CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE GN660.P9 Tm "i 89?"' """^^ ''''l°iilte,V,?,Sy„,=on?er.n.:ng the PHINTCO JN U.S A. Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029889064 pSAY Concerning the Pygmies op the Ancients <»(:T4 -lyii IR2 5 nso BibUotb^que S>e (TaraDas. VOL. IX. Five hundred and fifty copies of this Edition have printed, five hundred of which are for sale. [All rights reserved. ] a pbilological lEeeai? Concerning tbc Pl?gmie6 of tbe ancients. Bg ffiDinatU ^ggon, iW.®., J.E.S., £li. 1699. iSoto ffibitelj, tDttJb an Entrotinctton SCreating of Ptflmg 3BlacE0 wcili Jatrg Cales, fig Batttam ©m^'^ramiile, lB.Sc., Pl.10., ^[.a., Cwnitg College, IBnfiltn; Bean of t|&e pletical jFataltg anb ^t0tes00r of ^natomg, iWason College, IStrmmgljatn. LONDON. MDCCCXCIV. PUBLISHED BY DAVID NUTT IN THE STRAND. 6.N Tqq h' \%it>%0 /O^ 'f' -J A„ MY DEAR MOTHER PREFATORY NOTE It is only necessary for me to state here, what I have mentioned in the Introduction, that my account of the hahits of the Pigmy races of legend and Epiyth makes no pretence of being in any sense a complete or exhaustive account of the literature of this subject. I have contented my- self with bringing forward such tales as seemed of value for the purpose of establishing the points upon which I desire to lay emphasis. I have elsewhere expressed my obligations to M. De Quatrefage's book on Pigmies, obhgations which will be at once recognised by those familiar with that monograph. To his observations I have endeavoured to add such other published facts as I have been able to gather in relation to these peoples. I have to thank Professors Sir WUliam Turner, Haddon, Schlegel, Brinton, and Topinard for their viii PREFATORY NOTE kindness in supplying me with information in response to my inquiries on several points. Finally, I have to acknowledge my indebted- ness to Professor Alexander Macalister, President of the Anthropological Institute, and to Mr. E. Sidney Hartland, for their kindness in reading through, the former the first two sections, and the latter the last two sections of the Intro- duction, and for the valuable suggestions which both have made. These gentlemen have laid me under obligations which I can acknowledge, but cannot repay. BERTRAM 0. A. WINDLE. Mason College, BlEMINOHAM, 1894. INTRODUCTION Edwabd Tyson, the author of the Essay with which this book is concerned, was, on the authority of Monk's Roll of the Eoyal College of Physicians, bom, according to some accounts, at Bristol, according to others, at Clevedon, co. Somerset, but was descended from a family which had long settled in Cumberland. He was educated at Magdalene Hall, Oxford, as a member of which he proceeded Bachelor of Arts on the 8th of February 1670, and Master of Arts on the 4th of November 1673. ^^is degree of Doctor of Medicine he took at Cam- bridge in 1678 as a member of Corpus Christi College. Dr. Tyson was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on the 30th of September 1680, and a Fellow in April 1683. ix b X INTRODUCTION He was Censor of the College in 1694, and held the appointments of Physician to the Hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlem, and of Anatomical Reader at Surgeons' Hall. He was a Fellow of the Eoyal Society, and contributed several papers to the "Philosophical Transactions." Besides a number of anatomical works, he published in 1699 "A Philosophical Essay concerning the Rhymes of the Ancients," and in the same year the work by which his name is still known, in which the PhUologieal Essay which is here re- printed finds a place. Tyson died on the ist of August 1708, in the fifty-eighth year of his age, and is buried at St. Dionis BackchurcL He was the original of the Carus not very flatter- ingly described in Garth's ''Dispensary." The title-page of the work above alluded to nins as follows : — Orang-Outang, Jive Homo Syhejiris : OR, THE ANATOMY OF A PYGMIE Compared with that of a Monkey, an ^^, and a Man. To which is added, A PHILOLOGICAL ESSAY Concerning the Pygmies, the Cynocephali, the Satyrs, and Sphinges of the Ancients. Wherein it will appear that they are all either APES or MONKE YS, and : not MEN, as formerly pretended. By EDWARD TTSON M.D. Fellow of the CoUedge of Phyiicians, and the Royal Society : Phyiician to the Hofpital of Beth- lem, and Reader of Anatomy at Chirurgeons-Hall. LONDON: Printed for Thomas Bennet at the Half-Moon in St. Paul's Church-yard; and Daniel Brown at the Black Swan and Bille without Temple-Bar and are to be had of Mr. Hunt at the Repofitory in GreJham-CoUedge. M DC XCIX. xii INTRODUCTION It bears the authority of the Royal Society : — 17° Die Maij, 1699. Imprimatur liber cui Titulus, Orang-Outang, give Homo Sylvestris, &c. Authore Edvardo Tyson, M.D. E.S.S. John Hoskins, V.P.B.S. The Pygmy described in this work was, as a matter of fact, a chimpanzee, and its skeleton is at this present moment in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington. Tyson's grand- daughter married a Dr. Allardyce, who was a physician of good standing in Cheltenham. The " Pygmie " formed a somewhat remarkable item of her dowry. Her husband presented it to the Cheltenham Museum, where it was fortunately carefully preserved until, quite recently, it was transferred to its present position. At the conclusion of the purely scientific part of the work the author added four Philological Essays, as will have appeared from his title-page. The first of these is both the longest and the most interesting, and has alone been selected for republication in this volume. This is not the place to deal with the scientific merit of the main body of Tyson's work, but it INTRODUCTION xiij may at least be said that it was the first attempt which had been made to deal with the anatomy of any of the anthropoid apes, and that its execution shows very conspicuous ability on the part of its author. Tyson, however, was not satisfied with the honour of being the author of an important morphological 'work ; he desired to round off his subject by considering its bearing upon the, to him, wild and fabulous tales concerniug pigmy races. The various allusions to these races met with in the pages of the older writers, and dis cussed in his, were to him what fairy tales are to us. Like modern folk-lorists, he wished to explain, even to euhemerise them, and bring them into line with the science of his day. Hence the "Philological Essay" with which this book is concerned. There are no pigmy races, he says ; " the most diligent enquiries of late into all the parts of the inhabited wodd could never discover any such puny diminutive race of mankind." But there are tales about them, "fables and wonderful and merry re- lations, that are transmitted down to us con- cerning them," which surely require explanation. That explanation he found in his theory that all xiv INTRODUCTION the accounts of pigmy tribes were based upon the mistakes of travellers who had taken apes for men. Nor was he without followers in his opinion; amongst whom here need only be mentioned Buffon, who in his Histoire des Oiseaux explains the Homeric tale much as Tyson had done. The discoveries, however, of this century have, as all know, re-established in their essential details the accounts of the older writers, and in doing so have demolished the theories of Tyson and Buffon. "We now know, not merely that there are pigmy races in exist- ence, but that the area which they occupy is an extensive one, and in the remote past has with- out doubt been more extensive still. Moreover, certain of these races have been, at least tenta- tively, identified with the pigmy tribes of Pliny, Herodotus, Aristotle, and other writers. It will be well, before considering this question, and be- fore entering into any consideration of the legends and myths which may possibly be associated with dwarf races, to sketch briefly their distri- bution throughout the continents of the globe. It is necessary to keep clearly in view the upper limit which can justly be assigned to dwarfish- ness, and with this object it may be advisable INTRODUCTION xv to commence with, a statement as to the average heights reached hy various representative peoples. According to Topinard, the races of the world may be classified, in respect to their stature, in tte f oUowing manner : — Tall 5 ft. 8 in. and upwards. Above the average . , 5 ft. 6 in. to 5 ft. 8 in. Below the average . . 5 ft. 4 in. to 5 ft. 6 in. Short .... Below S ft. 4 in. Thus amongst ordinary peoples there is no very striking difference of height, so far as the aver- age is concerned. It would, however, he a great mistake to suppose that all races reaching a lower average height than five feet four inches are, in any accurate sense of the word, to be looked upon as pigmies. We have to descend to a con- siderably lower figure before that appellation can be correctly employed. The stature must fall con- siderably below five feet before we can speak of the race as one of dwarfs or pigmies. Anthropo- metrical authorities have not as yet agreed upon any upward limit for such a class, but for our present purposes it may be convenient to say that any race in which the average male stature does not exceed four feet nine inches — that is, the average height of a boy of about twelve xvi INTRODUCTION years of age — may fairly be described as pigmy. It is most important to bear this matter of inches in mind in connection with points which will have to be considered in a later section. Pigmy races stUl exist in considerable numbers in Asia and the adjacent islands, and as it was in that continent that, so far as our present knowledge goes, they had in former days their greatest extension, and, if De Quatrefages be correct, their place of origin, it will be well to deal first with the tribes of that quarter of the globe. "The Negrito" (i.e., pigmy black) "type," says the authority whom I have just quoted, and to whom I shall have to be stiU further indebted,* "was first placed in South Asia, which it without doubt occupied alone during an indeterminate period. It is thence that its diverse representatives have radi- ated, and, some going east, some west, have given rise to the black populations of Melanesia and Africa. In particular, India and Indo-China first belonged to the blacks. Invasions and in- filtrations of difierent yellow or white races have split up these Negrito populations, which for- * The quotations from this author are taken from his work Les Pygmies. Paris, J. B. Baillifere et Fils, 1887. INTRODUCTION xvi; merly occupied a contimious area, and mixing with them, have profoundly altered them. The present condition of things is the final result of strifes and mixtures, the most ancient of which may he referred hack to prehistoric times." The invasions above mentioned having in the past driven many of the races from the mainland to the islands, and those which remained on the continent having undergone greater modification by crossing with taUer and alien races, we may expect to find the purest Negritos amongst the tribes inhabiting the various archipelagoes situ- ated south and east of the mainland. Amongst these, the Mincopies of the Andaman Islands offer a convenient starting-point. The know- ledge which we possess of these little blacks is extensive, thanks to the labours in particular of Mr. Man * and Dr. Dobson,t which may be found in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, and summarised in De Quatrefages' work. The average stature of the males of this race is four feet six inches, the height of a boy of ten years of age. Like children, the head is rela- tively large in comparison with the stature, since it is contained seven times therein, instead of * Jour. Antkrop. Inst, vli. t Ibid., iv. xviii INTRODUCTION seven and a half times, as is the rule amongst most average-sized peoples. Whilst speaking of the head, it may be well to mention that these Negritos, and in greater or less measure other Negritos and Negrillos (i.e., pigmy blacks, Asiatic or African), differ in this part of the body in a most important respect f roin the ordinary African negro. Like him, they are black, often intensely so : like him, too, they have woolly hair arranged in tufts, but, unlike him, they have round (brachy- cephalic) heads instead of long (dolichocephalic) ; and the purer the race, the more marked is this distinction. The Mincopie has a singularly short life ; for though he attains puberty at much the same age as ourselves, the twenty-second year brings him to middle life, and the fiftieth, if reached, is a period of extreme senility. Pure in race, ancient in history, and carefully studied, this race deserves some further attention here than can be extended to others with which I have to deal. The moral side of the Mincopies seems to be highly developed ; the modesty of the young girls is most strict ; monogamy is the rule, and — " Their list of forbidden degrees An extensive morality shows," INTRODUCTION xix since even the marriage of cousins-german is considered highly immoral. " Men and women," says Man, " are models of constancy." They he- lieve in a Supreme Deity, respecting whom they say, that " although He resemhles fire. He is in- visible ; that He was never born, and is im- mortal; that He created the world and all animate and inanimate objects, save only the powers of evU. During the day He knows everything, even the thoughts of the mind ; He is angry when certain sins are committed, and full of pity for the unfortunate and miserable, whom He sometimes condescends to assist. He •judges souls after death, and pronounces on each a sentence which sends them to paradise or con- demns them to a kind of purgatory. The hope of escaping the torments of this latter place influences their conduct. Puluga, this Deity, inhabits a house of stone ; when it rains, He descends upon the earth in search of food ; dur- ing the dry weather He is asleep." Besides this Deity, they believe in nimierous evU spirits, the chief of whom is the Demon of the Woods. These spirits have created themselves, and have existed ab immemorahili. The sun, which is a female, and the moon, her husband, are secondary deities. XX INTRODUCTION South of the Andaman Islands are the Nico- bars, the aborigines of which, the Shorn Pen,* now inhabit the mountains, where, like so many of their brethren, they have been driven by the Malays. They are of small, but not pigmy stature (five feet two inches), a fact which may be due to crossing. Following the Negritos east amongst the islands, we find in Luzon the Aetas or Inagtas, a group of which is known in Mindanao as Manamouas. The Aetas live side by side with the Tagals, who are of Malay origin. They were called Negritos del Monte by the Spaniards who first colonised these islands. Their average stature, according to Wallace, ranges from four feet six inches to four feet eight inches. In New Guinea, the Karons, a similar race, occupy a chain of moimtains parallel to the north coast of the great north-western peninsula. At Port Moresby, in the same island, the Koiari appear to repre- sent the most south-easterly group ; but my friend Professor Haddon, who has investigated this district, tells me that he finds traces of a former existence of Negritos at Torres Straits and in North Queensland, as shown by the * Man, Jour. Anthrop. Inst., xyiii. p. 354. INTRODUCTION xxi shape of the skulls of the inhabitants of these regions. The Malay Peninsula contains in Perak hill tribes called " savages " by the Sakays. These tribes have not been seen by Europeans, but are stated to be pigmy in stature, troglodytic, and still in the Stone Age. Farther south are the Semangs of Kedah, with an average stature of four feet ten inches, and the Jakuns of Singapore, rising to five feet. The Annamites admit that they are not autochthonous, a distinction vrhich they confer upon the Mois, of whom little is known, but whose existence and pigmy Negrito characteristics are considered by De Quatrefages as established. China no longer, so far as we know, contains any representatives of this type, but Professor Lacouperie * has recently shown that they for- merly existed in that part of Asia. Accord- ing to the annals of the Bamboo Books, "In the twenty-ninth year of the Emperor Tao, in spring, the chief of the Tsiao-Tao, or dark pigmies, came to court and offered as tribute feathers from the Mot." The Professor con- tinues, " As shown by this entry, we begin with • Babylonian and Oriental Record, vol. v. xxii INTRODUCTION the semi-historic times as recorded in the ' Annals of the Bamboo Books,' and the date about 2048 B.C. The so-called feathers were simply some sort of marine plant or seaweed with which the immigrant Chinese, still an inland people, were yet unacquainted. The Mot water or river, says the Shan-hai-king, or canoni- cal book of hills and seas, was situated in the south-east of the Tai-shan in Shan-tung. This gives a clue to the localisation of the pigmies, and this localisation agrees with the positive knowledge we possess of the small area which the Chinese dominion covered at this time. Thus the Negritos were part of the native population of China when, in the twenty-third century B.C., the civilised Bak tribes came into the land." In Japan we have also evidence of their existence. This country, now inhabited by the Mphonians, or Japanese, as we have come to call them, was previously the home of the Ainu, a white, hairy under-sized race, possibly, even probably, emi- grants from Europe, and now gradually dying out in Yezo and the Kurile Islands. Prior to the Ainu was a Negrito race, whose connection with the former is a matter of much dispute, whose remains in the shape of pit-dweUings, INTR OD VCTION xxiii stone arrow-heads, pottery, and other implements still exist, and will be found fully described by Mr. Savage Landor in a recent most interest- ing work.* In the Shan-hai-king, as Professor Schlegel t points out, their country is spoken of as the Siao-jin-Kouo, or land of little men, in distinction, be it noted, to the Peh-min-Kouo, or land of white people, identified by him with the Ainu. These little men are spoken of by the Ainu as Koro-puk-guru, i.e., according to MUne, men occupying excavations, or pit-dwellers. According to Chamberlain, the name means dwellers under burdocks, and is associated with the following legend. Before the time of the Ainu, Tezo was iahabited by a race of dwarfs, said by some to be two to three feet, by others only one inch in height. When an enemy ap- proached, they hid themselves under the great leaves of the burdock (koro), for which reason they are called Koro-puk-guru, i.e., the men under the burdocks. When they were exterminated by the wooden clubs of the Ainu, they raised their eyes to heaven, and, weeping, cried aloud to the gods, * Alone with the Hairy Ainu. + Problimes G^ographiques. Les Peuples Etrangers chez les Historiens Chinois. Extrait du T'oung-pao, vol. iv. No. 4. Leide, E. J. Brill. xxiv INTRODUCTION "Why were we made so small?" It should be said that Professor Schlegel and Mr. Savage Landor hoth seem to prefer the former etymology. Passing to the north-west of the Andamans, we find in India a problem of considerable diffi- culty. That there were at one period numerous Negrito tribes inhabiting that part of Asia is indubitable ; that some of them persist to this day in a state of approximate purity is no less true, but the influence of crossing has here been most potent. Races of lighter hue and taller stature have invaded the territory of the Negri- tos, to a certain extent intermarried with them, and thus have originated the various Dravidian tribes. These tribes, therefore, afford us a valu- able clue as to the position occupied in former days by their ancestors, the Negritos. In some of the early Indian legends, De Quatrefages thinks that he finds traces of these prehistoric connections between the indigenous Negrito tribes and their invaders. The account of the services rendered to Kama by Hinuman and his monkey-people may, he thinks, easily be explained by supposing the latter to be a Negrito tribe. Another tale points to unions of a closer nature between the alien races. Bhimasena, INTRODUCTION xxv after having conquered and slain Hidimba, at first resisted the solicitations of the sister of this monster, who, having become enamoured of him, presented herself under the guise of a lovely woman. But at the wish of his elder brother, Youdhichshira, the king of justice, and with the consent of his mother, he yielded, and passed some time in the dwelling of this Negrito or Dravidian Armida. It will now be necessary to consider some of these races more or less crossed with alien blood. In the centre of India, amongst the Vindyah Mountains, live the Djangals or Bandra-Lokhs, the latter name signifying man-monkey, and thus associating itself with the tale of Eama, above alluded to. Like most of the Dravidian tribes, they live in great misery, and show every sign of their condition in their attenuated figures. One of this tribe measured by Eousselet was . five feet in height. It may here be remarked that the stature of the Dravidian races exceeds that of the purer Negritos, a fact due, no doubt, to the influence of crossing. Farther south, in the Nilgherry Hills, and in the neighbourhood of the Todas and Badagas, dwell the Kurumbas and Irulas (children of darkness). Both are xxvi INTRODUCTION weak and dwarfish, the latter especially so. They inhabit, says Walhouse, * the most secluded, densely wooded fastnesses of the mountain slopes. They are by popular tradition con- nected with the aboriginal builders of the rude stone monuments of the district, though, accord- ing to the above-mentioned authority, without any claim to such distinction. They, however, worship at these cromlechs from time to time, and are associated with them in another inter- esting manner. "The Kurumbas of Nulli," says Walhouse, "one of the wildest Nilgherry declivities, come up annually to worship at one of the dolmens on the table-land above, in which they say one of their old gods resides. Though they are regarded with fear and hatred as sor- cerers by the agricultural BSdagas of the table- land, one of them must, nevertheless, at sowing- time be called to guide the first plough for two or three yards, and go through a mystic panto- mime of propitiation to the earth deity, without which the crop would certainly fail. When so summoned, the Kurumba must pass the night by the dolmens alone, and I have seen one who had been called from his present dwelling for * Jow. Anthrop. Inst., vii. 21. INTRODUCTION xxvii the morning ceremony, sitting after dark on the capstone of a dolmen, "with heels and hams drawn together and chin onknees, looking like some huge ghostly fowl perched on the mysterious stone." Mr. Gomme has drawn attention to this and other similar customs in the interesting remarks which he makes upon the influence of conquered non-Aryan races upon their Aryan suhduers.* Farther south, in Ceylon, the Veddahs live, whom Bailey t considers to he identical with t^ie hill-tribes of the mainland, though, if this be true, some at least must have undergone a large amount of crossing, judging from the wavy nature of their hair. The author just quoted says, " The tallest Veddah I ever saw, a man so towering above his fellows that, tiU I measured him, I believed him to be not merely compara- tively a tall man, was only five feet three inches in height. The shortest man I have measured was four feet one inch. I should say that of males the ordinary height is from four feet six inches to five feet one inch, and of females from four feet four inches to four feet eight inches.'' In the east the Santals inhabit the basin of * Ethnology and Folk-Lore, p. 46 ; The Village Community, p. 105. + Trans. Ethn. Soc, ii. 278. xxviii INTRODUCTION the Ganges, and in the west the Jats belong to the Punjab, and especially to the district of the Indus. The Kols inhabit the delta of the Indus and the neighbourhood of Gujerat, and stretch almost across Central India into Behar and the eastern extremities of the Vindhya Mountains. Other Dravidian tribes are the Oraons, Jouangs, Buihers, and Gounds. All these races have a stature of about five feet, and, though much crossed, present more or less marked Negrito characteristics. Passing farther west, the Bra- houis of Beluchistan, a Dravidian race, who re- gard themselves as the aboriginal inhabitants, live side by side with the Belutchis. Finally, in this direction, there seem to have been near Lake Zerrah, in Persia, ISTegrito tribes who are probably aboriginal, and may have formed the historic black guard of the ancient kings of Susiana. An examination of the present localisation of these remnants of the Negrito inhabitants shows how they have been split up, amalgamated with, or driven to the islands by the conquering invaders. An example of what has taken place may be found in the case of Borneo, where Negritos still exist in the centre of the island. The Dyaks chase them like wild beasts, and shoot INTRODUCTION xxix down the children, who take refuge in the trees. This will not seem in the least surprising to those who have studied the history of the relation between autochthonous races and their invaders. It is the same story that has been told of the Anglo-Saxon race in its dealings with aborigines in America, and notably, in our case, in Tasmania. Turning from Asia to a continent more closely associated, at least in popular estimation, with pigmy races, we find in Africa several races of dwarf men, of great antiquity and surpassing interest. The discoveries of Stanley, Schwein- furth, Miani, and others have now placed at our disposal very complete information respect- ing the pigmies of the central part of the continent, with whom it will, therefore, be convenient to make a commencement. These pigmies appear to be divided into two tribes, which, though similar in stature, and alike dis- tinguished by the characteristic of attaching themselves to some larger race of natives, yet present considerable points of difference, so much so as to cause Mr. Stanley to say that they are as unlike as a Scandinavian is to a Turk. "Scattered," says the same authority,* * In Darkest Africa, toI. ii. p. 92. XXX INTRODUCTION "among the Baless^ between Ipoto and Mount Pisgah, and inhabiting the land between the Ngaiyu and Ituri rivers, a region equal in area to about two-thirds of Scotland, are the Wam- butti, variously called Batwa, Akka, and Bazungu. These people are under-sized nomads, dwarfs or pigmies, who live in the uncleared virgin forest, and support themselves on game, which they are very expert in catching. They vary in height from three feet to four feet six inches. A full-grown adult may weigh ninety pounds. They plant their village camps three miles around a tribe of agricultural aborigines, the majority of whom are fine stalwart people. They use poisoned arrows, with which they kill elephants, and they capture other kinds of game by the use of traps." The two groups are respectively called Batwa and Wambutti. The former inhabit the northern parts of the above-mentioned district, the latter the southern. The former have longish heads, long narrow faces, and small reddish eyes set close together, whilst the latter have round faces and open foreheads, gazelle-like eyes, set far apart, and rich yellow ivory complexion. Their bodies are covered with stiffish grey short hair. INTRODUCTION xxxi Two further quotations from the same source may he given to convey an idea to those ignorant of the original work, if such there be, of the appearances of these dwarfs. Speaking of the queen of a tribe of pigmies, Stanley says,* " She was brought in to see me, with three rings of polished iron around her neck, the ends of which were coiled like a watch-spring. Three iron rings were suspended to each ear. She is of a light-brown complexion with broad round face, large eyes, and small but full lips. She had a quiet modest demeanour, though her dress was but a narrow fork clout of bark cloth. Her height is about four feet four inches, and her age may be nineteen or twenty. I notice when her arms are held against the light a whity-browa fell on them. Her skia has not that silky smoothness of touch common to the Zanzibaris, but altogether she is a very pleasing little creature." To this female portrait may be sub- joined one of a male aged probably twenty-one years and four feet in heightt " His colour was coppery, the fell over the body was almost furry, being nearly half an inch long, and his hands were very delicate. On his head he wore a * In Darkest Africa, vol. i. p. 345. t lUd., ii. 40. xxxii INTRODUCTION bonnet of a priestly form, decorated with a bunch of parrot feathers, and a broad strip of bark covered his nakedness.'' Jephson states* that he found continual traces of them from 27"" 30' E. long., a few miles above the Equator, up to the edge of the great forest, five days' march from Lake Albert. He also says that they are a hardy daring race, always ready for war, and are much feared by their neighbours. As soon as a party of dwarfs makes its appearance near a village, the chief hastens to propitiate them by presents of corn and such vegetables as he possesses. They never exceed four feet one inch in height, he informs us, and adds a characteristic which has not been mentioned by Stanley, one, too, which is very remarkable when it is remembered how scanty is the facial hair of the Negros and Negritos — the men have often very long beards. The southern parts of the continent are occupied by the Bushmen, who are vigorous and agile, of a stature ranging from four feet six inches to four feet nine inches, and sufficiently well known to permit me to pass over them without further description. The smallest woman * Emin Pasha, p. 367, et sej. INTRODUCTION xxxiii of this race who has been measured was only three feet three inches in height, and Barrow examined one, who was the mother of several children, with a stature of three feet eight inches. The Akoas of the Gaboon district were a race of pigmies who, now apparently extinct, formerly dwelt on the north of the Nazareth Kiver. A male of this tribe was photographed and measured by the French Admiral Fleuriot de I'Angle. His age was about forty and his stature four feet six inches. Flower * says that " another tribe, the M'Bou- lous, inhabiting the coast north of the Gaboon Eiver, have been described by M. Marche as probably the primitive race of the country. They live in little villages, keeping entirely to them- selves, though surrounded by the larger Negro tribes, M'Pongos and Bakalais, who are en- croaching upon them so closely that their numbers are rapidly diminishing. In i860 they were not more than 3000; in 1879 they were much less numerous. They are of an earthy-brown colour, and rarely exceed five feet three inches in height. Another group living between the Gaboon and the Congo, in Ashango- * Jour. Anth. Inst., xviii. p. 86. xxxiv INTRODUCTION land, a male of which measured four feet six inches, has heen described by Du Chaillu. In Loango there is a tribe called Babonko, which was described by Battell in 1625, in the work entitled "Purchas his PUgrimes," in the following terms : — "To the north-east of Mani- Kesock are a kind of little people called Matimbas, which are no bigger than boyes of twelve yeares old, but very thicke, and live only upon flesh, which they kill in the woods with their bows and darts. They pay tribute to Mani-Kesock, and bring all their elephants' teeth and tayles to him. They will not enter into any of the Maramba's houses, nor will suffer any one to come where they dwell. And if by chance any Maramba or people of Longo pass where they dwell, they will forsake that place and go to another. The women carry bows and arrows as well as the men. And one of these will walk in the woods alone and kill the Pongos with their poysoned arrows." It is somewhat surprising that Tyson, who gives in his essay (p. 80) the account of the same people published at a later date (1686) by Dapper, should have missed his fellow-countryman's narrative. The existence INTRODUCTION xxxv of this tribe has been established by a German expedition, one of the members of which, Dr. Falkenstein, photographed and measured an adult male whose stature was four feet six inches. Krapf* states that in the south of Schoa, in a part of Abyssinia as yet unworked, the Dokos live, who are not taller than four feet. According to his account, they are of a dark olive colour, with thick prominent lips, flat noses, small eyes, and long flowing hair. They have no dwellings, temples, holy trees, chiefs, or weapons, live on roots and fruit, and are ignorant of fire. Another group was described by MoUieu in 1818 as inhabiting Tenda-Mai6, near the Eio Grande, but very little is known about them. In a work entitled "The Dwarfs of Mount Atlas," Halliburton t has brought forward a number of statements to prove that a tribe of dwarfs, named like those of Central Africa, Akkas, of a reddish com- plexion and with short woolly hair, live in the district adjoining Soos. These dwarfs have been alluded to by Harris and D6nnenburg,J * Morgenhlatt, 1853 (quoted by Schaafhausen, Arch, f. Anth., 1866, p. 166). t London, Nutt, 1891. + Nature, 1892, ii. 616. xxxvi INTRODUCTION but Mr. Harold Crichton Browne,* who has ex- plored neighbouring districts, is of opinion that there is no such tribe, and that the accounts of them have been based upon the examination of sporadic examples of dwarfishness met with in that as in other parts of the world. Finally, in Madagascar it is possible that there may be a dwarf race. Oliver t states that " the Vazimbas are supposed to have been the first occupants of Ankova. They are described by Rochon, under the name of Kunios, as a nation of dwarfs averaging three feet six inches in stature, of a lighter colour than the Negroes, with very long arms and woolly hair. As they were only described by natives of the coast, and have never been seen, it is natural to suppose that these peculiarities have been exaggerated; but it is stated that people of diminutive size still exist on the banks of a certain river to the south-west." There are many tumuli of rude work and made of rough stones throughout the country, which are supposed to be their tombs. In idolatrous days, says Mullens, f the Mala- gasy deified the Vazimba, and their so-called * Nature, 1892, i. 269. + Anthrop. Memoirs, iii. I. t Jour. Anthrop. Inst., v. I Si. INTRODUCTION xxxvii tomlDS were the most sacred objects in the country. In this account may be found further evidence in favour of Mr. Gonune's theory, to which attention has already been called. In the great continent of America there does not appear to have ever been, so far as our present knowledge teaches, any pigmy race. Dr. Brinton, the distinguished American ethno- logist, to whom I applied for information on this point, has been good enough to write to me that, in his opinion, there is no evidence of any pigmy race in America. The " little people '' of the " stone graves '' in Tennessee, often supposed to be such, were children, as the bones testify. The German explorer Hassler has alleged the existence of a pigmy race in Brazil, but testi- mony is wanting to support such allegation. There are two tribes of very short but not pigmy stature in America, the Tahgans of Tierra del Fuego and the Utes of Colorado, but both of these average over five feet. Leaving aside for the moment the Lapps, to whom I shall return, there does not appear to have been at any time a really pigmy race in Europe, so far as any discoveries which have been made up to the present time show. Pro- xxxviii INTR OD UCTION feasor Topinard, whose authority upon this point cannot he gainsaid, informs me that the smallest race known to him in Central Europe is that of the pre-historic people of the Lozfere, who were Neolithic troglodytes, and are represented pro- bably at the present day by some of the peoples of South Italy and Sardinia. Their average stature was about five feet two inches. This closely corresponds with what is known of the stature of the Platycnemic race of Denbighshire, the Perthi-Chwareu. Busk * says of them that they were of low stature, the mean height, de- duced from the lengths of the long bones, being little more than five feet. As both sexes are considered together in this description, it is fair to give the male a stature of about five feet two inches, t It also corresponds with the stature * Jour. Ethn. Soc, 1869-70, p. 455. + Since these pages were printed, Prof. KoUmann, of Basle, has described a group of Neolithic pigmies as having existed at Schaffhausen. The adult interments consisted of the remains of full-grown European types and of small-sized people. These two races were found interred side by side under precisely similar conditions, from which he concludes that they lived peaceably together, notwithstanding racial difference. Their stature (about three feet siz inches) may be compared with that of the Veddahs in Ceylon. Prof. Kollmann believes that they were a distinct species of mankind. INTRODUCTION xxxix assigned by Pitt-Eivers to a tribe occupying the borders of "Wiltshire and Dorsetshire during the Eonian occupation, the average height of whose males and females was five feet two and a half inches and four feet ten and three-quarter inches respectively. Dr, Eahon,* who has recently made a careful study of the bones of pre-historic and proto- historic races, with special reference to their stature, states that the skeletons attributed to the most ancient and to the Neolithic races are of a stature below the middle height, the average being a little over five feet three inches. The peoples who constructed the Megalithic re- mains of Eoknia and of the Caucasus, were of a stature similar to our own. The diverse proto- historic populations, Gauls, Franks, Burgundians, and Merovingians, considered together, present a stature slightly superior to that of the French of the present day, but not so much so as the accounts of the historians would have led us to believe. It remains now to deal with two races whose * Hecherekes sv/r les Ossements Hwmaines, Anciens et Pr4histaTov ofi^pov KXayyj rai ye TreTovrai eV mKeavoio poacov 'AvSpdv livyfiaiav yepavofia^lav TpunriBajieis etjrovres, for reviewing the Homerical Fight of the Cranes and Pygmies, which he looks upon only as a fiction of the Poet. But * Strabo Geograph. lib. 2. p. m. 48. this THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS ii this had been very unbecoming Homer to take a Simile (which is defigned for illuftration) from what had no Foundation in Nature. His Betra- chomyomachia, 'tis true^ was a meer Invention, and never otherwife efteemed : But his Gerano- machia hath all the likelyhood of a true Story. And therefore I fhall enquire now what may be the juft Occafion of this Quarrel. Athenceus* out of Philochorus, and fo likewife Mlian,\ tell us a Story, That in the Nation of the Pygmies the Male-line faihng, one Gerana was the Queen J a Woman of an admired Beauty, and whom the Citizens worfhipped as a Goddefs ; but Ihe became fo vain and proud, as to prefer her own, before the Beauty of all the other Goddeffes, at which they grew enraged j and to punifli her for her Infolence, Athenceus tells us that it was Diana, but ^lian faith 'twas Juno that transformed her into a Crane, and made her an Enemy to the Pygmies that worfhipped her before. But fince they are not agreed which Goddefs 'twas, I fhall let this pafs. * Athemei Deipnofoph. lib. 9 p. m. 393. t /Elian. Hijl. Animal, lib. 15. cap. 29. Pomponius 12 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS Pomponius Mela will have it, and I think lome others, that thefe cruel Engagements ufe to happen, upon the Cranes coming to devour the Corn the Pygmies had fowed; and that at lafl they became fo vifitorious, as not only to deftroy their Corn, but them alfo : For he tells us,* Fuere inter ius Pygmtsi, minutum genus , isf ijuod pro fatis frugibus contra Grues dimicando, defecit. This may feem a reafonable Caufe of a Quarrel ; but it not being certain that the Pygmies ufed to fow Corn, I will not infill on this neither. Now what feems moft likely to me, is the account that Pliny out of Megafthenes, and Stralo from Oneficritus give us ; and^ provided I be not obliged to believe or juftifie all that they fay, I could reft fatisfied in great part of their Relation : For Pliny t tells us, Veris tem- pore univerfo agmine ad mare defcendere, isf Ova, Pullofque earum Alitum conjumere : That in the Spring-time the whole drove of the * Pomf. Mela de filu Orbis, lib. 3. cap. 8. + Plinij. Hijl. Nat. lib. 7. cap. 2. p. m. 13. Pygmies THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 13 Pygmies go down to the Sea fide, to devour the Cranes Eggs and their young Ones. So likewife Onejicritus* Upos Se rois TpurmBifiovs TToKejiov iivai rdis Tcpdvois (Su Kai "Oprjpov hr(Kovv) Ka\ rots Ilepdi^iv, ovs xr)voneyi6€is eivai' tovtovs 8' ixkeyew avrav to, a>a, kcli <^6e'ipeiv' ixei yap uoTOKeiv ras Tepdvovs' bitmep /^ujSa/xou ^tjS" i>b. cvpi(TKf(T6ai Tcpavwv, lirjT ovv viima' i.e. That there is a fight between the Pygmies and the Cranes (as Homer relates) and the Partridges which are as lig as Geefe 5 for thefe Pygmies gather up their Eggs, and dejlroy them ; the Cranes laying their Eggs there; and neither their Eggs, nor their Nejls, being to be found any where elfe. 'Tis plain therefore ^ from them, that the Quarrel is not out of any Antipathy the Pygmies have to the Cranes, but out of love to their own Bellies. But the Cranes finding their Nefts to be robb'd, and their young Ones prey'd on by thefe In- vaders, no wonder that they fhould fo fharply engage themj and the leaft they could do, was to fight to the utmofl: fo mortal an Enemy. Hence, no doubt, many a bloody Battle hap- * Sirab. Geografh. lib. 15. pag. 489. pens. 14 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS pensj with various fuccefs to the Combatants 5 fometimes with great flaughter of the long- necked Sguadron ; fometimes with great effufion of Pygmcean blood. And this may well enough, in a Poet's phancy, be magnified, and repre- fented as a dreadful "War ; and no doubt of it, were one a SpeSlator of it, 'twould be diverting enough. Si videos hoc Gentilus in no/iris, riju quatiere : fed illic, Quanquam eadem qffidukfpediantur Prcelia, ridet Nemo, uli tota cohors pede non ell altior uno* This Account therefore of thefe Campaigns renewed every year on this Provocation between the Cranes and the Pygmies, contains nothing but what a cautious Man may believe; and Homer s Simile in likening the great fliouts of the Trojans to the Noife of the Cranes, and the Silence of the Greeks to that of the Pygmies, is very admirable and delightful. For Ari/iotle \ tells us. That the Cranes, to avoid the hardfliips * Juvenal. Satyr. 13 ver/. 170. + Arijlotle. Hift. Animal, lib. 8. cap. 15. Edit. Scalig. of THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 15 of the Winter, take a Flight out of Scythia to the Lakes about the Nile, where the Pygmies live, and where 'tis very likely the Cranes may lay their Eggs and breed, before they return. But thefe rude Pygmies making too bold with them, what could the Cranes do lefs for pre- ferving their OfF-fpring than light them; or at leaft by their mighty Noife, make a fhew as if they would. This is but what we may obferve in all other Birds. And thus far I think our Geranomachia or Pygnueomachia looks like a true Story; and there is nothing in Homer about it, but what is credible. He only exprefles himfelf, as a Poet fhould do; and if Readers will miftake his meaning, 'tis not his fault. 'Tis not therefore the Poet that is to be blamed, tho' they would father it all on him; but the fabulous Hi/lorians in after Ages, who have fo odly dreft up this Story^ by their fanta- flical Inventions, that there is no knowing the truth, till one hath pull'd off thofe Malks and Vifages, wherewith they have difguifed it. For i6 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS For tho' I can believe Homer, that there is a fight between the Cranes and Pygmies, yet I think I am no ways obliged to imaginej that when the Pygmies go to thefe Campaigns to fight the Cranes, that they ride upon Partridges, as AthencBas from Bq/ilis an Indian Hi/iorian tells us ; for, faith he,* Bao-tXts 8e iv ra Sevre'pco rS>v IvSiKcov, ot fUKpol, ne/oph. lib. p. 9. m. 390. Rams THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 17 Rams and Goats : Fama est (faith Pliny*) in- Jedentes Arietum Caprarumque dorjis, armatis Jagittis, veris tempore univerfo agmine ad mare defcendere. And Oneficritus in Stralo tells us. That a Crane has been often obferved to fly from thofe parts with a brafs Sword fixt in him, irKe- unaKis S eKwiirreiv yepavov j^oKktiv exovcrav d/ciSa dirb tZv CKeWev TTkTjyiiaraiv.'f But whether the Pygmies do wear Swords, may be doubted. 'Tis true, Ctejias tells us,]: That the King of India every fifth year fends fifty Thoufand Swords, befides abundance of other Weapons, to the Nation of the CynocephaLi, (a fort of Monkeys, as I fhall ftiew) that live in thofe Countreys, but higher up in the Mountains : But he makes no mention of any fuch Prefents to the poor Pyg- mies; tho' he affures us, that no lefs than three Thoufand of thefe Pygmies are the Kings con- ftant Guards : But withal tells us, that they are excellent Archers, and fo perhaps by difpatching their Enemies at a diflance, they may have no • Plinij. Nat. Hijl. lib. 7. cap. 2. p. 13. + Strabo Geograph. lib. 15. p. 489. % Vide Photij. BiUioth. B need i8 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS need of fuch Weapons to lye dangling by their fides. I may therefore be miftaken in render- ing aKiSa a Sword; it may be any other fliarp pointed Inftrument or Weapon, and upon fecond ThoughtSj fliall fuppofe it a fort of Arrow thefe cunning Archers ufe in thefe Engagements. Thefe, and a hundred fuch ridiculous Fables, have the Hiflorians invented of the Pygmies, that I can't but be of Strabo's mind,* 'Pabiov 8" av Tis 'HcTimSo), Koi 'Ofi^pa 7ncrTev(Teieu ^paoKoyovo'i, Koi Tots TpayiKois TroirjTois, rj Knjo-t'a te koI 'tlpoSorco, Kal 'EXXai/iKo>, kol aXXois toiovtois' i.e. That one may fooner believe Hefiod, and Homer, and the Tragick Poets fpeaking of their Hero'^, than Ctefias and Herodotus and Hellanicus and fuch like. So ill an Opinion had Strabo of the Indian Hi/iorians in general, that he cenfures them all as fabulous ; '\ 'AjravTes iiev toLvvv o£ nepX TTis '\vhiKris ypayjfavTts as enl to ttoKv ^evSoKSyoi yeyovao-i Kaff virep^oKriv 8e Arjtp,axos' to 8e Sevrepa Xeyet Meyaa-Bcvrjs, ' Ovrjo-iKpiTos re Kal Neap;^oj, Kal * Strabo Geograph. lib. II. p. m. 350. + Strabo ibid. lib. 2. p. m. 48. XX 0/ THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 19 aXXot ToiovToi' i.e. All who have wrote of India for the moji part, arefohulous, lut in the higheft degree Daimachus ; then MegaftiieneSj Onefi- critus, and NearchuSj and fuch like. And as if it had been their greateft Ambition to excel herein, Strabo* brings in Theopompus, as brag- ging, 'On Koi fivdovs iv raw 'laropiais ipel KpArrov, ij a>s 'SpSdoTos, Kol "KTrjaias, Koi 'EXXdi/iKor, Koi oj to 'VviiKa (niyypa\jmvT€s' That he could foift in Fables into Hiftory, letter than Herodotus and Ctefias and Hellanicus, and all that have wrote of India. The Satyrifi therefore had reafon to fay. -Et quicquid Grcecia mendax Audet in Hi/loria.f Arifiotle,% 'tis true, tells us, 'OXtoi 6e ra fikv aypia aypiarcpa iv Tq 'A(xia, avSpeiorepa 8e Travra to iv rj 'EvpaiTjj, wo\vp,op6TaTa 8e to iv rfj Xi^vjj' koi Xeyerai Se tis Trapoiiila, Sti del epci tI XtjSuij Kaivov' i.e. That generally the Beqfis are wilder in Alia, * Strabo ibid. lib. I p. m. 29. + JuTienal. Satyr. X. verf. \1t^ X Arijiotle Hijl. Animal, lib. 8, cap. 28. Jlronger 20 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS Jironger in Europe, and of greater variety of Jhapes in Africa ; for as the TroveThJaith, Africa always produces fomething new. Pliny * in- deed afcribes it to the Heat of the Climate, Animalium, Hominumque effigies monfiriferas, circa extremitates ejus gigni, minimt mirum, artifici adformanda Corpora, effigiefque ccelandas molilitate igned. But Nature never formed a whole Species of Monfiers ; and 'tis not the heat of the Country, but the warm and fertile Imagination of thefe Hifiorians, that has been more productive of them, than Africa it felf ; as will farther appear by what I fhall produce out of them, and particularly from the Relation that Ctefias makes of the Pygmies. I am the more willing to inftance in Ctefias, becaufe he tells his Story roundly ; he no ways minces it j his Invention is ftrong and fruitful ; and that you may not in the leaft miftruft him, he pawns his word, that all that he writes, is cer- tainly true : And fo fuccefsful he has been, how Romantick foever his Stories may appear, that * Flin. Nat. Hiji. lib. 6. cap. 30. p. m. 741. they THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 21 they have been handed down to us by a great many other AuthorSj and of Note too ; tho' fome at the fame time have looked upon them as mere Fables. So that for the prefent, till I am better informed, and I am not over curious in it, I fliall make Cte/tas, and the other Indian Hi/lo- rians, the Inventors of the extravagant Relations we at prefent have of the Pygmies, and not old Homer. He calls them, 'tis true, from fome- thing of Refemblance of their fhape, SvSpes: But thefe Hi/iorians make them to fpeak the Indian Language; to ufe the fame Laws; and to be fo confiderable a Nation, and fo valiant, as that the King of India makes choice of them for his Corps de Guards; which utterly fpoils Homer's Simile, in making them fo little, as only to fight Cranes. Ctefias's Account therefore of the Pygmies (as I find it in Photius's Billiotheca,* and at the latter end of fome Editions of Herodotus) is this : * PhoHj. Bibliothec. Cod. 72. p. m. 145. "Or/ 22 THE PYGMIES OP THE ANCIENTS "On h liiixri tj 'IvSikj &v$ponroL eUri t'^^Xaves, khI /caXoCvToi TTvyficuoi, tois dXXois 6fi&y\ia'aTO, Koi ?T( xariliTepov, /col irci^wyo /iiyicTTOv v&vrav avdptbirijjv' iireiSav o^u Tbv iriiyuva ptiya i(7W(tiv, oi- Kin 6,nvpSiv airwp, Kal iraxi. airroln ffiixol re Kal alaxpot. Ta Si vpd^ara airup, uis ippes. Kal al /S6fs Kal ol tvoi, v ml fwGo\oyS)V Krriaias. \eyei t a\r]deaTaTa ypd^fiv' fTrayav &s to fiiv aiirbs I8i>u ypd(j)ei, ra fie jrap airZu fiadibv tS)V clSoTav. TroXXa fie tovtodu koI aWa BavpOT (rtarepa irapaKmeiv, Sia to pf/ So^ai rots pri ravra Beaarapivois airioTa ad extremam ufque T7JV itTxdTTjv Tuv p^ffiov infularum delato, tale quid KaTtivTTjK&ri Tolor di n occurrit, vel ipfo auditu ad- tswi^i], BaSfia xal dKovffai, mirandum. Incidit enim hhvxe yip net. ii,op(f>T)v fih in quo/dam forma quidem KnX Idian ^x"""'"' ioSpu- &= Jigura humana, fed bre- vlvrjv, /S/joxwdTOis 6{ rd vijjlmos, dr" cuiem nigros, lUyeBoi, koX fiiKaai ttju totiimquepilofoscorfus, Se- ■Xpbav. inrb SJ Tp^xfi" 5e5a- quebantur viros aquahsfa- atnT/iivois Sih iravrlis toC mince, &' pueri adhtu bre- aii/idTO!. iiTovTo Si Tois viorcs. Nudi omnes agunt, avSpi-ai koI ymiatKes vapa- pelle iantum brevi adultiores TrX^fftai Kal vaiSipia In verenda teifli, viri pariter Ppayimpa, Twy irafi airoTs ac famina : agrejle nihil, ivSpQv, yv/j.vol Si fiuav neque efferum quid pra fe * Photij. Bibliothec. cod. 3. p. m. 7. THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 29 &wavra- TrXrjii Sipjiwri Tivl ferentes. Quirt &= vox illis fuxpifi Trjv alSS irepteKdXv- humana, fed omnibus, etiam TTTOV, ol irpopep-ijKdTes accoHs, prorfits ignota lin- oiioiun ILvSpes T^ Kal yv- gua,multoqtie amflius Non- vaXKes. iyptav Si oiSh iireS nofi/ociis. Vivunt marinis eUvmiTO oiSk iv^/iepoV dXXa ojlreis, ^'fifcibus i mari ad KoX iiiviiv eixoK jxh &vBpm- infulam projedlis. Audaces wlvTjv, iyvuiarov 5i iravrd- minimi funt, ut nojiris con- iraiTi Trp> SidXeKTOV toTs ri fpe^is homitiihus, qiiemad- vepioiKOK &Tay\o8iTas AWunras Otipevoviri Toitri TeTpiTTiroUTi. Oi yap TpayXo&vTai aWtones mSas raxiOTOi dvdpanrwu Trdvrav elo\, tS>v ijp^'ts ir4pi "Koyovs anoii>€pop.evovs aKovoiuv. Sireovrat 8e oi TpuyXoSurai S(j)is, Koi, 'Savpovs, Koi ra Toiavra rap ''Epnerav. V\5>(T(Tav 8e cAbep,i,fi oXXi; TTOpop^irjv V€Vop,Uav nla-Teas a^iav avSpav' i.e. No Man worthy of belief did ever fee them. And upon all cadentia &' mot a ad Naturce Injlinilum, ficut Pygmeus, qui non, fequitur rationeni Loquela fed Natures Inftinc- tum ; Homo autem non fuccumbit fed fequitur rationem. Albert. Magn. de Animal, lib. I. cap. 3. p. m. 3. * Ulys. Aldrovandi Omitholog. lib. 20. p. m. 344. t Strabo Geograph. lib. 17. p. m. 565. occafions THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 37 occafions he declares the fame. So yulius Ccesar Scaliger * makes them to be only a Fi6Uon of the Ancients, At hcBc omnia (faith he) Anti- quorum Jigmenta isf merce NugcB, fi exjlarent, reperirentur. At cum univerfus Orhis nunc nobis cognitusjit, nullili hcec Naturae Excrementa re- periri certiffimum est. And Ifaac Cafaubon t ridicules fuch as pretend to juftifie them : Sic nojlra estate (faith he) non defunt, qui eandem de Pygmceis lepidamfabellam renovent; ut qui etiam i Sacris Liieris,Ji Deo placet, Jidem illis conen- tur afiruere. Legi etiam Eergei cujufdam Galli Scripta, qui Je vidijfe diceret. At non ego cre- dulus illi, illi inquam Omnium Bipedum menda- cijjimo. I fliall add one Authority more, and that is of Adrian Spigelius, who produces a Wit- nefs that had examined the very place, where the Pygmies were faid to be 5 yet upon a diligent enquiry, he could neither find them, nor hear any tidings of them.| Spigelius therefore tells * Jul. Cas. Scaliger. Comment, in Arifi. Hiji. Animal. lib. 8. § 126. p. m. 914. t Ifaac Caufahon Notes ^ Cajiigat. in lib. I, Straionis Geograph. p. m. 38. X Adrian. Spigelij de Corporis Humani fabrica, lib. i, cap. 7. p. m. 15. us, 38 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS us. Hoc loco de Pygmceis dicendum erat, qui wapa TTvyavos dicti d Jlatura, quae ulnam non excedunt. VerUm ego Poetarumfahulas ejfe cre- diderim, pro quilus tamen Ariftoteles mini-mt haheri vult, fed veram ejje Hijioriam. 8. Hift. Animal. 12. qffeverat. Ego quo minus hoc Jiatuam, turn Authoritate primUm DoBiffimi Strabonis i. Geograph. coaSiusfum, turn potiffi- milm nunc moveor, quod nojlro tempore, quo nulla Mundi pars ejl, quam Nautarum Indujlria non perlujlrarit, nihil tamen, unquam Jimile aut vifum ejl, aut auditum. Accedit quod Francifcus Alvarez Lufitanus, qui ea ipfa loca peragravit, circa quce Arijioteles Pygmceos eJfe fcrihit,nullihi tamen tamparvam Gentem dfe confpeElam tradidit, fed Populum g//e Mediocrisjlaturce, isf ^thiopes tradit, I think my felf therefore here obliged to make out, that there were fuch Creatures as Pygmies, before I determine what they were, fince the very being of them is called in queftion, and utterly denied by fo great Men, and by others too that might be here produced. Now in the doing THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 39 doing thisj Arijlotles Aflertion of them is fo very pofitive, that I think there needs not a greater or better Proof 5 and it is fo remarkable a one, that I find the very Enemies to this Opinion at a lofs, how to fhift it off. To leffen it's Authority they have interpolated the Text, by foifting into the Tran/lation what is not in the Original ; or by not tranflating at all the moft material paffage, that makes againft them j or by miferably gloffing it, to make him fpeak what he never intended : Such unfair deahngs plainly argue, that at any rate they are willing to get rid of a Proof, that otherwife they can neither deny, or anfwer. Arijlotles Text is this, which I fliall give with Theodorus Gaza's Tranflation : for difcourfing of the Migration of Birds, according to the Seafon of the Year, from one Country to another, he faith : * Merd ftiv tjjv tpSiPovui- yam ab Autumnali jEqui- pLVTjv 'laij/ieplav, ix toS Il6i>- ttoiHio ex Ponto, Loci/que rov koItuv ^vxpSiv (peiyovra frigidis fugiuni Hyemem rhv 'eiriivTa x^i-fi.Qi'a- /ierd, futuram, A Verno autem * Arijlotel. Hijt. Animal, lib. 8. cap. 12. as 40 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS Sk Tipi iapivqv, iK twv 8epi- vwVf els Tois riirovs roiis ^vxpois, o^oiiieva tA Kai- IxaTa' ri, itiv, xal iK tuv iyyis Tbirwv iroioiii^a ris lura^oKix, ri. Si, Kal ix r&v iax&Tuv (is elTcetv, olov al yipavoi iroiov(n. Mera/SoX- Xowfft ydp Ik tuv XkvBikiSv els t4 l\i] ri, Hva Trjs Alyi- TTTOv, SBev 6 NeiXos ^e?, "EoTj 5i 6 t6tos otros irepl Sv ol irvy/icuoi KaroiKoOffiV oi5 ydp'JffTi toSto fiSBos, dXV IcTi kot4 Tijc iXi^Bciav. Vivos fUKp6v fih, Si(7vep \iyeTai, koI airol Kal ol iirwof IpioyXoSirai, 8' elies ol virepjieyaBea, Ka\ ol \eovres Kara TovTovs eltrl, kol ol i\e(f>avTfs re Koi apieroi, Kai dirm- Ses re Kal ovoi ol ra Kepara ?;(ovt€i" koL oi KvvoK((j>a\oi (aKec^oXoi) 01 iv to'uti (TTrjde6aKfU>vs t^ovrts (ffls S^ Xeyerai ye vtto Xt/Svuv) Koi aypioi SvSpes, koI yvvaiKfs aypiai (cat aK\a 7r\7J6ei TroXXa Bijpta aKardifr- eva-ra' i.e. That there are here prodigious large Serpents, and Lions, and Elephants, and Bears, and Afps, and AJJes that have horns, and Cyno- cephali, (in the Margin 'tis Acephali) that have Eyes in their Breajl, (as is reported hy the Liby- ans) and wild Men, and wild Women, and a great many other wild Beqfts that are not fabulous. 'Tis evident therefore^ that Herodotus his ayptoi avhpes, Kal yvvatKes aypiai are only 6rjpla or wild Beafls : and the' they are called SvSpes, they are no more Men than our Orang-Outang, or Homo + Herodot. Melpomene seu lib. 4. p. m. 285. Sylvejlris, 48 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS Sylvejlris, or wild Man, which has exa6tly the fame Name, and I muft confefs I can't but think is the fame Animal : and that the fame Name has been continued down to us, from his Time, and it may be from Homer's. So Pkilojlratus fpeaking of Ethiopia and ./Egypt, tells us,* 'Sia-KOva-i 8e tcai 6r}pla ola oix irepaSi.' Kal av6pa>iTovs fxikavas, 6 jiT) aXXat ^ireipoi. nvy/iaiav re ev airals Win} Kai vKaKToivrav aWo oXXij. i.e. Here are hred wild Beajls that are not in other places; and Hack Men, which no other Country affords : and amongjl them is the Nation of the Pygmies, and the BARKERS, that is, the Cynocephali. For tho' Pkilojlratus is pleafed here only to call them Barkers, and to reckon them, as he does the Black Men and the Pygmies amongft the wild Beajls of thofe Countreys ; yet Ctefias, from whom Pkilojlratus has borrowed a great deal of his Natural Hijlory, ftiles them Men, and makes them fpeak, and to perform moft notable Feats in Merchandifing. But not * Pkilojlratus in vita Apollon. Tyanai, lib. 6. cap. I. p. m. 258. being THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 49 being in a merry Humour it may be now, before he was aware, he fpeaks Truth: For Ccelius Rhodiginus's * Charafter of him is, Philojlratus omnium qui unquam Hijloriam confcripferunt, mendaciffimus. Since the Pygmies therefore are fome of the Brute Beafts that naturally breed in thefe Coun- tries, and they are pleafed to let us know as much, I can eafily excufe them a Name. 'Ai/Spts Sypioi, or Orang-Outang, is alike to me j and I am better pleafed with Homer s avSpcs Trvyiiaioi, than if he had called TridrjKot. Had this been the only In- ftance where they had mifapplied the Name of Man, methinks I could be fo good natur'd, as in fome meafure to make an Apology for' them. But finding them fo extravagantly loofe, fo wretchedly whimfical, in abufing the Dignity of Mankind, by giving the name of Man to fuch monftrous Produftions of their idle Imaginations, as the Indian Hiftorians have done, I do not won- der that wife Men have fulpe6ted all that comes out of their Mint, to be falfe and counterfeit. * Cslij Rhodigini Ledlion. Antiq. lib. 17. cap. 13. D Such 50 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS Such are their 'AiivKTcpes or'Appives, that want Nofes, and have only two holes above their Mouth ; they eat all things, but they muft be raw J they are fhort lived ; the upper part of their Mouths is very prominent. The 'EvoToKelrai, whofe Ears reach down to their Heels, on which they lye and fleep. The "Aotoiioi, that have no Mouths, a civil fort of People, that dwell about the Head of the Ganges ; and live upon fmelling to boil'd Meats and the Odours of Fruits ?,nd Flowers ; they can bear no ill fcent, and there- fore can't live in a Camp. The Movofifiaroi or j/lovoipdaKiwi, that have but one Eye, and that in the middle of their Foreheads : they have Dog's Ears; their Hair ftands an end, but fmooth on the Breafts. The ^rcpvocfiBaKiiot, that have Eyes in their Breafts. The Ilarai a-ciKoi with Heads like Wedges. The MaKpoKetjuAoi, with great Heads. The vwepPopeoi, who live a Thou- fand years. The oxcuVoSes, fo fwift that they will out-run a Horfe. The oma-doSaKTvXot, that go with their Heels forward, and their Toes back- wards. The Majcpoo-KeXfij, The ^TpyavonoSes, The MovodKeKets, who have one Leg, but will jump a great THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 51 great way^ and are call'd Sciapodes, becaufe when they lye on their Backs, with this Leg they can keep off the Sun from their Bodies. Now Strabo* from whom I have colledted the Defcription of thefe Monftrous forts of Men, and they are mentioned too by Pliny, Solinus, Mela, Philoftratus, and others j and Munfter m his Cofmography f has given a. figure of fome of them ; Stralio, I fay, who was an Enemy to all fuch fabulous Relations, no doubt was prejudiced likewife againft the Pygmies, becaufe thefe His- torians had made them a Puny Race of Men, and invented fo many Romances about them. I can no ways therefore blame him for denying, that there were ever any fuch Men Pygmies; and do readily agree with him, that no Man ever faw them : and am fo far from diffenting from thofe Great Men, who have denied them on this account, that I think they have all the reason in the World on their fide. And to Ihew how * S^rado Geograph. lib. 15. p. m. 489. & lib. 2. p. 48. <&• alibi. t Munfter Cojmograph. lib. 6. p. 1151. ready S3 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS ready I am to clofe with them in this Point, I will here examine the contrary Opinion, and what Reafons they give for the fupporting it : For there have been feme Moderns, as well as the Ancients, that have maintained that thefe Pyg- mies were real Men. And this they pretend to prove, both from Humane Authority and Divine. Now by Men Pygmies we are by no means to underftand Dwarfs. In all Countries, and in all Ages, there has been now and then obferved fuch Miniture of Mankind, or under-fized Men. Cardan * tells us he faw one carried about in a Parrot's Cage, that was but a Cubit high. Nice- phorus t tells us, that in Theodqfius the Em- perour's time, there was one in JEgypt that was no bigger than a Partridge ; yet what was to be admired, he was very Prudent, had a fweet clear Voice, and a generous Mind j and lived Twenty Years. So likewife a King of Portugal fent to a Duke of Savoy, when he married his Daughter to him, an ^Ethiopian Dwarf but three Palms * Cardan de fubtilitate, lib. II. p. 458. t Nicephor. Hijior. EccUfda/i. lib. 12. cap. 37. high. THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 53 high.* And Thevenot f tells us of the Prefent made by the King of the Abyffins, to the Grand Seignior, of feveral little black Slaves out of Nubia, and the Countries near jEthiopia, which being made Eunuchs, were to guard the Ladies of the Seraglio. And a great many fuch like Re- lations there are. But thefe being only Dwarfs, they muft not be efteemed the Pygmies we are enquiring about, which are reprefented as a Nation, and the whole Race of them to be of the like ftature. Dari tamen integras Pumilio- num Gentes, tamfalfum eft, quhm quodfalfiffimum, faith Harduin.X Neither likewife muft it be granted, that tho' in fome Climates there might be Men generally of lefs flature, than what are to be met with in other Countries, that they are prefently Pygmies. Nature has not fixed the fame ftandard to the growth of Mankind in all Places alike, no more than to Brutes or Plants. The Dimenfions of * HappeKus in Relat. curio/is, No. 85. p. 677. + Thevenot. Voyage de Levant, lib. 2. t. 68. J Jo. Harduini Notts in Plinij Nat. Hi/i. lib. 6. cap, 22. p. 688. them 54 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS them all, according to the Climate, may differ. If we confult the Original, viz. Homer that firft mentioned the Pygmies, there are only thefe two CharaMeriftics he gives of them. That they are Uvyiiaioifeu Culitales ; and that the Cranes did ufe to fight them. 'Tis true, as a Poel, he calls them avSpes, which I have accounted for before. Now if there cannot be found fuch Men as are Culitales, that the Cranes might probably fight with, notwithftanding all the Romances of the Indian Hiftorians, I cannot think thefe Pygmies to be Men, but they mufl be fome other Animals, or the whole mufl: be a Fiftion. Having premifed this, we will now enquire into their AlTertion that maintain the Pygmies to be a Race oi Men. Now becanfe there have been Giants formerly, that have fo much ex- ceeded the usual Stature of Man, that there muft be likewife Pygmies as defeftive in the other extream from this Standard, I think is no conclufive Argument, tho' made ufe of by fome. Old Cafpar Bartholine * tells us, that becaufe y. * Cafpar. Bartholin. Opufculum de Pygmceis. , Caffanius THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 55 Cajjanius and others had wrote de Gygantibus, lince no Body elfe had undertaken it, he would give us a Book de Pygmceis ; and fince he makes it his defign to prove the Exiftence of Pygmies, and that the Pygmies were Men, I mufi confefs I expefted great Matters from him. But I do not find he has informed us of any- thing more of them, than what ^o. Talentonius, a Profeffor formerly at Parma, had told us before in his Fdriarum, isf Reconditarum Rerum The- faurus,* from whom he has borrowed moft of this TraM. He has made it a little more formal indeed, by dividing it into Chapters; of which I will give you the Titles; and as I fee occafion, fome Remarks thereon : They will not be many, becaufe I have prevented my felf already. The Jirjl Chapter is, De Homuncionibus isf Pumilioni- lusfeu Nanis d Pygmais diftin6iis. Thefecond Chapter, De Pygmcei nominibus isf Etymologia. The third Chapter, Duplex ejfe Pygmceorum Genus; isf primum Genus aliquando dari. He * Jo. Talmtonij Variar. &• Recondit. Rerum. The- faurus, lib. 3. cap. 21. means S6 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS means Dwarfs, that are no Pygmies at all. The fourth Chapter is, Alterum Genus, nempe Gentem PygmcBorum ejfe, aut faltem aliquando foiffe Autoritatibus Humanis,Jide tamen dignorum qf- foritur. 'Tis as I find it printed j and no doubt an Error in the printing. The Authorities he gives, are. Homer, Ctejias, Ariftotle, Philoftratus, Pliny, jFuvenal, Oppian, Baptifta Mantuan, St. Auftin and his Scholiaft. Ludovic. Fives, J^o. Laurentius Anania, J^oh. Cajfanius, Joh. Talen- tonius, Gellius, Pomp. Mela, and Olaus Magnus. I have taken notice of moft of them already, as I Ihall of St. Auftin and Ludovicus Vives by and by. ^0. Laurentius Anania* ex Mercatorum relatione tradit (faith Bartholine) eos (fc. Pyg- mcBos) in Septentrionali Thracice Parte reperiri, {qucB Scythics est proximo) atque ibi cum, Gruibus pugnare. And J^oh. Cajjanius\ (as he is here quoted) faith, De PygmcBis fahulofa quidem eJfe omnia, qucB de lis narrari folent, aliquando exijli- mavi. Vertim cum videam non unum vel alterum, fed complures Clafjicos isf probatos Autoresde his • jfok. Laurent. Anania prope finem trailatus primi fua Geograph. t Joh. Cajfanius libdlo de Gygantibus, p. 73. Homunculis THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 57 Homunculis multa in eandemfere Sententiam tra- didiffe; eh adducor ut PygmcBos fuijfe inficiari non aujim. He next brings in Jo. Talentonius, to whom he ig fo much beholden, and quotes his Opinion, which is full and home, Conjlare arhi- tror (faith Talentonius) * delere concedi, PygmcBos non folilm, olim fuijfe, fed nunc etiam effe, is" homines effe, nee parvitatem illis impedimento ejfe quo minus Jint isf homines Jint. But were there fuch Men Pygmies now in being, no doubt but we muft have heard of them ; forae or other of our Saylors, in their Voyages, would have lighted on them. Tho' Arijlotle is here quoted, yet he does not make them Men ; So neither does Ana- nia: And I muft own, tho' Talentonius be of this Opinion, yet he takes notice of the faulty Tranflation of this Text of Arijlotle by Gaxa: and tho' the parvity or lownefs of Stature, be no Impediment, becaufe we have frequently feen fuch Dwarf-Men, yet we did never fee a Nation of them : For then there would be no need of * yo. Talentonius Variar. &= recondit. Rcrum The- faurus, lib. 3. cap. 21. p. m. 515. that S8 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS that Talmudical Precept which Jfob. Ludolphus * mentions. Nanus ne ducat Nanam, ne forth oriatur ex lis Digitalis (in Bechor. fol. 45). I had almoft forgotten Olaus Magnus, whom Bartholine mentions in the clofe of this Chapter, but lays no great ftrefs upon his Authority, be- caufe he tells us, he is fabulous in a great many other Relations, and he writes but by hear-fay, that the Greenlanders fight the Cranes; Tandem (faith Bartholine) neque ideo Pygmiei funt, Jl forti fagittis Js" hqftis,Jicut alij homines, Grues conficiunt isf occidunt. This I think is great Partiality : For Cte/ias, an Author whom upon all turns Bartholine makes ufe of as an Evidence, is very pofitive, that the Pygmies were excellent Archers: fo that he himfelf owns, that their being fuch, illuftrates very much that Text in Ezekiel, on which he fpends good part of the next Chapter, whofe Title is, Pygmeeorum Gens ex Ezekiele, atque rationiius prolalililus ad- Jlruitur; which we will confider by and by. * Job Ludolphi Comment, in Hijioriam jEthiopic. p. m. 71. And THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 59 And tho' Olaus Magnus may write fome things by hear-fay, yet he cannot be fo fabulous as Ctejias, who (as Lucian tells us) writes what he neither faw himfelf, or heard from any Body elfe. Not that I think Olaus Magnus his Greenlanders were real Pygmies, no more than Ctefias his Pygmies were real Men; tho' he vouches very notably for them. And if all that have copied this Fable from Ctefias, muft be look'd upon as the fame Evidence with himfelf; the number of the TeJUmonies produced need not much concern us, fince they muft all ftand or fall with him. The probable Reafons that Bartholine gives in the Jifth Chapter, are taken from other Animals, as Sheep, Oxen, Horles, Dogs, the Indian For- mica and Plants : For obferving in the fame Species fome exceffive large, and others extreamly little, he infers, Ques certi cum in Animalihus i^ Vegetalilihus Jiant : cur in Humana fpecie non Jit prolaliile, haud video: imprimis cum detur magnitudinis excejfus Gigantceus; cur non etiam dahitur DefeBus? Quia ergo dantur Gigantes, dabuntur isf Pygmcei. Quam confequentiam ut firmam. 6o THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS Jirmam, admittit Cardanus,* licet de Pygmtsis hoc tantiim. concedat, qui pro miraculo, non pro Gente. Now Cardan, tho' he allows this Con- sequence, yet in the fame place he gives feveral Reafons why the Pygmies could not be M^n, and looks upon the whole Story as fabulous. Bartholine concludes this Chapter thus : Ulterius ut Prohahilitatem fulciamus, addendum Sceleton Pygmcei, quod Drefdae vidimus inter alia plurima, fervatum in Arce ferenijf. Eleftoris Saxoniae, altiludine infra Culitum, O/Jiuin foliditate, pro- portioneque turn Capitis, tum aliorum; ut Em- hrionem, aut Artificiale quid Nemo rerum peritus fufpicari pojjlt. Addita infuper est Infcriptio Veri Pygmaei. I hereupon looked into Dr. Brown's Travels into thofe Parts, who has given us a large Catalogue of the Curiofities, the EleSior of Saxony had at Drefden, but did not find amongft them this Sceleton; which, by the largenefs of the Head, I fufpeft to be the Sceleton of an Orang-Outang, or our wild Man. But had he given us either a figure of it, or a more particular Defcription, it had been a far greater Satisfadtion. * Cardan, de Rerum varietaie, lib. 8. cap. 40. The THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 6i The Title of Bartholines Jixth Chapter is, Pygmaos effe autfuiffe ex variis eorum adjunBis, accidentibus, &c. db Authorilus defcriptis ojlen- ditur. As firft, their Magnitude: which he mentions from Ctefias, Pliny, GeUius, and Ju- venal: and tho' they do not all agree exadtly, 'tis nothing. Autorum hie dijfenfus nullus eji (faith Bartholine) etenimjicut in noftris homini- lus, ita indulik in Pygmceis non omnes yufdem magnitudinis. a. The Place and Country: As Ctejlas (he faith) places them in the middle of India; Arijlotle and Pliny at the Lakes above yEgypt; Homer's Scholiaji in the middle of jEgypt; Pliny at another time faith they are at the Head of the Ganges, and fometimes at Ger- ania, which is in Thracia, which being near Scythia, confirms (he faith) Ananids Relation. Mela places them at the Arabian Gulf; and Paulus Jovius docet PygmcBos ultra Japonem ejje; and adds, has Autorum dijfenfiones facile fuerit conciliare; nee mirum diver/as relationes d Plinio auditas. For (faith he) as the Tartars often change their Seats, fince they do not live in Houfes, but in Tents, fo 'tis no wonder that the 62 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS the Pygmies often change theirs, fince inflead of Houfes, they live in Caves or Huts, built of Mud, Feathers, and Egg-fliells. And this muta- tion of their Habitations he thinks is very plain from Pliny, where fpeaking of Gerania, he faith, PygrruBorum Gens fuiffe fnon jam ejfej proditur, creduntque d Gruilus fugatos. Which paffage (faith Bartkoline) had Adrian Spigelius con- fidered, he wrould not fo foon have left Arijiotle's Opinion, becaufe Franc. Alvares the Portuguefe did not find them in the place where Arijlotle left themj for the Cranes, it may be, had driven them thence. His third Article is, their Halita- tion, which Arijlotle faith is in Caves; hence they are Troglodytes. Pliny tells us they build Huts with Mud, Feathers, and Egg-fliells. But what Bartkoline adds, Eb quod Term Cavernas inhalitent, non injurid diSii funt olim Pygmcei, Terrcejilii, is wholly new to me, and I have not met with it in any Author before : tho' he gives us here feveral other fignifications of the word Terra Jilij from a great many Authors, which I will not trouble you at prefent with. 4. The Form, being flat nofed and ugly, as Ctefias. j. Their THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 63 Their Speech^ which was the fame as the Indians, as Ctefias; and for this I find he has no other Author. 6. Their Hair; where he quotes Cte- Jias again, that they make ufe of it for Clothes. 7. Their Virtues and Arts; as that they ufe the fame Laws as the Indians, are very juft, excellent ArcherSj and that the King of India has Three thoufand of them in his Guards. All from Cte- Jias. 8. Their Animals, as in Ctefias; and here are mentioned their Sheep, Oxen, Affes, Mules, and Horfes. 9. Their various ASiions; as what Ctefias relates of their killing Hares and Foxes with Crows, Eagles, tsfc. and fighting the Cranes, as Homer, Pliny, Juvenal. The feventh Chapter in Bartholine has a pro- mifing Title, An Pygmcsi Jlnt homines, and I expefted here fomething more to our purpofe; but I find he rather endeavours to anfwer the Reasons of thofe that would make them Apes, than to lay down any of his own to prove them Men. And Alhertus Magnus's Opinion he thinks abfurd, that makes them part Men part Beaflisj they muft be either one or the other, not 64 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS not a Medium between both ; and to make out this, he gives us a large Quotation out of Cardan. But Cardan * in the fame place argues that they are not Men. As to Suejjanus t his Argument, that they want Reafon, this he will not Grant ; but if they ufe it lefs or more imperfeftly than others (which yet, he faith, is not certain) by the fame parity of Reafon Children, the Boeotians, Cumani and Naturals may not be reckoned Men; and he thinks, what he has mentioned in the preceding Chapter out of Ctejias, &c. fhews that they have no fmall ufe of Reafon. As to Suef- fanus's next Argument, that they want Religion, Juftice, &c. this, he faith, is not confirmed by any grave Writer; and if it was, yet it would not prove that they are not Men. For this de- feat (he faith) might hence happen, becaufe they are forced to live in Caves for fear of the Cranes; and others befides them, are herein faulty. For this Opinion, that the Pygmies were Apes and not Men, he quotes likewife BenediSius Farchius,t * Cardan, de Rerum varietate, Kb. 8. cap. 40. + Sueffanus Comment, in Arijl. de Hi/lor. Animal, lib. 8. cap. 12. X Benediifl. Varchius de Monjtris. Kngiia vemacula. and THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 65 and yoh. Tinnulus* and Paulus ^mjius,\, and feveral others of the Moderns, he tells us, are of the fame mind. Imprimis Geographici guos rum puduit in Mappis Geographicis loco PygnuBorum fimias cum Gruilus pugnantes ridiculh dipinxij/e. The Title of Bartholine's eighth and laft Chapter is, Argumenta eorum qui Pygmaorum Hijloriam faluhfam cenjent, recitantur isf re- futantur. Where he tells us, the only Perfon amongft the Ancients that thought the Story of the Pygmies to be fabulous was Strabo; but amongft the Moderns there are feveral, as Car- dan, Budaus, AMrovandus, Fullerus and others. The firft Objection (he faith) is that of Spigelius and others 5 that fince the whole World is now difcovered, how happens it, that thefe Pygmies are not to be met with ? He has feven Anfwers to this Objection ; how fatisfaftory they are, the Reader may judge, if he pleafes, by perufing them amongft the Quotations.]: Cardan's fecond Ob- * Joh. Tinnulus in Glotto-Chryfio. t Paulus yovius lib. de Mu/covit. Legatione. X Reffondeo. I. Contrarium teftari Mercatorum Re- lationem apud Ananiam /upra Cap. 4. 2. Et licet non E jeftion 66 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS jedtion (he faith) iSj that they hve but eight years, whence feveral Inconveniences would hap- peHj as Cardan fliews ; he anfwers that no good Author afferts this ; and if there was, yet what Cardan urges would not follow j and inAances out of Artemidorus in Pliny,* as a Parallel in the Calingm a Nation in India, where the Women conceive when five years old, and do not live aiove eight. Gefner fpeaking of the Pygmies, faith. Vita autem longitudo anni arciter o6io ut Alber- tus refert. Cardan perhaps had his Authority from Alhertus, or it may be both took it from this paflage in Pliny, which I think would better agree to Apes than Men. But Artemidorus be- ing an Indian Hijlorian, and in the fame place telling other Romances, the lefs Credit is to be invenii effent vivi h guolibet, pari jure Monocerota 6» alia negare liceret. 3. Quimariafemavigant,mxorasfaucas maritimas lujlrant, adeo non terras omnes d mari dijjitas. 4. Nequein Oris illos habitare maritimis ex Capite quinio manifejlum eft, 5. Quis teftatum fe omnem adhibuiffe diligentiam in inquirendo eos ut inveniret, 6. Ita in terra habitant, ut in Aniris vitam tolerare dicantur, 7. Si vel maximi omni ab omnibus diligentia qucefitifuijfent, nee inventi ; fieri foteft, ut inftar Gigantum jam de/lerint nee fmt ampliits. * Plinij Hift. Nat. lib. 7. cap. 2. p. m. 14. given THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 67 given to him. The third Objection, he faith, is of Cornelius d Lapide, who denies the Pygmies, becaufe Homer was the firft Author of them. The fourth Objection he faith is, becaufe Authors differ about the Place where they (hould be: This, he tells us, he has anfwered already in the fifth Chapter. The fifth and laft Objeaion he mentions is, that but few have feen them. He anfwers, there are a great many Wonders in Sacred and Profane History that we have not feen, yet muft not deny. And he inftances in three ; As the Formica Indicm, which are as big as great Dogs : The Cornu Plantalile in the Ifland Goa, which when cut off from the Bead, and flung upon the Ground, will take root like a Cabbage: and the Scotland Geefe that grow upon Trees, for which he quotes a great many Authors, and fo concludes. Now how far Bartholine in his Treatife has made out that the Pygmies of the Ancients were real Men, either from the Authorities he has quoted, or his Reafonings upon them, I fubmit to the Reader. I fliall proceed now (as I pro- mifed) 68 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS mifed) to confider the Proof they pretend from Holy Writ : For Bartholine and others infift upon that Text in Ezekiel {Cap. 27. Ferf. 11.) where the Vulgar Tranflation has it thus ;' Filij Arvad cum Exercitu tuofupra Muros tuos per circuitum, tsf Pygmcei in Turrihus tuis fuerunt ; Scuta fua fufpevderunt Jupra Muros tuos per circuitum. Now Talentonius and Bartholine think that what Ctejias relates of the Pygmies, as their being good Archers, very well illuftrates this Text of Ezekiel .- I fliall here tranfcribe what Sir Thomas Brown * remarks upon it j and if any one requires further Satisfaftion, they may conialt ^ob Ludol- phus's Comment on his jEthiopic Hijiory.f Thefecond Tejlimony (faith Sir Thomas Brown) is deduced from Holy Scripture; thus rendered in the Vulgar Trari/lation, Bed & Pygmsei qui erant in turribus tuis, pharetras fuas fufpenderunt in muris tuis per gyrum : Jrom whence notwith- jianding we cannot infer this Ajffertion, for frji the Tratj/lators accord not, and the Hebrew word * Sir Thomas Brown's Enquiries into Vulgar Errors, lib. 4. cap. II. p. 242. t Comment, in Hiji. jSthiopic. p. 73. Gammadim THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 69 Gammadim is very varioufly rendered. Though Aquila, Vatablus and Lyra will have it Pygmaei, yet in the Septuagint, it is no more than Watch- man; and Jo in the Arabick and High-Dutch. In the Chalde, Cappadocians, in Symmachus, Medes, and in the French, thofe of Gamed. Theodotian of old, and Tremillius of late, have retained the Textuary word; and fo have the Italian, Low Dutch, and Englifli Trari/lators, that is, the Men of Arvad were upon thy Walls round about, and the Gammadims were in thy Towers. Nor do Men only dijfent in the TraJi/lation of the word, hut in the Expojition of the Senfe and Meaning thereof; for fome by Gammadims un- derjiand a People of Syria, fo called from the City of Gamala j fome hereby underfand the Cappa- docians, many the Medes : and hereof Forerius hath ajingular Expojition, conceiving the Watch- men of Tyre, might well be called Pygmies, the Towers of that City being fo high, that unto Men below, they appeared in a Cubital Stature. Others expound it quite contrary to common Ac- ception. 70 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS ception, that is not Men of the leqft, hut of the largest fixe; fo doth Cornelius conjirue Pygmaei, or Viri Cubitales, that is, not Men of a Cubit high, but of the largeji Stature, whofe height like that of Giants, is rather to be taken by the Cubit than the Foot; in which phrafe we read, the mea- fure of Goliah, whofe height is faid to be fix Cubits and afpan. Of affinity hereto is also the Expqfition of Jerom ; not taking Pygmies for Dwarfs, but flout and valiant Champions ; not taking the fenfe of ■"'vyii^, which fignifies the Cubit meafure, but that which expreffeth Pugils; that is. Men ft for Combat and the Exercife of the Fiji, Thus there can be nofatisfying illation from this Text, the diverfity, or rather contrariety of Expofitions and Interpretations, diJlraMing more than confirming the Truth of the Story. But why Aldrovandus or Cafpar Bartholine fliould bring in St. Auflin as a Favourer of this Opinion of Men Pygmies, I fee no Reafon. To me he feems to affert quite the contrary : For propofing this Question, An ex propagine Adam velfiliorum Noe, qucedam genera Hominum Mon- Jlrofa THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 71 Jlrofa prodierunt ? He mentions a great many monftrous Nations of Men, as they are defcribed by the Indian Hijiorians, and amongft the reft, the Pygmies, the Sciopodes, &c. And adds, Quid dicam de Cynocephalis, quorum Canina Capita atque ipfe Latratus magis Bejlias quam Homines confitentur ? Sed om,nia Genera Homi- num, qucB dicuntur eJjTe, ejfe credere, non ejl necejfe. And afterwards fo fully exprefles himfelf in favour of the Hypothejis I am here maintaining, that I think it a great Confirmation of it. Nam i^ Simias (faith he) isf Cercopithecos, isf Sphin- gas,Ji nefciremus non Homines ejfe,fed Bejtias, pojfent ijii Hijlorici defua Curiojitate gloriantes velut Genles Aliquas Hominum nolis impunitd vanitate mentiri. At laft he concludes and de- termines the Question thus, Aut ilia, quae talia de quihufdam Gentilusfcriptafunt, omnino nulla sunt, autjifunt. Homines nonfunt, aut ex Adam funtji Homines funt. There is nothing therefore in St. AuJUn that juftifies the being of Men Pygmies, or that the Pygmies were Men; he rather makes them Apes. And 72 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS And there is nothing in his Scholiqft Ludovicus Fives that tends this way, he only quotes from other Authors, what might illuftrate the Text he is commenting upon, and no way afferts their being Men. I ftiall therefore next enquire into Bochartus's Opinion, who would have them to be the Nubce or Nolce. Hos Nulas Troglodyti- cos (faith * he) ad Avalitem Sinum ejje Pygmeeos Veterum multa proiant. He gives us five Rea- fons to prove this. As, i. The Authority of Hefychius, who faith, Nw/3o( Xlvyiuuoi. a. Be- caufe Homer places the Pygmies near the Ocean, where the Nulce were. 3. Arijlotle places them at the lakes of the Nile. Now by the Nile Bochartus tells us, we mufl: underftand the 4/?a- borus, which the Ancients thought to be a Branch of the Nile, as he proves from Pliny, Solinus and ^thicus. And Ptolomy (he tells us) places the Nuhce hereabout. 4. Becaufe Arijlotle makes the Pygmies to be Troglodytes, and fo were the Nulce. j. He urges that Story of Nonnofus which I have already mentioned, and thinks that * Sam. Bochart. Geograph. Saenz, Part, i. lib. 2. cap. 23. p. m. 142. thofe THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 73 thofe that Nonnofus met with, were a Colony of the NuhcB; but afterwards adds, Quos tamen abfit ut putemus Staturd Juiffe Cubitali, prout Poetcejingunt, qui omnia in majus augent. But this methinks fpoils them from being Pygmies; leveral other Nations at this rate may be Pygmies as well as thefe Nuloe. Befides, he does not inform us, that thefe Nubae ufed to fight the Cranes; and if they do not, and were not Cubi- tales, they can't be Homer's Pygmies, which we are enquiring after. But the Notion of their being Men, had fo pofleffed him, that it put him upon fancying they muft be the Nulce; but 'tis plain that thofe in Nonnofus could not be a Colony of the Nulce; for then the Nubee muft have underftood their Language, which the Text faith, none of the Neighbourhood did. And becaufe the Nubm are Troglodytes, that therefore they muft be Pygmies, is no Argument at all. For Troglodytes here is ufed as an AdjeStive; and there is a fort of Sparrow which is called PaJJer Troglodytes. Not but that in Africa there was a Nation of Men called Troglodytes, but quite different from our Pygmies. How far Bochartus 74 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS Bochartus may be in the right, in guefling the Lakes of the Nile (whereabout Arijlotle places the Pygmies) to be the Fountains of the River AJlaloTus, which in his defcription, and likewife the Map, he places in the Country of the Ava- litoB, near the Moffylon Emporium; I ftiall not enquire. This I am certain of, he mifreprefents Arijlotle where he tells us,* Quamvis in eafabula hocfaltem verum ejfe offer at Philofophus, Piifillos Homines in iis locis degere : for as I have already obfervedj Arijlotle in that Text faith nothing at all of their being Men : the contrary rather might be thence inferred, that they were Brutes. And Bochart'a Tranflation, as well as Gaza's is faulty here, and by no means to be allowed, viz. Ut aiunt, genus ibi parvum ejl tarn Hominum, qudm Eqwrrum; which had Bochartus confidered he would not have been fo fond it may be of his NuliOB. And if the N5|3oi Ilvy/ialot in Hefychius are fuch Pygmies as Bochartus makes his Nuloe, Qtios tamen ahjit ut putemus Jlaturd fuijfe Culi- tali, it will not do our bufinefs at all ; and neither * Bocharti Hierozoici fan Pojlerior, lib. I. cap. II. p. 76. Homer's THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 75 Homer's Authority, nor Ariflotle's does him any Service. But this Fable of Men Pygmies has not only obtained amongft the Greeks and Indian Hijlo- rians: the Arabians likewife tell much fuch Stories of them, as the fame learned Bochartus informs us. I will give his Latin Tranflation of one of them, which he has printed in Arabick alfo: Arabes idem (faith* Bochartus) referunt ex cujufdam Graeculi^rfe, qui Jacobo Ifaaci^/io, Sigarienfi fertur ita narrajje. Navigabam ali- quando in mari Zingitano,' fs" impulit me ventus in quandam Infulam. In cujus Oppidum cum devenijfem, reperi Incolas Cubitalis ejfe fiaturce, Js* plerofque Coclites. Quorum muliitudo in me congregata me deduxit ad Regem fuum. yuffit is, ut Captivus detinerer; fs" inquandam Cavece fpeciem conjeSbis fum; eos autem aliquando ad bellum injlrui cum viderem, dixerunt Hojiem im- minere, isf fore ut propediem ingrueret. Nee multh poji Gruum exercitiis in eos infurrexit. Atque idea erant Coclites, quod eorum oculos hue * Bochartus ibid. p. m. 77. confodijjent. 76 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS confodiffent. Atque Ego, virgd affumptd, in eas impetumfeci, {5* illce avoldrunt atque atifugerunt; ob quod facinus in honore fui apud illos. This Author, it feems, reprefents them under the fame Misfortune with the Poet, who firft men- tioned them, as being blind, by having their Eyes peck'd out by their cruel Enemies. Such an Accident poflibly might happen now and then, in thefe bloody Engagements, tho' I wonder the Indian Hijlorians have not taken notice of it. However the Pygmies fhewed themfelves grateful to their Deliverer, in heaping Honours on him. One would guefs, for their own lakes, they could not do lefs than make him their Generaliffimo ; but our Author is modeft in not declaring what they were. Ifaac Vqffius feems to unfettle all, and endea- vours utterly to ruine the whole Story : for he tells us. If you travel all over Africa, you fliall not meet with either a Crane or Pygmie : Se mirari (faith* Ifaac Vofjius') Ariftotelem, qiuad * Ifaac Vofflus de Nili aliortimque fluminum Origine, Cap. i8. tarn THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 77 tarn ferib affirmet non ejje fabellam, quce de Pygmeeis fs" Bella, quod cum Gruilus gerant, narrantur. Si quis totam pervadat Africam, nullas vel Grues vel Pygmceos inveniet. Now one would wonder more at VbJJfius, that he fhould aflert this of Ariftotle, which he never faid. And fince Vqffius is fo miftaken in what he relates of Ariftotle; where he might fo eafily have been in the right, 'tis not improbable, but he may be out in the reft too: For who has travelled all Africa over, that could inform him? And why fhould he be fo peremptory in the Negative, when he had fo poiitive an Affirma- tion of Arijlotle to the contrary ? or if he would not believe Arijiotle's Authority, methinks he Ihould Arijiophanes's, who tells us,* Sircipcw orav fiev Ttpavos Kpa'i^av is ttjv Xi^vriv fUTaxap^. 'Tis time to fow when the noify Cranes take their flight into Libya. Which Obfervation is like- wife made by Hejiod, Theognis, Aratus, and others. And Maximus Tyrius (as I find him quoted in Bochartus) faith, AJ yepapoi e^ AlyvTrrov &pa 6ipovs a^urrapevai, ouK ave\6ptvai to SoKiros, * Ari/lophanes in Nubibus. Tilpaeat 78 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS Tetvacrat irrcpvyas &v yjjs. i.e. Grues per cejiatem ex ^gypto alfcedentes, quia Calorem pati non pof- funt, alls velorum injlar expanjis, per aerem ad Scythicam plagam reSidferuntur. Which fully confirms that Migration of the Cranes that jiris- totle mentions. But Vqjius I find, tho' he will not allow the Cranes, yet upon fecond Thoughts did admit of Pygmies here : For this Story of the Pygmies and the Cranes having made fo much noife, he thinks there may be fomething of truth in it; and then gives us his Conjecture, how that the Pygmies may be thofe Dwarfs, that are to be met with beyond the Fountains of the Nile; but that they do not fight Cranes but Elephants, and kill a great many of them, and drive a confider- able Traffick for their teeth with the ^agi, who fell them to thofe of Congo and the Portuguefe. I will give you VbJJius's own words ; Attamen (faith * he) ut folent falellce non de nihilo fingi is" aliquod plerunque continent veri, id ipfum quo- * J/aac Voffms ibid, que THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 79 t^ue hicfaSium effe exiftimo, Certum quippe eji ultTa 'i^Wif antes multos reperiri NanoSj qui tamen non cum Gruibus,fed cum Elephantis perpetuum gerant lellum. Prcecipuum quippe Ehoris com- mercium in regno magni Macoki per ijlos Iran- ^gitur Homunciones; habitant in Sylvis, isf mira dexteritate Elephantns Jagittis conficiunt. Car- nibus vefcuntur, Dentes verd Jagis divendunt, illi autem Congentibus fs^ Lufitanis. y^ob Ludolphus* in his Commentary on his ^thiopick Hijiory remarks. That there was never known a Nation all of Dwarfs. Nani quippe (faith Ludolphus) Naturce quodam errore ex aliis jujice Jlaturce hominibus generantur. Qualis verd ea Gens Jit, ex qua ijia Naturce Ludi- Iria tantd copid proveniant, Vojium docere opor- tebat, quia Pumiliones Pumiles alioslnon gignunt, Jed plerunque Jleriles Junt, experientia tejie; ut plani non opus habuerunt Dodlores Talmudici Nanorum matrimonia prohibere, ne Digitales ex lis najcerentur, Ludolphus it may be is a little * yoi Ludolphus in Comment, in Hijloriam jEthiopi- cam, p. m, 71. too 8o THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS too ftrict with Vofflus for calling them Nani; he may only mean a fort of Men in that Country of lefs Stature than ordinary. And Dapper in his Hiftory of Jifrica, from whom Vqffius takes this Account, defcribes fuch in the Kingdom of Mokoko, he calls Mimos, and tells us that they kill Elephants. But I fee no reafon why VoJJius fliould take thefe Men for the Pygmies of the Ancients, or think that they gave any occalion or ground for the inventing this Fable, if there was no other reafon, this was fuiScient, becaufe they were able to kill the Elephants. The Pyg- mies were fcarce a Match for the Cranes; and for them to have encountered an Elephant, were as vain an Attempt, as the Pygmies were guilty of in Philqftratus* ' who to revenge the Death • of AntcBus, having found Hercules napping in ' Libya, muttered up all their Forces againfi him. ' One Phalanx (he tells us) - affaulted his left ' hand ; but ag-ainft his right hand, that being ' the ftronger, two Phalanges were appointed. ' The Archers and Slingers befieged his feet, ' admiring the hugenefs of his Thighs : But * Philojlratus. Icon. lib. 2. p. m. 817. 'againft THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 8i ' againA his Head, as the Arfenal, they raifed ' Batteries, the King himfelf taking his Pofl there. ' They fet fire to his Hair, put Reaping-hooks in ' his Eyes 5 and that he might not breath, clapp'd ' Doors to his Mouth and NoftrUs ; but all the ' Execution that they could do, was only to awake ' him, which when done, deriding their folly, he • gather'd them all up in his Lion's Skin, and ' carried them {Philoftratus thinks) to Eurijlhenes.' This Antceus was as remarkable for his height, as the Pygmies were for their lownefs of Stature : For Plutarch* teUs us, that Q. Sterorius not being willing to trufl Common Fame, when he came to Tingis {now Tangier) he canisd Antceus' s Sepulchre to be opened, and found his Corps full threefcore Cubits long. But Sterorius knew well enough how to impofe upon the Credulity of the People, as is evident from the Story of his white Hind, which Plutarch likewife relates. But to return to our Pygmies; tho' moft of the great and learned Men would feem to decry * Plutarch, in vita Q. Sertorij. F is 82 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS this Story as a Fiftion and mere Fable, yet there is fomething of Truth, they think, muft have given the firft rife to it, and that it was not wholly the product of Phancy, but had fome real foundation, tho' difguifed, according to the different Imagination and Genius of the Relator : 'Tis this that has incited them to give their feveral Conjeftures about it. ^ob Ludolphus finding what has been offered at in Relation to the Pygmies, not to fatisfie, he thinks he can better account for this Story, by leaving out the Cranes, and placing in their Head, another fort of Bird he calls the Condor. I will give you his own words : Sed ad Pygmceos (faith * Ludolphus) re- vertamur; f alula de Geranomachia Pygmceorum feu pugna cum Gruibus etiam aliquid de vero trahere videtur,Jl pro Gruibus Condoras intelli- gas, Aves in interiore Africa maximas, ut fidem pent excedat; aiunt enim quod Ales ijla vitulum Elephanti in Aerem extollere pojjit; ut infra do- celimus. Cum his Pygmceos pugnare, ne pecora fua rapiant, incredibile non eji. Error ex eo * Job Ludolphus Comment, in Hijioriam fuam M- thiopic. p. 73. natus THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 83 natus videtur, quod primus Relator, alio vocabulo deJUtutus, Grues pro Condoris nomindrit, Jicuti Plautus Picos pro GrypUlus, isf Romani Boves . Jucas pro Elephantis dixere. 'Tis true, if what Juvenal only in ridicule mentions, was to be admitted as a thing really done, that the Cranes could fly away with a Pygmie, as our Kites can with a Chicken, there might be fome pretence for Ludovicus's Condor or CunSior : For he mentions afterwards * out of P. Joh. dos Santos the Portuguefe, that 'twas obierved that one of thefe Condors once flew away with an Ape, Chain, Clog and all, about ten or twelve pounds weight, which he carried to a neighbouring Wood, and there devoured him. And Garcilqffb de la Fegaf relates that they will feize and fly away with a Child ten or twelve years old. But Juvenal % only mentions this in ridicule and merriment, where he faith, * yob Ludolphus ibid. pag. 164. t Garcilaffo de la Vega Royal Comment, of Peru. X yuvenal Satyr. 13 verf. 167. Ad 84 THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS Adfulitas Thracum volucres, nulemquefonoram Pygmceos parvis currit Bellator in amis : Mox impar hojii, raptufvtas i7rev6riv oiKetv S^fios iv iivxois tou Spovs. Dapper t tells us. That the Indians take the Baris when young, and make them fo tame, that they will do almojl the work of a Slave; for they commonly go ereSl as Men do. They will heat Rice in a Mortar, carry Water in a Pitcher, &c. And GaJfendusX in the Life of Pieresky, tells * PMloJlratus in vita Apllonij Tyanai, lib. 3. cap. I. p. m. no, & III. t Dapper Defcription de TAfrique, p. m. 249. X Gafendus in vita Pierjkij, lib. 5. p. m. 169. us. THE PYGMIES OF THE ANCIENTS 103 Bontius* mentions that the Javans had the fame Opinion concerning the Orang-Outang, Loqui verb eos, eafque yavani aiunt, fed non velle, ne ad labores cogerentur. * Jac. SontijHifl. Nat. ^ Med. lib. 5. cap. 32. p. m. 85. [Note. — A few obvious errors in the quotations have been corrected, but forjhe most part they stand as in Tyson, who must, therefore, be held responsible for any inaccuracies tvhich may exist.] THE END Printed ty BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh and London I' I M