 1899. DELAWARE South Atlantic division U. S. Area 2050 sq. m. Pop. 168,493 (175,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Dover. 93-99. Kevised statutes 1898, p. 698 § 6 Power to license. There may be a competemt number of persons, of an honest disposition and learned in the lavs', admitted by the judges of the respective courts to practise as attorneys there, who shall behave themselves justly and faithfully in their practice; and if they misbehave themselves therein, they shall suffer such penalties and suspensions as attorneys at law in Great Britain are liable to. Such attorneys may enter actions, prosecute and defend suits, draw writs, process and pleadings, and practise generally in all the courts of this state without farther license.o Kevised statutes 1893, p. 234 § 4 Aflidavit. Every attorney at law shall, In like manner, besides the constitutional qualifications, make the following affidavit. . . § 5 Affidavit recorded. The affidavits required by the preceding sec- tions shall be duly signed, certified and recorded in the recorder's offlice. Revised statutes 1893, p. 56 Annual license. [Each lawyer shall pay to the state an annual license of $10, the penalty for violation being imprisonment for not exceeding two years or fine of not exceeding $500, or both, one half of fine to go to the state, the other half to the person making complaint] DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA South Atlantic division U. S. Area 70 sq. m. Pop. 230,392 (280,800). Laws made by federal congress. Cap. Washington. 94-98. Compiled statutes 1894, ch. 50 § 31 Admission and disbarring of attorneys. No attorney, or other person whatsoever, shall practise the law in any of the courts of this Dis- trict [province] without being admitted thereto by the justices of the sev- eral courts, who are hereby empowered to admit and suspend them. FLORIDA SouthAtlantic division V. S. Area 56,680 sq. m. Pop. 391,422 (400,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Ap 1899. Cap. Tallahassee. 99^99. Laws 1897, ch. 4539 § 1 Board of examiners. That the state board of legal examiners is hereby created, to consist of five members, who shall be appointed by the supreme court of Florida, one of whom shall hold his office for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one aVol. 13, ch, 117, requires attorneys to take out license ; but does not prevent tliem practising with- out it the said act imposing a fine and imprisonment for refusing to talce out license. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 273 for five years, and each until his successor shall be appointed and quali- fied, and each year thereafter another examiner shall be appointed for the term of five years in the stead of the examiner whose term shall have expired. Said board shall have the power to make by-laws and rules necessary for the fulfilment of their duties. § 2 Certificate on examination. It shall be the duty of said board of legal examiners to examine all applicants for admission to the bar of this state, in respect to their intellectual, moral and professional qualifications, in accordance with such uniform and general regulations as they may adopt and publish. When said board, after such examination, shall be satisfied of the qualifications and fitness of an applicant, and upon his taking the oath required by law, they shall grant him a certificate to that effect, which certificate, when registered as hereinafter provided, shall entitle him to practise law in all of the courts of this state. § 3 Examinations. That said board shall hold at least one examina- tion a year in each of the circuits of this state, from which applications shall be received. Two members with the authority of said board, may conduct any such examination, in accordance with the rules of the board; provided, that the subjects for such examination shall first be prescribed by the said board. § 4 Fees; expenses of board. Said board of legal examiners shall be entitled to collect from each person examined, a fee not to exceed the sum of $5, which fees shall be used to defray the expenses of said board. The expenses of said board shall not be paid or chargeable to this state. § 5 Kegistration of cextiflcates. All certificates so issued by said board shall be filed with, and registered by, the clerk of the supreme court, for which service he shall be entitled to the same fee as is now provided by law for certificates of admission to the supreme court. § 6 Repeal. All laws or parts of laws in conflict herewith, or any part hereof, are hereby repealed. . . Revised statutes 1892, ch. 5 § 979 How a license is obtainable; recording certificate. Before any person shall obtain a license to practise law, he shall satisfy by satis- factory evidence the judge of the circuit court to whom he may make application that he is 21 years of age and of good moral character and shall upon an examination by the judge and by at least two members of the bar to be selected by the judge, demonstrate his possession of the qualifications so to practise; and such examination shall be in open court at some regular or special term of the court. He shall have taken an oath before the clerk of the circuit court to support the constitution of the state of Florida and the United States and honestly to demean himself in his profession and exercise the duties thereof to the best of his skill and ability. The judge and members of the bar making such examination shall if they find the applicant qualified to practise make and sign a cer- tificate setting forth the fact of his possession of such qualifications and that he is licensed to practise In the several circuits and inferior courts of the state; and the same shall thereupon be recorded upon the minutes of the court and shall then be delivered- to the applicant as his license to practise in the said courts of this state, the clerk shall receive the usual fee for recording such certificate the same to be paid by the applicant. [As wmmded 1899] 274 UNIVERSITY OF THE) STATE OP NEW YORK GEOBGIA South Atlantic division U. S. Area 59,475 sq. m. Pop. 1,837,353 (2,000,000). Legisl. annual; next session Oct. 1899. Cap. Atlanta. 99-99. Laws 1897, no. 298 as amended 1898, no. 66 § 1 Board of examiners; admission to practise; examination; fee. Tliat it shall be the duty of the justices of the supreme court to appoint a board of three examiners, designating one of their number as its chair- man, whose powers and duties shall be as hereinafter declared and the members of which shall be learned and experienced attorneys at law of generally recognized ability and integrity. The first appointment shall be for the terms respectively of two, four and six years from the first day of January, 1899. All subsequent appointments except to fill vacan- cies, which said justices are hereby authorized to do, shall be for full term of six years, and each member of the board shall hold his office until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Each member of said board shall, before any oflicer authorized by law to administer an oath, take and subscribe an oath to faithfully, carefully and impartially per- form all the duties Imposed upon him by this act, and by the rules here- inafter provided for, which oath shall be entered upon the minutes of the supreme court. Any male person desiring to become a member of the bar of this state shall malje a written application to a judge of any superior court, accompanying the application with the certificate de- scribed in the second section of this act. Each applicant, except as pro- vided in §3 of this act, shall submit to 'an examination in writ- ing, which shall be prepared by the board of examiners, covering all the topics and subjects, a knowledge of which is under existing laws requisite to admission to the bar. Said board shall pass upon the merits of each examination, and as to each applicant idetermine whether or not he is qualified to plead and practise in the several courts of this state other than the supreme court, admission to the bar of which shall be governed by existing laws. The meetings of said board shall be regulated by the rules for the making of which provision is herein made. All examinations of applicants shall, in accordance with said rules, be conducted under the supervision of the judges of the respective superior courts. Each appli- cant shall sign his examination paper by number, and in a sealed envelop accompanying said paper shall state the number he has adopted, so that his name shall not be known until after the iboard of examiners have passed upon the question of his admission or rejection. Each applicant, before presenting his application to the judge, shall remit to the chairman of the board of examiners the sum of $15, and shall exhibit his receipt for same to said judge, and out of the fund thus arising said board of ex- aminers shall pay all the expenses incurred in carrying this act into effect, and shall divide the balance equally among themselves as com- pensation for their services. § 2 Qualifications of applicants. That each candidate for member- ship shall accompany his application with a certificate from two practis- ing members of the bar of the state of Georgia as to his moral character, and those certifying to such character shall further state In said certificate that they have examined the applicant upon the various branches of the law and deem him qualified for admission to the practice of the law. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 275 Said certificate of character and qualification shall be sealed with the number assumed by the applicant, so that said name shall not be dis- closed until after the grading of such examination. § 3 License on diploma; licentiates of other states. That no person shall be admitted to the practice of the law in this state excepting under the examination herein pi-ovided for, but this act shall not apply to those who have received diplomas from any law school of this state authorized to issue diplomas to students of law, nor shall this act apply to those who have been admitted to the practice of law in other states which by comity admit to practise the duly licensed lawyers of this state. § 4 Oath; license. That all male persons who have successfully passed the examination, with a proper certificate from the board of examiners to that effect, maybe duly licensed to practise law in this state upon talking the oath now provided by law, and may receive a license to practise upon presentation of said certificate to the clerls; of the superior court of his residence upon the payment of the fee now provided. § 5 Bules. That the justices of the supreme court shall have the power to pass such rules as may be necessary to carry into effect the pro- visions of this act, and from time to time amend said rules as occasion may require. HliWAII Detached territory of U. S. Pacific o. Area 6640 sq. m. Pop. 109,020 (117,281). Laws administered under Hawaiian republican government pending action of congress. Cap. Honolulu. 97-97. Civil laws 1897, p. 476 § 1197 Power to license. The supreme court shall have power to ex- amine and admit as practitioners in the courts of record, such persons, being Hawaiian citizens, of good moral character, and having taken the prescribed oath of office, as said court may find qualified for that purpose. § 1199 Licentiates may practise in all courts. They shall have the right to practise in all the courts of the republic, and to appear therein as attorneys, counselors, solicitors or proctors, in behalf of third persons who may choose to retain them, for the prosecution or defense of actions, civil, criminal or mixed. . . § 1200 Who may practise; act construed. No person shall be allowed to practise in any court of record in this republic, or before a circuit judge at chambers, unless he shall have been duly licensed so to do by the su- preme court; provided, that nothing in this chapter contained shall be construed to prevent any person, plaintiff, defendant or accused, from appearing in person before any court, or justice, and there prosecuting or defending his own cause, without the aid of legal counsel. § 1202 Oath. The oath of office to be taken and subscribed by such practitioners shall be as follows. . . § 1203 License. The license to be given to a practitioner shall be in the following form. . . § 1204 Rules for admission. The supreme court may prescribe terms and periods of study preparatory to the admission of practitioners, and rules for their government in the pursuit of their practice not inconsistent with any law of the republic. 276 DNIVBiRSITY OF THE STATE OP NEiW YORK § 1205 Fee. The clerk of the supreme court shall exact from every practitioner, upon his receiving a license, an admission fee of $10, for the benefit of the public treasury. § 1206 Qualifications of applicants. The supreme court and the sev- eral circuit courts shall have pow^er to examine and admit as practitioners In the district courts in the republic such persons, being Hawaiian citizens of good moral character and have taken the oath of office as said courts may find qualified for that purpose. § 1207 Term of license; fee; renewal. The said license shall be for the term of two years and shall be valid in all the judicial circuits of the republic. The fee for a license shall be $5 for the first issue and $2 for e^ch renewal thereof. Such license may be in the following form. . . . § 1208 Who may practise in district courts; construction of act. No person shall be allowed to practise law in the district courts of the re- public without a license, provided that any person may appear to prose- cute or defend his own cause, and that of any one of his own family. The word family in this section shall be held to mean a man's parents, brothers, sisters, wife and descendants. IDAHO Pacific division U. S. Area 84,800 sq. m. Pop. 84,385 (160,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Boise City. 99-99. Revised statutes 1887, p. 429 § 3990 Who may be admitted. Any citizen or person, resident of this state, who has, bona fide, declared his intention to become a citizen in the manner required by law; of the age of 21 years, of good moral character, and who possesses the necessary qualifications of learning, and ability, is entitled to admission as attorney and counselor in all courts of this state. [As amended 1899, ch. 157] § 3991 Admission on examination. Every applicant for admission as an attorney and counselor must produce satisfactory testimonials of good moral character, and, except as hereinafter provided, undergo a strict ex- amination in open court as to his qualifications by the justices of the supreme court; provided, that the several district courts of this territory may admit applicants to practise as attorneys and counselors in their respective courts upon like testimonials and examination. § 3992 Certificate of admission. If, upon such examination in the supreme court, the applicant is found qualified, the court shall admit him as attorney and counselor in all the courts of this territory, and shall direct an order to be entered to that effect upon its records, and that a certificate of such record be given to him by the clerk of the court, whicli certificate is his license. § 3993 Oath; fee. Every person, before receiving license to practise law, shall take the oath prescribed by law, and shall pay to the territorial treasurer the sum of $25 for the use of the territorial library fund, and^the clerk of the court shall require of the person so admitted the receipt of the said treasurer, before issuing such license, and in no case shall the oath be administered or the license issued till such receipt is produced and filed in the office of the clerk. LAW IN THE UNITE© STATES 277 § 3994 Licentiates of other states. The examination may be dispensed with in the case of a person who has been admitted attorney and counse- lor, and is still in good standing as such, in the highest court of any state or other territory, and his affidavit of such admission and standing, show- ing the county, state or territory, the name of the court, and the time when such admission was obtained, or his license showing the same, shall be deemed sufficient to entitle him to admission, with affidavit of such standing. § 3995. Boll of attorneys. Each clerk must keep a roll of attorneys and counselors admitted to practise by the court of which he is clerk, which roll must be signed by the person admitted before he receives a license. § 3S96 Contempt of court. If any person shall practise law in any court, except a justice's court, without having received a license as at- torney and counselor, he Is guilty of a contempt of court. ILLINOIS Lake division U. S. Area 56,650 sq. m. Pop. 3,826,351 (4,500,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Springfield. 99-99. Myers's Revised statutes 1897, p. 146 § 1 Who may practise. That no person shall be permitted to practise as an attorney or counselor at law, or to commence, conduct or defend any action, suit or plaint, in which he is not a party concerned, in any court of record within this state, either by using or subscribing his own name, or the name of any other person, without having previously obtained a license for that purpose from some two of the justices of the supreme court, which license shall constitute the person receiving the same an at- torney and counselor at law, and shall authorize him to appear in all the courts within this state, and there to practise as an attorney and counselor at law, according to the laws and customs thereof, for and during his good behavior in said practise, and to demand and receive fees for any services which he may render as an attorney and counselor at law in this state. No person shall be refused a license under this act on account of sex, and every applicant for a license who shall comply with the rules of the supreme court in regard to admission to the bar in force at the time such applicant commenced the study of law either in a law office or a law school or college shall be granted a license under this act notwithstanding any subsequent changes in said rules. Provided that to date of the 31st day of December, A. D., 1899, a diploma regularly issued by any law school regularly organized under the laws of this state, whose regular course of law studies is two years and requiring an actual attendance by the student of at least 36 weeks in each of such years, and showing that the student began the study of law prior to November 4, A. D., 1897, shall be received by the supreme court of this state and a license of admittance to the bar shall thereupon be granted by the said court to the holder of such diploma; but every application for .admission to the bar made on behalf of any person to whom any diploma as aforesaid has been awarded must be made in term time by motion of some attorney of the said court, supported by the usual proofs of good moral character and the production 278 UNIVBESITY OF THE STATE OP NEW TOEK in the said court of such diploma or satisfactorily accounting by the ap- plicant for Its non-production; and in all cases when the diploma on which the application is based does not recite all the facts requisite to its recep- tion, all such omitted facts must be shown by the affidavit of the appli- cant or some officer of the law school or by both. Provided farther that any student who has studied in a law office in this state for two years or who for the period of two years has studied law part of such two years in a law office and part in the aforesaid law school and whose course of studies began prior to Nov. 4, 1897, shall be admitted to practise law upon a satisfactory examination in the branches now required by the rules of the supreme court of this state, except that he shall not be required to present to the examining board any proof as to his preliminary general education, by examination or otherwise. [As amended 1899, p. 81] § 2 Certificate of character. No person shall be entitled to receive a license as aforesaid until he shall have obtained a certificate of his good moral character from a court of record of some county. § 3 Licentiates of other states. Any person producing a license or other satisfactory voucher proving that he has been regularly admitted an attorney at law, in any court of record within the United States, and obtaining a certificate of good moral character, as required in the preced- ing section, may be licensed and permitted to practise as a counselor and attorney at law, in any court in this state, without examination. § 4 Oath. Every person admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law shall, before his name is entered upon the roll to be kept as hereinafter provided, take and subscribe an oath, substantially in the following form. . . § 5 Roll of attorneys. It shall be the duty of the clerk of the supreme court, in each grand division, to make and keep a roll or record, stating at the head thereof that the persons whose names are therein written have been regularly licensed and admitted to practise as attorneys and counsel- ors at law within this state, and that they have duly taken the oath of office as prescribed by law, which shall be certified and indorsed on the said license. § 6 Enrolment necessary. No person, whose name is not on the said roll, with the day and year when the same was written thereon, shall be suffered or admitted to practise as an attorney or counselor at law in any court of record within this state. . . § 11 Parties may appear in person; former licentiates not affected. Plaintiffs shall have the liberty of prosecuting, and defendants of defend- ing in their proper persons, and nothing herein contained shall be so con- strued as to affect any person or persons heretofore admitted to the degree of an attorney or counselor at law, by the laws of this state, so as to sub- ject him to further examination, or make it necessary for him to renew his license. § 12 Nonresident attorneys. When any counselor or attorney at law, residing in any other state or territory, may desire to practise law in this state, such counselor or attorney shall be allowed to practise in the sev- eral courts of law and equity in this state upon the same terms and in the same manner that counselors and attorneys at law residing in this state now are or hereafter may be admitted to practise law in such other state or territory. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 279 INDIA3T TERETTORY Pacific division U. S. Area 31,400 sq. m. Pop. 179,321 (180,132). No legislature. Cap. Tahlequah. 92-99. Cherokee nation Laws 1892, ch. 12, art. 9 § 616 Who may practise. Before any citizen shall be allowed to ap- pear before the courts of this nation for the purpose of practising law for other parties, he shall obtain a license from the treasurer, or from one of the judges of the supreme or circuit courts, authorizing him to practise law from the date of such license. § 617 Fees. For a license to practise only before the district and cir- cuit court judges in civil and criminal cases, the applicant therefor shall pay in advance $5; and for license to practise before all the courts and judges of this nation $10 shall be paid in advance. . . § 613 Oath. Any person obtaining a license to practise law shall, before he is allowed to appear as an attorney in any court, take the fol- lowing oath. . . § 620 Parties may appear in person. Parties may manage, prosecute or defend their own suits, and by such counsel as they see fit to engage. § 621 nonresident attorneys. Any attorney recognized as such under the laws of any other Indian nation, and in good standing where so recognized and admitted to practise law, may on special occasions, and when vouched for by any member of the Cherokee bar in good standing, be allowed by permission of the presiding judge to appear before any of the courts of tliis nation. Chickasaw nation Laws 1890, p. 107 § 1 Who may practise. That from and after the passage of this act all persons wishing to plead law before the courts of this nation shall be required to obtain license before they can be admitted to the bar. § 2 Power to license. That the supreme judges be and they are hereby authorized to issue a law license to any citizen whom they may deem possessed of sufficient law knowledge to practise in all the courts of this nation. § 2 Pees. That each applicant shall be required to pay a fee of $15 for such license to the judge issuing the same. Choctaw nation Laws 1893, p. 185 § 1 Examinations; qualifications; for admission; fee. Any person who may hereafter apply for admission to practise as an attorney at law may undergo an examination before any one of the judges of the supreme court in or out of term time; and if such persons applying be found to possess a competent share of law knowledge and be of good character, such judge shall grant him a license under his hand and seal to practise as an attorney at law in all the courts of law in this nation. The attorney at law who shall be permitted to practise law in this nation will pay for the license granted $10. . . 280 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Muskogee or Creek nation Laws 1892, eh. 3 § 137 How admitted; power to license; fee. Any person of good moral character desiring to practise law before any district court of tliis nation shall be privileged to do so by applying to one of the district judges, who shall grant him a commission to practise law in that district, for which he shall pay the sum of $10; and any person of good moral character desir- ing to practise in all the courts of this nation shall be permitted to do so by maliing application to one of the supreme judges, receiving a com- mission and paying $20 for the same. INDIANA Lalje division U. S. Area 36,350 sq. m. Pop. 2,192,404 (2,700,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Indianapolis. 97-99. Horner's Annotated statutes 1897, ch. 2 § 961 "Who may conduct civil actions. A civil action may be prose- cuted or defended by a party in person or by attorney, except that a cor- poration appears by attorney in all cases. § 962 Who may be admitted; examination; roll of attorneys. Every person of good moral character, being a voter, on application, shall be admitted to practise law in all the courts of justice; but a jury may be demanded upon the question of character by any citizen of the county. Moral character may be proved by any evidence satisfactory to the court or jury trying the question; and any person desiring admission to the bar may, upon motion, be examined touching his learning in the law, by the judge or a committee of the bar whom the judge may select for that pur- pose. If he shall be found, by reason of his learning, qualified to practise the law, as well as otherwise qualified, he shall be admitted to the prac- tice, which shall be entered of record. A roll of attorneys shall be kept in every court, and no name shall be placed thereon except such as are thus shown to be qualified to practise law by reason of their learning therein. § 963 Certificate of admission. Whenever any person has been admitted to practise law in a court of record in any county, he shall be entitled to receive from the clerk a certificate of admission, which shall authorize him to practise law in all the courts of this state; but any court may, at any time, inquire into and determine for itself the moral char- acter of any person practising or offering to practise law in such court. § 964 Nonresident attorneys. Any court may permit an attorney who is not a resident of this state to practise law therein, during any term of such court, upon his taking an oath for the faithful discharge of his duties. § 965 Oath. Every person before proceeding to discharge the duties of an attorney, shall take an oath to support the constitution of the United States and of this state, and that he will faithfully and honestly discharge the duties of an attorney at law; which oath shall be entered in the order book of the court. , LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 281 IOWA Lake division tJ. S. Area 56,025 sq. m. Pop. 1,911,896 (2,500,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1900. Cap. Des Moines. 97-98. Annotated code 1897, p. 188 § 309 Power to admit to practise. The power to admit persons to practise as attorneys and counselors in the courts of this state, or any of them, is vested exclusively In the supreme court. § 310 Qualifications. Every applicant for such admission must be at least 21 years of age, of good moral character, and an inhabitant of this state, and must have actually and in good faith pursued a regular course of study of the law for at least two full years, either in the office of a member of the bar in regular practice of this state or other state, or of a judge of a court of record thereof, or in some reputable law school in the United States or partly In such office and partly in such law school; but. In reckoning such period of study, the school year of any such law school, consisting of not less than 36 weeks exclusive of vacations, shall be con- sidered equivalent to a full year. § 311 Examinations. Every such applicant shall also be examined by the court, or by a committee of not less than three members of the bar appointed by the court, as to his learning and skill in the law; and the court must be satisfied, before admitting to practise, that the applicant has actually and in good faith devoted the time hereinbefore required to the study of law, and possesses the requisite learning and skill therein. § 312 Examination of students in law department of university. Students in the law department of the university, who are recommended by the faculty of said department as candidates for graduation, and as persons of good moral character who have actually and in good faith studied law for the time and In the manner required by statute, at least one year of such study having been as a student in said department, may be examined at the university by a committee composed of not less than three persons, members of the bar or judges of courts of record, appointed by the supreme court for that purpose, and upon the certificate of such committee that such candidates possess the learning and skill requisite for the practice of law, they shall be admitted without further examination. § 313 Practitioners of other states. Any person becoming a resident of this state, after having been admitted to the bar of any other of the United States in which he has previously resided, may, in the discretion of the court, be admitted to practise in this state without examination or proof of period of study as hereinbefore provided, on proof of the other qualifications required by this chapter, and on satisfactory proof that he has practised law regularly for not less than one year In the state from which he comes, after having been duly admitted to the ibar according to the laws of such state. § 314 Oath required. All persons on being admitted to the bar shall take an oath or affirmation to support the constitution of the United States and of the state of Iowa, and to faithfully discharge the duties of an attor- ney and counselor of this state according to the best of their ability. § 315 Mode of examination. The supreme court may by general rules prescribe the mode in which examinations under this chapter shall be con- 282 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK ducted, and in which the qualifications required as to age, residence, char- acter and term of study shall be proved, and may make any other and further rules, not inconsistent with this chapter, for the purpose of carry- ing out its object and intent. § 316 Attorneys resident in other states. Any member of the bar of another state, actually engaged in any cause or matter pending in any court of this state, may be permitted by such court to appear in and con- duct such cause or matter while retaining his residence in another state, without being subject to the foregoing provisions of this chapter. EAirSAS Western division U. S. Area 82,080 sq. m. Pop. 1,427,096 (1,400,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Topeka. 97-99. General statutes 1897, 2: 61 § 1 Qualifications for admission. Any person being a citizen of tne United States, who has read law for two years, the last of which must be in the office of a regularly practising attorney, who shall certify that said applicant is a person of good moral character and well qualified to practise law, who is actually an inhabitant of this state, and who satisfies any district court of this state that he possess the requisite learning, and that he is of good moral character, may by such court be permitted to practise in all district and inferior courts of this state, upon taking the oath here- inafter prescribed. § 2 Oath. The form of the oath aforesaid shall be in substance as follows. . . § 3 Former licentiates not affected. All persons who by the laws heretofore in force were permitted to practise as attorneys and counselors may continue to practise as such. § 4 Admission to supreme court. The supreme court may on motion admit any practising attorney of the district court to practise in the supreme court. § 5 Nonresident attorneys. Any practising attorney of any state or territory, having professional business in either the supreme or district court, may on motion be admitted to practise in either of those courts upon taking the oath aforesaid. § 19 Iiicense on diploma. Any person who is a citizen of the Unitea States and a graduate of the school of law of the University of Kansas, shall be admitted by any district court of this state to practise law in the district and inferior courts of the state of Kansas, upon the presentation of a certificate duly authenticated to said court, showing that the appli- cant is a graduate of said school. KENTUCKY Gulf division U. S. Area 40,400 sq. m. Pop. 1,858,635 (2,132,6(»). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1900. Cap. Frankfort. 94-98. Barbour & Carroll's Statutes 1894, p. 109 § 97 Persons not admitted. No person convicted of treason or felony shall be permitted to practise in any court as counsel or attorney at law. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 283 § 98 Qualifications of applicants. Before a license shall be granted to any person to practise as an attorney at law, it shall appear that said applicant is 21 years of age. He shall obtain a certificate from the county court of the county in which he resides that he is a person of honesty, probity and good demeanor, which may be granted from the personal knowledge of the county judge, or on evidence for or against the motion, and notice to the county attorney. § 99 How applicant must proceed; examination. Any person desirous of obtaining a license to practise law in this commonwealth may, on or before the fourth day of the regular term of any circuit court, file with the clerk of the court the certificate of the county court required by the preceding section, which filing shall be regarded as an application to the court for such license, and thereupon the court shall appoint two gentle- men of the bar, learned in the law, to act as examiners, who, having been first sworn faithfully to discharge that duty, shall proceed to examine the applicant touching his knowledge of the law and capacity to practise the same; or the applicant may present the certificate of the county court to a judge of the court of appeals, whose duty it shall be to associate with himself another judge of said court, and the two together shall pro- ceed to examine the applicant touching his knowledge of the law and capacity to practise the same. If, upon such examination, the applicant shall be deemed qualified, the examiners or judges shall give him a cer- tificate to that effect, which shall be spread upon the order book of the circuit court of the county of his residence. The certificate of the exam- iners, when approved by the circuit judge over his signature, or the certificate of the judges of the court of appeals, shall be his license to practise law in any court of this commonwealth. § 100 Who may practise; penalty. No person shall practise as an attorney at law In any court until he has obtained a license to do so, and taken the oath in such court enjoined by the constitution; but a person who is not a licensed attorney may attend to his own case. Any person not having such license, who shall attempt to practise law in any court in any other than his own case, shall be liable, upon indictment, to be fined or Imprisoned, at the discretion of the jury. § 101 Nonresident attorneys. Attorneys at law of any of the TTnited States, who have been regularly admitted to practise in the superior courts of their own state, may be admitted to practise law In any of the courts of this state. They shall be under the same responsibilities for the faith- ful discharge of their duties as are imposed on attorneys resident in this state. Gulf division U. S. Area 48,720 sq. m. Pop. 1,118,587 (1,250,000). Leglsl. biennial; next session May 1900. Cap. Baton Eouge. OT-98. WolfC's Revised laws 1897, p. 27 § 111 Who may be admitted. Any citizen of the United States, pos- sessing the qualifications (except that of residence) necessary to constitute a legal voter, shall be admitted to practise as an attorney at law in any court of this state upon obtaining a license from the supreme court of this state, ! i ' i 284 UNIVBRSITX OF THE STATE OF NEW TOHK § 112 Qualifications of applicants. The supreme court shall grant licenses to applicants possessing the qualifications required by the preced- ing section. 1) to all graduates of the law department of the University of Louisiana who shall produce evidence of good character; 2) when they shall produce a license to practise law from any other state of this Union, or a diploma from any law school or college of the other states, with evi- dence of good character, and shall have been examined in open court touching their fitness to practise in the courts of this state and found qualified; 3) when the applicants shall have been found qualified to prac- tise law in the courts of this state, by an examination before the supreme court, according to such rules and regulations as they may adopt from time to time. § 113 Licentiates of other states. Any person having been licensed to practise law in the superior courts of any of the states of the Union, on the presentation of said license to any one of the judges of the supreme court, or any two of the judges of the district courts, with evidence of good moral character, who after being duly examined by said judge or judges on the laws of Louisiana and found qualified to practise law, shall be by said judge or judges licensed to practise law in any and all courts of the state on taking the oath prescribed by law. § 115 Oath. Each and every counselor and attorney at law shall, be- fore he be allowed to practise in any of the courts of this state, take oath to support the constitution of the United States and of this state, as also the following additional oath, to wit. . . and no other oath or affirma- tion shall be required from any applicant for admission to the bar of this state. ' ' , ': § 122 Parties may appear in person. The parties to any suit pending before any court of this state shall have the right to appear and plead in person or by their attorney at law, or in fact. MAXHm North Atlantic division U. S. Area 33,040 sq. m. Pop. 661,086 (672,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Augusta. 9&-99. Revised statutes 1883, p. 653 § 23 Qualifications for admission. No person who has not been a member of the bar of another state, in good standing and in active prac- tice for at least three years, shall be admitted to practise law in the courts of the state, unless he has studied for at least two years in the office of some attorney at law, or a part of the time in such office, and the re- mainder in some law school, or has held the office of, and served as clerk of the supreme judicial courts in this state for the term of eight years and has studied for at least six months in the office of an attorney at law, and has also passed a satisfactory examination in his legal studies. lAs amended 1897, ch. 323] § 24 Examinations. All examinations shall be public, and in the presence of some justice of the supreme judicial court during term time. The time for holding the same in each county shall be fixed by the chief justice. The examination shall be partly oral and partly written, and be conducted by an examining committee of the bar, in each county, to be I/AW IN THE UNITED STATES 285 appointed by the cbief justice. No candidate shall be admitted whose ex- amination or character is not satisfactory to the presiding justice, nor unless notice of the intended application is given in some newspaper by the clerk of the court to which application is made, for 30 days at least be- fore such admission. Every candidate must present to the examining committee a written recommendation from the member of the bar with whom he has studied, and must pay all fees prescribed by law. [As amended Freeman's Supplement to revised statutes 1895. p. 431] § 25 Oath. Upon admission to the bar, he shall, in open court, take and subscribe an oath to support the constitution of the United States, and also take the following oath. . . § 26 Failux© to comply with reciuireirients. No person commencing practice as an attorney or counselor at law in any other state or place, or in any court in this state, without the qualifications, oaths, and pay- ment of the duty aforesaid, is entitled to demand or recover any re- muneration for his professional services rendered in this state. Laws 1899, ch. 98 I 1 Women, may practise. No person shall be denied admission or license to practise as an attorney at law on account of sex. § 2 This act shall take effect when approved. Approved Mar. 16, 1899. Xiaws 1899, ch. 133 § 1 Nonresident attorneys; licentiates of other states. Practising at- torneys, residents of other states and territories, or from foreign countries, may be admitted on motion to try cases in any of the courts of this state by such courts, but shall not be admitted to the general practice of law in this state without complying with the provisions of this act; provided, that where the applicant shall furnish the supreme judicial court a certifi- cate of admission to practise in the court of last resort of any state, or a certificate of admission to any circuit court of the United States, together with the recommendation of one of the judges of the court of last resort of such state, said supreme judicial court may in its discretion, if satisfied as to his qualifications, admit such person to practise on motion made by some member of the bar of said court. § 2 Qualifications for admission. Every other person who shall be of full age; a resident and a citizen of the United States and of a good moral character, may be admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law, and solicitor and counselor in chancery, in all the courts of record of this state on motion made in open court, but the applicant shall first pro- duce the certificate hereinafter provided for from the board of examiners, to be appointed by the governor upon the recommendation of the chief justice of the supreme judicial court, that he possesses sufficient learning in the law, and moral character and ability to enable him to properly prac- tise as an attorney and counselor at law and solicitor and counselor in chancery in the courts of this state. No person shall be entitled to prac- tise as an attorney and counselor at law and solicitor and counselor in chancery in this state until he shall be licensed so to do by said courts. § 3 Boafd of examiners. The governor shall on the recommendation of the chief justice of the supreme judicial court, and on or before July 1, 1899, appoint a board of examiners, composed of five competent lawyers 286 UNIVBESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Of this state, for the examination of applicants for the admission to the bar, whose term of office shall be as follows: one for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one for five years, and thereafter each year the governor, on lilse recommendation, shall appoint one member of the board for the term of five years. Such board shall meet annually at Portland in January, at Bangor in April, at Augusta in October, during the sessions of the supreme judicial court, and also at such other times and places in the state as the supreme judicial court shall direct, for the purpose of examining all applicants for admis- sion to the bar, as to their legal learning and general qualifications to prac- tise in the several courts of this state as attorneys and counselors at law and solicitors and counselors in chancery and, upon such examination being had, the board shall issue to such applicants as shall pass the required examination a certificate of qualification stating the standing of the ap- plicants and recommending their admission to the bar. Such boai'd shall elect from their number a secretary and a treasurer and shall make such rules and regulations relative to said examination as to them may seem proper. The president of said board shall be the member whose term of office soonest expires. Three members of said board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. § 4 How applicant m.ust proceed; fee; examination. The residences and names of the applicants shall be made to appear to said board and satisfactory evidence shall also be produced by said applicants of their good moral character and of their having pursued the study of the law in the office of some attorney or in some recognized law school or univer- sity for at least three years prior to such examination; and a fee to be fixed by said board of not more than $20 shall accompany the application. The applicant shall be required to submit to a written examination which shall be prepared by said board, also to an oral examination by the board, and shall be required to answer correctly a minimum of 70% of the ques- tions given him to entitle him to the certificate of the board. The board shall, however, have power to estabhsh such higher grades of standing as to them may seem proper. § 5 Records; reexamination. The examination papers shall be kept on file in the office of the secretary of the board, and a record kept of each application, the name of the applicant, and his qualifications and general standing as ascertained by such examination, and the secretary of the board shall furnish each applicant with a card, showing the proficiency he has attained in each branch or subject upon which he has been ex- amined, whether a certificate is issued or not. Any applicant failing to pass the examination may again apply after six months, by showing to the board that he has diligently pursued the study of the law six months prior to the examination, and shall not be required to pay an extra fee for the second examination. In case any applicant does not pass the examina- tion he shall have the fee which accompanied his application returned to him. § 9 Act takes effect. Except so far as relates to the appointment of the board of examiners herein provided for, this act shall not take effect until Sep. 1, 1900. § 10 Pending applications not affected. The provisions of this act shall not apply to persons whose applications for admission to the bar are pending at the time this act takes effect. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 287 TVrAT?.VT.ATJT> Bouth Atiantic division U. S. Area 12,210 sq. m. Pop. 1,042,380 (1,178,669). Leglsl. biennial; next session Jan. 1900. Cap. Annapolis. 98-98. Code 1888. 1:84 § 1 Wlio may practise. No attorney or other person shall practise the law in any of the courts of this state without being admitted thereto as herein directed. Laws 1898, eh. 139 § 1 How applicant must proceed; board of examiners. 2) All applica- tions for admission to the bar in this state shall toe made toy petition to the court of appeals. A state board of law examiners is hereby created, to consist of three members of the bar of at least 10 years' standing, who shall be appointed by the court of appeals, and shall hold office for the term of three yeai's. Said appointment shall be made as follows: as soon after the passage of this act as possible the court of appeals shall appoint three law examiners. Said examiners shall hold office for one, two and three years respectively, to be designated by the judges of the court of appeals. After the first appointment, the court of appeals shall annually appoint a member of said board in the place of the examiner whose term shall expire. Members of said board shall be eligible to re- appointment. In case of any vacancy in said board by reason of death, resignation or othgrwise, the court of appeals shall fill said vacancy by the appointment of a member of said board to serve until the expiration of the term for which the person so dying or resigning had been appointed. 3) Bxamination; certification to court; expenses of board; c(,uali£ca- tions of applicant. All applications for admission to the bar shall be referred by the court of appeals to the state board of law examiners, who shall examine the applicant, touching his qualifications for admission to the bar. The said board shall report their proceedings in the examina- tion of applicants to the court of appeals with any recommendations said board may desire to make. If the court of appeals shall then find the applicant to be qualified to discharge the duties of an attorney, and to be of good moral character and worthy to be admitted, they shall pass an order admitting him to practise in all the courts of this state. The court of appeals shall prescribe rules providing for a uniform system of ex- aminations in this state, which shall govern the board of law examiners in the performance of its duties. The expenses of said board, including such compensation to the members thereof as the court of appeals may determine, shall be paid out of the fees of the applicants. No one shall be examined who shall not have studied the law in a law school in any part of the United States or in the office of a member of the bar of this state for at least three years. Every applicant, upon presenting himself for examination before the board of law examiners, shall pay to the treasurer of the board such fee, not exceeding $25, as may be fixed by the court of appeals. On payment of one examination fee, the applicant shall be entitled to the privilege of three examinations, but no more. Any fraudulent act or representation by an applicant in connection with his application or examination, shall be sufficient cause for the revocation of the order admitting him to practise. The board of law examiners shall render an annual account of their expenses to the court of appeals. 288 UNIVHKSITY OF THB STATE OF NEW YORK 6) Licentiates of other states. Members of the bar of any state, dis- trict or territory of the United States, who, for five years after admission, have been engaged as practitioners, judges, or teachers of law, shall be admitted without examination on proof of good moral character, after becoming actual residents of this state. Members of the bar of any other state, district or territoi-y of the United States, who may be employed as counsel in any case pending before any of the courts of this state, may be admitted for all the purposes of the case in which they are so employed by the court before which said case is pending, without examination. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to deprive the courts of this state of the power, as at present existing, of disbarring or otherwise pun- ishing members of the bar. § 2 Act construed. The provisions of this and the preceding section shall not apply to those students who shall have matriculated at the law department of the University of Maryland, or the Baltimore university school of law prior to the first day of January, 1808, but such students shall be admitted upon the production of their diplomas of graduation as heretofore. Code 1888, 1:86 § 9 liicentiates of courts of appeals. All persons who are now or shall hereafter be admitted to practise law in the court of appeals of this state, shall be entitled to practise law in any or all other courts of the state, upon exhibiting to the judge or clerk thereof a duly authenticated certifi- cate of such admission to the bar of the court of appeals. § 10 Oath. Every attorney or other practitioner at law shall in open court take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation. . . MASSAC[QUSETTS North Atlantic division U. S. Area 8315 sq. m. Pop. 2,238,943 (2,799,798). Legisl. annual; next session Jan. 1900. Cap. Boston. 98-99. Laws 1897, ch. 508 § 1 Board of examiners. The justices of the supreme judicial court shall appoint a board of bar examiners of five members, no two of whom shall reside in the same county, whose term of oflice shall commence on the first day of October in the year 1897, and who shall hold office one for the term of one year, one for the term of two years, one for the term of three years, one for the term of four years and one for the term of five years, and thereafter one member shaU be appointed annually for the term of five years. Said justices may remove any examiner and shall have power to fill any vacancy occurring in said board. § 2 Admission to examination; fee. A citizen of this commonwealth, or an alien who has made the primary declaration of his intention to be- come a citizen of the United States, and who is an inhabitant of this com- monwealth, of the age of 21 years, may petition the supreme judicial or the superior court to be examined for admission as an attorney, where- upon, unless the court shall otherwise order, the petition shall be referred to the board of bar examiners, that they may ascertain his acquirements and qualifications. If the board report that the applicant is of good moral character, and recommend his admission, he may be admitted unless the LAW IN THH UNITED STATES 289 court shall otherwise determine. If the court shall make an order upon any petition with reference to the admission of such petitioner, the peti- tioner shall be admitted in accordance with such order. A fee of $10 shall he paid by each candidate upon the entry of his petition, and in case of any subsequent petition of the same candidate a fee of $5, to the clerk of the court to which application is made, which shall be forwarded by said clerk to the treasurer of the commonwealth. [As amended 1898, ch. 384] § 3 Examinations; compensation of board. The said board shall de- termine the time and place of all examinations for admission to the bar, and may make rules for their conduct and goyernment, not inconsistent with the provisions of law, subject to the approval of the supreme judicial court. There shall be allowed and paid to the members of said board by the treasurer of the commonwealth, from the fees received under the provisions of this act, such compensation as the justices of the supreme judicial court or a majority of them shall determine. Public statutes 1882, p. 913 S 35 Oath. Whoever is admitted as an attorney shall in open court take and subscribe the oaths to support the constitution of the United States, and of this commonwealth, and the oath of office. § 37 Admission to all courts. A person admitted as an attorney in either court may practise in every other court in the state; and there shall be no distinction of counselors and attorneys. § 38 Licentiates of other states* A person admitted as an attorney or counselor of the highest judicial court of any other state of which he was an inhabitant, and who afterwards becomes an inhabitant of this state, may be admitted to practise here upon satisfactory evidence of his good moral character and his professional qualifications. § 40 Parties may appear in person. Parties may manage, prosecute, or defend their own suits personally, and by such counsel or attorneys as they may engage; but no more than two persons for each party shall, with- out permission of the court, be allowed to manage any case therein. § 41 Party may appear on authority. Any person of good moral character, unless he has been removed from practice as an attorney under § 39, may manage, prosecute, or defend a suit if he is specially authorized by the party for whom he appears, in writing or by personal nomination in open court. Supplement to public statutes 1882-88, p. 26 § 1 Women may practise. The provisions of law relating to the quali- fication and admission to practise of attorneys at law shall apply to women. Supplement to public statutes 1889-^, p. 510 § 1 Penalty for practising without authority. Any person who has been or shall hereafter be removed from practice as an attorney by the supreme judicial court or superior court of this commonwealth, for deceit, malpractice or other gross misconduct, and who shall continue to practise law or receive any fee for his services as attorney or counselor at law rendered after such removal, or who shall hold himself out or represent or advertise himself as an attorney or counselor at law, and any person not regularly admitted to practise as an attorney or counselor at law, in ac- 290 DNIVBESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK cordance with ch. 159 of the public statutes, who shall represent himself to be an attorney or counselor at law, or legally qualified to practise in the courts of the commonwealth, by means of a sign, business card, let- terhead or otherwise, shall be punished for each offense by fine not ex- ceeding $100 or by imprisonment not exceeding six months, and upon a second or any subsequent conviction, by fine not exceeding $500 or by im- prisonment not exceeding one year. Laws 1898, ch. 56 § 1 Persons examined prior to Jan. 1, 1898. All persons who peti- tioned for examination, and who were examined by examiners of the dif- ferent counties prior to the first day of January in the year 1898, may, not- withstanding the provisions of ch. 508 of the acts of the year 1897, be ad- mitted to practise in the courts of the commonwealth upon recommenda- tion of the board of examiners by whom they were examined prior to the first day of January in the year 1898. MICHIGAN I^ke division U. S. Area 58,915 sq. m. Pop. 2,093,889 (2,239,374). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Detroit. 95-99. Laws 1895. eh. 205 § 1 License on diploma. That any person graduated from the law de- partment of the University of Michigan or the Detroit college of law after the passage of this act, having taken the full prescribed three years' course in said department or said college shall be admitted to practise at the bar of all the courts of this state upon the production of his diploma duly issued by the board of regents of said university or the trustees of said college. Such graduate may be admitted to practise by the supreme court or any circuit court of the state on motion and upon taking the constitutional oath, the clerk will issue under the seal of the court a certificate of admission to the bar. [As amended 1897, ch. 93] § 2 Nonresident attorneys. Practising attorneys residents of other states and territories, or from foreign countries, may be admitted on motion to try cases in any of the courts of this state by such courts, but shall not be admitted to the general practice of law in this state without complying with the provisions of this act: provided, that where the applicant shall furnish the supreme court a certificate of admission to practise in the court of last f esort of any state in the Union, or a certificate of admission to any circuit or district court of the United States, together with the recommendation of one of the judges of the court of last resort of such state, said supreme court may, in its discretion, if satisfied as to his quali- fications, admit such person to practise on motion made by some member of the bar of said court. § 3 Certificate on examination; sex. Every other person who shall be of full age, a resident and a citizen of the United States, and of good moral character, may be admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law and solicitor and counselor in chancery in all the courts of record of this state on motion made in open court, but the applicant shall first produce the certificate hereinafter provided for from the board of exam- iners, to be appointed by the governor upon the recommendatioa of the LAW IN THE UNITEJD STATES 291 supreme court of Michigan, that he possesses sufficient learning In the law, and moral character and ability to enable him to properly practise as an attorney and counselor at law and solicitor and counselor in chancei-y in the courts of this state. No person shall be entitled to practise as an attorney and counselor at law and solicitor and counselor in chancery in this state until he shall be licensed so to do by said courts. No person shall be denied admission to practise as an attorney and counselor at law and solicitor and counselor in chancery on account of sex. § 4 Board of examiners. The goyernor shall, on the recommendations of the supreme court, and on or before the first day of July, 1895, appoint a board of examiners, composed of five competent lawyers of this state, for the examination of applicants for admission to the bar, whose term of ofiice shall be as follows: one for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one for five years, and thereafter each year the governor on like recommendation shall appoint one member of the board of examiners for the term of five years. Such board shall meet at the capitol, in the city of Lansing, at least twice in each year and during the session of the supreme court, and also at other times and places in the state, if the supreme court shall so direct, for the purpose of examining all applicants for admission to the bar as to their legal learning and general qualifications to practise in the several courts of this state as attorneys and counselors at law and solicitors and counselors in chancery, and upon such examination being had, the board shall issue to such appli- cants as shall pass the required examination the certificate of qualification stating the standing of the applicants and recommending their admission to the bar. Such board shall elect from their number a secretary and a treasurer, and shall make such rules and regulations, relative to said examinations as to them may seem proper. The president of said board shall be the member whose term of oflice soonest expires. Three members of said board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. lAs amended 1897, eft. 93] § 5 Qualifications of applicants; fee. The residences and names of the appUcants shall be made to appear to said board by aflidavit; and satis- factory evidence shall also be produced by such applicants of their good moral character and that they have studied law three years; and a fee to be fixed by said board of not more than $10 shall accompany the applica- tion. The applicant shall be required to submit to a written examination, which shall be prepared by such board, also an oral examination by the board, and shall be required to answer a minimum of 70% of the questions given him to entitle him to the certificate of the board. [As amended 1897, ch. 93] § 6 Examination; records. The examination papers shall be kept on file in the oflice of the secretary of the board, and a record kept of each application and the name of the applicant and his qualifications and gen- eral standing as ascertained by each examination, and the secretary of the board shall furnish each applicant with a card, showing the proficiency he has attained in each branch or subject on which he has been examined, whether a certificate is issued or not. Any applicant failing to pass the examination may again apply after six months, by showing to the board that he has diligently pursued the study of the law six months prior to 292 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the examination, and shall not be required to pay an extra fee for the second examination. § 7 Conipenaatioii and expemses of board. The board of examiners shall receive as compensation for their services $10 per day for the time actually spent and the necessary expenses incurred in the discharge of their duties as examiners, in going to, holding and returning from such examination, to be fixed and certified by the clerk or one of the justices of the supreme court: provided, however, that all compensation for services and expenses shall not exceed the amounts received as fees from applicants. General statutes 1882, 2:1826 § 7175 Oath. Every person admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law shall take the constitutional oath of ofiice In open court, and subscribe the same in a roll or book to be kept by the clerk for that purpose. § 7176 Supreme court licentiates may practise in lower courts. Every person licensed to practise as an attorney and counselor in the supreme court, shall be authorized to practise in every court of law in this state. MDOIESOTA Lake division U. S. Area 83,865 sq. m. Pop. 1,301,826, (2,000,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. St J'aul. 93-99. Laws 1891, ch. 36 § 1 Board of examiners. As soon as possible after the passage and approval of this act the justices of the supreme court of this state shall appoint from the members of the bar of Minnesota, learned in the law, one person from each congressional district, now or hereafter created, to constitute a state board of examiners in law. § 2 Term, of office. The term of office of the said board shall be as follows: three shall be appointed for one year, two shall be appointed for two years, and two shall be appointed for three years, and their successors shall receive their appointment in a like manner for terms of three years each; but in case of a vacancy occurring by death or otherwise there shall be appointed in a like manner a person to serve through the unexpired term of the member to whose place he is appointed. § 3 OrganlzatioxL; examinations; records. The said board shall elect a president, secretary and treasurer; shall have its headquarters at the capital of this state; shall have a common seal, and the president and secretary shall have the power to administer oaths. The said board shall, at least three times in each year, hold public examinations for admission to the bar of this state, which examinations shall be both written and oral, in such places in this state as the supreme court shall direct and at such times as the said board shall determine. The said bbard shall keep a record of all its proceedings and also a record of all applications for admission to the bar, and shall enrol, in a book kept for that purpose, the name of each person admitted as an attorney at law. § 4 Report of examining board. The said board shall, as soon as prac- ticable thereafter, report the result of all examinations to the supreme court, with such recommendations as to said board shall seem just, and LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 293 the supreme court shall, after considering said report and said recom- mendations, enter an order in each case authorizing or directing said board to reject such applicant, or to issue to him a certificate of admis- sion to the bar. § 5 Fees. The said board shall receive from each person applying for examination the sum of $15 as a fee therefor, and all fees received by said board shall be deposited with the treasurer of said board and applied toward .the expenses and compensation of the respective members of said board. The secretary of said board shall be allowed such compensation for his services from the fees so received as the said board shall determine. [As amended 1893, ch. 129] § 6 Oompensation and expenses of board. There shall be paid out of the treasury of said board to each examiner appointed as aforesaid, a com- pensation not exceeding $10 per day, and his actual necessary expenses in going to, holding and returning from any such examination. § 7 Who may practise; former licentiates not affected; license on diploma. No person shall hereafter be admitted to practise as an at- torney and counselor at law, or to commence, conduct or defend any action or proceeding in any of the courts of record of this state, in which he is not a party concerned, either by using or subscribing his own name, or the name or names of any other person or persons, unless he has com- plied with and been admitted under and pursuant to such rules as the supreme court of this state shall prescribe; provided, that the provisions of this act shall not apply to or affect persons admitted to the bar of this state under preexisting laws. Provided, that graduates from the law de- partment of the University of Minnesota shall, upon presentation of their diploma from such university to the supreme court or any district court of this state, at any time within two years from the date of such diploma, be entitled to a certificate of admission to the bar, without any examina- tion or fee whatever; and such court shall thereupon enter an order author- izing and directing the clerk of said court to issue to such graduate a certificate of admission to the bar, upon proof satisfactory to said court that such graduate is a citizen of the United States, a citizen and resident of the state of Minnesota, that he is 21 years of age, of good moral char- acter, and upon his subscribing such oath as is now provided by statute for persons upon their admission to the bar; provided further, that any citizen of the United States who is a citizen and resident of the state of Minnesota, 21 years of age and of good moral character, and who is a graduate from any law school of good standing in said state and has therein talsen a course in law of at least three years may present himself for examination before said board of examiners in law, and shall be entitled to talie such examination without having studied law in the office of a practising attorney. § 8 Penalty for violation; nonresident attorneys. Any person who shall appear as an attorney or counselor at law in any action or proceeding in any court of record in this state to maintain or defend the same, ex- cept in his own behalf when a party thereto, unless he has been admitted to the bar of this state, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $100, and it shall be the duty of the respective county attorneys in this state to prosecute violations of this act; but the district courts of this state shall 294 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK have sole original jurisdiction of this offense. Provided, that any attorney or counselor residing in any of the other states or territories, wherein he has been admitted to practise law, and who shall attend any term of the supreme or district courts of this state for the purpose of trying or par- ticipating in the trial or proceedings of any action or proceeding therein pending, may be permitted to try or participate in the trial or proceedings in such action or proceeding without being subject to the provisions of this act. MISSISSIPPI Gulf division TJ. S. Area 46,810 sq. m. Pop. 1,289,600 (1,625,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1900. Cap. Jackson. 98-98. Annotated code 1892, p. 162 5 202 Qualifications of applicants. Any person, being a citizen of the United States, a resident of this state above the age of 21 years, and of good moral character, who shall desire to be admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law, may malce application in writing to any chancery court of the chancery court district of his residence, making known his wish. The court shall thereupon inquire into the moral char- acter and qualifications, other than legal learning, of the applicant, and to that end may examine witnesses; and if the ajpplicant be found possessed of all the necessary qualifications except legal learning, the court shall so adjudge, and enter an order on the minutes to that effect; but if the ap- plicant be found not to be so qualified, his application shall be dismissed at his cost. [As amended 1898, ch. 60] § 203 Kow legal learning of applicant determined. The applicant being found to be otherwise qualified, the chancellor, In open court, shall propound, in writing, to said applicant, a sufficient number of questions to thoroughly test his learning upon the following subjects, viz: 1) of the law of real property; 2) of the law of personal property; 3) of the law of pleading and evidence; 4) of the commercial law; 5) of the criminal law; 6) of chancery and chancery pleadings; 7) of the statute law of the state; 8) of the constitution of the United States and of this state. Which ques- tions the applicant shall, in open court, or in the presence of the chancel- lor," answer, in writing, without aid from any person or from examination of books. § 204 Chancellor to certify and forward the written examination to a judge of the supreme court. When the written examination shall be completed, the chancellor shall certify thereon that it was taken before him and in his presence in conformity to the last section, and he shall forward the same, both questions and answers, to a judge of the supreme court. § 205 Duty of the supreme judg^es. The supreme judge who receives the written examination shall read and consider the same, and cause at least one other judge of the supreme court to examine the same; and two at least of said judges shall, within 15 days if practicable, indorse on or at the end of such writing their judgment and conclusion as to the sufficiency or insufficiency of the legal learning of the applicant to be licensed as an attorney and counselor at law; and they shall, within said time, transmit said writing with the certificate thereon to the chancellor from whom it was received. i , LAW IK THE UNITED STATES 295 § 206 If tlie certificate of the supreme judges is favorable, the ohaji- cellor shall grant the license. Upon the receipt of the written examina- tion with the certificate of the supreme court judges by the chancellor, he shall, if the certificate of two of said judges be that the applicant possesses sufficient legal learning, grant the application, and cause to be entered on the minutes of the court, in term time or vacation, an order granting to the applicant license to practise law in all the courts, both of law and equity, in this state, upon the taliing by the applicant of the oath prescribed by law; if the certificate of two of said judges be that the applicant does not possess sufficient legal learning, the chancellor shall enter an order dis- missing the application; and, in either case, the applicant shall pay the costs. § 207 Kefusal to grant an application no bar. The dismissal of an application for license to practise law shall not bar another application by the same person after the expiration of six months from the order of dis- missal. § 208 Biploma from the state university shall be sufficient evidence of legal learning. If the applicant present to the chancery court with his written application a diploma granted him by the University of Mis- sissippi conferring the degree of bachelor of laws, the chancellor shall inquire into his moral character and other qualifications, but need not examine him on the law, and may, if he be otherwise qualified, grant him license without a certificate from the supreme judges. § 209 Oath in each court. Every attorney and counselor at law, before he shall be permitted to practise, shall produce his license in each court where he intends to practise, and, in the presence of such court, shall talce the following oath or affirmation, to wit. . . And thereupon the name of such person, with the date of his admission, shall be entered in a roll or booli to be Ijept in each court for that purpose. § 211 Attorneys of coterminous states. Attorneys and counselors at law, of good standing, resident in coterminous states, may be admitted to practise law in this state, under the same restrictions and regulations that attorneys and counselors, resident in this state, are permitted to practise in such coterminous state, and shall not be required to talie the oath to support the constitution of this state; but any attorney or counselor at law of another state, in good standing, shall be permitted to appear and plead In any special cause. § 212 Convicts of felony disqualified. Every person who has been or shall hereafter be convicted of felony, manslaughter excepted, shall be incapable of obtaining a license to practise law; or, if already licensed, the court in which he shall have been convicted shall enter an order disbarring such convict. mssouBi Lake division U. S. Area 09,415 sq. m. Pop. 2,679,184 (3,270,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. JefCerson City. 99-99. Revised Statutes 1889, 1:235 § 605 Who may practise. No person hereafter shall be permitted to practise as an attorney or counselor at law, or to commence, conduct or defend any action, suit or plaint in which he is not a party concerned, in 296 UNIVEESITY OP THE STATE) OF NEW XORK any court of record within tUs state, whether by using or subscribing his own name or the name of any other person, without having previously obtained a license authorizing such person so to dO' from the supreme court, circuit court or either of the courts of appeals, or become qualified as hereinafter provided; which license or qualification shall constitute the person so receiving same an attorney or counselor at law, and shall authorize him to appear in all the courts within the state, and there to practise as an attorney and counselor at law, according to the laws and customs thereof, for and during his good behavior in said practice. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a nonresident attor- ney In good standing from appearing in a case in which he may be employed. § 606 How to obtain a license. Any person who desires a license to practise law in this state shall file with the clerk of the supreme court, St Louis court of appeals, Kansas City court of- appeals, or the circuit court for some county in the circuit in which the applicant resides, at least 15 days before the first day of the next term, a written application; and the clerli shall docket such application in the name of the applicant, and set the examination for some day during the same term, and the court shall proceed with the examination as hereinafter provided. § 607 Qualifications of applicants; examination. Every applicant for license to practise law shall be at least 21 years of age, and shall produce satisfactory testimonials of good moral character, and undergo a strict examination in open court by the judge or judges thereof, and by a com- mittee of three attorneys appointed by such judge or judges, together with any other attorneys present who may desire to participate in such examination; and such examination shall be oral, and shall be directed to the applicant's knowledge of the general theory of the law, and be par- ticularly directed to his knowledge of the law upon the subjects of plead- ing, evidence, criminal law, equity jurisprudence, commercial law, the law of contracts, the law of real property, the law of personal property, the statute laws of the state, the constitution of the United States and of the state of Missouri. [As amended 1895, p. 43] § 608 Oath. Every person obtaining a license shall take the oath pre- scribed by the constitution of this state, and an oath that he will faithfully demean himself in his practice to the best of his knowledge and ability. A certificate of such oath shall be indorsed on the license. § 609 Roll of attorneys. Bach clerk shall keep a roll of attorneys, which shall be a record of the court. § 610 Penalty for practising without license. If any person shall practise law in any court of record without being licensed, sworn and enrolled, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and punished by fine not exceeding $100. § 624 License on diploma. Every person who shall have completed the course of study prescribed by the law department of the University of Missouri, or the law department of the Washington university, or the Kansas City school of law, or the Benton college of law, and shall receive from either of said schools the degree [of] bachelor of laws, and shall produce satisfactory evidence of good moral character as herein provided, shall be entitled to practise the profession of attorney and counselor at LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 297 law in this state when he shall have taken the oath as prescribed in this chapter, and to be enrolled as such in all the courts of record thereof. [As amended 1899, ch. 204] MONTAN"A Western division U. S. Area 146,080 sq. m. Pop. 132,159 (200,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Helena. 95-99. Codes and statutes 1895, 2:48 § 390 Qualifications for admission; former licentiates not affected. Any citizen, or person resident of this state, who has, bona fide, declared his or her intention to become a citizen in the manner required by law, of the age of 21 years, of good moral character, and who possesses the necessary qualifications of learning and ability, is entitled to admission as attorney and counselor in all the courts of this state. All persons are attorneys of the supreme court who were entitled to practise in the supreme court when this code takes effect. § 391 How admitted. Every applicant for admission as an attorney and counselor must produce satisfactory testimonials of good moral char- acter and a certificate of one or more reputable counselors at law that he has been engaged in the study of law for two successive years prior to the making of such application, and undergo a strict examination as to his qualifications by any one or more of the justices of the supreme court. The form and manner of the examination shall be as the justices may, from time to time, determine. § 392 License on examination. If upon examination he is found quali- fied, the supreme court must admit him as an attorney and counselor in all the courts of this state, and must direct an order to be entered to that effect upon its records, and that a certificate of such record be given to him by the clerk of the court, which certificate is his license. § 393 Oath. Every person on his admission must take an oath to sup- port the constitution of the United States and the constitution of the state of Montana, and to faithfully discharge the duties of an attorney and counselor at law with fidelity to the best of his knowledge and ability. A certificate of such oath must be indorsed upon the Ucense and a dupli- cate filed with the clerk. § 394 Licentiates of other states. Every citizen of the United States, or person resident of this state, who has bona fide declared his or her intention to become a citizen in the manner required by law, who has been admitted to practise law in the highest court of another state, or of a foreign country, where the common law of England constitutes the basis of jurisprudence, may be admitted to practise in the courts of this state, upon the production of his or her license, and satisfactory evidence of good moral character; but the court may examine the applicant as to his or her qualifications. § 395 Roll of attorneys. The clerk of the supreme court must keep a roll of the attorneys and counselors admitted to practise, which must be signed by the person admitted before he receives his license. § 396 Rules. The supreme court may establish rules for the admission of attorneys and counselors not inconsistent with this title. 298 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK § 397 Contempt of court. If any person practise law in any court, except a justice's court or a police court, without having received a license as attorney and counselor, he is guilty of a contempt of court. Western division U. S. Area 77,510 sq. m. Pop. 1,058,910 (1,225,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Lincoln. 9i>-99. Compiled statutes 1897, p. 102 § 588 Who may practise. No person shall be admitted to practise as an attorney or counselor at law, or to commence conduct, or defend any action or proceeding in which he is not a party concerned, either by using or subscribing his own name, or the name of any other person, in any court of record in this state, unless he has been previously admitted to the bar by order of the supreme court, or of two judges thereof; but this sec- tion shall not apply to persons admitted under existing laws. § 589 Supreme court to make rules; qualification, of applicants; license on diploma. The supreme court shall fix times when examina- tions shall ta]£e place, which may be either in term or vacation, and shall prescribe and publish rules to govern such examinations, and may appoint a commission composed of not less than three persons learned in the law to assist in or conduct any such examination or examinations. But no person shall be admitted to the bar unless such person shall have regularly and attentively studied law in the office of a practising attorney for the period of two years, and shall pass a satisfactory examination on the principles of the common law, or is a regular graduate of the College of law of the University of Nebraska, and is 21 years of age, and it is shown to the court that such person sustains a good moral character. § 590 ITonresident attorneys. Any practising attorney in the courts of record of another state or territory, having professional business in either the supreme or district courts, may, on motion, be admitted to practise in either of the courts, upon tailing the oath as aforesaid. § 591 Oath. Every attorney upon being admitted to practise in the su- preme or district courts of this state, shall talie and subscribe an oath . substantially in the following form. . . [As amended 1899, oh. 5, § 1] § 596 Licentiates of other states. Any person producing a license, or other satisfactory voucher, proving that he has been regularly admitted an attorney at law, in any court of record within the United States, that he is of good moral character, may be licensed and permitted to practise as a counselor and attorney at law in any court in this state without ex- amination. § 597 Parties may appear in person; former licentiates not affected. Plaintiifs shall have the liberty of prosecuting, and defendants shall have the liberty of defending in their proper persons; and nothing herein con- tained shall be so construed as to affect any person or persons heretofore admitted to the degree of an attorney or counselor at law, by the laws of this state, so as to subject them to further examination, or malje it neces- sary for them to renew their license. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 299 NEVADA Pacific division V. S. Area 110,700 sq. m. Pop. 45,761 (47,000). Leglsl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Carson City. 99-99. Baily & Hammond's General statutes 1885, p. 667 § 2529 Qualiflcations of applicants; board of examiners; oath.; fee. Every applicant for admission as attorney and counselor at law shall pror dnce satisfactory testimonials of good moral character, and undergo such examination, as to his qualification, as the supreme court may direct; provided, that such examinations and testimonials may be dispensed with at the discretion of said court; and it is hereby made the duty of the supreme court, upon application of the district judge of any judicial dis- trict within this state, to appoint a committee to examine persons applying for admission as attorneys and counselors at law, under such rules and regulations as the supreme court may prescribe, which committee shall consist of the district judge of the district, and at least two attorneys at law of the district in which the committee is appointed. And it shall be the duty of the committee so appointed to examine persons applying for admission to practise law, and report to said supreme court the result of such examination, with recommendation that the person or persons so examined be or be not admitted to practise law. Upon the filing and approval by said supreme court of the report of any committee so ap- pointed, the supreme court may order the clerk of said supreme court to issue to the person or persons so recommended a license, authorizing such person or persons to practise as attorneys and counselors at law in all the state courts within this state; but no license shall be Issued, under the provisions of this act, until the person to whom the same may issue shall have filed with the clerk of the supreme court his official oath, and paid over to the state treasurer the sum of $25, as now provided by law. § 2530 Women may practise. Any citizen of this state of the age of 21 years, of good moral character, and who possesses the necessary quali- fications of learning and ability, shall be entitled to admission as attorney and counselor in all the courts of this state. Under this act females shall have the same rights and privileges as males. [As amended 1899, ch. 16] § 2531 Examination. Every applicant for admission as attorney and counselor shall produce satisfactory testimonials of good moral character, and undergo such examination as to his qualifications as the supreme court may direct; provided, that such examination and testimonials may be dis- pensed with at the discretion of said court. § 2532 When license is gfranted. If he be duly qualified, the court shall admit him as attorney and counselor in all the courts of the state, and shall direct an order to be entered to that effect on its records, and that a certificate of such record be given to him by the clerk of the court, which certificate shall be his license. § 2533 Licentiates of supreme court. Any district court of this state may order to be entered on its roll of attorneys the name of any person who shall produce a license given to him by the clerk of the supreme court, as in this act provided. § 2534 Oath; fee. Every person, before receiving a license to practise law, shall take, before some officer authorized by the laws of this state to 300 UNIVBRSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK administer oaths, the oath prescribed by law, and after procuring the state controller's order on the state treasurer, to receive the same, pay over to the said state treasurer the sum of $25, for the use of the state library fund; and the clerk of the court shall require of the person so admitted the clearance of the state controller, certifying the payment of said $25 into the state treasury, before issuing such license, and in no case shall the license be issued, until such clearance is filed in the office of the clerk. § 2535 Ijicentiates of other states. The examination may be dispensed with in the case of a person who has been admitted attorney and coun- selor in the highest courts of a sister state or territory; his affidavit of such admission, or his license showing the same, shall be deemed sufficient to entitle him to admission. § 2536 EoU of attorneys. Each clerk shall keep a roll of attorneys and counselors of the court of which he is clerk, which shall be a record - of the court. § 2537 Contempt of court. If any person shall practise law in any court in this state, except a justice's, recorder's or municipal court, with- out having received a license as attorney and counselor, after admission by the supreme court, he shall be deemed guilty of a contempt of court, and punished as in other cases of contempt, and shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined $100 or im- prisoned in the county jail 50 days. § 2555 Parties may appear in person. Nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent any person from appearing in his own behalf in any court in this territory. General statutes 1885, p. 422 § 1489 No person shall be permitted to practise as an attorney or counselor at law, or admitted as such by the supreme court, or any dis- trict court of this state, until he shall have paid to the clerk of said court the sum of $10. . . NEW HAMPSHIRE North Atlantic division U. S. Area 9305 sq. m. Pop. 376,530 (403,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Concord. 91-99. Public statutes 1891, p. 593 § 1 Party may appear in person or by another. A party in any cause or proceeding may appear, plead, prosecute or defend, in his proper person or by any citizen of good character. § 2 Qualifications for admission. Any citizen of the age of 21 years, of good moral character and suitable qualifications, on application to the supreme court shall be admitted to practise as an attorney. § 3 Licentiates of other states. Any person who has been admitted to practise as an attorney or counselor of the highest judicial court of another state of which he was then an inhabitant may be admitted to practise as an attorney in this state on satisfactory evidence of his good moral charac- ter, without examination concerning his other qualifications, when such examination is rendered unnecessary by the circumstances of the case. § 4 Begistration. Every attorney admitted as aforesaid may practise as attorney in any court, on filing with the clerk a copy of the record of his admission. LAW IN THE) UNITED STATHS 301 § 5 Oath. Every attorney admitted to practise shall take and sub- scribe, in open court, the oaths to support the constitution of this state and of the United States, and the oath of office in the following form. . . § 6 Who may practise. No person shall be permitted commonly to practise as an attorney in court unless he has been admitted by the court, and taken the oath aforesaid. WEW JERSEY North Atlantic division U. S. Area 7815 sq. m. Pop. 1,444,933 (1,950,000). Legisl. annual; next session Jan. 1900. Cap. Trenton. 95-99. General statutes 1895, 2:2601 § 387 Who may practise law. That no person, except in his own case or in the case of an infant, shall be permitted to appear and prosecute or defend any action in any court of this state, unless he is a licensed at- torney at law of the supreme court of this state, who shall be under the direction of the court in which he acts; provided, that nothing in this act shall apply to actions before justices of the peace. General statutes 1895, 2:2603 § 396 Women may practise. That no person shall be denied admission to examination for license to practise law as an attorney or counselor in this state, or be refused recommendation to the governor for license to practise law as an attorney or counselor in this state, on account of sex. General statutes 1895, 2:2330 § 6 Oath. That every counselor, solicitor or attorney at law, shall, be- fore he be permitted to practise in any court of this state, take and sub- scribe in open court, the following oath. . . Laws 1882, ch. 19 § 1 Admission to examination; license. That any citizen of this state above the age of 21 years presenting to the supreme court of this state at any stated term thereof a certificate signed by five counselors at law of said court five years good standing that the said citizen is a person of good moral character and unusual aptitude in his knowledge of legal principles, and that the counselors so certifying recommend that the said applicant be admitted to examination at the stated examination of the said court for admission as attorney, shall be by the said court, at any stated term thereof, admitted to such examination, and if found qualified after examination in the books now named by the supreme court in its amended rule relating to examinations of applicants for attorneys' licenses and recommended for admission as attorney by the examiners at such ex- amination, he shall be so admitted to practise as an attorney of said court. 302 ■UNIVBR8ITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK NEW MEXICO Western division U. S. Area 122,580 sq. m. Pop. 153,593 (190,000). Leglsl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Santa F6. 97-99. Compiled laws 1897, p. 337 § 1040o Who may be admitted. No attorney, counsel or defender, who Is not a citizen of the United States, according to law, shall be admitted to advocate In the courts of law and equity In this territory, except in his own causes and business In which he Is personally interested, unless such attorney, counselor or defender has two years previously to his application for admission to practise in this territory, declared his intention of becom- ing a citizen of the United States, according to law, and has resided In this territory for the same period. NEW YORK North Atlantic division U. S. Area 49,170 sq. m. Pop. 5,997,853 (7,000,000). Legisl. annual; next session Jan. 1900. Cap. Albany. 99-99. Birdseye's Revised statutes 1896, 1:167 § 1 Party may appear In person or by attorney. A party to a civil action, who Is of full age, may prosecute or defend the same In person or by attorney, at his election, unless he has been judicially declared to be incompetent to manage his affairs. Each provision of this act, relating to the conduct of an action, wherein the attorney for the party is men- tioned, includes a party prosecuting or defending in person, unless other- wise specially prescribed therein, or unless that construction is manifestly repugnant to the context. If a party has an attorney in the action, he can not appear to act In person, where an attorney may appear or act, either by special provision of law, or by the course and practice of the court. § 2 Examination and admission of attorneys. A citizen of the state, of full age, applying to be admitted to practise as an attorney or counselor In the courts of records of the state, must be examined and licensed to practise as herein prescribed. A state board of law examiners is hereby created, to consist of three members of the bar, of at least 10 years' stand- ing, who shall be appointed, from time to time, by the court of appeals, and shall hold office, as a member of such board, for a term of three years, except under the first appointment, which shall be for terms of one, two and three years, respectively, until the appointment of his successor. Such court shall prescribe rules providing for a uniform system of examination which shall govern such board of law examiners in the performance of its duties and shall fix the compensation of its members. There shall be examinations of all persons applying for admission to practise as attorneys and counselors at law at least twice in each year in each judicial depart- ment, and at such other times and places as the court of appeals may direct. Every person applying for such examination shall pay such fee, not to exceed $15, as may be fixed by the court of appeals as necessary to cover the cost of such examination. On payment of one examination fee the applicant shall be entitled to the privilege of not exceeding three examinations. Such board shall certify to the appellate division of the LAW IN THE UNITHD STATES 303 supreme court, of the department In which each candidate has resided for the past six months every person who shall pass the examination, pro- vided such person shall have in other respects complied with the rules regulating admission to practise as attorneys and counselors, which fact shall be determined by said board before examination. Upon such certifi- cate, if the appellate division of the supreme court shall find such person is of good moral character, it shall enter an order licensing and admitting him to practise as an attorney and counselor in all courts of the state. Race or sex shall constitute no cause for refusing any person examination or admission tO' practise. Any fraudulent act or representation by aji ap- plicant in connection with his application or admission shall be sufficient cause for the revocation of his license by the appellate division of the supreme court granting the same. Such board shall render, during the month of .January, an annual account of all their receipts and disburse- ments, to the court of apjieals. The court of appeals may make such pro- visions as it shall deem proper for admission of persons who have been admitted to practise in other states or countries. § 3 Rules, how chang-ed. The rules established by the court of ap- peals, touching the admission of attorneys and counselors to practise in the courts of record of this state, shall not be changed or amended, except by a majority of the judges of that court. A copy of each amendment to such rules must, within five days after it is adopted, be filed in the office of the secretary of state; who must traaismit a printed copy thereof to the clerls; of each county, and to the presiding justice of the appellate division of the supreme court, in each judicial department, and also cause the same to be published in the next ensuing volume of the session laws. § 4 Exemptions to graduates of law schools. Nothing contained in the last two sections prevents the court of appeals from dispensing, in the rules established by it, with the whole or any part of the stated period of clerkshij), required from an applicant, or with an examination, where the applicant is a graduate of the Albany law school, the law department of Union university, or of the law department of the University of the city of New York, or of the law school of Columbia college, or of the law department of Hamilton college, or of the law school of the University of Buffalo, and the New York law school, and produces his diploma on his application for admission. § 5 Attorney's oath of office and certificate of admission. Each per- son, admitted as prescribed in the last three sections, must, on his ad- mission, take the constitutional oath of office in open court, and subscribe the same in a roll or book, to be kept in the office of the clerk of the ap- pellate division of the supreme court for that purpose. The clerk, upon the payment of the fees allowed by law, must deliver to the person ad- mitted a certificate under his hand and official seal, stating that such person has been so admitted, and that he has taken and subscribed the constitutional oath of office, as prescribed in this section. § 6 Attorneys residing in adjoining states. A person, regularly ad- mitted to practise as attorney and counselor, in the courts of record of the state, whose office for the transaction of law business is within the state, may practise as such attorney or counselor, though he resides in an adjoin- ing state. But service of a paper, which might be made on him at his 304 TJNIVEKSITT OF THE STATE OF NEW TORK residence, if he was a resident of the state, may be made on him, by de- positing the paper in a postoffice in the city or town where his office is located, properly inclosed in a postpaid wrapper, directed to him at his office. A service thus made is equivalent to a personal service upon him. § 9 ICone but attorneys to practise in city of New York. A person shall not ask or receive directly or indirectly compensation for appearing as attorney in a court or before any magistrate in the city of New Yorii, or malse it a business to practise as an attorney in a court or before a magistrate in said city, unless he has been regularly admitted to practise as an attorney or counselor in the courts of record of the state. lAs amended 18&8, ch. 316] § 10 Penalty for violation or sufEering violation last section. A per- son who violates the last section is guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one month, or by a fine of not less than $100 or more than $250, or by both such fine and imprisonment. A judge, justice or magistrate within the city of New YorJi who knowingly permits to practise in his court a person who has not been regularly admitted to practise in the courts of record of this state is guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished as prescribed in this section. But this and the last section do not apply to a case where a person appears in a cause to which he is a party. [As amended 1898, ch. 316] Laws 1896, vol. 1, ch. 165 as amended 18&9, ch. 225 § 1 Oath. Every person duly licensed and admitted to practise as an attorney at law or as an attorney and counselor at law in the courts of record of this state must, before July 1, 1899, subscribe and take an oath or affirmation, which oath or affirmation shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the court of appeals by the person making the same, provided, nevertheless, that such affidavit or affirmation may state that the depo- nent or affirmant believes that he took the constitutional oath of office in lieu of stating unqualifiedly that he did so, where the affidavit or affirma- tion states, or in substance shows, the deponent's or affirmant's lack of positive or certain recollection of having taken such oath, or shows other substantial reason for thus qualifying the affidavit or affirmation on that subject. And provided, further, in respect of persons who were solicitors in chancery or attorneys of or in the supreme court on the first Monday of July 1847, and who therefore became entitled to the benefit of the provis- ions of § 75 of ch. 280 of the laws of 1847, commonly called the judiciary act, entitling them to practise as attorneys, solicitors and counselors in all the courts of this state, that the affidavit or affirmation required from such persons by this section in lieu of stating their license and admission prior to July 1, 1847, to have been as attorney at law or as attorney and counse- lor at law in the courts of record of this state may state such admission and license to have been as attorney of or in the supreme court or as solicitor in chancery or solicitor of the court of chancery according to the fact. And said affidavit or affirmation may state correctly the court and term of court in or at which the admission prior to July 1, 1847, took place. After July 1, 1899, the special term of the supreme court of the judicial district where such attorney at law or attorney or counselor at law resides may, on proof by affidavit showing reasonable grounds therefor, grant an LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 305 order permitting the applicant to malce and file the oath or affirmation re- quired herein, with the same effect as if the same had been made and filed within the time above stated, and relieving him from penalties and prosecutions by reason of failure to make and file such oath or affirmation within the time required. § 2 Before beginning practice; felony. Every person who is hereafter duly licensed and admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law in the courts of record of this state by an appellate division of the supreme court, shall subscribe and take and file the aforesaid oath or affirmation as provided in the first section of this act, before he begins or is entitled to begin to practise for another as an attorney and counselor at law in the courts of record of this state or in any court in the county of New York or in the county of Kings. A person who practises any fraud or deceit or knowingly makes any false statement in the oath or affirmation in and by this act required to be made and filed is guilty of felony. § 3 Register. It shall be the duty of the clerk of the court of appeals to file in his office the said oaths or affirmations aforesaid, and to compile the statements contained therein, and to enter therefrom in a bound boolt or volume to be kept by him for that purpose, which shall be known and designated as and is hereby made the Official regist&r of attorneys and counselors at law in the state of New Yorlc, in the alphabetic order of the first letter of their surnames, the names and residences and the title of the court and the time and place where admitted, and the date the oath of affirmation aforesaid was filed, of all persons who have filed in his said office the oath or affirmation as aforesaid, which said Official register of attorneys and counselors at law in tlie state of New York, is hereby declared to be a public record and presumptive evidence that the individuals therein named are duly registered to practise as attorneys and counselors at law in the courts of record of this state or in any court in the counties of New York and Kings. § 4 Violations. On and after July 1, 1899, it shall be unlawful for any person to practise or appear as an attorney at law or as attorney and counselor at law for another in a court of record in this state or in any court in the county of New York or in the county of Kings, or to make it a business to practise as an attorney at law or as an attorney and counselor at law for another in any of said courts, or to hold himself out to the public as being entitled to practise law as aforesaid, or in any other man- ner, or to assume to be an attorney or counselor at law, or to assume, use, or advertise the title of lawyer, or attorney and counselor at law, or attorney at law, or counselor at law, or attorney, or counselor, or attorney and counselor, or equivalent terms in any language, in such manner as to convey the impression that he is a legal practitioner of law or in any manner to advertise that he either alone or together with any other per- sons or person, has, owns, conducts or maintains a law office or law and collection office, or office of any kind for the practice of law, without hav- ing first been duly and regularly licensed and admitted to practise law in the courts of record of this state, or, in case of persons licensed and ad- mitted prior to July 1, 1847, without having first been duly and regularly licensed and admitted to practise as attorney of or in the then supreme court or as solicitor in chancery or of the court of chancery, and without 306 UNIVEESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK having taken the constitutional oath and without having subscribed and taken the oath or affirmation required by first section of this act and filed the same in the office of the clerk of the court of appeals as required by said first section of this act. Any person violating the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor, and it shall be the duty of the district attorneys to enforce the provisions of this act and to prosecute all viola- tions thereof. § 5 Fees. Every person filing with the clerk of the court of appeals the oath or affirmation hereinbefore provided shall pay to the said clerk at the time of such filing the sum of 25 cents to defray the necessary dis- bursements incurred by him in carrying out the provisions of this act. It , shall be the duty of the said clerk of the court of appeals, on or before November 1, 1809, to cause the said Official register of attorneys and counselors at law in tlie state of New York to be printed, and to file a certified copy thereof in the office of the county clerk of each county v.'ithin the state, and with the clerk of each of the appellate divisions, and annually thereafter to print and file as aforesaid all additions to the said official register made during the preceding 12 months, the expense thereof to be paid out of the fees collected by him pursuant to the provisions of this act, after defraying the necessary disbursements incurred by him under § 3 thereof. NORTH CARGLrKTA Southern division TJ. S. Area 52,250 sq. m. Pop. 1,617,947 (1,800,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Raleigh. 83-99. Code 1883, 1:7 § 17 Attorneys licensed by jxistices of supreme court. Persons who may apply for admission to practise as attorneys in any court, shall under- go an examination before two or more of the justices of the supreme court; and, on receiving certificates from said justices of their competent law knowledge and upright character, shall be admitted as attorneys in the courts specified in such certificates. § 18 Persons from other states licensed, when. No person coming into this state from any other state, or from any foreign country, with an intention to practise the law, shall be admitted to practise as an attorney, unless he shall have previously resided one year in this state, or shall pro- duce to the said justices a testimonial from the chief magistrate of such state or country, or from some other competent authority, that he is of unexceptionable moral character. § 19 Attorney to take oaths. Attorneys before they shall be admitted to practise law shall, in open court before the judges thereof, take the oath prescribed for attorneys, and also the oaths of allegiance to the state, and to support the constitution of the United States, prescribed for all public officers; and, upon such qualification had, and oath taken, may act as attorneys during their good behavior. § 20 Tax on attorney's license. There shall be a tax of $20 upon each license to an attorney to practise law in the courts of the state, to be paid at the time of obtaining license, to the clerk of the supreme court, and he shall apply the same as prescribed in the chapter of this code, entitled LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 307 " Public libraries." The clerk shall be entitled to 6% for receiving and applying said money. § 21 To pay. a tax for license. No attorney shall be permitted to prac- tise until he shall produce the receipt of the clerk, showing that he has paid the tax for his license. OSrORTH DAKOTA Western division U. S. Area 70,795 sq. m. Pop. 182,719 (238,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Bismarclc. 95-99. Revised codes 1895, p. 150 § 420 Power to admit vested In the supreme court. The power to admit persons to practise as attorneys and counselors at law in the courts of this state is hereby vested in the supreme court. § 421 Qualiflcatlons of applicants. Applicants for admission to prac- tise as attorneys and counselors at law must be residents of this state, at least 21 years of age, of good moral character, and must have actually and in good faith pursued a regular course of study of the law for at least two full years, either in the office of a member of the bar of this state residing therein, and in regular practice, or in some reputable law school In the United States or partly in such office and partly in such law school. But in computing such period of study the school year of any such law school, consisting of not less than 36 weeks, exclusive of vacation, shall be considered equivalent to one full year. § 422 Ejcaminations; how conducted. Each applicant must be ex- amined in open court as to his learning and skill in the law by the judges thereof, or by a committee of not less than three members of the bar appointed by the court therefor, and the court must be satisfied before admitting to practise that each applicant has actually and in good faith devoted the time hereinbefore required to the study of law and possesses the requisite learning and skill therein and the qualifications mentioned in the last section. § 423 Oath of office. Upon being admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law as above provided he shall in open court take the oath prescribed in § 211 of the constitution. § 424 Admission on certificate, how. Any person becoming a resident of this state after having been admitted to the bar in any of the states of the United States, in which he has previously resided may at the discre- tion of the court be admitted to practise in this state without examination or proof of period of study as hereinbefore provided, on proof of the other qualifications by this article required and on satisfactory proof that he has practised law regularly for not less than one year in the state from which he comes after having been admitted to the bar according to the laws of such state. § 425 Court may prescribe rules. The supreme court may by general rules prescribe the mode by which examinations under this article shall be conducted and in which the qualifications required as to age, residence, character and period of study shall be proved, and may make any further rules, not inconsistent with this article, for the purpose of carrying out its object and intent. 308 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW TORK § 426 Foreign attorneys may practise, when. Any member of the bar of another state, actually engaged in any cause or matter pending in any court In this state, may be permitted by such court to appear in and con- duct such cause or matter while retaining his residence in another state without being subject to the foregoing provisions of this article. OHIO Lal:e division U. S. Area 41,060' sq. m. Pop. 3,672,316 (4,000,000). Legial. Diennial; next session Jan. 1900. Cap. Columbus. 97-98. Bates' Annotated statutes 1897, 1:342 § 558 Who may practise. No person shall be permitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law, or to commence, conduct, or defend any action, or proceeding, in which he is not a party concerned, either by using or subscribing his own name, or the name of any other person, unless he has been previously admitted to the bar by order of the supreme court, or of two judges thereof; and the court shall fix times when examinations shall take place, which may be either in term or vacation, and shall pre- scribe and publish rules to govern such examination; but this section shall not apply to persons admitted under preexisting laws. § 559 How admitted. When a person applies to said court for admis- sion to the bar, he shall be examined by the court or two of the jugdes, touching his fitness and qualifications; and if on such examination the court or judges are satisfied that he is of good moral character, and has a competent knowledge of the law, and sufficient general learning, an oath of office shall be administered to him, and an order shall be made on the journal that the applicant be admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law In all courts of record of this state; provided, that said court may appoint, to serve for one or more years, a commission composed of not less than three persons learned in the law to assist in such ex- amination. § 560 Qualifications; licentiates of other states; for ecEamination. No person shall be admitted to such examination unless he is 21 years of age, has resided in the state for the year next preceding, and is a citizen of the United States, or has declared his intention of becoming a citizen thereof; nor until he has produced from some attorney at law a certificate setting forth that the applicant is of good moral character, and that he believes him to be a person of sufficient legal knowledge and ability to dis- charge the duties of an attorney and counselor at law, and that he has regularly and attentively studied law during the period of three years previous to such ajiplication, either under the tuition of some practising attorney or in regular attendance at some law school, or for a part of such period under such tuition and for the rest of it in attendance at school; but any person residing in the state or coming into the state for the purpose of making it his permanent residence, upon producing satis- factory evidence that he has studied law for the period of three years under the tuition of some attorney at law, and has been regularly ad- mitted as an attorney and counselor at law in some court of record within the United States, or that having been so admitted after a shorter period of study, he has been in the practice of law in such court for a time which LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 309 added to such period of study makes up three years, may be admitted to such examination upon producing satisfactory evidence that he is of good moral character. Provided, that a person who has become a resident of this state and who having studied law for a period of at least two years and passed a regular examination and has been regularly admitted as an attorney and counselor at law in the highest court of any other state in or of the United States, and has been in active practice of the law in such state or in the supreme court of the United States for a period of not less than five years immediately preceding his removal to the state of Ohio, upon producing satisfactory evidence of such admission, study, and prac- tice and good moral character, may be admitted without such examination. § 561 Examinations at a law sch.ool. In any county in which there is a law college, or a college or university having a department of law, duly organized, with a course of study wholly devoted to the law, extending through two academic years or more, the supreme court may (if in its opinion the character of the course of study and the number of the grad- uating class shall warrant it) appoint a committee of not less than three nor more than seven attorneys at law to attend the commencement ex- ercises of such college next after their appointment, and examine the graduating class of such college or department in regard to their qualifica- tions to practise law; and upon the report of such committee, the court may admit to practise as attorneys and counselors at law those members of such graduating class who may be recommended by said committee and found by the court to be qualified; provided, that the presiding officer of such college or department shall certify that such graduating students have completed the course of law study hereinbefore mentioned, and are persons of good moral character; and provided further, that such applicant students shall furnish satisfactory evidence of fulfilling the conditions in the preceding section prescribed as to age, residence, time of study, and citizenship, or declaration of intention to become a citizen. § 562 Who may practise. No person shall practise as an attorney and counselor at law in any court of this state who does not reside in the state, or is not a citizen of the United States, or who holds a commission as Judge of any court of record, or who is a sheriff, coroner, or deputy sheriff; nor shall the clerk of the supreme court, or of the common pleas, or the deputy of either, practise in the particular court of which he is clerk or deputy clerk; but nothing herein contained shall prevent attorneys and counselors at law who reside without this state practising in this state, unless the state or territory in which they reside prohibits attorneys and counselors at law residing in this state to practise therein; and nothing herein contained shall prevent any judge of any of the courts of this state from finishing any business by him undertaken in the district, circuit, or supreme court of the United States, prior to his election as judge; and an alien who has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States may practise as if he were a citizen. § 563 [Suspension or removal.] § 565 Women may practise. No person shall be excluded from acting as an attorney at law and practising in all the courts of this state on ac- count of sex. 310 UNIVEESiITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK Laws 1898, p. 308 § 1 Persons exempted. That no rule of the supreme court of this state requiring an applicant for admission to the bar of this state to have received any diploma of graduation, or any certificate granted by a board of school examiners, as a condition precedent, or as a qualification for ad- mission to the bar, shall affect or apply to any person, who has regularly and attentively studied law during the period of three years prior to the passage of this act, either under the tuition of some practising attorney, or In regular attendance at some law school, or for a part of such period under such tuition and for the rest of it in attendance at law school. OKLAHOMA Gulf division XJ. S. Area 39,030 sq. m. Pop. 61,834 (330,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Guthrie. 93-99. Statutes 1893, p. 116 § 316 Who may practise. All persons, who by the laws heretofore in force, were permitted to practise as attorneys and counselors at law, may continue to practise as such, and hereafter any person who is an inhabi- tant of this territory, who satisfies any court of record, either on examina- tion or by certificate of admission from any other territory or state, that he possesses the requisite learning, and is of good moral character, may by such court be licensed to practise as an attorney and counselor: provided, that no person shall be admitted to practise in the supreme court unless he shall have been first licensed to practise in some one of the district courts, or on the presentation of a certificate of admission to practise in the supreme court of some other territory or state. § 317 Oath. Upon being permitted to practise as attorneys and coun- selors at law, they shall, in open court, talie the following oath. . . § 318 Nonresident attorneys. Any practising attorney of another state or territory having professional business in the courts of this ter- ritory, may be admitted to practise therein upon taking the oath afore- said. OBEGON Pacific division V. S. Area 96,030 sq. m. Pop. 313,767 (400,000i. Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Salem. 98-99. Hill's Codes and general laws 1887, 1:680 § 1034 Qualifications for admission. An applicant for admission as attorney must apply to the supreme court, and must show: 1) that he is a citizen of the United States and of this state, and of the age of 21 years, which proof may be made by his own attldavit; 2) that he is a person of good moral character, which may be proved by any evidence satisfactory to the court; 3) that he has the requisite learning and ability, which must be shown by the examination of the applicant, by the judges, or under their direction, in open court, at the term at which the application is made. § 1035 Women may practise. Hereafter women shall be admitted to practise law as attorneys, in the courts of this state, upon the same terms and conditions as men. , LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 311 § 1036 Oath; how admitted. If, upon the examination, he be found qualilled, the court shall administer an oath to the applicant, to support the constitution and laws of the United States and of this state, and to faith- fully and honestly demean himself in office. The court shall then direct an order to be entered to the efEect that the applicant is a citizen of the United States and of this state, of the age of 21 years, of good moral character, and possesses the requisite learning and ability to practise as an attorney in all the courts of this state, and has talien the oath of office ; and upon the entry of the order, he is entitled to practise as such at- torney, and not otherwise. § 1037 Licentiates of other states. Whenever it appears that a person of any other state or country is an attorney of the highest court of record in such state or country, he may appear as counsel for a party in a par- ticular action, suit, or proceeding then pending in court, or before a judicial officer of this state, but not otherwise; provided, however, that upon proof that he is a person of good moral character, which may be proved by any evidence satisfactory to the court, he may be admitted generally, by the supreme court, as an attorney, in all respects as if he were a citi- zen of this state, and shall be permitted to practise in all courts of this state, provided, that the state or country of which such applicant is a resident or citizen admits to its bar, and to practise in its courts, attorneys who are citizens of this state. [As amended 1898, p. 12] Laws 1891, p. 42 § 1 Who may be admitted. That any alien who has duly declared his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States and has become a resident of the state of Oregon, may be by the supreme court of this state admitted as an attorney on the same terms and conditions and with the same powers and privileges as such as though he were a citizen of the United States, and it shall be sufficient if in his application for admission he show that he has so declared his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States; provided, always, that if within six months after he shall be entitled under the law to become a citizen of the United States he shall fail to become a citizen, then and in that case said admission shall be and become void and of no effect, and all rights and privileges thereunder shall cease and determine. PENNSYLVANIA North Atlantic division U. S. Area 45,215 sq. m. Pop. 5,258,014 (6,100,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Harrlsburg. 99-99. Pepper and Lewis's Digest 1894. § 1 Qualifications for admission. The judges of the several courts of record of this commonwealth shall respectively have power to admit a competent number of persons of an honest disposition, and learned in the law, to practise as attorneys in their respective courts. § 2 Oath. Before any attorney, admitted as aforesaid, shall make any plea at the bar, except in his own case, he shall take an oath or affirma- tion as follows. . . § 3 Admission to supreme court admits to lower. That from and after the passage of this act, any attorney and counselor at law, who shall 312 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW TOEK have been duly admitted to practise in any court of common pleas and In the supreme court of this commonwealth, shall be admitted to practise in any other court of this commonwealth upon motion simply, by exhibiting to the court a certificate of admission to the supreme court and filing a certificate of the presiding judge of the county or district, from which he came, setting forth that he is of reputable professional standing and of unobjectionable character. Upon such admission, the clerk of the court shall keep a record thereof on the minutes of such court. [As amended 1887, ch. 73] Laws 1899, p. 117 § 1 Misrepresentation. From and after the passage of this act, It shall not be lawful for any person in any county in the state of Pennsyl- vania to hold himself out to the public as being entitled to practise law before the courts of the county, or use or advertise the title of lawyer, attorney at law, attorney and counselor at law, counselor, or the equiva- lent in any language. In such a manner as to convey the impression that he is a legal practitioner in said county, or In any manner to advertise that he, either alone or together with another person, or persons, has, owns, conducts or maintains a law office, or law and collection oflice of any kind for the practice of law, without having first been duly and regularly admitted to practise law in a court of record of any county in this commonwealth. § 2 Penalty. Any person or persons violating the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon conviction thereof be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding $500 and to undergo an imprison- ment not exceeding one year, either or both, at the discretion of the court. PHILrPPOTES South coast of Asia. Area 115,300 sq. m. Pop. (8,000,000). In military possession of United States. Cap. Manila. General orders, no. 29 U. S. military governor in ^le Philippine islands July 19, 1899 § 1 OtS.ce of " procurador " abolished. The ofiBce of the " procurador " is hereby abolished, and the duties which heretofore pertained to said oflice shall devolve upon the lawyers. § 2 Who may be admitted. Any resident of the Philippine islands, not a subject or citizen of any foreign government, of the age of 23 years, of good moral character, and who possesses the necessary qualifications of learning and ability, is entitled to admission as attorney and counselor in all of the courts of these islands. § 3 Qualifications for admission. Every applicant for admission as an attorney and counselor must produce satisfactory testimonials of good moral character, and undergo a strict examination in open court as to his qualifications by the justices of the supreme court. § 4 Certificate of record granted. If upon examination he is found qualified, the supreme court shall admit him as an attorney and counselor in all the courts of the Philippine islands and shall direct an order to be entered to that effect upon its records, and that a certificate of such record be given to him by the secretary of the court, which certificate shall be his license. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 313 § 5 Licentiates tliat shall he recognized. Every resident of these islands, not a citizen or subject of any foreign government, who has been admitted to practise law in the supreme court of the United States, or in any circuit court of appeals, circuit court or district court thereof, or In the highest court of any state or territory of the United States, may be admitted to practise in the courts of these islands upon the production of his license. Liliewise all persons duly accredited as lawyers in the Philippine islands on the 31st day of January, 1899, who are residents of said islands, and not subjects or citizens of another government, may be admitted as attorneys and counselors in all the courts of the islands; pro- vided that all applicants under this section shall furnish satisfactory evi- dence of good moral character and professional standing, and take the prescribed oath; and provided further, that the court may, if it deems advisable, examine the applicant as to his qualifications. § 6 Oath. Every person on his admission must take the following oath: "I recognize and accept the supreme authority of the United States of America; and I do swear that I will maintain allegiance towards that nation; that I will obey the existing laws which rule In the Philippine islands, as well as the legal orders and decrees of the duly constituted authorities therein; that I impose upon myself this voluntary obligation without any mental reservation or pur- pose of evasion, and will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the ofiice upon which I am about to enter, so help me God." This oath shall be taken before the gubemative division of the supreme court, and a certificate thereof issued by the secretary shall be set forth In the license. § 7 Boll of attorneys. The secretary shall keep a roll of attorneys and counselors admitted to practise by the court, which roll must be signed by the person admitted before he receives his license. § 8 Duties of attorneys. It Is the duty of an attorney and counselor: 1) To recognize and accept the supreme authority of the United States; to maintain good faith and fidelity to that government; to obey all the laws, orders, and decrees duly promulgated under authority thereof. 2) To maintain the respect due to the courts of justice and judicial officers. 3) To counsel or maintain such actions, proceedings, or defenses only as appear to him legal or just, except the defense of a person charged with a public offense. 4) To employ, for the purpose of maintaining the causes confided to him, such means only as are consistent with truth, and never seek to mislead the judge or any judicial officer by an artifice or false statement of fact or law. 5) To maintain inviolate the confidence and, at every peril to himself, to preserve the secrets of his client. 6) To abstain from all offensive personality, and to advance no fact prejudicial to the honor or reputation of a party or witness, unless required by the justice of the cause with which he is charged. 7) Not to encourage either the commencement or the continuance of an action or proceedings from any corrupt motive of passion or of interest. 8) Never to reject, for any con- sideration personal to himself, the cause of the defenseless or the oppressed. § 9 Authority of attorneys. An attorney and counselor shall have authority: 1) To bind his client in any of the steps of an action or pro- ceeding by his agreement filed with the secretary, or entered upon the 314 UNIVEKSITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK minutes of the court, and not otherwise. 2) To receive money claimed by liis client in an action or proceeding during the pendency thereof, or after judgment, unless a revocation of his authority is filed, and upon the pay- ment thereof, and not otherwise, to discharge the claim or acknowledge satisfaction of the judgment. § 10 Change of attorneys. The attorney in an action or a special pro- ceeding may be changed at any time before or after judgment or final determination, as follows : 1) On consent of both client and attorney filed with the secretary or entered upon the minutes. 2) Upon the order of the court, upon the application of either client or attorney, after notice from one to the other. § 11 Notice of change. When an attorney is changed, as provided in the last section, written notice of the change and of the substitution of a new attorney, or of the appearance of the party in person, must be given to the adverse party. Until then he must recognize the former attorney. § 12 If an attorney ceases to act. When an attorney dies, or is re- moved or suspended, or ceases to act as such, a party to an action for whom he was acting as attorney must, before any further proceedings are had against him, be required by the adverse party, by written notice, to appoint another attorney, or to appear in person. § 13 Causes for removal or suspension. An attorney and counselor may be removed or suspended by the supreme court, or any department thereof, or by any court of the first instance, for either of the following causes, arising after his admission to practise: 1) His conviction of a felony or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, in which case the record of conviction shall be conclusive evidence. 2) Wilful disobedience or vio- lation of an order of the court requiring him to do or forbear an act con- nected with or in the cause of his profession, which he ought in good faith to do or forbear, and any violation of the oath taken by him, or of his duties as such attorney and counselor. 3) Corruptly or wilfully and without authority appearing as attorney for a party to an action or pro- ceeding. 4) Lending his name to be used as attorney and counselor by another person who is not an attorney and counselor. In all cases where an attorney is removed or suspended by a court of first instance the judgment or order of removal or suspension may be reviewed, on appeal, by the supreme court. § 14 Court to transmit record of conviction. In case of the conviction of an attorney and counselor of a felony or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, the court in which such conviction is had shall, within 30 days thereafter, transmit to the supreme court a certified copy of the record of conviction. Pending action thereon in the supreme court such attorney shall not be privileged to practise his profession in any of the courts of these islands. § 15 Proceedings on receipt of record. The proceedings to remove or suspend an attorney or counselor under the first sub-division of § 13 must be taken by the court on the receipt of a certified copy of the record of conviction. The proceedings under the second, third or fourth sub-division of § 13 may be taken by the court for the matters within its knowledge, or may be taken upon the information of another. § 16 Accusation must be in writing. If the proceedings are upon the information of another, the accusation must be in writing. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 315 § 17 Accusation must be verified. • The accusation must state the mat- ters charged, and be verified by the oath of the accuser to the effect that the charges therein contained are true. § 18 Court shall order accused to appear. Upon receiving the accusa- tion, the court shall make an order requiring the accused to appear and answer it at a specified time, and shall cause a copy of the order and of the accusation to be served upon the accused at least five days before the day appointed in the order. § 19 Court may proceed in absence of accused. The accused must ap- pear at the time appointed in the order and answer the accusation unless, for suflBcient cause, the court assign another day for that purpose. If he do not appear, the court may proceed and determine the accusation in his absence. § 20 How accused may answer. The accused may answer to the accu- sation either by objecting to its suflSciency or denying it. § 21 Objection must be in writing but denial may be oral. If he ob- ject to the sufiiciency of the accusation, the objection must be in writing, but need not be in any specific form, it being sufficient if it presents intel- ligibly the grounds of the objection. If he deny the accusation, the denial may be oral and without oath, and must be entered upon the minutes. § 22 If objection be not sustained. If an objection to the sufficiency of the accusation be not sustained, the accused must answer within such time as may be designated by the court. § 23 Action on answer of the accused. If the accused plead guilty, or refuse to answer the accusation, the court shall proceed to a judgment of removal or suspension. If he deny the matters charged, the court shall, at such time as It may appoint, proceed to try the accusation. § 24 Judgment on conviction. Upon conviction. In cases arising under the first subdivision of § 13, the judgment of the court must be that the name of the party shall be stricken from the roll of attorneys and coun- selors of the court, and that he be precluded from practising as such attor- ney or counselor, in all the courts of the islands; and upon conviction in cases under the other sub-divisions of that section, the judgment of the court may be, according to the gravity of the offense charged, deprivation of the right to practise as attorney or counselor In the courts of the Islands permanently, or for a limited period. § 25 Professional services to destitute persons. It shall be the duty of attorneys and counselors to render professional services to persons destitute of means, upon the appointment of the court where there is no legal excuse. § 26 Supreme court to publish regulations. The supreme court of justice is hereby authorized to frame and publish such regulations as may be proper for the fulfillment of the provisions of this order. PTTEiuro moo Eastern West Indies. Area 3668 sq. m. Pop. (813,937). In military possession of United States. Legisl. annual. Cap. San Juan. 316 tTNIVBRSITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK RHODE ISJjAWD North Atlantic division U. S. Area 1250 sq. m. Pop. 346,506 (420,000). Legisl. annual; next session Jan. 1900. Gap. Providence. 96-99. General lavFS 1896, p. 757 § 6 Admission of attorneys. The supreme court as a whole, or a majority of the justices thereof, shall have power ... to establish rules for the admission of attorneys to practise In the courts of the state. . . SOUTH CABOLINA South Atlantic division V. S. Area 30,570 sq. m. Pop. 1,151,149 (1,300,000). Legisl. annual; next session Jan. 1900. Cap. Columbia. 93-99. Revised statutes 1893, 1:792 § 2287 Who may practise. No person whatsoever shall practise or solicit the cause of any other person in any court of this state unless he has been admitted and sworn as an attorney, under a penalty of $500 for every cause he shall so solicit, one half to the state and the other half to him or to them that will sue for the same. § 2288 Power to license. No original license to practise as an attorney, solicitor or counselor shall be granted except by the supreme court. § 2289 Qualifications for admission; licentiates of other states; fee. Any citizen of this state who has attained the full age of 21 years, and who may pass a written examination on the course of study prescribed by the supreme court, or has graduated at the law school of the state university, and can produce evidence satisfactory to the supreme court that he is of good moral character, shall be admitted to all the privileges of, and shall be permitted to practise as an attorney at law In this state, on tailing and subscribing the oath required by § 30, art. 2, of the con- stitution, and the oath respecting dueling. Any person of good moral character who has been admitted to practise as an attorney, solicitor or counselor in any court of record in any of the United States, or in any court of the United States, shall, on producing the proper evidence thereof, upon motion, be admitted to practise as such in the courts of similar grade in this state, on tailing the prescribed oaths. The expense of the written examination required and of the certificate of admission to the bar must be defrayed by an admission fee of $5 to be paid in advance by each applicant. § 2290 Oath; roll of attorneys. The oaths required to be taken by the preceding section shall be administered In open court, and the name of the person taking the same entered in a roll or book kept for that purpose, and a certificate of said oath shall be filed in court. § 2295 Act construed. This chapter shall not be construed so as to prevent a citizen from prosecuting or defending his own cause, if he so desires, or the cause of another, with leave of the court first had and obtained, provided that he declare on oath, if required, that he neither has nor will accept or take any fee, gratuity, or reward, on account of such prosecution or defense, or for any other matter relating to the said cause. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 317 SOTJTB: DAKOTA Western division U. S. Area 77,660 sq. m. Pop. 328,808 (330,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Pierre. 93-99. Laws 1893, ch. 21 § 1 Must obtain license from, supreme court. No person shall be per- mitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law in any court of record within this state, either by using or subscribing his own name or the name of any other person, without having previously obtained a license for that purpose from the supreme court of this state, which license shall constitute the person receiving the same an attorney and counselor at law, and shall authorize him to practise in all the courts of this state for and during his good behavior, and to demand and receive fees and pay for any services he may render as an attorney and counselor at law in this state, and no person shall be refused a license under this act upon account of sex. § 2 Must pass examination. No person shall be entitled to receive such license until he shall have obtained a certificate of good moral character from a court of record of this state, and shall have passed a satisfactory examination before the supreme court of this state under such rules and regulations as the court shall provide. Provided that all persons who by the laws heretofore or now in force are permitted to prac- tise as attorneys and counselors at law may continue to practise as such. § 3 Must be admitted upon certificate. No person who is under the age of 21 years, or who is not a resident of this state, shall be licensed under the provisions of this act; and any person producing a license or other satisfactory certificate from the supreme court of any state or of the United States that he has been regularly admitted to practise as an at- torney and counselor at law and a certificate of good moral character, as provided in § 2, may be licensed by the supreme court to practise as an attorney and counselor at law in all courts of this state without examina- tion. § 4 Any person shall have right to prosecute and defend, when. All persons shall have the right to prosecute or defend any and all actions or proceedings in any court in their own persons, to which they are a party or in which they are beneficially interested. § 5 Attorneys residing without the state, how admitted. When any attorney or counselor at law residing in any other state or territory, who is regularly admitted therein, may desire to practise law in this state, such attorney or counselor may be allowed to practise in the several courts of this state upon the same terms and in the same manner that attorneys and counselors residing in this state are permitted to practise law in such state or territory. § 6 Oath of attorney. Every person hereafter admitted to practise law In this state shall, before his name Is entered on the roll hereinafter pro- vided to be kept, take and subscribe an oath substantially in the following form. . , § 7 Clerk of supremo court to keep record. The clerk of the supreme court shall keep a roll or record, stating at the head thereof that the per- 318 UNIVEESITY OF THE STATU OF NEW YOKK sons whose names are therein written have been duly admitted to prac- tise as attorneys and counselors at law within this state, and that they have taken the oath of office as required by law. § 10 Penalty. Any person practising law in this state contrary to the provisions of this act shall be liable to such punishment as is provided by law. TEJSnSTEBSEE Gulf division U. S. Area 42,050 sq. m. Pop. 1,767,518 (2,000,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jaa. 1901. Cap. Nashville. 96-99. Shannon's Annotated code 1896, p. 1435 i 5772 Who may practise. No person shall practise as an attorney or counsel in any of the courts of this state without a license obtained for that purpose, and without first having taken an oath, in open court, to support the constitution of the state and of the United States, and to truly and honestly demean himself in the practice of his profession to the best of his skill and abilities. § 5773 Wlio m,ay practise in justice and ooimty courts. Any one over the age of 21 years, and of good standing, shall be entitled to practise law as an attorney, or act as counsel, for any person or persons in all causes arising or coming before any justice of the peace in this state, and before the county court .of his county. § 5774 Oath.; fee. Before any person shall avail himself of the privilege as granted in the last section, he shall be required to take an oath to sup- port the constitution of the United States and the state of Tennessee, and be true to his client, before the county court clerk of the county in which such person lives, and to pay said clerk, as a license, the sum of $5, to go to the use of the common school fund of the state. § 5775 Indorsement by county court. It shall be the duty of the clerk of said county to indorse on the license of said person applying for the same, that he really believes the said applicant is a person of good stand- ing, or character, in the county, and is entitled to the license; for which certificate and services rendered by the clerk, he shall be entitled to a fee of $.25, to be paid by said applicant. § 5776 Qxialifications of applicants. The applicant for a license to practise law in the courts of this state, shall produce the certificate of the county court of the county where he has usually resided, that he has attained the age of 21 years, and is a man of good reputation. § 5777 License on examination. Any two judges or chancellors of this state may examine the applicant touching his legal acquirements, and, if satisfied of his qualification and that he is of good character, shall grant him a license to practise law in the different courts of the state. § 5778 Law schools may grant license. The faculty of the law depart- ment of any law school in this state, shall have the same power to grant license to practise law in the courts of this state that the judges of the courts have. § 5779 Licentiates of other states. Persons of other states may be licensed in like manner, upon examination, and satisfactory evidence to the judges of age and moral character. If already licensed In another LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 319 state, they may be permitted to practise, upon producing such license and satisfactory evidence of good character. § 5791 Parties may appear in. person. Any person may conduct and manage his own case in any court of this state. TEXAS Gulf division U. S. Area 265,780 sq. m. Pop. 2,235,523 (3,000,000). Leglsl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Austin. 97-99. Revised civil statutes 1895, p. 81 § 255 Temporary license. Any person who, in vacation, wishes to be allowed to practise as an attorney and counselor at law shall make ap- plication to the judge of the district court, or to a judge of the supreme court, and shall produce a certificate from the county commissioners' court of the county in which he resides that he has been a resident of the state at least six months, that he is 21 years of age, and that he has a good reputation for moral character and honorable deportment; whereon the judge shall proceed to examine the applicant, and if satisfied of his legal attainments shall give him a certificate of the same; under which, if given by a judge of the district court, he shall be authorized to practise in the district court and inferior courts of that district until the next succeeding term of the district court of the county in which the applicant resides; and if given by a supreme judge, he shall be authorized to practise in the supreme court and courts of criminal and civil appeals until the next regular term. § 256 license on examination. During the term of any district court, upon application of any person desiring to obtain a permanent license to practise as attorney and counselor at law, in the courts of the state, ac- companied with a certificate from the county commissioners' court of the character specified in the preceding article, the court shall, as soon as con- venient, appoint a committee of three or more practising attorneys of good standing, and set a day for examination of the applicant, on which day, the committee so appointed shall, in open court, proceed to examine the applicant, and if they or a majority of them, and the court, are satis- fled of his legal qualiflcations, a report of that fact shall, within five days, be made by the committee and recorded by the clerk, and thereon, the court shall order the clerk to make out a license for the applicant, which shall be signed by the court and tested by the clerk under seal of the court; under which, when delivered, the party shall be authorized to prac- tise in any district, county, or inferior court, of the state. [As amended 1897, eft. 20] § 257 License on diploma Any person holding a diploma from the law department of the University of Texas, and who desires to practise as an attorney and counselor at law in the courts of this state, may present such diploma to the district or supreme court in term time, together with a certificate of the commissioners' court of the county in which he resides, that he is a man of good moral character and honorable deportment, and such court shall thereupon order the clerk to issue a license to such ap- plicant, which license shall be signed by the presiding judge of such court 320 UNIVEESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK and tested by the seal of the court, which, if granted by the district court, shall authorize such applicant to practise in the district and inferior courts of the state, and if by the supreme court, then in all the courts of the state. § 258 Licentiates of other states. Any person who immigrates to this state from any other state of the Union, with a view of permanently resid- ing therein, may be admitted to practise as attorney and counselor at law, upon producing a license from any circuit or district court, or supreme court of the state from which he emigrated, and also producing satis- factory evidence to the judge or court to whom he applies that he is a man of good reputation for moral character and honorable deportment, and shall not be subject to the requisites of residence prescribed in art. 255. § 259 Admission to supreme court. Every person heretofore or that may hereafter be licensed as an attorney and counselor at law by any of the district courts of this state, may make his application in writing to the clerk of the supreme court for a license to practise therein; and on furnishing to said clerk satisfactory evidence that he has been licensed by the district court and that he Is a practising attorney in good standing, and the oath as required of attorneys of the supreme court, made before an officer authorized to administer oaths, and certified to by him with his seal of office, the said clerk shall enter the name of such party on the roll of attorneys of said court, and shall also furnish such party a certificate of the fact, which shall authorize him to appear and plead in said supreme court or the courts of criminal or civil appeals of this state as an attorney thereof; but nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to require the personal presence of the party making the application. § 260 Oath. Every person admitted to practise law shall before receiv- ing license, take an oath that he will support the constitution of the United States and of this state; that he will honestly demean himself in the practice of the law, and will discharge his duty to his client to the best of his ability; which oath shall be indorsed upon his license, sub- scribed by him and attested by the officer administering the same. § 261 Who may be admitted. No person convicted of a felony shall receive license as an attorney at law; or if licensed, any court of record in which such person may practise shall, on proof of a conviction of any felony, supersede his license and strike his name from the roll of attorneys. UTAH Pacific division U. S. Area 84,970 sq. m. Pop. 207,905 (240,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Salt Lake City. 98-99. Revised statutes 1898, p. Ill § 105 Who may be admitted. Any citizen of the United States, or person who has, bona fide, declared his or her intention to become one, in the manner required by law, of the age of 21 years, of good moral char- acter, and who possesses the necessary qualifications of learning and ability, is entitled to admission as an attorney and counselor in all the courts of this state. LAW IN THE) UNITED STATES 321 § 106 Qualifications. Every applicant for admission as an attorney and counselor must produce satisfactory testimonials of good moral char- acter, and, except as hereinafter provided, must undergo a strict examina- tion as to his qualifications, by the supreme court or by a committee ap- pointed by the justices thereof. § 107 Iiicense. If upon such examination, the applicant is found quali- fied, the court shall admit him as an attorney and counselor in all the courts of this state, and, upon payment of the fee prescribed by law, shall direct an order to be entered to that effect upon its records and that a certificate of such record be given to him by the clerk of the court, which certificate is his license. § 108 Rules of court governing. The supreme court may establish rules for the admission of attorneys and counselors not inconsistent with the provisions of this title. § 109 Admission of attorneys of other states. The examination may be dispensed with in the case of a person who has been admitted as an attorney and counselor in the highest court of any other state or of any territory, and his affidavit of such admission, or his license, showing the state or territory, the name of the court, and the time when such admis- sion was obtained, shall be deemed sufficient to entitle him to admission. § 110 Oath. Every person, on his admission, must take an oath to support the constitution of the United States, and the constitution of this state, and to faithfully discharge the duties of an attorney and counselor to the besfof his knowledge and ability. i 111 Boll. The clerk of the supreme court must keep a roll of the attorneys and counselors admitted to practise, which must be signed by each person admitted before he receives his license. § 112 Practising without license. If any person shall practise law In any court except a justice's court, without having a license as attorney and counselor, he Is guilty of a contempt of court. Revised statutes 1898, p. 291 i 967 Fee. For certificate of admission as attorney and counselor, ?25, 515 of which shall be retained by the state treasurer as a special fund for the benefit of the state library, and to be expended by the board of control. VEKMONIT North Atlantic division V.. S. Area 9565 sq. m. Pop. 332,422 (333,000). Legisl. biennial; next session .Oct. 1900. Gap. Montpelier. 98-98. Statutes 1894, p. 236 § 1003 Supreme court to make rules. The judges of the supreme court shall make, adopt, and publish, and may alter or amend rules regulating the admission of attorneys to the practice of law before such courts, which rules shall be uniform and binding upon the several courts. Laws 1898, ch. 157 § 1 Board of examiners. The supreme court shall, during the October general term, 1898, appoint a board of six examiners of candidates for admission to the bar; two for the term of one year, two for the term of 322 ■UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK two years, and two for the term of three years, from December 1, 1898; and annually thereafter at said October term shall appoint two members of said board for the term of three years. § 2 Expenses of board. The state auditor shall draw his order on the state treasurer for the expenses of each member of said board, as ap- proved by the chief judge. VIUGINIA South Atlantic division TJ. S. Area 42,450 sq. m. Pop. 1,655,980 (1,780,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Dec. 1899. Cap. Richmond 98-98. Code 1887, p. 761 § 3191 How a person is licensed to practise law; certain licenses validated. Any three or more judges of the supreme court of appeals, acting together, may, under such rules and regulations, and upon such examination, both as to learning and character, as may be prescribed by the said court, grant to any male citizen over the age of 21 years, who has resided in this state six months preceding his application, a license in writing to practise law in the courts of this state and it shall be the duty of the supreme court of appeals as soon as practicable after the passage of this act to make and promulgate said rules and regulations. All licenses granted or signed by any judge of the supreme court of appeals of this state since the 14th January, 1864, and all licenses heretofore legally granted shall be as valid as if granted under this act; provided the at- torney at law holding the same has already commenced the practice of his profession, or shall commence the practice thereof within two years from the date of the granting of said license; otherwise the said attorney shall not practise in this state without first obtaining a license as provided by this act. [As amended 1895-96, oh. 41] § 3192 Wlio may practise law in this state. Any person duly author- ized and practising as counsel or attorney at law in any state or territory of the United States or in the District of Columbia, may practise as such in the courts of this state, but if such person shall reside or vote in the state of Virginia he shall pay the license prescribed by law in this state before being permitted to practise law therein. [As amended 1897-98, eft. 351] § 3193 Attorney to qualify in each court in which he practises. Every such person shall produce, before such court in which he intends to practise, satisfactory evidence of his being so licensed or authorized, and talie an oath that he will honestly demean himself In the practice of the law, and to the best of his ability execute his office of attorney at law; and also, when he Is licensed in this state, take the oath of fidelity to the commonwealth. § 3194 Penalty for practising without being licensed and qualified; when penalty not incurred. If any person shall practise law In any court of this state, without being so licensed or authorized, or without taking the oaths required, he shall forfeit $150 for each case in which he shall appear as attorney, one half whereof shall be to the informer; but this penalty shall not be incurred by an attorney for instituting a suit after LAW IN THH 0NITffiD STATES 333 obtaining a license, IE he shall qualify at the first term thereafter of any court of the county or corporation in which he resides. § 3195 When license superseded. Any court hef ore which an attorney has qualified, on proof being made that he has been convicted of a felony, may supersede his license. WASraiNGa^ON Pacific division V. S. Area 69,180 sq. m. Pop. 349,390 (400,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Olympia. 97-99. Revised statutes and codes 1896, p. 702 § 4020 Attorney and counsel defined. An attorney is a person duly admitted to practise law and authorized to appear for and represent a party in the written proceedings in any action or proceeding in any stage thereof. An attorney other than the one who represents the party in the written proceedings may also appear for and represent a party in court or before a judicial officer, and then he is linown in the particular action or proceeding as counsel only, and his authority is limited to the acts that are done in the court or before such officer at that time. § 4021 How admitted. No person shall be permitted to practise as an attorney or counselor at law, or to commence, conduct or defend any action or proceeding in which he is not a party concerned, either by using or subscribing his own name, or the name of any other person, unless he has been previously admitted to the bar by order of the supreme court or of two judges thereof; and the court shall fix times when examinations shall take place, which may be either in term or vacation, and shall prescribe and publish rules to govern such examinations; but this section shall not be applied to persons admitted under preexisting laws. i 4022 Examinations. When a person applies to the said court for ad- mission to the bar he shall be examined by the court at a certain stated time, to be fixed by said court, touching his fitness and qualifications, and if on such examination the court is satisfied that he is of good moral char- acter and has a competent knowledge of the law and sufficient general learning, an oath of office shall be administered to him and an order shall be made on the journal that the applicant be admitted to practise as an attorney and counselor at law in all the courts of record in this state, and a certificate thereof shall be issued by the clerk of said court. § 4023 Qualifications for examination; licentiates of other states. No person shall be admitted to such examination unless he is 21 years of age, has resided in the state for one year next preceding, and is a citizen of the United States; nor until he has produced from some attorney at law, practising in this state, a certificate setting forth that the applicant is of good moral character, and that he has regularly and attentively studied law during the period of two years previous to his application, and that he believes him to be a person of sufficient legal knowledge and ability to discharge the duties of an attorney and counselor at law; but any person residing in the state or coming into the state, for the purpose of making it his permanent residence, upon producing satisfactory evi- dence that he has studied law for the period of two years, under the tuition of some attorney at law, may be admitted to such examination, 324 UNIVBESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW TOHK upon producing satisfactory evidence that lie is of good moral character: provided, that any attorney may be admitted to practise in the courts of this state upon a certificate of admission to the court of last resort of any state or territory in the United States, together with a certificate from such court, or other satisfactory evidence, showing that said applicant has not been disbarred or suspended, and is not laboring under any disability to practise in the courts in such state or territory, and upon the payment of the fee hereinafter provided. [As amended 1897, ch. 13] § 4024 How to proceed; fees. All persons making application for ad- mission to the bar, as herein provided, shall file a notice of such application with the clerk of the supreme court at least one week before the date of such examination, as shall be fixed by rule of the supreme court, and shall pay to such clerk the sum of $20, in full for all fees, for filing his applica- tion, entering his admission and the issuing of a certificate therefor, and the fees so paid the clerk shall be accounted for by the clerk of said court as other fees. § 4025 Who may practise. No person shall practise as an attorney and counselor at law in any court of this state who does not reside in the state, or is not a citizen of the United States, or who holds a commission as judge of any court of record, or who is a sheriff, coroner or deputy sheriff; nor shall the clerk of the supreme court or of the superior court, or the deputy of either, practise in the particular court of which he is clerk or deputy clerk; but nothing herein contained shall prevent attorneys and counselors at law, who reside without this state, practising in this state, unless the state or territory in which they reside prohibits attorneys and counselors at law residing in this state to practise therein, but nothing herein contained shall prevent any judge of any of the courts of this state from finishing any business by him undertaken in the district, circuit or supreme court of the United States prior to his election as judge. § 4026 Women may practise. No person shall be excluded from acting as an attorney at law and practising in all the courts of this state on account of sex. § 4040 Act construed. No person shall practise in any court of record except a party or his regularly authorized attorney and counselor at law: provided, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to pre- vent a party from employing any person to assist him in the preparation of his papers in the case before the time of trial, nor so as to prevent any person from trying any particular cause in court; leave of court being first had and obtained, and entered of record. WEST VrRGINIA. South Atlantic division U. S. Area 24,780 sq. m. Pop. 762,794 (1,780,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Charleston. 97-99. Code 1891, p. 786 § 1 Qualifications for admission; rules; license on examination; on diploma. Any person desiring to obtain a license to practise law in the courts of this state, must appear before the county court of the county in which he has resided for the last preceding year, and prove to the satisf ac- LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 325 tion of such court that he is a person of good moral character, that he is 21 years of age, that he has resided in such county for one year next preced- ing the date of his appearance; and upon such proof being made, the court shall make and enter an order on its record accordingly. The supreme court of appeals shall prescribe and publish rules and regulations for the examination of all applicants for admission to practise law, which shall include the period of study and degree of preparation required of appli- cants previous to being admitted, as well as to the method of examination, whether by the court or otherwise. And the supreme court of appeals may, upon the production of a duly certified copy of the order of the county court, hereinbefore mentioned, and upon being satisfied that the applicant has shown upon an examination conducted in accordance with such rules and regulations, that he is qualified to practise law in the courts of this state, and upon being further satisfied that such rules and regulations have been complied with in all respects, grant such applicant a license to practise law in the courts of this state, and such license shall show upon its face that all the provisions of this section and of the said rules have been complied with; provided, that any person who shall pro- duce a duly certified copy of such order of any county court of this state, and also a diploma of graduation from the law school of the West Vir- ginia university, shall on presentation thereof, in any of the courts of this state, be entitled to practise in any and all courts of this state; and the order so admitting him shall state the facts pertaining to the same. {As amended 1897, cJi. 50] § 2 Licentiates of other states. Any person duly authorized and prac- tising as counselor or attorney at law in any state or territory of the United States, or in the District of Columbia, may practise as such in the courts of this state, upon producing before the courts in which he intends to practise, satisfactory evidence of his being so authorized. § 3 Oath. Every attorney at law shall, before each court, in which he proposes to practise, take the following oath, that is to say: if he be a resident of this state, an oath to support the constitution of the United States and the constitution of the state of West Virginia, and to honestly demean himself in the practice of the law, and to the best of his ability execute his oflBice of attorney at law; and if he be not a resident of this state, an oath to support the constitution of the United States, and to honestly demean himself in the practice of the law, and to the best of his ability execute his ofiice of attorney at law. § 4 Penalty for violation. If any person shall practise law in any court of this state, without being so licensed, or without taking the oaths required, he shall forfeit $150, for each case in which he shall appear as attorney, one half whereof shall go to the Informer. But this penalty shall not be incurred by any attorney for instituting suits in the circuit courts after obtaining a license, if he shall qualify at the first term there- after of the circuit court of any county of the circuit in which he resides. § 5 Conviction for felony. Any court before which any attorney has been qualified, on proof made to it, that he has been convicted of any felony, may supersede his license. 326 ■DNIVERSITT OF THE STATE OF NEW TOEK WISCONSIN Lake division U. S. Area 56,040 sq. m. Pop. 1,686,880 (2,000,000), Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Madison. 98-99. Sanborn & Berryman's Statutes 1898, 2:1787. § 2585 Appearance by attorney. Every person of full age and sound mind may appear by attorney in every action or proceeding by or against him In any court except criminal actions, or may, at his election, prosecute or defend the same In person; but no person shall be permitted to appear on record in a civil action or proceeding In person while he has an at- torney; no warrant of attorney shall be necessary to authorize an at- torney to appear in any action or proceeding in any court; no entry of a warrant of attorney in any record or other proceeding shall be necessary except in cases where It shall be specially required by law. § 2586 Who may be admitted to practise; board of eziaminers. No person shall be admitted or licensed to practise as an attorney of any court of record except in the manner following: 1 Any resident graduate of the law department of the University of Wisconsin shall be admitted to the bar of any court upon the production of his diploma and may be admitted to the supreme court, when not in session, by an order signed by one of the justices thereof and filed with the clerk. 2 All persons who shall have been admitted to practise In the supreme court of any other state or territory and who shall be residents of this state may be admitted upon production of their certificates of admission to practise in such courts, upon satisfactory proof of their having been engaged in actual practice in such other state or territory at least two years prior to application for admission to courts of record of this state. Such proof may be the certificate of any judge of a court of record, under seal of such court, knowing the fact. Any graduate of a law school of any other state or territory which shall be accredited by the board pro- vided for in this section as a school of equal standing as the college of law of the university of this state may be admitted to practise in any court of record in this state on production of his certificate of graduation there- from, countersigned by the president and secretary of such board. The provisions of this section shall not apply to citizens of Wisconsin who are now matriculated in regularly incorporated law schools having a two years' course of 36 weeks each; but any such person may be admitted to practise upon the production of his diploma and certificate of admission to practise in the supreme court of the state In which such law school is located upon satisfactory proof of his having been matriculated therein on or before the third day of April, 1897. 3 Every other person who shall be of full age, a resident of this state and of good moral character may be admitted to practise as an attorney In any court of record, except the supreme court, by an order of a judge of the circuit court made In open court; but the applicant shall first produce the certificate hereinafter provided for. 4 No person shall be entitled to practise as an attorney in the supreme court until he shall first be licensed so to do by said court. LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 327 5 No person shall be denied admission or license to practise as an at- torney in any court on account of sex. 6 The supreme court shall, on or before the second Tuesday of August in each year, appoint five competent resident attorneys, who shall con- stitute a board of examiners for the examination of applicants for ad- mission to the bar. Such board shall meet at the capital once or more in each year, at such times, and also at such other times and places, as the supreme court shall direct for the purpose of examining applicants for admission; and upon such examination being had, said board shall issue to such applicants as they find possessed of sufiicient learning in the law, ability and otherwise qualified a certificate of qualification for admission to the bar. The residence and age of the applicant shall be made to appear to said board by affidavit, and satisfactory evidence shall also be produced by such applicant of good moral character and of having pur- sued the study of the law for at least two years prior to such examination. Three members of such board shall constitute a quorum. The board shall establish a standard of attainment which must be reached by each ap- plicant before he receives a certificate, and the standard so established shall be uniform. The examination papers made by each applicant shall be examined by the board; they shall mark the answer to each question on the same, with the percentage of standing to which each answer shall be entitled, and within 30 days after the examination is had the papers belonging to each applicant shall be returned to him duly marked with the percentage of standing, together with a statement showing his stand- ing in each branch upon oral examinations, so that, whether receiving a certificate for admission or not, each applicant may know what proficiency he has attained in each branch or subject upon which he has been ex- amined. There shall be paid out of the treasury to each such examiner a compensation not exceeding $10 per day and his actual and necessary ex- penses in going to, holding and returning from any such examination, also for time necessarily expended in the preparation of questions and the actual cost of procuring question books for oral examinations, if they shall, in the judgment of the board, be necessary, to be fixed and certified by one of the justices of the supreme court. The state printer shall print such questions as may be necessary for conducting examinations. § 2587 Who may practise; penalty. Any person who shall practise as an attorney in any court of record without having first obtained a license therefor as provided by law shall forfeit for each offense not less than [$] 50 nor more than $500, in addition to his liability to be punished as for a contempt. WYOMnsra Western division U. S. Area 97,890 sq. m. Pop. 60,705 (80,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Gap. Cheyenne. 99-99. Laws 1899, ch. 28 § 1 Former licentiates not affected. All persons who have been here- tofore admitted to practise as attorneys and counselors in any district court of this state, or in the supreme court, may continue to practise in such courts; and any person who has heretofore been admitted to practise in any district court of the state, may, on motion, be admitted to practise 328 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW TOEK In the supreme court without the examination required by this act, upon payment of a fee of $3. § 2 Board of examiners. There is hereby created a state board of law examiners to consist of five members of the bar of at least five years' standing, who shall be appointed by the supreme court, and shall hold ofilce for the term of three years. Provided, that at least one member shall be appointed from each judicial district, and at the first appointment two members shall be appointed for one year, two members for two years, and one member for three years, and annually thereafter the court shall appoint a member or members of said board in place of the examiner or examiners whose term or terms shall expire. Members of the board shall be eligible to reappointment. In case a vacancy shall occur in the board by death, resignation or otherwise, the same shall be filled by ap- pointment by the court for the remainder of the term of the member whose place may have become vacant. In the appointment of successors, and to fill vacancies, regard shall be had to the district or districts from which the member or members whose terms shall expire, or whose place or places may have become vacant, had been appointed, so that each judicial district shall be at all times represented by at least one member of the board. Removal of a member from the district in which he may have resided when appointed shall be construed as creating a vacancy. The examiners shall serve without compensation. § 3 Application for admission; qualifications; fees. AH applications for admission to the bar of this state shall be made by petition to the supreme court. The same shall be referred to the state board of law ex- aminers, who shall examine _ the applicant touching his qualification for admission to the bar. The said board shall report its proceedings in the examination of applicants to the supreme court with their recommenda- tion in the premises. If the court shall then find the applicant to be quali- fied to discharge the duties of an attorney and to be of good moral char- acter, and worthy to be admitted, an order shall be entered admitting him to practise in all the courts of this state. No one shall be admitted who shall not be a citizen of the United States, a bona fide resident of this state, at least 21 years of age and a person of good moral character. No one shall be examined who shall not have studied law at least three years either in or under the supervision of a law school in the United States, or in the olfice of a member of the bar, or one of the judges of this state, or in part at or under the supervision of such law school and in part in such an office. Said study must have been actually and not constructively commenced and continued. Every applicant before being examined shall pay into the hands of the clerk of the supreme court the fee of $15 which shall be covered by said clerU into the state treasury. Said fees shall constitute a fund for the payment of the necessary and actual expenses of the board and its members in attending upon the duties thereof. All other fees received for admission of attorneys to the court shall likewise be covered into the treasury and form a part of said fund. The court may require the board to return the examination questions and answers with their report. § 4 Examinatioiis. The state board of law examiners shall hold at least two regular meetings in each year at the capital, for the examina- LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 329 Hon of applicants, at such times as shall be prescribed by rules to be adopted by the supreme court, and such special meetings may be held as shall be determined on by said board from time to time. At all such meetings a majority of the board shall constitute a quorum. The board shall select a chairman and secretary from its membership. All examina- tions shall be in writing upon questions prepared by the board. The su- preme court shall prescribe such rules not inconsistent with the provis- ions of this act as it may deem necessary or expedient to carry out the purposes of this act and secure a system of uniform examination for ad- mission to the bar of this state. § 5 Examined where and Ilow. The examination of any applicant may be conducted in the district or county of his residence, in the discretion of the board, upon written questions prepared by said board in the pres- ence of one or more examiners, or the district judge, or some other dis- creet and competent person to be selected by the board or a majority of its members. The questions and answers shall be returned to the board by the person conducting the examination and the report shall report thereon as in other cases. The examination shall be conducted in the dis- trict or county where the applicant resides, as aforesaid, whenever it is made to appear to the satisfaction of the court that it will be a hardship, owing to distance, expense or otherwise for the applicant to attend upon a session of the board at the capital. Examinations out of the presence of the board, held pursuant to the provisions of this section, shall be con- ducted in accordance with such rules and regulations as may be pre- scribed by the court to ensure the genuineness, faithfulness and Im- partiality of such examinations. § 6 Beexamination. On payment of one examination fee the appli- cant shall be entitled to the privilege of two examinations, but no more; the second being applied for not later than one year after taking the first. § 8 Assistance not given. At any examination of applicants for ad- mission to the bar, it shall be unlawful to permit the person being ex- amined to receive, during the examination and after the questions have been submitted to him, any assistance or advice from any other person or persons, book or memorandum. § 9 Licentiates of other states; fees. Any person who may have been admitted to practise as an attorney in the highest court of any other state or territory, and who shall have been engaged in practice therein may, in the discretion of the supreme court, be admitted to practise in the courts of this state without an examination, upon presentation of his certificate of such admission, and upon showing to the satisfaction of the court that he is still in good standing as an attorney in the courts of such other state or territory, and that he is a person of good moral character, and that he has taken up his bona fide residence in this state. The court may adopt rules for the proof of such qualifications. Such person shall pay a fee to the clerk of $10, the same to be covered into the state treasury as a part of the fund created by this act. § 10 BTonresident attorneys. Members of the bar of any other state, district or territory of the United States, who may be employed as counsel in any case pending before any of the courts of this state, may be ad- mitted for all the purposes of the case in which they are so employed, by the court before which said case is pending without examination, 830 UNIVJEJRSITY OF THE STATU OF NEW YORK § 11 Blsbarring. Nothing In this act contained shall be construed to deprive the courts of this state, or any of them, of the power as at present existing, of disbarring or otherwise punishing members of the bar. § 12 Who may practise. Any fraudulent act or representation by an applicant in connection with his application, or examination, shall be sufficient cause for the revocation of the order admitting him to practise. i 13 Certificate of admission. The payment of the fees herein pro- vided for shall also entitle each applicant upon being admitted to a certifi- cate of his admission. § 14 Oath. Wo person shall be deemed admitted to the bar until he shall have taten an oath to the effect that he will support, obey, and de- fend the constitution of the United States, and the constitution and laws of this state, and that he will faithfully and honestly and to the best of his ability discharge the duties of an attorney and counselor at law. The said oath may be administered by the clerk, or one of the justices of the supreme court, in or out of court, or by a district judge in his district, or the clerk of court in his county; and when not taken In the supreme court in open session the same shall be reduced to writing, signed by the person taking, and certified to by the officer administering the same and filed in the office of the clerk of the supreme court. If taken in open court the journal shall show that fact. No practising attorney shall be taken on any official bond, or bond In any legal proceeding in the district In which he may reside. INDEX The superior figures tell the exact place on the page In ninths; e. g. 166" means page 166, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of the way down. Ada (O.), Ohio normal university, law school, 168»-69", 203^ Admission requirements of law schools, see Law schools. Admission to the bar, see Law, ad- mission to practice of. Alabama, law schools, 164-65, 170; requirements for admission to the bar, 160'; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 250^; statutes govern- ing, 265=-66». Alabama university, see University of Alabama. Alaska, requirements for admission to the bar, 161'; statutes govern- ing, 267^ Albany (N. Y.) law school. Union university, 166'-67S 196'-97'. American bar association, 215»; re- port of committee on legal educa- tion, 156'; recommendations on examinations for admission to the bar, 159\ American temperance university, law department, Harriman (Tenn.), 168«-69', 208'. Ann Arbor, see University of Michi- gan. Arizona, requirements for admis- sion to the bar, 159', 160'; rules and regulations, 217^; synopsis of legal requirements, 250'; statutes governing, 267^-68'. Arlcansas, law schools, 164-65, 170- 71; requirements for admission to the bar, 159", 160'; synopsis of legal requirements, 250°-51'; statutes governing, 268'. Arkansas university, law depart- ment, 164'-65', 170'-71'. Ashley, Dean, on methods of in- struction, 155". Athens, University of Georgia, law department, 164'-65', 179^. Atlanta (Ga.), law school, lu4'-65', 178'. Atlanta (Ga.), Morris Brown col- lege, law department, 164'-65', 178'. Attorneys, see Lawyers. Austin (Tex.), University of Texas, law department, 168'-69', 210". Baltimore, University of Maryland law school, 166'-67», 190". Baltimore university, school of law, 166'-67S 189'-90^ Bangor, University of Maine, school of law, 166'-67', 189^ Bar, admission to, see Law, admis- sion to practice of. Bar associations, 159*, 215"-16'. 332 UNIVBRSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK BloomiDgton (111.), Wesleyan univer- sity, law school, 164»-65', 182»-83=. Bloomington (Ind.), Indiana univer- sity, law school, 164''-65', 185'. Boards of examiners, see Exam- iners, boards of. Boston university, school of law, lee^-GT', 191\ Boulder, Colorado university, school of law, 164*-65', 173'. Buffalo law school, University of Buffalo, 166'-67", 197*. California, law schools, 164-65, 171- 72; requirements for admission to the bar, 160*; rules and regula- tions, 217'; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 251^; statutes govern- ing, 268»-69». California university, see University of California. Carlisle (Pa.), Dickinson school of law, 168*-69*, 204'-5". Catholic university of America, Washington, schools of law, 164°- 65', 177"-78^ Central Tennessee college, law de- partment, 168'-69», 208*. Centre college, law department, Danville (Ky.), 166"-67", 188\ Chaddock college law school, Quiney (111.), 164'-65', 180\ Champaign, see University of Illi- nois. Chancery courts, administration of law, 257=. Chapelhill, University of North Carolina, law department, 166'- 67°, 200". Charlottesville (Va.), University of Virginia, law department, 168'- 69», 210'-ir. Chicago, Illinois college of law, 164"-65», 181'. Chicago, Kent college of law, 164»- 65», 181"-82*. Chicago, Northwestern university law school, 164»-65', 182*. Chicago college of law. Lake Forest university, 164'-65', 180'. Chicago law school, 164''-65', 181\ Chicago university law school, see Northwestern university law school. Cincinnati college, law school, 203'. Cincinnati law school, established, 154'. See also University of Cin- cinnati. Circuit courts, administration of law, 253°, 254", 257», 279^, 283", 290°, 295"-96*. Cleveland (O.) college of law, 168'- 69", 20r. Cleveland (O.), Franklin T. Backus law school of "Western Reserve university, leS'-eg*, 201°-2". Coeducational schools, 163°. College of Philadelphia, law lec- tures, 153'. Colleges, admission to law schools limited to graduates of, 153"-54', 154*, 163°; law departments, 163°. Colonial days, admission to bar in, 156'>-57''. Colorado, law schools, 164-65, 172- 74; requirements for admission to the bar, 159'; rules and regula- tions, 218'; synopsis, 251*; statutes governing, 270'-7r. Colorado university, school of law, 164'-65*, 173'. Columbia (Mo.), University of Mis- souri, law department, 166'-67', 194°-95". Columbia (S. C), South Carolina college, law school, 168°-69', 206°- 7°. Columbia university, law lectures, 153°; school of law; 166°-67°, 198»-99'; admission requirements, 154'; growth, 154*. INDEX TO LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 333 Columbian university, Washington, law school, 164»-65', 176'. Columbus, Ohio state university, college of law, 168»-69», 203=. Connecticut, law schools, 164-65, 174; requirements! for admission to the bar, 157', 160'; rules and regulations, 219'-20''; synopsis of legal requirements, 251'; statutes governing, 271'. Cornell university, college of law, 166»-67», 199". Counselors, see Lawyers. Court of appeals, administration of law, 254', 257", 296S Courts, administration of law, 250', 251»,'262S 268», 272», 272'. See also Circuit courts; District courts; Probate courts; Superior courts; Supreme court. Courts of record, administration of law,254S 260', 26r, 280', 310*. 311". Cuba, law schools, 164-65, 175; re- quirements for admission to the bar, 161'; rules and regulations, 220^. Cumberland university, law school. 168''-69», 207°. Danville (Ky.), Centre college, law department, 166»-67», 188\ Degrees, conferred by Harvard law school, 153°; granted by law schools, 163"; LL.B., require- ments, 214'-15\ Delaware, requirements for admis- sion to bar in colonial days, 157°; present requirements, 158', 160'; rules and regulations, 220*; synop- sis of legal requirements, 251'; statutes governing, 272^ Denver university, see University of Denver. Des Moines (la.), Drake university, Iowa college of law, 166^-67^ 186*. Detroit college of law, 166"-67", 191'- 92». Dicliinson school of law, Carlisle (Pa.), 168*-69*, 204''-5'. Diplomas, licenses granted on, 160*; in Alabama, 266°; in Georgia, 275"; in Illinois, 277'; in Kansas, 282'; in Louisiana, 284^ in Michi- gan, 290°; in Minnesota, 293*; in Mississippi, 295'; in Missouri, 296'-97'; in Nebraska, 298*; in New York, 303°; in Texas, 319'-20"; in Wisconsin, 326'. District courts, administration of law, 250°, 252», 253°, 254°, 262», 267°, 276', 280S 282*. 319'. District of Columbia, law schools, 164-65, 175-78; requirements for admission to the bar, 160'; rules and regulations, 220'-2r; synopsis of legal requirements, 252^; sta- tutes governing, 272°. Drake university, Iowa college of law, 166=-67', 186*. I Entrance requirements of law schools, see Law schools. Examinations for admission to bar, in 1880, 158°; in New York, 158"; recommendations of American bar association, 159^; states re- quiring, 159°-61»; synopsis, 159'- 61', 249-64; in law schools, 281°, 309°; rules or regulations, 216-49; in Calif ornia^ 217"; in Colorado, 218°; in Connecticut, 219'-20'; in Delaware, 220°; in Illinois, 223°; in Iowa, 224°; in Louisiana, 225°; in Maryland, 226°; in Massachu- setts, 227"; in Michigan, 228*; in Minnesota, 229'; in Montana, 230'; in Nebraska, 231°; in Nevada, 231'-32'; in New Hampshire, 232'; in New Jersey, 233°; in New Mexico, 234*; in New York, 237'- 38°; in North Carolina, 238°; in Ohio, 240»; in Oregon, 24r-42'; in 334 UNIVERSITY OF THB STATE OF NEW YORK Rhode Island, 244"; In South Caro- lina, 244'; In South Dakota, 244'- 45^; In Virginia, 246^; in Washing- ton, 246°; in West Virginia, 246°; in Wisconsin, 247°; In Wyoming, 249=; statutes governmg; in Ala- bama, 265'-66»; in Arizona, 267*; in Arliansas, 268°; in California, 269"; in Colorado, 271"; in Florida, , 273'; in Georgia, 274"; in Hawaii, 276''; in Idaho, 276'; in Indian territory, Choctaw nation, 279"; in Indiana, 280"; in Iowa, 281'; in Kentucky, 283"; In Louisiana, 284"; in Maine, 284='-85", 286*, 294*; in Maryland, 287°; in Massachu- setts, 288«-89=; in Michigan, 290"- 91^ 29r-92'; In Minnesota, 292'; in Mississippi, 294°; in Missouri, 296'; in Montana, 297°; in Nebras- ka, 298*; in Nevada, 299^; in New Jersey, 301°; in New York, 802°-S*; in North Dakota, 307°; in Ohio, 308°; in Oklahoma, 310*; in PhiUp- pines, 312'; in South Carolina, 316°; in South Dakota, 317*; In Tennessee, 318"; in Texas, 319°; in Utah, 321'; in Virginia, 322'; in Washington, 323°; in West Virginia, 325"; in Wyoming, 328»- 29*. Examiners, boards of, rules and regulations, 216-49; administration of law by; in Florida, 252S 272'-73°, 273'; in Georgia, 252*, 274'; in Maine, 255", 255', 284', 285°-86*; in Maryland, 256", 287°; in Massachusetts, 256°, 288'; in Michigan, 256', 29r, 292"; in Minnesota, 257", 292°; in Nevada, 299"; in New York, 259', 302'; in Vermont, 262', 321''-22"; in Wisconsin, 263", 327"; in Wyo- ming, 263», 328'. Expenditures of law schools, 163", 165, 167, 169. Faculty of law schools, 163', 165, 167, 169. Fees, of law schools, 163", 165, 167, 169; license; in Colorado, 271°; in Delaware, 272°; in Florida, 273°; in Georgia, 274"; in Hawaii, 276'; in Idaho, 276'; in Indian terri- tory, 279=, 279', 279"-80"; in Maine, 286*; in Maryland, 287°; in Massa- chusetts, 289'; in Michigan, 291°; in Minnesota, 293"; in Nevada, 299°, 299''-300", 300°; in New York, 302", 306"; in North Carolina, 306"-7"; in South Carolina, 316'; in Tennessee, 318°; in Utah, 321", 321°; in Washington, 324"; in Wyoming, 328', 328', 329'. Florida, requirements for admission to the bar, 159', 160"; synopsis of legal requirements, 252"; statutes governing, 272'-73''. Port Worth (Tex.) university, law department, 168'-69', 209'-10". Franklin T. Backus law school of Western Reserve university, 168"- 69', 201'-2'. Georgetown university, Washing- ton school of law, 164'-65°, 176'- 7T». Georgia, law schools, 164-65, 178-79; requirements for admission to the bar, 160*; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 252'; statutes govern- ing, 274'-75*. Georgia university, see University of Georgia. Gray, — . on methods of instruction, 156'. Harrimaa (Tenn.), American tem- perance university, law depart- ment, 168'-69» 208'. INDEX TO LAW IN THB UNITED STATES 335 Harvard university, law school, 166=-67', 190°; founded, 153»-54i; admission requirements, 153"-54'; salaries of teachers, 155'. Hastings college of the law;, uni- versity of California, 164»-65^ 171°-72=; act creating, 269'. Havana university, law department, 164»-65=, 175\ Hawaii, requirements for admis- sion to the bar, 159', 160°; rules and regulations, 221*; synopsis of legal requirements, 252°; statutes governing, 275"'-76*. Howard university, Washington, law department, 164''-65^ 175°. Idaho, requirements for admission to the bar, 159', 160»; rules and regulations, 221'; synopsis of legal requirements, 252''-53^; sta- tutes governing, 276*-77°. Illinois, law schools, 164-65, 179-84; requirements for admission to the bar, 159", 160»-6r; rules and regu- lations, 221°-23'; synopsis of legal requirements, 253^; statutes gov- erning 277*-78». Illinois college of law, Chicago, 164»-65°, 181'. Illinois university, see University of Illinois. Illinois Wesleyan university, see Wesleyan university. Blooming- ton (111.). Indian territory, rules and regula- tions, 223°; Cherokee nation; requirements for admission to the bar, 161^; synopsis of legal requirements, 253°; statutes governing, 279"; Chickasaw nation; require- ments for admission to the bar, 160', 16r; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 253'; statutes govern- ing, 279°; Choctaw nation; requirements for admission to the bar, 159°, 160°; synopsis of legal require- ments, 253°; statutes governing, 279°; Muskogee or Creek nation; re- quirements for admission to the bar, 160', 161''; synopsis of legal requirements, 253°; statutes gov- erning, 280'. Indiana, law schools, 164-65, 184-86; requirements for admission to the bar, 161°; rules and regulations, 224'; synopsis of legal require- ments, 254'; statutes governing, 280°. Indiana law school, University of Indianapolis, 164°-65°, 184°. Indiana university, law school, 164°-65», 185^ Iowa, law schools, 166-67, 186-87; requirements for admission to the bar, 159'; rules and regulations, 224"; synopsis of legal require- ments, 254°; statutes governing, 281'-82°. Iowa City, University of Iowa, law department, 166°-67", 186'-87°. Iowa college of law, Drake uni- versity, 166'-67", 186". Iowa university, see University of Iowa. Ithaca, see Cornell university. Kansas, law schools, 166-67, 187; requirements for admission to the bar, 160*; rules and regulations, 224°; synopsis of legal require- ments, 254°; statutes governing, 282°. Kansas City school of law, 166'-67', 194*. Kansas university, see University of Kansas. Keener, Dean, on methods of In- struction, 156*. 336 UNIVEBSITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Kent, James, law lectures delivered by, 153=. Kent college of law, Chicago, 164'- 65», 18r-82*. Kentucky, law schools, 166-67, 187- 88; requirements for admission to the bar, 159', 160=; rules and regulations, 224°; synopsis of legal requirements, 254"-55''; statutes governing, 282"-83'. Knoxville (Tenn.), University of Tennessee, law department, 168°- 69°, 208'. LIi.B. degree, requirements, 154', 214^-15'. Lake Forest university, Chicago col- lege of law, 164»-65°, 180°. Law, practice of; admission require- ments, in colonial days, 156°-57"; after the revolution, 158^-59°; present requirements; 159°-61"; rules or regulations, 216-49; stat- utes governing, 264-330; synopsis of legal requirements, 159°-61°, 249-64. See also Examination re- quirements; Registration of law- yers. Law schools, admission require- ments, 154°, 163°; admission limited to college graduates, 153°- 54S 154*; courses of study, 163'; length of courses, 1d4'-55°; depart- ments of colleges or universities, 155°, 163°; development since 1858, 154'-55*; early, 153°-54'; examina- tions for admission to bar in, 281°, 309°; may grant license, 318°; methods of instruction, 155'- 56'; number, 163^; requirements for LL.B. degree, 214^-15'; re- quirements, summaries, 162-213; salaries of teachers, 155'; separ- ate institutions, 155°; statistics, 162-69. See also Diplomas. Lawrence (Kan.), University of Kansas, school of law, 166°-67", 187°. Lawyers, ratio to population, 154". Lawyer's office, legal education in, 154°. Lawyers, see also Law, admission to practice of; Examination re- quirements; Licentiates; Regis- tration of lawyers. Lebanon (111.), McKendree law school, 164°-65°, 183'. Lebanon (O.), National normal uni- versity, law department, 168°-69', 202°. Lebanon (Tenn.), Cumberland uni- versity law school, 168«-69», 207°. Leland Stanford jr university, law department, 164°-65», 172^ Lexington (Va.), Washington and Ijce university, school of law, 168°-69°, 211°. Licenses on diplomas, see Diplomas, licenses granted on. Licensing requirements, in colonial days, 156°-57°; after the revolu- tion, 158^-59°; synopsis of present requirements, 159°-61', 249-64; rules or regulations, 216-49; sta- tutes on, 264-330. See also Ex- aminations. Licentiates, change of residence, statutes on, in Arizona, 267°; in California, 269°; in Colorado, 271°; in Georgia, 275^^; in Idaho, 277M in Illinois, 278'; in Iowa, 281'; in Louisiana, 284°; in Maine, 285°; in Maryland, 288'; in Massa- chusetts, 289°; in Montana, 297'; in Nebraska, 298'; in Nevada, 300"; in New Hampshire, 300°; in North Carolina, 306'; in North Dakota, 307'; in Ohio, 308°; in Oregon, 311°; in Philippines, 813'; in South Carolina, 316°; in Ten- nessee, 318»-19'; in Texas, 320"; in INDEX TO LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 337 Utah, 321"; in Washington, 323»- 24' ; in West Virginia, 325"; in Wisconsin, 326°; in Wyoming, 329'. See also Lawyers. Lincoln, University of Nebraslca, college of law, 166'-67', 195«-9G». Litchfield (Ct.), first American law school, 153°. Little Kock, Arkansas university, law department, 164»-6o», 170»-71*. Local bar associations, 159*. Los Angeles (Oal.), law school, 164'- 65*, 172'. Louisiana, law schools, 166-67, 188; requirements for admission to the bar, 160"; rules and regulations, 225'; synopsis of legal require- ments, 255^; statutes governing, 283'-84=. Louisville university, see University of Louisville. Lumpkin law school, see University of Georgia, law department. XilcKendree law school, Lebanon (111.), 164=-65S 183". Macon (Ga.), Mercer university, law school, 164'-65', 179". Madison, University of Wisconsin, college of law, 168''-69°, 213^ Maine, law schools, 166-67, 189; re- quirements for admission to the bar, 159'; synopsis of legal re- quirements, ^55''-56'; statutes governing, 284<'-86'. Maine university, see University of Maine. Manderson, C. F., on local bar associations, 159°. Manila, University of Santo Tom^s, law department, 168'>-69=, 206". Maryland, attorney's licenses in colonial days, 157'; law schools, 166-67, 189-90; requirements for admission to the bar, 160"; rules and regulations, 225'-26''; synopsis of legal requirements, 256'; statutes governing, 287'-88=. Maryland university law school, see University of Maryland, law school. Massachusetts, law schools, 166-67, 190-91; requirements for practice of law in colonial days, 157°; pre- sent requirements, 159', 160'; rules and regulations, 226°-27'; synopsis of legal requirements, 256'; statutes governing, 28S''-90'. Mercer university law school, Macon (Ga.), 164'-65', 179". Metropolis law school. New York, 197". See also New York univer- sity, law school. Michigan, law schools, 166-67, 191- 92; requirements for admission to the bar, 160"; rules and regula- tions, 227"-28=; synopsis of legal requirements, 256'-57'; statutes governing, 290"-92". Michigan university, see University of Michigan. Milwaukee law school, 168»-69'', 213". Minneapolis, University of 'Minne- sota, law department, 166''-67", 193'. Minnesota, law schools, 166-67, 192- 93; requirements for admission to the bar, 160"; rules and regula- tions, 228'-29"; synopsis of legal requirements, 257"; statutes gov- erning, 292"-94'. Minnesota university, see University of Minnesota. Mississippi, law schools, 166-67, 193- 94; requirements for admission to the bar, 160"; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 257°; statutes govern- ing, 294'-95«. Mississippi university, see Univer- sity of Mississippi. 338 UNIVERSITY OF THK STATE OF NEW YOEK Missouri, law schools, 166-67, 194- 95; requirements for admission to the bar, 160*; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 257'-58°; statutes gov- erning, 295'-97'- Missouri university, see University of Missouri. Montana, requirements for admis- sion to the bar, 159°; rules and regulations, 230^; synopsis of legal requirements, 258°; statutes gov- erning, 297"-98'. Moot courts, 156*. Morgantovrn, West Virginia univer- sity, law department, 168»-69", 212°. Morris Brown college, Atlanta, law department, 164''-65°, 178°. Uashville (Tenn.), Central Tennes- see college, law department, 168°- 69°, 208*. Nashville (Tenn.), Vanderbilt uni- versity, law department, 168°-69°, 209'. National normal university, Leba- non (O.), law department, 168°- 69°, 202°. National university, law depart- ment, 164°-65°, 176\ Nebraska, law schools, 166-67, 195- 96; requirements for admission to the bar, 160*; rules and regula- tions, 231'; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 258°; statutes govern- ing, 298=. Nebraska university, see University of Nebraska. Nevada, requirements for admission to the bar, 161*; rules and regula- tions, 231'-32»; synopsis of legal requirements, 258'-59'; statutes governing, 299'-300'. New Hampshire, requirements for practice of law in colonial days, 157°; in 1812-72, 158°-59'; present requirements, 161*; rules and reg- ulations, 232°; synopsis of legal requirements, 259^; statutes gov- erning, SOO'-r. New Jersey, licensing requirements in colonial days, 157°; present re- quirements, 161*; rules and regu- lations, 232°-33°; synopsis of legal requirements, 259'; statutes gov- erning, SOP. New Mexico, requirements for ad- mission to the bar, 160', 161°; rules and regulations, 233°-34°; synop- sis of legal requirements, 259°; statutes governing, 302'. New Orleans, Tulane university of Louisiana, law department, 166*- 67*, 188'. New York (city), practice of law, 304=. New York (city). Metropolis law school, 197°. See also New York university, law school. New York (city), see also Columbia university; New York law school; New York university. New York (state), law schools, 166- 67, 196-200; requirements for ad- mission to the bar, 159°; in colo- nial days, 157°; after the revolu- tion, 158'; under control of court of appeals, 158'; synopsis of legal requirements, 259°; statutes gov- erning, 302°-6*; rules or regulatioiis; licens- ing, 235'-37'; examinations, 237'- 38"; registration, 259°, 305°; rules, how changed, 303*. New York law school, 166°-67'', 197°- 98°. New York state bar association, 215°-16°. New York university, University law school, 166''-67', 198*. North Carolina, law schools, 166-67, 200-1; admission to the bar, In INDEX TO LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 339 colonial period, 156'; present re- quirements, 159'; rules and regu- lations, 238'; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 259°-60^; statutes gov- erning, 306=-7". North Carolina university, see Uni- versity of North Carolina. North Dakota, requirements for ad- mission to the bar, 159', 160' ; rules and regulations, 238'; synopsis of legal requirements, 260"; statutes governing, 307"-8^ Northern Indiana law school, 164"- 65°, 185'-86^ Northwestern university, law school, 164»-65», 182*. Notre Dame university, see Univer- sity of Notre Dame. Ohio, law schools, 168-69, 201-3; re- quirements for admission to the bar, 159=, 159', 160'; rules and regulations, 239^-40°; synopsis of legal requirements, 260*; statutes governing, 308^^-10". Ohio normal university, law school, 168=-69=, 203^ Ohio state university, college of law, 168»-69», 203". Oklahoma, requirements for admis- sion to the bar, 159', 160^ rules and regulations, 241'; synopsis of legal requirements, 260°; statutes governing, 310°. Omaha university, see University of Omaha. Oregon, law schools, 168-69, 204; re- quirements for admission to the bar, 159°, 160^, 160'; rules and regulations, 24P-42'; statutes gov- erning, 310'-11'; synopsis of legal requirements, 260°. Oregon university, see University of Oregon. Penmsylvaiiia, law schools, 168-69, 204-6; requirements for admission to the bar, 158', 161'; in colonial days, 157'; rules and regulations, 242^-43'; synopsis of legal require- ments, 261"; statutes governing, 3ir-12=. Pennsylvania, Western university of, see Western university of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania university, see Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia bar, rules and regula- tions for admission to, 242'-43°. Philadelphia college, see College of I'hiladelphia. Philippines, law school, 168-69, 206; requirements for admission to the bar, 160', 161°; rules and regula- tions, 243°; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 261'; statutes govern- ing, 312°-15'. Pittsburg law school. Western uni- versity of Pennsylvania, 168°-69^ 205'-6'. Portland (Or.), University of Ore- gon, school of law, 168'-69*, 204^ Preliminary requirements for licen- ses, in Colorado, 218°; in Con- necticut, 219'; in Illinois, 222*; in Michigan, 227'; in Minnesota, 229=; in New York, 235'; in Ohio, 240'. See also Examinations. Probate courts, admission to prac- tise in, in Colorado, 271'. Professional requirements, 249-64. See also Examinations; Registra- tion of lawyers. Property of law schools, 163°, 165, 167, 169. Puerto Rico requirements for ad- mission to the bar, 161'; rules and regulations, 244'; synopsis of legal requirements, 261°. Quincy (111.), Chaddoek college law school, 164'-65', 180'. Raledgh (N. C), Shaw university law school, lee'-e?', 201'. 340 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK Receipts of law schools, 163^ 165, 167, 169. Registration of lawyers, synopsis of requirements, 249-64; rules or regulations; 216-49; in Colorado, 218'; in Connecticut, 220'; in District of Columbia, 221"; in Iowa, 224'; in Maryland, 226"; in Minnesota, 229"; in Montana, 230"; in New Jersey, 233'; in New Mexico, 234"; statutes governing; in Arkan- sas, 268'; in California, 269'; in Colorado, 270'; in Florida, 273"; in Idaho, 277^^; in Illinois, 278°; in Indiana, 280"; in Missouri, 296'; in Montana, 297'; in Nevada, 300'; in New Hampshire, 800°; in New York, 305*; in Philippines, 813"; in South Carolina, 316"; in South Dakota, 317''-18'; in Utah, 321". Rhode Island, requirements for practice of law in colonial days, 157"; present requirements, 161'; rules or regulations, 244^; synop- sis of legal requirements, 261"; statutes governing, 816". Richmond (Va.), college, school of law, 168"-69", 211». Rules or regulations for admission to the bar, 216-49. St Louis law school, Washington university, 166'-67', 195". Salaries of teachers, 155*. Salem (Or.), Williamette university, law department, 168*-69*, 204^ San Francisco, University of Cali- fornia, Hastings college of the law, 164"-65', 171"-72^ 269'. Santo Tom§.s university, Manila, law department, 168"-69", 206*. Seattle (Wash.), University of Wash- ington, law school, 168"-69», 212^ Sessions of law schools, 163\ 164, 166, 168. Sewanee law school. University of the south, 168'-69', 209*. Shaw university law school, 166'- 67», 20r. South Carolina, law schools, 168-69, 206-7; requirements for admission to the bar in colonial days, 157°; present requirements, 160*; rules or regulations, 244*; synopsis of legal requlreinents, 261"; statutes governing, 316". South Carolina college law school, 168»-69°, 206=-7". South Dakota, requirements for ad- mission to the bar, 159°, 160'; rules or regulations, 244"-45^; synopsis of legal requirements, 261"; stat- utes governing, 317^-18^. Stanford university (Cal.) see Le- land Stanford jr university. Statistics of law schools, 162-69. Statutes, governing admission to the bar, 264-330. Students in law schools, 163^ 165, 167, 169. Superior court, administration of law, 251', 271'. Supreme court, administration of law. In Alabama, 250^ 265", 266''; in Arizona, 250", 267"; in Califor- nia, 251', 269'; in Colorado, 251", 270'; in District of Columbia, 220», 252'; in Hawaii, 252', 275"; in Idaho, 252', 276'; in Illinois, 253", 277"; in Indian territory, 253", 279'-80'; in Iowa, 254', 281'; ia Louisiana, 255', 283°; in Michigan, 256', 290"; in Mississippi, 257", 294"-95'; in Missouri, 257', 295»- 96*; in Montana, 258*, 297*; in Nebraska, 258°, 298*; in Nevada, 258", 299"; in New Hampshire, 259', 300"; in New Jersey, 259*, 301"; in North Carolina, 259", 306"; in North Dakota, 260', 307"; in Ohio, 260', 308"; in Oregon, 260", INDEX TO LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 341 310'; in Philippines, 26r, 312»; In Rhode Island, 261^ 316='; in South Carolina, 261», 316^ in South Dakota, 261», 317^; in Texas, 319"; in Utah, 262°, 321'; in Vermont, 262', 321'; in Virginia, 262», 322'; in Washington, 263\ 323=; in West Virginia, 263°, 325''; in Wyoming, 328"; admissiou to practice in, in Alabama, 265"; in Arizona, 267»- 68' ; in California, 269'; in Kansas, 282"; in Montana, 297'; in Okla- homa, 310'; in Pennsylvania, 311"- 12=; in Texas, 320'; in Wisconsin, 326°; in Wyoming, 327'-28'. Synopsis of present requirements, 159=-61', 249-64. Syracuse university, school of law, 166''-67", 199"'-200*. Teachers, salaries, 155*. Tennessee, law schools, 168-69, 207-9; requirements for admission to the bar, 160'; synopsis of legal requirements, 262'; statutes gov- erning, 318^-19". Tennessee university, see University of Tennessee. Texas, law schools, 168-69, 209-10; requirements for admission to the bar, 160'; rules or regulations, 245'; synopsis of legal require- ments, 262=; statutes governing, 319=-20'. Texas university, see University of Texas. Thwing, C. F., on courses in law schools, 154'. Tulane university of Douisiana, law department, 166*-67*, 188'. Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama, law department, 164"-65S 170'. TXnion. college of law, see North- western university law school. Union law school of Chicago, see Kent college of law. Union university, Albany law school, 166'-67», 196"-97'. Universities, law departments, 163'. University of Alabama, law depart- ment, 164=-65=, 170'. University of Arkansas, see Arkan- sas university. University of Baltimore, see Balti- more university. University of Boston, see Boston university. University of Buffalo, law school, 166'-67', 197*. University of California, Hastings college of the law, 164'-65», 171'- 72=, 269'. University of Cincinnati, law de- partment, 168'-69', 202»-3'. University of Colorado, see Colorado university. University of Denver, law depart- ment, 164«-65*, 173'-74=. University of Georgia, law depart- ment, 164'-65', 179'. University of Havana, see Havana university. University of Illinois, school of law, 164»-65', 183'-84=. University of Indiana, see Indiana university. University of Indianapolis, Indiana law school, 164»-65», 184'. University of Iowa, law depart- ment, 166«-67', 186'-87'. University of Kansas, school of law, 166»-67', 187'. University of Louisiana, law de- partment, see Tulane university of Louisiana, law department. University of Louisville, law school, 166'-67', 188'. University of Maine, school of law, 166*-67S 189'. 342 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK University of Maryland, law school, 166=-67=, 190^. University of Michigan, lavy depart- ment, im°-6T, 192*. University of Minnesota, law de- partment, 166"-67», 193\ University of Mississippi, law school. 166'-67«, 193'-94". University of Missouri, law depart- ment, leS'ST, 194'-95». University of Nebraslsa, college of law, 166'-67', 195»-96«. University of the City of New Yorli, see New York university. University of North Carolina, law department, 166»-67', 200°. University of Notre Dame, law de- partment, 164'-65', 184'-85". University of Omaha, law depart- ment, 166''-67'', 196*. University of Oregon, school of law, 168^-69', 204'. University of Pennsylvania, law de- partment, 168*-69*, 205'. University of Santo Tomas de Manila, see Santo Tom^s univer- sity. University of the south, Sewanee law school, 168'-69', 209*. University of Syracuse, see Syracuse university. University of Tennessee, law de- partment, 168'-69», 208'. University of Texas, law depart- ment, im'-eS', 210'. University of Virginia, law depart- ment, 154', 168'-69«, 210»-11=. University of Washington (Seattle), law school, 168»-69«, 212'. University of Washington, St Louis, see St Louis law school. University of West Virginia, see West Virginia university. University of Wisconsin, College of law, 168»-69», 213'. Utah, requirements for admission to the bar, 159', 160»; synopsis of legal requirements, 265°; statutes governing, 320'-2r. Valparaiso (Ind.), Northern Indiana law school, 164»-65", 185'-86'. Vanderbilt university, law depart- ment, Nashville (Tenn.), 168''-69°, 209\ Vermont, requirements for admis- sion to the bar, 161'; rules or regulations, 245°; synopsis of legal requirements, 262'; statutes gov- erning, 321'-22'. Virginia, law schools, 168-69, 210-11; licensing of attorneys in 1680, 156'-57*; present requirements, 159', 160°; rules or regulations 245'-46°; synopsis of legal require- ments, 262°; statutes governing, 322'-23'. Virginia university, see University of Virginia. Washington' (D. C), Catholic uni- versity of America, schools of law, 164°-65", 177'-78'. Washington (D. 0.), Columbian uni- versity, law school, 164'-65°, 176*. Washington (D. C), Georgetown university, of law, 164°-65', 176'- 77". Washington (D.C.), Howard univer- sity, law department, 164°-65"', 175°. Washington (D. C), National uni- versity, law department, 164°-65', 176\ Washington (state), law schools, 168-69, 212; requirements for ad- mission to the bar, 159', 160=; rules or regulations, 246*; synop- sis of legal requirements, 263'; statutes governing, 323'-24'. Washington college, see Washington & Lee university. INDEX TO LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 343 Washington university, St Louis law school, 166'-67', 195'. Washington university (Seattle), see University of Washington. Washington & Lee university, school of lavsr, Lexington (Va.), 168'-69', 211». Wesleyan university, law school, Bloomington (Ul.), 164»-65», 182»- 83'. West Virginia, law schools, 168-69, 212; requirements for admission to the bar, 160'; rules or regula- tions, 246'; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 263°; statutes govern- ing, 324''-25'. West Virginia university, law de- partment, 154», 168''-69», 212'. Western Reserve university, Frank- lin T. Backus law school, 168'-69«, 201'-2'. Western university of Pennsylva- nia,law department, 168''-69=, 205=-6'. Williamette university, law depart- ment, les'-eo*, 204^ Wilson, James, law lectures deliv- ered by, 153'. Wisconsin, law schools, 168-69, 213; requirements for admission to the bar, leo*; rules or regulations, 247'; synopsis of legal require- ments, 263°; statutes governing, 326'-27'. Wisconsin university, see Univer- sity of Wisconsin. Women, admission to law schools, 163°; admission to the bar; 158'; in Colorado, 271'; in Maine, 285*; in Massachusetts, 289'; in Michigan, 290"; in Nevada, 299°; in New Jer- sey, 301°; in New York, 303' ; in Ohio, 309°; in Oregon, 310°; in Washington, 324°; in Wisconsin, 327'. Wyoming, requirements for admis- sion to the bar, 159', 160'; rules or regulations, 247°-49'; synopsis of legal requirements, 263"-64''; statutes governing, 327'-30'. Yale university, law department, 154S 164'-65', 174*. University of the State of New York College Department INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Bulletin 8 January 1900 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES PREPARED BY Henry L. Taylor, Ph.D. under direction of James Russell Parsons jr, M.A. MEDICINE PAGE Introduction, Director James Rus- sell Parsons jr 349 Apprenticeship system 349 First public medical lectures 349 Early medical schools ......... 350 Influence of medical societies 35 1 Medical sects 354 Midwifery 356 Graded system of instruction . .. 357 Medical schools and students in 1899 358 Hygiene and state medicine 359 Present tendencies 360 PAGE Early legislation 362 S3rnopsis of present requirements . , . 362 Professional requirements 365 Summaries for United States. 366 Statistical tables 368 Summaries and institutions by states. 378 Associations 484 Rules or regulations by states. . . 496 Synopsis of legal requirements by states 516 Statutes 535 Index 720 University of the State of New York College Department INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Bulletin 8 January 1900 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION DJ THE UNITED STATES MEDICINE INTRODUCTION* Apprenticeship system Before the establishment of medical schools in this country medical students either went abroad to study or served an ap- prenticeship with some practising physician. The custom of studying with a preceptor was common in view of the expense incident to work abroad, and this custom in a modified form con- tinued till very recently. As a rule the apprentice had little opportunity for study but was forced to depend on what he could absorb by contact with his preceptor. The physicians of the 17th and 18th centuries who had studied abroad were usually classical students and in their preliminary training set an ex- ample that it would have been wise to follow. First public medical lectures The first public lectures on anatomy before a class of students in this country are said to have been delivered by Dr William Hunter of Nevrport, E. I. in 1752. It seems, however, that Dr Giles Firmin as early as 1647 delivered readings on human oste- ology in New England; that Dr Thomas Cadwallader of Philadel- phia gave instruction to students in anatomy between 1745 and 1751, and that Drs John Bard and Peter Middleton dissected the human body in New York city in 1750 for purposes of medical instruction. In 1762 Dr William Shippen of Philadelphia gave aSee Toner's Armals of medical progress in the United States, and Davis's Medical education wnd med/ical institutions in the United States. 350 TJNIVEESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK a course of lectures on anatomy, illustrated by actual dissections. These lectures were continued till the organization of the Medi- cal college of Philadelphia (now the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania) in 1765. Dissections were rarely performed prior to 1760 and even autopsies were seldom per- mitted. Early medical schools At the time of the American revolution, with a population of 3,000,000, there were probably about 3500 physicians in the colon- ies, of whom it is estimated that not more than 400 had received medical degrees. In New England the clergyman was often the only available physician. Two medical schools were organized in the colonies, the Medical college of Philadelphia (now the med- ical department of the University of Pennsylvania) in 1765, and the medical department of King's (now Columbia) college, in 1768. The first medical degree conferred in this country was that of bachelor of medicine. This degree was granted to 10 men by the Medical college of Philadelphia in 1768. The degree of doctor of medicine was first conferred in 1770 by the medical school of King's college on two students who had taken the bachelor's degree in 1769. 51 medical degrees had been con- ferred by these institutions before 1776, when operations were suspended by the war. In the colonial period two medical socie- ties (the State medical society of New Jersey, in 1766, and the Delaware state medical society, in 1776) and one permanent gen- eral hospital were organized. Harvard university medical school was organized in 1782, Dartmouth medical college in 1797, the School of medicine of the University of Maryland and the College of physicians and sur- geons of New York in 1807. In 1813 the medical department of King's (the name of which had been changed to Columbia) col- lege was finally discontinued. The College of physicians and sur- geons became in 1860 the medical department of Columbia uni- versity. Of the 156 medical schools now existing in the United States 3 were established between 1765 and 1800, 12 between 1801 and 1825, 22 between 1826 and 1850, 33 between 1851 and 1875, 86 between 1876 and 1900. At the time of the organization of the early medical schools the practice of obstetrics was relegated as a rule to ignorant mid- wives; physiology, histology, organic chemistry, pathology and surgery, as now recognized were hardly known. The schools at first conferred the degree of bachelor of medicine on those who had studied two years with a preceptor and attended one course of lectures, the degree of doctor of medicine after three years of study and two courses of lectures. The bachelor's degree was MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 351 abandoned in 1813. At first the Medical college of Philadelphia required for admission some knowledge of Greek and Latin, phys- ics, natural history and botany, but the requirement was aban- doned about the time of the reorganization of the University of Pennsylvania in 1792. For a century there were as a rule prac- tically no requirements in preliminary general education for ad- mission to medical schools, and even today this is their greatest defect. To the fact that charters for medical schools were to be had for the asking and that those schools were almost wholly self-sustaining is due the multiplication of small schools without facilities for clinical instruction. These schools in their rivalry for fees crowded all instruction into two ungraded lecture courses of from four to five months each. Progressive medical schools were anxious to raise their standards but feared a loss in stu- dents. The diploma given as a result of this unsatisfactory instruction admitted to professional practice. Influence of medical societies In 1839 the New York state medical society resolved that teach- ing and licensing ought to be separated as far as possible.*' In 1837 the same view had been advocated in Philadelphia. Farther discussion of this question led to a call for a convention of delegates from all medical schools and societies in the United States. The convention was held in New York in 1846, and from it sprang the American medical association. Much has been accomplished by medical societies to elevate the medical profession, specially since the organization of the American medical association in 1846. This national organiza- tion, thoroughly representative in character, gave a new impetus jto medical societies. In 1876 there was only one state in the Union that did not have a state medical society and many afQli- ated local associations. The following societies have exercised an important influence in promoting higher standards: Association of American medical colleges (1890) American institute of homoeopathy (1844) oEesults of licensing examinations show the importance of this ques- tion. Under the New York licensing laws, for example, 4808 physicians have been examined, of whom 3722 or 77.5% were successful; 916 dentists have been examined, of whom 712 or 77.7% were successful; 67 veteri- narians have been examined, of whom 30 or 44.7% were successful. In these statistics each candidate who fails is counted as often as examined, but nevertheless so large a per cent of rejections is astonishing in view of the fact that admission to licensing examinations presupposes the prelimi- nary education required by statute and also graduation with a degree from a registered professional school. Including those unable to meet the requirements for admission to licensing examinations, more than 30% of all applicants have failed to secure licenses. 352 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK National confederation of eclectic medical colleges (1871) Southern medical college association (1892) The first and fourth of these societies prescribe for admission to medical schools a preliminary general education equivalent to one year in a high school, the second and third demand work equivalent to two years in a high school. All prescribe four courses of lectures in different years as a condition for an M. D. degree, though they give an allowance of one year to graduates of reputable literary colleges and of other professional schools." All tend to improve facilities for teaching, dissections and clin- ics. The schools registered by these societies are 72, 21, 6 and 11 respectively. At the June 1899 meeting of the American institute of homoeo: pathy the legislative committee was requested to draft a model bill with a view to obtaining general uniformity in the laws relating to the practice of medicine, preparatory to the introduc- tion in congress of a general law to secure the right of physicians to practise in all states after being authorized to practise in one.* At the June 1899 meeting of the National confederation of state medical examining and licensing boards the committee on mini- mum standards for admission to medical schools recommended graduation from a four years' high school course or its equivar fflA bill amending the medical law in this respect passed both houses of the New York legislature in 1807 but unfortunately was not signed by the governor. This bill gave the regents power to accept as the equivalent of the first year of medical study " evidence of graduation from a registered college after four years of general preliminary education in addition to the high school course fixed by law as a minimum, provided that such college course included not less than the minimum required for such admission to advanced standing in languages, physics, chemistry and biology." 6 A uniform standard for admission to practise throughout the United States is impracticable at present owing to varying conditions as to den- sity of population, educational advantages and general development. Weak states can not maintain the standards demanded elsewhere and strong states can not afford to lower their standards. The present need- less multiplication of standards, however, is most unfortunate. Instead of a separate standard for almost each political division, two or at most three standards should answer for all. In the first group should come the strongest states, and the standard maintained by these states would act as a stimulus to "weaker political divisions. In dentistry New York, Penn- sylvania and New Jersey have already moved in this direction and in medicine there will be a similar movement when the regents have the statutory power on unanimous recommendation of a state board of medi- cal examiners to indorse the licenses of those whose preliminary education and professional training meet the requirements of the New York law. The Wayne co. (Michigan) medical society has addressed a circular to licensing bodies asking 1) if reciprocity with political divisions that have practically the same licensing requirements would be favored, 2) if statutory amendments necessary to secure such reciprocity w^ould be advocated. Sep. 14, 1899, favorable answers to both inquiries had been received from 30 political divisions. With few exceptions statutory amendments would be necessary. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 353 lent. This committee outlined an alternative examination that represents less than three years of high school work. It also provided for an allowance of the first year of professional study to graduates of reputable literary or scientific colleges after sat- isfactory examination on the work of the first year. At the June 1899 meeting of the Association of American medi- cal colleges, a special committee made an interesting report on the condition of medical education in the United States. The committee had corresponded with all the medical schools, 82 in number, which had appeared as members of the association in 1897 and 1898. The replies received from 56 schools show great discrepancy in teaching facilities and in the requirements for graduation. Following are some of the most significant facts: LaboraMry work, including dissections. 1 school makes no re- port; 1 gives less than 300 hours of laboratory work in four years; 5 give between 300 and 500 hours; 27 between 500 and 1000 hours; 14 between 1000 and 1500 hours; 8 over 1500 hours. Practical work. 5 schools ofEer less than 100 hours; 10 give from 100 to 200; 13 from 200 to 300; 11 from 300 to 500; 16 over 500 hours. Obstetric cases. 5 schools offer their students no opportunity to attend obstetric cases before graduation; 28 give students oppor- tunity to attend personally from one to three cases; 7 from three to five cases; 6 from five to 10 cases; 7 over 10 cases. CUmcal cases yearly available. 3 schools furnish no evidence of having even one patient to present to their students before gradu- ation; 4 have less than 500 patients all told from which to select clinical cases; 4 have less than 1000; 5 between 1000 and 2000; 9 between 3000 and 5000; 8 between 5000 and 10,000; 6 between 10,000 and 20,000; 6 between 20,000 and 40,000; 3 between 40,000 and 100,000. Minimum rmmber of hours of climcal attendance by each studont. 6 schools offer less than 300 hours of clinical work in four years; 6 give only from 300 to 400 hours; 7 from 400 to 500 hours; 19 from 500 to 800 hours; 14 from 800 to 1200 hours; 4 give over 1200 hours. Didactic work. 2 schools give less than 1000 hours in four years; 7 from 1000 to 1500 hours; 22 from 1500 to 2000 hours; 33 from 2000 to 2500 hours; 4 from 2500 to 3000 hours; 8 give over 3000 hours. Total number of hours' work demanded of msdical students. 3 schools demand less/ than 2000 hours; 2 from 2000 to 2500; 11 from 2500 to 3000; 7 from 3000 to 3500; 7 from 3500 to 4000; 26 over 4000 hours. The committee recommended a change in the constitution and by-laws of the association by the adoption of the following: 354 UNIVEESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1 After July 1, 1900, and till more stringent rules be adopted, fatudents beginning the study of medicine must possess a diploma from a high school giving a thorough preliminary education, or must pass a thorough examination in all the branches usually taught in such schools. This examination is to be conducted by a state superintendent of public instruction or some one dele- gated by him, or by members of the faculty of a university or college, who are not connected with the medical faculty of the school the student wishes to enter, or by such a body as the re- gents of the University of the State of New York. 2 Before a student can enter an advanced class he must present certificates from a school whose requirements fully equal those of this association of having successfully passed the examinations in at least three fifths of the branches embraced in the curriculum of the previous years of the school he desires to enter or he must pass examinations on the same; on the remaining branches he may be conditioned, but these conditions must be removed by taking the work, providing it has not already been taken, and by passing examinations before he can pass on to the succeeding class (that is a man shall not carry conditions for more than one year), providing, however, that this shall not prevent schools from allowing students who have earned the B.A. orB.S. degree and v.ho have had an adequate course in science, or graduates in dentistry or pharmacy, who possess the proper preliminary edu- cation, to enter the sophomore class. 3 Before a student can be eligible for the degree of doctor of medicine he must have attended in a well-equipped medical school, four courses of lectures of at least six months each. These courses must embrace at least 3300 hours' actual work in the school, including besides didactic lectures and recitations, o 500 hours of laboratory work; 6 150 hours of practical work; c One or more obstetric cases personally attended by each student; , i . d 750 hours of clinical teaching. At least 45 months must intervene between a stadent's matricu- lation and the date of his graduation. All of the work should be fairly apportioned throughout the four years. 4 No school can be considered capable of giving the requisite instruction that can not command each year at least 3000 hos- pital or dispensary patients for presentation to its classes. Medical sects As commonly understood, regular physicians have no distinc- tive theory or practice; homeopaths treat diseases with drugs that excite in healthy persons symptoms similar to the morbid MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 355 oouditiou treated; eclectics make use of what they regard as specific remedies, chiefly botanical; physiomedicalists use only botanical remedies, discarding those which are poisonous. In practice these distinctions are not always observed. In addition to the medical sects to which detailed reference is made in this work a number of pathies flourish in many states unmolested under such names as osteopath, vitapath, electro- path, hydropath, divine healer, magnetic healer, Christian scien- tist, faith curist, mind curist, sun curist, etc. Men and women without preliminary or professional training treat diseases under these or similar systems to such an extent that the health of the people is endangered. These so-called systems are followed with impunity in many states (including New York) in what seems to be open violation of laws restricting the practice of medi- cine. This is due largely to the fact that so many statutes lack specific definitions as to what constitutes the practice of medicine, and without these definitions the conviction of such practitioners can not be secured through the courts." Osteopathy was " discovered " in 1874. It is based on the theory that "a natural flow of blood is health" and that the bones may be " used as levers to relieve pressure on nerves, veins and arteries." Osteopathy is now recognized by law in Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North and South Dakota, Tennessee and Vermont. Practice of " the system, method or science of oste- opathy " is restricted to licensed physicians and to graduates of " a legally chartered and regularly conducted school of osteop- athy." The use of drugs and operations in " major or operative surgery " are not permitted in the practice of osteopathy. In Georgia, Kentucky, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, Montana, Ohio* and West Virginia there are stringent laws oin Illinois the medical practice act provides special state examinations In obstetrics for midwives, and in anatomy, physiology, physiologic chem- istry, histology and pathology and hygiene for those desiring to practise systems of treating human ailments in which medicines are not used internally or externally and operative surgery is not followed. The act does not apply, however, to any person who " treats the sick or suffering by mental or spiritual means, without the use of any drug or material remedy." It is encouraging to note that notwithstanding this broad exemption Justice Everett of Chicago ruled against " divine healing " in August 1899. If his opinion is sustained in the higher court the " Zion curers " can no longer practise the " laying on of hands." iln spite of this the court (6 Ohio Dec. 296) held in January 1897 that an osteopath was not practising medicine by kneading and manipulations, using only his hands and no medicines. In Kentucky and West Virginia, however, the courts have upheld the statutes which provide that manipu- lations or other expedient shall constitute the act of practising medicine. In Nebraska the court (40 Neb. 158) ruled In 1894 that the " object of the statute Is to protect the afflicted from the pretensions of the ignorant and avaricious, and its provisions are not limited to those who attempt to follow beaten paths and established usages." In Americus, Ga. in 1899 six prominent citizens. Christian scientists, were sentenced to fines and imprisonment for refusing to submit to vaccination. 356 UNIVEESITT OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK against non-medical practitioners. In some other states, like Illinois, they receive such legal protection that any person may treat " the sick or suffering by mental or spiritual means, with- out the use of any drug or material remedy." Under these con- ditions any person in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts and New Hampshire is free to practise " the sun cure, mind cure, hypnotism, magnetic healing. Christian science, etc." The greater part of New England" seems to be on about the same footing in this respect with the Cherokee nation, Indian terri- tory, where entire liberty is given to " enchantments in any form." In striking contrast Hawaii inflicts heavy fines on any person convicted of an attempt to cure " another by practice of sorcery, witchcraft, anaana, hoopiopio, hoounauna, hoomana- mana, etc." There is much misunderstanding in this country regarding the duty of the state in relation to the health of the people. It does not consist in discriminating between schools or systems of medi- cine, but in requiring without prejudice or partiality of all who seek a license to practise for gain on the lives of fellow beings a minimum preliminary and professional training.* 4 Midwifery Special tests for certificates of registration as midwives are required in: , Arizona Illinois Louisiana Utah Conneoti'out Indiana" New Jersey Wyoming Dist. of Col. Iowa Ohio oin Customs an A fasMons in old, New EngUmd Alice Morse Earle tells us that In " 1631, one Nicholas Knapp was fined and whipped for pretending ' to cure the scurvey by a water of noe worth nor value which he sold at a very deare rate.' " One is almost tempted to suspect that this whipping took as much out of the New England officials as it did out of Mr Nicholas Knapp, for since that remote date scarcely a rumor has reached us of any equally vigorous remonstrance with unqualified practitioners. As a result New England has been a specially promising field for quacks, not many of whom were considerate enough to follow the example of the celebrated " rain water doctor." Of this worthy it is recorded that he " worked wondrous miracles and did a vast and lucrative business " till he opportunely ended his career by tumbling into a hogshead of his own medicine. 6 In the November 1898 Medical record, W. A. Purrington of New York asks if we are to punish the physician who fails to report contagious dis- eases and allow a person who boasts his ignorance of medical and sani- tary science to treat and conceal such cases. Medical laws provide only, at most, that no person shall practise medicine who has not studied medi- cine; a licentiate may practise as he pleases. But there is no reason why unqualified persons should be allowed to pretend to cure disease, by their pretenses deprive the sick of the benefits of science, and yet escape the just consequences of their imposture. c Either examination or approval of diploma. MBDIOINB IN THE UNITED STATES 357 In the following political divisions the provisions of the medi- cal practice acts do not apply to women engaged in the practice of midwifery: Alabama Kentucky New Mexico Texas Arkansas Maine North Carolina Vermont "* Florida Maryland Ehode Island Virginia Georgia Mississippi South Carolina Washington Idaho Montana Tennessee West Virginia In other political divisions, though there are some special pro- visions for certain localities, the general acts regulating the prac- tice of medicine make no reference whatever to the practice of midwifery by women.* It would seem, therefore, that these laws restrict the practice of midwifery to licensed physicians. Never- theless a large proportion of the children in these political divis- ions are brought into the world by ignorant midwives, and as stated by Dr M. J. Lewi of New York, many women are physical wrecks through their incompetence. Practically the conditions in political divisions where the laws seem to restrict the practice of midwifery to licensed physicians are little better than in politi- cal divisions where the practice of midwifery by women without a license is authorized by statute. There will probably be little change for the better till the midwife receives legal recognition and the practice of midwifery is regulated by definite statutory provisions.* Graded system of instruction In 1859 the Chicago medical college, now the medical depart- ment of Northwestern university, was established to test the •practicability of a thoroughly graded system of instruction. Students were divided into three classes, and each class was ex- amined at the close of the year. Each of the three courses was six months in duration. Attendance on hospital clinical instruc- tion and practical work in the chemical, anatomic and micro- scopic or histologic laboratories were required for graduation. In 1871 the Harvard medical school adopted a similar plan. The Syracuse medical school followed and today the graded sys- tem of consecutive lectures is the rule. o Those practising midwifery without a certificate can not enforce col- lection of fee, but this does not apply to the practice of midwifery by women in the town or locality in which they reside. Mn Nebraska, North and South Daliota the practice of " medicine, sur- gery or obstetrics " without a license is prohibited. cin New York no agreement has yet been reached regarding a mid- wifery statute. At the November 1899 meeting of the Federation of women's clubs a resolution favoring the licensing of trained nurses by the University of the State of New York was adopted. 358 DNIVERSITI OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK In 1896 Pres. Eliot wrote substantially as follows: Within 25 years the whole method of teaching medicine has been revolu- tionized throughout the United States. The old medical teaching was largely exposition; it gave information at long range about things and processes which were not within reach or sight at the moment. The main means. of instruction were lectures, sur- gical exhibitions in large rooms appropriately called theaters, rude dissecting rooms with scanty supervision, and clinical visits in large groups. The lectures were repeated year after year with little change, and no graded course was laid down. There was Itttle opportunity for laboratory work. The new medical educa- tion aims at imparting manual and ocular skill, and cultivating the mental powers of close attention through prolonged investi- gations at close quarters with the facts, and of just reasoning on the evidence. The subjects of instruction are arranged, as at the Harvard medical school, in a carefully graded course, which carries the student forward in an orderly and logical way from year to, year. Laboratory work in anatomy, medical chemistry, physiology, histology, embryology, pathology and bacteriology demands a large part of the student's attention. In clinical teaching, also, the change is great. Formerly a large group of students accompanied a visiting physician on his rounds, and saw what they could under very disadvantageous , conditions. Now instruction has become, in many clinical departments, absolutely individual, the instructor dealing with one student at a time, and personally, showing him how to see, hear, and touch for himself in all sorts of difficult observation and manipulation. Much in- struction is given to small groups of students, three or four at a time — no more than can actually see and touch for themselves. Medical schools and medical students in 1899 In 1899 there were excluding graduate schools 156 medical schools in the United States with 24,119 students. The growth in medical students in 21 years has been 142j^. Of the 156 schools 125 are regular" (21,619 students), 21 homeopathic (1833 students), 7 eclectic (582 students), and 3 physiomedical (85 students). Of the 156 medical schools, 135 hold day. sessions, 5 have even- ing sessions, 9 have both and 7 do not report this item. 74 are departments of colleges or universities, 82 are separate institu- tions. 152 grant degrees. In addition to the undergraduate schools there are 8 graduate medical schools which had in 1898, 624 instructors and 1813 stu- dents of whom 59 were women. In 1899 these schools had 1916 oThe name commonly applied to the traditional school of medicine. Other designations are the " old," " allopathic " or " heteropathic " school. MEDICINE IN TSH UNITED STATES 359 students of whom 73 were women. Nearly half of the students were in the New York schools. The ratio of physicians to population is less than 1 to 600 in the United States while in foreign countries it varies from 1 to about 1100 in the British isles to 1 to about 8500 in Kussia. We are said to have in proportion to our population four times as many physicians as France, five times as many as Germany, six times as many as Italy. There are more medical schools in the United States alone than in countries whose total population is six times as great, and yet few of these medical schools in the United States have endowments corresponding to those so lavishly made to other educational institutions or in any way proportioned to their needs. Fortunately the closing years of this century seem to indicate a change in the attitude of philanthropists toward med- ical schools. In 1897, 14 medical schools reported endowments of $648,262. In 1898, 19 medical schools reported endowments of 11,906,072." In New York the advanced requirements for license have been accompanied by extraordinary growth in the property of medical schools, specially in greater New York. A fine building was erected in 1897 by the fac- ulty of the Bellevue hospital medical college. The College of physicians and surgeons, with the Vanderbilt clinic, doubled in size by the additional gift in 1895 of $350,000, and the Sloane maternity hospital, greatly enlarged in 1897, now make the most complete plant in existence for scientific medical education. The Polhemus memorial clinic has been completed and thoroughly equipped, providing accommodations for the out-patient and med- ical school departments of the Long Island college hospital. In the medical division of the Flower hospital, opened in 1896, the New York homeopathic medical college now gives excellent op- portunity for the study of practical medicine. The New York medical college and hospital for women opened in 1898 its hand- some building in West 101st street. An amount reported at $1,500,000 was given in 1898 to build, equip and endow the new medical department of Cornell university in New York city." Hygiene and state medicine More attention should be paid in the United States to instruc- tion in hygiene and state medicine. In Great Britain no one can be appointed a medical oflScer unless he has a special di- ploma in public health. In this country little opportunity is oFrom 1894 to 1898 the most notable gifts and bequests amounted to $2,631,000 for medical schools and $16,593,701 for hospitals. 6 Our medical school will be splendidly housed and endowed. Any statement beyond this is purely unofficial. — Pres. Schurman, Sep. 27, 1899 360 UNIVERSITY OF THBJ STATE OF NEW YORK afforded for general or special sanitary work on broad lines. This subject is now under discussion and doubtless progressive states will soon provide places where medical officers of health or other persons engaged in sanitary work can obtain practical and scientific training. The scientific investigations which would be made in the laboratories of such schools would be of great value to the public. In Medical edmoation of the future, an essay in Educational re- form which every thoughtful man should read, Pres. Eliot writes : " State medicine has many objects in view. It aims not only to protect the public health, but also to increase it. In state medi- cine individualism is impracticable for it is impossible for the individual to protect himself. The social cooperation, which in our days the state alone can enforce, is needed to promote security against disease and progress toward better average health and longer life. To take all possible precautions against the spread of infectious diseases is simply an act of good citizen- ship. Nothing but medical supervision will accomplish the objects of state medicine; and there are no agents so effective as physicians to spread through all classes of the community an educated sense of sanitary decency. Only the state can guard against dirty milk, corrupted water-supplies, impure ice, adul- terated drugs, spoilt meat and fruit, and filthy and over-crowded tenements. Only the state can enforce the isolation of cases of contagious disease, the suppression of epidemics, and the exclusion of pestilences like cholera and yellow fever. In exer- cising such control the state needs every aid which medical experts in chemistry, bacteriology, and comparative pathology can place at its disposal. The medical profession itself hardly recognizes as yet how great promise there is in the further study of the connections between diseases in animals and in man — connections which smallpox, scarlatina in cows, tuberculosis in men and animals, and diphtheria already illustrate. Not even the state — ^that is, a single state or nation — can deal effectively with such a problem as the suppression of cholera or yellow fever. That is an international problem. The evils which the social and gregarious instincts of men create, by inducing the modern crowding into cities, must be socially remedied; and the most effective force which society can exert to this end is the influence of the highly trained medical officer. Every physician should be a medical philanthropist and missionary, zealous to disseminate knowledge of public hygiene." Present tendencies Dr Bayard Holmes, secretary of the Association of American medical colleges, writes as follows touching present tendenciea in medical education : MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 361 " Two stages of educational development are already manifest in the medical schools of the United states. About half the schools have finished the first stage and are entering on the second, while the remainder are laboring tardily to complete the first. In the first stage of development, from the medieval lectures on the ' seven branches of medicine,' the course of study has been lengthened, some entrance requirements instituted and the number of distinct and separate studies greatly increased. Laboratory and recitation work have been introduced, written examinations have been made frequent, once a month or oftener, and a sort of graded medical school established. In this con- dition are most of the schools that maintain the standard estab- lished by the Association of American medical colleges. Some few schools, however, have already outgrown this system of educational lock-step and are organizing a curriculum adapted to the needs of students of differing tastes or abilities. This curriculum is planned not to instruct but to educate; not from the standpoint of the teacher's convenience, but from that of the student's advantage. The first stage of educational development multiplied the teachers, scattered the energies of the student (in some cases requiring him to go before 10 different professors each week) and dissociated related topics. The second stage of development early introduces the student to the study of the live man, makes continuous clinical study on single cases by each of the students a means of unifying the whole curriculum, and requires thesis work of each student, necessitating on his part clinical, laboratory, experimental and library work on the same subject. This introduces intensity in the place of diffuse- ness; independence in the place of subordination and original investigation in the place of catechism. To assert that the elec- tive method for any large part of the medical curriculum is already established in any considerable number of medical schools, would be misleading, but this is certainly the tendency of the day. The growth of medical libraries in the medical schools, the establishment of thoroughly equipped accessory laboratories, the publication of bulletins and theses and the numerous articles on medical pedagogy written by active medical teachers testify to the intense struggle for the liberation of the medical student and the medical teacher from the iron-clad course of study. When this second stage of development has been realized, the medical schools will do more than furnish quiz classes, preparatory to state board and hospital examinations; they will become fountains of original investigation pouring out every year both well-trained medical men, and large and important contributions to medical science, these contributions produced as a means to a rational education." 362 TJNIVERSITX OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Early legislation The earliest law relating excluslTcly to physicians was passed by Virginia in 1639, but like the later act of 1736 it was designed mainly to regulate their fees. The act of 1736 made concessions to physicians who held university degrees. In only 2 of the 13 colonies were well-considered laws enacted to define the quali- fications of physicians. The general assembly of New York in 1760 decreed that no person should practise as physician or surgeon in the city of New York till examined in physic and surgery and admitted by one of his majesty's council, the judges of the supreme court, the king's attorney-general and the mayor of the city of New York. Such candidates as were approved received certificates conferring the right to practise throughout the whole province, and a penalty of £5 was prescribed for all violations of this law. A similar act was passed by the general assembly of New Jersey in 1772. In 1840 laws had been enacted by the legislatures of nearly all the states to protect citizens from the imposition of quacks. Between 1840 and 1850, however, most of these laws were either repealed or not enforced as a result of the cry that restrictions against unlicensed practitioners were designed only to create a monopoly. Synopsis of present requirements In the following political divisions medical diplomas do not now confer the right to practise medicine, an examination being required in all cases : Alabama Illinois Minnesota Oregon Arizona Indian ter. Mississippi Pennsylvania Connecticut Cherokee nat. Montana South Carolina Delaware Iowa New Hampshire Utah Dist. of Col. Louisiana New Jersey Vermont Florida Maine New York Virginia Georgia Maryland North Carolina Washington Hawaii Massachusetts North Dakota West Virginia Idaho In some tables Texas is classed with the states in which diplomas confer no right to practise, but the Texas laws conflict. The following require for admission to the licensing examina- tion : Alabama, requirements of State medical association Arizona, diploma from recognized medical school Delaware, competent common school education, diploma from legally incorporated medical school District of Columbia, diploma of school authorized by law to confer M.D. degree MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 363 Florida, diploma from recognized medical school Georgia, diploma from legally organized medical school Idaho, diploma from legally chartered medical school Illinois, less than one year of high school work, diploma from approved medical school Indian territory, Cherokee nation, diploma from reputable medical school Iowa, less than one year of high achool work, diploma from recognized medical school Louisiana, fair primary education, diploma of recognized medical school Maryland, common school education, diploma from legally in- corpoi'ated medical school Minnesota, four full courses of lectures at recognized medical school Montana, diploma from legally chartered medical school New Hampshire, full high school course or its equivalent, diploma from regularly organized medical school New Jersey, common school education, diploma from legally incorporated medical school New York, four years' high school course or its equivalent, diploma from registered medical school North Carolina, diploma from medical school in good standing (after Jan. 1, 1900) North Dakota, 3 six months' lecture courses Pennsylvania, common school education, diploma from legally chartered medical school South Carolina, diploma of recognized medical school Utah, diploma from chartered medical school in good standing Vermont, high school course or equivalent and diploma from a U. S. medical school "Virginia, evidence of a preliminary education < The following require the licensing examination only: Connecticut Massachusetts Oregon West Virginia Hawaii Mississippi Washington Maine North Carolina (diploma after 1900) The following require approval of medical diploma by duly qualified boards: California Kentucky Nebraska Ohio South Dakota The following require either approval of medical diploma or examination by state or other duly qualified boards: Arkansas Creek nat. Nevada Ehode Island Colorado Indiana New Mexico Wisconsin Indian ter. Michigan Oklahoma Wyoming Choctaw nat. Missouri Tennessee 364 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATES OF NEW YORK The following requiring either approval of medical diploma or examination, admit to examination on : Arkansas, a good literary education Nevada, five years' practice in the state just prior to act or diploma from a reputable school without the United States Oklahoma, full course of lectures Kansas requires only presentation of diploma or other certifi- cate of qualification to unqualified local ofiflcer Rhode Island approves diplomas of schools that require for matriculation a high school diploma or its equivalent, four reg- ular courses in four different years Alaska has no law. In Cuba, the Philippines" and Puerto Rico* the requirements are in process of transition. The following political divisions have mixed examining boards, that is the boards are composed of representatives of the several schools of medicine : Alabama Kentucky New Jersey South Dakota Arizona Maine New Mexico Tennessee Arkansas Massachusetts North Carolina Texas Colorado Michigan North Dakota Utah Hawaii Minnesota Ohio Virginia Idaho Mississippi Oklahoma Washington Illinois Missouri Oregon West Virginia Indian territory Montana Rhode Island Wisconsin Indiana Nebraska South Carolina Wyoming Iowa Nevada The following have separate examining boards for each recog- nized school of medicine: California Dist. of Ool. Louisiana New York Connecticut Florida Maryland Pennsylvania Delaware Georgia New Hampshire Vermont Alaska and Kansas have no examining boards. James Etjsshll Parsons jr Director College depwrtmervt a The assistant secretary to the military governor In the Philippines writes Sep. 4, 1899, that " the Spanish law as to admission to practise still governs. In general this requires a diploma from a reputable college, school or university of such profession, or in lieu thereof an examination." 6General Davis established Sep. 30, 1899, in Puerto Rico an examining committee for licenses to practise medicine, midwifery and professional nursing. Only those with satisfactory credentials are admitted to the examinations. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 365 PROFESSIONAL REQUIREMENTS Statements gleaned from cataloguesi and reports were sub- mitted to the executive officer of each school for correction. The statistics are based on this corrected information supplemented, when the statement was defective or not returned, by facts from the catalogues of the current year, the preceding year, or the U. S. education report for 1897-98. The following information is given as uniformly as possible and revised to the close of December 1899 Statistics Summaries for the United States Number of schools Session's opening and closing Matriculates, graduates Fees: matriculation, course, additional Faculty: professors, lecturers, others Total property, receipts, expenditures Schools: distribution, admission, sessions, relations, course ' Statistical tables Summaries by states Number of schools Graduate schools Instructors, matriculates Undergraduate schools Session's opening and closing Matriculates and graduates Fees: matriculation, course, additional Faculty: professors, lecturers, others Total property, receipts, expenditures Institutions by states Location, executive oflBcer, address Session's opening and closing, matriculates, graduates Admission to course, to advanced standing Graduation, age, character, coursei Course: length, fees, subjects Faculty: professors, lecturers, others Total property, receipts, expenditures History, organization, first class, subsequent classes, titles Eecognition accorded by the American institute of homeopathy Association of American medical colleges Illinois state board of health National confederation of eclectic medical colleges Southern medical college association University of the State of New York 366 TJNIVERSITT OF THE STATD OF NEW YORK Associations Organization Purpose Membership Recognition Items marked a are from the previous year and inserted from lack of definite information for the current year. Those marked 6 are from the V. S. education report for 1897-98. When & follows a title it covers all the information concerning the school. A 7 indicates that the fact is unknown, o that there is nothing to report, . . . that the fact is confi- dential or not given. Other abbreviations used in statistics will be found in full among the statements. The length of session in the second paragraph of the statements of each school excludes vacations with the few exceptions indicated. The population is taken uniformly from the last official statistics, the Census report, 3890; an official estimate for the year 1899 follows in curves. UNITED STATES Schools : regular 122, homeopathic 21, eclectic 7, physiomedioal 3, graduate 10, nongraduate 3, total 166. GRADUATE SCHOOLS Of the 10 graduate schools, 3 are in Illinois, 1 in Louisiana, 4 in New York"' and 2 in Pennsylvania. Matriculates 1897-98, 1894; 1898-99, 1969, increase 75 Faculty: professors 300, special 381, total 681. ' UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS Session opens about first of O, closes about first of My. Matriculates 1897-98, 24,043; graduates 1897-98, 5725; matricu- lates 1898-99, 24,119. Fees: matriculation in 120 schools $1271, average $10.59; course in 153 schools |12,607, average |82.39; additional in 131 schools 16382, average $48.71. Faculty: professors 2842, lecturers 596, others 2297, total 5735. Total property of 126 schools $15,346,030, average $137,667; receipts of 111 schools $2,185,216, average $19,687; expenditures of 111 schools $2,022,503, average $18,221. TOTALS Matriculates 1897-98, 25,937; graduates 1897-98, 5725; matricn- lates 1898-99, 26,088. Faculty: professors 3142, lecturers 596, others 2678, total 6416. wSee footnote e (p. 367). MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 367 Of the 55 political divisions in the United States, including Cuba"', the Philippines"' and Puerto Rico, 21 report no medical schools, viz: South Dakota Utah Washington West Virginia Wyoming Alaska Indian territory New Mexico Arizona Mississippi North Dakota Delaware Montana Oklahoma Florida Nevada Puerto Rico Hawaii New Jersey Rhode Island Idaho Of the 156 medical schools in the 34 political division, 80 admit both men and women ; 69 admit men only ; 7 admit women only; 135 hold day sessions; 5 have night sessions; 9 have both, and 7 are unknown; 152 grant degrees; 74 are departments of universities or colleges; 120 have a matriculation fee, 153 a course fee and 131 other fees; 1" requires a college degree for admission, 12 a four years' high school course, 3 a three years', 12 a two years', 97 a one year's, 29 a common school and 2 are not given; 6 have a nine to 10 months' course, 21 an eight to nine, 45 a seven to eight and 84 less than seven, the average 7 months; 141 maintain a four years' course, 10 a three, 2 a two, 2 a one and 1 unknown. i I ; STATISTICS OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOLS INSTITUTION Title Chicago ophthalmic Chicago polyclinic Chicas^o postgraduate New Orleans polyclinic New York Ophthalmic 2 New York polyclinic New York postgraduate New York ech. clinical med.z Philadelphia polyclinic Philadelphia postgraduate Totals BT STATES Illinois lionisiana New York Pennaylvania INSTEUOTOBS 37 19 7 88 121 24 43 2 381 6 76 88 31 22 131 178 35 74 40 681 MATEICULATES 1897-98 112 14S 238 74 11 287 603 70 122 273 1835 59 118 150 244 74 11 293 523 70 138 273 1898-99 120 172 287 301 496 44 111 270 1894 1890 5 3 14 1 1 14 28 5 8 93 77 170 495 17 512 579 22 12 19 31 74 74 8fi 1 126 240 366 871 26 897 8U 48 69 45 114 395 16 411 381 8 125 175 301 87 4 315 524 49 119 270 1969 601 87 892 389 wThe medical department, University of Havana not included. icThe medical department, Univ. of Santo Tomas, Manila, not included. yJohns Hopkins, Harvard also after 1901. »Not included among total statistics of the introduction. 368 TIHIVEKSITT OF THE STATE OF NEW TOKK STATISTICAL TABLES No. 15 Alabama Birmingham medical college. Med. college, MoDtezuma univ. b Med. dep't, Alabama nniv . . TITLE OF INSTITUTION Alasia has no school Arizona has no school ArJcanaas Med. dep't, Arkansas nnlT.. California California medical college Col of med dep't Univ. s. Cal.. Cooper medical college Hahnemann hospital college . .. Med. dep't, Col. of phy andaurg, Med. dep't, Univ. of California. Colorado Denver homeopathic med. col Medical dep't, Eocky Mt nniv Medical dep't, Univ. of Colorado Medical dep't, Univ. of Denver Denver POSTOFFICE Birmingham.. Bessemer Mobile Little Eock... San Francisco. Los Angeles... San Francisco. Denver . , Bonlder Connecticut Medical dep't, Yale university . Cuba Medical dep't, Univ. of Havana Delaware has no school District of Colv/mbia Army medical school b Medical dep't, Columbian aniv Medical dep't, Georgetown univ Medical dep't, Howard univ.. Medical dep't, National univ. Florida has no school Georgia Atlanta college phys. and surg Georgia col. of eel. med. andsur. Med. dep't, Univ. of Georgia. . . Hawaii no school reported Idaho has no school Illinois American med. missionary col. Bennett col. of eel. med. and sur. Chicago homeopathic med. col. Chicago phyeiomedical college College of medicine and surg. . Dunham medical college Hahnemann med. col. and hosp New Haven . Havana Washington . . Atlanta. Augusta 1894 Reg . 1896 Reg 1859 Eeg . 1879 1879 Reg Eel . 1885 Eeg . 1869 Reg . 18831 Horn 1896 Keg - 1863 Eeg . 1891 1887 1883 Horn Eeg . Reg . 1881 Eeg 1812 1721 1893 1821 1860 186 1884 Reg 1854 1839 1829 Chicago. Eeg , Reg Reg , Eeg . Reg 1895 1868 1876 1859 1897 1895 1859 Both Men . Men . Men Men . Both. Botb. Both Both. Both. Eeg Ecf. Reg Both. Roih. Both. Both Men 1 Men . Men . Men . Both. Both Men . Both Men 3 O 98 Extinct 10 O 98 3 Ap99 f 98 10 Ap 99 17 O 3 O 98 19 98 3 Ja99 6 98 3 O 98 1 S 98 15 Apl 2 My 99 14 Je "" 22 As 4 My 12 Jl 99 29 Ap 7 O 98 6 S 6 S 98 20 S 98 d 6 O 98 ! 1 O 99 1 N 97 3 O 98 3 O 98 30 S 3 O 98 Reg ... Eel.... Hom... P..med P.-med Hom... Horn.., Both. Both. Both. Both. Men . Both. Both. 5 98 4 98 1 O 98 dl9 .a a t 14 Ap 99 25 Ap "" 3 Je 99 25 Ap 28 Je 99 1 1 Ap 31 My 15 My 12 My 99 20 My 99 3 Ap 1 Ap99 1 Ap — 20 S 98 13 S 98 20 S i7 S 14 S 13 S 98 27 Je 9 My 99 21 Mr 99 M Ap 26 Ap 6 Ap 23 Mr ■74 7 7 5i ?i 7 7 Si X From Minerva Jahrbnoh der MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 369 MEDICAL SCHOOLS COUESB PEES 1898-99 STUDENTS FAOnLTT 1898-99 FINAHCIAL TOTAUB 1897-98 1 1 13 I 1 > ■a 1 ttt ■3=? loo «ico 5" li £ O w i o 1 O 3 o ■5 1 No. 4 01 02 $15 16 $50 90 75 $50 30 66 81 10 124 9 3 26 98 141 12 10 10 3 6 9 2 13 24 12 29 1 » ?, 4 a $30 $216 $146 215 38 239 32 9 24 65 4 98 $5 $50 $57 104 19 108 14 5 19 $16 000 $7 251 $4 301 i 4 4 4 4 4 4 98 96 98 98 99 97 $5 6 5 5 5 $75 130 100 75 75 loo $75 50 45 40 45 45 60 93 187 20 93 126 6 13 47 2 16 20 66 88 1611 19 91 163 14 23 15 16 16 20 6 1 7 9 1 6 7 16 3 12 32 26 80 31 26 37 63 $25 000 35 OOO 600 000 25 000 50 UtO 150 000 $4 499 8 660 20 017 1 600 10 UOO 12 426 $4 113 7 035 18 425 1 500 10 000 7 816 6 6 7 8 9 10 $30 $566 $300 679 104 576 104 24 75 203 $786 000 $57 102 $48 889 4 4 98 98 99 98 $5 6 $100 75 40 75 $5 49 42 78 29 66 13 26 12 50 85 60 68 17 28 15 38 8 2 4 12 18 3 11 29 54 20 63 $32 oon 15 000 15 000 20 000 $8 500 $6 000 11 12 4 4 6 500 5 000 6 500 5 000 13 14 $10 $290 $54 214 51 253 98 14 44 156 $82 000 $20 000 $17 600 4 98 $5 $138 $50 122 31 109 10 2 25 37 $105 326 $22 949 $22 949 15 ? 1 ! ! ) « ! 99-00 98 98 11 ? ? 98 11 1 95 95 95 97 $5 5 $110 100 60 100 10 209 96 111 48 24 17 32 13 olO 214 88 lie 34 4 28 30 15 27 1 1 5 25 29 7 9 9 53 60 23 36 16 $150 000 50 000 250 000 30 000 $25 000 $25 000 17 18 9 000 9 000 19 20 $10 $370 474 86 460 104 2 75 181 $480 OOU $34 000 $34 000 3 95 95 1 $30 20 $100 70 76 $30 25 60 225 61 186 61 14 30 214 60 175 13 11 10 5 I 8 27 12 18 $50 000 25 000 36 000 $20 700 $20 000 21 22 4 , 14 000 6 000 23 $50 $245 $U5 471 105 449 34 5 18 57 $110 600 $34 700 $26 000 1 98 98 00 9 99 97 $5 5 5 5 20 $100 100 65 50 70 100 65 $105 15 25 100 99 126 182 31 42 40 177 43 30 7 6 28 96 126 156 25 21 60 198 14 25 27 27 26 39 24 7 4 13 8 13 ] 13 20 2 20 11 22 42 60 29 54 39 48 $30 000 25 000 125 000 15 000 $6 420 10 000 16 000 2 500 $6 054 10 000 15 000 2 500 24 25 26 27 28 50 OOO 191 000 4 500 37 000 4 300 39 OOU 29 30 gelebiten welt, Triibaer, Straasbiirg, for 1897-93 and from cablegram. 370 TJNIVEESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKE STATISTICAL TABLES ^ SESSION TITLE OF INSTITUTION POSTOFFICE 1 1 No. .1 a) .si ■g S to „ ID s & 1 N fi m w o w hj Illinois (continued) 31 Harvey medical college Hfring medical col. of Chicago. Chicago 1891 Eeg Both. n IS S 98 24 Je 9! 9 81! " ........ 1892 Hom Both. d 8 S 98 10 Ap 9! H ■ii Illinois medical college '* .,_. 1894 Eeg Both. d lMr99 31 Ag 91 6 34 Jenner medical col. of Chicago *' 1892 Reg Both. n 5 S 98 22 Je 9! H 3b. Medical dep't, Illinois univ u 18Si Eeg Both. d 20 S 98 19 Ap 9! 7 ■M Med. dep't, Northwestern univ. National medical college 11 is.ig Eeg Men. d 4 98 IS Je 99 8 37 " 1891 Hom Both. d 12 S 98 30 Mr 99 fH 38 Northwestern univ. med sch.. " 1870 Reg Wom. d 5 98 15 Je 9S 8 34 £ush medical college 1842 Eeg Men. d 27 S 98 25 My 99 g Indian territory has no school Indiana 40 Central col. of phys. and surg Indianapolis... 1879 Reg Both. d 15 S 98 23 Mr 99 6 41 Fort Wayne college of med. . . . Fort Wayne . . . 1879 Reg Both. d 20 S 98 20 Mr 99 6^ 42 Medical coUege of Indiana Indianapolis . . . 1868 Eeg Both. d 27 S 98 29 Mr 99 6^ 43 Physio-med. college of Indiana. Iowa 1873 P.-med Both. d 20 S 98 22 My 99 55 44 Keokuk medical college Keokuk 1890 Eeg Both. b 20 S 93 21 Mr 99 fl 4b Medical dep't, Drake univ Des Moines 1882 Reg Both. d 12 S 98 5 Ap9g H 46 Med. dep't, State univ. of Iowa Iowa City 1877 Hom Both. d 14 S 98 28 Mr 99 6 47 Med. dep't, State univ. of Iowa " 1870 Eeg Both. d 13 S 98 29 Mr 99 6 48 Sioux City college of medicine. . Kansait Sioux City 1890 Eeg Both. d 14 S 98 5 Ap99 6i ■ft Kansas medical college Topeka Kansas City . . . 1889 Eeg Eel Both d 13 S 98 24 Mr 99 6 50 Med. dept, Kansas City univ.. 1894 Both. d 14 S 98 28 Mr 99 6 SI Prep. med. course, Kan. nniv.. Kentucky Kentucky school of medicine. .. Lawrence Louisville 1880 Eeg Men. d 6 S 98 7 Je 99 9 52 1817 Reg Men. h 3 Ja99 3 Jl 99 6 53 Louisville medical college » 1869 Eeg Men. d 26 S 98 28 Mr 99 6 64 Louisville national med. coll .. ** ..... 1888 Eeg Both. J 11 98 11 Mr 99 fi 55 Med, dep't, Central univ. of Ken (( 1873 Eeg Men. b 2 Ja99 29 Je 99 6 56 Medical dep't, Kentucky univ. . " 1898 Eeg Men. 1 2 Ja99 30 Je 99 fi 57 Medical dep't, Louisvilfeuniv.. " 1837 Eeg Men. b 26 S 98 27 Mr 99 6 68 Southwestern hom. med. coll. . . Louisiana 1892 Hom Both. d 28 S 98 1 Ap99 6 59 Med. dep't. New Orleans univ.. New Orleans... 1889 aeg Both. d 2 S 98 10 F 99 5 60 Med. dep't, Tulaneuniv. of La.. Maine ■ 1834 Eeg Both. d 10 N 98 3 Mr 99 6 61 Medical dep't, Bowdoin col Bninswick 1820 Beg Siten. d 5 Ja99 21 Je 99 6 ea Portland school of med. inst Maryland Baltimore medical college Portland Baltimore 1868 Eeg Men. d 6J1 98 21 D 98 5i 63 1881 Eeg Men. d 29 S 98 15 Ap 99 ei 64 BaltiTnore univ. school of med.. *' 1884 Eeg Uen. d 1 98 15 Ap 99 6 65 College of physicians and surg. " 1872 Eeg Men. d 1 98 31 Mr 99 5J 66 Maryland med. col of Baltimore " 1898 Eeg Men. d 20 S 98 20 My 99 7i 67 Med. dep't, Johns Hopkins univ " 1893 Reg Both. d 1 98 13 Je 99 8 68 School of med., Univ. of Md " ..... 1807 Eeg Men. d 3 98 20 Ap 99 S MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 371 MEDICAL SCHOOLS [continued) COUBEE FEES 1898-99 STCDENTS FAC0LTT 1898-99 FINANCIAL TOTALS 1897-98 1 1 s bC -4 43 ■■a IS < DO s ■Si Is a) °» tnOO r 1 1 B 1 g O 1 1 S a i s No. 90 96 98 99 97 91 99 98 97 $5 20 5 20 5 5 5 5 $100 100 100 80 105 135 65 75 130 $25 10 10 65 25 10 35 80 191 52 76 81 408 358 114 98 638 11 14 26 13 106 84 15 24 67 250 46 80 75 506 302 136 79 919 60 24 24 27 43 38 39 28 2] 11 1 1 7 22 2 3 18 9 28 58 5 19 60 50 38 43 37 78 96 66 49 81 $50 000 $14 500 $14 000 31 32 7 500 1 000 "260 000 20 000 86 000 268 813 7 500 7 000 8 000 6 000 33 34 35 40 000 7 000 6 954 83 737 $246 111 $5 500 3 500 18 000 34 oon 6 800 12 186 81 198 36 37 38 39 4 4 4 4 98 99 98 98 $110 $5 5 SO $1440 $40 70 70 60 $495 $46 39 52 2711 101 31 188 51 474 34 13 81 23 3065 82 28 156 39 476 22 21 21 17 89 4 4 7 6 267 15 1 16 8 832 41 26 44 31 $1069 313 $15 000 10 000 75 000 20 000 $242 037 $5 000 3 000 10 000 40 41 42 43 4 4 4 4 4 98 98 98 99 98 $30 $20 5 5 $240 $36 45 65 65 48 $137 $12 95 6 8 26 371 339 58 62 200 34 161 123 21 8 60 12 306 287 66 64 182 42 81 13 16 5 12 13 21 3 5 2 4 40 2 1 5 6 1 142 18 22 10 20 18 $120 UOO $25 000 5 000 ino 210 000 16 000 $27 000 $12 390 8 365 luded be 30 320 $18 000 $7 000 3 300 low 46 145 44 46 46 47 48 3 1 ? 98 $30 $5 5 $259 $20 67 $146 $50 5 693 85 70 214 18 24 631 102 52 18 59 21 26 9 14 8 6 16 4 9 88 33 ■ 41 9 $266 000 $46 075 $56 445 49 3 1 $2 500 100 000 $2 000 $2 000 18 000 50 51 4 98 98 99 98 99 98 98 95 02 $10 $20 20 16 5 5 20 5 $87 $75 75 25 75 75 75 75 $56 $80 89 92 85 95 106 155 333 180 41 427 202 29 42 135 73 5 130 86 13 172 173 100 ail 467 65 140 25 56 1) 11 11 11 12 10 20 14 5 1 1 1 4 13 15 15 26 6 14 83 31 27 11 37 18 26 24 $102 500 $2 000 $20 000 4 4 $150 000 $20 000 $20 000 63 64 4 4 75 000 30 000 100 000 2 000 50 000 25 000 55 66 4 57 4 1 975 1 765 $46 765 $1 300 58 4 4 $91 $15 $175 $30 120 $547 $28 00 1212 17 321 442 6 86 1011 22 366 86 9 ~7 12 7 75 13 173 9 27 $357 000 $20 000 200 000 $71 976 $1 300 59 60 4 02 ? 98 00 97 98 1 97 $15 $15 $150 $69 50 $118 $33 338 126 27 91 33 388 130 41 16 13 12 7 13 5 4 36 18 16 $220 000 $10 000 $1 300 $10 443 1 771 $1 300 $2 075 1 756 61 62 4 4 4 $15 $20 20 15 20 $119 $90 50 100 60 200 100 $33 $70 30 75 38 70 153 400 195 249 227 253 33 147 102 36 22 33 171 334 130 262 73 198 273 26 18 11 13 17 12 23 8 10 2 4 7 9 28 5 22 13 36 11 34 64 26 35 32 52 41 $10 000 $300 000 36 COO $12 214 $70 000 16 000 $3 831 $65 000 13 000 63 64 65 3 25 000 66 4 ;::;;:::::::: 1 67 4 25666 27 000 26 500 1 68 372 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW TOEK STATISTICAI^ TABLES No. TITLE OF IJf STITTTTION POSTOFFICE o 70 100 101 102 103 Maryland (continued) Southern homeopathio med ool . "W Oman's med. col. of Baltimore MasnachuBette College of physicians and snrg. Medical schO"!, Harvard unlv. School of medicine, Boston nniv. Tuits college medical school... Baltimore.. 1890 1882 Horn Eeg . Boston. 1880 1782 1873 1893 Ees . Eeg.. Horn Eeg . Michigan Dep't med and snrg. Mich, tiniv Ann Arbor. Detroit college of medicine. ... Detroit Horn med sch. Michigan nniv Ann Arbor... Med dep't, Gr. Eapids med. col G-randEapids. Michigan col. of med. and snrg. Detroit Saginaw Valley med. ool Saginaw Minnesota Col. horn. med. and surg Minn. a. Col. of med. and snrg. Minn. u. Med. dep't, Hamline nniv MiesisHppi has no school Missouri American medical college Barnes medical college Beaumont hospital med. col Central medical college Enswortb medical college Uom. med. col. of Misaonri . . . Kansas City bom. med. col Kansas City med. college Kan. City u. col. bom. med. snrg. Marion Sims college of med Med. dep't, Washincton nniv.. Medico-cbirurgioal college Missouri medical college St Louis col. of phys. and surg. Univ. med. col. of Kansas City. Woman's medical college Montana has no school Nebraska Med . dep't Cotn er univ Med. dep't. Creigbton univ... Med. dep't Omaha university. Nevada has no school New Hampshire Dartmouth medical college. 1850 Reg . 1868 Eeg . 1875 Hom 1?97 Eeg . 1888 1806 Minneapolis . St Louis . » II 1878 1883 St Joseph. St Louis Kansas City St Louis . Kansas City St Louis Kansas City. Lincoln Omaha 1873 1892 1886 18^4 1876 1857 1888 1869 1896 189U 1841 1897 1840 1869 1881 1895 Eeg Keg Hom Eeg . Eeg . 1890 1892 1880 Eel. Eeg Eeg Hanover Both. Worn, 3 O 98 3 O 18 Ap 18 My 99 Both. Men . Both. Both. 21 S 29 S 6 O 98 21 S 21 Je ■iH Je 7 Je 99 31 My 99 Both. Men . Both. Both. Both. Both. 27 S 98 28 S 27 S 19 S 98 23 5 98 21 S 98 Je 99 10 Je 99 22 Je 99 2 My 99 28 Mi- 99 18 My 99 Both. Both. Botb. 20 S 98 20 S 98 3 O 98 1 Je 99 1 Je 99 8 Je Bel. Eeg Eeg Eeg, Eeg Hom Hom Eeg Hom Eeg Keg Eeg Eeg Eeg Eeg Eeg Both- Men . Men . Men . Both. Both. Both. Men . Both. Men . Men . Men . en . Men . Men . Wom. 19 S 26 S 20 S 1 S 19 S 1 u s 13 S 14 S 4 O 22 S U S •m s 27 S 12 S 27 S 98 98 9 My 99 12 Ap 99 20 Ap 99 1 Mr 99 15 Mr 99 LO Ap 99 23 Mr 99 24 Mr 99 21 Mr 99 20 Ap 99 27 Ap " 15 Ap 18 Ap99 26 Ap 99 20 Mr 99 6 Ap99 Both. Both. Both. dl6 S d 4 O d27 S 1797 Keg 16 Mr 99 4 My 99 21 Ap 99 8i 8 84 8i 6 7i 7i 7i «i 6i 6 6 6 6 6 7 6i 6i 64 5i 6 5i 6i Men . d 13 Jl 98 28 F 99 7 MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 373 MEDICAL SCHOOLS (eontinued) COURSE FEES 1898-99 STUDENTS FACDLTT 1898-99 FINANCIAL TOTALS 1897-98 EIiAWAStB Administrative. The medical council of Delaware, the chief justice and presidents of the examining boards, administer the law through the state and homeopathic examining boards, each composed of five members appointed by the governor from nom- inees recommended by the two medical societies. Executive oflScer, secretary of medical council. Eegistration of the cer- tificates from the council in the oflSce of the clerk of the peace in any county. Preliminary. The applicant must give evidence of a competent common school education. Professional. The candidate must present a diploma showing four years' study, including three regular courses of lectures in different years in a legally incorporated medical school. Licensing. The council on the recommendation of a board grants a certificate on which the clerk of the peace issues under MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 519 seal a license to practise. The board conducts examinations, and reports results to the council for certification. The candi- date must pass in anatomy, physiology, hygiene, chemistry, sur- gery, obstetrics, pathology, diagnosis, therapeutics, practice of medicine and materia medica; must give evidence of being more than 21 years of age, of good moral character. The council on recommendation of both boards recognizes the certificate of another state. Fee $10. DISTRICT OF COIiTTlffiBIA Administrative. A board of supervisors consisting of the presidents of the boards of examiners and two persons not physi- cians, appointed by the commissioners of the District, adminis- ters the law through the regular, homeopathic and eclectic ex- amining boards of five physicians each, appointed by the com- missioners from nominees recommended by the three societies. Executive officer, secretary of the board of supervisors. Regis- tration of license from board of supervisors in the office of the clerk of the supreme court and in the health office of the District. Fee 50c. Professional The candidate for examination must present a diploma showing, if issued subsequent to June 30, 1898, that he has studied medicine and surgery not less than four years in a school authorized by law to confer the degree of M. D. Licensing. The board of supervisors certifies that the licensee has given satisfactory evidence of age, character, medical education and all other matters required by law. The examinations are prepared from questions submitted to the board of supervisors by the examining boards, which mark the answers and report the results to the board of supervisors. Each candidate must pass in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathol- ogy, hygiene, histology, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, dis- eases of the eye and ear, materia medica, therapeutics, practice of medicine, jurisprudence and such other branches as said board of supervisors may direct; must give evidence that he is over 21 years of age and is of good moral character. Fee $10. FLORIDA Administrative. A board of examiners in each judicial dis- trict, of three physicians recognized by the American associa- tion; a state homeopathic board of three physicians recognized by the American institute; a state eclectic board of three gradu- ate eclectic physicians, each board appointed by the governor. Executive officer, secretary of the board. Eegistration of the certificate from a board in the office of the clerk of the circuit court. Legal fee for recording. Preliminary homeopathic 520 DNIVBESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK board, (see requirements of American institute p. 484). Pro- fessional. The applicant to a district board must produce his diploma from a recognized school; to a homeopathic board, a diploma from a school recognized by the American institute; to an eclectic board, a certificate of graduation from an eclectic school. A practitioner of good moral character having 15 years' successful practice in the state may be examined by the board of any judicial district in any recognized school the applicant may elect. Licensing. Each board issues a certificate of qualifica- tion to its applicant on examination. The applicant to a district board must pass in anatomy, physiology, surgery, gynecology, therapeutics, obstetrics and chemistry; applicant to a state board in addition materia medica. Fee GEORGIA Administrative. Three boards of examiners of five members each appointed by the governor from the regular, eclectic and homeopathic schools. Executive offlcer, secretary. Eegistration of certificate from board in the office of the clerk of the superior court of the county. Fee 50c. Professional. The candidate must present a diploma from a legally incorporated medical school showing, subsequent to Ap. 1, 1895, that he has pursued three full courses of six months each. Licensing. Each board examines and grants certificates to its own candidates. Fee |10. HAWAII Administrative. The board of health administers the law through a board of examiners of three licensed physicians ap- pointed by the minister of the interior. Executive officer, chief clerk of the interior department. Licensing. The minister of the interior on recommendation of the board of health issues a license. The applicant must pass a satisfactory examination be- fore the examining board which certifies the results to the board of health. Fee |10. IDAHO Administrative. An examining board of six graduate physi- cians of good moral repute representing the three schools of medicine, no school in the majority, appointed by the governor. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of the license in the office of the county recorder. Fee not given. Professional. The candidate for examination must present a diploma from a legally chartered medical school in good standing. Licensing. The board grants licenses on examination. The candidate must pass a written examination in anatomy, physiology, pathology, diag- MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 521 nosis, hygiene, chemistry, histology, toxicology; must giTe evi- dence that he is a citizen of the United States and of good moral character. A resident legal practitioner, prior to March 1899, may be licensed without examination. Fee for examinees |25, for practitioners $5. ILLINOIS Administrative. The state board of health administers the law. Executive offlcer, secretary. Eegistration of the certificate in a county clerk's office. Legal fee for recording. Preliminary (see p. 486). Professional (see p. 501). Licensing. The board grants certificates on examination. The applicant who desires to practise medicine and surgery in all their branches must give proof that he is a graduate of a school approved by the board, and must submit to an examination in those general subjects re- quired for the degree of doctor of medicine by reputable medical schools in the United States. The applicant desiring to practise any other system or science of treating human ailments can not use medicine internally or externally or perform surgical opera- tions, and must pass an examination sufficiently strict to test his qualiflcartioms as a practitioner. Graduates of legally chartered schools in Illinois approved by the board may be granted cer- tificates without examination (inoperative, see p. 501). Fee for examination $10, certificate |5. INDIAN TEREITOKY MUSKOGEE OR OEEEK NATION. Administrative. A board of three graduate physicians, citizens of or intermarried in the Muskogee nation, appointed by the principal chief. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of the diploma with the board. Fee $5. Licensing. The board grants a certificate to the holder of an authentic diploma; a nongraduate must submit to an examination and give proof of good moral character. Fee $25. CHEROKEE NATION. Administrative. A board of examiners for each supreme judicial district, composed of three graduate physicians, citizens of the Cherokee nation, appointed by the principal chief. Executive officer, president of the board. Pro- fessional. The candidate must present a diploma from a reput- able school. Licensing. The board grants certificates upon ex- amination. Fee flO. CHOCTAW NATION. Administrative. A board of three grad- uate physicians, citizens of the Choctaw nation, appointed by the principal chief. Licensing. The board grants a certificate to the holder of a satisfactory diploma; a nongraduate must submit to an examination and give proof of good moral character. Fee |25. 522 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK UHBIANA. Administrative. A state board of medical registration and examination appointed by the governor, composed of five reput- nble physicians, no school having a majority and no more than three of the same political party. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of certificate in office of county clerk who issues the license. Fee 50c. Professional {see p. 503). Licensing. The board grants a certificate to the applicant that gives satis- factory proof of diploma from a recognized school, to the appli- cant, on examination, that presents a diploma from an unrecog- nized school. Fee for graduates |10, for examinees $25. IOWA Administrative. The physicians of the state board of health constitute a state board of examiners. Executive officer, sec- retary of the board of health, also secretary of the examining board. Registration of certificate in office of the county re- corder. Fee 50c. Preliminary (see p. 503). Professional. The candidate must present a diploma from a recognized school, giv- ing evidence of four full courses of study of not less than 26 weeks each, no two of which shall have been in any one year. Licensing. The board grants a certificate on examination. Each candidate must pass an examination in anatomy, physiology, general chemistry, pathology, surgery and obstetrics, materia medica, therapeutics, the principles and practice of medicine. Fee |20. KATfSAS Administrative. Practically no administrative body. Pro- fessional. A practitioner must have attended two full courses of instruction and graduated in some respectable medical school either of the United States or some foreign country, or produce a certificate of qualification from some state or county society, with evidence of good moral character. Licensing. No legal requirements or registration. KENTUCKY Administrative. The state board of health. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of certificate from the board in a county clerk's office. Fee 50c. Licensing. The board grants certifi- cates to graduates of legally chartered state schools; to gradu- ates of legally chartered schools of other states, indorsed by the board; to practitioners prior to February 1864; to practi- tioners prior to February 1884 that have passed examination. Fee $2. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 523 XOXXISIAJIiA Administrative. Two boards of examiners of five members each appointed by the governor from nominees recommended by the Louisiana and Hahnemann state medical societies. Ex- ecutive offlcer, secretary. Registration of the certificate in the office of the clerli of the district court. Fee $1. Preliminary. The candidate must give evidence of a fair primary education. Professional. The candidate for examination must present a diploma from a school recognized by the board. Licensing. Each board issues certificates to its applicant on examination. The applicant must pass an examination in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, principles of medicine, obstetrics, physical diagnosis, surgery, materia medica, hygiene; must give evidence that he is 21 years of age, is of good moral character. Fee for examina- tion $10, for certificate |1. MLAIITE Administrative. A board of registration composed of six graduate physicians appointed by the governor. Executive ofl5- cer, secretary. Registration of certificate by the board. Fee not given. Professional. The applicant must possess a reason- able amount of average knowledge in the branches of the science he desires to practise. Licensing. The board grants certifi- cates on examination. The applicant must pass in anatomy, physiology, pathology, materia medica, therapeutics, surgery, the principles and practice of medicine, obstetrics or such other branches as the board may determine; must give evidence that he is more than 21 years of age, is of good moral character. Fee for examination $10, for certificate $2. ■lvrA-R .VT.ATim Administrative. Two boards of examiners of seven physi- cians each, one appointed by the Medical and chirurgical faculty, one by the State homeopathic society. Executive offlcer, secre- tary. Registration of license in the office of the clerk of the circuit court. Fee f 1. > Preliminary. The candidate must pos- sess a competent common school education. Professional. The candidate for examination must give evidence that he has re- ceived the degree of doctor of medicine from a legally incor- porated school, or a diploma or license conferring full rights to practise medicine in some foreign country; that he has studied medicine not less than three years and attended three courses of lectures in different years in a legally incorporated school. Licensing. The president certifies to the examining board that the licensee has given satisfactory evidence of age, character, preliminary and medical education and all other matters required 524 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK by law. The board issues a certificate on examination. The candidate must pass in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, sur- gery, obstetrics, gynecology, pathology, jurisprudence, hygiene, materia medica, therapeutics; must be more than 21 years of age, of good moral character. Practitioners from states having equal requirements may in the discretion of the board be given a special examination. Fee |10. MASSACHXTSETTS Administrative. A board of registration of seven graduate physicians appointed by the governor. Executive oflScer, secre- tary. Registration of certificate by the board. Fee not given. Licensing. The board issues certificates to practitioners and examinees. Practitioners must be graduates of legally chartered schools, with 10 years' practice in the commonwealth next prior to the passage of the act; must be more than 60 years of age, of good moral character. Examinees must pass in anatomy, surgery, physiology, obstetrics and practice of medicine; must be more than 21 years of age, of good moral character. Fee for examination |20, for certificate |1. TSXCBJiCtAlU Administrative. A board of registration appointed by the governor on recommendation of the state medical societies, con- sisting of five regular, two homeopathic, two eclectic, one phy- siomedical graduate, practising physicians. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of certificate with the county clerk. Fee 50o. Licensing. The board grants certificates to legal resident practitioners at the time of the passage of this act, to licentiates, examinees and graduates. A licentiate must present a certificate from another state or country having equal require- ments and granting reciprocal privileges. An examinee must pass on an average of 75^, an examination in anatomy, physiol- ogy, chemistry, pathology, therapeutics, toxicology, histology, hygiene, public health laws of Michigan, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, diseases of the eye and ear, bac- teriology, medical jurisprudence. A graduate must present a diploma from a regularly incorporated, reputable college ap- proved by the board and having a course of at least 24 months. Applicants must be 21 years of age, of good moral character. Fee for practitioners |1, foreign licentiates $25; examinees, gradu- ates and licentiates from other states MrNlTESOTA Administrative. A board of examiners appointed by the gov- ernor, of nine members, three of whom are homeopathic physi- cians. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of certificate MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 525 with the clerk of a district court of the county. Fee not given. Professional. The applicant must present evidence of attend- ance on four full courses of lectures at a school recognized by the board, of at least 26 v^^eeks each, no two being in the same year. Licensing. The board grants a certificate on ex- amination. The applicant must pass in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, preventive medicine, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women and children, of the nervous system, of the eye and ear, jurisprudence and such other branches as the board deems ad- visable. Fee nvnsisissippi Administrative. The state board of health administers the law. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of license from the board with the clerk of a circuit court. Usual legal fee. Licensing. The board issues a license on examination. The candidate must pass in anatomy, chemistry, obstetrics, materia medica, physiology, pathology, surgery and hygiene; must state his name and address, his nativity and age, time spent in study, the name and address of his preceptor, courses of lectures and name of school attended, of what school a graduate, time spent in hospital and in practice, system of practice, reference as to personal character. Fee $10.25. miSSOTJIM Administrative. The state board of health administers the law. Executive officer, secretary. Eegistration of the certifi- cate with a clerk of the county, in St Louis with the city register or health commissioner. Usual fee for recording. Licensing. The board issues certificates to applicants that furnish satis- factory proof of diploma or license from a legally chartered school. The nongraduate applicant must submit to such ex- amination as the board requires. Fee if diploma is genuine |1, if fraudulent $20, for examination |20. MOHTAITA Administrative. A board of examiners appointed by the gov- ernor, composed of seven graduate physicians. Executive officer, secretary. Eegistration of certificate from the board with the clerk of the county. Usual fee for recording. Professional. The applicant must present a diploma from a legally chartered school showing attendance on four courses of lectures of at least six months each. Licensing. The board grants certificates on examination. The candidate must pass in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, preventive 526 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK medicine, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women and children, of the nervous system, of the eye and ear, jurisprudence, such other branches as the board may deem ad- visable. Fee fl5. ITEBHASKA Administrative. A state board of health consisting of the governor, attorney general and superintendent of public instruc- tion. The board appoints as secretaries one homeopathic, one eclectic and two regular physicians. Registration with the clerk of a county. Fee as for recording conveyances. Prelim- inary. The candidate must have passed a saiSsifactory examina- tion in all the common branches, in Latin and higher mathe- matics. Professional. The applicant must furnish a diploma from a legally chartered school, meeting specific requirements for the degree of M. D. Licensing. The board issues a cer- tificate to the applicant that presents a satisfactory diploma. Fee flO. ISTEVADA Administrative. An examining board appointed by the gov- ernor consisting of three regular, one homeopathic, one eclectic graduate, practising physicians. Executive oflQcer, secretary. Registration of the certificate with the county recorder. Fee not given. Licensing. The board issues certificates on ex- amination. The applicant must pass in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, principles and practice of medicine and surgery, gynecology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, pathology. Graduates of a legally chartered United States school approved by the board, may be licensed without exam- ination. Fee $25. NEW HAJffiPSHIBE Administrative. Three state boards of examiners each com- posed of five graduate physicians, appointed by the governor and council from nominees recommended by the three medical socie- ties. Executive officer, superintendent of public instruction as regent of the board. Registration of license from regenit in the regent's office. Preliminary. Applicant must give evidence that he has graduated from a registered college, or completed a full course in a registered academy or high school, or had a prelimin- ary education considered by the regent as fully equivalent. Professional. The candidate must give evidence that he has re- ceived the degree of bachelor or doctor of medicine from siome regularly organized medical school, or a diploma or license con- ferring full right to practise in some foreign country; that he has studied medicine not less than four full years of nine months MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 527 each, including four satisfactory courses of six months each in different years in a medical school registered as maintaining at the time a satisfactory standard. Licensing. The regent cer- tifies that the licensee has given satisfactory evidence of fitness as to age, character, preliminary and medical education and all other matters required by law. The examinations conducted by the regent are prepared from questions submitted by the exam- ining boards which mark the answers and report results. Each candidate must pass in anatomy, physiology and hygiene, chem- istry, surgery, obstetrics, pathology and diagnosis, therapeutics, practice, materia medica. Fee NEW JERSEY Administrative. A board of examiners appointed by the gov- ernor, consisting of five regular, three homeopathic, one eclectic, physicians. Executive ofiScer, secretary. Begistration of the license in a county clerk's offlce. Fee $1. Preliminary. The candidate must give evidence of a competent common school edu- cation. Professional The candidate must furnish evidence that he has either received the degree of doctor of medicine from some legally incorporated medical school, or a diploma or license conferring full rights to practise medicine in some foireign country, that he has studied medicine not less than four years, including three courses of lectures in different years in a legally incorporated school. Licensing. The board grants a certificate on examination. The candidate must pass in anatomy, physi- ology, chemistry, histology, pathology, bacteriology, hygiene, medical jurisprudence, materia medica and therapeutics, obstet- rics and gynecology, practice of medicine, including diseases of the skin, nose and throat, surgery, including surgical anatomy and diseases of the eye, ear and genito-urinary organs; must give evidence that he is more than 21 years of age, is of good moral character. The board also indorses a license from other states whose requirements are practically the same. Fee for examina- tion $25, for indorsement of license $50. NEW MEXICX) Administrative. A territorial board of health appointed by the governor, composed of one eclectic, two homeopathic and four regular physicians. Executive offlcer, secretary. Registra- tion of the certificate in a county clerk's oflSce. Fee not given. Preliminary (see p. 507). Professional (see p. 507). Licensing. The board of health issues^ certificates to graduates and exam inees. A graduate must present a diploma from a legally char- tered school in good standing. An examinee must submit to an examination suflSciently strict to test his qualificationis. Fee for graduates |5, for examinees $20, 528 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK NEW TORK Administrative. The University of the State of New York administers the law through the state, homeopathic and eclectic boards, each composed of seven members, appointed by the Uni- versity from nominees recommended by the three sitate medical societies. Executive officer, the secretary of the University. Registration of the license from the Universiity in a county clerk's office. Fee |1. Preliminary. The applicant must furnish evidence that he had a general education equivalent to four years of satisfactory high school work, before begin- ning the first annual medical course counted toward the degree, unless matriculated conditionally in which case the defieieucy is not to exceed one year of high school work and must be made up before the student begins the second' annual medical course counted toward the degree. Professional. The candidate for examination must furnish evidence that he has either received the degree of bachelor or doctor of medicine" from some regis- tered medical school, or a diploma or license conferring full rights to practise medicine in some foreign country; that he has studied medicine not less than four full school years of at least nine months each, including four satisfactory courses of at least six months each, in four different calendar years in a medical school registered as maintaining at the time a satisfactory stan- dard. Licensing^. The University on the recommendation of a medical board certifies under seal that the licensee has given satisfactory evidence of fitness as to age, character, preliminary and medical education and all other matters required by law. The licensing examinations conducted by the University are pre- pared from questions submitted by the medical boards, which mark the answers and report the results to the University. The candidate must pass in anatomy, physiology and hygiene, chem- istry, surgery, obstetrics, pathology and diagnosis and therapeu- tics including practice and materia medica; must give evidence that he is more than 21 years of age and is of good moral char- acter. Fee |25. WORTH CAROIiUTA Administrative. An examining board appointed by the state medical society, composed of seven graduate physicians. Execu- tive officer, secretary. Eegistration of the license with a clerk of a superior court. Fee 25c. Professional. The candidate sub- sequent to January 1900 must present a diploma from a reput- able school requiring not less than three years' attendance, or a license or other satisfactory evidence of standing as a legal practitioner in another state. Licensing. The board grants a license on examination. The candidate must pass in anatomy, MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 529 physiology, surgery, pathology, hygiene, chemistry, pharmacy, materia medica, therapeutics, obstetrics, practice of medicine. Graduate physicians practising in the state prior to Mar. 7, 1885 are exempt from examination. Pee If OB.TH DAKOTA Administrative. A state board of nine examiners appointed by the governor, two being homeopathic physicians and one a lawyer. Executive oflQcer, secretary. Registration of the license with a register of deeds. Fee not given. Professional. The candidate must give evidence of attendance on three courses of lectures of six months each. Licensing. The board grants a license on examination. The candidate must pass in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, diseases of women and children, of the nervous system, of the eye and ear, jurisprudence and such other branches as the board deems advisable. Fee |20. OHIO Administrative. A state board of registration and examina- tion appointed by the governor, consisting of seven members, no school having a majority. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of the certificate with a probate judge. Fee 50c. Preliminary (see p. 511). Professional. The applicant must present a diploma from a legally chartered school in good stand- ing as determined by the board. Licensing. The board grants a certificate to the applicant that furnishes satisfactory proof of diploma with affidavit concerning it and farther testimony as the board deems proper. Fee $5. OKLA^OiKEA Administrative. An examining board composed of the super- intendent of public health and two other physicians appointed by the territorial board of health. Executive ofiQcer, superin- tendent. Registration of license with a register of deeds. Fee not given. Professional {see p. 512). Licensing. The super- intendent issues certificates to graduates and examinees. A graduate must present a diploma from a reputable school. An examinee must submit to an examination, give evidence of five years' continuous practice, of good moral character. Fee for graduates $2, for examinees not given. OREGON Administrative. A board of examiners appointed by the gover- nor consisting of three regular, one eclectic and one homeopathic, physicians. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of the license 530 UNIVERSITY OF a?HB STATE OP NEW YORK from the board in a county clerk's office. Fee 50c-|l. Profes- sional. Application must show the time spent in the study of medicine and surgery in an institution with name and location, or under tutor with name and place and the time engaged in the practice of either or both. Licensing. The board grants a license on examination. The applicant submits to an examina- tion in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, thera- peutics, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women, medical jurisprudence and such other branches as the board deems advisable. A written application supported by an affidavit showing training, experience and age must be filed with the secretary. Pee $10. PEN"]SrSYLVAJ!IIA Administrative. A council composed of the lieutenant gov- ernor, attorney general, secretary of internal affairs, superin- tendent of public instruction, president of the state board of health and the presidents of the boards of medical examiners, administers the law through the state, homeopathic and eclectic boards of examiners of three members each, appointed by the governor from the three medical societies. Executive officer, secretary of the council. Registration of the license from the council with a prothonotary. Fee fl. Preliminary. The can- didate must give evidence of a competent common school educa- tion. Professional. The candidate must give evidence that he has received a diploma from a legally chartered school, or a diploma or license conferring full rights to practise in some for- eign country, that he has studied medicine at least four years including three courses of lectures in different years in a legally incorporated school. Licensing. The council certifies that the licensee has given satisfactory proof of age, character, prelimin- ary and medical education and other matters required by law. The licensing examinations, supervised by the council, are pre- pared from questions submitted by the boards which conduct the examinations and report the results to the council. The can- didate must pass in anatomy, physiology, hygiene, chemistry, surgery, obstetrics, pathology, diagnosis, therapeutics, practice of medicine, materia medica; must give evidence that he is more than 21 years of age, of good moral character. Applicants ex- amined by state boards having equal requirements are licensed without examination. Fee for examination |25, for licensing $15. PHTLIPPINES In transition (see p. 512). MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 531 PUERTO RICO Administrative. The superior board of health administers general orders through an examining committee appointed by the board, composed of three graduates in medicine and surgery, two in pharmacy and one in dentistry, of recognized ability in their professions and with not less than 10 years' practice therein. This committee shall be divided into subcommittees and empowered to hold examinations in medicine and surgery, pharmacy and dentistry. Executive officer, secretary of the board. Registration of the license from the superior board of health in the office of the board. Fee $5. Professional. The candidate must present to the board his diploma or certificate, which, if satisfactory, admits to examination. Licensing. The board of health on the recommendation of the examining com- mittee, certifies under seal that the candidate has given satis- factory evidence as to character, professional education and all other matters required by general orders. The examinations are prepared from questions submitted to the board of health by the examining committee, which marks the answers and re- ports results to the board of health. Legal practitioners under the Spanish government may receive a license on payment of the registration fee. Graduates of reputable medical and den- tal schools licensed, after examination, by state boards may, on payment of the fee of |25, be licensed by the board of health without examination. Fee for physicians and surgeons, dentists, pharmacists |25, for practicantes" |15. RHODE ISLAiND Administrative. The state board of health. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of the certificate with a town or city clerk. Fee 50c. Licensing. The board grants certificates to graduates, practitioners and examinees. A graduate must pre- sent a diploma from a reputable, legally chartered school in- dorsed by the board. A practitioner must furnish evidence of reputable practice prior to 1892. An examinee must submit to such examination as the board may require. Fee for examina- tion |10, for certificate $2. SOXTTH CAROLINA Administrative. A state board of examiners of seven physi- cians elected by the state medical association and commissioned by the governor. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of the certificate with the clerk of a county court. Fee 25c. Professional. The candidate must present a diploma. Licensing. a One practising under a master. 532 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK The board grants certificates on examination. The candidate must submit to an examination; must give evidence that he is 21 years of age, of good moral character. Fee |5. SOUTH DAKOTA Administrative The board of health. Executive ofiQcer, superintendent. Kegistration of license with a register of deeds. Fee not given. Professional. The graduate must give evidence of attendance on three full courses of lectures of six months each, in different years. Licensing. The superintendent of the bolard issues a license to a graduate of a lawful school, of good moral character and temperate habits. Fee |5. Administrative. A state board of six graduate physicians; representing the three schools, appointed by the governor. Ex- ecutive oflScer, secretary. Registration with the county clerk. Fee 10c. Professional (see p. 514). Licensing. The board issues certificates to practitioners, graduates and examinees. A prac- titioner must give proof of actual practice previous to Ap. 4, 1889. A graduate must present a diploma from a legally char- tered school approved by the board. An examinee must pass in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathology, surgery, obstet- rics, therapeutics, materia medica and practice. Fee for cer- tificate |1, for examination |5. TEXAS Administrative. A board of examiners for each judicial dis- trict, of three graduate physicians, appointed by the district judge. Registration of the certificate with the clerk of a district court. Fee $1. Professional. According to the civil code an examination is required of every intend- ing practitioner, but the criminal code accepts as evidence of qualification, a certificate from some authorized board of ex- aminers or a diploma from some accredited medical college. Thus the district clerk becomes the sole judge of the require- ments. Licensing. The board grants a certificate on examina- tion. The candidate must pass in anatomy, physiology, patho- logic anatomy and pathology, surgery, obstetrics, chemistry. Fee |15. UTAH Administrative. A state board of examiners of seven gradu- ate physicians, representatives of the various recognized schools, appointed by the governor. Executive oflScer, secretary. Regis- tration of the certificate with a county recorder. Usual record MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 533 fee. Professional. The candidate must give evidence that he has received a degree or diploma from a chartered school in good standing. Licensing. The board grants a certificate on examination. Fee |15. VERMONT Administrative. Three boards of censors of three members each, elected by the organized medical societies. Registration of the certificate vFith a county clerk. Fee 25c. Preliminary (see p. 515). Professional (see p. 515). Licensing. Each board of censors grants a certificate to its applicant that furnishes satis- factory proof of diploma from a medical school, and by examina- tion satisfies the board of fitness to practise the branches men- tioned therein. A nonresident, without a diploma, obtains a certificate from a board of censors. No fee. VTBGIHIA Administrative. A state board of examiners appointed by the governor from nominees recommended by the medical and Hahnemann societies. Executive officer, secretary. Registra- tion of the certificate with a county clerk, or if a resident of Richmond with the clerk of the chancery court. Fee same as for recording a deed. Preliminary (see p. 515). Professional. (see p. 515). Licensing. The board grants a certificate to the applicant who passes a satisfactory examination. Fee |10. "WASHHrGTON Administrative. A state board of examiners of nine physi- cians appointed by the governor. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of the certificate with a county clerk. Fee not given. Licensing. The board grants a license on examination. The candidate must make formal application for examination; must pass an examination in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, preventive medicines, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women and children, of the nervous system, of the eye and ear, jurisprudence and such other branches as the board may deem advisable. Fee |10. WEST VIB.CHNIA Administrative. The state board of health assisted by a duly licensed homeopathic and an eclectic physician. Executive offi- cer, secretary. Registration of the certificate with the secretary of the state board. No fee. Licensing. The board issues a certificate on examination. The candidate must pass in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, pathology, pathologic anatomy, surgery, obstetrics. Legal practitioners prior to Feb. 22, 1895, are exempt from examination. Fee |10. 534 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OP NEW YORK WEscoNsnr Administrative. A. board of examlnere, three allopathic, two homeopathic, two eclectic physicians, appointed by the governor from nominees recommended by the three state societieis. Execu- tive officer, secretary. Eegistration of the certificate with a county clerk. Fee not given. Licensing. The board grants certificates to graduates, examinees and practitioners. The graduate must present a diploma from a school requiring three courses of six months each, in different years; subsequent to 1904, four courses of six months each will be required. The ex- aminee must submit to an examination. The practitioner must be of good moral character and must on July 1, 1897 have been in the actual practice of medicine and surgery. Graduate prac- titioners from states imposing equal requirements may at the discretion of the board be admitted to practise without examin- ation. Fee for examinees |10, for graduates |5. WYOMHsra Administrative. An examining board of three members ap- pointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the senate. Executive officer, secretary. Registration of the cer- tificate with a county clerk. Licensing. The board issues cer- tificates to examinees, graduates and practitioners. An exam- inee must pass in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathology, ma- teria medica and therapeutics, hygiene, theory and practice of medicine, surgery and obstetrics. A graduate must present a diploma from a school recognized by the American association, the homeopathic institutes, the National eclectic association or a foreign school of equal standing. A practitio'ner must have 10 years' practice, the last five years in this state. Fee for exam- inees $25, for graduates and practitioners $5. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 535 STATUTES Under this title are the laws or their equivalents governing the admission to the practice of medicine in each political divis- ion of the United States revised to the latest practicable mo- ment, and arranged alphabetically. For convenience of refer- ence certain facts from the most reliable and recent sources of information are uniformly given in connection with each politi- cal division. Geographic information, 1) location, 2) area, 3) population. Legislative information, 4) title' of the law-making body, 5) frequency of its sessions, 6) time of next meeting, 7) place, 8) date of the last statute or amendment published, 9) date of the last statute consulted. In editing and revising the statutes care has been taken to omit all irrelevant matter and all inoperative by reason of time limit or amendments, to preserve the phraseology and punctu- ation and to give the sources of information. Minor changes involving paragraphing, numbering, capitalization and spelling have been made in accord with the editing rules of the Univer- sity when the change affected the significance of the law in no particular. Volume and page numbers are separated by a colon; e. g. 1 : 256 means vol. 1, p. 256. For convenience side heads are inserted when not given in the law. UNITED STATES Central North America; area 3,668,167 sq. m.; population 62,979,766 (75,466,659 not including Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico); federal republic; annual legislation. Sources of information: the Statesman's yea/r hooTc and a stand- ard geography. When they differed the various political alman- acs were consulted and the weight of authority taken; popula- tion taken uniformly from the census report of 1890 an oflS- cial estimate for the year 1899 follows in curves; title of law- making body from the Statesman's year hook; frequency of session from the legislation bulletin of the University. The statutes or codes of the various states found in New York state library when the laws could not be secured from state oflScials. The United States has no uniform law regulating the prac- tice of medicine. Each state prescribes its own requirements. lAT.AtnATVrA Gulf division U. S. Area 52,250 sq. m. Pop. 1,513,017 (1,800,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Nov. 1902. Cap. Montgomery. 96-99. Code 1896i 1:919 § 3260 Board of medical examiners. The board of censors of the medi- cal association of the state of Alabama, organized in pursuance of the 536 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OP NEW YORK constitution thereof adopted at Tuscaloosa, in March, 1873, and the board of censors of the several county medical societies in affiliation with the association, and organized in pursuance of its constitution, are consti- tuted boards of medical examiners having the authority and subject to the duties hereinafter prescribed. § 3261 Certificate of quaUfication must he obtained. Without a cer- tificate of qualification from an authorized board of medical examiners, no person must engage in or pursue the practice of medicine in any of its branches or departments as a profession or means of livelihood. § 3262 Standard of qualification. The standard of qualification, the method or system, and the subjects of examination of practitioners of medicine, shall be prescribed by the medical association of the state of Alabama, and must be observed by the boards of medical examiners. § 3263 Certificate of qualification. It shall be the duty of the board of medical examiners, on application, to examine an applicant for a certificate of qualification as a practitioner of medicine, according to the rules and regulations made by the medical association of the state, and if found qualified and of good moral character, to issue to him a certifi- cate of qualification. For such certificate no fee or charge must be made by the board of examiners; but any actual expenses necessarily incurred by the board in making or supervising such examination, not including the personal expenses of any member of the board attending such exam- ination, must be paid by the applicant. § 3264 Certificate of qualification recorded. The certificate of quali- fication, issued by an authorized board of medical examiners, is a license to the person to whom it is issued for the purpose therein expressed, and confers authority to practise medicine throughout the state. Such certificate must be recorded in the office of the judge of probate of the county in which the person to whom it is issued may reside at the time of the issue; and upon the record thereof, the judge of probate must indorse thereon a certificate of the fact of record, which must be signed by him, and to which he must affix the seal of the court; and for the record and certificate he is entitled to a fee of $1. § 3265 Certificate evidence of authority. Such certificate, the record thereof being certified by the judge of probate, is evidence of the authority of the person therein named to practise medicine, and if the original be lost, a certified copy of the record is sufficient evidence. § 3266 Contracts for medical services, when void. Every contract or agreement, express or implied, the consideration of which is the service of a physician or surgeon, is void, unless the physician or surgeon has authority to practise obtained according to the provisions of this chapter. But proof of such authority must not be required, unless two days' notice to make the same is given before the trial of any suit brought to recover the value of such services. § 3267 Midwives. The provisions of this chapter do not apply to women engaged in the practice of midwifery. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 537 Martin's Code 1896, 2:435 § 5333 Practising medicine or surgery witliout certificate of qualifica- tion. Any person, who practises medicine or surgery without having first obtained a certificate of qualification from one of the authorized boards of medical examiners of this state, must, on conviction, be fined not less than $25, nor more than $100. AI^ASKA N. W. peninsula of N. A. Area 577,390 sq. m. Pop. largely native, 32,052 (40,000). No power of self-government; laws administered by gov- ernor and commissioners appointed by federal government at Washington. Cap. Sitka. No laws. — Jolm G. Brady, gov. of Alaska, Oct. 30, 1898 AIMZONA Pacific division U. S. Area 113,020 sq. m. Pop. 59,620 (100,000). Terri- torial government. Leglsl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Pres- cott. 97-99. Laws 1897, ch. 48 § 1 Biploma necessary to practise. It shall be unlawful for any one to practise medicine, surgery or obstetrics In Arizona unless such person shall have obtained a diploma regularly Issued by a medical college pro- perly and lawfully organized under the laws of the state or territory wherein said college shall be located. § 2 Examination necessary; exceptions. It shall be unlawful for any person to practise medicine, surgery or obstetrics In Arizona unless such person shall have passed a satisfactory examination before the examin- ing board hereinafter provided, and provided further that the provisions of this act shall not apply to women who have practised obstetrics; provided further that the provisions of this act shall not apply to resi- dent practising physicians or surgeons who have already complied with the present existing law. S 3 Board of examiners; appointment; compensation. There shall be established In Arizona a board of medical examiners. Said board shall consist of five members to be appointed by the governor within 30 days after the passage of this act, each of whom shall be a graduate physician of at least five years consecutive practice, and who shall be at the time of their appointment actually engaged In the practice of medicine, and a bona fide citizen of Arizona, one of whom shall be appointed for the term of one year, one for the term of two years, one for the term of three years, one for the term of four years, one for the term of five years. And hereafter It shall be the duty of the governor to appoint or reappoint examiners every year as the term of those heretofore appointed shall ter- minate, either by resignation, death or expiration of their term of office. Said appointments shall be made so that said board of examiners shall consist of two physicians of the so-called regular school of medicine and two of the so-called homeopathic school of medicine and one of the so- 538 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK called eclectic school of medicine. Bach applicant shall pay the fee of $5 before examination, which shall be the only compensation of said board of examiners. § 4 Organization; meeting's; duties. Said board of examiners shall organize by electing one of their number as president and one as secre- tary and make rules and regulations for the government of said board. Said board shall meet quarterly and at such other times as the board may deem advisable, and examine all persons eligible to practise medicine under this act, but the examination of each applicant shall be conducted by the members of whichever school of medicine the applicant may choose, and upon their approval a certificate shall be Issued by the board. § 5 Practice of medicine defined. Any person shall be regarded as practising medicine who shall profess publicly to be a physician or who shall prescribe for the sick; but nothing herein contained shall be con- strued to prohibit gratuitous services In cases of emergency, or for a physician or surgeon of the United States army in the discharge of their duties as such, but none of the provisions of this act shall apply to those who are now and who have heretofore legally practised medicine in Arizona. § 6 Penalty for violation. Any person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined In any sum not less than $100 nor more than $300, or by Imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not less than three months nor more than six months or by both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the courts. ARKANSAS Gulf division U. S. Area 53,850 sq. m. Pop. 1,128,179 (1,500,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Little Rock. 95-99. Sandels & Hill's Digest of the statutes 1894, p. 1135 § 4962 Practitioners must comply with, the provisions of this act. It shall be unlawful for any one to engage In the practice of medicine and surgery, or either, in this state, as a calling, except as hereinafter pro- vided. § 4963 Qualifications. The party or parties so desiring to engage in the practice of medicine or surgery as above Indicated shall be of good moral character, 21 years of age, and graduate of some reputable college of medicine and surgery that requires not less than two courses of lectures, each course In a different year as the requirements for gradua- tion. § 4964 Diploma recorded; certificate of record. Before any one shall engage in the practice of medicine and surgery in this state, possessing the qualifications as above required, he shall exhibit his diploma to some county clerk of this state and have the same recorded in a book kept for that purpose, for which services the clerk shall receive a fee of $1.50. The clerk shall also give the physician a certificate of record with the seal of the county attached thereunto which certificate may be attached to said diploma for which service the clerk shall receive no fee. MEDICINE! IN THE UNITED STATES 539 § 496& Standing of college Issuing diploma. In all cases of doubt as to the reputableness of the college issuing the diploma it shall be the duty of the clerk of the county court where said diploma is offered to be recorded to make inquiry of the secretary of state where said college exists as to its reputableness and requirements for graduation, and if the said clerk of the court shall find that the said college does not conform to the requirements of this act for graduates of medicine and surgery, then in that case he shall not record said diploma, and the person hold- ing it shall not be allowed to practise in this state; provided, any appli- cant who shall feel aggrieved at the action of the county clerk shall have the right to appeal to the state board of medical examiners," whose decision shall govern the clerk In his action. § 4966 Record obtained through fraud; misdemeanor. If, after the recording any diploma, it shall come to the knowledge of the clerk making the record, or any other executive or judicial officer of this state, that the said record was obtained by fraud or misrepresentation, it shall be their duty to institute before said court of record, proceedings to have such record reversed and adjudged [invalid]; and the party holding such diploma shall be judged guilty of a misdemeanor. § 4967 Construction of act. Nothing in this act shall be so construed as to affect the status of any one now practising in this state by virtue of a license obtained from any medical examining board in this state under preexisting law regulating the practice of medicine and surgery; provided, this act shall not apply to any one now legally engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery; provided, further, nothing herein con- tained shall be so construed as to prevent midwives from pursuing their calling, or any one else from giving such simple domestic remedies as they are in the habit of using. § 4971 ITo discrimination of sex or school; physician defined. For the purpose of this act no discrimination of sex or schools of medicine shall be allowed, and any person who prescribes or administers medicines except as provided in § 4967 shall be deemed a physician. § 4972 Penalty for violation. Any one violating the provisions of this act shall be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined in a sum not less than $25 nor more than $100, and each day of such practice shall constitute a separate offense. Acts 1895, ch. 75 § 1 County board of examiners; organization; meetings; term. The county courts of the several counties of this state shall appoint a county board of medical examiners in and for their respective counties; the said board shall consist of three members, learned in the sciences of medicine and surgery, of good moral character, and duly registered, and two members of said board shall be graduates of some reputable medical college. The members of said board shall organize by taking the dath a state board of medical examiners abolished by act of 189B, creating county boards. 540 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YOEK of office prescribed by the constitution and electing one of their members secretary and they shall hold at least two meetings a year at their county sites. The members of said county boards shall hold their offices for a period of four years, and said board shall again be filled by appointment by the county court; and all vacancies shall be filled by like appointment; provided, the county judge may at any time remove any county examiner for drunkenness or other immoral conduct. § 2 Board for each, judicial district. In counties having two judicial districts there may be appointed two separate boards, one for each dis- trict, in the same manner and with like effect as provided by this act for separate counties. § 3 Examinations by board; certificate to practise. The county board of medical examiners is authorized to examine all persons who may desire to practise medicine who are residents of the county with the board that may apply, and if found qualified to practise medicine and surgery, issue a certificate which shall entitle the holder to practise in the county in which it is issued or in any county into which his practice may extend, so long as his residence remains In the county wherein the certificate is issued. § 4 Fee for e:zamlnatlon. Such applicant shall pay the county board a fee of $6 for the examination. CAUFOKNIA Pacific division U. S. Area 158,360 sq. m. Pop. 1,208,130 (1,500,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Sacramento. 97-99. Deering's General Ioavs 1897, p. 568 § 1 Persons practising medicine and surgery to present diploma to board. Every person in this state practising medicine or surgery, in any of its departments, shall possess the qualifications required by this act. Every such person shall present his diploma to one of the boards of ex- aminers herein named, together with the affidavit mentioned in § 3 of this act. If the board shall find all the facts required to be stated in said affidavit to be true, the board of examiners shall issue its certificate to that effect, signed by all the members thereof, and sealed with the seal of the board, and such certificate shall be conclusive as to the right of the person named therein to practise medicine and surgery in any part of this state. § 2 Board of examiners appointed by what. The medical society of the state of California, the eclectic medical society of the state of Cali- fornia, and the California state homeopathic medical society, corporations organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of this state, and no other corporation, society, persons, or person, shall appoint annually a board of examiners, consisting of seven members, who shall hold their office for one year, and until their successors shall be chosen. The exam- iners so appointed shall go before a district or county judge and make oath that they are regular graduates, and that they will faithfully perform MBDICINH IN THE UNITED STATES 541 the duties of their office. Vacancies occurring in a board of examiners shall be filled by the society appointing It, by the selection of alternates, or otherwise. The board of examiners now organized, or existing under and by virtue of their appointments by the aforesaid societies, shall continue to act as such boards until their successors are appointed at the next annual election. § 3 Powers and duties of examiners. The board of examiners shall organize within three months after the passage of this act. They shall procure a seal, and shall receive, through their secretary, applications for certificates and examinations. The president of each board shall have authority to administer oaths, and the board take testimony in all meet- ings relating to their duties. They shall issue certificates to all who fur- nish satisfactory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from legally chartered medical institutions in good standing. They shall prepare two forms of certificates, one for persons in possession of diplomas or licenses, the other for candidates examined by the board. They shall furnish to the county clerks of the several counties a list of all persons receiving certifi- cates. In selecting places to hold their meetings, they shall, as far as is reasonable, accommodate applicants residing in different sections of the state, and due notice shall be published of all their meetings. Certificates shall be signed by all the members of the board granting them, and shall indicate the medical society to which the examining board is attached. § 4 Board to examine diplomas. Said board of examiners shall examine diplomas as to their genuineness, and if the diploma shall be found genu- ine, as represented, the secretary of the board of examiners shall receive a fee of $5 from each graduate or licentiate, and no further charge shall be made to the applicant; but if it be found to be fraudulent, or not law- fully owned by the possessor, the board shall be entitled to charge and collect $20 of the applicant presenting such diploma. The applicant shall accompany his diploma with an affidavit stating that he is the lawful possessor of the same, that he is the person therein named, that the diploma was procured in the regular course of medical instruction, and without fraud or misrepresentation of any kind, and that the medical institution granting the diploma had, at the time of the granting the same, a full corps of medical instructors, and was at the said time a legally incorporated institution, actually and in good faith engaged in the business of medical education, and in good standing as a medical institution, and that the applicant had complied with all the requirements of said institu- tion. Such affidavit may be taken before any person authorized to admin- ister oaths, and the same shall be attested under the hand and official seal of such officer, if he have a seal. In addition to such affidavit, the board of examiners may hear such further testimony as in their discretion they may deem proper to hear, as to the verification of any such diploma, or as to the identity of the person named therein, or as to the manner in which any such diploma was procured, and if it should appear from such testimony that any fact stated in said affidavit is untrue, the application 542 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK of such person for a certificate shall be rejected. None of said boards shall entertain an application which has been rejected by another of said boards, nor shall any rejected application be renewed until at least one year after the action of the board rejecting the same. § 5 Examination of applicants. All examinations of persons not gradu- ates or licentiates shall be made directly by the board, and the certificates given by the boards shall authorize the possessor to practise medicine and surgery in the state of California; but no examinations into the qualifica- tions of persons not holding diplomas or licenses shall be made after Dec. 31, 1876. After that date no certificates shall be granted by them, except to persons presenting diplomas or licenses from legally chartered medical institutions in good standing. § 6 Certificates to be recorded. Every person holding a certificate from a board of examiners shall have it recorded in the oflBce of the clerk of the county in which he resides, and the record shall be indorsed thereon. Any person removing to another county to practise shall procure an in- dorsement to that efCect on the certificate from the county clerk, and shall record the certificate in like manner in the county to which he removes, and the holder of the certificate shall pay to the county clerk the usual fees for making the record. § 7 Clerk to keep register. The county clerk shall keep, in a book pro- vided for the purpose, a complete list of the certificates recorded by him, with the date of issue and the name of the medical society represented by the board of examiners issuing them. If the certificate be based on a diploma or license, he shall record the name of the medical institution conferring it, and the date when conferred. The register of the county clerk shall be open to public inspection during business hours. § 8 Fees for examination. Candidates for examination shall pay a fee of $5 in advance, which shall be returned to them if a certificate be re- fused. The fees received by the board shall be paid into the treasury of the medical society by which the board shall have been appointed, and the expenses and compensation of the board shall be subject to arrange- ment with the society. § 9 Examinations. Examinations may be in whole or In part in writing, and shall be of an elementary and practical character, but suflBciently strict to test the qualifications of the candidate as a practitioner. § 10 Refusal of certificates for unprofessional conduct. The board of examiners must refuse certificates to individuals guilty of unprofessional conduct. But before any such refusal, the applicant must be cited by a citation signed by the secretary of the board, and sealed with its seal, to appear before the board at a time and place certain for the purpose of being heard as to such unprofessional conduct. Said citation shall notify the applicant of the time and place where and when the matter of said unprofessional conduct shall be heard, the particular unprofessional con- duct with which the applicant is charged, and that the applicant shall then and there appear in person, and attended with such witnesses to MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 543 testify on his behalf as he may desire, or default will be taken against him, and his application for a certificate refused. The attendance of witnesses at such hearing shall be compelled by subpenas issued by the secretary of the board under its seal; and said secretary shall in no case refuse to issue any such subpena on a fee of 50 cents being paid to him for each subpena. Said citations and said subpenas shall be served in accord- ance with existing provisions of law as to the service of citations and subpenas generally. At such hearing witnesses shall be examined on the part of the board and on the part of the applicant as to the fact of the applicant having been guilty of the conduct set out in the citation, and either side may examine medical experts as to whether such conduct is unprofessional; and if it appear to the satisfaction of the board that the applicant is guilty of said unprofessional conduct, no certificate shall be issued to him. But no application shall be refused on the ground of unprofessional conduct, unless the applicant has been guilty of unpro- fessional conduct within one year next preceding his application. If any holder of a certificate be guilty of unprofessional conduct, his certificate must be revoked by the board granting it; but no such revocation shall be valid without said holder being cited to appear, and the same proceedings be had as is hereinbefore provided in this section in the case of refusal to grant a certificate. Whenever a certificate is revoked, the secretary of the board revoking the same shall certify the fact, under the seal of the board, to the county clerk of the county in which the person whose certificate has been revoked is at the time of said revocation practising his profession, and said clerk shall thereupon write on the margin, or across the face of his register of the certificate of such person, the fact of such revocation, signing his name thereto, and shall file in his oflBce said certificate of revo- cation. Each of said boards may, from time to time, adopt such rules as may be necessary to the orderly conduct of all proceedings taken and had before it. It shall be the duty of the secretary of the respective boards to notify the secretary of all other boards provided for under this act of all applicants to whom licenses may have been refused, together with the reasons of such refusal by such boards. § 11 Practice of medicine defined. Any person shall be regarded as practising medicine, within the meaning of this act, who shall profess publicly to be a physician, or who shall habitually prescribe for the sick, or who shall append to his name the letters " M. D."; but nothing herein contained shall be construed to prohibit gratuitous services in cases of emergency. And this act, and the act to which this act is supplemental and amendatory, shall not apply to lawfully commissioned surgeons of the United States army or navy practising their profession within the limits of this state. § 12 aliicense imposed on certain persons. Any itinerant vendor who shall sell, or offer for sale, any drug, nostrum, ointment, or appliance of any kind intended for the treatment of disease or injury, or any person a In 1883 thlB section was held by the criminal courts of San Francisco to be invalid, by reason of being In conflict with the new constitution. 544 TJNIVEESITT OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK who shall, by writing or printing, or by any other method, publicly profess to cure or treat disease, injury, or deformity by any medicine, drug, or drugs, nostrum, manipulation, or other expedient, shall pay a license of $100 a month. Such license shall be collected as other licenses are. § 13 Penalties for violation. Any person practising medicine or sur- gery in this state without complying with the provisions of this act shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $500, or by im- prisonment in the county jail for a period of not less than 30 days nor more than 365 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, for each and every offense. And any person filing, or attempting to file, as his own, the diploma or certificate of another, or a forged aflBdavit of identification, shall be guilty of a felony, and upon conviction shall be subject to such fine and imprisonment as are made and provided by the statutes of this state for the crime of forgery. Deering's General laws 1897, p. 574 I 7 Mosdemeanor. Any person practising medicine or surgery in this state without first having procured a certificate to So practise from one of the boards of examiners appointed by one of the societies mentioned in § 2 [§ 2 preceding] of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be subject to the penalties provided In § 13 [§ 13 preceding] of the act to which this act is amendatory and supplemental, but no person who holds a certificate from one of such boards of examiners, or who holds a certificate heretofore granted by the board of examiners heretofore existing by virtue of appointment by the California state medical society of homeopathic practitioners, shall be compelled to procure a new certifi- cate. And all powers and privileges of said boards of examiners, under the act to which this act is supplemental and amendatory, are hereby transferred to the boards of examiners created by this act. § 8 MJisdemeanor. Any person assuming to act as a member of a board of examiners, under this act or under the act to which this act is supple- mental and amendatory, or who shall sign, or subscribe, or issue, or cause to be Issued, or seal, or cause to be sealed, a certificate authorizing any person to practise medicine or surgery in this state, except the person so acting and doing be appointed by one of the societies mentioned in § 2 [§ 2 preceding] of this act, or be authorized so to do by a board of exam- iners appointed by one of said societies, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50, or by impris- onment in the county jail for a period of not less than 30 nor more than 365 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. § 9 Certain certificates made null. Should either of the said boards Issue a certificate to any person whose application for a certificate has been previously rejected by another of the said boards within one year after the rejection of said application, then in such case the certificate issued as aforesaid to said rejected applicant shall be null and void and of no effect. g 10 Examination of applicants to practise medicine. If any person not a graduate or licentiate of medicine has been unable to present himself for examination to any of said boards, as provided in § 1 [§ 1 preceding] of this act, then and in such case it shall be lawful for either of said MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 545 boards, on good cause shown why said person was unable so as to present himself for examination, to examine such person touching his qualifica- tions to practise medicine or surgery, and if said examination shall be satisfactory to the board, it shall thereupon issue its certificate in accord- ance with the facts, and the lawful holder thereof shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges of graduates or licentiates to whom certificates have been issued under this act and the act to which this act is amenda- tory and supplementary, but no such examination shall be had after the expiration of 60 days from the time this act shall take effect. COLOKABO Western division U. S. Area 103,925 sq. m. Pop. 412,198 (500,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Denver. 91-99. Mills' Annotated statutes 1891, 2:1930 § 3547 Board, how constituted. That a board is hereby established which shall be known under the name and style of the state board of medical examiners, to be composed of nine practising physicians, of known ability and integrity who are graduates of medical schools of undoubted respectability, giving each of the three schools of medicine (known as the regular, homeopathic, and eclectic schools) a representation as follows, to wit: six physicians of the regular, two of the homeopathic, and one of the eclectic school or system of medicine. § 3548 Appointment of board; term of lOf&ce. The governor of this state shall, as soon as practicable after this act shall have become a law, appoint a state board of medical examiners, as provided in § 1 [3547] of this act, and the members first appointed shall be so designated by the governor that the term of office of three shall expire in two years from the date of appointment, the term of office of three shall expire in four years from the date of appointment, and the term of office of three shall expire in six years from the date of appointment. Thereafter the governor shall bien- nially appoint three members, possessing qualifications as specified in § 1 [3547], to serve for the term of six years, and he shall also fill all vacancies that may occur, as soon as practicable; provided, that in making biennial appointments or filling vacancies the representation of the medical schools in the board shall not be changed from the original basis, as in § 1 [3547] of this act § 3549 Organization; rules. The board of medical examiners shall, as soon after their appointment as practicable, organize by the election of one of their members as president, one as secretary and one as treasurer, and adopt such rules as are necessary for their guidance in the perform- ance of the duties assigned them, and also adopt a seal, which shall be affixed to all certificates issued by them to practitioners of medicine. § 3550 Certificate to practise medicine; examination. That every per- son practising medicine, in any of its departments, shall possess the quali- fications required by this act. If a graduate in medicine, he shall present his diploma to the state board of medical examiners for verification, or furnish other evidence conclusive of his being a graduate of a legally chartered medical school in good standing. The state board of medical examiners shall issue its certificate to that efCect, signed by a majority of 546 UNIVKESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the members thereof, and such diploma, or evidence and certificate, shall be conclusive as to the rights of the lawful holder of the same to practise medicine in this state. If not a graduate of a legally chartered medical school in good standing, the person practising or wishing to practise medi- cine in this state shall present himself before said board of medical exam- iners, and submit himself to such examination as defined in § 7 [3553] of this act; and if the examination be satisfactory to the examiners, the said board of medical examiners shall issue its certificate in accordance with the facts, and the lawful holders of such certificate shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges herein mentioned. All persons who have made the practice of medicine and surgery their profession or business continu- ously for the period of 10 years, and can furnish satisfactory evidence thereof to the state medical examiners, shall receive from said board a license to continue practice in the state of Colorado. § 3551 Powers and duties of boards; certificates. The state board of medical examiners, within 90 days after the passage of this act, shall receive, through its president, applications for certificates and examina- tions. The president of said board of medical examiners shall have the authority to administer oaths and the said board of medical examiners to talie testimony in all matters relating to its duties. It shall issue certifi- cates to all who furnish satisfactory proofs of having received diplomas from some legally chartered medical institution in good standing. It shall prepare two forms of certificates, one for persons in possession of diplo- mas, the other for candidates examined by its members. It shall furnish to the county clerlis of the several counties a list of all persons receiving certificates. Certificates shall be signed by a majority of the members of the board of medical examiners granting them. § 3552 Fees. There shall be paid to the treasurer of the state board of medical examiners a fee of $5 for each certificate issued to graduates or practitioners of 10 years' standing, and no further charge shall be made to the applicant. Candidates for examination shall pay a fee of $10 in advance. § 3553 Examinations, what subjects. All examinations of persons not graduates shall be made directly by the state board of medical examiners. Examinations may be in whole or part in writing, and the subjects of examination shall be as follows: anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathol- ogy, surgery, obstetrics and practice of medicine (exclusive of materia medica and therapeutics). § 3554 Becords of certificates; clerk's fees. Every person holding a certificate from the state board of medical examiners should have it re- corded in the office of the clerk of the county in which he resides, and the record shall be indorsed thereon. Any person removing to another county to practise shall procure an indorsement to that effect on the certificate from the county clerk, and shall record the certificate in like manner in the county to which he removes, and the holder of the certificate shall pay to the county clerk a fee of $1 for making [the] record. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 547 § 3555 County clerk keep register. The county clerk shall keep in a book provided for the purpose a complete list of the certificates recorded by him. If the certificates be based on a diploma, he shall record the name of the medical institution conferring it and the date when conferred. This register shall be open to public inspection in business hours. § 3556 Kevocation, of certificates; causes. The state board of medical examiners may refuse certificates to individuals wJio have been convicted of conduct of a criminal nature, and they may revoke certificates for like cause. § 3557 EfEect O'f signing M. D. or surgeon. Any person shall be re- garded as practising medicine vyithin the meaning of this act who shall profess publicly to be a physician and prescriber for the sick, or shall attach to his name the title "M. D.", or " surgeon", or "doctor", in a medical sense. But nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit gratuitous services in case of emergency. § 3558 Penalty for violating the law. Any person practising medicine or surgery in any of their departments, in this state, without complying with the provisions of this act, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $300 or by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than 10 days, nor more than 30 days, or by fine and imprisonment, for each and every offense; and any person, filing or attempting to file, as his own, the diploma or certificate of another, or who shall give false or forged evidence of any kind, shall be guilty of a felony, and upon conviction shall be subject to such fine and imprisonment as are made and provided by the statutes of this state for the crime of forgery. § 3559 Disposition of fees and fines. All fees received by the treasurer of said board of examiners, and all fines collected by any officer of the law, under this act, shall be paid into the state treasury; and all necessary expenses of the board shall be paid for out of the funds of the state treas- ury not otherwise appropriated; but no fee shall be required or accepted by any member of the board for services. § 3560 Meetings of board. The state board of medical examiners shall meet as a board of medical examiners in the city of Denver, on the first Tuesday of January, April, July, and October of each year, and at such other times and places as may be found necessary for the performance of their duties. § 3561 Board issue certificates without prejudice as to school or system. No person shall be deemed to have violated the provisions of this act or the act of which it is amendatory, who has complied with its provisions on their part; and It shall be the duty of the state board of medical examiners to issue certificates to all persons, authorizing them to practise medicine in this state, who shall have complied with the provi- sions of this act, and the act of which it is amendatory, including gradu- ates of the electropathic school, without prejudice, partiality or discrimina- tion, as to schools or systems of practice or medicine. That only courts of record, in the state of Colorado, shall have jurisdiction over and power to enforce the provisions of this act. 548 UNIVBESITY OP THE STATE OP NEW YORK COmSTECTIOUT North Atlantic division TJ. S. Area 4990 sq. m. Pop. 746,258 (900,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Hartford. 97-99. Laws 1893, ch. 158 § 1 Wh.a may practise. No person after the first day of October 1893, shall, in this state, for compensation, gain or reward, received or expected, treat, operate, or prescribe for any Injury, deformity, ailment, or disease, actual or imaginary, of another person, nor practise surgery or midwifery, unless or until he has obtained a certificate of registration as hereinafter provided, and then only in the kind or branch of practice as stated in said certificate; but this act shall not apply to dentists while practising den- tistry only; nor to any person in the employ of the United States govern- ment while acting in the scope of his employment; nor to any person who shall furnish medical or surgical assistance in cases of sudden emergency; nor to any person residing out of this state who shall be employed to come into the state to assist or consult with any physician or surgeon who has been registered in conformity with the provisions of this act; nor to any physician or surgeon then actually residing out of this state who shall be employed to come into this state to treat, operate or prescribe for any injury, deformity, ailment or disease from which any person is suffering at the time when such non-resident physician or surgeon is so employed, nor to any actual resident of this state recommending by advertisement or otherwise, the use of proprietary remedies sold under trade-marks issued by the United States government in so far and to the extent only as the use of such remedies are concerned, nor to any chiropodist or clairvoyant who does not use in his practice any drugs, medicines or poison, nor to any person practising the massage method, or Swedish movement cure, sun cure, mind cure, magnetic healing, or Christian science, nor to any other person who does not use or prescribe in his treatment of mankind, drugs, poisons, medicine, chemicals, or nostrums. [As amended 1897, ch. 187, § 2] § 2 Piling of statement of practice. Any resident of this state who at the time of the passage of this act shall be, or previously thereto has been, actually engaged in this state in the practice of medicine, surgery, mid- wifery, or any alleged practice of healing, may, before the first day of October, 1893, file with the state board of health duplicate statements sub- scribed and sworn to by him upon blanks furnished by said board, giving his name, age, and place of birth, and present residence, stating whether he is a graduate of any medical college or not, and if so, of what college, and the date of such graduation, and, if practising under a license from any of the medical societies of this state, stating which society and the date when said license was obtained, and also stating the length of time during which said person has been engaged in practice in this state and how long in practice elsewhere; and he shall also state whether he has been engaged in general practice, or only in some special branch of medi- MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 549 cine or surgery, and, if so, what branch. Upon the receipt of such state- ments, as aforesaid, the state board of health shall issue upon the receipt of $2, to the person filing the same, a certificate of registration which shall state the kind or branch of practice in which the person named therein is engaged. § 3 riling of statement of graduates. Any person who shall, subse- quent to said first day of October, 1893, file with said state board of health duplicate statements in the form prescribed in the preceding section, show- ing that he Is a graduate of a medical college which is recognized as reput- able by any one of the chartered medical societies of the state, shall receive from said state board of health, upon the payment of $2, a certifi- cate of registration, which shall state the kind or branch of practice in which the person named therein is engaged or is to be engaged. § 4 Kesidents of adjotnlng states. Any person residing in any town in another state which town adjoins the boundary line of Connecticut, who at the time of the passage of this act shall be actually engaged in such town in the practice of medicine, surgery, or midwifery, or any branch of practice, may, before the first day of October, 1893, obtain from the state board of health of this state a like certificate of registration, upon the payment of $2 and upon filing duplicate statements in the form prescribed in § 2, which statements shall also show that he is entitled to receive such certificate under the provisions of this section. § 5 Examination.; certificate of registration. Except as provided in § 2, 3, and 4, of this act, no person shall, after the first day of October, 1893, obtain or receive a certificate of registration, as required by the provisions of § 1, until he has passed a satisfactory examination before a committee to be appointed for the purpose by the state board of health, as herein- after provided, nor until he has filed with said board of health duplicate certificates as aforesaid, together with duplicate certificates signed by a majority of one of said examining committee, stating that they have found him qualified to practise either medicine, surgery, or midwifery, and any person filing said certificates shall receive from said state board of health, upon the payment of $2, a certificate of registration which shall state that the person named has been found qualified so to practise. § 6 Medical associations suggest members of examining committees. During the month of December, 1893, the Connecticut medical society, the Connecticut homeopathic medical society, and the Connecticut eclectic medical association, shall each file with the state board of health the names of five physicians, and annually in the month of December there- after, the name of one physician practising in this state, who shall have been recommended by the respective medical societies as persons com- petent to serve upon the examining committees to be appointed by the state board of health as hereinafter provided; and from time to time, in case any vacancy occurs upon any of said examining committees the president of the respective society shall nominate and the state board of health shall appoint such person to fill said vacancy. OOU UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK § 7 Exatninmg committees; appointment; term. In the month of January, 1894, the state board of health shall appoint three examining committees, each consisting of five physicians, which committees shall severally be composed wholly of the persons nominated by one of the said medical societies respectively, as aforesaid. One of the members of each of said committees shall be appointed for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one for five years. Thereafter, in the month of January in each year, the state board of health shall appoint one member of each of said committees who shall have been nominated for such office as aforesaid, to serve five years; and said board shall in the same manner fill any vacancy occurring at any time in any of said committees. § 8 Examinations; time; subjects; fee. The state board of health shall designate when and where said committees shall hold said examinations, but shall call a meeting of a committee within 30 days after receipt of application for examination by it Applicants to practise medicine or surgery shall be examined in anatomy, physiology, medical chemistry, obstetrics, hygiene, surgery, pathology, diagnosis, and therapeutics, in- cluding practice and materia medica. Bach committee shall frame its own questions and conduct its examinations in writing, and both ques- tions and answers shall be placed on file with the state board of health. Each applicant shall have the right to choose which of the three com- mittees shall be the one by whom he shall be examined; but before taking such examination he shall pay to the committee their expenses, not exceeding, however, the sum of $10. An applicant, after having been rejected by any of said examining committees, shall not be eligible to examination by another committee of examination until after the expira- tion of 12 months. § 9 Statement and certificate recorded by town clexk. Upon the re- ceipt of any duplicate statements as hereinbefore provided, the state board of health shall transmit one of said duplicate statements, together with a duplicate of the certificate of registration in each case, to the town clerk of the town wherein the person so filing said statement resides; and in case such person does not reside in the state of Connecticut, then the state board of health shall transmit said statement and certificate to the town clerk of the town in this state nearest to the place of residence of such person; and said town clerks shall record the same in books to be provided for that purpose by the state board of health, and shall then return the same to the person who filed the same with the board of health; and said town clerk shall receive for such recording a fee of 25 cents, to be paid by the state board of health out of the amount so paid to it as aforesaid. § 10 Lists of reputable medical colleges. The secretary of each of said medical societies shall file with the secretary of the state board of health a list of medical colleges or institutions recognized as legal and reputable by his society; or all of such secretaries may agree upon a MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 551 single list; and such list or lists may be corrected from time to time as may be necessary. § 11 Penalty for violation. Every person violating any of the pro- visions of § 1 of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished by a fine of not less than [$] 100 nor more than $300 for the first offense, and for each subsequent offense by a fine of not less than [$] 200 nor more than $500, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than 30 nor more than 90 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment; the fine, when collected, shall be paid one half to the person or corporation making the complaint, and the other half to the state board of health. § 12 False statements. Any person who shall swear to any false state- ment contained in any statement required by this act to be filed with the state board of health, shall be deemed guilty of perjury and be punished accordingly. § 13 Clerk for board. The state board of health may, from time to time, appoint one of its number, or a person not a member of its board, to discharge the clerical duties imposed by this act upon said board, and may fix and pay a salary therefor, to be paid only out of the fees and penalties received under the provisions of this act. § 15 ITot to apply to pharmacists. The provisions of this bill shall not apply to licensed pharmacists. § 16 Prescriptions in English. All physicians or surgeons practising under the provisions of this act shall, when requested, write a duplicate of their prescriptions in the English language. Any person who shall violate the requirements of this section shall pay a fine of not less than $10 for each and every offense. Laws 189T, ch. 187 § 1 Examination necessary. No person after the passage of this act, shall obtain or receive a certificate of registration as required by the pro- visions of ch. 158 of the public acts of 1893, until he has passed a satis- factory examination before one of the examining committees appointed for the purpose under the provisions of said act, nor until he has com- plied with the other requirements of said act. CUBA West Indies. Area 45,872 sq. m. Pop. (1,631,696). In military occupa- tion of United States. Legisl. annual. Cap. Havana. BEIiAWAIlE South Atlantic division V. S. Area 2050 sq. m. Pop. 168,493 (175,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Dover. 99-99. Laws 1895, ch. 40 § 1 Medical council established; members. That there shall be established a medical council of Delaware, consisting of the chief justice of the state, and of the presidents of the two state boards of medical examiners provided for in this act. 552 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OB" NEW TOEK § 2 H^ame; by-laws; office; quorum. The said council sball be linown by tlie name and style of ttie " Medical council of Delaware," and may make and adopt all necessary rules, regulations and by-laws for their own government, not inconsistent with the laws of this state or of the United States, and shall have power to locate and maintain an office within this state for the transaction of business. Two members of said council shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. § 3 Organization. The said council shall organize within 10 days from the date of the organization of the two boards of medical examiners, and shall elect from its own number a president and a secretary, who shall also act as treasurer, both of whom shall hold their offices for one year, or until their successors are chosen. § 4 Compensation. The members of said council shall receive, in ad- dition to their necessary expenses, $5 per day each for each meeting of the council, but said per diem shall not exceed in any one year more than $15, the same to be paid out of the fees hereinafter provided for. § 5 KTeetings; powers and duties. The said medical council shall hold two stated meetings in each year, and may hold special meetings at such times as it may deem proper. It shall issue certificates for license to practise medicine and surgery to such applicants as have presented such diplomas as hereinafter required and successfully passed the exam- ination hereinafter provided, and the said medical council shall have no powers, duties or functions except as provided for in this act. § 6 Two boards of examiners; term; appoiiitm,ent; lists from medical societies. That from and after the passage of this act, there shall be, and continue to be, two separate boards of medical examiners for the state of Delaware, one representing " The president and fellows of the medical society of Delaware," and the other " The homeopathic medical society of Delaware state and peninsula." Each board shall consist of five mem- bers, and each of said member shall serve for a term of two years from the first day of March next after appointment, with the exception of those first appointed, who shall serve as follows, namely; two of each board for one year, and three of each board for two years, from the first day of March, A. D. 1895. The governor shall appoint the members of said board of examiners, respectively, from the lists of members sub- mitted by said medical societies residing in this state, which lists shall, within 10 days from the passage of this act, and on or before the first day of every January thereafter, be transmitted to the governor under the seal and signed by the secretary of the society so nominating. From these lists of nominees, respectively, the governor shall, within 10 days after the receipt thereof, appoint two separate boards of medical ex- aminers, each board to be composed exclusively of members of the same medical society. In case of the failure of either of the said societies to submit lists as aforesaid, the governor shall appoint members in good standing of the corresponding society, entitled to nominate without other restrictions. Each one of the said appointees must be a registered physi- MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 553 clan in good standing, and shall have practised medicine or surgery under the laws of this state for a period of not less than five years prior to such appointment. The governor shall fill vacancies by death or other- wise for unexpired terms of said examiners from the lists submitted as aforesaid, and may remove any member of either of said boards for con- tinued neglect of the duties required by this act, or on recommendation of the medical society, of which said member may be in affiliation for unprofessional or dishonorable conduct. The governor shall in his first appointments designate the number of years for which each appointee shall serve. The appointments of successors to those members whose terms of office will expire on the first day of March of each year shall be made by the governor during the first 10 days of January of such year, upon the same conditions and requirements as hereinbefore speci- fied with reference to the appointment of two separate examining boards, each to be composed exclusively of members of the same medical society, as hereinbefore provided. § 7 M"am.e of boards; certificate of appointment; rules and regula- tions. Said boards shall be known by the name and style of " Boards of medical examiners of the state of Delaware." Every person who shall be appointed to serve on either of said boards shall receive a certificate of appointment from the secretary of state under his hand. Each of said boards of examiners shall make and adopt all necessary rules, regulations and by-laws, not inconsistent with the laws of this state or of the United States, whereby to perform the duties and transact the business required under the provisions of this act. § 8 IKCedical council to pay expenses from. fees. From the fees pro- vided by this act the medical council shall pay, not to exceed said in- come, all proper expenses incurred by its provisions; and if any surplus above said expenses shall remain at the end of any year, it shall ,be apportioned among said medical societies pro rata according to the number of candidates examined by each. § 9 Organization of examining boards; meetings. The first meeting of each of the examining boards, respectively, shall be held on the first Tuesday of July, 1895. At such meeting of each of the boards, respec- tively, an organization shall be effected by the election from their own membership of a president and secretary, for the purpose of examining applicants for certificate for license. Each of said boards of medical examiners shall hold two or more stated or special meetings in each year, due notice of which shall be made public at such times and places as they may determine. At said stated or special meetings a majority of the members of either board shall constitute a quorum thereof, but the ex- amination may be conducted by a committee duly authorized by said boards. § 10 Questions for examinations; subjects. Each board of medical examiners, not less than one week prior to each examination, shall sub- mit to the medical council of Delaware questions for thorough examina- 554 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK tions In anatomy, physiology, hygiene, chemistry, surgery, obstetrics, pathology, diagnosis, therapeutics, practice of medicine and materia medica. The medical council shall select the questions for such examina- tions from the lists of questions submitted by the board of medical ex- aminers of the candidate's election; and should there be candidates for examination of any other school than the two designated in this act, they shall be examined by the council and some reputable practitioner in this state of such school, by said council to be selected, upon questions selected from standard text books on the above subjects as taught by the school selected by the candidate. § 11 Examinations to be in writing; results transmitted to council. Said examinations shall be conducted in writing in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the respective boards of medical ex- aminers, and shall embrace the subjects named in §10 of this act. After each examination the board of medical examiners having charge thereof shall, without unnecessary delay, act on the same. An official report of such action, signed by the president, secretary and each acting member of said board of medical examiners,! stating the result of examination, shall be transmitted to the medical council. § 12 Council to issue certificates for license; record kept. On receiv- ing from either of said boards of medical examiners, such official report of the examination of any applicant for certificate for license, the medi- cal council shall issue forthwith to each applicant who shall have been returned as having successfully passed the examination a certificate to that effect. The medical council shall keep a record of all certificates, when and to whom issued. § 13 Hethod of applying for examination; qualifications of appli- cants. From and after the passage of this act, any person not hereto- fore authorized to practise medicine and surgery in this state, and desir- ing to enter upon such practice, shall deliver to the secretary of the medical council, upon the payment of a fee of $10, a written application for examination, together with satisfactory proof that the applicant is more than 21 years of age, is of good moral character, has obtained a competent common school education, and has received a diploma confer- ring the degree of medicine from some legally incorporated medical col- lege. Applicants who have received their degree In medicine after the passage of this act must have pursued the study of medicine for at least four years, including three regular courses of lectures in different years, in some legally Incorporated medical college or colleges prior to the grant- ing of said diploma. Such proof, if required, shall be made upon affi- davit. Upon making of said payment and proof, the medical council shall issue to said applicant an order for examination before such one of the state boards of medical examiners as the applicant for certificate may select. In case of failure at any such examination the candidate, after the expiration of six months and within two years, shall have the privilege of a second examination by the same board to which applica- MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 555 tlon was first made, without the payment of an additional fee, but if after six months and before two years from such examination said ap- plication shall be withdrawn, the said $10 shall upon demand be re- turned. § 14 Unlawful to practise without license. That from and after the passage of this act it shall not be lawful for any person to practise medicine or surgery in this state without having obtained a license there- for as hereinafter provided. § 15 License issued by clerk of the peace. The clerli of the peace of any of the counties of this state shall issue a license signed by the gover- nor and countersigned by the secretary of state and sealed with the seal of his office, certifying that such person is authorized to practise medicine and surgery in this state, conformably to the laws thereof, to any per- son who shall present to him a certificate as provided in this act, or who shall have been qualified in one of the counties of this state prior to the passage of this act, and to no other person. § 16 Construction of act. The provisions of this act shall not apply to physicians who are practioners of any other state coming into this state in consultation with any lawful practitioner of medicine and surgery in this state. § 17 Penalty for violation. Any person practising or attempting to practise medicine or surgery within this state contrary to the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in the court of general sessions of the peace and jail delivery of the county wherein the offense was committed shall pay a fine of not more than $500 nor less than $100 or be imprisoned for a term of not more than one year. § 18 Not to apply to dentists. That this act shall not in any way apply to dentists or to dental surgery. § 19 Repeal. All other acts or parts of acts regulating the practice of medicine and surgery in this state are hereby repealed; but nothing herein contained shall in any way interfere with the operation of laws of Delaware, v. 13, ch. 117, relating to revenue.o Laws 1899, ch. 241 § 1 Refusal or revocaticm of licensee. That the medical council of Delaware may refuse to issue a certificate for a license to practise medicine and surgery or may revoke a certificate issued for a license to practise medicine or surgery for the following causes, to wit: chronic and persistent inebriety; the practice of criminal abortion; conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude or for publicly advertising special ability to treat or cure chronic incurable diseases, or where any person shall present to the said medical council any diploma, license or certifi- cate that shall have been illegally obtained or that shall have been signed or issued unlawfully or under fraudulent representations; in ^ EeTised statutes 1893, p. 56, provide that each physician shall pay to the state an annual license of f 10. 556 UNivBRSia?Y of the state of new toek complaints for violating the provisions of this section the accused per- son shall be furnished with a copy of the complaint and given a hear- ing before the said medical council in person or by attorney. § 2 Licentiates of other states. That applicants examined and licensed by or who are or have been members of state examining and licensing boards of other states upon the payment of $50 to the treasurer of the medical council of Delaware, and on filing with the secretary of said medical council a copy of his or her license or certificate certified to by the affidavit of the president and secretary of such board, showing also that the standard of requirements of the said board at the time the said license or certificate was issued, was substantially the same as that re- quired by the said medical council of Delaware, and of his or her affi- davit as to the personality thereof, may be granted a certificate for a license to practise medicine and surgery by the said medical council, upon the recommendation of the said boards of medical examiners without further examination thereby. § 3 Compensation and expenses of council. That the state treasurer shall pay the sum of $300 per annum, in quarterly payments of $75 each, to the treasurer of the medical council of Delaware, who shall apportion and pay the same to the members of the said boards for their necessary expenses, and in addition $5 per day each for each member for every meeting attended, but said per diem shall not exceed in any one year more than $25. DISTRICT OF COlTnvrBIA South Atlantic division TJ. S. Area 70 sq. m. Pop. 230,392 (280,000). Laws made by federal congress. Cap.' Washington. 96-98. Supplement to revised statutes of TJ. S. 1896, p. 493 § 1 Board of medical supervisors. That there shall be, and is hereby, created a board of medical supervisors of the District of Columbia, which shall consist of the presidents of the three boards of medical examiners hereinafter provided for and two persons, not physicians, one of whom shall be learned In the law, to be appointed by the commissioners of the District of Columbia, each for a period of three years, or until his suc- cessor is appointed: provided, that not more than two members of the board of supervisors shall be adherents of any one system of medical practice: and provided further, that said commissioners may remove, after due notice and hearing, any member of said board for neglect of duty or other just cause, and that in case of the death, resignation, or removal of any member the vacancy for the unexpired term of said member shall be filled In the same manner as other appointments are made. § 2 Duties of board. That the said board of medical supervisors shall elect a president, a vice-president, and a secretary. Said board shall make, subject to the approval of the commissioners of the District of Columbia, such regulations as may be necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this act. Said board shall hold such meetings as may be necessary MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 557 for the transaction of business. Said board shall supervise all examina- tions provided for in this act, and shall issue all licenses to practise medicine and surgery or midwifery in the District of Columbia. Saierf orm duties of coxinty clerk in St Louis city. When- ever in this article it is provided that any duty or service shall be per- formed by any county clerk, such duty and service In the city of St Louis shall be performed by the city register or health commissioner of the city of St Louis, as if such ofiicer was specially named to perform these duties and services. Osteopathy Laws 1897, ch. 415 § 1 Osteopathy not the practice of medicine. The system, method or science of treating diseases of the human body, commonly known as osteopathy, and as taught and practised by the American school of osteopathy of Kirksville, Missouri, is hereby declared not to be the practice of medicine and surgery within the meaning of art. 1, ch. 110 of the Revised statutes of Missouri of 1889, and not subject to the provisions of said article. § 2 Who may practise; filing diploma; fee. Any person having a diploma regularly issued by the American school of osteopathy of Kirks- MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 627 vllle, Missouri, or any other legally chartered and regularly conducted school o£ osteopathy, who shall have been in personal attendance as a student in such school for at least four terms of not less than five months each before graduation, shall be authorized to treat diseases of the human body according to such system, after having filed such diploma for record with the clerk of the county court of the county in which such person proposes to practise; and having filed with such clerk an affidavit that the diploma is genuine, and that he or she is the person to whom the same was issued, and that all the provisions of this act were fully com- plied with before the issuing of such diploma; whereupon the clerk shall record such diploma in a book to be provided by him for that purpose, and shall indorse upon such diploma the date of filing and recording same, for which he shall receive from such person a fee of $1. § 3 Penalty for violation. Any person who shall practise, or pretend, or attempt to practise or use the system, method or science of osteopathy in treating diseases of the human body without having complied with the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, be fined in a sum of not less than [$] 50 nor more than $100 for each offense: provided, that nothing in this act shall be construed as prohibiting any legally authorized practitioner of medicine or surgery in this state from curing or relieving disease, with or with- out drugs, or by any manipulation by which any disease may be cured or alleviated. IVLOCNTAlirA Western division U. S. Area 146,080 sq. m. Pop. 132,159 (200,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Helena. 95-99. Codes and statutes 1895, 1:78 § 600 Board of examiners; appointment; term. The governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint seven learned, skilled and capable physicians, who shall have been residents of the state of Montana for not less than two years preceding their appointment, not more than two of whom shall be from the same county, and who have attended three courses of lectures, and are graduates of accredited col- leges of medicine, who shall constitute the board of examiners for the purposes of this act. The physicians so appointed shall hold their re- spective offices for seven years; provided, that the terms in office of those constituting the present board shall not be affected by the provisions of this act; and the terms of their successors shall be so arranged as to succeed the present incumbents as their terms expire; and provided, also, that all vacancies occurring shall be likewise filled by appointment by the governor by the advice and consent of the senate. Appointments made when the senate is not in session shall take effect immediately, and may be confirmed at the next ensuing session. § 601 Organization; meetings; record; register. The board of medi- cal examiners must, on the first Tuesday of April of each year, elect from 628 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK among their number a president, secretary and treasurer, and must have a seal. Four members of said board shall constitute a quorum. The presi- dent and secretary have the power to administer oaths in examination of applicants for certificates, and witnesses called before the board in the transaction of business under the provisions of this act. The board of examiners must hold meetings for examinations at the seat of govern- ment on the first Tuesdays of April and October of each year, and at such other times and at the same and other places as the board may determine. The board must keep a record of all proceedings thereof and also a regis- ter of all applicants for a certificate, with the age of the applicant, time spent in the study of medicine, and the name and location of all the in- stitutions granting to such applicant degrees or certificates of lectures attended in medicine or surgery. The register must also show whether such applicant was rejected, or has received a certificate under this act; such register is prima facie evidence of all the matters therein liept. § 602 Application for certificate; diploma; examlnatioii; temporary certifioate. Every person hereafter wishing to practise medicine or surgery in any of their departments in this state, shall apply to said board for a certificate so to do. Every person applying shaU present his or her diploma to the said board of examiners for verification as to its genuineness; if the diploma is found genuine and is Issued by a medical school legally organized and in good standing, whose teachers are gradu- ates of a legally organized school, which facts the said board of examiners shall determine, and if the person presenting and claiming said diploma be the person to whom the same was originally granted, at a time and place designated by said board, or at a regular meeting of said board, said applicant shall submit to an examination in the following branches, to wit: anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, preventive medicine, practice of medicine, surgery, ob- stetrics, diseases of women and children, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the eye and ear, medical jurisprudence, and such other branches as the board may deem advisable, and present evidence of having attended four courses of lectures of at least six months each, but such evidence of having attended four courses of lectures shall not be required of applicants graduating prior to July 1, 1898; said board shall cause such examination to be both scientific and practical, but of sufficient thorough- ness and severity to test the candidate's fitness to practise medicine and surgery; when desired, such examination may be conducted In the pres- ence of the dean of any medical school, or the president of any medical society in this state. After examination, such board shall, if the candi- date has been found qualified, grant a certificate to such candidate to prac- tise medicine and surgery in the state of Montana; which said certificate can only be granted by the consent of not less than four members of the said board, and which said certificate shall be signed by the president and secretary of said board, and attested by the seal thereof; provided, how- ever, that during the intervening period of the sessions of the board, any MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 629 person desiring to practise medicine in this state may present his or her diploma to the president or secretary of the board, who may issue a cer- ticate good until the next regular meeting of the board; and provided further, that all physicians and surgeons who hold certificates granted by the now existing board of medical examiners shall be exempt from the provisions of this section. § 603 Refusal or revocation of certificate; appeal. The board may refuse to grant a certificate for unprofessional, dishonorable or immoral conduct. Before a certificate can be refused for such cause, the board must serve in writing upon the applicant a copy of any charge or charges against him, and appoint a day for hearing, at which the applicant or any witness in his behalf may appear and give testimony in refutation of such charges. In case the board after such hearing refuse a certificate to the applicant, the decision specifically stating the ground upon which such refusal was made must be reduced to writing and a copy thereof delivered to the applicant, upon demand of the applicant. Upon a like hearing the board may refuse a certificate to any one who may publicly profess to cure or treat disease, injury or deformity in such a manner as to deceive the public. The hearing provided for herein must take place within 20 days after the service of the copy of the charges upon the applicant, unless delayed by, or further time is granted to the applicant, and the decision of the board must not be later than 10 days after the day of hearing. If the decision is not rendered within said period of 10 days, the applicant is not subject to any penalties for practising without a certificate during the time that elapses before the decision is made. The board, with the concurrence of four members thereof, may revoke a certificate for unpro- fessional, dishonorable or immoral conduct. Before such revocation can take place, a written complaint specifically stating the charges against the person whose certificate is sought to be revoked must be delivered to the board and a copy thereof be served upon such person 20 days before the time fixed by the board for the hearing of such charges. The board must fix the time and place for the hearing, at which the person charged may appear and produce testimony in refutation of such charges. If, after such hearing, the board revoke the certificate of such person, the ground upon which such revocation is made must be specifically stated by the board in writing, and a copy thereof delivered, on demand, to the person whose certificate is revoked. In all cases of the refusal or revocation of a certificate to practise medicine by the said board, the person aggrieved thereby may appeal from the decision of the board to the district court of the county in which such revocation or refusal was made. The appeal is taken by the appellant serving notice of appeal upon any officer of the board within 30 days after receiving from the board a copy of the decision, and filing within the same time with the clerk of the proper district court a verified copy of the decision appealed from, together with a verified copy of any charges furnished by the board to the appellant. The appeal is conducted to a determination in all respects as an appeal from a decision 630 UNIVB'ESITY Off THE STATE OF NEW YORK of a board of county commissioners disallowing a claim. The district court must affirm or reverse the decision of the board of medical exam- iners. In case of reversal, a certified copy of the judgment is equivalent to a certificate permitting the appellant to practise medicine and surgery. An appeal may be taken from the judgment of the district court by either party to the supreme court within 60 days from the entry thereof, in lilie manner as in civil cases. In case of an appeal from a decision revoking a certificate the appellant may be permitted, in the discretion of the court, to practise during the pendency of the appeal. § 604 Ctertiflcate to be recorded. Every person obtaining a certificate from the board, must, within 60 days from the date thereof, have the same recorded in the office of the county clerk in the county wherein he resides; if he removes from one county to another to practise medicine or surgery, his certificate must immediately be recorded in the county to which he removes. The county clerk must indorse upon the certificate the date of record, and he is entitled to charge and receive his usual fees for such services, the fee to be paid by the applicant. Until the certificate be recorded, as provided by this section, the physician practising under it is subject to the penalties prescribed in the penal code for practising without a certificate. § 605 Not to apply. This act shall not apply to midwives of skill and experience, commissioned surgeons of the United States army and navy in the discharge of their official duties, nor to physicians and surgeons in actual consultation from other states and territories. § 606 Penalty for violation; practice of medicine defined. Any person practising medicine or surgery within this state contrary to the provisions of this act, shall, for each violation of the provisions of this act, be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not more than $500 nor less than $100, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 90 days nor less than 30 days, or by both said fine and imprisonment as the court may determine. Any person shall be regarded as practising within the meaning of this act who shall append the letters M. D. to his or her name, who shall profess publicly to be a physician or surgeon, or who shall recommend, prescribe or direct, for the use of any person, any drug, medicine, appliance, apparatus or other agency, whether material or not material, for the cure, relief or palliation of any ailment or disease of the mind or body, or for the cure or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury, or other deformity, after having received or with the intent of receiving therefor, either directly or indirectly, any bonus, gift or com- pensation. § 607 Fee; disposition of funds. Candidates for examination shall pay in advance to the secretary of the board of medical examiners a fee of $15, which fee shall defray the entire expense of said candidates for exam- ination before the aforesaid board of examiners. Any one failing to pass the required examination shall be entitled to a second examination within six months, without fee. And the moneys so received shall be turned over MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 631 to the state treasurer, to be by him deposited In the medical board fund, as hereinafter provided. § 608 Compensation of board; medical board fund; annual report. Each member of the board is hereby allowed the sum of $5 per day and mileage while in the active and necessary discharge of his duties. And there is hereby established a fund to be known as the medical board fund. And a sum of $1500 is hereby annually appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated to meet the expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of this act. The state treasurer is hereby directed and required to set such sum apart to the credit of such fund, subject to the orders and disbursements as herein provided for. The money in such fund shall only be paid out by warrant on' said fund on an order drawn by the secretary of said board, counter- signed by the president. The rate of mileage and attendance before said board shall be the same as is now allowed in justice of the peace courts. And the board must report annually on the first Monday of November to the governor, which report must show all the transactions of the board, giving the number of applications received, and frym whom received, the number of certificates granted and rejected, and the names of those re- ceiving certificates and those rejected, giving the reasons therefor, the amount of money received, the expenses, the fees and mileage paid, and by whom received, and the amount of money remaining in said fund. Codes and statutes 1895, 2:866 § 706 Penalty for violation. Every person who practises medicine or surgery within this state without first having obtained the certificate to practise, as provided by law or contrary to the provisions of the act to regulate the practice of medicine in Montana, is punishable by imprison- ment in the county jail not exceeding 90 days or by a fine not exceeding $500, or both. Codes and statutes 1895, 1:560 § 4072 License. Every person practising a profession as a . . . phy- sician and surgeon . . . must pay a license of $5 per quarter . . . ISTEBUASKA Western division U. S. Area 77,510 sq. m. Pop. 1,058,910 (1,225,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Lincoln. 97-99. Compiled statutes 1897, p. 733 § 3684 Board of health. There shall be established in the state of Nebraska a board to be styled the state board of health. Said board shall consist of the governor, attorney general and superintendent of public instruction and the governor shall be ex officio chairman of said board. § 3685 Meetings. Said board shall meet upon the call of the governor and within 30 days after the approval of this act and shall meet thereafter as often and at such times as the governor may from time to time designate. 632 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK § 3686 Secretaries. Said board shall within 60 days after the approval of this act appoint four secretaries who shall be graduated physicians of at least seven years' consecutive practice who shall be at the time of their appointment ac[t]ually engaged in practice in the state of Nebraska; one of whom shall be appointed for the term of one year, one for the term of two years, one for the term of three years and one for the term of four years, and thereafter it shall be the duty of said board to appoint or re- appoint one secretary every year as the term of those heretofore appointed shall expire, but each secretary shall continue in office until his successor shall have been appointed. Said appointments shall be made so, that of said secretaries two shall be physicians of the [so-] called regular school, one of the so-called eclectic school, and one of the so-called homeopathic school. § 3687 Same, powers, duties. Said secretaries shall have power, and it shall be their duty to assist and advise said board in the performance of its duties as prescribed by this act, to summon witnesses and talie testi- mony in the same manner as witnesses are summoned and depositions taiien under the code of civil procedure, and to report said testimony to the board together with their findings of fact and recommendations on all matters coming before said board requiring evidence for their determina- tion except as hereinafter provided. § 3688 Same, certificates. It shall be the duty of said board to see that all the provisions of this act are strictly enforced, to grant certificates as herein provided, and to cause to be prosecuted all violations of this act. Said board shall have and use a common seal and may make and adopt all necessary rules, regulations and by-laws not inconsistent with the constitution and law of this state or of the United States to enable it to perform its duties and transact its business under the provisions of this act. § 3689 Quorum. A majority of said board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. § 3690 Who may practise. It shall be unlawful for any person to prac- tise medicine, surgery or obstetrics or any of the branches thereof, in this state without having first obtained and registered the certificate provided for by this act; and no person shall be entitled to a certificate herein pro- vided for unless he shall be a graduate of a legally chartered medical school or college in good standing; said qualifications to be determined by the board: provided, however, that nothing in this act shall be construed to prevent physicians residing in other states from visiting patients in consultation with resident physicians who have compUed herewith. § 3691 Medical school defined. The term medical school or college in good standing, shall be defined as follows, to wit: a medical school or col- lege requiring a preliminary examination for admission to its course of study in all the common branches, and in Latin and the higher mathe- matics, which requirements shall be regularly published in all the adver- tisements and in each prospectus or catalogue issued by said school, which MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 633 medical school or college shall also require as a requisite for granting the degree of M. D., attendance upon at least four courses of lectures of six months each, no two of said courses to be held within one year, and hav- ing a full faculty of capable professors in all the different branches of medical education, to wit, anatomy, physiology, chemistry, toxicology, pathology, hygiene, materia medica, therapeutics, obsteti-ics, bacteriology, medical jurisprudence, gynecology, principles and practice of medicine and surgery, and specially requiring clinical instruction in the two last named of not less than four hours per week in each during the last two courses of lectures; provided, that this four years' clause shall not apply to degrees granted, or to be granted, prior to August, 1898. § 3692 Diplomas. It shall be the duty of all persons intending to prac- tise medicine, surgery, or obstetrics in the state of Nebraska before begin- ning the practice thereof, in any branch thereof, to present his diploma to said board, together with his affidavit that he is the lawful possessor of the same, that he has attended the full course of study required for the degree of M. D., and that he is the person therein named. Such affidavit may be taken before any person authorized to administer oaths, and. the same shall be attested under the hand and official seal of such official if he has a seal, and any person swearing falsely in such affidavit shall be guilty of perjury and subject to the penalty therefor. § 3693 liicense; ceirtificate; register. If upon investigation of said diploma and affidavit the applicant shall be found entitled to practise there shall be Issued to said applicant the certificate of said board under its seal and signed by its secretaries stating such fact, and it shall be the duty of the applicant before practising to file such certificate or a copy thereof in the office of the county clerk of the county in which he or she resides or in which he or she intends to practise; such certificate or copy shall be filed by the county clerk and by him recorded in a book to be kept for that purpose properly indexed to be called the " physician's register," and for such services the county clerk shall receive from the applicant the same fees as are allowed to the register of deeds for the recording of convey- ances. § 3694 Exceptions to act. All physicians who shall be engaged in prac- tice at the time of the passage of this act shall within six months there- after present to said board their diplomas and affidavits as hereinbefore provided, or in the case of persons not graduates who were entitled to registration and practice under the provisions of the act entitled "An act to regulate the practice of medicine in the state of Nebraska," approved March 3, 1881, an affidavit showing them to have been entitled to so regis- ter and practise and a certified transcript of their registration under said act, and upon their doing so shall be entitled to the certificate herein pro- vided, which they shall file with the county clerk as herein provided. Provided, that no one having the qualifications required in and having complied with said act of March 3, 1881, shall be liable to prosecution for failure to comply with this act until the expiration of said period of six months. 634 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK § 3695 Secretaries; records; certificate. It shall be the duties of said secretaries to keep a full record of all the acts and proceedings of said board and of all certificates granted thereby together with the proof upon which certificates are granted, but when said proof in any case shall have been on file in the office of said board for 10 days said certificate may be issued by said secretaries without a vote of the board, If no protest has been filed and if in their opinion said proof complies with the provisions of this act. I 3696 Kemoval from county. Any person who shall have obtained a certificate provided by this act and shall remove to another county shall before the entering upon the practice of his profession in such other county cause said certificate to be filed and recorded in the office of the county clerk of the county to which he has removed. § 3697 Oertificate; refusal; revocation. The board may refuse certifi- cates to persons guilty of unprofessional or dishonorable conduct, and It may revoke certificates for like cause; provided always that they have given the person an opportunity to be heard in his or her defense. § 3698 Effect of act on suitors. No person shall recover in any court in this state any sum of money whatever for any medical, surgical or obstetrical services unless he shall have complied with the provisions of this act and is one of the persons authorized by this act to be registered as a physician. § 3699 TJnlawful practising; penalty. Any person not possessing the qualifications for the practice of medicine, surgery or obstetrics required by the provisions of this act, or any person who has not complied with the provisions of this act who shall engage in the practice of medicine, sur- gery or obstetrics, or any of the branches thereof in this state, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shaU be fined in any sum not less than ?50 nor more than $300, and costs of prosecution for each offense and shall stand committed until such fine and costs are paid. § 3700 IPraotitioner defined; exceptions. Any person shall be regarded as practising medicine within the meaning of this act who shall operate or profess to heal or prescribe for or otherwise treat any physical or mental ailment of another. But nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit gratuitous services in case of emergency, and this act shall not apply to commissioned surgeons in the United States army nor to nurses in their legitimate occupations, nor to the administration of ordinary household remedies. § 3701 Itinerant venders; penalty. Any Itinerant vender of any drug, nostrum, ointment or appliance of any kind intended for the treatment of any disease or injury, or who shall by writing, printing or any other method, publicly profess to cure or treat diseases or injury or deformity, by any drug, nostrum manipulation or other expedient shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined In any sum not less than $50, nor more than $100 or be imprisoned In the county MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 635 jail for a period of not less than 30 days, nor more tlian three months or both in the discretion of the court, for each offense. § 3702 Secretary; fees. Each applicant for a certificate of registration shall pay a fee of $10, which shall be equally divided between the four secretaries as their sole remuneration for their services and for issuing certificate; provided, that for the taking of any necessary testimony, the said secretaries shall be entitled to charge and to receive such fees as are provided for notaries public for similar services; and further provided, that applicants under § 2 [3685] of this act shall pay the sum of $1 only. NEVABA Pacific division U. S. Area 110,700 sq. m. Pop. 45,761 (47,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Carson City. 99-99. Laws 1899, ch. 73 § 1 Board of examiners; qualifications; term. A state board of medical examiners, to consist of five practising physicians, is hereby created, whose duty it shall be to carry out the purposes and enforce the provisions of this act. The members of said board shall be appointed by the governor; they shall each be a reputable practising physician, duly licensed as such by some legally chartered medical college of the United States, and who shall have been actually engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery in the state of Nevada at least five years immediately prior to their respective appointments. Three of whom shall be appointed from the school of medi- cine known as the " regular " physicians, and one of whom shall be of the school known as the " homeopathic," and one of whom shall be of the school known as the " eclectic," whenever the resident physicians of the state shall afford sufficient members of these respective schools. They shall be appointed by the governor for the terms, respectively, one for five years, one for four years, one for three years, one for two years, and one for one year, from the date of their appointments. In case of a vacancy occurring in said board through death, resignation or permanent removal from the state, such vacancy shall be filled by the governor by the appoint- ment of a person duly qualified under this act to fill the unexpired term of the person in whose stead the appointment is made. Each appointment, after the expiration of the terms for which appointments shall first be made, shall be for five years next ensuing the period for which the said first appointments are made. § 2 Org'anizatioii of board; meetings. Said board shall choose one of Its members president and one thereof secretary, who shall hold their offices for one year from the date of their selection. The first members appointed on said board shall meet and organize at the state capitol in Carson City, Nevada, on the first day of May, 1899, and thereafter they shall meet twice in each year, on the first Monday of May and November, at such place as shall be most convenient to the said board and the appli- cants for authority to practise in this state. And due notice shall be given by publication in a newspaper of all such meetings. 636 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK § 3 Powers and duties of board. Said board shall procure a seal and shall receive through their president or secretary applications for examina- tions or certificates; the president and secretary shall have authority to administer oaths and the board to take testimony in all matters relating to its duties; it shall issue certificates to all vrho furnish satisfactory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from reputable and legally char- tered medical institutions of the United States which are in good standing, or from the state examining board of any state of the United States, pro- viding the holder of said state certificate has been practising in this state for at least five years. It shall prepare two forms of certificates, one for persons who present to it satisfactory diplomas or licenses, and the other for candidates who may be examined by the board, and whenever a cer- tificate is issued by said board, it shall notify the respective county clerks of the several counties within this state of the issuance of such certificate or certificates; and it shall be the duty of said clerks to keep and file said notices and also keep a list of the persons to whom issued. § 4 Applicants that must be exajnined; subjects of examination. Said board shall also issue a certificate to any person who shall have been regularly engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery within this state for five years immediately preceding the passage of this act, and who, after an examination by said board, shall be found to be qualified to practise medicine and surgery. It shall also issue a certificate to any person who has had issued to him a diploma or license from any reputable school or college of medicine and surgery which is located without the United States, upon the applicant being found competent after having passed a satisfactory examination by the said board. When the board is not in session its secretary may issue a temporary certificate whenever an applicant shall have deposited the usual fee and filed his diploma or license with him, and such temporary certificate shall entitle the holder to practise until the next regular meeting of said board. And all examina- tions of applicants to practise shall be thorough and searching, and shall be in the following branches: anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, principles and practice of medicine, principles and practice of surgery, gynecology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, pathology and all subjects relating to the practice of medicine and surgery. The board may judge whether the college and institution which issued any diploma or license presented to it is reputable and legally chartered and worthy of recognition, subject to the action of the courts in cases of abuse of its discretion in this respect. § 5 Fees. With each application for authority to practise medicine and surgery there shall be deposited with the board, or its president or secre- tary, the sum of $25, lawful money of the United States, and all money collected by said board shall be used by it to defray its legitimate expenses. § 6 Fraudulent diplomas; penalty. It shall be unlawful for any person to present to said board any forged or fraudulent diploma or license, or one which is not Issued to the person presenting the same, and any person ME5DI0INB IN THE UNITED STATES 637 who shall SO present such a diploma or license shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than $500 or by Imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not less than 50 nor more than 180 days, or by both such fine and imprison- ment for each and every such offense. § 7 Certificate on diploma. Any person to whom a diploma or license has been issued may present the same in person, by letter or by proxy, to the board, accompanied by proof to the satisfaction of the board that such diploma or license was issued to the person presenting the same, and if the board shall be satisfied with such proof, and also satisfied as to the character and standard of the college or institution within the United States which issued such diploma or license, said board shall thereupon issue its certificate to the applicant. § 8 Certificate to be recorded. Every person to whom a certificate from the board of examiners shall have issued, shall before he enters upon the practice of medicine or surgery In this state, have such certificate recorded in the office of the county recorder of the county in which he resides. § 9 Board may refuse or revoke a certificate. The board may refuse a certificate to any individual guilty of unprofessional or dishonorable con- duct, and may revoke any certificate for a like cause. In all cases of refusal or revocation the party aggrieved may appeal to the courts for adjudication of the controversy. § 10 Who shall be regarded as practising. Any person shall be re- garded as practising medicine, within the meaning of this act, who shall profess publicly to be a physician or surgeon, or who shall prescribe for the sick or profess to cure the sick by the administration of drugs or other means, or shall append to his name the letters " M. D.," but nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit any gratuitous services in cases of emergency, or to commissioned surgeons in the United States army or navy. § 11 Expenses of boards. All moneys received by this board shall be paid out on its order for its actual necessary expenses and the expenses of its members incurred in attending its meetings, and in case the money received by said board shall be insufficient to meet its actual expenses and the actual traveling expenses of its members in attending its meetings, then the board shall certify to the state controller, under its seal and over the signatures of its president and secretary, the amount actually neces- sary to meet the remainder of the traveling expenses of its members for attending such meetings, and upon the receipt of such certificate the controller shall draw his warrant upon the state treasurer for the same, which shall be payable out of any funds in the state treasury not other- wise appropriated. § 12 Certificates to bear seal and sig^natures. A majority of said board shall constitute a quorum to transact all business. All certificates issued by said board shall bear its seal and the signatures of the president and secretary, and shall authorize the person to whom it is Issued for that 638 tJNIVBRSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK purpose to practise medicine or surgery in any and all counties in this state upon complying with the requirements of this act. § 13 Penalty for violation. Any person practising medicine or surgery in this state without first complying with the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than $100, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than 50 days nor more than 180 days for each and every such offense, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Any person may institute proceedings at law provided for in this act, and it shall be the duty of the board of medical examiners, or any member thereof, whenever satisfied that any of the provisions of this act have been violated, to insti- tute or cause to be instituted the proper proceedings for a punishment thereof. § 14 Board to receive no compensation. No member of the board of medical examiners of this state shall receive any compensation for any service or services rendered under the provisions of this act. § 16 When to take effect. This act shall take effect, so far as the certificates provided for are concerned and be in force in that respect, on and after the first day of May, 1899, and in all other respects it shall take effect upon its approval. liTEW HAMPSHIBE North Atlantic division U. S. Area 9305 sq. m. Pop. 376,530 (403,000). Ijegisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Concord. 97-99. Laws 1897, ch. 63 § 1 Qualifications for practice. No person shall hold himself out to the public as a physician and surgeon, or advertise as such, or use the title of M. D. or Dr (or any title which shall show or tend to show that the person using the same is a practitioner of any of the branches of medicine) in New Hampshire, after Sep. 1, 1897, unless previously registered and au- thorized, or unless licensed and registered as required by this chapter; nor shall any person practise medicine and surgery whose authority to practise is suspended or revoked by the regent of a state board. § 2 Boards of examiners; appointment; term. Within 60 days after the passage of this act, the governor and council shall appoint three sepa- rate state boards of medical examiners, of five members each, so appointed that the term of office of one member shall expire each year, and the members thereafter appointed shall hold office five years, or until their successors are appointed and qualified. One board shall represent the New Hampshire medical society, one the New Hampshire homeopathic medical society, and one the New Hampshire eclectic society. Each of these three societies shall nominate annually twice the number of exam- iners to be appointed in that year on the board representing it. The names of such nominees shall be annually transmitted under seal by the president and secretary to the governor and council, who shall appoint from such MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 639 lists the examiners required to form the boards and to fill any vacancy that may occur from expiration of office or otherwise. Each nominee, before appointment, shall furnish to the governor and council satisfactory proof that he has received the degree of doctor of medicine from some registered medical school, and that he has legally practised medicine in this state for at least five years. If no nominees are presented from a society to the governor and council, they may appoint from members in good standing in such society without restriction. The governor and council, upon recommendation of the board, may remove any examiner for misconduct, incapacity, or neglect of duty. § 3 Oommlssion of appointment; oath of ofllce; powers. Every medi- cal examiner shall receive a commission of appointment from the state, and before beginning his term of office shall file with the secretary of state the constitutional oath of office. Bach board, or any member thereof, may take testimony and proofs concerning all matters within its jurisdiction. Each board may make any by-laws and rules, not inconsistent with law, necessary in performing its duties. § 4 Regent. The superintendent of public instruction, ex officio, shall be the regent of the state boards of medical examiners, and shall perform such duties as are herein specified. § 5 Disposition of funds. From the fees provided by this act, the regent may pay all proper expenses incurred by its provisions, except compensa- tion to medical examiners; and any surplus at the end of any year shall be apportioned equally among the three boards; and the state shall not pay the expenses of said boards, or either of them, or compensate them, or either of them, for services rendered under their commissions. § 6 Org'anization of boards; meetings. Each board shall annually elect from its members a president and a secretary for the year, and shall hold one or more meetings each year pursuant to call of the regent, who may also call joint meetings of the three boards or of their officers. At any meeting a majority shall constitute a quorum; but questions prepared by the boards may be grouped and edited, or answer papers of candidates may be examined and marked by committees duly authorized by the boards. § 7 Qualifications of candidates. The regent shall admit to examination any candidate who pays a fee of $10 and submits satisfactory evidence, verified by oath, if required, that he 1) is more than 21 years of age; 2) is of good moral character; 3) has graduated from a registered college or satisfactorily completed a full course in a registered academy or high school; or had a preliminary education considered and accepted by the regent as fully equivalent; 4) has studied medicine not less than four full school years of at least nine months each, including four satisfactory courses of at least six months each, in four different calendar years, in a medical college registered as maintaining at the time a satisfactory standard. The regent shall accept as the equivalent for any part of the third and fourth requirements evidence of five or more years' reputable 640 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK practice, provided that such substitution be specified in the license; 5) has either received the degree of bachelor or doctor of medicine from some registered medical school, or a diploma or license conferring full right to practise medicine in some foreign country. Students who matriculate in a New Hampshire medical school before Jan. 1, 1898, on the prescribed study of medicine, shall be exempt from this preliminary education requirement § 8 Examinations; questions; subjects. Each board shall submit to the regent, as required, lists of suitable questions, for thorough examina- tions in anatomy, physiology and hygiene, chemistry, surgery, obstetrics, pathology and diagnosis, and therapeutics, Including practice and materia medica. From these lists the regent shall prepare question papers for all these subjects, which at any examination shall be the same for all candi dates, except that in therapeutics, practice and materia medica all the questions submitted to any candidate shall be chosen from those prepared by the board selected by that candidate, and shall be in harmony with the tenets of that school as determined by its state board of medical ex- aminers. § 9 Place of examinations; how conducted. Examinations for license shall be given at Concord in this state, and at least twice annually, and shall be exclusively in writing and in English. Bach examination shall be conducted by the regent or a competent examiner appointed by him, who shall not be one of the medical examiners. At the close of each examination the regent or examiner in charge shall deliver the questions and answer papers to the board selected by each candidate, or to its duly authorized committee, and such board, without unnecessary delay, shall examine and marls the answers and transmit to the regent an official re- port, signed by its president and secretary, stating the standing of each candidate in each branch, his general average, and whether the board recommends that a license be granted. Such report shall include the ques- tions and answers, and shall be filed in the public records of the regent. If a candidate fails on first examination, he may, after not less than six months' further study, have a second examination without fee. If the failure is from illness or other cause satisfactory to the boards they may waive the required six months' study. § 10 License to practise; number; record. On receiving from a state board an official report that an applicant has successfully passed the ex- aminations and is recommended for license, the regent shall issue to him a license to practise medicine. Every license shall be issued by the regent under seal and shall be signed by each acting medical examiner of the board selected and by the regent, and shall state that the licensee has given satisfactory evidence of fitness as to age, character, preliminary and medical education, and all other matters required by law, and that after full examination he has been found properly qualified to practise. Applicants examined and licensed by other state examining boards regis- tered by the regent as maintaining standards not lower than those pro- MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 641 vided by this chapter, and applicants who matriculate in a New Hampshire medical school before Jan. 1, 1898, and who receive the degree M. D. Jan. 1, 1903, may, without further examination, on payment of $5 to the regent and on submitting such evidence as may be required, receive an indorsement of their licenses or diplomas conferring all rights and privi- leges of a regent license issued after examination. Before any license is Issued it shall be numbered and recorded in a book kept in the regent's office, and its number shall be noted in the license. This record shall be open to public inspection, and in all legal proceedings shall have the same weight as evidence that is given to a record of conveyance of land. § 11 Construction of act. This chapter shall not be construed to afCect commissioned medical officers serving in the United States army, navy, or marine hospital service, while so commissioned, or any one while actually serving on the resident medical staff of any legally incorporated hospital, or any legally registered dentist exclusively engaged in practis- ing dentistry; or any manufacturer of artifical eyes, limbs, or orthopedic instruments or trusses in fitting such instruments on persons in need thereof; or any lawfully qualified physician in other states or countries meeting legally registered physicians in this state in consultation; or any physician residing on a border of a neighboring state and duly authorized under the laws thereof to practise medicine therein, whose practice ex- tends into this state, and who does not open an office or appoint a place to meet patients or receive calls within this state; or to the regular or family physicians of persons not residents of this state,, when called to attend them during a temporary stay in the state, or to the hotel physi- cian regularly employed by the landlord of the summer hotel in the care of his guests or employees; neither shall the provisions of this act apply CO clairvoyants or to persons practising hypnotism, magnetic healing, mind cure, massage. Christian science, so called, or any other method of heal- ing if no drugs are employed or surgical operations are performed; pro- vided such persons do not violate any of the provisions of this act in relation to the use of M. D. or the title of doctor or physician. § 12 Penalty for violation. Any person who, not being then lawfully authorized to practise medicine within this state and so registered accord- ing to law, shall hold himself out to the public as a physician and surgeon, or advertise as such, within this state, without lawful registration or in violation of any provision of this chapter; and any person who shall buy, sell, or fraudulently obtain any medical diploma, license, record, or regis- tration, or who shall aid or abet such buying, selling, or fraudulently obtaining, or who shall practise medicine under cover of any medical diploma, license, record, or registration illegally obtained, or signed or issued unlawfully or under fraudulent representations or mistake of fact in a material regard; and any person who shall append the letters M. D. to his or her name; or shall assume or advertise the title of doctor (or any title which shall show or tend to show that the person assuming or advertising the same is a practitioner of any of the branches of medl- 642 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Cine) in such a manner as to convey the Impression that he or she is a legal practitioner of medicine, or of any of its branches, without having legally received the medical degree, or without having received a license which constituted at the time an authority to practise medicine under the laws of this state then in force, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than $100, or imprisonment for three months, for the first offense; and on the conviction of any subsequent offense, by a fine of not more than $250, or imprisonment for not less than six months, or by both fine and Imprison- ment. § 13 Persons already practising. Every person who is a practitioner of medicine and surgery In this state prior to the passage of this act shall be, upon satisfactory proof thereof to the regent and upon the payment of a fee of $1, entitled to registration; and the said regent shall Issue to him a certificate signed by himself and the chairman and secretary of such board of medical examiners as the applicant may elect; and said certificate shall state the facts and the cause of said registration, and shall entitle the said person to practise medicine legally In the state of New Hampshire. § 14 Krst meeting of boards. The first meeting of the boards may be called by any one of the members by a notice in writing, stating the time and place of meeting, sent by mall to each of the other members at least one week prior thereto. NEW JEESEY North Atlantic division U. S. Area 7815 sq. m. Pop. 1,444,933 (1,950,000). Leglsl. annual; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Trenton. 95-99. General statutes 1895, 2 : 2081. § 5 Qualifications for practice; filing of diploma. That every person practising medicine or surgery in this state in any of their branches for gain, or who shall receive or accept for his or her services any fee or reward, either directly or Indirectly, shall be a graduate of some legally chartered medical college or university In good standing, or some medi- cal society having power by law to grant diplomas; and such person be- fore entering upon said practice shall deposit a copy of his or her diploma with the clerk of the county in which he or she may sojourn or reside, and shall pay said clerk 10 cents for filing the same In his office; said copy to be a matter of record; and open to public Inspection. § 6 Penalty for violation; exceptions. That any person who shall commence or continue to practise medicine or surgery without conform- ing to the requirements of the first section [§ 5] of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction, shall be punished by a fine of $25, or Imprisonment In the county jail not exceeding six months, or both, at the discretion of the court, for each prescription made, opera- tion performed or professional service rendered; provided, that any person who shall have had 20 years' experience in the practice of medicine or MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 643 surgery in any one locality within this state, and shall file with the clerk of the county in which he shall have so practised, and. also in which he resides, an affidavit setting forth the fact of such experience and length of practice, shall be exempt from the requirements of § 1 of the act entitled "An act to regulate the practice of medicine and surgery," approved March 12, 1880. § 7 TJnlawfid to collect fees if not qualified. That it shall be unlaw- ful for any person not qualified according to the first section [§ 5] of this act, to collect any fees for medical or surgical services. § 8 Using fraudulent diploma; penalty. That any person who shall ofCer for record a copy of any diploma which shall have been Issued to any other person, or a diploma issued or obtained fraudulently, shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than $300 nor more than $500, or imprison- ment at hard labor for not less than one nor more than three years, or both, at the discretion of the court. § 9 Construction of act. That nothing in this act shall be so con- strued as to prevent any physician or surgeon in good standing, and legally qualified to practise medicine or surgery in the state in which he or she resides, from practising in this state, but all persons opening any office, or appointing any place where he or she may meet patients, or receive calls, shall be deemed a sojourner in this state, and shall conform to the first section [§ 5] of this act. § 11 Diploma recorded within certain time. That any physician re- siding and practising medicine or surgery in this state, and being a gradu- ate of a legally chartered medical college or university having power to grant diplomas, who, within one year after the passage of the act to which this is a supplement [Mar. 12, 1880], shall have deposited a copy of his or her diploma with the clerk of the county, as required by said act, shall not be liable to any of the fines or penalties prescribed by said act for a failure to comply with the terms thereof. § 13 List of diplomas and affidavits; index of names. That in order to secure to the state board of health a full record of all physicians and surgeons who under the laws of this state are required to give certificates of death, it shall be the duty of the county clerk of each county of the state to furnish to the state board of health a list of the names of all physicians and surgeons who have deposited with him copies of their diplomas, together with the date of their respective diplomas, and the name and place of the institution purporting to confer such diploma, and each county clerk shall yearly furnish to the state board of health a similar list of those physicians and surgeons hereafter depositing diplomas with him, and shall include in such list also the names of those physi- cians and surgeons filing affidavits with him, as mentioned in the second section [§ 6] of this act; and each county clerk shall keep in a suitable book an index of the names of all physicians and surgeons depositing diplomas or filing affidavits in pursuance of this act or the acts to which 644 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW TOEK this is a supplement; and for every name indexed and furnished to the state board of health as hereinbefore provided, the county clerk so in- dexing and furnishing such name shall be entitled to receive from the state board of health, through its secretary, the sum of 6 cents. § 16 Homeopathic defined. That whenever the term " homeopathic " is applied to a physician or a member of a medical school, in any law of the state of New Jersey, the term shall be construed to mean that said physician or member of a medical school shall be a graduate of a homeo- pathic medical college, or a member of the homeopathic state medical society, or a member of a homeopathic county medical society in the state of New Jersey. § 17 Begisteired physician may practise. That it shall be lawful for any physician who has been registered, in any county of this state, to practise in any part of this state, provided he shall exhibit proof of such registry officer whose duty it Is to Iseep such registry, a certificate of the fact that he has been registered as a practising physician, for which cer- tificate he shall pay to said county clerk, or other officer, the sum of 50 cents. § 18 Midwifeary, certificate necessary to practise. That every person practising midwifery in any of its branches, shall possess a certificate from the state board of medical examiners, as hereinafter provided. § 19 Sow person now practising may obtain certificate. That every person now practising midwifery in cities of the first and second classes in this state shall, within 30 days after the passing of this act, personally present to the state board of medical examiners an affidavit setting forth the name, nationality, age, authority, location and length of practice, together with a certificate of good moral character from some registered physician, resident of the same district; whereupon the board, on receipt of a fee of $1, shall issue a certificate, signed by its president and secre- tary and bearing the seal of said board, entitling the person named therein to practise midwifery in this state. § 20 Persons beginning practice must take examination. That every person hereafter beginning the practice of midwifery in this state shall appear before the state board of medical examiners and submit to such examinations in midwifery as the board shall require, and if such ex- amination is satisfactory to the examiners, the said board shall, upon the receipt of a fee of $5, issue a certificate the same as provided in § 2 [§19] of this act. § 21 Filing of certificate. That the person so receiving said certifi- cate shall file the same or a true copy thereof with the clerk of the county in which she resides, and said clerk shall file said certificate or a copy thereof, and enter a memorandum thereof, giving the date of said certifi- cate and the name of the person to whom the same is issued, and the date of said filing, in a book to be provided and kept for that purpose; and for which registry the said county clerk shall be entitled to demand and receive from each person registering the sum of 25 cents. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 645 § 22 Examinations by state boaxd. That the state board of medical examiners are hereby authorized and empowered to execute the provisions of this act, and shall hold examinations of candidates for certificates in midwifery at such times and places as may be deemed expedient. § 23 S«fusal or revocation of licenses. That the state board of medi- cal examiners may refuse licenses to persons guilty of unprofessional or dishonorable conduct, and may revoke licenses for like cause, or for neglect to make proper returns to the various health officers, of births, and the cases of puerperal and other contagious diseases occurring In their practice. § 24 Midwifery defined. That any person shall be regarded as practis- ing midwifery within the meaning of this act who shall publicly profess by advertisement, sign, card or otherwise to be a midwife, or who shall, for a fee, attend to women in childbirth, but nothing In this act shall be construed to prohibit gratuitous service in case of emergency nor to legally qualified physicians or surgeons of this state. § 25 Penalty for violation. That any person practising midwifery in this state without first complying with the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine of not less than $10 nor more than $50, or by imprisonment In the county jail for not less than 10 nor more than 30 days, or both, in the discretion of the court. § 27 Board of examineirs; appointment; term. That the governor shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, a board of examiners to be known as the state board of medical examiners, said board to consist of nine members, who shall be persons of recognized pro- fessional ability and honor; the term of office of said board shall be three years, or until their successors are appointed; provided, however, that the members of the board first appointed shall be divided into three classes, each class to consist of three persons; the first class shall hold office under said appointment for one year, the second for two years and the third for three years from the date of their appointment, and thereafter each member shall be appointed for a term of three years; and provided further, that said board shall consist of five old school physicians, three homeopaths and one eclectic; said appointees shall, within 30 days after the receipt of the respective commissions, take, subscribe and file, In the office of the secretary of state, the oath or affirmation prescribed by law. § 28 Organization of board. That said board shall elect a president, a secretary and a treasurer from its membership; it shall have a common seal, and its president shall be empowered to issue subpenas and to ad- minister oaths in taking testimony in any matter pertaining to the duties of said board; it shall make and adopt all necessary rules, regulations and by-laws not Inconsistent with the laws of this state or of the United States, whereby to perform the duties and to transact the business re- quired under the provisions of this act. § 29 ]SCeetings for examinations; record; register. That said board shall hold meetings for examinations, at the capltol building of this state 646 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW TOEK on the third Tuesday of June and September of each year, and at such other times and places as the board may deem expedient; said board shall keep an official record of all its meetings, and an official register of all applicants for a license to practise medicine and surgery in this state; said register shall show the name, age, nativity, last and intended place of residence, of each candidate, the time he or she has spent in obtaining a competent common school education, and in medical study, in or out of medical school, and the names and location of all medical schools . or examining and licensing boards which have granted said ap- plicant any degree or certificate of attendance upon lectures upon medi- cine and surgery or state examinations; said register shall also show whether said applicant was examined, licensed or rejected under this act and said register shall be prima facie evidence of all matters therein contained. § 30 Qualifications of applicants for examination. That all persons hereafter commencing the practice of medicine or surgery in any of its branches in this state shall apply to said board for a license so to do; applicants for examination shall present to the secretary of this board, at least 10 days before the commencement of the examination at which he or she Is to be examined, a written application on a form or forms provided by said board, together with satisfactory proof that the applicant is more than 21 years of age, is of good moral character, has obtained a competent common school education, and has either received a diploma conferring the degree of doctor of medicine from some legally incorpor- ated medical college (which in the opinion of said board was in good stand- ing at the time of issuing said diploma) in the United States, or a diploma or license conferring the full right to practise all the branches of medi- cine and surgery in some foreign country, and has also studied medicine four years, including three courses of lectures in different years in some legally incorporated American or foreign medical college or colleges prior to the granting of said diploma or foreign license; provided, however, that two courses of medical lectures, both of which shall be either begun or completed within the same calendar year, shall not be considered to satisfy the above requirement; and if said application is approved, and the said applicant shall have deposited the sum of $25 with the treasurer of such board as an examination fee, which said sum shall be returned to such applicant in case of failure to pass such examination, the applicant shall sign his or her name opposite a number in a book kept for that purpose by the secretary, and shall mark his or her examination paper with said number, and shall be known to the members of said board only by said number until his or her papers have been examined and marked; appli- cants examined and licensed by or who are or have been members of. state examining and licensing boards of other states, upon the payment of $50 to the treasurer of said board, and on filing with the secretary of said board a copy of his or her license or certificate, certified by the affidavit of the president and secretary of such board, showing also that MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 647 the standard of requirements of said board at tlie time of said license or certificate was issued was substantially the same as that required by the said board, and of his or her affidavit as to the personality thereof, may be granted a license by said board without further examination thereby. § 31 Character of examinations; subjects; license issued. That all examinations shall be written in the English language, and the questions and answers shall be, except in materia medica and therapeutics, such as can be answered in common by all schools of practice; if the applicant intends to practise homeopathy or eclecticism, the member or members of said board of those schools respectively shall examine said applicant in the materia medica and therapeutics of the school in which such ap- plicant intends to practise; the examinations shall be in the following sub- jects, namely, materia medica and therapeutics; obstetrics and gynecology; practice of medicine, including diseases of the skin, nose and throat; surgery, including surgical anatomy and diseases of the eye, ear and genito-urinary organs; anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, pathol- ogy, bacteriology, hygiene, medical jurisprudence, and in such other sub- jects as the board may decide; all examinations shall be both scientific and practical, and of suflicient severity to test the candidate's fitness to practise medicine and surgery; if said examination is satisfactory, the board shall issue a license, entitling the applicant to practise medicine and surgery in this state; the votes of all examiners shall be yes or no, and written with their signatures upon the backs of the examination papers of each candidate; said application and examination papers shall be deposited in the state library, in the capitol building, and they shall be prima facie evidence of all matters therein contained; all licenses shall be signed by the president and secretary of the board, and shall be attested by the seal thereof. § 32 Refusal or revocation of licence. That the board may refuse to grant or may revoke a license for the following causes, to wit, chronic and persistent inebriety; the practice of criminal abortion; conviction of crime Involving moral turpitude or for publicly advertising special ability to treat or cure chronic and incurable diseases; or where any person shall present to this board any diploma, license or certificate that shall have been illegally obtained, or that shall have been signed or issued unlaw- fully or under fraudulent representations; in complaints for violating the provisions of this section, the accused person shall be furnished with a copy of the complaint, and given a hearing before said board in person or by attorney; and any person, after such refusal or revocation of license, who shall attempt or continue the practice of medicine, shall be subject to the penalties hereinafter prescribed. § 33 Filing of license; removal from county. That the person so re- ceiving said license shall file the same or a certified copy thereof, with the clerk of the county in which he or she resides, and said clerk shall file said certificate or copy thereof and enter a memorandum thereof, giving 648 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the date of said license, with the name of the person to whom the same is issued, and the date of said filing, in a book to he provided by this board and to be kept for that purpose, and for which registry the said county clerk shall be entitled to demand and receive from each person registering the sum of $1; in case the person so licensed shall move into another county of this state, he or she shall procure from the said clerk a certified copy of such registration, and then file the same with the clerk of the county to which he or she shall remove, and the said clerk shall file and enter the same with like effect as if the same was an original license, and for which registry the said clerk shall be entitled to demand and receive the sum of $1; and each county clerk in the counties of this state shall, upon the last day of November of each year, furnish to the secretary of said board a list of all the certificates of this board filed in his office during the previous year, and upon notice to him of the change of location or death of the person so licensed, or of the revocation of said license, said county clerk shall enter at the appropriate place in the records so kept by him, a memorandum of said fact, and said memoranda shall be furnished to the secretary of this board in the annual report above required. § 34 Practice of medicine defined. That any person shall be regarded as practising medicine or surgery, within the meaning of this act, who shall use the words or letters " Dr," " Doctor," " Professor," " M. D." or " M. B." in connection with his or her name, or any other title intend- ing to imply or designate him or her as a practitioner of medicine or surgery in any of its branches, and who in connection with such title or titles or without the use of such titles, shall prescribe, direct, recom- mend, advise, apply, give or sell, for the use of any person or persons, any drug or medicine or other agency or application for the treatment, cure or relief of any bodily injury, infirmity or disease; and it is further provided, that the use of any one of the aforementioned titles or the ex- posure of a sign, circular, advertisement or any other device or informa- tion, indicating thereby the occupation of the person or persons, shall be considered prima facie evidence; and it is further provided that the provi- sions of this act shall apply to all persons professing and attempting to cure diseases by means of the so-called systems of " faithcurism," " mind- healing," " laying-on-of-hands," and other similar systems. § 35 Construction of act. That this act shall not apply to the com- missioned surgeons of the United States army, navy or marine hospital service while so commissioned, or to lawfully qualified physicians or surgeons residing in other states meeting registered physicians and sur- geons of this state in consultation, or to any legally qualified physician or surgeon of another state taking charge of the practice of a legally qualified physician or surgeon of this state temporarily during the latter's absence therefrom and upon the written requests to said board therefor, or to any physician or surgeon of another state, and duly authorized under the laws thereof, to practise medicine and surgery therein; pro- MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 649 vided, that such practitioner shall not open an office or a place for the practice of his profession within the borders of this state, or to any one while actually serving as a member of the resident medical stafE of any legally incorporated charitable or municipal hospital or asylum, or to any legally qualified and registered dentist exclusively engaged in practising the art of dentistry, or to any person claiming the right to practise medi- cine and surgery in this state who has been practising therein since before the 4th day of July, 1890; provided, said right or title was obtained upon a duly registered diploma, of which the holder and applicant was the lawful possessor, issued by a legally chartered medical institution which, in the opinion of said board, was in good standing at the time said diploma was issued, or to any person resident of this state who has been con- tinuously engaged in giving treatment by electricity herein during the past seven years; provided, that said person has graduated from a legally incorporated electro-therapeutic school in good standing. § 36 Penalty for violation. That any person hereafter commencing or continuing the practice of medicine and surgery in any of its branches in this state without first having obtained and filed the license herein provided for or contrary to the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished for the first offense by a fine of not less than $100 or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not less than 30 days or by both fine and imprisonment, and for each subsequent offense the punishment shall be double that of the preceding one; and it shall be the duty of the respec- tive district attorneys of the counties of this state to prosecute violation of the provisions of this act. § 37 Disposition of fees. That the expenses of said board and of the examination shall be paid from the license fees above provided for, and if any surplus remain, the same may be distributed among the members of said board as a compensation for their services as members, but other- wise they shall receive no compensation whatever. NEW ICEXICO Western division U. S. Area 122,580 sq. m. Pop. 153,593 (190,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Santa F6. 97-99. Compiled laws 1897, p. 909 § 3694 Qualifl-cations for practice. That no person shall practise medicine in any of its departments in this territory unless such person possesses the qualifications required by this act. If a graduate in medi- cine, he must present his diploma by mail or in person to the territorial board of health for verification as to its genuineness. If the diploma is found genuine and from a legally chartered medical institution in good standing, and if the person named therein be the person claiming and presenting the same, the territorial board of health shall issue a certifi- cate to that effect, signed by all members thereof, and such certificate shall be conclusive as to the right of the lawful holder of the same to 650 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK practise medicine in this territory. If not a graduate, tlie person practis- ing medicine in this territory shall present himself before said board and submit himself to such examination as the board may require, and if the examination be satisfactory to the board, the said board shall issue its certificate in accordance with the facts, and the lawful holder of such certificate shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges herein men- tioned: provided, that any person who shall have practised medicine con- tinuously for the period of 10 years in this territory prior to the passage of this act, shall be entitled to a license or certificate, without examina- tion, upon the payment of the fee for such license or certificate. § 3695 Territorial board of health; organization. That a board is hereby established which shall be known under the name and style of the, New Mexico territorial board of health, to be composed of seven prac- tising physicians of known ability and integrity, who are graduates of medical schools of undoubted respectability and holding license to practise in this territory, giving each of the three schools of medicine, known as the regular, homeopathic and eclectic schools a representation as follows, to wit: four physicians of the regular, two of the homeopathic, and one of the eclectic school or system of medicine. The members of this board shall be appointed by the governor, and shall hold their offices two years, and all vacancies shall be similarly filled as soon as the governor is noti- fied thereof by the secretary of the board. The territorial board of health shall organize within three months after the passage of this act; it shall procure a seal, and shall receive through its secretary applications for certificates and examinations; the president and secretary shall have the authority to administer oaths, and the board shall take testimony in all matters relating to its duties; it shall issue certificates to all who furnish satisfactory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from legally chartered medical institutions in good standing, as may be determined by the board. Applicants for certificates being graduates, or to all who now have licenses to practise in the territory issued by the present and former boards of medical examiners, shall pay a fee of $5 to the secretary of the board, who shall turn the same into the treasury of the board. § 3696 Veriflcation of diploma; affidavit. The verification of the diploma or certificate shall consist in the affidavit of the holder and ap- plicant that he is the lawful possessor of the same, and that he is the person therein named, and any person swearing falsely shall be deemed guilty of perjury, and shall be punished accordingly. § 3697 Examinations; fee. All examinations of persons not graduates or licentiates, shall be made directly by the board, and may be made in whole or in part in writing, and shall be of an elementary and practical character, sufficiently strict to test the qualifications of the candidate as a practitioner. The fee for examination shall be $20 and said fee shall be paid into the treasury of the board. § 3698 Record of certifi.cate. Every person holding a certificate from the territorial board of health shall have it recorded in a book provided MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 651 for the purpose in the office of the clerk of the county in which he resides, within three months from its date, and the date of recording shall be in- dorsed thereon; he shall then be entitled to practise in any part of the territory, but must again record his certificate in case of removing his permanent residence to another county. § 3609 Befusal or revocation of certificate. The territorial board of health must refuse to issue a certificate to individuals guilty of unpro- fessional or dishonorable conduct, and it may revoke certificates for like causes. § 3700 Definition of " practise medicine." For the purposes of this act, the words, practise medicine, shall mean to investigate or diagnose, or offer to investigate or diagnose, any physical or mental ailment of any person, with a view to affording relief, as commonly done by physicians- to suggest, recommend, prescribe or direct for the use of any person, any drug, medicine or appliance, apparatus or other agency, whether material or not material, for the cure, relief or palliation of any ailment or disease of the mind or body, or for the cure or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury or deformity, after having received or with the intent of receiving therefor, either directly or indirectly, any bonus, gift or com- pensation: provided, this act shall not prevent people who are entitled to sell medicines under the laws of this territory from recommending the same, but nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit gratuitous service in cases of emergency or the domestic administration of family remedies, or women from practising midwifery; and this act shall not apply to surgeons in the service of the United States in the discharge of their official duties. § 3701 Pemalty for praotising without certificate; using another's diploma. Any person practising medicine or surgery in this territory without the certificate Issued by this board, in compliance with the pro- visions of this act, shall for each and every instance of such practice, for- feit and pay to the territory of New Mexico, for the use of the said terri- torial board of health, the sum of 3100 for the first offense and 3200 for each subsequent offense, the same to be recovered in an action of debt before any court of competent jurisdiction, and any person filing, or at- tempting to file, as his own, the diploma or certificate of another, or a forged affidavit of identification, shall be guilty of a felony, and upon conviction, shall be subject to such fine and imprisonment as are made and provided by the statutes of the territory for the crime of forgery. § 3702 Judgment upon conviction; appeal. Upon conviction of either of the offenses mentioned in this act, the court shall, as part of the judg- ment, order that the defendant be committed to the common jail of the county until the fine and costs are paid, and upon failure to pay the same immediately, the defendant shall be committed under said order: provided, that either party may appeal in the same time and manner as appeals may be taken in other cases, except that where an appeal is prayed in behalf of the territory, no appeal bond shall be required to be filed, whether the 652 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK appeal be from a justice of the peace, or from the district, county or circuit court, or from the appellate court, but it shall be sufficient in behalf of the territory of New Mexico for the use of the territorial board of health to pray an appeal, and thereupon appeal may be had without bond security. § 3703 Prosecution. It shall be the duty of the solicitor general and the district attorneys to prosecute any and all persons who shall be guilty of violating the provisions of this act. NEW TOKK North Atlantic division U. S. Area 49,170 sq. m. Pop. 5,997,853 (7,000,000). Legisl. annual; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Albany. 96-99. Birdseye's Revised statutes 1896, 2:2454 *140 Definitions. As used In this article. University means University of the State of New Yorli. Regents means board of regents of the University of the State of New York. Board means a board of medical examiners of the state of New Yorli. Medical examiner means a member of a board of medical examiners of the state of New York. Medical school means any medical school, college, or department of a university, registered by the regents as maintaining a proper medical standard and as legally Incorporated. Medicine means medicine and surgery. Physician means physician and surgeon. § 140 Qualifications. No person shall practise medicine after Sep. 1, 1891, unless previously registered and legally authorized or unless licensed by the regents and registered as required by this article; nor shall any person practise medicine who has ever been convicted of a felony by any court, or whose authority to practise is suspended or revoked by the re- gents on recommendation of a state board. § 141 State boards of medical examiners. There shall continue to be three separate state boards of medical examiners of seven members each, each, of whom shall hold office for three years from August 1 of the year in which appointed. One board shall represent the medical society of the state of New York, one the homeopathic medical society of the state of New York and one the eclectic medical society of the state of New York. Bach of these three societies shall at each annual meeting nominate twice the number of examiners to be appointed in that year on the board repre- senting it. The names of such nominees, shall be annually transmitted under seal by the president and secretary prior to May 1 to the regents, who shall, prior to August 1 appoint from such lists the examiners re- quired to fill any vacancies that will occur from expiration of term on August 1. Any other vacancy, however occurring shall likewise be filled by the regents for the unexpired term. Each nominee, before appoint- ment, shall furnish to the regents proof that he has received the degree of MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 653 doctor of medicine from some registered medical school and that he has legally practised medicine in this state for at least five years. If no nomi- nees are legally before them from a society the regents may appoint from members in good standing of such society without restriction. The regents may remove any examiner for misconduct, incapacity or neglect of duty. § 142 Certificate of appodntiaeiit; oath; powers. Every medical exam- iner shall receive a certificate of appointment from the regents and before beginning his term of office shall file with the secretary of state the con- stitutional oath of office. Each board, or any committee thereof, may take testimony and proofs concerning all matters within its jurisdiction. Each board may, subject to the regents approval, make all by-laws and rules not inconsistent with law needed in performing its duties; but no by-law or rule by which more than a majority vote is required for any specified action by the board shall be amended, suspended or repealed by a smaller vote than that required for action thereunder. § 143 Expenses. From the fees provided by this article, the regents may pay all proper expenses incurred by its provisions except compensa- tion to medical examiners; and any surplus at the end of any academic year shall be apportioned among the three boards pro rata according to the number of candidates whose answer papers have been marked by each. § 144 Ofacers; meetings; quorum; committees. Each board shall annu- ally elect from its members a president and a secretary for the academic year, and shall hold one or more meetings each year pursuant to call of the regents, who may also call joint meetings of the three boards or of their officers. At any meeting a majority shall constitute a quorum; but questions prepared by the boards may be grouped and edited, or answer papers of candidates may be examined and marked by committees duly authorized by the boards and by the regents. § 145 Admission to examination. The regents shall admit to examina- tion any candidate who pays a fee of ?25 and submits satisfactory evi- dence, verified by oath, if required, that he 1) is more than 21 years of age; 2) is of good moral character; 3) has the general education required preliminary to receiving the degree of bachelor or doctor of medicine in this state; 4) has studied medicine not less than four full school years of at least nine months each, including four satisfactory courses of at least six months each, in four different calendar years in a medical school regis- tered as maintaining at the time, a satisfactory standard. New York medi- cal schools and New York medical ^students shall not be discriminated against by the registration of any medical school out of the state, whose minimum gi'aduation standard is less than that fixed by statute for New York medical schools. The regents may, in their discretion, accept as the equivalent for any part of the third and fourth requirement, evidence of five or more years' reputable practice, provided that such substitution be specified in the license; 5) has either received the degree of bachelor or doctor of medicine from some registered medical school, or a diploma or license conferring full right to practise medicine in some foreign country. 654 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK The degree of bachelor or doctor of medicine shall not be conferred in this state before the candidate has filed with the institution conferring it the certificate of the regents that before beginning the first annual medical course counted toward the degree unless matriculated conditionally as hereinafter specified (three years before the date of the degree), he had either graduated from a registered college or satisfactorily completed a full course in a registered academy or high school; or had a preliminary education considered and accepted by the regents as fully equivalent; or held a regents medical student certificate, granted before this act took effect; or had passed regents examinations as hereinafter provided. A medical school may matriculate conditionally a student deficient in not more than one year's academic work or 12 counts of the preliminary education requirement, provided the name and deficiency of each student so matriculated be filed at the regents office within three months after matriculation, and that the deficiency be made up before the student begins the second annual medical course counted toward the degree. Stu- dents who had matriculated in a New York medical school before June 5, 1890, and students who had matriculated in a New York medical school before May 13, 1895, as having entered before June 5, 1890, on the pre- scribed three years' study of medicine, shall be exempt from this prelim- inary education requirement. A medical student certificate may be earned without notice to the re- gents of the conditional matriculation either before the student begins the second annual medical course counted toward the degree or two years before the date of the degree for matriculants in any registered medical school, in the four cases following: 1) for matriculants prior to May 9, 1893, for any 20 counts, allowing 10 for the preliminaries, not including reading and writing; 2) for matriculants prior to May 13, 1895, for arith- metic, elementary English, geography, spelling, United States history, English composition and physics, or any 50 counts, allowing 14 for the preliminaries; 3) for matriculants prior to Jan. 1, 1896, for any 12 academic counts; 4) for matriculants prior to Jan. 1, 1897, for any 24 academic counts; but all matriculants, after Jan. 1, 1897, must secure 48 academic counts, or their full equivalent, before beginning the first annual medical course counted toward the degree, unless admitted conditionally, as hereinbefore specified when the deficiency must be made up before the student begins the second annual medical course counted toward the degree. § 146 Questions. Each board shall submit to the regents, as required, lists of suitable questions for thorough examination in anatomy, physi- ology and hygiene, chemistry, surgery, obstetrics, pathology and diagnosis, and therapeutics including practice and materia medica. From these lists the regents shall prepare question papers for all these subjects, which at any examination shall be the same for all candidates, except that in thera- peutics, practice and materia medica all the questions submitted to any candidate shall be chosen from those prepared by the board selected by MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 655 that candidate, and shall be in harmony with the tenets of that school as determined by Its state board of medical examiners. § 147 Examinations and reports. Examinations for license shall be given In at least four convenient places in this state and at least four times annually, in accordance with the regents rules, and shall be exclu- sively in writing and in English. Bach examination shall be conducted by a regents examiner who shall not be one of the medical examiners. At the close of each examination the regents examiner in charge shall deliver the questions and answer papers to the board selected by each candidate, or to its duly authorized committee, and such board, without unnecessary delay, shall examine and marl: the answers and transmit to the regents an ofScial report, signed by its president and secretary, stating the standing of each candidate in each branch, his general average and whether the board recommends that a license be granted. Such report shall include the questions and answers and shall be filed in the public records of the University. If a candidate fails on first examination, he may after not less than six months' further study, have a second examina- tion without fee. If the failure Is from illness or other cause satisfac- tory to the regents they may waive the required six months' study. § 148 Licenses. On receiving from a state board an official report that an applicant has successfully passed the examinations and is recommended for license, the regents shall issue to him, if in their judgment he is duly qualified therefor, a license to practise medicine. Every license shall be issued by the University under seal and shall be signed by each acting medical examiner of the board selected and by the officer of the University who approved the credential which admitted the candidate to examina- tion, and shall state that the licensee has given satisfactory evidence of fitness as to age, character, preliminary and medical education and all other matters required by law, and that after full examination he has been found properly qualified to practise. Applicants examined and licensed by other state examining boards registered by the regents as main- taining standards not lower than those provided by this article, and ap- plicants who matriculated in a New Tork state medical school before June 5, 1890, and who receive the degree M. D., from a registered medical school before Aug. 1, 1895, may without further examination, on pay- ment of $10 to the regents and on submitting such evidence as they may require, receive from them an indorsement of their licenses or diplomas conferring all rights and privileges of a regents license issued after ex- amination. If any person whose registration is not legal because of some error, misunderstanding or unintentional omission, shall submit satisfac- tory proof that he had all requirements prescribed by law at the time of his imperfect registration and was entitled to be legally registered, he may on unanimous recommendation of a state board of medical ex- aminers receive from the regents under seal a certificate of the facts which may be registered by any county clerk and shall make valid the previous imperfect registration. Before any license is issued it shall be 656 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK numbered and recorded in a book kept in the regents office, and its number shall be noted In the license. This record shall be open to public inspec- tion, and in all legal proceedings shall have the same weight as evidence that is given to a record of conveyance of land. § 149 Registry. Every license to practise medicine shall, before the licensee begins practice thereunder, be registered in a book kept in the clerk's office of the county where such practice is to be carried on, with name, residence, place and date of birth, and source, number and date of his license to practise. Before registering, each licensee shall file, to be kept in a bound volume in the county clerk's office an affidavit of the .above facts, and also that he is the person named in such license, and had, before receiving the same, complied with all requisites as to at- tendance, terms and amount of study and examinations required by law and the rules of the University as preliminary to the conferment thereof; that no money was paid for such license, except the regular fees paid by all applicants therefor; that no fraud, misrepresentations or mistake in any material regard was employed by any one or occurred in order that such license should be conferred. Every license, or if lost a copy thereof legally certified so as to be admissible as evidence, or a duly attested trans- cript of the record of its conferment shall before registering be exhibited to the county clerk, who, only in case it was Issued or indorsed as a license under seal by the regents, shall indorse or stamp on it the date and his name preceded by the words: " Kegistered as authority to practise medi- cine in the clerk's office of county." The clerk shall thereupon give to every physician so registered a transcript of the entries in the register with a certificate under seal that he has filed the prescribed affi- davit. The licensee shall pay to the county clerk a total fee of $1 for registration, affidavit and certificate. § 150 ^Registry in another county. A practising physician having regis- tered a lawful authority to practise medicine in one county, and remov- ing such practice or part thereof to another county, or regularly engaging in practice or opening an office in another county, shall show or send by registered mail to the clerk of such other county, his certificate of registration. If such certificate clearly shows that the original registra- tion was of an authority issued under seal by the regents, or if the cer- tificate itself is indorsed by the regents as entitled to registration, the clerk shall thereupon register the applicant in the latter county, on re- ceipt of a fee of 25 cents, and shall stamp or indorse on such certificate, the date and his name preceded by the words, " Registered also in county," and return the certificate to the applicant. § 151 Certificate presumptive evidence; unauthorized registration and license prohibited. Every unrevoked certificate and indorsement of regis- try, made as provided In this article, shall be presumptive evidence in all courts and places, that the person named therein is legally registered. Hereafter no person shall register any authority to practise medicine un- less it has been issued or indorsed as a license by the regents. No such MBDIOINB IN THE UNITED STATES 657 registration shall be valid unless the authority registered constituted at the time of registration, a license under the laws of the state then In force. No diploma or license conferred on a person not actually in at- tendance at the lectures, instruction and examination of the school con- ferring the same, or not possessed at the time of Its conferment, of the requirements then demanded of medical students in this state as a con- dition of their being licensed so to practise, and no registration not in accordance with this article shall be lawful authority to practise medi- cine, nor shall the degree of doctor of medicine be conferred causa honoris or ad eundum nor if previously conferred, shall it be a qualification for such practice. § 152 Ooustruction of this article. This article shall not be construed to affect commissioned medical officers serving in the United States army, navy or marine hospital service, while so commissioned; or any one while actually serving on the resident medical staff of any legally incorporated hospital; or any legally registered dentist exclusively engaged in practis- ing dentistry; or any manufacturer of artifical eyes, limbs or orthopedic instruments or trusses in fitting such instruments on persons in need thereof; or any lawfully qualified physician in other states or countries meeting legally registered physicians in this state in consultation; or any physician residing on a border of a neighboring state and duly authorized under the laws thereof to practise medicine therein, whose practice ex- tends into this state, and who does not open an office or appoint a place to meet patients or receive calls within this state; or any physician duly registered in one county called to attend Isolated cases in another county, but not residing or habitually practising therein. This article shall be construed to repeal all acts or parts of acts authorizing conferment of any degree in medicine, causa honoris or ad eundum, or otherwise than on students duly graduated after satisfactory completion of a preliminary and medical course not less than that required by this article, as a con- dition of license. § 153 Penalties and their collection. Any person who, not being then lawfully authorized to practise medicine within this state and so regis- tered according to law, shall practise medicine within this state without lawful registration or in violation of any provision of this article; and any person who shall buy, sell, or fraudulently obtain any medical diploma, license, record, or registration, or who shall aid or abet such buying, sell- ing or fraudulently obtaining, or who shall practise medicine under cover of any medical diploma, license, record, or registration illegally obtained, or signed, or issued unlawfully or under fraudulent representations or mistake of fact In a material regard, or who, after conviction of a felony, shall attempt to practise medicine, or shall so practise, and any person who shall append the letters M. D. to his or her name, or shall assume or advertise the title of doctor (or any title which shall show or tend to show that the person assuming or advertising the same Is a practitioner of any of the branches of medicine), In such a manner as to convey the 658 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK impression that he or she is a legal practitioner of medicine, or of any of its branches without having legally received the medical degree, or without having received a license which constituted at the time an authority to practise medicine under the laws of this state then in force, shall be guilty , of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than $250, or imprisonment for six months for the first offense, and on conviction of any subsequent offense, by a fine of not more than $500 or imprisonment for not less than one year, or by both fine and imprisonment. Any person who shall practise medicine under a false or assumed name, or who shall falsely personate another practitioner of a like or different name, shall be guilty of a felony. When any prosecu- tion under this article is made on the complaint of any incorporated medi- cal society of the state, or any county medical society of such county en- titled to representation in a state society, the fines when collected shall be paid to the society making the complaint, and any excess of the amount of fines so paid over the expense incurred by the said society in enforc- ing the medical laws of this state, shall be paid at the end of the year to the county treasurer. ITOIITH oakolhsta Southern division V. S. Area 52,250 sq. m. Pop. 1,617,947 (1,800,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Raleigh. 99-99. Code 1883, 2:329 § 3121 Medical society of the state a body politic. The association of regularly graduated physicians, calling themselves the state medical society, is hereby declared to be a body politic and corporate, to be known and distinguished by the name of the medical society of the state of North Carolina. § 3122 Who may practise. No person shall practise medicine or surgery, nor any of the branches thereof, nor in any case prescribe for the cure of diseases for fee or reward, unless he shall have been first licensed so to do in the manner hereinafter provided. [As amended 1885, ch. 117, § 1] § 3123 Board of physicians to consist of seven. In order to the proper regulation of the practice of medicine and surgery, there shall be estab- lished a board of regularly graduated physicians, to be known by the title of the board of medical examiners of the state of North Carolina, which shall consist of seven regularly graduated physicians. § 3124 Duty of board. It shall be the duty of the said board to ex- amine all applicants who shall exhibit a diploma, or furnish satisfactory proof of graduation, from a medical college in good standing requiring an attendance of not less than three years and supplying such facilities for clinical instruction as shall meet the approval of the said board, for license to practise medicine or surgery, or any of the branches thereof, on the following branches of medical science: anatomy, physiology, surgery, pathology, medical hygiene, chemistry, pharmacy, materia medica. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 659 therapeutics, obstetrics and the practice of medicine, and if on such ex- amination they be found competent, to grant to each applicant a license or diploma, authorizing him to practise medicine and surgery, or any of the branches thereof: provided, five members of the board shall constitute a quorum and four of those present shall be agreed as to the qualifications of the applicant: provided, that the requirement of three years' attend- ance shall not apply to those graduating prior to January 1, 1900. Pro- vided further, that license or other satisfactory evidence of standing as a legal practitioner in another state shall be accepted in lieu of a diploma and entitle to examination. [As amended 1899, ch. 93, § l]o § 3125 Temporary license. To prevent delay and inconvenience, two members of the board of medical examiners may grant a temporary license to any applicant vyho shall comply with the requirements as to graduation prescribed in § 3124 as amended, and make report thereof to the next regular meeting of the board: provided, such temporary license shall not continue in force longer than the next regular meeting of the board, and such temporary license shall in no case be granted after the applicant has been refused a license by the board of medical examiners. [As amended 1889, ch. 181, § 3; 1899, ch. 93, § 2] a § 3126 How appointed. The medical society shall have power to ap- point the board of medical examiners. § 3127 Where and when to assemble. The board of medical examiners shall assemble at the same time and places, when and where the medical society assembles, which society shall assemble at least once in every year at such time and place as the said society, at its next preceding meeting, shall have fixed; and the said board shall remain in session from day to day until all applicants who may present themselves for examina- tion within the first five days after its meeting shall have been examined and disposed of: provided, that the said board may, at its discretion, meet not more than one week before the said society, but always in the same place; and that one additional meeting in each year may be held at some suitable point ifi the state if deemed advisable. [As amended 1899, ch. 93, §3]o § 3128 Officers, etc. The board of medical examiners are authorized to elect all such officers, and to frame all such by-laws as may be neces- sary, and in the event of any vacancy by death, resignation or otherwise, of any member of said board, the board, or a quorum thereof, is em- powered to fill such vacancy. § 3129 Tlie board of examiners to keep a record. The board of ex- aminers shall keep a regular record of its proceedings in a book kept for that purpose, which shall always be open for inspection, and shall cause to be entered on a book kept for the purpose the name of each applicant for license, and the name of each applicant licensed to practise medicine and surgery, and the time of granting the same, together with the names a Amendments of 1899 do not take effect till Jan. 1, 190U. 660 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK of the members of the board present, and shall publish the names of those licensed in two of the newspapers published in the city of Raleigh, within 30 days after the granting of the same. § 3130 Licemse. The board shall have power to demand of every ap- plicant thus licensed the sum of $10 before issuing a license or diploma, and the sum of $5 for each temporary license, to be paid to the secretary of the board. § 3131 The board; their compensation. The members of the said board shall each receive as a compensation for their services $4 per day during the time of their session and in addition thereto their traveling expenses to and from their places of meeting by the most direct route from their respective places of residence, to be paid by the secretary of the board out any moneys in his hands, upon the certificate of the president of the board of medical examiners. § 3132 Practising without license. Any person who shall practise medicine or surgery without having first applied for and obtained license from the said board of examiners, shall not be entitled to sue for or re- cover before any court any medical bill for services rendered in the prac- tice of medicine or surgery or any of the branches thereof. And any per- son who shall begin the practice of medicine or surgery in this state for fee or reward, after the passage of this act, without first having obtained license from said board of examiners, shall not only not be entitled to sue for or recover before any court any medical bill for services rendered in the practice of medicine or surgery, or any of the branches thereof, but shall also be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100, or imprisoned at the discretion of the court, for each and every offense: provided, that this act shall not be construed to apply to women who pursue the avocation of a midwife: and provided further, that this act shall not apply to any reputable physician or surgeon resident in a neighboring state coming into this state for consultation with a registered physician resident therein. But this proviso shall not apply to physicians resident in a neighboring state regularly practising in this state; provided, that this section shall not apply to physicians who have a diploma from a regular medical col- lege, and were practising medicine and surgery in this state prior to the seventh day of March, 1885. [As amended 1885, ch. 117, § 2; ch. 261, § 1; 1889, ch. 181, § 1] § 3133 May rescind license. The said board shall have the power to rescind any license granted by them when upon satisfactory proof it shall appear that any physician thus licensed has been guilty of grossly immoral conduct. § 3134 Secretary. The secretary of the board of medical examiners shall give bond with good surety to the president of the board, for the safe keeping and proper payment of all moneys that may come into his hands. Any person who shall begin the practice of medicine or surgery in this state after the passage of this act shall personally appear before MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 661 the clerk of the superior court of the county in which he resides or practises within 30 days after obtaining a license from the board of medi- cal examiners of the state, as now provided by law for registration. [As amended 1889, ch. 181, § 3; 1891, ch. 90, § 1; 1899, cJi. 93, § 4]o Laws 1889, ch. 181 § 4 Manner of registering'; certificate thereof. That any person ap- plying for registration as herein provided shall produce and exhibit be- fore the clerli of the superior court a license obtained from the board of medical examiners aforesaid; and upon such exhibit being made as aforesaid, the clerk shall register the date of registration with the name and residence of such applicant in a bools to be kept for this purpose in his oflBce, marked Register of physicians and surgeons, and shall issue to him a certificate of such registration under the seal of the superior court of the county upon the form furnished him, as hereinafter provided, for which the clerk shall be entitled to collect from said applicant a fee of 25 cents. The person obtaining said certificate shall be entitled to practise medicine or surgery, or both, in the county where the same was obtained, and in any other county in this state; but if he shall remove his residence to another county he shall exhibit said certificate to the clerk of such other county and be registered, which registration shall be made by said clerk without fee or charge: provided, that any one having obtained a temporary license, as provided in § 3125 of the code, shall not be entitled to register, but may practise during the time such license shall remain in force. [As amended 1891, cK. 420, § 1; 1899, ch. 93, § 4]a § 5 Practising without registration; penalty. That any person who shall practise or attempt to practise medicine or surgery in this state without first having registered and obtained the certificate as aforesaid shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100, or be imprisoned at the dis- cretion of the court, for each and every offense: provided, this act shall not apply to women pursuing the avocation of midwife, nor to reputable physicians or surgeons resident in a neighboring state coming into this state for consultation with a registered physician of this state. § 6 "Violation by clerk of court; penalty. That any clerk of the superior court who shall register or issue a certificate to any person in any other manner than that prescribed by this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $200 and shall be removed from office. § 7 Form of certificate. That it shall be tUe duty of the medical society of the state of North Carolina to prescribe a proper form of cer- tificate required by this act. [As amended 1899, ch. 93, § 4]a Laws 1891, ch. 323 § 7 Term of license. The licenses issued uqder this schedule shall be for 12 months. . . jx Amendments of 1899 do not take effect till Jan. 1, 1900. 662 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK § 20 Iiicense, how obtained; fee. On every . . . medical practi- tioner . . . $10 in every county In which he carries on his business, one half to be paid to the state and one half to the county: provided, that any such . . . medical practitioner . . . who may be authorized by the laws of this state and the regulations of his profession to practise in this state . . . may obtain a license from the state treasurer, oper- ating 12 months from its date, upon the payment of $30, and shall be exempt from the portion of the above tax due the state. NORTH DAKOTA Western division U. S. Area 70,795 sq. m. Pop. 182,719 (238,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Bismarck. 95-99. Revised codes 1895, p. 124 § 275 Board of medical examiners; how appointed; qiialiflcations. The governor shall appoint a state board of medical examiners consist- ing of nine members, of whom eight shall be practising physicians, graduates of reputable medical colleges, who shall hold their office for three years after such appointment and until their successors are ap- pointed and qualified. Two members of such board shall be homeopathic physicians and one a lawyer. § 276 Officers; meetings for examinations; record of licenses. Such board shall elect a president and treasurer, and shall have a seal. The president and secretary shall have power to administer oaths. The board shall hold meetings for examinations at such place ns it may designate on the first Tuesday in January, April, July and October of each year, and such special meetings as it may from time to time .ippoint. The board shall keep a record of all its proceedings, and also a register of applicants for license together with their ages, time spent in the study of medicine and the name and location of all institutions granting to such applicants degrees or certificates of attendance on lectures in medicine or surgery. Such register shall also show whether the applicant was re- jected or licensed under this article. Said boolis and register shall be prima facie evidence of all matters therein recorded. § 277 Examinations, how conducted; licenses, when revocable. All persons before commencing the practice of medicine, surgery or obstetrics in this state shall apply to the board for a license so to do, and such ap- plicant shall submit to an examination in the following branches: anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, diseases of women and children, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the eye and ear, medical jurisprudence and such other branches as the board deems advisable, and present evidence of having attended three courses of lectures of at least six months each; the board shall cause such ex- amination to be practical and scientific and sufficient to test the candi- date's fitness to practise medicine, surgery and obstetrics. If such ap- plicant passes the .prescribed examination the board shall grant him a license to practise medicine, surgery and obstetrics in this state, which license shall be signed by the president and secretary of the board and MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 663 attested by the seal thereof. The fee for such examination shall be $20, to be applied by the board toward paying the expenses thereof. The board may revoke or refuse a license for dishonorable or immoral con- duct, chronic or persistent inebriety or for the practice of criminal abor- tion. In complaints for violating the provisions of this section the accused shall be furnished with a copy of the complaint and given a hearing be- fore the board in person or by attorney. § 278 Licenses to be filed. The person receiving a license shall file the same or a copy thereof, with the register of deeds of the county where he resides, and the register of deeds shall file the same. § 279 Who exempt from provisions of this article. This article shall not apply to surgeons of the United States army or navy, physicians or surgeons in actual consultation from other states or territories or actual medical students practising medicine under the direct supervision of a preceptor. § 280 Penalty for practising without license. Any person violating the provisions of this article is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon con- viction thereof is punishable by a fine of not less than [$] 50 nor more than $100, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding 30 days, or by both. Osteopathy Laws 1897, eh. 105 § 1 Diploma must be recorded. Any person having a diploma regularly issued by the American school of osteopathy, of Kirksville, Missouri, or any other legally chartered and regularly conducted school of osteopathy, who shall have been in personal attendance as student in such' school for at least four terms of not less than five months each before gradua- tion shall be authorized to treat diseases of the human body according to such system, after having filed such diploma for record with the clerk of the county court of the county in which such person proposes to prac- tise, and having filed with such clerk an aflSdavit that the diploma is genuine, and that he or she is the person to whom the same was issued, and that all the provisions of this act were fully complied with before the issuing of such diploma; whereupon the clerk shall record such diploma in a book to be provided by him for that purpose, and shall indorse upon such diploma the date of filing and recording the same, for which he shall receive from each person a fee of $1. § 2 Penalty for violation. Any person who shall practise or pretend or attempt to practise the system, method or science of osteopathy in treating diseases of the human body without having complied with the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum of not less than [$] 50 nor more than $100 for each offense; provided, that nothing in this act shall be construed as prohibiting any legally authorized practitioner of medicine or surgery in this state from curing or relieving disease with or without drugs, or by any manipulation by which any disease can be cured or alleviated. 664 UNIVERSITY Off THE STATE OF NEW YORK OHIO Lake division V. S. Area 41,060 sq. m. Pop. 3,672,316 (4,000,000). Legisl. •biennial; next session Jan. 1902. Cap. Columbus. 97-99. Bates' Annotated statutes 1897, 2:2343 § 4403 State board of examiners; appointment; organization; meet- ings; register. Within 30 days after the passage of this act, the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint a state board of medical registration and examination, consisting of seven mem- bers, one to serve for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one fori four years, one for five years, one for six years and one for seven years, and the successors of each for the term of seven years, who shall be physicians in good standing in their profession, representa- tion to be given to schools of practice in the state as nearly as possible in proportion to their numerical strength in the state, but no one school to have a majority of the whole board. The board shall organize by electing a president and a treasurer, who shall be members of the board, and a secretary, who shall be a physician in good standing in his pro- fession, each to serve for the term of one year. The treasurer shall give a bond in the sum of $10,000, with sureties approved by the board, for the faithful discharge of his duties. The secretary shall receive a salary of not exceeding $1500 per annum, to be fixed by the board, and his necessary expenses in performing his ofBcial duties. The members of the board shall each receive $10 per day for the time actually employed in the discharge of their duties and their necessary expenses while en- gaged therein. The board shall have a common seal, and shall formulate rules to govern its action. Its president and secretary shall have the power to administer oaths. The board shall meet in Columbus on the first Tuesday of January, April, July and October of each year, and at such other times as the board may appoint. Five members shall con- stitute a quorum. The board shall keep a record of all its proceedings, and a register of all applicants for certificates, giving the name and loca- tion of the institution granting the applicant the degree of doctor of medicine or surgery, and also whether the applicant was rejected or a certificate granted. The books and register of the board shall be prima facie evidence of all matters recorded therein. § 4403 a Penalty for selling and using fraudulent diplomas. Who- ever shall make, issue, or publish, for purpose of sale, barter, or gift, any certificate, diploma, or other writing, or document falsely represent- ing the holder or receiver thereof to be a graduate of any medical school, or college, or of any educational institution of medicine whatsoever, and entitled to the powers, privileges, or degrees thereby pretended to be conferred; or whoever shall sell, or otherwise dispose of, or offer to do so, any such diploma, certificate, writing, or document containing the false representation aforesaid; or whoever shall use his name, or permit fhe same to be used, as a subscriber, for any purpose or in any capacity. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 665 to such false and fictitious diploma, certificate, writing or document, aforesaid, or whoever shall engage in the practice of medicine and surgery under and by virtue of such fraudulent diploma, certificate, writing or document aforesaid, upon conviction thereof, shall be subject to the penalty prescribed in § 4403 b. § 4403 b Penalty for issuing fraudulent diplomas. Whoever shall make, issue, or publish, or cause to be made, issued, or published, for the purpose of sale, barter, or gift, any diploma, certificate, or writing repre- senting the holder thereof to be a graduate of any medical school, or col- lege, or of any educational institution of medicine whatsoever, unless such holder shall have, in fact, attended a complete course of instruction in such school, college, or institution for medical teaching, which course shall be equal to the average course of instruction in other schools, col- leges or institutions where the various branches of medicine are taught as a science, in good standing in the state of Ohio, upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not exceeding $1000, nor less than $100, or im- prisoned In the penitentiary not more than three years, nor less than one year, or both, at the discretion of the court. § 4403 c Qualifl-cations for practice; applicajits; certificate issued, re- fused, revoked; fees; compensation of board. No person shall practise medicine, surgery, or midwifery, in any of its branches, in this state, without first complying with the requirements of this act. If a graduate in medicine or surgery, he shall, either personally, or by letter or proxy, present his diploma to the state board of medical registration and ex- amination for verification. Accompanying such diploma the applicant shall file his affidavit, duly attested, stating that the applicant is the per- son named in the diploma and is the lawful possessor of the same, and giving his age and the time spent in the study of medicine. If the board shall find the diploma to be genuine, and from a legally chartered medi- cal institution in good standing, as determined by the board, and the per- son named therein be the person holding and presenting the same, the board shall issue Its certificate to that effect, signed by its president and secretary, which when left with the probate judge for record as herein- after required, shall be conclusive evidence that its owner is entitled to practise medicine or surgery In this state. If a legal practitioner of medi- cine under the laws of Ohio in force at the time of the passage of this act, but not a graduate of medicine or surgery, as above defined, he shall, either personally, or by letter or proxy, furnish the board an affidavit, duly attested, stating the period during which and the places at which he has been engaged in the practice of medicine or surgery. If the board Is satis- fied from the affidavit and other information received that the applicant was a legal practitioner of medicine in Ohio at the time of the passage of this act, it shall issue its certificate to that effect, which, when left -with the probate judge for record, shall be conclusive evidence that its owner is entitled to practise medicine or surgery in this state. If engaged in the practice of medicine in this state at the time of the passage of this 666 UNIVEESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK act, but not a legal practitioner under the laws in force at such time, nor a graduate in medicine or surgery as above defined, he shall present him- self before the board and submit to such examination as to his qualifica- tion for the practice of medicine or surgery as the board may require. If such applicant passes an examination satisfactory to the board, the board shall issue its certificate to that effect, which, when left with the probate judge for record, shall entitle the owner to practise medicine or surgery in Ohio for a period of one year next ensuing from the date thereof. The board may refuse to grant a certificate to any person guilty of felony or gross immorality, or addicted to the liquor or drug habit to such a degree as to render him unfit to practise medicine or surgery; and may after notice and hearing, revoke a certificate for lilie cause. An appeal may be talcen from the action of the board refusing to grant or revoking a certificate for such cause, to the governor and attorney gen- eral, [and] the decision of which officers, either affirming or overruling the action of the state board, shall be final. All persons engaged in the practice of medicine or surgery in this state at the time of the passage of this act may continue In such practice for a period of 90 days after this law takes effect in order to permit them to apply for and obtain the cer- tificate above required. An affirmative vote of not less than five members shall be required to authorize the issuance or revocation of a certificate. The fee for a certificate issued upon the verification of a diploma or to a legal practitioner as above defined, shall be $5. For the examination of an applicant, the fee shall be $25. In the latter case the fee shall not be returned in the event of a failure, but the applicant may, within a year after such failure, present himself and be examined again with- out the payment of an additional fee. All fees shall be paid in advance to the treasurer of the board and by him covered Into the state treasury to the credit of a fund which is hereby appropriated for the use of the state board of registration and examination. The compensation and ex- penses of members and officers of the board, and all expenses proper and necessary in the opinion of the board to discharge its duties under and enforce the law, shall be paid out of said fund upon the warrant of the auditor of state. Issued upon requisitions signed by the president and secretary of the board. § 4403 d Eeoord of certificate; list furnished to secretary. The per- son receiving a certificate to practise medicine or surgery under § 4403c shall, before entering upon the practice, leave his certificate with the probate judge of the county in which he resides, for record. The probate judge shall record the same in a book to be kept for that purpose, and indorse on the margin of the record and on the certificate the time he re- ceived the same for record, and make a proper index to all certificates by him recorded. The probate judge shall note In the margin of the record the revocation of a certificate, or any change in the location or death of the owner of a certificate. Upon application, the probate judge shall make out a certified copy of any such certificate and the indorse- MBDIOINB IN THE UNITED STATES 667 ments thereon, and such certified copy shall be prima facie evidence of all matters and facts therein contained. Between the first and 31st days of December in each year, the probate judge shall furnish the secretary of the state board a list of all certificates recorded and in force, and also a list of all certificates which have been revoked or the owners of which have removed from the county, or died during the preceding year. In case of a change of residence, the owner of a certificate shall have the same recorded anew by the probate judge of the county into which he removes. For services under this section the probate judge shall receive the following fees: for recording and indexing each certificate, 50 cents, and for certified copies, the same fees as are allowed by law for copies and certificates of records kept by the probate judge, to be paid by the holder of the certificate. § 4403 e Midwifery; applicants; certificate, issued, refused, revoked. Every person practising midwifery in this state at the time of the passage of this act, shall within 90 days thereafter file with the probate judge of the county in which she resides, an affidavit duly attested, giving her name, age, residence, the length of time during which and the place or places at which she has been engaged in said practice, and the special education, if any, which she has received to fit her for such practice. Thereupon, upon payment of a fee of $5 (50 cents of which the probate judge shall retain as his own fee, and the balance remit to the treasurer of the state board of registration and examination), the probate judge shall Issue a certificate, upon a blank form furnished by the state board, which shall entitle the applicant and holder to practise midwifery in this state. Such certificate shall be recorded by the probate judge, and in case of a transfer of residence, again recorded in the county to which the mid- wife removes, as provided by § 4403d, regulating the record of physicians' certificates. The probate judge shall, annually, between the first and 31st days of December furnish the secretary of the state board a list of all such certificates issued and in force, and also a list of all such certificates which have been revoked or the owners of which have removed from the county, or died during the preceding year. All persons desiring, after the passage of this act, to enter upon the practice of midwifery in this state, shall appear before the state board and submit to such examination in midwifery as the board shall require. If the- applicant passes a satisfac- tory examination, the board shall, upon the payment of a fee of $10, issue its certificate to that effect, which, when filed with the probate judge for record, as provided in § 4403d, shall entitle the owner and holder thereof to practise midwifery in this state. A certificate to practise midwifery may be refused or revoked for the same causes in the same manner as provided in § 4403c in the case of certificates to physicians and surgeons. The certificate granted to practise midwifery shall not give the holder the right to perform version, or treat breech or face presentation, or do any obstetric operation requiring instruments, or treat any other abnormal condition, except In emergencies. (>68 CXIVEESITT Off THE STATE Olf NEW YORK § 4403 f Practice of medicine defined; exceptions. Any person shall be regarded as practising medicine or surgery within the meaning of this act who shall append the letters M. D. or M. B. to his name, or for a fee prescribe, direct or recommend for the use of any person, any drug or medi- cine or other agency for the treatment, cure or relief of any wounds fracture or bodily injury, infirmity or disease. Provided, however, that nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit service in case of emer- gency, or the domestic administration of family remedies; and this act shall not apply to any commissioned medical officer of the United States army, navy or marine hospital service in the discharge of his professional duties, nor to any legally qualified dentist when engaged exclusively in the practice of dentistry, nor to any physician or surgeon from another state or territory, who is a legal practitioner of medicine or surgery in the state or territory in which he resides, when in actual consultation with a legal practitioner of this state, nor to any physician or surgeon resid- ing on the border of a neighboring state, and duly authorized under the laws thereof to practise medicine or surgery therein, whose practice ex- tends into the limits of this state; providing that such practitioner shall not open an office or appoint a place to meet patients or receive calls, within the limits of this state. § 4403 g Penalty for violation; disposition of fines; enforcement of act. Any person practising medicine or surgery as defined in § 4403f in this state, without having first complied with the provisions of § 4408e and 4403d, except as [t] herein provided, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not less than $20 nor more than $500, or be imprisoned in the county jail not less than 30 days nor more than one year, or both. Any person practising midwifery in this state with- out having complied with the provisions of § 4403e, except as therein pro- vided, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not less than $25 nor more than $100. Any person who shall file, or attempt to file as his own, the medical diploma or certificate to practise of another, or shall file or attempt to file, a false [,] forged affidavit of his identity, or shall wilfully swear falsely to any question which may be propounded to him on his medical examination, or to any affidavit required to be made or filed by him, with the state board of medical registration and examina- tion, shall be guilty of felony and be imprisoned in the penitentiary not more than five years nor less than one year. Such fines when collected shall be paid, one third to the person, corporation or medical society mak- ing the complaint or furnishing the information, one third to the poor fund of the county, and one third to the state board of medical registration and examination. The secretary of the state board of medical registra- tion and examination is charged with the duty of enforcing this act. If he have knowledge or notice that the act has been or is being violated, he shall investigate the matter, and upon probable cause appearing, shall file a complaint and prosecute the offender. It shall be the duty of the prosecuting attorney, when requested by such secretary, to take charge of and conduct such prosecutions. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 669 O'KIiAHOiniA Gulf division U. S. Area 39,030 sq. m. Pop. 61,834 (330,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Guthrie. 99-99. Statutes 1893, p. 123 § 352 Qualifications for practice; diploma; affidavit; license; viola- tion; reivooation of license. No person shall be permitted to practise [medicine], in any of its departments in this territory, unless he be a graduate of a medical college, or unless upon examination before a board composed of the superintendent of public health and two other physi- cians to be selected by the territorial board of health, such person shall be found proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery, and shall be found upon proof to have been actually engaged in the practice of medi- cine for a term of not less than five years, and no person shall practise medicine unless he be of good moral character, and is not an habitual drunkard. Any person possessing the qualifications mentioned in this section shall, upon presentation of his diploma, or proof thereof by affi- davit, if the same is lost or destroyed, and upon the affidavit of two reputable citizens from the county where he resides that such applicant possesses the qualifications of a physician, as prescribed herein, to the superintendent of public health, together with a fee of $2, receive from such superintendent of public health, a license, certifying the applicant to be a practising physician, and having the qualifications for such, as prescribed in this section, which license shall be recorded In the office of the register of deeds in the county where such practising physician resides. Any person who practises medicine or attempts to practise medicine with- out complying with the provisions of this section, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and any person shall be regarded as practising medi- cine within the meaning of this section who shall profess publicly to be a physician and to prescribe for the sick, or who appends to his name M. D., but nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit students from prescribing under the supervision of preceptors, or to prohibit gratuitous services in case of emergency, nor shall this section apply to commissioned surgeons in the United States army and navy. Any person violating any of the provisions of this act, or who shall prevent or attempt to prevent the several officers of the public health, or persons employed by them, from performing any of the duties prescribed in this act to be performed by any such officers, or any practising physician who shall fail to report to the county superintendent of health the existence of any contagious or infectious disease, and any person who shall wilfully conceal any case of contagious or infectious disease, either among persons or animals, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. The district court shall, upon the complaint of any member of the territorial board of health or of the county board of health where he resides have power to cancel any license that may be issued to any person to practise medicine where such license was fraudulently obtained, or where the person to whom such license was issued has been guilty of violating any provisions of this act. 670 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Laws 1899, ch. 12, art. 2 § 1 Indian medicine men forbidden to practise. That it shall be un- lawful for any so-called Indian medicine man to practise among the allotted Indians of the territory, who is not legally authorized under existing stat- utes to do so, or to hold incantations over the sick, or to maltreat, or in any manner whatsoever abuse the sick, or to commit immoral practices upon sick persons, or to demand payment for such services. § 2 Mescal beans. That it shall be unlawful for any person to intro- duce on any Indian reservation or Indian allotment situated within this territory, or to have in possession, barter, sell, give, or otherwise dispose of, any " mescal bean," or the product of any such drug, to any allotted Indian in this territory: provided, that nothing in this act shall prevent its use by any physician authorized under existing laws to practise his profession in this territory. § 3 Penalty for violation. Any person who shall violate the provisions of this act in this territory, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in a sum not less than $25, nor more than $200, or be confined in the county jail for not more than six months, or be assessed both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. OREGOIT Pacific division U. S. Area 96,030 sq. m. Pop. 313,767 (400,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Salem. 95-99. Laws 1895, p. 61 § 1 Board of examiners; appointment; term. The governor shall ap- point five persons from among the most competent physicians of the state, all of whom shall have been residents of the state for seven years and of at least five years' practical experience in their profession, who shall be known as the board of examiners for the state of Oregon. Three of the board shall be regulars, one eclectic and one homeopathist, one of whom shall hold his office for five years, one for four years and one for three years and one for two years and one for one year, and each until his successor shall be appointed and qualified, and each year thereafter another commissioner shall be appointed for five years, and until a suc- cessor be appointed and qualified. If a vacancy occur in said board, another shall be appointed as aforesaid to fill the unexpired term thereof. § 2 Oath of of9.ce; meetings; record; register. The members of said medical examining board shall, before entering upon their duties as such members, take and subscribe an oath to support the constitution and laws of the state of Oregon and of the United States, and to well and faithfully and without partiality perform the duties of such office according to the best of their knowledge and ability; which oaths shall be filed and pre- served of record in the office of the secretary of said board. Said medical examining board shall elect a president, secretary and treasurer, and shall have a common seal. The president and secretary shall have the power MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 671 to administer oaths. Said medical examining board shall hold meetings for examination on the first Tuesday of January and July of each year. Said meetings shall be held at Portland, Oregon; and provided, that the board may call special meetings when in the opinion of a majority of said board such special meetings are necessary. Said board shall keep a record of all the proceedings thereof, and also a record or register of all applicants for a license, together with his or her age, the time such applicants shall have spent in the study and practice of medicine and surgery, if they shall have so practised at all, and the name and location of all institutions granting to such applicants degrees or certificates of lectures in medicine or surgery. Said record or register shall also show whether such applicant was rejected or licensed under this act. Said books and register shall be prima facie evidence of all matters therein recorded. § 3 Application for license; examination, character and subject; fee; revocation; exceptions. Every person, except as hereinafter provided, desiring to practise medicine and surgery, or either of them. In any of their or its branches in this state, shall make a written application to said board for a license so to do, which application shall be supported and accom- panied by an affidavit of such application [applicant], setting forth the actual time spent by the applicant in the study of medicine and surgery, and when, whether such study was In an institution of learning, and If so, the name and location thereof, and if not in such [an] institution, where and under whose tutorship such study was prosecuted, the time said applicant shall have been engaged in the actual practice. If at all, of medi- cine and surgery, or either of them, and where the applicant was located during the time of such practice, and the age of the applicant at the time of making application; such application and affidavit to be filed and pre- served of record in the office of the secretary of said board. Such appli- cant at the time and place designated by said board, or at the regular meeting of said board, shall submit to an examination in the following branches, to wit: anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, thera- peutics, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women, medi- cal jurisprudence and such other branches as the board shall deem advisa- ble. Said board shall cause such examination to be both scientific and practical and of sufficient severity to test the candidates' fitness to prac- tise medicine and surgery, which examination shall be by written or printed, or partly written or partly printed, questions and answers, and the same shall be filed and preserved of record In the office of the secretary of said board. After examination, if the same is satisfactory, said board shall grant a license to such applicant to practise medicine and surgery in the state of Oregon; which said license can only be granted by the consent of not less than four members of said board, except as hereinafter pro- vided, in [and] which said license shall be signed by the president and secretary of said board, and attested by the seal thereof. The fee for such examination shall be $10 and shall be paid by the applicant to the treas- urer of said board toward defraying the expenses thereof; and such board 672 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK may refuse or revoke a license for unprofessional or dishonorable conduct, subject, however, to the right of such applicant to appeal from the decision of said board refusing or revoking such license, as hereinafter provided; provided, that all persons who have been regularly licensed under hereto- fore existing laws of this state, and have complied with the provisions thereof, shall be taken and considered as licensed physicians under this act, and the secretary of the board herein provided for shall enter the names of such persons upon the register kept by him, as licensed physi- cians and surgeons, upon the written application of such person, accom- panied with such license heretofore regularly Issued. § 4 Befinitioii of unprofessional conduct. The words "unprofessional" or "dishonorable conduct," as used in § 3 of this act, are hereby declared to mean: first, the procuring or aiding or abetting in procuring a criminal abortion; second, the employing of what are popularly known as "cappers" or "steerers"; third, the obtaining of any fee on the assurance that a manifestly incurable disease can be permanently cured; fourth, the wil- fully betraying of a professional secret; fifth, all advertising of medical business In which untruthful and improbable statements are made; sixth, all advertising of any medicines, or of any means whereby the monthly periods of women can be regulated, or menses reestablished if suppressed; seventh, conviction of any offense involving moral turpitude; eighth, habitual Intemperance. § 5 Statement of grounds for revocation; method of proceeding. In any case of the refusal or revocation of a license by said board under the provisions of this act, said board shall file a brief and concise statement of the grounds and reasons for such refusal or revocation in the office of the secretary of said board, which said statement, together with the de- cision of said board in writing, shall remain of record in said office. Before a license can be revoked by said board for unprofessional or dishonorable conduct under the provisions of this act, a complaint of some person under oath must be filed in the office of the secretary of said board, charging the acts of unprofessional or dishonorable conduct and facts complained of against the licentiate accused, in ordinary and concise language; and thereupon said board shall cause to be served upon such accused licen- tiate a written notice and copy of such complaint, which said notice shall contain a statement of the time and place of hearing of the matters and things set forth and charged in such complaint; and said notice shall be served at least 10 days prior to the time of such hearing. Such accused licentiate may appear at such hearing and defend against the accusations of such complaint, personally and by counsel, and may have the sworn testimony of witnesses taken and present other evidence in his behalf at such hearing, and said board may receive the arguments of counsel at such hearing. § 6 Appeal. In any case of the refusal or revocation of a license by said board under the provisions of this act, the applicant whose application shall be so refused, and the licentiate whose license shall be revoked by MEDICINB IN THE UNITED STATES 673 said board, shall have the right to appeal from the decision so refusing or revoking such license vrithin 30 days after the filing of such decision in the office of the secretary of said board as hereinbefore in this act pro- vided. Such appeal shall be to the circuit court in and for the county in which was held the last general meeting of said board, prior to the refusal of such license, in case of such refusal; and to the circuit court in and for the county in which the hearing was had upon which such license was revoked, in case of revocation. In any case, a person desiring to take such appeal shall serve, or cause to be served, upon the secretary of said board, a written notice of such appeal, which shall contain a statement of the grounds of such appeal, and shall file in the office of such secretary an appeal bond with good and sufficient surety, to be approved by said secre- tary, to the state of Oregon, conditioned for the speedy prosecution of such appeal and the payment of such cost as may be adjudged against him upon such appeal. Said secretary shall, within 10 days after the service of said notice of appeal and the filing and approval of said appeal bond, transmit to the clerk of the circuit court to which such appeal is taken a certified copy under the seal of said board, and the grounds thereof in the case of the refusal of license; and in addition thereto a certified copy, under such seal, of the complaint in the cause of the revocation of a license, together with the bond and notice of appeal. The clerk of such court shall there- upon docket such appeal causes, and they shall stand for trial in all re- spects as ordinary civil actions, and like proceedings be had thereon. Upon such appeal said cause shall be tried de novo. Either party may appeal from the judgment of said circuit court to the supreme court of the state in like manner as in civil actions, within 60 days after the rendition and entry of such judgment in said superior court. If such judgment shall be in favor of the party appealing from decision of said board, and in case said examining board does not appeal from judgment within 60 days, then and in that case said board shall, at the end of 60 days, and immediately upon the expiration thereof, issue to such successful party the usual license to practise medicine and surgery in this state, and in addition thereto shall reinstate upon the records of said board the name of such successful applicant in case of the revocation of his license by such board. In case of such appeal to the supreme court by said board, no such license shall be issued or reinstatement be required until the final determination of said cause, as hereinafter provided. In case the final decision of the supreme court he against said medical exam- ining board, then and in that case said court shall make such order in the premises as may be necessary, and said board shaU act accordingly; pro- vided, that in no case shall an appeal bond be required of said board, nor shall any costs be adjudged or taxed against the same. § 7 riling of license; register of county clerk; removal from county. The person receiving said license shall file the same, or a copy thereof, with the county clerk in and for the county where he resides, and said county clerk shall file said certificate, or copy thereof, and enter a memo- 674 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK randum thereof, giving the date of said license and the name of the person to whom the same is issued, and the date of such filing, in a book to be provided and kept for that purpose; and said county clerk shall each year furnish to the secretary of said board a list of all certificates on file in his oflSce, and upon notice to him of the change of location or death of a person so licensed, or of the revocation of the license granted to such per- son, said county clerk shall enter at the appropriate place in the record so kept by him a memorandum of said facts, so that the records kept by said county clerk shall correspond with the records of the board as kept by the secretary thereof. In case a person so licensed shall move into another county of this state, he or she shall procure from the county clerk a certified copy of said license and file the same with the county clerk in the county to which he or she shall remove. Said county clerk shall file and enter the same with like effect as if the same was the original license. § 8 Penalty for violation. Any person practising medicine or surgery within this state after the first day of April, 1895, without first having obtained the license herein provided for, or contrary to the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $100, or by imprison- ment in the county jail not less than 10 nor more than 90 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. All such fines shall be paid into the state treasury for the use and benefit of the common schools. Any person shall be regarded as practising within the meaning of this act who shall append the letters " M. D." or " M. B." to his or her name, or, for a fee, pre- scribe, direct or recommend for the use of any person, any drug or medi- cine or agency for the treatment, care, or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury, infirmity or disease; provided, however, the act shall not apply to dentists in the practice of their dental profession. Justices of the peace and the respective municipal courts shall have jurisdiction of violations of the provisions of this act. It shall be the duty of the respective county or district attorneys to prosecute all violations of this act. In cases of appeals to the circuit court, as hereinbefore provided, it shall be the duty of the district attorney of the county wherein such appeal shall be tried to represent said board upon said appeal, and in all cases of appeal to the supreme court under the provisions of this act, the attorney general shall represent said board upon such appeal. PEiraiSYIiVANIA North Atlantic division U. S. Area 45,215 sq. m. Pop. 5,258,014 (6,100,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Gap. Harrisburg. 97—99 Laws 1893, ch. 52 i 1 Medical council established. That there shall be established a medical council of Pennsylvania, consisting of the lieutenant-governor, the attorney general, the secretary of Internal affairs, the superintendent of public instruction and the president of the state board of health and MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 675 vital statistics, and the presidents of the three state boards of medical examiners provided for in this act. § 2 Ifaiiie of council; by-laws; quorum. The said council shall be known by the name and style of the medical council of Pennsylvania, and may make and adopt all necessary rules and regulations and by-laws not Inconsistent with the constitution and the laws of this commonwealth, or of the United States, and shall have power to locate and maintain an oflSce within this state for the transaction of business; five members of the said council shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. § 3 Organization, The said council shall organize at Harrisburg within 10 days from the date of the organization of three boards of medical examiners, and shall elect from its own number a president and a secre- tary who shall also act as treasurer, both of whom shall hold their offices for one year, or until their successors are chosen. § 4 Oompensation; expenses. The members of the said council shall receive no salary, except the secretary and treasurer who shall receive a salary of not over $500, and who shall file with the president of the council a bond in the sum of $1000 conditioned for the faithful perform- ance of his duties. The necessary expenses of the said council shall be paid out of the appropriation made in § 16 of this act, and any balance remaining from the appropriation after the disbursements herein speci- fied shall be paid into the treasury of the commonwealth. § 5 Meetings; duties; supervision of examinations; issuing of licenses. The said medical council shall hold two stated meetings in each year at Harrisburg and may hold special meetings at. such times and places as it may deem proper. It shall supervise the examinations conducted by the three state boards of medical examiners of all applicants for license to practise medicine and surgery in this commonwealth, and shall issue licenses to practise medicine and surgery to such applicants as have pre- sented satisfactory and properly certified copies of licenses from state boards of medical examiners, or state boards of health of other states, as provided for in § 13 of this act, or as have successfully passed the ex- amination of one of the three state boards of medical examiners, but all such examinations shall be made by the state boards of medical examiners established in § 6 of this act. And the said medical council shall have no power, duty or function, except such powers, duties and functions as pertain to the supervision of the examinations of applicants for licenses to practise medicine and surgery and to the issuing of licenses to such applicants as have successfully passed the examination of one of the state boards of medical examiners, or have presented satisfactory and properly certified copies of licenses from state boards of medical examiners, or state boards of health of other states, as provided for In § 13 of this act. § 6 Three boards of examiners; appointment; term. That from and after the first day of March, A. D. 1894, there shall be and continue to be three separate boards of medical examiners for 676 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the Btate of Pennsylvania, one representing the medical society of the state of Pennsylvania, one representing the homeopathic medical society of the state of Pennsylvania, one representing the eclectic medical society of the state of Pennsylvania. Each board shall consist of seven mem- bers, and each of said members shall serve for a term of three years from the first day of March next after his appointment, with the exception of those first appointed, who shall serve as follows namely: two of each board for one year, two of each board for two years, and three of each board for three years from the first day of March, A. D. 1894. The gover- nor shall appoint the members of said boards of examiners, respectively, from the full lists of the members of the said medical societies, which list shall, on or before the first day of January, 1894, and annually there- after, be transmitted to the governor under the seal and signed by the secretary of the society so nominating. From these lists of nominees respectively the governor shall, during the month of January, A. D. 1894, appoint three separate boards of medical examiners, each board to be composed exclusively of members of the same medical society. In case of failure of any or all of said medical societies to submit lists, as afore- said, the governor shall appoint members in good standing of the corre- sponding society, or societies, entitled to nominate without other restric- tion. Each one of the said appointees must be a registered physician in good standing and shall have practised medicine or surgery under the laws of this state for a period of not less than 10 years prior to such appointment. The governor shall fill vacancies, by death or otherwise, for unexpired terms of said examiners from the respective lists submitted by the said medical societies, and may remove any member of any of said boards for continued neglect of the duties required by this act, or on recom- mendation of the medical society of which said members may be In afiilia- tion, for unprofessional or dishonorable conduct. The governor shall in his first appointments designate the number of years for which each ap- pointee shall serve. The appointments of successors to those members whose term of office will expire on the first day of March of each year shall be made by the governor during the month of January of such year, upon the same conditions and requirements as hereinbefore specified with reference to the appointment of three separate examining boards, each to be composed exclusively of members of the same medical school and society as hereinbefore provided. § 7 liTiane; certificate of appointment; powers. Said boards shall be known by the name and style of boards of medical examiners of the state of Pennsylvania. Every person who shall be appointed to serve on either of said boards shall receive a certificate of appointment from the secre- tary of the commonwealth. Each of said boards shall be authorized to take testimony concerning all matters within Its jurisdiction, and the pre- siding officer for the time being of either of said boards, or of any of the committees thereof, may issue subpenas and administer oaths to witnesses. Each of said boards of examiners shall make and adopt all necessary MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 677 rules, regulations and by-laws, not Inconsistent with the constitution and laws of this state, or of the United States, whereby to perform the duties and transact the business required under the provisions of this act; said rules, regulations and by-laws to be subject to the approval of the medi- cal council of Pennsylvania established by this act. § 8 Disposition, of funds. From the fees provided by this act the respective boards may pay, not to exceed said income, all proper expenses incurred by its provisions, and if any surplus above said expenses shall remain at the end of any year it shall be apportioned among said ex- aminers pro rata according to the number of candidates examined by each: provided, that the medical council shall keep separate accounts of all fees received from physicians applying for licenses to practise medicine or surgery and shall not devote any such fees to the uses of the council, or to the uses or remuneration of any other examining board than that of the society with which the physician who pays the fee wishes to be affiliated. § 9 Organization; meetings. The first meeting of each of the examin- ing boards respectively shall be held on the first Tuesday of April, 1894, suitable notice in the usual form being given with the notice of their appointment by the secretary of the commonwealth to each of the mem- bers thereof, specifying the time and place of meeting. At the first meet- ing of each of the boards respectively an organization shall be effected by the election, from their own membership, of a president and secre- tary. For the purpose of examining applicants for license each of said boards of medical examiners shall hold two or more stated or special meetings in each year, due notice of which shall be made public at such times and places as they may determine. At said stated or special meet- ings a majority of the members of the board shall constitute a quorum thereof, but the examination may be conducted by a committee of one or more members of the board of examiners duly authorized by said board. § 10 Examinations; subjects. The several boards of medical examiners shall, not less than one week prior to each examination, submit to the medical council of Pennsylvania questions for thorough examinations in anatomy, physiology, hygiene, chemistry, surgery, obstetrics, pathology, diagnosis, therapeutics, practice of medicine and materia medica; from the lists of questions so submitted the council shall select the questions for each examination, and such questions for each examination shall be the same for all candidates, except that in the departments of therapeutics, practice of medicine and materia medica, the questions shall be in harmony with the teachings of the school selected by the candidate. § 11 Examinations, how conducted; results to council. Said exami- nations shall be conducted in writing in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the medical council of Pennsylvania and shall embrace the subjects named in § 10 of this act. After each such examina- tion the board having charge thereof shall, without unnecessary delay, act upon the same. An ofiBclal report of such action signed by the presi- dent, secretary and each acting member of said board of medical ex- 678 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK aminers, stating the examination, average of each candidate In each branch, the general average and the result of the examination, whether successful or unsuccessful, shall be transmitted to the medical council. Said report shall embrace all the examination papers, questions and answers thereto. All such examination papers shall be kept for reference and Inspection for a period of not less than five years. § 12 Council issues license; record thereof. On receiving from any of said boards of medical examiners such oflBcial report of the examination of any applicant for license, the medical council shall issue forthwith to each applicant who shall have been returned as having successfully passed said examination, and who shall have been adjudged by the medical council to be duly qualified for the practice of medicine, a license to prac- tise medicine and surgery in the state of Pennsylvania. The medical council shall require the same standard of qualifications from all candi- dates, except in the departments of therapeutics [,] practice of medicine and materia mediea, in which the standard shall be determined by each of the boards respectively. Every license to practise medicine and surgery Issued pursuant to this act shall be subscribed by the officers of the medi- cal council and by each medical examiner who reported the licentiate as having successfully passed said examinations. It shall also have affixed to it by the person authorized to affix the same, the seal of this common- wealth. Before said license shall be issued it shall be recorded in a book to be kept in the office of the medical council, and the number of the book and page therein containing said recorded copy shall be noted upon the face of said license. Said records shall be open to public inspection, under proper restrictions as to their safe keeping, and in all legal pro- ceedings shall have the same weight as evidence that is given to the con- veyance of land. § 13 Qualifi.cation.s of applicant for license; fee; applicants from other states. From and after the first day of July, A. D., 1894, any per- son not theretofore authorized to practise medicine and surgery in this state, and desiring to enter upon such practice, may deliver to the secre- tary of the medical council, upon the payment of a fee of $25, a written application for license, together with satisfactory proof that the applicant is more than 21 years of age, is of good moral character, has obtained a competent common school education, and has received a diploma con- ferring the degree of medicine from some legally incorporated medical college of the United States, or a diploma or license conferring the full right to practise all the branches of medicine and surgery in some foreign country; applicants who have received their degree in medicine after the first day of July, 1894, must have pursued the study of medicine for at least three years, including three regular courses of lectures, in different years, in some legally incorporated medical college, or colleges, prior to the granting of said diploma, or foreign license, and after the first day of July, 1895, such applicants must have pursued the study of medicine for at least four years, including three regular courses of lectures, In MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 679 different years, in some legally Incorporated medical college, or colleges, prior to the granting of said diploma or foreign license. Sucli proof shall be made, if required, upon affidavit. Upon the malting of said payment and proof the medical council, if satisfied with the same, shall issue to said applicant an order for examination before such one of the state boards of medical examiners as the applicant for license may select. In ease of failure at any such examination the candidate, after the expira- tion of six months and within two years, shall have the privilege of a second examination by the same board to which application was first made, without the payment of an additional fee: and it is further provided, that applicants examined and licensed by state boards of medical examiners or state boards of health of other states, on payment of a fee of $15 to the medical council, and on filing in the office of the medical council a copy of said license certified by the affidavit of the president or secretary of such board showing also that the standard of acquirements adopted by said state board of medical examiners or state board of health, is sub- stantially the same as is provided by § 11, 12 and 13 of this act, shall with- out further examination receive a license conferring on the holder thereof all the rights and privileges provided by § 14 and 15 of this act. § 14 Qualifications for practice; penalty for violation. From and after the first day of March, A. D. 1894, no person shall enter upon the practice of medicine or surgery in the state of Pennsylvania, unless he or she has complied with the provisions of this act, and shall have exhibited to the prothonotary of the court of common pleas of the county in which he or she desires to practise medicine or surgery, a license duly granted to him or her as hereinbefore provided, whereupon he or she shall be entitled upon the payment of $1 to be duly registered in the office of the prothono- tary of the court of common pleas in the said county, and any person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in the court of quarter sessions of the county wherein the offense shall have been committed, shall pay a fine of not more than $500 for each offense. § 15 Construction of act Nothjng in this act shall be construed to Interfere with or punish commissioned medical officers serving in the army or navy of the United States, or in the United States marine hospital service while so commissioned, or medical examiners of relief depart- ments of railroad companies while so employed, or any one while actually serving as a member of the resident medical staff of any legally incor- porated hospital, or any legally qualified and registered dentist exclusively engaged in the practice of dentistry, or shall interfere with or prevent the dispensing and sales of medicines or medical appliances by apothecaries, pharmacists, or interfere with the manufacture of artifical eyes, limbs or orthopedical instruments or trusses of any kind for fitting such instru- ments on persons in need thereof, or any lawfully qualified physicians and surgeons residing in other states or countries, meeting registered physicians of this state in consultation or any physician or surgeon resid- ing on the border of a neighboring state and duly authorized under the 680 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK laws thereof to practise medicine and surgery therein whose practice ex- tends into the limits of this state: provided, that sucli practitioner shall not open an office, or appoint a place to meet patients or receive calls, within the limits of Pennsylvania, or physicians duly registered in one county of this state called to attend cases in another county but not resid- ing or opening an office therein. And nothing in this act shall be con- strued to prohibit the practice of medicine and surgery within this com- monwealth by any practitioner who shall have been duly registered be- fore the first day of March, A. D. 1894, according to the terms of the act, entitled "An act to provide for the registration of all practitioners of medi- cine and surgery," approved the eighth day of June, A. D. 1881, and one such registry shall be sufficient warrant to practise medicine and surgery in any county in this commonwealth. § 16 Approprlatioai. The sum of $2000 is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury, not otherwise appropriated, for the salary of the secretary and treasurer of said medical council and the necessary expenses of said council, $1000 thereof for the year beginning January 1, 1894, and $1000 thereof for the year beginning January 1, 1895. Laws 1897, ch. 176 § 1 Im.prope(r registration iinder previous act made valid. That any person heretofore having had a medical diploma issued to him by any reputable college or university in another state or foreign country, author- ized by law to grant diplomas and confer degrees, and such diploma hav- ing been improperly registered under the provisions of the act of assembly approved June 8, A. D. 1881, entitled "An act to provide for the registra- tion of all practitioners of medicine and surgery," the diploma of such person be and is hereby made valid for all purposes, with the same effect as if the registry of the same had been in the form and under the require- ments of said act, and the practice of medicine, or any of such improperly or illegally registered diploma shall, from the date of such registry, be and the same Is hereby made lawful and with the same effect as if his said diploma had been properly and legally registered under the provisions of said act: provided, said physician shall appear before the proper board of examiners at the next meeting after the passage of this act and shall properly qualify under existing laws. PHILIPPINES South coast of Asia. Area 115,300 sq. m. Pop. (8,000,000). In military possession of United States. Cap. Manila. See Rules and regulations. PUEHTO EICX) Eastern West Indies. Area 3668 sq. m. Pop. (813,937). In military pos- session of United States. Legisl. annual. Cap. San Juan. General orders, no. 158 Brigadier-general Davis, San Juan, Sep. 30, 1899 In view of the fact that the powers and duties formerly possessed by the subdelegations of medicine and surgery and of pharmacy of Puerto Rico I MEDIOINH IN THE UNITED STATES 681 have been transferred to the superior board of health, and that the safety of the public may be endangered by incompetent physicians and surgeons, pliarmacists, dentists, midwives and practicantes pursuing their avoca- tions, the foUov^ing orders are issued: 1 Examining committee. That in place of the subdelegationsof medicine and surgery, pharmacy, etc., of Puerto Rico, an examining committee shall be appointed by the superior board of health, to consist of three graduates in medicine and surgery, of not less than 10 years standing, and of recog- nized ability in their professions, two graduates in pharmacy, and one graduate in dentistry, possessing the same professional standing. This committee shall be divided into subcommittees, for the work of examina- tion. 2 Rules and regulations. The superior board of health of Puerto Rico will make and adopt for the examining committee, all necessary rules and regulations and by-laws, not inconsistent with existing laws and regula- tions, or with the constitution of the United States. 3 Organization of examining committee. The said examining com- mittee shall meet and organize in the city of San Juan within one month after the appointment of its members is made. The superior board of health shall provide a place for the meetings of the examining committee. All the records and papers of all kinds, formerly belonging to the subdele- gatlon of medicine and surgery and to the subdelegation in pharmacy, shall be deposited with the superior board of health. 4 Compensation of members of committee. All fees received by the committee shall be turned in to the treasurer of the superior board of health. After the payment of legitimate expenses, the balance shall be divided among the members of the committee, in such manner that each member shall receive his proportionate share of the fees received from all the persons he actually examines. The recorder will receive a proportion- ate share of all the fees received. 5 Members of committee; term of office. At the first meeting, the members shall draw lots for the terms of service. The two persons whose names are first drawn shall serve one year; the two whose names are next drawn shall serve two years, and the two whose names are last drawn shall serve three years. The superior board of health shall, on January 1st of each year, appoint two members, who shall serve three years. A president and a recorder shall be appointed by the sjjperior board of Irealth on the same date. 6 Examinations. The examining committee shall hold examinations for those who desire to practise medicine and surgery, pharmacy and dentistry in Puerto Rico, also for practicantes, midwives, and professional nurses, at such times as the superior board may direct. 7 Presentation of diplomas or certificates; permit for examination. All applications under the classes named, desiring licenses to practise their professions or occupations in Puerto Rico, shall first present their diplomas, or certificates to the secretary of the superior board of health, together with a certificate signed by two responsible persons, as to the good moral character of the applicant. If an examination of these papers proves satis- 682 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK factory, the secretary will issue a permit to ttie applicant to appear before the examining committee, for examination. 8 Character of examinatiootis. The questions used shall first be sub- mitted to the superior board of health, and after being approved, the same questions shall be used with all individuals of one class, applying at one time for examination. All examinations shall be in writing and subject to such rules and regulations as the superior board of health shall, from time to time, prescribe. 9 Result of examinations sent to superior board of health. After each examination, the examining committee shall, without unnecessary delay, act upon the same. An official report of such action, signed by the chair- man, recorder and each member present stating the subject of the exam- ination, average of each candidate in each branch, the general average, and the result of each examination, whether successful or unsuccessful, shall be forwarded to the superior board of health. Said reports shall embrace all the examination papers, and questions and answers thereto. All such examination papers shall be kept for reference or inspection for a period of not less than five years. 10 Superior board of health issues licenses; records of examinations. On receiving from the examining committee an official report of the result of any examination of any applicant for license, the superior board of health, if it approve the report, shall forthwith issue to each successful applicant, adjudged by the examining committee, qualified to practise medicine and surgery, or the other branches named in this order, a license to practise same in Puerto Rico, signed by the members of the examining committee who actually examined the applicant, and by the officers of the superior board of health, and attested by its seal. Before any license shall be issued by the superior board of health, it shall be recorded in a book to be kept in its office, and the number of the book and the page therein con- taining such recorded copy shall be noted on the face of said license. Said records shall be open to public inspection, under proper restrictions as to their safe keeping, and in all legal proceedings shall have the same weight as evidence that is given to the conveyance of land. 11 Reexamination. In ease any applicant should fail in his examina- tion before the examining board, he may reappear, on approval of the superior board of health, at any subsequent examination after six months and within two years, without payment of any additional fee. 12 Applicants holding diplomas licensed without examination. Ap- plicants who possess diplomas from reputable medical or dental colleges or schools of pharmacy and who have been licensed by state boards, may, upon the payment of the fee of $25, be licensed by the superior board of health without examination if the superior board of health so decides. [As amended 1899, General orders, no. 191] 13 Fees. The fees established by the superior board of health for exam- inations are as follows: a) For examination of physicians and surgeons, dentists, and pharmacists, $25. b) For practicantes, $15. c) For profes- sional nurses, $10. d) For midwives, $5. These fees shall not be returned In case of failure in examination. For the issue and registration of a MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 683 license by the superior board of health, the fee shall be, for a physician and surgeon, dentist or pharmacist, $5, and for all others $1. The money received from such fees as well as those mentioned in paragraph 12, shall, after deducting the necessary expenses, be turned into the insular treasury. 14 Provisions of this regulation must be complied with; exceptions. No person shall practise medicine and surgery, or the other branches enumerated in this order in Puerto Rico, until the provisions of this order are complied with, except such persons as had secured the right by license or toleration under the Spanish government in Puerto Rico, or had been duly authorized to practise by the military government of the United States previous to July 1st, 1899. These must procure a license from the superior board of health, which they will receive upon the payment of the fee of $5 for the issue and registration of the same, provided, that this order does not prohibit practice in consultation only, by distinguished members of the medical profession who may be temporarily sojourning in Puerto Rico, or who may be called from abroad for this specific pur- pose. Medical officers, serving in the army and navy of the United States, or in the United States marine hospital service, are exempt from the re- quirements of this paragraph. [As amended 1899, General orders no. 191] 15 Appropriation. For the purpose of advertising the first examinations and for necessary stationery, an appropriation of $100 is made. RHJODE ISLAND North Atlantic division U. S. Area 1250 sq. m. Pop. 345,506 (420,000). Legisl. annual; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Providence. 96-99. General laws 1896, p. 491 § 1 jyiedical register. It shall be the duty of each town and city clerk to purchase a book of suitable size, to be known as the "medical register" of each city or town, and to set apart one full page for the registration of each physician; and when any physician shall die or remove from the city or town, said clerk shall make a note of the same at the bottom of the page, and shall on the first day of January in each year transmit to the office of the state board of health a duly certified list of the physicians of said city or town registered under this chapter, together with such other information as is hereinafter required, and perform such other duties as are required by this chapter; and such clerk shall receive the sum of 50 cents from each physician so registered, which shall be his full compensa- tion for all the duties required under this chapter. § 2 Kegistration of certificate of authority. It shall be unlawful for any person to practise medicine or surgery in any of its branches, within the limits of this state, who has not exhibited and registered in the city or town clerk's office of the city or town in which he or she resides, his or her authority for so practising medicine as herein prescribed, together with his or her age, address, place of birth and the school or system of medicine to which he or she proposes to belong; and the person so registering shall subscribe and verify by oath, before such clerk, an affidavit containing 684 UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK such facts, which, if wilfully false, shall subject the affiant to conviction and punishment for perjury. § 3 Certificate of authority, how obtained. Authority to practise medi- cine under this chapter shall be a certificate from the state board of health, and said board shall upon application issue a certificate to any reputable physician who is practising or who desires to begin the practice of medi- cine or surgery in this state, who possesses any of the following qualifica- tions: first, a diploma from a reputable and legally chartered medical col- lege, indorsed as such by the state board of health; second, satisfactory evidence from the person claiming the same that such person was reputa- bly and honorably engaged in the practice of medicine or surgery in this state prior to Jan. 1, 1892. Any person not qualified as hereinbefore pro- vided, before practising medicine or surgery in this state shall present himself before said state board of health and submit himself to such examination as said board may require. Said board shall examine any person presenting himself and if the examination is satisfactory shall issue its certificate as hereinbefore provided: provided, any person so presenting himself shall pay to the board the sum of $10 for each examination; and said fee shall in no case be returned and shall be applied to pay the expenses of the board of health. Applicants may present their credentials by mail or by proxy, and the board shall issue its certificates to such applicants as are entitled thereto as though the applicant were present. All the certificates shall be signed by the president and secretary, and attested by seal of the board, and not more than $2 shall be charged for any certificate. § 4 Itinerant doctors excepted. Nothing in this chapter shall be so construed as to authorize any itinerant doctor to register or to practise medicine in any part of this state. § 5 Kefusal or revocation of certificate. The state board of health may refuse to issue the certificate provided for in § 3 of this chapter, to any individual guilty of grossly unprofessional conduct of a character likely to deceive or defraud the public, and it may after due notice and hearing revoke such certificates for like cause. In all cases of refusal or revoca- tion the applicant may appeal to the appellate division of the supreme court, which may aflirm or overrule the decision of the board. § 6 Construction of act. Nothing in this chapter shall be so construed as to discriminate against any particular school or system of medicine, or to prohibit women from practising midwifery, or to prohibit gratuitous services In case of emergency; nor shall this chapter apply to commis- sioned surgeons of the United States army, navy or marine hospital ser- vice, or to legally qualified physicians of another state, called to see a particular case, but who do not open an office or appoint any place in this state where they may meet patients or receive calls. § 7 Complaint of violation. It shall be the duty of the state board of health to bring to the attention of the courts any violation of the provi- sions of this chapter within their respective jurisdictions. 5 8 Penalty for violation. Any person living in this state or any person coming into this state, who shall practise medicine or surgery or attempt MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 685 to practise medicine or surgery in any of its branches, or who shall per- form or attempt to perform any surgical operation for or upon any person within the limits of this state for reward, or compensation, in violation of the provisions of this chapter, shall upon conviction thereof be fined $50, and upon each and every subsequent conviction shall be fined $100 and Imprisoned 30 days, or either or both, in the discretion of the court; and in no case, where any provision of this chapter has been violated, shall the person so violating be entitled to receive compensation for services rendered. To open an office for such purpose, or to announce to the public in any other way a readiness to practise medicine or surgery in this state, shall be to engage in the practice of medicine within the meaning of this chapter. SOUTH CAROLUTA South Atlantic division U. S. Area 30,570 sq. m. Pop. 1,151,149 (1,300,000). L«gisl. annual; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Columbia. 9S-99. Revised statutes 1893, 1 : 339 § 970 1 Qualifications for practice. No person shall practise physic or surgery, for compensation, within the state unless he is 21 years of age, and either has been heretofore authorized so to do pursuant to the laws in force at the time of his authorization, or is hereafter authorized to do so by subsequent subdivisions of this section. 2 State board of examiners; election; quorum; term. There shall be established a state board of medical examiners, composed of seven reputa- ble physicians, or surgeons, one from each congressional district, to be elected by the state medical association, and thereupon commissioned by the governor, whose term of office shall be for a period of two years arid until their successors in office shall have been elected; and any vacancy in said board of examiners, by death, resignation, or otherwise, shall be filled in the same manner. A majority of said board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business: provided, that the members thereof first elected under the provisions of this section shall be divided into two classes, the first class to consist of three and the second of four members. The first class shall hold office under the said election for the period of one year, the second class for two years from the date of their election, and each class thereafter elected shall hold for two years from the date of their election and until their successors be elected and qualified: provided, further, that the first election herein provided for shall be held at the next annual meeting of said state medical association, and the mem- bers of the present board shall continue in office until their successors are elected and have qualified as herein provided: provided, further, that said board may grant temporary licenses in intervals between board meetings on recommendation of any member of said board, the chairman and the secretary of said board to approve the same on said recommendation. [As amended 1898, oh. 498, §1] 3 Meetings; examinations; certificates; register of applicants. Said board of medical examiners shall meet at Columbia, South Carolina, on 686 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK the third Tuesday in May of each year, and at their first meeting organize by the election of a chairman and a secretary, who shall also be treasurer, and said board shall have power to call extra meetings when necessary. It shall be the duty of said board, when organized, to examine all appli- cants for examination who hold diplomas from any medical colleges or schools and who present certificates of their good moral character and of their sobriety from some reputable person or persons known to the board, and to pass upon their qualifications and fitness to practise medicine in this state, and to give to each successful applicant a certificate to that efl'ect upon the payment of $5 to the treasurer of said board. Said board shall keep a record of all the proceedings thereof, and also a record or * register of all applicants for a license, together with his or her age, time spent in the study of medicine, and the name and location of all Institutions granting such applicants degrees or certificates of lectures in medicine or surgery. Said books and register shall be prima facie' evidence of all the matters therein recorded. Such certificates of qualification shall entitle the holder or holders thereof, respectively, to be registered as a lawful practising physician by the clerk of the county in which he, she or they may reside, upon payment to said clerk of court a fee of 25 cents for each registration. [As amended 1898, eh. 498, § 2] 4 Compensation of board. The members of said examining board shall receive for their services the same per diem and mileage as is paid to the members of the general assembly for each day engaged: provided, that the receipts from applicants for examination shall be sufficient to meet said expenses; and if there should be any surplus after paying said ex- penses, that the same be paid to the state board of health for further disbursement. 5 Physicians already re^stered. Nothing contained in this section shall in any way affect or apply to physicians and surgeons who have already registered in accordance with the law now of force. 6 Appeal on refusal of certificate. Upon the refusal of said board to grant a license to any applicant, an appeal may be had to the governor, who may order a reexamination of the applicant to be held in the presence of the dean of the faculty of any medical college in this state and a com- mittee composed of six practising physicians. 7 ITot to apply. Nothing in this section shall apply to commissioned medical officers of the United States army or navy or the United States marine hospital service, nor shall it include physicians or surgeons residing in other states and called in consultation in special cases with physicians or surgeons residing in this state. § 971 Unlawful to collect for services if law violated; exceptions. In no case wherein the provisions of this article shall have been violated shall any person so violating receive a compensation for services rendered; but nothing herein contained shall be construed to apply to persons practising dentistry or to females practising midwifery. MBDIOINH IN THE UNITED STATES 687 § 972 If law observed may collect fees. All persons now practising, or wlio may hereafter practise, medicine or surgery, as herein provided, shall be entitled to charge, sue for and collect for their services. Kevised statutes 1893, 2 : 350 § 259 Violation of restrictions; penalty. Any person who shall practise physic or surgery for compensation within the state unless he Is 21 years of age, and is authorized so to do, pursuant to the laws in force at the time of his authorization, and any person who shall practise physic or surgery under cover of a diploma illegally obtained, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by fine not less than $50 nor more than $200 for each offense, and for each subsequent offense by a fine not less than $100, or by imprisonment for not less than 30 days nor more than 90 days, or both. The fine when collected shall be paid, the one half to the person or corporation making the complaint, the other half to the county treasurer. § 260 Violation of § 970; penalty. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to practise medicine in this state who has failed to comply with the provisions of § 970 of part 1 of these statutes, and any one violating the provisions of said section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and for each ofliense, upon conviction by any court of competent jurisdic- tion, shall be fined in any sum not exceeding $300, or imprisonment in the county jail for any period not longer than three months, or both, at the discretion of the court. One half of said fine to go to the informant and the other half to the state: provided, that dentists and midwives shall not be subject to the provisions of said section. SOUTH DAKOTA Western division U. S. Area 77,650 sq. m. Pop. 328,808 (330,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Pierre. 93-99. Laws 1893, ch. 133 § 1 Must have license from state board of health; where recorded. It shall be unlawful for any physician or any other person to practise medi- cine, surgery or obstetrics in any of their departments in this state, unless such person shall have received a license to practise medicine from the board of health, as hereinafter provided, and shall have had the same recorded in the office of the register of deeds in the county where such physician or person shall reside. § 2 Present practitioners not affected. Nothing in this act shall effect those now in the lawful practice of medicine, surgery or obstetrics in this state. § 3 ITot applicable to whom. Nothing In this act shall be construed to prohibit students from prescribing under the supervision of preceptors, or to prohibit gratuitous services in case of emergency, nor shall this act apply to commissioned surgeons in the United States army and navy. § 4 Penalty for violation. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this act, or any person who shall practise medicine without 688 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK having obtained a license as herein provided, shall he guilty of a misde- meanor and shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100 or imprisonment in the county jail for a term not exceeding 30 days or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. § 5 Board of examiners; qualifications of applicants; fees; license. The board of health of this state is hereby constituted a board of public examiners ex officio for the purpose of examining and licensing physicians to practise medicine in this state, and any person who is a graduate of a law- ful medical college who has attended three full courses of medical lectures of six months each, no two full courses within the same year, and who is of good moral character, and is not an habitual drunkard, shall, upon proof of such facts to the superintendent of the state board of health as said board shall require, and on the payment of a license fee of $5, which shall be applied as a part of the superintendent's salary, receive from said superintendent of the state board of health a license certifying the appli- cant to be a practising physician and qualified for such as prescribed by this section; which license shall be recorded in the office of the register of deeds in the county where such practising physician resides. Provided, that the requirements of the three courses of lectures shall not apply to those who had graduated prior to the passage of this act. § 6 Board may cancel license, when. The state board of health shall, upon complaint made to it on oath by one responsible person, have power to cancel any license that may have been issued to any applicant for the practice of medicine when such license was fraudulently obtained or when the person to whom such license was issued is an habitual drunkard, or is guilty of immoral practices or gross unprofessional conduct. Provided, that such license shall not be canceled except after a hearing before such board of health at which a majority of such board shall be present, and of which the person holding the license to be canceled shall have had not less than 10 days notice, and only upon due proof of the facts stated in the complaint, and provided further, that an appeal may be taken to the circuit court of the county in which the person whose license is canceled lives, by any person aggrieved thereby, In the same manner as is now provided by law in case of appeal from the decision of county commissioners. § 7 Duty of state's attorney. It shall be the duty of the state's attorney to prosecute all violations of this act within his county. Osteo|>athy Laws 1899, ch. 269 § 1 Who may practise. Any person holding a diploma from a legally incorporated and regularly conducted school of osteopathy of good repute as such, and wherein the course of study comprises a term of 20 months, or four terms of five months each, in actual attendance at such school, and shall include instruction In the following branches, to wit: anatomy, physi- ology, chemistry, histology, pathology, gynecology, obstetrics, and theory MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 689 and practice of osteopathy, shall upon the presentation of such diploma to the state board of health, and satisfying such board that they are the legal holders thereof, be granted by such board a certificate permitting such person to practise osteopathy in the state of South Dakota, upon pay- ment to the said board of a fee of $10, which certificate shall be recorded by the register of deeds of the county in which the holder desires to prac- tise, for which he shall receive a fee of $1. § 2 Limitations of certificate. The certificate provided for in the fore- going section shall not authorize the holder thereof to prescribe, or use, drugs in his practice, nor to perform major, or operative, surgery. § 3 Misrepresentation; penalty. Any person who for the purpose of securing such certificate shall falsely represent himself, or herself, to be the legal holder of any such diploma, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and on conviction be fined not less than [$]100 nor more than $500. § 4 Bevocatioii. Any certificate may be revoked by the state board of health upon satisfactory proof of fraudulent misrepresentations in procur- ing the same, or for any violations of the provisions of the certificate, and for any gross immorality by the holder thereof. § 5 Osteopathy not the practice of medicine. The system, method, or science of treating diseases of the human body, commonly known as oste- opathy, is hereby declared not to be the practice of medicine within the meaning of § 14, ch. 63, of the Laws of 1885 of the territory of Dakota, being § 205 of the Compiled laws. § 6 Violation of act; penalty. Any person practising or attempting to practise osteopathy without first having obtained and filed the certificate above provided for, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on con- viction be fined not less than $100 nor more than $500. § 7 Violation of § 2; penalty. Any person practising osteopathy whp violates the provisions of § 2 of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor and on conviction be fined not less than $100 nor more than $500, and in addition to such fine have his or her certificate, provided for in § 1, revoked. TENliTESSEE Gulf division U. S. Area 42,050 sq. m. Pop. 1,767,518 (2,000,000). LegisL biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Nashville. 99-99. Shannon's Annotated code, 1896, p. 845 i 3609 Certificate on diplom^a. No person shall practise medicine in any of its departments, within this state, unless such person possess all the qualifications required by this chapter. If a graduate in medicine, he shall present his diploma to the state board of medical examiners for verification as to its genuineness. If such diploma is found genuine, and from a legally chartered allopathic, homeopathic, or eclectic medical college in good standing with the school of medicine in which said college is classed, of which the state board of medical examiners shall be the judge, and if the person named therein be the person claiming and presenting the same, the 690 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK state board of medical examiners shall issue a certificate to that effect, signed by all the members thereof, and such certificate shall be conclusive as to the right of the lawful holder of the same to practise medicine in this state. § 3610 Certifi-cate on. evidence of previous practice. Any person who was in the actual practice of medicine or surgery in the state on the fourth day of April, 1889, and did, on or before the first day of July, 1891, make satisfactory proof of this fact to the county court clerk of the county in which he resided, and then obtained from said county court clerk, whose duty it was to issue such certificate, a certificate in accord- g,nce with the facts, shall be entitled to all the privileges contemplated in this chapter. A certified copy of this certificate was required to be for- warded to the state board of medical examiners. § 3611 Certificate on examination. Any person wishing to enter upon the practice of medicine in any of its branches, shall present to the board of medical examiners a diploma from some medical college in good stand- ing, as provided in § 3609, or shall present himself before the board for examination upon the following branches, viz : anatomy, physiology, chem- istry, pathology, surgery, obstetrics, therapeutics, materia medica and practice. If the diploma be found genuine, or if the applicant for exam- ination shall be found worthy and competent, then said board shall issue a certificate in each case in accordance with the facts, and such certificate shall entitle the lawful holder thereof to all the privileges of this chapter. [As amended 1899, ch. 148, § 5] § 3612 Board of examiners; appointment; term. Immediately upon the enactment of this chapter (April 4, 1889), the governor was required to appoint six graduated physicians, two from each grand division of the state, as a state board of medical examiners, who were required to meet and organize 30 days from the date of their appointment, and to serve for the terms of one, two, three, four, five, and six years, respectively, decid- ing by lot or agreement among themselves as to their respective terms of service. At the expiration of the above terms, each member of the board was to be appointed for six years. All vacancies occurring in the board by death or resignation shall be filled by the board itself for the remainder of such term or terms. The members of said board shall not be members of the state board of health nor any medical faculty. § 8613 Duties of board. It shall be the duty of the board to examine into the qualifications of all applicants for license to practise medicine or surgery, in accordance with the foregoing sections of this chapter. The three schools of medicine — viz., allopath, homeopath, and eclectic — shall be represented on said board of examiners. Not less than five shall constitute a quorum, and a majority of those present shall be necessary to reject any application, but such rejection shall not bar the applicant against a re- examination after the lapse of three months. The members of the board representing each school of medicine shall have the right to examine all applicants of that school, and the board shall issue the certificate of quali- MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 691 flcation to applicants who are recommended by the member or members of the board who belong to said school, after such examination. § 3614 Temporary license. To prevent delay and inconvenience, two members of the board may grant a temporary license to any applicant, and malie a report thereof to the board at the next regular meeting. Such temporary license shall not continue in force longer than until the next regular meeting of the board; and such temporary license shall in no case be granted within six months after the applicant has been refused a license by the board. § 3615 ffiLeetings of board. The regular meetings of the board shall be once each year, at such time and place as the board may decide, but the president of the board may call a special meeting whenever it is demanded by pubUc necessity, the call to be issued by the secretary and signed by the president. § 3615a Organization; by-laws. The board of medical examiners are authorized to elect such officers and to form such by-laws as may be necessary for the efficient operations of the board. § 3616 Certificate must be recorded; change of residence. Every per- son holding a certificate from the state board of medical examiners or the county court clerk, shall have it recorded in the office of the county court clerk [of the county] in which he resides, and the date of record shall be indorsed thereon. Until such record is made, the holder of such certificate shall not exercise any of the rights or privileges therein conferred to prac- tise medicine. Any person removing from one county to another to prac- tise medicine shall record in like manner the certificate in the county to which he removes, and the holder of the certificate shall pay to the county clerk the usual record fee for so doing. Practitioners in one county may go from one county to another on professional business without being re- quired to register, if they have done so in the county in which they reside. § 3617 Clerk to keep a record. County [court] clerks shall keep in a book provided for the purpose, a complete list of the certificates recorded by him, with the date of issue of certificate and date of record. If the certificate be based on a diploma, he shall record the name of the medical Institution conferring it, and the date when conferred. And that the clerk hereafter, beginning with the first Monday in July next, and at the end of every six months thereafter, report to the secretary of the board of medical examiners all such registrations in his office, together with a list of the deaths and removals from his county of those physicians who have regis- tered, or may hereafter register, in his office; for which service the clerk shall be paid by the treasurer out of the funds of the board of medical examiners 10 cents for each name registered. The register of the county clerk shall be open to public inspection during business hours. {As amended 1899, ch. 148, § 1] § 3618 Board to keep a record. The board of examiners shall keep a record of its proceedings in a book for that purpose, which shall be open for inspection, and shall record the name of each applicant, the time of granting a license, with the names of the mi-mbers of the board present. 692 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK § 3619 Compensation and expenses of board; fees. The members of said board shall receive, as a compensation for their services, $10 per day during their sessiops, and, in addition thereto, their hotel and traveling expenses by the most direct route to and from their respective places of residence, and the necessary expenses of each meeting of the board, to be paid out of any moneys in the treasury of the board, upon the certificate of the president and secretary. The board is empowered to demand a fee of $1 for the issuing of each certificate. The fee for examination of nongraduates shall be $5. If the applicant fails to pass a satisfactory examination, and no certificate or license is issued to him, $5 only of his fee is to be retained. The fee for a certificate of temporary license shall be $1, to be paid into the treasury of the board, said fee to be accredited to the applicant when he applies to the board for permanent license. [As amended 1899, ch. 148, § 6] § 3620 Itinerant venders not allowed. It shall be unlawful for any itinerant physician or vender of any drug, nostrum, ointment, or applica- tion of any kind, intended for the treatment of disease or injury, to sell or apply the same; or for such itinerant physician or vender, by writing, print- ing, or other methods, to profess to cure or treat diseases or deformity by any drug, nostrum, manipulation, or other expedient, in this state; and whoever shall violate the provision of this section, provided it does not apply to merchants and druggists, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof before a court of competent jurisdiction, shall be fined in any sum not less than $100 and not exceeding $400; and all such fines for offenses under this act shall be paid over to the treasurer of the board of medical examiners to constitute a part of the fund of said board; but veterinary surgeons and stock doctors are not included in this chapter. [As amended 1899, ch. 148, § 2] § 3621 Penalty for violation. Any person who shall practise medicine or surgery in the state without the certificate issued by the board of exam- iners or county court clerk, as provided in § 3610, in compliance with the provisions of this chapter, shall, for each and every instance of such practice, be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, be fined in a sum of not less than [$]10 nor more than $25. § 3622 riling diploma or certificate of another, felony. Any person filing, or attempting to file, as his own, the diploma or certificate of another, or a forged affidavit of identification, shall be guilty of felony, and, upon conviction, shall be subject to such punishment as is made and provided by the statute of the state for the crime of forgery. § 3623 Not to apply. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to apply to women who pursue the avocation of midwife. § 3624 Bond of secretary and treasurer. The secretary and treasurer of the board of examiners shall give bond, with good security, in amount suflSclent to cover all moneys coming into his hands, for the safe-keeping of the same. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 693 § 3625 Expenses of board, how obtained. It shall not be lawful for the state board of medical examiners, or any member thereof, in any manner whatever or for any purpose, to charge or obligate the state of Tennessee, nor any county therein, with any debt nor the payment of any money; and the said state board shall look alone to the revenue derived from the operations of this chapter for the compensation designated in § 3619; and, if said revenue is not sufficient to pay each member in full, as per § 3619, then the amount thus received shall be prorated between the members. But if there should be a greater revenue than shall be sufficient to pay the members as provided in § 3619, such overplus shall be paid to the con- troller of state, who shall receipt to the board for the amount received, and shall account for said money as other state revenue. Laws 1899j ch. 148 § 3 ITot to apply. That the provisions of this act shall not apply to physicians or surgeons of other states who may be called by any reputable registered practitioner in this state into actual consultation in regard to some case under his supervision and care. § 4 Graduates from other states must be examined. That students graduating in medical colleges outside of the state of Tennessee shall not practise medicine in this state without being examined by the state board of medical examiners, except as provided in § 3 of this act. § 7 Grand juries shall consider violations. That the grand jury of each county in this state is hereby given inquisitorial power over aU offenses and violations of this act and those acts amended by this act, and the circuit and criminal judges shall give the same in their charge to the grand juries. Osteopathy Laws 1899, ch. 394 § 1 Who may practise. That any person having a diploma regularly issued by the American school of osteopathy, at KirlssviUe, Missouri, or any other legally chartered and regulaxly conducted school of osteopathy, who shall have been in personal attendance as a student in such school for at least four terms of not less than five months each, before graduation, shall be authorized to treat diseases of the human body according to such system, after having filed such diploma for record with the clerk of the county court of the county in which such person resides, and having filed with such clerk an affidavit that the diploma is genuine, and that he or she is the person to whom the same was issued, and that all the provisions of this act were complied with before the issuance of such diploma, where- upon the clerk shall record such diploma in a book to be provided by him for that purpose, and shall indorse upon such diploma the date of filing same, for which he shall receive from such person a fee of $1. § 2 Penalty for violation. That any person who shall practise, or pre- tend or attempt to practise or use the system, method or science of oste- opathy in treating the diseases of the human body without having com- 694 UNIVBESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK plied with the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and upon conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not exceeding $100 for each offense; provided, nothing in this act shall be construed as prohibiting any legally authorized practitioner of medicine and surgery of this state from curing and relieving disease with or without drugs, or by any manipulation by which any disease may be cured or alleviated. TEXAS Gulf division U. S. Area 265,780 sq. m. Pop. 2,235,523 (3,000,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Austin. 9&-99. Sayles' Civil statutes 1889, 2 : 228 § 3625 Medical examiners shall be appointed. The presiding judges of the district courts of the several judicial districts shall, as soon as prac- ticable, severally appoint a board of medical examiners for their respective districts, which appointment shall be in writing and signed by the judge maliing the same, and delivered to the person appointed. § 3626 Board shall be composed, how. Said board of medical examiners shall be composed of not less than three practising physicians of known ability, and who are graduates of some medical college recognized by the American medical association, and who are residents of the district for which they are appointed. § 3627 Duration of appointment. The appointment of a member of the board of medical examiners shall continue for two years from the date of such appointment. § 3628 Shall organize and adopt rules. The board shall, immediately after appointment, select one of their number president and one secretary, and adopt all necessary rules for the guidance and control of their meetings. § 3629 Meetings of board and notice thereof. Said boards shall meet regularly, semiannually, at some central point In their respective districts, to conduct examinations and grant certificates as hereinafter provided, and they shall give at least one month's public notice of the time and place of their meeting, by publication in at least one newspaper published in the district in which such meeting Is to be held. § 3630 Board shall have a seal. Each and every one of such boards shall procure a seal, as soon as practicable after their organization, which seal shall be impressed upon every certificate granted. § 3631 Vacancy in board, how filled. Whenever a vacancy occurs in any of said boards, the same shall be filled by appointment by the judge of the district in which such vacancy occurs. § 3632 Duty of board to examine applicants, etc. It shall be the duty of said board to examine thoroughly all applicants for certificates of quali- fication to practise medicine in any of its branches or departments, whether such applicants are furnished with medical diplomas or not, upon the following named subjects, to wit: anatomy, physiology, pathological MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 695 anatomy and pathology, surgery, obstetrics and chemistry; but no prefer- ence shall be given to any school of medicine. § 3633 Board shall issue certificate, when. When the board shall be satisfied as to the qualifications of an applicant, they shall grant to him a certificate to that effect, which certificate shall entitle the person to whom granted to practise medicine in any county, when the same has been recorded as required, by article [§] 3635. § 3634 Two members may ^an.t certificate; temporary certificate. Any two of the members of such board of medical examiners may grant a certificate of qualification to an applicant, and any member of said board shall have authority to grant a temporary certificate to an applicant upon examination until the next regular meeting of the board, at which time the temporary certificate shall cease to be of force. § 3635 Certificate shall be recorded, etc. The certificate provided for in the two preceding articles [sections] shall, before the person to whom it was granted is entitled to practise by virtue thereof, be recorded in the office of the clerk of the district court of the county in which such practi- tioner may reside or sojourn, in a well bound book to be kept by the clerk for that purpose, and when so recorded said clerk shall certify thereon, under his official seal, the fact and the date of such record, and shall return such certificate to the person to whom the same was granted, and shall be entitled to demand and receive for such service from the holder of such certificate the sum of $1. § 3636 Fee of board for examination. The board shall be entitled to demand and receive from each applicant examined the sum of $15, whether a certificate be granted to such applicant or not. § 3637 Persons to whom this title does not apply. The provisions of this title shall not apply to the following persons: 1) to those who may have been already qualified for the practice of medicine under an act entitled "An act to regulate the practice of medicine," passed May 16, 1873; 2) to those who have been regularly engaged in the general practice of medicine in this state, in any of its branches or departments, for a period of five consecutive years prior to the first day of January, 1875; 3) to females who follow the practice of midwifery, strictly as such. § 3638 TTnlawful to practise without certificate. No person, except those named in the preceding article [section], shall be permitted to prac- tise medicine in any of its branches or departments without first having obtained and recorded a certificate of qualification from some authorized board of medical examiners, as hereinbefore provided; and any person so offending shall be punished as provided in the penal code. Willson's Penal code 1896, p. 168 § 438 Practising without certificate of qualification. If any person shall practise for pay, or as a regular practitioner, medicine, in this state, in any of its branches or departments, or offer or attempt to practise without first having obtained a certificate of professional qualification 696 UNIVBESITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YOEK from some authorized board of medical examiners, or wittiout liavlng a diploma from some accredited medical college, chartered by the legislature of the state or its authority, in which the same is situated, he shall be punished by fine not less than [$] 50 nor more than $500. § 439 Wh.at constitutes separate offense. Each patient visited or pre- scribed for, or each day's offer to practise, shall constitute a separate ofEense under the preceding article. § 440 Practising ■without filing certificate for record. If any person shall hereafter engage in the practice of medicine in any of its branches or departments for pay, or as a regular practitioner, without having first filed for record with the clerk of the district court in the county in which sufth person may reside, or sojourn, a certificate from some authorized board of medical examiners, or a diploma from some accredited medical college, he shall be punished as prescribed in article 438. § 441 ITot applicable to what cases. The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to any person who has been regularly ' engaged in the general practice of medicine, in any of its branches or departments, in this state, for five consecutive years prior to Jan. 1, 1875; nor to any person who may have legally qualified himself to practise medicine under the provisions of an act entitled "An act to regulate the practice of medi- cine," passed May 16, 1873; nor to any female who may follow the practice of midwifery strictly as such. UTAH Pacific division U. S. Area 84,970 sq. m. Pop. 207,905 (240,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Jan. 1901. Cap. Salt Lake City. 98-99. Revised statutes 1898, p. 420 § 1728 State board of medical exam.iiLers; appointment. There shall be appointed by the governor at each regular session of the legislature, by and with the consent of the senate, a state board of medical examiners, which shall consist of seven members, who shall be representatives of the various recognized schools of medicine and shall hold office until their successors are appointed and qualified. Each person so appointed shall qualify by taking an oath before a judge of the district court, that he is a graduate of a legally chartered medical college in good standing and will faithfully perform the duties of his office. Vacancies in the board shall be filled by appointment by the governor within one month from the time the vacancy shall occur. § 1729 Organization; examination and certificates. Said board shaU organize immediately after its appointment by selecting from its members, a president, a secretary, and a treasurer. Four members of the board shall constitute a quorum. The board shall have a seal, with which it . shall attest its official acts. Any member of the board shall have authority to administer oaths and the board shall have authority to take testimony In all matters relating to the duties of the board. The board shall have power to issue certificates to any person who furnishes satisfactory proof MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 697 Of having received a degree or diploma from a chartered medical college in good standing and who shall pass a satisfactory examination before the board. The board shall issue two forms of certificates or licenses, one for persons holding such a degree or diploma who has been examined and favorably passed upon by the board, and another for persons desiring to practise obstetrics under the provisions of § 1737. Certificates and licenses shall be signed by all members of the board granting them. § 1730 re« for examination. The fee for the examination provided for in the last preceding section shall be $15, which shall be paid to the treas- urer of the board of examiners. § 1781 Non-graduates. No non-graduate licensed under the provisions of the acts of the territorial legislature shall, in any way advertise as a doctor, physician, or surgeon, but shall, if he advertises at all, do so as a licensed non-graduate practitioner of medicine. The secretary of the board shall enter, without fee, upon the register to be kept by him, the names of all persons to whom certificates are issued as physicians and surgeons. § 1732 Certificates to be recorded. Every person holding a certificate from the said board shall have it recorded in the office of the recorder of the county in which he resides, within three months from its date, and the date of record shall be Indorsed thereon. Until such certificate is recorded as herein provided, the holder thereof shall not exercise any of the privileges conferred therein to practise medicine. Any person remov- ing to another county to practise medicine shall record the certificate in like manner in the county to which he removes, and the holder of the cer- tificate shall pay the recorder the usual fees for recording such certificates. § 1733 Beoord. The county recorder shall keep, in a book provided for that purpose, a complete list of the certificates recorded by him, with the date of the issue of the certificate, and, if the certificate be based upon a degree and examination, the name of the medical college conferring the degree, and the date thereof. The register of the county recorder shall be open to public inspection during business hours. § 1734 Ezamlnatioii.s; irefusal and revocation of certificates. Ex- aminations may be made wholly or partially in writing. The board of medical examiners may refuse to issue the certificates provided for in this title to individuals convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction of any offense involving immoral or dishonorable conduct, the nature of which shall be stated in writing. The board may revoke such certifi- cates for like causes. § 1735 "Pl-actising medicine" defined. Any person shall be regarded as practising medicine within the meaning of this title, who shall treat, operate upon, or prescribe for any physical ailment of another for a fee, or who shall hold himself out by means of signs, cards, advertisements or otherwise, as a physician or surgeon; but nothing in this title shall be construed to prohibit services in case of emergency, or the administra- tion of family remedies, nor to prevent medical officers of the United States army from the discharge of their official duties, nor to prohibit visiting physicians In the act of consultation. 698 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK § 1736 Practising without license. Any person practising medicine, surgery, or obstetrics within this state without holding a lawful certifi- cate or license or otherwise contrary to the provisions of this title, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. § 1737 Obstetricians. Persons desiring to practise obstetrics in this state shall be entitled to a license upon satisfactorily passing an examina- tion by the state board of examiners and paying to the treasurer thereof a fee of $5; provided, that this section shall not be construed to prevent physicians holding a certificate from practising obstetrics, or to prohibit such service or the acceptance of a fee in case of emergency, or persons practising obstetrics in communities where there are no licensed practi- tioners. § 1738 Meetings of board. The board of medical examiners shall meet on the first Monday in January, April, July, and October of each year, at 10 o'clock a. m., and such other times as the president of the board shall deem necessary. The place of meeting shall be at the state capital. § 1739 Removal of member of board. Any member of said board may be removed for misconduct In office by a two thirds vote of all the members of the board, but no member shall be removed until after he has been given a trial before said board. § 1740 "Medical coUegfe" defined. The term "medical college" in this title shall include colleges In good standing in the states where they exist. § 1741 Territorial certificates. Nothing in this title shall be deemed to require persons now holding certificates from the territorial board of examiners to make application for license. § 1742 Fees, how expended. Money received under this title may be applied In defraying the expenses of the examining board. VEKMONT North Atlantic division TJ. S. Area 9565 sq. m. Pop. 382,422 (333,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Oct. 1902. Cap. Montpeller. 98-99. Statutes 1894, p. 832 § 4630 Board of censors; election; duties. State medical societies organized under a charter from the general assembly, shall, at each annual session elect a board of censors, consisting of three members, who shall hold their office until others are elected. Such board may examine and license practitioners of medicine, surgery and midwifery. [As a,mended 1898, ch. 112, § 2] § 4631 Certificate necessary to practise. No person shall, by sign or advertisement, assume the title of doctor, or offer his services to the public as a practitioner of either medicine, surgery or midwifery, until he has obtained a certificate from a county district, or state medical society. § 4632 Nonresidents. A person not a resident of this state, who has not received a diploma from a chartered medical college, shall obtain a certificate from a board of censors in this state before he shall be per- mitted to practise the medical art therein. MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 699 § 4633 Certificates, to •whom issued. Bach board of censors shall Issue certificates without fee, to physicians and surgeons who present to such board a diploma from a medical college or university, and who also by examination satisfy said board of censors that they are qualified to prac- tise the branches mentioned in such diploma. [As amended 1898, ch. 112, § 1] § 4634 Notification of practitioners. The censors of each medical society aforesaid shall, in their discretion, notify practitioners of medi- cine, surgery or midwifery of the terms of this chapter, and require such ppT'fTii^s to comply therewith, within 30 days after such notification, or within such further time as is allowed by the censors, not exceeding 90 days. § 4635 Content and form of certificate. The certificate shall set forth that said censors have found the person to whom it is given, qualified to practise the branches of medical art mentioned therein, and shall be substantially in the following form: Certificate No. State of "Vermont, i This may certify that the undersigned board of County of . ) censors have found of , In the county of , and state of — •, qualified in the follow- ing branches of the medical profession: , and therefore license him to practise said branches within this state. J Board of censors J 0* ) medical society § 4636 Record of certificate. The person to whom a certificate is thus Issued shall cause the same to be recorded In the office of the clerk of the county in which he resides, or If not a resident of the state, In the county in which he obtains such certificate, In a book to be kept by the county clerk for that purpose, and to be called the medical register of county. The fee for recording such certificate shall be 25 cents. § 4637 Certificate, where valid; revocation. The certificate issued by a board of censors and duly recorded shall be valid throughout the state. The censors may revoke or annul a certificate, If, In their judgment, it has been obtained fraudulently, or the person holding the same has forfeited his right to public confidence, by conviction of a crime. § 4638 Penalty for violation. If a person practises medicine, surgery or midwifery, or signs a certificate of death for purposes of burial or re- moval, and is not duly authorized by a certificate Issued and recorded as provided in this chapter, he shall, for the first offense, be fined not more than $200 and not less than $50, and for a subsequent offense not more than $500, and not less than $200; which fine may be recovered by an action of debt for the use of any person who sues therefor, or by com- plaint, information or Indictment. 700 UNIVBiESITT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK § 4639 TJulawful to enforce fee without certificate. A person practis- ing either of the branches of medicine, surgery or midwifery, shall not be permitted to enforce in the courts, the collection of a fee or compensa- tion for services rendered, or medicine or material furnished, in the prac- tice of any of the branches for which he has not a certificate as provided In this chapter. § 4640 Hot to apply. This chapter shall not apply to the practice of dentistry, nor to the practice of midwifery by women in the town or locality in which they reside, nor to a person who resided and practised medicine in the state five years previous to the 28th day of November, 1876. Laws 1898, ch. 113 § 1 Canadian graduiates. Graduates of Canadian medical colleges shall be required to attend at least one course of lectures and pass the final examinations of some legally recognized medical college in the United States before they shall be entitled to practise medicine or surgery in this state. § 2 Exceptions. The provisions of this act shall not apply to physi- cians legally licensed prior to the passage of this act or to a physician or surgeon residing in the Dominion of Canada who may be called into this state to see a particular case in consultation with a resident practitioner authorized to practise under the laws of this state. § 3 Penalty for violation. Any person violating the provisions of this act shall, upon being convicted of the same, be fined $50 and costs for each ofCense. Osteopathy Laws 1896, ch. 99 § 1 Who may practise. It shall be lawful for the graduates and the holders of diplomas from the American school of osteopathy at Klrksville, Missouri, a regularly chartered school under the laws of Missouri, to practise their art of healing in the state of Vermont. VIiROrNlA South Atlantic division U. S. Area 42,450 sq. m. Pop. 1,655,980 (1,780,000). Legisl. biennial; next session Dec. 1901. Cap. Richmond. 98-99. General laws 1896, p. 150 § 1 Qualifications for practice. From and after the passage of this act the following persons, and no others, shall be permitted to practise medicine or surgery in this state: first, all persons who have practised medicine or surgery in this state continuously for the period of at least five years prior to the passage of this act, but only such persons as have been assessed with a license tax as a physician or surgeon by some com- missioner of the revenue in this state during each of the five years pre- ceding the passage of this act, shall be regarded as included within the provisions of this clause: provided, that this act shall not apply to ally physician or surgeon now legally licensed and practising as such in this MEDICINE IN THE UNITEID STATES 701 State; second, all persons who have been duly examined and have been awarded certificates by the board of medical examiners under the acts of Jan. 31, 1884; Mar. 1, 1888, and ch. 77 of the code, or the amendments thereto, and who have also otherwise complied with the requirements of the said laws; third, all persons who shall hereafter receive certifi- cates from the board of medical examiners of this state as provided by § 6 of this act, and who shall also in all other respects have complied with the provisions of the same. § 2 Practic© of medicine defined. Any person shall be regarded as practising medicine or surgery within the meaning of this act who shall profess publicly to be a physician or surgeon and shall offer for practise as such, or who shall prescribe for the sick or for those needing medi- cal or surgical aid and shall charge and receive therefor money or other compensation, directly or indirectly; but this act shall not apply to any midwife, dentist, commissioned officer or contract surgeon of the United States army or navy or marine hospital service in the performance of his duties as such, nor to any physician or surgeon residing in any state or territory of the United States, or in the District of Columbia, called into consultation in a special case with a physician or surgeon residing in this state; nor shall this act be construed as affecting or changing in any way the laws in reference to the license tax to be paid by physicians, surgeons, and dentists. § 3 Board of examiners; term. There shall be for this state a board of medical examiners, consisting of one member from each congressional district in this state and two for the state at large, and, in addition, two homeopathic physicians from the state at large, whose term of office shall be four years, or until their successors are appointed and qualified. The term of office of the board first appointed after this act takes effect shall commence on the first day of April, 1894, but the board in office under the law in force at the time of the passage of this act shall constitute a board of medical examiners under this act until a new board shall be appointed under authority of same. § 4 Qualifications of mennbeirs; appointment; recommendations by societies. The said board shall consist of men learned in medicine and surgery, and shall be appointed by the governor on the first day of April, 1894, and every fourth year thereafter, from a list of names to be recom- mended by the medical society of Virginia. He shall also appoint two homeopathic physicians, who may be nominated to him by the Hahnemann medical society of the Old Dominion in the manner hereinafter provided. Vacancies occurring in such board for unexpired terms shall be filled in the same manner. Such recommendations shall be by vote of a majority present, at some meeting of the said societies, and the same shall be cer- tified to the governor by the president and secretary of such societies: provided, however, in case the governor shall consider any of the persons so recommended unsuitable, he may decline to appoint such person or persons, and communicate the fact to the presiding officers of the society 702 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK presenting the nomination, and such society shall, within 90 days there- after, make other recommendations in the manner hereinafter prescribed, which shall stand on the same footing in all respects as those first made: provided, further, if such society fail to make such recommendations prior to the time of appointment, or within the 90 days, the governor shall appoint such board, either in whole or in part, without regard to such recommendations. If any of said examiners shall cease to reside in the district for which he was appointed, his office shall be deemed vacant. § 5 Oath of ofS.ce; officers; meeting's. The members of said board shall qualify by taking the usual oath of office before the county or corpora- tion court of the county or corporation in which they respectively reside, or before the judge of such court in vacation. The officers of said board shall be a president, vice-president, and secretary (who shall also act as treasurer), said officers to be members of and selected by the board. Eegular meetings of the board shall be held at such times and places as the board may prescribe, and special meetings may be held upon the call of the president and any five members; but there shall not be less than one regular meeting each year. Five members of the board shall constitute a quorum. The board may prescribe rules, regulations, and by-laws for its own proceedings and government, and for the examination by its members of candidates for the practice of medicine and surgery. § 6 Examination of applicants; certificate; fee; temporary certificate; special permit. It shall be the duty of said board at any of its meetings to examine all persons making application to them who shall desire to commence the practice of medicine and surgery in this state, and who shall not by the provisions of this act be exempt. from such examinations; and when an applicant shall have passed an examination satisfactory as to efficiency before the board in session, the president thereof shall grant to such applicant certificate to that effect. A fee of $10 shall be paid to said board through such officers or members as it may designate by each applicant before such examination is had. In case any applicant shall fail to pass a satisfactory examination he shall not be permitte-75=, 455^ Degrees, see College degrees; Med- ical degrees. Delaware medical council, 551"-52^ 553°, 554', 556*; medical examiners, 364', 518'-19^, 552'>-53»; rules or regulations of examiners, 499^ synopsis of legal requirements, 362°, 518'-19^; statutes, 551»-56=. Delaware state medical society, 350^ Dentists, licensing examinations, 351". Denver homeopathic medical col- lege, 368'>-69=, 385^ Denver, Rocky Mountain univer- sity, medical department, 368°-69°, 385'-86=. Denver, University of, medical de- partment, 368»-69S 386«-87". Des Moines, Drake university, med- ical department, 370=-71=, 407'-8*. Des Moines, Iowa eclectic medical college, 406=. Des Moines, King eleetic medical college, 407=. Detroit college of medicine, 372*-73*, 427*. Detroit homeopathic medical col- lege, 427'. Detroit, Michigan college of medi- cine and surgery, 372^-73*, 429^. Diplomas, first issued in America, 468^; Diplomas {continued). fraudulent, laws regulating; in Arkansas, 539=; in California, 541', 544' ; in Colorado, 547*; in Idaho, 575°; in Illinois, 579^; in Iowa, 590°, 592'; in Missouri, 624»-25S 626'; in Nevada, 636°- 37'; in New Hampshire, 641=; in New Jersey, 643=; in New Mexico, 651=; in New York, 657'-58'; in North Carolina, 661'; in Ohio, 664=-65*, 668"; in South Carolina, 687'; in South Dakota, 689=; in Tennessee, 692'; in West Vir- ginia, 710'; in Wisconsin, 715'; in Wyoming, 717', 718=; licenses granted on; 363°; in Ar- kansas, 497', 517*,538=; in California, 497*, 517', 540=; In Colorado, 518', 545=-46'; in Indian territory, 521', 581°, 582'; in Indiana, 503', 522', 582=, 583*; in Kansas, 504°-5», 522', 593'; in Kentucky, 522°, 594*; in Michigan, 524=, 616=, 618=; in Mis- souri, 525', 624', 626°-27=; in Ne- braska, 506", 526*, 632', 633=; in Nevada, 526=, 636', 637'; in New Mexico, 507', 527°, 649=-50'; in Ohio, 511*-, 529', 665'; in Oklaho- ma, 512', 529', 669'; in Puerto Rico. 682=; in Rhode Island, 513=, 531'! 684'; in South Dakota, 532=, 688', 688=-89'; in Tennessee, 532', 689=- 90', 693=; in Texas, 532=, 696'; in Wisconsin, 534', 711'-12'; in Wyo- ming, 534=, 716', 716=-17*- Dissections, 350'. District of Columbia, medical schools, 368-69, 388-91; medical examiners, 364=, 519=, 558=; medi- cal supervisors, 556', 561'; rules or regulations of examiners, 499'; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 519=; statutes, 556=-61»; prac- tice of midwifery, 356=, 560". Divine healing, 355'. 726 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Drake university, medical depart- ment, 370=-71', 407"-8\ Druidic Banchoreion, Buffalo, 447°. Druidic university of Maine, Levs^is- ton, 417". Dunham medical college, Chicago, 368»-69», 396=. Earle, A. M., quoted, 356". Eclectic college of physicians and surgeons, Indianapolis, 404°. Eclectic medical college, Louisville (Ky.), 412'. Eclectic medical college of Maine, Lewiston, 417°. Eclectic medical college of city of New York, 374=-75=, 447«-48^ Eclectic medical college of Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, 465'. Eclectic medical college of Phila- delphia, 468°. Eclectic medical colleges. National confederation of, 489°-91'. Eclectic medical examiners, 364*. See also names of states. Eclectic medical institute, Cincin- nati, 374°-75», 457°-58°. Eclectic medical schools, 358', 366=. See also American medical college, St Louis; Bennett college of eclec- tic medicine and surgery; Califor- nia medical college; Cotner uni- versity, medical department; Georgia college of eclectic medi- cine and surgery. Edinborough medical college, Lum- berton, (N. C), 454*. Edinburgh university, Chicago and St Louis, 395', 397'. Elective method in medical schools, 361°. Eliot, Pres. C. W., on medical in- struction, 358'; Medical education of the future, 360^ Endowments, medical schools, 359*. Ensworth medical college, St Jo- seph (Mo.), 372»-73», 434°-35». Evansville (Ind.), Hospital medical college, 405^ Evansville (Ind.), medical college, 405». Examinations for medical licenses, results, 351' ; states requiring, 362''-63'; synopsis, 516-34; rules or regulations; in Ala- bama, 496°; in Arizona, 496'; in Arkansas, 497'; in Connecticut, 498°; in' Delaware, 499*; in Dis- trict of Columbia, 499°; in Geor- gia, 500'; in Illinois, 501*-2°; in In- diana, 503*; in Iowa, 503', 504°; in Maine, 505'; in Massachusetts, 505'; in Minnesota, SOG'; in Mis- souri, 506*; in Montana, 506°; in New Hampshire, 506°; in New Jersey, 507°; in New Mexico, 507'; in New York, 508', 510=; in North Carolina, 510°; in North Dakota, 511"; in Oklahoma, 512*; in Ore- gon, 512*; in Pennsylvania, 512°; in Ehode Island, 513'-14"; in South Carolina, 514°; in Tennessee, 514'; in Utah, 514'-15^? in Yermont, 515"; in Virginia, 515°; in West Virginia, 515'; statutes governing; in Ala- bama, 536*; in Arizona, 537°; in Arkansas, 540°; in Colorado, 546"; in Connecticut, 549°, 550°, 551°; in Delaware, 553°-55'; in District of Columbia, 557°, 559°; in Florida, 562°, 564°; in Georgia, 566'-67°; in Hawaii, 569°; in Idaho, 572'-73'; 574'; in Illinois, 576'-77*; in Indian territory, Cherokee nation, 598'; in Indiana, 583*; in Iowa, 589°-90', 591°; in Louisiana, 595', 596°; in Maine, 601°, 602°; in Maryland, 604*-5°, 608*; in Massachusetts, 611', 612'-13*; in Michigan, 615'- 16"; in Minnesota, 619'-20»; in Mis- INDEX TO MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 727 sissippi, 622'; in Missouri, 624», 625', 625'; in Montana, 628»-29^, eSO'; in Nevada, 636"; in New Hampshire, 639''-40'; in New Jer- sey, 645''-47''; in New Mexico, 650S 650»; in New York, 653'=-55*; in North Carolina, 658»-59^; in North Dal£0ta, 662'>-63=; in Ohio, 666"; in Oklahoma, 669"; in Oregon, 671'; in Pennsylvania, 675^ 677"'-79=; in Puerto Kico, 68r-83"; in Rhode Island, 684=; in South Carolina, 686"; in Tennessee, 690=, 692", 693*; in Texas, 694^-95'; in Utah, 697^, 697', 698"; in Vermont, 699'; in Virginia, 701', 702=-3"; in Wash- ington, 704°-5=; in West Virginia, 708=, 709=; in Wisconsin, 711'-12'; in Wyoming, 716», 718". See also Exemptions; Preliminary require- ments. Examiners, boards of, 364''; rules and regulations, 496-515. See also names of states. Excelsior medical college, Boston, 424=. Excelsior medical college. New York, 447'. Exemptions from provisions of the law; in Arizona, 538'; in Arkan- sas, 539"; in California, 543=, 544"; in Colorado, 518", 546"; in Connec- ticut, 548"; in Delaware, 555'; in District of Columbia, 560', 561"; in Florida, 563=; in Georgia, 565°, 567''-68=; in Idaho, 575°, 576=; in Illi- nois, 578"; in Indian territory, 580°; in Indiana, 583", 588'; in Iowa, 590'; in Kansas, 593=; in Kentucky, 522», 594*, 594=-95'; in Louisiana, 595=, 598=, 599"; in Maine, 601=, 602''-3»; in Maryland, 603*, 606°, 606°-7=, 609"; in Massachu- setts, 524=, 613"; in Michigan, 524=, 617=; in Minnesota, 620" 621'; in Mississippi, 623*; in Montana, 629', 630'; in Nebraska, 632=, 633', 634'; in Nevada, 637"; in New Hampshire, 640", 641=; in New Jersey, 642''-43", 643*, 645=, 648=-49=; in New Mexico, 650", 651"; in New York, 508", 657=; in North Caro- lina, 660=, 661=; in North Dakota, 663=, 663°; in Ohio, 668"; in Okla- homa, 669'; in Oregon, 672'; in Pennsylvania, 679'-90=; in Puerto Rico, 581", 683=; in Rhode Island, 531', 684'; in South Carolina, 686=, 687"; in South Dakota, 687=; in Tennessee, 532", 690», 692», 693=; in Texas, 695=, 696*; in Utah, 697", 698"; in Vermont, 700", 700*; in Virginia, 700"-l", 701"; in Wash- ington, 707'; in West Virginia, 708=, 709'; in Wisconsin, 534=, 712", 713*, 714"; in Wyoming, 534°, 717*, 718=; exemptions from examina- tions; in Arizona, 537=; in Dis- trict of Columbia, 560'; in Flori- da, 563"; in Idaho, 521', 572*; in Massachusetts, 524=, 613"; in Min- nesota, 620"; in New Mexico, 650"; in North Carolina, 529'; in West Virginia, 533". See also Diplomas, licenses on; Indorsement of med- ical licenses. Expenditures of medical schools, 369, 371, 373, 375, 377. Faculty of medical schools, 366', 366=, 369, 371, 373, 375, 377. Faith curists, 355", 648'. Fines, for violations of law; in Ala^ bama, 537'; in Arizona, 538"; in Arkansas, 539'; in California, 544"; in Colorado, 547*; in Connecticut, 551"; in Delaware, 555=; in Dis- trict of Columbia, 561=; in Flori- da, 564"; in Hawaii, 569'; in Ida- ho, 574'-75", 575'-76'; in Illinois, 579'; in Indian territory, 580=; in 728 DNIVBESITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Indiana, 588'; in Iowa, 591"; in Kansas, 593"; in Kentucky, 595"; in Louisiana, 598'-9Q'; in Maine, 602°; in Maryland, 606', 608'-9'; in Massachusetts, 612»-13S 613'; in Michigan, 61T', 619'; in Minne- sota, 621''; in Mississippi, 623°; in Missouri, 626', 627'; in Montana, 630°, 631°; in Nebraska, 634°; in Nevada, 638^; in New Hampshire, 641'; in New Jersey, 642", 649*; in New Mexico, 651°; in New York, 657'-58'; in North CaroUna, 660S 661"; in North Dakota, 663', 663'; in Ohio, 668°; in Oklahoma, 670'; in Oregon, 674'; in Pennsylvania, 679"; in Rhode Island, 684''-85=; in South Carolina, 687"; in South Dakota, 687''-88', 689*; in Tennes- see, 692», 693»-94"; in Texas, 695'- 96' ; in Vermont, 699^ 700=; in Vir- ginia, 708°; in Washington, 707=; in West Virginia, 710'; in Wiscon- sin, 718', 714', 715'; in Wyoming, 718=; for fraudulent diplomas; in Iowa, 592'; in Missouri, 624=-25^ 626=; in Nevada, 636°-37^; in New Hampshire, 641°; in New Jersey, 643°; in New Mexico, 651°; in New York, 657'-58'; in North Carolina, 661'; in Ohio, 664°-65'; in South Carolina, 687'; in South Dakota, 689°; in West Virginia, 710=; in Wisconsin, 715'; in Wyoming, 717°. Firmin, Dr Giles, readings on hu- man osteology, 349°. Florida, medical examiners, 364', 519°, 562', 564=; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 363', 519°-20°; statutes, 562'-64'. Florida university, medical depart- ment, 39r. Flower hospital, medical division, 359°. Fort Wayne (Ind.) college of medi- cine, 370'-71', 404°-5'. Fort Wayne (Ind.), medical college, 405°. Fort Worth (Tex.) university, medi- cal department, 376'-77', 477»-78'. Franklin medical college, 465". Galveston (Tex.) medical college, 478°. Galveston, Texas university, medi- cal department, 376'-77', 478'. Georgetown university, medical de- partment, Washington (D. C), 368'-69', 389=-90'. Georgia, medical schools, 368-69, 391-93; medical examiners, 364', 520', 565'-66°; rules or regulations of examining boards, 500'; synop- sis of legal requirements, 362', 363', 520'; statutes, 564'-68=; laws against non-medical practitioners, 855»-56'. Georgia college of eclectic medicine and surgery, Atlanta, 368°-69°, 391°-92'. Georgia eclectic medical college, 392'. See also Georgia college of eclectic medicine and surgery. Georgia university, medical depart- ment, 368°-69°, 392=. Gifts to medical schools and hos- pitals, 859°. Graduate medical schools, statis- tics, 358°, 366=, 367=; in Illinois, 367°, 393=; in Louisiana, 367°, 416'; in New York, 367°, 445'-46'; in Pennsylvania, 367°, 465°. Graffenberg institute, 378'. Grand Kapids medical college, med- ical department, 372'-73', 428°-29'. Grant university, medical depart- ment, Chattanooga (Tenn.), 376'- 77°, 472°. Greencastle, Indiana central medi- cal college, 405'. INDEX TO MBDIOINB IN THE UNITED STATES 729 Greensboro (Ala.), Artmen medical department, Southern university, 379°. Gross medical college, SeS'-eO', 385'- 86=. Haddonfield (N. J.), Livingston uni- versity, 445*. Hahnemann hospital college, San Francisco, 368^-69', 382»-83». Hahnemann medical college, St Louis, 441'. Hahnemann medical college and hospital, Chicago, 368°-69°, 397^ Hahnemann medical college and hospital, Philadelphia, 374=-75', 465''-66'. Hamline university, medical depart- ment, Minneapolis, 372''-73», 431"- 32». Hampden Sidney college, medical department, 480°. Hannibal medical college, 472'. Hanover (N. H.), Dartmouth medi- cal college, 372''-73», 444''-45=. Harvard university, medical school, 350«, 372=-78=, 424*; graded system of instruction, 357'; requires col- lege degree for admission, 367°. Harvey medical college, Chicago, 370=-7r, 397'-98=. Havana university, medical depart- ment, 368''-69», 388^ Hawaii, medical examiners, 364', 520°, 569*; rules or regulations of examining boards, 500^; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 520°; statutes, 356', 568»-70°. Hering medical college of Chicago, 370'-71', 398*. Hering medical college, St Louis, 435'. Holmes, Dr Bayard, quoted, 360°- 61". Homeopathic college of physicians and surgeons, BufEalo, see College of physicians and surgeons, Buf- falo. Homeopathic medical college, St Louis, 435'. Homeopathic medical college of Missouri, St Louis, 372«-73°, 435*. Homeopathic medical college of Pennsylvania, 466°. See also Hahnemann medical college and hospital. Homeopathic medical examiners, 364*. See also names of states. Homeopathic medical schools, 358', 366°; recognized by American in- stitute of homeopathy, 484°-85». See also Boston university, school of medicine; Chicago homeopathic medical college; Cleveland home- opathic medical college; Denver homeopathic medical college; Dunham medical college, Chica- go; Hahnemann hospital college, San Francisco; Hahnemann medi- cal college and hospital, Chicago; Hering medical college of Chica- go; Hulte medical college, Cin- cinnati; lovs^a, Unversity of , medi- cal department; Kansas City homeopathic medical college; Kansas City university, college of homeopathic medicine and sur- gery; Michigan university. Home- opathic medical school; Minneso- ta university, college of homeo- pathic medicine and surgery; National medical college, Chica- go; Nevf York homeopathic medi- cal college; New York medical college and hospital for women; Southern homeopathic medical college, Baltimore; Southwestern homeopathic medical college, Louisville, Kentucky; Washing- ton homeopathic medical college. Hospital college of medicine, Louis- ville, 414'. S'ee also Kentucky, Central university of. 730 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Hospital medical college, Evans- Yille (Ind.), 405^ Hospitals, organized, 350"; gifts, 359°. Howard university, medical depart- ment, Washington (D. 0.), 368'- 69', 390=. Hulte medical college, Cincinnati, 374°-75=, 462*. Humbolt medical college, St Louis, 435'. Hunter, Dr William, medical lec- tures, 349". Hygeia medical college, Cincinnati, 458*. Hygeio-tlierapeutic college, Bergen Hights (N. J.), 445*. Hygeio-therapeutic college of New York, 448=. Hygiene and state medicine, 359'- 60". Hypnotism, 356^ 569^, 603^ 613^ 641". Idaho, medical examiners, 364°, 520", 570'-72", 574*, 576*; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 363S 520"-21=; statutes, 570'-76=. Illinois, medical schools, 368-71, 393-403, 486°-89=, 500*, 501'; gradu- ate medical schools, 367", 393»; rules or regulations of examining boards, 500*-2»; synopsis of legal requirements, 362", 363^ 52r; stat- utes, 355', 356*, 576»-79'; practice of midwifery, 356", 576', 577". Illinois college, medical department, 400*. Illinois medical college, Chicago, 870"-71", 399*. Illinois state board of health, ad- ministration of law, 364", 52r, 576°; requirements for medical schools, 486"-89"'; resolutions on standing of medical schools, 500*; resolution on licensing require- ments, 501*; organization, 576". Illinois university, medical depart- ment, 370"-71",400=. Independence, Kansas medical col- lege, 410". Independent medical college at People's institute, Chicago, 399°. Indian medicine men, 670*. Indian territory; Cherokee nation, medical examiners, 364', 521', 579°-80*; synopsis of legal require- ments, 362", 363^ 521'; statutes, 356", 579»-81"; Choctaw nation; medical exam- iners, 364", 521", 581"; synopsis of legal requirements, 363", 521"; statutes, 581". Muskogee or Creek nation; medical examiners, 364", 521", 581"; synopsis of legal requirements, 363°, 521"; statutes, 581"-82". Indiana, medical schools, 370-71, 403-6; medical examiners, 364", 522*, 584"-87"; rules or regulations of examining boards, 503*; syn- opsis of legal requirements, 363°, 522*; statutes, 582"-88°; practice of midwifery, 356", 582', 587"-88', 588°. Indiana central medical college, Greencastle, 405^ Indiana eclectic medical college, Indianapolis, 405^ Indiana, Medical college of Indian- apolis, 370*-71*, 405*. Indiana, Physio-medical college, In- dianapolis, 370*-71*, 406*. Indiana, University of, 406". Indianapolis, American medical col- lege, 403'. Indianapolis, Central college of phy- sicians and surgeons, 370''-71*, 403"-4*. Indianapolis, Eclectic college of physicians and surgeons, 404". Indianapolis, Indiana eclectic medi- cal college, 405=. INDEX TO MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 731 Indianapolis, Physio-medical col- lege of Indiana, 370^-71', 406\ Indianapolis, University of. Medical college of Indiana, 370'-71*, 405*. Indianapolis, University of medi- cine, 403S 405», 406". Indorsement of medical licenses, 352^ in Delaware, 519^ 556"; in District of Columbia, 499°, 560"; in Kentucky, 522°; in Michigan, 524°, 615', 616=; in Mississippi, 623'; in Nebraska, 506"; in Ne- vada, 637"; in New Hampshire, 640''-41"; in New Jersey, 507% 527', 646''-47M in New \ork, 508»-9^, 655'; in Pennsylvania, 530", 675"; in Puerto Rico, 53r, 682"; in Wis- consin, 534", 712=. International electropathic institu- tion. Mentor (O.), 459". Iowa, medical schools, 370-71, 406-9, 503'-4''; medical examiners, 364°, 522S 589", 592^; rules or regula- tions of examining board, 503'; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 363", 522*; statutes, 589^-92°; practice of midwifery, 356°, 590°; practice of osteopathy, 355°, 592". Iowa City, University of Iowa, medical department, 370°-71=, 408*- 9*. Iowa college of physicians and sur- geons, 408°. See also Drake uni- versity, medical department. Iowa eclectic medical college, Des Moines, 406". Iowa medical college, Des Moines, 408". See -75°, 454'. Kandolph Macon college, Prince Edward court house (Va.), 480'. Receipts of medical schools, 369,371, 373, 375, 377. Reform medical college of Georgia, 392'. See also Georgia college of eclectic medicine and surgery. Registration of medical schools, see Medical schools. Registration of physicians, rules or regulations, 496-515; synopsis of requirements, 516-34; statutes; in Alabama, 536'; in Arkansas, 538'; in California, 542°; in Colorado, 546*-47S 547*; in Con- necticut, 549^, 550°; in Delaware, 554=; in District of Columbia, 557^ 560=, 560°-61'; in Florida, 563"; in Georgia, 565^ 567"; in Idaho, 575"; in Illinois, 577'-78'; in Indiana, 584*; in Indian territory, Chero- kee nation, 580"; in Iowa, 590"; in Kentucky, 593°-94''; in Louisi- ana, 597'-98'; in Maine, 602»; in Maryland, 606=, 606», 607', 608», 609"; in Massachusetts, 612', 613*; in Michigan, 615=- 16°; in Minneso- ta, 62r; in Mississippi, 622'-23^ in Missouri, 625*; in Montana, 630=; in Nebraska, 633°; in Ne- vada, 636=, 637=; in New Hamp- shire, 641", 642=; in New Jersey, 643'-44\ 647"-48*; in New Mexico, 650»-5r; in New York, 652=, 655=- 57=; in North Carolina, esg'-eO', 661"; in North Dakota, 662", 663", 663"; in Ohio, 664', 666=-67»; in Oklahoma, 669"; in Oregon, 671", 672S 673'-74»; in Pennsylvania, 678°, 679^, 680*; In Puerto Rico, 682=; in Rhode Island, 683=; in South Carolina, 686"; in South Da- kota, 687', 688*; in Tennessee, 691*; in Texas, 695', 696"; In Utah, 697=; in Vermont, 699=; in Virgin- ia, 703"; in Washington, 704', 707"; in West Virginia, 708», 709'; in Wisconsin, 711", 712=, 713'-14", 714*; in Wyoming, 717'. Revocation of licenses, see Licenses, refusal or revocation of. Rhode Island, board of health, 364', 531°, 684'; rules or regulations, 513"-14"; synopsis of legal require- ments, 363', 364", 531°; statutes, 683*-85=. Richmond (Va.), Medical college of Virginia, 376»-77°, 480=. Richmond (Va.), University college of medicine, 376°-77°, 481=. Rochester eclectic medical college, 452'. Rocky Mountain university, medical department, 368=-69°, 385'-86=. Rules or regulations of examining boards, 496-515. Rush medical college, Chicago, 370*- 71*, 402'-3*. Rutland, Vermont medical college, 479". Saginaw Valley medical college, 372*-73*, 429'-30". St Charles university, medical de- partment, 401=. St Joseph (Mo.), Central medical college, 372=-73«, 434". St Joseph (Mo.), Ensworth medical college, 372°-73', 434»-35". St Joseph (Mo.) hospital medical college, 435=. See also Ensworth medical college. St Joseph (Mo.), Northwestern med- ical college, 440'. St Louis, American anthropological university of, 432°. St Louis, American medical college, 372»-73°, 432'-33=. St Louis, Barnes medical college, 372»-73° , 433*. St Louis, Beaumont hospital medi- cal college, 372'-73°, 433'-34*. St Louis college homeopathic phy- sicians and surgeons, 435'. St Louis college of physicians and surgeons, 372'-73', 440*. INDEX TO MBDIOINBJ IN THE UNITED STATES 741 St Louis eclectic medical college, 441\ St Louis, Edinburg university, 397'. St Louis, Hahnemann medical col- lege, 441'. St Louis, Homeopathic medical college, 435'. St Louis, Homeopathic medical col- lege of Missouri, 372»-73», 435*. St Louis, Humboldt medical col- lege, 435'. St Louis hygienic college of physi- cians and surgeons, 441^. St Louis, Marion Sims college of medicine, 372'-73', 437»-38». St Louis medical college, 438°, 440". St Louis, Missouri medical college, 372'-73', 439»-40». St Louis postgraduate school of medicine, 44CP. See also Missouri medical college. St Louis university, medical depart- ment, 438°. St Louis, Washington university, medical department, 372'-73', 438=, 440^ St Louis, Woman's medical college, 442». St Paul medical college, 431'. See also Minnesota university. College of medicine and surgery. Salem (Or.), Williamette university, medical department, 374'-75', 464»- 65». San Antonio university, medical de- partment, 478'. San Francisco, California medical college, 368'-69^ 380»-81=. San Francisco, California medical society and college of physicians, 381". San Francisco, College of physi- cians and surgeons, medical de- partment, 368^-69*, 383'>-84». San Francisco, Cooper medical col- lege, 368*-69*, 382». San Francisco, Hahnemann hospital college, 368*-69*, 382»-83». San Francisco, University of Cali- fornia, medical department, 368*- 69*, 384». Santo Tomfts university, medical department, Manila, 374»-75', 470°. Savannah (Ga.), medical college, 393'. Savannah (Ga.), Oglethorpe medical college, 392». Sessions of medical schools, 358°, 366', 368, 370, 372, 374, 376. Sewanee (Tenn.) medical college, 474». Sewanee (Tenn.), University of the South, medical department, 376"- 77", 474'. Shaw university, medical depart- ment, 374''-75', 454*. Shelby medical college, Nashville (Tenn.), 476'. Shlppen, Dr William, lectures on anatomy, 349»-50'. Sioux City (la.), college of medicine, 370'-71', 409'. Sloane maternity hospital, 359". Sorcery, 570". South Carolina, medical schools, 376-77, 471; medical examiners, 364', 531", 685'-86'; rules or regula- tions of examiners, 514"; synopsis of legal requirements, 362", 363", 531»-32'; statutes, 685"-87'- South Carolina university, medical department, Columbia, 471". South Dakota, medical examiners, 364*, 532^ 688"; synopsis of legal requirements, 363", 532"; statutes, 687"-89'; practice of osteopathy, 355', 6^8"-89'. Southern botanico-medical college, 392". See also Georgia college of eclectic medicine and surgery. Southern California, University of, college of medicine, 368*-e9*, 381'- 82". Southern homeopathic medical col- lege, Baltimore, 372"-73", 422". Southern medical college, 391". See also Atlanta college of physicians and surgeons. 742 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK Southern medical college associa- tion, 352\ 491'-92'. Souttiern university, Artmen medi- cal department, Greensboro (Ala.), 379'. Southwestern Baptist university, Memphis hospital medical college, 376*-77S 476^ Southwestern homeopathic medical college, Louisville (Ky.), 370'-7r, 415°. StarHng medical college, Columbus, (O.), 374»-75», 462=-63". State medicine, 359"-60'. Statistics of medical schools, 368-77. Statutes, see Laws. Straight university, medical depart- ment, 416". Students, see Medical students. Suncure, 356S 548". Swedish movement cure, 548', 561". Synopsis of legal requirements, 362"- 64°, 516-34. Syracuse medical college, eclectic, 452=. Syracuse university, medical depart- ment, 357^, 374*-75S 450*. Teaching, see Medical schools. Tennessee, medical schools, 376-77, 471-77; medical examiners, 864', 532*, 689'-90», 690=-91S 69r-92', 692'- 93°; rules or regulations of exam- iners, 514'; synopsis of legal re- quirements, 363°, 532*; statutes, 689'-94^; practice of osteopathy, 355', 693'-94^ Tennessee medical college, Knox- ville, 376*-77*, 476'-77*. Tennessee university, medical de- partment, 376*-77*, 473'-74». Texas, medical schools, 376-77, 477- 78; medical examiners, 364*, 532", 694'; synopsis of legal require- ments, 532'; statutes, 694"-96'. Texas medical college and hospital, 478'. Texas university, medical depart- ment, Galveston, 376*-77*, 478^ Thompsonian college, BarbourvlUe (Ga.), 393^ Toland medical college, 384'. See also Califomla, University of, medical department. Toledo (O.) medical college, 374*- 75', 463°-64\ Toledo (O.) school of medicine, 463'. Topelsa, Kansas medical college, 370'-71', 410'. Trained nurses, licenses, 357'. Transylvania university, medical department, 412' See also Ken- tucky school of medicine. Trinity university, college of medi- cine and surgery of state of Ver- mont, Bennington, 479'. Tufts college medical school, Bos- ton, 372'-73', 425'-26*. Tulane university of Louisiana, medical department, 370'-7r, 417'. TJnion. medical institute, Newbury (Vt), 479'. Union university, medical college, Albany (N. Y.), 374'-75', 446'. United States medical college, New Yorli, 453'. University and Bellevue hospital medical college. New York, 359", 374*-75*, 452«-53'. University college, San Francisco, medical department, 382'. ^ee also Cooper medical college, San Francisco. University college of medicine, Richmond (Va.), 376'-77', 481'. University medical college of Kan- sas City, 372'-73', 441'. University of the Northwest, Sioux City college of medicine, 370'-71', 409'. University of the Pacific, medical department, 382'. See also Coop- er medical college, San Francisco. University of the south, medical department, Sewanee (Tenn.), 376'-77', 474'. INDEX TO MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES 743 University of the state of New York, registration of medical schools outside state, 493^-95'. Universities, see also under name of state or city. Utah, medical examiners, 364°, 532", 696»-9T', 698°; rules or regulations of examiners, 514°- 15'; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 363', 532»-33'; statutes, 696»-98»; prac- tice of midwifery, 356', QQV, 698'. Vanderbilt clinic, New York, 359°. Vanderbilt university, medical de- partment, Nashville (Tenn.), 376*- 77S 473», 474<'-75». Vermont, medical schools, 376-77, 479; medical examiners, 364', 533^ 698'; rules or regulations of ex- aminers, 515^; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 363', 533' ; stat- utes, 698°-700'; practice of osteop- athy, 355", 700'. Vermont academy of medicine, 479". Vermont medical college, Rutland, 479°. Vermont medical college, Wood- stock, 479=. Vermont university, medical depart- ment, 376''-77', 479". Veterinary surgeons, licensing ex- aminations, 351°. Virginia, medical schools, 376-77, 480-81; medical examiners, 364', 533*, 701', 70r-2'; rules or regula- tions of examiners, 515'; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 363', 533*; statutes, 362', 70O'-3«. Virginia university, medical depart- ment, 376'-77', 480'-81». Washington (D. C), Army medical school, 368'-69», 388'. Washington (D. C), Columbian uni- versity, medical department, 368'- 69°, 388°-89'. Washington (D. 0.), Georgetown, university, medical department, 368'-69', 389'-90'. Washington (D. C), homeopathic medical college, 391'. Washington (D. C), Howard uni- versity, medical department, 368'- 69', 390*. Washington (D. 0.), National uni- versity, medical department, 368'- 69', 390'. Washington (state), medical exam- iners, 364', 533', 703'-4'; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 533'; statutes, 703«-7°. Washington (state) biochemic col- lege, North Yokima, 481°. Washington college, Pennsylvania, medical department, 420°. See also College of physicians and surgeons, Baltimore. Washington university, medical de- partment, St Louis, 372'-73', 438', 440°. Washington university school of medicine, Baltimore, 420'. See also College of physicians and surgeons, Baltimore. West Virginia, medical examiners, 364', 533°, 708°; rules or regula- tions of examiners, 515'; synopsis of legal requirements, 362', 533°; statutes, 708'-10°; laws against non-medical practitioners, 355°- 56'. Western college of homeopathic medicine, 457'. See also Cleveland homeopathic medical college. Western Pennsylvania medical col- lege, Pittsburg, 374°-75', 469'. Western Reserve university, medi- cal department, Cleveland, 374'- 75', 460°. Wichita medical college, 411°. Williamette university, medical de- partment, Salem (Or.), 374'-75', 464°-65". Williams college, Berkshire medical college, Pittsfield (Mass.), 423'. Willoughby university, medical de- partment, Columbus (O.), 463*. Winchester medical college, 481'. Winona (Minn.) medical school, 432'. Wisconsin, medical schools, 376-77, 482-83; medical examiners, 364', 744 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 534", 710'-ir, 712=, 713°, 714'; syn- opsis of legal requirements, 363', 534"; statutes, 710'-15'. Wisconsin college of physicians and surgeons, Milwaukee, 376°-77°, 483". Wisconsin eclectic medical school, 483'. Woman's hospital medical coUege, Chicago , 401'. See also North- western university, medical schQol for women. Woman's medical college of Balti- more, 372»-73», 422'-23K Woman's medical college of Chica- go, 401°. See also Northwestern university, medical school for women. Woman's medical college of Geor- gia and training school for nurses, 393^ Woman's medical college, Kansas City (Mo.), 372'-73', 44r-42». Woman's medical colcge of New York infirmary for women and children, 374'-75S 453«-54^ Woman's medical college of Penn- sylvania, Philadelphia, 374^-75', 469«-70'. Woman's medical college, St Louis, 442". Women, medical students, 358', 367"; physicians; in Arkansas, 517', 539°; in District of Columbia, 557'; in Idaho, 573°; in Indian territory, Cherokee nation, 580"^; in Louisi- ana, 597'; in Maryland, 608'; in Michigan, 615'; in Minnesota, 619"; in Montana, 629"; in New Hamp- shire, 642"; in New Jersey, 643', 646"; in New York, 657'; in Ore- gon, 67r, 674"; in Pennsylvania, 679°; in South Carolina, 686*; in Washington, 704'; in West Vir- ginia, 708'; in Wisconsin, 711°. Women, see also Midwifery, prac- tice of. Women's medical college of Cincin- nati, 459". See also Laura memo- rial woman's medical college. Woodstock, Vermont medical col- lege, 479°. Wooster university, medical de- partment, 459°. Worcester (Mass.), Clark university, 423'. Worcester (Mass.) medical college, 426'. Worthington medical college, 458'. See also Eclectic medical insti- tute, Cincinnati. Wyoming, medical examiners, 364°, 534', 715'-16", 716°, 718", 719°; syn- opsis of legal requirements, 363', 534'; statutes, 715'-19°; practice of midwifery, 356°, 718'. Yale university, medical depart- ment, 368°-69", 387°-88'. Zanesville academy of medicine, 464'.