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 cornel. University Library 
 pj 4567.H29 1908 
 
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.« 
 
 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
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 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026835953 
 
ELEMENTS OF 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE UMIVEXSITT OF CHICAGO 
 
 SEVENTH EDITION 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
 1908 
 
 •I 
 
^. 'ill.Scro 
 
 Copyright 
 
 1888 
 
 Akerican Publication SociEir or Hebrew 
 
TO 
 
 MY PAEENTS 
 
 IN APPKECIATION 01" THE HELP 
 
 AMD ENOOUEAGEMENT SO PREELT GIVEN 
 
 DUBINO MY EAELT STUDIES 
 
 THIS BOOK 
 
 IS AFFEOTIONATELT DEDICATED 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is Gommonly taught that the Syntax of Hebrew ia a matter of small 
 importance. Very seldom, indeed, is any special attention given to 
 the subject. The grammars upon which American students haye 
 depended furnish exhaustive treatments of Etymology, "but contain 
 only a meagre amount of Syntax. It is because men have not studied 
 Hebrew Syntax, because, as a matter of fact, they are ignorant of it, 
 that they have failed to appreciate its value. 
 
 It is true that the Hebrew is lacking in the power to present without 
 ambiguity many of the exact and beautiful shades of thought for which 
 expression is found in the Latin and the Greek. It is true that the 
 Hebrew is more dependent upon the context for the precise determina- 
 tion of the meaning than is either of these languages. It is all the more 
 necessary, however, to beoome acquainted with the constructions which 
 are possible in a given case. It will generally be conceded, that in no 
 respect is the Revision of the Old Testament so weak as in its Syntax. 
 One need only compare critically the translation of the tenses in the 
 first ten or twelve Psalms, to discover the shortcomings of the Revision, 
 and at the same time to understand the difficulty and importance of the 
 subject. 
 
 It may be said that, notwithstanding the lack of American grammars 
 in this respect, the existence of such works as those of Driver, Ewald, 
 and Muller renders the publication of a new treatment unnecessary. But 
 it will be remembered that Driver, aside from his Appendices, treats 
 exclusively of the " Tense," the most important of all syntactical sub- 
 jects, yet a single subject ; that Ewald's work, the only philosophical 
 treatment of the subject, can only be appreciated by one who has given 
 much time and attention to Hebrew Syntax ; and that Muller's book is 
 brief, obscure, and unsatisfactory. If a new text-book has been needed 
 in any department of linguistic study, it is in that of Hebrew Syntax. 
 
 The present work has not been undertaken in order to add anything 
 to the results already achieved in the line of syntactical investigation, 
 but rather to classify and arrange these results in such a way as to 
 bring them within the reach oi that large class of Hebrew students who 
 need and desire a knowledge of them but have little time in which 
 to obtain it. No claim, therefore, is made for the originality of the 
 material presented. In a work of so elementary a character, intended 
 only to serve as an introduction to a more exhaustive study of the 
 
6 HEBEBW SYNTAX. 
 
 language, the presentation of any but the most common principles would 
 have been out of place. It has been the aim of the author (1) to present 
 those points which the ordinary student would find of the greatest prac- 
 tical value ; (2) to present them in as definite and clear a manner a* 
 possible ; and (3) to select such examples as would most strikingly illus- 
 trate the points made. In carrying out this plan a free use has been 
 made of all former treatments of Syntax. To those named above the 
 writer is under deepest obligation ; much of value has also been found 
 in Nordheimer and Gesenius. In most cases where material peculiar to 
 a particular writer is used, special credit has been given. It has been 
 impossible, however, to decide in every case to whom the credit belonged. 
 For all material, not especially credited, a general acknowledgment is 
 hereby made. It should be added, that in the selection of examples for 
 illustration, and of the texts cited under "References for Study," pref- 
 erence has been given to those passages which have always been used by 
 grammarians. It has been an interesting fact to note in how many 
 cases the same texts have been employed by several writers. 
 
 So far as concerns the plan of presentation, some improvement, it is 
 believed, has been made upon former methods. The facts are first given ; 
 the phrase or sentence is quoted and translated, and in order that the 
 student may determine for himself its full force from the context, the 
 book, chapter, and verse containing it are cited. In the treatment of 
 " Verbal Government and Apposition," "The Sentence," and "Kinds of 
 Sentences," the examples have been given in the unpointed text, in 
 order that the pupil might be compelled to give them more careful study. 
 The work of pronouncing the texts thus printed combines with the study 
 of Syntax also a drill in Etymology. 
 
 Following the facts, and based upon them, are the •principles. By 
 means of a carefully arranged tabulation the various statements of prin- 
 ciples correspond exactly to the facts cited, and no inconvenience will be 
 found in passing from one to the other. 
 
 Under " Remarks," additional details, interesting comparisons, and 
 important exceptions are given. The arrangement of this material is 
 intended to make it easily accessible. 
 
 The most important, and likewise the most practical, feature of the 
 work is included under "References for Study." Of what permanent 
 value is the memorizing of grammar? Having studied the facts and 
 from them deduced the principles regulating these facts, the next step is 
 application. To aid in this, the crowning part of one's work, a large 
 number of texts, containing illustrations of the various points included 
 under a particular subject are given ; these texts are arranged in the order 
 of their occurrence in the Hebrew Bible, and in the case of each text that 
 particular subdivision of the main section to which it belongs is indi- 
 cated. This arrangement not only makes it possible to read a large 
 number of texts in a comparatively short time, but also breaks up the 
 monotony which ensues upon the examination of several texts covering 
 exactly the same point. 
 
PBEFACB. 7 
 
 The study of Syntax by this plan combines (1) the exegetical study of 
 the illustrations cited, (2) the mastery of the principles taught, (3) the 
 translation and interpretation, in connection with the context, of a num- 
 ber of texts, and (4) in certain portions also the pronunciation of the 
 unpointed text. The student may be required to translate beforehand 
 only the texts cited from prophetical and poetical portions, these being 
 the most difficult ; the texts taken from the historical portions may 
 with great advantage be read at sight. 
 
 For valuable assistance in reading proof-sheets, and in verifying refer- 
 ences, as well as for the typographical neatness and accuracy of the book 
 as a whole, the author is indebted to the Eev. John W. Payne, of New 
 Haven, Conn., who for some years has been closely associated in the 
 work of "The Old Testament Student" and "Hebraica." The Indices, 
 which will be found especially full and helpful, have been prepared by 
 the Rev. A. M. Wilson, now carrying on Semitic studies in Yale Univer- 
 sity. From Dr. C. E. Brown, of Newton Centre, Mass., and from Mr. 
 Charles H. Wissner, of Fredericksburg, Va., the author has received 
 valuable aid which he desires hereby to acknowledge. 
 
 The author would express the hope that this work may meet the 
 approval of the many teachers who are now using hia other Hebrew text- 
 books, and that in their hands it may prove efficient in aiding to a better 
 knowledge of the Old Testament. 
 
 New Haven, Conn., August 4, 1888. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I. THE NOXm. 
 
 Page. 
 
 ? 1. The Foun, used collectively 13, 14 
 
 2. Gender of Ifouns 14-16 
 
 3. Number of Nouns 17-19 
 
 4. Determination of Nouns 19-22 
 
 6. Determination of Nouns (continued) 22, 23 
 
 6. Apposition of Nouns 24-26 
 
 7. The Nominative Absolute 26, 27 
 
 8. Annexion, or the Construct Belation 28-32 
 
 9. Annexion (continued) 32-36 
 
 10. The Adjective 37,38 
 
 11. Personal Pronoun and SuflSxes 39-41 
 
 12. Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns 41-43 
 
 13. The Kelative Pronoun 43-45 
 
 14. Other Pronominal Expressions 46, 47 
 
 15. Numerals 47-50 
 
 II. USE OF TENSES AND MOODS. 
 
 2 16. The Tenses, in general 61-53 
 
 17. The Perfect, used of past events 53,54 
 
 18. The Perfect, used of present events. . ; 55, 56 
 
 19. The Perfect, used of future events 56-58 
 
 20. The Imperfect, used of past events 68-60 
 
 21. The Imperfect, used of present events 60-62 
 
 22. The Imperfect, used of future events 62-64 
 
 23. The Jussive, Imperative and Cohortative 65-68 
 
 24. The Imperfect, with Waw Consecutive 68-73 
 
 25. The Perfect, with Waw Consecutive 74-79 
 
 26. The Perfect and Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive 79-81 
 
10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 27. The Participle 81-84 
 
 28. The Infiiiitive Absolute 84-88 
 
 29. The Infinitive Construct 88-92 
 
 in. VERBAL GOVERNMENT AND APPOSITION. 
 
 ? 30. The Object Accusative 93, 94 
 
 31. The Double Accusative 94, 95 
 
 32. The Cognate Accusative 95, 96 
 
 33. The Adverbial Accusative 96- 98 
 
 34. The Accusative with f)N 99-101 
 
 35. The Accusative with the Passive 101 
 
 36. Verbal Apposition and Subordination 101-103 
 
 IV. THE SENTENCE. 
 
 2 37. The Subject and Predicate 104-107 
 
 38. Order of Words in a Sentence 107-109 
 
 39. Emphasis 109-111 
 
 40. Agreement of Number and Gender 111~114 
 
 V. KINDS OF SENTENCES. 
 
 ? 41. Negative Sentences 115-118 
 
 42. Interrogative Sentences 119-122 
 
 43. Exclamatory and Optative Sentences 122, 123 
 
 44. Copulative Sentences 123-125 
 
 45. Circumstantial Sentences 126-129 
 
 46. Relative Sentences 129-132 
 
 47. Subject, Object and Adverbial Clauses 132-136 
 
 48. Conditional Sentences 136-142 
 
 VI. INDEXES. 
 
 1. Index of Topics 145-150 
 
 2. Index of Texts 161-161 
 
 3. Index of Texts under " References for Study" 162-173 
 
 4. Index of Hebrew Words 174-177 
 
SYNTAX 
 
I. Tlie IVoTtnu 
 
 7. The Noun, Used Collectively. 
 
 !• "Ip3 oxen; |}jlf flock; Qj^ people; ♦'jjl nation. 
 
 2. |^j[^ a tree} irees;^ tJ>>{«{ a mora,* men;* n*rT « beast, ^ heastsfi 
 
 3. nmk ca/ravan;'' VTiii traveler;^ H'PJI ^aJuZ of exiles;^ Jl^j ora ea!i7e. 
 
 4. 'JX ^ee*;il n*JK «Atp;i^ ")j;tJ> Aa»V;^^ ''^1^!^ " ^"'"'■•" 
 
 Collective nouns, that is, nouns which are singular in form, but plural 
 in sense, may be classified as follows : — " 
 
 1. Those which always express a collective idea, the corresponding 
 individual idea being a different word. 
 
 2. Those which are used sometimes in an individual, sometimes in a 
 collective sense.'' " 
 
 3. Those whose feminine form is collective,** while, often, the corre- 
 sponding masculine form is individual. 
 
 4. Those whose masculine form is collective, while the corresponding 
 feminine is, generally, individual. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The very frequent occurrence of collective expressions in Hebrew is in accord 
 with the extreme simplicity of the language. 
 
 (6) Here are included the numerous cases in which words, for the most part or 
 even always used of individuals in prose, have a collective sense in poetry; there are, 
 indeed, few nouns which may not he thus used. 
 
 (c) Adjectives, used as substantives, have frequently a collective sense. 
 
 (d) Compare with this use of the feminine, its employment in abstract nouns. 
 
 1 Gen. 2:9; Ps. 1:3. 
 i Gen. 1:11; Ps. 74:6. 
 B Gen. 4:1. 
 4lsa. 21:9. 
 s Gen. 37:20. 
 
 6 Gen. 1:25. 
 1 Gen. 37:25. 
 sjudg.l9:17. 
 sEzr. 1:11. 
 10 2 Sam. 16:19. 
 
 ul]Kgs.9:26,27. 
 i2jon. 1:3, 5. 
 
 13 Judgr. 16:22. 
 
 14 Judg. 20:16; cf. also ISam. 
 14:45. 
 
14 HEBREW STNTAX [2 2. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:26, 28 (njl*), of. Jon. 2:1 m) 3 Isa. 16:4 (DD1) 2 
 
 Gen. 9:13 (p;;), of . Job 3 :5 (HJ V) 4 Jer. 6:6(n!f;;) [cf. |'J?1 3 
 
 Gen. 32:9 (riB'ViJ), cf. Gen. 46:7 3 Ezek. 11:6 (SStl) 2 
 
 Ex. 1:10 (HDH'tD) 2 Mic. 7:8, 10 mTK) 3 
 
 Ex.l5:l(nTB'),of.Ps.42:9(Tty) 4 Nah.2:5a31) S 
 
 Ex. 15:10 (DID) 2 Zeph.3:19(n;;Sx) 3 
 
 2 Sam. 15:23 (p«n) 2 Ps. 45:13 OX nj = IS 'ja) 3 
 
 Isa.6:3(3t?V) 2 Ps. 66:4(|'nxn) 3 
 
 Isa.7:18(mm) [cf.AraWo dabrun Prov. 28:1 (jTB^n) 2 
 
 (m. ag.) a sioarm] 4 Dan. 9:24(S''3J), cf. Seut. 18:15, 18 2 
 
 isa. 12:6 (natyv) 3 
 
 5. Gender of Nouns. 
 
 !• jy^N man; T2 son; "ljj'3 ^esA; TJKO luminary. 
 
 a. D»'7i^rr n'lNxpn;! cf. nio'^t?'' d'JDj^^ ^^oze «to»es. 
 
 6. riO^ f^eat^ (f.); "^IS^ ^1* a hear robbed of her young; fll'?K^ cow. 
 c. nSn« tJiey (f.); D?*?/ D^Q, D^SJ^ to, from, with you (f.); 
 Dn^f)^'^ <Aey «wo (f.); DD'^N?^ your (f.) /aiAer; Dnj<" <Aem (f.); 
 DJKV" iAeiV {t) flock. 
 2. a. DK woiAer (cf. ^N); "^mewe (cf. ":)»{<); pm si^e-aw (cf. -|lOrT); 
 rTT^Tjl motcZeji (cf. -lj;j); H'^JJ^ caZ/ (cf. "^J^); n"l|) ^ei/er (cf. "Ifl). 
 •^OJl fern. (Gen. 32:16), masc. (Gen. 24:63); nD3 fern. (Job 1:14), 
 
 T T JT T 
 
 masc. (Ex. 21:37). 
 6. n^K metropolis (cf. DN); n*£) ecZfl'e (cf. Hfl); nD")' Amder jpar< 
 (cf. t]")*); npTV '"'iff^teoutsness; (IJ^IJj" deliverance; finS governor; 
 n'^np preacher; tltT^H caravan; fH^ exiles; ffiii a ship; 
 
 ■-*JV| T : I T T • t: 
 
 n'Tl^ii' a hair. 
 c. -iifi2 2Vre; 0"^^^^ Syria; iNlQi* -Moa6; DnifD^^ ^gypt. 
 
 T : T 'J— ; • 
 
 pK, '?3ri, *Tj^, rp% mK, -ivn. njnp, '^inb'; pfjy, |a»fi, 
 
 T. ^15' '^^' T^' TO- n^' frN> fiJ3, Hi?; I??'' f^3^ 
 rinfi, f5x, 013, "^j;! nn, jy^J. ty"N, nij, troa' (aiso m.). 
 
 1 Gen. 1 :16. e Euth 1 :22. ii Ex. 2 :17. 
 
 J Deut. 27 :6. 7 Euth 1 :8, 9, 11, 13. 12 Isa. 23 :16. 
 
 s Gen. 23:4. 8 Euth 1:19. is 2 Sam. 10:U. 
 
 iHoa. 13:8, cf. 2Kgs. 2:24. 9Gen.31:9. i< Jer. 48:4, 9. 
 
 sPs. 144:14. 10 Gen. 41:23. is Joel 4:19. 
 
 * Also used individually, Deut. 4:18; Jon. 2:2. 
 
? 2.] BY AN INDUCTryE METHOD. 15 
 
 3. a. 21tD^ that which is good; ,1^1^,^ same; nNfnO;' I^IN (13-* 
 6. DflK nhj5n"'?3^ aW «Aa« 6e/e?? them; rilB*p ^»'<i iAmfi-s.^ 
 
 1. Under masculine nouns are included the names of male beings, 
 and, -with the exception of those referred to below under 2. a and c, all 
 nouns without a distinctively feminine ending. It is to be noted that 
 
 a. In masculines which have plurals in jT) (and likewise, in f eminines 
 which have plurals in D' ), this termination does not affect the gender." 
 
 6. In some instances, a masculine form occurs where the sense, and 
 rarely also the construction, demands a feminine ; and this, sometimes, 
 when a feminine form is in existence. 
 
 c. In the case of pronouns and pronominal suffixes the masculine, in- 
 stead of the feminine, often occurs as being the primary form, or as being 
 superior to the feminine and including it. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) There are exceptions to this; cf. D'E^J (Gen. 7:13); DIJOB'D (Ps. 84:2). 
 
 (6) The feminine rarely so occurs for the mascultne; both irregularities may be 
 attributed, in many oases, to ooUoquial inaccuracy, or to carelessness on the part of 
 the writer. 
 
 2. Under feminine nouns are included three classes : 
 
 a. Nouns which refer to female beings ; of these 
 
 (1) some are distinguished from corresponding masculines by 
 having an entirely distinct form ; 
 
 (2) some are so distinguished by the addition of a feminine ter- 
 mination ; 
 
 (3) some (called epicene) are so distinguished only by the con- 
 struction, both masculine and feminine forms being the same." 
 
 b. Nouns which do not refer to female beings, yet have a feminine 
 termination ; here belong 
 
 (1) nouns designating things without life ;'' 
 
 (2) nouns indicating abstract ideas" or official designations ;<* 
 
 (3) nouns used collectively" (? 1. 3), or individually (? 1. 4). 
 
 c. Nouns which neither imply distinction of sex, nor have a fem- 
 inine termination, but are always construed as feminine ; here belong 
 
 (1) names of countries, cities, towns /oh 
 
 (2) common nouns designating countries, localities, limited space, 
 points of compass, etc.; 
 
 1 Gen. 3:17. s Gen. 3:13. » Gen. 42:29. 
 
 2 1 Sam. 24:18. « Gen. 24:14. « Gen. 42:7, 30. 
 
16 HEBBETT SYNTAX [? 2. 
 
 (3) names of members of the body, especially those which are 
 double ;* 
 
 (4) names of instruments, utensils, powers of nature.^ 
 
 3. There being in Hebrew no separate designation of the neuter, there 
 is used in place of it, 
 
 a. When the word is singular, either a masculine or feminine form, 
 
 b. When the word is plural, generally a feminine form (except in 
 poetry). 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Certain species of animals are treated as masculine, because regarded as 
 strong; others as feminine, because regarded as weaS; ct. 3,12 dog, 2KtMJ0?f; but 
 njV dove, riTDn storh. 
 
 (b) These are really neuter, the signification passing, in many cases, from some- 
 thing living, to that which is without life. 
 
 (c) So adjectiyes, when used as neuter substantives, assume the feminine form. 
 
 (d) Compare our abstract terms " Lordship," "Majesty," "Excellency," etc. 
 
 (e) Collectives without a feminine ending are often treated asfeminlnes; cf . Ex. 
 8:2, 13, 14; 16:13; 2 Sam. 24:9. 
 
 (/) These are treated as "mothers" or "nurses" of the Inhabitants; cf. p'S '33 
 Ps. Ii9:2, also the word metropolii. 
 
 (g) When these words refer to the inhabitants, they are construed as masculine. 
 
 (h) It is common, in poetry, to personify nations, countries and cities, as female 
 beings; of. Isa. 47:1; 50:1; Lam. 1:1. 
 
 (!) Some of these also appear, at times, as masculine; always masculine are tltt 
 nose, nSD forehead, ISIS neck, tl^J; nech, nil mouth, 3p}) heel, 3JT tail. 
 
 U) The exceptions to the principles here given are very numerous, great variation 
 existing in the usage of the language. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:16 (nSiyDD) 2b. Isa. ai:B013S) Za. 
 
 Gen.20:12(ninK) 2a. Jer.7:18 la. 
 
 Gen. 22:24 (BTjVs) 2a. Jer. 49:17 (mK) 2c. 
 
 Gen. 24:13 (rroS;?) 2a. Amos 3:10 3a. 
 
 Ex.l:21(DnS) Ic. Zech. 5:10 (rron) Ic. 
 
 Ex. 7:17(cf. Isa.7:7) 3a. Ps. 1:6(111) 2e. 
 
 Ex. 9:29, 33; 15:5 la. Ps. 12:4 (niSlJ) 3b. 
 
 Ex.29:9(n3n3) 2b. Ps. 22:29 (HJiSd) 2b. 
 
 Lev.5:7nin) lb. Ps. 42:2('7''S) lb. 
 
 1 Sam. 9:24 (pit?) 2c. Ps.45:5 3b. 
 
 1 Sam. 10:9 (of. Josh. 24:17) la. Ps. 45:10 ('7Jty) 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 17:6 (nnXD) 2b. Ps. 77:17 la. 
 
 2Sam.l9:27 01Dn) lb. Ps. 102:8 CllilX) 2o. 
 
 1 Kgs. 11:6 (D'hSk) lb. Pro v. 8:6 3b. 
 
 2Kgs.2:24(3n) lb. Prov. 8:30 (]1DS) Ic. 
 
 Isa. 7:6 (min') 2c. Job 1:14 (Dn'T) Ic. 
 
 Isa. 9:13 (7133) 2b. Job 42:15 la. 
 
 Isa. 10:14 la. Neh. 6:12(nK133) 2b. 
 
? 8.J BY AN INDUCTIVE M£THOB. 17 
 
 8. Number. 
 
 1. a. Q^J2i''^ days; D'>lJl')f2'^ seasons; ^^^^ faces of; r\t^ signs. 
 
 6- "lp3 oxen; QIK mankind; JirPiH caravan; ♦JK fleet. [heart. 
 
 |T T T T T : t • t: 
 
 c. ^>J<T Ji>>N5 ei,e^3/ ^am; D»5J Dqje ^^^^^^ tZtMes; I'^'J 3";?7 double 
 
 2. a. D^pti' heavens; Ql^Q face, surface; D'O woier; Ml'ifiniH* iower 
 
 parts of the earth. [nl'?'7ln^2 foolishness. 
 
 6. D''?in3* virginity; D^^IlN" loveliness; DHII^J^^ childhood; 
 c. Cii^ii God; D'ty'lpi^ ^oZt/; ♦JIK iorc^/ nlOD^i* hippopofa- 
 
 3. flp3 M'foer, D'flD5^^ pieces of silver; t^J^ iree, D'VJ^^^ wooc?. [mw*. 
 Dn33" talents, n)152^^ loaves; D'PJ^3^^ footsteps, niOi^fl^" /ee< 
 (artif.). 
 
 4. "^'r? ni^J^i Aeroes o/m?or; fll^N fl'S^^ families; Q^'^K 'JS^^ so?m 
 o/ God; DH^aVi^ n'5^* <^i> idol-houses. 
 
 5. a. D*J?N ears/ D'fiN nostrils; D'JfNO pa*'' o/ scales^ D''7l^J sandals. 
 ^- D*?DV^^ period of two days; DHSS^^ iwjo talents; dnHJ^^ too 
 
 •J- J- T ■ -J--:!- 
 
 c. D'JJJ' two; jy'7^2^ double; D'S'^N *wo thousand. [rivers. 
 
 1. The plural-idea is indicated in one of three ways : — 
 a. By means of plural affixes (Q* , ' , JT)). 
 
 6. By means of words which have a collective signification (? 1.). 
 c. By the repetition of a word with or without a connective" (? 6. 3). 
 
 2. The plural-termination is often employed in Hebrew in the desig- 
 nation of ideas for which in other languages the singular is employed : — 
 
 a. Portions of space or time, "their unity being regarded as a com- 
 pound of an immense number of single particles or dates." 
 
 b. Abstract ideas, the particular quality or condition contained in 
 the stem being thus heightened or intensified ;* " closely connected with 
 these are 
 
 1 Gen. 1:14. 
 
 11 Gen. 46:34. 
 
 20 Ex. 25:12. 
 
 2 Gen. 1:14. 
 
 12 Eool. 1:17, 2:12. 
 
 silChron.7:2,9. 
 
 8 Gen. 1:2. 
 
 IS Hob. 12:1. 
 
 2S Num. 1:2. 
 
 4 Gen. 1:14. 
 
 14 Jotp 40:15. 
 
 23 Ps. 29:1. 
 
 6Ps.87:5. 
 
 16 Gen. 42:25. 
 
 2< 1 Sam. 31:9. 
 
 c 2 Kgs. 3:16. 
 
 It Gen. 22:3. 
 
 26 Ex. 16:29. 
 
 IPs. 12:3. 
 
 11 2 KgB. 6:23. 
 
 26 2 Kgs. 6:23. 
 
 msa. 44:23. 
 
 18 Judg. 8:6.1 
 
 21 Gen. 24:10. 
 
 9 Lev. 21:13. 
 
 H Ps. 119:133. 
 
 28 Job 11:6. 
 
 10 Prov. 6:19. 
 
 
 
18 HEBEEW SYNTAX [? 3. 
 
 c. Ideas of power and greatness, in which the plural magnifies or 
 increases the original idea.'* » 
 
 3. The plural form of certain nouns often conveys a different shade 
 of meaning from the singular ; and, further, ihs feminine plural of a noun 
 is sometimes used in a different sense from the masculine plural/ 
 
 4. The pluralizing of compound ideas is accomplished either by 
 pluralizing the first of two nouns, or the second, or both. 
 
 5. The dual was, in use, limited to 
 
 a. Things which in nature exist in pairs,^ or are made double by art. 
 6. Objects which are regarded as going together, especially measures 
 of time or quantity. 
 
 c. A few numerals, and anomalous forms.'' 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) This repetition indicates in some cases entirely; in others, distrWution; in still 
 others, multitude, or diversity. 
 
 (b) It is important to note the close connection, (1) between the abstract and the 
 collective, both being frequently expressed by the feminine ; and (2) between the ab- 
 stract and the plural, the latter expressing in its totality that quality which is com- 
 mon to all the units of which it is composed. 
 
 (c) The plural form of abstracts often expresses " a high degree of a given quality 
 or repeated exhibitions and embodiments of it." 
 
 (d) The use of this plural (called the plural of majesty) is limited to a few words and 
 in construction these words are generally treated as singular. 
 
 (e) Compare the plurals in the mouth of God, e. g. Gen. 1:36; 11:7; Isa. 6:8. 
 
 (/) In poetry feminine plurals are found instead of masculine, without any differ- 
 ence of meaning. 
 
 (9) The names of double members of the body often have a feminime plural termi- 
 nation instead of a dual, but only when they have been transferred to inanimate 
 objects. 
 
 (ft) Irregular are (1) ninSE' instead of DI'nSE' (Ps. 45:3; Is. 59:3); (2) D.'inDn tMio 
 walls (2 Kgs. 35:4), and (3) D^.nnS deck [double] (Bzek. 27:5). 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:9 (D'Tl) 3&. Gen. 49:13 (D'D') 2a, 
 
 Gen. 4:10 (D'm) 3 Ex. 8:10(mr:n DIDP) Ic 
 
 Gen. 11:10 (D'njty) 56. Ex. 9:32 (Dan) 3 
 
 Gen. 11:23 (DTISD) 5c. Ex. 16:12 (D'31;;) 5». 
 
 Gen. 14:10 (mX3 mS3) le. Ex. 26:17 (niT) Ba. 
 
 Gen. 21:2 cn'jpl) 2&. Ex. 29:12 (niJID) 5a. 
 
 Gen.32:17(-n;r ~nj;) Ic. Ex. 29:36 (D'laj) 26. 
 
 Gen. 37:34 (D'jnn) 5a. Le''.12:5(D';?3B') 5b. 
 
 Gen. 39:10 (DV DV) Ic. Lev. 23:40 (HlilD) 5a. 
 
 Gen. 42:30 (D'ilX) 3c. Num. 5:15 (niNJp) 2b. 
 
 Gen. 43:16 (DnnS) 56. Deut.3:5(D'n^n) 5a. 
 
 Gen. 43:30 (D'nm) 26. Deut. 8:8 (mj;ty) 3 
 
 Gen. 49:12 (D'Jt?) 5o. Deut. 12:23(01) 3 
 
? 4.] BY AN INDTTCTIVE METHOD. 19 
 
 Deut.24:6(D'm) 6a. Jer.]2;13(n''0n).. 
 
 Deut. 25:13 (pKl p8) le. Joel4a4 le. 
 
 Deut.32:7 (in in) Ic Zech. 3:9(0'' Jj; T\];^W) So. 
 
 Deut.33:T(niD'') 3 Ps.6:7(D''m) 3 
 
 Juag.5:a2 16. Ps. 
 
 1 Sam. 19:13 (D'2in) 2c. Ps. 90 
 
 1 Sam. 19:16 (niB?S1D) 2o. Ps. 90 
 
 18(D'ni31) 5c. 
 
 locnusy) s 
 
 io(nni3J) 36. 
 
 1 Sam. 22:7 CJ'D' 'J^) i Prov. 20:10 Ic. 
 
 IKgs. 7:49(D'npSn) 5a. Prov. 28:6 (D'Dn) 6&. 
 
 2Kgs.l7:29(niD3n H'S) 4 JolD 16:19 (D'Dlia) 2o. 
 
 Isa.l:3(D'S;?3) 2e. Cant. 5 :5 (ni33) 5a. 
 
 Isa. 6:2 (D'SJD tyt?) 5a. Euthl:23(D''1i;7E') 3 
 
 Isa. 7:20(D''7J1) 5a. Euth3:i(ni'7J1D) 2a. 
 
 Isa. 11:13 (ni3J3) 5a. Eccl. 5:7(n'n3J) 2c. 
 
 Isa. 19:4(D'J1X) .2c. Bool. 12:1 (yKia) 2c. 
 
 Isa. 42:22 (D'S'tS 'n3) 4 IChron. 7:5{D''b'n '3J) 4 
 
 Isa. 49:20 (D'SdI?) 2b. IChron. 12:33 Ic. 
 
 Isa. 64:5(1''tP;» 2c. 
 
 4. Determination of Nouns. 
 
 1. a. D.nVP ^mPi; |1"l?n Sebron; H'lB' Sarah; Dinfl alyss. 
 i. 'pJj« I; n; ihu; ♦p »Aof 'J^ my son; but n;tn Dl'rr. 
 
 2. a. ':)J^ ri'5 i!^ Jiouse of God; Ql'D.ii Dt/^ii the wife of Ahram; 1^2 
 
 yK'lb" the sons of Israel, 
 h- 'SJ^ *J^^ tTie affliction of my people; U'^'^'ZP 'ti'NT the heads 
 of your tribes. [war. 
 
 c. DIDXSn Djy^ the name of the place; t^'QVhtZ'n *S5'.3N* the men of 
 
 ) T - •■ T T :■-••: - 
 
 1. Certain nouns are in their very nature definite, and require no sign 
 to indicate their definiteness ; these are 
 
 a. Proper names which were not originally appellatives, and words 
 in which the appellative force, originally existing, has almost or entirely 
 been lost." 
 
 6. All pronouns (except the Demonstrative when attributive), and 
 pronominal suffixes.'' " ^ 
 
 2. Nouns may become definite (or determinate) by position or con- 
 struction,^ as in the case of 
 
 a. Nouns in the construct state before a proper noun. 
 
 b. Nouns in the construct state before a noun with a suffix. 
 
 c. Nouns in the construct state before a noun with the article. 
 
 1 Ex. 3:7. aDeut. 1:15. a Gen. 28:19. iDeut. 2:14. 
 
20 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 4. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) In many cases the usage varies; e. g. nj?bj (Num. 32:1), "[yliTy (Gen. 31:21 ff.). 
 (6) A noun with a suffix Is definite and does not receive the article; exceptions are 
 seen in Lev. 27:23; Josh. 7:21; 8:33; ZKgs. 15:16; Mlo. 2:12. 
 
 (c) The Infinitive, being essentially a verbal form, never receives the article; nj?T 
 knowledge, really a substantive is an exception (as in Gen. 2:9, 17). 
 
 (d) The following words, archaic and poetic, never receive the article: (1) rilN 
 God, (2) JI'1 prinea, (3) •'•WfiOd, (4) ''HE? the Almighty, (5) Hl'KE? underworld, (6) V^Jrl world, 
 (7) DinO obyss, (8) n^K^in Mp. 
 
 (e) Every noun in a chain of several constructs is definite, provided the last noun 
 in the chain is for any reason (§ i. 1. a. 6) definite. 
 
 3. a. DYiJ^ to-day; fl'?' yjl^ iJi'is night; DJ/fln^ this time. 
 
 h. V*n^n* *^e expanse; tl^FMl^ the ark; Jlti'Kn^ the woman; 
 
 "^ !■ T|T T ■• - T • It 
 
 '"IJI 'rh'n ii'? ^IB'K tJ^Xn' <^ man who hath not walked, etc. 
 
 n^DNSn'riNI tJ^NrrriNI^ the Jlre and the knife (required for 
 
 the sacrifice). 
 c. DD'lJTriNI DIDIl'Di^^ the horses and the chariots (of the enemy). 
 
 fl'J^ltfn npni^" and she took the veil (usually worn by women). 
 ^- ^JWSr?-'-^ the Canaanite; ^"IHIl "75^^^^^^ *^^ sword devours; 
 
 np33i3 lij^ oxen; On'^irT •l^'.tJ'i^p "^tJ^'N^" «« ^ees do; 
 
 IDn"? lOnn^^ sUme for mortar; ^Hfni^ gold; 
 
 "I T •■ T T - 
 
 DniJD3" writh blindness; tit't^f^]) f^DHtl^^ truth and peace. 
 
 ■■■■■ - - T - : V v:|T 
 
 e. r\'',^n^^ the house; P^KjT" the ark; D'ii'?N|Ti «Ae G<od 
 
 D'O^iT^ Aeaueji/ •^J^^iT^ £aal! nitl^ Spirit! 
 
 D»pl2^n25 the heaven; C'Oti'.T^ <^e sm»; pKH^^ «Ae cart^; 
 
 JU^'pn^^ Lebanon (= <^ loAiie); J'Ti^*r|29 Jordan (= i^e <Zesce«cZer). 
 /• iiOn^" that which encompasses; D'tTDSn^^ (Aej/ who trust. 
 
 nSOn'^ (*^^ ^^'^^ ^*^ ^<""^' (N)1D'?nri^* ^^e?/ wAo wait. 
 
 1 Gen. 4:14. u 2 Sam. U:25. m 1 Kgs. 18:26. 
 
 2 Gen. 19 :5. is Isa. 11 :7. a Ezek. 37 :9. 
 » Gen. 29:33. uDeut.l:44. m Gen. 1:1. 
 
 4 Gen. 1:7. u Gen. 11:3. ss Gen. 15:12. 
 
 6 Gen. 6 :14. i6 Gen. 2 :11. !!i Gen. 1 :1. 
 
 6 Ex. 2:9. "Gen. 19:1L =8 1 Kgs. 5:20,23. 
 
 '1*8.1:1. isZech. 8:19. 29 Gen. 13:10. 
 
 8 Gen. 22:6. "Mic. 3:12. so Gen. 2:11. 
 
 9 1 Kgs. 20:21. 20 Ex. 25:14. si Ps. 126:1. 
 10 Gen. 24:86. 21 Gen. 6:22. S2 Gen. 18:21. 
 "Gen. 13:7. »iDeut.38:l. m Josh. 10:24. 
 
] 4.] BY AN INDtrCTIVB METHOD. 
 
 21 
 
 3. Nouns, not determinate in themselves or by position, may be made 
 determinate by prefixing the article. The article, as thus employed, may 
 be classified and named as follows : — 
 
 a. The demonstrative, which was the original use, but is now found 
 only in a few stock expressions. 
 
 6. The objective, including those cases in which the article occurs 
 with an object or person, 
 
 (1) which has just been described in the narrative ; or 
 
 (2) which is described by words (particularly, a relative clause) 
 which immediately follow ; or 
 
 (3) which is defined more or less closely by the circumstances 
 involved in the particular case. 
 
 c. The subjective, used with nouns which, though in no way de- 
 scribed, are definite in the writer's mind and, consequently, supposed 
 to be so in the mind of the reader.'' 
 
 d. The generic, used with words which describe a class of objects, or 
 several objects of a class ; here may be noted, 
 
 (1) the more general use of the generic article "with a common 
 appellative, which is used collectively to denote all, or an in- 
 definite number of, the individuals belonging to it ;" 
 
 (2) its special use in comparisons, when the object compared is 
 taken as a class and not as an individual ; 
 
 (3) its special use, also with nouns of material and class-nouns, 
 which are generally known and employed in a general sense ;^ 
 
 (4) its special use with abstract nouns, employed in their widest 
 significance. 
 
 e. The distinctive, used to convey the idea of pre-eminence, as when 
 
 (1) a particular object, of a certain class, is made to have a pre- 
 eminence over all other objects in that class ; or 
 
 (2) a noun in the vocative is, by its use, made more pointed ; or 
 
 (3) a particular object or individual is emphasized as being the 
 only one in a class ; or 
 
 (4) a proper name, originally an appellative, continues to retain 
 the article which it first received because it was regarded (see 
 (1) above) as the chief member of its class (cf. I 4. 1. a).« 
 
 /. The relative, which, when prefixed to the participle (and, rarely^ 
 to a finite form), has the general force of a relative pronoun. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) In these oases the Idea may often be well expressed by the employment of an 
 unemphatio possessive pronoun. 
 
22 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 5. 
 
 (6) With this may be compared oases like a''bs'n (Gen. U:13), nSH (1 Sam. 17:34), 
 antni =1033 njpDa (Gen. 13:3), in which the Individual, though really indeterminate, 
 is to.be represented as being made definite by the context. 
 
 (c) In the case of many such nouns the usage varies. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:11 36. IKgs. 8:1; 20:15 3 
 
 Gen. 13:2; 14:13; 15:11; 41:42 Sd. IKgs. 20:21 3b. 
 
 Gen. 16:7; 28:19 2 2Kgs. 18:15 2 
 
 Gen. 24:65, 66; 26:8 36. Isa.l:18; 10:14; 22:18; 29:21; 40:31; 42:13 
 
 Gen.21:3 8/. 49:18 3d. 
 
 Gen.30:lS, 20 .' 3a. Isa.9:2 3c. 
 
 Gen. 31:21 (inari) 36. Isa.9:12; 27:6; 28:16 3/. 
 
 Gen. 47:31 3c. Isa.lO:2,12 2 
 
 Ex.2:14,15; 8:2,5; 7:18,21 36. Jer.l3:l,2 36. 
 
 Ex. 2:15; 3:2 3c. Jer. 46:9 3e. 
 
 Ex. 8:1 3(J. Hos.l4:6,7, 8 3d. 
 
 Ex. 9:27 3a. Joell:14{pSn) 36. 
 
 Ex. 20:12; 21:5; 23:3 36. Mio.4:9 3d. 
 
 Num. 14:45; 21:23; 23:14,38 36. Zech. 3:1 ([BBTI) 3e. 
 
 Num. 23:32 3c. Zech. 3:5 36. 
 
 Deut. 3:4 36. Zech. 3:8 3e. 
 
 Deut.4:l; 21:3,4; 22:19 2 Zech. 8:19 3d. 
 
 Deut. 8:14 3/. Mai. 3:5; 3d. 
 
 Josh.4:19; 12:2,5,9 36. Ps 19:11; 103:4; 104:3 Sf. 
 
 Josh. 15:47 (DTI) 36. Ps. 49:15 3d. 
 
 1 Sam. 1:3 3b. Job 5:10 3/. 
 
 1 Sam. 13:17 3a. Job 28:12 3d. 
 
 ISam. 17:34 3d. Eccl.3:17; 10:18 3d. 
 
 2 Sam. 14:4 3e. Ezra 8:35; 10:14, 17 3/. 
 
 2 Sam. 19:27 36. IChron. 36:28 3/. 
 
 IKgs. 1:47 3c. 
 
 5. Determination of Nouns (cont.). 
 
 1- rrpn'7Qn ''p^'^^ the men of war; N'^IH "^21^ the prophet' s word. 
 a- "inn ^'3^ the whole generation; Di^H "^b* (M the people; 
 
 Tl35"73'' every Jirst-born; t*J7"72® every tree. 
 &• 'TP'n-|5^ the Benjamite; ♦pfl'prT n»5^ the Bethlehemite. 
 
 2. "^njin T"|}<arr^ the great luminary; n'^XH Onmni" these things; 
 
 'J?*5^'rt Dl'l^ the seventh day; J<!l,1 n'?'!?^^^ in that night. 
 
 3. nnX "7015 a basJcet; IHK tJ^'N" « man; IIIN N'^Jis a prophet. 
 
 1 Num. 31:49. 6 Lev. 19:33. n Gen. 2:2. 
 
 2 Jer. 28:9. ijudg. 3:15. la Gen. 19:33. 
 s Ex. 1:6. si Sam. 17 :68. is Ex. 29 :3. 
 
 4 Ezek. 45 :16. 9 Gen. 1 :16. m Judg. 13 :2. 
 
 6 Ex. 13:2. 10 Gen. 15:1. is 1 Kgs. 30:13. 
 
? 5.] BY M! INDUCTITE METHOD. 23 
 
 4. |^'1N"'3?D^ kings of the earth; Ip^ ilDK^ <^ morning comes. 
 
 1. An idea, expressed by means of two nouns in the construct rela- 
 tion, is made definite by prefixing the article to the second noun."'' 
 Worthy of notice, however, is 
 
 a. (1) The use of the article after '72, when this word means all or 
 
 whole. 
 (2) The absence of the article after "^S, when it means any or 
 every," 
 
 b. The use of the article with the second part of a compound word. 
 
 2. An adjective or demonstrative pronoun, connected attributively 
 with a definite noun, must be marked as definite by having the article 
 prefixed.^ 
 
 3. Indefiniteness is expressed by the numeral nPlK, rarely, however, 
 and chiefly in later writers.* 
 
 4. The article may be omitted in poetry, when in prose it would be 
 required ; this omission is explained by the brevity, vividness and em- 
 phasis characteristic of poetic style. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) When the first of two nouns expressing one Idea Is to be marked as Indefinite, 
 a construction with the preposition 7 is employed (§ 9. 5). 
 
 (b) On the occurrence of the article with the first of two nouns in the construct 
 relation, see § 9. 3. 
 
 (e) Compare the similar usage of ndc aU or every. 
 
 (d) There are not a few exceptions to this, the article being sometimes omitted 
 from the noun, sometimes from the attributive. 
 
 (e) This numeral is sometimes found in the construct relation with the noun 
 which it limits (of. Job 3 :10) ; its use with things is more rare than with persons 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:31; 10:12; 19:25; 28:19; 30:16; ISam. 3:23; 14:39; 17:12 2 
 
 32:23 3 lSam.l6:18 lb. 
 
 Gen.7:21; 36:4 lo. 2Sam.6:3; 13:4 2 
 
 Gen. 33:19 1 lKgs.l9:4 3 
 
 Ex. 20:4 la. Isa.l:5; 13:7; 38:34 la. 
 
 Lev. 7:27; 14:45 la. Isa.lO:l; 34:13 4 
 
 Num. 9:7 3 Neh. 1:5 4 
 
 Num. 35:33 la. Hab.l:4.. 4 
 
 Deut.l:35; 9:6; 11:7. 3 Zech.l4:15 la. 
 
 Deut. U:12 * Ps. 12:8 2 
 
 Josh. 3:13 la- Ps. 73:17; 148:10 4 
 
 Judg.6:U !*• Job 9:24 4 
 
 1 Sam. 1:1 3 Dan. 8:3, 13 3 
 
 1 Ps. 3:2. ' Isa. 21:12. 
 
24 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 8. 
 
 6. Apposition of Nouns. 
 
 1. a. i^\£f^i|^ "IDSn^ the oxen the brass = the brazen oxen; 713X3(1 
 
 •. J : - )t T - 
 
 D'O^ = the deluge (of) water. [offerings, 
 
 i- ilDX DHQN^ words, truth = true words; W'dl^f D'H^f* peacen 
 c. 7 W3 nKiT the land (of) Canaan; ri"lS "111^(1^ <^e river Euphrates 
 
 I ^-J- : I VJT T T ; T T - 
 
 d> nJ0*7X ntS^K'^ a woman, a widow; DtJ^ V Nty^^ greenness, herb. 
 
 T T ; - T ■ V ^" V -IV 
 
 «. n3D0 D^O^^ ^«3/5j « number; Q^O* D^iUtJ^^** ^^o i/eotrs, time. 
 
 T : ■ • T ■ T -J- T : 
 
 2. HDD D*ND a''?B''-^ «^»-ee seaAs, meal; D'O' HtJ^'^tJ'^^ « <"a^. days. 
 
 - |jv ■ : : ■ T T ; 
 
 D'Jty )^5ti'^^ ««^«'» 2/eara; DHJ^B' nfl*K" an ephah, barley. 
 
 3. a. IKQ nf<P5^^ *" ^*fl'^ degree, high degree; HiiiJl HrtD^^* i"'o««^^2/, 
 
 proudly. [generation. 
 
 b. i^^yi^ ny5^^^ seven by seven; "i"! "lIQ^* from generation to 
 
 c. JlhNS ri~lN3^^ many wells; D'llJl DOJ^" many ditches. 
 
 d. ri^fl in^J "^njiri lllir?^^ the great river, the river Euphrates. 
 
 T ; - : T - T T - 
 
 Apposition, because of a scarcity of adjectives, and a desire for brev- 
 ity, is of much more frequent occurrence, and of far wider range in He- 
 brew, than in languages generally. The various kinds of apposition may 
 be grouped as follows : — 
 
 1. Cases in which the first of two nouns contains the principal idea, 
 the second being added for fuller explanation."'' Here belong the instan- 
 ces in which 
 
 a. The first noun denotes a thing, the second, the material of which 
 that thing is composed. 
 
 b. The first noun denotes a thing, the second, a quality of it. 
 
 c. The first noun denotes a, person or thing, the second, its name.o 
 
 d. The first noun denotes a genus, the second, a species; or the sec- 
 ond gives a more precise idea than the first. 
 
 e. The first noun denotes a thing, the second, the number, weight, 
 or measure of it."* ^ 
 
 1 2 Kgs. 16 :17. 8 Gen. 1 :12. 16 Gen. 17 :2. 
 
 a Gen. 6 :17. 9 Deut. i :27. is 1 Sam. 2 :3. 
 
 sProv. 22:21. lo Gen. 41:1. "Gen. 7:2. 
 
 4 Ex. 24:9. u Gen. 18:6. is Ex. 17:16. 
 
 6Num. 34:a 12 1 Sam. 30:13. "Gen. 14:1(X 
 
 elChron. 6:9. is Gen. 5:7. M2 Kgs. 3:16. 
 
 ' 2 Sam. 14 :8k " Euth 2 :17. n Gen. IB :18. 
 
2 6.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 25 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Where the first noun is definite, and the second indefinite, the latter may be 
 regarded as an accusative .of limitation (of. 8 40. 2); of. 1 Chron. 28:18; Ps. 71:7; Hah. 
 3:8;Lev.26:42; Jer. 33:2. 
 
 (h) The apposltional relation is, at times, so loose that one or more words may 
 stand between the nouns thus connected. 
 
 (c) Sometimes the "name" is the first noun (Isa. 37:2); if the "name "is the sec- 
 ond noun and a preposition stands before the first, the preposition must be repeated 
 before the second (Gen. 24:4; cf . Gen. 22:20). 
 
 (d) For all these oases, there are parallel cases in which, by the introduction of 
 a copula, a complete sentence Is formed; of . Gen. 1:2; 11:1; 14:10; 47:9; Ex. 9:31; 
 Deut. 33:6; 2 Sam. 17:3; Isa. 5:12; 19:11; Jer. 24:2: Ezek. 45:11; Ps. 23:5; 45:9; 110:3. 
 
 (e) WhUe nouns like i3 all, Tif there is, and ['K tMre is not generally stand in the 
 construct relation with what follows, they sometimes stand in apposition with a follow- 
 ing, and rarely with a preceding, noun. 
 
 2. Cases in wliicli the second word conveys the principal idea, the first 
 marking the measure, weight, or number of it."* 
 
 3. Cases in which the first word is simply repeated. [Here belong 
 those instances in which the second word is a pronoun repeating a pre- 
 ceding noun, OT a moM»i repeating a preceding ^ronowra (whether expressed, 
 or implied in a verbal form) (see 2 11. 1. o).] The apposltional repetition 
 serves 
 
 a. To express emphasis, intensity. 
 
 b. To express distribution, entirety. 
 
 c. To express multitude. 
 
 d. To afford an opportunity for the addition of a new idea without 
 rendering the construction faulty .« 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) In the great majority of cases under this head, the construct relation may be 
 employed (S 8. 2). 
 
 (b) It is probable that the second noun, in these oases, is an accusative of limita- 
 tion (8 40. 5), rather than in apposition. 
 
 (c) The two constructions, apposition and annexion (i. b., the construct relation), 
 are closely related. In the expression of many Ideas the one or the other may be 
 used according to choice. Apposition was the earlier construction, and out of It grew 
 annexion, 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 6:17 Id- Ex. 8:10 36. 
 
 Gen.9:4; 39:1,2 Id. Ex.9:8; 16:32 2 
 
 Gen. 10:21 3a. Ex. 16:5; 23:30 3b. 
 
 Gen. 22:20; 24:4 le. Ex. 25:35; 36:4 36. 
 
 Gen. 25:30; 35:14 3d. Ex. 27:16; 29:40 le. 
 
 Gen.32:17 ^- Ex,28:17; 39:17 ^a. 
 
 Ex. 1:19 !<*• Lev. 6:13 lib. 
 
26 HBBEEW SYNTAX [I 7. 
 
 Num. 5:16 2 IKgs. 7:12 ll- 
 
 Num. 7:13; 15:4,6 lo. IKgs. 18:32 S 
 
 Num. 15:4-7 le. 2Kgs.3:4 2 
 
 Num. 17:17,21 36. Isa. 6:3 Sa. 
 
 Num. 21:14 •■■le. Isa. 10:7. 1«- 
 
 Num. 28:13 3&. Isa. 30:20 lo. 
 
 Deut. 2:27; 28:43 3a. Isa.37:2 Ic. 
 
 Deut. 3:5 la. Jer. 7:4 3a. 
 
 Deut. 22:23 Id. Jer. 10:10; 25:15 U>. 
 
 Deut. 34:6 Ic. Bzek. 16:27 16. 
 
 Josh. 13:5 Ic. Ezek. 21:14 3d. 
 
 Judg. 5:30 36. Bzek. 21:32 3a. 
 
 Judg. 5:22 3a. Ezek. 24:6 35. 
 
 1 Sam. 3:1; 4:1 Ic. Joel 4:14 3c. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:24 3o. Zech.l:13 16 
 
 2 Sam. 10:7 lb. Ps. 120:2 16." 
 
 2 Sam. 17:5 3a. Neh.2:ll le. 
 
 2 Sam. 24:24 le. lChron.9:32 36. 
 
 IKgs. 4:1 Ic. 
 
 7. The Nominative Absolute. 
 
 1. n^^m ^)> n'./*^ 2?^' '"f^^ 'i^>? n??C^ *^^ ^^^ ^■p'"* «'^*'=^ 
 
 ihon art lying, — to thee will J give it. 
 
 2. DDfl33 W^i rtDtyn 'Ja D^tlf^ Shechem my son— his soul hath 
 
 :■ : ■ : : - |t ; |t • : v : 
 
 longed for your daughter- 
 
 3. D'rt7K ri*5 I7 (13*0 tl^'Kn' the man Micah, — to him was a house 
 
 ... ^ . . ^ 
 
 of God. 
 
 4. TlilK 'nn^ n^rr '4^ I—hehold my covenant is with thee. 
 
 5. r\^)m ^V n{<!t") nr)K-ii^>< p.Nrr-'73-nK^ aii the und wUch 
 
 thou seest — to thee J will give it. 
 
 6. D^nb^rr Nin mn*" Yahweh, he is the God; in'?m Nin mrr" 
 
 •••:|T T-:|- 
 
 Tahweh, He is his inheritance; ^|3.!ir7 NIH DIH^ the blood, THAT is 
 the life. 
 7. on D''d7tif li^iiil Wp^'^tV these m^n—they are at peace; 
 
 Xin trrK nj/IS 01*711^° the dream of Pharaoh— it is one; [holy. 
 Nin ti^lp DlpSn^^ the place (upon which thou standest) — it is 
 
 1 Gen. 28:13. <i Gen. 17:4. 'Deut. 10:9. lo Gen. 41:25. 
 
 2 Gen. 34:8. » Gen. 13:16. s Deut. 13:23. "Josh. 5:15. 
 
 s Judg. 17 :5. 61 Kgs. 18 :39. s Gen. 34 :21. 
 
« 7'] BY AN rNDtrCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 27 
 
 For the sake of emphasis, and for the avoidance of unwieldy sentences, 
 a noun or pronoun is frequently placed at the beginning of the sentence 
 with no grammatical relation to the other words of the sentence, but rep- 
 resented in the body of the sentence by a pronominal suffix. This noun 
 or pronoun is said to be a Nominative Absolute. The various cases may 
 be classified as follows :— 
 
 1. Where this nominative absolute is, logically, the object of the sen- 
 tence. 
 
 2. Where it is, logically, the subject of the sentence. 
 
 3. Where it is, logically, the object of a preposition occurring farther 
 along in the sentence. 
 
 4. Where it is a pronoun, and is, logically, the subject or object of the 
 sentence, or a genitive after a noun. 
 
 5. Where it is preceded by JHii, the sign of the object. 
 
 6. Where, standing as the logical subject, it is resumed by the pro- 
 noun J<in, which then, though really the grammatical subject of the fol- 
 lowing predicate, is practically equivalent to a copula. 
 
 7. A similar usage to that just given, except that the pronoun follows, 
 instead of preceding, the predicate. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:14, 19; 9:18 6 lSam.9:13; 35:29 5 
 
 Gen. 15:2; 42:6 6 1 Sam. 13:23 4 
 
 Gen. 21:13 1,5 2 Sam. 23:6 2 
 
 Gen. 24:27; 43:11 4 2Kgs.9:27 5 
 
 Gen. 26:15 1 Isa.l:T 1 
 
 Gen. 47:31 5 lea. 1:13 7 
 
 Gen. 48:7; 49:8 4 laa. 9:1; 15:7 1 
 
 Gen. 30:33; 31:16 7 l8a.9:14; 33:6 6 
 
 Gen. 45:30; 47:6 7 Isa. 11:10; 19:17... 3 
 
 Lev. 3:4 5 Isa. 13:17 3 
 
 Lev. 7:7,33 3 Isa. 41:39 2 
 
 Deut. 3:33; 7:15 1 lea. 42:3; 53:4. 1 
 
 Deut. 14:37 1 Isa. 49:31 7 
 
 Deut. 18:14 3 Isa. 51:32 5 
 
 Deut. 32:4 4 Jer.l3:27 1 
 
 Deut. 33:17 8 Ps.46:5 2 
 
 Josh.5:15; 6:19 7 Ps. 90:10 3 
 
 Josh.9:13 1 Job 17:15.., 1 
 
 lSam.3;ll 3 Job 22:8 3 
 
28 HEBEBW SYNTAX [2 8. 
 
 8. ANNEXION; OR THE CONSTRUCT RELATION. 
 
 1. a. 05*"!! DOrj^ cruelty of (= done by) your hands; D^J<^! 2!? "^if^ 
 
 the imagination of man's heart; DD'^HiD^ your fear (= which you 
 have); IJi'Ji^S* his vexation. 
 *• |1J3'7 DOn° c««€Z«2/ of [= done to) Lebanon; ^Mit^ DilO^ report 
 about Saul; D^flfl' fear of(= concerning) you; CilD PlDV\^ (^^V 
 concerning Sodom. 
 
 2. a. DH'^IC'' ihey two {not, two of them); fliN/tpn 'JtJ'" '^e iwo Zmoti- 
 
 naries; D^Ql)}'? 'ilJJ'^''^ '^oo peoples; D'")^!! JJ''?tl'^^ '^e *Aree ct<te». 
 6. YJ^n-'72^^ all (of) «Ae tree(s); Dl'^t!''" I'H^* mwA (of) peace; 
 
 3/'n 'T^ enoM^rA (of) milk; cf. also n'?3 '^N^t?'!^^ aii of Israel. 
 c. DjyflJ? DDtl?^' their food is for themselves; O*?* 'JS^* wiw pre«- 
 
 ence {== J myself) shall go; ntil DINT Wi^^ that very day ; D^I^. 
 
 D'DtJT?^" heaven itself. 
 
 •J- T - 
 
 <^- *13pO I'N^^ without number; HDIl'PP ^N^^ without war; '^3 
 {J,»!l2'^23 toVAom* clothing; TV^ti 'h'2^ unanointed; ^Qtif^ ♦'p^^S 
 unheard; *7ii~iib^^ a, nan- God; rX)f2''7ii^'' immortality; fi'^S 
 
 vjt ~ : 
 
 n^^N^^ yyithout enmity. 
 
 T 
 
 «• nirt^ "^5"^ Di*5^' 01 the day (that) Jehovah spake. 
 DDK 1JD vTrrin 'D'^* <Ae day* we walked with them. 
 NTK DV" «^e cZay //eor; n'lSB'J ilj^^^ <Ae iime <Aom was* broken. 
 
 3. o. ♦pin D1^' the innocent blood; rfili N*J^* a large ravine; Jl'S 
 
 •71^35 a large house; 153 '^♦riSS « strong force; S^'ilp DIpP'^ <Ae 
 holy place; J?"! Htl'N^' « ^cw^ woman; |1tOpn ''?5^' '^* smallest vessels. 
 
 1 Ps. 58:3. 
 
 11 Gen. 25:23. 
 
 21 Gen. 41:49. 
 
 31 Ps. 66:4. 
 
 2Gen. 8:a. 
 
 12 Num. 35:14. 
 
 22 1KgB.22:l. 
 
 32 Ezek. 27:34. 
 
 3 Prov. 1:26. 
 
 J3 Gen. 1:29. 
 
 33 Job 24:10. 
 
 33 Deut. 19:13. 
 
 < Prov. 12:16. 
 
 "Ps. 37:11. 
 
 24 2 Sam. 1:21. 
 
 34Zeoh.l4:4. 
 
 i!Hab.2:17. 
 
 16 Prov. 27:27. 
 
 25 Ps. 19:4. 
 
 ss2Kgs.25:9. 
 
 e 2 Sam. 1:1. 
 
 16 2 Sam. 2:9. 
 
 26 Dent. 32:5, 17, 21. 
 
 36 2Kgs.l8:17. 
 
 7 Gen. 9:2. 
 
 "Ho8.9:4. 
 
 21 Prov. 12:38. 
 
 s'Eooles. 8:10. 
 
 8 Gen. 18:20. 
 
 18 Ex. 33:14. 
 
 28 Num. 35:22b. 
 
 38 Prov. 6:24. 
 
 9 Gen. 2:25. 
 
 "Gen. 7:13. 
 
 29 Ex. 6:28. 
 
 39 Isa. 22:24. 
 
 10 Gen. 1:16. 
 
 » Ex. 24:10. 
 
 «>1 Sam. 25:15. 
 
 
S 8.] BY AN INDUCnVE METHOD. 29 
 
 6- £3^P ^tyCi^ few people; Q^H ^D'T hlood shed causelessly; 
 
 ^^^j^P ^<f7if * God from near; TDfl H*?!^* continual offering. 
 c- n"J3 *iriJ^ <^e river Euphrates; ♦I'^H tODt?'® *^« <«'&« of Levi. 
 
 d. "^T? *113J'' a sirowgr ^ro/ t*^ ?1"1N* a wooden chest; 
 tJ^'ip '"TJ?* Ji^h garments; flpD ^'7''?^^*' «*?««• idols. 
 
 e. On^T ty'N^^ a« eloquent man; T\'\'d7V\T\ 'l^flP' having dreams; 
 "j'n ''^SP sons of strength; Th''^~]'2^^ son of a night; 
 
 nj^ nlNO typil'D^^ (Noah was) a son of five hundred years = 
 five hundred years old. 
 /• DIN ''^ti^^ the anointed of men; DIN 'JV3N" the poor of men; 
 
 T T ■■ ■ ; T T ■' : V 
 
 DIN N'lS^* « w*^*^ ass of a man; t^J^V N^fl^* « wonder of a covnv- 
 sellor. 
 4. a. nj^ni DDDn^" wwciowi an(i knowledge; |»»p {<'?') fl'ID?!'''-^^ 
 
 ^- ilN ri7JJ?3 ntJ'N^^ OS woman possessed of a spirit; M*^ JIS D 7in3.^ 
 
 c. mm^ ♦» niB'-riN^* wAo«e ox have i taken? oti^ HQ-noDn.^ 
 
 : |j-T V V T V - : T 
 
 That relation between two nouns which is indicated in Latin or Greek 
 by placing the second noun in fhe ^genitive, is expressed in Hebrew by 
 pronouncing the two words as one." As a result of this, the tone passes 
 to the second word, and the first word is, if possible, shortened. This 
 construction may for convenience be called annexion.^ The varieties of 
 annexion may be classified as follows : — 
 
 1. Cases in which the two nouns, thus joined, contain distinct ideas of 
 equal value ; this is seen 
 
 a. When the second noun designates a person or thing which is the 
 subject or possessor of that which is indicated by the preceding noun." 
 
 h. When the second noun designates the object of an action or feel- 
 ing expressed by the preceding noun. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The remnants of original case-endings are quite numerous (El. § 121. 1-3), but 
 these remnants (except in the case of the accusative n_) no longer have any signi- 
 fication. 
 
 iDeut. Za:6. «Deut. 10:1. "Jon. 4:10. zolsa. 33:6. 
 
 2lKg8. 2:31. 9 Ex. 28:2. i« Gen. 6:32. «ilsa. 51:21. 
 
 sjer. 23:23. lo Isa. 2:20. leMlc. 6:4. 32 1 Sam. 28:7. 
 
 1 Num. 28:6. n Ex. 4:10. "Isa. 29:19. "Isa. 37:22. 
 
 e Gen. 15:18. 12 Gen. 37:19. "Gen 16:12. 2*1 Sam. 12:3. 
 
 • Josh. 13:33. uDeut. 3:18. w Isa. 9:65. 26jer.8:9. 
 : Judg. U:l. 
 
30 HEBEEW STNTAX [? 8. 
 
 (5) A noun with a pronominal suffix is to te regarded, syntactically, as in annexion 
 with that sulHx. 
 
 (c) Because of their inflexibility, proper names are seldom found in annexion with 
 a following noun. In cases like mtya 11K Ur {ctty) of the Chaldees (Gen. 11:28), niri' 
 r\lS3V Jehovah (God) of hosts, there is an ellipsis to be suppUed (cf . 3 Sam. 5:10). 
 
 2. Cases in which the second of two nouns, thus joined, is the more 
 important, the first merely indicating its number, size, nature, etc.; this 
 is seen, 
 
 a. In the usage of numerals 2-10, which may stand in the construct 
 state before the substantive which they number." 
 
 b. In the usage of certain nouns, e. g., 73 totality, y~\ abundance, 
 ♦^ sufficiency, which have almost come to have the force of adjectives.b 
 
 c. In the usage of certain commonly occurring nouns as "purely 
 mental concepts," e. g., ti'fiJ, D*J3 and C^V = self (the first used of 
 animate objects, the second of persons, the third of inanimate objects); cf. 
 also '^)p = voice o/= Hark!<^ <* « 
 
 d. In the usage of words designating the existence or non-existence 
 of a nominal idea ; e. g., tJ" there exists, pX and 'fl/S non-existence (and 
 in poetry, 5^*7, "^X and '"p^) = without, in-, un-, -less;f "73 solitariness. 
 
 e. In that usage which permits a noun expressing in a general way 
 place, time, manner to stand in annexion with a following relative clause 
 (in which, however, the relative may be omitted).o 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) For other constructions which the numeral may have, see 8 16. 1. h. 
 
 (6) In reference to Si the following points may be noted : (I) It regularly precedes 
 In the construct the noun It modifies (Isa. 3:2), but (2) sometimes follows with the idea 
 of the modified noun repeated in the form of a pronominal sufSx (2 Sam. 3:9); and (3) 
 rarely occurs with the article after a preceding noun in the construct state (Isa. 29 :11). 
 
 (c) For examples of this use of Sip, see Cant. 2:8; 5:2; Ps. 29:3-9 (?). 
 
 (d) The common use of tySJ with sufOxes to express a reflexive idea is to be noted; 
 e. g., 'tyaj I myself, QtlISi they themselves. 
 
 (6) Compare also some of the Indefinite uses of ^3^ thi/ny, for which, however, see 
 the lexicon. 
 
 if) The use of XT and iK in poetry to form a noun with an exactly opposite mean- 
 ing to that conveyed by the noun itself, is not uncommon (cf. Deut. 32:5, 17, 31; Amos 
 6:13). 
 
 (ff) See, more in detail, g 18. 2. 
 
 3. Cases in which the Jirst of two words, thus joined, is the more im- 
 portant, the second merely indicating its character, number, size, or con- 
 tents; this is seen, 
 
 a. When the second word is an adjective. This use is late, and occurs 
 chiefly in the case of a few common adjectives like "^HJ, \Dp-i ^ID, J^"!" 
 
? 8.] BY AN htductite method. 31 
 
 6. When the second word is an attributive word, whether noun, ad- 
 verb or prepositional phrase. 
 
 c. When the second word, a proper noun, is the name of the first 
 
 d. When the second word is used " by circumlocution to describe a 
 property of the first." This usage is very common on account of the 
 scarcity of adjectives. 
 
 e. When the second word, a neuter or abstract noun, is joined to a 
 preceding general noun like ^>K, "^J^S, Di T\%, denoting possessor, 
 origin, derivation." 
 
 f. When the second word designates the whole of which the first 
 noun is a part;f or when the second word is a literal term, the first being 
 figurative A 
 
 4. Peculiar and rare is the occurrence of a construct, 
 
 a. Before the conjunction I and. 
 
 b. With a noun which, in sense, is in apposition with it. 
 
 c. Before the interrogative pronoun .« 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The adjective In this case Is really treated like a neuter noun. Compare 
 ['P^n T the right hand, In which the word fp', originally an adjective, has become a 
 suhstantive. 
 
 (6) Here, of course, the appositional construction Is much more common. 
 
 (c) Compare the peculiar cases of this construction seen in Isa. 5:11; Eccles. 13:11. 
 
 (d) For oases in which three or more nouns are joined together by annexion, see 
 Gen. 40:3; «:9; Josh. 3:15; Judg. 9:1; Isa. 10:12. 
 
 (e) The form inX (e. g., In Z Sam. 17:32) is sometimes used as an absolute and not 
 as a construct. 
 
 (/) On the use of the preposition |D from to express the partitive idea, see the 
 lexicon. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:16 16. Deut.4::43; 33:6 2(J. 
 
 Gen.4:19; 5:8; 19:1; 33:3 3a. Deut. 19:18 3d. 
 
 Gen.7:6; 14:13; 15:3; 37:3 3e. Deut.a3:l 36. 
 
 Gen. 8:5; 24:13; 43:11 3/. Deut.33:19 4b. 
 
 Gen. 14:10 4Z). Josh. 9:13 .26. 
 
 Gen. 15:18 So. 1 Sam. 1:16; 30:31 3e. 
 
 Gen. 17:23 3c. 1 Sam. 3:13 2e. 
 
 Gen. 19:4; 31:8 26. 1 Sam. 5:12 la. 
 
 Gen. 24:33 4c. 2 Sam. 16:8 3e. 
 
 Gen.39:20; 40:3 36. 2Sam. 17:11 2c. 
 
 Ex. 4:13 26. 2 Sam. 20:19 46. 
 
 Ex. 20:9; 26:3 3a. lKgs.l:52; 2:26 3«. 
 
 Ex. 21:3; 24:14 36. IKgs. 21:19 ge. 
 
 Ex. 34:1; 38:30 3^. lEa.l:ll 26. 
 
 Num. 5:18 3a. Isa.5:9; 10:15 2d. 
 
32 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 9. 
 
 Isa. 13:4: la. Ps. 2:9; 21:4; 36:12; 45:7 34 
 
 lBa.22:4; 41:16; 63:3 Be. Ps.l7:8; 55:24; 72:4 36. 
 
 Isa. 28:9 36. Ps.43:l 2d. 
 
 laa. 35:2 ia. Ps. 78:49 3o. 
 
 Isa. 46:2 2c. Ps. 81:6 2e. 
 
 Jer. 22:33; 48:36 2e. ProT.l:7 1*. 
 
 Jer. 44:28 4c. Prov. 2:19; 24:26 3a. 
 
 Jer. 48:41 3/. Prov.3:25; 26:2 3b. 
 
 Ezek. 1:1 3c. Prov. 5:23. 2S. 
 
 Ezek. 13:2 3b. Prov. 10:24 la. 
 
 Ezek. 26:10 4a. Prov. 22:24 3e. 
 
 Ezek. 27:6; 32:10 3e. Job 5:7; 11:2; 34:10; 41:20 3e. 
 
 Ezek. 29:2 2b. Job 6:14 lb. 
 
 Hos. 1:2 2e. Job 21:23 2c. 
 
 Hos.3:l la. Job 34:13 2b. 
 
 Amos 5:2 3c. Cant. 7:10 3a. 
 
 Obad. 1:10. lb. Eccles. 1:13. 30. 
 
 9. Annexion (continued). 
 
 1. a. 'lii'il nj^")-"^ keeper of sheep; D'4.*i^ D'l^ND^ enlightening the eyes; 
 
 ♦Qi^ '"^DN^ consumers of my people; *l£3^ '111** ^o^" QO down to 
 the dust. 
 
 b. D'rl'^K n3p^ stricken of God; D^ "IQ® despised hy the people; 
 fiPS'DJpP^ l>ought mth money; ^"Ifl *50^ slain hy the sword. 
 
 c. n^-l^y slow of speech; ep}7 Ht!/^^'' stiff of neck; D^'^DDri;" 
 ri'?nn H'^M^'^^ fearful in praises; HOH'^D ^HD^^ dead in battle. 
 
 ■ : T T T : ■ " ■■ 
 
 2. a. D*Qn 'JS^* fnce of the waters; flpV nn'5^^ to the house of Joseph. 
 &• Q'2hj2''ii''^l^^P'>'ophets out of their own heart; Vi3'?j|2 HH^^ moM»- 
 
 tains in Grilhoa; "j^ ^Dlll^^ those trusting in him; H'S"? rO^D'-® on 
 the right of the house. 
 c- '[''ni'yi Tn *J!3 t^ sons and daughters of David; 
 
 n?<0 ^>f?ii). D'OtS'r? ^if7ii^'^ t^e God of heaven and earth. 
 
 d. 'ty-Ip-niTi my holy hill; tl^-WSn VrflH-y^ the good hand of 
 his God; '^"nJI D^^^ii'^i^^ a great heap of stones. 
 
 1 Gen. 4:2. 
 
 ' Gen. 17:12. 
 
 u Isa. 22:2. 
 
 19 Ezek. 10:3. 
 
 2P8. 19:9. 
 
 « Jer. 18:21. 
 
 w Gen. 1:3. 
 
 30 Oen. 24:3. 
 
 sPs. 53:5. 
 
 » Ex. 4:10. 
 
 IS Gen. 43:17. 
 
 ai Ps. 2:6. 
 
 4 Ps. 22:30. 
 
 10 Deut. 9:6. 
 
 16 Ezek. 13:2. 
 
 MBz.7:9. 
 
 ilBB.i3:4. 
 
 11 Job 9:4. 
 
 "2 Sam. 1:21. 
 
 23 Josh. T:2 
 
 «P8.»2:7. 
 
 11 Ex. 16:11. 
 
 i» Ps. 2:12. 
 
 
19.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 38 
 
 1. Participles and adjectives are frequently joined by annexion with 
 a following substantive. This is a closer construction than a following 
 object-accusative or accusative of specification would be. Here may be 
 noted, 
 
 a. The usage in the case of active participles, in which the noun 
 expresses the object of the action, or, as sometimes in poetry, the sphere 
 in which the action is exerted." '> 
 
 h. The usage in case of passive participles, in which the noun ex- 
 presses, sometimes the author of the action, sometimes the secondary 
 agent or instrument. 
 
 c. The usage in the case of adjectives (denoting a property or quality) 
 in whick the noun has the force of an accusative of limitation or specifi- 
 cation. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 (o) Cases of the construct before n^ occur, e. g., Jer. 33:22. 
 
 (6) The accusative rather than a genitive is used (1) after a participle or adjective 
 Tfhen it (the participle) has the article, and (3) when a word is for any reason inserted 
 'jetween the participle and the word which would, otherwise, be in the genitive; of. 
 [aa. 10:20; Job 16:10; 32:6. 
 
 2. Words in annexion form one complex idea, and therefore cannot be 
 separated hy intervening words. Here are to be noted certain points : — 
 
 a. The article and He locative everywhere form exceptions to the 
 general law just given ; but aside from these only a few anomalous cases 
 occur of the interposition of words." 
 
 h. Prepositions, particularly the shorter ones and especially in po- 
 etry, quite frequently occur prefixed to the second of two nouns in annex- 
 ion, thus defining more exactly the relationship existing between the two 
 nouns.'' 
 
 c. As one result of this inseparability, two or more nouns joined by 
 " and " cannot stand in annexion with a single genitive ; but the genitive 
 is employed with the first, and in the form of a suffix with the second;<"** 
 while further, a single construct does not usually stand in annexion with 
 two or more genitives, but is repeated with each/ 
 
 d. As a second result of this inseparability, a word or suffix limiting 
 the construct must be placed after the following genitive and not between 
 the construct and the genitive." 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) Vs oM, having almost come to be an adjective, occasionally allows the Inter- 
 position of a wovd before its genitive, e. g., 2 Sam. 1:9; other cases in which this Is 
 Blalmed to occur are capable of a different explanation; e. g., Job 27:3; Ps. 45:7; Isa. 
 t8:l; 36:9. Cf. also the bold poetio oonstructions in Oen. 49:11; Isa, 19:8; 22:16. 
 
34 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 9. 
 
 (B) This IB most frequent with participles of verbs which are regularly followed by 
 a preposition, e. g., 3 non trust in; 3 Uty dwell in, etc. 
 
 : T T : I - T 
 
 (c) Hence one may not say, "tfte sons an^ daughters of David," but "the amis of 
 David amd his daughters ;" and it is better to say " the God of heaven and the Ood of earth," 
 than "the God of heaven and earth;" but see Gen. 14:19. 
 
 ((J) The same holds true of pronominal suffixes ; instead of "his sons and daughters" 
 one must say " his sons amd his daughters." 
 
 (e) Sometimes the suffix is omitted, or there is substituted for it the article, ip 
 which case the absolute state is employed, e. g., Gen. 40:1. 
 
 (/) Exceptions occur : (1) when the second of the two nouns joined by " and " is a 
 repetition or a sjmonym of the first ; and (3) in poe+ry where greater liberty is allowed, 
 e. g.. Job 20:17; Bzek. 39:4; 2 Sam. 20:19. 
 
 (0) Whether the modifying word which follows two nouns in annexion limits the 
 construct, or the genitive, or the complex idea expressed by both together must be 
 determined from the agreement and from the context. When there would be mani- 
 fest ambiguity, resort is had to a periphrastic construction (g 9. 5.). 
 
 3. a. ilDtwQiil 'tJ'JN''' not men of the war, but the men of war. 
 
 T T : • - •• : - 
 
 6. D'DtiTl ^'p"| *J£l^ the face of the expanse of the heavens. 
 iriK N^3 D'n7K D7it3' w the image of God he created him. 
 
 T T v: vjv ; 
 
 OyjD^tif ♦tJ'K'l* i^e heads of your tribes. 
 
 4. a. D'"TD^ "15^.^ '^ servant of servants, i. e. the lowest servant. 
 
 '^7D ''^''W^ N'ti'J^ the prince of the princes of Levi. [dwell. 
 
 i>- t3JJ'? Vl^^ K'''^-^5^ ^^ '^* most frightful of valleys they must 
 . D^^p'^il) D'7^JIP* from the greatest of them even to the least of 
 them,. 
 
 5. a. '^/f^h D*intJ' J^JJJ'5^ M* the year two of the Tdng. 
 
 n''rt>Vh n'^lJl-n*;;!" „ great dty of God. 
 Tfltynii^ "iriS^ 75^^ one son of Ahimelech. 
 b. 'B^'y J!!l^^ o, son of Jesse. 
 
 D'n^tSll ^iu7 "'5J?.''^ " servant of the captain of the guard. 
 nl^N*? D'K'X"!" Jieads of fathers. 
 
 T : ■ T 
 
 1*n7 "nOfQ^^ a psalm of David, 
 
 I'i''?]? '^iit? fnS^® a priest of the most high God. 
 
 1 Num. 31:49. 
 
 6 Gen. 9: 25. 
 
 9 Hag. 1:1. 
 
 13 Gen. 41:12. 
 
 > Gen. 1:20. 
 
 6 Num. 3:32. 
 
 10 Jon. 3:3. 
 
 "Neh.ll:13. 
 
 • Gen. 1:27. 
 
 'Job 30: 6. 
 
 "1 Sam. 22:20. 
 
 liPs.S:!. 
 
 <Deut.l:lB. 
 
 8 Jon. 3:5. 
 
 "1 Sam. 16:18. 
 
 16 Gen. 14:18. 
 
S 9.] BT Alf nSTDTJCTIVE METHOD. 35 
 
 c. Tn^i (as psalm) of David. 
 
 ■ T : 
 
 D^J^HN'? pOK^ Amnon {son) of AMnoam. [the month. 
 
 d. tJ^'ln'? Dl* Dn^J^I ni^5'?'3^ '"^ *^* *^^*'* "^ twentieth day of 
 '7b'? JISS^'NT «Ae/rs< 0/ all. 
 
 «• f^b'? rriJJ'n np'?tl^ the portion of the field of Boaz. 
 
 b^'P\ '5'?0'? D'P^fl n^l nflD« the hook of the chronicles o} 
 
 the Icings of Israel. 
 
 b'^'^^ih "It^'K WTT\ 'y'2'ii'' the chief of the herdmen of Saul. 
 
 3. The construct, containing only a portion of the idea intended to b« 
 conveyed, is incomplete and, in itself, indefinite; hence 
 
 a. The construct cannot receive the article ;'' or be definite in itself 
 (2 4. !.).» 
 
 6. The construct, however, becomes definite hy position (? 4. 2), 
 whenever its following genitive is, for any reason, definite.*"* 
 
 4. The use of annexion to express the superlative idea is worth/ of 
 special notice. This is seen, 
 
 a. When the two nouns in annexion are the same, the former being 
 singular, the latter plural. 
 
 h. When the relation between the nouns is a partitive one (§ 8. 3./). 
 
 5. Instead of anneaiion., there is often employed a periphrasis, made 
 by means of the preposition "^.^ f This is substituted when there is a 
 desire on the part of the writer, 
 
 a. To interpose a word between the construct and genitive. 
 
 h. To mark the first noun as indefinite, when the second is definite. 
 
 c. To omit entirely the noun which would be in the construct, as in 
 inscriptions, and in the case of common words like son, day, etc. 
 
 d. To designate explicitly relations of place and time. 
 
 e. To avoid a long series of constructs. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) Exceptions to this may be classified as follows : (1) Cases where the article 
 seems to have a demonstrative force, Josh. 8:33; cf . also Ps. 123:4; Ezek. 1T:15; 1 Kgs. 
 U:24. (2) Cases where the genitive is a proper name, e.g., 2 Kgs. 23:17; Gen. 31:13; 
 Isa. 36 :8. (3) Cases where what seems to be a construct is a participle with an acousar 
 tive suffix e. g., Ps. 18 :33 ; Isa. 9 :13. (4) Cases where the connection Is loose, the second 
 noun denoting the material (and to be regarded in many instances as an adverbial 
 
 iPs.69:l. 8Gen.8:14. 5Euth2:3. ilSam.21:8. 
 
 a3Sam.3:a. 42Sam.l9:21. 61Kg8.«:31. 
 
36 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 9. 
 
 accusative), e, g., 2 KgB. 16:14; Zech. 4:10. (5) Cases where, the connection l)elng loose, 
 a preposition Is inserted, e. g., Ps. 113:5; Judg. 8:11. 
 
 (6) Proper names, therefore, except when applied to more than one object, cannot 
 stand in the construct. 
 
 (c) The construct cannot be indefinite and the genitive definite; nor can the gen- 
 itive be indefinite and the construct definite ; either both are definite or both indefinite. 
 To both of these cases, however, exceptions are found, where there would be no 
 room for ambiguity; e, g.. Gen. 16:7; 42:19; 9:20; Lev. 14:34; 1 Sam. 17:17; Deut. 22:19. 
 
 (d) On the determination of words in annexion, see S 6. 1. 
 
 (e) The pronoun lE^K is frequently inserted before the preposition to secure 
 greater clearness. 
 
 (/) The preposition JD from is sometimes employed as a substitute for annexion; 
 B. g., 2 Sam. 19:18; Isa. 6:6; 1 Kgs. 20:35; Ps. 16:4. The sense, in this usage, is generally 
 partitive. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 7:11 _ 6a, d. 2 Kgs. 22:6 la. 
 
 Gen.8:5,13 6c. Isa.l:7; 22:2 li. 
 
 Gen. 9:10; 25:27 la. Isa. 2:20; 36:9 2d. 
 
 Gen. 14:19 2c. Isa.6:ll; 9:1,2; 14:6,19 26.' 
 
 Gen. 20:1 2o. Isa. 6:6 Ic. 
 
 Gen. 40:5 5o. Isa. 8:1 6c. 
 
 Gen. 41:12 56. Isa. 11:2 2c. 
 
 Ex. 3:8, 16 (cf. 16) 2c. Isa. 53:3 46. 
 
 Ex. 4:20 2a. Jer.8:l 2c. 
 
 Ex. 12:8, 9 16. Jer. 8:16 2b. 
 
 Ex. 26:33 4a. Jer. 20:17. Ic. 
 
 Num. 3:49 16. Bzek. 26:7 4a. 
 
 Num. 10:17 lo. Ezek.31:3 Ic. 
 
 Deut. 1:3 5c. Ezek. 31:16 2c. 
 
 Deut. 10:17 4o. Ezek. 47:10. 2(1. 
 
 Deut. 22:22 16. Hos. 4:17 16. 
 
 Deut.32:24 la. Hos. 7:6 2b. 
 
 Josh. 8:11; 15:21 2b. Joell:8 16. 
 
 Josh. 19:51 6c. Joel 2:6 Ic. 
 
 Judg.3:28; 12:5 6d. Mic. 2:8 Ic. 
 
 Judg.6:10 26. Hab.3:l 66. 
 
 Judg.6:ll 2o. Ps. 12:7; 84:7 26. 
 
 lSam.2:5 Ic. Ps.l9:8,9; 40:5; 88:6 la. 
 
 1 Sam. 9:21 46. Ps. 90:1 66. 
 
 1 Sam. 17:17, 18 2d. Prov.9:18 16. 
 
 1 Sam. 24:6 Ic. Prov. 11:22 Ic 
 
 2 Sam. 2:8 6e. Job 18:2 26. 
 
 2 Sam. 4:4 Ic. Cant. 1:1 4o. 
 
 1 Kgs. 2:7 lo. Euth2:3;4:3. 6e. 
 
 1 Kgs. 3:18 5o. Booles. 1:2 4o. 
 
 IKgs. 16:23 6e. lChron.27:34 66. 
 
 1 Kgs. 19:16.. 2o. 2Chron.21:17 46. 
 
 2 Kgs. 16:19 6e. 
 
' ^®'] BY AN tNDTJCTITB METHOD. 37 
 
 10. The Adjective. 
 
 1. a. 153 *?*(!* » ^o«< of mighty = a mighty host; 'pJirTDI^ <^ *i»o- 
 ^- ?j73'p tt^lp' <^ Ao?y o/iAj/ temple = thy holy temple, [cent blood. 
 
 2. 7lJirT *1lNQn* «^ fliJ-eat luminary; Q*5'"lC3n Dniltl^ <^e jroofi «Amg's; 
 *71iirr 1^3' Aw e?de«« son; ntH DIDSH^ this place; 
 
 T - : ... - / T - 
 
 n^NIl nN3}l fl13E3ll D*Jtyn* *^e s^oocZ year* «Aa« are to come. 
 
 3. nin* 31£3» Tahweh (is) firootZ; 11133 'jnF Us glory (is) ^rea«; 
 P).Kn rt3lD" the land (is) g'ood; "^njl 111312 Ks strength (is) grreat; 
 p^'lV nriN^ *AoM (art) righteous. 
 
 4. a. tJ''3iP piDO^* sweeter than honey; D'^HID 31D^^ better than life; 
 
 nN70 7rTl"nN SHJI^'V* and he loved Rachel more than Leah. 
 
 h. "7)^ nn^ isVfi D»'?-f^n n0:?f) f^pn Nin iiiv' «"«« ^a- 
 
 wrf was the smallest, and the three oldest had followed Saul. 
 DJl£0p"n^1 u7Vl3iD^^ f'l^om the greatest among them even unto the 
 least among them. 
 D"Tn"'J3"'?30 "^llil^* greatest of all the men of the East. 
 
 ■.•|j-.- •• : T • T 
 
 D'^il3 nfl'n^** the fairest among women. [priests. 
 
 • T - TT - 
 
 "l»j;rT ''^If^ the greatest of the cUy; W^t\'2T\ ♦JDP the oldest of the 
 
 5. D*"I3'1 SJ'*{ji^' an eloquent man; r\'\u7\l'n 7i^3^ having dreams; 
 7'ri '^3^* **"** ^f strength, valiant; n'7''?"f3^ ^o^ of a night. 
 
 1. The adjective is frequently treated as if it were a substantive: 
 
 a: When it stands in the genitive after a noun in the construct state 
 (g 8. 3. a.). 
 
 h. When it stands in the construct state with a following genitive." 
 
 2. The adjective (here including participles and demonstratives) when 
 used in an attributive sense, 
 
 a. Follows'' the noun which it modifies. 
 6. Agrees* with it in number and gender. 
 
 Ilea. 36:2. 8 Gen. 41:35. w Pa. 63:4. n 3 Kgg.'10:6. 
 
 >Deut. 19:13. 9P8.34:9. le Gen. 29:30. sslsa. 37;Z. 
 
 sPs. 65:5. 10 Ps. 21:6. "1 Sam. 17:14. ss Ex. 4:10. 
 
 4 Gen. 1:16. u Num. 14:7. is Jon. 3:6. a* Gen. 37:19. 
 
 » Josh. 23:14. " Judg. 16:5. i9Jobl:a a>Deut.3:18. 
 
 • Gen. 27:1. i3Neh.9:33. :o Cant. 1:8. » Jon. 4:10. 
 
 ' Qen. 28:17. " Judg. 14:18. 
 
38 HEBEBW STNTAX [2 10. 
 
 c. Receives^ the article, if the noun which it modifies is for any 
 reason a definite noun. 
 
 3. The adjective (here including participles and demonstratives) when 
 used as a predicate, regularly precedes [the subject, yet frequently fol- 
 lows it, when the sense is clear.« 
 
 4. The comparison of adjectives is expressed as follows : — 
 
 a. The comparative degree, by the use of the preposition JQ from 
 prefixed to the word with which comparison is made/ " 
 h. The superlative degree, 
 
 (1) By the emphatic use of the positive with the article, a pro- 
 nominal suffix or a following genitive.'' 
 
 (2) By employing the phrase ^'212, or 3. 
 
 (3) By the constructions referred to in ? 9. 4. 
 
 5. The adjectival idea, because of the scarcity of adjectives, is fre- 
 quently expressed by certain nominal constructions (see I 8. 3. e.). 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) This does not include the cases cited under § 9. 1. o. 
 
 (6) Very rarely does the adjective precede; and in most of these cases the adjec- 
 tive or demonstrative is treated as a substantive; e. g., Ex. 33:1; Ps. 104:25; Ps. 32:10. 
 
 (c) It is to be noted that the adjective is plural when the noun is dual, and that 
 with collectives the construction is often one according to sense; e.g., Isa.42:7;lSam. 
 
 ((J) The article is quite frequently omitted (see § 5. 2. Eem. d). [13:15; 17:28. 
 
 (e) Note also the use of a substantive (or a substantive and preposition) as predicate 
 instead of an adjective, thus emphasizing the idea; Gen. 1:2; Job 3:4; Ps. 25:10; Isa.5:13. 
 
 (/) This use of |D is frequent also after verbs; e. g., 1 Sam. 10:23; Gen. 37:3. 
 
 (9) The adjective is often omitted and is to be supplied from the context; Mic. 7:4; 
 Job 11:17. 
 
 (h) The individual is thus designated as possessing in a pre-eminent degree the 
 quality referred to. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.l:16; 19:20; 41:20 2 2Kgs.25:9 lo. 
 
 Gen. 3:1; 42:13 4b. Isa. 13:12 4o. 
 
 Gen. 6:5; 19:20; 29:2,7 3 Isa.23:8 46. 
 
 Gen. 27:1 4a. Jer. 15:15.. „ 1Z>. 
 
 Ex. 12:4 2,4b. Jer. 49:15 4b. 
 
 Ex.l5:16 lb. Ezek.28:3 4a. 
 
 Deut. 1:19; 21:3 2 Ezek.28:7 4b. 
 
 Deut. 1:25 3 Amos 6:2 lo. 
 
 Deut. 11:23 4a. Zech. 14:4 la. 
 
 Deut.l4:2; 21:3,6 4b. Ps. 40:13 4o. 
 
 Josh. 14:11 3 Ps. 46:11 4b. 
 
 Josh. 14:15 4b. Ps. 145:7 lb. 
 
 Judg.6:15 4b. Prov 3:14; 16:32; 21:3 4a. 
 
 Judg. 14:18 4a. Cant. 5:8 3 
 
 1 Sam. 4:10 8 Ruth 1:12; 3:12 4a. 
 
 1 Sam. 10:23 4b. Ecoles. 1:13 la. 
 
 1 Sam. 16:7 lb. Ecoles. 7:2 ...4a. 
 
 IKgs. 17:17 3 
 
? 11»] BY AN tNDUCTIVB METHOD. 39 
 
 77. Personal Pronoun and Suffixes, 
 
 1. a. 'JJ^I 'nlO^ my death, mine; J^liTDJ fl^'^^ to &«A aZ«o <o him. 
 6. IJ^y N^n ;^'73^ £ela, that is Zoar; Jil^n Kin KIPO-* 
 
 c. Ninri pNn^ that land,- ^<!l,'^^ a^'^rj^ <to ma.n. 
 
 d. Kir? COfltr D'fl'^N^ God is Judge; ilOtr' NIH^ « »«« lame. 
 
 2. o. DK"13^ he created them; QPii N13" Jie created them; 
 
 ♦JriQVn" <^*«^ ye fast for me? 'JfinJ^^ j^(,m Aas« awew »we. 
 6. ♦fl.J^t'l ?li;iJ;{^^ thee Ihad killed; ink 'JN"inV* and he will maM 
 me see it; iJlK "iH^I^^ and the choosing him; 'iriii T\T\'i7'2^^ when 
 
 T T ; • : 
 
 she hare him; DflK D'D^J^pD UTf they provoke themselves; 
 
 inK'fllSri-^^ to smite him. 
 c. 'i'719 to him; '\^'Qf2'^^ from it; ♦'^J^ai y^^^n me; ^j'^'TT'^^^ go for thee 
 = take thyself; "j*^ DJ^^ he fled for himself. 
 
 T 
 
 <^- *DOn^ ™2/ wrong; IDKT^^ ^^s /ear (caused by him). 
 
 • T -: t: 
 
 1. The Personal Pronoun, in its separate form,'* aside from its ordi- 
 nary use,^ ede ig employed, 
 
 a. In apposition with a noun or pronoun in an oblique case, for 
 emphasis (§ 6. 3); and in the case of the third person, 
 
 6. As a brief explanatory particle equivalent to that is. 
 
 c. As a remote demonstrative (see ? 12. 1. 6.). 
 
 d. As a sort of copula (see i 7. 6, 7), 
 
 2. The Pronominal Suffixes are substituted for the personal pronouns 
 in all oblique cases. Here may be noted their use, 
 
 a. With verbs j/" in which case the suffix is 
 
 (1) generally the direct object of the verb as an accusative, either 
 directly appended to the verb, or joined to J^K (see b. below); 
 
 (2) sometimes, for brevity, the indirect object, as a dative. 
 
 b. With the sign of the definite object JlK '^ * this occurs 
 
 (1) when for emphasis the pronominal idea must be expressed 
 first; 
 
 1 2 Sam. 19:1. 
 
 8 Gen. 2:19. 
 
 "2 Sam. 15:25. 
 
 20 Gen. 3:3. 
 
 2 Gen. 4:26. 
 
 9 Gen. 5:2. 
 
 16 1 Sam. 2:28. 
 
 21 3 Sam. 15:33. 
 
 s Gen. 11:8. 
 
 10 Gen. 1:27. 
 
 16 Gen. 38:5. 
 
 22 Gen. 12:1. 
 
 1 Gen. 23:19. 
 
 u Zeoh. 7:5. 
 
 "Jer.7:19. 
 
 23lsa.31:8. 
 
 B Gen. 2:12. 
 
 12 Josh. 16:19. 
 
 18 Gen. 4:16. 
 
 MJer. 51:35. 
 
 « Job 1:1. 
 
 13 Num. 22:33. 
 
 18 1 Sam. 1:2. 
 
 ss Ex. 20:20. 
 
 7 Pa. 50:6. 
 
 
 
 
40 HEBREW STNTAX [2 11. 
 
 (2) when a verb has two pronominal objects, only one of which 
 can be joined directly to the verb ; 
 
 (3) when it is the object of an Infinitive Absolute which cannot 
 receive a suffix ; 
 
 (4) when it is the object of an Infinitive Construct whose subject 
 is a pronominal suffix, or a noun which must stand near it ; 
 
 (5) when the pronominal idea is a reflexive one ; 
 
 (6) when, by the use of JHK, ambiguity is avoided, or greater 
 distinctness secured. 
 
 c. With prepositions : — 
 
 (1) In all the various uses which occur in the case of nouns ; 
 and besides 
 
 (2) In the so-called "ethical dative," which marks "an intimate 
 relation sustained by the subject to the act."^ 
 
 d. With nouns ; here the noun is properly a construct (? 8. Rem. 6), 
 and the suffix a genitive, subjective or objective (§ 8. 1. a. h).^ ' 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (0) The personal pronoun, In its separate form, maybe used only as a nominative, 
 except in the case cited in 1. a. ahove. 
 
 (b) While the personal pronoun is included in the finite verb, it lis also written 
 separately (1) for emphasis or contrast; e. g., Ps. 71:32; Gen. 48:19; (2) if a second sub- 
 ject besides the pronoun follows the verb; e.g.. Gen. 6:18; 13:1; (3) superfluously, 
 chiefly by later writers; e. g.. Lev. 18:26; Eccles. 2:12. [24:36; 19:24. 
 
 (c) It is not uncommon to repeat a noun rather than employ a pronoun; e. g.. Gen. 
 
 (d) The tJiird person rather than the firtt is generally used by authors in speaking 
 of themselves; e. g., Jer. 7:1; but of. Isa. 6:1; Jer. 1:4. 
 
 (e) The terms thy seruant, thy handmaid for the flrst person, and of my Lord, the 
 king for the second person are common; e. g., Gen. 18:3; 19:19; 44:18; 2 Sam. 14:12. 
 
 (/) The sufBx, when the object of a verb, is often omitted when it can be easily 
 BuppUed from the context; e. g.. Gen. 2:19; 9:22; 38:17; Ex. 2:3. 
 
 (ff) It is, on the other hand, sometimes expressed redundantly ; e. g., Ex. 2 :6 ; 1 Sam. 
 81:14; Ezek. 10:3; Isa. 17:6; Josh. 1:2. 
 
 (h) As the language grows older there is an Increasing tendency to separate the 
 pronoun from the verb which it modifies. 
 
 (i) For the usage of the sign of the definite object JIX with nouns, see § 12. 2. 6. 
 
 CO "In most cases this mode of expression indicates a special participation in the 
 action by the agent or speaker, a certain earnestness or zeal with which he acts; but 
 It occurs, as an expression of heartiness, more in the diffuse and easy-going popular 
 style, both in poetry and in unimpassioned prose, and especially in sentences in which 
 advice is tendered, or a question asked."— Ewald. 
 
 (ft) The suflBx, in a few cases, seems almost entirely to have lost its original force; 
 e.g., a) ''j'lK = my lords (8 3. 2. c) = the Lord, used only of God (Gen. 15:2; 18:3); (2) nni 
 = his joinings = he together = together (Ex. 19:8; 1 Kgs. 3:18). 
 
 (1) On the inaccurate, and largely colloquial, interchange of masculine and femi- 
 nine pronouns and sufSxes. see 8 2. 1. c. 
 
2 12.] BY AN INDTJCnVI! METHOD. 41 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 15:13 2b. Isa.S7:4; 44:21. 2a. 
 
 Gen.l6:5 2d. Jer.7:Mi 16:11 2b. 
 
 Gen. 21:16; 24:6 2e. Jer.9:l 2a. 
 
 Gen. 23:2 lb. Jer. 25:14 la. 
 
 Gen. 24:27; 27:34,38 la. Hos.8:9 2c. 
 
 Gen. 37:4 2a. Amos2:13; 7:12 2c. 
 
 Ex. 7:9; 18:27 2c. Hag. 1:4 la. 
 
 Num. 14:32 la. Zeoh.7:6 la. 
 
 Num. 22:33 2a. Pb, 9:7 la. 
 
 Deut.22:2 2b. Pa. 58:8; 120:6 2c. 
 
 Josh. 15:8, 9 lb. Jol) 20:29; 23:14; 34:6 2c!. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:24 lo. Cant. 2:11 2c. 
 
 a Sam. 17:5 la. Ecoles. 8:15 2a. 
 
 1K£S. 21:19 la. Dan. 8:15 la, 
 
 lBa.2:22; 23:7 2c. 
 
 12. Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronoun. 
 
 1. a. ntn Ui'D'QTV- this place; ThUX} W'yyiT\^ these things. 
 
 I T - VJ" T r :- 
 
 h. a^tltl JJ^'Ntl* that man; 0(1(1 D'D*3* in those days. 
 
 c. 0^3(1* this stroke = now; n'7'?ll* this night = to-night. 
 
 d. ^n*?' nr who begat thee; i3 riJ^C ilf in which thou dwellest. 
 «• D*n nt® the sea there; nt l*?!^.^" ^oTwe ttp here; 
 
 D'3"l D'D' ilf'^ '^ow many days; D'Q^fl (1.P '*ow twice; 
 
 nr 'D^^ wAo *Ae»i? n-T iID*?^* «% *^em.? (IfHOi^ how is it that? 
 
 f. n1'7''J<p '"^J*!^* m2//ee« are liTce those of hinds; IflX "1??'J<1 
 j^^jri^i^ aJicZ <Aose loAo were mth him in the arh. 
 
 T ■• ~ 
 
 g, ("l 33 "1QK (1f1 Ti'2'2 (*lf "IpN'V® ««<^ *^^» one said so, and that 
 one said so; fTtD (*l'?{<'! ilfQ li^Vt^^ these hither and those thither. 
 
 2. a. B'»N(1 'Q^" who is the man? J'^H ♦ID^i who are these? 
 
 ■1t:'2-'?D 1J2^ who is all flesh? HH i'l^flp|'l-'7D Jr)"? ♦Q.^s 
 *. riN 'D'DS^ wtoe daughter art thou ? tl'ptl'N 'P'riN^^ wAon* 
 shall I send? 
 
 1 Gen. 28:17. 
 
 8 Ps. 74:2. 
 
 "Gen. 18:13. 
 
 20 Gen. 24:65. 
 
 3 Gen. 16:1. 
 
 9 PS. 104:25. 
 
 16 Judg. 18:24. 
 
 21 Gen. 33:5. 
 
 • Job 1:1. 
 
 10 Num. 13:17. 
 
 16 2 Sam. 22:34. 
 
 M Deut. 5:23. 
 
 4 Gen, 6:4. 
 
 n Josh. 22:3. 
 
 "Gen. 7:23. 
 
 23 Gen. 33:8. 
 
 s Gen. 2:23. 
 
 i: Gen. 27:36. 
 
 IS 1 Kgs. 22:20. 
 
 M Gen. 24:23. 
 
 < Gen. 19:6. 
 
 13 Job 38:2. 
 
 19 2 Sam. 2:13. 
 
 as Isa. 6:8. 
 
 JPrOV.23:22. 
 
 
 
 
42 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 12. 
 
 c. T\Dii'n?y- ■u^'hat did they say? 'H'O'T^'OT^rP what wisdomf 
 nd7^/or what? HQ I^'* °^ account of what? J^f2-^^^ upon what? 
 
 T It V l*J~ T ~ 
 
 d. Dflp}<"'P J^T'K"?^ ^6 knows not who shall gather them. 
 KliTIlD ll^T Vh"^ th^y knew not what it was. 
 
 - '' :|T 
 
 e. ijj'' n"im K"l'"')2* ^«* whoever is fearful and timid return. 
 
 T •• T : "T !• 
 
 t]'7"ntJ'j)*K1. ^IB'fli "IQKirnD" whatever thy soul desires I will do 
 for thee. [thou? 
 
 f. D*3 nf-*K" which house? nnK l*];^ n:I/3-'N"/™»» what city art 
 
 1. In reference to the demonstrative pronoun, it may be noted that 
 
 a. The demonstrative, when attributive, is treated as an adjective 
 (? 10. 2.). 
 
 h. The personal pronoun of the third person is used as a remote 
 demonstrative" (2 11. 1. c). 
 
 c. The article sometimes still retains its original demonstrative 
 force (§ 4. 3. a). 
 
 d. The pronoun Ht, especially in poetry, is often used as a relative 
 pronoun.^ 
 
 e. The pronoun Hf (sometimes having a preposition) is also used as 
 a demonstrative adverb, sometimes referring to place and sometimes to 
 ime; and frequently serves as an enclitic to emphasize words of interro- 
 gation (cf. English then].'^ 
 
 f. The demonstrative is omitted whenever, if expressed, it would 
 stand as a construct before a genitive, or before a relative pronoun. 
 
 g. The demonstratives are often used antithetically = this — that, 
 these — those. 
 
 2. In reference to the interrogative pronouns it may be noted that 
 
 a. ^t2, either singular or plural, refers generally to persons, though 
 very seldom to things.^ 
 
 b. ♦p may be used as a genitive after a construct, an accusative with 
 Jl{>{, or with prepositions. 
 
 c. HDi referring always to things, may stand as a nominative, accu- 
 sative, or genitive, or with prepositions. 
 
 d. Either 'Q or flO may introduce indirect as well as direct ques- 
 
 T 
 
 tions.« 
 
 1 Isa. 39:3, i. * Hag. 1:9. ? Ex. 16:15. lo laa. 66:1. 
 
 2jer. 8:9. 6 Job 88:6. sjudg. 7:3. " 2 Sam. 15:2. 
 
 »Pb.2:1. «Ps.89:7. 9 1 Sam. 20:4 
 
,? 13.] BY A2T INDUCTIVE METHOD. 43 
 
 e. EitLer 'p or HO may be used as indefinite pronouns, whoever, 
 whatever/ oh 
 
 /. By prefixing ♦jSt (construct of 'fj where) to the demonstrative Hf 
 a quite common interrogation is formed. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) It is Important to distinguish closely between HJ and Kin; e.g., Judg. 7:4. 
 (6) In the same manner our English that may be used as a relative. 
 
 (c) Kin also is sometimes an enclitic emphasizing the preceding interrogative; 
 e, g., Ps. 24:10. 
 
 (d) In most cases the objects to which 'D refers involve individual beings. 
 
 (e) In the Semitic languages the difference between direct and indirect sentences 
 is scarcely felt. 
 
 if) Compare DD 13T whatever, Num. 23:3; and also TIDIKD amything whatever. 
 
 (ff) In a few cases 'a and HD qualify a following word; e. g., ^K-'D (Deut. 3:24) 
 what God? nmi-TTD (Isa. 40:18) what likeness} also Ps. 77:14; J'^r. 2:5. 
 
 (ft) Notice should be taken of those cases in which riD, asking the mode of an action, 
 is equivalent to how? e, g., Num. 23:8; 1 Sam. 10:27; Gen. 28:17; Ps. 8:2; 84:2. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 4:10; 47:8 2c. IKgs. 13:12 2/. 
 
 Gen. 15:18 Ifi. IKgs. 17:24; 19:6 le. 
 
 Gen. 16:8 2/. 2Kgs.l9:22 26. 
 
 Gen. 24:23, 32:18 2b. Isa. 2:17 IS. 
 
 Gen. 27:21 le. Isa. 3:9 If. 
 
 Gen. 28:15; 31:1 If. Isa. 54:15 2e. 
 
 Ex. 2:11 lb. Joel3:2 IS. 
 
 Ex. 6:22 le. Jon. 1:8 9f. 
 
 Ex. 24:14 le,26. Mic.3:4 lb. 
 
 Num. 14:22 le. Mic.5:4 le. 
 
 Deut. 8:2, 4; 9:12 le. Zech. 5:5 2d. 
 
 Deut. 17:9 lb. Zech. 7:3 le. 
 
 Judg. 9:28 2o. Mai. 1:7 2c. 
 
 lSam.l2:3; 17:55-58 2b. Ps.l2:5; 77:14 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 14:17 2d. Ps.20:8; 75:8 Ig. 
 
 1 Sam. 30:13 2/. Ps. 104:8 Id. 
 
 2 Sam. 19:43 le. Prov. 19:12 If. 
 
 IKgs. 1:27; 14:8 2d. Job 13:13 2e. 
 
 IKgs. 3:23 Iff. Job 19:19 Id. 
 
 IKgs. 12:16 2e. Eccles. 7:14 Ig. 
 
 18. The Relative Pronoun. 
 
 !• n'^i^n in'^ti' HJJ'N "IBTI'^ the general whom the king has sent. 
 '1 ■■■■'■■ - T = ;■■ "= " " 
 
 iJtl''? yD1i^n~ii'7 "IpJ'J? 'lil^ •* nation whose tongue thou wilt not hear. 
 
 Dnin DiI'"lJ?'K n'^'llltT SavHah where is gold. 
 
 -:| 
 
 1 Isa. 87:4. 2 Deut. 28:49. s Gen. 2:11. 
 
44 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 18. 
 
 DHlf D3 ^ilb^ il^rf~ii^ "ItJ'K ID^^ J^il such as has not been in Egypt 
 
 •J- ; ■ : J T T T I V -: t t 
 
 IKSHN ?13 ^lifii nnX n5)^^ '*"'* "'■' ^V servant in whom I will 
 
 2. iflKp yn^Ti 112'N'?^ '<* him from whom he bought it. {be glorified. 
 ntJ'J^"lB'K "^J^ <"* occoMn* o/ «/ia« wAtcii he did. 
 
 rW^Jlty 'IJI'K T5^ *'» '^ ^""<^ o/Ai'wi wAom thou hatest. 
 
 niDK ♦rilOn IE'NS* *« the place in which thou diest, I will die. 
 
 *J*ri n'^D* ^tifiif2l' from the time in which thou wa^t precious in mine 
 
 - *•: T :|j-T V -:|- 
 
 ri-j^p ^'^D^l"'^tI'N nX^ ^e whom thou blessest is blessed. [eyes. 
 
 3. a. or?'? N*? f* "1X3® in a land which is not theirs. 
 
 j^J^^n-QV rUOn^" thou hast brought the day thou hast called. 
 
 T -1t|t I T J" •• 
 
 13 I^IX Vl\''^ the day on which I was bom. 
 b. "^K ^T"i<'7 DipO^^ the place of him who knows not God. 
 n'751'D"n*3^^ by the hand of any one whom thou wilt send. 
 llfSrr ntJ'j^' IDIIN nin*^* he whom Tahweh loves will accomplish 
 
 4. a. ^l"!*?' n.f ^I'DJ^"? j^Oti'^' listen to thy father who begat thee, [his desire, 
 
 '^'IDSnj *fl3nN"nr''® those I loved are turned against me. 
 6. l'?""l'7')Jin 1J3^'' his son who was bom to him. [turned. 
 
 ii)2'7iltV^ i»ho went; flKSn'^' which has come; TXyifTP'^ i^ho re- 
 
 : (t V T JT - T JT - 
 
 The word "ItJ'fi is, strictly speaking, an unchangeable relative particle, 
 and not a pronoun. It is used to give a relative force to something which 
 follows. Hence, 
 
 1. A pronominal suffix or an adverb following this particle, receives 
 
 from it a relative meaning, I7. . . •Itl'N = *" whom, DDJ^ "IB^K = 
 
 whom, Dty' • • •"Itl'K = where, etc.'*^ 
 
 2. When the particle ItJ'K is immediately preceded by a preposition, 
 or by riN, tbe sign of the definite object, or by a noun in the construct 
 state, there is always to be supplied as its antecedent, according to the 
 demands of the context, either a demonstrative pronoun, or a word indi- 
 cating place or time." 
 
 1 Ex. 9:18. 
 
 «Buthl:17. 
 
 11 Job 3:3. 
 
 16 Job 19:19. 
 
 ilsa. 49:3. 
 
 ' Isa. 43:4. 
 
 H Job 18:21. 
 
 "Gen. 21:3. 
 
 3 Lev. 27:24. 
 
 8 Num. 22:6. 
 
 IS Ex. 4:13. 
 
 18 Josh. 10:24. 
 
 * Jer. 16:4. 
 
 » Gen. 15:13. 
 
 u Isa. 48:14. 
 
 "Gen. 18:21. 
 
 tEzek. 23:28. 
 
 "Lam. 1:21. 
 
 15 Prov. 23:22 
 
 3° Ruth 4:3. 
 
5 18.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 45 
 
 3. The relative particle may be omitted from any construction it. 
 whicli it is accustomed to be used, as, 
 
 a. When it would be the subject or object of the sentence, or used 
 as a genitive or dative ; and even 
 
 h. When, by its omission, there is also omitted its antecedent (see 
 2 above) which is included in it. 
 
 4. The relative idea is otherwise expressed, 
 
 a. By the demonstrative pronoun nf (2 12. 1. d). 
 h. By the article with a participle and rarely with a finite verb 
 (?4. 3./).<Je 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) When the pronominal sufflz Is the object of a verb. It may be omitted as easily 
 understood from the context, and In this case the particle serves alone to express the 
 idea, e. g.. Gen. 2:8; 21:3; 26:32; Ex. 4:21. 
 
 (6) Generally one or more words stand between the particle, and the pronoun or 
 adverb which receives from It the relative force. 
 
 c) In Gen. 31:32 and Isa. 17:12 the relative particle Is said by some to be directly 
 connected with the preposition. 
 
 (d) The relative particle is used with 7 as a periphrasis of annexion (§ 9. 5. Rem.e). 
 
 (6) The relative particle is largely used In the formation of conjunctions from 
 prepositions and adverbs, but even here it may be omitted, e. g., Josh. 2:22; Gen. 31:20; 
 1 Sam. 6:9; 2 Sam. 12:22. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:11 Q>. Isa. 7:16. 1 
 
 Gen.9:24;39:9 2 Isa.25:9; 42:24; 43:21 4a. 
 
 Gen.l3:3; 46:4 1 lBa.30:6; 54:1 3a. 
 
 Ex.4:15; 32:34 2 Isa.40:29; 41:24; 66:1 36. 
 
 Ex. 9:4 3o. Jer. 2:8 3b. 
 
 Ex. 16:13 4a. Jer. 32:19 1 
 
 Lev. 6:8 2 Ezek. 11:12. 1 
 
 Lev. 16:32 1 Hos. 1:2 3b. 
 
 Deut.3:4 1 Ho8.14:4 1 
 
 Deut. 4:3 2 Hab.2:6. 3b. 
 
 Deut. 32:16, 20 3o. Ps.4:8; 7:7; 49:20 3o. 
 
 Josh. 10:24 4b. Ps.9:16; 74:2 4o. 
 
 Judg.5:18 3a. Job 10:2; 16:17 4a. 
 
 Judg.l7:8 2 Buthl:16 2 
 
 1 Sam. 15:2; 16:3 2 Est. 6:6 1 
 
 IKgs. 18:12 2 IChron. 26:28 46. 
 
 2Kkb. 8:1 2 
 
46 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 14« 
 
 14. Other Pronominal Expressions. 
 
 1. a. N^rijSiV and J hid myself; KSHfl*!^ and he hid himself. 
 
 6- Kin '^'IK^ <^e iortZ himself; nOH D'"Tin*n* <^e Jews themselves. 
 
 T -: TJ- ■ ; - 
 
 ^■^17 n^inX 1*? 51' j/^^ amcZ £^Att(^ made for himself a sword. 
 rlQJ^ iri'7I^ni^ '*'*<^ *^^ '""^'^ ^*'''' ''*^ ™*^ herself, 
 c. '^fij i^lN'i^'?^ -^ fcjioro not myself (lit., my somZ). 
 
 n3^D3 m^ DnVm^ a™*^ Sarah laughed within herself. 
 
 T :)■ : TT I - ; • - 
 
 2. a. iD'^rr ti^'K IQ*?!!'^' and they dreamed each his dream. 
 
 "1D33 IDbS^" every morning; "WlH'? "lOJ^n *J^^^ 'wo omers /or 
 
 |v-i " )v-i - T V It ■: -i t ■■ ; 
 
 each; D1*"'7D3^^ *™ euery <:Za2/; *n"73''^ euery one living. 
 
 S- IQDQQ ^'N N5f*"'?N''^* ^et not any one go forth from his place. 
 I . . . ..J.. 
 
 ^^'^ niiTO N73*rF''^^ -^ anything too difficult for Yahwehf 
 
 T T T I" " T ■ -; 
 
 '' mVP "73^^ ^™2/ "/ ^'* commandments; J^")"/^^^ anything evil. 
 ")*J73 ^^'''ItJ'N 73^^ whoever belongs to thee in the city. 
 n^ij '♦ rfln-"l^'N; "^bi^ whatever Y. pleases, he does. 
 
 c. '* *Jpf p ■ • ■ • np^" '«^6 ■ • • ■ som,e of the elders of Israel. 
 D^iTfO IN V^^ some of the people went out. 
 
 d. ^'2b n'?V' N"?^^ *'* *'« good for nothing; ^'p-'^j; D^ ti^'N ^K^^ »io- 
 SofZj/ iafces I'i to heart; ^^1 Ijl'j^Jn'^K^ '^o nothing; 
 
 '7TMi'2 il''il^~ii'7 D1N"'73^^ nobody shall be in the tent. 
 
 V J T V : I- [ T T T 
 
 e. nt3""lti'K 'U^* ««cA a people; ti^^H Hf 3^' ^''cA * man; 
 
 V T V ~: ■ V T 
 
 inD3 n3^N 73 nTTN?^* there were no such locusts as they. 
 /• nrrN ntDI ^^N nttS^^ *^ one on the one side, the other on the other. 
 
 T V V • T V V • 
 
 VflX '^i^D tJ^'K mQ"!^" and they separated the one from the other. 
 nf~7K (If 3*lp"K7'l'^ and the one did not draw near the other. 
 'PP3 n37QP "l*i^3 ")'J7^^ one city against another, one kingdom 
 against another. 
 
 1 Gen. 3:10. 
 
 -Gen. 40:5. 
 
 I'Isa. 56:2. 
 
 26 Lev. 16:17. 
 
 a Gen. 3:8. 
 
 10 Ex. 16:21. 
 
 18 Gen. 19:12. 
 
 26 Jer. 5:9. 
 
 8l6a.7:14. 
 
 11 Ex. 16:23. 
 
 19 Ps. 135:6. 
 
 27 Gen. 41:38, 
 
 4 Est. 9:1. 
 
 12 Ps. 7:12. 
 
 20 Ex. 1Y:5. 
 
 28 Ex. 10:14. 
 
 6 Judg. 3:16. 
 
 13 Gen. 3:20. 
 
 21 Ex. 16:27. 
 
 29 Ex. 17:12. 
 
 61 Sam. 1:24. 
 
 "Ex. 16:29. 
 
 22Jer. 13:7. 
 
 so Gen. 13:11. 
 
 1 Job 9:21. 
 
 16 Gen. 18:14. 
 
 23 Isa. 57:1. 
 
 31 Ex. 14:20. 
 
 « Gen. 18:12. 
 
 "Lev. 4:2. 
 
 24 Gen. 19:8. 
 
 32 Isa. 19:2. 
 
§ 15.] BY AH INDTTCTITE METHOD. 47 
 
 Certain ideas, expressed in English by means of pronouns, are other- 
 wise expressed in Hebrew. The more important of these are the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 1. The reflexive pronoun is expressed, 
 
 a. By the Niph'al and HithpS,'el stems. 
 
 h. By the personal pronoun of the third person and by pronominal 
 suffixes. 
 
 c. By the use of certain nouns like {yflj, W£^,, D*J3 (? 8. 2. c), 
 n-lj^, and a'?. ■"■" ■■■"■ ■' 
 
 2. The indefinite pronouns are expressed variously : — 
 
 a. Each, every, by B^'N, or the repetition of a word (g 3. 1. c), or 
 
 nnK, or "^b. 
 
 h. Any J anyone, anything, whoever, whatever, by tif^H, 1^1, ^2- 
 
 • T T 
 
 c. Some of, by the preposition |p from. 
 
 d. Nothing, nobody, by "^S. . . .1^, J:'>^{ m, "Ql. ...{<'? (or '7K), 
 
 T T T 
 
 e. Such, by HD, fS- 
 
 /. The one-tU other, by nriK-inK, t:'»K-B'>N, t^'K-flN or 
 n^'N— n'lflK, tJ^'K— J7"l, nr— rrf , or the repetition of a noun. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 8:9; 32:3; 33:17 16. 2Sam.l2:l 2/. 
 
 Gen. 9:5; 13:11 2/. IKgs. 3:23 2/. 
 
 Gen. 30:14 2c. IKgs. 10:12 26. 
 
 Gen. 39:23 2d. Isa. 6:3 2f. 
 
 Ex.4:9 2c. Isa.66:8 2e. 
 
 Ex. 35:24 2h. Jer. 7:19 Dt>. 
 
 Lev. 6:9 2c. Jer. 9:3 2d. 
 
 Lev. 11:32 26. Jer. 37:9 Ic. 
 
 Num. 20:19 2d. Ezek.l5:3 26. 
 
 Num. 35:22 26. Ezek.34:2 U). 
 
 Deut.2:7 2d. Hab. 2:19 2d. 
 
 Judg. 6:29 %f. Bodes. 8:5 2d. 
 
 Judg. 13:23 2e. IChron. 9:38 2e. 
 
 1 Sam. 10:3 2/. IChron. 17:5 2/. 
 
 15. Numerals. 
 
 1- inK D1'^ one day; riflN Hllfl^ one law; OnilK D'Q'^ «irafl'^e tZai/*. 
 
 TV - - T • T -: ■ T 
 
 2. a. D'P' nB''?^'* triad of days = iAree (iaj/s; f)hi>{l3rt 'JK''^ <^ <wo i. 
 
 h. D*J£J' y2tJ'^ sewen years; D'^lfl Hj^DB'' sei;eM hullocks. 
 
 iGen.27:45. a Gen. 27:44. 6Gen.l:16. 'Num. 23:1,29. 
 
 « Ex. 12:49. << Josh. 2:22. « Gen. 5:7. 
 
48 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 15. 
 
 c- nj^5?' Q'?'^!'^ seuera rams; J?^^ rifrj^O? seuen j^eps. 
 
 3. D'tJ'JN 'nJS'V D'Jty^ «we?t'e mera; *1B' V D'^t^ DHS* <weZt)e bullocks; 
 
 • T -: T ^ T 't • T 
 
 DV 'itJ'y IIIN^ eZeuew daj/s; B'flJ n'lB')^ ti/^^ sixteen souls. 
 
 4. D'^3 D'j^5^' seventy sons; □'"IB'^ niON* twenty cubits; 
 
 5. rr^b^i D';r3"|j< nn^^^^forty-dgudties; DH"?^ ♦J?'') D*J?31^^^ 
 
 forty-two children; nJB' tJ''?tI'1 D'{J'7iyi^ thirty-three years; 
 
 T T T : ■ : 
 
 nj^' DT^ty'l D'JB' C'On^* seventy-five years. 
 
 T T ^* : • ; ■ T *• T 
 
 6- D'N'^J HNO^^ ^ hundred prophets; D'jnN Dl^P^* « hundred sockets; 
 
 TTT" TT-: -r-. .. 
 
 dred pomegranates; ri1'7J^ ^'7^)^" O' fl^N T\i7)P^ « thousand burnt- 
 offerings. 
 
 7. a. D♦J;^'^Nj^22 the forty; W'WV^'Q'^^ «^« toejKj/; iriNp^* iAe one. 
 
 b. D^m^n nt^DtTt^e five men; tirr!D^:^T)iim^ the forty days; 
 D'riKSni D'J/iDtt'll'l n^'7tfftl^'' th^ two hundred and seventy-three; 
 tJ'*K D'nKQI D'ti'Onn^* the two hundred and fifty men. [month. 
 
 8. a. nJlB'N'irr rrJtya^* m <Ae>«« year; ♦ Vtynrr t:''nn3^'' m <Ae ninth 
 
 T I* T T T ~ ^^. . . — .^. J _ 
 
 ^- nn^^'j^ n^atf" nj^'3,^i or nit nntr;^ nioK'S^^ ^^ ^^^ eighteenth 
 
 year; llJt!' D'J^S'INS^^ *i the fortieth year. 
 
 c. j;5"1N nJB'5^ in the fourth year; yZtt^TSlt^^ the seventh year. 
 
 9. a. Wilt D'Jtt'^* two by two; ^^ih IRK''^ one for each tribe. 
 
 ■J- : -J- : ".* It - T v 
 
 6. D'pl^^3» twice; D'PJ/fi B''?^'^^ or D'"?^") ty'7ti'*» «Aree <me«; 
 nriN" once; DD'nNCpri"'?^^ 1^51?'*^ *«"«'' times for your sins; 
 D^ri)^3tS'*' seven times; O^i^i^.^Mi*^ four times. 
 
 laChron. 13:9. 
 >Bzek. 40:22. 
 «Deut. 1:23. 
 <Ezr. 8:3S. 
 
 • Deut. 1:2. 
 
 • Gen. 46:18. 
 12 Kks. 10:1. 
 
 • ZChron. 8:1. 
 ' Gen. 7:4. 
 
 "Ex. 1:6. 
 u Josh. 21:39. 
 
 i: 2 Kgs. 2:24. 
 IS 2 Sam. 6:6. 
 "Gen. 12:4. 
 ulKers. 18:4. 
 i« Ex. 38:27. 
 11 Gen. 17:17. 
 "Gen. 11:10. 
 i9 2Chron.3:16. 
 so 1 BigB. 3:4. 
 n 2 Chron. 1:6. 
 » Gen. 18:29. 
 
 » Gen. 18:31. 
 »Eccles. 4:9. 
 25 Judg. 18:17. 
 M Deut. 9:25. 
 " Num. 3:41. 
 as Num. 16:35. 
 29 2 Chron. 29:3. 
 M Jer. 36:9. 
 u 2 Chron. 34:8. 
 >2 2 Kgs. 22:3. 
 f Deut. 1:3. 
 
 MZeoh.7:l. 
 oc Deut. 16:9. 
 »« Gen. 7:9. 
 87 Deut. 1:23. 
 38 Num. 20:11, 
 «9 Ex. 23:17. 
 « Ex. 23:14. 
 " 1 Kgs. 10:22. 
 « Ley. 26:18. 
 "Gen. 4:16. 
 M 2 Sam. 12:6. 
 
2 15.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 49 
 
 c. 'If q one-half; !y\^"'bp one-third; HIT ♦JT«?' two-thirds; i^^^K 
 nillfour-Jifths; fllT J/ti^'ri nine-tenths. 
 
 The various constructions of the numerals may be classified as follows : 
 1- nrtK is an adjective, and follows the substantive which it modi- 
 fies." 
 
 2. The numerals from two to ten are used with plural nouns and may 
 stand in one of three constructions : — 
 
 a. Before the noun and in annexion with it (§ 8. 2. a). 
 
 6. Before the noun, with the noun in apposition (§ 6. 2. and Eem. h). 
 
 c. After the noun, and in apposition with it (2 6. 1. e)po 
 
 3. The numerals from eleven to nineteen are used with plural nouns,** 
 and usually stand before the noun {§ 6. 2. and Eem. &), though sometimes 
 after it (§ 6. 1. e). 
 
 4. The numerals from twenty to ninety may be followed by the sub- 
 stantive (in apposition, cf. ? 6. 2. and Eem. 6), or may be preceded by the 
 substantive and stand in apposition with it (? 6. 1. e). In the former 
 case the substantive is generally in the singular,* in the latter it is always 
 in the plural. 
 
 5. Numerals made up of tens and units vary greatly in usage. They 
 generally follow a plural noun, though sometimes they precede it. The 
 common nouns cited below (Remarks d, e) generally stand in the singular, 
 if [the numeral precedes. Frequently the substantive is used twice, in 
 the singular with the ten, in the plural with the unit. 
 
 6. The numerals UNO hundred, D*ilND i'^o hundred, together with 
 the words for three hundred, four hundred, etc., and fl/X thousand, 
 D*37N ti^o thousand admit the same constructions as the numerals 
 two to ten (see above 2. a.-c).f The substantive, except in the case of 
 those named in Eemarks d, e (below), is in the plural. 
 
 7. In the use of the article with numerals, it may be noted that, 
 
 a. A numeral standing alone receives it, as would any other noun. 
 
 6. When the numeral is in the construct, the article is written with 
 the following substantive ; when it is in the absolute, the article may be 
 prefixed to the numeral, or to the substantive, or to both. 
 
 8. In reference to the use of ordinals, it may be noted that, 
 a. Those from one to ten are treated as ordinary adjectives. 
 
 6. Above ten, the cardinals are used as ordinals, following in am- 
 nexion with the noun, or preceding it in apposition. 
 
 c. In dates, the cardinals from one to ten also are often used instead 
 of the ordinals." 
 
50 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 15. 
 
 9. a. Distributives are expressed by the repetition of the numeral, or 
 by the use of the preposition 7. 
 
 6. Numeral adverbs are expressed by forms of DJ?3 time, 7ii^foot, 
 '\'i hand, by feminine forms of the cardinals, by dual formations. 
 
 c. Fractions are expressed by specific words {e. g., ♦ifH one-half), 
 by the feminine form of the ordinals, by use of the word nn*j ^tc. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) ins la sometimes used as a substantive in annexion with a following word, 
 e. g., Z Sam. 13:13; Job 2:10. 
 
 (6) This construction is comparatively rare and late. 
 
 (c) Nouns designating weights and measures are frequently omitted after the 
 numeral, which, howeTer, Is masouUne or feminine according to the gender of the 
 omitted noun; e. g.. Gen. 24:22; 1 Sam. 10:4; Kuth 3:15. 
 
 (d) Certain common nouns stand in the singular with the numerals eleven to nine- 
 teen: t^K man, tl^K thouaamd, riDS cvMt, DV day, e]D3 silver, tyflj smil, rUt? year, 
 hpW stiehel; e.g., Num. 1:44; Deut.l:2; Hos.3:2; Gen. 46:18. 
 
 (e) But except in the case of the nouns just mentioned in Rem. d, and a few others 
 denoting weight or measure, such as n3 bath, 133 talent, 13 cor, ni J gerah, the nu- 
 merals from twenty to ninety, even when they precede the substantive, usually take a 
 noun in the plural; e. g., Num. 11:25; Bzek. 40:17. 
 
 (/) These words, however, with the exception of nSD, having no construct, can. 
 not stand in annexion with a following substantive. 
 
 (9) In dates the nouns 01' day, tyiD month are frequently omitted; e. g.. Gen. 8:5; 
 Ex. 18:3; Deut. 1:3. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 4:19; 6:26; 8:10, 12; 26:23; 30:36; Judg. 7:8 6 
 
 31:23 2a. Judg. 11:33 i 
 
 Gen. 7:24- 32:16 6 Judg. 14:17 7b. 
 
 Gen.8!l3; 14:4 8b. ISam. 13:6; 26:18 6 
 
 Gen.ll:26; 14:4; 17:20 3 lSam.20:27 8c. 
 
 Gen. 18:2; 41:18 2b. 2 Sam. 2:16 3 
 
 Gen. 18:24 4 2 Sam. 19:44 9b. 
 
 Gen. 23:1 5 2 Sam. 21:20 9a. 
 
 Gen. 43:34 9b. lKgs.6:3; 7:2; 18:19 6 
 
 Gen. 47:24. 9c. 1 Kgs. 7:38 4 
 
 Ex. 11:1 1 2 Kgs. 6:25 9c. 
 
 Ex. 12:8 8o. 2 Kgs. 18:28 6 
 
 Ex. 12:6 8b. Isa. 6:2 9o. 
 
 Ex. 29:40 9c. Ezek. 40:36 5 
 
 Lev. 27:5 4 Zech. 11:12 4 
 
 Num. 7:3 3 Zech. 13:8 9c. 
 
 Num. 11:19 i Prov. 6:31 9b. 
 
 Deut. 1:23 1 Job 32:1 2a. 
 
 Deut. 4:13 7b. Neh. 8:2 8c. 
 
 Deut. 4:41; 19:2 2b. lChron.2:22 5 
 
 Deut. 22:19 6 lChron.23:4 6 
 
 Josh. 3:12; 4:3 3 lChron.26:5 2c. 
 
 Josh. 4:20 7b. 2Chron.3:4 4 
 
 Josh. 21:32 2c. 8Chron.ll:a7 26. 
 
H. TJse of rrenses and MIoods. 
 
 16. The Tenses, in General. 
 
 1. a. *^0^} ntJ'NrF"?^^ vinto the woman he said. 
 
 - T T • |T 
 
 6. tJ^'N*? nVfip Tl^P.^^ -^'*'"' '<"' °^<^ *" ^^ *" * husband, 
 c- ipy*P 2pl3 tj'l'l^ a stor shall proceed from Jacob, etc. 
 
 2. a. ntyO'TtJ" f^t* *^ei «a«g' (proceeded to sing) Moses, [answering him. 
 
 I^JV' D^Ii'^KIl') *l5n» ntt^O^ Moses kept speaking and God kept 
 ^^■70 r"TN5 inXifQl* hs found him in a desert land. 
 6- nfll^ isT) IJN^X^ /«ee him but not now. 
 
 T ^- JV 
 
 (TlflK 'Jl3 ^DS"'?^)^ ^'** '''^^ the first-born of my sons I redeem. 
 Vr\V2\i}T\ D'PDn *rifl^* <Ae Ups of the wise preserve them. 
 c. nb'W ")^'J< nj^iri nrij?" »»ow thou shalt see what I shall do. 
 iltn 13'in nin* rFtyi^* "inO^^ to-nwrrowTahwehvdll do this thing. 
 
 V - T T - T : V -:|- T T 
 
 "^DJ^f^ "^bN pn'I'J^. ^^1$^ from every tree of the garden thou 
 
 mayest eat. 
 
 nT^^ v"n\'7fl *Tl3i^!3^' t^O't they i^ay be to me for a testimony. 
 
 The Hebrew has, strictly speaking, two tenses. These, however, do 
 not correspond to the tenses of the Indo-European languages. The fol- 
 lowing general statements, based chiefly on the examples cited above, al- 
 though also in part upon a larger induction, will present, briefly, the 
 peculiarities of the Hebrew tenses : 
 
 1. The Perfect, used alike of actions or states belonging to the sphere 
 of the past, present, or future, represents the action or state as actually 
 completed (finished), or as conceived of by the writer or speaker as com- 
 pleted. Hence it may be used 
 
 1 Gen. 3:16. 
 
 6 Ex. 19:19. 
 
 8 Ex. 13:15. 
 
 n Ex. 9:5. 
 
 3Kuthl:12. 
 
 e Deut. 32:10. 
 
 sProv. 14:3. 
 
 " Gen. 2:16. 
 
 » Num. 24:17. 
 
 7 Num. 24:17. 
 
 10 Ex. 6:1. 
 
 " Gen. 21:30. 
 
 « Ex. 16:1. 
 
 
 
 
62 HBBBEW SYNTAX [2 16. 
 
 a. Of actions belonging to the past, and so finished. 
 
 6. Of actions or states in the present, but regarded as finished. 
 
 c. Of actions or states that are yet to happen, but which, for the 
 sake of efFect, the writer or speaker describes as having actually taken 
 place or existed. 
 
 2. The Imperfect, used alike of actions or states belonging to the 
 sphere of the past, present or future, represents the action or state as 
 actually incomplete (unfinished), or as conceived of by the writer or 
 speaker as incomplete. Hence it may be used 
 
 a. Of actions belonging to the past, but regarded by the writer as 
 incipient or frequentative. 
 
 6. Of actions in the present, regarded as happening or likely to 
 happen. 
 
 c. Of actions in the future, and so, whether the idea be that of 
 mere futurity, or of possibility, obligation, purpose or condition, in the 
 strictest s?nse unfinisJied. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 (1) The tense, therefore, has in itself no indication of the order of 
 time ; it merely assigns to the action or state a given characteristic, viz., 
 completeness, or incompleteness. The order of time, i. e., the sphere of 
 time (whether past, present, or future) of each action or state must be 
 determined from the context. 
 
 (2) The Imperfect may perhaps better be described as representing an 
 action as coming, or becoming, i. e., as in movement. The Perfect, on the 
 other hand, is the tense of rest. The former represents the thing as doing, 
 the latter represents it as done. 
 
 (3) The names "Past" and "Future" not only fail to convey the true 
 meaning of the tenses, but carry with them an entirely false conception. 
 The names "Aorist" and "Subsequent" are far better ;i yet also they 
 fail to cover the respective usages of these tenses. The terms "Perfect" 
 and "Imperfect," while not entirely satisfactory, seem, upon the whole, 
 to be the best. They are, however, to be used in the sense described, 
 viz., "finished," "unfinished." 
 
 (4) No effort to translate literally the Hebrew tenses will be success- 
 ful. It is incorrect to say, e. g., that the literal rendering of Gren. 2:5 is 
 arid a mist will go up, etc. The future idea is no more a necessary ele- 
 ment in the Imperfect tense than in the Perfect. Every attempt to follow 
 rigidly the so-called past and future rendering will fail. 
 
 1 Suggested by Prof. Wm. G. Ballantine, D. D., in October Rebbaica, 1885, pp.B3-56, 
 
§ 17.] BY AN nSTDUCTIVB METHOD. 53 
 
 (5) This peculiarity often appears also in the Greek, e. g., ireiaai differs 
 from nei-deiv, and fi^ miayg from /u^ TreZiJe not as to the sphere of time to 
 which they belong, but as to the character of the act. Both are indefinite 
 as to date ; the former, however, is momentary, the latter, continuous. 
 
 (6) The distinction indicated by the tenses is not necessarily a real 
 one. It may exist only in the mind of the writer or speaker. He is at 
 liberty, therefore, upon one occasion to describe the action as it really is, 
 upon another, as he for any reason may conceive it to be. Still further 
 in describing events belonging to the past he may either represent them 
 as they really are, viz., finished, or he may, for the sake of rhetorical 
 effect, represent them as taking place before his eyes. In the same series, 
 one event may be described in one way, the second in the other way. In 
 the representation of events belonging to the sphere of the future, the 
 same liberty may be exercised. At times this is puzzling ; but, in most 
 cases, the context is a sure guide. 
 
 (7) There is danger, of course, that in our effort to analyze the various 
 possible uses of the tenses, we may force into them some significations 
 which they were never intended to convey. Prof. Driver, however, has 
 truly said : " In itself the Perfect (for example) enunciates simply the 
 completion of an act : it is by way of accommodation to the usage of an- 
 other language that, eliciting its special force from the context, we make 
 the meaning more definite by exhibiting it explicitly, as occasion de- 
 mands, under the form of an aorist, a perfect, or a present." 
 
 17. The Perfect, Used of Past Events. 
 
 1. T^an DNI D^DtJ'Tr DN "a N"13^ God created the heaven and the 
 
 J VlT T "J- T - .TT 
 
 n'npJTIN !*?♦ t^^^f and Gush begat Nimrod. [earth. 
 
 1")fl "^NltS" 'JDI^ and the children of Israel were fruitful. 
 
 T " T ; ■ '• : 
 
 ''3 '^'7t2 Ci^ E^'^JS'* three years reigned he in Jerusalem. 
 
 2. nln*"nK ^'2W^ ^^y have forsaken Yahweh. 
 ?l'Jfl I'^SJ tVih^ why hath thy countenance fallen? 
 
 I-IVT ; |T TJT ' 
 
 *'?I^ ')rW "Iti-'N'' I'oho have set themselves against me. 
 
 \il\ilt\ OnO IN'^D* «*y T'Oins have become (= arej/aZZ of anguish. 
 
 T T : - - : T : |T 
 
 3. ♦flflD'? *0 litT'DK' 'wT^ose ox have I taken? 
 
 riNf 'il^B'J^'DN^'' if I have (ever) done this. 
 
 1 Gen. 1:1. 4lKg8. 15:3. •'Vs.S:1. si Sam. 12:3. 
 
 a Gen. 10:8. sisa. 1:4. 8l8a.31:3. ioPs.7:4. 
 
 3Bz.l:7. 6 Gen. 4:6. 
 
'64 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 17. 
 
 1 V llfinj 127 niKfl^ '^w ^'J'*' fifiueM Aim <Ae desire of Ms heart. 
 4. nJI'V "Iti'N 1fl3N70^ ^^ wori which he had made. 
 
 T ^ V -; - : 
 
 DO'liSt^ niiT'? DDNCOn' ye had sinned against Yahweh your God. 
 
 ■: ■■ I v: T : - v t -: 
 
 Dn7 7DK is) '''2^ for he had not eaten bread. 
 
 v-r.* - T 
 
 The Perfect, designating that which is finished, is used of past events. 
 Here may be distinguished, 
 
 1. The historical perfect (employed in simple narration), which denotes 
 an action or state completed at or during a particular period in the past. 
 This period, long or short, is fixed by the context. There is no reference 
 to other events. 
 
 2. The present perfect (or Greek perfect), which denotes an action 
 (not a state) completed in the past, but viewed in relation to the present ; 
 in other words, an action resulting in a state." ^ 
 
 3. The indefinite perfect, which denotes an action completed at some 
 point in the past, which " the speaker is not able or desirous to specify 
 more closely."" 
 
 4. The pluperfect, which denotes a finished action, viewed in relation 
 to some other past action, either already mentioned, or yet to be men- 
 tioned. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) This perfect is frequently to be rendered as a present, though the past should 
 he used wherever it is possible, 
 
 (b) The difference between this and the historical [perfect is an important one. 
 The whole interpretation of a passage will turn on the choice made. 
 
 (c) While the exact moment is not specified, the limits within which it must fall 
 are often seen from the context. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:31; 19:28; Z0:18;34:5 4 Isa.5:24b 2 
 
 Gen. 25:30; 32:11; 49:30 f. 1 Isa.6:6 4 
 
 Gen. 32:11 2 Jer. 2:11a 3 
 
 Ex. 3:18; 4:22 (IDS?) 3 Ps.2:l; 5:11; 16:6; 17:5; 22:2; 31:15; 
 
 Ex. 12:40 1 88:7-10 2 
 
 Num.9:23 1 Ps.3:8; 44:2 3 
 
 Num.22:33 4 Pb.30:3; 40:8; 44:3f 1 
 
 Deut.2:14 1 P8.48:4 2 
 
 Judg.6:28 4 Job4:3; 9:4; 37:20 3 
 
 2Sam. 18:18 4 Job 19:18-20. 2 
 
 IPs. 21:3. 3 Gen. 2:2. >Deut9:16. <1 Sam. 28:20. 
 
i 18.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 55 
 
 18. The Perfect, Used of Present Events. 
 
 1- n'in.»"'7N n* '^Pin^ J^Wt up my hand to Yahweh. 
 
 ^*JJ riVil/ ^r^'^V IDNI^ cmd him I appoint to he prince. 
 
 DI)ll"tJ"N 'flfrptl' flflj?"!* <"*'^ '^ow I send a wise mora. 
 ^* *^i?T i^^* (I have perceived = Ihabe come to know =) I know not. 
 
 "")J|1 nJlllTDK IJ'lDt^ Me remember the fish, etc. 
 
 T T - V :j-t 
 
 D*1Dr?r7 73D *flJJOp® /cM» foo small for all the mercies, etc. 
 3. inJp ^ItJ' i^'l*'' an ox knoweth his ovmer. 
 
 T'V *7f?^ "I'Vn '^^f fl'''«** withereth, flower fadeih. 
 
 "flN UN"! '* £0*3n D'OK^O*/»'o«!' heaven Y. looks down; he sees, etc. 
 
 T T • ■ -J- T • 
 
 The Perfect, as designating that -which is finished, is used of events 
 which, indeed, are regarded as completed, yet sustain so close a relation to 
 the present as in many cases to be regarded as belonging to the sphere 
 of the present. Here belong, 
 
 1. The perfect of the immediate past, which denotes an action finished 
 at the moment or just before the moment of speaking, and is generally 
 best rendered by our present. 
 
 2. The stative perfect, used of verbs expressing a physical or mental 
 state (see Elements, ? 58. Note 3);"'' here the state or condition is one 
 which, although entered into in the past, or the result of some past activ- 
 ity, is regarded as existing at the time of speaking, and is, consequently, 
 best rendered by the present." 
 
 3. The perfect of experience, used to express truths which have been 
 established by experience, and, hence, generally accepted.^* 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) Compare the Latin noui, memini, and the Greek olda. 
 
 (6) The most common verbs in this class will he found helow in the " Bef erences 
 for Study." 
 
 (c) It Is not to be supposed that the Perfect of these verbs is limited to this usage. 
 They may have, according to the demands of the context, the other uses of the per- 
 fect. 
 
 (d) With this use of the Perfect may be compared the gnomic aorist of the Greek. 
 
 (e) The Imperfect is likewise employed to express general truths, but from a dif- 
 ferent point of view (8 21. 3). 
 
 lOen. 14:23. « Gen. 4:9. « Gen. 32:11. slBa.40:7. 
 
 slEgs. 1:36. c Num. 11:6. 'Isa. 1:3a. >Ps. 33:13. 
 
 ' 2 Chron. 2:12. 
 
56 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 19. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 21:26; 27:9 2 Ps. 7:16; 15:3-5; 24:4; 33:13; 34:n; 37:23; 
 
 Ez.lO:3([Xa) 2 39:12; 84:4 3 
 
 Sam.2:l(nDtS) 2 Ps.25:2 (ni33) 2 
 
 Sam. 2:3-5 3 Ps.92:6 6nj) 3 
 
 1 Sam. 17:10 1 Ps. 104:24 (S^D, 331) 3 
 
 2Sam.l6:4; 17:11; 19:30 1 P8.144:4(nm) 2 
 
 Isa. 40:8, 23 3 Prov. 11:2, 8; 22:12 f 3 
 
 Isa.55:9(n3J) 2 Prov. 20:9 OnD) 2 
 
 P8.5:6(KJSy) 2 Job 10:15 (pnS) 2 
 
 Ps.7:2(nDn) 2 Ruth 1:12 (]pt) 2 
 
 7P. The Perfect, Used of Future Events. 
 
 !• n7 'riflJ mtj^n^ thejield I give (= lot'Z? mue) thee. 
 
 ||T ■ J-T VT - 
 
 r\ii^'r\ 'KiTDN *]iriJ ^I^")?"?^ to tUy seed I will give this land. 
 '' J^'B''in '3 ''^Vy^ I know thai Yahweh will save. 
 
 2. a. 'QJ^ (17^1 V2r therefore my people shall go into captivity. 
 
 3pl7*P 3D13 ^'^'^' " **'*'' shall proceed from Jacob, etc. 
 
 "^ilJ "llK IN"! Dj^n® the people s^a?Z «ee a great light. 
 
 h. ifil "IKIVIJ^ "I^J^I ^^^' niin^a f]'7liy and he shall sweep 
 onward into Judah; he shall overflow and pass through; he shall 
 reach even to the neck. 
 
 tr'DtfS'rr riB^'rr onw i?ni ii'?- ■ ■■D^Dfri o:Di;p-»3Vo/- the stars 
 
 of heaven shall not give their light, the sun shall he darkened, etc. 
 
 c. ''-n?? rrj;*! pxn nN'?p-'3. . . -in^nK'! ii'^f and they shaii do 
 
 no harm. . . .for the earth shall he filed ioith the knowledge of T. 
 
 irrriflj DIIOO ni3"IN"'5^'' for the windows of heaven shall he 
 
 opened. 
 
 "D3 '7')p '' )^Oa'"'3^Vo*' y. shall hear the voice of my weeping. 
 
 3. IJTS nin* DiPi^'^y^^for Y. will have given them into our hand. 
 ''Ijn? ^n[7ti' '3 t]y^ go, for (then) T. will have sent thee. [ten. 
 ]ll5in"")SJ'K ?|f1l'piD1^* and thine issue which thou shalt have hegot- 
 
 1 Gen. 23:11. 6 Num. 24:17. 9 Isa. 11:9. 12 1 Sam. 14:10. 
 
 2 Gen. 15:18. « Isa. 9:1. 10 Isa. 24 :18. "1 Sam. 20:22. 
 3 Pa. 20:7. 7 Isa. 8:8. " Ps. 6:9 (of. 10). "Gen. 48:6. 
 
 < Isa. 6:13. a Isa. 13:10. 
 
2 19.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 57 
 
 m?' i^)?'*1I?^ until the time when, she shall have hrought forth. 
 
 4. DDi;iN 'flJ^Jl N*? DniK Dn^np iy t/yow Ao^ fep< «Aem aUve, I 
 should not have hilled you. 
 
 ^TT) Dips. . . .IJ"? Tnin 'y '♦ ♦'7l'?3 except Y. of hosts had left us 
 a very small remnant, we should have been as Sodom, etc. 
 ♦riN^^nV . . .?]»J7N VriN'^ri K'^-DN* »/ Ido not bring him{= shall 
 not have brought) bach to thee then I will bear the blame. 
 
 The Perfect, as designating that which is finished, or conceived of 
 as finished, is frequently used of events which belong to the sphere of the 
 future.'* Here are to be noted, 
 
 1. The perfect of certainty, used of actions in the future, which the 
 speaker or actor has fully determined to perform ; this occurs especially 
 in the statement of promises, decrees, and contracts. 
 
 2. The prophetic perfect, really an extension of the Perfect of certain- 
 ty ; this use of the tense portrays boldly and expressively the confidence 
 of the speaker as to the certain occurrence of a yet future event. There 
 may be distinguished, 
 
 a. Cases in which the Perfect is the first verb of a series, the re- 
 maining verbs being Perfects of a similar character, or Imperfects with a 
 future meaning. 
 
 b. Cases in which the series of verbal forms, while composed chiefly 
 of Imperfects, contains here and there a Perfect which has been inserted 
 "to give variety to the scene, or to confer particular emphasis upon indi- 
 vidual traits in it.'' 
 
 c. Cases in which the Perfect is used after '3 in assigning a reason 
 for something which, though still future, is deemed certain. 
 
 3. The future-perfect, which denotes a finished action, viewed in rela- 
 tion to some other action still in the future.'' 
 
 4. The conditional perfect, used in certain forms of conditional sen- 
 tences (I 48. 6, 7), in which the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the 
 condition is thus vividly expressed. * ■* 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The ease with which the Hebrew writer passed from one tense to the other is 
 paralleled only hy the difficulty which the modern translator finds in expressing the 
 force of the change. 
 
 (b) The auxiliaries shall have, or wUl have do not always furnish the best rendering 
 of this construction, there being many cases in which, especially after conjunctions, 
 
 ^Mlc. 5:2. aJudg. 8:19. alsa. 1:9. < Gen. 13:9. 
 
58 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 [?20. 
 
 the ordinary rendering Owe or have) is entirely sufflcient; e. g., ns'lj '5 (Isa. 16: 12; 
 Gen. 28:15; 2 Kgs. 4:24). 
 
 (c) That the Perfect may also be used to express a vHsh, i. e. , as a Precative, Is claim- 
 ed by some grammarians. In accordance with this usage, the following passages are 
 by some explained: Isa. 26:15; 43:9; Ps.4:2; 7:7; 10:16; 22:22; 31:6; 57:7; 71:3; 116:16; 
 Job 21:16; 22:18, and a few others. But expositors do not agree on the oases in which 
 this force exists; and nearly every case cited by any writer can be satisfactorily ex- 
 plained in another way. 
 
 (d) Of Interest, likewise, are those cases in which the Perfect is used in interroga- 
 tion a) after such phrases as 'riD ^;> tiUwhent njH 1^ up to where t e.g., Ex. 10:3; 
 Ps. 80:5; and (2) where the speaker desires to represent a thing as highly improbable; 
 e. g.. Gen. 18:12; 21:7; Deut. 5:23; Judg. 11:13. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Isa. 46:1 f 2a. 
 
 Isa. 60:1 2c. 
 
 Jer. 2:26; 13:26 2a. 
 
 Jer. 25:38 2b. 
 
 Jer. 28:2 2a. 
 
 Jer. 31:1* 1 
 
 Jer. 46:14-16 2o. 
 
 Joel 2:10; 4:15 26. 
 
 Amos 5:2 2a. 
 
 Mic. 1:9,12,16 2c. 
 
 Zeph. 1:11 2c. 
 
 Zech. 9:6 2c. 
 
 Zeoh.ll:2 2c. 
 
 Ps. 7:13; 11:2 2b. 
 
 Isa. 9:1-6; 10:28-31 2a. Ps. 22:22, 30 2a. 
 
 Isa. 11:8; 13:10 2b. Ps. 28:6 2c. 
 
 Isa. 16:12 3 Ps. 30:13; 36:13 2a 
 
 Isa. 16:8, 9 2c. Ps.41:4 2a. 
 
 Isa. 16:10; 18:5 2b. Ps.56:14 2e. 
 
 Isa. 21:1 2a. Ps. 69:17 3 
 
 Isa. 23:1, 4, 14 2c. Ps. 71:24 2c. 
 
 Isa. 24:4-12. 2o. Ps. 73:15 4 
 
 Isa. 25:8 2b. Ps. 85:11 2a. 
 
 Isa. 34:2 2c. Ps. 94:17 4 
 
 Isa. 43:20 1 Kuth 4:3 1 
 
 Gen. 17:20 1 
 
 Gen. 30:13. 2c. 
 
 Ex. 12:17 
 
 Lev.26:44 
 
 Num. 32:19 
 
 Deut. 28:45, 62 
 
 Judg. 14:18 
 
 Judg. 15:3 
 
 1 Sam. 1:28 
 
 ISam. 15:2 
 
 1 Sam. 25:34 
 
 2 Sam. 6:24 
 
 lKgs.3:13 
 
 Isa. 6:6 
 
 20, The Imperfect, used of Past Events. 
 
 1. a. "is HvIK Di' "l3N'^ perish the day on which I was bom. 
 IQ^pD' T)f2ilPP the depths covered them. 
 "13"1P r^N3 IHNlfD'^ he found him in a desert land. 
 
 1 Job 3:3. 
 
 2 Ex. 16:6. 
 
 > Dt. 32:10. 
 
2 20.] BY AN INDTJCTITB METHOD. 69 
 
 &• n{J'D""^*K'' tiV- then sang {proceeded to sing) Moses. 
 
 'K3 iVTV, W)^ T\^m:^ \y'p ^yf and no shml of the field was 
 
 yet in the earth. 
 
 1J*£) pIHE' VOtiS', fN^ then our mouth was filled with laughter. 
 2. ri^{2'!3 rtitif nSJ'J^* pi* "''"•'^ *° ^^ ^^ y^^ ^y y^f- [throng. 
 
 V^y'y? n'?D'? Q*r''??i> ^'55^ ^^^ ^^^^^ *" 9° *" *^ house of God in a 
 DD**1 ^IBTl k7 7lNtI' !l*in* Saul's sword never returned empty. 
 
 |t *• T T VJ.' 
 
 The Imperfect, designating ttat which is unfinished (developing, mov- 
 ing), is used of events which belong to the sphere of the past. Here may 
 be distinguished :" 
 
 1. The incipient (strictly so called) imperfect, which represents the 
 action so designated as beginning or in tnovement. This usage, 
 
 a. Is most common in poetic and prophetic diction, when, present- 
 ing the action in the most vivid and lively manner, it is equivalent to our 
 historical present.^ " <* 
 
 b. Is common in prose with certain particles which mark the point 
 in the past at which the action described was still unconcluded. These 
 particles are f^{ thm, DItO, D1£03 not yet.^ 
 
 T VJV vjv : 
 
 2. The frequentative imperfect, used to express repeated ants, habits 
 or customs/"'' 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Certain exceptional oases of the Imperfect used of past time are Gen. 37:7; 
 Ex. 8:20; Deut. 32:35; 2 Sam. 15:37; 23:10; 1 Kga. 7:8b; 21:6; 2 Kgs. 13:20; Jer. 52:7; Bzek. 
 9:4; Job 6:17; Ps.56:4. 
 
 (W This Imperfect is frequently used in poetry immediately after a Perfect, to in- 
 dicate the "rapid and Instantaneous manner in which the second action is conceived 
 as foUowlng the first," e. g.,Bx. 15:13, 14; Hab. 3:10; Ps. 37:14f.; 74:14; 77:17. 
 
 (c) Just as a prophetic Perfect may be inserted In a series of Imperfects (8 19. 2. 6), 
 so an Imperfect may be Inserted In a series of Perfects, and the description thus be 
 rendered more lively and forceful, e. g., Isa. 9:10; Joel 2:3 fl. ; Nah. 2:5. 
 
 ((J) This Imperfect is also frequently used in descriptions instead of the more com- 
 monly employed participle, e. g.. Gen. 2:10; and in circumstantial clauses, e. g., 2 Sam. 
 
 15:37. 
 
 (6) IK is found sometimes with the Perfect; D^.U also, but rarely; e. g., Gen, 4:26; 
 24:16; Ex. 4:26; 15:15; 1 Sam. 3:7a; Ps. 90:2. 
 
 if) The frequentative use of the Imperfect has Its origin as follows : the Imperfect 
 charaoterizea an action or state as uncompleted. The action thus characterized, may, 
 indeed, be one which has not begun; but, if fiegu". and in the sphere of the past, it 
 must unless it be a continuous action, be one which is repeatedly exercized. A mere 
 continuous action (see h below) is expressed by the Participle. 
 1 Ex. 15:1. ■ sPs. 126:2. 6 Ps. 65:16. o 2 Sam. 1:22. 
 
 J Gen. 2:5. <1 Sam. 1:7. 
 
60 HBBBEW SYNTAX [2 21. 
 
 (ff) The incipient and frequentative Imperfect denote actions which are un- 
 finished; they differ, however, in that the former is used only of single acts, the 
 latter of several. 
 
 (h) The difference between the usage of the Participle and Imperfect is important : 
 the former represents an action as continuing without interruption; the latter as occur- 
 ring repeatedly. In many cases the difference may be difacult to perceive ; a close 
 study, however, will invariably show that there is a distinction, it being impossible to 
 substitute one for the other without a change of meaning. " While the Imperfect 
 multiplies an action, the Participle prolongs it; the one presents a series of units, the 
 other, a continuous line."* Cf. Gen. 29:2; 1 Sam. 2:13 f. ; 1 Kgs. 10:22. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 3:10 la. 1 Kgs. 3:4; 5:28 2 
 
 Gen. 6:4 2 Isa. 1:21 2 
 
 Gen. 19:4; 24:45 lb. Isa.6:2 la. 
 
 Gen. 80:38; 31:39 2 Isa. 7:23 2 
 
 Ex. 1:13 2 Isa. 23:7 2 
 
 Bx.l5:6,7,15 la. Isa.26:ll 2 
 
 Ex. 19:19 2 Isa. 43:17 lo. 
 
 Num. 9:16-23 2 Isa. 45:4 la. 
 
 Num. 23:7 la. Isa. 51:2 la. 
 
 Deut. 32:16, 17 2 Hab. 3:3, 7 la. 
 
 Josh.8:30; 10:12; 22:1 lb. Pb.7:16.... la. 
 
 Josh. 23:10 2 Ps. 18:4, 7,21 lo. 
 
 Judg.2:l la. Ps.30:9 la. 
 
 Judg. 2:18 2 Ps. 42:5 3 
 
 Judg. 5:8,26,29 la. PB.69:5 lb. 
 
 Judg.6:5 2 Ps.95:10 2 
 
 1 Sam. 2:22. 2 Ps. 99:6f 2 
 
 1 Sam. 3:3, 7b IS. Ps. 104:6-8 lo. 
 
 lSam.9:9 2 Job 4:12; 10:10 f la. 
 
 2 Sam. 15:37 la. 
 
 21. The Imperfect, used of Present Events. 
 
 1. ^|5iri"n!0 'nQJ^7^ saying : What art thou seeking ? 
 i^^i^tifP ti/^ii 1N"iri njn^ so, ye see (the) man is mad. 
 t*"|X"'5 r 9 15V!r''^ kings of the earth set themselves. 
 
 2. "1J1 ")0X*. ]^''7il^ therefore it is said, etc. 
 
 n'lfiX 'JS "liD5' ''^1^ '^'"^ "'^^ the first-horn of my sons Iredeem. 
 '^114! 25'i5J'' '^5^* "^y ^""^ ^^ restoreth, he guideth, etc. 
 *155* mr?^ 'NT'DN' those who fear Tahweh, he honoreth. 
 
 * Driver's Vac of the Tenses in Hebrew, 1881, pp. 41, 42. 
 
 1 Gen. 37:15. 3Ps.2:2. s Ex. 13:15. 1PS.15:1. 
 
 2 1 Sam. 21:16. 4 Gen. 10:9 6Pb.23:3. 
 
? 21.] BY AN INDTJCTIYE METHOD. 61 
 
 3. D'iilD nJHJ'I^p ^tJ'N^^ J^f «« ^ees do. 
 
 22^'7 tiay "n D'J^J;'? nin> DIKH^ man looheth <m the appear- 
 
 ancCj 6tti y] looJceth on the heart. 
 
 iTV)i'7V ilDfl n7*in^ i^e <^oor turneth on its hinges, 
 
 "♦ SJ^nV • • -D»aTa'»J<* <Ae 5ZoocZy mara F. abhorrefh. 
 
 4. fl")CP* SNf rQ*45^ Benjamin is a ravening wolf. [man? 
 niD^ ti'lJNp 'Nl'ril IjIK'^P® who art thou that thou fearest mortal 
 
 The Imperfect, as designating that which is unfinished and so develop- 
 ing and moving, is used of actions or states which belong to the sphere of 
 the present. Here we may, for convenience, distinguish, 
 
 1. The incipient (strictly so called) imperfect, which gives more force 
 and vividness to the action, or represents it as taking place (or beginning 
 to take place), while the words are being spoken." 
 
 2. The definite frequentative, used oi particular facts which are accus- 
 tomed to occur more or less frequently within certain limits of time. 
 
 3. The indefinite frequentative, used in the statement of facts which 
 may and do occur at any time, and of truths universally admitted.'' 
 
 4. The adjectival imperfect, coming strictly under the indefinite fre- 
 quentative, which, with an omitted relative, serves to denote a general 
 attribute of the object with which it is connected. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) It is not unusual for such an Imperfect to be found in a series of Perfects, 
 referring strictly to the present, thus rendering the style more vivid, as well as more 
 varied; e. g., Isa. 2:8; 9:10; 10:4, 28. Cf. § 20. B. c. 
 
 (6) The use of the Imperfect to express "general truths" is to be distinguished 
 from the similar usage of the Perfect of experience (§ 18. 3). The Imperfect empha- 
 sizes the idea that the fact or truth is one liable at any time to occur; the Perfect, 
 that it is a permanent and established one, as shown by past experience. The occa- 
 sional occurrence of both usages in the same verse is sometimes merely for variety, 
 though frequently very significant. Cf.Ps.2:lf.; 5:6; 6:T; 7:13 f.; 22:16; 23:5; 26:4,5; 
 38:12; Prov.4:17; 12:12; 28:1; Job 3:17; 11:20. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 22:14 2 Josh. 7:12 2 
 
 Gen. 37:15 1 Judg. 14:10 2 
 
 Ex. 18:15 3 1 Sam. 9:6 2 
 
 Num. 24:17 1 1 Sam. 24:13 3 
 
 Deut. 28:49 3 2 Sam. 5:8b 2 
 
 Dent. 32:11 4 Isa. 1:23 2 
 
 1 Deut. 1:44. sProv. 26:14. s Glen. 49:27. 6 Isa. 51:12. 
 
 2 1 Sam. 16:7. 4Ps. 5:7. 
 
62 HBBBEW SYNTAX [? 22. 
 
 Isa.5:U, 23 2 Ps.l:3, i, 5,6 2 
 
 Isa. 9:2 3 Ps. 3:6 2 
 
 Isa.l4:C 2 Ps.3:7 2 
 
 Isa. 31:4 3 Ps. 11:2 2 
 
 Isa. 32:6 3 Ps.ll:4 3 
 
 Isa. 40:20 4 Ps. 12:3 2 
 
 Isa. 40:31 3 Ps. 16:4 2 
 
 Isa.55:13 4 P8.17:9,12 2 
 
 Isa. 62:1b 4 Ps. 18:26-28 3 
 
 Jer.6:'i 1 Ps. 42:2 4 
 
 Hos.4:U 3 Ps.l04:U-17 3 
 
 Hos.4:14 4 Prov. 10:1, 2,3, 4 3 
 
 Hal).3:9 1 Job 5:2 3 
 
 22. The Imperfect, used of Future Events. 
 
 !• DnVJpn TlflK 1NT"'3^ when the Egyptians shall see thee. 
 n.SK'TX '3 1^^K nO^^ whereby shall I know that I shall, etc. 
 
 TJV T • ■ ■■ T - 
 
 D^N Klfl iTil' NinV and he will he a wild-ass of men. 
 
 T T vjv ■.• : r : 
 
 1i3Dfl- • •IJ'^ri j^in'ONI* iiit if ye do evil, ye mil be swept away. 
 
 2. a. "irifl? 01711 PDtyf)^ <^0M canst understand a dream to interpret it, 
 
 Nin "ISI* ")51"'5 'Wl'^ I know that he can speak well. 
 llfiD^'K? "ItyN li^S'' oa;e»i which could not be counted. 
 
 : It ■ V -: (t t 
 
 b. '73iir\ ■ ■ ■ f^H" W '72^^f^(>^ ^^"""H *'■«« thou mayest eat. 
 
 r?^f"irT ilty'® the murderer may return. [thou shalt eat. 
 
 3. a. ^'2iiT\ "IfiJ^I n^ri ^jJllif'^i^^'' upon thy belly thou shalt go and dust 
 
 DJJri N"? nV"iri N^^ thou shalt do no murder. . . thou shalt not 
 
 b. IS'^JJ'Ofl nnK")-'^^ 6m* t^ou shouldst rule over him. [steal. 
 Tl'7)3n"DJ^ ^^N- ■ •'5^155')^^ and I ought to sit with the king. 
 "IJDX r\My b'Z^ nyt^'Sn'^^ was Alner to die as a fool dieth. 
 
 ■■ ; - T T T : - 
 
 c. ^t'lDJ? W""l5^?^^ ^** '*"''' thy servant speak. 
 
 d. n5I?3 n'?pn ^^^D'."'?^?^^ ^** **"' *^ ^''*S' ^^^^ against his servant. 
 ?]J^") niSn flOV'' why shouldst thou smite thy neighbor? 
 
 T]'?K '3 ♦DJN 'pi^ who am I that I should go? 
 
 1 Gen. 12:12. 
 
 6 Ex. 4:14. 
 
 11 Ex. 20:14. 
 
 15 Gen. 44:18. 
 
 a Gen. 15:8 
 
 ilKgs. 8:5. 
 
 "Gen. 4:7. 
 
 16 1 Sam. 19:4. 
 
 s Gen. 16:12. 
 
 8 Gen. 2:16. 
 
 13 1 Sam. 20:5. 
 
 11 Ex. 2:13. 
 
 41 Sam. 12:25. 
 
 9 Num. 35:28. 
 
 u 2 Sam. 3:33. 
 
 18 Ex. 3:11. 
 
 6 Gen. 41:15. 
 
 10 Gen 3:14. 
 
 
 
2 22.] BY AN rNDUCnVB METHOD. 63 
 
 4. a. INVOfl "IJJ'NO Dfl 03*7 IflD^ take for you straw whence ye may 
 ^nd t<. [brother. 
 
 '\T\V!^r^'^ nV^* '^^N nVII^ *^^ murderer who might slay his 
 
 wie ^aZ/ thy house, I would not go in with thee. 
 
 ^>J?. ^O DJ pNO '^£)I?"^l^^ nup"? ty>{< "tdv-dn* if a man 
 
 could number the dust of the earth, thy seed also could he numbered. 
 c- li^OB" K*? "ItS'N^ <^<*< t^y ''nay not understand. 
 3'lp^"JJ7 "Itifii \i^u7^ t^^ there may not come near. 
 11* n7E""?£)'' lest he put forth his hand. 
 
 The Imperfect, as designating that which is unfinished, finds its fullest 
 and largest use in describing events which are yet within the sphere of 
 the future. Here we may distinguish : 
 
 1. The future imperfect, corresponding to our future. This is merely 
 an extension of the incipient Imperfect {?? 21. 1; 22. 1), since future ac- 
 tions are conceived of as events which are to begin at some future time." 
 
 2. The potential imperfect, which denotes 
 
 a. Possibility and capability, usually best expressed by the auxil- 
 iaries can, may, or if the action is viewed from the stand-point of 
 the past, by could, might. 
 
 b. Permission and concession, to be rendered in the same way.** 
 
 3. The imperative imperfect, used in presenting ideas which are also 
 expressed by the Imperative, or which are practically equivalent to those 
 expressed by the Imperative : — 
 
 a. Command, prohibition; the latter may be expressed only by the 
 Imperfect, the Imperative never being used with a negative 
 (§ 24. 1. a.). 
 
 b. Obligation, necessity; the exact rendering in these cases must be 
 determined by the demands of the context, e. g., I must sit, 1 
 ought to sit, I am to sit, I should sit. 
 
 c. Entreaty, deprecation; these may be distinguished from com- 
 mand, and prohibition, by noting the position of the speaker and 
 his relation to the person or persons addressed. With this be- 
 longs the use of the Imperfect in 
 
 1 Ex. 6 :U. » 1 KgB. 13 :8. t Gen. 11 :7. ' Gen. 3 :23. 
 
 sDeut. 4:12. < Gen. 13:16. 6 Num. 17:5. 
 
64 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 22. 
 
 d. Questions implying deprecation or entreaty,-' <* or perhaps only 
 
 greater courtesy t&an would have been expressed by the Per- 
 
 fect.6 
 4. The subjunctive imperfect; under which may be classified loosely 
 three or four general usages : 
 
 a. In expressions of indefiniteness and uncertainty (compare ? 23. 2, 
 
 above); 
 h. In certain forms of conditional sentences (§ 48. 4, 7. a) ; 
 c. In final sentences after conjunctions, e. g., Wu7i "112^5 
 
 (I 47. 4. h).f 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) It may te suflclent to say that the Imperfect is used to denote future events 
 because they ar j in the strictest sense incomplete. 
 
 (b) The cases belonging under the -potential Imperfect are to be regarded aslndica/- 
 tives, since they express independent ideas (cf . 8 23. i. a). 
 
 (e) Compare Josh. 9:8 and Gen. 16:8. 
 
 (d) After nn'?, ynn, yx. 
 
 (6) Compare the use of the Perfect in Gen. 40:15; Isa. 43:22. 
 
 (/) On the use of the Imperfect with 1 to express purpose, see § 24. 1. «, and 2. d. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:1T 3a. ISam. 14:44 3b. 
 
 Gen. 27:4, 10, 19, 25 4c. 1 Sam. 21:15 3d. 
 
 Gen. 42:37 2b. IKgs. 3:8 2a. 
 
 Ex. 3:3 3b. IKgs. 8:27 2a. 
 
 Ex. 5:11 40. 2Kgs. 12:5 4o. 
 
 Ex. 5:15 3d. Isa. 1:18 1 
 
 Ex. 8:23 4a. Isa. 33:14 2a. 
 
 Ex. 9:19 4a. Isa. 40:30 2b. 
 
 Ex. 10:26 3b. Isa. 49:15 2o. 
 
 Ex. 20:3-17 3a. Jer. 24:2 2a. 
 
 Ex. 21:12 3o. Hos. 2:1 2a. 
 
 Ex. 22:26 3b. Ps. 5:8 2a. 
 
 Num. 11 :12 3d. Ps. 8 :5 3d. 
 
 Num. 15:14 3a. Ps. 15:1 2a. 
 
 Num. 23:8 3b. Ps. 18:30 2a. 
 
 Num. 32:11 3a. Ps.27:3 4b. 
 
 Num. 35:33 2o. Ps.30:6 2b. 
 
 Num. 36:7, 9 3a. Ps.32:8 3b. 
 
 Dt.5:22 3d. Ps. 44:21 f 4b. 
 
 Dt.l2:ll 1 Job4;19 2a. 
 
 Dt. 32:29 4b. Job 7:17 3d. 
 
 Judg.l7:9 3d. Job 8:11 2o. 
 
 Judg. 19:17 3d. Job 38:31 2o. 
 
? 28.] BY AJsr INDUCTIVE METHOD. 65 
 
 23. The Jussive, Imperative and Cohortative. 
 
 1. a. "nlN-'n* 'N "10K*V and God said: Let there he light. 
 
 ?|QJ<"nN1 ?|*5?<"i^N "135^ hcmor thy father and thy mother. 
 
 ^T tDt2ti/rf let thy hand release it. 
 
 )2QQ^r\~^ii 'pj QT)* and shed not innocent blood. 
 
 : ; • - ]■ r t: 
 
 ^- ^pl^t. ''^'^ Jacob will [he permitted to) rejoice. 
 
 tl^'N nj^lfl ay^ let Pharaoh look out a man. 
 
 ri") l"? "1QN*V and he said to him : Run. 
 
 rriW n'?On 'JIN"? ItJ'p^'^ ^^* ^^^'"^ seek for my lord. . .a maiden. 
 c- '015 r51 'J'5 NJ'ltOflti'^iMtZg'e noio between me and my vineyard. 
 
 ♦JIK'P "in* KJ-'^N" let not the Lord be angry. 
 
 ^T'l^i^ NJ"2^*^^ let thy servant remain., I pray. 
 
 d. tilWT\\ aiD5 nK*11 ffVP '' ^5'1?"^ Yahweh bless thee out of 
 Zion and see thou the good of Jerusalem. 
 
 D'flfl D'i^tJ'")"?^^ ItDp'^' upon the wicked, he shall rain snares. 
 Vni Ib'I^ JlNF* If ye do this, then ye shall live. 
 
 e. )l7'7 'ni TlSJTrntJ'fl-'^ appoint darkness — then shall be night. 
 ^7 J^^'l mriv nip^^ ■""*** on. Yahweh that he may save thee. 
 
 2. a. ^Ipty n7'lJNV'' o-nd I will make great thy name. 
 
 ^^"^ V HD'^^^^ we «'»^^ so thOher. 
 *-_ ^ . |.. 
 
 b. nUDtJ'NI n7'JlN^* ^e« me be glad and rejoice. 
 
 T : : ■■• : T J' t 
 
 n3*'7B'J'l npnJJ^" let us break asunder and cast. 
 
 T J- : - : |t : - : 
 
 c. rF"13pN1 N|'r?'7^N^^ let me go up, I pray, and bury. 
 
 D'P* DB''?^ nH ^^"•157|3^^ we would fain go three days' journey^ 
 
 d. TyjiH) '*? HKOnV^ 0''n'd bring it to me and I will [that Imay) eat.. 
 
 Trt" : • T J- T : 
 
 lUnNI 'ilOQ '^NJJ'^ ask of me that Imay give. 
 
 1 Gen. 1:3. 
 
 » 3 Sam. 18:23. 
 
 13 Ps. 11:6. 
 
 19 Ps. 31:8. 
 
 2Ex. 20:K. 
 
 8lKgs.l:2. 
 
 " Gen. 42:18. 
 
 20 Ps. 2:3. 
 
 sDt. 16:3. 
 
 9lsa.5:3. 
 
 15 Ps. 104:20. 
 
 21 Gen. 50:5. 
 
 « Jer. 7:6. 
 
 10 Gen. 18:30. 
 
 16 Prov. 20:22. 
 
 22 Ex. 3:18. 
 
 6 Ps. 14:7. 
 
 11 Gen. 44:33. 
 
 " Gen. 12:2. 
 
 28 Gen. 27:4. 
 
 6 Gen. 41:33 
 
 12 Ps. 128:5. 
 
 18 Gen. 22:5. 
 
 24 Ps. 2:8. 
 
66 HEBREW SYNTAX [| 23. 
 
 speak, my grief is not assuaged, and though I forbear, what depart- 
 eth from me. 
 
 The simple Imperfect, in the majority of instances, is an indicative. 
 That it may also be used with the force of an imperative or subjunctive, 
 has been shown in ? 22. 3. There are, however, certain special forms" *"<* 
 of the Imperfect, the Jussive and Cohortative, which always convey 
 some such force. These forms, it may be said, express " a motion of the 
 will," and hence may be joined together under the head of "voluntative." 
 With the " voluntative " Imperfect, there may be classified for syntactical 
 purposes the Imperative. We may distinguish as follows : — 
 
 1. The Jussive, used of the second and third persons,* and the Imper- 
 ative, used only of the second, denote, in general, a strong desire that 
 something should happen/ They may express 
 
 a. A positive injunction or command; the Jussive, but not the Im- 
 perative, may also express prohibition.o^'i'iJ^ 
 
 b. Permission to do a thing, advice, or suggestion. 
 
 c. Entreaty, or simple petition. 
 
 d. Benediction, imprecation, threatening. 
 
 e. Conditional or final ideas. 
 
 2. The Cohortative, used only of the first person^ (sg. or pi.), empha- 
 sizes the direction of the will, the intention or purpose.™ " It is employed, 
 therefore, 
 
 a. To mark a strong determination to do a given thing (expressed 
 by I will). 
 
 b. To indicate a self -excitement toward a certain line of conduct 
 (expressed by let me). 
 
 c. To express a wish or request. 
 
 d. In subordinate finul sentences (of. 1. e. above), and in conditional 
 sentences (? 48. R (i)). 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) See Elements of Hebrew, § 72. 1, 2. 
 
 (b) While, therefore, the ordinary form of the Imperfect may have the force of an 
 Imperative or SubjunctiTe, the special forme must have that force. In many gram- 
 matical forms there is no possible way of distinguishing the ordinary and the special 
 form, e. g., 7t3p'. may mean he will kill, he shall kill, let him kill. 
 
 (c) The shortened .form of the Jussive, corresponding to the Arabic Jussive, is ac- 
 counted for by the fact that the form is one of command and hence pronounced 
 rapidly. 
 
 1 Job 16:6. 
 
i 23.] BY AN rNDUCTIVB METHOD. 67 
 
 (d) The special form of the Cohortative (marked by the syllable n_) corresponds 
 to the Arable Energetic, the nature of which is indicated by its name. 
 
 (e) A few oases of the Jussive of the first person are found, e. g., Dt. 18:16; 1 Sam. 
 U:36. 
 
 (/) The Jussive and likewise the Imperative are often found in poetry where the 
 ordinary form would have been expected. This anomalous usage is to be explained 
 not upon the supposition that the mood has here lost its original force, but that the 
 poet saw fit, for the sake of vividness and variety, to represent a given act under the 
 form of a command, rather than in the usual manner. Cases of this usage in the 
 second person are found in Ps. 41:3; 65:U; 98:7; 104:19; 114:3-7; Isa. 3:9; 13:2; 23:1,4; 
 36:1 f.; 40:3, 9; 54:14; 57:14; 62:10. Cases of the same usage which may be said to be 
 expressive of emotion In the third person, are found in Ps. 11:6; 12:4; 34:6; 50:3; 66:7; 
 72:8,13,16,17; 85:14; 121:3; Jer.46:6; 51:3; Zech. 9:5; 10:7. 
 
 (ff) In prohibition, (1) in the second person, the ordinary Imperfect takes t(fS and 
 means tftott shalt not, the Jussive takes bs and means do not; (2) In the third person, 
 the ordinary Imperfect takes iih and means he shaH not, the Jussive takes Sn and 
 means let Mm not; rarely the Jussive takes xS? c e-, '\0'n vh Gen. 4:12. 
 
 (h) The Cohortative Imperative {Elements of Hebrew, g ;t. 3) emphasizes the ear- 
 nestness of the request, marking it as especially impressive, e. g., Dt. 26:15; Ps. 6:5. 
 
 (i) When several verbal forms expressing command would follow in succession, 
 three usages exist: (1) The use of successiveImperatives,e.g.,Gen.l:22; 22:2; Isa.l:16; 
 (2) the use of the Imperative for the first, and of ordinary Imperfects for the remain- 
 ing forms, e. g., Dt. 33:7; (3) the use of the Imperative for the first and of the Perfect 
 with Waw Consecutive for the remaining forms, e. g.. Gen. 6:14. 
 
 U) When several successive commands are made, of which one or more are in the 
 first or third persons, the latter must of necessity be expressed by the Imperfect, e. g., 
 Gen. 24:56; Dt. 9:14; Jer. 51:9. 
 
 (ft) The interchange of the Imperative and the Imperfect (2d pers.), in the expres- 
 sion of command, occurs without perceptible force; the only gain being that of 
 variety. 
 
 (I) A few cases of the Cohortative of a third person occur: Isa. 5:19 (twice); Ezek. 
 23:20; Prov. 1:20; 8*3. In the last three cases it does not seem to have any significance. 
 
 (m) Notice is to be taken here of the fact that a form like that of the Cohortative 
 occurs frequently with the Waw Consecutive; it is not to be regarded, however, as a 
 Cohortative; Gen. 32:6; 1 Sam. 2:28 and in all about ninety times. 
 
 (n) Cases in which the volition indicated by PI— is so controlled by outward circum- 
 stances as almost to become an involuntary action are found in Ps. 42:5, 10; 55:3, 18: 
 77:4, 7; Job 10:1; Isa. 38:10; 59:10; Jer. 3:25. Perhaps in some cases the n_ cohortative, 
 like the n_ directive, has entirely lost its original f oroe, Ps. 88 :16 ; Jer. 4 :19, 21. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY, 
 
 Gen. 11:3, 7 2b. Gen. 41:34 IS 
 
 Gen.l2:2 le. Gen.50:6 2c. 
 
 Gen. 12:13 lo. Ex. 10:1, 12, 21 la. 
 
 Gen. 13:9 2d. Ex. 23:1 la. 
 
 Gen. 13:15. 2o. lev. 10:9 la. 
 
 Gen. 22:6 2c. Num. 9:8 2a. 
 
 Gen. 24:2 l". Num. 11:13 2c. 
 
 Gen. 27:7 le- Dt.9:27 Ic. 
 
 Gen.30:28, 31 2d. Dt. 10:1 la. 
 
88 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 24.' 
 
 Deut. 12:20 2a. Isa. 1:16 lo. 
 
 Deut. 13:3,14 26. Isa. 1:18 8b. 
 
 Deut. 20:5 16. Isa. 5:8 Ic. 
 
 Deut. 28: 8; 33:6 Id. Isa. 23:1 Id. 
 
 Judges 11:17,19 2c. Isa. 41: 22,23,26 2d. 
 
 1 Sam. 2:10 Id. Mlc. 1:8 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 15:16 l6. Hab. 3:17,18 2d. 
 
 2 Sam. 12:8; 17:3 2d. Job 6:8-10 2d. 
 
 2 Sam. 16:9; 17:1; 24:14 2c. Ps. 2:3 26. 
 
 24. The Imperfect, with Waw Consecutive. 
 
 1. a. vDNfll I3"n7 n^Krr 'y7t'\')^<''''>'d the wom. went her way and ate. 
 
 - - ; - ; T * T V -J" - 
 
 ♦trflJ '75f5m D*JQ-'7N D»J3 'N TfiO!^ I have seen God face to 
 face, and my life has heen spared. 
 
 Ji{5f*1 X3 Drilf'l' 'i™^ I- ^"'d come and he had gone out. 
 
 — T ) T : • : 
 
 *• fN^ril- ■ ■ -^ONV • - ■'' ")QK Il3* <^*«« ««4*^ ^■•' (/«raeZ is my son), 
 and I say, {Let my son go), and thou refusest (to let him, go). 
 inViril DnN'rrQ^ what is man, and [yet) thou hnowest him. 
 Itt'n*') Dr?3 flK'J® £[e hloweth upon them, and they wither. 
 7Jf^*T 7'iKt5' n'^llQ^ -Se hringeth down to Sheol, and bringeth up. 
 75Nri*1 n^l^^ he is weeping and m,ourning. 
 ni^tSm D'lJ ^'^yr\^ Thou expellest the nations, and plantest it. 
 
 T S.- T • - • "T : 
 
 : T| : • - : • ^- t ; • - • : - jt - *-. VJV 
 
 for to US a child shall he horn; and the dominion shall he upon 
 his shoulder, and one shall call his name, etc. 
 
 D'?1p----1iri»l pOl^n pNQ Q'KS OnVJ"- watchmen come 
 from a distance, and shall lift up their voice. 
 
 Remark. — In reference to the substitution of the Imperfect with 
 Waw Consecutive for the Perfect, three general statements may be made : 
 
 (1) In uninterrupted narrative in which the first verb is a Perfect, or 
 some equivalent of the Perfect, the verbs following are regularly in the 
 Imperfecf* with Waw Consecutive,^ unless they are separated from the 
 conjunction by intervening words." 
 
 ilSam.l:18. ■< Ex. 4:22,23. ilSam.2:6. ioIsa.9:5. 
 
 sGen.32:31. 6Ps.l44:3. 82Sam.l9:2. iijer.4:16. 
 
 8 Gen. 24:62,63. e Isa. 40:24. 9Ps.80:9. 
 
? 24.] BT AN QTOUCTrVB METHOD. 69 
 
 (2) The expression for and-he-called heing, therefore, Kip*") i the form 
 K*1p1 cannot be used in this sense ; see, however, ? 26. 2. 
 
 (3) From the instances cited above, it will be seen that the introduc- 
 tory verbal form may, under certain circumstances, be an Imperfect, or a 
 Participle ; in some cases even a noun is employed, and in others, no 
 governing word of any kind precedes. 
 
 We may now consider the more important details : 
 1. The Imperfect with Waw Consecutive is found, like the Perfect, 
 for which it is a substitute, 
 
 a. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
 past (? 17. 1-4), whether as a historical Perfect, a present Perfect, an 
 indefinite Perfect, or a Pluperfect ;'^ in these cases it is the continuation 
 of a Perfect. 
 
 b. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
 present (? 18. 1-3), whether as a Perfect of the immediate past, a stative 
 Perfect, or a Perfect of experience ; in these cases it is the continuation 
 of a Perfect, or a Participle, or a nominal expression, or even an Imper- 
 fect which refers to the present. 
 
 c. To describe events belonging to the sphere of the future ; it 
 assumes here the usage of the prophetic Perfect (2 19. 2). Two cases are, 
 however, to be distinguished : 
 
 (1) that in which the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, having 
 this usage, is preceded by a prophetic Perf ect.« 
 
 (2) that in which it is not so preceded ; this occurs when the 
 writer desires to introduce a prophetic Perfect for variety, 
 but, at the same time, wishes to connect it with what 
 precedes./ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) On the form of the Imperfect which is thus used with the Waw Consecutive, 
 see Elememts-of Bebrew, S 78. 
 
 (b) Various theories have been presented in explanation of the form of the con- 
 junction, • ! . Bwald's view, that the vowel and DagheB-forte were the reUcs of some 
 particle like tS5 , seems most satisfactory. 
 
 (c) For the explanation of the use of the tense In this conneotion, Professor Driver 
 says: "The Imperfect (from the point of view of the spectator) expresses what in 
 German is called Eintritt, and represents action, as etofreteniJ— two terms which may 
 be rendered in English by ingress and inffressive. A succession of events need not 
 invariably be regarded as a mere series of completed and independent wholes: each 
 term may be conceived as having relations with the one preceding it; it may be 
 viewed as stepping in after it, as presenting itself to view through an entrance pre- 
 pared by its forerunner. The date at which the ingress, or entry, is imagined to take 
 place Is determined by the • 1 , which connects the new event with a point previously 
 
70 HBBKEW STNTAX [2 24. 
 
 assigned in the narrative: the goal at which it sets out, the starting-point from which 
 it takes its origin, and to which therefore it is relative, is fixed at the termination of 
 the action denoted by the preceding verb."— Hebrew Tenses, p. 85. 
 
 ((J) Two comparisons may be considered here with profit : (1) In Assyrian there are 
 two forms of the Imperfect, differing only slightly from each other, and both etymo- 
 logically connected with the Hebrew Imperfect; of these the first represents an action 
 as continuing, whether in past, present, or future; the second is the usual narrative 
 tense, equivalent to the Greek Aorist, e. g., Iddin (= in-din), the etymological 
 equivalent of |n% always means fte gave, while tfl' has this meaning only when pre- 
 ceded by a Waw Consecutive. (2) In Arabic, there are not a few cases in which the 
 Imperfect is used in the sense of an Aorist, e. g., y a-qum, the etymological equiva- 
 lent of Dip'' , when preceded by the negative adverb lam means Tie did not stand; DIDJ 
 is so translated only when the Waw Consecutive precedes. 
 
 (6) Some assert that an Imperfect with Waw Consec. may be used as a Pluperfect 
 without any preceding Perfect, e. g., aiDNl , Isa. 8:3; W2J1, 37:5; but this may well 
 be doubted. 
 
 (/) Having introduced his thought by a propMtie Perfect, the writer may continue 
 it in one of four ways: (1) by an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive; (3) by changing 
 abruptly to the Imperfect used in a future sense; (3) by a Perfect, the connective 
 "and" being omitted; (4) by a Perfect, the connective "and" being separated by cer- 
 tain words from the verb. 
 
 (g) This is of course rare and limited to prophetic usage; according to Professor 
 Driver (p. lU) the only cases are Isa. 2:9; B:15f.; 9:10-15; 59:15b-17; Ezek. 28:16; 31:12; 
 Jer. 4:16; 15:6b-7; 51:29; Ps. 64:8-10; 94:23; but some of these are doubtful. 
 
 2. a. injlin* "1 . ■ • • VD DD" y o-'nd Cain rose up and slew him. 
 
 Dn'3"7K IN^""! litr*!^ OMd they returned and came unto their 
 
 T V J T — -1\ T — 
 
 house, 
 i- K^n^V.-.N^NI ♦f'ifO^' ^'?1p"nN' I heard thy voice in the 
 garden, and so was afraid and hid myself. 
 nti'N'p '"P nriN HDXI* a,nd so Itooh her to be my wife. 
 
 c. ^fl'^V • • • 'K "^Ip Di^ yOtJ^rr^ did ever a people hear the voice of 
 God, and yet live f 
 
 Dfl*1DN1_- •D^^I^{ ^flDHN^ I loved you. .and yet ye say. [is dead. 
 
 d. 'J2^>K nO*1 'JK nJO'^N-rrty'N^ I am a widowjor my husband 
 
 TJT- ■ T T T : - T • 
 
 ^DJifll iltyO iQtJ' N"lDfl"l^ ^''^'^ *'^« called his name Moses, and 
 
 -1 - V : t|: • - 
 
 said, etc. 
 
 e. "lON''^ \ 'inS'lp^l* and he blessed him; and he said, etc. 
 
 1 Gen. 4:8. a Gen. 8:10. 6Dt.4:33. » 2 Sam. 14:6. 
 
 a 1 Sam. 1:19. < Gen. 12:19. 6 Mai. 1:2. s Ex. 2:10. 
 
 s Gen 27:23,24. 
 
i 24.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 71 
 
 Dri'^X "IXpN'! ; Iflpl'V '^"'^ '^*y hated him all the more; 
 
 and he said, etc. 
 /". ^^175*1 '^N'ltJ'l B'lp^ tfie Holy One of Israel, who hath chosen 
 thee. 
 
 1J*nbK ITT'1 J ■•■•nN'7fin' the travaU how our fathers 
 
 descended. 
 
 which was in the camp of the P. (and it) went on continually. 
 
 ?|pJ<p*1 ''"'^5*^"n^? npND ]Jl\^ because thou hast despised the 
 
 word of Y., therefore he hath despised thee. 
 
 'IJ V*! ^^'2l^\ K7"DK® if they are not satisfied, then they stay all 
 
 night. 
 
 2. The use of the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive marks some kind 
 of connection, or relation with that portion of the narrative which pre- 
 cedes. This relation may be that of 
 
 a. Chronological sequence; in this case the force is expressed by 
 the simple conjunction and. 
 
 b. Consequence ; in this case the force may be expressed by and so. 
 
 c. Contrast ; in this case the force may be expressed by and yet. 
 
 d. Accessory circumstance, when something passed over is after- 
 wards brought in ; here the force of the conjunction may best be 
 rendered by for, or since. 
 
 e. Amplification, when, after a general statement has first been 
 made, the particulars of the case are added. 
 
 /. Explanation of a preceding expression or word ; here the con- 
 junction must be rendered by a relative pronoun, or by that or how. 
 
 g. Apodosis, the protasis being either a noun in the nominative 
 absolute (§7.), or a complete conditional clause; here the con- 
 junction must either be omitted, or rendered by some such word 
 as then or therefore."-^^^ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) In quite a number of cases the action expressed ty the Imperfect with waw 
 Ctonseoutlve is really parallel or synchronous with what goes before ; e.g., Gen. 5:5; 
 1 Sam. 11: 25b,49; Isa. 39:1; 64:4. 
 
 1 Gen. 37 : 6,6. » Num. 20:14,15. 1 1 Sam. 14 :19. 
 
 3 Isa. 49 :7. < 1 Sam. 16 : 23. e Ps. 69 :16. 
 
72 HEBEETV STNTAX [? 24. 
 
 (b) In other oases the Imperfect -with WawCouseoutive introduces an amplification 
 not of any particular preceding verb, but of the entire preceding narrative, considered 
 as a whole; thus furnishing what is practically a parallel account; e. g:., 1 Sam. 9:1; 
 IKgs. 7:13. 
 
 (c) It is only fair to ask how far some of these usages are to be explained as due 
 to the combining, by a reviser or editor, of two or more distinct narratives into one. 
 
 3.a.tl^'>'7 Kip n^'n"?! D1» "liN*? a Knp*V and God called the 
 
 T : |^T tJ -IT 1 V J - : T t| : • - 
 
 light day, and the darkness he called night. 
 
 InN K"13 a D'7V3.---'K aiy)^ and God created...., in the 
 
 T T VJV ; T : •- 
 
 image of God created he him. 
 b. 1'?1p ]n> p'>^^^ '♦ D^DW^ O^y)! and r. thundered in the 
 heavens, and the Most Sigh uttered his voice. 
 
 Ip'Bi^! nn^J n'?!51 C3"!i>!,P l'^'?? '5* M they are JtUed 
 
 from the east, and they strike hands with the children of strangers. 
 4. 'K 10K*1 ^^I'lD ^^^ ^n^y ''''"^ *'* '^ame to pass at that time that 
 Abimelech said. 
 
 'p N5*T. D'Q* l^pD ''il^Y "™'^ ■*' '^""** *" pass at the end of days that 
 Cain brought, etc. 
 
 ItJ'J/ ; '?fl"1QK *D'5 'n^y and it came to pass in the days of 
 
 Amraphel. . . . they made war. 
 
 n^ni *^^^ ^P^rfD 'n*l^ '^'"■'^ ** "ame to pass the sun had gone 
 
 down. . . .and behold. 
 
 5- NIpNI *7lp 'P^'inS* as J^ lifted up my voice and cried. [me. 
 
 '"P ^^5J*1 ^tX " "'^''^^'' *^"* ^"*^ taken venison and brought it to 
 
 3. When for any reason one or more words intervene between the 
 Imperfect and its conjunction, 
 
 a. In prose, the verb invariably goes back to the Perfect ; for the 
 whole force of the construction seems to rest upon the union of the 
 verbal form and the conjunction ; but 
 
 iGen.l:5. 4lsa.2:6. 'Gen.Mrl. 9Gen.39.18. 
 
 J Gen. 1:27. sQen. 31:22. s Gen. 16:17. "Gen. 27:33. 
 
 sPs. 18:4. e Gen. 4:3. 
 
2 24.] BY AN ESTDTJCTIVE! METHOD. 73 
 
 b. In poetry, the verb is frequently found still remaining in the 
 Imperfect, thus adding vividness and force to the narrative, in accordance 
 ■with the principle explained in ? 20. 1. a. 
 
 4. Notice is to be taken of the frequent occurrence of the preparatory 
 formula 'n^") and it happened, and it was, to introduce adverbial and 
 especially temporal clauses. This usage, while not universal, prevails 
 largely in the earlier books. The following verb may be either Imperfect 
 with Waw Consecutive, a Perfect, or, when the context demands, an 
 Imperfect. Frequently, also, the sentence is resumed by llJini , or by T 
 with the subject of the verb. 
 
 5. The Imperfect with Waw Consecutive is used to continue a sen- 
 tence introduced by an Infinitive or Participle. This occurs, in contrast 
 with the parallel usage of the Perfect, with Waw Consecutive (225. 5), 
 when that which is described by the Infinitive or Participle is something 
 real or definite, rather than contingent or indefinite. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:6; 3:3,17 3a. Z gam. 16:13 lo. 
 
 Gen. 23:20; 31:27 26. 1 Kgs. 2:5; 18:13 2/. 
 
 Gen. 32:31 2(5. 1 Kgs. 9:21; 12:17 2g. 
 
 Gen. 35:3; 49:171) 5 1 K&a.lO:l la. 
 
 Gen. 36:14,22 ^. 1 K8rs.l9:10 IS. 
 
 Gen. 39:18 5 2 Kgs.l:2 2(1. 
 
 Gen.42:21,22 2e. 2Kgs.l5:l; 18:1 i 
 
 Ex. 4:22,32 IS. Isa. 2:6 36. 
 
 Ex. 40: 18 26. Isa. 5: 1,2 la. 
 
 Num. 22:11 6 Isa. 5: 14,15; 6:25; 9:6; 24:6; 31:2; 48: 
 
 Dt.l0:15 2b. 20,21 Ic. 
 
 Dt. 17:2,3 IS. Isa. 40:14 2b. 
 
 Josh. 4:9 lb. Isa. 61:2b 3b. 
 
 Josh. 8: 24 5 Isa. 51:12 lb. 
 
 Josh. 22:17 2/. Jer. 6:19 Zg. 
 
 Judg. 1:36 2c. Joel 2: 23 Ic. 
 
 Judg.5:l; 6:27 2e. Mlo.2:13 lo. 
 
 Judg. 11:1b 2/. Nah.l:4,5 lb. 
 
 Judg. 16:23 2(J. Hab.3:5,16,19 3b. 
 
 1 Sam. 7:12; 18:11 ZO. Mai. 1:2 2c. 
 
 lSam.8:8: 16:17 2/. Ps. 8:6b; 18:8; 24:2 3b. 
 
 1 Sam. 28:1,2 i Ps. 22:30 Ic. 
 
 2Sam.3:8 2c. Ps. 34:8; 50:17 lb. 
 
 2 Sam. 11:1; 15:1; 21:1 i Ps. 50:16,5; 92:11 2b. 
 
 2 Sam. 19:2 lJt>- Prov. 11:2 IS. 
 
74 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 26. 
 
 25. The Perfect, with Waw Consecutive. 
 
 1. a. .. .nDty'ni r\^V INV and a mist used to go up and water 
 
 I T : • : V *: I- • : 
 
 the 
 
 Util n *? ♦ 1 . • ■ • 'KH 'JS IJi^'^ <^ «o«« 0/ <^''d used to go in.... 
 
 V T : -IT : ■• : J t 
 
 orecZ <Aey Jore to them. [*'* • • • • 
 
 fTptiTFl ^inr"nK jntfJ' '^oa Mset^st <o sow thy seed and water 
 
 h. p5T| tJ^'i^'ity* P"*?!^* therefore a man forsakes ... .and 
 
 cleaves .... 
 
 ^S*? nJllil *JN"in^ thou seest me and triest my heart. 
 3tJ'1*"'73 '7'70ll:{l 'Xn '^^Nfl^ the earth mourns, and every inhab- 
 itant fainteth. 
 
 c. (1) 13 IDl^JI "^njl ♦U'? n*n*--.-'KV arac^^SraAam wYZ become 
 
 : : • : t : V : |- 
 
 a great nation, and (all the nations of the earth) will be blessed 
 in him. 
 
 Zi/i Mp <At/ head and restore thee, and thou wilt place the cup of 
 Pharaoh in his hand. 
 
 D'iJn-'73-..'nr?p^1 n^ji Dnrirr tr'K-)5- • -"irr n»r?» pDi» 
 
 <Ae mountain ™ZZ be established at the top of the mountains, 
 
 and will be lifted up , and all nations will flow. 
 
 ♦n'5")rTV ■ •^nnflni inX ♦il5^5" I^ai Uess Um and make 
 him fruitful and multiply him. 
 
 ♦ribi^q;).-.-'7130rt-ni5 N'50 'J^«7' behold,Iamgoingto 
 bring the flood. . . ., but I will establish, etc. 
 
 (2) Vni miNp 'n*-"^^ l^t there be luminaries. . .and let them be. 
 
 p^ Or?^ ItJ'typ'! ID*?*^^ let them go and gather themselves 
 straw. 
 
 1 Gen. 2: 6. 
 
 »Jer.l3:3. 
 
 » Gen. 10:13. 
 
 u Gen. 6:17,18. 
 
 iCten. 8:1. 
 
 6Hos. 1:3. 
 
 9 lea. 2:2. 
 
 12 Gen. 1:11. 
 
 i Deut. U:10. 
 
 ' Gen. 18:18. 
 
 1° Gen. 17:20. 
 
 IS Ex. 5: 7. 
 
 <Oen. 2:81. 
 
 
 
 
i 25.] BT AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 75 
 
 ♦flMtri 'D3 ♦Jiapn NJ-'7M^ do not bury me in Egypt, but 
 
 let me lie. 
 
 'flfiDKI Kil"ntDp'?N* let me glean, now, and gather. 
 
 ny5'55 livl • ■ • nn"1p^' let us draw near and lodge in Gibeah. 
 
 (3) fl'IQK') '* ^J!^"'?^{ "15'1* speaJc unto the sons of Israel and say. 
 
 Pr\Dii) nflpKl T]^^ go and gather and say. [swarm. 
 
 liTltjl'l HflK NV l^^^ bring them forth vnih thee, and let them 
 
 (4) ♦tS'fiJ nn'nV ••■♦y^LO" iray that it may be well with me 
 
 • :- T!|T : ■ - !• I'^-j- : 
 
 . . . .ojnd my soul m,ay live. 
 
 n5'?J1 its^'ipi^i T\':m^^ tf^^) ID"?;. |)?d'?« <Aa« ^Aey 
 
 may go and stumble. . . .and be broken and snared and taken. 
 'Ill ■ • • np7l IT n7tJ'*"IJD* lest he put forth his hand and take 
 and live. 
 
 Kemark. — In reference to the substitution of the Perfect with. Waw 
 Consecutive for the Imperfect, Imperative, etc. (cf. the corresponding 
 construction 2 24.), three general statements may be made : 
 
 (1) In uninterrupted narration in which the first verb is an Imperfect, 
 an Imperative, or some expression possessing the characteristics of these 
 forms, the verbs following are regularly in the Perfect with Waw Con- 
 secutive, unless they are separated from the conjunction* by intervening 
 words."-'* 
 
 (2) The expression for and-he-vnll-call being therefore K'ipl > the 
 form Nip*') cannot be used in this sense ; see, however, ? 26. 2. 
 
 (3) From the instances cited above and below, it will be seen that the 
 introductory verbal formula may be an Imperfect, Imperative, Participle ; 
 that in some cases even a noun may be employed, and, in others, no gov- 
 erning word of any kind precedes. 
 
 We may now consider the more important details : 
 
 1. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive is found (with a preceding 
 Imperfect or equivalent) like the Imperfect (or Imperative, or Participle), 
 for which it is a substitute, 
 
 a. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
 past (§20. 2), especially as a, frequentative Imperfect. 
 
 iGen.«:39. 
 
 < Lev. 1:2. 
 
 6 Gen. 8:17. 
 
 8lsa.2S:13. 
 
 aButh2:7. 
 
 s Ex. 3:16. 
 
 ' Gen, 12:13. 
 
 9 Gen. 3:22. 
 
 fjud. 19:13. 
 
 
 
 
76 HBBEBW SYNTAX [? 25. 
 
 h. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
 present (§21,1-3), whether as an incipient, definite frequentative, or indef- 
 inite frequentative Imperfect. 
 
 c. To describe events belonging to the sphere of the future (? 22. 
 1-4) ; whether (1) after an Imperfect, Participle, ot prophetic Perfect, as 
 a future Imperfect ; (2) after a jussive or cohortative Imperfect ; (3) after 
 an Imperative ; (4) after a subjunctive Imperfect expressing purpose."'.^ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) On the form of the Perfect when thus used, and especially on the change of 
 accent which takes place, see Elements of Ilebrew, § 78. 
 
 (S) On the form of the conjunction when thus used see Elements of Hebrew, S 75. 
 
 (e) In explanation of this use of the Perfect three points may Reconsidered: (1) 
 that the idiom corresponds to and was called forth by the opposite construction of 
 the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive ;* (2) that " the usage rests originally upon a 
 *play of the imagination,' in virtue of which an action, when brought into relation 
 with a preceding occurrence as its conseguenee, from the character of inevitability it 
 then assumes, is contemplated as actually completed ;"t (3) "that the consciousness 
 of this relation is to be conceived as essentially dependent upon union with Waw, of 
 which union the change of tone (where not hindered from taking place by external or 
 accidental causes) is the inseparable criterion and accompaniment," the Waw appear- 
 ing really in this connection to possess a demonstrative slgnifloanoe, and being equiv- 
 alent to then or so (cf. Gen. 3:S).t 
 
 (d) In Assyrian the Perfect has been greatly narrowed (or has not been developed) 
 in Its usage, and presents no analogy to the construction under consideration. In 
 Arabic the Perfect after the conjunction 'adha when,as o/ten as, is said to take the 
 meaning of the Imperfect. 
 
 (e) It is to be noted that the exact modal force of the preceding dominant verb, 
 characterizes also the following Perfect with Waw Consecutive; in other words, the 
 particular auxiliary used in translating the first verb, vMl, slumld, let, must also be 
 used with the second. 
 
 (/) The following is a list of particles given by Driver which govern a Perfect 
 with waw iBonsecutive following an Imperfect:— <1) 'S^IX perhaps. Gen. 37:13; (2) 
 1'J?ori/,l Sam. 26:10; (3) TK t/ie«, 1 Sam.6:3; (4) 1|'K ftow ? Gen. 39:9; (5) Sx not, Jer.17: 
 21; (6) DX i/. Gen. 28:20,21; (7) 1TO 80 that, Deut. 2:25; i«he7i. Lev. 4:22; wTio so. Gen. 
 24:14; (8) H inter., Ex. 2:7; (9) xSh nonne ? 2 Kgs. 5:12; (10) ]n if, Jer. 3:1; (il) Q^B or 
 D'1B3 before (that), Jer. 13:16; (12) ICysa when. Dent. 22:26; (13) '3 that. Gen. 37:26; 
 wTien, Ex. 21:20; (14) Di? ''3 Biwelj/, 1 Kgs. 20:6; (15) xS or ^3 ?iot, Ex. 28:43; (16) BJ^DS 
 almost. Gen. 26:10; aV) lS */, Ezek. 14:15; (18) nnS why, 2 Kgs. 14:10; (19) t^jnS in order 
 that. Gen. 12:13; (20) 'Ip expressing wish, 2 Sam. 15:4; (21) ;?"ll'' 'p perhceps, 2 Sam. 12:22 
 (Q«rl); (22) ^m when, Ps.41:6; (23) 3pJ^ in return far, Deut. 7:12; (24) •^WK 1;; or Ij;? 
 unta. Ex, 23 : 30 ; (24) |B lest. Gen. 3 : 22 ; -10 that, Ecol. 2 : 24. Only a few examples (the 
 list is given. Driver, p. 162) occur of an Imperfect repeated after one of these particles, 
 e. g., Num. 22:6; Isa. 40: 27; Hos. 10:12. 
 
 * So nearly all grammarians. + Olshausen, 8 229a (of. Driver, p. 141). 
 
 t Driver, p. 141. 
 
2 26.] BT AH INDTJCTIVB METHOD. 77 
 
 2.a.-r\v^.... Q^ti - ni^ i£3$^'i .... Di^n - ^:i D'tt''Nn on}* |ri:ii 
 
 nt!'0"7N T1N*i' ntJ^Dil ^5"iri a^'^ ^e made them heads over 
 
 V I • : V |jT - T T - 
 
 the people. . . .and they used to judge the people but the weighty 
 
 matters they used to bring.... {_... .a/nd judge. 
 
 tOfitJ*! 2501 t]?)!"!^ and he would go amd com,e around 
 
 6- F1N3 IJ'Ifll IJ7 '' i'n'in^ Y. hath given enlargement to us, and 
 
 I VJT T J" T T ■ ; • 
 
 we shall be fruitful in the land. 
 
 m/'l n'lm m?' K?* thou hast not borne, but thou shalt 
 
 conceive and bear [your heart. 
 
 c. Q^^^O T^/)J^~TMi DIl/OI^ therefore drcwmcise the foreshin of 
 ^tj^ii Vr\J2V(f ^<^y lifi'to them. 
 
 nin' JlN flDrfNV therefore love thou Yahweh. 
 
 n*nfl IJ^Oy D**n5 ^1D51^ *" choose Ufe, that thou mayest live. 
 
 d. "ha iDK^nV . .Tl^'^N "l^lOiT he that speaketh to thee. . .bring 
 
 .. -.|- I .j_ .. .. - . - 
 
 him to me. 
 
 'J,*7 nn'15^1 Y^^ "75^ "'^3^" ^''^^^yone eating leavened bread, 
 
 that soul shall die. 
 
 Dy^i^. inpOJ^ I^SP ^'?3Nf Dl'5^1 in the day of your eating 
 
 from it your eyes will be opened. 
 
 Dfll^TI i"ll^^^ <** evening, then ye shall know. 
 
 T(ii Dil^'lp'l 'niO^'''^ when J die, ye shall bury me. 
 
 Jir\t2ii') ^Ji 'n'^Kti'* ^y^ when thy son shall ask thee thou 
 
 shalt say. 
 
 "iDn NJl'JTtJ'l^'l 'J^IDf DN^' if thou rememberest me. . .then 
 
 do me a kindness. [bring the man ? 
 
 3. B^N*? N'DJ'nOI n'^^ n^nV^ but behoW, [if) we go, what shall we 
 
 IJ/'PD* N'?') nStJ irr" if we sacrifice , will they not stone us f 
 
 1 Ex. 18:26. eZech. 1:3. 10 Ex. 12:15. " Deut. 6 : 20,21. 
 
 a 1 Sam. 7:16. ' Deut. 11:1. " Gen. 3:5. is Gen. 40:14. 
 
 8Gen.26:22. sDeut.30:19. nBx.l6:6. i6lSam.9:7. 
 
 4Judg. 13:3. 9 2 Sam. 14:10. is 1 Kga. 13:31. "Ex. 8:22. 
 B Deut. 10:16. 
 
78 HEBKBTV SYNTAX [? 25. 
 
 2. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive is frequently found without a 
 preceding Imperfect (or equivalent'* to introduce it. Here we may distin- 
 guish several usages : 
 
 a. When the Perfect {with Waw Consecutive) is equivalent to a 
 frequentative Imperfect ; in such cases the verbal form, but for its con- 
 nection with what precedes, would have been in the Imperfect.""'' 
 
 6. When it is equivalent to an ordinary /Miitre Imperfect. 
 
 c. When it is equivalent to an Imperative expressing a command 
 or entreaty. 
 
 d. When it is used in the apodosis of a conditional sentence, the 
 protasis being expressed either by a Participle, an Infinitive, a finite verb 
 (Perf. or Impf.), or a noun."'^ 
 
 3. When for any reason one or more words intervene between the 
 Perfect and its conjunction, the verb goes back to the Imperfect.^ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) It will be noted that, lu such passages, an Imperfect Is frequently found In 
 connection with the Perfect (with Waw Consecutive), e. g.. In Ex. 38:26, pK'3' and 
 
 (6) Notice also the series of Perfects in Josh. 15 : 3-11 ; 16 : 2,3,6,7,8 ; 17 :9 ; 15:12-31, etc. 
 
 (c) Here 1 has ademonstrofiue/orce; of. the use of /a In Arabic. 
 
 (d) Notice the use of the Perfect with Waw demonstrative after a Participle, Judg. 
 7:17; 1 Kgs. 2:2; 18:11,12; 20:36; 2 Kgs. 7:9, etc. 
 
 (e) There are very few cases of this, nearly all being cited by Driver, p. 181. 
 
 4. a. nriN")J"l. ■ • -f^J^ '^4)^5 ^^JV^ "''^ ** *^"^^ ^^ "'^'* Ihring clouds 
 .... then shall he seen 
 
 D'P^il nnnN3 i^l>^y ^'"•^ *'* *^"^^ ^* *'* *^« «"«^ "/ days, 
 h. ly n'^rrNil ntrO K^S rrm* and it used to be when Moses 
 
 T V; It V : T T : 
 
 entered the tent there would come down. 
 
 'D tw^), "' I^"lf DK (Tn"!* and it used to happen when Israel had 
 sown that Midian would come up. 
 5- riQI B^'K n30® the smiter of a man and he dies. 
 
 D»'7t?'5n ^il "^flJI NV1*n° ^« that goeth forth and falleih upon. . 
 1.3*7fiJ') ?|fl5/!ll^ *'»^ thy going forth with us and we are separated. 
 ID^I -H^J? flJ|rT5* when thy people are smitten and turn. 
 
 1 Gen. 9:14. "Ex. 33:7. b Ex. 21:12. 'Ex. 33:16. 
 
 !lsa.2:2. JJud.6:3. «Jer.21:9. 8lKgs.8:33. 
 
2 26.] BY AN rNDTTCTIVE METHOD. 79 
 
 4. Notice is to be taken of the frequent occurrence of the preparatory 
 formula (1*111 (cf. 'n*! 2 24.), to introduce adverbial and especially tem- 
 
 T T : ■ :- 
 
 poral clauses. There may be distinguished, 
 
 a. The cases in which rt'iTl has the force of & future. 
 
 T T : 
 
 6. The cases in ■which it has a, frequentative force. 
 
 5. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive is used to continue a sentence 
 introduced by an Infinitive or Participle. This occurs, in contrast with 
 the parallel usage of the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive (§24. 5), when 
 that which is described by the Infinitive or Participle is something con- 
 tingent or indefinite rather than real or definite. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY, 
 
 Gen. 6:U; 12:3; 19:19; 28:3 lo. Jud. 2:18 %a. 
 
 Gen. 12:12; 27: 40 ia. Jud. 4: 20; 7:17; 9:33 4a. 
 
 Gen. 17:4 26. Jud. 11:8 gc. 
 
 Gen. 24:14 2c. 1 Sam. 1:3; 13:21; 16: 23 2a. 
 
 Gen. 29:2,3 lo. 1 Sam. 2:31 2d. 
 
 Gen. 30:41 2a. 1 Sam. 6:7; 12:20; 1B;3 Ic. 
 
 Gen.38:9 4b. . aSam.ll:16 Ic. 
 
 Ex. 1:10; 7:15, 26; 19:23; 23: 29 Ic. 2 Sam. 12:31; 14:26; 17:17 2a. 
 
 Ex. 1:16 6. 2 Sam. 14:7 26. 
 
 Ex. 4:21; 9:19; 30: 33,38 2d. IKgB. 14:28 la. 
 
 Ex. 6:6 2b. 2 KgS. 12:16-17 la. 
 
 Ex.l7:ll;l8:26 2o. Isa. 1:20; 13:11; 14:1,2,4 Ic. 
 
 Ex. 33:7-11; 34:34 la. Isa. 2:2; 6:7 th. 
 
 Lev. 24:14 Ic. Isa. 4:3 4a 
 
 Num. 4:19 Ic. Isa. 5 ;12; 27:10; 44:16 16. 
 
 Num. 10:32; 17: 20 4o. Jer.20:9 lb. 
 
 Num. 21:9 46. Ezek. 29:7 16. 
 
 Deut.4:16,19; 6:30; 6:18; 28:8 Ic. Hos. 8:14; 10:14; 11:6 26. 
 
 Deut. 4:42; 30:16 5. Amo84:2;8:ll 2d. 
 
 Deut.7:9 2c. Hab.2:12 6. 
 
 Deut. 12:11 4a. Pb. 17:14; 46:10; 49:11; 78:38 lb. 
 
 Deut. 13:16; 22: 2,21 2d. Pa. 25:U 2d. 
 
 Josh. 23:11 2c. Jot)B:6; 14:11 16 
 
 26, The Perfect and Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive. 
 
 1. a. iM^m ym^ 1^n-n^? 'x '♦ na'^jpn^ y- thy God hardened 
 
 his spirit and made strong his heart. 
 
 'InODni 'n'7lJI D*J3^ children I have made great and exalted. 
 
 I'^fiJI l'7£?'3 nSrr^ they stumlled and fell. 
 
 1 Deut. 2:30. » Isa. 1:3. »Ps.27:2. 
 
80 HBBEE-W SYNTAX [§ 26. 
 
 ^- mn* '73\TnK D'JSn ntp*!-^ and the luUders established the 
 temple of T. 
 
 nninjD noDn nniD oj< ^nnoj^i^ a„d; 2- said, wisdom is 
 
 T ;* t:t t '-n- -ij-t: 
 
 better than strength. 
 c. "^X\ mn'5 fPKnf and he believed in Tahweh, etc. 
 
 tl'^P'^K'DK Dil'liDX nOirri* and Abraham rebuked Abimelech. 
 
 1n'5"nN 'JN JOfltJ' '3 1"? 'riT Jni^ and I have told him that I 
 
 willjvdge his house. 
 2. a. Ijn'l 13tJ"l "13"1® command that they return and encamp. 
 
 D*rF priti''1 nlJ'W'nQ'' wAa* s^aZZ we cZo «Aaf the sea may be 
 
 calm ? 
 b. ''n nN"ini D'On nD'* ^«* *^^ waters be collected and the 
 
 ■: T |- : -J- - It ■ 
 
 dry land appear. 
 
 1N"1*"1 IJ^Pti'' D^n 'lyf and all the people shall hear and fear. 
 ^VrrnX 13'1 I'^y-^" they shall go up and smite At [sion. 
 
 ?|Q'?3''1 Iti'i' JH"'"'^ behold, they shall be ashamed and put to confu- 
 '31 fl"?D*1 D*np3 "ll^l?* liViWrP <^e 6W6e blindeth the seeing 
 and perverteth the words, etc. 
 
 ^J^J*1 D'lVJ 'I fl 1^ * 1 ^^ «^era youths faint and are weary. 
 c. l'?'3ti'^'l IID'tJ^'l 1^1 '1 INT li^Oy* '^os* *^«2/ '^"J' ««« and know 
 and consider and understand. 
 )'^'2iin) flJN ''|£!^^ ^^** ^* ^^ angry and ye perish. 
 
 There are cases in which, contrary to the principles set forth in ?§ 24, 
 25. there is found the Perfect with Waw Conjunctive instead of the Im- 
 perfect with Waw Consecutive, or the Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive 
 instead of the Perfect with Waw Consecutive. All such cases are to be 
 regarded as exceptional. They may be loosely classified as follows : 
 
 1. Instead of the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive ( '"l), there is used 
 the Perfect with Waw Conjunctive, 
 
 1 Ezra 3:10. 
 
 sl Sam. 3:13, 
 
 sDeut. 17:13. 
 
 la Isa. 40: 30. 
 
 2Bccl. 9:16. 
 
 6Ex. li:2. 
 
 10 Josh. 7:3. 
 
 14 Isa. 41: 20. 
 
 8 Gen. IS: 6. 
 
 ■iJon.l:ll. 
 
 11 Isa. 41:11. 
 
 i6Ps.2:12. 
 
 < Gen. 21:25. 
 
 8 Gen. 1:9. 
 
 12 Ex. 23:8. 
 
 
? 27.] BY AN INDTJCTIVB METHOD. 81 
 
 a. When the second action is synonymous or simultaneous with 
 the first, and is consequently to be represented as co-ordinate with it, the 
 usual construction representing it as subordinate. 
 
 h. In the later books in which the influence of the Aramaic is felt." 
 c. In instances of which no suflSoient explanation can be given.* 
 2. Instead of the Perfect with Waw Consecutive, there is found the 
 Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive, 
 
 a. When the Imperfect is a voluntative, and, combining with 1 , 
 furnishes a most concise and elegant expression of purpose (§24. 1. e, 2. ci)." 
 
 b. When, as in the case of the Perfects cited above (? 26. 1. a), the 
 second is to be treated as co-ordinate, being emphatic, or synonymous 
 with the first, — whether used in the sense of a future or a frequentative."* 
 
 c. When the Imperfect follows another Imperfect introduced by a 
 conjunction.* 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The Imperfect with Waw Consecutive continues even In the later hooks to be 
 the prevailing construction except In the Book of Ecclesiastes, In which, according to 
 Driver, it occurs only three times (1:17; 4:1,7). This construction, however, Is not 
 found In Aramaic. 
 
 (b) Some of these cases occur in the very earliest books. 
 
 (c) While in most cases the special form of the voluntative, 1. e., the Jussive or 
 Cohortatlve, is employed, in many the usual form of the Imperfect occurs. 
 
 (d) This Is, of course, more frequent in poetry than In prose. 
 
 (e) These cases are few, of. Driver, p. 162. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:26; 9:27; 17:2; 22:17; 27: 29,31.. 26. Isa.2:U; 40:12 Iffl. 
 
 Gen. 18:6 Ic. Isa. 41:11,15,22; 42:6,14,21,23 2ft. 
 
 Gen.31:7 la. Ezek.9:7; 13:6,8; 25: 12; 37:2; 41:3,8,13, 
 
 Ex. 24:7; 26:24 2b. 16. U>. 
 
 Dt. 2:30; 33:2,20 la. Amos 7: 2,4b le. 
 
 Judg.3:23; 7:13 le. Ps.25:9; 37:40; 49:9; 73:8 2b. 
 
 lSam.l:12; 3:13 le. Esth. 2:14; 3:12; 8:15; 9:23,24 lb. 
 
 2Sam.6:16; 13:18 Ic. Ezra 6:22; 8:30,36; 9:2 1ft. 
 
 lKgs.3:llft; 6:32,36: 11:10 le. Neh. 9:7,8; 12:39; 13:1,30 lb. 
 
 27. The Participle. 
 
 1. a. ^ii)i riin^ Jceeper of a flock. 
 
 Vll 31D ^V'i^^ hnowers of good and evil. 
 
 ^ TT ^- :\ 
 
 ?Tn'3 O'?''' dwellers in thy house. {of Cush. 
 
 &. tyiS t'nN"'73 riN iUDn* *^* one that encompasseth all the land 
 1 Gen. 4:2. J Gen. 3:6. »Ps. 84:5. 4 Gen. 2:13. 
 
82 HBBEBW SYNTAX [2 27. 
 
 nQKI "iDd D'jyi'^ doing kindness and truth. 
 
 rrN'7a niNB'n^ fuii of noise. 
 
 T •• : -. : 
 
 rrOnfl 73DQn^ ^e that is impoverished of an oblation. 
 2. a. '^ilNfrnriiS DSJ'* Niril* o,'"^ he was sitting in the door of the tent. 
 
 V J T ~ V •• : 
 
 D*Q'i'N/D IJIlJK rF^ni^ '^'"■d behold, we were binding sheaves. 
 
 nri' iKlf "DN ni^l rrn he'd® Moses was keeping Jethro's 
 
 flock. 
 
 n1D7lI30n"7D5 '^tJ'D TVtV he was ruling over all the kingdoms. 
 
 T ; - - T : •• T T 
 
 &• '"?K D'pi^y ^'r?K 'D*! "^Ip* «^e ^Joice o/ thy brother's blood is 
 crying unto me. \vng. 
 
 D*l?"l Dn lifi'K *7 NJ"m'iiri' *e^^ "^e where they are shepherd- 
 DOnK n£57Q *DJX ICfK^" which I am teaching you. 
 Di^'Tl^^ DVf 7N'''' o Grod that hath indignation every day. 
 
 T : ^' 
 
 P*'^V/ J^tJ'l DOf^^ the wicked plot against the just. [earth, 
 
 c. r'nNn"7j^ "I'tpOO OiN-"^^ -^ «»* (a6oM<) to bring rain upon the 
 D*N3 D*0* rtiin''^* behold, the days are coming. 
 
 * T " T " ■ 
 
 Tw ri"l7* ^riB'K ♦ItJ'is Sarai, thy wife, will bear thee a son. 
 DO f'''^ IJ'?^^ '1^^?''^^ '*'* '^hich we are (about) to go. 
 
 1. In respect to government, the Participle"^* may be 
 
 a. A noun (construct) followed by another noun in the genitive," or 
 
 b. A verb governing the following noun as an accusative or by 
 means of prepositions."*'* 
 
 2. In respect to tense or temporal function, the Participle is used in 
 the description of 
 
 a. A state (or action)/ belonging to the sphere of the past; thus 
 presenting some particular attribute or characteristic, or picturing vividly 
 the particular circumstances under which a given event took place.s 
 
 6. A state or action belonging to the sphere of the present, and thus 
 represented as continuing, enduring, permanent.'''*'^ 
 
 c. A state or action belonging to the sphere of the future, thus 
 
 1 Gen. 24: 49. 
 
 6 Gen. 37:7. 
 
 9 Gen. 37:16. 
 
 "Gen. 7:4. 
 
 3lsa.22:2. 
 
 6 Ex. 3:1. 
 
 loDeut. 4:1. 
 
 iiJer.23:5. 
 
 3 lea. 40: 20. 
 
 'lKg8.6:l. 
 
 11 Ps. 7:12. 
 
 16 Gen. 17:19. 
 
 < Gen. 18:1. 
 
 8 Gen. 4:10. 
 
 12 Ps. 37:13. 
 
 i6Jua.l8:6. 
 
? 27.] BT AN nSTDUCTITE METHOD. 83 
 
 represented as beginning, and hence certain; only the context determin- 
 ing whether there is reference to a near or to a remote future.'' 
 
 3. a. nlQ33 D'rr^fP DJ^n TT^ only the people kept sacrificing in the 
 
 high places. 
 ^- run DlDZDn N"l13"nD^ how fearful {timendus) is tMs place. 
 
 ) T - T 
 
 4. a. ^"lij^ ^O^i' '5- ■ • ■"'5'^^ speak. . . .,for thy servant lieareth. 
 
 b. ItJ* V ^j'^ D'^IOK D'Jli?')* yei hrick, they say to us, make, {discord. 
 
 5. a. D'Jnp n^tJ'P'l D'5f ? rF*fi'^ ^iho uttereth lies and letteth loose 
 
 ^- nnDtJ^ 'a "^'rMi')- ■■ -r^^tyil^ 'u^hoforsaketh. . .and the covenant 
 
 of God forgetteth. [the needy. 
 
 IV^ii D*")' bl D'pD^ ^* raiseth up the poor lifteth up 
 
 c- '71^*') '^IXty 1*"llD^ he hringeth down to Sheol and bringeth up. 
 J^^n") D*nDl^ D'&'ltJ'* seraphim were standing, and each kept 
 
 t)t : -in • T : 
 
 caZZmg'. 
 
 3. a. While, usually and properly, the Participle denotes affixed, con- 
 tinuous state, it is sometimes found, instead of the Imperfect, marking a 
 " fact liable to recur." 
 
 b. The passive Participle is often equivalent with Latin Participle 
 in dus. 
 
 4. a. The subject of the Participle generally precedes it ; but it some- 
 times follows, especially when the verbal idea is to be emphasized. 
 
 b. The subject of the Participle is occasionally omitted, and in 
 such cases must be supplied from the context. 
 
 5. The Participle is found joined in one way or another with finite 
 verbal forms, as follows : 
 
 a. Following an Imperfect. 
 
 6. Followed by a Perfect or Imperfect. 
 
 c. Followed by a Perfect or Imperfect with Waw Consecutive (cf, 
 the usage in ?? 24. 5 ; 25. 46). 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) When the Participle Is used as an adjective. It follows the law ol the adjective 
 (S 10). 
 
 ilKgs.3:3. 4Ex.5:16. 6Prov.2:lT. 8lSain.2:6. 
 
 2 Gen. 28:17. sprov. 6:19. t1 Sam. 2:8. »Isa. 6:2. 
 
 si Sam. 3:9. 
 
84 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 28. 
 
 (b) On the use of the Participles with the article, see § i. 3.f. 
 
 (c) This construction is especially frequent In poetry. 
 
 (d) The Participle is sometimes followed hy S (dative of advantage or disadvantane) 
 rather than by an accusative, e. g., 1 Sam. 11 : 9. 
 
 (e) Cases in which both constructions of the Participle (nominal and verbal) occur 
 simultaneously are not Infrequent, e. g., niJ'JT iriB' T\Wy Amos i: 13. 
 
 (f) On the force of the Participle as compared with that of the Imperfect, see § 20. 
 R.(7i). 
 
 (9) Note the rarity in earlier books of the use of a Participle with a finite verb (e. g.. 
 Gen. 4:17 ; 37 : 2 ; 1 Sam. 2:11) as compared with the same usage in later books (e. g., Neh. 
 1:4; 2:13,15). 
 
 (h) The Participle, as well as the Perfect (B 18. 3) and the Imperfect (B 21. 3), may be 
 used to express a general truth, e. g.,Ps. 19:3; 29:6, but only in later Hebrew. 
 
 (i) Note also its frequent use as an apposltive of a preceding substantive, e. g., 
 Isa. 40:22,23. 
 
 0) With use of the Participle for the present, compare the similar usage in Ara- 
 maic, where it is more common than the proper participial usage. 
 
 (ft) In this usage the Participle is often preceded (for vividness) by T\iT\ behold; 
 though this particle is also employed when the Participle refers to the past or present, 
 e. g., 1 Kgs. 19: B; 1 Sam. 14:;33. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:9 3b. 2 Sam. 13:4 2b. 
 
 Gen. 3:5; 19:13 4a. 1 Kgs. 1:25,48 26. 
 
 Gen. 13- 7; 46:34 la. 1 Kgs. 22: 44 3o. 
 
 Gen. 15:14; 18:17 2c. 2 Kgs. 15:6 lb. 
 
 Gen.24:21; 41:1 2a. lBa.l:7; 41:17 2b. 
 
 Qen.!»4:30; 32:7; 41:1 4b. Isa.l:31; 3:13; 8:7 2c. 
 
 Gen. 39:3,6,22 3a. Isa. 21:11; 32:12 4b. 
 
 Ex. 9:3 2c. Hos.2:8 Be. 
 
 Num.U:27 2b. Mic.3:9 5b. 
 
 Num. 21:34 2a. Ps. 3:3; 4:7 2b. 
 
 Deut. 1:20,25 2c. Ps. 22:32 3b. 
 
 Deut. 10:13; 11:26 2b. Ps.29:B 5c. 
 
 Deut.U:7 lb. Ps.95:10; 97:7; 119:2 la. 
 
 Deut. 12:10 2c. Prov. 13:24 5b. 
 
 Judg.2:22; 8:4; 19:18 4o. Prov.l6:28 Ba. 
 
 1 Sam. 3: 11; 19:11; 20:36 2c. Job 1:13 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 14: 11 2b. Job 1:14 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 17:34 2a. Job 12: 21 5b. 
 
 2 Sam. 6:16 2o. Esth. 2:11,13 3a. 
 
 2 Sam. 13:23b 2c. 
 
 28. The Infinitive Absolute. 
 
 1. "l*J/"73 D*inn^ the destroying every city. 
 
 |K5f COnti''! "1p3 J'^n^ slaughtering oxen and killing sheep. 
 
 1 Deut. 3: 6. > Isa. 22:13. 
 
2 28.] BY AN mDXTCTIVB METHOD. 85 
 
 2. a. "^wil V3'^*^!D 113K ii/^ they would not walk in his ways. 
 
 '^p^3 H'^^O''- n"'^T *ri*N"1^ I see committing adultery and 
 
 walking in lies. 
 
 ^- ^tS'll fiHD iriN rONl* and I stamped it, grinding dmgently. 
 "INp rF5"in NTKI* and I was very much afraid. 
 
 The Infinitive absolute" partakes of both, a nominal and a verbal char- 
 acter.^ Like the verb^ it may govern a noun in the accusative; like the 
 noun it may be construed as a nominative, genitive, or accusative. Its 
 more important usages may be classified as follows: 
 
 1. It may govern a dependent noun only in the accusative; it never 
 stands in annexion.^ 
 
 2. a. It may stand as an accusative,*'/ governed by a finite verb, but 
 the Infinitive construct is more frequently employed. 
 
 6. It may stand as an adverbial accusative, equivalent to an ordi- 
 nary adverb." 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) The Infinitive absolute differs from the Infinitive construct In being more stiff, 
 and In being: unable either to stand in annexion with a following word, or to be gov- 
 erned by a preceding preposition. 
 
 (6) "1. The Semitic Infinitive is really not an Infinitive in the sense of the term as 
 used in Greek, Latin, German [and English] grammar; for it was originally, and has 
 remained to the present day, a true noun, which contains in Itself all the properties 
 of the noun, and is construed as such in the sentence. The most which can be admit- 
 ted Is, that this noun sometimes gives up its capacity for inflection, and becomes an 
 adverb; but never in any case does it pass over into the verb-system, in the manner 
 which characterizes the proper Infinitive idea. 3. The Semitic nomen actionis ex- 
 presses the abstract Idea of being, acting, or suffering; and has been derived from 
 the verb In the way in which verbal derivatives, with a concrete meaning, passed 
 over into the abstract meaning. 3. This abstract verbal noun, through its derivation 
 from the verb, has received the power of construction peculiar to the verb, so that it 
 can subordinate another noun in the accusative, and attach to itself a subject in the 
 nominative; wtiile, on the other hand, it has no power whatever, in itself, of express- 
 ing any difference in tense, or in the Icind of verb. 4. From the agreement in form 
 among the different branches of the Semitic famUy of languages, it plainly follows 
 that even the original Semitic language had already handed over the function of the 
 abstract verbal noun to certain forms."5 
 
 (c) The Infinitive, like the Participle, is without tense, referring ahke to past, pres- 
 ent, or future, according to the demands of the context. 
 
 (d) The Infinitive absolute rarely has a subject, e. g., Fs. 17:5. 
 
 ilsa. 42:24. ajer. 23:14. »Deut.9:21. <Neh.3:2. 
 
 5 Adolph Koch, Der lemUtsche Inflnitif, 18T4. 
 
86 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 28. 
 
 (e) Sometimes also as a nominative, e. g., Isa. 32: 17; 2 Chron. 31: 10; and as a genl- 
 
 tiye, e. ^., Tsa. 14:23. 
 
 (/) Tlie suffix governed by the Inflnitlve absolute must have DK • 
 
 (ff) The most common Infinitives thus used are ^3^^, Gen. 15:1; pniH. Gen. 
 
 21:16; pin , Ex.30:36; sSsH, Isa. 29:14; D3tyn,l Sam. 17:16; pn, Josh.3:17; e^pn, 
 
 Josh. 6:11; 3l;rn , 1 Sam. 17:16. With the exception of iriD, Josh. 2:5, all forms 
 
 thus used are in the HIph'll. 
 
 3. a. ^OV '* T\'''n 'D 1J'N"1 IN'1-' we saw for a certainty that Y. was 
 
 I T *^ T T • J- T T 
 
 with thee. 
 
 03J^J< *fnD £) "tDfl^ I '"'*^^ surely visit you. 
 
 ■ :)j-T I X 
 
 *3QQ '^NSJ'J bati^^^ 'he urgently besought me. 
 !)J3 TJi^n "Ti^n* he strictly charged us. 
 h. DIfltJ' JOSJJ'*'!^ and he is always acting as judge. 
 
 T : ■ ~ 
 
 n^3 nD"l3^ thou hast repeatedly blessed. 
 
 " I •• T T : -1- ■• 
 
 c. "inK 1"llN^ CMrse ye bitterly. 
 
 T 
 
 1X"1 IN'Tl yiOB' li^QB'^ ^ct»' 2/6 indeed and see ye indeed. 
 
 d. ^Itri nl'^n D*Qn 'liC*1' (''''I'd the waters Itept continually 
 
 receding. 
 
 "jyjT ^"i'^ll O'pn^" they went going on and lowing. 
 
 3. The Infinitive absolute** is used in connection with a finite verb'' 
 (generally of the same root" and stem"*), as a sort of cognate or absolute 
 accusative (? 31. 4). Various cases arise : — 
 
 a. The Infinitive may precede the finite verb, and mark the cer- 
 tainty of the idea conveyed or intensify ii.'t 
 
 b. The Infinitive may follow the finite verb, and convey the idea of 
 repeated or continued action. 
 
 c. The Infinitive may follow the finite verb, and, as when preceding 
 it, intensify the idea.9 
 
 d. Two Infinitives may follow, one of which is frequently ^'7n> 
 and the idea thus emphasized is that of continuance^ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The Infinitive construct is rarely employed for the Infinitive absolute, e. g, 
 Ps. 50:21; Ruth 2:16; Neh.l:7. 
 
 (6) Sometimes the finite verb is omitted, the Inflnitlve only remaining. 
 
 iGen.26:28. 4Gen.43:3. 7judg.5:23. 9Gen.8:3,5. 
 
 s Ex. 3:7. s Gen. 19:19. 8 Isa. 6:9. i»l Sam. 6:13. 
 
 si Sam. 20:6. « Num. 24:10. 
 
? 28.] BT AN IKDUCTIVB METHOD. 87 
 
 (c) In poetry the Inflnltlye is sometimes of a different (though cognate) root, e, g., 
 Jer.8:13; 48:9; Isa. 28:28. 
 
 (d) The Infinitive absolute is frequently in Qai when the finite verb is of a differ- 
 ent stem; e.g., in the NIph., Ex. 19:13; 21:20,22,28; Mic. 2:4; in the PI'61 or Pti'ai, 
 Josh. 24 : 10 ; Gen. 37 : 33 ; in the HIph'll, 1 Sam. 23 : 22 ; in the HIth., Isa. 24 : 19. Cf . also 
 Lev. 19: 20; Ezek.l6:4. 
 
 (6) The particle DJ is frequently employed to give additional emphasis; it stands 
 between the verb and the infinitive ; e. g., Gen. 31 : 15 ; 46 : 4 ; Num. 16 : 13. 
 
 (/) A negative, in such cases, generally stands between the Infinitive and the 
 verb, B. g., Ex. 5:23; 34: 7; Dent. 21: 14,; Nah. 1: 3; Mic. 1:10; though sometimes before 
 both verb and Infinitive, e. g., Gen. 3 : 4 ; Amos 9 : 8 ; Ps. 49 : 8. 
 
 (a) While the Infinitive, when it follows the verb, generally gives the idea of 
 repetition or continuance, there are many cases in which this force is not allowed by 
 thecontext, e.g.. Gen. 31:15; laa. 22:17; Jer.22:10. 
 
 (h) In connection with "yTn , used to express continiuxnce, the second word, which 
 then expresses the principal idea, may be not only an Infinitive absolute, but also 
 aParticiple, or verbal adjective, «3.g.,l Sam. 2:26; 14:19; 2Sam.3:l; lC!hrou.ll:9. 
 
 4. a. ♦a'^-flN TlnJl ♦n'NI nr"'73"nj<^ all this have I seen and ap- 
 
 • ' V I T : • J- T V T 
 
 plied my heart. 
 
 DHSn flflJI n'i"lfli6i''5 1I^pri*1^ and they llew the trumpets and 
 
 broke the pitchers. 
 
 h. rn;^n-'?3----inN DJ"i----jy'Nrr nov^ let the man he put to 
 
 T^' It T T • T - 
 
 death . . .let all the congregation stone Mm. 
 
 <*l3jS "i'3J3 "iJ^ nil Jfin 1Jl7* to the stranger thou shalt give 
 
 ■ : T : T T-iv : ■ 
 
 it, or sell it to an alien. [watch, etc. 
 
 5. a. '"Un ri*fllfn rlfilf fn'^tS^rr nilJI^^ they prepare the table, set the 
 &• imm "^IDJi® 2/e shall eat and leave thereof. 
 
 : T 
 
 c- n2!2fil D1*"nN ^IDF remember the Sabbath day. 
 
 T - - V T 
 
 }-['j){i^|7 DnflDrrnK nlp*?^ taJce thou these documents. 
 
 V J" T • T : - V - I T 
 
 d. (11J[7t'7 ]r\y\ "^np fililfl^ IwHl bring up a company and 
 
 deliver them to vexation. 
 
 4. The Infinitive absolute is used to continue the verbal idea" 
 
 a. Introduced by a Perfect, or an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive. 
 
 b. Introduced by an Imperfect referring to the future. 
 
 iBccles.8:9. 4Dout.l4:21. 6aKgs.4:43. «Jer.32:14. 
 
 !!Judg.7:19. 5lBa.21:6. iBx.20:9. 9Bzel£.23:46. 
 
 3 Num. 15:36. 
 
ss 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 [?29. 
 
 5. The Infinitive absolute is, still further, used as a concise and vivid 
 substitute for a finite verb;* " as, 
 
 a. For the Perfect in narration and description ; of. Latin Histor- 
 ical Infinitive. 
 
 5. For the Imperfect, referring to the future. 
 
 c For the Imperative, when it is to be expressed emphatically. 
 
 d. For the Cohortative, in the way of exclamation."* 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) Eapeeially frequent in later literature, when It was thought sufloient to ex- 
 press the distinction of tense, number and ■person in the first verbal form and allow it 
 to be understood in the case of those following:. 
 
 (6) Eor examples of its use where the subject is expressed, see Gen. 17 : 10 ; Ps.17 : B ; 
 Prov. 17:12; etc. 
 
 (c) This usage is probably due to the ellipsis of the finite verb, e. g., 71DX standing 
 
 for iSpxri VoK ; not , for narn 1131 . 
 
 (d) In none of these cases, or in those under i a, h, may the Infinitive have a 
 negative. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 3b. IKgs. 22:30 5d. 
 
 Gen.8:7 
 
 Gen. 37:30; 43:3,20 3a. 
 
 Gen. 41:43 4a. 
 
 Gen.46:4 3c. 
 
 Ex. 3:7 3a. 
 
 Ex. 8:11 4a. 
 
 Ex. 36: 7 26. 
 
 Lev. 32:44 4b. 
 
 Num. 16:13 3c. 
 
 Num. 25:17 6c. 
 
 Deut. 5:12 5c. 
 
 Josh. 6:13 3d. 
 
 Judg. 5:23 3e. 
 
 Judg. 7:19 4a. 
 
 Judg. 11: 25 3a. 
 
 1 Sam, 2:30; 9:6 3a. 
 
 1 Sam. 2:26; 14:19 3d. 
 
 1 Sam. 2:27,28 4a. 
 
 2Sam.3:l; 5:10 3(1. 
 
 2 Sam. 19:43 3a. 
 
 2Kgs.4:43 5b. 
 
 Isa. 5:5; 69:4 1 
 
 Isa. 7:15; 22:13 2a. 
 
 Isa. 42:20 4a. 
 
 Isa. 59: 4 6a. 
 
 Jer.2:2 6c. 
 
 Jer. 7:13 2b. 
 
 Jer. 22:10 3b. 
 
 Bz. 1:14 Ba. 
 
 Hos.4:2 5a. 
 
 Amos 9:8 3a. 
 
 Zech.3:4;7:5 4a. 
 
 Zeoh. 12:10 5b. 
 
 Job 15:3 5b. 
 
 Job 15:35 1 
 
 Eccl.9:U 4a. 
 
 Ban. 9:5 4a. 
 
 IChron. 11:9 3d. 
 
 29. The Infinitive Construct. 
 
 1. a. ")'137 D^N!^ nVn DICO ii'7^ the being of man alone is not good. 
 
 - : T T |T v: 
 
 D'tyJNI nlK7D 039 Dypn^ w the wearying of men too little 
 for you f 
 1 Gen. 2:18. « Isa. 7:13. 
 
2 29.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 89 
 
 6- D^if?^ '♦ m^I^ DVa'^ ow <Ac day of T. God's making, etc. 
 
 flpNIl Di^'iiT^ not time for hdng gathered. 
 0- niDJ ^13^37^ .^''*' *^* **^* of trying = in order to try. [see. 
 
 ri}<"IO VJ'^ J'r?Dr)"|f and Ms eyes were weak so that he could not 
 tityH'^'mii 17 ^71^^'' when Isaac was bom to him. 
 <^- iiy\ riKV J^^il? K*?* IJcnow not (how) to go out or to come in. 
 D'^P tlil^V ♦nXjlB'^ Ihate the doing of sin. 
 2. a. f3tJ'Qri-nK D*pn* to set up the tabernacle. 
 p^'lV ri'pn?* <" destroy the righteous. 
 ^jilj]} D'pfl f^Oy" *■« order to establish thee. 
 i- (1) T ll '_ 0-3 D'HK ri!3Bf" <Ae dwelling of brethren also together. 
 
 D^fl niflB'? D*D Vii''^ there was no water for the people to 
 drink. 
 
 Vv^ '♦ rPDtlS'^ in Yahweh's sparing him. 
 'J Jl j^ 'K1p5^* in my calling, answer me (cf. T\ti NIDS) 
 (2) 13'7"'?N ^'?C3i'l DIE^y^ that the king should take it to heart. 
 nriN £J"K DD^ 7tI'D^^ *^«* one man should rule over you. 
 
 T V * V T : 
 
 c. pK 'K '♦ nljy;^^ DVa" ^ the day of T. God's making earth, etc. 
 iriN T]*rfJ^ tt'Tl-'* *^3/ brother's seeking it. 
 1JMK mn» riKJS^'ai* w Yahweh's hating us. 
 tOSti'P |1'5^ '15"'5^" wAe» <Ae needy speak justice. 
 
 The Infinitive construct, like the Infinitive absolute, partakes of both 
 a nominal and a verbal character. It is much more flexible than the 
 Infinitive absolute and may, at one time, exercise both functions. 
 1. The Infinitive construct as a noun'* may be used, 
 a. As a nominative serving as the subject, 
 6. As a genitive depending upon a preceding construct, 
 c As a genitive depending on a preceding preposition,^ 
 d. As an accusative, the direct object of a verb. 
 
 1 Gen. 2: 4. 
 
 6 1 Kgs. 3:7. 
 
 11 Ps. 133:1. 
 
 i« Judg.9:2. 
 
 » Gen. 29:7. 
 
 5Ps.l01:3. 
 
 "Ex. 17:1. 
 
 17 Gen. 2:4. 
 
 «Ex. 20:20. 
 
 8 Num. 9:15. 
 
 i3lsa.47:9. 
 
 18 Deut. 22: 2. 
 
 < Gen. 27:1. 
 
 9 Gen. 18: 25. 
 
 "Pb.4:2. 
 
 19 Deut. 1:27. 
 
 6 Gen. 21:5. 
 
 10 Deut. 29:12. 
 
 IS 2 Sam. 19: 20. 
 
 » Isa. 32:7. 
 
90 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 29. 
 
 2. a. The Infinitive construct, likewise the verbal noun, which is really 
 an Infinitive, governs as its direct object a noun which is construed as an 
 accusative."'*' 
 
 h. The Infinitive construct may have a subject, which will be 
 
 (1) a noun placed immediately after it as genitive, or 
 
 (2) a noun following it (not always immediately) as a nomina- 
 tivefi'f'^ 
 
 c. The Infinitive construct maybe followed by two nouns, a subject 
 and an object, in which case the former of the two is the subject (either 
 genitive or nominative).^ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) While the Infinitive construct is in many respects a noun, it does not receive 
 an article, cases like nj?in nj7 (Gen. 2:9) being rare and exceptional. 
 
 (6) 2 with the Infinitive construct is equivalent to whiie, when (cpicmdo); 3, as 
 soon ae, when i,cum with suhjv.). 
 
 (c) The object of the Infinitive construct is never a genitive. 
 
 (d) Only the suflx of the first person may be appended as an accusative to the 
 Infinitive ; other sufSzes, except occasionally the third plural, must have nx . 
 
 (6) In Arabic there are three possible constructions: (1) Infinitive, subj. In gen., 
 obj. in aec.; (2) Infinitive, obj. in gen., subj. in nom.; (3) In&nltive, subj. in mom., obj. 
 in ace. 
 
 (/) Since the case-endings have been lost, It is often impossible to determine 
 whether the subject is a genitive or nominative; but it may clearly be taken as a 
 nominative (1) when the h prefixed to the inf. has pretonlc t (e. g., 3 Sam. 19:20); 
 (2) when a word stands between the Infinitive and the subject (see above). 
 
 (B) The subject is frequently omitted when it can be supplied from the context, 
 e.g.. Gen. 21 : 30 ; Isa. 5 : 2. 
 
 (h) Sometimes the object rather than the subject follows the Infinitive, e. g.. Josh. 
 14:11; Isa.5:24; 20:1. 
 
 (i) The Hebrew by the " combination of the verbal and nominal construction of 
 the Infinitive construct is enabled to secure wonderful brevity," e. g.. Gen. 39:18; 
 Deut. 22:2. 
 
 3. a. iJJ^'lp'? 'Cn Dl'"nN ^IDt^ remember the Sabbath day to keep it 
 holy. [tell thee, 
 
 "i? yili? ♦"12'? 'JN-D") rr£0'7aNf and only I have escaped to 
 
 ) |T • - .- • - : • -: ) - T : IT • T 
 
 6- N137 JJ'Qtyn 'iTI' and the sun was about to go down. 
 
 ♦JJ^'tyln? mn'* Yahweh is about to deliver me. 
 c. t]7 nliJ'i^? nO^ what can be done for thee ? 
 
 t]7 ")5*l7 ti'Tf^ coi one speak for thee ? 
 
 iEz.20:8. 30en.l6:12. 4lsa.38:20. <i2Eg8.4::13. 
 
 s Job 1:16. 
 
2 29.] BY AN INDTJCTIVB METHOD. 91 
 
 d- HDnNfTflK ^ir*? TK DINV and there was no man to till the a. 
 
 T T -: It V *^: |- I • J- T T : 
 
 mo? rii^l n"T77 riJi^^ i^ere is a time to be born and a time to die. 
 e. r\'\\i?Jl^_ a iTQ-l^ii^ which God created while making. 
 "iDK^ 'K Qna TlT^'l* "'"■'^ ^- blessed them, saying. 
 73 k"7NB'7 7N"1DJ*y and they ten^ted God in ashing for food. 
 
 4. a. '2\7 DnKil '^nri® men began to multiply. 
 
 Vnj<"n{< iTlj*?^ ^Pi]11' "'^'^ «^« added to hear his brother. 
 6- riiJp7 ti^'l^ 75'!'^ ct man may be able to number. 
 c. T^^'dl "E'flJ-MK '?N£5'*1* and he ashed for himself to die. 
 
 t] 7(1 / DDn^? W!"^j 7^" ^ wi7Z moi permit you to go. 
 
 3. The Infinitive construct witli the preposition *? , 
 
 a. Is used primarily to express purpose."' 
 
 b. May be rendered " is to," " is ahout to," in statements of time.'' 
 
 c. Is sometimes best expressed by " can " (= possibility). 
 
 d. Denotes consequence, " that," " so that." 
 
 e. Marks a concomitant circumstance (= gerund in tZo)." 
 
 4. The Infinitive construct with the preposition "p occurs when the 
 Infinitive alone would have answered,^ 
 
 a. After verbs of beginning, ceasing. 
 
 b. After verbs implying ability, or possibility. 
 
 c. After verbs of vnshing, commanding, refusing. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Cf. the more emphatic construction (1) with [J^dS, Deut. 8:3; 1 Kgs. 12:15; 
 l8a.30:l; Jer.32:29; Mlc.6:6,16; (2) with 113;;3'7,2Sam.l7:M; 18:18. 
 
 (b) The use of h in rilE?j;'7,l8a.5:2,MZl'if8?io«!(J produce, is worthy of note. 
 
 (c) "It thus serves to characterize more closely the idea of the verb by stating the 
 sphere in which the action moves;" the phrase is best translated by treating the In- 
 finitive as the main verb, and the finite verb as an adverb. 
 
 (d) The Infinitive as subject semetimes has S , e. g., Prov. 21: 9; 2 Sam. 18: 11. 
 
 5. a. Ch\2fT\'h iDN'^V • JJ''*11D':' "IQKn" who says to C. .and says to J. 
 
 • - T I ■ •• : V : ■■ T 
 
 • T -: ■• T T : :-::•'. t : |-' v " : 
 
 your sons he will take and set them on his chariots, and will make 
 them leaders of thousands. 
 
 1 Gen. 2:5. i Gen. 1:22. i Gen. 4:2. w Ex. 3:19. 
 
 aEocl. 3:2. sPs. 78:18. s Gen. 13: 16. iilsa.ii:28. 
 
 3GeB. 2:3. 6 Gen. 6:1. »! Kgs. 19:4. 12 1 Sam. 8:11,12. 
 
92 HEBBBTV SYNTAX [5 29. 
 
 i- VDHI nntJ'l 1fl"l"l"'7J^^ because he pursued Mm and stifled his 
 compassion. 
 
 N"lpKl 'Q'lnp 'rr'l^ <*'w^ ^' ca»ie <o J9a«s when J raised my voice 
 
 and cried. [eat. 
 
 6. 13ap"'7DK 'fl'??'? ^*n*^V ^^^^ ^f which I commanded thee not to 
 
 Din '?bN 'fl'?^'? pin P"'* ""^^ ^^ strong not to eat the blood. 
 
 5. The Infinitive construct sometimes 
 
 a. Continues a sentence introduced by an Imperfect or Participle. 
 6. Is continued by the Perfect or Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 (2? 24. 5; 26. 5). 
 
 6. When the Infinitive is to be negatived, 'il'^^'? ^^ employed. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 (Jen.4:13: 24:30 Ic Isa.l0:32 36. 
 
 Gen. 18:29 4a. Isa. 13:19; 10:15 2c. 
 
 Ex. 14:12 la. Isa. 47:9 2b. 
 
 Ex. 14:12 2a. Jer.7:10 2a. 
 
 Ex. 32:29 5 Jer. 17:10; 19:32 5 
 
 Lev. 10:10,11 5 Hoa.9:13 3b. 
 
 Deut. 8:2; 11:4; 15:10; 25:17 Ic. Amos 8:4 5 
 
 Deut. 25:19 2b. Mic. 6:8 Id. 
 
 Josh. 14:7 2c. Ps.32:9 3b. 
 
 1 Sam. 12:17; 14:33 36. Ps. 34:23 5 
 
 2 Sam. 14:25 Se. Ps. 46:3; 76:10; 133:1 26. 
 
 2 Sam. 17:14 Ic. Prov.l4:8;16:]2 la. 
 
 2Sam.l8:ll la. Prov. 26:2 3e. 
 
 lKgs.l2:15;15:4 2a. Job 33:17 2e. 
 
 lKgs.l3:4 2c. 2 Chr. 5:11; 20:6; 25:9 3c. 
 
 Isa. 5:24; 10:2 5 
 
 1 Amos 1:11. a Gen. 39:18. » Gen. 3:11. « Deut. 12: 23. 
 
m. "Vertoal Go-vemMaeii.t and Opposition. 
 
 80. The Object Accusative. 
 
 1- 'an nNI D'OJJTT DK 'K aiy- God created the heavens and the e. 
 
 2. "1X70 D'DT DD'n*^ your hands are full of blood. 
 ntJ'Dn pIDtl* '"^IK^ perhaps they will lack five. 
 
 3. JKlfn D*15 IJI'S?* the pastures are clothed with flocks. 
 7*n I'lfN^ '^ey S'lVd themselves with strength. 
 
 4. n'Dn ^B'** Ae remained in the house. 
 
 JJ^J^ V*1X IKD'V fflifi they came to the land of Canaan. 
 1*Pn N5f* K/^ ^« toeji* «oi 0M< o/ the city. 
 
 5. nj^in ']»n'?DJl- ■ • -rr^ltSn ♦jn'7QJ* <Aom hast rendered me good, I 
 have rendered thee evil. [tidings. 
 *]'?Dn riN niE'DN NJ nifllN^" ?«< »»e ™?!, arac^ firmgr the king 
 
 1. In Hebrew, as in other languages, transitive verbs govern their 
 object in the accusative." But aside from ordinary transitive verbs, 
 certain other classes are so construed ; these are 
 
 2. Verbs denoting fullness or want,^ of which the most common are 
 H/D i^ full, J^^JJ* be satisfied, T^ISJ' teem, t^"lfl overflow, m") be satis- 
 fied, "IDn 6e deficient, 70^ be deprived. 
 
 3. Verbs denoting to clothe and unclothe, of which the most common 
 are C^^/ put on, my adorn oneself, fltO^ cover, f|£3J7 wrap up, HDD 
 cover, rrfilf overlay, IHJO «preacZ over, ItO^ crown, ^JlH , "IfK S'^Vti, £DLJ*fl 
 
 4. Verbs denoting to go, or come, to dwell, of which the most common 
 are KID go in, KV' fl'o o««, ^T\ go, DtJ" , ptT. "IIJ <^weZ?, n:3£J' ^^e 
 
 5. Verbs which were originally transitive and now resume their origi- 
 nal force, or which were originally intransitive but have come to be con- 
 
 1 Gen. 1:1. <Ps. 65:14. 'Gen. 46:25. s l Sam. 24:18. 
 
 >l8a. 1:15. si Sam. 2: 4. >2Kgs. 20:4. le 2 Sam. 18:19. 
 
 3 Gen. 18:28. <Buthg:7. 
 
94 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 31. 
 
 ceived of as transitive ; " e. g., i*"! defend before court, HJ^^ answer, 
 reply to, "IJJ*^ bring good news to, f]XJ commit adultery with, H*!^ 
 become surety for, 70J1 > D7JJ' repay, retaliate, tX^D rebel against. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Many verbs originally construed with prepositions come, In later usage, to be 
 taken transitively, e. g., ptyj , 2 Sam. 15 : 5 ; 1 Sam. 20 : 11 ; while many which were orig- 
 inally transitive come to prefer a preposition, e. g., Nip with 7 , 7X , 3 , or IDS . 
 
 (6) In poetry also with verbs which gain this force only from the context, e. g., 
 btj, Jer.9:17; eiBJ , JoeU:18; Judg.5:4; tlDty, Isa. 10:22; n*?.!? , Isa. 5:6; Prov.24:31. 
 
 (c) Here may be noted that double usage in accordance with which there may be 
 employed either the noun alone or the noun with the preposition 3 , e. g., Ps. 32: 8 and 
 Job 16 : 4 ; Ps. 35 :16 and Job :16 : 9. Cf . also the use of 3 in Lam. 1 :17 ; Ex. 7 :20, where we 
 would certainly employ the accusative. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:20,21; 27: 45 2. Isa. 32:16 4. 
 
 Gen. 4:20 4. Isa. 60: 6 5. 
 
 Ex. 1:7 2. Ps. 5:5; 120:5 4. 
 
 Judg. 5:17 4. Ps. 35:12; 68:12 5. 
 
 2Kgs.20:4 4. Ps. 65:14; 104:2 3. 
 
 81. The Double Accusative. 
 
 1- ^DN '' 'JN"in^ Y. hath shown thee to me. 
 
 f" IJ'DK DK IlpB'J^ l^t us cause our father to drink vnne. 
 
 2. £DJ!3N DDK milin^ and thou shalt gird them with priestly girdles. 
 p'ntJ' "inj^EO'l* and he planted it with choice vines. 
 
 3. 7'7n |^")Nr? riN IN'^QI'^ and they shall fill the land with slain. 
 VnOOD tS'"1*ni pn® with com and new wine have I sustained him. 
 
 4. inny riK 'a. pn ItrX D'I'^'iT the children whom God hath 
 granted thy servant. 
 
 "]J*D* niN^I.3 nnin^ tky right hand shall teach thee terrible things. 
 
 min D'JnDn nX 7KtJ'® ask the priests for instruction. 
 5- ipj/' 10JJ' Klp^" he called his name Jacob. 
 
 Tfp'Vi T? tX2^TVY^ and he counted it to him for righteousness. 
 6. nifQ D*J2Xn riN nJD*V^ and he built the stones into an altar. 
 
 ^fiy DINil TSa "> "l^f^V^ and T. formed the man out of dust. 
 
 "Gen. 15:6. 
 121 Kgs. 18:32. 
 13 Gen. 2:7. 
 
 i2Kgs.8:13. 
 
 sEzek.30:U. 
 
 8Ps.45:5. 
 
 a Gen. 19:32. 
 
 6 Gen. 27: 37. 
 
 9 Hag. 2:11. 
 
 s Ex. 29:9. 
 
 'Gen. 33: 6. 
 
 i»Gen.37:3( 
 
 /Isa. 5:2. 
 
 
 
2 32.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 95 
 
 7. 'r?7 'i'lN vD nX ]l*Dn^ thou Jiast smitten all my enemies on the 
 cheeh-hone. {soul. 
 
 ti'fli DiryDp PiU i^3p")^ ^'"^ he will spoil their spoilers as to the 
 
 Verbs which govern two accusatives may be classified as follows :">'' 
 
 1. The causative of stems which in the Qal governed one accusative. 
 
 2. Verbs denoting to clothe, cover; to plant, sow, which have or are 
 assigned a causative force even in Qal. 
 
 3. Verbs denoting to fill, satisfy, sustain, and the opposite. 
 
 4. Verbs denoting to give, bestow; to ash, answer, teach. 
 
 5. Verbs denoting to name, appoint, consider. 
 
 6. Verbs denoting to make into," make out of, }>uild,form, etc. 
 
 7. Verbs which take, besides a direct object, a remote object which 
 specifies more distinctly the object affected by the action, or the circum- 
 stances connected therewith. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Many of these verbs are also construed with prepositions. 
 
 (6) Verbs which In the active govern two accusatives, in the passive govern one. 
 
 (c) Here belong [nj , D'B' , nw , HB'j; , 7133 , etc. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 4:25; 16: 15; 17:5; 28:19 5. Jer.2:21 2. 
 
 Gen. 19:33 1. Jer.3:15 T. 
 
 Ex. 28:6; 37:1; 39:22,27 6. Anios6:ll 6. 
 
 Josh. 7:25 7. Mlc. 7:2 7. 
 
 2 Sam. 1:18 4. Ps.60:5 : 1. 
 
 IKgs. 18:21 4. Ps.64:8 7. 
 
 Iaa.l6:9;60:4 3. Ps. 65:10 3. 
 
 Isa.l7:10; 22:21; 30:23 2. Ps. 94:10 4. 
 
 Isa. 60:17 6. 
 
 32. The Cognate Accusative. 
 
 1. V"1f Vlf ^tJ* V^ herh producing seed. 
 
 Dl'^rr fiDV D'^n'l* and Joseph had a dream. 
 ♦^"1^*7 ^5^^^ have I spoken {even) a word ? 
 
 2. '^'nj ']3i 1D2^ they wept toith a great weeping. 
 ;3^)-f JlDJO lOy they fled the flight of the sword. 
 
 ^2P» llOrr riTl^p^ he shall he buried with the burial of am, ass. 
 
 IPs. 3:8. s Gen. 1:29. b 2 Sam. 7:7. 'Lev. 26:36. 
 
 2Prov.22:23. 4Geu.37:5. 62Sam.l3:36. «Jer.22:19. 
 
96 HBBBEW SYNTAX [2 3S. 
 
 3. TlKJp n'?"nJ rtDtV- I am Jealous in great anger. 
 '^'nJl '^"jp pj^n^ and he cried a lovd voice. 
 
 4. "1K1 "INSI j^lDB' IJ^DB'* ^ear a hearing see a seeing. 
 
 'I'^QJ^ "I'^JOn* «AaZJ thou indeed rdgn f 
 
 Any verb may take a noun of the same stem to define and explain the 
 verbal idea. This is called the cognate accusative. Here may be distin- 
 guished : 
 
 1. Cases in which the accusative furnishes a concrete example of the 
 action expressed by the verb, and is employed either to express special 
 emphasis, or where in modern languages the verb would be a word of 
 general significance (cf. the usage in Latin and Greek). 
 
 2. Cases in which the cognate accusative, followed either by an adjec- 
 tive or a genitive, furnishes additional information concerning the action 
 of the verb. 
 
 3. Cases in which this accusative is cognate not in stem, but only in 
 signification. Hence arises a number of common and concise expres- 
 sions, used, for the most part, in poetry. 
 
 4. Cases in which this accusative expresses not the concrete, but the 
 abstract idea of the verb. Here belongs the usage of the Infinitive abso- 
 lute before and after a finite form (? 28. 3). 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Num. 31:2 1. Jer. 14:17; 20:11; 23:6; 30:U 3. 
 
 1 Sam. 4:6 2. Jer. 30:11 2. 
 
 1 Sam. 20:17 1. Hos. 10:4 1. 
 
 2 Sam. 12:16; 13:15 1. Jon. 4:6 2. 
 
 lKgs.2:16 1. Zeoh. 1:14,15 2. 
 
 Isa. 5:1 2. Zech. 1:2 1. 
 
 I8a.5:6 1. Prov. 17:27; 22:23 1. 
 
 Isa. 37:6 3. 
 
 33. The Adverbial Accusative. 
 
 1. a. rntJTl K5fJ' ^«* "* 90 out into the field. 
 
 PD'n DKV • - ."^NOtSTJ Di<^ whether to the left or to the right. 
 
 "yyn *JD nX f rrV and he encamped hefore the city. 
 
 i- '7iMiil nnS D5S'* Nini* wMle he sat at the entrance of the tent. 
 
 Dn? n*D "ItJ'N VDK 13p!3* in his father's grave which was in 
 
 Bethlehem. 
 
 1 Zech. 8:2. < Gen. 37:8. « Gen. 13:9. > Gen. 18:1. 
 
 « 2 Sam. 19:5. si Sam. 20:11. 1 Gen. 33:18. •2 Sam. 2:32. 
 
 3 Isa. 6:9. 
 
? 83.] BT AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 97 
 
 2- D*"1J7£J' *l*ifp twtlPi^ o,t the heginning of harley-Juvniest. 
 t\T/\ DOV nJin*^ he meditates day arid night. 
 
 3. D'an Tiaj..-.rraN mB';^ trOn^ the waters rosefftemcwUU. 
 D*0'!?"1J7 'IDiB''?* *^a« i^ow mayest live forever. 
 
 CVpa riXyn 1*yil^ the dty that goes forth a thousand. 
 
 4. DIJ* DI'IJ^^ he flees naked. 
 
 r\1'~\]!'Q JIJK ^7'y ofM^ -^g-agf came with confidence. 
 
 73K 'JD 7K T^N^ I will go down to my son mourning. 
 
 D'CJK imD'^ they shall die as men. [men. 
 
 5- DIK 'JS IDfltiTl DntJ^'D^" 3/e «AaZ; ^cZg'e righteously the sons of 
 D'Jfl bii DOS 'K ♦JTKI^^ I have seen God face to face. 
 
 'ri'7i3J niNTlJ"'^ I have teen wonderfully distinguished. 
 
 6- l7DXn i'lrf'^® y^ have been devoured hy the sword. 
 'Jfl fl"lNl7 IK^n^* 3/e come in to he seen hy m,y face. 
 
 7. ThT\^ N'Ji. ■ • -D^rTrrr "in ;^p3J')^^ aJic^^Ae mount of OUves shall he 
 cleft {so as to become) a large valley. [great fear. 
 ' Jl nQinO yy^ '* T'. ^iirVl^^ a. t.-h. of T. was on t. c. [so that there arose) 
 
 8. a. V^Jl") na rr^r?"'^^ he was m as to his feet. {than thou. 
 
 "IDO 7njlK KDDn p"1^^ only as to the throne will I be greater 
 
 b. D^JS nN")nJ^^ ^6* M« see one another in person. 
 
 D'flN inn^'l^" O'^d he bowed himself down as regards the face. 
 
 c. ^N"l "IflW Nin^''^ he will bruise thee in the head. 
 IJJ'Dn D/tJ'D^^ he cooked them as to the flesh. 
 
 d. N'IpN '' 7N '/Ip^^ I cry unto Y. with my voice. 
 ♦Jnj^T)J f{7 '♦ 'QtJ'^* by my name Y. I was not known. 
 
 Many nouns have become adverbs;" many adverbial ideas are ex- 
 pressed by means of prepositions.'' Aside from tbese cases, the accusa- 
 tive is used in an adverbial sense, to express, 
 1. Designations oi place, 
 
 a. In answer to the question whither ?" 
 h. In answer to the question where ?"* 
 
 12 Sam. 21:9. il Sam. 16:32. islsa. 1:20. i9 2Kgs. M:S. 
 
 »Ps. 1:2. 8 Gen. 37:35. MlBa.l:12. ao Gen. 19:1. 
 
 »Gen.T:20. 9lSam.2:33. i6Zech.l4:4. siGen.3:15. 
 
 41Kgs. 8:13. 10 Ps. 58:2. "I Sam. 5:9. 22 IKgs. 19:21. 
 
 B Amos 5:3. n Gen. 33:31. "IKgs. 15:23. as Pb. 3:6. 
 
 > Amos 2:16. laPs. 139:14. i» Gen. 41:40. m Ex. 6:3. 
 
98 HEBREW ST»TAX [? S3. 
 
 2. Designation of time, in answer to the question wJien ? but only in 
 general statements.* 
 
 3. Designations of extent, duration, amount, in answer to the questions 
 Tww far ? how long ? how much ? 
 
 4. The state or condition of the subject at the time of the action 
 described in the principal verb. 
 
 5. The particular made or manner in which the action of the verb is 
 performed. 
 
 6. Rarely the instrument by means of which the action was per- 
 formed. 
 
 7. The effect or consequence of the action of the verb. 
 
 8. The particular object or part to which the state or condition 
 described by the verb is limited ; i. e., the accusative of specification ;/ 
 
 a. With verbs which express a state or condition. 
 6. With verbs which have a reflexive force. 
 
 c. With verbs which have a direct object accusative. 
 
 d. In poetry and with passive verbs. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) B. g., DJDS , Djn , DKnS ; nB3 Judg. 8:U, also noih . 
 (6) Cf . the various meanings local and temporal of 2 , 7 > |D , 7N , etc. 
 (0) In these cases the accusative ending n_ is frequently employed (of. Elements 0} 
 Hebrew, § 121. 3); e. g.. Gen. 14:10; 20:1. 
 
 (d) Here also the ending D— Is sometimes employed; e. g., 1 Kgs. 4:U. 
 
 <e) In particular statements prepositions (3,7,3) are generally employed. 
 
 (/) Here helongs the construction of the numeral noted in S5 15. 2. c; 6. Z. B. (b). 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 6:3; 14:4 3. Jer. 26:18 7. 
 
 Gen. 9:20 4. Mic.a:3 6. 
 
 Gen. 18:1; 38:11 16. Mio. 3:12 7. 
 
 Gen. 42:6 6. Nah. 1:8 la. 
 
 Ex. 4:9 la. Hab. 3:9 7. 
 
 Ex. 16:20 7. Zeph. 3:9 sa. 
 
 Ex. 23:15 6. Ps. 1:2; 91: 6 2. 
 
 Deut.9:25;15:18 3. Ps.2:]2 80. 
 
 Deut. 33:11 8c. Ps. 12:3; 17:10,U.. 8d. 
 
 2 Sam. 14:26 3. P8.15:2 4. 
 
 2 Sam. 15:32 4. Ps. 56:3 5. 
 
 2 Kgs. 14: 8,11 8b. Prov. 19:23 6. 
 
 Isa. 3:6 U). Prov. 24:15 4. 
 
 Isa. 60:14 5. Job 21:7 8a. 
 
 Jer.2:16 8c. 2Chr.20:36 la. 
 
2 34.] BT AN nSTDUCnVE METHOD. 99 
 
 34. The Accusative with HN. 
 
 1- mn JIK j/T DlNW and the man Jcnew Eve. 
 ymn na 'a ayf and God saw the UgU. 
 ViN riK tJ"K ^fj^'^ a man leaves his father. 
 
 2- 17 lltl'P "1CN DN j^TI^ awcZ Ae Anew what he had done to him. 
 l'?DNn N*? (If DN IN' J'ei «Am 2/e «AaZZ not eat. 
 
 n'^tJ'K 'D r\N^ whom shall I send ? 
 
 3. "I^y 73 riK Dinjy «»w^ we destroyed every city. 
 
 DnnX D'n'^K rSa, Omii^l* ara<^ 2/e sImU serve other gods. 
 DHi^jnO "IHK DN np® <«^e one of the servants. 
 
 4. riDl rrB'i* nX in tr'N nX llty m' 'Oli" «»£? if an ox gore a 
 man or a woman, that they die. 
 
 5. '^N *ll3^0 na i^DSI'NV^ and I heard him who spake unto me. 
 
 6. fl*11f JlX B*")!! pfn*V* as™<^ *^« carpemier encouraged the smith. 
 ")2T ^J^' JnX niJ^T''^* *o sustain with words Mm, that is weary. 
 
 7. D'O'n nj^iS^ na ^^H'' n))it2^^ unleavened bread shall he eaten 
 the seven days. [nights, 
 '^rt D'J/nnK DNI DVn D^J^IIK JIN^^ <Ae/or<y ^Zaj/^ and forty 
 'I'^n 'JN '* D*3 riNV* and lam going to the house of Y. 
 
 8. V /J"! tMi ii?tl^^ ^6 was diseased in his feet. [foresJcin. 
 in^"!^ "1^3 DH 'wt2T\^^i''>'^is^^i''<'g circv/mcisedinthefleshofhis 
 
 9. 'i'?fl» yr\'2 vflJiK "jDn vmao "^D nN"|i« ^^^ («* /o*-) az? his 
 
 fugitives in all his hands (they) shall fall hy the sword. 
 
 ^'>n 'trJN n^a b:i na ti^^a (pa. . .I'^fln^* and there feii 18,000 
 
 men, all these m,en of valor. [have pierced. 
 
 10. "npT ItJ'N DX '"^X ID'Dm^-"^ and they will look unto me whom they 
 D*Dn nrtfilf nXI 'I'^On rVm *N^^ where « <^e Mng's spear and 
 the cruse of water ? [Esau. 
 
 11. y n3T JIN rrpDl'? "IJ*1^' a»it? were told to Rehehah the words of 
 "1^*7i'7 J^X TJ'J^D i^"l* '7X^ ^«* **"' '^e thing he evil in thine eyes. 
 
 1 Gen. 4:1. 
 
 iDeut.2:34. 
 
 iJ Isa. 50:4. 
 
 19 Bzek. 17:21. 
 
 » Gen. 1:4. 
 
 8 Jer. 16:13. 
 
 " Bx. 13:7. 
 
 2» Judg. 20:44. 
 
 » Gen. 2:24. 
 
 9 1 Sam. 9:3. 
 
 IB Deut. 9:26. 
 
 SI Zech. 12:10. 
 
 4 Gen. 9:24. 
 
 10 Bx. 21:28. 
 
 16 Judg. 19:18. 
 
 33 1 Sam. 26:16. 
 
 » Lev. 11:4. 
 
 11 Ezek. 2:2. 
 
 in KgS. 15:23. 
 
 2» Gen. 27:43. 
 
 elaa.6:8. 
 
 12160.41:7. 
 
 i» Gen. 17:25. 
 
 8*3 Sam. 11:26. 
 
100 HBBKEW STNTAX [? 34. 
 
 1. The sign JlX is prefixed to substantives'' in the accusative, espe- 
 cially when they precede the verb ; but only when they are definite,') and 
 rather before the names of persons^ than the names of thingsA Besides 
 the general usage, the particle is employed, 
 
 2. With -\^^ , nr , and 'D , but never with HD • 
 
 3. "With '^^ , Itlii , lUX , which partake somewhat of the nature 
 and usage of pronouns.® 
 
 4. With a singular noun (without the article), when it represents a 
 whole species/ 
 
 5. With a participle (without the article) in the sense of he who.o 
 
 6. With a noun from which in poetry (? 5. 4) the article has been 
 omitted. 
 
 7. With some expressions of time and place" (2 33. 1-3). 
 
 8. With the adverbial accusative of specification (? 33. 8).'' 
 
 9. With expressions in which there is a transition to something new, 
 or when something not thought of before is added.* 
 
 10. With what is strictly speaking an oblique case, or after *) ,^ with a 
 circumstantial clause, or with what is meant to be less distinct or inde- 
 pendent.'' 
 
 11. With the subject of passive verbs and of verbs which are neuter or 
 intransitive. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) For its use irith pronominal suffixes, see § 11. 3. h. 
 
 (b) Whether definite in themselves, or by position, see § 4. 1, 2. The cases In which 
 nX occurs with an indefinite noun are lew, e. g., Ex. 2 :1 ; 21 : 28 ; 2 Sam. 18 :18 ; and these 
 cases are suspicious. 
 
 (c) Yet here omitted frequently, especially in poetry; cf . Ex. 16 and Judg. 5. 
 
 (d) When the object is double it is sometimes expressed with both, sometimes with 
 one; and at other times it is omitted, e. g., 1 Sam. 17:36; Gen. 3:19; Deut. 12:6; U:12-18; 
 Num. 12:5. 
 
 (6) Also with other numerals accompanied by nouns, e. g., 2 Sam. 16:16; 1 Kgs. 
 6:16. 
 
 (ft Compare Lev. 7:8; 20:14. 
 
 (0) This usage is very rare. 
 
 (ft) Compare the use of HN with the nominative absolute (S 7. 6). 
 
 (i) Compare with this the later use of j . 
 
 ij) Compare the use of the accusative in Arabic after wa in the eense of together 
 vytth. 
 
 00 Note the usage of nX in Zech. 8:17 and Deut. 11:2. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 7:23; 17:5 U. Gen. 33:18 1. 
 
 Gen. 8:21. 3. Ex. 10:8 11. 
 
 Gen.l8:19 2. Lev.7:8;20:14 4. 
 
U 35, 86.] BY Air indtjctive method. 101 
 
 Num.l6:15 3. 2Sam.21:22 9 
 
 Deut.2:34 3. IKgs. 11:25 10 
 
 Deut.l2:22 U. IKgs. 22: 27 2, 
 
 Josh. 22:17 11. 2Kgs. 6:5 10 
 
 lSam.l6:3 2. Bzek. U:22;44:S 9 
 
 1 Sam. 17:34; 26:16 10. Ezek.43:17 10 
 
 1 Sam. 20:13 11. Mlo.e:l 2 
 
 lSam.26:20 3. Jol>13:25 6, 
 
 S Sam. 6:24 (cf. also 1 Sam. 24:6) 6. 
 
 35. The Accusative with the Passive. 
 
 1. t^'nt^n r\ii p"?!!'^ *^e ^^nd shall be divided. {Esau, 
 ^^y HDl nj< i^'pyt? 1J*1^ and were told to Rebekah the words of 
 *1"T^ riX 'lljn'? ^'?V'I' and Irad was horn to Enoch. 
 
 2. f n^ri !m n^^nrF* ** shall be shown to the priest. 
 "l7^Xjl Dirt" 2/fi shall be made to devour the sword. 
 
 'mp'^D pi^!^ ^JISJ*"?^ w^y tongue is made to attach itself to my jaws. 
 
 3. 'Jl^'^fii Jn1N"1iy I have been fearfully distinguished. 
 J^QI^ri ?DDX3fl^ impoverished of an oblation. 
 
 4. DilK T^INPT N'710]n')* and the earth was filled with them. 
 Q'"|J3 D'EJ'^'^Q''''' clothed with garments. 
 
 The accusative is used with the passive as follows : 
 
 1. That which was the object of the active is often construed also as 
 an object of the passive, though really a subject. 
 
 2. Verbs which in the active take two accusatives, in the pass, take one. 
 
 3. An adverbial accusative may remain with the passive. 
 
 4. Verbs of fullness and clothing may take in the passive an accusative. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Ex. 10:8; 21:28; 25:28; 27:7 1. Jer. 35:14 1. 
 
 IKgs. 2:21 1. Pa. 80:11 2. 
 
 Jer. 22:19 3. Job 7:3 2. 
 
 36. Verbal Apposition and Subordination. 
 
 1- r"?! J^^ '?Kin''^ ^« pleased now and lodge. 
 "Ifln^l DEJ^'V^ and he returned and digged. 
 n^N np*1 flD'l'"'^ and he added and tooJc a wife. 
 
 1 Num. 26: 55. 
 a Gen. 27 :4a. 
 s Gen. 4:18. 
 < Lev. 13: 49 
 
 6l8a.l:20. 
 
 6 Pb. 22:16. 
 
 7 PS. 139:14. 
 
 sis. 40: 20. 
 9 Ex. 1:7. 
 10 IKgs. 22:10. 
 
 iijudg.l9:6. 
 u Gen. 26:18. 
 13 Gen. 25:1. 
 
102 HEBKBW STSTXS. [? 36. 
 
 ptm n*?!!! 'IflltJTT '7)p 'rF*V ai^ t^ sound of the trumpet was 
 
 going and becoming strong. 
 
 1N")'1 IIQ'?* f^Oy *^«* t^y ™«3/ ^««'''* and fear. 
 
 2. tJ'") "^lirT' iegfrn, toA;e possession. 
 
 JI'I^'?' iltJ'** ^ wt7Z reiwTO, uoill sharpen (= loiZZ ag^am sharpen). 
 ')"12^J-| ")3"iri^ 2/e (^0 much, ye speak (= 2/e speak much). 
 I*??! 'P'K'in® ^e was willing, he went (= he went willingly). 
 
 3. o. *l'l'?n ")iJ< K'?'' <^e2/ womM not go. 
 
 6. inX KJ5J' TIJ^ IflDVl* o'if^ *^ey a(f(iecZ still to hate him. 
 c- NVD*? mnjD^ thou hast hastened to find (found quickly). 
 '?'7finn'? Jin^'in^*' «^« ^'^ much to pray (prayed much). 
 
 4. nJD{< *nj^l* N^^ /A:now mo< to flatter. 
 "^'nJ* T*fin^^ ^6 desired to make great. 
 'j^p* n!if 11 mp*'''^ *'^fi murderer rises to kill. 
 
 5- ^^15J' ^D'nnb^* toAe?i <Aom shalt finish to destroy. 
 J JJQ J^T^^ oree who knows how to play. 
 
 When one verbal form is employed to define the idea expressed by 
 another, whether indicating some attendant circumstance or character- 
 istic, or describing what grows immediately out of the first, the following 
 constructions are found : 
 
 1. Both verbs are finite, the second being joined to the first by *) 
 (either conjunctive or consecutive) ; here both verbs may be Imperatives, 
 the first a Perfect and the second an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
 or the first an Imperfect and the second a Perfect with Waw Cons." 
 
 2. Both verbs are finite, there being no connective;"'" this is more 
 common in poetry. 
 
 3. The first verb is a finite form, and the second an Infinitive, either 
 (1) Inf. abs., or (2) Inf. cons, without "^ , or (3) Inf. cons, with *?.* 
 
 4. Both verbs are finite, the second being brought into direct subor- 
 dination to the first by being placed in the Imperfect (subjunctive) ; this 
 is rare and late.'' 
 
 5. The second verb may be a Participle and thus describe the circum- 
 stances "more vividly than would either the (subjunctive) Imperfect, or 
 the Infinitive."* 
 
 I Ex. 19:19. 
 
 Bl Sam. 2:3. 
 
 s Gen. 27: 20. 
 
 IS Job 24:14. 
 
 2Deut.31:12. 
 
 «Ho8.6:ll. 
 
 Ml Sam. 1:12. 
 
 ulsa.33:l. 
 
 aDeut.2:34. 
 
 'Isa.42:24. 
 
 uJob32:22. 
 
 Ml Sam. 16: 16. 
 
 i Ps. 7:13. 
 
 « Gen. 37: 6. 
 
 ulsa.42:21. 
 
 
2 36.] BT AN INDUCTIVB METHOD. 103 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) In this case the second verb agrees with the flrst in gender, and number, and 
 generall7 In tense, 
 
 (2)) On this use of the Infinitive absolute and construct, cf . SS 28, 20. 
 
 (c) In the passages cited, the flrst verb qualifies the second ; in Isa. 63:11 yyw ilKT 
 TiesTMlIseegotte/^tnol!/, and Jer.4:61K'7D IXlp eoB ye loJth /uU «oic«, the second quali- 
 fies the flrst. 
 
 (d) Examine Num. 22:6 and Isa. 47:1, In which there is an interesting change of 
 number and person, with which this construction is closely connected. 
 
 (e) In 1 Sam. 3: 3 an adjective is used Instead of a Participle. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:3; 11:8 3c. Jer. 3:3 36. 
 
 Gen. 30:31 2. Jer. 9:4 3a. 
 
 Gen. 46: 9 1. Jer. 22:30 5. 
 
 Ex. 18:23 36. Hos.2:U 1. 
 
 Num. 22: 6 4. Hos.l:6;9:9 2. 
 
 Deut. 1:6 2. Joel 2:20,21 3e. 
 
 Deut.2:16;3:24 3c. Jon. 4:2 3e. 
 
 Deut. 2:26,31 3b. Mic. 6:13 36. 
 
 Josh. 3:16; 6:2 2. Zeoh. 8:15 2. 
 
 Josh. 7:7 1. PS.127:2 5. 
 
 1 Sam. 20:19 2. Prov. 15:21 36. 
 
 aKgS.l:U,18 1. Jobl9:3;20:19 2. 
 
 Isa.l:14 36. Job.23:3 1. 
 
 Isa. 1:17; 7:15; 57:20 3a. Lam. 4:14 4. 
 
 Isa. 6:13 1. lChr.l3:2 2. 
 
 Isa. 29:15...... 3c. 2Chr.26:15 3e. 
 
 Isa. 47:1 i. 
 
IV. The Sentence. 
 
 57. The Subject and Predicate. 
 
 1- Oyn ID IX V^ some of the people went out. 
 DJ^n '\D "^fii n2"iri^ m^cA »/ <Ae people /ell. 
 DD'ntJ'O 'Jjn^ behold, lam about to destroy them. 
 
 2. a. D'1Jl3 1")DN* tN* '^61 *^63/ *'^*'^ among the nations. 
 
 "^ IXIp* 'fl*Din N*?^ '^Ott s^aZi no longer be called. 
 
 b. ^'Z'Z nOC N")p ?D '^i^^ therefore they called its name Babel. 
 □'"^p^^ £J'1"in' DN^ wAen one ploughs in Hie morning. 
 V'^ji "IQNI^ <*™<^ one sAaZZ say unto him. 
 
 c. 7fljn 7fi" anyone who falls. 
 
 'j'^nnOr? '^'^nn'^" ^«* ^*™' *^o^* gloneth glory. 
 
 d. "INi nV^^ as far as thy coming = MwiiZ one comes. 
 iTin**? njJ'fiJ 'ID")^^^''^^ *»* i^tne estimating persons unto Y. 
 
 3. a. '1^ nU'^* ** '"^'^^ ^6 quiet for me (= I will feel quiet). 
 
 "ICOpQ"'* *'* *'* scattered as incense {= incense is offered), 
 i- nDtJTt^^ ^'* ^(^^s become darh; "I'JOQn^* *'* rains. 
 '^NHtl"'? 1!fnV^ a™'^ i* was strait with Israel. 
 
 In reference to the subject of a sentence, it may be noted that, 
 
 1. Aside from the noun, adjective and pronoun which may serve as 
 subject, prepositional phrases, adverbs and pronominal suffixes (joined to 
 particles) also perform this service. 
 
 2. When the subject is indefinite (German mun, French on, Eng. they) 
 various constructions are employed, viz. : " 
 
 a. The verb in the third person plural.^ 
 
 b. The verb in the third person singular, in giving names, when the 
 subject may be gathered from the nature of the verb, or from the context. 
 
 1 Ex. 16:27. 
 
 6 Gen. 11:9. 
 
 10 Jer. 9:23. 
 
 "Mai. 1:11. 
 
 12 Sam. 1:4. 
 
 'Amos 6:12. 
 
 u Gen. 13:10. 
 
 i6Mio.S:6. 
 
 3 Gen. 6:13. 
 
 8 Zech. 13:6. 
 
 "Lev. 27:2,3. 
 
 i« Amos 4:7. 
 
 4 Ps. 126:2. 
 
 9Deut.22:8. 
 
 15 Job 3:13. 
 
 " Judg. 10:9. 
 
 sl8a.«:l. 
 
 
 
 
2 87. 1 BY AN INDUCTIVB METHOD. 105 
 
 c. The verb witli a Participle of the same for subject. 
 
 d. The pronoun of the second person singular, in the formula 
 *1K3 ny 1 and in legal phraseology. 
 
 3. When the subject is impersonal (where in English we use if) there 
 is employed, 
 
 a. The verb (or participle) in the third singular, and when active, 
 generally masculine ; when passive, always masculine ; but 
 
 h. The verb in the third singular feminine in description of mate- 
 rial phenomena, and also elsewhere. 
 
 4. a. nirr p*nif^ Yakweh is righteous. 
 
 p♦■^^f^ mn'^ Yahweh is the righteous one. 
 h. riDK '' 'COfitJ'C the judgments of Y. are truth (= true). 
 
 D'JV 'n^J'l^* thine eyes are doves (= lilce doves' eyes). 
 c- INDD D^QSJ'^^ ^** throne is in heaven. 
 
 □3'3J{ Dl'^tJTl^ ^'* your father in health ? 
 
 D*Di^n "rDQ tO^Qll DJlN^ 2/« a''e t^ least of all the peoples. 
 
 4. Aside from a verb, the predicate may be, 
 
 a. An adjective, which is undefined, unless it is desired for special 
 reason to prefix the article. 
 
 6. A noun, a construction frequently employed because of the want 
 »f adjectives. 
 
 c. A prepositional phrase, adverbial accusative, or adverb. 
 
 5. a. DVn "ytD^ harvest {is) to-day; '♦ pHlf* ^- W righteous. 
 
 b- tJ'flJn NM Din" the hlood is the soul; ppfl Kill IM^^ I>. was 
 (or is) the youngest ; fh^i, nOH llD^^ wAai are these ? (cf . Zech. 4:4). 
 
 D'n'7Nrr Nin nriN^" <ao« «»•« ood. 
 
 c. p V t'lJO n*n ^'N-^* ^^fiJ'e was (Ztueti) a man in the land of Vz. 
 DT)V iT'il dUnV^ a'»<^ *^« serpent had become subtle. 
 
 d. mpn tJ"^^ there is hope; inji tJ''^^ it is with thee. 
 flDV T'N^* »»o Joseph; JflJ |'N pil^® «*»'««' »'« '*"* fl'^'"«'»- 
 ♦Jjn20 behold me; '?riN3 HJiT^ she is in the tent. 
 
 IPs. 11:7. >Deut. 7:7. i2Zeoh.4:5. "Prov.3:28. 
 
 >Bx.9:W. s 1 Sam. 12:17. is 2 Sam. 'f: 28. is Gen. 87: 29. 
 
 a pg.' 19:10. 9 PS. 11:7. "Job I:!. 19 Ex. 6:16. 
 
 4Cant.i:lB. loDeut. 12:23. wGen.S:!. JolSam.3:4. 
 
 sPs.ll:4. iilSam.l7:U. i6Jol)ll:18. siGen.l8:9. 
 e Gen. 43:27. 
 
106 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 37. 
 
 5. The subject and predicate may be united in various ways : 
 
 a. They may stand together, with no connecting word of any kind." 
 6. They may be joined by means of the pronoun of the third pers. ; 
 whether the circumstance is one of past or present time, and whetber the 
 subject is first, second or third person. At first expressing existence only 
 in the most general way, it comes to be equivalent to our verb to he, and 
 is especially used when both subject and predicate are definite."*-' Cf. 
 ? 7. 6, 7. 
 
 c. The verb n'jl may be employed ; but this always expresses the 
 idea of becoming, existing, and is therefore never identical with the sub- 
 stantive verb to he.f 
 
 d. Certain particles, viz., JJ'* existence, V^ non-existence, t^^t^ see, 
 hehold, are employed. These were originally nouns, but in usage have 
 come to be practically equivalent to our copula. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) On the use of tys , 13T . S3 to express the indeflnlte subject, 8 14. 2. 6. 
 
 (b) A paraphrastic mode of expression to express the same force as that conveyed 
 by the IMrd person plural is seen In the use of the passive, with wlilch the accusative 
 Is joined, e. g., V'ltUl HK \SV = let ttwm give the lamd; cf. Gen. 17:6; 27:42; Amos 4:2, 
 etc. (8 S5. 1). 
 
 (c) "An external sign for connecting the two main constituents of a proposition, 
 when the predicate Is not to be a verb— In other words, a copula — Is really unneces- 
 sary; because the mode in which the discourse is delivered by the living voice is of 
 itself sufficient to indicate the separation, in meaning, between the two different 
 halves of the sentence; and, in Hebrew, a special word for this purpose is. In actual 
 fact, very rarely used. The Indo-Gormanic languages begin pretty early to use the 
 verb to be for this sign, when the predicate did not consist of a more complete verb, 
 and thus the substantive verb came to be the mere copula In u sentence, whereas 
 the Semitic languages properly do not yet know of any such usage, and have. In this 
 respect also, remained much more simple,"* 
 
 (d) But also in later Hebrew frequently when the subject is indeflnlte. 
 
 (e) Cf . the use of Kin in Nah. 2:9; Isa. 18:2,7. 
 
 if) C3f. the use of iTTI sS = fte is not. Gen. 42:11; Isa. 16:6; 23:13. 
 (g) For an interesting use of "lan to twm and 33D become, see Lev. 13:3,4; Jer. 
 31:21. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 11:1 46. Deut. 33:26 46. 
 
 Gten. 15:1 4c. ISam. 16:23 3a. 
 
 Gen. 18:9 m. 1 Sam. 19:22 5d. 
 
 Bx. 9:31 4b. 1 Sam. 19:22 2&. 
 
 Deut.4:32 1 lSam.21:6 46. 
 
 Deut. 7:7 4c. 2 Sam. 7:28. 66. 
 
 * EvDcOd, Hebrew Syntax, pp. 134,136. 
 
? 88.J BT AN rSDUCTIVB METHOD. 107 
 
 IKgs. 11:10; 18:26. Sb. Zech. 6:12 8a. 
 
 Isa.6:10 2b. Ps.44:5 5b. 
 
 Iaa.7:2i ^ lb. Ps.l5:7 «i. 
 
 Isa. 8:4 2b. Ps.87:3 3a. 
 
 Isa. 23:1 3a. Ps. 148:6 2b. 
 
 Jer. 13:16 3o. Prov. 3:28 M. 
 
 Ezek. 43:19-27 Zd. Prov. 8:14 4c 
 
 Mic. 2:4,8 2&. Jol) 8:9 4c. 
 
 Nah.l:14 1 Job 11:18 M. 
 
 Zepti.2:12 6b. Job 34:20 2a. 
 
 Hag. 1:6 3o. Huth 1:12 6d. 
 
 Hag. 2:3 1 
 
 S8. Order of Words in a Sentence 
 
 1. a. D'QtJTF tMi D'(l'?K N'lS^ Cfod created the Tieaven. 
 
 il^atl 7ii tl'flJn "IDK'l^ o.nd the serpent said unto the woman. 
 ^. *10tJ^ /"nJl riDK /nj^ great thou art and great is thy name. 
 
 D'rr'?K Nin ynba mrr* rahweh, thy God, is God. 
 
 c. *3 nj^ mn*"l^ seeing that Y. hath testified against me. 
 D'OtJ'i J^*JIO WX"!")^ (tnd the top {was) reaching to heaven. 
 
 2. a. D'QtJTr na 'a ii'~\'2^ God created the heaven. [name. 
 
 b. ♦OtJ' ^f^y riK irrOSSTF^ they have caused my people to forget my 
 
 c. flDD mtJ'i^ "I*? ?DN^ I will give thee ten pieces of silver. 
 ^''l^^ii DHK "IID*")* a«<^ ^o(i 6Zes«ecZ them. 
 
 1. The usual order of words, so far as concerns the two principal 
 members, is as follows : 
 
 a. Predicate, subject, when the predicate is a verb.'^ 
 
 b. Predicate, subject, when the predicate is an adjective;^ but sub- 
 ject, predicate, when the predicate is a noun.'' 
 
 c. Subject, predicate, in what are called descriptive or circumstan- 
 tial clauses.^ 
 
 2. a. The usual order of words, so far as concerns the three principal 
 members, is predicate, subject, object (direct or indirect) f and 
 
 b. If there are two objects, that one comes first which is the more 
 important ; but 
 
 e. When the object (direct or indirect) is a pronoun, it is likely im- 
 mediately to follow the predicate/ 
 
 1 Gen. 1:1. 4Deut.4:35. "Gen. 28:12. s Judg. 17:10. 
 
 a Gen. 8: 4. «Buthl:21. i Jer. 23:27. » Gen. 1:22. 
 
 > Jer. 10:6. 
 
108 HEBEETV STNTAX [? 38. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) In Hebrew, the act was more important than the agent, and was consequently- 
 placed first. 
 
 (b) Compare the position of the adjective when attributive, viz., after the noun 
 (§ 10. 2. a.). 
 
 (c) This order, which is always followed when neither subject nor predicate is to be 
 emphasized, indicates at once which is subject and which is predicate. 
 
 (d) "By putting the subject first, and the predicate afterwards, the action, its 
 development, and its progress do not come into the foreground, as in ordinary narra- 
 tive discourse; but the person is placed first, by himself, in order to be immediately 
 thereafter more fully described and depicted as he is; and the whole proposition, in a 
 manner quite the opposite of the usual narrative style, presents us with a harmonious 
 and placid picture of something continuous, permanent,— just as the spealser con- 
 ceives it."* 
 
 (e) Furthermore it may be said, additions in the form of an adjective, genitive or 
 adverb foUovi the particular word which they modify. There are, of course special 
 rules for the Infinitive absolute (§ 28.) and negatives (§ S7,). 
 
 (f) There Is a growing tendency to insert small words and expressions between the 
 moreimportantmembers.e.g., nSIBx. 14:5; HKDJer. 18:13; iS Ps. 7:14; nTIJobl:!, 
 
 3. a. 'IQK T? nSJ'i^n JDp v'J^DV O''"^ a little robe Ms mother made/or 
 him. 
 
 D^n'^Drr "I'^DN* T]^i '♦'? nOn^ him that dieth of J. in the city 
 shall the dogs eat. 
 i>- tJ'piQ *DJK 'HN^ my brethren I am seeking. [thing, 
 
 yba ^yi 'Jn bM^ ^ISI* ^ad the prophet bid thee (do) a great 
 
 c. ^QtJTl 'nn^ nnNI^ and thou my covenant shalt keep. 
 niy* fnnS mn*1® Y. wUl lay bare their secret parts. 
 
 d. jnDn n'7Kn rV^rt 'ZrOf and the priest shall write these curses. 
 nmn D'SJ'J Tw^\lf^ thy sword has made women childless. 
 
 3. From the usual order (see above), there are sometimes found vari- 
 ations, e. g., 
 
 a. Object, predicate, subject, which emphasizes the object. 
 
 b. Object, subject, predicate, which likewise emphasizes the object ; 
 this is the usual construction when the predicate is a participle, but 
 elsewhere rare. 
 
 c. Subject, object, predicate, which emphasizes the subject, and " in 
 prose confers upon the phrase a poetical coloring by transferring the 
 predicate to the end." 
 
 U Sam. 2:19. s Gen. 37:16. t Gen. 17:9. 'Num. 5:23. 
 
 slKgs. 14:11. i2Kgs. 5:13. 6l8a.3:17. 8 1Sam.l5:a3. 
 
 * Eiuald, Hebrew Syntax, pp. 152, 153. 
 
§ 39.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 109 
 
 d. Predicate, object, subject, which emphasizes the subject ; this is 
 rare except when the object is a pronominal suffix (see ? 38. 2. c). 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:12 la. 1 Sam. 15:33 Sd. 
 
 Gen. 1:28 2c. 1 Sam. 20:20 So. 
 
 Gen.2:10 lo. lSam.25:U 2o. 
 
 Gen. 21:7 3d. 2 Sam. 3:26 le. 
 
 Gen. 23:6 3c. Isa. 5:17; 28 :1Tb 3b. 
 
 Gen. 42:30 2a. Isa. 13:18; 17:5; 26:19; 30:24 3c. 
 
 Num.5:23 3(1. Isa.l8:5 16. 
 
 Judg. 9:36; 14:4 3b. Isa. 19:13 3(J. 
 
 Judg. 12:11,13 3d. Jer.9:19 2b. 
 
 Judg.l7:6 3o. Ps. 51:5 ; 3b. 
 
 Judg. 17:10 2c. Job 6:12 lb. 
 
 1 Sam. 7:14; 15:1; 17:36; 25:43; 28:18,19.. .3a. 
 
 39. Emphasis. 
 
 1. ^Oj/ (I'll* ri"in*1 l*?^ SO; o,'"''^ Yahweh be with thee. 
 
 *1"]^V (7317 'IKfl DK^ the lion thy servant smote. 
 
 "1)3 W 'Jjn '017113' in my dream, behold, I stood. 
 2.. a. iriN T3Pn Di^ri riN* *^« people, he made them to pass over. 
 
 b. inpfiJI DD'^DK DV3^ in *^e day of your eating, then shall be, etc. 
 
 c. Nin DJT "I*?/!") ISJ'j'^'fll^ o,n<^ ^^ concubine, she also bare. 
 
 3'. "r'^'rT riK inK")DV «*'*<^ ^^ ««■"' ^''''*' *^« ^°y- 
 
 'B'* 'JD*? Dn'? fnJ *DJK* I give to them, the children of Israel. 
 4 a. 'JK p"l n^'?0N1^ aw(^ ^ oraZy am escaped. [own enemies, 
 
 b. ♦JJ^ ^^lo m me; KIH DJ Vfii" *» ^i« moitfA aZ«o; '"^ 'I'K^^ mine 
 
 5. a. tlTiri P"TV pllf ^' *^«* wHcA is altogether righteous thou shalt, etc. 
 
 ♦j;OJJ' riK i*"lJ< TIN" ear*;^, earth, earth, hear. 
 b. '^niNO mpa up '3 ^y^ i«2/, but IwHl buy from thee. 
 D*l0£I'n DK IQpn Dpn-'^ ^^ey had but just set the watch. 
 'I'^QH ni'^On" wi7< <AoM actually reign ? 
 N")lf* K2f' 'nlQK^^ I thought he will certainly go out. 
 
 6. i^in mn^' the Uooa itself,- KIH ^JlN^" the Lord himself. 
 
 7. "i";? n'^zi ^e^ f^e; •)<;) QJ22 ^g 6etoo7« himself to flight. 
 
 11 Sam. 17:37. 
 
 1 Ex. 2:6. 
 
 18 Deut. 16:20. 
 
 i8 2Kgs. 6:11. 
 
 21 Sam. 17:36. 
 
 8 Josh. 1:2. 
 
 i4jer.22:29. 
 
 19 Lev. 17 :U. 
 
 a Gen. 41:17. 
 
 9 Job 1:15. 
 
 IS 2 Sam. 24:24. 
 
 ao Isa. 7:14. 
 
 4 Gen. 47:21. 
 
 101 Sam. 25:24. 
 
 16 Judg. 7:19. 
 
 ai Gen. 12:1. 
 
 6 Gen. 3:5. 
 
 11 2 Sam. 17:5. 
 
 1' Gen. 37: 8. 
 
 22 Isa. 31: 8. 
 
 e Gen. 22: 24. 
 
 "P8.27:2. 
 
 
 
110 HEBREW STNTAX L« OW. 
 
 The language has various methods of marking emphasis, some of 
 which have already been treated in other connections. The more im- 
 portant may be grouped as follows : 
 
 1. The word to be emphasized is placed, out of the usual order, at the 
 head of its clause (? 38. 3). 
 
 2. The word or phrase is placed independently at the beginning, 
 without grammatical connection with what follows, and is afterwards 
 resumed 
 
 a. By a pronoun or another noun.** 
 
 h. By Waw, either conjunctive (rare) or consecutive (with Perfect 
 or Imperfect).* 
 
 c. By both Waw and a pronoun. 
 
 3. The idea is expressed first by a pronoun and then by a noun." 
 
 4. When a pronoun is to be emphasized, it is repeated either in the 
 form of a separate pronoun, or of a pronominal suffix."* 
 
 5. a. The word, a noun, is simply repeated, sometimes twice.*- .^ 
 
 h. The word, a verb, is written twice ; once (generally first) in the 
 form of the Infinitive absolute ; a usage (? 28. 3) found in the expression 
 of (1) antithetic, (2) restrictive, (3) emphatic interrogative, and (4) em- 
 phatic declarative sentences. 
 
 6. The word to be emphasized is followed by the pronoun f^lH (not 
 Ninn = *A«'i or t^^ same), in the sense of avrdg, ipse. 
 
 7. The use of the "ethical" dative marks the action as of special 
 importance to the agent." 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) See 9 7. 1-t. 
 
 (b) See e 26. 2. d. 
 
 (c) This is rare and confined mostly to later writers. 
 
 (d) See 9 11. 1. a.; in later writers, however, this construction does not seem to be 
 especially emphatic. 
 
 (e) Note the repetition of series of words in Ex. 28:31; Num. 17:21; Hos. 8:11; Ezek. 
 1:20,21; Isa. 58:7; Zech. 12:12-14. 
 
 (/) See also S 6. 3. a. 
 
 (g) " This mode of expression indicates a special partition in the action by the 
 agent or speaker, a certain earnestness or zeal with which he acts; it occurs as an 
 expression of heartiness more in the diffuse and easy-going popular style, both in 
 poetry and unimpassioned prose."* 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:17; 17:M 2a. Gen.27:37; 42:12 1. 
 
 Gen. 14:10 6a. Gen. 40:9 2b. 
 
 Gen. 27:34 46. Ex. 12:42 6. 
 
 • EwaJd, Hebrew Syntax, 173. 
 
? 40.J BT AN INDTJCTIVB METHOD. HI 
 
 Num.MiSS 4. Hos.4:14 6. 
 
 Deut.21:7 1. Amos 7:12 .7. 
 
 Josh. 24:17 4o. Mic. 7:3 4. 
 
 1 Sam. 4:20 26. Hag. 1:4 4. 
 
 2 Sam. 3:13 1. Ps, 60:6 6. 
 
 2 Sam. 4:10; 14:10 2o. Prov. 3:34 6. 
 
 IKbs. 16:13 2e. Prov. 10:22,24 2a. 
 
 lKgs.21:19 4. Prov. 13: 24 3. 
 
 Isa.6:3 5a. Job 6:19 7. 
 
 Isa. 8:13,14 2o. Job 29: 3 3. 
 
 Iaa.l7:6 3. Cant. 8:14 7. 
 
 Jer. 2:31;49:12 6. Ecol. 7:24 Bo. 
 
 Jer. 9:14; 27:8 3. 2 Chron. 25:10; 26:14 3. 
 
 Ezek. 21:32 6a. 
 
 40. Agreement of Number and Gender. 
 
 1. irril Ifin tirVtl r"1KrF^ *^e earth was a waste and an emptiness. 
 DnSJ*' '♦ mpS^ tTie statutes of T. are right. 
 
 2. a. TwWii nflJOrF DtJ* *nn"l' «»»<^ *^e slaughter there was great. 
 
 Dn*Jtf *J'J^ (IJnpflni* and the eyes of both of them were opened. 
 Q^u72i D*£J'J{^ Vn' *^« inen were ashamed. 
 ^. n,J^ T-'J^ a^^ there comes upon thee evil. 
 r\)u72 JD* N7^ reproaches do not depart. 
 'I'COStl'^ "ILJ*** right are thy judgments. 
 nDPnt^n IJDD prri' the war was too strong for Mm, 
 
 3. nj'Nin '^yj^^" my eyes shall see. 
 
 IX'rO D'DT D3*T^^ your hands are full of blood. 
 
 The general principles of agreement may be reduced to three : 
 
 1. When the subject precedes, the predicate agrees with it in gender 
 and number." 
 
 2. When the predicate precedes, two constructions are possible : 
 
 a. The predicate may agree with the subject in gender and 
 number ; or, 
 
 b. The predicate may assume the primary form, viz., third mascu- 
 line singular, whatever be the number or gender of the following 
 subject.^ 
 
 3. When the subject is dual, the predicate generally stands in the 
 plural (though sometimes in the feminine singular.)" 
 
 1 Gen. 1 :2. < Gen. 3:7. ' Mlc. 2:6. lo Mlo. 7:10. 
 
 aPs. 19:9. 6 1 Cbron. 19:6. «Pb. 119:137. "18.1:15. 
 
 » 2 Sam. 18:7. 6 18.47:11. sSKgs. 3:26. 
 
112 HEBREW SYNTAX. [2 40. 
 
 4. a. DH'D n*mJQ"lX nn'^J^^ her palaces grow up mththoms. 
 
 {^♦f7>5Q flJOtSTl^ its floods wash away. 
 Jlipn niB' miDili^ <^« beasts ofthejleldpine. 
 'D'llW tJ'nnnn* *% youth is renewed. 
 6. "jNltJ" LJ"N IN*!*")® a»<^ <^e OTera of Israel saw. 
 
 DHifp tJ'DSJ' n'2^ {men) of Beth-shemesh were reaping. 
 nOn^D nJKIpn 'D^ w^em war* ame. 
 D*D1^ T^'lNil 73* *^fi wAoZe land was weeping. 
 
 5. a DIN 'Q* '^3 Vn'1' «™<^ oM tJie days of Adam were. 
 
 tV^'^'n ^'2 NtJ'm^'' a""^ a^^ t^ congregation lifted up. 
 i- D*pPlf THN 'DT '^p^'- Aa»->!;/ thy brother's hlood crieth out. 
 
 ^)p 'INB'J TGlf "^Ip^^ ^ar/c/ thy watchers lift up the voice, 
 c. nO^n "li^*T D'JtJ' '2~\^^ multitude of years shall teach wisdom. 
 
 D'nn Dm^J ntJ'p" *^« ^ow of the strong is broken. 
 
 '^Q5J> Q"1X mn^J 'J'V^^ the eyes of man'' s pride are cast down 
 
 6. VJ21 nJ NI^'V^ «»^ ^^e*"* ™fi"* i'"' -A^oaA and his sons. 
 \'^i^ii'] D'"1Z3 ^mnV^ o-nd there spoke Miriam and Aaron. 
 
 y'^'2] '^IKtJ' "IDD^* Saul and his sons died. \pursued. 
 
 f)"!") VnK ♦JJ^'^NI iKl'V* and Joab and Abishai his brother 
 
 7. a 'I'ni TD'niD^'' blessed be (every one of) those who bless thee, [death. 
 
 nOV ilw7tlt2^^ {any one of) those who profane it shall be put to 
 b mm DD"1p nJir)J in»£i:3 pN. • •nniB'^^ m enemies, there is no 
 
 faithfulness in his mouth, their inward part [is) depths. 
 
 UlTy Dilpn 1D")i* yS2^ yyith his mouth they bless, but they 
 
 curse inwardly. 
 c. 1*7 p1^) D'lJl'? DJ NtJ'JI^ ait^ ^e im'ZZ lift up his banner to the 
 
 nations and will hiss to it. 
 
 d. rrTTJii D'pK vnonm jn'vnfl....'! mo nx D'px^s i 
 
 will raise up the tabernacle (f.) of David and close up their (f.) 
 breaches, and his ruins I will raise up and I will build her. 
 
 118.34:13. 8 2 Sam. 15:23. is Is. 2:11. aiExod. 31:U. 
 
 2jobl4:19. 9Gen.5:5. i6Gen.7:7. 22Ps.6:9,10. 
 
 8joell:20. 10 Num. 14:1. 17 Num. 12:1. as Ps. 62:5. 
 
 IPs. 103:5. 11 Gen. 4:10. is 1 Sam. 31:7. 2< Is. 6:26. 
 
 5jud. 9:55. 12 Is. 52:8. "2 Sam. 20:10. ss Amos. 9:11. 
 
 6 1 Sam. 6 :18. is Job 32 :7. 20 Num. 24 :9. 
 
 ^ Exod. 1 :10. w 1 Sam. 2 :4. 
 
i 40.] BY AN INDirCTIVE METHOD. 113 
 
 The exceptions to the general principles given above, arising from an 
 adherence to the sense rather than the form, may be classified as follows : 
 
 4. a. The predicate may he feminine singular when the subject, desig- 
 nating lifeless objects, animMls, members of the body, abstract ideas (see 
 under ? 2. 2. b, c.) is pluralA 
 
 b. The predicate may be plural, when the subject is a collective 
 noun, though singular.^ 
 
 5. When the subject is a nominative in the construct relation with a 
 genitive, 
 
 a. The predicate always agrees with the genitive, if the nominative is 
 •73 all 
 
 b. The predicate often agrees with the genitive, if the nominative 
 is 7"jp voice, 
 
 c. The predicate in poetry may agree with the genitive whenever it 
 is desired to lay upon it special emphasis./'" 
 
 6. When the subject consists of two or more nouns joined by 1 , 
 whether preceding or following the predicate, the latter may agree with 
 one and be understood with the other, or may be in the plural and thus 
 agree with them taken together. 
 
 7. There is frequently found change from one number to the other ; 
 here belong 
 
 a. Cases in which an individual subject is generalized or the oppo- 
 site. 
 
 b. Cases in which both individualizing and, later, generalizing take 
 place. 
 
 c. Cases in which, after speaking of a multitude, the writer suddenly 
 limits himself to one of that number. 
 
 d. Cases in which several changes take place in the same verse, 
 which may only be explained by supposing a desire for variety, or by 
 special considerations characteristic of that verse. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Cf., however, (1) Isa. 21:2; Gen. 35:26; Hos. 10:6; where what seems to be a 
 subject, with which the predicate though following does not agree, is really an accu- 
 sative with a passive verb; and (2) Gen. 4:7; Bocl. 2:7 (cf. 1 Kgs. 2:21), etc., in which 
 the predicate, disagreeing with its subject, is a participle used as a substantive. 
 
 (6) The ad jectlve will then be singular masculine; though the number of instances 
 in which the adjective follows this usage is not proportionately so great as in the case 
 of the verb. 
 
 (c) Cf. nop yyj! (lSam.4:16). 
 
 (d) Here the feminine is treated as neuter; cf . the Greek construction, according 
 to which a neuter plural subject takes a singular predicate. 
 
114 HBBEEW SYNTAX [? 40. 
 
 (e) On the uae of the plural of inX , h})^ (Ex. 21:39), etc., see § 8. 2. c. 
 
 (f) This Is the principle everywhere operating when the nominative is a numeral 
 (3 to 10, 100, 1000) In the construct. 
 
 to) Cf . also the use of in3D in Ex. 15:4. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:14; 41:50 26. Isa. 30:20 3 
 
 Gen.3:5 3 Jer. 4:14; 12:4 4o. 
 
 Gen.8:22; 15:1; 40:1 6 Jer. 8:5; 23:6 ^d. 
 
 Gen. 27:29. 7a. Jer. 10:4 7a. 
 
 Ez. 15:20 5a. Jer. 44:27 46. 
 
 Ex.31:14 7a. Hos. 4:8 7o. 
 
 Lev. 2:2 7c. Hos. 9:14 3 
 
 Deut. 28:32 6 Mio.l:13 2b. 
 
 Deut. 28:48 7c. Hag. 2:16 7a. 
 
 Deut. 32:35 26. Zech. 6:14 4a. 
 
 Josh. 8:20 2b. Ps. 18:28 3 
 
 Judg. 20:37 46. Ps. 18:35 4o. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:27 26. Prov. 3:18 7a. 
 
 2 Sam. 24:13 4o. JoId 12:7 4a. 
 
 IKgs. 1:41; 14:6 5b. Joh 29:10 66. 
 
 IKgs. 22:36 26. Jol)32:7; 15:20; 21:21 5c. 
 
 Isa. 23:2; 25:3; 60:6 46. Job 42:15 26. 
 
 Isa. 23:13; 30:U; 10:5 7ci. 
 
v. !Kiii<3s of Sentences. 
 
 41. Negative Sentences. 
 
 1. a. (1) Tiy V*?}"} i1^ nflD' N*?!^ OMd she returned unto Mm no more, 
 
 "liy ^SJ'S '73 rny N*?^ alljlesh shall not again he cut off. 
 
 (2) 3Jjn K/ ninn N"?^ thou shalt do no murder. . .thou shalt 
 
 not steal. 
 
 6. '*? O'lN "IV'?!^' *?{< ntS'iriN •?«* ZeJ me no« be ashamed, let not 
 
 my enemies triumph over me. 
 
 iiyit2 Tin m '7N* pray, let there he no strife. 
 
 Tiy v{^ "IDT flDin /N* «pea& to me no more. 
 c. ♦jrf7tJ' mri' N?^ (** ^) ^ot Y. {tut some one else that) sent me. 
 
 2. a. hDlf* Cr\tD mBTr DtJ'j; "73^ no herl of the field had yet, etc. 
 6. INEDlin 'Jl?^?' *™ orcZer <Aa< j/e may not sin. 
 
 c. nN")J I^N PK^" »*o stone was seere. 
 
 d. 17 TJiri v3 7^^^ because he did not make known to him. 
 
 «• JDID* 7^ D/IV^ p'nif^^ the righteous shall never he removed. 
 Jli^JD 7^ 'SJ' ri5J'")K'^' *^6 desire of his life thou hast not withheld. 
 Y~\'ii '15I''1*1 IQp* 7^^* *^«* *^e;y 'inay not rise and possess the land, 
 f DfiK Vn* ri*")Si' 73 V^ and all her princes were no more. 
 1. The most commonly used negatives are ^7 and 7{< : 
 
 a. ^7 is the objective, unconditional negative (= ov, om), and is used, 
 
 (1) with the Perf. and Impf. (Indicative) in ordinary declarative 
 sentences ■,"' 
 
 (2) with the Imperfect in prohibitory sentences. 
 
 h. ^i^ is the subjective, dependent negative, and is used with the 
 Imperfect (Jussive), to express dissuasion, deprecation.6 
 
 c. The position of K*? and '?K is immediately before the predicate ; 
 but they may stand also before another word when that particular word is 
 to be specially emphasized."'** 
 
 1 Gen. 8:12. 
 
 6 Gen. 13:8. 
 
 9 Ex. 20:20. 
 
 13 Ps. 21:3. 
 
 2 Gen. 9:11. 
 
 6Deut. 3:26. 
 
 lolKgB. 6:18. 
 
 "Isa. 14:21. 
 
 3Ex.20:U. 
 
 1 Num. 16:29. 
 
 "Gen. 31:20. 
 
 ulsa. 31:12. 
 
 4 PS. 26:8. 
 
 s Gen. 2:5. 
 
 12 Prov. 10:30. 
 
 
116 HEBREW STTNTAX [2 41. 
 
 2. With the Perfect and Imperfect there are found, besides ^{7 and 
 7N , also the following negatives : 
 
 a- D"l£3 not yet, sometimes with the Perfect, but more often with 
 
 V -IV 
 
 the Imperfect in a past sense (cf. ? 20. 1. 6). 
 
 ^- 'in'75'7'' *"■ "'■i^er that not, very rare, and with an ellipsis of 
 
 c. 7*X nothing, there is not ; with this negative the verbal form is 
 generally a Participle (I 45. 3) ; but rarely a finite form is found. 
 
 d. v3^ not (cf. 'ri'?3)i generally after a preposition, but in poetry 
 also alone in the sense of X/ • 
 
 e. 73 not, shorter form of ♦'7^ > found only in poetry, and not dif- 
 ferent from }<7 . 
 
 /• D5K '"'O more ; like V>H , originally a noun ; its more common use 
 is to indicate restriction, limitation. 
 
 3. ^QtJ' IJJ^K^ he is not hearing; JH^ 'JJ*N^ -^<^o not gipe. 
 
 noiNQ "^D na nai nnorr n»a ntr px' the keeper of the prison 
 
 looked not to anything. 
 
 fnj pK l^n* «<»•«■!« is not given. 
 
 4. a. TlD *n7i7l ^DJI'?' <o 7«eep. . .and not to turn aside, [eat from it. 
 
 "IJOO "^DX *n'72'7 ']*n'15f "ItJ'N® wAicA / commanded thee not to 
 &■ DV*nn'7 "lOJ^ f'N'' *'< «'« not possible to stand before thee. 
 
 "IvX T^J^ PN* <Aere is Jio comparing unto thee. 
 c- rilN") N7!3^ without seeing. 
 d. IDJ^D^" that they go not over; rilK^Q^^ that he could not see. 
 
 5. a. DOn N/l 7DJ DJ^^^ a people foolish and unwise. 
 
 Wrh^ Vb^^ a no-god; '^^ J<y* a no-wootZ. 
 6- "^flDO PNI DIV^-^' JJiroreflr ajicZ without number. 
 
 B"N pJ<" ^^fi'^e 'is no man at all; ttDV |'K" Joseph is gone. 
 
 p*^lf f 'K D^K^^ »o wiai whatever is just. 
 c. n"lD 'n7D n^D^^ chastisement without ceasing. [of Gideon. 
 
 PJ^IJI ^"in DK »n'?2 nXr PX^* «Am is no other than the sword 
 
 ijer. 7:16. 
 
 8 Pa. 40:6. 
 
 " Isa. 10:16. 
 
 a Ex. 5:10. 
 
 9 Num. 36:23. 
 
 i6Joell:6. 
 
 3 Sen. 39:23. 
 
 10 Num. 82:7. 
 
 IS Gen. 31:60. 
 
 1 Ex. 5:16. 
 
 11 Gen. 27:1. 
 
 "Gen. 37:29. 
 
 5 Deut. 17:19,20. 
 
 "Deut. 32:6. 
 
 i8Eool.7:20. 
 
 6 Gen. 3:11. 
 
 18 Deut 32:21. 
 
 i» Is. 14:6. 
 
 '2Chron. 20:6. 
 
 
 mJudg. 1:U. 
 
2 41.] BY AN INDTTCTIVB METHOD. 117 
 
 <^- D'JD v!} "inX nJltJ"^ can <Ae reed-grass grow without water ? 
 'IJD^ «o «* tot to 6e a nation ; "j'^JJO^ «o as not to he king. 
 
 3. With the participle ?♦}< is used almost exclusively; this is in 
 accordance with the original use of '^^ as a negative of substantives (see 
 
 5. below), and with the nominal nature of pK itself, which is never lost. 
 This combination furnishes the prevailing form for expressing a negative 
 present, though not of course restricted to this use/ 
 
 4. With the infinitive there are found, 
 
 »• 'ln'?5 ^^*^ ^^ preposition "p , the usual negative of the Inf. 
 6. 7 I'J? ^nd px , but only in late writers. 
 c. ^}7^ without, with the force of a preposition. 
 f^. |p from, so as not, lest, after verbs which imply restraint, hin- 
 drance, etc. 
 
 5. With nouns there are found, 
 
 <*• is? 5 which gives an opposite meaning, like un-, in-, im-; this 
 usage occurs in the case of substantives as well as of adjectives. 
 &• f'K (cf. 3. above), equivalent to without, or un-, in-, irw-. 
 
 c. 'fl75 = K75 > without, except. 
 
 d. '72 without, un-, in-. 
 
 e. VQ so as not to be, the Inf. JlVH being supplied in thought. 
 
 6. HDIND'? ^ti^fli a'? f]DD I'K* silver -was not at all regarded for 
 anything (cf. ch. 9:20). 
 
 DtJ" TNQ" without (= so that there is) no inhabitant. 
 
 ^XntJ'O 'K Va '/DDil® w *'* because there is no god in Israel ? 
 
 7. 7in np* "iniQi N/^ ^^ wi'ZZ to&e nothing in his death. 
 
 nf r? DVD tJ^'K DQV N 7* '^o ''^'^1^ shall be put to death this day. 
 
 8. pni7 ti'i^ 1!3")ri 7N* muUiply not let no arrogance go forth, 
 
 l^an flats'* nyj*? N^" not forever shallle forgotten shall 
 
 perish. 
 
 6. More than one negative is sometimes employed in order to intensify 
 the negative. This occurs chiefly in the case of |J3 with ?'{< or '"^^ , 
 and seldom with the more common negatives. 
 
 7. To express nothing, no one, the negative is combined with "j^ or 
 B"K •" (? 14- 2. d.) 
 
 1 Job 8:12. <lKg8. 10:21. 7 Ps. 49:18. >1 Sam. 2:3. 
 
 iJer. 48:2. «Isa. 6:9. s 1 Sam. 11:13. 10 Ps. 9:19. 
 
 »1 Sam. 15:23. 6 2Ker8. 1:3. 
 
118 
 
 HEBREW STNTAX 
 
 [?41. 
 
 8. In the case of two successive negative sentences, especially when, 
 as in poetry, they are parallel, the negative may be omitted from the 
 second, the influence of the first being deemed sufficient. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (o) A few cases exist of xb 'with the Jussive, o. g., Gen. 24:8; 1 Sam. 14:36. 
 
 (b) On the other hand 7K is thought by some to stand ocoasioually in a declara- 
 tive sentence, e. g., Ps. 41:3; 50:3; Jer. 14:17, though with a stronger force than would 
 have been conveyed by X7 . 
 
 (c) For the use of kS andbs, withoutaverb,lKgs.3:30; 11:33; Gen. 19:18; Buthl:13. 
 
 (d) HI cannot stand before a Participle (when used as a verb), an Infinitive abso- 
 lute, or an Infinitive construct. Note oases in which, through the influence of N7 , a 
 Participle passes Into a finite verb, Ex. 9:20,31; 13:21,32; 1 Sam. 1:13; 2 Sam. 3:34; Hos. 
 1:6; Ps. 37:21. 
 
 (e) The 1 of Tni and '73 is the old archaic genitive ending. 
 
 (/) For cases in which this combination is used of the past, see Gen. 39:33; Jer. 
 33:33; of the future, Jer 37:14. 
 
 (g) Cf. Tl/II, which is used particularly before a single word; 'n73, before a 
 proposition. 
 
 (h) It is only when 73 = omnU that this combination may be found; when '73 = 
 totux, the X*? negatives the idea of wholeness. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 3:5; 4:15 7 
 
 Gen. 31:26 Be. 
 
 Gen. 34:15 3a. 
 
 Gen. 31:39 id. 
 
 Ex. 3:13; 6:11 5B. 
 
 Ex. 3:3 3e. 
 
 Ex. 10:7 20. 
 
 Ex. 14:11 6 
 
 Ex. 22:19 5c. 
 
 Num. 11:6; 32:12 5c. 
 
 Deut 17:20 4a. 
 
 Deut. 28:55 6 
 
 Josh. 2:8 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 3:3 2a. 
 
 2 Sam. 9:3 2/. 
 
 IKgs. 18:43 Bb. 
 
 3Kgs. 1:3,6 6 
 
 2Kga. 4:2 7 
 
 Isa. 6:11 6 
 
 Isa. 8:11; 49:15 id. 
 
 Isa. 14:6; 28:8 5d. 
 
 Isa. 23:4 8 
 
 Isa. 26:14 2e. 
 
 Isa. 63:14. 5e. 
 
 Jer. 5:7 5a. 
 
 Jer. 7:16,17 3 
 
 Jer. 7 :32 ; 10 :6,7 6 
 
 Jer. 13:7 7 
 
 Jer. 33:14; 27:18 2b. 
 
 Jer. 38:5 2c. 
 
 Ezek. 13:3 2b. 
 
 Hos. 8:7 2d. 
 
 Amos 6:10 3/. 
 
 Zeph. 2:3 6 
 
 Ps. 10:4,6,11; 31:3 Ze. 
 
 Ps. 35:19; 38:2 8 
 
 Ps. 43:1 5a. 
 
 Prov. 30:25 5a. 
 
 Job 18:15 6 
 
 Job 28:17 8 
 
 Job 30:8 5d. 
 
 Job 35:15 2c. 
 
 Job41:18 2(J. 
 
 Eool.8:ll 2c. 
 
 Esth. 3:8; 7:4 3 
 
 Esth.4:2;8:8 4b. 
 
 Ezra 9:15 4b. 
 
 2Chron. 6:11; 35:3 4b. 
 
 2Chron. 9:20 6 
 
? 42.] BT AN nSTDtrCTIVE METHOD. 119 
 
 42. Interrogative Sentences. 
 
 1- "^J^l JlN "inOn nt^ *» *^m *^2/ Mndness to thy friend ? [F. 
 
 '' DNJ NT'S* ^y^^ DJ^ «A.a?Z I'i also be marvelous in my eyes ? saith 
 7N Dy *n*2 p K"? *D^ /o*" is not my house so with God f 
 
 2. a. nfn JJ^'XPF Dy 'D'^nn* wt'Z* thou go with this man f 
 
 O^^^a DvUTl^ is your father well f [house f 
 
 b. y^ii n*3 '?K 'n''?JlJ n'^JJn" did I plainly appear to thy father's 
 
 c. '2JN ♦HK nOtJTl^ «w* Imy brother's keeper ? 
 
 rV^ *'? nj^n rrriKn* w*^* <^om bmld me a house f (ef. 1 Chr. 17:4). 
 <^- D'JSri l/pfl niK*l7' *" ««e whether the waters had abated. 
 
 3. na^ i'tD'n DN Nl'^n^" is there not a lifting tip, if thou doest well ? 
 IJ'I^"! 1tJ'^? *lDnn nr N?!!''^^ « ^^o* <^is <^e iAmg' which we told thee ? 
 
 4. a. 7^|^J DX 'Jl '*1 '7^f 'I'^jn-^^ «AaZZ we go to Ramoth-gilead, or shall 
 
 we forbear? [heard? 
 
 n^OtJ' N? DN ^^^* N1 /n^^ ^<^** *^o™ not known, or hast thou not 
 
 b. iTHK DN IB'^n''^* enquire if I shall recover. 
 
 fflJiri rin"nfl DK rFK"U"^' ^e* ^'^ see whether the vine has budded. 
 
 1. A sentence is sometimes found to be interrogative, though lacking 
 an interrogative particle. In such cases the arrangement of the words, or 
 the tone of voice in the pronunciation of the sentence, was sufficient to 
 indicate the interrogative force." 
 
 2. The interrogative particle H (Lat. an, Grreek ^) is employed^ 
 a. In questions, the answer to which is entirely doubtful. 
 
 6. In questions which are equivalent to a strong affirmative assertion. 
 
 c. In questions equivalent to denial, or which call for a negative reply. 
 
 d. In indirect questions, equivalent to whether. 
 
 3. The interrogative particle K7rT (Lat. nonne) is employed when it 
 is certain that an affirmative answer is expected." 
 
 4. The interrogative particle DK (strictly if) is employed, 
 
 a. To introduce the second member of a double interrogative sen- 
 tence ; here the compound form D{<") (cf . sive] is more common.'' 
 
 b. To introduce an indirect question depending upon some preced- 
 ing thought (cf . the use of ^T above).* 
 
 13 Sam. 16:17. s Gen. 43:37. » Gen. 8:8. "Isa. i0:38. 
 
 s Zech. 8:6. el Sam. 3 :37. " Gen. 4:7. "3 Kgs. 1 :3. 
 
 8 3 Sam. 33:5. ' Gen. 4:9. " Ex. 14:Ja. « Cant. 7:13. 
 
 4 Gen. 24:58. » 2 Sam. 7:5. is 1 Kgs. 32:15. 
 
120 HBBKEW STNTAX [? 42. 
 
 5. a. (1) rUnSn *0^ wAo ^ [.what persons are in) the camp ? *jOtJ^ 'D^ 
 
 who is thy name f 
 
 (2) TlDDH 'i7D nr Nin 'D* w^o <^em is <Ae king of glory f 
 
 (3) D*D *Jp5I" '13* '"^o ^^^'^^ ^^ *^"* *'"'*^ *"** would) give me, etc. 
 6. (1) li^a fiO^ "'^"* (~ "/ '"'^"'^ ^''■'"'^ "'" character) are these f 
 
 (2) 'niCl^ P^'in HD^ wherefore do ye strive with me ? 
 
 (3) '7K DJ/ ti'l^N pnif ' HQ^ ^ow ''('■n a man he just with God ? 
 
 (4) TnD '^hT^ IJ*? nO^ ^^^ ^«*'« '*" portion in D. (cf. 2 Sam. 20:1). 
 
 (5) 'Oy IKDnn DD"? (ID^ wAa* meam ye [that) ye crush my people f 
 c- 'I'^n *Tnn nt 'K^" wMch way did he go? [house also ? 
 
 6. a. Tl'^*? 'a DJ ntJ^J^J*} TlQ^-^ wAew shall J provide for mine own 
 6- T'n 'Jtr 'ID' nOD^^ ^ow many are the days of the years of thy life ? 
 
 c. "l2^^ DN i?1i niD'N^^ ^ow shall we know the word, etc.? [you ? 
 DOmD '"li*? NJJ'N n^'N^* Aow can I alone bear the burden of 
 'i 'p nJlf*? nn'n HD'N^^ ^ow hath the faithful city become a 
 harlot I 
 
 d. ^^n nOn nO'?^^ ^^ smitest thou thy fellow f 
 D'lJ IJJ'J") nO'?^'' wA^ Aaw the nations raged ? 
 
 e. DVn ND jn'inQ P"nD^^ wA^/ have ye come so soon to-day ? 
 DVn O'V"! DD'Jfi ^yyC^^ why are your countenances sad to-day ? 
 
 5. In reference to interrogative pronouns the following points in addi- 
 tion to wtat has been said may be noted : 
 
 a. '13 who ? 
 
 (1) always refers to persons, whatever may be the particular 
 phraseology of the sentence ; 
 
 (2) is frequently followed by NIH or |^\ , and the sentence 
 thus rendered more vivid and pointed ; 
 
 (3) is employed in conveying an optative idea. 
 
 b. tlD what? 
 
 T 
 
 (1) always refers to the nature or character of an object, and the 
 
 object may, of course, be a person. 
 {2) introduces an expression of reproach or blame, and may be 
 
 rendered wherefore? 
 
 1 Gen. 33:8. 
 
 6 Ex. 17:2. 
 
 "Gen. 30:30. 
 
 16 Ex. 2:13. 
 
 ijudg. 13:17. 
 
 1 Job 9:2. 
 
 "Gen. 47:8. 
 
 "Ps.2:l. 
 
 8 Ps. 34:10. 
 
 8 1 Kgs. 12:16. 
 
 i« Deut. 18:21. 
 
 18 Ex. 2:18. 
 
 4 a Sam. 23:15. 
 
 sisa. 3:15. 
 
 i4Deut.l:ia. 
 
 19 Gen. 40:7. 
 
 BZeoh. 1:9: 4:4,13. 
 
 10 1 Kgs. 13:12. 
 
 "Isa. 1:21. 
 
 
2 42.] BY AK INDUCTIVB METHOD. 121 
 
 (3) introduces an objeetionj or an interrogation implying impos- 
 sibility, and may be rendered by how? 
 
 (4) has come in a few cases to be equivalent to a negative, and 
 may be rendered not. 
 
 (5) with "l^ or DO / > is used in expressions of strong reproof. 
 «• ^^f"'^? which? differs from 'p and JllD in being an adjective, 
 
 though always preceding the noun which it modifies. 
 
 6. Aside from interrogative particles and interrogative pronouns, there 
 are many interrogative adverbs. Among others may be noted : 
 
 a. 'no when? sometimes compounded with *? and ^J^ 
 
 &• n03 how much? how long? 
 
 c. ilD'N how? used to inquire as to the manner in which a given 
 event is to take place ; and also to introduce an expression equivalent to 
 a negative, and to express wonder, lamentation. 
 
 d. (107 wherefore, why? used to ask for the purpose or aim of an 
 action. 
 
 e. '^T\'D (for j;n*"na, cf. tI imein>), why? used to ask for the 
 ground or cause of an action. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) This Is seen especially In questions arising from great emotion or anxiety, e. g., 
 1 Sam. 16:4; % Sam. 18:29; 2 Sam. 19:23; and also In questions which are connected by 
 1, and are in antithesis with a preceding declarative statement, e. g., Judg. 11:23; 
 Jon. 4:10,11; Joh 10:8,9. 
 
 (b) In some cases n Is dropped for euphonic reasons from before words beginning 
 with S or n , e. g.. Gen. 18:12; 1 Sam. 22:15; 3 Sam. 19:23; 1 Kgs. 1:24. 
 
 (c) For oases of '3n is « . . . that 1 see Gen. 27:36; 29:15; 2 Sam. 9:1; 23:19. 
 
 (d) Here D also may be used, e. g., Judg. 14 :15. 
 
 (e) D(< is still further used after a preceding declarative statement in the sense 
 of or. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY, 
 
 Gen. 3:13 56. Deut. 31:17 3 
 
 Gen. 4:6; 47:19 6d. 1 Sam. 11:12; 16:4 1 
 
 Gen. 18:21; 27:21 Zd. 1 Sam. 30:16 2a. 
 
 Gen.26:27; 40:7 Be. 2Sam.l:13 5c. 
 
 Gen. 27:21 ..4o. 2 Sam. 17:6 4a. 
 
 Gen. 30:2 2c. 2Sam.l8:29 1 
 
 Gen. 30:30 6a. 2 Sam. 19:12 6d. 
 
 Gen. 47:8 66. 1 Kgs. 20:32 2a. 
 
 Ex. 2:13 6(J. 2 Kgs. 3:8 5c. 
 
 Ex. 83:16 3 2 Kgs. 3:13 56. 
 
 Num. 20:10 26. 2 Kgs. 6:15.... 6e. 
 
 Num. 23:26 3 Jer. 5:7 6c. 
 
 Deut.7:17 6c. Jer.31:19. 26. 
 
 Deut. 13:4 2d. Ezek. 18:23 2c. 
 
122 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 43. 
 
 Hos. 10:9; 11:5 1 Job 2:2 5c. 
 
 Joel 1:2 2c. Jol)4:17;6:5 2c. 
 
 Amos3:a-8 4a. Job 7:21; 26:4 66. 
 
 Jon. 1:6 56. Job 11:2 26. 
 
 Pa.35:17; 78:40 66. Lam. 1:1,2; 4:1,2. 6c. 
 
 Ps. 42:3 6a. Neh.6:7 1 
 
 Ps. 42:12 66. 
 
 43. Exclamatory and Optative Sentences. 
 
 1. a. "|7DrT^ king ! |^")J<2 q earth ! DDDflJl^ your perverseness 1 
 
 0*73* you all. 
 'b- 'JIK 'i' my lord I D^JJNtJTl 'IJl^ they who are at ease in 
 Zion ! DV"? T^iMC alas for the day I 
 
 2. a. U'2^ Dl'^tJ'^ peace he to you 1 D")iN ^THy blessed he Ahram. 
 I. *JK 'h" as Hive ! rV\tV ''tf^ as Yahweh liveth ! 
 
 mNln ^J'i^^^ by thine eyes which see ! "llirT HX^^ % the word I 
 c. "IJI ntri^D "p rh'hTf*' far he it from thee to do, etc. 
 d- W^ 'OilD*! 'p^5fD^^ according to my righteousness and my integ- 
 rity, upon me ! [thee I 
 
 3. a. "y^Sh (TIT "^NJ^OU" "b^^ would that Ishmael might live hefore 
 
 ♦J^'QB' i7" hear me I ") jflD l"?^* that we had died I [ God! 
 &• i^iJ'") TVha "^Dpn DN^^ */ thou wouldest hut kill the wicked, 
 c. D'J3 'JpJJ'* ^Q^" that some one would give me water to drink. 
 
 '♦ T3 "l^mO fJT '0^1 that we had died hy the hand of Y. 
 
 1. In exclamations there occurs 
 
 a. A noun, with, or without the article f'f> or 
 
 h. A noun with an interjection, e. g., '^ (with 'JIK), ♦'1,1 , or 
 nilK (with the dative).« 
 
 2. Under the head of exclamatory utterance may be classified also 
 a. Clauses or sentences which have no mark of exclamation. 
 
 h. The use of >n in oaths, and certain other rare expressions (see 
 examples). 
 
 c. The common expression ti'flt] to the profane, i. e., far he it. 
 
 d. Sentences which, for brevity and force, omit the verb to he.^ 
 
 ilSam.23:20. 'Joell:^. "Deut.3:2I. "Gen.23:13. 
 
 « Job 16:18. 8 Gen. 43:23. is Hag. 2:5. i8 Num. 14:2. 
 
 slsa. 29:16. 9 Gen. 14:19. w Gen. 18:25. wPs. 139:19. 
 
 4 Job 17:10. 10 Num. 14:28. i6Pb.7:9. m 2 Sam. 23:16. 
 
 6 Gen. 43:20. u 1 Sam. 14:45. "Gen. 17:18. si Ex. 16-3 
 eAmoB6:l. 
 
? 44.] BY AN IKDUCTIVB METHOD. 123 
 
 3. In optative expressions there are found 
 
 a. The particle I7 if, would that, used with the Imperfect and 
 Imperative, and, in wishes which cannot be realized, with the Perfect. 
 6. The particle DN if, of. t? ■ 
 
 c. The interrogative 'p with the Imperfect ; and especially ffl' 'Q 
 who would give = would thatfi 
 
 REMARKS. 
 (a) The AisMnctive article (S 4. 3. n. (3)) is generally employed In prose. 
 (6) Originally in exclamations the third person only was used ; in the later writers 
 the second begins to be employed. 
 
 (c) Here also belong words or expressions used in swearing, however introduced. 
 id) It should not be forgotten that the Infinitive absolute is used in exclamatory 
 style " (1) when the speaker is too full of his subject to mention the action in any 
 other than an ejaculatory manner, and as briefly as possible, e. g., 2 Kgs. i:43; Job 
 40 :2 ; (2) in a kind of vehement and rapid description of a number of actions that excite 
 astonishment or displeasure, «. g., Hos. 4:2; Isa. 21:5."* (Cf. 9 28. 5.) 
 
 (e) tn'' 'D is followed (1) by a verb with or without Waw Consecutive, (2) by an 
 Infinitive, (3) by a noun. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 18:26; 44:7,17 2c. Jer. 22:24 26. 
 
 Gen. 30:34 3(1. Amos 5:18 IB. 
 
 Gen. 43:20; 44:18 16. Mio.S:l 16. 
 
 Num. 20:3 3a. Ps. 4:7; 14:7; 55:7 3e. 
 
 Deut. 4:3; 11:7; 32:40 26. Ps. 45:2c; 57:6 2(J. 
 
 Deut. 6:26; 28:67 3o. Ps. 81:9; 139:19 36. 
 
 Judg. 9:29 3e. Ps. 81:14 3o. 
 
 1 Sam. 30:23 26. Prov. 24:11 36. 
 
 2Sam. 15:4 3c. Job6:8; 11:5; 13:5; 14:13; 29:2; 31:35.. ..3c. 
 
 Isa. 3:6 2d. Job 6:14; 12:6 2(J. 
 
 Isa. 63:19b 3o. 
 
 44. Copulative Sentences. 
 
 1. a. "IJII D'an mpD'?! pK "y^ ^<'^p♦V and he calUd the dry 
 
 land earth, but the collection of waters he called seas. [not eat. 
 
 'j^iir\ N"? ni^^ll Y3^fy\^ ^t of f^ tree of knowledge thou shalt 
 
 h. t]iy inOJ' ^tin 'jni ibV '?Dy'? Dia ^y hut man is born to 
 
 trouble as the sparJcs fly upward. [bullock. 
 
 c. 'JBTI "Ifll "llJI'n "Ifl riN np* take the bullock, even the second 
 
 D'7')VD') n^HD *JK K*?/!® am I not silent, and that from of old ? 
 
 d. nOtiTF N*?! nriK 'N ay^ thou fearest God, and {=for) thou 
 hast not withheld. 
 
 1 Gen. 1:10. s Job 6:7. b Isa. 57:11. e Gen. 22:12. 
 
 J Gen. 2:17. * Judg. 6:25. * Bwald, Hebrew Syntax, pp. 201-203. 
 
124 HEBREW s■r^fTAX [i 44. 
 
 2. a. ♦Jfl'? Jfijl'iim ^Di^tiy- *»» ^y dream, [and) behold a vine, etc. 
 
 6- "iJi') naDD n':'1 'd"? i^riK nw J<^ri n^ *^t"* «^»^« ''o* go out 
 
 vnth us henceforth to battle, that thou quench not, etc. 
 
 c. "lOn m n'lS'J^I ^jmOr DK* i/" '^<"« rememberest me, then 
 
 do kindness, etc. 
 
 3. rrtos rrn n^noni njnDn nx Ti* a«<^ ^« ^^^fe *Ae camp, wMie 
 
 the camp was quiet. 
 
 mo IJ^SJ'^ DtJ'* Dl*?") INS'l^ ««<^ *^«y ca»»« W'^*'^^ ^0* «"'* 
 
 sitting in the gate of Sodom. \Hezehiah. 
 
 4. a. 'fn* f tlN DnV "in'fj^ 'D*!D® *»» *^e '^'^J/* <?/" Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, 
 
 b. i?^iin a'? 1Q1 ItJ'SJD "Itr^' ./?esA m i«« somZ, ■wiz., lis blood ye 
 shall not eat. 
 
 DSJTl T'IN'? nnp^^ «^e s^aZZ be desolate, sit upon the earth. 
 
 c. D»Jpr IfiDK n")^]^ 1N")p Dllf Itrip* mwcii/y a fast, call an 
 assembly, gather the old men. 
 
 d DJ^n I'lnn '^Ip riK- • • •i^DJJ'nV a»«^ she heard the noise of the 
 guard, the people. 
 
 1. The conjunction ) and is by far the most common copulative con- 
 junction , and serves to j oin together not only words but sentences."'^ It is 
 universally employed except in cases where special emphasis is to be 
 placed upon the conjunctive relation ?* But besides its ordinary use as 
 a connective it serves to join to a preceding clause or sentence 
 
 a. An antithetical clause (here rendered but), in which, however, 
 the opposition is indicated not by the 1 , but by the arrangement of the 
 words, or by the logical relation of the clauses thus joined.<* 
 
 b. A clause of comparison (here rendered as), peculiar to poetical 
 style. 
 
 c. An epexegetical clause (here rendered even, namely, and that 
 too), furnishing a more detailed explanation. 
 
 d. A clause of consequence or cause (here rendered /or, since).^ 
 
 2. Another class of usages in which ") may be called demonstrative 
 includes the following : 
 
 a. Cases in which the 1 follows a prepositional phrase and, in the 
 sense of then, connects with it some act or state. 
 
 1 Gen. 40:9. ijudg. 8:11. i Gen. 9:1. >Joell:U. 
 
 a2Sam.21:17. 5Gen.l9:l. slsa.3:26. io2Kg:s.U:13. 
 
 > Gen. 10:14. siBa. 1:1. 
 
? 44«] BY AN INDUCTrVB METHOD. 125 
 
 h. Cases in whicli the 1 , with an Imperfect or Imperative, 
 expresses purpose or result (? 26. 2a). 
 
 c. Cases in which the ") joins an apodosis to a preceding protasis, 
 not only in conditional but also in causal and relative sentences/ 
 
 3. Still another usage of 1 is that occurring in circumstantial clauses 
 (? 45.), when it is translated while, although, after, etc. 
 
 4. Omission of ") (asyndeton), where it might be expected, is found 
 a. In lists, enumerations, etc. 
 
 6. In expressions added by way of explanation or correction. 
 
 c. In a climax, or in highly rhetorical statements. 
 
 d. In hurried, abrupt discourse, or where the rapidity of the action 
 is to be emphasized." 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) For examples In which 1 has the force of «rtth, see Gen. 3:24; Judg. 6:6; ISam. 
 18:6; 25:42; 29:10; Isa.l3:9. 
 
 (b) For cases of hendladys, see Gen. 1:U; 3:16; 2 Chron. 16:14; Job 10:17. 
 
 (c) The conjunctions employed when the connection Is to be emphasized are t]K, 
 DJ, e.g.,1 Sam. 25:43; 22:7; Bxod. 10:25; Isa. 40:24; 41:26. 
 
 (d) The most common adversative conjunctions are (1> '3 but (after a negative), 
 e.g., Gen. 24:3; 45:8; 1 Kgs. 21:15; Bxod. 1:19; Josh. 17:18; Ps. 44:8; (2) DN '3 tniHJ, 
 but, e.g., Ps. 1:2; Gen. 15:4; Josh. 17:3; lSam.8:19. Cf.alsca '\K = how much more, 
 how much less, c. g., 1 Sam. 14:29f.; 1 Kgs. 8:27. 
 
 (e) Here also belongs the use of 1 in exclamations, e. g., Joel 2:23; 2 Sam. 1:31; 
 Jer. 20:12; and In oaths, e. g., Joel 4:20; Amos 9:6; Hos. 12:6; Jer. 29:23: Isa. 51:15; 
 Deut. 32:31; Ps. 71:19 (soEmoM). 
 
 (/) For the use of Waw Consecutive with Imperfect and Perfect, see §§ 24, 25. 
 (a) In many stereotyped phrases also 1 Is dropped, e. g., IT IID (Exod. 17:16) 
 
 for •^•^^ -nn. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 11:30 46. Jer. 17:14 26. 
 
 Gen. 13:9 2c. Bzek. 10:13 4a. 
 
 Gen. 17:21; 42:10 la. Amos 4:5 4c. 
 
 Gen. 20:3 Id. Amos 5:4,6,14 2b. 
 
 Gen. 29:15 2o. Bab. 2:4 46. 
 
 Judg.5:13,27 4d. Zech. 10:6 26. 
 
 Judg. 6:25; 7:22 Ic. Mai. 1:11 Ic. 
 
 Judg.l6:16 lo. Ps. 7:10; 60:13 Id. 
 
 lSam.l5:16 26. Ps. 45:5 46. 
 
 ISam. lfi:23 2c. Ps. 51:9 26. 
 
 1 Kgs. 13:18 46. Ps. 78:34 2e. 
 
 2 Kgs. 11:13 4d. Ps. 88:2 4a. 
 
 Isa. 3:8 Id. Prov. 26:3 lb. 
 
 Isa.8:9,10 Zb. Jobl2:ll; 14:11,12,19 lb. 
 
 Isa. 23:4 *!>. Job32:15,16 4e. 
 
 Jer. 2:20; 7:9 <b. Kuth 1:21 la. 
 
 Jer. 15:7; 31:21 4c. Eccl.l:6 Ic. 
 
126 HEBEEW SYNTAX [2 45. 
 
 45. Circumstantial Sentences. 
 
 1. a. njB' D'^^lIN '♦ DK tDfiSJ' NinV • • -nQ'V a«t? A« died; and he 
 had judged [hamng jvdged) Israel forty years. 
 ♦D"n IT'^yn mn*') ♦nX TirrKn "^K^ ^^o «"< ^eUy me, since T. 
 hath prospered my journey. 
 
 ♦n >^^V ''1 'OJ^J ''? nJNIpn no'?' w% can ye me Naomi, Y. 
 having testified against me ? 
 
 i. ^rtan rrns aa'v Ninv . . .'♦ vba Nnn* a»'^ y- appeared unto 
 
 him,. . . .while he sat before the tent. 
 
 rrD'Qjrn Pit2 IB'NT) HIDN inifO D'7D' « ZacZ^^er se< up on the 
 
 earth, the top of it reaching to heaven. 
 
 tr^n nya nnni nnn nnn piaym^ a««^ 2/e siooc? under the 
 
 mountain, while the mount was burning with fire. 
 
 c. 'jrx na n'?j» k"?!- . .nj^ rrtr);* k"?^ m^/ /ait^e?- mzz do nothing 
 
 . . . .without disclosing it to me. 
 
 tiifij^* D'on Kim nj;i "id":" '?K'7n« «Aaz? a«2/ <eac^ (?od 
 
 knowledge, seeing that he judges those that are high f 
 d. 1J7J N"im • ■ • ■ nP"1 rrri' he was tending the sheep .... being a boy. 
 0^373 nP"Tl DISSS' '^m^" wAo speafc peace, while evil is in their 
 heart. 
 
 We frequently find a clause whieh furnishes material subordinate to 
 that of the principal clause of a sentence ; or which describes the condi- 
 tion or circumstances attending the action of the principal verb. Such 
 clauses are termed circumstantial or descriptive and may be considered 
 under the following heads : 
 
 1. Circumstantial clauses /oZZowmg' the principal clause and joined by 
 means of *) (2 44. 3), 
 
 a. With the verb in the Perfect, especially in sentences which have 
 a pluperfect or perfect meaning, often rendered by the past participle. 
 
 b. With the verb a Participle, almost always in clauses which are 
 of a strictly descriptive character. 
 
 c. With the verb in the Imperfect ;\esa common than either the 
 Perfect or Participle, and for the most part in negative sentences." 
 
 d. With no verbal form of any kind. 
 
 11 Sam. 4:18. 
 
 4 Gen. 18:1. 
 
 n Sam. 20:2. 
 
 9 Gen. 37:2. 
 
 2 Gen. 24:56. 
 
 6 Gen. 28:12. 
 
 8 Job 21:23. 
 
 10 Pb. 28:3. 
 
 3 Ruth 1:21. 
 
 « Deut. 4:11. 
 
 
 
? 45.] BY AN nfTDXTCTIVE METHOD. 127 
 
 2. a. 7nr7 7l"TJi E'Sn'V w<^ ^e searched begirniing with the eldest. 
 
 IflDn ^D J^llJ X"?- • ■'?'?n KVO' 'D^ */ owe *^a?? be found slain, 
 
 it not being hnown who hath smitten him. 
 ^- Dp'7T P* flti'Ji '"irtND* wAo tarry late at night while wine 
 
 inflames them. 
 
 'JODIT 11 Vi • ■ • *J"l'nD'* ^e wi7? Aicie me . . . lifting me upon a rock. 
 c- D'DVJ IKif'^ they went forth, taking (heir position (cf. Ex. 33: 8). 
 
 D»C3p'?D Vrr D'Vif pO . - . m Jna 'Q D'lr::^'^ «e«e»i«2/ kings, having 
 
 their thumbs and great toes cut off, gathered, etc. 
 
 d. DlpD 'j^ni D'a ^a n'2 n'^nX CS'V ajw^ ^ pitched Ms tent, 
 Bethel being on the west and Ai on the east. \his loins. 
 Vlf'?jl "^P VT 13JI '75 *n'N1^ I saw every man his hands upon 
 
 e. ilDn'?D Va D'JCJ' ti^^ ntJ"")^ and they remained three years 
 (in the condition of) absence of war, i. e., without war. 
 
 DDDN Dyna ♦n'^n 'JD Miln XV" ye shall not see my face 
 
 [in the condition of) the absence of your brother, i. e., except your 
 
 brother be with you. 
 
 *n IJTIJ^ 'DK lil'2 Dypn*V^ a'ML he thrust them into the heart of 
 
 Absalom while he was still alive. 
 
 ND---.15J'l^')----'' Nlf* Nlf' lii 'iTV^ and it happened, Jacob 
 
 having only just gone out, that Esau, his brother, came in. 
 
 rrn ilDbi?) HKi SJ'DSJ'n 'n'V^ and it happened, the sun having 
 
 gone down, that there was darkness. 
 
 f|ifpv..."inov...Dvn nnon onx n»w* and it shaii be, 
 
 seeing ye rebel to-day . . . ., that to-morrow he will be wroth, etc. 
 
 3. a. "Ijn njni nrr'pti^ D'pna on 'rt'V^ a»<^ ^« happened, as they 
 
 were emptying their sacks, that behold, etc. 
 &■ nn'75J' K^m DNI^IQ f^in^® ^^^ was being brought forth, when she 
 sent, etc. 
 
 "ui ii'on nam rro^o no dj; nan" fce^w 62/ <^e home of 
 
 Micah, they recognized the voice, etc. 
 
 iGen. 44:1Z. sjudg. 1:7. lo Gen. 43:3. " Josh. 23:18. 
 
 aDeut. 21:1. i Gen. 12:8. u 2 Sam. 18:14. is Gen. 42:35. 
 
 = Isa. 6:11. sjer. 30:6. "Gen. 27:30. "Gen. 38:25. 
 
 4Ps.27:5. »lKgs.22:l. is Gen. 15:17. "Judg.l8:3. 
 »Num. 16:27. 
 
128 HEBEEW SYNTAX [? 45. 
 
 2. Circumstantial clauses following the principal clause, and not joined 
 
 byl, 
 
 a. With the verb in the Perfect (of. 1. a above). 
 I. With the verb in the Imperfect (cf. 1. h above). 
 
 c. With the verb a Participle, to be taken as an accusative of state 
 or condition.'' 
 
 d. With no verbal form, the clause being strictly nominal. 
 
 e. In expressions introduced by ^K , '"pS > 'fl'?2 > N7. etc.* 
 
 3. Circumstantial clauses preceding the principal clause ; here arise 
 two cases : 
 
 a. Those in which the circumstantial clause, preceding the principal 
 clause, is introduced and supported by the formula 'rf'l or HTTl (of. II 
 24. 4; 25. 4). 
 
 h. Those in which there is no such introductory formula, the two 
 
 clauses appearing to be coordinate.^ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Since JO may not be used with a Participle, when this negative Is to be 
 employed, the finite form must be substituted. 
 
 (b) That this is really an accusative appears from the corresponding' construction 
 in Arabic. 
 
 (c) In common use these negatives have become equivalent to prepositions. 
 
 (<2) In circumstantial clauses the subject generally stands first whether the predi- 
 cate is a finite verbal form, a Participle, or a noun ; exceptions occur (1) when njn or 
 some such emphatic word comes first, which regularly precedes the verb, e. g., Gen. 
 8:13; 9:7; 1 Sam. 25:14; (2) in the case of kS , Ps. 44:18; (3) even in sentences without a 
 verb, «. g., Ps. 60:3; Gen. 49:10; Isa. 6:6; Amos 7:7. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 7:6 36. Judg. 3:80 16. 
 
 Gen. 13:7; 18:10; 19:1; 24:21 U). Judg.8:24; 20:39,40 3b. 
 
 Gen. 19:23; 44:3,4 36. Judg. 3:26; 4:21; 16:31 la. 
 
 Gen.20:3; 21:4; 24:10; 44:26 Id. Judg. 5:19; 6:19; 20:31 2o. 
 
 Gen. 21:14 2o. Judg. 6:5 .,Ze. 
 
 Gen. 29:9 36. Judg. 8:4 2c. 
 
 Gen. 32:12; 32:31 2d. Judg. 8:U la. 
 
 Ex. 10:13 3a. Judg. 13:9 16. 
 
 Ex. 21:11 2e. Judg.l9:ll 36. 
 
 Ex. 33:12 la. lSam.9:14; 20:36 3b. 
 
 Deut. 5:5 2o. ISam. 18:17 lo. 
 
 Deut. 9:15a lb. 2 Sam. 20:8 36. 
 
 Deut. 9: 15b Id. 2 Sam. 23:4 26. 
 
 Josh. 2:5; 4:18. 3a. IKgs. 18:12 3a. 
 
 Jo8h.l7:U Id. 2Kg8.2:23 3b. 
 
2 46.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 129 
 
 2Kgs. 6:18 16. Hab.2:15 24 
 
 2Kgs. 12:7b 3a. Hag. 1:4 2d. 
 
 Isa.l:5; 27:9; 60:11 2b. Mal.l:7.. 3b. 
 
 Isa. 27:16; 60:9 2d. Ps. 7:3 2e. 
 
 l8a.29:13 3a. Pa.7:3; 78:4 20. 
 
 Isa.47:l 2e. Ps.7:7; 57:4; 71:3 2a. 
 
 Isa.49;21; 53:4 la. Ps. 35:8; 21:12; 62:5; 107:5 2b. 
 
 Isa. 67:19 2e. Ps. 69:4 2c 
 
 Jer. 2:27; 23:17; 41:6; 43:2 2c. Ps. 78:30,31 3b. 
 
 Jer. 37:13 3o. Job 3:18; 9:25 2a. 
 
 Hos. 7:U 26. Job 22:18 la. 
 
 Joell:6 26. Job 24:22; 42:3 Ic. 
 
 Mio.7:l 2e. Job 29:24; 34:31 2b. 
 
 Nah. 1:12 2b. Ezra 10:6 2o. 
 
 46. Relative Sentences. 
 
 1. a. 'n Nin 'Iti'X ^ty^ 72^ every creeping thmgwMchislwmg. 
 6- '* in'^SJ' ^tJ'K N'DJn^ the prophet whom Y. hath sent. 
 
 c. 1JLJ*7 Vf2ti^n is? ItJ^K 'IJ^ ^ nation whose language thou dost 
 not understand. [come. 
 V5J3 ntin riND "ItJ'X mrr* ^- under whose wings thou hast 
 
 d. DB' 'DSJ* T\^'2^ 'Wa^ where I fixed my name. 
 OJJ* ")iSJ*J ItJ'X^ whither they were carried away. 
 WD^'l^ DtrO INlf' "ItJ'N'' whence the Phil, have proceeded. 
 
 2. a. l/'p")'? nnnO '^LJ'^i D'Qn^ ^^ waters which (were) under the, etc. 
 
 TlK ID'^n "IJJ'}^ D'tJ'JNn* t^e inen who went with me. 
 
 ♦'jy riN rVHI ICI'K niOn" <^« mercy of thee who hast looked 
 
 on my affliction, 
 h. "nif' 'IJJ'J*} DIKn^^ *^« "'■tt™ whom he had formed. 
 c- N!D "ICN DVn 1i^^^ ii^^ the day that he come. 
 
 1^1 IJJ'K mpDD^^ '•" the place that he spoke. 
 
 tllQ^ nnXn DJJ' "IJI'N nn^yn^* the Selrew women of whom 
 
 the name of one was Shiphra. 
 
 seni Ae who was over the house, and he who was over the city to Jehu, 
 h. ^ON ItJ'K riK ntJ'O^^ anoint him whom I shall name. 
 
 1 Gen. 9:3. 6 Jer. 7:12. 9 Gen. 14:24. "Gen. 35:13. 
 
 2 Jer. 28:9. 6 1Kks.8:47. ioPs.31:8. "Ex. 1:15. 
 
 s Dent. 28:49. i Gen. 10:4. n Gen. 2:8. i5 2Kgs.lO:5. 
 
 4Kuth2:12. 8Gen.l:7. i22Sam.l9:26. i6lSam.l6:3. 
 
130 HEBREW STKTAX [I 46. 
 
 c. MV^ "7^7 ILJ'N'? lON'l^ and he said to him wlw was over his house. 
 
 il'rr N*? NVOn IB'K DI^^ «"'A whomsoever thou shalt find 
 
 he shall not live. 
 
 A relative clause may best be understood as the expansion of an 
 adjective or participle. It is generally introduced by "IK/K {2 13.), 
 sometimes by Hf or If (? 13. 4. a)"-''; yet in many cases no introductory 
 particle is employed (see below). The principal usages of relative 
 clauses may be classified as follows : 
 
 1. Relative sentences introduced by "IB'K , in which, since I^K is 
 onlyajjarttcfe and not a, pronoun, & special pronoun, pronominal suffix, 
 or adverb, is employed to express the desired idea. The pronoun or pro- 
 nominal suffix agrees with its antecedent in gender and number," and 
 takes that particular case which the relative particle would have, if a 
 noun.* It may, therefore, be, 
 
 a. The subject of the sentence. 
 
 h. The direct ohject of the verb, i. e., an accusative. 
 
 c. The genitive after a construct, or after a preposition. 
 
 d. An adverb, viz., Qjy , used in the sense of where, whither, whence. 
 
 2. Relative sentences introduced by "IJJ'K in which, for the sake of 
 brevity, the special pronoun, pronominal suffix, or adverb referred to 
 above, has been omitted. This is seen in sentences in which 
 
 a. The relative particle has the force of subject, and especially, 
 where the predicate is a finite verb including the pronominal idea. 
 
 b. The relative particle has the force of an accusative. 
 
 e. The relative particle as an adverbial accusative follows a substan- 
 tive having some general signification of time, place, manner. 
 
 3. Relative sentences in which the relative particle includes its ante- 
 cedent and is equivalent to. he who, those who, etc. The particle, there- 
 fore, has here two constructions. Aside from its connection with the 
 relative clause which it introduces, it has a relation to the principal sen- 
 tence on which this relative clause depends f thus it may be 
 
 a. The subject of this principal sentence. 
 h. The object often with a prefixed r\ii-^ 
 
 c. The genitive after a preposition.!''' 
 
 4. a. Kin in^a 'IJI' * nation that is lasting. 
 
 D(l7 K? T*1Ki* *™ « land which is not theirs, 
 h. lyn* K? "IIT a wa?/ they know not. 
 
 LGen.43:16. sjer.5:16. tGen. 16:13. sIsa.4S:16, 
 
 3Qen. 31:33. 
 
2 46.] BY AU INDUCTIVE METHOD 131 
 
 *Hli* ^"'"'2 1J")V^ ^e teaches Mm in a way he thould choose, 
 c. 102' aVK py pKi rVn B^'K^ a man lived in the land of Uz, 
 
 whose name was Joh. 
 
 n^ 137' 'I'lnn^ the way in which they must go. 
 d- ntrj^ mn** *^« gain that he made. [ure. 
 
 0^ *if 5t7 7D '"I'HN^ the excellent ones in whom is my whole pleas- 
 «. NTK DV^ the day I fear ; TViZWl HJ^^ the time thou wast 
 
 broken. 
 5. a. 7}< yr }<7 DIplD* the place {of him) who knows not God. 
 
 rT/SITl n*D m rnH^^ ^end now by the hand (of him whom) thou 
 
 wilt send. [ask. 
 
 l?NtJ' N't?? *nSJ''inj^*' ^ locis inquired of by {those who) did not 
 
 ^y~\tl iina il^tia *^y ?2^^ what is beyond that which I see, teach 
 
 thou me. 
 
 4. Relative sentences without an introductory particle, especially 
 when the antecedent is indefinite ; this is found 
 
 a. When the relative, or the word to which the relative force is 
 given, is a subject. 
 
 b. When the relative is the object of a verb. 
 
 c. When the relative is a genitive. 
 
 d. When the relative clause follows a noun in the construct ; this 
 is rare and poetical. 
 
 e. When the relative follows a noun, in the construct, which has 
 some general signification of time, place, manner. 
 
 5. Relative sentences in which the relative particle, though including 
 its antecedent and equivalent to he who (see 3 above), is omitted ; this is, 
 for the most part, poetical, though found rarely in late prose writers. 
 The predicate generally stands first in the relative clause, and is thus 
 brought into antithesis with the preceding sentence. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The pronouns 'D who, HD what sometimes also have a relative force, e. g.. 
 Gen. 19:12-, 1 Sam. 20:4 ; Isa. 60:8. 
 
 (6) On the use of the article In a relative sense with a Participle and, rarely, with 
 a finite verb, see S 4. 3. /. 
 
 (c) For agreement also in person, where the antecedent Isa pronoun, see Gen. 46 :1 ; 
 Num. 22:30; Isa. 41:8. 
 
 IPs. 25:12. 
 
 4jer.4S:36. 
 
 1 Ezek. 27:34. 
 
 10 Isa. 65:1. 
 
 • Job 1:1. 
 
 5 PS. 16:3. 
 
 8 Job 18:21. 
 
 u Job 34:32. 
 
 > Ex. 18:20. 
 
 > Ps. 56:4. 
 
 9 Ex. 4:13. 
 
 
132 HBBBB-W SYNTAX [? 47. 
 
 (d) This pronominal suflBx Is regularly separated from the relative by one or more 
 words. 
 
 (e) Note the double oonBtruction seen, for example, in Gen. 38:10; 43:16; 49:1. 
 
 (/) Distinguish from this the use of ItyN flK , in the sense of (he fact fTiot, how, etc., 
 to subordinate as object an entire clause. 
 
 to) Cf. the combinations 1tyK2 , "It^lO , ItyS V;? , etc. 
 
 (ft) Cf . the usage (late and rare) which allows It^K to be followed by a noun In the 
 accusative, Jer. 14:1; 46:1; Ezek. 12:25; Amos 5:1. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.3:3; 4:11; 7:2; 14:20 2a. Isa.8:12 2e. 
 
 Gen. 5:29 lb. Isa.29:l 4e. 
 
 Gen. 7:23 So. Isa.31:6 3c. 
 
 Gen. 9:3 la. Isa. 37:4 16. 
 
 Gen. 13:3 Id. Isa, 43:21 id. 
 
 Gen. 19:29; 38:25 Ic. Isa. 65:2. 5 
 
 Gen. 21:3,9; 26:32 2b. Jer. 2:8,11 5 
 
 Gen. 39:20; 40:13 2c. Jer. 15:4 3c. 
 
 Gen. 41:25 3b. Jer. 44:3 lb. 
 
 Gen. 44:9 3c Hab.l:6 4o. 
 
 Ex. 4:13 4(J. Ps.4:8; 88:2; 80:15 46. 
 
 Ex. 4:17 Ic. Ps. 7:5; 27:7 4b. 
 
 Ex.4:21,28 2b. Ps.]2:6; 32:2; 72:12 4c. 
 
 Ex. 12:13 Id. Ps.l6:3 la. 
 
 Lev.4:24,33 2c. Ps. 49:13 4a. 
 
 LeT.18:ll 4a. Ps.68:5; 65:5; 81:6 4d. 
 
 Num. 17:20 Ic. Prov. 6:16 4b. 
 
 Dent. 1:22 Ic. prov. 8:32 5 
 
 Deut. 4:10 2e. job 6:17 4e. 
 
 Deut.9:28; 11:10; 30:3 Id. Job 19:16 5 
 
 Deut. 32:37 4c. Job 38:19,24 4b. 
 
 1 Sam. 15:16 3b. Lam. 1:14 6 
 
 IKgs. 11:14 4o. Neh.8:10 5 
 
 IKgs. 11:27 2c. 
 
 47. Subject, Object and Adverbial Glauses. 
 
 1. a. "nn X*? "Itl'N 'y\^^ ** ** better that thou shouldst not vow. 
 
 ')j'7 irrrn 'D 51t3^ i* *» good that thou he to us, etc. 
 i- nriN Oyi^ 'D 'l'? n*jn 'Q^ who toU thee that thou wast naked ? 
 |151^' 'D "1QN*1* tt'i'^ he said that they should return. 
 
 c. ilD *i TlNn n^4 'K NTI' and God saw that the light was good. 
 
 d. nSI'J^K DHDK DflN HQ^ Vihat do ye think I should do ? 
 
 2. a. rilO'? iLJ'fii nX ^iW^ ^e asUed that his soul should die. [through. 
 
 ^3y '* riK 'D plDXn N*?")^ 'but Sihon trusted not Israel to pass 
 
 iEool.5:4. a Gen. 3:11. 6 Gen. 1:4. llKgS. 19:4. 
 
 >2 Sam. 18:3. 4 Job 36:10. c 2 Sam. 21:4. sjudg. 11:20. 
 
? 47.] BY AN IKDTTCTIVB METHOD. 133 
 
 6- in nityy*? D'J^IV Oya^ they do not know that they do evil 
 c. DOV mtJ'J^O- ■■■Vn* ""S^^y since he feared to do it hy day. 
 "li^lVD n^JJ''? ay '>y for he feared to dwell in Zoar. 
 
 1. Dependent sentences are found, 
 
 a. With the force of a subject, introduced by 1\i/Vt or ♦S . 
 h. With the force of an object, introduced by *2 ■ 
 
 c. With the logical subject, attracted by the verb of the principal 
 sentence and treated as its object. 
 
 d. With no introductory particle, the verb being directly attached 
 to what precedes. 
 
 2. A more condensed method of expressing subject and object sen- 
 tences is seen 
 
 a. In the use of an accusative with an Infinitive (cf. the Latin), 
 after verbs of i/nshing, allowing, commanding, etc. 
 
 b. In the same usage, more particularly in later writers, after verbs 
 of hearing, seeing, knowing, etc. 
 
 c. In the use of JQ and rarely *? with the Infinitive after verbs of 
 fearing. 
 
 3. a. 'jfj nK HKin ab ^Dub "^dnd "^Ntr ojn* / ask of thee, 
 
 saying, "Thou shalt not see my face." 
 
 IJ'*?]/ D^Cri ^"7)3 *D il T\fmT\f and ye have said unto him, 
 
 "Thou shalt set a king over us.'' 
 
 "> 'l'Sp'2 Ti^^'D^ nSJ'K "^NlOtr ba b'\^^ 10N'1« and Saul said 
 
 to Samuel, '^ I have obeyed the voice of T." 
 
 b. Dl'^n i^DtJTI ION*? y'7i^ ♦ni^Otl'^ ^ 'have heard concerning 
 thee. Thou hearest a dream, etc. 
 
 T\12'n tJ'lJK D'U IJ^T^ ^et the nations know they are men. 
 
 c. "IJI'! im rhT ^^ "'*'"'? '^'OlVh nJ '7K nON« he commanded . 
 Gad to say to David that David should go up, etc. 
 
 ;;nr nxn' la'fij oti'K d'sjti dk ♦'?nrr indt farr mn'v 
 
 "IJll D'C T^IK* and Tahweh was pleased to bruise him, he put him 
 to grief, (with the understanding that) if he himself should make an 
 offering of guilt, he would see seed, he would prolong days, etc. 
 
 d. 1J3V Pn*? N'lp*^''' he cries that he will judge his people. 
 
 1 Bed. 4:17. 4 3 Sam. 3:13. 'Gen. 41:15. lo Isa. 63:10,11. 
 
 ajudg. 6:27. 6 1 Sam. 10:19. sPs. 9:21. "Ps. 50:4. 
 
 » Gen. 19 :30. el Sam. 15 :20. si Chron. 21 :18. 
 
134 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 47. 
 
 D'^jy mtJ'l^'? Ip'V fi"*'^ ^* expected that it would prochice grapes. 
 \2 mti'y'? "^npn ^'2 TION*!^ «'i<^ *^e wAoZe congregation said 
 they would do so. 
 
 3. Under object sentences belongs also what is called direct and indi- 
 rect discourse. In reference to this it may be noted that 
 
 a. Direct discourse is introduced by "iDK? i '3 , or "IB^K > which 
 are then equivalent to quotation marks ; this is the earlier form and is 
 much more common than the indirect, which, in most cases, would have 
 been employed in English. 
 
 b. The gradual introduction of indirect discourse is seen in cases 
 (like those cited above), in which it is only partly indirect. 
 
 c. That while in the older literature direct discourse prevails, in 
 later writings it becomes customary to employ the Imperfect, with or 
 without ♦^ ; and that in extended discourse of this kind the voluntative 
 Imperfect is largely used.* 
 
 d. That more frequently, however, there is found especially in later 
 writers the construction of the Infinitive with "p (cf. the Latin). . 
 
 4. a. Kfi'in'? "^Din a'l ItJ'N' so that thou canst not he healed. 
 
 1J")Dfn *D tJ'lJK HD* what is man that thou rememberest him. 
 ^- (1) pj^n* '~\^ii^ in order that they know. {it holy. 
 
 (2) "ISrip"? 'JJ'rT DV DK TlDf^ remember the Sabbath day to keep 
 
 (3) "|J*QN' 1^07^ *'"■ order that they may believe. 
 
 (4) mj?7 ^7 n*nn "ll^J^i* that they may be to me for a testimony. 
 
 (5) IJnlJI' Wy7 Viwyy when it comes up against the people to 
 invade them. 
 
 c. (1) *li^D£5" Vn "ISS'N-^*' in order that tliey may not understand. 
 
 (2) *i \7^ty "jK^^ that they may not rule over me. 
 
 (3) VnK7 y")^ fnj *n'7!3'7^^ «<> os not to give seed to his brother. 
 W) *l70D nOKD'V and he hath rejected thee that thou mayest not 
 
 be king. 
 
 (5) IT n'7SJ" p nnj^l^* and now, lest he put forth his hand. 
 
 5. a. nDnXn nX n^i^n 'D^^ when thou tUlest the ground, etc. 
 
 ilsa.6:2. 
 
 s Josh. 3:7. 
 
 sHab.3:16. 
 
 13 1 Sam. 15:: 
 
 21Chron.l3:4. 
 
 6 Ex. 20:8. 
 
 10 Gen. 11:7. 
 
 14 Gen. 3:22. 
 
 "Deut. 28:37. 
 
 'Ex. 4:5. 
 
 nPs.l9:U. 
 
 IS Gen. 4:12. 
 
 <Pb. 8:6. 
 
 « Gen. 21:30. 
 
 "Gen. 38:9. 
 
 
 * Ewald, Hebrew Syntax, p. 232. 
 
? *'•] BT AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 135 
 
 'DlfJ^ 172 *njJ'"inn ^^^ wAew J&ep< «i7em*, wiy bones wasted. 
 "• 2*^^ IB'ND *n'l^ antZ a« «oow. a« he came nigh. 
 '^^ iri2EJ'D 137232 'n*1* oradf t« came to pass, when he began to reign, 
 
 as soon as he sat upon, etc. [over. 
 
 ^- 1"12J7' D")C3 OSS' ')J''!?*1* and they lodged there before they passed 
 *• /M? nj^ nJD?^ *2E'^ remain a widow until he be grown. 
 
 "^nj riK 1J'12J7 ILI'K 1)^^ until we passed over the brook. 
 /• D'JiKn P!^ T7\l IMK^ a/fe'' ^e hath talcen out the stones. 
 
 ri*2n DK nilfpn nnK'^ a/^r he hath scraped the house. 
 9- T\'iP\Q "^K *riN2 fNO* since I came unto Pharaoh. 
 
 "inij/ 7K T^^T tND® «mce </ioM didst speak unto thy servant. 
 ^- DnXif '^lD 'iTV a»£^ «« o/ifen a« i^ej/ werai out. 
 
 121N 'HD^^ «« o/(!€Ji as I speak. 
 
 4. The more common methods of expressing consequence and purpose 
 are the following : 
 
 a. Clauses indicating result or consequence, with Imperfect intro- 
 duced by the particles "IB'N or 1'2 • 
 
 b. Clauses indicating purpose or intention, 
 
 (1) with an Imperfect following IB'N ; 
 
 (2) with an Infinitive following *? ; 
 
 (3) with an Imperfect following J^D'? ; 
 
 (4) with an Imperfect following "ll^JI^S 5 
 
 (5) with an Imperfect not accompanied by an introductory par- 
 ticle. 
 
 c. Clause of negative purpose, 
 
 (1) with an Imperfect following i^ "l^N j 
 
 (2) with an Imperfect following "^N (or "73) ; 
 
 (3) with an Infinitive following 'J^'727 ; 
 
 (4) with an Infinitive or noun governed by f p ; 
 
 (5) with an Imperfect following ft] . 
 
 5. The more common methods of expressing time are as follows : 
 
 a. Clauses with Perfect or Imperfect following '3 when, quum. 
 
 b. Clauses with Perfect or Imperfect following '1B'N3 as soon as, 
 when. 
 
 IPs. 32:3. 4josb. 3:1. i Lev. 14:43. lo 1 Sam. 18:3 
 
 2 Ex. 32:19. 6 Gen. 38:11. s Ex. 5:23. njer. 20:8. 
 
 >]Kgs. 16:11. cDeut. 2:14. s Ex. 4:10. 
 
136 HEBKEW SYNTAX [2 48. 
 
 c. Clauses with Infinitive following 3 or D . t^^ former = while, 
 when ; the latter, as soon as, when. 
 
 d. Clauses with Imperfect, rarely Perfect, following D"l£3 or D")t35 
 before. 
 
 e. Clauses with Perfect or Imperfect following nj7 , 'IK'Nt HJZ ^'***^ 
 
 (ef. also ♦s -\ii , Dx i^ri. 
 
 f. Clauses with finite verb, or Infinitive, following *ltlK , HIlN 
 after (cf. p nHN). 
 
 g. Clauses with finite verb or Infinitive after fKO svruie. 
 
 h. Clauses with finite verb or Infinitive after ♦'ID as often as. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.6:2 Ic. Isa. 28:19 Bh. 
 
 0611.12:03 36. Isa. 38:15,16 3c. 
 
 Gen. 18:33; 27:40 5b. Isa. 43:2 5a. 
 
 Gen. 24:15 5d. Jer.l:5 5d. 
 
 Gen. 24:41 5a. Jer. 13:21; 15:15 2&. 
 
 Gen.46:3 2o. Jer.l8:7; 34:8,9 3d. 
 
 Ex. 2:2 lo. Jer. 36:9 2a. 
 
 Ex. 9:14 46. Jer. 44:18 5ff. 
 
 Ex. 12:34 5d. Ezek. 40:1 5/. 
 
 Ex.l3:17 4e. Hos. 5:15; 10:12 56. 
 
 Lev. 9:6 Id. Hos. 7:12 5b. 
 
 Lev. 14:43 5/. Amos 7:4 3d. 
 
 Num. 20:21 2a. Jonah 4:8 2a. 
 
 Deut. 4:40; 29:5 4b. Zech.8:20 lo. 
 
 Deut. 24:4 5/. Ps.8:4 5o. 
 
 Deut. 28:35,57 4a. Ps. 9:15 lb. 
 
 Judg. 2:18 5a. Ps. 55:7-9 3c. 
 
 Judg. 4:24 5e. Ps. 76:8 50. 
 
 ISam. 8:6 5b. Ps. 104:27 3d. 
 
 2 Sam. 1:4 3a. Ps. 119:58 3a. 
 
 2Sam.21:4 3b. Job6:ll; 7:13; 15:14 4a. 
 
 lKgs.B:17; 11:28 Ic. Job 16:4,5; 31:1-4 3c. 
 
 IKgs. 14:28 5?i. Jobl6:8; 30:28 4b. 
 
 IKgs. 15:13: 4c. lam. 1:10 Id. 
 
 2Kgs.2:9 6d. Dan. 1:3-5 3d. 
 
 2Kgs.9:37 4a. 1 Chron. 15:16; 17:25; 21:18; 22:2 3d. 
 
 Isa. 22:14 5e. 
 
 45. Conditional Sentences. 
 
 1. a. "l'"! vOX nXlfO fi^y^^ if thou hast found honey, eat (only) enough 
 
 for thee. 
 
 ilDl ViX riK 2ti^^ and if he leaves his father, he will die. 
 iProv. 25:16. a Gen. 44:22. 
 
2 48.] BY AN ESTDUCTIVB METHOD. 137 
 
 6. nyri O^tJ'On N^ON n'i(^ if I find fifty rlgUeous. 
 
 c. 17*DB'* lODn 1?^ if they had been wise they would understand. 
 
 d. "IJll n^mn "i "> "hil^ except T. of hosts had left to us. 
 
 e. *l!li'7i "lOKn 'D* if thou shalt say in thy heart. 
 
 f. nnrt DX 'D iW* N?^ ** <^oes «.of retum unless it has watered. 
 2. a X"? DN n'On 'J^ 'itJ* riN^ mj? ^o «o«,« thou shalt Mil if 1 
 
 do not, etc. {by me. 
 
 ♦i '♦ *13T }<'? D1 JJTl • • ■ • DX'' *y «^0M return, T. hath not spohen 
 
 b. ♦jrnOJi'') TlNCOn Oa^iflsinthouwatchestme. 
 
 c- nJ*0*N"l '7NDtJ'n DN* */ i^'* goest to the left, then I will go to 
 
 the right. 
 d- ^JnriT'E' finP 'D'^" for then thou hadst sent me away. 
 
 1. The protasis of a conditional sentence may be introduced 
 
 a. Without an introductory conditional particle of any kind, in 
 which case the conditional idea is indicated by the logical relation of the 
 clause to that with which it may be connected (see below). 
 
 6. By the particle DN" */ (negative, ^}7 DX if not, unless), less 
 often il!^il'^ if, used with the Perfect, Imperfect, Participle," or Infini- 
 tive'* (with suffix). 
 
 c. By the particle I*? if implying that the statement made is one 
 which is not true or cannot be fulfilled ; it is used with the Perfect, 
 Imperfect, Participle, and in elliptical expressions with the Imperative. 
 
 d. By the particle ^^)'7 (= )'7 if, '"]? = iih not), implying that 
 the condition has a real existence, used with the Perfect, Imperfect, or 
 Participle. 
 
 e. By the particle '3 , properly so let it be assumed, suppose that, 
 
 if;''f 
 
 f. By the particle DK ♦^ but if, unless,^ always after a negative. 
 
 2. The apodosis of a conditional sentence may be introduced, 
 
 a. Without any introductory particle. 
 
 b. By Waw Consecutive, the verb standing in the tense demanded 
 by the context. 
 
 c. By Waw Conjunctive, a rare usage. 
 
 d. By nnj^ '3 1 or tK ♦3'' for now, in that case. 
 
 1 Gen. 18:26. 4Deut.7:17. JlEgs. 22:38. 9 Gen. 13:9. 
 
 aDeut.32:29. e Isa. 55:10. «Jol) 10:14. "Gen. 31:42. 
 
 3 lea. 1:9. 6 Gen. 42:37. 
 
138 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 48. 
 
 3- l^N'DK K"? DK n'On 'J5 *J£J* riK^ '"-^^ ^^o sons thou shall kill 
 if I do {shall) not hring him hack. 
 
 "IJl "^fl' N*? "^'H p'? tViV UW if he shall become a worthy man, 
 there shall not fall, etc. 
 
 a. "IJI ♦nNtrJV.-.D'pii; D»B'Dn----NifDK DN^ if I shall find 
 fifty righteous.. . .then I shall pardon. 
 
 b- nptriD 'nrjp'? (?nn) n"? dni* «»c? »/ <aom wi7< wot give, i mii 
 
 take it by force. 
 
 4. nJQ* 'ljnr----mJD'? LJ"N '7DV DK^ */ « wcm should he able to 
 number. . . .thy seed might be numbered. 
 
 rii Dmtj' M^.y-'-wf^^n b^z vh}}t^ ^y though sahyion 
 
 should mount to heaven. . . .spoilers would come to her. 
 
 5. ")3T K'lLJ' mN"l7 N!3 DN^ */ he (at any time) hath come to visit 
 me, he will speak falsehood. 
 
 DpJ D'B'N- • • -'Din TPli 'niJtS' DN^ if at any tim^ I have whet my 
 
 glittering sword I will requite vengeance. 
 
 a- 'nXEDhV-.-VriX'^n a'? DN^ if I have not brought him bach, 
 
 then I shall he guilty, 
 h. 1:1 rr^t^a '♦ nn 'D-.-.Tlfn ^a"" grass wHl wither if the 
 breath of Y. hath blown upon it. 
 
 6. Dip* N'7--.-rrmj....rr':3X N'Jn DJ<" if her father shall have 
 disallowed her her vows shall not stand. 
 
 a. IKiV . . ."^J/am nNQ£3J DK^^ if she shall have defiled herself, 
 and been faithless, then they shall com,e. 
 
 7. DDHK 'JlJirr ab DDIK On^rrrr l^^ if you had kept them alive,l 
 should not have killed you. 
 
 ir'n DnDD. . . .1^"? 'yr\'\r\ "H '♦ ^bi7^^ except r. of hosts had left ns 
 a very small remnant, we should have been as Sodom, etc. [stand this. 
 a- DNf l^'^SJ'* lODh "l*?^^ if they had been wise, they would under- 
 
 nxr *ipn» 'k K'^n wi'tn dsj' i^hdb' dn^^ */ we ^od 
 
 forgotten the name of our God would not God find this out ? 
 
 iGen.42:37. 8Gen.l3:16. 9Gen.43:9. i3judg.8:19. 
 
 slKgs.l:B2. eJer.51:53. n«l8a.«):7. ulsa.liS. 
 
 s Gen. 18:26. vPs.41:7. n Num. 30:6. "Deut. 32:29. 
 
 <1 Sam. 2:16. «Deut. 32:41. "Num. B:27. «Pb. 44:21,22. 
 
2 48.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 139 
 
 As regards the usage of tense in conditional sentences the principles 
 given in ?? 16.-24. hold good. It is only necessary, therefore, to classify 
 the more important forms. 
 
 3. In theirs* form, the protasis presents distinctly a future case (as, 
 if I [shall) find him), and the apodosis denotes what will he the result (as, 
 Ivdll inform him). The Imperfect is employed in both.''>^>'i But in the 
 apodosis there is found also 
 
 a. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive instead of the Imperfect 
 (? 25. 1. 6). 
 
 6. The Perfect of certainty which is equivalent to an Imperfect 
 (? 19. 1). 
 
 4. In the second form, the protasis presents a future case, but less 
 distinctly (as, if I should find him) ; the apodosis denotes what would 
 (or might) he the result. The Imperfect is employed in both.^'™'" 
 
 5. In the third form, the protasis presents a future case, but one 
 of an entirely uncertain and indefinite character, and regarded from the 
 stand-point of the past (as, if I shall have at any time found him) ; the 
 apodosis denotes what will he the result in case this contingency is 
 realized. Here the Perfect is found in the protasis" and the Imperfect in 
 the apodosis ; but in the apodosis there is also found 
 
 a. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive instead of the Imperfect 
 (5 25. 1. 6.). 
 
 5. The Perfect in the sense of the Future Perfect (? 19. 3). 
 
 6. In ihe: fourth form the protasis presents a case either strictly past, 
 or past as viewed from a definite moment fixed in the context (as, if 1 
 have in the past, or shall have at a particular time, found him) the apodo- 
 sis denotes what will he the result immediately or at the particular 
 moment referred to. The Perfect^ (either present perfect, ? 17. 2, or 
 perfect of the immediate past, 2 18. 1, or future perfect, I 19. 3) is used 
 in the protasis, the Imperfect in the apodosis ; but in the apodosis there 
 is also found 
 
 a. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive instead of the Imperfect 
 (2 25. 1. h.). 
 
 7. In the fifth form, the protasis presents a case which is supposed 
 not to have been fulfilled (as, t/ 7 Aot^/oamci Aim,); the apodosis denotes 
 what would have heen the result if the supposed case had been realized 
 (as, I should have informed him). The Perfect is used in both mem- 
 bers.S"'"'*'' But in the apodosis there is found 
 
 a. The Imperfect instead of the Perfect, when reference is made to 
 the present (as, I should now inform him). 
 
140 HEBKEW STNTAX [2 48, 
 
 8. a. jnO") V2X DK ifyi-^ "rat^ («/) ^« ^fi"''^ his father, he will die. 
 
 Dpi D)?n '?D HNII^ «»<^ (*/) "'^^ the people saw, they stood up. 
 
 31D I'^DNI '*??< li^DtS'* (*/ 3/«) hearken to me \_and\ [ye will) 
 
 eat good. 
 
 nJDNI *'7j^ '11D5J' nDpJ' Of i^ou wilt) specify to me thy hire 
 [and] I mil give it. 
 
 JJ'^K PXI N'lK')® a'td {if) Hooked, there was no man. 
 c. nnNH nDnl TINQ n'^in HJIT' lehoM, thou goest from me and 
 a lion shall slay thee. [avenged, etc. 
 
 Dp' Wni^^ti^ rp Jin ^^^ should any one kill Cain, he shall he 
 
 9. a. l'? I^a '^DO npK DN^ (™»2/ he punish me) if I take of all that 
 
 is thine = J will not take. 
 
 n^i^a p-.-.Dmm itrxD n"? dk^" (<?o(? do so tom^, and 
 
 more also), if J do not do according to what ye have spoken = I will 
 surely do it. 
 i. 'JflQ I'K DNT DDNDn Nt^n DX nn^Vla»»<^ now if thou wHt 
 forgive their sin [it is well], hut if not, blot me out. 
 
 c. ''in^ll on 'D ^rb^a a'?^^ IwHl not let thee go... .yes, if thou 
 bless me, {then Twill let thee go). 
 
 d. p"l'n 1'2)?!2 2fi^l^ Ij'^Nin i7^^ oh that we had been content and 
 had remained beyond the Jordan. 
 
 8. Certain classes of sentences, conditional in force, though not in 
 form, may be grouped as follows : 
 
 a. Sentences containing two members, each of which has as its verb 
 a Perfect with Waw Consecutive (as, and fused to find him, and inform 
 him, or and I find him, and I inform him = and if I found him I should 
 inform him, or and if I find him, I inform him). This Perfect is a fre- 
 quentative (? 25. 1. a). The usage occurs in the sphere of past, present 
 or future time. 
 
 b. Sentences containing two members, both of which have Impera- 
 tives ; or one, an Imperative, the other a Jussive or Cohortative ; or both, 
 Jussives (as, find him and inform, him = if you find him, you shall 
 
 1 Gen. 44:22. 
 
 5 Gen. 30:28. 
 
 8 Gen. 4:15. 
 
 u Ex. 32:32. 
 
 2 Ex. 33:10. 
 
 6lsa.41:28. 
 
 s Gen. 14:23. 
 
 "Gen. 32:27. 
 
 3 Gen. 27:4. 
 
 ■> 1 Kgs. 20:36. 
 
 10 Num. 14:28. 
 
 isJoBh.7:7. 
 
 <Isa.e5:2. 
 
 
 
 
i 4:8.J BT AN rUDUCTIVE METHOD. 141 
 
 inform Mm, or find him and I mil inform him, or let me find him and I 
 will inform, him).''* 
 
 e. Sentences with a participle (often preceded by Jl^il) in the pro- 
 tasis, an Imperfect, or Perfect with Waw Consecutiye in the apodosis. 
 
 9. In certain usages, one or the other member of the conditional is 
 regularly omitted. This is seen in 
 
 a. In the expression of the oath, the apodosis, viz., I lift my hand 
 to God that he may punish me, or God do so to me and more also, having 
 been dropped. Here QX = assuredly not ; i^ D}i{ = assuredly. 
 
 b. In the case of the first apodosis of two consecutive conditional 
 sentences, this apodosis being easily supplied from the context. 
 
 c. In the case of the elliptical conjunction D{«{ ^3 = yes, if, the 
 real apodosis having strictly to be supplied." 
 
 d. In the expression of a wish which is not, or cannot be, realized. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) For DN In the sense of although, 1 Sam. 16:17; Jer. 5:2; 14:7. 
 (6) See Ex. 4:1; 8:23 and compare njn , 8 48. 8. c. 
 
 (c) See Judg. 9:15: 11:9; 1 Sam. 6:3. 
 
 (d) Cf. nOK DK (Job 9:21) If my 8aviiw = if I eay. 
 (6) Cf. sentences introduced by ''2 when, 8 47. 5. a. 
 
 (/) Cf. the distinction between DK and '3 In Ex. 21:2-5, where '3 Is used before a 
 general ordinance, DK , before the particular details. 
 
 (ff) To be distinguished from this are other usages of DX '3 , viz., (1) that i/, became 
 */,/ori/, e.g., IKgs. 20:6; Deut. 11:22, and (2) 6ut, the □« having lost its force, Ps. 1:1; 
 Josh. 17:3. 
 
 Qi) Here belong cases in which the protasis has been omitted, e. g., Ex. 9:15; 1 Sam. 
 13:13; 3Kgs.l3:19. 
 
 (i) The voluntatlve Imperfect or Imperative may be substituted for the ordinary 
 Imperfect, b. g., 1 Sam. 20:21; 21:10; 2 Kgs. 2:10. 
 
 tf) The Participle (according to 8 20. 2. (h)) may also be substituted for the Imper- 
 fect, e. g.. Gen, 4:7; Lev. 21:9. 
 
 Qi) For cases In which the Imperfect in apodosis refers to the past in the fre- 
 quentative sense, see Gen. 31:8; Ex. 40:37. 
 
 (I) While the Greek uses in the first form the subjunctive, In the second the opta- 
 tive, and thus distinguishes them, the distinction In Hebrew can be seen only from 
 the context. 
 
 (m) When both members are parallel In thought, the particle is translated if; when 
 contrasted, It may be rendered by though. 
 
 (n) Here, too, the Participle may be substituted for the Imperfect. 
 
 (0) Notice that this Perfect Is continued by a Perfect with Waw Consecutive, not 
 by an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, e. g.. Gen. 43:9 ; Job 11:13,14. 
 
 (p) Notice that this Perfect Is continued by an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
 e. g., Judg. 9:16-19. 
 
 (g) By the omission of the apodosis there arises a common expression for a toisR 
 that has not been realized, e. g., Josh.7:7; Isa. 48:18,19; 63:19. 
 
142 
 
 HEBKETV" SYNTAX. 
 
 LM8. 
 
 (r) By the omission of the protasis and the use of Pinj? '3 arise such cases as 
 1 Sam. 13:13; Ex. 9:15, etc. 
 
 (8) Here the Oreeli likewise employs past tenses in both protasis and apodosis. 
 
 (1) Examine 2 Sam. 18:12; Ps. 81:14-17 and note the use of the Participle In the pro- 
 tasis and the Imperfect in the apodosis (as, if I found him now, I would tell him), 
 
 (u) Cf. S 23. 2. d., under which many of the cases here cited may also be classified, 
 e. g., do this and live may be do this that you may live, or if you do this, you will live. 
 
 (M> Here belong also DK ... DN ,*/... . if, whether. ...or, cf . idv te . . . Wi» Ti, 
 five . . . sive. 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 Gen. 24:8; 32:9 So. 
 
 Gen.32:29 9c. 
 
 Gen. 33:13 la. 
 
 Gen. 12:16 9o. 
 
 Gen. 42:18 86. 
 
 Gen. 42:38 8a. 
 
 Gen. 43:9 16. 
 
 Gen. 43:10 2d. 
 
 Gen. 46:33 le. 
 
 Ex. 4:14 8a. 
 
 Ex.7:9 86. 
 
 Ex. 7:9 le. 
 
 Ex. 19:6. 3o. 
 
 Num. 10:17,18 8a. 
 
 Num. 14:28 9o. 
 
 Num. 15:24; 35:22-24 6a. 
 
 Num. 32:23 3b. 
 
 Deut.4:29a 8a. 
 
 Deut. 6:20,21 3a. 
 
 Deut. 32:26 7 
 
 Deut. 32:27 Id. 
 
 Deut. 32:41 5 
 
 Josh. 14:9 9o. 
 
 Judg. 5:8 9o. 
 
 Judg.6:18 8a. 
 
 Judg. 9:16-20 9b. 
 
 Judg. 13:23 Ic. 
 
 1 Sam. 3:17- 9a. 
 
 1 Sam. 17:34,35 8o. 
 
 ISam 20:6 3o. 
 
 ISam. 25:34 Id. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:34 7 
 
 ISam. 26:19 6 
 
 2 Sam. 2:27 2d. 
 
 2 Sam. 3:35 9a. 
 
 2 Sam. 15:33 6o. 
 
 FOR STUDY. 
 
 2 Sam. 17:9 8c. 
 
 2 Sam. 18:12 Ic. 
 
 2 Sam. 18:13 7a. 
 
 lKgs.l:62 3 
 
 IKgs. 8:30 8a. 
 
 2KgB.3:14 Id. 
 
 2Kgs. 5:13 7a. 
 
 2Kgs. 7:4 5a. 
 
 2Kgs. 7:2,19 8c. 
 
 Isa. 1:15,18 4 
 
 Isa. 6:13 la. 
 
 Isa. 8:9,10 8b. 
 
 Isa. 22:14 9a. 
 
 Jer.2:22 4 
 
 Jer. 18:4,'8 8a. 
 
 Jer.33:25,2e' 6 
 
 Jer. 49:9b 5b. 
 
 Ezek. 33:9 6 
 
 Hos. 12:13 36. 
 
 Amos3:7 9c 
 
 Amos 5:4,6 8b. 
 
 Ps. 7:4,6 6 
 
 Ps. 7:4,6 16. 
 
 Ps.23:4; 27:3; 60:12 4 
 
 Ps.63:7; 94:18 5 
 
 Ps. 73:15 7 
 
 Ps. 75:3 3 
 
 Ps. 119:16 8b. 
 
 Prov. 3:9,10; 4:8; 20:13,26 86- 
 
 Prov. 6:22,31 la. 
 
 Prov.25:21 5 
 
 Job 7:4; 21:6 6a. 
 
 Job 9:15,16 7o. 
 
 Kuth 3:18 9e. 
 
INDEXES 
 
INDEX OF TOPICS. 
 
 [The references are to sections, unless otherwise indicated.] 
 
 Accusative of limitation 
 
 6. 1. K. (a); 6. 2. H. (6) 
 
 Accusative of specification 33. 8. a-d. 
 
 Accusative with an Infinitive in de- 
 pendent sentences 47. 2. a, b. 
 
 Accusative with the passive, four 
 oases of 35.1-4. 
 
 Adjectival Imperfect 21. 4. 
 
 Adjective in annexion with a follow- 
 ing substantive 9. 1. 
 
 Adjective, the 10: 
 
 Adjective, treated as a substantive 
 10.1.a,b. 
 
 Adjective used as a predicate 10. 3. 
 
 Adjective used in an attributive sense 
 10.2. a,b, c. 
 
 Adjective, with the article prefixed . . 5. 2. 
 
 Adjectives, comparison of, how ex- 
 pressed 10. 4. a, b. 
 
 Adjectives, used as neuter substan- 
 tives a. 2. b. E. (e) 
 
 Adjectives with a collective sense 
 1.2.R.(c) 
 
 Adverb following nt^N 13.1. 
 
 Adverb used as predicate 37. 4. o. 
 
 Adverb used as subject 37. 1. 
 
 Adverbial accusative as the predicate 
 of a sentence 37. 4. c. 
 
 Adverbial accusative designating 
 time ., 33. 3. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing des- 
 ignations of extent, duration, 
 cmiount 33. 3. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing des- 
 ignations of place 33. 1. a, b. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing lim- 
 itation 33. 8. a-d. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing mods 
 or manner 33. 5. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing 
 (rarely) the Instrument 33. 6. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing state 
 or conditUm 33. 4. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing the 
 effect or consequence of the action 
 of the verb 33. 7. 
 
 Adverbial accusative of specification 
 33. 8. a-d. 
 
 Adverbial accusative remaining with 
 the passive 35. 3. 
 
 Agreement, exceptions to the general 
 principles of 40. 4-7. 
 
 Agreement of number and gender, 
 general principles of 40. 1-3. 
 
 DX in optative expressions 43. 3. b. 
 
 DK as an interrogative particle..43. i. a, b. 
 
 Annexion 8, 9. 
 
 Annexion defined 8. 
 
 Annexion, inseparability of words in. .9. 2. 
 
 Annexion, periphrasis fer by means 
 of the preposition 1 9. 5. 
 
 Annexion, use of, to express the su- 
 perlative Idea 9.4. 
 
 Annexion, varieties of 8. 1-4. 
 
 Antithesis, expressed by 1 44. 1. «.. 
 
 Apodosis of a conditional sentence, 
 how introduced 48.2. a-d. 
 
 Apposition and Annexion closely 
 related 6.3. d. R. (e) 
 
 Apposition, kinds of 6. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 Apposition, verbal 36. 1-5. 
 
 Article may, contrary to the general 
 law, stand between words in an- 
 nexion 9. 2. a. 
 
 Article not used with Infinitive Con- 
 struct 29. 1. H. (a) 
 
 Article, omitted after h'S 5. 1. a. (2) 
 
 " in poetry 5.4. 
 
 Article retaining its original demon- 
 strative force 12. 1. 0. 
 
 Article, the, classification of 4. 3. 
 
 Article, use of, with numerals . .15. 7. a, b. 
 
 lEyX, apartlcle, nota pronoun 13. 
 
 Asyndeton, cases of 44. 4. a-d. 
 
 nX, employment of 34. 1-11. 
 
 Circumstantial clauses, three classes 
 of 45. 1-3. 
 
 Cognate Accusative 32. 1-4 
 
 Cohortative Imperfect 23. 
 
 Cohortative, the, and the Arabic ener- 
 getie 23. B. (d) 
 
146 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Cohortative, the, expressing a wish or 
 request 23. 2. c. 
 
 Cohortative, the, indicating self-ex- 
 citement 23. 2. b. 
 
 Cohortative, the, in subordinate ^Tial 
 sentences 23. 2. d. 
 
 Cohortative, the, marking a strong de- 
 termination to do a given thing 23. 2. a. 
 
 Collective Nouns, classification of..l. 1-4. 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives, how ex- 
 pressed 10. 4. a, b. 
 
 Conditional Perfect 19.4. 
 
 Conditional sentence, introduction of 
 the apodosis of a 48. 2. a-d. 
 
 Conditional sentence, introduction of 
 the protasis of a 48. 1. a-f. 
 
 Conditional sentence, usage of tense 
 in 48.3-r. 
 
 Conditional sentences with one mem- 
 ber omitted 48. 9. a-d. 
 
 Conjunction employed in connecting 
 circumstantial clauses with the 
 principal clause 46. 1. 
 
 Conjunction, omission of, before cir- 
 cumstantial clauses 45. 2. 
 
 Conjunction, the Copulative, demon- 
 strative use of 44. 3. a-c. 
 
 Conjunction, the Copulative, omission 
 of 44. 4. a-d. 
 
 Construct definite- by position 9. 3. b. 
 
 Construct incomplete, and in itself in- 
 definite 9.3. 
 
 Copulative sentences 44. 
 
 Demonstrative pronoun 12. 
 
 Demonstrative pronouns, antithetic 
 use of 12. 1. g. 
 
 Demonstrative pronoim in attribu- 
 tive position 12. 1. a. 
 
 Demonstrative pronoun, omission of 
 12.1. f. 
 
 Dependent sentences without intro- 
 ductory particle 47. 1. d. 
 
 Dependent sentences with the force 
 ota,n object 47 1. b. 
 
 Dependent sentences with the force 
 Ota, subject 47. 1. a. 
 
 Determination of nouns 4, 5. 
 
 Direct discourse, how introduced. 47. 3. a. 
 
 Direct discourse, occurrence of .47. 3. c. d. 
 
 Direct questions introduced by 'p or 
 nn 12. 2. d. 
 
 Distributives, how expressed 15. 9. a. 
 
 Dual, the, use of.-. 3. 5. a-o. 
 
 Emphasis, how expressed 39. 1-7. 
 
 Enclitic use of SID 12. 1. e. K. (c) 
 
 Exclamatory sentences 43. 1, 2. 
 
 remininesin D''_ 2. 1. a. 
 
 Feminine nouns, three classes of 2. 2. 
 
 Fractions, how expressed IS. 9. c. 
 
 Frequentative Imperfect— its origin. 
 20.2. K.(/) 
 
 Frequentative Imperfect, used to ex- 
 press repeated acts, etc 20. 2. 
 
 Future Imperfect, corresponding to 
 future tense 22. 1. 
 
 Future Perfect, what it denotes 19. 3. 
 
 Gender of nouns 2. 
 
 Government of the Participle... 27. 1. a, b. 
 
 n , as an interrogative particle.. 42. 2. a-d, 
 
 n , omission of, for euphonic reasons. 
 42.2. E.(6) 
 
 N7n , employed as an interrogative 
 particle 42.3. 
 
 'n , use of, in oaths 43. 2. b. 
 
 He locative 9.2. a. 
 
 Historical Perfect 17. 1. 
 
 Imperative Imperfect 22. 3. a-d. 
 
 Imperative, the, in poetry in place of 
 the Imperfect 23. 1. K. (/) 
 
 Imperfect, adjectival 21. 4. 
 
 Imperfect as an indieative 23. 
 
 Imperfect, cohortative 23. 
 
 Imperfect, definite frequentative... 21. 2. 
 
 Imperfect expressing general truths 
 18.3. B.(e); 21.3. E. (6) 
 
 Imperfect, frequentative, its origin 
 20. 2.B. (/) 
 
 Imperfect, future 22. L 
 
 Imperfect, how it differs in usage 
 from the participle 20. 2. R. (h) 
 
 Imperfect, imperative 32. 3. a-d. 
 
 Imperfect, incipient 21. 1. 
 
 Imperfect, incipient, in a series of 
 perfects for the sake of vividness 
 21.1. R.(o) 
 
 Imperfeet, incipient, usage of . .20. 1. a, b. 
 
 Imperfect in circumstantial clauses 
 30.1.a.B.(d) 
 
 Imperfect in clauses expressing time 
 47. 5. a, b, d, c. 
 
 Imperfect in clauses indicating jmr- 
 pose or intention 47. 4. b. 
 
 Imperfect in clauses indicating result 
 or consequence 47. 4. a. 
 
 Imperfect in clauses of negative pur- 
 pose 47. 4. c. 
 
 Imperfect, indefluite frequentative. 21. 3. 
 
 Imperfect inserted in a series of per- 
 fects 20.1. a. R. (c) 
 
 Imperfect instead of the participle in 
 descriptions 20. 1. a. B. (d) 
 
 Imperfect, jussive 23. 
 
 Imperfect, potential, denoting per- 
 mission and concession 22. 2. b. 
 
 Imperfect, potential, denoting possi- 
 biLity and capability 22. 2. a. 
 
 Imperfect, subjunctive, in certain 
 forms of conditional sentences.22. 4. b. 
 
 Imperfect subjunctive in expressions 
 otindefiniteness anAuncertoMity. 33. 4. a. 
 
 Imperfect, subjunctive, in final sen- 
 tences after conjunctions 33. 4. c. 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVB METHOD. 
 
 147 
 
 Imperfect, used of future events 22. 
 
 Imperfect, used of past events 20. 
 
 Imperfect, used of present events 21. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive, 
 26. 2. a-o. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 24. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the opodosis 24. 2. g. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the relation of aceessory 
 eircwmglamce 24. 2. d. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the relation of ampli/ica- 
 tion 24. 2. e. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the relation of chronolog- 
 ical sequence 24. 2. a. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the relation of conse- 
 qmncc 24. 2. b. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the relation of contrast. 
 24.2. c. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the relation of explana- 
 tion 24. 2. f. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
 used to continue a sentence intro- 
 duced by an infinitive or a parti- 
 ciple 24.5. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
 used to describe events or condi- 
 tions belonging to the past, pres- 
 ent or future 24. 1. a-c. 
 
 Incipient Imperfect, giving force and 
 vividness to an action 21. 1. 
 
 Incipient Imperfect in a series of per- 
 fects for the sake of vividness 
 21.1. B.(a) 
 
 Incipient Imperfect representing an 
 action as beginning or in move- 
 ment 20.1. 
 
 Incipient Imperfect, usage of. . .20. 1. a. b. 
 
 Indefinite frequentative Imperfect, 
 distinguished from the perfect of 
 experience 21. 3. B. (6) ; cf . 18. 3. 
 
 Indefinite frequentative Imperfect, 
 used of truths universally admit- 
 ted 21.3. 
 
 Indefinite Past, perfect of 17.3. 
 
 Indefinite pronouns, variously ex- 
 pressed 14.2. a-f. 
 
 Indeflniteness expressed by in K 5. 3. 
 
 Indirect questions introduced by 'D 
 or no 12.2. d. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute after a Perfect, or 
 an Imperfect with Waw Cons. .28. 4. a. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as an adverbial 
 accusative .28. 2. b. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
 the cohortative 28. 5. d. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
 the Imperative 28. 5. c. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
 the Imperfect 28. 5. b. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
 the Perfect 28. 5. a. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as cognate or ab- 
 solute accusative; various cases 
 of 28. 3. a-d. 
 
 Inflnitivo Absolute as the object of a 
 finite verb 28. 2. a. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute frequently in Qai 
 when the finite verb is of a differ- 
 ent stem 28.3. R. (d) 
 
 Infinitive Absolute governing a noun 
 in the accusative 28. 1. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute, use of, to con- 
 tinue the verbal idea introduced 
 bf an Imperfect 28. 4. b. 
 
 Infinitive Construct as a noun in the 
 accusative 29. 1. d. 
 
 Infinitive Construct as a.noun in the 
 genitive 29. 1. b, c. 
 
 Infinitive Construct as a noun in the 
 nominative 29. 1. a. 
 
 Infinitive Construct followed by sub- 
 ject and object 29.2. c. 
 
 Infinitive Construct followed by a 
 subject, two cases 29. 2. b. 
 
 Infinitive Construct followed by direct 
 object 29. 2. a. 
 
 Infinitive Construct followed by the 
 Perfect or Imperfect with Waw 
 Consecutive 29. 5. b. 
 
 Infinitive Construct used to continue 
 a sentence introduced by an Im- 
 perfect or Participle 29. 5. a. 
 
 Infinitive Construct with ^ph^b 29. 6. 
 
 Infinitive Construct with 7 , force of 
 the construction 29. 3. a-e. 
 
 Infinitive Construct with 7 when In- 
 finitive alone would have an- 
 swered : three cases 29. 4. a-c. 
 
 Infinitive in clauses expressing 
 time 47. 5. c, f , g, h. 
 
 Infinitive in clauses indicating pur- 
 pose or intention 47. 4. b. 
 
 Infinitive in clauses of negative pur- 
 pose 47. 4. V. 
 
 Infinitive in dependent sentences . 47.2.a-c. 
 
 Infinitive, the, never receives the arti- 
 cle, exception 4. 1. b. E. (c) 
 
 Interrogative Adverbs, partial list of 
 42.6. a-e. 
 
 Interrogative force, without interro- 
 gative particle 42. 1. 
 
 Interrogative pronouns used with a 
 relative force 4fi. R. (a) 
 
 Jussive Imperfect 23 
 
 Jussive, the, and the Arabic Jussive 
 23.R. W 
 
U8 
 
 HEBREW STNTAX 
 
 Jussive, the, a voluntative Imperfect. 23. 
 
 Jussive, the, expressing a posifitie com- 
 mand 23. 1. a. 
 
 Jussive, the, expressing benediction^ 
 imprecation, threateniny 23. 1. d. 
 
 Jussive, the, expressing conditional 
 or finalideas 23. 1. e. 
 
 Jussive, the, expressing entreaty... 23. 1. o. 
 
 Jussive, the, expressing permissimi.23. 1. b. 
 
 Jussive, the, in poetry in place of the 
 Imperfect 23. 1. K. (/) 
 
 Jussive, the, is used only of the second 
 and third persons 23. 1. 
 
 h3 , peculiarities of 8. 2. b. E. (b) 
 
 \, force of, with Infinitive Con- 
 struct 29. 3. a-e. 
 
 >h in optative expressions 43.3. a. 
 
 Masculine nouns, two classes of 2. 1. 
 
 Masculines in Hi 2. 1. a. 
 
 no as an indefinite pronoun 13. 2. e. 
 
 mi may stand in any case 12. 2. c. 
 
 'P and no , dlfi'erence between.42.5. a, b. 
 
 ^P as an indefinite pronoun 12. 2. e. 
 
 ' P in optative expressions 43. 3. c. 
 
 Negative combined with 73 or IVX 
 to express nothing, no one ' 41. 7. 
 
 Negative, more than one employed at 
 times for emphasis 41. 6. 
 
 Negative, omission of, in the case of 
 two successive negative sentences. 
 41.8. 
 
 Negative, the, with the Participle... 41. 3. 
 
 Negatives commonly used 41. 1. 
 
 Negatives— difference between K 7 and 
 78* 41.1.a,b. 
 
 Negatives employed with the Imper- 
 fect and Jussive in prohibition. 
 23. 1. a. R. (9) 
 
 Negatives, position of 41. 1. 0. 
 
 Negatives used with Nouns 41. 5. a-e. 
 
 Negatives used with the Infinitive. 
 41. 4. a^d. 
 
 Negatives used with the Perfect and 
 Imperfect 41. 2. ar-f. 
 
 Neuter, the 2.3. 
 
 Nominative Absolute, cases of 7. 1-7. 
 
 Noun, as the predicate of a sentence. 
 37.4. b. 
 
 Nouns, apposition of 6. 
 
 Nouns (called epicene) distinguished 
 as masculine or feminine only by 
 construction 2. 2. a. (8) 
 
 Nouns, collective, classification of . .1. 1-4. 
 
 Nouns construed as feminine 2. 2. c. 
 
 Nouns definite by position or con- 
 struction 4. 2. 
 
 Nouns definite in themselves 4. 1. 
 
 Nouns, determination of 4 and 5. 
 
 Nouns expressing weights and meas- 
 ures, omission of 15. 2. c. E. (c) 
 
 Nouns, feminine, three classes of 2. 2. 
 
 Nouns, gender of 2. 
 
 Nouns made determinate by prefix- 
 ing the article 4. 3. 
 
 Nouns, masculine, two classes of 2. 1. 
 
 Nouns referring to female beings, 
 feminine 2. 2. a. 
 
 Noim, the, used collectively 1. 
 
 Noun with a pronominal sufBx, to be 
 regarded as in annexion with that 
 suffix 8. E.(/)) 
 
 Number 3. 
 
 Numeral Adverbs how expressed. .15. 9. b. 
 
 ,Numerals and the article 15. 7. a, b. 
 
 Numerals, various constructions of 
 15.1-9. 
 
 Omission of one of the members of 
 a conditional sentence 48. 9. a-d. 
 
 Optative sentences 43. 3. 
 
 Order of words in a sentence 38. 1, 2. 
 
 Ordinals, construction of 15. 8. a-o. 
 
 Participle as a noun followed by 
 another noun in the genitive. . .27. 1. u. 
 
 Participle as a verb governing the fol- 
 lowing noun as an accusative . . 27. 1. b. 
 
 Participle as a verb governing the fol- 
 lowing noun by means of preposi- 
 tions 27. 1. b. 
 
 Participle followed by a Perfect or 
 Imperfect 27. 5. b. 
 
 Participle followed by a Perfect or 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive. 
 27.5.0. 
 
 Participle followed by 7 rather than 
 by an accusative 27. 1. b. E. (d) 
 
 Participle following an Imperfect. 27. 5. a. 
 
 Participle, government of 27. 1. a, b. 
 
 Participle, how it differs in usage 
 from the Imperfect 20. 2. E. (ft) 
 
 Participle in annexion with a follow- 
 ing substantive 9.1. 
 
 Participle instead of the Imperfect, 
 to mark a fact liable to recur. . . 27. 3. a. 
 
 Participle in union with finite verbal 
 forms 27. 5. a-c. 
 
 Participle is, at times, followed by its 
 subject when the verbal idea is to 
 be emphasized 27. 4. a. 
 
 Participle preceded by njn . .27. 2. c. E. (7f) 
 
 Participle preceded by its subject. 27. 4. a. 
 
 Participle, the passive, equivalent to 
 the Latin participle in dus 27. 3. b. 
 
 Participle, the tense of 27. 2. a-c. 
 
 Participle, use of, with the article. 4. 3. f . 
 
 Participle with a finite verb, a rare 
 use in the earlier books. 27. 2. a. B. (g) 
 
 Participle with subject omitted... 27. 4. b. 
 
 Particles in optative expressions. 
 43. 3. a-c. 
 
 Perfect, conditional, used in certain 
 forms of conditional sentences. . .19. 4. 
 
BT AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 149 
 
 Perfect, future, what It denotes 19. 3. 
 
 Perfect, historical, employed in sim- 
 ple narration 17. 1. 
 
 Perfect in clauses of time. .47. 5. a, b, d, e. 
 
 Perfect, indefinite : 17. 3. 
 
 Perfect inserted in a series of Imper- 
 fects for variety or emphasis. .19. 2. b. 
 
 Perfect of certainty 19. 1. 
 
 Perfect of experience 18. 3. 
 
 Perfect of the immediate past 18. 1. 
 
 Perfect, Plu-, what it denotes 17. 4. 
 
 Perfect, precative, used to express a 
 wish 19. 4. K. (c) 
 
 Perfect, present 17. 2. 
 
 Perfect, prophetic, an extension of 
 the Perfect of certainty 19. 2. 
 
 Perfect, prophetic, cases of 19. 2. Sr-c. 
 
 Perfect, stative, to express a physical 
 or mental state 18. 2. 
 
 Perfect tense 16.1. 
 
 Perfect tense, used of past events 17. 
 
 Perfect, used in interrogation. 19. 4. K. (d) 
 
 Perfect, used of future events 19. 
 
 Perfect, used of present events 18. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Conjunctive in- 
 stead of the Imperfect with Waw 
 Consecutive 26. 1. a-c. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive 25. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
 to continue a sentence introduced 
 by an tnflnitive or participle 25. 5. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
 to describe events or conditions 
 belonging to the past 25. 1. a. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
 to describe events or conditions 
 belonging to the present 25.1.b. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
 to describe future events 25.1. c. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive vMh- 
 outa preceding Imperfect (or equiv- 
 alent) to introduce it 25. 2. a-d. 
 
 Personal Pronoun and SufBxes 11. 
 
 Personal Pronoun, employment of, 
 aside from its ordinary use. .11. 1. a-d. 
 
 Personification, in poetry, of nations, 
 countries and cities, as female 
 beings 2. 2. c. K. (ft) 
 
 Pluperfect, what it denotes 17. 4. 
 
 Plural form, the, of certain nouns 
 conveying a different shade of 
 meaning from the singular 3. 3. 
 
 Plural idea, the, how indicated. . .3. 1. a-c. 
 
 Pluralizing, the, of compound ideas, 
 how accomplished 3. 4. 
 
 Plurals, anomalous 3.5. c. 
 
 Plural terminaton in the designation 
 of ideas which in other languages 
 employ the singular 3. 2. a-c. 
 
 Potential Imperfect, cases under the— 
 some are to be regarded as Indic- 
 atives 22. 2. b. K. (b) 
 
 Potential Imperfect, denoting permis- 
 «fon and concession ZZ.Z.\>. 
 
 Potential Imperfect denoting possi- 
 bMtv and capabiltty 22. 2. a. 
 
 Precative Perfect, used to express a 
 wish 19. 4. B. (c) 
 
 Predicate, agreement of, when the 
 subject is a nominative in the con- 
 struct relation with a genitive. 
 40.5.a-o. 
 
 Predicate of the sentence may be an 
 adjective 37. 4. a. 
 
 Predicate of the sentence may be a 
 noun 37.4. b. 
 
 Predicate of the sentence may be a 
 prepositional phrase, adverbial ac- 
 cusative, or adverb .' 37. 4. c. 
 
 Predicate, when followed by the sub- 
 ject, may agree with it in gender 
 and number 40. 2. a. 
 
 Predicate, when followed by the sub- 
 ject, may assume the primary form 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 Predicate, when preceded by the sub- 
 ject, agrees with it in gender and 
 number 40. 1. 
 
 Predicate, when the subject is dual, 
 generally stands in the plural .... 40. 3. 
 
 Prepositional phrase, a, as the predi- 
 cate of a sentence 37. 4. li. 
 
 Prepositional phrase serving as the 
 subject of a sentence 37. 1. 
 
 Prepositions prefixed to the second of 
 two nouns in annexion 9. 2. b. 
 
 Present Perfect, what it denotes 17. 2. 
 
 Pronominal SufHx, following 1E?K re- 
 ceives from it a relative meaning. 13. 1. 
 
 Pronominal Suffixes (joined to parti- 
 cles) serving as the subject of a 
 sentence 37.1. 
 
 Pronominal Suffixes substituted for 
 the personal pronouns in all ob- 
 lique oases 11. 2. a-d. 
 
 Pronoun, Demonstrative and Inter- 
 rogative 12. 
 
 Pronoun, Demonstrative, connected 
 attributively with a definite noun, 
 has the article prefixed 5. 2. 
 
 Pronoun, Interrogative, with a rela- 
 tive force 46. E. (a) 
 
 Pronoun, Personal, employment of. 
 11.1. a-d. 
 
 Proper Names seldom found in an- 
 nexion ; apparent exceptions. 
 8. 1. a. B. (c) 
 
 Prophetic Perfect, an extension of 
 thePerfectof certainty 19.2. 
 
 Prophetic Perfect, different cases of. 
 19. 2. a-o. 
 
 Protasis of a conditional sentence, in- 
 troduction of 48. 1. a-f. 
 
 Relative Clause, how introduced 46. 
 
150 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX. 
 
 Belative Clause, the expansion of an 
 adjective or participle iS- 
 
 Eelatiye force of the interrogative 
 pronouns 46. R. (o) 
 
 Relative idea expressed by the article 
 with a participle 13. 4. b. 
 
 Relative idea expressed by the demon- 
 strative nt 13. 4. a. 
 
 Relative particle, omission of 13. 3. 
 
 Relative Pronoun 13. 
 
 llellexive Pronoun expressed by one 
 of three constructions 14. 1. a-c. 
 
 Relative sentences, five classes of . .46. 1-5. 
 
 Relative sentences introduced by ItJ'K 
 followed by aspecial pronoun, pro- 
 nominal sufBx or adverb 46. 1. a-d. 
 
 Relative sentences introduced by TtyS 
 not followed by a special pronoun, 
 pronominal sufllx or adverb. 46. 2. a-c. 
 
 Relative sentences with antecedent 
 (included in the relative particle 
 46. 3. a-c. 
 
 Relative sentences without an intro- 
 ductory particle 46. 4 and 5. 
 
 Sentence, a, sometimes interrogative, 
 though lacking an Interrogative 
 particle 42. 1. 
 
 Sentence, conditional, introduction of 
 theajjodosis of a 48. 2. a-d. 
 
 Sentence, conditional, introduction of 
 the protaaiii of 48. 1. a-f. 
 
 Sentence, construction of, when the 
 subject is impersonal 37. 3. a, b. 
 
 Sentence, constructions of, when the 
 subject is indefinite 37. 2. ar-d. 
 
 Sentence, order of words in a 38. 1. 2. 
 
 Sentences, Circumstantial 45. 
 
 Sentences, Conditional in force but 
 not in form, classification of .48. 8. a-c. 
 
 Sentences, Conditional, usage of tense 
 in ■ ....48.3-7. 
 
 Sentences, Conditional, with one mem- 
 ber omitted 48. 9. a-d. 
 
 Sentences, Copulative 44. 
 
 Sentences, Dependent, without intro- 
 ductory particle 47. 1. d. 
 
 Sentences, Dependent, with the force 
 of an object 47. 1. b. 
 
 Sentences, Dependent, with the force 
 of a subject 47. 1. a. 
 
 Sentences, Exclamatory 43. 1. 2. 
 
 Sentences, Optative 43. 3. 
 
 Sentences, Relative, five classes of .48. 1-5. 
 
 Sentences, Eeldtlve, introduced by 
 ntyX 46. 1 and 2. 
 
 Sentences, Relative, with antecedent 
 included in the relative particle 
 46.3. a-o. 
 
 Sentences, Relative, without an Intro- 
 ductory particle 46. 4, 5. 
 
 Sentence, variation from the usual 
 order of words in a 38. 3. a-d. 
 
 Stative Perfect, to express a physical 
 ormentalstate 18.2. 
 
 Subject and predicate united in one 
 of four ways 37. 6. a-d. 
 
 Subject, impersonal— construction of 
 the sentence 37. 3. a, b. 
 
 Subject indefinite— possible construc- 
 tions of the sentence 37. 2. a-d. 
 
 Subject of the participle, omission of 
 27. 4. b. 
 
 Subject of the participle, order of .27. 4. a. 
 
 Subjunctive Imperfect in certain 
 forms of conditional sentences. 
 22. 4. b. 
 
 Subjunctive Imperfect in expressions 
 of indefinitenesa and uncertainty. 
 22.4.a. 
 
 Subjunctive Imperfect in final sen- 
 tences after conjunctions 22. 4, c. 
 
 Tense has in Itself no indication of the 
 order of time 16. R. (1) 
 
 Tensein conditional sentences 48. 3-7. 
 
 Tense of the Participle 27. 2. a-c. 
 
 Tenses in general 16. 
 
 Tenses, peculiarities of 16. 1, 2. 
 
 Tenses, the distinction indicated by, 
 not necessarily a real one 16. R. (6) 
 
 Terms for the second person. .11. 1. R. (e) 
 
 Union of subject and predicate. 37. 5. a-d. 
 
 Use of tyaj with sulfix to express a 
 reflexive idea 8. 2. o. R. (d) 
 
 Use of the article after li 5. 1. a. 
 
 Use of the article with the second part 
 of a compound word 5. 1. b. 
 
 Verbal apposition and subordination, 
 various constructions of 36. 1-5. 
 
 Verbs denoting fullness or tocmt gov- 
 ern the accusative 30. 2. 
 
 Verbs denoting to clutlie and uneluthe 
 govern the accusative 30. 3. 
 
 Verbs denoting to go, or come, to dwM, 
 govern the accusative 30. 4. 
 
 Verbs (many), originally construed 
 with prepositions, coming later to 
 be taken transitively 30. 1. R. (a) 
 
 Verbs of fullness and clothing taking 
 in the passive an accusative 35. 4. 
 
 Verbs originally intransitive coming 
 to be regarded as transitive 30. 5. 
 
 Verbs resuming their original transi- 
 tive force 30.6. 
 
 Verbs with two accusatives in the 
 active govern one in the passive 
 31. R. (6) 
 
 Verbs with two accusatives, seven 
 classes 31. 1-7. 
 
 Words never having the article 
 4.1.b. R.((i) 
 
 Words (two or more) joined by " and " 
 cannot stand in annexion with a 
 single genitive 9. 2. c. 
 
INDEX OF TEXTS. 
 
 [The references are to sections, unless otherwise indicated.] 
 
 3ei 
 
 1.1:1.... 
 
 4.3.e. 
 
 Gen. 2:7.... 
 
 31.6. 
 
 Gen. 3:24.... 
 
 44. LB. (a) 
 
 
 1:1.... 
 
 17.1. 
 
 " 2:8.... 
 
 13.1.E. (a) 
 
 " 4:1 
 
 L2. 
 
 
 1:1... 
 
 30.1. 
 
 " 2:8.... 
 
 46.2. b. 
 
 " 4:1 .... 
 
 34.L 
 
 
 1:1.... 
 
 38.1. a. 
 
 " 2:9.... 
 
 29.1.B.(a) 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 9. L a. 
 
 
 1:1.... 
 
 38. 2. a. 
 
 " 2:9.... 
 
 ....4.1.b. B. (c) 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 27. La. 
 
 
 1:2.... 
 
 3. 1. a. 
 
 " 2:9... 
 
 1.2. 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 2f/.4.a. 
 
 
 1:2.... 
 
 ....6.1. e.E.(d) 
 
 " 2:11... 
 
 4.3. d. 
 
 " 4:3 
 
 24.4. 
 
 
 1:2.... 
 
 10.3.B.(6) 
 
 " 2:11... 
 
 4. 3. f. 
 
 " 4:6 
 
 17.2. 
 
 
 1:2. . . . 
 
 40.1. 
 
 " 2:11... 
 
 13.1. 
 
 " 4:7 .... 
 
 4.3. b. 
 
 
 1:3 
 
 9. 2. a. 
 
 " 2:12... 
 
 11.1.0. 
 
 " 4:7 
 
 22. 3. b. 
 
 
 1:3.... 
 
 23.1. a. 
 
 " 2:13... 
 
 27. l.b. 
 
 " 4:7 
 
 40.LK. (a) 
 
 
 1:4.... 
 
 34.1. 
 
 " 2:16... 
 
 16.2. 0. 
 
 " 4:7 
 
 42.3. 
 
 
 1:4.... 
 
 47. 1.0. 
 
 " 2:16. . . 
 
 22. 2. b. 
 
 " 4:7 
 
 ... .48.3. E.C?) 
 
 
 1:5 
 
 24. 3. a. 
 
 " 2:17... 
 
 3.3. a,. 
 
 " 4:8 
 
 24. 2. a. 
 
 
 1:7.... 
 
 46. 2. a. 
 
 " 2:17... 
 
 44.1. a. 
 
 " 4:9 
 
 18.2. 
 
 
 1:9.... 
 
 26. 2.b. 
 
 " 2:18... 
 
 29. 1. a. 
 
 " 4:9 
 
 4a. 2.0. 
 
 
 1:10.... 
 
 44.1. a. 
 
 " 2:19... 
 
 U.1. d. 
 
 " 4:10.... 
 
 27.2. b. 
 
 t» 
 
 1:U... 
 
 1.2. 
 
 " 2:19... 
 
 ...ll.2.a.E.(/) 
 
 " 4:10.... 
 
 40. 6. b. 
 
 *-' 
 
 1:12... 
 
 6. l.d. 
 
 " 2:19... 
 
 ,...34.1.B. (d) 
 
 " 4:12.... 
 
 ..23.La. B. (s) 
 
 " 
 
 1:14... 
 
 3. 1. a. 
 
 " 2:23... 
 
 12.1.0. 
 
 " 4:13.... 
 
 47. 5. a. 
 
 it 
 
 1:14... 
 
 25.1. c. 
 
 " 2:24... 
 
 25. Lb. 
 
 " 4:14.... 
 
 4. 3. a. 
 
 " 
 
 1:14... 
 
 44.1.11.(6) 
 
 " 2:24... 
 
 34.L 
 
 " 4:15.... 
 
 1L2. b. 
 
 " 
 
 1:16.... 
 
 2.1. a. 
 
 " 2:25... 
 
 8.2. a. 
 
 " 4:15.... 
 
 15. 9. b. 
 
 It 
 
 1:16... 
 
 5.2. 
 
 " 3:1.... 
 " 3:3.... 
 
 37.5. 0. 
 
 1L2. 0. 
 
 " 4:15.... 
 " 4:17.... 
 
 48. 8. 0. 
 
 " 
 
 1:16.... 
 
 8. 2. a. 
 
 ..27.2. a. E. (0) 
 
 *' 
 
 1:16... 
 
 10.2. 
 
 " 3:4.... 
 
 28.3. E.(I)) 
 
 " 4:18.... 
 
 35.1. 
 
 it 
 
 1:16... 
 
 IS. 2. a. 
 
 " 3:4.... 
 
 38. La. 
 
 " 4:26.... 
 
 ILLa. 
 
 " 
 
 1:20.... 
 
 9.3.b. 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 25.2. d. 
 
 " 4:26.... 
 
 ..20.Lb. E.(e) 
 
 " 
 
 1^2.... 
 
 ...23.1.a.B. (4) 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 27. L a. 
 
 " 5:2 
 
 lL2.a. 
 
 4( 
 
 1:22.... 
 
 29.3.6. 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 39. 2. b. 
 
 " 6:5 
 
 ..24.2.g. B. fo) 
 
 •* 
 
 1:22... 
 
 38. 2. c. 
 
 " 3:7.... 
 
 40. 2. a. 
 
 " 5:5 
 
 40. 5. a. 
 
 t» 
 
 1:25... 
 
 1.2. 
 
 " 3:8.... 
 
 14.La. 
 
 " 6:7 
 
 6.2. 
 
 •* 
 
 1:26.... 
 
 ....3.2. c.E. (e) 
 
 " 3:10... 
 
 14. L a. 
 
 " 5:7 
 
 15.2. b. 
 
 »t 
 
 1:27... 
 
 9. 3. b. 
 
 " 3:ffl... 
 
 24. 2. b. 
 
 " 6:22.... 
 
 4. 3. e. 
 
 « 
 
 1:27.... 
 
 11. 2. a. 
 
 " 3:11... 
 
 41.4. a. 
 
 " 6:22.... 
 
 8.3.6. 
 
 U 
 
 1:27.... 
 
 24.3. a. 
 
 " 3:11... 
 
 29.6. 
 
 " 6:1 
 
 29. 4. a. 
 
 " 
 
 1:29.... 
 
 8.2. b. 
 
 " 3:11... 
 
 47. Lb. 
 
 " 6:4 
 
 12. Lb. 
 
 tt 
 
 1:29.... 
 
 .52.1. 
 
 " 3:13... 
 " 3:14... 
 
 2.3. a. 
 
 22. 3. a. 
 
 " 6:4 
 
 " 6:13.... 
 
 25. La. 
 
 » 
 
 2:2 
 
 5.2. 
 
 37. L 
 
 i* 
 
 B:2 
 
 17.4. 
 
 " 3:15.... 
 
 33.8.0. 
 
 " 6:14.... 
 
 4.3. b. 
 
 it 
 
 2:3 
 
 29. 3.6. 
 
 " 3:16... 
 
 16. La. 
 
 " 6:14.... 
 
 .23. 1. a. E. (i) 
 
 " 
 
 2:4 
 
 29. l.b. 
 
 " 3:16... 
 
 44. LB. (6) 
 
 " 6:17.... 
 
 6.La. 
 
 ti 
 
 2:4 
 
 29.2. c. 
 
 " 3:20... 
 
 14.2. a. 
 
 " 6:17, 18. 
 
 25.LC. 
 
 n 
 
 2:5 
 
 20. 1. b. 
 
 " 3:22... 
 
 25. L 0. 
 
 " 6:18.... 
 
 ....U.LR.(Z)) 
 
 «t 
 
 2:5 . . , . 
 
 29.3. d. 
 
 " 3:22... 
 
 ..25.LO. B. (/) 
 
 " 7:2 
 
 6.3 b. 
 
 H 
 
 2:5 
 
 41. 2. a. 
 
 " 3:22... 
 
 23.4. 0. 
 
 " 7:4 
 
 15.4. 
 
 M 
 
 2:6 
 
 25. La. 
 
 " 3:22.... 
 
 47.4. c 
 
 " 7:4 
 
 27. 2.0. 
 
152 
 
 HEBBEW SYNTAX 
 
 G€n. 7:7.... 
 
 " 7:9..., 
 
 " 7:13.. 
 
 " 7:13.., 
 
 " 7:20.. 
 
 " 7:23.. 
 
 " 8:3,5., 
 
 " 8:5... 
 
 " 8:8... 
 
 " 8:13.. 
 
 " 8:13. . 
 
 " 8:14... 
 
 " 8:17.. 
 
 " 8:31.., 
 
 " 9:3..., 
 
 " 9:3..., 
 
 " 9:4.... 
 
 " 9:7.... 
 
 " 9:11.. 
 
 " 9:14.. 
 
 " 9:20.. 
 
 " 9:23.. 
 
 " 9:24.. 
 
 " 9:35.. 
 
 " 10:4.. 
 
 " 10:8.. 
 
 " 10:9.. 
 
 " 11:1.. 
 
 " 11:3.. 
 
 " 11:7.. 
 
 " 11:7.. 
 
 " 11:7.. 
 
 " 11:9.. 
 
 " 11:10. 
 
 " 11:38. 
 
 " 12:1.. 
 
 " 12:1.. 
 
 " 12:2.. 
 
 " 12:4.. 
 
 " 12:8.., 
 
 " 12:12., 
 
 " 12:13. 
 
 " 13:13., 
 
 " 12:19. 
 
 " 13:1... 
 
 " 13:2... 
 
 " 13:7.. 
 
 " 13:8.. 
 
 " 13:9... 
 
 " 13:9.., 
 
 " 13:10. , 
 
 " 13:10.. 
 
 " 13:11., 
 
 " 13:15.. 
 
 " 13:16.. 
 
 " 13:16.. 
 
 " 13:16.. 
 
 " 14:1... 
 
 " 14:8 .. 
 
 " 14:10.. 
 
 " 14:10.. 
 
 " U:10.. 
 
 40.6. 
 
 , 15.9.a 
 
 ...3.1. a. K. (o) 
 
 8.2.C. 
 
 33.3. 
 
 12.1. f. 
 
 .28. 3. d. 
 
 . .15. 8. c. E. (a) 
 .^.43. 2. d. 
 
 41. 1. a. 
 
 ..45.3.b. K. (d) 
 
 9.5.d. 
 
 25.1. u. 
 
 8.1. a. 
 
 8. 1. b. 
 
 46.1. a. 
 
 44. 4. b. 
 
 .45. 3. b. B. «J) 
 
 41.1. a. 
 
 25. 4. a. 
 
 . , .9. 3. b. E. (c) 
 ..11.2. a. E.(/) 
 
 34.2. 
 
 9. 4. a. 
 
 46. 1. d. 
 
 17.1. 
 
 21.3. 
 
 ...6. 1. e. E. (<J) 
 
 4.3. d. 
 
 . . .3. 2. c. E. (e) 
 
 .22.4.0. 
 
 47.4. o. 
 
 37.2. b. 
 
 15.6. 
 
 ...8.1. a. E. (c) 
 
 U. 2. o. 
 
 39.7. 
 
 23. 2. a. 
 
 15.5. 
 
 45.2. d. 
 
 22. 1. 
 
 25. I.e. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 24. 2.b. 
 
 ....11. I.E. (6) 
 ...4.3. d. E. (6) 
 
 4. 3. d. 
 
 41.1.b. 
 
 ., 33.1. a. 
 
 , 48. 2. c. 
 
 4. 3.6. 
 
 37.2. d. 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 7.5. 
 
 22. 4. b. 
 
 29.4. h. 
 
 48.4. 
 
 24.4. 
 
 U. 1. b. 
 
 ..6. 1. o. E. (d) 
 
 6.3.0. 
 
 .33. 1. a. E. (c) 
 
 Gen. 14:13.. 
 
 ...4.3.d.E.(b) 
 
 Gon. 18:31... 
 
 15. 7. a. 
 
 " 14:18.. 
 
 9. 5. b. 
 
 " 19:1.... 
 
 33. 8. b. 
 
 " 14:19.. 
 
 ...9. 8. c. E. (o) 
 
 " 19:1.... 
 
 44.3. 
 
 " 14:19.. 
 
 43.3. a. 
 
 " 19:5.... 
 
 4. 3. a.. 
 
 " 14:32.. 
 
 18.1. 
 
 " 19:5.... 
 
 12.1.0. 
 
 " 14^3.. 
 
 48. 9. a. 
 
 " 19:8.... 
 
 14. 2. d. 
 
 " 14:24.. 
 
 48. 9. a. 
 
 " 19:11... 
 
 4.3.d. 
 
 " 15:1... 
 
 12.1. a. 
 
 " 19:12... 
 
 14. 2. b. 
 
 " 15:1.... 
 
 5.3. 
 
 " 19:13. . . 
 
 46. E. (a) 
 
 " 15:1... 
 
 ..28.3.b, E. (ff) 
 
 " 19:18... 
 
 .41. 1. 0. E. (c) 
 
 " 15:2... 
 
 ..11.2.d.E. (fc) 
 
 " 19:19... 
 
 ....ll.l.E.(e) 
 
 " 15:4 .. 
 
 ..44.1.a.E. (d) 
 
 " 19:19... 
 
 28.3. b. 
 
 " 15:6... 
 
 26.1. c. 
 
 " 19:24. . . 
 
 11. 1. R.(c) 
 
 " 15:6... 
 
 31.5. 
 
 " 19:30... 
 
 47.2. c. 
 
 " 15:8.... 
 
 22.1. 
 
 " 19:32... 
 
 31.1. 
 
 " 15:K... 
 
 4.3.e. 
 
 " 19:33... 
 
 5.2. 
 
 " 15:12.. 
 
 29. 3. b. 
 
 " 20:1.... 
 
 .33. 1. a. E. (c) 
 
 " 15:13.. 
 
 13. 3. a. 
 
 " 21:3.... 
 
 ...13. 1. R.{a) 
 
 " 15:13. . 
 
 46. 4. a. 
 
 " 31:3.... 
 
 13. 4.b. 
 
 " 15:17.. 
 
 24.4. 
 
 " 31:5.... 
 
 29.1.0. 
 
 " 15:17.. 
 
 45.2.6. 
 
 '• 21:7. .. 
 
 ...19. 4. E. (d) 
 
 " 15:18.. 
 
 6. 3. d. 
 
 " 31:16... 
 
 .28.2.b.E. to) 
 
 " 15:18.. 
 
 8.3.0. 
 
 " •21:22... 
 
 24.4. 
 
 " 15:18. . 
 
 19.1. 
 
 " 31:25... 
 
 26.1.0. 
 
 " 16:7... 
 
 .. 9.3. b. E. (c) 
 
 " 21:30... 
 
 16.2.0. 
 
 " 16:8.... 
 
 ..23.3. d. E.(c) 
 
 " 21:30... 
 
 47. 4. b. 
 
 " 16:13. . 
 
 8.3. b. 
 
 " -32:2.... 
 
 ..23.1.a.E. (i) 
 
 " 16:13.. 
 
 22.1. 
 
 6. 3. a. 
 
 " 23:3.... 
 
 3.3. 
 
 " 17:2... 
 
 " 22:5.... 
 
 23.2. a. 
 
 " 17:4... 
 
 7.4. 
 
 " 22:6.... 
 
 4.3. b. 
 
 " 17:5.... 
 
 ..37.3. a. E. (b) 
 
 " 23:12... 
 
 44. 1. d. 
 
 " 17:9... 
 
 38. 3. c. 
 
 " 32:20... 
 
 . 6. 1. 0. E. (c) 
 
 " 17:10.. 
 
 38.5.E.(6) 
 
 " 32:24... 
 
 39.2.C. 
 
 " 17:13... 
 
 9. 1. b. 
 
 " 23:4.... 
 
 2. l.b. 
 
 " 17:17.. 
 
 15.6. 
 
 " 23:11... 
 
 19.1. 
 
 " 17:18... 
 
 43.3. a. 
 
 " 23:13... 
 
 43. 3. a. 
 
 " 17:19... 
 
 27. 2. c. 
 
 " 23:19... 
 
 11. l.b. 
 
 " 17:20... 
 
 25.1. 0. 
 
 " 24:3.... 
 
 9.2.0. 
 
 " 17:25.. 
 
 34.8. 
 
 " 24:3.... 
 
 .44. 1. n. E. (d) 
 
 " 18:1.... 
 
 27. 2. a. 
 
 " 24:4.... 
 
 ..6.I.O. E.(c) 
 
 " 18:1.... 
 
 83. l.b. 
 
 " 24:8.... 
 
 .41. 1. a. R. (a) 
 
 " 18:1... 
 
 45. 1. b. 
 
 " 24:10... 
 
 3. 5.b. 
 
 " 18:3.... 
 
 11.1. E. (6) 
 
 " 24:14... 
 
 2. 3. a. 
 
 " 18:3.... 
 
 ..11.2.d.E.(ft) 
 
 " 24:14... 
 
 .26. 1. 0. E. (/) 
 
 " 18:6... 
 
 6.2. 
 
 " 24:15... 
 
 .20. 1. b. E. (6) 
 
 " 18:9.... 
 
 37. 5. d. 
 
 " 24:22... 
 
 .15. 2. 0. E. (0) 
 
 " 18:13... 
 
 14.1.0. 
 
 " 24:23... 
 
 12. 2. b. 
 
 " 18:13.. 
 
 19.4.E.(d) 
 
 " 24:30... 
 
 .29. 3. b. E. (ff) 
 
 '* 18:13... 
 
 43.2. E. (6) 
 
 " 24:36... 
 
 ....11.1. R.(c) 
 
 " 18:13.. 
 
 13.1.6. 
 
 " 24:49... 
 
 27. l.b. 
 
 " 18:14.. 
 
 14.2. b. 
 
 " 24:56... 
 
 .23. 1. a. R. (.3) 
 
 " 18:18.. 
 
 25.1. 0. 
 
 " 24:56... 
 
 45. l.a. 
 
 " 18:20.. 
 
 8. 1. b. 
 
 " 24:68... 
 
 42. 2. a. 
 
 " 18:21.. 
 
 4.3.f. 
 
 " 24:62,63 
 
 24.1. ». 
 
 " 18:21 . 
 
 13. 4. b. 
 
 " 24:63... 
 
 2. 3. a. 
 
 " 18:25.. 
 
 29. 2. a. 
 
 " 24:65... 
 
 12; 2. a. 
 
 " 18:25.. 
 
 43.2. c. 
 
 " 24:65 .. 
 
 4.3.0. 
 
 " 18:26.. 
 
 48.1. b. 
 
 " 25:1.... 
 
 36. 1. 
 
 " 18:26.. 
 
 48. 3. a. 
 
 " 25:23... 
 
 8. 2. a. 
 
 " 18:28.. 
 
 30. 2. 
 
 " 26:10... 
 
 ..25.1.u.E.(/) 
 
 " 18:39.. 
 
 15. 7. a. 
 
 " 26:18... 
 
 36.1. 
 
 " 18:30.. 
 
 23. 1.0. 
 
 " 26:22... 
 
 25.2. b. 
 
BY AN INDUCTITE METHOD. 
 
 153 
 
 Gen. 26:28. .. 
 
 " 26:32.... 
 
 " 27:1 
 
 " S7:l 
 
 " 27:1 
 
 " 27:4 
 
 " 27:4 
 
 " 27:12.... 
 
 " 27:20.... 
 
 " 27:23,24.. 
 
 " 27:30.... 
 
 " 27:83.... 
 
 " 27:36.... 
 
 " 27:86.... 
 
 " 27:36.... 
 
 " 27:37.... 
 
 " 27:42.... 
 
 " 27:42.... 
 
 " 2i':42.... 
 
 " 27:44.... 
 
 " 27:45... 
 
 " 28:12 ... 
 
 " 28:12.... 
 
 " 28:13.... 
 
 " 28:15.... 
 
 " 28:17.... 
 
 " 28:17.... 
 
 " 28:17.... 
 
 " 28:17.... 
 
 " 28:19 
 
 " 28:20,21.. 
 
 29:7 
 
 29:15.... 
 
 " 80:28 
 
 " 30:30 
 
 " 31:8 
 
 " 81:9 
 
 " 81:13 
 
 " 31:15 
 
 " 31;15 
 
 " 31:20 
 
 " 31:20 
 
 " 31:22.. .. 
 
 " 31:22ff... 
 
 " 81:32 
 
 " 31:42 
 
 " 31:50 
 
 " 32:6 
 
 " 32:11 
 
 " 32:16 
 
 " 32:27 
 
 " 32:31 
 
 " 32:31 
 
 " 33:5 
 
 " 33:5 
 
 " 33:8 
 
 " 33:8 
 
 " 33:18 
 
 " 34:8 
 
 18.1. B. a. 
 
 10. 2. 
 
 29.1. c. 
 
 41. 4. d. 
 
 23. 2. d. 
 
 48.8. b. 
 
 .25. 1. K,. B. (/) 
 
 36.3. 
 
 24.2. e. 
 
 45. 2. e. 
 
 24.5. 
 
 12.1.6. 
 
 31.5. 
 
 ....42.3. B.(c) 
 
 31.3. 
 
 34. U. 
 
 35.1. 
 
 .37. 2. a. K. (6) 
 
 15.1. 
 
 15.1. 
 
 38.1.C. 
 
 45. l.b. 
 
 7.1. 
 
 ....19.3. B. (6) 
 
 10.2. 
 
 12.1. a. 
 
 .12. 2. e. E. (0) 
 
 27. 3. b. 
 
 4.2.0, 
 
 .25. 1. c. H. (/) 
 ...20. 2. E. (ft) 
 
 29. 1. b. 
 
 ....42. 3. E. (0) 
 
 10. 4. a. 
 
 4. 3. a. 
 
 48. 8. b. 
 
 42. 6. a. 
 
 ...48.3. B. (fc) 
 
 2.1. o. 
 
 .9.3. a. B. (a) 
 ,28. 3. a. E. (e) 
 
 28. 3. 0. E. (9) 
 
 13. 4. b. E. (6) 
 
 41. 2. d. 
 
 ...13.2. E. (c) 
 .4. 1. a. E. (a) 
 
 46.3.0. 
 
 48.2. d. 
 
 41. 5. b. 
 
 ..23.2. B.(m) 
 
 18.2. 
 
 2.2. a. 
 
 M. 9. V. 
 
 24. 1. a. 
 
 33.6. 
 
 10. 2. a. 
 
 31.4. 
 
 10. 2. a. 
 
 42. 5. a. 
 
 33.1. a. 
 
 7.2. 
 
 Gen. 34:21.. 
 
 " 35:13.. 
 
 " 35:26.. 
 
 " 87:2... 
 
 " 87:2... 
 
 " 37:3... 
 
 " 87:5... 
 
 " 37:5... 
 
 " 37:5,6.. 
 
 " 87:7... 
 
 " 37:7.... 
 
 " 37:8... 
 
 " 87:8... 
 
 " 37:15.. 
 
 " 87:16.. 
 
 " 37:16.. 
 
 " 37:19... 
 
 " 37:19.. 
 
 " 37:20.. 
 
 " 37:25.. 
 
 " 87:26. . 
 
 " 37:29... 
 
 " 37:29... 
 
 " 87:33... 
 
 ' 37:35... 
 
 " 38:5. .. 
 
 " 38:9.... 
 
 " 38:10... 
 
 " 38:11... 
 
 " 38:17... 
 
 " 38:25... 
 
 " 39:9.... 
 
 " 39:18... 
 
 " 39:18... 
 
 " 39:18... 
 
 " 39:23... 
 
 " 40:1.... 
 
 " 40:3.... 
 
 " 40:5.... 
 
 " 40:7.... 
 
 " 40:13... 
 
 " 40:14... 
 
 " 40:14... 
 
 " 40:15... 
 
 " 41:1.... 
 
 " 41:12... 
 
 " 41:15... 
 
 " 41:15. . . 
 
 " 41:17... 
 
 " 41:23... 
 
 " 41:25... 
 
 " 41:33... 
 
 " 41:35... 
 
 " 41:38... 
 
 " 41:40... 
 
 " 41:49... 
 
 " 42:7,30. 
 
 " 42:11... 
 
 " 42:18... 
 
 " 42:19. . . 
 
 " 42:25... 
 
 7.7. 
 
 46.2.0. 
 
 40.1.E.((l) 
 
 ..27.2. a. E. (tr) 
 
 45.1.d. 
 
 ..10. 4. a. E. (/) 
 
 32.1. 
 
 36.3. 
 
 24. 2.6. 
 
 20. E. (a) 
 
 27.2. a. 
 
 32.4. 
 
 89. 5.b. 
 
 21.1. 
 
 27. 2.b. 
 
 38. 3. b. 
 
 8.3.e. 
 
 10.5. 
 
 1.2. 
 
 1.3. 
 
 ..25.1. o. E. (/) 
 
 37.5. d. 
 
 41. 5. b. 
 
 28. 3. K.(d) 
 
 33.4. 
 
 11. 2. b. 
 
 47.4.0. 
 
 46. 8. E. (e) 
 
 47.5.6. 
 
 ...•11.2.a. B.(/) 
 
 45. 3. b. 
 
 ..25.1. u. E. (/) 
 
 24.5. 
 
 ...29.2. c. E. (i) 
 
 29. 5. b. 
 
 41.3. 
 
 ...9.2. c. E. (e) 
 ...8". 3f. E. (d) 
 
 14. 2. a. 
 
 42. 6.6. 
 
 44. 2. a. 
 
 25. I.e. 
 
 25.2. d. 
 
 44.2.0. 
 
 , .22. 3. d. E. (6) 
 
 6.1.6. 
 
 9.5.b. 
 
 22.2. a. 
 
 47.3. b. 
 
 39.1. 
 
 2.1.0. 
 
 7.7. 
 
 23.1. b. 
 
 10.2. 
 
 14.2.6. 
 
 33. 8. a. 
 
 8.2.d. 
 
 2.3.b. 
 
 .87.5.C.E. (/) 
 
 28.1.d. 
 
 ..9.3.b. B. (c) 
 3.3. 
 
 Gen. 42:29 2.3.b. 
 
 " 42:35 45.3.a. 
 
 " 42:37 48.2.a. 
 
 " 42:37 48.3. 
 
 " 43:3 28. 3.a. 
 
 " 43:3 45.2.6. 
 
 " 43:9 19.4. 
 
 " 43:9 48.5.E.(o) 
 
 " 43:9 48.5.a. 
 
 " 43:16 46.3. E.(c) 
 
 " 43:16 46.3.0. 
 
 " 43:17 9.2.a. 
 
 " 43:20 43.1.b. 
 
 " 43:23 43.2.a. 
 
 " 43:27 37.4.0. 
 
 " 43:27 42.2.a. 
 
 " 44:12 45.2.a. 
 
 " 44:18 11.1. E.(e) 
 
 " 44:18 22.3.0. 
 
 " 44:22 48.1.a. 
 
 " 44:22 48. 8.a. 
 
 " 44:33 23.1.0. 
 
 " 45:4 46.1. E.(c) 
 
 " 45:8 44. 1. a. B. (d) . 
 
 " 45:25 30.4. 
 
 " 46:4 28.3.a. E.Ce) 
 
 " 46:18 15.3. 
 
 " 46:18 15.3. E.(d) 
 
 " 46:34 3.2.b. 
 
 " 47:8 42. 6. b. 
 
 " 47:9 6.1.e.B.((ll 
 
 " 47:9 8.3.f. E. (d) 
 
 " 47:21 89.2.a. 
 
 " 47:29 25.1.0. 
 
 " 48:6 19.3. 
 
 " 48:19 11.1.E.(6) 
 
 " 49:1 46.3. E. (6) 
 
 " 49:10 45.3.b. E. (d) 
 
 " 49:11 9.2. a. E. (o) 
 
 " 49:27 21.4. 
 
 " 50:5 23. 2. c. 
 
 Ex. 1:5 15.4. 
 
 " 1:5 46.2.C. 
 
 " 1:6 5.1.a. 
 
 " 1:7 17.1. 
 
 " 1:7 35.4. 
 
 " 1:10 40.4.b. 
 
 " 2:1 34.1.E.(Z)) 
 
 " 2:8 11.2. a. E.(/) 
 
 " 2:6 11. 2. a. E. to) 
 
 " 2:6 39.3. 
 
 " 2:7 2.5.1.i;.E. (/) 
 
 " 2:9 4.3.b. 
 
 " 2:10 24.2.d. 
 
 " 2:13 22.3.d. 
 
 " 2:13 42.6.d. 
 
 " 2:17 2.1.0. 
 
 " 2:18 42.6.6. 
 
 " 3:1 27.2.a. 
 
 " 8:7 4.2.b. 
 
 " 3:7 28.3.a. 
 
 " 3:11 23.ad. 
 
154 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Ex. 
 
 3:16 
 
 3:18 
 
 3:19 
 
 4:1 
 
 4:5 
 
 4:10 
 
 4:10 
 
 4:10 
 
 4:10 
 
 4:13 
 
 4:13 
 
 4:14 
 
 4:21 
 
 4:22,23.. 
 
 4:26 
 
 5:7 
 
 5:10 
 
 5:11 
 
 5:16 
 
 5:16 
 
 5:16 
 
 5:23 
 
 5:23 
 
 6:1 
 
 6:3 
 
 6:28 
 
 7:20 
 
 8:2,13,14. 
 
 8:20 
 
 8:22 
 
 8:22 
 
 9:5 
 
 9:15 
 
 9:15 
 
 9:18 
 
 9:20,21... 
 
 9:37 
 
 9:31.... 
 10:3.... 
 10:14... 
 10:25... 
 12:3.... 
 12:15... 
 12:49... 
 13:2.... 
 13:7.... 
 13:15... 
 13:15... 
 13:21,22, 
 14:2.... 
 
 14:5 
 
 14:12.... 
 14:20.... 
 
 15:1 
 
 15:1 
 
 15:4 
 
 15:5 
 
 15:11.... 
 15:12,14. 
 15:15.... 
 
 16:3 
 
 16:6 
 
 25.1.0. 
 
 23.2.0. 
 
 29.4.0. 
 
 48. 1. b. K. (b) 
 
 47. 4. b. 
 
 ...8.3. e. 
 
 9.1.0. 
 
 10.6. 
 
 47.5.g. 
 
 13. 3. b. 
 
 46. 5. a. 
 
 22. 2. a. 
 
 ....13. I.E. (o) 
 
 24.1.b. 
 
 .20.1.b. B. (e) 
 
 25.1. c. 
 
 41.3. 
 
 22. 4. a. 
 
 27. 4. b. 
 
 37.5. d. 
 
 41.3. 
 
 ...28.3. E.(/) 
 
 47. 5. g. 
 
 16.2. c. 
 
 33.8.(1. 
 
 8.2.e. 
 
 ....30. 5. K. (c) 
 . .2. 2. b. R. (e) 
 
 20. R. (a) 
 
 25.3. 
 
 .48. 1. b. R.(&) 
 
 16. 2. 0. 
 
 .48. 2. d. E. (ft) 
 
 ...48.7.E.(r) 
 
 13.1. 
 
 ..41. 1. c. E. (d) 
 
 37.4. a. 
 
 ..6. 1. e. E. (d) 
 ....19. 4. R. (d) 
 
 14. 2. e. 
 
 ....44. I.E. (c) 
 .15.8. 0. E. (g) 
 
 25. 2. d. 
 
 15.1. 
 
 5.1. a. 
 
 34.7. 
 
 16: 2. b. 
 
 21. 2. 
 
 ..41. 1. c. E. (d) 
 
 26. 2. a. 
 
 .38. 2. c. E. (/) 
 
 42. 3. 
 
 14.2. f. 
 
 16. 2. a. 
 
 20. l.b. 
 
 .40. 5. o. E. (9) 
 
 20. La. 
 
 9.1.0. 
 
 .20.1. a. E.(b) 
 .20. 1. b. R. (6) 
 
 43. 3.0. 
 
 25.2. d. 
 
 Ex. 
 
 16:13... 
 16:21... 
 16:22 .. 
 16:27... 
 16:27... 
 16:29 .. 
 16:29... 
 17:1.... 
 17:2.... 
 17:5.... 
 17:12... 
 17:16... 
 17:16... 
 18:20... 
 18:26... 
 18:26... 
 19:8.... 
 19:13... 
 19:19... 
 19:19... 
 20:8.... 
 20:8.... 
 20:9.... 
 20:12... 
 20:14... 
 20:14... 
 20:20... 
 20:20... 
 20:20... 
 21:2-5.. 
 21:12... 
 21:20... 
 21:20,22 
 21:28... 
 21:28... 
 21:29 .. 
 21:37... 
 23:8.... 
 23:14... 
 23:17... 
 23:30... 
 24:5.... 
 24:10... 
 25:12.. 
 25:14... 
 28:2.... 
 28:34.. 
 28:43.. 
 
 .11 
 
 .2. 2. b. B. (e) 
 
 14.2. a. 
 
 14. 2. a. 
 
 14:2.0. 
 
 37.1. 
 
 3.5.b. 
 
 14. 2. b. 
 
 29. 2, b. 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 14.2. c. 
 
 14.2. f. 
 
 6.3.b. 
 
 ..44.4. E. (g) 
 
 46. 4.0. 
 
 25.2. a. 
 
 25. 2. a. E. (a) 
 2. d. E. (fc) 
 ...28. 3. E. (d) 
 
 16.2. a. 
 
 36.1. 
 
 29. 3. a. 
 
 47.4. b. 
 
 28. 5.U. 
 
 23. 1. a. 
 
 22. 3. a. 
 
 40.1. a. 
 
 11. 2. d. 
 
 29.1. 0. 
 
 41. 2. b. 
 
 ..48.1. c. E. (/) 
 
 25.5. 
 
 .25.1. o. R. (/) 
 38...28.3.R. (d) 
 . . . .34. 1. R. (b) 
 
 34.4. 
 
 .40. 4. b. R. (e) 
 
 -.2. 3. a. 
 
 26. 2. b. 
 
 15.9. b. 
 
 15. 9. b. 
 
 .25. 1. u. R. (/) 
 
 .....6.1. b. 
 
 8.2. 0. 
 
 3.3. 
 
 4. 3.e. 
 
 8.3.d. 
 
 . .39. 5. a. R. (6) 
 ..25.1. o. E. (/) 
 5.3. 
 
 29:9... 
 30:36.. 
 31:14.. 
 32:1... 
 32:19... 
 33:32.. 
 33:7... 
 33:10. . 
 33:14.. 
 33:16... 
 34:7... 
 38:27.. 
 40:37.. 
 
 31.2. 
 
 ..28.2. b.E. (9) 
 
 '...40. 7.a. 
 
 ..10.2. a. E. (6) 
 
 47. 5.b. 
 
 48.9. b. 
 
 25. 4. b. 
 
 48. 8. a. 
 
 8.2.0. 
 
 25.5. 
 
 ....28.3.B.(/) 
 
 15.6. 
 
 ....4&3. E.(W 
 
 Lev. 1:2 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 " 4:22 
 
 " 7:8 
 
 " 11:4 
 
 " 13:3,4... 
 
 " 13:49... 
 
 " 14:34... 
 
 " 14:43.... 
 
 " 16:17.... 
 
 " 17:11.... 
 
 " 18:26.... 
 
 " 19:20.... 
 
 " 19:23.... 
 
 " 20:14... 
 
 " 21:9 
 
 " 21:13.... 
 
 " 26:18.... 
 
 " 26:36.... 
 
 " 26:42.... 
 
 " 27:2,3... 
 
 " 27:24.... 
 
 " 27:23.... 
 
 Num.l:2 
 
 " 1:25 
 
 " 1:44 
 
 " 3:32 
 
 " 3:41. ... 
 
 " 5:23 
 
 " 5:27 
 
 " 9:15 
 
 " 11:5 
 
 " 12:1 
 
 "• K:5 
 
 " 13:17.... 
 
 " 14:1 
 
 " 14:2 
 
 " 14:7 
 
 " 14:28.... 
 
 " 14:28.... 
 
 " 15:35 ... 
 
 " 16:13.... 
 
 " 16:27.... 
 
 " 16:29.... 
 
 " 16:35.... 
 
 " 17:5 
 
 " 17:21.... 
 
 " 20:11.... 
 
 " 20:14,15. 
 
 " 22:6 
 
 " 22:6 
 
 " 22:6 
 
 " 22:30.... 
 
 " 22:33.... 
 
 " 23:1 
 
 " 23:3 
 
 " 23:8 
 
 " 23:29.... 
 
 " 24:9 
 
 " 24:10.... 
 
 " 24:17.... 
 
 " 24:17.... 
 
 25.1.0. 
 
 14. 2. b. 
 
 .25.1.c.R.(/) 
 ....34. 4. B.(/) 
 
 34.2. 
 
 37. R. (a) 
 
 35.2. 
 
 ...9. 3. b. B. (c) 
 
 47. 5. b. 
 
 14. 2. d. 
 
 39.6. 
 
 ...11. 1. E. (b) 
 ...28. 3. E. (dj 
 
 5. l.a. 
 
 ...34.4. E. (/) 
 ....48.3. E. 0') 
 
 3.2. b. 
 
 15. 9. b. 
 
 32.2. 
 
 6.1.E.(a) 
 
 37.2. d. 
 
 13.2. 
 
 ..4.1.b. B.(&) 
 3.4. 
 
 ....15.4. E. (6) 
 ....15.3. E.(d) 
 
 9. 4. a. 
 
 15. 7. b. 
 
 38. 3. d. 
 
 48. 6. a. 
 
 29. 2. a. 
 
 18.2. 
 
 40.6. 
 
 ....34. I.E. (d) 
 
 12. I.e. 
 
 40. 5. a. 
 
 43. 3. a. 
 
 10.3. 
 
 43. 2. b. 
 
 48. 9. a. 
 
 :8. 4.b. 
 
 ..28.3. a. It. (6) 
 
 4,5.2.0. 
 
 41.1.0. 
 
 15. 7. b. 
 
 22.4.C. 
 
 .39. 5. a. R. (c). 
 
 15. 9. b. 
 
 24.2. f. 
 
 13.2. 
 
 .25. 1. 0. E. (/) 
 
 36. E. (d) 
 
 ... 46. I.E. (c) 
 
 U.2.b. 
 
 15. 2. b. 
 
 .12. 2. e. E. (/) 
 .12.2. e. E. {g) 
 
 15. 2. b. 
 
 40.7.a. 
 
 28. 3. b. 
 
 16. 1. vj. 
 
 19. 2. a. 
 
BY AN INDTJCTTVE METHOD. 
 
 135 
 
 Num.26:55.... 
 
 28:6 
 
 30:6 
 
 31:49.... 
 
 31:49..... 
 
 32:1 
 
 32:7 
 
 34:2 
 
 35:14.... 
 
 35:22b... 
 
 35:23.... 
 
 35:28.... 
 Deut.l:2 
 
 1:2 
 
 1:3 
 
 1:12 
 
 1:13 
 
 1:15 
 
 1:15 
 
 1:23 
 
 1:23 
 
 1:27 
 
 1:44 
 
 1:44 
 
 2:14 
 
 2:14 
 
 2:24 
 
 2:25 
 
 2:30 
 
 2:34 
 
 3:6 
 
 3:18 
 
 3:18 
 
 3:21 
 
 3:24 
 
 3:26 
 
 4:1 
 
 4:5 
 
 4:11 
 
 4:27 
 
 4:33 
 
 4:42 
 
 5:23 
 
 5:23 
 
 6:20,21... 
 
 7:7 
 
 7:12 
 
 7:17 
 
 8:3 
 
 9:6 
 
 9:14.... 
 
 9:1S.... 
 
 9:16.... 
 
 9:21.... 
 
 9:25..... 
 
 10:1.... 
 
 10:9.... 
 
 10:16... 
 
 11:1.... 
 
 11:10... 
 
 11:12... 
 
 11:22... 
 
 ....35.1. 
 ...8.3.b. 
 ....48.6. 
 5.1. 
 
 9. 3. a. 
 
 . .4. 1. a. R. (a) 
 
 41. 4. d. 
 
 6. I.e. 
 
 8. 2. a. 
 
 8.2.d. 
 
 41. 4. c. 
 
 22. 2. b. 
 
 15.3. 
 
 ....15.3. B.(d) 
 ..15. 8.C. B.(£rt 
 
 42.6.0. 
 
 15. 8. b. 
 
 4.2.b. 
 
 9.3.b. 
 
 15.3. 
 
 15. 9. a. 
 
 29.2.0. 
 
 4.3.d. 
 
 21.3. 
 
 4.2.0. 
 
 47.5. e. 
 
 36.2. 
 
 .25. 1. 0. R. (/) 
 
 26.1. a. 
 
 34.3. 
 
 28.1. 
 
 8. 3.e. 
 
 10.6. 
 
 43. 2.b. 
 
 .12. 2. e. R. (B) 
 
 41. l.b. 
 
 27. 2. b. 
 
 38.1. b. 
 
 45. l.b. 
 
 6. I.e. 
 
 24.2. c. 
 
 22. 4. a. 
 
 10. 2. a. 
 
 ....19.4. B.(d) 
 
 25. 2. d. 
 
 37.4. c. 
 
 .25.1. c.R.(/) 
 
 48.1. e. 
 
 .29. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 9.1.0. 
 
 ..23. 1. a. B. (3) 
 
 15. 7. b. 
 
 17.4. 
 
 28. 2.b. 
 
 34. 7. 
 
 8.3. d. 
 
 7. 6. 
 
 25.2.0. 
 
 25.2.0. 
 
 25.1. a. 
 
 ...34. 10. R. (fc) 
 .48. 1. f. B. (ff) 
 
 Deut.l2;6.. 
 12:23. 
 
 12:23.... 
 13:23.... 
 14:12-18. 
 14:21.... 
 
 15:3 
 
 15:9 
 
 16:20.... 
 17:13.... 
 17:19. 20. 
 18:16.... 
 18:21.... 
 19:13.... 
 19:13.... 
 
 21:1 
 
 21:14.... 
 
 22:2 
 
 22:2 
 
 22:8 
 
 22:19.... 
 22:26.... 
 
 26:5 
 
 26:15.... 
 
 2:76 
 
 28:27.... 
 
 29:12. 
 30:19. 
 31:12. 
 32:1.. 
 32:5.. 
 32:6.. 
 32:10. 
 32:10. 
 32:21. 
 32:29. 
 
 32:31.. 
 32:35.. 
 32:41.. 
 33:6... 
 33:7 .. 
 Josh. 1:2... 
 1:2.... 
 2:5... 
 2:22.. 
 2:22... 
 3:1.... 
 3:7.... 
 3:15... 
 3:17... 
 5:15... 
 6:11.. 
 7:2.... 
 7:3.... 
 7:7.... 
 7:7.... 
 7:21... 
 8:33... 
 8:33.. 
 
 34.1.R.(a) 
 
 7.6. 
 
 29.6. 
 
 37.5. b. 
 
 ....34.1. R. {(J) 
 
 28. 4. b. 
 
 23.1. a. 
 
 15.8.0. 
 
 39. 5. a. 
 
 26.2. b. 
 
 41.4. a. 
 
 ....23.1. R. (6) 
 
 42. 6. c. 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 10.1. a. 
 
 45. 2. a, 
 
 ....28.3. B.(/) 
 
 29.2.0. 
 
 . .29. 2. c. R. H) 
 
 37.2.0. 
 
 ..9. 3. b. B. (c) 
 .25. 1. ^. B. (/) 
 
 8.3. b. 
 
 . .23. 1. a. B. (/I) 
 
 2.1. a. 
 
 47.4. a. 
 
 13.1. 
 
 46.1. u. 
 
 39.2. a. 
 
 2.5. 2. c. 
 
 36.1. 
 
 4.3. e. 
 
 8. 2.d. 
 
 41. 5. a. 
 
 16, 2. a. 
 
 20.1. a. 
 
 .8. 2. d; 41. 5. a. 
 
 48. 1.0. 
 
 48.7.a. 
 
 . .44. 1. d. B. (e) 
 
 20. R. (o) 
 
 48.5. 
 
 ....6. I.e. B((J) 
 ...23. 1. a. R. (i) 
 ..U. 2. a. R. (0) 
 
 39.3. 
 
 . .28. 2. b. B. (0) 
 ..13. 4. b. R. (e) 
 
 15. 2. a. 
 
 47. 5. d. 
 
 47. 4.b. 
 
 ...8.3. f. R. (d) 
 ..28.2.b. R. (ff) 
 
 7.7. 
 
 ..28.2. b. R. (g) 
 
 9.2.d. 
 
 26. 2. b. 
 
 48.7.R.(ff) 
 
 48. 9. d. 
 
 ....4. 1. b. R.(h) 
 ....4. 1. b. R.(i)) 
 ...9. 3. a. B. (a) 
 
 JoBli.9:8 
 
 " 10:24 
 
 " 10:24..... 
 
 " 13:33 
 
 " 14:11 
 
 " 15:3-U... 
 
 " 15:19 
 
 " 16:2,3,6,7, 
 
 " 17:3 
 
 " 17:3 
 
 " 17:9 
 
 " 17:18 
 
 " 18:12-21.. 
 
 " 21:39 
 
 " 22:3 
 
 " 22:18 
 
 " 23:14 
 
 " 24:10 
 
 Judg.l:7 
 
 " 3:15.... 
 
 " 3:16.... 
 
 " 5:4 
 
 " 5:23.... 
 
 6:5 
 
 6:16-19. 
 
 6:27 
 
 7:4 
 
 7:14 .... 
 
 7:17 
 
 7:19 
 
 7:19 
 
 8:5 
 
 8:11 
 
 8:11 
 
 8:11 
 
 8:19 
 
 8:19 
 
 9:1 
 
 9:2 
 
 9:15 
 
 9:55 
 
 10:9 
 
 11:1 
 
 11:9 
 
 11:13.... 
 11:20.... 
 11:23.... 
 
 13:2 
 
 13:3. ... 
 13:17.... 
 14:15.... 
 14:18.... 
 
 16:5 
 
 16:22.... 
 
 17:5 
 
 17:10.... 
 
 18:3 
 
 18:5 
 
 18:17 
 
 22. 3. d. R. (c) 
 
 4.3.b. 
 
 13. 4. b. 
 
 8.3.0. 
 
 .29. 2. c. B. (h) 
 .25. 2. a. R. (6) 
 
 11. 2. a. 
 
 ,8 
 
 .25. 2. a. R. (b) 
 .44. 1. a. E. (d) 
 .48. 1. f. B. (ff) 
 .25. 2. a. B. (ft) 
 .44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 .25. 2. a. B. (b) 
 
 15.5. 
 
 12. 1. e. 
 
 45. 2. e. 
 
 10.2. 
 
 ....28.3. B.(d) 
 
 45.3. 0. 
 
 5. l.b. 
 
 14.1. b. 
 
 ....30. 2. B. (b) 
 
 28. 3. c. 
 
 25. 4. b. 
 
 ....44.1. B. (a) 
 ...48.6. B. (p) 
 
 44 1. o. 
 
 47.2. 0. 
 
 .12. 1. b. R, (a) 
 
 41.5.0. 
 
 .35. 2. d. R. (d) 
 
 28. 4. a. 
 
 39. 5. b. 
 
 3.3. 
 
 ..9.3. a. B. (a) 
 
 33. B. (a) 
 
 44.3. 
 
 19.4. 
 
 48.7. 
 
 ...8.3.f.B.(d) 
 
 29. 2. b. 
 
 .48. 1. b. B. (c) 
 
 40. 4. b. 
 
 37. 3. b. 
 
 8.3.d. 
 
 .48. 1. b. B. (c) 
 ....19.4.B. (d) 
 
 47. 3, a. 
 
 ....42.1. B. (a) 
 
 5.3. 
 
 25. 2. b. 
 
 42. 5. a. 
 
 .42. 4. a. B. (d) 
 
 10. 4. a. 
 
 10.3. 
 
 1.4. 
 
 7.3. 
 
 ... .38.2.0. 
 
 45. 3. b. 
 
 27.2.0. 
 
 15. 7. b. 
 
156 
 
 HEBEEW SYNTAX 
 
 Judg.l8:24.... 
 
 " 19:6 
 
 " 19:13... 
 
 " 19:17.... 
 
 " 19:18.... 
 
 " 20:16.... 
 
 " 20:44.... 
 Euthl:8,9,U. 
 
 " 1:12 
 
 " 1:13 
 
 " 1:13 
 
 " 1:17 
 
 " 1:19 
 
 " l:a 
 
 " 1:21 
 
 " 1:23 
 
 " 2:3 
 
 " 2:7 
 
 " 2:7 
 
 " 2:12 
 
 " 2:16 
 
 " 2:17 
 
 " 3:15 .... 
 
 " 4:3 
 
 lSam.l:2 
 
 " 1:7.... 
 
 " 1:12... 
 
 " 1:13... 
 
 " 1:18... 
 
 " 1:19... 
 
 " 1:24... 
 
 " 2:3.... 
 
 " 2:3.... 
 
 " 2:3.... 
 
 " 2:4.... 
 
 " 2:4.... 
 
 " 2:6.... 
 
 " 2:6.... 
 
 " 2:8.... 
 
 " 2:11... 
 
 " 2:iaf... 
 
 " 2:16... 
 
 " 2:19... 
 
 " 2:26... 
 
 " 2:27... 
 
 " 2:28... 
 
 " 2:28... 
 
 3:2... 
 3:4... 
 
 3:7a.. 
 3:9... 
 4:15.. 
 4:18.. 
 5:9... 
 5:9... 
 6:3... 
 6:3... 
 6:12.. 
 6:13.. 
 7:16.. 
 8:19.. 
 
 12.1.6. 
 
 36.1. 
 
 25.1.C. 
 
 1.3. 
 
 34.7. 
 
 1.4. 
 
 34.9. 
 
 2.1.0. 
 
 16.1.b. 
 
 2.I.C. 
 
 ..41. l.c.E.(c) 
 
 13.2. 
 
 2.1.0. 
 
 38.1.0. 
 
 45.1. a. 
 
 2.1..;. 
 
 9.6.e. 
 
 25.1.0. 
 
 30.4. 
 
 46. I.e. 
 
 ....28.3. R. (a) 
 
 6.2. 
 
 .16. 2.0. E.(c) 
 
 13. 4. b. 
 
 11.2.0. 
 
 20.2. 
 
 , 36. 3 
 
 .41.1.0. E.((i) 
 
 24. 1. a. 
 
 24. 2. a. 
 
 14.1.1). 
 
 6. 3. a. 
 
 36.2. 
 
 41.8. 
 
 , 30.3. 
 
 40. 6.0. 
 
 24. l.b. 
 
 27.5. 0. 
 
 27. 5. b. 
 
 .27.2. a. E. (a) 
 ....20. 2.E.(h) 
 
 48.3. b. 
 
 38.3. a. 
 
 ..28.3.<i.E. (7j) 
 
 42.2. b. 
 
 11. 2. b. 
 
 ...23. 2. E. (m) 
 
 33.4. 
 
 34.5.E.(e) 
 
 37.6. d. 
 
 ..20.1.b. E. (6) 
 
 27.4. a. 
 
 40.3. E.(c) 
 
 45.1. a. 
 
 ..13. 4. b. E. (6) 
 
 , 33.7. 
 
 ..25.1.o.E.(/) 
 ..4S.l.b.E.(c) 
 
 28. 3. d. 
 
 40. 4. b. 
 
 25. 2. a. 
 
 ..44.1. a,.K. (d) 
 
 1 Sam. 8:11,12. 
 " 9:1.... 
 
 " 9:3.... 
 
 " 9:7 ... 
 
 " 10:4... 
 
 " 10:19.. 
 
 " 10:23.. 
 
 " 10^7.. 
 
 " 11:9... 
 
 " 11:13.. 
 
 " 12:3... 
 
 " 12:3... 
 
 " 12:17.. 
 
 " 13:13... 
 
 " 13:15... 
 
 " 14:10... 
 
 " 14:19... 
 
 " 14:19... 
 
 " 14:25b. 
 
 " 14:29t.. 
 
 " 14:33... 
 
 " 14:36... 
 
 " 14:36.. 
 
 " 14:45. 
 
 " 14:49. 
 
 " 15:17.. 
 
 " 15:20.. 
 
 " 15:23.. 
 
 " 16:23.. 
 
 " 15:23.. 
 
 " 15:32.. 
 
 " 16:33.. 
 
 •• 16:3... 
 
 " 16:4... 
 
 " 16:7... 
 
 " 16:16.. 
 
 " 16:18.. 
 
 " 17:14.. 
 
 " 17:14. . 
 
 " 17:16.. 
 
 " 17:17.. 
 
 " 17:28.. 
 
 " 17:34.. 
 
 " 17:36.. 
 
 " 17:36.. 
 
 " 17:37... 
 
 " 17:58.. 
 
 " 18:6... 
 
 " 18:30.. 
 
 " 19:4 . . 
 
 " 20:2... 
 
 " 20:4... 
 
 " 20:5.. 
 
 " 20:6... 
 
 " 20:11.. 
 
 " 20:21.. 
 
 " 20:22.., 
 
 " 20:41.. 
 
 " 21:8... 
 
 " 21:10.. 
 
 " 21:14.. 
 
 " 21:15. 
 
 29. 6. a. 
 
 ..24.2. g.E.(&) 
 
 34.3. 
 
 25.3. 
 
 . .16. 2. 0. E. (c) 
 
 47.3. a. 
 
 ..10.4. a. E.(/) 
 ..12.2. e.E. (0) 
 ..27.1. b.E. (d) 
 
 ...' 41. 7. 
 
 8.4. 0. 
 
 17.3. 
 
 37. 5. a. 
 
 .48. 2. d. E. (ft) 
 .10. 2. b. E. (c) 
 
 19.3. 
 
 24. 2. g. 
 
 .28. 3. d. E. (ft) 
 .24. 2. g. E. (a) 
 .44. 1. a. B. (d) 
 .27. 2. o. E. (fc) 
 ....23. 1. E. (6) 
 ..41. 1. a. B. (o) 
 
 43. 2. b. 
 
 :. 2. g. E. (a) 
 ..48. l.b. E. (a) 
 
 ...47.3. a. 
 
 ...24.2. g. 
 
 ...41.6. d. 
 
 ...47.4. c. 
 
 33.4. 
 
 38.3. d. 
 
 46. 3. b. 
 
 42.1.E.(o) 
 
 21.3. 
 
 36.6. 
 
 9.5.b. 
 
 10. 4. b. 
 
 37. 5. b. 
 
 ..28.2. b.E. (ff) 
 . ..9. 3. b. E. (c) 
 ..10.2. b.E. (c) 
 ...4.3.d. E. (6) 
 ....34. 1. E. (d) 
 
 39.1. 
 
 ....39.1. 
 
 . . .5. 1. b. 
 
 ....44. I.E. (a) 
 
 47.5. h. 
 
 22.3. d. 
 
 45.1.0. 
 
 46. E. (a) 
 
 22. 3. b. 
 
 28.3. a. 
 
 33.1. a. 
 
 48.3. E.(i) 
 
 19. 3. 
 
 ....30. I.E. (a) 
 ....9. 6. e. 
 
 48. 3. E. (i) 
 
 ..11.2. a. E. (g) 
 
 21.1. 
 
 lSam.23:7 44. 1. R. (e) 
 
 " 22:15 42.2.E.(6) 
 
 " 22:20 9.5.a. 
 
 " 23:20 43.1. a. 
 
 " 23:22 28.3. E. (rt) 
 
 " 24:18 2.3. a. 
 
 " 24:18 30.5. 
 
 " 25:14....45.3.b.E. (d) 
 
 " 25:15 8.2. e. 
 
 " 25:24 39.4.b. 
 
 " 26:42 44. I.E. (a) 
 
 " 25:43 44. I.E. (c) 
 
 " 26:10....25.1.i;. E. (/) 
 
 " 26:16 34.10. 
 
 " 28:7 8. 4.b. 
 
 " 28:20 17.4. 
 
 " 29:10 44. I.E. (a) 
 
 " 30:12 6.2. 
 
 " 31:7 40.6. 
 
 " 31:9 3.4. 
 
 2Sam.l:4 37.1. 
 
 " 1:9 9. 2.a. E. (o) 
 
 " 1:21 8. 2. d. 
 
 " 1:21 9.2.b. 
 
 " 1:21 44. l.d. E. (e) 
 
 " 1:22 20.3. 
 
 " 2:9 8.2.b. 
 
 " 2:9 8. 2. b. B. (6) 
 
 " 2:13 12.1.g. 
 
 " 2:32 33.1.b. 
 
 " 3:1 28. 3. d. E.(ft) 
 
 " 3:2 9.5.0. 
 
 " 3:13 47.3.a. 
 
 " 3:33 22.3.b. 
 
 " 3:34 41.1. 0. B. (d) 
 
 " 4:4 8.1. b. 
 
 " 6:5 15.5. 
 
 " 5:10 8.1.a. B. (c) 
 
 " 7:5 42.2. c. 
 
 " 7:7 32.1. 
 
 " 7:28 37.5.b. 
 
 " 9:1 42.3.E. (c) 
 
 " 10:11 2.2.0. 
 
 " 11:26 4.3.d. 
 
 " 11:25 34.11. 
 
 " 12:6 15.9.b. 
 
 " ]2:22....13.4.b. E. (e) 
 
 " 12:23....26.1. c. B.(/) 
 
 " 13:13 16.1. E. (a) 
 
 " 13:36 32.2. 
 
 " 14:5 6.1.d. 
 
 " 14:5 24.2.d. 
 
 " 14:10 26. 2.d. 
 
 " 14-.22 11.1.R. (e) 
 
 " 15:4 26.1. o.E.(/) 
 
 " 16:5 30.1.E.(o) 
 
 " 15:16 34.3.E.(e) 
 
 " 15:19 1.3. 
 
 " 15:23 40.4.b. 
 
 " 15:25 11.2.b. 
 
 " 15:33 11.2. c. 
 
 " 15:37 20. E. (o) 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVB METHOD. 
 
 157 
 
 « Sam. 16:17.. 
 
 " 17-.3... 
 
 " 17:5.., 
 
 " 17:14.. 
 
 " 17:22.. 
 
 " 18:3... 
 
 " 18:7... 
 
 " 18:11.. 
 
 " 18:12.. 
 
 " 18:U.. 
 
 " 18:18.. 
 
 " 18:18.. 
 
 " 18:19.. 
 
 " 18:23.. 
 
 " 18:29.. 
 
 " 19:1... 
 
 " 19:2... 
 
 " 19:5... 
 
 " 19:18.. 
 
 " 19:20.. 
 
 " 19:20.. 
 
 " 19:21.. 
 
 " 19:23.. 
 
 " 19:23.. 
 
 " 19:25.. 
 
 " 20:10.. 
 
 " 20:19.. 
 
 " 21:4... 
 
 " 21:9... 
 
 " 21:17.. 
 
 " 22:34.. 
 
 " 23:5... 
 
 " 23:10.. 
 
 " 33:15.. 
 
 " 23:15.. 
 
 " 28:19.. 
 
 " 24:9... 
 
 " 24:24.. 
 lKgs.l:2.... 
 
 " 1:24... 
 
 " 1:35.... 
 
 " 1:52..., 
 
 " 2:2.... 
 
 " 2:21... 
 
 " 2:30... 
 
 " 2:31... 
 
 " 3:2.... 
 
 " 3:4.... 
 
 " 3:7.... 
 
 " 3:18... 
 
 " 4:14..., 
 
 " 5:1..,. 
 
 " 5:20,23. 
 
 " 6:16..., 
 
 " 6:18... 
 
 " 7:8b... 
 
 " 7:13.... 
 
 " 8:5 
 
 " 8:13.... 
 
 " 8:27.... 
 
 " 8:33.... 
 
 " 8:47 ... 
 
 42.1. 
 
 ....6. 1. e. B. (d) 
 
 39. 4. b. 
 
 ...29.3. u. B.(o) 
 ...8. 4. c. E. (6) 
 
 47. l.a. 
 
 40.2. a. 
 
 29.4. R. (d) 
 
 48. 7. B. (t) 
 
 45. 2.e. 
 
 ..29.3. a. B. (a) 
 ....34.1. B. (6) 
 
 30.5. 
 
 23.1.b. 
 
 ....42.1. B. (a) 
 
 11.1. a. 
 
 24.1.b. 
 
 32.3. 
 
 9.5.B. (/) 
 
 29.2. b. 
 
 ..29.2.b.B.(/) 
 
 9.5.d. 
 
 ....42.1. B. (a) 
 ....42.2. B. (b) 
 
 46.2. 0. 
 
 40.6. 
 
 ..9.2.C. B. (/). 
 
 47. l.d. 
 
 33.2. 
 
 44. 2. b. 
 
 12. 1. f. 
 
 42.1. 
 
 20. B. (o) 
 
 43.3. 0. 
 
 42.6. a. 
 
 42. 3. B. (c) 
 
 ...2.2.b. E. (e) 
 
 39.5. b. 
 
 23. 1. b. 
 
 42.2.E. (6) 
 
 18.1. 
 
 48.3. 
 
 ..25. 2. d. E. (d) 
 
 40.1. E.(o) 
 
 . .41. 1. c. E. (c) 
 
 8.3.b. 
 
 27.3. a. 
 
 15.6. 
 
 29.1.d. 
 
 . .U. 2. d. E. (fc) 
 ..33.1.b. E. (d) 
 
 27. 2. a. 
 
 4.3.e. 
 
 34.3. B.(e) 
 
 41.2. c. 
 
 20. E. (a) 
 
 ..24.2. 9. B.(&) 
 
 22.2. a. 
 
 33.3. 
 
 .44. 1. a. B. (d) 
 
 25.5. 
 
 46.1.d. 
 
 1 Kgs. 9:26,27. 
 
 " 10:21... 
 
 " 10:22... 
 
 " 10:22... 
 
 " n:22... 
 
 " 12:15... 
 
 " 12:16... 
 
 " 13:8.... 
 
 " 13:la... 
 
 " 13:31... 
 
 " 14:11... 
 
 " 14:24... 
 
 " 15:2.... 
 
 " 15:23... 
 
 " 15:23..., 
 
 " 15:31... 
 
 " 16:11... 
 
 " 18:4.... 
 
 " 18:11,12. 
 
 " 18:26... 
 
 " 18:32... 
 
 " 18:39... 
 
 " 19:4.... 
 
 " 19:4.... 
 
 " 19:5.... 
 
 " 19:21... 
 
 " 20:6.... 
 
 " 20:6.... 
 
 " 20:13... 
 
 " 20:21... 
 
 " 20:35... 
 
 " 20:36. 
 
 " 20:36. 
 
 " 21:6.. 
 
 " 21:15., 
 
 " 22:1.. 
 
 " 22:1.. 
 
 " 22:10 . 
 
 " 22:15., 
 
 " 23:20.. 
 
 " 22:38.. 
 2Kgs.l:2 ... 
 
 " 1:3.... 
 
 " 2:10.., 
 
 " 2:24... 
 
 " 3:16 . , 
 
 " 8:16... 
 
 " 3:26 . . 
 
 " 4:13... 
 
 " 4:24... 
 
 " 4:43... 
 
 " 4:43... 
 
 " 5:11,.. 
 
 " 6:12... 
 
 " 6:13... 
 
 " 5:23... 
 
 " 6:23... 
 
 " 7:9.... 
 
 " 8:13... 
 
 " 10:1... 
 
 " 10:5... 
 
 " 10:6... 
 
 1.4. 
 
 41.6. 
 
 15. 9. b. 
 
 ...20.2. E. (h) 
 .41. 1.0. K. (c) 
 
 29. 3. a. E. (o) 
 
 42.5. b. 
 
 22.4. b. 
 
 42.5. o. 
 
 2.'-..2. d. 
 
 38.3. a. 
 
 .9. 3. a. E. (o) 
 
 17.1. 
 
 33.8. a. 
 
 34.8. 
 
 9.5.e. 
 
 47.6. c. 
 
 15.6. 
 
 -..25.2.d.E.(d) 
 
 4.3. e. 
 
 31.6. 
 
 7.6. 
 
 29.4. u. 
 
 47.2. a. 
 
 .27. 2. c. E. (ft) 
 
 33.8. 0. 
 
 .25. 1. 0. E. (/) 
 .48. 1. f. B. (cr) 
 
 5.3. 
 
 4.3. c. 
 
 .9.5. E. (/) 
 .25. 2. d. E. (d) 
 
 48. 8. c. 
 
 ......20. E. (a) 
 
 .44. 1. a. B. (d) 
 
 8.2. d. 
 
 45.2. e. 
 
 35.4. 
 
 42.4. n. 
 
 ll.l.g. 
 
 48.2. a. 
 
 43. 4.b. 
 
 41.6. 
 
 ....48. 3. E. (i) 
 
 15.5. 
 
 3. I.e. 
 
 6.3.0. 
 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 29.3. c. 
 
 ...19.3. R.(b) 
 
 28. 5. b. 
 
 .43. 2. d. B. (d) 
 
 39. 5. b. 
 
 .25. 1. c. E. (/) 
 
 38.3. b. 
 
 3.3. 
 
 3.5.b. 
 
 .25. 2. d. E. (d) 
 
 31.1. 
 
 15.4. 
 
 46. a. a. 
 
 10. 4. b. 
 
 3Kgs.U:13.. 
 
 " 13:19.. 
 
 " 13:20.. 
 
 " 14:8.. 
 
 " 14:10. 
 
 " 15:16.. 
 
 " 16:14.. 
 
 " 16:17. 
 
 " 18:17. , 
 
 " 20:4.., 
 
 " 23:3.. 
 
 " 33:17.. 
 
 " 25:4... 
 
 " 35:9... 
 IChr. 5:9.... 
 
 " 7:2,9.. 
 
 " 11:9... 
 
 " 13:4... 
 
 " 19:5... 
 
 " 21:18.. 
 
 " 28:18.. 
 2Chr. 1:6.... 
 
 " 2:12... 
 
 " 3:4.... 
 
 " 3:16... 
 
 " 13:9... 
 
 " 16:14.. 
 
 " 20:6... 
 
 " 29:3... 
 
 " 31:10.. 
 
 " 34:8... 
 
 Ezra 1:11.... 
 
 " 3:10... 
 
 " 8:35. .. 
 
 Neh.l:4 
 
 " 1:7 
 
 " 3:2 
 
 " 3:13,15. 
 
 " 9:33.. . 
 
 " U:13... 
 
 Est. 9:1 
 
 Job 1:1 
 
 " 1:1 
 
 " 1:1 
 
 " 1:1 
 
 " 1:1 
 
 " 1:3 
 
 " 1:14.... 
 
 " 1:15.... 
 
 " 1:16.... 
 
 " 2:10.... 
 
 " 2:20.... 
 
 " 3:8 
 
 " 3:3 
 
 " 3:4 
 
 " 3:13 
 
 " 3:17 
 
 " 6:7 
 
 " 6:17.... 
 
 " 8:12.... 
 
 " 9:3 
 
 " 9:4 
 
 44.4. d. 
 
 ..48.3.d.E.(7») 
 
 30. B. (o) 
 
 33. 8. b. 
 
 .25. 1. 0. B. (/) 
 ...4.1. b. E. (7>) 
 ...9. 3. a. E. (a) 
 
 6.1. a. 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 30.4. 
 
 15. 8. b. 
 
 ...9.3. a. E. (a) 
 . . .3. 5. o. B. (h) 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 6.1. 0. 
 
 3.4. 
 
 .28.3. d. E. (h) 
 
 47. 3. d. 
 
 40. 2. a. 
 
 47. 3. c. 
 
 ... .6.1. E. (a) 
 
 , 15.6. 
 
 18.1. 
 
 15.4. 
 
 15.6. 
 
 15.3.0. 
 
 44. I.E. (6) 
 
 41.4. b. 
 
 15.8. a. 
 
 ..28. 2. a. B. («) 
 
 15. 8. b. 
 
 1.3. 
 
 26.1. b. 
 
 15.3. 
 
 .27.2.a. B. (0) 
 ....28.3. B. (a) 
 
 28.2. b. 
 
 ..27. 2. a. E. (9) 
 
 10.3. 
 
 9. 5.b. 
 
 , 14.1. b. 
 
 11.1. 0. 
 
 12.1. b. 
 
 37.5. c. 
 
 .38.2. 0. E. (/) 
 
 46.1c. 
 
 10. 4. b. 
 
 3.2.a. 
 
 39.4.11. 
 
 29.3. a. 
 
 .... 5.3.E.(e) 
 ...15.1. E. (a) 
 
 13. 3. a. 
 
 20.1. a. 
 
 ....10.3. B. (6) 
 
 37.3. a. 
 
 ....21. 3. B. (/)) 
 
 44.1. b. 
 
 20. E. (o) 
 
 41.5. d. 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 9.I.C. 
 
168 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Job 9:a 14. I.e. 
 
 " 10:1 23.3. K.(n) 
 
 " 10:8,9 43.1. K. (a) 
 
 " 10:14 48. 2. b. 
 
 " 10:17 44.1. R.(&) 
 
 " 11:6 .3.5.0. 
 
 " 11:13,14 48. 5. R. (0) 
 
 " 11:17 10. 4. a. R. (s) 
 
 " 11:18 37.5.d. 
 
 " 11:20 21.3.R.(6) 
 
 " 14:19 40.4.a. 
 
 " 15:10 9.1. a. R. (b) 
 
 " 16:4 30.5.R.(c) 
 
 " 16:6 23. 2. d. 
 
 " 16:9 30. 5. E. (c) 
 
 " 16:18 43.1. a. 
 
 " 17:10 43.1.a. 
 
 " 18:21 13.3.b. 
 
 " 18:21 46.5.a. 
 
 " 19:19 13.4.a. 
 
 " 20:17 9.2. c.R.(/) 
 
 " 21:16 19.4.B.CC) 
 
 " 21:23 45.1.C. 
 
 " 32:18 19.4. R. (c) 
 
 " 24:10 8.2. d. 
 
 " 24:14 36.4. 
 
 " 27:3 9.2.ii.E.(a) 
 
 " 30:6 9.4.b. 
 
 " 32:6 9. 1. a. R. (B) 
 
 " 32:7 40.5.C. 
 
 " 32:23 36. 4. 
 
 " 34:33 46.5.a. 
 
 " 36:10 47.1.a. 
 
 " 88:3 ll.l.e. 
 
 " 40:2 43. 2. d. E. (d) 
 
 " 40:15 3.3.C. 
 
 Pa. 1:1 4.3. b. 
 
 " 1:1 48.1.f. R. (9) 
 
 " 1:2 33.2. 
 
 " 1:2 44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 " 1:3 1.2. 
 
 " 2:1 42.6.d. 
 
 " 2:lf 21.3. R.(Z)) 
 
 " 2:2. 5.4. 
 
 " 23 21.1. 
 
 " 2:3 23.2.b. 
 
 " 2:6 9.2.d. 
 
 " 2:8 23.2.d. 
 
 " 2:12 9.2.b. 
 
 " 2:13 26.2.0. 
 
 " 3:1 9.5.b. 
 
 " 3:5 33.8.a. 
 
 " 3:7 17.3. 
 
 " 3:8 31.7. 
 
 " 4:2 19.4.R.(c) 
 
 " 4:2 29.2.b. 
 
 " 5:6 31.3.E.(6) 
 
 " 5:7 21.3. 
 
 " 5:9,10 40.7.b. 
 
 " 6:5 33. 1. a. R. (ft) 
 
 " 6:7 31.3.R.(b) 
 
 " 6:9 (of. 10) 19.2. c. 
 
 Ps. 
 
 7:4.... 
 7:7.... 
 7:9.... 
 7:12... 
 7:12... 
 7:13... 
 7:13f . . 
 7:14... 
 8:2.... 
 
 8:5 
 
 9:19... 
 9:21 .. . 
 10:16.. 
 11:4..., 
 11:6... 
 11:6... 
 11:7... 
 11:7..., 
 12:3... 
 12:4... 
 14:7 . . . 
 15:4..., 
 16:3... 
 16:4..., 
 17:5..., 
 17:5..., 
 18:4... 
 18:33.. 
 19:2... 
 19:4... 
 19:9... 
 19:9... 
 19:10.. 
 19:14... 
 20:7... 
 21:3... 
 21:3.... 
 21:6... 
 22:7... 
 22:8... 
 22:16... 
 22:16.. 
 22:22.. 
 22:30.. 
 23:3... 
 23:5... 
 23:5... 
 24:10.. 
 24:10... 
 25:3... 
 25:10 . 
 25:13.. 
 26:4,5. 
 27:2. . . 
 37:3... 
 27:5. ., 
 28:3.... 
 29:1,.. 
 
 17.3. 
 
 19.4. B.(c) 
 
 43. 2. d. 
 
 14.2. a. 
 
 27.2. b. 
 
 36.2. 
 
 21.3. R. (6) 
 
 ..38.2. c.E.(/) 
 , .12. 2. e. R. (g) 
 
 47. 4. a. 
 
 41.8. 
 
 47.3. b. 
 
 ....19. 4. E. (c) 
 
 37.4.0. 
 
 ...23.1. E. (/) 
 
 23.1. d. 
 
 37. 4. a. 
 
 37.5. a. 
 
 3. 1. c. 
 
 ...23. 1. E. (/) 
 
 23.1.b. 
 
 21.2. 
 
 46.4. d. 
 
 9.5. E.(/) 
 
 ,....28. 1. E. (d) 
 ....28. 5. E. (6) 
 
 24. 3. b. 
 
 ..9.3. a. E. (a) 
 , .37. 2. b. E. (h) 
 
 8.2.d. 
 
 9.1. a. 
 
 40.1. 
 
 37. 4. b. 
 
 47.4.0. 
 
 19.1. 
 
 :...11.8. 
 
 4t.3.e. 
 
 10.3. 
 
 9.1.b. 
 
 30.5. E.(c) 
 
 ....31.3. E. (b) 
 
 35.3. 
 
 19. 4. E. (c) 
 
 9.1. a. 
 
 21.2. 
 
 ...6. 1. e. R. (d) 
 
 21.3. R.(b) 
 
 ...13. 1. e. R.(c) 
 
 42. 5. a. 
 
 41.1.b. 
 
 10.3. E. (e) 
 
 46.4. b. 
 
 ....21. 3. E. (b) 
 
 26. 2. a. 
 
 39. 4. b. 
 
 .45. 2. b. 
 
 45. 1. d. 
 
 3.4. 
 
 29:5... 
 31:8... 
 31:8.... 
 
 ..8.3. o.E. (c) 
 .27. 3. b. E. (h) 
 ....19.4. H. (c) 
 33. 2. b. 
 
 Ps. 
 
 31:8 
 
 32:3 
 
 32:10.... 
 
 33:13 
 
 34:6 
 
 34:9 
 
 35:16 
 
 37:11 
 
 37:13 
 
 37:14f.... 
 
 37:21 
 
 38:12 
 
 40:3,9... 
 
 40:6 
 
 41:3 
 
 41:3 
 
 41:6.... 
 
 41:7 
 
 42:5,10... 
 
 44:8 
 
 44:18 
 
 44:21,22. . 
 
 45:3 
 
 45:5 
 
 45:7 
 
 45:9 
 
 49:8 
 
 49:18 
 
 50:3 
 
 50:3 
 
 50:4 
 
 60:6 , 
 
 50:21 
 
 53:5 
 
 55:3,18... 
 
 55:15 
 
 56:4 
 
 56:4 
 
 66:4 
 
 57:7 
 
 58:2 
 
 58:3 
 
 59:16 
 
 60:3.. .. 
 
 62:5 
 
 63:4 
 
 64:8-10... 
 
 65:5 
 
 65:14 
 
 65:14 
 
 66:7 
 
 69:1 
 
 71:3 
 
 71:7 
 
 71:19 
 
 71:22.. .. 
 72:8,13,16. 
 
 74:2 
 
 74:5 
 
 74:14 
 
 77:4,7.... 
 77:14 
 
 46. 3. a. 
 
 47. 5. a. 
 
 .10. 3. a. R. (b) 
 
 18.3. 
 
 ...23.1. E. (/) 
 
 10.3. 
 
 ... 30. 5. E. (c) 
 
 8.2. b. 
 
 27.3. b. 
 
 .30. 1. a. E. (b) 
 
 .41. 1. 0. E. (d) 
 
 ...31. 3. E. (b) 
 
 .23. 1.R. (/) 
 
 41.4. b. 
 
 .41. 1. b. E. (b) 
 ...23. 1. R. (/) 
 25. 1. o. E. (/) 
 
 48.6. 
 
 ...23.3. E.(m) 
 ,44.1. a. E. (d) 
 ,45.3. b. E. (d) 
 
 48. 7. a. 
 
 .3.5. 0. E. (h) 
 
 31.4. 
 
 .9. 2. a. E. (a) 
 .6. 1. e. R. (d) 
 ..28.8. E. (/) 
 
 41.7. 
 
 ..23.1. B. (/) 
 41. 1. b. R. (b) 
 
 47.3. d. 
 
 ll.l.d. 
 
 ...28.3. R. (a) 
 
 9.1. a. 
 
 ...23.2. E.(n) 
 
 30. 3. 
 
 8.3.e. 
 
 20. E. (a) 
 
 46. 4. e. 
 
 ...19. 4. E. (c) 
 
 33.5. 
 
 .8.1. a. 
 
 24.3. g. 
 
 45. 8. b. K. (d) 
 
 40.7. b. 
 
 10. 4. a. 
 
 ...34. 1. E. (0) 
 
 10.1.b. 
 
 . .23. 1. R. (/) 
 
 30.3. 
 
 ...33. 1. R. (/) 
 
 9.5.0. 
 
 ....19. 4. R. (c) 
 ... 6.1.R.(o) 
 44. 1. d. E. (e) 
 ...11. I.E. (b) 
 ,17..23.1.B.(/) 
 
 12. 1. d. 
 
 1.2. 
 
 .20. 1. a. R. (b) 
 ...23. 2. E. (n) 
 12. 3. e. E. ((7) 
 
BY AN INDTJCTIVB METHOD. 
 
 159 
 
 Ps. 
 
 77:17 
 
 " 78:18.... 
 
 " 80:5 
 
 " 80:9 
 
 " 81:14-17. 
 
 " 84:3 
 
 " 84:2 
 
 " 84:5 
 
 " 87:5 
 
 " 88:16.... 
 
 " 90:2 
 
 " 94:23.... 
 
 " 98:7 
 
 " 101:3.... 
 
 " 103:5 
 
 " 104:19... 
 
 " 104:20... 
 
 " 104:25. . . 
 
 " 104:25... 
 
 " 110:3.... 
 
 " 113:5.... 
 
 " 114:3-7. . 
 
 " 116:16... 
 
 " 119:133. . 
 
 " 119:137.. 
 
 " 121:3.... 
 
 " 123:4.... 
 
 " 125:1.... 
 
 " 126:2.... 
 
 " 126:2.... 
 
 " 128:5.... 
 
 " 133:1. .. 
 
 " 135:6.... 
 
 " 139:14... 
 
 " 139:14... 
 
 " 139:19 . . , 
 
 " 144:3.... 
 
 " 144:14... 
 
 " 149:2 
 
 Prov.l:20 
 
 " 1:26 
 
 " 2:17 
 
 " 3:28 
 
 " 4:17 
 
 " 5:19 
 
 " 5:23 
 
 " 6:19 
 
 " 6:24... ., 
 
 " 8:3 
 
 '• 10:30 
 
 " 12:12 
 
 " 12:26 
 
 " 13:38... 
 
 " 14:3 
 
 " 17:12.... 
 
 " 20:22 
 
 " 21:9 
 
 " 22:21.... 
 
 " 22:23.... 
 
 " 23:22.... 
 
 " .23:22.... 
 
 " 24:31.... 
 
 .20. 1. a. E. (b) 
 
 29. 3. e. 
 
 ...19.4. H.(d) 
 
 , 24.1. (b) 
 
 ....48. 7. E. (t) 
 
 2. 1. a. E. (a) 
 .12.2. e.E. (g) 
 
 27.1. a. 
 
 3. I.e. 
 
 ....23. 2. E. (re) 
 .20.1.1). E.(e) 
 ...24.1. E. to) 
 ...23.1. E. (/) 
 
 29.1.d. 
 
 40.4. a. 
 
 ...23. I.E. (/) 
 
 23.1. e. 
 
 .10. 2. a. E. (Z)) 
 
 12.1.e. 
 
 ..6. 1. B. E. (d) 
 ..9. 3. a. K. to) 
 ...23.1. E.(/) 
 ...19.4. E.<c) 
 
 3.3. 
 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 ...23.1. E.(/) 
 ..9. 3. a. E. (a) 
 
 4.3.1. 
 
 20.1.b. 
 
 37.2. a. 
 
 23.1.d. 
 
 29. 2. b. 
 
 14.2. b. 
 
 33. 5. 
 
 35. 3. 
 
 43.3.1). 
 
 22.1.1). 
 
 2.1.b. 
 
 .2.2. 0. K. (/) 
 ....23. 2. E. (I) 
 
 8.1. a. 
 
 27.5. b. 
 
 37. 6. d. 
 
 ...21.3. E. (6) 
 
 3.2. b. 
 
 32 
 
 27.5. a. 
 
 '8.3.3. 
 
 ....23.2. E. © 
 
 41. 2. e. 
 
 ...21. 3. E.(b) 
 
 8.1. a. 
 
 8.2. d. 
 
 16. 2. b. 
 
 ...28. 5. E.(&) 
 23.1.e. 
 
 ..29. 4. E. (a) 
 
 e.i.b. 
 
 21.7. 
 
 12. 1. d. 
 
 13. 4. a. 
 
 ..30.2.E. (b) 
 
 Isa. 
 
 Prov.25:16.. 
 " 26:14. . 
 " 27:27 . 
 " 28:1... 
 Bool. 1:17... 
 " 2:7.... 
 " 2:12... 
 " 2:12... 
 " 2:24. . 
 " 3:2.... 
 " 4:9.... 
 " 4:17... 
 " 5:4.... 
 " 7:20... 
 " 8:9... 
 " 8:10.. 
 " 9:16.. 
 " 12:11 . 
 Cant. 1:8... 
 " 1:15.. 
 " 2:8.... 
 " 5:2... 
 " 7:13.. 
 
 1:1.... 
 
 1:2.... 
 
 1:3a... 
 
 1:4.... 
 
 1:9.... 
 
 1:9... 
 
 1:9... 
 
 1:12... 
 
 1:15... 
 
 1:15... 
 
 1:16... 
 
 1:20... 
 
 1:20... 
 
 1:21... 
 
 2:2.... 
 
 2:2.... 
 
 2:2.... 
 
 2:6.... 
 
 2:8.... 
 
 2:11... 
 2:20... 
 3:15... 
 3:17... 
 3:26.. 
 5:2.... 
 6:2.... 
 5:2. . . . 
 5:8.... 
 5:8.... 
 5:6.... 
 5:9.... 
 6:11. . . 
 6:11 . . 
 5:12... 
 5:12... 
 5:13... 
 5:15f.. 
 
 48.1. a. 
 
 21.3. 
 
 8.2.b. 
 
 ....21. 3. E. (6) 
 
 3. 2. b. 
 
 ....40.1. E. (a) 
 
 3.2.b. 
 
 ....11.1. E.(b) 
 .25. 1. 0. E. (/) 
 
 29. 3. d. 
 
 15. 7. a. 
 
 47.2. b. 
 
 47.1. a. 
 
 41. 5. b. 
 
 28. 4. a. 
 
 8.3. a. 
 
 26.1.b. 
 
 ...8.3. e. E. (c) 
 
 10. 4. b. 
 
 37. 4. b. 
 
 ...8.2. o. E. (c) 
 ...8. 2. c. E. (c) 
 
 42. 4. b. 
 
 44. 4. a. 
 
 26. 2. a. 
 
 18.3. 
 
 17.2. 
 
 19.4. 
 
 48.1.d. 
 
 48.7. 
 
 33.6. 
 
 30.2. 
 
 40.3. 
 
 ..23. 1. a. E. TO 
 
 33.6. 
 
 35. S. 
 
 42. 6. c. 
 
 . .8. 2. b. E. (6) 
 
 25.1.0. 
 
 25. 4. a. 
 
 24. 3. b. 
 
 ....21. 1. E. (o) 
 ....23. 1. E. (6) 
 ....24. I.E. (cr) 
 
 40. 5.0. 
 
 8.3.d. 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 38.3.0. 
 
 44. 4. b. 
 
 ..20.2. b. E.(0) 
 .29. 3. b. E. (W 
 
 .31.2. 
 
 7.3. d. 
 
 23.1.0. 
 
 ....30.2. E. (6) 
 
 41.6. 
 
 ..8.3. e.E. (c) 
 
 45.2. b. 
 
 ..6. 1. e. K. (d) 
 ....10.3. E.(e) 
 
 19. 2. a. 
 
 ....24. 1. E. (9) 
 
 Isa. 
 
 6:19.... 
 6:24.... 
 5:26.... 
 
 6:1 
 
 6:2 
 
 6:6 
 
 6:6 
 
 6:8 
 
 6:8 
 
 6:8 
 
 6:9 
 
 6:9 
 
 7:13.... 
 7:14.... 
 7:14.... 
 
 8:3 
 
 8:8 
 
 9:1 
 
 9:5 
 
 9:10.... 
 9:10.... 
 9:10-16. 
 
 9:12 
 
 9:55.... 
 
 10:4.... 
 
 10:12... 
 
 10:15... 
 
 10:22... 
 
 10:28.. 
 
 11:7.... 
 
 11:9.... 
 
 13:2.... 
 
 13:9 ... 
 
 13:10... 
 
 14:6.... 
 
 14:21... 
 
 14:23... 
 
 15:6.... 
 
 16:12... 
 
 17:6.... 
 
 18:2,7... 
 
 19:2.... 
 
 19:8 ... 
 
 19:11... 
 
 20:1.... 
 
 21:2 
 
 21:3.... 
 
 21:5 
 
 21:5.... 
 21:9.... 
 21:12. . . 
 22:2.... 
 22:2.... 
 22:13... 
 22:16... 
 22:17... 
 22:24.... 
 23:1,4... 
 23:13.... 
 23:15.... 
 24:18.... 
 24:19.... 
 
 23. 2. E. (I) 
 
 .29.2. o.E. Ol) 
 
 40.7. o. 
 
 ....11. I.E. (d) 
 
 27.5.0. 
 
 ....9.5. E. (/) 
 ,.45.3.b. E. (d) 
 ...3. 2. o.E. (6) 
 
 11.2. b. 
 
 34.2. 
 
 28. 3. c. 
 
 32.4. 
 
 29.1. a. 
 
 14.1. b. 
 
 39.6. 
 
 ..24.1. o.E. (6) 
 
 19.2. b. 
 
 19.2. a. 
 
 24.1.0. 
 
 .20. l.a. E. (c) 
 ....21.1.B.(a) 
 ....24.1.E.(g) 
 ...9.3.a.E. (o) 
 
 8.3.f. 
 
 ....21.1. E. m 
 ..8.3.f.E. (d) 
 
 41. 5. a. 
 
 ....30.2. E. (b) 
 ....21. I.E. (a) 
 4.3. d. 
 
 19.2.0. 
 
 ...23.1. E. (/) 
 ....44. 1. E. (a) 
 
 19.2. b. 
 
 41.5. o. 
 
 41.2. e. 
 
 .28.2.a. E. (e) 
 .37.5.C.E. (/) 
 ... 19.3. E. (6) 
 
 11. 2. a. E. to) 
 ..37.5. b.E. (6) 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 . .9. 2. a. E. (a) 
 ..6. I.e. E. (d) 
 .29. 2. o. E. (h) 
 ....40.1. E. (a) 
 
 17.2. 
 
 28.5. a. 
 
 .43. 2. d. E. (d) 
 
 ... L2. 
 
 5.4. 
 
 9.1.0. 
 
 27.1. b. 
 
 28.1. 
 
 ..9. 2. a. E. (a) 
 .28. 3. u. E. (g) 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 ...23. 1. K. (/) 
 .37. 5. 0. B. (/) 
 
 2.2.C. 
 
 19.2.0. 
 
 ....28.3. E.(d) 
 
160 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Tsa. 
 
 1:15... 
 28:1.... 
 28:13... 
 28i28... 
 29:U... 
 29:14... 
 29:16... 
 29:19... 
 30:1.... 
 31:8.... 
 81:8..., 
 32:7.... 
 32:17... 
 33:1.... 
 33:6.... 
 34:12... 
 34:13... 
 a5:lf.. 
 36:2.... 
 36:8..., 
 36:9... 
 37:2.... 
 37:2... 
 37:4... 
 37:5... 
 37:22... 
 38:10... 
 38:S0... 
 39:1..., 
 40:7... 
 40:7.... 
 40:18.. 
 40:20.. 
 40:20.., 
 40:20.. 
 40:24.. 
 40:24.. 
 40:27.. 
 40:28.., 
 40:30.. 
 41:7... 
 41:8... 
 41:11., 
 41:20.. 
 41:26.. 
 41:28.. 
 42:7... 
 42:16.. 
 42:21.. 
 42:24.. 
 42:24.. 
 43:4... 
 43:9... 
 43:22.. 
 44:23.. 
 44:28.. 
 47:1... 
 47:1... 
 47:1... 
 47:9... 
 47:11. . 
 47:12.. 
 
 ....19. 4. E. (0) 
 . .9. 2. a. E. (a) 
 
 25.1.0. 
 
 ....28.3. H.(c) 
 ,..8.2.b. E. (6) 
 ,.28.2.b. E. (9) 
 
 , 43.1. a. 
 
 8.3. f. 
 
 . .29. 3. a. E. (o) 
 
 11. 2. c. 
 
 39.7. 
 
 29.2.0. 
 
 ..28. 2. a. E. (6) 
 
 36.6. 
 
 8. 4. a. 
 
 41.2. f. 
 
 40. 4. a. 
 
 ....23.1. E. (/) 
 
 10. 1. a. 
 
 ...9. 3. a. E. (a) 
 ...9. 2. a. E. (o) 
 ...6. 1. OiE. (cj 
 
 10.4. b. 
 
 13.1. 
 
 ..24.1. c. E. (e) 
 
 8.4.b. 
 
 23.2. E.(ri) 
 
 29. 3. b. 
 
 . .24. 2. g. E. (a) 
 
 18.3. 
 
 48. 5. b. 
 
 ..12.2.6. B. ((7) 
 . . .9. 1. a. R. (b) 
 
 27.1.b. 
 
 35.3. 
 
 24.1.b. 
 
 44.1. E.(c) 
 
 -.25.1. 0. E.(/) 
 
 42. 4. a. 
 
 26. 2. b. 
 
 34.6. 
 
 46. 1. E. (c) 
 
 26. 2. b. 
 
 26.2.0. 
 
 44.1.R.(c) 
 
 48. 8. b. 
 
 ..10.2. b. R. (c) 
 
 , 46. 4. b. 
 
 36.4. 
 
 28. 2. a. 
 
 36.3. 
 
 13.2. 
 
 19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 ..22.3.d.E. (6) 
 
 3. 2. a. 
 
 29. 5. a. 
 
 36.R. (d) 
 
 37.2. a. 
 
 ...2L2. o. E. (7i) 
 
 29.2. b. 
 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 13.2.R.(c) 
 
 Isa. 48:14 13. 3. b. 
 
 " 48:18,19 48. 7. R. (g) 
 
 " 49:3 13.1. 
 
 " 49:7 24.2.f. 
 
 " 50:1 2.2. c.E.(ft) 
 
 " 60:4 34.6 
 
 " 60:8 4«.E. (a) 
 
 " 51:12 21:4. 
 
 " 51:15 44.1.d. E. (e) 
 
 " 51:21 8. 4. a. 
 
 " 62:8 40.6. b. 
 
 " 53:4 9.1. b. 
 
 " 53:7 39.6.a. E. (e) 
 
 " 63:10,11 47.3.0. 
 
 " 53:11 36.2. E.(c) 
 
 " 54:14 23. 1. E. (/) 
 
 " 55:2 48. 8. b. 
 
 " 56:10 48. l.f. 
 
 " 66:2 14. 2. b. 
 
 " 57:1 14.;3. d. 
 
 " 57:11 44.1.0. 
 
 " 57:14 23.1.R. (/) 
 
 " 69:3 3.5. o. R. (h) 
 
 " 59:10 23. 2. R. (n) 
 
 " 59:16b-17....24. 1. R. (fl) 
 
 " 62:10 23. 1. E. (/) 
 
 " 63:19 48. 7. R. (Q) 
 
 " 64:4 24.2.g.E.(o) 
 
 " 65:1 46. 5. a. 
 
 " 1:4 11.1. E.(d) 
 
 Jer. 2:5 12.2. e.E. to) 
 
 " 3:1 25.1.C. E. (/) 
 
 " 3:25 23.2. R.(n) 
 
 " 4:5 36.2. R.(c) 
 
 " 4:16 24.1.0. 
 
 " 4:16 24.1.R.(0) 
 
 " 4:19,21 23.2. R.(n) 
 
 " 6:2 48.1.b. E. (a) 
 
 " 6:9 14.2.e. 
 
 " 5:15 46.4. a. 
 
 " 7:1 11.1. E. (a) 
 
 " 7:6 23. 1. a. 
 
 " 7:12 46. 1. d. 
 
 " 7:16 41.3. 
 
 " 7:19 11.2.b. 
 
 " 8:9 8.4.0. 
 
 "' 8:13 28.3.E.(c) 
 
 " 9:13 37.2.0. 
 
 " 9:17 30.2.E.(b) 
 
 " 10:6 38.1. b. 
 
 " 12:3 25.1.b. 
 
 " 13:7 14.2.d. 
 
 " 13:16 25. 1. 0. E. (/) 
 
 " 14:1 46.R.(h) 
 
 " 14:7 48. l.b. E.(a) 
 
 " 14:17 41.1. R.(Z)) 
 
 " 16:4 13.2. 
 
 " 16:5b-7 a4.1.R. (0) 
 
 " 16:13 34 3. 
 
 " 17:21 25.1.0.E. (/) 
 
 " 18:13 38. 2. c. E. (/) 
 
 " 18:21 9.1.b. 
 
 Jer. 20:8.... 
 
 47.5. h. 
 
 " 20:12... 
 
 .44. 1. d. E. (e) 
 
 " 21:9.... 
 
 25.5. 
 
 " 22:10... 
 
 . .28. 3. 0. R. (ff) 
 
 " 22:19... 
 
 32.2. 
 
 " 22:29... 
 
 39. 6. a. 
 
 " 23:5.... 
 
 2r.2.c. 
 
 " 23:14... 
 
 28. 2. a. 
 
 " 23:23 .. 
 
 8.8.b. 
 
 " 23:37... 
 
 38. 2. b. 
 
 " 24:2.... 
 
 ...6.1.e. E. (d) 
 
 " 28:9 
 
 5.1. 
 
 " 28:9 
 
 46. l.b. 
 
 " 29:23... 
 
 .44. 1. d. E. (6) 
 
 " 30:6.... 
 
 45. 2. d. 
 
 " 31:21... 
 
 37. R. ((7) 
 
 " 32:14... 
 
 .28.5.0. 
 
 " 32:29... 
 
 . .29. 3. a. E. (a) 
 
 " 32:33.... 
 
 ....41.3.R.(/) 
 
 " 33:2.... 
 
 6.1.E.(a) 
 
 " 33:22... 
 
 ...9.1.a. E. (o) 
 
 " 36:9.... 
 
 15. 8. a. 
 
 " 37:14... 
 
 41.3. 
 
 " 46:1.... 
 
 46.E. (ft) 
 
 " 46:6... 
 
 ....23.1.E.(/) 
 
 " 48:2.... 
 
 41. 5. d. 
 
 " 48:4,9... 
 
 2.2. c. 
 
 " 48:9.... 
 
 ....28.3. E. (c) 
 
 " 48:36... 
 
 46. 4. d. 
 
 " 51:3.... 
 
 ....23.1.E. (/) 
 
 " 51:9.... 
 
 ..23.1.a.E. W) 
 
 " 61:35... 
 
 ....;... 11. 2. d. 
 
 " 61:53... 
 
 48.4. 
 
 " 52:7.... 
 
 20. E. (a) 
 
 Lam. 1:1 
 
 ...2.2. 0. E.(h) 
 
 " 1:17.... 
 
 30.5.E.(c) 
 
 " 1:21.... 
 
 13. 8. a. 
 
 Ezek.l:20,21. 
 
 ..39.5.a.E. (e) 
 
 " 2:2 .... 
 
 34.5. 
 
 " 7:9.... 
 
 9.2.d. 
 
 " 9:4 
 
 20. E. (a) 
 
 " 10:3.... 
 
 ..11.2.U. E.(0) 
 
 " 10:3 ... 
 
 9.2.b. 
 
 " 12:25... 
 
 46.E. (?i) 
 
 " 13:2.... 
 
 9.2. b. 
 
 " 14:15... 
 
 . .25. 1. c. E. (/) 
 
 " 16:4.... 
 
 ....28.3. E.(d) 
 
 " 17:15... 
 
 ...9.3. a. E. (a) 
 
 " 17:21... 
 
 34.9. 
 
 " 23:20... 
 
 23.2. E.® 
 
 " 23:28... 
 
 13.2. 
 
 " 23:46... 
 
 28.5.d. 
 
 " 27:5.... 
 
 ...3.5.0. R.(fi) 
 
 " 27:34... 
 
 8.2.e. 
 
 " 27:34... 
 
 46. 4. e. 
 
 " 28:16... 
 
 24.1. E.(ff) 
 
 " 80:11.. 
 
 31.3. 
 
 " 31:12.. 
 
 24.1.E.(0) 
 
 " 37:9.... 
 
 4.3. e. 
 
 " 39:4.... 
 
 ...9.2.0. R.(/) 
 
 " 40:17.. 
 
 15. 4. E. (6) 
 
 " 40:22... 
 
 15.2.0. 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 161 
 
 Ezek. 45:11.. 
 
 " 45:16.. 
 
 Hos. 1:6 
 
 " 3:2 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 " 4:3 
 
 " 5:11.... 
 
 " 8:11.... 
 
 " 9:4 
 
 " 10:6.... 
 
 " 10:12... 
 
 " 12:1.... 
 
 " 12:6.... 
 
 " 13:8 (cf . 
 
 Joel 1:6 
 
 " 1:14.... 
 
 " 1:15.... 
 
 " 1:20.... 
 
 " 2:3ff.... 
 
 " 2:23.... 
 
 " 4:9 
 
 " 4:18.... 
 
 " 4:20.... 
 
 Amos 1:11... 
 
 " 2:16.... 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 " 4:7.... 
 
 " 4:13.... 
 
 ...6.1. e. K.(d) 
 
 5.1. a. 
 
 . .41. 1. 0. H. (d) 
 
 15.3. E. (d) 
 
 . .43. 2. a. E. id) 
 
 25.1.b. 
 
 36.2. 
 
 ...39.5. a. E. (6) 
 
 8.2.0. 
 
 40. I.E. (o) 
 
 ..25.1. O.E. (/) 
 
 3.2.0. 
 
 ..44. 1. d. E. (e) 
 2 Kgs. 2:24) 
 
 a.i.b. 
 
 41. 5. t). 
 
 44.4.6. 
 
 43. l.b. 
 
 40. 4. a. 
 
 ...20. 1. a. E. (c) 
 , . 44. 1. d. E. (e) 
 
 2.2.0. 
 
 30.2. E. (6) 
 
 ..44.1. d.E. (6) 
 
 29. 5. b. 
 
 33.4. 
 
 . .37. 2. a. E. (b) 
 
 37.3. b. 
 
 ..27.1.b. K. (e) 
 
 Amos 5:1 
 
 " 6:3 
 
 " 6:1 
 
 " 6:12..., 
 
 " 6:13.... 
 
 " 7:7 
 
 " 9:5 
 
 " 9:8 
 
 " 9:11... 
 
 Jon. 1:11... 
 
 " 1:3,5... 
 
 " 3:3.... 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 " 4:10.... 
 
 " 4:10.... 
 
 " 4:10,U. 
 
 Mic. 1:10.... 
 
 " 2:4 
 
 " 2:6.... 
 
 " 2:12.... 
 
 " 3:6. .. 
 
 " 3:12.... 
 
 " 5:2 
 
 " 5:4 
 
 " 6:5,16.. 
 
 " 7:4 
 
 " 7:10.... 
 
 Nah.l:3 
 
 , 46. K. (ft) 
 
 33.3. 
 
 43.1.b. 
 
 37.2. b. 
 
 .8.2. d.E. (/) 
 .45. 3. b. E. (d) 
 .44. 1. d. E. (e) 
 ...28.3. E. (/) 
 
 40. 7. d. 
 
 26. 2. a. 
 
 1.4. 
 
 9. 5. a. 
 
 9.4.b. 
 
 10.4. b. 
 
 8.3.e. 
 
 10.5. 
 
 ....42. 1. E. (a) 
 ...28. 3. E. (/) 
 ....28.3. E.(d) 
 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 . .4. 1. b. E. (ft) 
 
 37.3. b. 
 
 4.3. e. 
 
 19.3. 
 
 8.3.f. 
 
 29. 3. a. E. (a) 
 . .10. 4. a. E. (9) 
 
 40.3. 
 
 ,...28.3. E.(/) 
 
 Nah 
 
 2:5 
 
 .20. 1. a. E. (c) 
 
 " 
 
 2:9 
 
 .37. 6. b. E. (6) 
 
 Hab.2:17.... 
 
 8.1.b. 
 
 " 
 
 8:8 
 
 6. I.E. (a) 
 
 " 
 
 3:10 
 
 .20. 1. a. E. (6) 
 
 " 
 
 3:16.... 
 
 47. 4. b. 
 
 Hag 
 
 .1:1 
 
 9. 5. a. 
 
 .( 
 
 2:5 
 
 43. 2. b. 
 
 " 
 
 2:11 
 
 31.4. 
 
 Zeoh.l:3 
 
 25.2. c. 
 
 " 
 
 1:9 
 
 42. 6. b. 
 
 " 
 
 4:4,13. . . 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 " 
 
 4:5 
 
 37.5. b. 
 
 " 
 
 4:10.... 
 
 ..9.3. a. E. (o) 
 
 " 
 
 7:1 
 
 15. 8. e. 
 
 " 
 
 7:5 
 
 11. 2. a. 
 
 .1 
 
 8:2 
 
 32.3. 
 
 " 
 
 8:6 
 
 42.1. 
 
 " 
 
 8:17.... 
 
 ...34.10.E.(fc) 
 
 " 
 
 8:19... 
 
 4.3. d. 
 
 " 
 
 9:5 
 
 ...23.1. E.(/) 
 
 " 
 
 10:7.... 
 
 ...23.1. E.(/) 
 
 " 
 
 12:10... 
 
 34.10. 
 
 " 
 
 12:12-14 
 
 .39. 6. a. E. (e) 
 
 It 
 
 13:6.... 
 
 37.2. b. 
 
 " 
 
 14:4.... 
 
 8.3. a. 
 
 .i 
 
 14:4. . . . 
 
 33 7. 
 
 Mai 
 
 1:2 
 
 24.2 a 
 
 " 
 
 1:11.,.. 
 
 37.a * 
 
INDEX OF TEXTS 
 
 Under "Bbfebences tor Studt.' 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Gen. 1:6 73 
 
 " 02 109 
 
 " 14 114 
 
 " 16 31,38 
 
 20,21 94 
 
 26 81,14 
 
 28 14,109 
 
 " 31 63,54 
 
 " 2:3 103 
 
 6 118 
 
 " 9 18,84 
 
 10 60,109 
 
 U 22,45 
 
 14 27 
 
 17 64,U0 
 
 " 19 27 
 
 " 8:1 38 
 
 3 132,73 
 
 " 6 84,114 
 
 13 121 
 
 17 73 
 
 " 4:6 121 
 
 10 16,43 
 
 11 132 
 
 " 13 92 
 
 15 118 
 
 19 31,50 
 
 " 20..... 94 
 
 25 95 
 
 " 6:3 98 
 
 8 31 
 
 26 50 
 
 29 132 
 
 " 6:2 136 
 
 4 60 
 
 5 38 
 
 " 14 79 
 
 17 25 
 
 " 7:2 J33 
 
 " 6 31,128 
 
 " 11 36 
 
 Zl 23 
 
 •' 23 100,132 
 
 " 24 50 
 
 " 8:5 31,38 
 
 •' 7 88 
 
 9 47 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 Gen. 8:10,12 50 
 
 13 36,60 
 
 21 100 
 
 " 22 114 
 
 " 9:3 132 
 
 4 25 
 
 6 47 
 
 " 10 36 
 
 13 14 
 
 18 27 
 
 " 20 98 
 
 24 45 
 
 27 81 
 
 " 10:12 .....23 
 
 21 25 
 
 " 11:1 106 
 
 3,7 67 
 
 " 8 103 
 
 " 10 , 18 
 
 " 23 ...18 
 
 " 25 60 
 
 30 125 
 
 " 12:3 67 
 
 3 79 
 
 12 79 
 
 13 67,136 
 
 " 18:2 22 
 
 3 45,67,132 
 
 " 7 67,84,128 
 
 9 67,126 
 
 11 47 
 
 15 67 
 
 " 14:4 98,60 
 
 10 18,31,110 
 
 13 22,31 
 
 19 36 
 
 20 132 
 
 " 15:1 106,114 
 
 2 27 
 
 3 31 
 
 11 22 
 
 " 13 41 
 
 14 84 
 
 18 43,31 
 
 " 16:5 41 
 
 " 7 22 
 
 " 8 43 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 Gen. 16:15 95 
 
 " 17:2 81 
 
 4 79 
 
 5 96,100 
 
 14 110 
 
 20 50,58 
 
 21 125 
 
 23 31 
 
 " 18:1 98 
 
 " a 50 
 
 9 106 
 
 10 128 
 
 17 84 
 
 19 100 
 
 " 21 121 
 
 " 24 50 
 
 " 25 123 
 
 " 29 92 
 
 " 33 136 
 
 ■' 19:1 128,31 
 
 " 4 60,31 
 
 13 84 
 
 " 19 79 
 
 " 20 38 
 
 23. .„ 128 
 
 25 28 
 
 28 64 
 
 " 29 132 
 
 " 33 :. 95 
 
 " 20:1 36 
 
 " 3 .125,128 
 
 12 16 
 
 18 64 
 
 " 21:2 16 
 
 " 3 22,132 
 
 4 128 
 
 7 109 
 
 9 132 
 
 13 27 
 
 14 128 
 
 16 41 
 
 26 66,118 
 
 " 22:3 47,31 
 
 6 67 
 
 14 61 
 
 17 81 
 
 ■' 20 25 
 
HEBREW STNTAX 
 
 163 
 
 Oen. 
 
 . 22:34 
 
 PAOK. 
 16 
 
 28:1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 SO 
 
 41 
 
 109 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 73 
 
 24:8 
 
 67 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 8 
 
 142 
 
 10 
 
 128 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 ... . 79 
 
 16.:.... 
 
 118,136 
 
 21 
 
 23'. 
 
 84il28 
 
 31 43 
 
 25 
 
 60 
 
 2T. 
 
 27,41 
 
 30 
 
 . . 92,84 
 
 41 
 
 136 
 
 43 
 
 16 
 
 65,66.... 
 
 22 
 
 26:23 
 
 50 
 
 27 
 
 36 
 
 30. 
 
 25,64 
 
 26:4 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 121 
 
 32 
 
 132 
 
 27:1. ... 
 
 38 
 
 i 
 
 64 
 
 7 
 
 67 
 
 9 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 64 
 
 19 
 
 64 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 43,121 
 
 64 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 114,81 
 
 88 
 
 31 
 
 81 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 41,110 
 
 110 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 40. 
 
 45 
 
 136,79 
 
 94 
 
 28:3 
 
 79 
 
 6 
 
 81 
 
 15 
 
 43 
 
 19 
 
 29:2 
 
 ....22,23,95 
 79,38 
 
 3 
 
 79 
 
 7 
 
 38 
 
 9 
 
 128 
 
 15 
 
 125 
 
 80:2 
 
 121 
 
 13 
 
 68 
 
 14 
 
 47 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 PAO>. 
 
 Gen. 80:20 gg 
 
 28 67 
 
 30 121 
 
 31 67,103 
 
 33 27 
 
 34 123 
 
 36 60 
 
 38 60 
 
 tt 79 
 
 " 81:1 43 
 
 7 81 
 
 8 31 
 
 16 27 
 
 21 22 
 
 23 SO 
 
 27 73 
 
 29 118 
 
 " 39 60 
 
 " 82:7 84 
 
 9. 142,14 
 
 11 60,54 
 
 " 12. 128 
 
 16 160 
 
 17 25,18 
 
 " 18 43 
 
 " 23 23 
 
 " 29 142 
 
 31 73,128 
 
 " 88:13 142 
 
 17 47 
 
 18 100 
 
 " 84:5 64 
 
 " 86:3 73 
 
 14 25 
 
 " 86:12,14 73 
 
 " 87:3 31 
 
 4 41 
 
 " IS 61 
 
 34 18 
 
 " 88:9 79 
 
 11 98 
 
 25 132 
 
 " 89:1,3 25 
 
 3,6 84 
 
 " 9 45 
 
 10 18 
 
 18 73 
 
 20 31,133 
 
 " 23 84 
 
 23 47 
 
 " 40:1 114 
 
 3 31 
 
 " 5 36 
 
 7 121 
 
 9 110 
 
 13 132 
 
 " 41:1 84 
 
 " 11 84 
 
 " 12 36 
 
 18 60 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 Gen. 41:20 38 
 
 26 132 
 
 34 67 
 
 42 23 
 
 43 88 
 
 60 114 
 
 •• 42:6 27,98 
 
 10 125 
 
 11 27 
 
 13 38 
 
 16 142 
 
 18 142 
 
 21,22 73 
 
 " SO 18,109 
 
 37 64 
 
 38 143 
 
 " 48:3 88 
 
 9 143 
 
 10 142 
 
 U 31 
 
 16 18 
 
 20 123,88 
 
 SO 18' 
 
 34 50 
 
 " 44:3,4 128 
 
 7 123 
 
 9 132 
 
 17 123 
 
 IS 123 
 
 26 128 
 
 " 45:4 45 
 
 7 14 
 
 " 9 103 
 
 20 37 
 
 " 46:3 136 
 
 " 33 142 
 
 34 84 
 
 " 47:6 37 
 
 8 43,121 
 
 19 121 
 
 21 27 
 
 24 50 
 
 31 23 
 
 " 48:7 27 
 
 " 49:8 27 
 
 12 18 
 
 13 18 
 
 17b 73 
 
 30f St 
 
 " 50:6 67 
 
 Ex. 1:7 94 
 
 10 79,14 
 
 13 60- 
 
 16 79 
 
 19 25 
 
 21 16 
 
 " 2:2 136 
 
 11 43 
 
 " 12 1)8 
 
 '* 13 121 
 
164 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ex. 2:14,15 23 
 
 18 50 
 
 3:3 22,118 
 
 3 36,64 
 
 5 22 
 
 6 36 
 
 7 88 
 
 16 36 
 
 " 4:9 47,98 
 
 13 132,31 
 
 14 142 
 
 15 45 
 
 17 132 
 
 " 20 36 
 
 21 79,132 
 
 22 73,50 
 
 29 132 
 
 32 73 
 
 " 6:11 64,118 
 
 15 64 
 
 22 43 
 
 " 6:6 79 
 
 " J:9 41,142 
 
 15 79 
 
 17 16 
 
 18,21 22 
 
 26 79 
 
 " 8:1 22 
 
 10 18,25 
 
 11 88 
 
 " 23 64 
 
 " 9:3 84 
 
 4 45 
 
 8 26 
 
 14 136 
 
 19 79,64 
 
 27 22 
 
 29 16 
 
 32 18 
 
 33 16 
 
 " 10:1 67 
 
 3 56 
 
 7 118 
 
 8 100,101 
 
 12 67 
 
 13 128 
 
 21 67 
 
 28 64 
 
 " 11:1 50 
 
 " 12:3 50 
 
 4 38 
 
 6 50 
 
 8,9 36 
 
 13 132 
 
 17 58 
 
 40 50 
 
 42 UO 
 
 " 18:17,34 136 
 
 " 14:11 118 
 
 12 92 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ex. 15:1 14 
 
 5 16 
 
 " 6,7 60 
 
 13 40 
 
 15 60 
 
 " 16 38 
 
 19 14 
 
 20 114 
 
 " 16:6 25 
 
 12 18 
 
 20 98 
 
 32 25 
 
 " 17:11 79 
 
 " 18:15 61 
 
 23 103 
 
 26 79 
 
 " 27 41 
 
 " 19:5 142 
 
 19 60 
 
 " 23 79 
 
 31 106 
 
 " 20:3-17 64 
 
 9 31 
 
 12 22 
 
 " 21:3 31 
 
 5 22 
 
 11 128 
 
 12 64 
 
 28 101 
 
 " 22:3 22 
 
 19 118 
 
 26 64 
 
 " 23:1 67 
 
 16 98 
 
 " 29 79 
 
 30 25 
 
 " 24:7 81 
 
 14 43,31 
 
 " 26:28 101 
 
 36 25 
 
 " 26:3 31 
 
 17 18 
 
 24 81 
 
 " 33 36 
 
 " 27:7 101 
 
 16 25 
 
 " 28:6 95 
 
 17 26 
 
 " 29:9 16 
 
 12 18 
 
 36 18 
 
 40 60,25 
 
 " 80:33,38 79 
 
 " 81:14 114 
 
 " 82:29 92 
 
 34 45 
 
 " 83:7-11 79 
 
 12 128 
 
 16 121 
 
 " 84:1 31 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ex. 34:34 79 
 
 " 85:24 47 
 
 " 36:4 25 
 
 7 88 
 
 '• 37:1 95 
 
 " 38:30 3J 
 
 " 89:17 25 
 
 22,27 95 
 
 " 40:18 73 
 
 Lev. 2:2 114 
 
 " 3:4 27 
 
 " 4:24,33 133 
 
 " 5:7 ..16 
 
 8 46 
 
 9 47 
 
 " 6:13 25 
 
 " J:7 27 
 
 8 100 
 
 27 23 
 
 83 27 
 
 " 9:6 136 
 
 " 10:9 67 
 
 " 10,11 93 
 
 " 11:33 47 
 
 " 12:5 18 
 
 " 14:43 136 
 
 45 23 
 
 " 16:33 46 
 
 " 18:11 132 
 
 " 20:14 100 
 
 " 23:40 18 
 
 " 24:14 79 
 
 " 26:44 68 
 
 " 27:5 50 
 
 " 82:44 88 
 
 Num. 8:49 36 
 
 " 4:19 79 
 
 " 6:15 18,26 
 
 18 31 
 
 23 109 
 
 " 7:3 50 
 
 13 26 
 
 " 9:7 33 
 
 8 67 
 
 23 54 
 
 " 10:17 36,142 
 
 18 ;.142 
 
 32 79 
 
 " 11:6 118 
 
 12 64 
 
 " 13 67 
 
 19 60 
 
 27 84 
 
 " 14:22 43 
 
 28 142 
 
 32 41,U1 
 
 45 22 
 
 " 15:4r-7 26 
 
 14 64 
 
 24 142 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE JtBTHOD. 
 
 165 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Num. 16:13. 88 
 
 15 101 
 
 17:17 26 
 
 20., 79,132 
 
 20:3... 
 
 10. 
 
 19.. 
 
 21. 
 21:9.. 
 
 14.. 
 
 Deut, 
 
 .123 
 .121 
 ..47 
 .136 
 ..79 
 ..26 
 
 34. 
 
 22:6.. 
 
 11.. 
 
 ..84 
 .103 
 ..73 
 
 33. 
 
 28:7... 
 
 8.. 
 
 14. 
 
 .121 
 ..22 
 ..61 
 
 28 
 
 24:17 
 
 25:17 88 
 
 28:13 26 
 
 81:2 96 
 
 82:11 64 
 
 13 118 
 
 19 58 
 
 23 142 
 
 85:22 47 
 
 23 23 
 
 22-24 142 
 
 33 64 
 
 36:7,9 64 
 
 1:3 36 
 
 5 103 
 
 19 38 
 
 20,25 84 
 
 23. 
 
 25. 
 
 35. 
 
 2:4.. 
 
 7 47 
 
 14 54 
 
 16 103 
 
 23 27 
 
 25 103 
 
 27 26 
 
 30 81 
 
 31 103 
 
 34 101 
 
 8:4 45 
 
 5 18,26 
 
 24 103 
 
 4:1 22 
 
 3 45,123 
 
 10 132 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Deut. 4:13 50 
 
 16,19 19 
 
 29 142 
 
 " 40 136 
 
 41 50 
 
 42 79,a 
 
 " 5:5 128 
 
 12 88 
 
 " 22 64 
 
 26 123 
 
 30 79 
 
 6:18 79 
 
 20,21 142 
 
 " 7:7 106 
 
 9 79 
 
 15 27 
 
 17 121 
 
 8:2 92 
 
 2,4 43 
 
 8 18 
 
 14 22 
 
 " 9:6 23 
 
 12 43 
 
 15a 128 
 
 15b 128 
 
 25 98 
 
 27 67 
 
 28 132 
 
 " 10:1 67 
 
 13 84 
 
 15 73 
 
 17 36 
 
 " 11:4 92 
 
 7 23,123,84 
 
 10 132 
 
 12 23 
 
 23 38 
 
 26 84 
 
 " 12:10 84 
 
 11 64,79 
 
 " 20 68 
 
 22 101 
 
 23 18 
 
 " 18:3,14 68 
 
 4 121 
 
 15 79 
 
 " 14:2 38 
 
 27 27 
 
 32 106 
 
 " 16:10 92 
 
 18 98 
 
 " 17:2,3 73 
 
 " 9 43 
 
 " 20 118 
 
 " 18:14 27 
 
 " 19:2 50 
 
 18 31 
 
 " 20:5 68 
 
 " 21:3,4 22 
 
 3,6 38 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Deut. 21:7 HI 
 
 " 22:2 79,41 
 
 19 22,50 
 
 21., 
 
 22. 
 
 23. 
 
 24:4. . , 
 
 25:13.... 
 
 17,19 . 
 28:8 
 
 32.... 
 
 35.... 
 
 45. 
 48. 
 49. 
 65. 
 67. 
 62. 
 67. 
 29:5.. 
 
 16. . . . 
 81:17.... 
 82:4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11.... 
 
 15.... 
 
 16,17 . 
 
 20.... 
 
 24.... 
 
 26,27. 
 
 29.... 
 
 35.... 
 
 37.... 
 
 40.... 
 
 41.... 
 88:1 .... 
 
 6.. 
 U. 
 17. 
 19. 
 20. 
 25. 
 " 84:5.. 
 Josh. 2:5. . 
 
 3:12., 
 13. 
 16., 
 
 4:3.., 
 9.., 
 18. 
 19., 
 20., 
 
 5:2.. 
 15., 
 
 .79 
 
 .19 
 
 .16 
 
 .68,79 
 ...114 
 ...136 
 
 ..58 
 .114 
 ..61 
 .118 
 .136 
 ..58 
 .123 
 .136 
 .132 
 ..79 
 .121 
 ..27 
 ..31 
 ..19 
 ..61 
 ..45 
 ..60 
 ..45 
 
 .142 
 ..64 
 .114 
 .132 
 .123 
 .142 
 ..31 
 ..81 
 
 ..27 
 ..31 
 ..81 
 .106 
 ..2« 
 .128 
 .118 
 ..50 
 
 .103 
 ..50 
 
 .128 
 ..22 
 ..50 
 .103 
 ..87 
 
166 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Josh. 6:13 
 
 88 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 " 7:7 
 
 103 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 61 
 
 95 
 
 " 8:11 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 114 
 
 73 
 
 " 30 
 
 60 
 
 " 9:12 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 " 10:12 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 " 12:2,5,9.... 
 " 18:5 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 " 14:7 
 
 92 
 
 " 9 
 
 142 
 
 11,15 . . . 
 
 38 
 
 " 16:8,9 
 
 " 21 
 
 41 
 
 36 
 
 47 
 
 " 17:14 
 
 " 19:51 
 
 22 
 
 128 
 
 36 
 
 " 21:32 
 
 50 
 
 " 22:1 
 
 60 
 
 17 
 
 " 23:10 
 
 73,101 
 
 60 
 
 " 11 
 
 79 
 
 " 24:17 
 
 Judg. 1:35 
 
 Ill 
 
 73 
 
 2:1 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
 " 22 
 
 ...60,79,136 
 84 
 
 8:20 
 
 23 
 
 128 
 
 81 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 128 
 
 128 
 
 36 
 
 " 4:20 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 " 24 
 
 128 
 
 136 
 
 6:1 
 
 73 
 
 " 8 
 
 142 
 
 " 10 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 " 17 
 
 125 
 
 .... 94 
 
 18 
 
 45 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 128 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 ... . 88 
 
 " 26 
 
 60 
 
 27 
 
 125 
 
 " 29 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 6:5 
 
 60,128 
 
 " 11 
 
 2336 
 
 18 
 
 142 
 
 15 
 
 38 
 
 " 19 
 
 128 
 
 25 
 
 125 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Judg. 6:27 73 
 
 28 60 
 
 29 47 
 
 7:3 50 
 
 13 81 
 
 17 79 
 
 19 88 
 
 22 125 
 
 8:4 84,128 
 
 11 128 
 
 9:16-20 142 
 
 28 43 
 
 29 123 
 
 33 79 
 
 36 109 
 
 " 11:8 79 
 
 16 73 
 
 17,19 68 
 
 25 88 
 
 33 50 
 
 " 12:5 36 
 
 11,13 109 
 
 " 18:9 128 
 
 23 47,143 
 
 " 14:4 109 
 
 10 61 
 
 " 17 50 
 
 18 38,58 
 
 " 15:3 58 
 
 " 16:15 125 
 
 31 128 
 
 " 17:6 109 
 
 8 45 
 
 9 64 
 
 10 109 
 
 " 19:11 128 
 
 17 64 
 
 " 20:31 128 
 
 37 114 
 
 39,40 128 
 
 " 26:23 73 
 
 Ruth. 1:12 56,107,38 
 
 16 45 
 
 21 125 
 
 22 19 
 
 2:3 36 
 
 " 8:4 19 
 
 12 38 
 
 18 142 
 
 4:3 36,58 
 
 ISam. 1:1 23 
 
 3 22 
 
 3 79 
 
 12 81 
 
 16 31 
 
 28 58 
 
 2:1,3-6 56 
 
 " 6 36,56 
 
 10 68 
 
 22 60 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 ISam. 2:23 23 
 
 26,27,88 88 
 
 30 88 
 
 31 79 
 
 " 8:1 26 
 
 3 118 
 
 " 3,7b 60 
 
 11 27,84 
 
 13 31,81 
 
 17 142 
 
 " 4:1 26 
 
 5 96 
 
 10 38 
 
 20 Ill 
 
 " 5:12 31 
 
 " 6:7 79 
 
 " 7:12 73 
 
 14 109 
 
 " 8:6 136 
 
 8 73 
 
 " 9:6 61,88 
 
 9 60 
 
 13 27 
 
 14 128 
 
 21 36 
 
 24 16 
 
 " 10:3 4V 
 
 " 9 16 
 
 23 _38 
 
 " 11:12 121 
 
 " 12:3 43 
 
 17 32,92 
 
 20 79 
 
 23 27 
 
 " 18:5 50 
 
 15 121 
 
 21 79 
 
 " 14:11 84 
 
 17 43 
 
 19 88 
 
 23 64 
 
 29 23 
 
 33 92 
 
 " 44 64 
 
 " 15:1 ; 109 
 
 2 45,58 
 
 3 79 
 
 " 16 68,125,133 
 
 17 73 
 
 23 125 
 
 " 33 109 
 
 " 16:3 45,101 
 
 4 121 
 
 7 38 
 
 18 23 
 
 23 79 
 
 " 25 106 
 
 " 17:6 16 
 
 10 50 
 
 12 23 
 
BT AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 167 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 lSam.l7:17,18 36 
 
 " 3i. 23,84,107 
 
 34,35 142 
 
 " 86 109 
 
 65-68 48 
 
 " 18:11 73 
 
 17 128 
 
 " 19:11 84. 
 
 13,16 19 
 
 " 22 106 
 
 " 20:6 142 
 
 13 101 
 
 17 96 
 
 19 103 
 
 " 20 109 
 
 " 27 50 
 
 31 31 
 
 " 36 128,84 
 
 " 21:6 106 
 
 15 64 
 
 " 22:7 19 
 
 " 24:6 36 
 
 13 61 
 
 " 25:14 109 
 
 18 50 
 
 24 26,41 
 
 27 114 
 
 29 27 
 
 34 58 
 
 •' 43 109 
 
 " 26:16 101 
 
 19 14a 
 
 20 101 
 
 " 28:1,2 73 
 
 18,19 109 
 
 " 30:13 43 
 
 23 123 
 
 2Sam. 1:4 136 
 
 13 121 
 
 18 95 
 
 " 2:8 36 
 
 " 15 60 
 
 27 143 
 
 " 8:1 88 
 
 8 73 
 
 13 Ill 
 
 26 ....109 
 
 " 35 142 
 
 " 4:4 36 
 
 10 Ill 
 
 " 5:8b 61 
 
 10 88 
 
 24 58,101 
 
 " 6:3 23 
 
 " 16 81,84 
 
 " 7:28 106 
 
 " 9:3 118 
 
 " 10:7 26 
 
 " 11:1 73 
 
 15 ra 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 2Sam.l2:l 47 
 
 4 23 
 
 8 68 
 
 18 96 
 
 23b 84 
 
 31 79 
 
 " 18:4 84 
 
 15 96 
 
 18 81 
 
 " 14:4 .22 
 
 " 7 79 
 
 10 HI 
 
 25 92 
 
 " 26 79,98 
 
 " 15:1 73 
 
 4 123 
 
 23 14 
 
 32 98 
 
 33 142 
 
 37 60 
 
 " 16:4 56 
 
 8 31 
 
 9 68 
 
 13 73 
 
 " 17:1,6 68 
 
 5 26,11 
 
 6 121 
 
 9 142 
 
 11 66,81 
 
 14 92 
 
 17 79 
 
 " 18:U 92 
 
 12,13 142 
 
 18 50 
 
 " 29 121 
 
 " 19:2 73 
 
 12 121 
 
 27 16,22 
 
 " 30 56 
 
 43 43,88 
 
 44 50 
 
 " 20:8 128 
 
 19 31 
 
 " 21:1 73 
 
 4 136 
 
 20 50 
 
 22 101 
 
 " 28:4 128 
 
 6 27 
 
 " 24:13 114 
 
 14 68 
 
 24 26 
 
 IKga. 1:25 84 
 
 27 43 
 
 28 84 
 
 41 114 
 
 " 47 22 
 
 52 142,31 
 
 " 2:5 73 
 
 7 36 
 
 PAQS. 
 
 1 Kgs. 2:21 101 
 
 26 31 
 
 " 8:4 60 
 
 8 64 
 
 lib 81 
 
 13 58 
 
 18 36 
 
 23 43,« 
 
 " 4:1 26 
 
 " 6:3 50 
 
 " 17 136 
 
 28 GO 
 
 " 6:32,35 81 
 
 " 7:2 50 
 
 12 26 
 
 38 50 
 
 49 19 
 
 " 8:1 22 
 
 27 64 
 
 30 142 
 
 " 9:21 73 
 
 " 10:1 73 
 
 11 81 
 
 " 10:12 47 
 
 " 11:5 16 
 
 14 132 
 
 25 101 
 
 27 132 
 
 28 136 
 
 " 12:15 92 
 
 16 43 
 
 17 73 
 
 " 18:4 92 
 
 " 12 43 
 
 18 125 
 
 " 14:3 43 
 
 6 114 
 
 10...... 107 
 
 28 79,136 
 
 " 16:4 92 
 
 13 111,136 
 
 23 36 
 
 " 17:17 38 
 
 24 43 
 
 " 18:13 45,128 
 
 13 73 
 
 19 50 
 
 21 95 
 
 26 107 
 
 32 26 
 
 43 118 
 
 " 19:4 23 
 
 5 34 
 
 10 73 
 
 15 36 
 
 " 20:15,21 22 
 
 32 121 
 
 " 21:19 31,41,111 
 
 " 22:14 84 
 
 27 101 
 
](>8 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 lKgs.22:30 
 
 36 
 
 88 
 
 2Clir.20:36 
 
 98 
 
 Job 8:9 
 
 107 
 
 114 
 
 " 21:17 
 
 36 
 
 11 
 
 64 
 
 2Kgs. 1:2 
 
 73 
 
 " 25:9 
 
 92 
 
 9:4 
 
 50 
 
 3,6 
 
 118 
 
 10 
 
 HI 
 
 15,16.... 
 
 143 
 
 11,13.... 
 " 2:9 
 
 103 
 
 " 26-14 . 
 
 111 
 
 " 24 
 
 23 
 
 136 
 
 15 
 
 " 86:33 
 
 103 
 
 118 
 
 25 
 
 " 10:2 
 
 129 
 
 16 
 
 96 
 
 45 
 
 " 23 
 
 128 
 
 16 
 
 Ezra 1:14 
 
 88 
 
 lOf 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 " 6:22 
 
 81 
 
 56 
 
 " 8:4 
 
 26 
 
 " 8:25 
 
 22 
 
 " 11:2 
 
 32,122 
 
 8,13 
 
 121 
 
 30,36 
 
 81 
 
 6 
 
 123 
 
 14 
 
 142 
 
 118 
 
 88 
 
 " 9-2 
 
 81 
 
 18 
 
 " 12:5 
 
 7 
 
 107 
 
 '• 4:2 
 
 " 15 
 
 118 
 
 123 
 
 43 
 
 " 10:6 
 
 129 
 
 114 
 
 " 5:13 
 
 142 
 
 129 
 
 19 
 
 " 14,17 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 " 18:5 
 
 13 
 
 125 
 
 18 
 
 Neh 1*5 .... 
 
 23 
 
 123 
 
 " 6:2 
 
 " 2:11 
 
 26 
 
 43 
 
 6 
 
 101 
 
 " 5:7 
 
 122 
 
 25 
 
 101 
 
 15 
 
 121 
 
 " 6:12 
 
 16 
 
 " 14:11 
 
 79 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 " 8:2 
 
 50 
 
 11,12.... 
 
 125 
 
 " 7:2,4,19.... 
 
 142 
 
 10 
 
 132 
 
 13 
 
 123 
 
 " 8:1 
 
 45 
 
 " 9:7,8 
 
 81 
 
 19 
 
 125 
 
 " 9:27 
 
 27 
 
 136 
 
 " 12:39 
 
 " 18:1,30 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 " 16:3 
 
 88 
 
 37 
 
 14 
 
 136 
 
 " 11:13 
 
 125 
 
 Eath. 2:11,13.... 
 
 84 
 
 17 
 
 45 
 
 " 12:5 
 
 64 
 
 14 
 
 81 
 
 20 
 
 114 
 
 7b 
 
 129 
 
 " 8:8 
 
 118 
 
 35 
 
 88 
 
 1&-17.... 
 
 79 
 
 12 
 
 81 
 
 " 16:4,5,8 
 
 136 
 
 " 14:8-11 
 
 98 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 " 6:6 
 
 118 
 
 45 
 
 19 
 
 " 17:15 
 
 19 
 
 " 15:1 
 
 73 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 84 
 
 " 7:4 
 
 118 
 
 " 18:2 
 
 36 
 
 " 16:19 
 
 36 
 
 " 8:8 
 
 118 
 
 15 
 
 118 
 
 " 18:1 
 
 73 
 
 15 
 
 81 
 
 " 19:3 
 
 103 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 " 9:23,24.... 
 
 81 
 
 16 
 
 132 
 
 S3 
 
 50 
 
 Job 1:13 
 
 84 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 " 19:22 
 
 43 
 
 14 
 
 16,84 
 
 19 
 
 43 
 
 " 20:4 
 
 94 
 
 2:2 
 
 122 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 " 22:5 
 
 36 
 
 " 8:5 
 
 14 
 
 " 20:19 
 
 103 
 
 " 25:9 
 
 38 
 
 18 
 
 129 
 
 29 
 
 41 
 
 IChr. 2:22 
 
 50 
 
 " 4:3 
 
 50 
 
 " 21:6 
 
 142 
 
 " 7:5 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 98 
 
 " 9:28 
 
 47 
 
 17 
 
 122 
 
 21 
 
 114 
 
 32 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 64 
 
 " 23 
 
 32 
 
 " 11:9 
 
 88 
 
 " 5:2 
 
 62 
 
 " 22:8 
 
 27 
 
 " 12:33 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 79 
 
 18 
 
 129 
 
 " 18:2 
 
 103 
 
 '• 7 . . 
 
 32 
 
 " 28:3 
 
 14 
 
 103 
 
 41 
 
 " 16:16 
 
 136 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 " 17:5 
 
 47 
 
 " 6:5 
 
 8 
 
 122 
 
 123 
 
 " 24-22 
 
 
 " 17:25 
 
 136 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 " 21:18 
 
 136 
 
 8-10 
 
 68 
 
 " 25:4 
 
 122 
 
 " 22:2 
 
 136 
 
 11 
 
 136 
 
 " 28:12 
 
 22 
 
 " 28:4 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 109 
 
 17 
 
 118 
 
 " 25:5 
 
 50 
 
 14 
 
 32,123 
 
 " 29:2 
 
 123 
 
 " 26:28 
 
 22,28 
 
 17 
 
 132 
 
 3 
 
 HI 
 
 " 27:34 
 
 36 
 
 19 
 
 Ill 
 
 10 
 
 114 
 
 8Chr. 8:4 
 
 50 
 
 " 7:3 
 
 101 
 
 24 
 
 129 
 
 " 6:11 
 
 92,118 
 
 " 4 
 
 
 " 80:8 
 
 28 
 
 118 
 
 136 
 
 " 9:20 
 
 118 
 
 12 
 
 136 
 
 " 11:17 
 
 50 
 
 17 
 
 64 
 
 " 81:1-4 
 
 136 
 
 " 20:6 
 
 92 
 
 21 
 
 122 
 
 35 
 
 la 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 169 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Job 82:1 60 
 
 7 114 
 
 15,16 125 
 
 " C8:17 93 
 
 " 84:6 41 
 
 10,13 32 
 
 20 107 
 
 31 129 
 
 " 85:15 118 
 
 " 8J:Z0 50 
 
 " 88:19,24 132 
 
 31 64 
 
 " 41:18 118 
 
 20 32 
 
 " 42:3 129 
 
 15 16,114 
 
 Ps. 1:2 98 
 
 3,4,5,6 62 
 
 6 16 
 
 2:1 50 
 
 3 68 
 
 9 32 
 
 12 98 
 
 8:3 84 
 
 6,7 62 
 
 8 54 
 
 4:7 84,123 
 
 8 45,132 
 
 5:5 94 
 
 6 56 
 
 7 19 
 
 8 64 
 
 11 60 
 
 7:2 56 
 
 3 129 
 
 4,5 142 
 
 6 132 
 
 7:7 129,45 
 
 10 125 
 
 13 68 
 
 16 60,56 
 
 8:4 136 
 
 " 6 64 
 
 6b 73 
 
 " 9:7 41 
 
 15 136 
 
 16 ,45 
 
 " 10:4,6,11 118 
 
 " 11:2 58,62 
 
 4 62 
 
 " 12:3 62,98 
 
 5 43 
 
 " 6 132 
 
 " 7 36 
 
 8 23 
 
 " 14:7 123 
 
 " 15:1 64 
 
 2 98 
 
 3-5 56 
 
 " 16:3 132 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ps. 16:4 62 
 
 6 ..50 
 
 " 17:5 50 
 
 " 8 32 
 
 9 62 
 
 10,11 98 
 
 12 62 
 
 14 79 
 
 " 18:4,7 60 
 
 8 73 
 
 21 60 
 
 " 26-28 62 
 
 28 114 
 
 30 64 
 
 35 114 
 
 " 19:8,9 36 
 
 11 22,73 
 
 " 20:8 43 
 
 " 21:3 118 
 
 4 32 
 
 12 129 
 
 " 22:2 50 
 
 22 58 
 
 29 16 
 
 30 "..58,73 
 
 32 84 
 
 " 28:4 142 
 
 " 24:2 73 
 
 4 56 
 
 " 25:2 66 
 
 9 81 
 
 11 79 
 
 " 27:3 64,142 
 
 7 132 
 
 " 28:6 58 
 
 " 29:5 84 
 
 " 80:3 60 
 
 " 6 64 
 
 9 60 
 
 12 58 
 
 " 81:15 60 
 
 " 82:2 132 
 
 8 64 
 
 " 9 92 
 
 " 88:13 66 
 
 " 84:8 73 
 
 11 66 
 
 23 92 
 
 " 85:8 129 
 
 " 12 94 
 
 17 122 
 
 19 118 
 
 " 86:12 32 
 
 13 68 
 
 " 87:23 56 
 
 40 81 
 
 " 88:2 118 
 
 " 89:12 56 
 
 " 40:5 36 
 
 8 60 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ps. 40:13 38 
 
 " 41:4 58 
 
 " 42:2 16,02 
 
 3 122 
 
 5 60 
 
 12 123 
 
 " 48:1 32,118 
 
 " 44:2,3f 50 
 
 5 107 
 
 21f 64 
 
 28 93 
 
 " 45:2c 123 
 
 5 16,125 
 
 7 107,32 
 
 10 16 
 
 13 14 
 
 " 46:3 93 
 
 6 27 
 
 10 79 
 
 11 38 
 
 " 48:4 60 
 
 " 49:9 14,81 
 
 11 79 
 
 13 -..132 
 
 15 22 
 
 20 46 
 
 " 60:6 Ill 
 
 12 142 
 
 16,5 73 
 
 17 73 
 
 " 61:5 109 
 
 9 126 
 
 " 55:7 123 
 
 7-9 136 
 
 24 32 
 
 " 56:3 98 
 
 14 68 
 
 " 67:4 129 
 
 6 123 
 
 " 68:6 132 
 
 8 41 
 
 " 59:17 58 
 
 " 60:6 95 
 
 13 125 
 
 " 62:6 129 
 
 " 63:7 142 
 
 " 64:8 95 
 
 " 65:5 132 
 
 10 95 
 
 " 14 Oi 
 
 " 66:4 14 
 
 " 68:12 94 
 
 18 19 
 
 " 69:4 ....129 
 
 6 60 
 
 " 71:3 129 
 
 24 68 
 
 " 72:12 132 
 
 4 32 
 
 " 17 33 
 
170 
 
 HBBEEW SYNTAX 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ps. 78:8 81 
 
 " J3:1S 58,U2 
 
 " J4:2 45 
 
 " 75:3 142 
 
 8 43 
 
 " 76:8 136 
 
 10 92 
 
 " 77:14 43 
 
 17 16 
 
 " 78:30,31 129 
 
 34 125 
 
 38 79 
 
 40 132 
 
 49 32 
 
 " 80:U 101 
 
 " 81:6 32,132 
 
 9,14 123 
 
 " 84:4 56 
 
 7 36 
 
 " 85:U 58 
 
 " 87:3 107 
 
 " 88:2 125,132 
 
 6 36 
 
 7-10 50 
 
 " 90:1 36 
 
 10 19,27 
 
 15 132 
 
 " 91:6 98 
 
 " «2:6 56 
 
 " 94:10 95 
 
 17 58 
 
 18 142 
 
 " 95:10 60,84 
 
 " 97:7 84 
 
 " 99:6f 60 
 
 " 102:8 16 
 
 " 108:4 22 
 
 " 104:2 94 
 
 3 22 
 
 6-8 60 
 
 8 43 
 
 11-17 62 
 
 24 56 
 
 27 136 
 
 " 107:5 129 
 
 " 119:2 84 
 
 15 142 
 
 68 136 
 
 " 120:2 26 
 
 6 94 
 
 6 41 
 
 " 127a 103 
 
 " 188:1 92 
 
 " 189:19 123 
 
 " 144:4 56 
 
 " 146:7 38 
 
 " 148:6 107 
 
 10 23 
 
 Prov. 1:7 32 
 
 " 8:9,10. 142 
 
 FAOB. 
 
 Prov. 8:14 38 
 
 18 114 
 
 25 32 
 
 28 107 
 
 34 Ill 
 
 4:8 142 
 
 6:16 132 
 
 " 22,31 142 
 
 31 50 
 
 8:6 16 
 
 14 107 
 
 30 16 
 
 32 132 
 
 9:18 36 
 
 " 10:1,2,3,4. 62 
 
 22,24 Ul 
 
 24 32 
 
 " 11:2 73 
 
 2,8 56 
 
 22 36 
 
 " 18:24 84,]U 
 
 " 14:8 92 
 
 " 15:21 103 
 
 " 16:12 92 
 
 28, 84 
 
 " 32 38 
 
 " 17:27 96 
 
 " 19:12 43 
 
 23 98 
 
 " 20:9. 56 
 
 " 10 19 
 
 13,25 142 
 
 " 21:3 38 
 
 " 22:12f 56 
 
 23 96 
 
 24 32 
 
 " 24:11 123 
 
 15 98 
 
 " 26:3 125 
 
 21 142 
 
 " 26:2 32,92 
 
 " 28:1 14 
 
 6 19 
 
 " 80:25 118 
 
 Eool. 1:2 36 
 
 6 125 
 
 13 32,38 
 
 " 8:17 22 
 
 5:7 19 
 
 7:2 38 
 
 14 43 
 
 24 Ill 
 
 8:5 47 
 
 11 U8 
 
 15 41 
 
 9:11 88 
 
 " 10:18 22 
 
 " 12:1 19 
 
 Cant. 1:1 36 
 
 2:U 41 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Cant. 5:6 19 
 
 8 38 
 
 " 7:10 32 
 
 " 8:14 HI 
 
 Isa. 1:3 19 
 
 5 23,129 
 
 7 27,36,84 
 
 n 31 
 
 13 27 
 
 14 103 
 
 15,18 142 
 
 17 103 
 
 18 64,68,22 
 
 20 79 
 
 21 60 
 
 23 61 
 
 31 84 
 
 2:2 79 
 
 6 73 
 
 U 81 
 
 17 43 
 
 20 36 
 
 22 41 
 
 '• 8:6 98,123 
 
 " 8 125 
 
 9 43 
 
 13 84 
 
 " 4:3 79 
 
 5:1 96 
 
 1,2 73 
 
 3 14,68 
 
 5 88 
 
 6 96 
 
 9 31 
 
 11 36 
 
 11,23 62 
 
 12 79 
 
 14,15 73 
 
 17 109 
 
 24.... 92 
 
 24b 50 
 
 25 73 
 
 6:2 19.50,60 
 
 3 26,47,111 
 
 5 36,58 
 
 6 50 
 
 7 79 
 
 10 107 
 
 U 118 
 
 13 103,142 
 
 7:6 16 
 
 15 103,88 
 
 16 45 
 
 18 14 
 
 20 19 
 
 23 60 
 
 24 107 
 
 8:1 36 
 
 4 107 
 
 7 84 
 
BY AK INDTJCTrVE METHOD. 
 
 171 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 Isa. 8:9,10 125,142 
 
 11 118 
 
 12 132 
 
 13,U Ill 
 
 " 9:1 27 
 
 a 22,62 
 
 1,2 36 
 
 1-8 58 
 
 5 73 
 
 12 22 
 
 13 16 
 
 U 27 
 
 " 10:1 23 
 
 2 22,92 
 
 5 m 
 
 7 26 
 
 12 ^ 
 
 14 16,22 
 
 15 31 
 
 28-31 58 
 
 32 92 
 
 " 11.2 36 
 
 8 58 
 
 " 10 27 
 
 12 19 
 
 " 12:6 14 
 
 " 18:4 32 
 
 7 23 
 
 10 58 
 
 11 79 
 
 12 38 
 
 17 27 
 
 " 18 109 
 
 " 14:1,8,4 79 
 
 6 118 
 
 " 8 62 
 
 6,19 36 
 
 " 16:7 27 
 
 " 16:4 14 
 
 8,9,10 68 
 
 12 58 
 
 " 17:5 109 
 
 6 HI 
 
 10 95 
 
 " 18:5. 109,58 
 
 " 19:4 19 
 
 " 13 109 
 
 " 17 27 
 
 •' 21:1 58 
 
 11 84 
 
 " 22:2 36 
 
 4 32 
 
 13 88 
 
 14 136,142 
 
 18 22 
 
 81 95 
 
 " 28:1 58,68,107 
 
 2 114 
 
 4 68,118,125 
 
 7. 41 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Isa. 28:8 38 
 
 13 114 
 
 14 58 
 
 " 24:4 58 
 
 6 73 
 
 12 23,58 
 
 " 25:3 114 
 
 8 58 
 
 9 45 
 
 " 26:11 60 
 
 14 118 
 
 19 109 
 
 " 27:4 41 
 
 6 22 
 
 " 9 129 
 
 10 79 
 
 16 129 
 
 " 28:8' 118 
 
 9 32 
 
 16 22 
 
 17b 109 
 
 19 136 
 
 84 23 
 
 " 29:1 132 
 
 13 129 
 
 15 103 
 
 31 22 
 
 " 80:6 45 
 
 11 114 
 
 20 26,114 
 
 23 95 
 
 24 109 
 
 " 81:2 73 
 
 4 62 
 
 " 5 16 
 
 6 132 
 
 " 82:6 62 
 
 12 84 
 
 16 94 
 
 " 88:6 27 
 
 14 64 
 
 " 84:2 58 
 
 " 85:2 32 
 
 " 36:9 36 
 
 " 87:2 26 
 
 4 132 
 
 6 96 
 
 " 88:15,16 136 
 
 " 40:8 66 
 
 13 81 
 
 14 73 
 
 " 20 62 
 
 " 23 66 
 
 29 45 
 
 30 64 
 
 31 22,62 
 
 " 41:11 81 
 
 15 32,81 
 
 17. 84 
 
 22 68,81 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Isa. 4133 68 
 
 24 45 
 
 26 88 
 
 29 zr 
 
 " 42:3 27 
 
 6 81 
 
 13 22 
 
 14 81 
 
 20 88 
 
 81,23 81 
 
 22 19 
 
 84 45 
 
 " 48:2 136 
 
 17 80 
 
 20 58 
 
 " 81 45,138 
 
 " 44:15 79 
 
 81 41 
 
 " 45:4 60 
 
 " 48:lf 58 
 
 8 32 
 
 " 47:1 103,129 
 
 9 92 
 
 " 48:20,21 73 
 
 " 49:15 64,118 
 
 18.; 22 
 
 20 19 
 
 21 27,129 
 
 " 51:2 60 
 
 2b,12 73 
 
 22. 27 
 
 " 52:14 U8 
 
 " 68:3 36,32 
 
 4 129,87 
 
 " 54:1 45 
 
 5 19 
 
 15 43 
 
 " 55:2 132 
 
 9 56 
 
 13 63 
 
 " 57:19 129 
 
 20 103 
 
 " 59:4 88 
 
 " 60:1 58 
 
 5 114 
 
 6 94 
 
 9,11 129 
 
 14 98 
 
 17 95 
 
 " 62:1b 62 
 
 " 68:19b 123 
 
 " 66:1 45 
 
 " 66:8 47 
 
 Jer. 1:5 136 
 
 2:2 88 
 
 8 45 
 
 8,11 132 
 
 11a 50 
 
 16 98 
 
 20 125 
 
172 
 
 HEBBEW SYNTAX 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Jer. 2:Z1 95 
 
 22 142 
 
 26 58 
 
 27 129 
 
 31 Ul 
 
 8:3 103 
 
 15 95 
 
 4:M 114 
 
 5:7 118,121 
 
 6:4 62 
 
 6 14 
 
 19 73 
 
 7:4 26 
 
 9 125 
 
 10 92 
 
 13 88 
 
 16,17 US 
 
 18 16 
 
 19 41,47 
 
 32 US 
 
 8:1 36 
 
 5 114 
 
 16 36 
 
 9:1 41 
 
 3 47 
 
 4 103 
 
 14 lU 
 
 19 109 
 
 " 10:4 114 
 
 6,7 118 
 
 10 26 
 
 " 12:4 U4 
 
 13 19 
 
 " 18:1,2 22 
 
 7 118 
 
 16 107 
 
 21 136 
 
 26 58 
 
 27 27 
 
 " 14:17 96 
 
 " 15:4 132 
 
 7 125 
 
 15 38,136 
 
 " 16:11 41 
 
 " 17:10 92 
 
 14 125 
 
 " 18:4,8 142 
 
 7 136 
 
 " 19:12 92 
 
 " 20:9 79 
 
 11 96 
 
 17 36 
 
 " 22:10 88 
 
 12 32 
 
 19 101 
 
 24 123 
 
 30 103 
 
 " 28:6 96,114 
 
 14 118 
 
 17 129 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Jer. 24:2 64 
 
 " 26:14 41 
 
 15 26 
 
 38 58 
 
 " 26:18 98 
 
 " 27:8 Ill 
 
 18 118 
 
 " 28:2 58 
 
 " 80:14 96 
 
 14,19 96 
 
 " 81:14 58 
 
 19 121 
 
 21 125 
 
 " 32:19 45 
 
 " 88:25,26 142 
 
 " 84:8,9 136 
 
 " 85:14 101 
 
 " 86:9 136 
 
 " 87:9 47 
 
 13 129 
 
 " 88:5 118 
 
 " 41:6 129 
 
 " 48:2 129 
 
 " 44:3 132 
 
 18 136 
 
 27 114 
 
 28 33 
 
 " 46:9 22 
 
 14-16 58 
 
 " 48:36,41 32 
 
 " 49:9b 142 
 
 12 Ill 
 
 15 38 
 
 17 ....16 
 
 lam. 1:1,2 122 
 
 10 136 
 
 14 132 
 
 " 4:1,2 122 
 
 14 103 
 
 Ezek. 1:1 32 
 
 " 9:7 81 
 
 " 10:12 125 
 
 " 11:6 14 
 
 12 45 
 
 " 13:2 32 
 
 3 118 
 
 M ....81 
 
 " 14:22 101 
 
 " 15:3 47 
 
 " 16:27 26 
 
 '" 18:23 121 
 
 " 21:14,32 26 
 
 32 Ill 
 
 " 24.6 26 
 
 " 25:12 81 
 
 " 26:7 36 
 
 10 32 
 
 " 27:6 31 
 
 " 28:3,7 38 
 
 " 29:2 32 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Bzek.29:7 79 
 
 " 81:3,16 36 
 
 " 82:10 31 
 
 " 88:9 142 
 
 " 84:2 47 
 
 " 87:2 81 
 
 " 40:1 136 
 
 36 50 
 
 " 41:3,8,13,15 81 
 
 " 48:17 17 
 
 19-27 107 
 
 " 44:3 101 
 
 " 47:10 36 
 
 Dan. 1:3-5 136 
 
 " 8:3,13 23 
 
 15 41 
 
 " 9:5 88 
 
 24 14 
 
 Hos. 1:2 32,45 
 
 6 103 
 
 2:1 64 
 
 8 84 
 
 11 103 
 
 8:1 33 
 
 " 4:2 88 
 
 8 114 
 
 U 63 
 
 14 62,111 
 
 17 36 
 
 5:15 136 
 
 :i5 36 
 
 11 129 
 
 12 136 
 
 " 8:7 118 
 
 9 41 
 
 14 79 
 
 " 9:9 103 
 
 13 92 
 
 14 114 
 
 " 10:4 96 
 
 9 122 
 
 12 136 
 
 14 79 
 
 " 11:5 123 
 
 6 79 
 
 " 12:12 142 
 
 " 14:4 45 
 
 Joel 1:3 122 
 
 6 129 
 
 8 36 
 
 14 23 
 
 2:5 36 
 
 10 58 
 
 20,21 103 
 
 23 73 
 
 8:2 43 
 
 4:14 19,26 
 
 15 58 
 
 Amos 2:13 41 
 
 " 8:3-6 122 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 173 
 
 PAQE. 
 
 Amos 8:7 142 
 
 10 16 
 
 4:2 79 
 
 5 125 
 
 5:2 32,58 
 
 4,6 142 
 
 4,ti,14 125 
 
 18 123 
 
 6:2 38 
 
 10 118 
 
 11 95 
 
 7:2,41) 81 
 
 4 136 
 
 12 41,111 
 
 8:4 92 
 
 11 79 
 
 9:8 88 
 
 Obad. 1:10 32 
 
 Jon. 1:6 122 
 
 " 8 43 
 
 " 2:1 14 
 
 " 4:2 103 
 
 " 6 96 
 
 " 8 136 
 
 Mic. 1:8 68 
 
 9,12,16 58 
 
 13 114 
 
 2:1 123 
 
 3 98 
 
 4,8 107 
 
 8 36 
 
 13 73 
 
 8:4. 43 
 
 PAQE. 
 
 Mlo. 8:9 84 
 
 12 98 
 
 4:9 22 
 
 " 5:4 43 
 
 6:1 101 
 
 8 92 
 
 13 103 
 
 7:1 129 
 
 2 95 
 
 ■' 3 Ill 
 
 8,10 14 
 
 Nah. 1:4,5 73 
 
 " 8 98 
 
 12 129 
 
 14 107 
 
 " 2:5 14 
 
 Hab. 1:4 23 
 
 6 132 
 
 2:4 125 
 
 6 45 
 
 12 79 
 
 15 129 
 
 19 47 
 
 " 8:1 38 
 
 5,16,19 73 
 
 3,7 60 
 
 " 9 62,98 
 
 17,18 68 
 
 Zeph. 1:11 58 
 
 " 2:2 118 
 
 12 107 
 
 " 8:9 98 
 
 " 19 14 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 Hag. 1:4 41,111,129 
 
 6 107 
 
 2-5 107 
 
 16 114 
 
 Zech. 1:2 96 
 
 13 26 
 
 14,15 96 
 
 " 8:1 22 
 
 4 88 
 
 5,8 22 
 
 9 19 
 
 6:5 43 
 
 10 16 
 
 6:12 107 
 
 14 114 
 
 7:3 43 
 
 5 41 
 
 8:15 103 
 
 19 22 
 
 20 36 
 
 9:5 58 
 
 " 10:6 125 
 
 " 11:2 58 
 
 12 50 
 
 " 12:10 88 
 
 " 1S:8 50 
 
 " 14:4 38 
 
 15 23 
 
 Mai. 1:2 73 
 
 7 43,129 
 
 11 125 
 
 2:5 22 
 
INDEX OF HEBREW WORDS. 
 
 [The references are to sections, unless otherwise indicated.] 
 
 « 
 
 nrjK. 
 
 IK.... 
 
 1IK 
 
 nnK....'.. 
 
 42.2.E.Cb) 
 
 .. 40.4.b.B.(e) 
 ...11.3. d. E.(ft) 
 
 43.1.b. 
 
 ..25.1. u. R.(/) 
 ..25. 1. C.E. (/) 
 
 20.1.b. 
 
 ...20.1. b.K.Ce) 
 .24. B. (I) E. (b) 
 ..25.1. u. B.(/) 
 30.3. 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 ..15.1. E. (a) 
 
 .34.3. 
 
 5.3. 
 
 in«-in8... 
 nnK. ...'.'.... 
 HB'x-ninK. 
 iris .'.. 
 
 14. 2. a. 
 
 .'. 15.1. 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 ..8.4. o. B.(6) 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 ...30. I.E. (a) 
 34.3. 
 
 inK 
 
 nnK 
 
 p ''ins.. 
 
 'K 
 
 nr's..-. 
 n5'K 
 
 TJ? 
 
 r« 
 
 4T.5.f. 
 
 47.5. f. 
 
 47.5. f. 
 
 12. 2. f. 
 
 12. 2. f. 
 
 42. 5. c. 
 
 42.6.0. 
 
 .23. 3. d. E.((i) 
 .25. 1. 0. E. (/) 
 ...6.1. e. B.(e) 
 
 37. 5. d. 
 
 .41. 2. f. 
 
 41.3. 
 
 ]y 
 
 "iv^ 
 
 41.6. 
 
 41. 2. c. 
 
 8. 2. d. 
 
 41. 4. b. 
 
 41. 5. b. 
 
 45. 2. e. 
 
 41. 4. b. 
 
 E?'N 
 
 E^'K-ty'S... 
 
 Sk...: .:, 
 
 Sk 
 
 14.2. d. 
 
 8. 3. B. 
 
 ....16.3.B.(d) 
 ....37.2. E.(o) 
 
 41.7. 
 
 14.2. a. 
 
 14. 2. b. 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 28. 5.B.(C) 
 
 28.5.B.(c) 
 
 ....30.1. B.(o) 
 
 33. E. (6) 
 
 ..41.1. b.E.(Z)) 
 ..41.1.0. B.(c) 
 
 
 ..8.2.d. 
 
 8.2. 
 
 d. B. (/) 
 
 23.1 
 
 n. B. (9) 
 
 25.1. 
 
 0. E. (/) 
 
 
 ....41.1. 
 
 
 .41. 1. b. 
 
 
 ..41.1.0. 
 
 
 ....41.2. 
 
 13^....'7K. 
 PtSx 
 
 d'sSk 
 
 DK..' 
 
 D«..DK... 
 
 nips DK. 
 r\m 
 
 s'VbK.... 
 
 47. 4. c. 
 
 14. 2. d. 
 
 ...4.1. b. E. (d) 
 
 16.3.E.((J) 
 
 15.6. 
 
 15.6. 
 
 ..42.4. b. E. (e) 
 ..48.1. b.B. (a) 
 .48.1. e. E. (/) 
 ..48.1. f.B. ((7) 
 ..25.1. »i. B. (/) 
 
 42.4. 
 
 43. 3. b. 
 
 48.1.b. 
 
 48.9.11. 
 
 ...48. 9. c. B.(D) 
 ..48.1. b.B. (d) 
 
 15. 3. E. (<J) 
 
 48.1.b. 
 
 48. 9. a. 
 
 DJDX. 
 
 '3 f)K. 
 
 D3K.-- 
 
 33. E. (a) 
 
 . . .2. 2. 0. E. (t) 
 
 44.1. B.(c) 
 
 ..44.1. a.B.(d) 
 
 41.2.1. 
 
 34.2. 
 
 41. 2. b. 
 
 46. 
 
 ..46. 3.0. B. (7l) 
 46.1. 
 
 Dr)i<...i2^K. 
 
 iy...-it»K..'. 
 
 ib IB'K..'... 
 DlZ'..'.'1t?K.. 
 m .'..'.. 
 
 46.2. 
 
 9.5. E. (e) 
 
 13. 
 
 13.2. 
 
 ..25. 1. 0. E. (/) 
 
 47.1. a. 
 
 47.3. a. 
 
 47.4. a. 
 
 47.4. b. 
 
 13.1. 
 
 13.1. 
 
 47. 4. c. 
 
 13.1. 
 
 .28. 2. a. B. (/) 
 . .29. 2. H. E. (d) 
 34.1. 
 
 ..34. 1. E. (6) 
 ..34. 8. E. (ft) 
 .34. 10. E. (k) 
 
 46. 3. b. 
 
 7. 5. 
 
 ..9.1. a. E. (a) 
 
 11.2. a. 
 
 11. 2. b. 
 
 .11.2. b. E.(i) 
 13.2. 
 
 3..r. 
 
 .46. 3. b. B. (/) 
 . . . .29. 1. B. (o) 
 ..29.1. o. B.(I)) 
 ....30.1. E.(o) 
 
 30. 5. B. (c) 
 
 83. B. (W 
 
HEBEEW SYNTAX 
 
 175 
 
 a 83.2.B.(e) 
 
 ■' 9.2.b.E.(b) 
 
 " 10.4.b. 
 
 " 47.5.0. 
 
 1ty«3 46.3.o.B.(fl) 
 
 ni..T.. 8.2.4 
 
 Kla....' 30.4. 
 
 nB3 3S.K.(o) 
 
 DlOa 20.1.b. 
 
 ■"■' S5.1. 0. E.(/) 
 
 " 47.6.CI. 
 
 '3 (with'j'lS) 43.1.b. 
 
 Va .'...".'.25.1. O.K. (/) 
 
 " 41.2.6. 
 
 " 47.4.0. 
 
 K'ba 41.4.0. 
 
 "' 41.5..;. 
 
 'Sa 41.2.b.B.(e) 
 
 "' 41.2.8. 
 
 " 41.6. 
 
 " 8.2.d. 
 
 " 41.2.d. 
 
 " 41.5.a. 
 
 " 45.2.6. 
 
 'fiSa 4i.R.(0) 
 
 "' 41.2.b.K.(6) 
 
 " 41.2.d. 
 
 " 8.2.d. 
 
 " 41.4.a. 
 
 " 41. 5.vi. 
 
 " 45.2.6. 
 
 :>nm noai njDsa... 
 
 " '.' 4.3. d.B.(b) 
 
 [3 8.3.6. 
 
 nja aL.6.B.(c) 
 
 tl'"V"'J? 2.2.0.E.(/) 
 
 nd^a." 22.4.0. 
 
 "^'" 47.4. b. 
 
 S^.a 40.4.b. E.(e) 
 
 "', 8.3.6. 
 
 nfe^a 30.5. 
 
 na.'. 8.3.6. 
 
 "" 15.4. E. (6) 
 
 S'lJ 8. 3. a. 
 
 lU. 30.4. 
 
 nj;'7J 4. 1. a. B. (a) 
 
 DJ..'. 28. 3. a. B. (6) 
 
 "" 44.1. E.(c) 
 
 SdJ 30.5. 
 
 nnj 15.4. B.(e) 
 
 ni'l 8.2.o.B.(e) 
 
 "' 37.2. E.(a) 
 
 " 14.2.b. 
 
 no 13^ 12.2.6.E.(/) 
 
 n!.... ' 8.2.b. 
 
 n^^ 4.1.b.E.(c) 
 
 n 42.2.B.(b) 
 
 n 25.1.0.B.(/) 
 
 "' 42.2. 
 
 " 42.2.B.(6) 
 
 " 42.4.a.E.(d) 
 
 ". 42. 4. b. 
 
 n_ 8. I.E. (a) 
 
 "' 23. E.(d) 
 
 " 23.2.E.(n) 
 
 " 33.1.a.E.(c) 
 
 " 33.1.b. E. (d) 
 
 nwri 4.3.d.B.(b) 
 
 njjS^n 4.1. a. E. (a) 
 
 pnn 28.2.b.B.(o) 
 
 Hinn 39.6. 
 
 K?n ]2.1.b.E. (a) 
 
 " 12.1. e.B.(c) 
 
 " 37.5.b.E.(e) 
 
 " 39.6. 
 
 " 4a.5.a. 
 
 " 7.6. 
 
 'in 43.1.b. 
 
 n;n 37.5.0. 
 
 "' 38.2.0.E.(/) 
 
 nfn 41. 5. e. 
 
 'jn? 42.3.E.(c) 
 
 pri 28.2.b.E.(9) 
 
 kSh 25.1.o.E.{/) 
 
 ""' 42.3. 
 
 ^Sn 28.3.d. B.(ft) 
 
 "' 30.4. 
 
 f)r\ 28. 3. a. 
 
 [n.'. 25.1. 0.E.(/) 
 
 ran 27. 2.0. K. (ft) 
 
 " 37.5.d. 
 
 " 45.3.b.E.(d) 
 
 " 48. 1. b. E. (b) 
 
 •• 48.1.b. 
 
 " 48.8.0. 
 
 3ian 28. 2. b. E. (9) 
 
 ^lan.". 37. E.((/) 
 
 S'pan 28.2.b.E.(g) 
 
 B'Siin 4.3.a.E. (6) 
 
 nsVn 28.2.b. E.(o) 
 
 priin 28.2.b. B.(ff) 
 
 Q3Wr\ 28. 2. b. E. (0) 
 
 )...'. 22.4.C.E.(/) 
 
 " 24.4. 
 
 " 34.10. 
 
 " 36.1. 
 
 " 44.1. 
 
 " 44. 1. a. 
 
 " 44.2. 
 
 1 44. 2. a. 
 
 " 44. 2. b. 
 
 " ...44.2.0. 
 
 " 44.3. 
 
 " 44.4. 
 
 " 45.2. 
 
 Dt<l 42. 4. a. 
 
 aSp^J 24.1.0.E. (e) 
 
 n;ni 25.4. 
 
 "' 25. 4. a. 
 
 " 45.3.a. 
 
 njo! 21-4- 
 
 •1....' 24. E. (6) 
 
 " 24.B.(c) 
 
 " 26.1. 
 
 1K3;i. 24.1.o.B.(e) 
 
 •'T\]i. 24.4. 
 
 "' 25.4. 
 
 " 45.3.a. 
 
 Knp:i 25. B. (2) 
 
 KTpt'l. 24. 
 
 Xipl ,24. 
 
 t|tI 
 
 " 25. 
 
 3Kt 2.2.!i.E.(a) 
 
 nsi 38.2.C. E.(/) 
 
 ni 12.1.b.B.(o) 
 
 "' 12.1.d. 
 
 " 12.1.e. 
 
 " 13.4.a. 
 
 " 34.2. 
 
 " 42.6.a. 
 
 " 46. 
 
 n 46. 
 
 nr-nj 14.2. f. 
 
 'nSn 4i.B.((7) 
 
 liit 28.5.E.(0) 
 
 narj? iTai 28.5.b.(c) 
 
 aar.' '. 2.2.o.E.(i) 
 
 Ijn 30.3. 
 
 Jffin 15. 8. c.E. (9) 
 
 'W! 43. 2. b. 
 
 nS'Sn 43.2.0. 
 
 DinDin 3.5.o.E.(ft) 
 
 DJn 33.B.(o) 
 
 a'rion 9. 2.b.E.(6) 
 
 HTPO 2.2.a,.B.(a) 
 
 npn..-' 30.2. 
 
 lyn 15.9.0. 
 
 310 B. 3. a. 
 
 niB 30.3. 
 
 one 2o.i.b. 
 
 "'■' 20.1. b.E. (6) 
 
 " 25.1.c.B.(/) 
 
 " tt.2.a. 
 
176 
 
 HEBREW STNTAX 
 
 D"ia 47. 5. (d) 
 
 pX'T 25. 3. a. E. (a) 
 
 T....'. 15. 9.b. 
 
 ]'p;n T 8. 3. a. B. (a) 
 
 nlT 15. 9. o. 
 
 ni'K3» njnv. . .8. i. ». r. (o 
 
 Df'.'.... .'...' 15.3. R. ((J) 
 
 't 15. 8. c. B. (9) 
 
 njV 2.2.a.B.(a) 
 
 Ijin: 11. 2. d. R. (To) 
 
 I'D^ 8.3.a.R.{a) 
 
 S?S; 30. i. 
 
 oJp'^ 24. 1. a. B. ((J) 
 
 '7b|T 23. R. (b) 
 
 ty;.'. 6.1. c. B. (e) 
 
 " 8.2.d. 
 
 " 37.5.d. 
 
 20'' 30.4. 
 
 maul 25. 2. a. R.(a) 
 
 jriV.'. 24.1. a. R. (d) 
 
 pkn nX ]fl\37.2.a. B.(b) 
 3)^iO'<, n«T...'...36. 2. R. (c) 
 
 a'.'.. ...'..'. 33.2. R. (6) 
 
 " 47.5. c. 
 
 1E^K| 25.1.c.R.(/) 
 
 '""" 46.3. c. R.(0) 
 
 " 47.5.1). 
 
 ni3 14. 2. e. 
 
 'i'.' 19.2.0. 
 
 " 25.1.c.B.(/) 
 
 " 44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 •• 47.1. a. 
 
 " 47.1.1). 
 
 " .47.3. a. 
 
 " 47.3. i;. 
 
 " 47.4. a. 
 
 " 47. 5. a. 
 
 " 48. I.e. 
 
 " 48.1.e.R.(e) 
 
 " 48.1.e.R.(/) 
 
 IK '3 48. 2.d. 
 
 D8'3 25.1.c.R.(/) 
 
 " 44.1.a. R. (d) 
 
 " 48.1.f. 
 
 " 48.1.f.R.(a) 
 
 " 48.9.0. 
 
 HNIJ '3 19.3. R. (ft) 
 
 nrii'3 48. 2. d. 
 
 '" 48.7. E.(r) 
 
 n33 15.4. R.(e) 
 
 SS 5.1. a. 
 
 " 6. 1. e. R. (e) 
 
 " 8.2.b. 
 
 " 9. 2. a. B. (a) 
 
 " 14. 2. a. 
 
 h'3 14. 2. b. 
 
 " 34.3. 
 
 " 37.a.B.(a) 
 
 " 40. 5. a. 
 
 " 41.7. 
 
 " 41.7.B.(ft) 
 
 fj'S Q^f»-'^^ 14. 2. d. 
 
 3'73..'.'....'....2. 2. a. R. (a) 
 
 nail 42. a. b. 
 
 aipa 25.1.0. R.(/) 
 
 ]3..' 14. 2. e. 
 
 nD3 30.3. 
 
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