//3 ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics AT Cornell University y; Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012996025 LB NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY T\^^ FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS BY ROLLO GEORGE REYNOLDS, PH. D. Director, Bureau Educational Service Teachers College ' Columbia University NEW YORK, N. Y. 1922 Copyright, 1922 by RoUo George Reynolds All Rights Reserved d '/o^S'f CAPITAL CITY PRESS, MONTPEUIER, VT. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Newspaper editors and school superintendents furnished the facts which have made this study possible. Dr. N. L. Engelhardt, Dr. Milo B. Hillegas, Dr. E. S. Evenden and Dr. George D. Strayer of the Teachers College Faculty have brought to this study wise counsel and careful criticism. I realize the debt I owe to the many who have contributed. I wish to express my gratitude to them all. R. G. R. CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 9 CHAPTER n. THE AMOUNT AND CHARACTER OF SCHOOL NEWS FOUND IN THE DAILY NEWSPAPER 15 General Statement of Conclusions 15 The Material Collected and Method Used iS Detailed Facts and Conclusions 17 CHAPTER III. SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE EDITOR'S VIEWPOINT 25 General Statement of Conclusions ^ 25 The Material Collected and Method Used 26 Detailed Facts and Conclusions 27 CHAPTER IV. SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT'S VIEWPOINT. . . 43 General Statement of Conclusions 43 Material Collected and Method Used 44 Detailed Facts and Conclusions , 45 CHAPTER V. SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE NEWSPAPER READER'S VIEWPOINT 77 General Statement of Conclusions 77 Material Collected and Method Used 77 A Scale of Newspaper Articles 79 CHAPTER VI. A PROGRAM FOR SCHOOL INFORMATION SERVICE IN THE DAILY NEWSPAPER 96 Two Kinds of Publicity 96 The Organization 96 The Financing of School News Service 99 The Collection of School News 99 The Delivery of School News 103 Relations with the Newspaper Organization 103 What School News Shall Be Presented ? 107 Conclusion 119 APPENDIX A. List of Newspapers from which the Counts and Measurements were secured 120 APPENDIX B. List of Daily Newspapers Cooperating in this Study 121 APPENDIX C. List of Cities in which the Superintendents of Public Schools Cooperated in this Study 123 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure PO'g^ 1 A Scale of Newspaper Articles 79 2 Newspaper Article G 83 3 Newspaper Article F 84 4 Newspaper Article 1 85 5 Newspaper Article B 86 6 Newspaper Article C 87 7 Newspaper Article H 88 8 Newspaper Article E 89 9 Newspaper Article J 90 10 Newspaper Article A 91 1 1 Newspaper Article D 92 12 A Special Purpose Display Advertisement 98 13 A School Page Dealing with One Subject 100 14 The School Column 102 15 Special Continuous Campaign Publicity 104 16 Departments Contributed by School Children 106 17 The Sunday Magazine — ^An Opportunity 108 18 School News in the Rotogravure Section no 19 School News in the Special "Column" 112 20 Cartoons Adapted to School Publicity 1 14 21 Charts and Graphs in the Newspaper 116 22 Public School Display Advertisements 1 18 23 School News of Front Page Importance 11 24 A School Page Dealing with Various Activities 14 25 School Matters Discussed in the Editorial Column 24 26 A High School Number of a Daily Newspaper 42 27 Special Feature Articles 76 28 Sample School Page 95 Form 1 Tabulating Sheet for the Number Count 20 2 Tabulating Sheet for Column-inch Measurement 22 3 Question Sheet Sent to Newspaper Editors 37 4 Question Sheet Sent to Superintendents of Schools 62-65 5 Broadside Containing Ten Newspaper Articles 82 TABLES Table Page I A Number Count of School News in the Daily Newspaper 21 II School News Compared with Other Types of News 23 III How Newspapers Collect School News 38 IV Types of School News Found in. Daily Newspapers 39 V The Proper Position of School News in the Newspaper 40 VI The Value of Illustrations to School News 40 VII The Value of Charts and Graphs to School News 41 VIII The Demand for School News by Daily Newspapers 41 IX Financing Public School Information Service 66 X Percent of Budget for Public School Information Service 66 XI Organization of School Information Service 66 XII How Public School Systems Collect School News 67 XIII The Centralized Editing and Approving of School News 68 XIV How School News is Edited and Approved 69 XV Relation of School System with Newspapers 70 XVI Newspapers Having an Educational Editor 71 XVII Departments in Newspapers Devoted to School News 72 XVIII The Attitude of Newspapers toward School Systems 73 XIX Editorial Discussion of School Matters 73 XX Continuous Campaigns Carried on in the Newspapers 74 XXI The Best Edition for Carrying School News 75 XXII Median Ranking Given to Ten Newspaper Articles 93 XXIII The Number of "Better" Judgments in Ranking Ten Articles 93 XXIV The Number of "Better" Judgments Reduced to Percents 94 XXV The Differences Between Ten Newspaper Articles in Terms of the Unit of the Scale. 94 CHAPTER I THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS The daily newspaper is one of the means of informing the public about the public schools. A large number of articles have been written on this subject but they have all been general in content and based merely upon opinion. One study on the subject' includes an opinion of the value of the daily newspaper for carrying school news as collected from 1 1 1 superintendents of schools ; another' includes a classification and analysis of educational news found in a single newspaper over a period of one year. The purpose of the following study is to present a body of fact relative to the use of the daily newspaper for carrying school news throughout the United States and to draw such conclusions as seem warranted. The scope of the inquiry is indicated by the following headings : The Amount and Character of School News Found in the Daily Newspaper. School News From the Editor's Viewpoint. School News From the Superintendent's Viewpoint. School News From the Reader's Viewpoint. A Program for School Information Service. THE AMOUNT AND CHARACTER OF SCHOOL NEWS FOUND IN THE DAILY NEWSPAPER To furnish the facts for this part of the study, 25 cities were chosen at random, representing various sections of the country. They were selected from the following population groups : Group I. Cities, 100,000 in population and over. Group n. Cities, 30,000 to 100,000 in population. Group HI. Cities, less than 30,000 in population. These cities were distributed over seventeen states, representing five of the geographical divisions of the country. In each city the largest daily newspaper was subscribed to for a period of three 'Neale, Mervin G. — School Reports in American Cities, p. 60. 'Garlin, R. E. and Pittenger, B. P. — ^Educational Publicity in Daily Newspapers. School Board Journal, December 1921; p. 41. 10 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS months — January, February, and March. The "size" of the news- Scope and paper was determined on the basis of the circulation figures in Ayer's Purpose of American Newspaper Annual and Directory for 1921. A number *^^ S^««y- count was then made of the news articles dealing with local public school matters. In addition, a column-inch measurement was made of the school news found in six of the above newspapers, two from each of the population groups mentioned. It is believed that the newspapers studied represent a fair sampling of school news in the daily paper. The facts thus collected, analyzed, and tabulated, are presented as evidence of the amount and character of school news found in the daily paper. SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE EDITOR'S VIEWPOINT School news is of two kinds; that which is secured and pub- lished independently of school systems, and that which is prepared especially for the newspaper by school systems. In either case it must be passed upon by the newspaper organization. It is therefore necessary to study the practice and opinion of newspaper editors in connection with school news. To secure this information, a question sheet was sent to 200 editors of representative newspapers. Replies were received from 98 editors in cities representing each of the popu- lation groups and located in 40 different states. This point of view is most important to those who are responsible for educational pub- licity. The facts collected from these question sheets will be set forth as representing the practice and viewpoint of newspaper organi- zations relative to school news in the daily paper. SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS Information for newspaper publication is often collected and prepared within the school system itself. Therefore, the policies, prac- tices, and opinions of school superintendents relative to the publicity activities of school systems have an important place in this study. A question sheet was sent to 500 superintendents of representative school systems. Replies were received from 250 superintendents in cities representing each of the population groups and located in 45 different states. The facts collected from these question sheets will be set forth as representing the practice and viewpoint of superin- tendents of schools in relation to the collection, preparation, and pub- TUCSON MUST HAVE MODERN HIGH SCHOOL OR LOSE HER RANK AMONG INSTITUTIONS q r P rPqini||CTC|COOPERATlONOF CATTLEMEN dLULDalUniJIil AND PACKE!S URGED AS ANNUAL HRE DEPUTED llr * ^OWMEN-S SESSKW B OPET^D ..";;i_ t m <'ti^*' * »i — -^ v^.^yJIIi ENROLUiffiNT OlOWSTOPCMNTIHAT aASSES ARE UNABLE TO FUNCItOM iiMHED sPAaKow PRayiDEO BinEB DEBATE IN STIITE SENATE BOARD AND COUNCIL AGREE ON$300 ,000 SCHOOL BOND ISSUE THE DAILY REPORTER aJthH mtrtOea VtA. PoUiahed in the lAtereat of ttie City of White Plaind VOL. XIV. NO. 1S7. WHITE PLAINS, N. Y^ TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 1. 1921 EIGHT PAGES ,"^01 TWO CENTS CONDITIONS AMONG HIGH SCHOOlS^£r^ BOYS AND GIRLS DISCUSSED AT BIG MEETING OF PAREN TS-TEACHERS Principal Houseman'is Talk cm "Social Activities in High School," thiring Which He Condemned Frefi- temiiies, Saying 7'hey Are Detriment to School, fallowed by Heated Debate Regarding Alleged Hap- penings at Dqnces of Younger Folk; Critics and D^enders Both Are Heard: Principal Stands by Ma- jority of Students; Meeting Votes Confidence in Faculty. . , ALLEGED LAXITY OF MORALS ON THE PART OP THE YOUNG PEOPLE OF THE OTY, WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO THE BOYS AND fiIRLfiOFTHEHIGHSCBOOL,WA$ THE CHIEF TOPIC OF DISCUSSION AT LAST NIGHT'S MEETING OF THE PARENT-TEACHERS ASSOCIATION OP THE HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL HOUSEMAN, INVITED TO THE MEETING TO GIVE AN ADDRESS ON ACTIVITIES IN THE SCHOOL, CONDEMNED FRATERNI- TIES, SAYING THEY NEITHER ARE GOOD FOR THE SCHOOL, NOR ARE THEY THEY DEMOCRATIC. THE ONLY REASON HE DOES NOT PULL THEM UP BY "THE ROOTS AND BANISH THEM FROM THE SCHOOL ALTOGETHER IS THAT HE IS AFRAID IT WOULD BE TOO DRASTIC A MEASURE. THE DANCES HELD BY THE HIGH SCHOOL UNDERGRADUATES CAME IN FOR MOST OF THE DISCUSSION, THE TRATS" BEING INCLUDED HERE ALSO, AS THE LARGER DANCES ARE UNDER FRATERNITY AUSPICES. STORIES OF ALLEGED DRUflKENNESS OF THE PART OF AT LEAST ONE FRATERNITY MEMBER, DENIEB ON THE FLOOR BY A MEMBER OF THAT FRATERNITY, OF THE LATE HOURS KfiPT BY THE YOUNG BOYS AND GIRLS OF THE SCHOOL WHILE AT THESE-. DANCES. OF AT LEAST ONE ANONYMOUS LETTER REGARDING ALLEGED CONDITIONS, ITS REFUTATION, AND A HOST OF OTHER TOPICS WENT TO MAKE UP ONE OF THE MOST HEATED MEETINGS OF THE KIND EVER HELD IN WHITE PLAINS. IT WAS BROUGHT OUT, AS STATED IN THE REPORTER YESTERDAY BY SECRETARY REDDING OF THE Y. M. C A., THAT THERE IS A TENDENCY ON THE PART OF PEOPI.E GENERALLY TO USE "HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS" AS A STANDARD EXPRESSION TO SPEAK OFTHE, YOUNGER GIRLS OF THE CITY. WHICH STORY, BY THE W \Y, WAS TAKEN BY SOME AT THE MEETING AS A REFLECTION ON THE HIGH SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLS. PRINCIPAL HOUSEMAN DEFENDED THE GREAT MAJORITY OF HIS PUPILS, SAY. |NG ALSO THAT SOME OF THE BEST MEMBERS OF THE SCHOOL BELONG TO TBE FRATERNITIES. OTHERS DEFENDED THE YOUNG PEOPLE, FROM THE CRITICISM THAT WAS OFFERED. THE MEETING SEEMED TO BE DEALING A GREAT DEAL IN GENERAUTIES, MOUNTAINS BEING BUILDED UP, OB AN EFFORT BEING MADE TO BUILD THEM OUT OF MOLEHILLS. THE WHOLE STUDENT BODY CRITICISED BECAUSE OF THE ALLEGED ACTION OF ONE MEMBER OF THAT BODY. AFTER THE DISCUSSION HAD ENDED THE ASSOCIATION TENDERED A VOTE OF CONFIDENCE TO THE HIGH SCHOOL FACUL- TY. NOVOTEWASTAKENONTHECONFIDJ^NCElNTHEUNDERGRApUATEa; I AnbaaUd Prea Newt h ] Iht MoU RdiMe Newt intheWarU t\l\t\%J i\ Exclusive ytoodated Press I^J| ▼ I L U 1 If You Wanl to Know ^lything Atk Timet' 1 Wathmetan^ Bureoa TQ1.78-ira37 {MXimi giaa) AESOR OHIO, WXDinaSAY KVEinKG, JAiniAfiT 2fl, UttL" BANDITS ROB OHIO TKASURER »»♦»♦»» » * » «*♦«♦*♦♦♦* '««4">4>««««« ♦♦♦•>«««**<. $1,000,000 FOR NEW SCHOOLS SCHOOL NEWS OF FRONT PAGE IMPORTANCE 12 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS Scope and lishing of school news in the daily newspaper. It is of interest to Purpose of note, in the case of both editors and superintendents, that a large per the Study. ^ent, approximately 50% took pains to fill out the question sheets. SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE NEWSPAPER READER'S VIEWPOINT The "consumer" of school news, the newspaper reading public, is after all the final judge of school news in the daily news- paper. The purpose of all school news is that it shall be read. To complete the study, therefore, an indication of the viewpoint of the newspaper reader is presented. Through a statistical process of se- lection, ID newspaper articles, each having to do with the health of school children, were chosen for the judgment of newspaper readers. These articles were reproduced on a broadside. The readers were asked to rank them, beginning with that article which gave the great- est interest in the health of school children and ending with that which gave the least interest. Judgments were received from 369 individuals, 128 women and 241 men, representing 8 occupational groups and residing in 35 different states. In addition, the judg- ments of 34 expert women advertisers holding important advertising positions in the city of New York were secured. From these judg- ments, a scale of the articles has been constructed and is presented as an indication of the relative value which the newspaper reader gives to certain school news articles in the daily newspaper. A PROGRAM FOR SCHOOL NEWS SERVICE IN THE DAILY PAPER The last chapter of the study consists of two parts. First, the presentation of various types of school publicity as clipped from a large number of newspapers and contributed by superintendents of schools ; these are presented for the purpose of serving as examples to school organizations desiring to inform the public through the daily newspaper. Second, suggestions for an organized school news service program in the daily newspaper. HOW THE FACTS WILL BE PRESENTED Each chapter will have the following organization: First, a general statement of the conclusions drawn from the material pre- sented in the entire chapter; this will be presented first for the benefit of those who do not care to go Into the details. Second, a discussion of the material collected and the methods used in preparing it for presentation. Third, the specific conclusions drawn NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 13 from each sub-topic taken up in each chapter. Fourth,the tabula- Scope and tion of the facts upon which the conclusions, both general and Purpose of specific, are based. ^^' ^^^^y- THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The public schools of America belong to the American people and are supported by them. Their interest and support will depend to a large extent upon the information which they possess as to the activities and needs of the public schools. If this study brings to the administrators of American school systems and to the editors of American daily newspapers a conception of the importance of the daily press to the public schools and the, conditions which control the use of the newspaper as a means of giving school information to the public, it will have served its purpose. Seeing Wichita's Schools In, Stones and ^tctares DECORATIONOF INTERIORS FOR WICHITA PUPILS Pk«ctiul Cmitm ia IntMduc- •d m Local SchoaU by Praf. Andamtf Pbit ATT RACTIV E HOMES Wina iBire'luoM u thi WIchlu piibtif tctweti ti 0msn, miMrviHT el In (nlcTliir 4cfimLJi • etCICF IhTl vMk. 1, -Mlor hartiMiny. imMtirr. drapery, tbt ventml comga^' ■uf IiL by caM board I ind wblis dnwii Itawd. "wUcb artiully nudp m* ftO- dy Th«i« vvn tbInfB Clilnti^. IhlnEi Ja«av«, ihinti UnKan. snfilHs ■Dd llmllu. All uC IM STtl>lH w«n nnr* ^rnrin oiua In thg Itnu anil Itnwlim l>am Ur. J ten. mtA Ibtn ii«rh« what ah Ih* uolvrnlUe* sr the cauatr] c4h ■IidpIj b>%& rt PUPILS PRACTICE wRDiNC ur TOOTHER nliuliri In Enrll>a osnpuniir ■ltd to t*Tfa ■urth B tm dC Uh alitb A I ■rhoeli.la Murigck and El panda. The puplla er Uioaa •Aootoani— " Iba latt>n. and crVleltra iha EiiEUib la baf pwvr^ (ma «Ui d ef fnandahLii > I th* fhJ>dr*n MT. ~>l alyadte-l r Albrlihi. Mlidnd 1 . Altnctlra poaun. m U#Rt ■ .rr. rrfnilt lui el Thr RlieMde aebein' p^nnond, reiTMrly muKiad u tb< trvMHi aUiuI (iMblindlnf. lualoca Mat UN. bnnaittndfd le a qumarafaaau^nl ThU oddlUmal (rMnd. nllonli planlr of roeni en- which la puy roMliin. nnil rw nony lo b> «( ""*^ «<«* ' rlaj-vnnindj. bul II t la niud inih n .'-■" ,r ivr rvnl ot Iha imrM't pbpu' WICH f TA SCH06l CHI LDREN MfSS nOTHINC IN THE WAY OF PLAY GROUND EQUlPPIElTr WICHITA PUPILS GET EXPERIENCE AS JOURNALISTS If our Grandmothers and Grandfathers could h&re en- Joyetf the one el lentty 'equipped pUypounda which modem children enjoy, the blichTod would have gone beggin? for truancy victims. Every public school in the city hasits full (|uota of jwings, giant strides, "chute-the-chutes". and swing' ipg ironsL Playgrounds are saperviied by varldus teachers and no pupil is allowed to be lonesome at recess time. The large picture shows what Is perhaps the only via- duct of its kind tn the coniitry. 'Pupils of the Lowell school who have to cross Third street after a hard rain ar; com- pelled to use the bridge which the city erected for'them. Third street is a drainage way-for all water from College Hill to the canal and commonly fills from curb to c^b after a rain. The Eagle cameraman caught a lot of children play^ Ing on the bridge at recess. . i.'._. ' ■ Mexican Pul^ts In Wichita Are \ Ee^er To Be CaUed'Americans TnU'lVt W[^ ZMt'b 'All ActrriliM And Want Pb^BM^s JibipinLunI ■ tenitmr. Thar m ia Emoa J. UcO««< tirtodptl i In EnilLik. Thry erliliuUlv Uhv k FIMARTaUB INEGAIIVEWWS ATHIGH SCHOOL wTiSS Laflty Caae. Anna was: DEBATE Judge* Role'CQiirlrof biduer trial RttlaUoDi Wm't Settle Diipate* - l^iat Iba tTnlRsd SuUa abDuU bm m al Ibg ]udm at a d>b ncmn ih> Iwd dedaUBs laama iDTlum.Tlnindu' aftarncot^ Tb4 t«U ., NEtV TIUCHER aDDKD Urft L*nfl Jaitw Ib a new uacttfi wfJcbfcni Mauia G*t« la iba !■ IS TOI'B SCROet KBREI celvj by iiriaat ._ ^_. lintt. WrrfkiMr -an '« SntO-U iiwliillifai far pie Aa '(otlHjoe, achfet) a '^KiHtsr- M^l br Paul Cnn, Kanant Tamil and vmUitD Kabia. Tba afttmUUve aMe tphald by Eerf -Balliunj ^(^nda Id Rotert C^uipbtU ar lb* ] " yr. K. Teilnr [iTaaUad m ad ntfaU^a itdn anUch acbobi , ceaehad by UUa Uda H(IlrU>. psbUa ipaaMiit lulnjcMr. A lain cnwd baud ma tlabai^ VUeb- ^u Iriri -U iba 'blaufy ft iha tea) tmuBtfipfOH&'tMi qUw O tba,)uaM •HAIR RIBBON' DAY - BRINGS OVr SOM^. UN IQUE J WAKE-UPS 'Th. B«.i» d.^ BtSHl bUd lU an> day'Wadhtaday. rab- * bore atUw bi4, UulrliaU ai ly -mMad~ In nfftaOa Mb rl ihalr ha^r ^parlail In Iha aiad Sana ot Iba ^Uda^ta mti aa ly dianad ihat ih*y an woH . inllen. Uivd Farnll «M Iba vilia . Hula bey'Mib bebiiad,lHir.'d\i I linnniaJ ItMilTiit hli bdr. a vhela Iha day wai ttf7^ao icW by Iha print lia;'. Uta.1 Aiijiu.ana en U air nadfa and di It be B-OE A.4^n)rdliic << EUiinir Ulind Emu 1 'piiufipH £?uitcr v«n If. AMiuAir'copy:is ALMOCTTRffARED Staff Plana to Have Ynr . Book Ready ifor Datribik -lion Ib CoodTl^ PIuu are (eliic tor^rd at lli^~blib la at ib& ^fiut by a b« mdy'ior dii ASKS $20,000 FOR COAT. > OFTARANDf'EATHERS Kimju«i>. yr^ BcfUTd w naW.'e(.CiMM«.>i>M watnalad la iilithl et Jariuair n: baa ni •uu osalifa' ill pninlnent nan -jh 'ba' anae>B.^«vra a Jin aiH^la. Ha beska nn pubiUbad Id Wm IS YOUR ]lil¥? Id Yojir Purs«^ Uiitler.theMatlreUy Umfer Chair Uf^l". itery, t>r SAFE-ln^ Savings Bank? . (By Irnllad >VM ' at tha Utal «W.«M.«M— (a flad amuSl la'poncaia ana r>ur(«, blddan mllBt Bkat- jh itnini«a»>u In ibt l^llt- isn e< wouui a. H^tl. ' acUar wnrnar^M lba>>rf-' Dal WfTVa papk hat*. - Onaka eoBri^ li a; peer' )eb If Ihay (at laM'lhwq IM* ten « MUnb^.Viyt ts"^^-.::!^;^...^ You Know V. «;»f* .•k™* na-ttakif-thB «Biz.>Ha^-pial^ You Know Il^s Sftfe Let tlie Rig Fourth Keep It For You And Pay You Interest Ob It _ Nfi large aiptb (equlntflo atart^'S>^B|a ^aiwaetad >rith ft. Onif.yin Imrla tUa ivvlags Uy It wiii grow. Then Wh^ • ^Ojfu^ om^ I^ > 7-70iit- Saviqgi AceeuA wDI 4iUnl«fc .lU rnMni It tLa FM»tk Haliml Bank. I l^na V w''V»4. lai It you wQl be. nilprfaad tp^d bovtioitkly and.^nr • oeeu*— new biulnaas e w ttai w ^ iie l M ^ i, . a n • FOURTH NATIONAL BANK MARICET AND DOUGLAS A SCHOOL PAGE DEALING WITH VARIOUS ACTIVITIES CHAPTER II THE AMOUNT AND CHARACTER OF SCHOOL NEWS FOUND IN THE DAILY NEWSPAPER GENERAL STATEMENTS The facts presented in this chapter uphold the following state- ments : The local public school system is an important source of news found in the daily press. In general, the newspaper staff believes in presenting construc- tive and informational news in regard to the public school. The pro- portion of school news, sensational or destructive, which is found in the daily newspaper, is extremely small. The editors of daily papers consider school news of sufficient im- portance to command place on the front page of the paper and com- ment in the editorial column. News of public school athletics, in fact, is often given an undue amount of space. It would seem, therefore, that public school matters are of such importance to the community as to place their emphasis in the daily newspapers at least on a level with the emphasis given to society and professional sport. This is not the case. Nevertheless, to the school administrator the fact must be evi- dent that the newspapers are furnishing a large amount of informa- tion about the public schools to the general public. This medium of school publicity is, therefore, worthy of his consideration, his study, and his cordial cooperation. The general summary and conclusions given above are based on a reading, analysis, and classification of 1800 newspapers in 25 dif- ferent states. MATERIAL COLLECTED AND METHOD USED Any selection of newspapers upon which a number count is to be based should include newspapers which offer a wide variety in the amount and character of the school news which they publish. From Table I, page 21 it is clear that this variety was secured. From the list of cities given in the Appendix, Table A, it is evident that the geographical divisions of the country are represented. The news- papers also are fairly distributed among the three population groups : nine cities from Group I (100,000 and over); eleven cities from Group II (30,000 to 100,000); and five cities from Group III (less than 16 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Period oj Reading. The Classification of School News. Criteria for Classification of School News. 30,000). The particular newspaper chosen in each city was arbit- rarily determined by selecting that paper which was reported _ in Ayer's American Newspaper Annual and Directory for 192 1 as having the largest circulation. The newspapers were subscribed to for the months of January, February, and March, of 1921. All issues of each paper which were received were read. The non-arrival of certain issues through faulty mail service or other reasons accounts for the fact that the same num- ber of newspapers was not read for each city. The number of Sunday editions read is iftdicated in the tables. The period of time over which the newspapers were read does not include the opening or closing of the school year. At such times, school news in the newspapers would undoubtedly be heavier. The three months taken, however, probably represent fairly a period during which school news, unin- fluenced in amount by special occasions, appears in the daily press. In the number count, only articles dealing with local public school news were considered. These were classified as read under the following headings : Articles Constructive or Informational in Na- ture, Articles Sensational or Destructive in Nature, and Articles Dealing with Public School Sport. In addition, the number of arti- cles appearing on the front page, the number of editorials dealing with local public school matters, and the number of illustrations accom- panying school news aritcles were enumerated. The judgment of the reader determined the classification of each article. This personal judgment was guided by the following cri- teria: I. Constructive or Informational Articles. a. All announcements, reports of school activities, social events, and the like. b. News items having to do with the conduct and prog- ress of the school system, such as school building programs, items of school finance, curricula, and the like. 2. c. News items evidently released by the school system such as school pages, school columns, signed arti- cles, and the like. d. Personal items relating to students or teaching staff. Destructive or Sensational Articles. a. All news "playing up" school scandal. b. News items in which the emphasis was placed on some fad or foible such as short skirts, rouge, hazing. NEWSPAPER PUBL ICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 17 c. News items in which the school system was attacked without constructive suggestions. 3. Articles Dealing with School Sport, Classification self determined. 4. Editorials. Only such as dealt with local public school matters. DETAILED FACTS AND CONCLUSIONS Specific Conclusions Based on a Number Count of Newspapers IN 25 Cities A Number Count of School News As a result of the newspaper reading described, and from the t„ Daily data tabulated in the tables, the following conclusions seem war- Newspapers. ranted. 1. The number of local school news items found in the daily newspapers is large enough to warrant careful considera- tion. In 1800 newspapers from 25 cities, 5483 such articles or items were found. Individual cities vary in the number of item§ relating to school news, but con- sidered in the three population groups the variation is slight. 2. School matters are evidently considered good news by the daily newspapers. 3. The bulk of school news in the daily press is constructive or informational. Table I, page 21 shows that 64% of all school news items are of this character. Individ- ual cities vary considerably from this amount, but the variation of the three groups is negligible. 4. The number of sensational items relating to school matters is extremely small. Only 5% of all school news items are of this type. Newspapers in cities of Group I are more prone to print this kind of news. 5. The number of news items relating to school sport is rela- tively large. Of all school news items 30 % deals with sport. Newspapers in cities of Group II seem to spe- cialize heavily in news of public school sport. 6. The proportion of school news considered of front page im- portance is small. Of all school news S% is of front page importance. This varies little for all three population groups. 18 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 7. Editorial discussion of school matters is fairly frequent. Of all the items relating to school matters 4% is found in the edi- torial column. Considering the limited space devoted to editorials, this percentage is relatively larger than the 5% of school news items which appears on the front page. More editorials dealing with school matters were found in newspapers of Group I. 8. About one in every ten items on school matters is accom- panied by an illustration. Cities of Group III fall short in the number of illustrations used. In Table I, page 21 the measure of school news is expressed in Tabulation terms of numbers of articles having to do with local public school of Number matters. In the count, one article is equivalent to any other arti- Count. cle, without reference to space. The table reports the frequency with which school news appears and, in so far as this element is con- cerned, is an indication of the importance of school affairs as news to the daily press. If anything, the number count reported falls short of the actual number of school news items appearing in the news- papers studied. No doubt some items were overlooked in the read- ing. The news items found in each issue of a newspaper were re- corded on a tabulating sheet similar to Form i, page 20. The results obtained are found in Table I, page 21. The Colunin-Inch Measurement. I. Specific Conclusions Based on Column Inch Measurement of Newspapers in 6 Cities The amount of space given to local school news by the daily newspapers is considerable. In 144 newspapers, 4645 column inches of space were devoted to public school news. Cities of Group III lead in the number of column inches given to this kind of news. The space given to school news constructive or informa- tional in character is relatively large. Of all school news in the six newspapers studied 66% is of this charac- ter. Cities of Group II rank the lowest in this particular. The amount of space given to destructive or sensational news is extremely small Of all school news in the six newspapers studied 5% is of this character. Cities of Group III devote a relatively large proportion of their space to this type of news. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 19 The amount of space devoted to public school sport is relatively great. In the six cities studied 30% of the space de- voted to schools dealt with public school sport. Cities of Group II lead in the amount of space devoted to sport. 6. The editorial column devotes considerable of its space to the discussion of school matters. In the six news- papers studied 4% of all the space devoted to local school matters is found in the editorial column. 7. Much less space is given to local public school news than is given to either "Society" news or news of professional sport. Of 27,299 column-inches of space devoted to local school news, educational news other than local public, society news, and professional sport, — professional sport stood first with 42%, society news second with 31%, local public school news third with 17%, and other educational news fourth with 9%. 8. School news is well illustrated as compared with news of professional sport and society news. In the six news- papers studied, society news leads with one illustration to every 81 column-inches of space, local public school news second with one illustration to every 141 column- inches, and professional sport news third with one illustration to every 170 column-inches. School news items, items under the heading "Society", and Tabulation items relating to professional sport, were measured in six of the news- of Column-Inch papers included in the number count, two from each of the three pop- Measurement. ulation groups. These were chosen as typical of the larger group of 25 newspapers. They were read for the month of February. The criteria for the classification of the school news articles were the same as those which governed in the number count: Under society news all items were included which were published in the newspaper under the heading, "Society Nezvs", "Social Happenings", and the like. The other classifications used are self-determining. The statement which was made relative to the accuracy of the number count can be applied to the columns-inch measurement. The column inches found in each issue of a newspaper were re- corded on a tabulating sheet similar to Form 2, page 22, The results obtained are found in Table II, page 23. 20 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS FORM 1. TABULATING SHEET FOR THE NUMBER COUNT OF SCHOOL NEWS ITEMS IN DAILY NEWSPAPERS l-2-3-^5-6-7-8-9-10-ll-12-13-14r-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26-27-2»-29-30 31 AKRON Dec. BOISE Jan. BUFFALO Feb. CANTON Mar. DAVENPORT Apb. DENVER Mat DES MOINES June DETROIT July GREAT FALLS Aug. HAVERHILL Sept. LINCOLN Oct. LONG BEACH Nov. MANCHESTER MUSKEGON NEWARK OAKLAND ROCHESTER ROCKFORD SALT LAKE SAN DIEGO SCRANTON SEATTLE SPOKANE WHITE PLAINS WICHITA liOC. LOC. IST PG. LOC. rUi. LOC. EDIT. INF. OE C0N8TE. 8BNSAT. DESTBUC, SPOBT NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 21 rt OQ Pli ^ < P^ Plh 1/3 P ^ ^ M z = 1— 1 < >H u r^ f2 M ^ M P CU _) H iq pq la <1 1^ H t^ CO o w h Z H o o o O 5 w m H § £ ^ Number of Illustrations Accompanying Articles "5 tH Tt( lO 05 ■* ■* ■* 00 rtiM (NN MM r-4 ■*-*Ti(l>iHU5(Ol>t-l>00 rtIN'* COCOr^ iHiHIN » iSlOlNiHN IN l^ ^ Percentage of Articles Which Were Editorials USOCD 1 ■*U5I>«0»0 'OIN to to Percentage Of AHicles Dealing With School Sport ■*(Mir3>-ii-ir^CC»fHININC<5C<300C<5tO CO COt-tOrMTh ■* ■* Percentage Of Articles Constructive or Informational In Nature T|H0500CH.-I-*OCO S iNooan>i-iu5i35iNi>ooai ■*intooo-*t^>o>oioioto 2§ into OS U5 00 tO"3l>lO00 S g Total Number of Local Educational Articles Found 1-ICMi-i INMi-ieOCO 1-t tOTHOOr^lNrHOinOOWlM) t^i-ntOiHCOt^tOOSTHt^C^ eOrti-irHlNINTlo Number of Sunday Papers O N O O 05 (N O 1-1 O iH 1-1 rt 1-1 S i-lOi-lO(NOOOiHON 1-11-11-1 1-1 1-i iH I— 1 f: OSiHOOO 1-H s I— 1 iH Number of Papers Read INOOOOOiOt-OS-* t*t^t^COt*00CDt*t* 1 ■fliMmio«(N05Q0i-ioro oot»ootoooi>totocx)i>t~ iH IN 00 to t*to loto (N CO o I— I h Middle Atlantic North Central Middle Atlantic Plateau Pacific Middle Atlantic Middle Atlantic Pacific Pacific North Central North Central North Central New England Plateau North Central North Central New England North Central North Central Pacific Plateau Plateau Pacific North Central Middle Atlantic §1 iHcqcOTttUSCOt^OOOi OiHCHM-*>OtOl>000SO i-iNCOt)(io o 'a o!2 •-S g^ C3 Pi a e3 IN 2 ..I is T3 St. S3 la 6? C<) 22 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS PAPER I. LOCAL EDUCATIONAL NEWS. FORM 2. TABULATING SHEET FOR COLUMN-INCH MEASUREMENT DATE II. EDUC. NEWS OTHER THAN PUBLIC LOCAL EDITORIAL ATHLETIC CONSTRUCTIVE NON-SOCIAL INFORMA- TIONAL OR ANNOUNCE- MENT SOCIAL SENSATIONAL CUTS No. In. Pg. Pos. No. In. Pg. Pos. COLLEGE STATE OTHER THAN NATIONAL NATIONAL NON-PUBLIC LOCAL ■■■■■■ '■ Te= TOTAL Pilot. Graph. TOTAL III. SOCIETY NEWS (SO LABELED) No. In TOTAL Pg. Pos. Phot. Chaph. IV. SPORT OTHER THAN PUBLIC LOCAL Graph. No. In. Pg. Pos. Phol. TOTAL REMARKS: NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 23 TABLE II. SPACE DEVOTED TO LOCAL SCHOOL NEWS COMPARED WITH THAT DEVOTED TO SOCIETY, PROFESSIONAL ATHLETICS, AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS NOT PUBLIC LOCAL 1. NEWS DEVOTED TO THE LOCAL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN COLUMN INCHES Percent Percent Number Percent Percent oj Serir of Ed- Oj of Con- of sation^ itori- Cuts Number struc- School al or als on Used Number Sunday Total tive Ath- Destructive Local With Poptdation Papers Edi- Column School letic School School School CUy Group Read tions Inches News News News Matters News A Group I 23 2 315 63 35 1 23 3 B Group I 24 440 67 31 2 6 9 C Group II 28 4 904 37 61 1 2 11 D Group II 24 901 47 48 6 5 E Group III 23 1129 86 11 3 4 3 F Group III 22 956 86 7 14 3 2 All 6 ZJlTIES 144 6 4645 66 29.5 5 4 33 2. EDUCATIONAL NEWS OTHER THAN LOCAL PUBLIC SCHOOL IN COLUMN INCHES Total Column Percent Indies of of Percent of Number Educational Percent Stale Percent of Non-Piiblic Number Sunday News Other of Educa- National Local Pomdation Group Papers Edi. Than Public College tional Educational School cay Read tions Local News News News News A Group I 23 2 624 85 1 7 — B Group I 24 604 80 ' 29 6 1 C Group II 28 4 764 67 6 15 12 D Group II 24 495 72 19 5 6 E Group III 23 105 31 38 30 — F Group III 22 42 100 — — — Au. 6 Cities 144 6 2534 74 16 10 5 3. SPORT OTHER THAN PUBLIC SCHOOL IN COLUMN INCHES Total Number Number Number Column Inches Number of Cities Population Papers Sunday Devoted to Sport Other Used with Sport cay Group Read Edaions Than Public School News A Group I 23 2 3577 13 B Group I 24 914 11 C Group II 28 4 4461 39 D Group 11 24 1469 2 E Group III 23 1026 F Group III 22 128 3 All 6 Citibb 144 6 11575 68 4. SOCIETY NEWS IN COLUMN INCHES Total Number Number Number Column Inches Number of Cities Population Papers Sunday Devoted to Used with Society City Group Read Editions Society News News A Group I 23 2 2141 52 B Group I 24 968 20 C Group II 28 4 1520 20 D Group II 24 2243 11 E Group III 23 1246 3 F Group III 22 427 All 6 Cities 144 6 8545 106 5. SUMMARY TABLE IN COLUMN INCHES Total Column Inches Devoted to AU Four Items Percent of Local Public School News Percent of Educaiional News Other Than Local Public School Percmt Society News Percerd of Sport News Other Than Public School All 6 Cities 27299 17 9 31 42 l¥t:iTHmliliUIVIt'llNl(U^btAIILt|i TOS'^ril BLETKE**...,. President and General Manager I C. B. ELETTIKN ..Zdltor and PuWlaher [| l!;0itormiTagey 3fi OTPf- No REASONABLE OBJECTION can be raised to the demand of the Seattle school authorities that stu- dents in the High Schools should pass in three out of four subjects in each semester. The courses of study in these institutions are not notably difficult. Moreover, it is rare to fin ders. The High School student relaxation. But the comparat must not be inverted. Nothing must be allowed for which H igh Schools. snd-Cr The Tucson Citizen ASSOCIATED PRESS LEASED \tIBE ETEBX tTSBK BAX CNIIED FBBSS liBASED WIRB SCNDAJ MOBKIHa AMBBIOAN KEW8FAPBB FDBLIBHBIW ASSOOUIiOH AUDIT BCBEAU OF OIBOIIIiAXIOIl ARIZONA DAILY NEWSFAFER ASSOOUIIOlr PubllBlied arerr week-day erenlns and Snadar monilBr at Tnet BOISE SCHOOLS ' The etftfeafiian nublMiei at the re-' 'lueal of correapondent flares thati aecqsd elan lul n„,v»»-j . . . ^""■"^'^>^' 1 oatcber U>. I'Oi, at tke roBtoince at Tucson, Arliosa. ludar set at 1(3 v , v ^ .iT * "°"' '° ""* ■'•'° *'f'' I; f, 1J7I. aclool baaketiiail tournament which fought herder for the championship than the e"» Walna Dally Record and White Plain, Dally An ZUPT. C. T. ROSE of the Tucson schools, in today s Citi- ^ ', Official city and County Newipaper » ^'?''°1i!; '.').°.''"»' gunner of the champlonahlp „ /\1TP f |||I rtREM TBejmHYMEPOMTER MUST NOT LO THEIR HERIT^ zen, states definitely just what his views are as to the con-"'" struction and uses of the proposed new high school for Tucson, i^,' In promising the readers of 'J"he Citizen on Thursday that such a statement would be submitted to them today, thiough The Citizen by Mr. Rose, we said: "AVc prophesy liis state of inlnd in advance of Sun- day far enough to assort that we expect It to be such a ' ' ' ' _z T^ ' " r* "w.npv Iq^gjilQg to be spent mjul strascBipnoH uaa. Published Every Business Day By _.jf„g_ ' ' -lyrO CONSIDERATION 01 White Plains Publishing Co. •'■^ d™tiT^u^ltoent"S (INCORPORATED) lional appropriations belns Marlon BIdB., 148-150-15 2 Martlne Ave. Telephone upon the state Legtfilatore. Entered aa second-class matter May 9, 1913, at the F Office at White Plains, N. v., under the Act of March 3, 1879. TO SPEAK WELL. Edncational devices, like almost p.Dtw«d Annul «. 1379, at uie Portotttce «» everything else, are a matter of Siitfalo N Y . M MW,nd-clMs niali«r uneer , ^ . .T.t_ , ',".ci 01 iiaVib" i r? _ . developihent. They do not come = • — into being full-grown; nor do they SCHOOLMASTERS AND ASHMEN, jttjjn j s,j,j „( pjrfjction over- Thc council has lost no time in tak- „ig|„ 7i,jre arc devices that can lug full advantage of the decision of (,j rejected at once because they the Court of Appeals in the Buffalo ^^ „gj ^j^, ,|,j demands, andi tchool case It went so far at yes- ^^,^^ j„ others which with a lillle tei-day's meeting, when the budget readjustment may be made to was adopted, as to fix the salaries of ^ work with, great success, employes of the department of edu- Xo the latter class belong the ration, this despite the objection of . — :— - < _i.,..i_.- ^ — ■- Commissioner Graves. | - • Salary increases were proposed fo 0=" <" "^o """^■' corrcsponaenla W. l-ee Tuiler Waiter V. Hegan Publls Ed SUBSCRIPTION RATES BY MAIL One Month— eoc One Yeai^-* Foreign Representative: Geo. B. David Co., Inc., 171 M SOS Ave.,. New York City. A. R. Keater, 1411 Hartfo. ^ BIdg., Chicago, III. White Plains, N. V., Thursday, February 24, 1921 SCHOOLS THE s<-HO<>LS RE-( Kikiiis' iii,.^t iiniKirlaiit opi'iis iw tlfrt,,-, iii::iiti rndn^ tijerv hu** l».,-ii. i,,, ilt>pnw M'hnol s^sitni. Tlii> plant I cieur tntlny llinii ,1 e\er wai il liHil II lui.'fr i>r lutirp effl utile Mini i.p,-rMlltii; alafr. tH ■=== TO FIND THE RIGl ■ The conditions out of "" so-called part-time cc ^* school ha& grown are :;j The people of this city are faced by a fact that'i "'"'' ""'' ^"'""" '" ""'■ --'- ■ • • - - of school a real need needs to be met with serious consideration on the part of everyone It exists in the public schools. -,«».^ „.^.^«-.... — - ,..-r . , ,« .. ^ ... According to Superintendent . . .1 „ uM« „..,,, ..enters a plea for vigorous and downneht T , , f r'-*"»^^"ucin. .everal worker, in the Pnb'c '.':lio';_ ,„,.., ,„,„-,,„ ,„ a, „hool.^ The Lumbard there of Schools .everai worker, m the P^'c »;no,^^^| instruction In the achooi.^ The J-umbard there are now 1800 children on part ,n recognition of long and « »'»fL ^^^ „, ^,^^, „^ ^„^ „y, ^^ „,. ^^^^ j,^^^ ^^^^ r service The high ground of th .„p„„,,„,, ,^^,^ ^ brought home as ^i-ilrfrf n .n .1,= ,;t„l m 1 . ., . *'^"°°' commissioners' endeavor was pei„„s. „„t aa candled ideals tor . possible, """.,' ^' -"Nearly one-half the boys Wichita Daily Eagl< Rdilor-m-Cbict Bdllnr Miiintftng Edilnr.. - MCltlH MUKUuCb ..CBARLE5 U DKISCt.U. - J. U DV/.R M MlIKIXKK - -. - - ..imi M M-jrilncI' Puhii»hed h» ihr VnMnna Mnrdnch EtUttP LoTVCfl orcuiniiirn in fficbili id ^cuwick gpuntf and lamtr m it« tntirt fftM Uisr* fpr MbtT tinitj ntw^pHoer DUhhnhn] in K-iriMa Circul.-ilinii sunranWe r^lnhliabBl by nrivaf •tatcDienl* in Audit Bureau of CiKuJntinni BnlcraO 11 itif ffoaioflicr id Wictiita KaBtu ' for traiuborUliuii tbrouctt Ibe mall sb BRcnnd-«*lHM niuttcr fhe WichiiH Bagie, Djily 'and SurJ > «fi/ fn.Ki onteidp nr Wivblta il OO '■*■ tnret JKintFiK* 17 Bf) lur one rear ; Wichita r cjtrttr in cenU a week n ia\e co^cs wMk dva tbne ctr.t, ^gadays Ttre Vail SUUSCKlBEIt--— iixute ICO daU ->n U). veliow l.nlf.1 ur. >our papeH nndiy wnO pennitfiori.- ccr renewal ot liMat a wcfl' nefnrp,fljie ■■» explMlioa m order moral swcoi-tooui. Tell tales which p-int *"" g'ris Of White Plains receiving their* ettuca" lo a principle, chalk downr'sht maiim. tion in a haphazard sort of wav due to thl> fart on Oie blackboard for memorlalnB. and .j . .j _. .., _ . _,_ ;,_•';• "];^J-" i^cjr J_ retrenchment program advocated betote tfto^ It least they were men ^^t® House yesterday by Speaker B. H. Gole-^ Long ago Plato, who was in observer *"*' demADds that this 'retrenchment shaU Dot be at 'S.%%^Y. ■" *" I^J NISH I T The RooseVelt fntendedjaie scbooU largest and hi&dsomest of WichUa'R public school buildings, Is about half finished, end work unon it has been abaadooed,. Qi^be buUdlne is baiilv. tBc eipeneo of the school children of Waahlngton. Cat, by all means, and In every posslUe dlrecUon' TUB public demands vigorous action. The neces- . J taxpayers of Washington command It. A» Mr Oule slSnlJIcantly declared: "Itthto Re-i TnlLT l^?'"*'"" ""» 'o curb the nselesa Increaa-' ng sute Indebtedness and the consequent tax bcrden, . It would be well had we never convened." There Is only one Intorence to b« drawn from Intello 1 J , | HE chief defect ■ I ' I " I excess bf inrtruc lenn in, but we do no' . '^°^* but we do not -f may take them or leave > ';they .are useless in tb* '<<* SCHOOL MATTERS DISCUSSED IN THE EDITORIAL COLUMN CHAPTER III SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE EDITOR'S VIEWPOINT GENERAL STATEMENTS From a study of the material contained in Chapter III, the fol- lowing conclusions have been drawn. School items have real news value to the daily press. School systems are cooperating to some extent with newspapers in. the collection of school news. A large amount of school news is being collected by newspapers independently of the school organization. To a considerable extent, school reporters are furnishing school news to the newspapers. The type of school news published in the daily newspaper is to some extent determined by the size of the city. School pages and school columns are not common types of school news. Special feature articles, high school notes, elementary school notes, and Parent-Teacher Association notes are the most common types of school news. Public school athletic news is given undue emphasis in the daily press. The best type of school news is that which has news value in itself. School news should not in general be placed in departments. It should take "the run of the paper" and compete with other news for position. In general, newspaper editors do not approve of charts and graphs in school news. The use of illustrations in connection with school news is influ- enced in large newspapers by the amount of space available, and in small newspapers by the expense entailed. Newspaper editors evidently desire the cooperation of school officials in the publication of school news. They believe in it and are willing to print more school news of the right sort. In general, school people have not learned the technique of news- paper writing. They do not recognize the elements which make for news interest. Their writing style is not suited to the newspaper. They do not know how to prepare copy properly. They do not col- 26 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS lect news systematically nor deliver it promptly. There is a very definite body of rules and suggestions for the proper preparation of newspaper copy. The person responsible for preparing school news for the daily newspaper should adopt a friendly, cooperative, working basis with the newspaper organization. He should make himself familiar with the style and practices of the particular newspaper for which he is writing. He should perfect himself in the elements of news prepara- tion as listed in the paragraph above. Newspaper editors in general are without question interested in school news. They are sympathetic toward public school systems. They are willing to meet the school people more than half way in putting before the public information relative to the public schools. The general summary and conclusions given above are based on the information submitted by 98 editors representing 40 different states. MATERIAL COLLECTED AND METHOD USED Row the A question sheet was sent out to the editors of 200 daily news- Ediior's papers. These newspapers represented every state in the Union, and Viewpoint were proportionately distributed among the three population groups Was Secured. mentioned in the previous chapter. Replies were received from 98 editors, approximately 50%. The editors replying were located in 40 different states, and fairly represent all three population groups. A list of the newspapers cooperating is given in the Appendix, Table B. A large number of personal letters was received in connection with the returned question sheets. In practically every case the in- formation given was signed by the editor himself. A conscientious attempt has been made to report the opinions of the editors exactly as they were given. Wherever possible, their very words have been quoted. The cooperation and keen interest which the editors of these representative newspapers have shown in the subject of the study, have made it possible to present an authori- tative body of fact and opinion, representing the thought of those who are responsible for the conduct of the daily paper. The question sheet sent to the editors is reproduced as Form 3, page 37. From it the exact wording of the questions can be determined. Note: All tables are numbered or lettered in such a way as to refer to that portion of the question sheet upon which they are based. For example, in Table III, the Roman numeral I at the left side of the table and the Arabic numerals l-2-3-4r-5-6, at the head of the columns, indicate that this table is based on the Question Sheet sent to the Editors, questions I, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. This method of designation will enable the reader, in the case of all tables, to identify the exact words in which the information tabulated was requested. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 27 DETAILED FACTS AND CONCLUSIONS Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 98 Editors I . The most common method used by newspapers in collect- How Newspapers ing school news is the assigning of a reporter to cover Collect the school system. Table III, page 38 shows that School News. 39% of the newspapers use this service daily, and that 19% use it irregularly. A larger percentage of news- papers in Group II use this method. 2. The second common method used by newspapers in col- lecting school news is the employing of paid student reporters. Table III shows that 17% of the news- papers use this service daily and that 32% use it ir- regularly or at intervals which were not specified. It is used most commonly by newspapers in cities of Group II. 3. The superintendent of schools is the third most important source of school news to the newspapers. Table III shows that 49% of the newspapers are furnished news by the superintendent of schools. In most cases this news is furnished irregularly. Newspapers in cities of Groups II and III more commonly receive news from the superintendent than those in cities of Group I. 4. Paid teacher reporters are very little used by newspapers. Table III shows that only 2% of the newspapers use this service. 5. Few newspapers employ an educational editor. Table III shows that only 10% of all newspapers employ one. Most educational editors are found with newspapers in cities of Group I. 6. About half of all newspapers receive news from individual schools. Table III shows that 46% of the newspapers reporting get school news from this source. Practi- cally all of it is furnished irregularly. 7. In most cases the newspaper depends upon definite re- porters and paid student reporters for daily news ser- vice. Table III shows that only 3% of the newspapers get school news daily from the superintendent. 8. Newspapers evidently do not believe in collecting school news weekly or monthly. Table III plainly indicates this fact. 28 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUB LIC SCHOOLS 9. Newspapers collect a large part of their school news irreg- ularly. Table III shows that 19% of the newspapers assign reporters to school news irregularly and that 31% of the newspapers get school news from the super- intendent irregularly. The figures in Table III under the heading "Service Unspecified" should probably be included under "Irregularly". 10. About one half of the school systems are making little or no effort to furnish school news to the newspaper. Table III shows that 45% of the superintendents and that 46% of the individual schools furnish no school news to the newspaper. 11. The size of the city evidently has little effect upon the method of collecting school news, with the following exceptions: Newspapers in cities of Group I use the least number of student reporters. Newspapers in cities of Group I employ most of the educational editors. Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 98 Editors The Types I. The school page is not a common type of school news. of School News Table IV, page 39 shows that only 12% of the news- Found in Daily papers use this type. Newspapers in cities of Group I Newspapers. use it most commonly. 2. The school column is not a common type of school news. Table IV shows that only 14% of the newspapers pub- lish this type. The daily publication of the school col- umn is most common in newspapers of cities in Group I. It is published in only 4% of all newspapers. 3. Special feature articles are used by about one half of the newspapers as a type of school news. This type is reported about equally often by newspapers in cities of all three groups. The most common practice is to pub- lish these articles irregularly. 4. More newspapers report the use of high school notes than any other type of school news. Table IV shows that 70% of all newspapers publish this type of school news. The most common practice is to publish it daily or ir- regularly. Newspapers in cities of Group II lead in the daily publication of school notes. Newspapers in cities of Group III lead in the irregular publication of school notes. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 29 5. Elementary school notes are reported by about one half of the newspapers as a type of school news used. Table IV shows that the largest percentage of all newspapers publish this type irregularly. Newspapers in cities of Group II lead in the daily publication of elementary school notes. Newspapers in cities of Group III lead in the irregular publication of elementary school notes. 6. Public school athletic news is featured as a department by about one half of the newspapers. Table IV shows that newspapers in cities of the three groups vary little in the number of times which they report this type used 7. Parent-Teacher Association notes are used by about one half of the newspapers as a type of school news. Table IV shows that newspapers in cities of the three groups vary little in the number of times they report this type of school news. The most common practice is to publish Parent- Teacher Association notes daily or irregularly. 8. On the whole school news appears in the daily newspaper either daily or irregularly. Table IV shows that very little school news is published weekly with the excep- tion of the school page and high school notes, that prac- tically no school news is published monthly, and that there is practically an equal division between daily pub- lications and publication irregularly. Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 98 Editors 1. The proper position of school news in the daily newspaper The Proper is wherever its news value warrants. In newspaper Position of parlance, it should take "the run of the paper". School News ifi the D^Lilv 2. In the opinion of newspaper editors, departments in the Newspaper. daily newspaper are undesirable and are fast going out of use. From the replies received in answer to the question "What is the proper position of school news in the daily newspaper?" there is no doubt but that the majority of newspaper editors are unfavorable to special departments. Their arguments against such special de- partments are these: They are expensive to maintain; they in- terfere with the make up of the paper; and, last, they are not effective. So far as school news is concerned, the editors expressed the opinion that no one reads a school department in the newspaper unless he is already interested in the schools. As one editor expressed it: "You don't want to fish for those that you've already hooked". 30 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Value of Illustrations to School News in the Daily Newspaper. The editors were nearly unanimous in the opinion that school news should compete with all other news for space and position. If it is of first page news value, then it should go on the first page. On the other hand, to quote again, "If it is of no value, as is so often the case, it should go into the waste basket". The position of school news is presented in Table V, page 40. Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 98 Editors 1. Many editors believe that illustrations are of no value to school news. About one third of the editors of news- papers in cities of Groups I and II and about one half of the editors in Group III assign no value to illustrations. 2. The item of expense enters into the matter of illustrations. From the letters received it is "evident that in the smaller cities of Group III the item of expense influences the opinion expressed as to the value of illustrations. 3 . Some editors are of the opinion that the school system should furnish the cuts for illustrations. 4. The editors frequently stated that illustrations of persons or of action are much more valuable than illustrations of buildings, grounds, etc. 5. Probably the keen competition for space in large newspapers, and the item of expense in small newspapers, influence the prevailing opinion as shown in Table VI, page 40 that illustrations are of little or no value to school news in the daily newspaper. The Value of Charts and Graphs to School News in the Daily Newspaper. Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 98 Editors I. In general, newspaper editors do not believe that charts and graphs are of much value to school news in the daily newspaper. Table VII, page 41 shows that editors of newspapers in cities of the three groups agree very closely in this opinion. About 5% of the editors char- acterize charts and graphs as actually harmful to school news. Approximately 70% assign to them little or no value. About one-fourth of the editors consider that they have some value. 2. In letters received from the editors, the opinion was ex- pressed that charts and graphs are adapted to specially trained readers, but that the average reader pays no attention to them. This opinion may be due to the NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 31 kind of charts and graphs which have been submitted to newspapers. If, however, simple charts or graphs which contain the elements of the picture in them were used, perhaps they would appeal to the general newspaper reading public. The average newspaper ed- itor has probably had little experience with this type of graphic representation. His very definite opinion, therefore, may be biased. Specific Conclusions Based on the Report of 98 Editors 1. Newspapers would use more school news if it were furnished The Demand to them properly prepared. Table VIII, page 41 Jor School News shows that 77% of the newspaper editors definitely by Daily stated that they would use more news of this sort. Newspapers. Only 6% submitted no answer. 2. Newspapers in cities of Groups II and III are evidently more desirous of school news than those in cities of Group I. This is plainly indicated in Table VIII. No doubt the stronger competition for space in newspapers of the larger cities causes less demand for school news. 3. In many of their letters, editors expressed regret that school systems were not cooperating with newspapers in fur- nishing school news to the public. 4. The majority of editors expressed their belief in the news value of school matters and in the desire of the news- paper reading public to get this kind of news. 5. Many editors expressed the opinion that only by intelli- gently informing the public of school matters through the daily press can school officials hope to get proper financial support for the public schools. On the question sheet sent to the editors, they were asked, first. The Preparation to list some of the common faults of news copy furnished by school 0/ School News people, and, secondly, to state five or six rules or suggestions which for the Daily will be of benefit to school people in preparing news for the press. Newspaper. The large number of replies received in answer to these questions, indicates the interest which the editors took in the study, and their willingness to assist in the problem of preparing school news for pub- lication. The replies to both questions were carefully noted and classified together under certain main headings. As far as possible, the exact words of the editors have been quoted. This compilation needs no comment except to emphasize the fact that, coming from a large number of representative newspaper editors, it presents to the 32 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS Rules for Preparing School News. school administrator a body of rules and suggestions which will be of great value in the preparation of school news for the daily newspaper. The experience and newspaper practice which lie behind these rules and suggestions give to them unusual weight. RULES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SCHOOL NEWS IN DAILY NEWSPAPERS From the Reports of 98 Newspaper Editors III-2 I. SUBJECT MATTER. (a) "Write news, not propaganda — news is something hap- pening, an event of some sort, not an argument to prove or disprove some theory or proposition." "Give information rather than advice or instruction." Be accurate, truthful, meticulously exact as to facts, names, and details. Write news for the public and not for the purpose of per- sonal exploitation. (b) (c) (d) Names have great news value. "A story about an individual is always better than group facts." (e) "Eliminate favoritism and personalities in preparing articles." (f) "Eliminate inconsequential details, trivial happenings, commonplaces in general." "Don't overemphasize nonessentials." (g) "Run in a humorous phrase when it doesn't hurt anybody and when it does not spoil the text." (h) "Make the story appeal to the average reader — more human stuff." (i) "News should be written from the standpoint of the public, not from the standpoint of the school." (j) "In general avoid submitting the achievements of pre- cocious children unless the newspaper invites such contributions. Remember that every parent im- agines his child to be a marvel." (k) "Give the news about exceptional pupils, the latest ex- periments in education, and the like." NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 33 2. NEWSPAPER STYLE. (a) "Study the style of the newspaper and follow it." Rules for "Make every contribution interesting by employing Preparing newspaper rather than literary diction." School News. "Write news, not literature." (b) "Use news style as distinct from editorial style." "Avoid the expression of opinion — merely recite what happened without interpreting what it means." "Do not usurp editorial prerogatives by calling the attention of the public to school needs. Acquaint the editor with such needs and let him do the cru- sading." "News is not editorial discussion." "Give facts, not opinions." "Get away from the academic." "Get out of the idea of 'we' and 'our'." (c) Use a simple style. "Keep away from the technical and get down to simple terms." "Avoid attempts at 'fine writing'." "Use more American and less English." "Be concise." "Write clearly and to the point." "Use short words instead of long ones." "Avoid the use of too many adjectives." "Use fewer capital letter." "Don't be flamboyant." "The public does not want 'fancy work' in news — ^just a simple statement of facts." "Do not write in an ornate or didactic style — make it snappy." (d) Be brief. "Make it short." iviaKe It snorx. "Make it brief and snappy." "Don't use too many words to say little." "Don't be verbose." (e) "Get the main fact into the first paragraph." "Get the gist of the story into the 'lead' and avoid mis- taken headlines." "Write the story in the first paragraph and let the details follow." "State principal facts first." (f) Avoid repetition. 34 NEWSPA PER PUBLICITY FOR THE P UBLIC SCHOOLS Rules for 3. NEWS SENSE AND NEWS INTEREST School News. (^) "Develop a news sense and a sense for 'human interest' stories." "Learn to spot 'news' when seen or heard." "Learn what live news is and stick to it. The public can't be interested by long drawn out essays." "It is the unusual that makes news." "Realize the value of the news feature article." "In writing news items, feature the unusual." "Stress the strange, the odd, the unusual." "Write about those things only which actually possess the elements of general interest." "Learn to see the 'story' in the news." "Regular routine matters do not interest readers," "Keep the paper informed of all innovations." 4. THE COLLECTION OF SCHOOL NEWS (a) "Establish a publicity department that will act as a clearing house for the school news of the entire system." "Organize publicity within the school system and prevent much school news of interest from being lost." "A press publicity department for schools in every city would be a grand institution." (b) "Assign to one teacher in each school the collection and preparation of school news. Have it turned in to some central office where it will be available daily to the press." "Make somebody in each school responsible for the news of that school." "Have each room appoint a press agent." "Have teachers direct the writing of school news by pu- pils and give them school credits forwork produced." "The Board of Education should make it compulsory for some one in each school to send daily to the news- paper or to the superintendent a news digest." (c) "Engage a skilful newspaper photographer to supply pic- tures for school news." (d) Collect news systematically — not hit or miss. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 35 (e) Cooperate with the newspaper organization. Rules for "Remember that the newspaper is willing to cooperate ^"P^^^^i but expects cooperation." ^<^^°°^ ^^"'■f- "Remember that a newspaper must pay its way, and don't expect too much space." "Don't suppress news just because it seems to reflect against the schools. Such action turns cooperation into a scrap between the editor and the school au- thorities for the news." "Keep in close touch with editor and reporters. They will appreciate being called on the phone and told of anything that looks like news." "Gauge your contribution by the size of the paper and the space allowed other public activities of a local nature." "Welcome represent^ives of the press, deal with them frankly, and tell them the truth." "Don't be backward about calling the attention of the press to the schools." "Establish cordial relations with the press." "Don't find fault and criticize when the editor finds it necessary to alter or change news." "Keep in mind that newspapers have to be edited in the newspaper office." "When school people acquire a liking for the aroma of printer's ink, school news will cease to be a fizzle and tax payers will stop kicking at school appropriations." "Don't be partial to one newspaper in the community. Use them all alike." THE DELIVERY OF SCHOOL NEWS, (a) Get school news in on time. "Deliver the news promptly." "Give news as far in advance as possible." v "Announcements are worth more than reports both to school and newspaper." "Get news in the day it happens if possible. Dailies like fresh stuff." "Don't let news get cold." "Don't let news become ancient history." "News value depends largely upon recency of happen- ing." 36 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS Rules for (b) The use of the phone for transmitting news tends toward Preparing inaccuracy. School News. 6. THE MECHANICS OF SCHOOL NEWS COPY. (a) "Use paper for copy 8| by 6| with lines running the long way. The size of the linotype keyboard determines this, not the whim of the editor." (b) Use one side of the paper only. (c) Typewrite all copy or write it clearly. "Submit clean copy." (d) Double space or triple space your copy. This is a great benefit to the editor. (e) Don't write the headline. "Leave one third of your title page blank for the use of the newspaper headline writer." "Headline writing is a technical newspaper function." "Don't disgust the editor by writing the headline for him." "Material for a headline should be found in the first paragraph or 'lead' of copy." (f) "If a name is spelled in a peculiar manner, write 'correct' after it." (g) "Use as few capitals as possible." NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 37 FORM 3. QUESTION SHEET SENT TO NEWSPAPER EDITORS IMPORTANT— I have WORKED on This Form to make the ANSWERING OF IT AS LITTLE WORK FOR YOU AS TO YOU. POSSIBLE. IMPORTANT— The answers to these questions should deal ONLY WITH THE SCHOOL NEWS OF YOUR LOCAL PUB- TO ME Lie SCHOOL SYSTEM. NAME OF NEWSPAPER CITY STATE. Yea No Daily Week- ly Month- ly Irregu- larly O O o o o o O o o o o o O o o o o o O o o o o o O o o o o o O o o o o o O o o o o o Please Answer By Checking In the Circles. 1. Do you assign DEFINITE REPORTERS to cover LOCAL SCHOOLNEWS? 2. Is there an EDUCATIONAL EDITOR ON THE STAFF of yoiu- Paper? 3. Do you employ PAID LOCAL TEACHER REPORTERS to furnish School News? 4. Do you employ PAID LOCAL STUDENT REPORTERS to furnish School News? 5. Does the SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS furnish you PREPARED SCHOOL NEWS TO PUBLISH? 6. Do INDIVIDUAL SCHOOLS furnish you PREPARED SCHOOL NEWS FOR PUBLICATION? 7. Would you use MORE SCHOOL NEWS IF IT WERE FURNISHED TO YOU PROPERLY PREPARED? II. Please Check In The Squares The Departments Which Are Found In Your Paper. A SCHOOL PAGE devoted mainly to the News of your LOCAL SCHOOL SYSTEM?. 2. A SCHOOL COLUMN devoted mainly to the News of your LOCAL SCHOOL SYSTEM? 3. SPECIAL FEATURE NEWS ARTICLE dealing with some phase of the LOCAL SCHOOL SYSTEM? 4. Space devoted to LOCAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTES or NEWS? 5. Space devoted to LOCAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL NOTES or NEWS? 6. A DEPARTMENT devoted to LOCAL PUBLIC SCHOOL ATHLETICS? 7. SPACE DEVOTED to LOCAL PARENT-TEACHER NOTES or NEWS? 8. A PAGE, COLUMN or DEPARTMENT CONTRI- BUTED by the SCHOOL CHILDREN OF THE SYSTEM? 9. Daili 1 Weekly Monthly Irregularly III. PleaseanswerthefottowingquestionsON THE BACKOF THIS SHEET. 1. List some of the MOST COMMON FAULTS of News Copy as fumiished to you by School people. 2. State five or six rules or suggestions which, in your opinion, will be of benefit to School People in preparing School News for the Public Press. 3. Where, in your opinion, is the proper position of School News in your paper? 4. What, in your opinion, is the value of illustrations in Public School PubUcity in Newspapers? 5. Do you think that CHARTS and GRAPHS if made SIMPLE help or harm Educational Articles in NEWSPAPERS? SIGNED mAMM) (OFFICIAL POSITION) 38 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS TABLE III. HOW DAILY NEWSPAPER ORGANIZATIONS COLLECT SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE REPORTS OF 98 NEWSPAPER EDITORS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Definite Paper Super- Indi- Reporters Has intendent vidual I Cover Edvicar Teacher Student •^ Furnishes Schools School tional Reporters Reporters School Furnish News Editor Employed Employed News News % % % % % % Service Rendered Daily Number of Cities Population 25 Over 100,000 40 8 — 8 4 — 32 30,000 to 100,000 50 3 — 31 3 — 41 Less than 30,000 29 2 2 12 2 2 All 98 Cities 39 4 1 17 3 1 Service Rendered Weeb^-t Number of Cities Populaiion 25 Over 100,000 4 — — — — .- — 32 30,000 to 100,000 3 — — — — 3 41 Less than 30,000 — — — — — 2 All 98 Cities 2 — — — — 2 Service Rendered Monthly Number of Cities Popidalion 25 Over 100,000 — — — — — — 32 30,000 to 100,000 — — — — — — 41 Less than 30,000 — — — — 2 2 Alt. 98 Cities — — — — 1 1 Service Rendered Irregularly Number of Cities Population 25 Over 100,000 16 — — 4 24 28 32 30,000 to 100,000 12 — — 6 38 41 41 Less than 30,000 27 — — 2 30 26 All 98 Cities 19 — — 4 31 32 Service Unspecitied Nurriher of Cities Population 25 Over 100,000 8 12 — 20 8 12 32 30,000 to 100,000 13 3 — 25 9 3 41 Less than 30,000 5 5 2 34 22 17 All 98 Cities 8 6 1 28 14 11 Service Rendered Not At All Number of Cities Population 25 Over 100,000 16 64 84 56 52 44 32 30,000 to 100,000 19 94 94 38 47 50 41 Less than 30,000 34 88 86 47 39 43 All 98 Cities 25 84 88 46 45 46 No Answer Given Number of Cities Population 25 Over 100,000 16 16 16 12 12 16 32 30,000 to 100,000 3 — 6 3 3 41 Less than 30,000 5 5 10 5 5 5 All 98 CirrES 7 6 10 5 6 7 Read the table as follows: Of 25 newspapers in cities over 100,000 in population, 40% assign definite reporters to cover school news daily; 8% have the service of an educational editor daily; etc. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 39 TABLE IV. TYPES OF SCHOOL NEWS FOUND IN DAILY NEWSPAPERS FROM THE REPORTS OF 98 NEWSPAPER EDITORS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ath- Page or Elem- letic Parent- Column Special High entary De- Teacher Contrib- School School Feature School School part- Associr uted by II Page Column Articles Notes Notes ment ation Children % % % % % % % % Service Rendered Daily Number CUies Population 25 Over 100,000 — 8 8 12 12 16 24 4 32 30,000 to 100,000 — 3 9 47 22 38 38 — 41 Less than 30,000 — 2 — 20 5 12 12 — All 98 Cities — 4 5 26 12 22 24 1 Service Rendered Weekly , Number CUies Population 25 Over 100,000 20 4 — 12 8 — 8 8 32 30,000 to 100,000 6 — 3 3 3 — — — 41 Less than 30,000 2 7 2 15 — 2 2 2 All 98 Cities 8 4 2 10 3 1 3 3 Service Rendered Monthly Number Cities PopidcUion 25 Over 100,000 — — — — — — — — 32 30,000 to 100,000 — — — — — — — — 41 Less than 30,000 — — — — — — 5 — All 98 Cities — — — — — — 2 — Service Rendered Irregularly Number CUies Population 25 Over 100,000 4 — 36 24 16 20 24 — 32 30,000 to 100,000 — 6 41 16 18 — 12 9 41 Less than 30,000 7 9 47 44 36 30 30 2 All 98 Cities 4 6 42 30 26 17 22 4 Service Unspecified Number CUies Population 25 Over 100,000 — — — 4 4 16 4 — 32 30,000 to 100,000 — — — 6 9 32 13 — 41 Less than 30,000 — — — 2 5 5 2 — All 98 Cities — — — 4 6 13 6 — Service Rendered Not At All Number CUies Population 25 Over 100,000 16 16 8 8 4 8 4 12 32 30,000 to 100,000 6 3 — — — — 3 6 41 Less than 30,000 10 7 2 — — 2 — 7 All 98 Cities 10 8 3 2 1 3 2 8 No Answer Givbn Number Cities Population 25 Over 100,000 60 72 48 40 56 40 36 76 32 30,000 to 100,000 88 88 47 28 47 40 34 85 41 Less than 30,000 81 74 49 19 54 49 49 88 All 98 Cities 78 78 48 28 52 44 41 84 Read the table as follows : Of 25 newspapers in cities of 100,000 and over, 8% publish a school column daily; 8% publish special feature articles daily; etc. 40 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS TABLE V. THE PROPER POSITION OF SCHOOL NEWS IN THE DAILY NEWSPAPER FROM THE REPORTS OF 98 NEWSPAPER EDITORS III-3 Run of Paper Fixed Position Department V'mertain No Answer Number of Cities PoTpvlaiUm % % % % % 25 32 41 Over 10,0000 30,000 to 100,000 Less than 30,000 60 72 34 4 10 4 3 8 4 3 2 28 22 46 All 98 Cities 53 5 5 3 34 Read the table as follows: Of 25 newspaper editors in cities of 100,000 and over, 60% report that the proper position for school news is the "run of the paper"; 4%, that school news should have some fixed position; 4%, that school news should be placed in a regular school department, etc. TABLE VI. THE VALUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS TO SCHOOL NEWS IN THE DAILY NEWSPAPER FROM THE REPORTS OF 98 NEWSPAPER EDITORS III-4 Of Great Value Of Some Value Of Utile Value Of No Value Too Expensive Number of Cities Population % % % % % 25 32 41 Over 100,000 30,000 to 100,000 Less than 30,000 28 28 5 36 41 29 4 3 2 32 28 54 10 All 98 Cities 18 35 3 40 4 Read the table as follows: Of 25 newspaper editors in cities of 100,000 population and over, 28% consider illustrations of great value to school news; 36% consider illustrations of some value; etc. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 41 TABLE VII. THE VALUE OF CHARTS AND GRAPHS TO SCHOOL NEWS IN THE DAILY NEWSPAPER FROM THE REPORTS OF 98 NEWSPAPER EDITORS III-5 Of Some Value OfLitOe Value Of Qttestionable Value Of No Value Harmful Number of Cities PopitkUion % % % % % 25 32 41 Over 100,000 30,000 to 100,000 Less than 30,000 24 25 27 8 6 4 10 7 64 56 56 3 10 All 98 Citibs 26 - 4 7 58 5 Read the table as follows: Of 25 newspaper editors in cities of 100,000 and over, 24% consider charts and graphs of some value to school news ; 8% consider charts and graphs of little value ; etc. TABLE VIII. THE DEMAND FOR SCHOOL NEWS BY DAILY NEWSPAPERS FROM THE REPORTS OF 98 NEWSPAPER EDITORS 1-7 Yes No Qu^ionabh No Answer Number of Cities Population % % % % 25 32 41 Over 100,000 30,000 to 100,000 Less than 30,000 64 81 80 20 13 15 4 2 12 6 2 Ali, 98 Cities 77 15 2 6 Read the table as follows : Of 25 newspaper editors in cities of 100,000 and over, 64% would use more school news if fur- nished to them properly prepared; 20% would not; 4% are not sure; and 12% gave no answer. JSOO Students, the Future JUiaders of Decatur Smvky Moirang, Jainiaiy 29, 1922 Decatur. Review DECATUR HIOM SCHOOL NUMBER Am / OUR HIGH SCHOOL AND THE COMMUNITY The Dveator Ugh ichool hu 1600 stndenb. Fifteen bundnd other boya and ffirla In the gndes an on their way to th« high whoal, a total ot 3,000, one for erety fifteen peoiite. Of the 7,700 puplb in the pahUc schools me out of Avery five is a hlsh school student PAItGNTS AND PUPILS. The ^000 parents whose chndren are In the Ush school are dlieclly cencerned in all that the echool Is dolnff. Another 8.000 parents of proGpecUve high Khool ■tadents should be keenly interested In irfaftt the school can do for their children and hov it does it. The-whool is therefore of direct, immediate per< ■onal conceni to 6,000 parents and 8,000 pupils. All t&s peoplb mrRRBSTEDt THE UNIVERSITY OF THE OTy OF DECATUR ■Ub br lid*, itrln Hit (ba ■; ■uu haBon. Nebodj na doi VhalHMu for both rfcb aad p< ASSET TO KTEIIT- CniSEH. n IMrtfllrc A HIGH SCHOOL NUMBER OF A DAILY NEWSPAPER CHAPTER IV SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT'S VIEWPOINT GENERAL STATEMENTS From a study of the material contained in Chapter IV, the fol- lowing conclusions have been drawn. Most school systems have effected no organization for educa- tional publicity. Few systems in their annual budgets provide for school public- ity, and on the whole little money is spent for this purpose. The majority of superintendents are not willing to state an opinion relative to the percentage of the school budget which should be set aside for publicity. The percentage recommended varies from 3% of the budget to nothing. In general, superintendents in the smaller cities recommend that a higher percentage of the budget should be spent for publicity than do those in the larger cities. About one fourth of the school systems have some centralized agency for handling school news. The majority of school superintendents furnish school news to the newspapers. About one half of the high school and elementary school principals furnish school news. Individual students and stu- dents in English and journalism classes are furnishing a considerable amount of news to the newspapers. The most common practice is for school systems to furnish news irregularly to the newspapers. Most school news is edited and approved by principals. In about one third of the school systems, the news collected is approved and edited by some central office. Athletic news is almost entirely edited by the athletic coach. Newspapers depend first upon definitely assigned reporters for the securing of school news, second upon superintendents, third upon paid student reporters, and fourth upon individual schools. Evidently a large percentage of school systems have little or no relations with newspapers so far as furnishing school news is con- cerned. A large majority of newspapers are favorable in their attitude toward the public school system. Editors believe in school news> discuss it in their editorial columns, are willing to cooperate with 44 NEWSPAPERfPUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS school superintendents, and express a willingness to use more school news of the right sort. School systems have carried on a large number of continuous campaigns in the daily papers. The five most commonly reported are, campaigns for buildings, campaigns for teachers' salaries, health campaigns, bond issue campaigns, and night school cam- paigns. There is a definite belief on the part of superintendents that the afternoon and evening edition of the newspaper is the best for carry- ing school news. In general, school superintendents believe that there are valid reasons for expending public funds on school publicity. They rec- ognize the difficulty of being charged with partiality in giving out school news, and in many cases have evolved ways of overcoming this difficulty. They are almost unanimous in the opinion that the attitude of the daily press toward the school system is extremely im- portant, and that the use of the daily press by school administrators should be governed by definite ethical principles. Newspaper organizations do not always, handle school news properly. In many cases they lack the school point of view. Their sense of news value often results in emphasis wrongly placed or sen- sational presentation. They are not always careful to present the facts exactly as they exist. They sometimes allow political reasons to color school news. As a general thing, they do not give to news of the public school system the attention and position to which its importance entitles it. How the Superintendent's Viewpoint Was Secured. MATERIAL COLLECTED AND METHOD USED A question sheet was sent to 500 superintendents of schools in cities of each of the three population groups mentioned in previous chapters. The replies from 250, exactly 50% of these superinten- dents, representing 45 states, and distributed proportionately among the three city groups, furnished the material for the tables in this chapter, upon which the conclusions are based. A list of the super- intendents cooperating will be found in Appendix, Table C. Great care has been used in reporting the opinions of the superintendents and, as in the case of the newspaper editors, the exact words have been quoted wherever possible. Most of the information contained in the tables is expressed in percents computed to the nearest whole percent, for purposes of comparison. The cooperation of superin- tendents has made possible the presentation of the facts in this chap- NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 45 ter. Their interest in the subject of school news is evidenced by their generous responses. The question sheet sent to the superintendents is reproduced as Form 4, page 62 in order that the exact wording of the questions asked may be ascertained. DETAILED FACTS AND CONCLUSIONS Specific Conclusions Based on the Report of 250 Superintendents 1 . Few city school systems contain specific provision in their Financing budgets for information or publicity service. Table School IX, page 66 shows that only 8% of all school systems Information make such provision. From the reports received, it Service. is impossible to give any estimate in dollars of this provision. 2. A much larger number of city school systems have funds which can be used for information or publicity service. Table IX shows that 39% of all school systems have such a fund. School systems in cities of Group III lead in this particular with 48%. From the reports received, it is impossible to give a definite measure of the amount used from these funds for publicity, but it can safely be stated that the amount is uniformly small. 3. There is considerable variation in the opinion of super- intendents as to the percentage of the budget which should be spent for school information service. Table X, page 66 shows that this percentage ranges from 3% to 0%. A majority of the superintendents in cities of Group I and Group II gave no answer. Over one half of the superintendents in cities of Group III stated an opinion. Approximately three fourths of the super- intendents giving an opinion believe that some percent- age of the budget should be spent for publicity. One fourth of the superintendents report that in their opinion no part of the budget should be spent for this service. In general, superintendents in cities of Group III recommend a larger proportion of the budget for information service. The detailed reports substantiating conclusions just stated are given in Tables IX and X, page 66. 46 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR T HE PUBLIC SCHOOLS Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 250 Superintendents How School I. Some city school systems have made provisions for a news Systems service organization. Table XI, page 66 shows that in Collect News 28% of the school systems there is a person responsible for Newspapers. for the collecting and releasing of school news. Table XI also shows that in 12% of the cities there is a news service committee for the entire school system. 2. School systems in the three population groups do not vary much in reference to news service organization. 3. Various means for collecting school news are utilized by city school systems. Table XII, page Sy shows that in 79% of the cities, the superintendents collect school news; in 61%, the high school principals; in 48%, elementary school principals; in 37%, supervisors; in 37%, clerks of the school boards; in 35%, in- dividual students ; in 26%, individual teachers; in 24%, English classes; in 13%, journalism classes; and in 5%, news editors. 4. The largest percentage of school systems collect school news irregularly; a second common practice of school systems is to collect news daily; some school systems collect school news weekly, and a negligible percent collect news monthly. It is of interest to note, from Table XII, that about one fourth of the superintendents of schools collect school news daily. It is also signifi- cant to note that in 35% of the school systems indi- vidual students collect news; in 24%, English classes collect news; and in 13%, journalism classes. Most of this student service is rendered either daily or weekly. The detailed reports of superintendents in reference to the or- ganization and collection of school news will be found in Tables XI and XII, pages 66 and 67. Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 250 Superintendents I. In one third of all school systems, school news collected How School News within the system comes to a central office for editing Is Approved and approval before being released. and Edited by School Table XIII, page 68 shows that this practice is most Systems. common in cities of Group III. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 47 2. Most of the editing and approving of school news is done by- school principals. 3. A considerable amount of the editing and approving of school news is done by persons not within the school system. The amount of this editing is indicated in Table XIV, page 69 opposite the heading, "Edited by Others". Through an error in the question sheet, a large part of these "others" consists of superintendents of schools. From the information received, it was not possible to separate the superintendents included in this group. 4. School athletic news is almost entirely edited and approved by athletic coaches. Table XIV shows that this prac- tice is common to cities of each of the three groups. 5. School systems in cities of Group II and Group III make the most provision for the editing and approving of school news by individuals within the system. 6. News of school athletics and high school notes most com- monly receive editing and approval from within the school system. Table XIV shows that 50% of the school systems edit athletic news and that 48% edit high school notes. 7. The editing and approval of school news by student editors and classes is worthy of notice. Table XIV shows that to some extent editorial responsibility rests with stu- dents. The detailed reports of school systems relative to the editing and approval of school news will be found in Tables XIII and XIV, pages 68 and 69. Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 250 Superintendents I. Definitely assigned reporters and superintendents are most The Relations commonly used by newspapers for securing school 0/ Public news. Table XV, page 70 shows that in 71% of the School Systems school systems definite reporters cover school news, and with Local that 40% of this service is rendered daily. Table XV Newspaper also shows that in 83% of the school systems superin- Organizations. tendents furnish school news and that 41% of this service is given irregularly. 48 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 2. Paid student reporters are employed to furnish school news in about one fourth of the school systems. Table XV shows that the percentage is 24 and that more than one half of this service is rendered daily. 3. Paid teacher reporters are very seldom employed to furnish school news. Table XV shows that in less than 2% of the school systems this service is employed. 4. Few newspapers employ an educational editor. Table XVI, page 71 indicates about 7%. By far the larger num- ber of these are in the cities of Group I. 5. In about one half of the school systems, individual schools furnish school news to the newspapers. Table XV shows that most of this service is irregular. 6. The most common practice is for newspapers to secure school news service daily or irregularly. Very little service is rendered weekly, and practically none monthly. 7. A large percent of school systems have no relations with the newspapers so far as furnishing news is concerned. 8. Editors and superintendents do not agree in their state- ments relative to the collecting and furnishing of school news. This is evident from a comparison of Tables III, page 38 and XV. No doubt the editors are inclined to underestimate the part which the school system plays in furnishing news, and no doubt the superintendents are inclined to overestimate it. The detailed facts relative to the relations between the school systems and newspaper organizations will be found in Tables XV and XVI, pages 70 and 71. Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 250 Superintendents Departments I. The school department most often reported as appearing in Newspapers in the daily newspaper is that devoted to school board Devoted to meeting news. Table XVII, page 72 shows that the School News most common practice is to present this news irregularly. 2. Editors and superintendents agree very closely in reference to the types of school departments which appear in the daily newspaper and the commonness and frequency with which they are found. In general, all the conclu- sions drawn from Table IV, page 39 and discussed in Chapter III can be drawn from Table XVII. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC S CHOOLS ^ The detailed facts submitted by superintendents relative to the departments in daily newspapers devoted to school news will be found in Table XVII, page 72. Specific Conclusions Based on the Reports of 250 Superintendents 1. From the statements of superintendents, the attitude of the The Attitude of daily newspapers toward public school systems is dis- Daily Newspapers tinctly favorable. Table XVIII page 73 shows that of toward Public 627 different daily newspapers reported on by 219 School Systems. superintendents, 39% gave the school system active support, 43% gave it friendly cooperation, and only 8% were unfavorable or hostile. 2. School news is very often the subject matter of newspaper editorials. Table XVIII shows that in 250 school sys- tems, 21% of the newspapers discussed school matters frequently in the editorials; 54% occasionally; and only 13% seldom or never. It is of interest to compare this statement with the S% of editorials dealing with local school matters which were found in the number count of 1800 newspapers as set forth in Table I, page 21. It is also of interest to recall that of the 98 editors report- ing in Table VIII, page 41 77% stated that they would use more school news if furnished properly prepared. 3. In general, it may be stated that newspaper organizations believe in school news, that they have the right attitude toward the school system, and are anxious to cooperate with school systems in putting news of the public schools before the public. The tabulated opinion of superintendents of schools relative to the attitude of daily newspapers toward the public school system and the amount of discussion which is given to school matters in editorials, will be found in Tables XVIII and XIX, page 73. A BODY OF OPINION BASED ON THE REPORTS OF 250 SUPERINTENDENTS There is clearly a variety of information in any school system Continuous which can be made the subject of newspaper campaigns. Publicity These matters are vital to the school system and will be of Campaigns interest to newspaper readers if properly presented. In order to Carried on learn the variety of subjects which school superintendents have in the Daily brought to the attention of the public through newspaper campaigns. Newspaper. the question sheet asked for information in this particular. Twenty-eight different types of publicity campaigns were re- ported. The first ten in order of the frequency with which they were 50 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Best Edition of Newspapers For Carrying School News. Valid Reasons for Expending Public Funds to Publish School News. reported by the superintendents are as follows : Building Campaign, Better Salaries Campaign, Health Campaign, Bond Issue Campaign, Night School Campaign, Thrift Campaign, School Week Campaign, Americanization Campaign, Attendance Campaign, Safety First Campaign. Of these ten campaigns carried on in the daily papers, only three can be considered as special purpose or emergency cam- paigns, namely. Buildings, Salaries, and Bonds. The other seven we may designate as continuous campaigns, in that the object of the publicity is not necessarily to achieve some immediate purpose once and for all, but rather to carry to the people those things in the public school system which are constant and continuous, year after year. This type of newspaper campaign is the one for which the superin- tendent of schools needs to plan a program, and it is a type of pub- licity which is as important as the special purpose publicity relating to the raising of bond issues, and the like. Such campaigns, together with the incidental, everyday news and information concerning the school system, should comprise the bulk of a publicity program for the public schools. The frequency with which school systems have carried on these campaigns in the daily newspaper is set forth in Table XX, page 74. The remaining material in this chapter consists of the opinons of superintendents of schools, relative to various general matters which are closely connected with the use of the daily newspaper as a means of school publicity. Three newspaper editions are published in many cities, a morn- ing, an afternoon and evening, and a Sunday edition. Superintend- ents were asked on the question sheet to rank these three editions in order of their effectiveness in getting school news to the community. Only the rankings of those superintendents in cities having all three editions were considered. The tabulation of these rankings in Table XXI, page 75 shows that the afternoon and evening edition is very definitely considered most effective for carrying school news. The Sunday edition is next effective, and the morning edition least effective. The general feeling that evening and Sunday editions are "Home Editions" no doubt partly accounts for this opinion. Are there valid reasons for the expenditure of public funds on publicity for school systems? The answer to this question is im- portant, and the opinion of superintendents in regard to it are valu- able. The question does not refer exclusively to the use of the daily paper, but rather to the whole program of public school infor- mation service in which the newspaper is an important element. From the statements of editors considered in Chapter III, it is clear that a great deal of school news is being printed by the daily NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 51 papers without cost to the school system. In so far as it is good "news", the newspapers are evidently not only willing to print it free of charge but anxious to get more of it. On the other hand, there are types of school publicity which, in the opinion of superintendents, are desirable for publication, but which do not have enough "news" interest to warrant the furnishings of free space on the part of the newspaper. It Is desirable at times to print pure display advertising in the interests of the school system. In so far, therefore, as it is advisable to print this non-news material, the expense of newspaper publication enters into the question of expending public funds for publicity purposes. In answering the question, however, superin- tendents no doubt had the whole publicity program in mind, includ- ing all printed material which gives information about the school sys- tem. Representative answers to this question received from super- intendents are found in the compilation of opinion which follows. The majority of superintendents evidently believe that there are valid reasons for expending public funds for publicity purposes. Their reasons as expressed are the following: 1. The effect which such expenditure will have upon the finan- cial support of the school — the giving of information for the purpose of securing financial support. 2. The obligation of a democracy to report to its citizens — the public is entitled to full information in regard to its school system. 3. The influence which an informational program will have upon the teaching staff — to bring to individual teachers a conception of the whole organization and their part in this whole. 4. The influence which school publicity will have upon the children of the community in bringing to them a knowledge of the opportunities offered them. 5. The effect which such expenditure will have in securing the cooperation of the home, which is all important in the work which the public school is doing. 6. The fact that such expenditure is good business; that edu- cation is a product; that the same reasons which exist for advertising any other worth while product hold true for advertising the public schools. Principal Reasons for Expending Public Funds for School Publicity. A compilation of representative opinions of superintendents in regard to this matter follows. 52 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Opinions of Superintendents Relative to Expenditure for School Publicity. VALID REASONS FOR EXPENDING PUBLIC FUNDS ON PUBLICITY FOR A SCHOOL SYSTEM From the Reports of 250 Superintendents of Schools I. 2. To build up morale in the teaching staff. "To educate the teaching staff." To influence children to complete their school course. "Children do what is socially approved." "To induce children to take advantage of schools." 3. To inform the public about the schools. "Belief in public schools depends upon how well people know them." "To acquaint our employers with changes in methods and materials." "That citizens may understand the scholastic work of the children." "Accurate and ample information is the first step toward success in any undertaking." — James J. Hill. "The worst enemies of the schools are those who are most ignorant of what they are doing." "Without information the layman cannot appreciate his school system, its requirements, and its opportuni- ties." 4. To satisfy a right which the people have to know about their schools. "To inform the public which pays the bills." "The public is entitled to know the facts involved in school policies before they become ancient history." "It allows the public to check the work of the schools." 5. To create cooperation between home and school. 6. To secure financial support for the schools. "To secure more money." "To keep teachers' salaries up." "People will not support an institution in which they are not interested." "Self-preservation; no school system can secure funds unless the people believe in the wisdom of the ex- penditure." 7. To educate the voter. "To educate the public to the problems and needs of the school." NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 53 There is no good reason. "It is not necessary." 'Should be done only in an emergency." 'School news only read by teachers." 'Papers furnish all necessary news at no cost." "v "' 9. To bring about expansion and progress. 10. To keep public steadily informed so as to ward off damaging reaction. 11. To overconie unfair criticism. "To remove hostility." 12. It is good business. "Advertising" "It pays." "To sell the schools to the public." "Education is a product to be sold to the public. The same reasons for advertising this product exist as for advertising any other worth while thing that the public needs. 13. To gain the good will of the public. 14. It tends to increase enrollment and raise the average attendance. One of the problems which confront the superintendent in his Overcoming relations with the daily newspapers, is that of avoiding the charge of the Charge of partiality in furnishing news. Even though the intent of a super- Partiality intendent in this particular may be entirely good, in practice the On the Part difficulty often presents itself. Many of the superintendents re- of Newspapers. porting stated that they had experienced the charge of partiality, and several admitted that they had been unable to overcome the difficulty. A few newspaper editors in their letters referred to this problem, and expressed the opinion that the fair distribution of news is an essential element in the relations between superintendents and newspaper organizations. A few superintendents stated that there were, in their respective cities, some newspapers to which they did not care to give school news, because of the character of the newspaper and the manner in which it treated school news when furnished to it. To these super- intendents a method of fairly distributing school news has no inter- est. But to those who realize that each newspaper in a city has its own body of readers, and that this body of readers is as much en- titled to information about the public school news as any other group of citizens, the importance of distributing school news fairly to all newspapers is evident. 54 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS Ways of Overcoming the Charge of Partiality. An attempt was made in the question sheet to secure the opin- ions of superintendents in this particular, and especially to learn some of the methods by which they overcome this charge of par- tiality. The question asked them was as follows : "Where there are two or more newspapers in a city, if you have ever experienced the charge of partiality in furnishing news to one of them, how have you overcome this?" In general, the methods reported by superin- tendents in answer to the question can be classified under the follow- ing heads : 1. Maintain friendly relations with all newspapers, and arrive at an agreement as to the distribution of school news which will satisfy all. 2. Whenever school news is furnished the press, send duplicate copies to all newspapers. 3. Save all important news for the Sunday editions in which all newspapers get an "even break". 4. Have newspapers agree upon an hour in the day which separates their respective fields. 5. Apply the motto: "First come, first served". 6. Furnish no news to any of the newspapers. A compilation of the representative opinion of superintendents in regard to methods of overcoming this difficulty follows. In it superintendents may find some suggestion which will help in solving their individual problems. HOW SUPERINTENDENTS IN GIVING OUT SCHOOL NEWS AVOID THE CHARGE OF PARTIALITY From the Reports of 250 Superintendents of Schools 1. Give the same material to all papers. "Furnish duplicate copies of news to all papers." 2. Save important news for Sunday edition. "In Sunday edition all papers get an 'even break'." 3. Give reporters privilege of getting news at any time. "Give the news to the first reporter on the ground." 4. Give all papers privilege of writing special feature stories. 5. Meet representatives of all papers each day. 6. Create personal relations with newspaper men. "Make friends with the reporters." lit NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 55 Distribute news fairly. "Arrange the 'breaks' on a 50-50 basis." "Play no favorites." 'Tactful alternating of news." 'Give each paper exclusive news for a week." 8. "When one paper initiates a story, we give no information to another paper." 9. "When one paper gets a 'scoop', we help the others to get news." 10. Leave the initiative in getting news to the papers; don't "press agent" the schools to the newspapers. 11. Assign a reporter from the system to each paper. 12. Have an agreement with the newspapers. "Where there are morning and afternoon papers, have them define an hour that separates their fields, — e. g., give all news that 'breaks' before I :oo P. M. to afternoon papers, all that breaks after i :oo P M. to morning papers." "Give news to first paper to have an issue after news becomes available." 13. Never furnish news to any newspaper. 14. Have been unable to solve the difficulty. 15. Never have had the charge of partiality made. In the opinion of school superintendents, the daily press is a The Importance most important factor, influencing the conduct and progress of the of the Press public schools. In answer to the question, "How important to the to a Public progressive improvement of the school system do you consider the School System attitude of the press?" superintendents were almost unanimous in assigning great importance to the attitude of the daily press. The opinion seems to be almost universal that the daily newspaper has great power to create and mold public sentiment. In view of this, many superintendents expressed the opinion that it is not only good policy, but that it is the definite duty of those in charge of publit education to utilize fully this power of the press in the interest of the schools. In the opinion of some superintendents, the influence of the press depends entirely upon the standing of the individual newspaper in the community. Some superintendents believe that the support of the press is over-emphasized. Some believe that its support is not at all necessary. It may be that in some cities printed material, prepared and distributed directly by the school system, to some ex- 56 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS tent takes the place of newspaper publicity. These instances, how- ever, are few. The fact remains that the greatest single agency for informing the public about its schools is the daily newspaper. The majority of superintendents reporting had no doubts about this mat- ter. Representative opinions stated by them are presented in the following compilation. The Opinion of Superintendents Relative to the Importance of the Press. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ATTITUDE OF THE PRESS TO A PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM From the Reports of 250 Superintendents of Schools 1. Of the Utmost Importance. "Invaluable." "Supreme." "The deciding factor." "The biggest single factor." "All important." "The most important agency for creating public opinion." "The support or opposition of the press may make or mar a school system." "Essential." "Vital." "Indispensable." "A united press spells success." "A sympathetic press is worth a $10,000 appropriation." "Of tremendous importance provided it is not inspired by school executives or controlled by paid advertising." "Programs cannot be put over easily or well without the support of the press." "The press can ruin a school system." 2. Fairly Important. "Desirable." 3. Not Necessary. "Much can be done in spite of the press." "Its importance depends upon the paper." "Its influence is decreasing because of the use of other printed publicity by school systems." "I discount most of the supposed influence of the press." NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 57 Daily newspapers do not always handle school news in the best The Treatment possible way. The reasons for this are probably two-fold. In the of School News first place, as was discussed in Chapter III, school people have not by the Local yet learned how to furnish properly written school news for the Press. daily paper. If the rules and suggestions given by editors to school men were followed in the preparation of copy, some of the improper presentation of school news might be avoided. On the other hand, unquestionably the newspaper organizations are at fault in this mat- ter. Those responsible for the conduct of papers no doubt will ad- mit that no more important institution than that of the public school system exists in any community. The proper interpretation of its activities, its progress, and its needs, requires at least a reason- able knowledge of the institution. And yet, to quote one of the editors themselves, "Much school news is given out by educators who do not understand newspapers, and written by reporters who do not understand education". Superintendents complain that newspapers do not have the school point of view; that immature, inexperienced, and frivolous re- porters are too often assigned to interpret the interests of the school to the newspaper reading public; that over-emphasis on the "story" element is often emphasis misplaced from the point of view of the public school interests; and that school news often does not receive in the daily paper the prominence and position which its importance warrants. It is clear that fault exists on both sides. A consideration of the attitude of press and school in this matter may be of benefit to both. The point of view of the editor was set forth in Chapter III. The following compilation, setting forth the opinion of superintend- ents, represents the point of view of the school in this matter. FAULTS IN THE TREATMENT OF SCHOOL NEWS BY THE LOCAL PRESS From the Reports of 250 Superintendents of Schools I. News written by those who don't know the thing they write about. "Much school news is given out by educators who don't understand newspapers, and written by reporters who don't understand education." "Newspapers lack the school point of view." • "Reporters lack technical knowledge of education." 58 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS Faults of Newspapers in Presenting School News. "Injudicious criticism of the schools by immature and inexperienced reporters." "Editors write authoritatively of things without being properly informed. "Lack of educational editor who understands schools." 2. Emphasis misplaced. "Emphasis placed on the wrong thing." "Emphasis on the unimportant." "Over-emphasis on tax rate." "Emphasis placed on cost rather than on service ren- dered." "Too much space given to athletics." 3. Facts misrepresented. "Facts distorted." "Wrong interpretation of facts." 4. Facts mis-stated. "Often inaccurate." "Often careless as to facts." "Frequent exaggeration." "Failure to verify statements." "Written too hastily." School news used for political purposes. News incomplete. "Too brief." "All the facts not given." Improper headlines. "Headlines often misleading." "Headings often lacking." "Headlines often too small." 8. News poorly placed. "School news placed to disadvantage." "News put in inconspicuous places." "School news used as filler only." 9. News changed and colored. "News often colored to suit views of the editor." "News too often rewritten by editors." "Statement of facts biased by opinion of editor." 10. News "story" put ahead of school interests. "Truth sacrificed for a story." "News value prominent at the expense of social wel- fare." 5- 6. 7- NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 59 11. Featuring the sensational. "Anything to sell papers." 1 2. Unfriendly and destructive criticism. 13. Difficult to get cuts used when furnished. 14. No faults found. There should be a philosophy underlying the use of the daily Ethical papers by school administrators. An attempt was made to discover Principles some of the elements of this philosophy by asking superintendents to Governing state those ethical principles which, in their opinion, should control the Use 0/ the use of the newspaper for school publicity purposes. The an- Newspapers swers received are not presented as a philosophy of educational pub- By School. licity in the daily press, but rather as an indication that there are some generally conceded principles which should govern. These principles fall into three rough classes: first, principles relating to subject matter; second, principles affecting the relations between press and school; third, principles relating to the personal element in school news. A majority of superintendents expressed some opinions as to the ethical principles which should govern school publicity. A con- sideration of the rules and suggestions of editors as given in Chapter III will reveal certain underlying principles from their viewpoint. The following is a compilation of principles expressed by superin- tendents. In regard to these, there was a remarkable unanimity of opinion, showing that, in their thinking at least, those who utilize the daily press in the interests of the public schools recognize certain fundamental principles which should govern. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE USE OF THE NEWSPAPERS BY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS From the Reports of 250 Superintendents of Schools 1. Service of public interest paramount. "Will it serve the best interests of the children to print this story?" "Positive upbuilding of the school system should be the governing factor in giving out school news." 2, Maintain right relations with reporters and editors. "Be impartial." "Be frank." "Respect the opinions of the paper." "Be courteous." "Take the newspaper men into your confidence." "Give the opposition of the press due consideration." "Have confidence in reporters and editors." 60 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS Ethical Principles Which Should Govern the Use of Newspapers. "Don't ask for suppression of unfavorable news." "Editor should always have the right to edit any ma- terial." "A newspaper attack is seldom personal, merely a differ- ence of policy." "Advertising is not news. It should be paid for." "Consider the interests and welfare of the paper." 3. Personal glorification has no place in school news. "Keep yourself in the background." "Advertise your schools, not yourself." "Don't play to the grandstand for personal aggrandize- ment." 4. Give subordinates credit for work done. "Give all departments an equal show." 5. Tell the truth always. "State the real facts." "Be honest." "Be scrupulously accurate." "Tell the truth, even though it hurts." "Put all the cards on the table." "In controverted questions, give both sides." "Never use 'bunk' in school news." "Don't warp or twist the interpretation of statistics." 6. Develop a sense of proportion in handing out school news. "Too much publicity is more injurious than none at all." "Don't expect too much space." "Use common sense." "Present only one worth while matter at a time." 7. Don't suppress unfavorable facts. " "Don't try to conceal defects." 8. Never enter into a newspaper controversy. 9. "Be independent." "Be conservative." "Be dignified." "No publicity at the expense of the dignity of the cause of education." 10. Use wisdom in the selection of subject matter. "Don't write unless you have something to say." "Don't give publicity to intimate matters concerning pupils and teachers." "Don't complain." "Don't boast." "Feature the everyday work of the school, not only the extra activities." "Make news specific." NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 61 "Comparisons are always odious." "Eliminate personal opinions." "Don't exaggerate." "Furnish items of national as well as local interest." "Never discuss personalities." 11. Avoid sensationalism. 12. "The less you give the newspapers, the better you will ac- complish the work in your school." "The public school is an established necessity and there- fore needs no advertising." 13. "Never use a 'nom de plume' in communications to the paper." Ethical Principles Which Should Govern the Use of Newspapers. 62 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS FORM A A Form For Collecting Information on School News or Educational Publicity The Subject of this Inquiry is: THE USE AND VALUE OF THE NEWSPAPER AS A MEDIUM OF GIVING PUBLICITY TO NEWS OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM. I have worked on this form to make the answering of it as easy as possible for you. Most of it you can answer by checking as you read. I shall appreciate your giving as much thought as possible to it. R. G. REYNOLDS, 525 West 120 St., New York City. (Your Name) (Title) (Address) I. Financing School Publicity 1. What is the total amount of your school budget for 1921-22? $ 2. Do you have an item in the budget specifically appropriated for publicity? 3. What is the amount of this item for the year 1921-22? $ 4. List the main purposes for which it is spent 5. If you have no item specifically appropriated for pubhcity, have you an item or fund which can be used for pubhcity purposes? 6. What amount approximately will be used for pubhcity, 1921-22? $ 7. In your opinion what % of your school budget should be spent for publicity? II. Organization and Personnel 1. Do you have a person in your system responsible for collecting and releasing school news? 2. What is his name? His title? 3. Does he spend his whole time at this work?. His yearly salary? 4. If part time, what proportion is spent in pubhcity work? 5. If part time, what are his other duties? 6. Do you have a pubhcity Committee for the entire school system? 7. Of whom is it composed? NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 63 III. The Collection of School News Which of the following collect school news for newspaper publication? Answer by checking in the squares. Daily Weekly Monthly 1. Publicity Director \~\ 2. Superintendent of Schools □ 3. Supervisors Q 4. High School Principals □ 5. Elementary School Principals □ 6. Clerk of School Board □ 7. Individual Students □ 8. Individual Tea&hers □ 9. EngUsh Classes □ 10. Journalism Classes Q 11 D 12 D IV. n n n n D D n n n n D n D D D D D n n n n n n a Irregularly Not at all n n D n n n D D n n n D 12. D 1 n 2 D 3, D 4. D 5. D 6. D 7. D 8. n 9. D 10. D 11. The Editing of School News 1. Does all school news come to the Superintendent of Schools or the Publicity Director for approval before it is released to the newspapers for publication? 2. If not, which of the following types of news are approved and edited by persons other than the writers? V. Type of News Answer by checking in squares. Principal a. School Page or Column □ b. Special Feature Articles []] c. High School Notes Q d. Elementary School Notes □ e. School Athletic News □ f. Parent Teacher Assn. News □ g. Teachers Club News □ h. Page, Column, or Dept. contributed by children Q i. News of School Board Meetings .... □ j D k D Relations with Local Newspaper Organization Answer by checking in squares. Daily 1. Do papers assign definite reporters to cover school news? H] 2. Do papers employ paid teacher reporters? Q 3. Do papers employ paid student reporters? □ 4. Does Superintendent furnish prepared news to papers? Q 5. Do individual schools furnish prepared news to papers? □ 6. Do you use paid advertising space in papers? [[] Approved or Edited by English or Athletic Journalism Student Teacher Coach Class Editors Others n D n D D n D D n D D D D D n D n D a a D n D D n n n D D D D D D D D D D D D D D n D n n a. D b. D c. D d. n e. D f. •D g. D D D D Weekly Monthly Irregularly Not at all n n n D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D □ D D 1 2 3 D 4 D D If used regularly, for what purposes?.. Missing Page Missing Page Missing Page Missing Page 68 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS IV-I TABLE XIII. THE APPROVAL AND EDITING OF ALL SCHOOL NEWS BY SUPERINTENDENT OR NEWS DIRECTOR FROM THE REPORTS OF 250 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS Number of Cities Population Yes No No Answer Over 100,000 30,000 to 100,000 Less than 30,000 % % % 29 81 140 7 28 41 59 57 46 35 15 13 All 250 Cities 33 51 16 Read the table as follows: Of 29 school systems in cities of 100,000 and over, 7% provide that all school news shall be approved and edited by the superintendent or news directors, etc. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 69 TABLE XIV. HOW SCHOOL NEWS FOR NEWSPAPER PUBLICATION IS APPROVED AND EDITED BY SCHOOL SYSTEMS FROM THE REPORTS OF 250 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS a b c d e f g h i Parent- Page or School Elem- Teacher Depart- Board IV Page High entary School Associ- Teacher ment Meet- or Feature School School Ath- ation Club by ing Column Article Notes Notes letics Notes News Children News % % % % % % % % % Edited By Pbincipal Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 17 14 24 21 3 14 3 10 81 30,000 to 100,000 21 12 32 32 9 15 3 17 140 Less than 30,000 8 10 29 24 11 12 2 1 Ali< 250 Cities 13 11 29 26 10 13 2 8 Edited By Teacher Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 10 81 30,000 to 100,000 1 1 11 3 1 6 140 Less than 30,000 6 3 6 4 2 2 11 4 Aw, 250 Cities 4 2 7 3 1 2 9 2 Edited By Athletic Coach Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 24 81 30,000 to 100,000 1 3 3 37 140 Less thnn 30,000 6 4 1 37 1 At,i, 250 Cities 1 3 2 36 Edited By English or JouBNALiSM Class Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 3 3 81 30,000 to 100,000 1 1 3 140 Less than 30,000 3 3 5 4 2 All 250 Cities 4 2 4 .4 .4 Edited By Student Editors Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 3 81 30,000 to 100,000 1 3 4 1 1 140 Less than 30,000 3 4 9 4 2 All 250 Citieb 1 3 6 3 .4 .4 1 Edited By Others - Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 4 3 17 10 10 24 81 30,000 to 100,000 6 9 6 4 7 22 15 4 46 140 Less than 30,000 4 5 1 4 2 20 6 2 46 All 250 Cities 5 6 2 3 4 20 10 4 43 No Answer Given Number Cities PopvMion 29 Over 100,000 79 83 69 79 69 69 76 79 76 81 30,000 to 100,000 70 73 43 62 42 60 75 79 54 140 Less than 30,000 72 71 49 69 44 65 81 90 55 All 250 Cities 72 73 50 68 46 64 78 85 57 Read the table as follows: Of school systems in 29 cities of 100,000 and over, 17% publish a School Page or Column edited by the principal; 14% publish feature articles edited by the principal; etc. 70 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS TABLE XV. RELATIONS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM WITH LOCAL NEWSPAPER ORGANIZATIONS FROM THE REPORTS OF 250 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Definite Super- Reporters Paid Paid intendent Individual V Cover Teacher Student Furnishes Schools Space in School Reporters Reporters School Furnish Newspapers News Employed Employed News News Paid for % % % % % % Service Rendeked Daily Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 72 21 24 14 4 81 30,000 to 100,000 48 1 21 20 3 140 Less than 30,000 29 1 9 10 .2 1 All 250 Cities 40 1 14 15 4 1 Service Rendered Weekly Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 4 81 30,000 to 100,000 9 3 4 4 16 1 140 Less than 30,000 6 3 10 9 1 All 250 Cities 6 1 3 7 10 1 Service Rendered Monthly Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 81 30,000 to 100,000 4 5 1 140 Less than 30,000 1 3 1 All 250 Cities 2 3 .4 .4 Service Rendered Irregularly Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 10 10 48 31 35 81 30,000 to 100,000 23 5 10 58 47 28 140 Less than 30,000 26 6 60 40 34 All 250 Cities 23 2 7 68 41 32 Service Rendered Not At All Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 55 28 4 10 31 81 30,000 to 100,000 4 51 31 3 12 37 140 Less than 30,000 25 63 61 4 21 36 All 250 Cities 15 59 42 4 17 36 No Answer Given Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 17 45 38 24 45 31 81 30,000 to 100,000 12 40 35 11 21 33 140 Less than 30,000 14 36 32 13 28 27 All 250 Cities 14 38 34 14 28 30 Read the table as follows : In 72% of 29 school systems in cities of 100,000 and over, definite reporters are assigned to cover school news; in 21 %, paid student reporters are employed; etc. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 71 V-8 TABLE XVI. NEWSPAPERS HAVING AN EDUCATIONAL EDITOR FROM THE REPORTS OF 250 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS Number of Cities PopiUation Yes No No Answer Over 100,000 30,000 to 100,000 Less than 30,000 % % % 29 81 140 21 9 3 52 75 85 28 16 12 All 250 Cities 7 78 15 Read the table as follows: In 21% of 29 cities with a population of 100,000 and over, at least one newspaper has an educa- tional editor, etc. 72 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS TABLE XVII. DEPARTMENTS IN DAILY NEWSPAPERS DEVOTED TO SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE REPORTS OF 250 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS a b e d e f g h i J Parent- Fea- Ele- Teacher Board Teach- Page or V ture High mentary School Associ- Meet- ers Depart- School School Arti- School School Ath- ation ing Club meni by Page Column cles Notes Notes letics Notes News News Children % % % % % % % % % % Appearing Daily Number Cities PopvltUion 29 Over 100,000 7 3 14 24 10 31 10 14 7 7 81 30,000 to 100,000 6 11 23 4 27 6 3 140 Less than 30,000 1 4 4 16 6 20 1 3 1 All 250 Cities 1 4 7 19 6 24 4 3 1 2 Appearing Weeelt Number Cities Population. 29 Over 100,000 21 7 3 7 14 14 24 3 17 81 30,000 to 100,000 14 12 5 12 19 ■ 12 9 10 14 140 Less than 30,000 7 12 6 16 9 8 5 6 3 All 250 Cities 11 12 4 14 13 8 7 9 .4 8 Appearing Monthly Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 7 17 3 81 30,000 to 100,000 1 6 48 10 140 Less than 30,000 1 1 19 39 6 1 All 250 Cities .4 .4 .4 13 40 7 .8 Appearing irregularly Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 3 10 45 28 21 28 24 17 31 7 81 30,000 to 100,000 3 6 46 33 26 35 46 21 40 10 140 Less than 30,000 4 11 48 34 38 41 30 26 26 9 All 250 Cities 3 9 47 33 32 37 35 23 31 9 Appearing Not At All Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 7 10 81 30,000 to 100,000 10 7 1 1 1 16 140 Less than 30,000 24 16 4 4 6 2 5 2 14 26 All 250 Cities 17 12 2 2 4 1 3 1 8 21 No Answer Given Number Cities Population 29 Over 100,000 62 79 38 41 55 41 45 28 55 69 81 30,000 to 100,000 74 68 38 31 51 25 32 21 49 68 140 Less than 30,000 66 57 39 29 41 29 40 24 54 61 All 250 Cities 68 63 38 31 46 29 38 24 53 60 This table is read the same as Table IV. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 73 TABLE XVIII. THE ATTITUDE OF DAILY NEWSPAPERS TOWARD PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS FROM THE REPORTS OF 250 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS VI-4 Superintendents Tjocatefi in Number of Superintendents Reporting Nuniber of Daily Papers Reported On Active Support Friendly Coopera- tion Lack of Inter- eat Unfavor- able Attitude Hostile Atti- tude Number of Superin- tendents Not Answering CUiesof % % % % % Over 100,000 30,000 to 100,000 Less than 30,000 22 72 125 53 202 372 43 38 38 40 43 44 2 12 10 6 5 5 9 2 3 7 9 15 All 250 Cities 219 627 39 43 10 5 3 31 Read the. table as follows: 22 superintendents in cities of 100,000 and over reported that of 53 daily papers with which they had had experience 43% gave active support to the school system; 40%, friendly cooperation; etc. TABLE XIX. DISCUSSION OF SCHOOL MATTERS IN THE EDITORIALS OF DAILY NEWSPAPERS FROM THE REPORTS OF 250 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS Frequently Occasionally Seldom Never No Answer Number of Cities Population % % % % % 29 81 140 Over 100,000 30,000 to 100,000 Less than 30,000 31 19 24 41 43 79 3 7 22 3 7 15 12 All 250 Citieb 21 54 12 1 12 Read the table as follows: 31% of the newspapers in 29 cities of 100,000 and over discuss school matters in editorials frequently; 41%, occasionally; etc. 74 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS TABLE XX. THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH CERTAIN UNITS OF A CONTINUOUS CAMPAIGN HAVE BEEN CARRIED ON IN THE DAILY NEWSPAPERS FROM THE REPORTS OF 250 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS In S9 CUies of In 81 CUies of In 140 Cities of 100,000 and 30,000 to Less than In All VI-5 Over 100,000 30,000 260 CUies Subject Number of Times Number of Timss Number of Times Number of Timss of the Campaign Reported Reported Reported Reported Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Percent Attendance 5 17 25 31 38 27 68 27 Health 11 38 39 48 62 44 112 45 Better Salaries 12 41 46 57 58 41 116 46 Buildings 12 41 55 68 74 53 141 56 Parent-Teacher Association 3 10 19 23 25 18 47 19 Playground 2 7 20 25 36 26 58 23 Thrift 9 31 30 37 48 34 87 35 Go to College 7 9 11 8 18 7 Illiteracy 6 21 15 19 20 14 41 16 School Week 7 24 27 33 44 31 78 31 What the School Is Doing 6 21 17 21 36 26 59 24 Recruiting of Teachers 2 7 4 5 5 4 11 4 Americanization 9 31 30 37 34 24 73 29 Night School 11 38 43 53 45 32 99 40 Go to High School 7 24 19 23 28 20 54 22 Safety First 13 45 29 36 20 14 62 25 Bond Issue 6 21 37 46 62 44 105 42 Patriotism 4 14 7 9 15 11 26 10 Know Your City 5 17 10 12 7 5 22 9 School Tax 1 3 1 .4 School Lunch 1 3 1 .4 Junior High School 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 Clean Up 2 2 1 1 3 1 Courtesy 1 1 1 .4 Good English 2 1 2 1 City Beautiful 1 1 1 .4 Junior Red Cross 1 1 1 .4 School Gardens 1 1 1 .4 No Answer 8 28 21 26 24 17 53 21 Read the table as follows : In 29 cities of 100,000 and over, 5 superintendents, or 17%, reported that they had carried on an attendance campaign in the daily newspapers; 11 superintendents, or 38%, a health campaign; etc. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 75 TABLE XXI. THE BEST EDITION OF NEWSPAPERS FOR CARRYING SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE REPORTS OF 64 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS VI-2 Morning Edition Afternoon and Evening Edition Sunday Edition Number oj Cities Population Ranked 1 Ranked 2 Ranked 3 Ranked 1 Ranked 2 Ranked 3 Ranked 1 Ranked 2 Ranked .3 12 24 28 Over 100,000 30,000 to 10,000 Less than SfijOOO 3 5 4 5 7 10 4 12 14 8 10 14 2 10 10 2 4 4 1 9 11 5 7 7 6 8 10 All 64 Citebs 12 22 30 32 22 10 21 19 24 Read the table as follows: Of superintendents in 12 cities of 100,000 and over, in which there were three newspaper editions published^ 3 ranked the morning edition first in effectiveness; 5 ranked the morning edition second; etc. THE DXS.'MOiyES KEGIS.TER: MQVDAYMkJBM "Jogi-aphy" Is Fun With These Rubber Models #«5YEAmGQ lie Public School8--'From The Teacher's Viewpoint ' tkti -b_ tk- etoPMtib^/ i AfteivEkamfiwttion 1* Coiic1acI> ' .Th«ir SouTcA , ' > J«" «* COMPARE INSTRUCTION^ i(&)t«i SH paplU of tb» '•Ichth. cndca In tl^s ynot^tm , achootli J«ad Tlis' Eiele fhtt mondnK, tlieir >rUI It ^m be nil explaoatftfB oCwhy Uur tutv« bMn tmdergDlD*- • aimvs .thwiyiflrBl t |]mu^. (■ the hudeia ilnUfla MnftMtfai; ,, t a ^eputBCBt of th» BaltkDore pobUe ■^o^" ^; .Hibel A. Puifl^iRT, ^tendasM oScer, «r "rUUng tcMfaet,'* b tfct wtera divbiet. Is huUdk this itstoict. Bd thtt tfa« ccBertl impcndon iK'tblt a work of the eften^iitee oOes It V Bp.tbo'. tnmat ' tnunt eea •Iw^i^'tio JI a cantnTetndy of 1^ Daae." eaU Hia: Pbb- ^Oor faardeet %oA IV le thenshttcee ptftsta. heir eblldoa to remalD » the noat tririal tea- Thcy 4o aot iatenil to K iKVt'bfl do BO tbroofh^ aert. 'They do DoC rc«llw that d habltnrllj abeent sota'kBom bo to eoro vltlt the oOer ckOdn^ iud^Iied learn •dwdllt^lrtbn, Fai- inld co-operate." ' ._*' ■tdeseo-operat^ otW CUVK^ imjhrey tald tha^ af'in.atte^ h», Bho beUevoi-IlM fiiMAAn ■Ml «f ' USE SEATS GRANDPAkENTS USBB PiL SCHOOt ENDS HALF CENTURY OF SERl^CE '£op 'House" Plan lleld by Some To Be WaUefiri and Costly. SfltroU hltfh acheole. with tho cz- ••ptioa ot the Cub TeebBleal BIch eehoel aad tbo VOklBO Blvh School of ComBores, bftvo a peen- ilar tTPO of •rvaalxatle^ practl- «ady onhBovB la the naltcd 8utH niaUo ef Ulehtcsa. By neana of thla ^erWateaUoB tbo bish oehog^i 'v Alvlded Into oevaial "beneee,' vblAh are la eharvo of booM prta* tfMla. Ihu larcely to.tbla votem the Ufb •eboftla ba*o » Jarca adn'*'*- tntlvo etafl; u eat of Mt hlgb Mbool teaehet*. IL* per cent, belac .^BSKCed In «d»lalatraUve w^rk VKty •( theao H aBminlatraUt-e * Mie h ei» are hoaao priAcIpita 4ai i^lt aalarfea «ott the cUy nH,l» School Girls Fashion Frocks and Frills ONE-THIRD OF CANTON PUPILS OPEN ACCOUNTS IN NEW SCHO OL BANKS Boys And Girte Save Money For Bicycles, For Clothes^ For Dresses, For Mother And For College- Deposits Average Seven Cents. Paptaa of the Canton acbooto do^ PosItQft AD ftTorago ot UTen oenta 'Vor «irtta or a toUI of $9f 8.S7 and. 4J0O wofoaat* v«r» opened when tho ichool banting aratera tlcally all work cenenlly pUead' opoB the teacher la incb iBsUncea, «• the keeplns of neconnts anS booka la doqe M the bank. "The bank la wUch Ike fudi of Ii^ect Business Terms Into Lessons , ^ on Arithmetic in Schools of Akron ,2: ew coane of etndy In iCrltb- Par (ha »hM.«. 4. *t.^ >vi_a .v_ etaU- I OS* tfte new coane of etndr In iCrltb- metlc ceoiplled by Snperlnteiideat of Scho^ CamU R. Hoed. > now belnv naod la the «l«meBta>7 trades In Akron pobUo acfaoolft end ta prd^- Ina anccoaatiiL Tbo eenrae f^ etqdr U latendM to Per th« chDdTca ht the tUrd tnOm a nmnber of camea h««* bean •usceaied te t«ae} the prtanaiy as her -fluTe and j—" — ■- Tax Too^-tud I am TUnUad* Uaa BiielMsa Torme. > a- •dn- OAKLAND, CALIFORKU, SATUIJDAY PICTiESTyilS OLD ion 'Berkeley Higlr Stndeob -Are Scea^m V^uderille MTttgTBBi, I&anu rthinii BERKELET, Matcb I3.-~Stn- ,_ Jnta at Berkeley bigb achoel proved tbinipelvea versaiile artlaU last nlsht with .the atmging of (be aimoa'l van- doTine show In the tal^h achotol aod' fUorium. Several hundred dollara {/or acbool acUvlites was' netted by jibe clever perfonnaiieo. i Aa a particular feaiure of the ahow Nres a novel act, "The Vanity 8o»," In Vanity Box MISS NETTIE BANN^TT, teha stepped tmtofitat high J tdiool vmJemUe Education F'actory Runs ,: Night Shift And Traiked Workers Am Its Product Canton*a Ugh Bebeol plant nma a BfKht thl^", for day workera. half-time methoda ore In the dla- caj-d. t^ The city'a edaeatlonal syilem keeps pacq with modem Indnetaial .practice and ta etrlrtag hard toward 100 percent production. same elasa rooma might serve tor a bost of persons tumble for dWen^ — ~*- to obtain an edncatlon do: ipo percent production. Inr .«>»«■*■» v- — _ * r" ""? J^ siuf sxBoo mnoN: satubiTat ^wkg, febbvart as, lOU beacons to thoM'Wko would vttt' come adreree dreinutanee, m eraala new opportonlty by enroUmhn la the many oonraea etDbraeed la uc 00. Pupils t'Tom Coronado Invade Air Station; Inspect Everything in Sight From All Anglii HigJi:$chda,l Kewifby- iVirelesii SPECIAL FEATURE ARTICLES (This is material which the Newspaper is eager to get) few ttt the 400 cUIdren ut tfie Coronado pnblia leliools wlio mbde an o£fl«ial viilt^jo-'H val air station at North Ldand 'Hinrsday raoniing. Under the personal dirction of C^pL i Ag. fjider the personal dJrection'of CapLj. H. Tomb, they "nupectdd" everything in tl- and the big dirigible. Thej' aniv^ in 50 aotomobiles. j CHAPTER V SCHOOL NEWS FROM THE NEWSPAPER READER'S VIEWPOINT GENERAL STATEMENTS If it were known just what eiFect a piece of printed material would have upon the one who reads it in a newspaper, the value of that piece of publicity could be definitely stated. This chapter is an attempt to discover by experiment which type of public school news is most interesting to the general news- paper reader. In brief the conclusions arrived at are as follows : There is rather close agreement on the part of 403 readers as to the interest created in their minds by ten different newspaper articles submitted to them for judgment. In general, newspaper readers, without respect to their occupa- tion, agreed in their judgments. However, a group which may be designated as commercial pub- licity experts did not agree in some respects with the other occupa- tional groups. The scale on newspaper articles, together with a reproduction of the articles which determined the points on the scale, are not pre- sented as a device to measure the effectiveness of newspaper articles in general. They are presented as an indication that in the minds of the general newspaper reading public, there is an agreement as to a good newspaper article on school matters and a poor one. MATERIAL COLLECTED AND METHOD USED A large number of newspaper clippings on the subject of the health of school children were collected. From these clippings those were selected which dealt with malnutrition. By a statis- tical process of selection, ten of these articles were chosen by 50 judges as ranking in fairly equal steps from lowest or worst to highest or best. These ten articles were reproduced on a broadside which is pre- sented as Form 5, page 82. Six hundred of these broadsides were distributed in all parts of the country, and to as many persons in as many different occupational groups as possible. These newspaper read- ers were asked to rank the articles in the order in which they aroused "the greatest interest in the health of school children". The exact instructions given can be ascertained from the "Directions" in form 5. The following are the facts relative to the replies received. 78 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Distribution of the Broadsides. 1. "Broadsides", on which each article was given some rank, were received from 403 judges. 2. These judges resided in 35 different states. 3. Of the judges, 162 were women and 241 were men. 4. From a statement of occupation reported on the broadside by each judge, they were divided into ten occupational groups as follows: (a) Public School Administrators. (b) High School Principals. (c) Public School Teachers. (d) Professional Advertising Women. (e) Housewives. (f) Persons in Professions other than Educational, (g) Persons in Business, (h) Clerical Workers, (i) Artisans and Laborers, (j) Newspaper Workers. Statistical These 403 judges therefore represent both sexes, a wide geo- Treatment graphical area and a diversified occupational status. They are fairly of the typical of the general newspaper reading public. Judgments. rp^ ^^ rankings received, the statistical method of right and wrong cases' was applied, the theory of which may be stated as fol- lows : Differences that are equally often noticed are equal unless the differences are always or never noticed. For the purpose of facilitating the work, the median ranking given to each article by each occupational group was determined. The median ranking of each group is the middle value assigned by each group to each article. Half the judges gave each article a ranking less than its median or, middle ranking, and half the judges gave the article a ranking greater than the median. In Table XXH, page 93 these medians are tabulated. A study of them shows the general agreement of all groups as to the value of each article. The exception is the advertising-women's group, which differs somewhat in opinion from the others. * FuUerton and Cattel— On the Perception of Small Differences, pp. 12 ff. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 79 It was desired from the judgments received to construct a rough scale which would indicate the relative value of the articles under consideration. The theory of the method employed in deriving the scale was the same as that employed by Dr. M. B. Hillegas' in his derivation of a scale for the measurement of quality in English composition. It will not be discussed in detail here. The statistical material from which the scale was derived is found in Tables XXIII, XXIV, and XXV, pages 93 and 94. A SCALE OF NEWSPAPER ARTICLES It was evident from the judgments of the various groups that there was little variation as to the relative position which they as- signed to each article. Therefore, the judgments of all the groups were brought together and a composite ranking obtained. Since the women advertisers as a group differed considerably from the others, their judgments are not included in the composite ranking but pre- sented separately. A graphic representation of the composite judgment is presented in Figure I, below. The newspaper articles which are repre- sented on the scale by the letters G, F, I, B, C, are presented in Fig- ures 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, pages 83 to 87 inclusive. This scale means that of the ten newspaper articles judged by the composite group. Article G gave least interest in the health of school children, and Article C gave the most interest. Article F is 1.09 units "better" than Article G; Article I .88 units better than Article F; and so on. The articles illustrating this Scale are found in Figures 2 to il, inclusive. FIGURE 1. A Graphic A Scale of Newspaper Articles Representation of the Scale. H falls between^ and I J falls between I and B E falls between F and I A falls between I and B D falls between B and C. 'M. B. Hillegas — Scale for the Measurement of Qualities in English Composition by Young People, pp. 14fF. 80 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS WHAT THE SCALE MEANS Jn Explanation I. Of the ten newspaper articles printed on the "broadside" of the Scale. Article G is considered the poorest in the composite opinion of all the judges. Article C is considered the best. The others are scattered between, as indicated on the scale. 2. How the unit of measurement is determined: Consider two hypothetical articles, X and Y. The unit of measure- ment on the scale would be the difference between X and Y if 75% of the judges agree that Article X is better than Article Y, and only 25% consider Article X worse than Article Y. In this hypothetical scale, Article X would be placed exactly one unit higher than Article Y. Returning to the newspaper scale with this unit of difference in mind, it will be seen that in the composite judgment there is a little more than one unit's difference between Article G and Article F, — to be exact, 1.09 of a unit's difference. This means that slightly more than 75% of the judges considered Article F better than Article G. In the same way, slightly less than 75% of the judges considered Article I better than Article F; and so on. In other words, the differences between Articles G andF, F and I, I and B, B and C, are nearly the same; in each case, this is a difference upon the direc- tion of which approximately 75% of the judges agreed as illustrated above. 3. No absolute zero point was determined for the scale, and therefore the scale is relative not absolute. This means that no absolute value is assigned to the articles ; Article G is not evaluated except in relation to the other nine articles; it is worse than any of them. In the same way, the position given to Article C is rela- tive, — it is better than any one of the other nine. It is valid to state that Article C is approximately 2.80 units better than F, but we cannot state that C is three times or ten times as good as F. In other words, we can state that one article is so many units better than an- other article, but we cannot use any times-as-good comparison. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY F OR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 81 Articles A, D, E, H, and J, are not given a position on the scale, Articles not since it was desired to fix only those points which came nearest to Represented differing one unit from each other. The relative position of these on the scale articles is as follows : Articles H and E both fall on the scale between Articles F and I. Articles J and A both fall on the scale between Articles I and B. Article D falls on the scale between Articles B and C. These articles are presented in Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, pages 88 to 92 inclusive. In general, the advertising-women's group ranks the articles the same as the others with the following exceptions : Article A is ranked by the women advertisers as the best article or highest on the scale in place of Article C, as chosen by the others; Article C, which the others give the highest rank, the advertising-women's group places much lower. Newspaper Articles About the Health of School Children DIRECTIONS Write your name here Post Office State Write your occupation here FIRST, Read ALL the articles through. THEN, Choose the article which gives you the GREATEST INTER- EST in the health of school children. In the square ABOVE this article, put the figure 1 like this: 1 NOW, Choose the article which gives you the LEAST INTEREST in the health of school children. In the square ABOVE this article, put the figure 10 like this: 10 NOW, Choose the article which is SECOND IN THE INTEREST it gives you in the health of school children. Put a figure 2 in the square ABOVE it like this : NO W^, As before, choose in turn the article which you consider to be 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th. In the square ABOVE each article put the figure which indicates the interest which that article has for you. When you have finished, you should have a FIGURE IN EACH OF THE TTTAT «nTTA1317« $95,000 Planned by Sc Board To Feed Unde nourished Pupils. As result of two reports tc board of education, one slio tliat there arc D.OOO dangen undernourished sciiool cliildre the city, and the other showing CO per cent of the scliool cliildr- tliree representative districts undernourished, tlio school t liudget Coninnttce Tuesday dei to aslt tentatively for a $95,00( proiiriation to supplement the ; ing of these children in a scie; way for one year. or this supi about $60,00 asl tlio lunches furnished in the scl will be asked to do so. Samui Mumford, board member, said. 30 PER CENT I'NDERXOl'RISl A supplementary' estimate feeding undernourished chll will be considered In a week c days. A department of health vey of the city, according to Henry T, Vaughan. health com bioner, showed the number of gerously undernourished. Mr. K ford told the board that a. su made in three difierent types of trirts showed that 20 per cent ol rl\ildren were undernourished, was true even among childrei tlie well-to-do. He announced A\\ the children in the city w be weighed and measured to termine how widespread the uii nourishment was and a thoro going study would be made. At ;i joint meeting of the boar education and the library com sion Tuesday it was derided to ducst tile Common Council to 1 the property on tlic prcser.t dt town library site for the pur of building a joint board of cd tion administration building branch library. The present I expires next year and tlur buil on ttio j)roperty i.s rondrnined. f <^Luiielucled on .Next Piiiie, Coluni Northwestern )00 Planned by School ard To Feed Under- nourished Pupils. result of t-\^o ropor'.s to tho of education, one allowing" tliorc arc 0,000 rtangeroualy lourished scjiool clijldi'cn in ly. and tlio other showing that cent of the scliool children In representative districts are T our! shed, the school board L oommittee Tuesday decided tentatively for a $Si5.000 ap- alion to supplement the feed- these clilldren in a scientific or one year. this fcU)^; about .^ 60,000 is to supply lunches for 3,000 of ndernourishod children; the f the money would care for ard's appropriation for meals e anemic children, the deaf, rental school and other regu- tivities of past years. The ' is purely tentative and will 'ised when tho complete re- >f_ the health' survey now be- k'en In the .schools is made sn who can afford to pay for Tches furnished in the schools e asked to do tio, Samuel C. 'rd, board member, said. 1 CENT UNDERNOURISHED. lupplementary" estimate for ^ undernourished children ? considered In a week or 10 A department of health sur- : the city, according to Dr. F. Vaughan, health commie- showed the number of dan- [y undernouri.shed. Mr. Mum- )]d the board tliat a. survey n three different types of dis- howed that 20 per cent of the n were undernourished. This ue even among children of ■11-to-do. He announced that children in the city wouM ighed and measured to de- 2 how widespread the undcr- iment was and a thorough- :::ludy would bo made. joint meeting of the board of on and the library commis- jesday it was derided ir> rc- he Common Co u not 1 to lease' )pert>" on tlio i)r«"scr.t down- ; ilirai-y site tor the puri^ospi .ling a joint board of cduca- | :lministration building anrl ; library. T)ic pre^^ent lease j nt'Xt >'ear and the building j l)roi>erty is condr rjitifd. Tho tied on Next I'ii^^e, (oliiinn J» ' 'thwestern lib to Otfcn Q_^oncluded From Page One ;1 IN 5 CHILDREN ! UNDERWEIGHT ,1 matter ^^ill come before llie Council Jan. 19. Mr. IMiimt'ord poin(r»d fiiit that the f.'icctlon of the building -would elim- inate a fli'.fiOO a >'ear rent bill and that 15450,000 oould be obtained to- nard the pa.vnipjit of the building by the sale of the board ofcduca- tion property at 50 Broadivay. BLDGET IS CONSIDERED. The board of education', meeting as a committee of the whole, began the consideration of the school budget yesterday. The gro.ss ask- ings of the maintenance fund \verc 513, 25-'!, 253. 48. Some of the import- ant items going- to make pp this SUIT! arb $5,973,731 for the elemen- tary Echools; $1,031,941 (or tho high schools; $309,331 for the intermedi- ate schools; $518,004 for special ed- ucation. Including the crippled, blind, deaf and anaemic children. Three new open air units to ac commodate 70 children each -wero requested. Next year it is estimated that the board TviU Instruct 510 anaemic children, 120 blind, 183 deaf and 1.596 -who have defective speech. The estimate for Incorrl- gibles is 359 and for. baek-»-ard children, 2,166. The budget sho-w'ed an increase of 7 per cent In educatloniM admin- istration. This increase is due to the vocational bureau, (he schedule increases of clerks, the »mploymen' of new clerks to relieve executlvee and additions to th-» »taft of the psychological clinic. WOVLD COACH FOREIGNERS. Plans for the spring census esti- mated the school population of thel city at 231,700 and an appropriation! of $16,000 was provided. In thel elementary schools 90.356 childreni are expected to be enrolled; in thel hitrh schools, 13.667. Provision is made In the budgetl (or the coacliir.g of foreigners by [ asfignini' ^" coaching teachers fov this purpose. A gro^-.,. of 30 per cent ■v\ a.' shown in the Bummer elementary I schools and members of the boarc | declared that the summer school ex- pedited progre.'S nnd tended to- wards the all year arn'Jrd school. Three proposahi for engineers and janitors' .'.Blaries were consid-| ; ered. but no action taken. A $25 in- ; crease -v^-as gianlcd as a bonus ti 'the engineers in 1919 and 1920, ancl [the board committee suggested thalj 'now as li\-ing conditions were nioi'cl 'normal, the engineer,-,' salarie^f ! might be reduced either $10 or ?-; ' a month- j The hoard, meeting as n. coinn-iit- I tee of the whole. '^^ ill continue itfl ! leliberations Wednesd.'iy ?f;er-| ; noon. At that time or at the regu ■ 'ar meeting Thursday night thel building budget of $5,193,0no will he| considered. ' Feeding Undernourishod Done by Women's Clubs f the child ^^ clfari-- ■\soul'.l win the recognition of boLl tliO department ol health. ;ind the board of education. ASKED COD'i''8 AID. "In a recent letter to -Mr Cody^ ^ve -i.^ked co-operation in this -woric, v.-hlcin it was our intention to carry hn in larger proportions. Tho result lias boen ro beneficial and satiifac- | tion of pni'cntj so apparent that the federation hoped to oarry its worl. into c\'er.v school of the city. "The department, however, l.s not entirely in favor of the plan out- lined by Dr. Vaughan, which rec- ommends that the liot meals ho given free to thes5 children. One of the aims of thi."! deparimcnf i.i to c'Iscourage tho pauperizing of Dc- ti-oit'5 citizens, and wo believe that this would be an outgrowth of a free lunch plan. Luuehe.j should be l-aid for by parents who are able lo do so and only those children As'hDse lionic condltlonr; .'f| Women's Clu lubr, this morning the co- operation of I'"rank. <.'ody. Fupcrm- lendenl of schools, and Dr, Hcnt.v jr Vaug-han, hcaltll coi-ni-i.lf.aioiior 111 the department's proposed plan f"i- feeding 3,000 of the uiuler-nou iridorocd. rished school children ^^-c 'The plan Dt a new one to tlu child ielfare department,' itdl V.i-H. \V. H. Mortimer, chairman Tor three years the women's c lubsl Df this city have fostered the idC3| that the work we hzixe been dolnj Large Gains in Weig of Pupils Are Foun Class Worker on Miss JIable Skiiton, of lio'iton, luifri- tipn-clas.s worker with Dr. William It. r. KnlCr.■^on, arrived in Kocliejter .ves- lonlay and li.s-itcd sc\cral nutrition cl.isjO.-i.Miss Skiiton « ill icmain in tlie cily tor two week.s visiting; tho present (lasses aiiJ assisting' in nr;.'anizin^- new ( lasses. I.)r. Kmersoji ^\i\\ tonic later to eonfor ^^itll nutrition workers. -Miss .Skiiton visited the class nt No. .'! .■sfhool, of wliipji Miss Mildred l.'amp- 1k1!> and Dr, Miller have cliari;e. The grains in tlii.s class have boon o.xcellcnt, one child ha\iiin been Kracluated. Eni- inett I'enkc is the first child in the Uoch- ,'ster nutrition classes to "?ii nver tho top.'' His weiirlit went from ."."j ]-4 pounds to Ci- 1-2 pounds in fonrteoM weeks. N.ext week he ^■^iU ho presented liis iliploma hy Dr. ICmerson and will receive .i prize for beiiiL- the first of the his class to he graduated. An iiiiportiiur hndir.ir invtho rlass at No. '.\ Srho<-iI is that fiiiuteen of tv^ent.v-ono in the class are reported hy their temhers to Ijiive improved mentally as well as physically The total inimlier of pounds ^'aiip-d in the fourteen ■^^(■eks is l"l>. Of I hose m ho dill not .tain il was ilisc o\eicd that lliey were rot jeltin;.' to bed carlv. "One of the best tricks to cniri is po- in; to liei"! (>arly." said ^Mis.-; Skiltou in addressiii- the class. "Every hoy and >:irl in n nutrition ila^s should ho in bed at S;,no." The MoHTlt Carnul nntritiou "lass. FOUND FIVE HUNDRED SCHOOL CHIDREN IN NASHUA SUFFERING FROM MALNUTRITION CAUSESl Dr. Wallace of That City .Gives Important Address on Survey Results at Durham Farm Bure au Meeting I>nRHAiM, Jan. 12, --Over five hun- <1red fchool children in the city of Nashua between the kindergartea age and the Junior high school are undei' weight, stated Dr. Arthur Wallace fit th« Gate City, the only formal add;-ess of the day, on second day of the sixth annual New Hampshire Farm' Bureau Federation meeting. He also sajd that similar condilions to those in INashua and else v.'h ere a,re .^ meW-' J^cr to tTrr- tatn-tr-. «.n.a tMn nAtiozi &tid iTUprfrested the dotJirabi'i'.y <3f -casaiTig IcKi.^hitVon that ■will mak,-; i; impos.fi- I'lc. for l.oy.c) ^-nil girLs saiTtri-ng- fro-ra the, inal -nub ;Lion and its con?(Viucnc CF to obtain employmcnl in factories, miflB or elsewhere Hmdcrs Growth. *TTw" U'H and coffee h,^hit, which hinders the Rfowth of the tissues in chiMren, i.s- all too prevalent," de- ■ larcd Dr. Wallace and added, "Over fiO poj' f;cnt of the ohildrer^ in TCashua a.Te i.ii nnd cofleo flrlnkers." Depli'tiii.. the. !xtaxLlin:i_-fr>rLditiona li_sci.t\>,r<. d w ! "f the rhildi.n schools of .Xashuii 1 lace said it V\'ils pel cent of the children SIMW.V 1,1 Ihe llcillh ttcndinK the piihli,- was m;ide i)r, Wal- found that ■ only 2", were accus- tomed to drink milk, "During this sii vey," said Dr. Wall.ee, "It was dis-| covered that 'jr> pupils out of 21S <.\- ainined especially to discover ni:',l- nutrition were underweight. You uilll readily see that that is almost cent.'' Determined to 40 prosecute the cam- paign of education and to try and correct the serious conditions 'found ■IS well as secure the co-operation oi ■ Mhe parertts of -school children, thos,. in charge of the survey adopted th.- slogan. "We believe that health is more than education alone." The results of the campaign dis- closed five causes which 'contributed Ihe deplorable health conditions e.\ isting among the Nashua school chil I' nntritiou ••lass. directed \n .m;>, Lois l;enin,L-e and Miss | iliUlred \\'arranl, ivith I>r. Caccaniis';' as physici.'iu wa.s ne.\t visi'tcd. It «as, found tliat a jniniber vi children bad made cvceJlent piins and that sever.il were near j.'radnotiou. All - children tlic clnss have j.-iven up tea and coffee j and niany are drinking milk. The hi;.-h- est ?aiu in tlie class was tliree pounds,] hilt the best chart in the class is owned 1 by Jo.sepli Mirahella, who lias made a steady gain each week and lias a sood ehanco of jjroins over the top in 'aii'ithcr week. This is a eab^e wliere the clijhj I vyas more tlian 10 per cent., nrider| v\ci;rht. Mi'^s Skilton remarked that tile chil- dren in the class looked better and held! themselves better than Avhen they en-j tcrd, and .'ome of the children had made I siirU a irain that she scarcely recoi.'ui7,edl them. Hiss Skilton impressed upon thej I children (hat "now is the time to prow. I If r.nder-weiKht condition persists it be-l ; conies chronic and is harder to eorreet;| j in later life. Children taken in the early years of life can paiii their wei!,'ljt inuch,J mere readily and once sained, if no physical defects are jiresent. the weiirh^ "ill not be lo^t. Graduates from nntri-. tiou clas.ses. aceordins to Miss Skilton,') do not tend to lap'^e. Miss Skilton is in the city under thel aiispi'-es rjf the Tnbercnlosis Association [ of Kochester anr! Monroe County andl Aiill be a giifst at the Century Club dur-| in;.' her stay in Rochester. DOL FFERING N CAUSES! Important : Durham SMH.> of IV..J Ji.Mllh aUi ndini; (he pulillc| was iDiide Dr. Wal- found that • only 2U\ children were accus- [ Ik. "During tiiis .sur- 'alhice, "It was di.s- Hipils otit of 248 e.\- to di.scover ni.M- 1 derweight. You will I hat is almost 40 pf-rj pro.secute the cam- 1 n and to try and js conditions found. I the co-operation ofj ;hooI children, those | survey , adopted thu e that health is more | le." the campaign dis- I which 'contributed to | ■alth conditions e.\- Nashiia school chil- 1 causes, declared Dr. i_ I'ate Thrc'pj ted such symptoms the spine, flabby ..i..juI'!or= , ':nd a pre.ss'on. ited ?ii detail bov.- (CHILD'S WEIGfiTlMPORTANTi Undernourished One I* at Disad- vantage, Herman J. Norton Shows. ".\ child who is 10 per tent, or morel [under weicht cannot he e.X|rected to pro- 1 cress as laiodly and 'successfully in j Isehrxd as a child who is nivt/i normal."! said Herman .1. Norton, director of pliy-l [.siral e.hiiation of the Board of KUiica-l Ition. in'peakius before the I^eaffue of) liWomeii Voters nt No. IfVi West aveniiel Tiast evening, ".Niitrition classes have already beenj established iu some of the jlnblic sofiooUl and we lu«pp before lonsr to bp able tol Icondiic^ classes in nil' of the .schools. Thel I rcsiifts obtained i-o far have been le-f niarkal;ile. It is HUn'ri.'n. of Boston, who n-as briMi;.'ht| to this citj- recently l^v the Tuberculosis Association, and who starte Mrs. Wirick Shafoj;. Mrs th,i Stoll. pianistc. gave the ; t,isie Impromptu (Chopin). Jolin Maney, accompanied b) V'rederick Covert, sang a grc '-ongs b}- Burleigh. Both nu "crc thoroughly enjoyed. Mrs. B. R. East, chairman ( I ehild welfare committee, intro Dr. Palmer, of the board of c tion, who spoke of the malnul I'llnlk^ to be opened In the C School, Jan. 10, by the Northwi ■Woman's Club with the eo-ope I of the Visiting; Nurses' Assoc I and the board of health. U Is tlie intention o{ the'cll give a substantial noon meal group of 50 children, and the jf this experiment will enabl board of education to definitel .-ide future ae'tion in the mat Miss Xila Smith, supervisi the primary grades of the I schools, spoke from the stanc of -the teacher of ihc "pn [ method which is now being ui 'ho schools. Miss Elizabeth Cleveland, s I visor of vocational, training tended an Invitation to the cl I visit the new Teachers' Colleg The phil.-inthropic committee I 'VValter Parmalee. chairman, nounces an cn enlng of cards dancing at the Federation I house, .'an. 1\. The next meeting of the I clags will bo held Jai. 10. "iVillard VnderiU vyill pre.-cnt per, "Progress ut Modern I tion," Roll call wil) ba re^p by B. eummary pf "Thing Jd_JLl rc- L tile C'oniiiion Counril to lease' propert>" on the iirc^ci:! dowu- lilirary .site toi- tlie inniiosf- ; jildiiig a joint board of cduca- j admini'^tration building ;ind ■ <:h library. Tlic present lease j -fs iie-xt \ear and tlit- building; ir property Is rondr inned. Tho eluded on ,\e.tt I'li^e, Column 4i orthwestern Ihih to Open Clbiic Monday pTi||l 'E regular iiiccling of the L^j .Northwestern Woman's [V jj Club \\as lield at Dia- mond Temple, Jan. }. interpretation of N'an Dyke's Other Wise Man," was given rs. Wirick Shafoi^. Mrs. Bcr- ^toll. piani.stc. gave the F:;ii- Improniptu (Chopin). Mrs. Maney, accompanied by Mrs. ^rlck Covert, sang a group of I by Burleigh. Botli numbers thoroughly enjoyed. >. B. R. East, chairman of tlie welfare committee, introduced aimer, of the board of educa- who spoke of the malnutrition to be opened In tho Clinton I, Jan. 10, by the Northwestern in's Club ^^-|tll the co-operation 1 Visiting: Nurses' Association lie board of health, 5 tlie intention of tho'ellnic to i subttantial noon meal to a. of 50 eliildren, and the result s e.-cpcrimeiit v, ill enable the of education to definitely dc- uture action in the matter, i Nila b'mith, supervisor of riniary grades of tlie city s, spo]-;e from the standpoint 3 teacher of tlie "project " J which is now being used in hools. Elizabeth Cleveland, super- of vocational, training, ex- an Invitation to the club to le new Teacliers' College, philanthropic committee, Mrs. Pannalee. cliainnan, an- s an eNcnIng of cards and f at tho Federation Clu'b- /.un. 14. next meeting of the study vlU be held Jai. 10. Mrs. I Underill will prc-cnt a pa- I'rogrcss vt Modern Jnvcn- Roll call wil) bo re,3ponded B. uunimary pf "Things wc like tci have invented.' mated the school population of the city at 231,700 and an appropriation of J16,000 was provided. In the elementary achoolB S0.3&C children are expected to be enrolled; in the hlirh schools, 13.667. Provision is made In the budget for the coaching of foreigners b> asslgnint' *" coaching teachers fo" this purpoB*. A grow... of 30 per cent wa.' shown in the summer clementarj schools and members of the boarc declared that the summer school ex- pedited progress and tended to- wards the all year ar.-'ur.d school. I Three proposDir. for engineer: land Janitors' fslaries w.crc consid- ; ered. but no action taken. A JCJ in- '; crease ^^'as granted as a bonus tr ! the engineers in lOlD and 19:0, anc I the board committee suggested thai ' now as living conditions were mor< ' normal, the tnginecr.-j' salaries ■might be reduced eilbrr .$10 or ?;: \ a month- \ The board, meeting as a romniit ! tee of the whole, w ill contiiiu-- He i leliberations Weilnesday afrer- ; noon. At that time or at the 1 egu !ar meeting Thursday night the building budget of $5,19:^,000 v ill b coiK-ldercd. Feeding Undernourished Done by Women's Clubs At a mcctlns of the child ^^clfar drr-.TitnieiU of this Federation nf Women's Clubr. this morning the r.o operation of Frank . Cody, .'upcnii tcndenl of schools, and Dv. llcni. V. Vaughan, hcaltli coi-nniisaiont-r, 111 the department's propo.■^ed plan f'-- feeding 3.000 of the city's O.f'i under-nourished school children wa Iridor ocd. "The plan Is not a new on-^ to th' child welfare department. " said Mrs. \V. H. Mortimer, chairman "For three years the women's club of this city have fostered the idci tliat the work we have 1-ecn doing FOUND FIVE HUNDKED SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NASHUA SUFFERING FROM MALNUTRITION CAUSES Dr. Wallace of That City .Gives Important Address on Survey Results at Durham Farm Bure au Meeting DTTKRAiM, • Jan. 12. — Over five hun- os-5i- ble -for Ijoj's ,Hnd girls surfenng' from ihc ina.l -null :Lion and its consocjiienc- rs to obtain emTilornitnt in factories, iniriB or elsewhere. Hinders Growth. "ThP t<-f( and coffee habit, -which hinders the RTowth of the tissues In children, is all too prevalent," de- 'larcd T>T. Wallace and added. "Over ftO p"!' ecnl of the ohiMreii In Kashua a.re i.r. nnd coffee drinkers," Depli-i-iii -. the j^tajLlln: p""^itfpn j (h.Movcri.cl wli.n ;i Mn\.> iif I),,. )i,;i|ll "i the cliildicn :iU' ndinK 'he publl jjchools of .\a.>-biiM wa.^t ni;ide i)r. Wal I'ace said it fi-ils found that -only 2 pel- cent of the children were accus toined to drink milk. "During this stir vey," said Cr. Wallar-e. "It was dis- covered that 9.") pupils out of 21s (-N ainlned especiall>- to discover ni'il- niitritlon were underweight. You w il readily see that that is almost 40 per cent.'' Delei mined to prosecute the cam- paign of education and to try and foriect the serious conditions found. ■ IS well as secure the co-operation of the parer«s of -school children, thosi- in charge of the survey , adopfd th slogan, "We believe that health is iiioic than education alone." The results of the canipaJKn di.^ closed five causes whirh "contributed to the deplorable health conditions e.\ i.-iting among the Na.shiin school chil- dren. These five caii.«es, dr-claicd 1) SUFFERING (Continued from Page One.) ■Wallace, 'wcro first, bad tonsils and adenoids; second, bad teeth; third, excessive fatlg'uc; fourth, :nsufficiciit food; fifth, bad habits of livjn£v Many defects. Examination of tho childnn, Er. 'Wallace said, showed that practically every case manifested such symptoms a3 ciirvaturc of the spme, flabby muscles, stooped ..Jioublcra , ':u4 J haggcrcd, sober cxpress'on. Dr. Wallace related ?n detail bov. the survey committee lia-s been work- ing lor the past year to eradic.Ue the c^iuses of malnu(riiion discovered among the Nashua children. He said that a system of educational training 10 teach tho parenta and the children how to co-operate in tllminathi,:; tiae deplorable consequences of mal'iJtrl- tion has been inaugurated and this system ha.3 already shown much re- sults. Actual feeding in some of the schools haa been attempted and the drinking of cocoa, ajid milk In lieu of the all too prevalent use of tea and coffee has been persistently enrouraged. Dr, Wallace intimated that Nashua is not the only. community in which school children are suffering from malnutri- tion and Its bad effects, and left the im- pres'Sion on the audience that a .similar carefully conducted survey -will reveal approximately the same condition in anv urban or rural communily. School Health Workers Call 5-Cent M ilk High\ Hygiene Committee Chairman Seeking Means To Secure Nourishment For Children At Cheapest Possible Cost] Asks Aid Of Dr. Buckler In Formulating Plan. MOTHERS' CLUB SUCCEED Tlie hygiene committee of the School Board, to which the (luestion of eitend- . ing the milk service in the schools ■was I referred by the board, appealed today to Dr. Warren H. Buckler, director of health work in the .schools, for a plan whereby this tmild be accomplished.- Theodore E. Straus, chairman of the committee, said there is a fund of about .^^l.tKX) which had been provided for school luncheons which might be avail- able for such work. It is felt that the j price of 5 cents a half-pin|:, which was quoted by the Baltimore Dairy Council to the School Board in their offer to sell raLJk at that price to the schools aud to - ipply children who could uot afford to .ay, was too iiiyh. In Dr. Henry S. WesCs report to the School Boartf out- lining the present systcoi of s(-rving milk, It was pointed out lliat at Sciiool No, 0, the only school where every i-hild drinks his haif pint of miJk daily (lie children paid only .3 cents a half-pint, and that at School No. 39 milk was sol^ at 4 cents a half-pint. It is declared that the children be provided milk at whole- [ sale price. Council Is Interested. At the Baltimore Dairy Council itj 'vos stated that the proposition to ex- tend the milk service in the schools had j aroused much interest among the teach- ers. Nineteen .schools have asked for further information on the snbjert and indicated that the service wonld be -wel- comed if the School Board agreed. Opportunity for Jlis.s Sophia Sev- j ferth, teacher at the Eastern High School, who complained to the board | yesterday that she had been discrimi- nated against in the matter' of salary, to be examined by the board's physician, will be granted immediately, t^hc was | granted a leave of absence on half-pay until April 1, with the privilege of re- turning to her elassrooDi if able before ' that time, •"Sturdy boys arid girls in bodv'a.s I'vvell ;is in mind." • That is th-o un-u-ritten E'-Ofrtin of a Isroup of Hanilinc mothers interested llii child w^'lf.iro -work i.i their p.ar- tleula-r community. As a result tho r;Mlk litatiou ,it the H.ancocjc schr>ol .•i^d tho recent woishin-s and me.-.:,- ;^^q: ivoi-K.b.roug-ht forth somc.^on- Ulerful rtj.vuHsin buiMiUT tip uiiex- 'r'C>-nod, ur.tiei^nuuri.shed ehi^iren. 1^ riie ^c-rr.li.n^ .si6ihers' cluli .ictivi- l-ties h.-'vo <-i,r:;f... 'ic -.<-. ^^■it^^ ih:.s in 'ej-lai.;v.r-.nt and comniu: w,:i l.tku p:acc .at 8 P. in Ihc ri.sscmbly room of l-o.-..;(,.i;o%/ uiij oUlcn v.jih tableaux -and .sens has bi-on r.'ur.rx'd by :>Ii [OOL FFERING )N CAUSES I s Important t Durham ■' Mir\.> ,,l \h.: ),,-,ilUi :iU. Tiding !)lp pillillr 1^1 u/ts rii.Mcle i)r. Wal- s found that ■ onlj- 2.'. cliildron were hccus- lilk. "Duiing tliis .sin- Wallaip, "It was (tis- piipil.s otit of 21S cx- l.v to discovfr ni.M- inderweight. You will! that is almost 10 pi r I prosecute the cai ion and to try anrl | ous rondltions fouml. e the co-operation of| school children, thosi e survey . adopti d thi: ve that health is irjorcj one." f the canipaJKn dis- i which 'contrilnited to | lealth conditions e\- ! Nashua school chil- caiuses, deciarid Dr. ui !■ Th =fctC(J such symptoms tlir^ spine, flabby xpre.ssNjn. lated ?ii detail bov, ttee Iia.s bc>en v.ork- ycar to eradicair- the iilriuion discovered a children. He said educatloiial training ntu and tho children e in eliminating tae uencos of ma,l'ialri- au^iiratcd and lliis dy aliown much re- a some of the schools d and the drinking of 1 lieu of the all too a and coffee ha^ been rat'ed. iiatcd that Nashua is unity in which school ring- from malnutri- 'ecls, and left the im- dienijc that a similar d survey ■will reveal e same condition in .1 community. i tort tor tne latner %vno aeruea nis i body or the mother who became a ■ mother with no knowlcdi^e of the care ' that the baby should have. Much less excuse or comfort should there be for parents who ignore their charge or delr egate their parental duties to servants. "Cruel, material philosophy." Do you Say? Not at all. we are merely say- ; SUCCEEDS IN IMPROVING CHILDREN'S HEALTH 'J in.g was planned for February in the :^?somhly room of ihc Hanco^dc f-chool when uxhibit postci.s Were on view. Vt^thij 'ratii.jiing the ■health alpha- bet' bwik wa.s clisLribiitc-cl as .%ouve- lirs. The icliocl ni.rse requested co- (DGi-ation oi parints arid children. 3i'. K. A. Aleyei'dins a/icl witli one ■r his ;?r.!:\p'xin'r, deni.'Hi:;; i-nted opera- ion 1)1 .scales and explained the syr;- Tiii, -.Ml the boys and g-irls of iho cliool has' no'.v been wcl.ghcd ,ahd K.-iiiUifd and l!io eiuii v>ill again car jMiss Coidinici- at .a special )ii-o- lam ;tt ." P. M. Wadncsday at (he ?hool. .\Jr.s. Inc;^ C. ^^uclciin's dia- la'Jzation from •;cho-C;-..i and the oaltH I'aiiy" will lr.-> ,gi\eii bv the j Itli;; cbildicn "lof the school. | The Mot in: IK' clii)) iMi.s it.s eye on I ncleiiry ,apd a rr^.';! a,'n- s. \\"ith Ibis jiai.'.';.'o;i( aiul conirniin;t|y reception IM I, ike p:ace .at N P. M. loinonow the .'LSsmibly room of tii" .-cliool. A )r,_:;l,.i;o>.' and cdJcir i.ay ;;ii .-Krani !h tableaux and st-.iz.-. in cos'uume M been r.)a;-.i:ed bv Mrs. :\I. E. Old .'.nd/ Mrs. Bucklin. r.Irs. .T. 13. "Rounds "»\'i;i =ri\e a shoi't tal!<. yV silvpT, offer- ing will be talien for- ih; club's ne-w project, thai of a test riroaii ftu- the school's instrucoia . ."VJi.s. M. F. Ern-::* Is picsident of the club and Mis. W. \V. ;v!e:!;crs Is .secretary. Mi-s.. .T. S. Kii.Tgctt is ciiainnan of milk commit- tee: Mi\s. ."-^idnev" Koi-.'dey, chiM avcI- fai-e, and -Mis. Thomas P. l;cyci-, pro- ,cr."im. Openp.cf Last Spring. I'hc mil!-: .station 's. howeAer, Killowlng tlic impetus of tho chjld I v.eirare tally AvitJi milk 'again at ■ 3 1 i-ooni I'd- the [ cenls tlic di: tribui;o>i i-c;ic-hc'd 310 hot- I mi.rid an en.- i t,'- ;; Ov:]y. "With the ccmin.g- of tho i ^voi,g^.in.g and r,ieaci;ring program daily distr.butio.i i-ca'ched ^7: bottles. Th,^ HaniOi k m Ik .st.'itioii i:; the only one in the cit\- that has l,eeii stdf sitp- 'j-i-rlins fioni its l;i'-:',-:iiniji3. Mrs. Iluggctt with tier- slail of twenty helpers operate the station. She np- ! peril's every day and proves a verita- ; bio 'house-mother to the sij+iool kid- I dies. First she was known among- the i boys and girls as the "miik-tcacher," \ :iow'r,hc is the "mill; i-n.thor." i The children are interested in being T.-C'isiiod and iiieasarcd. Mis. K. A. Johnron has charge of the work and has thKe as^^istajiLi. The work Ikis d-velcpcd to .oucii an extent that "fixe afsii.tants are k'cpt hiLsy. In the cn- rollniciit of tOZ childicn -U or 21 per cent or more are underweight ; 110 or l"'/2 ptr cent are 10 per centl under- weight. The 7 per cent underweights will be wei.ghed each month and all- tho children will again be "iveighed before scliool closes for the Eiimmcr \a.cali:on. It is a plan of the inothcr.s to have a nutrition c'.as.s f-or tho number', of under'.veigiits. Co-o^ci-a- tion.of the iprincipal of the school. Miss Edith Ta>-loi-. the teachei-;;, nui-ses, parents and children has mad o the work a prcfitp.ble ajtd pleasurable j Scunc one is blundering and nhe child! is paying for the blunder. Over in the] corner — a vacant face, parted lips, pale, round shouldered, a typical "mouth- 1 breather." "Why? > -^Vhy doesn't some one throw out the life-line, to this child | before it's too late? Middle row — halfway back — pale lit- tle girl, narrow chested, with dreamy I eyes too bright if disease has begun, i too dull if poor nutrition has not gone! ; lort far. A candidate for the open airl : ( lass or the tuberculous ward, "i'ourl choice now. later there will be nol rbr.iie. "Why doesn't somebody choose I life for this child? I/, r.ofbcr frowning face, (his time it's evidently discontent, ill ten-iper — not I eyes — a n-ilsfit in the class. He i.eedsl S'Mnething to do that ho can do — hnndl worl'. book work, tbit is practical. He's! i the opportunity school type, but hel isn't in tho opportrrnlt\' school '-reriaiisel there isn • onotigh room for him. What's the answer? More opiiortanityl "cheol.s, of course. Or one a. good dcal| larger than that we now have. A stolid face in the back seat at- tj-acts our attention, "\'ery slow, rje\-er| recites — deaf." A tragedy in fivol words. The answer: Special classl with special attention, lip reading, deafi children Shall there be more? Tl'sl up to you. Mr. Taxpayer. By the| wa\'. hoT\' mtich is a child's life \\*orth, anywa\'? Turn to the Weight Chart. "We turn to a chart on the -\vall. Tt's| storj- is told in figures that do not lie. for tbcv are the nrcnrd of the scalel which is an instrument of precision. I And the story of the scale as i-eco;-dcd| on the chart 's that one child out ofl everv fic-e is l;ielo'.'.- the \\-eight that hisf hPlght d"'^i?ods '^VIlat'^• the - isej "Malniitritio'i." "What c.< uses" .. Tin " trition?" Bad food. What's the resul:'' T refer you to a medical dictionai-y, h^- gin almost anywhere and read bo-' ways. People of Buffalo, these i-.atlier nr - pleasant stotnes h.a\'e onb' one pi;r- pose. To enlist you in an army lliatl shall fitrht intellicenlly for the pree^r-l vation and welfare of our childicn. ITow soon shall \ou h(' read>' ^or the| Vcnlib crusade'' MEAL COURSE HELPS IMasten High one, said iiiotbors 'yesterday. heli-Kjrs are all voluiiteci-s. The' ^ School Pupils Drink Milk, Eat Graham Biscuits Daily. War has been declared on imdcr- I nourishment at ^fasten Park High school. Under the leadership of Ma-y J Kncg, in charge of physical training. more than 100 girls, all underweight. are taking the "meal course" and arc I gaining in avoirdupois. This course was begun lasit fall under the direction of Lillian McDonald, now on a leave of absence in Ne-iv' York. Last term 103 took the ccurr-e. Most of them come from comfortable homes -where they can eat plenty of food, but sometimes thev do not eat enough of the right kind of food and this shows in their weight and grreral health. Unlike any other course in tho hi.gh school, there are no credits or no home work in this. "When a girl is found underweight all that is required of her is that every morning at 9:4,", o'clock, after registering, she •^hall drink a glass of milk and eat a rra- ham biscuit. Department record? show how bene- ficial this simple rcgimc;n :-,as proved Nearly all the girls both last tor>--i .-nd thi,'- have g-ained in -weight. Teachers al.-:o impress on tbcv g;r; states Miss Boddy, the average being 7-35 pounds. Discovery Of the hsort- comlngs of the pupils followed weighing done by scho:tivl!at!on of Ihe wcigiiing R-nd mcAS- [uiins syateni ftow In operation.' ' First' .Meeting in December. . • . I ' y- * '. Tlic first, chnA ii''elfalt'C! inei^ting w.ts heldi in D'oce'inbOa-,- when tho club heard Miss Lucy COrdinier talk about th.&'food and -habits of children and sU'f>?scd ,th?' bchefit.': to bo galnfcd fro'm iiystcmatic 'weighiog and mca.s- liring.' A G.poc° J child welfare meet- ing xvos planned for. February in the assemlily ijoom of the Hancock school when exhibit po&ters were on view. A; thiy e&thbi-lng the 'health alpha- bof bpok was tlislribiited as nouve- nlrs. The eehool onirrse j-equesled co-. oper».tipn 6f pardnts arid children. Dr. E. A. Meycrding swid witli one of hfs iSssietants denionsti-afed opera- tion of. scales and cxpl.tined tho sys- tcnj. •.'ill tho boys and girls of the sclidol has' now. been weighed .ahd mciiiurpd and Ihe club will again hear Atis's Cordinier.at K special pi-o- gram lU 3 P. M. 'Wadncsday at the school. JIr.s. Inesi C. Bucklin's dra- matization ■ from ■•;Gho-Cho and the Hcaltrt .Kair'y" will bp ffivcn by the liitlo OiildrehTDf the school. The M'jthoi'S' dub h^is its eye on tnicioufy and a_ rest room .for tho Jeac'iC"-.'--. With 'this in mind aii enr .■(eirtaiilinont ind community i-eception will faJte p:aoe .at fl P. M. tomorrov/ •n Ibc nsscmbly )boni of tho nchool. A I>or,;Iv!iow unj olUoii c'.ay .program >.vjtb lubleaux and scnga in costume liCiS biicn planned by Mrs. MTE, Old and/ Mrs. Bucklin. Mrs. .T. E.. ■Hounds "Will give ft shoi'f talk. . A. silver, offer- ing will be t-aken for Ihi olub'.'s now pniject; that of' a. rtsfriiMii for the school's instruotors. . ^tb. JI. F. Enrst ■IS president of, the club and' Mr.'.. \V. V.'. MeiiiorS 19 ae'cretary; A!,rs.. .T. S. Kuggett is chairman of.milk commit- tee: Mrs. Sidney Hor.':Ie;>, rhikl wel- fare, and Mrs. Thomas. P. Keyer. pro- pram. Opefiedr Last Spring. 'i'hc milk 'station '-opened . last spiins. The a Vi; rase dailyr^dis'tribution, was 400 bottler, each child .paymg .S ceiils a bottle. Tlie early part of th's year v.'ith milk ot A rents con'KUmption decreased. After Chrifjtrans, 'however, following the impetus of the chjld' welfare rally with mlik.'again at' 3 cents the di.'ftribuiion reached 310 bot- t!;;:: tlpily. With the fsir-ing of the weighing .imj measuring prograr.i dally dJRtr;k.utio-,i rcrt;hoil '132 bottles. The Hancock m'lk cttxtion is the only one in 'the city that has been self sup- ))x.-rting from Its bc.^.'imiiig. iSlrs. Huggett with her' staff . of twenty fhelpera operate the station. i5he ap- I pears every day and j)rovcs a verita- j blc tiouse-mothcr to the school kid- ■ dies. First she was known among' the boys .and girls as the "niiik-teacher,'"' Tiow'Ehe is the "milk mother." The children are interested in being ..ois'hod and measbrc-d. Mi-s. R. A. Johnrxin lias charge of the work and has three assiistajits. Th& work has developed t'o such an extent thaffive assistants arc- kept busy. In the en- rollment of 893 children 211 or 24 per cent or more are luiderweight; 110 or V.Vs 'per cent are. 10 per centl under- weight. The 7 per cent underweights will be weighed each month and all- ■tho children will again be weighed befoie school elopes for the summer vajcaOion. It is a plan of the mothers to have a nutrition class for th-:: •number. of undcr'.velghts. Co-ojera- .tiOn'^of the principal of the school, MiFS Edith Taylor, the 'tcfichei-s, nurses, paren'ts 'and children has made the work a profitable and pleasurable one, 'said mothers 'yesterday. The helpers are all volunteers. 86 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS FIGURE 5. Newspaper Article — B. Large Gains in Weight and Health of Pupils Are Found by Nuritition Class Worker on Her Visit to City I Miss Mable Skilton, of ]?oston, nutri- Ition-class worUer with Dr. William It. l/. Eiucr.>;on, arrived in lipcliester yes- lejclay and visited several nutrition classes Miss Skilton vill remain in tlit eily for two weeks visiting the present classes and assisting iu o-rf-ranizin;! new ilasses. Dr. Kmersofi ^vilI come later to. confer with nutrition workers. Miss Skilton visited the class nt No. r; School, of which Miss Mildred (-^ami'- liclk and Dr. Miller have charse. Ine sains in this chiss have been excellent, one child having lieen graduated. I'-m- lUPtt I'eake is the first child in the Koeh- ,-ster nutrition classes to "go Over the top."' His weiglit -ivent from Tw 1-4 pounds to G:; 1-2 pounds in" fourteeii weeks. X.ext week he will be presented his diploma hy Dr. Emerson and will receive a prizn for being the first of the hi^ class to 'be graduated. An important finding invthc class at No. S School is that fourteen of twent.v-onp in the class are reported by their teachers to have improved mentally as well as physicall.y. The total number of poimds gained m the fourteen weeks is 130. Of those av40 did not gain it was discovered that thev were not getting to bed early. ■ -'One of the liest tricks to gain is go- in" to l>e(l early." said Miss; Skilton in addressing the class. "Every Vioy and girl in n nutrition class should be in bed at S:30.- The Momit ■ Car7n>l BTitntioa^sLass. .i directed b.v M>-» Lois Itcmage and Miss Mildred Vvarraiit, with Dr. Caccamise; as physician was next visited. It was. found tliat a number of clijldren had made exccjlent gains ami. that several were near graduation. All - children in the class have given up tea and coffee and ariany are drinking milk. The hig'h- est gaiii "in the class was three pounds, but the be.st chart in the class is owned by Jpiicph Mirabella, who has made a steady gain each week. and .has a good chance of going over (he top in 'another week. This is a case where the child was more than 10 per cent., under weight. Miss Skilton remarked that tHe chil- dren in the class looked better and held thfmsclves better than when they en- tcrd.and some of the children had made such a gain that she scarcely recogni^.ed them. Miss Skilton impre.ssefl iipoii the children that "'now is the time to grow." If under-weight condition persists it be-^ comes dironic and is harder to oorrect.i I in later life. Children taken in the early; i years of life can gaiii their weight much! I mere readily and once gained, if no, physical deffcts are ijresent, the weight] will not be lost. Graduates from nutri-j tiou classes, according to Miss Skilton,' do not tend to lapse'. : ■Mi'ss Skilton is in the city under the! auspices of the Tuberculosis Association' of Rochester an(i Monroe County and will be a guest at the Cer cent, of more .Hiiil<>r 'wei)t)it paniiot ho ex)>ected to pro- :pr<>ss as riipidlj; and 'successfully Iki iKohooI ns u child who i»|Hp>'to noraiaK" !SBi(l Henna n J, Norton , director Of ph.v- ;sioaI piliication of the Board of Kdiicn* .tion. in ppenkiuj; before rt>e, Ijeatriie of rtVonieu Voters nt.No. IM.West avenn? ilast evening. ".Nutrition class's have already hpon restHbliKhed iu some of the Jtnblic senool" rami Ve hinpe before. lonjr to bp, aW.e t" condnoj^ clawes in. «lt' of. the school^. The ircsiifts ol>tained no far have been ro' imarkal^le. It is siin'ri.si'Qi; to !reppred hy )!•'■.. AVilliam fl.- P. Jlmersdn, of JBoston. who"( Ills .phasp of hpnith" educotion work. 90 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS FIGURE 9. Newspaper Article — J. Masten High School Pupils Drink Milk, Eat Graham Biscuits Daily. War has been declared on under- nourishment at Masten Park High school. Under the leadership of Mary Krieg, in charge of physical training, morb than 100 girls, all underweight, are taking the "meal course" and are gaining in avoirdupois. This course was begun last fall under the direction pf Lillian McDonald, now on a leave of absence in New York. Last term 103 took the course. Most of them come from comfortable homes where they can eat plenty of food, but sometimes they do not eat enough of the right kind of food and this shows in their weight and general health. Unlike any other course in the high school, there are no credits or no home work in this. When a girl is found underweight all that is required of her is that every morning at 9:45 o'clock, after registering, she shall drink a glass of milk and eat -a gra- ham biscuit. Department records show how bene- ficial thi."! simple regimen has proved. Nearly all the girls both last term and thi.': have gained in wei.ght. Teachers al.-»o impres.'? on tliov girls the necessity of sufficient exercise, plenty of sleep, the proper kinds .-md quantities of food and other matters "f hygiene. J 'Sometimc-s we have Trouhlo with sirls," said Helen El.ickman. who as- sists Mi.s.s Krieg. "Some just rnnnof take milk. But for the most pa.'t the girls are delighted with thi"; irloa. The. domestic science department linn '■■ccnl helpful to us. " NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 91 yNDER WEIGHT $95,000 Planned by School Board To Feed Under- nourished Pupils. As result of two reports to the board of education, one sliowing that there arc 0,000 dangerously undernourished school children in the city, and the other showing that 20 per cent of the school children In three representative districts are undernourished, the school board budget Committee Tuesday decided to ask tentatively for -a. $95,000 ap- propriation to supplement the feed- ing of these children in a scientiflc way for one year. ( his sum about $60,000 is ask to supply lunches for 3,000 of the undernourished children; the rest of the money would care for the bv.ard's appropriation for mealK for the anemic children, the deaf, tlic parental school and other regu- lar activities of past years. The ?0B.000 is purely tentative and will be revised when the complete re- sults of the health' survey now be- ing taken ■ in the schools Is made Children who can afford to pay for the lunches furnished in the schools will be asked to do bo, Samuel C. Mumford, board mernber, said. 30 P'^R CENT UNDERNOURISHED. upplementary" estimate for tee^.—S undernourished children win be considered in a week or 10 -".ays. A department of health sur- • ey of the city, according to Dr. Henry T. Vaughan, health commis- sioner, showed the number of dan- gerously undernourished. Mr. Mum- ford told the board that a, survey made in three different types of dis- trirts showed that 20 per cent of the ihildren were undernourished. This was true even among children o( the well-to-do. He announced that all the children in the city woul'l be weighed and measured to de- termine how widespread the under- nourishment was and a thorov "--ing study would be made, t n joint meeting of the boa; . ;ealion and the library comn..^- Kion Tuesday it was decided to re- ciue.'t the Common Council to lease the property on the prrsent down- town library site for the purposf of building a joint board of educa- tion administration building am' branch library. The present expires next year and thu l on the property Is londrmr. FIGURE. 10 Newspaper Article — A. matter ■< conic before llie Cov^-n Jan. ' Mr. 0,-d pointed out thai ...e ercctio.. , the building would elim- inate a $40,000 a year rent hill and that $450,000 could be obtained to- ward the paynient of the building by the sale of the board of educa- tion property at 50 B^ro.idway. BUDGET IS CONSIDERED. The board of education, meeting as n, committee of the whole, be.gan the consideration of m.,- school budget yesterday. The gross ask- ings of the maintenance fund iverc $13,2S.1,253.4S. Some of the import- ant items going to make ^p this sum arb $5,373,731 for the elemen- tary schools; $1,031,94] for the high schools; $309,334 for the intermedU ate schools; $518,004 for special ed* ucatlon, Including the crippled, blind, deaf and anaemic children. ThrcB new open air units to ac- commodate 70 children each wer-^ requested. Next year it Is estimated that the board will instruct 510 anaemic children, 120 blind, 183 deaf and 1.596 who have defective-, speech. The estimate for • Incorrl-' gibles is 359 arid for. backward' children. 2,166. The budget showed an Increase of 7 per cent in educatlorral admin- istration. This Increase is due to the vocational bureau, the schedule Increases of clerks, the employmen; of new clerks to relieve executlvce and additions to th« *^ta.St of the psychological clinic. WOULD COACH FOREIGNERS. Plans for the spring census esti- mated the school population of th« city at 231,700 and an approprlatloi of $16,000 was provided. In th< elementary schools 90.356 childrer are expected to be enrolled; in thi hig-h schools, 13.667. Provision is made in ..,e budge for the coaching of foreigners bj assignini?- 40 coaching teachers fo' this purpose. A grow,... of 30 per cent wai shown In the summer elcmentarj schools and members of the boarrf declared that the summer school eX' pertlted progress and tended to- "■•^rds the all year arr-und school, hree proposals for engineers .cl janitors' .salaries w.erc consid- ered, but no action taken. A $25 in- crease was graniecl as a bonus tc the engineers in 1919 and 1920, anc the board committee suggested thai now as living conditions were more normal, the engineers' salaries might be reduced either $15 or $2t a month. . The board, meeting as a commit' tee of the whole, will continue it! leliberations Wednesday after' noon. At that time or at the regu- lar meeting Thursday night th< building budget of $5,193,000 will b( rf»n?;iclerpd. Feeding Undernourished "-ne by Women's Clubs . a mooting of the child welfar^i , artment of ths Federation of Women's Clubs this morning the co- operation of Frank. Cody, superin- tendent of schools, and Dr. Henry F. Vaughan, health commissioner, in the department's proposed plan for feeding 3.000 of the city's 9,00f under-nourished school chilrt'--n was indorsed. "The plan Is not a new oi. ,o tht child , welfare department," said Mrs. %V. H. Mortimer, chairman ■'For three years the women's clubs of this city have fostered the Idea that the work we have been doing would win the recognition of boti the department of health .and the board of education. ASKED CODY'S AID. S "In a recent letter to -Mr Cody" we a.9ked co-operation In this work, v/hlch It was our.lntenllon .to carry im in larger pj:oportions. The result, has been so beneficial and satiafao-; lion of parents so apparent that the federation hoped'to carry Its work into every school of the city. "The department, however, is not entirely in favor of the plan out- lined by Dr. Vaughan, which rec- ommends that the hot ineals be given free to these children. One of the alms of thi.s dcparlmcnf In to c'.iscourage the pauperizing of De- troit's citizens, dnd we believe that this would bo an outgrowth of a free lunch plan. mnche.s should be paid for by parents who are able to do so and only those children whoso home conditions .' prevalent use of tea and cofiCde has been iperslstcntly encouraged. Dr. Wallace intimated that Nashua Is not the only. community in which, school: ^children are suffering from malnutri- |tion and Its bad effects, apd left the Sm- |Pres«iion on the audience that a similar IcarefuUy conducted survey will reveal approximately the same condition to. pnv lurbsva or fural community. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 93 TABLE XXII. MEDIAN RANKINGS GIVEN TO TEN NEWSPAPER ARTICLES BY TEN GROUPS OF JUDGES Read the Tables as follows: Of 85 School Administrators, one half placed on Article A, a value less than 4.1 and one half placed on Article A, a value greater than 4.1. Median Ranking Given to Each Sample Groups Number of Judges A B C D E F G H I J 1. School Administrators 85 4.1 3.3 1. 3.3 6.6 7.4 10. 6.9 5.5 5.3 2. High School Principals 87 4.1 3.9 1.3 2.9 7.6 7.3 9.8 6.5 5.7 5.4 3. School Teachers 61 4.4 3. 1.4 3.1 7. 7.8 9.7 7.5 5.6 5. 4. Advertising Women 34 1.3 3.3 4.3 3.6 5.4 8.4 9.8 5.5 6. 5.6 5. Housewives 37 4.6 3.7 1.3 3.8 6. 8.1 9.8 7.4 5.9 5.1 6. Persons in Prof essions 34 2.5 4.1 1.5 3.4 7.2 8.2 9.7 7.5 5.1 5.7 7. Persons in Business 24 3. 3.6 1.4 4.5 7.1 7. 9.8 7.5 5.2 5.5 8. Clerical Workers 12 4. 3.8 1.4 3.2 6.5 7.5 9.7 8.5 3. 5.2 9. Artisans and Laborers 24 4.5 4.5 1.5 3.1 6.8 7.8 9.2 6.5 4.1 5.8 10. Newspapers Workers 6 3.3 5.8 8. 2.3 6. 4.3 9.9 5.3 5.2 4. TABLE XXIII. THE NUMBER OF "BETTER" JUDGMENTS OF 369 INDIVIDUALS IN RANKING THE TEN ARTICLES Articles Compared Articles vnth which comparison is made F H E I J A B D C G 86 73 60 35 F 174 239 102 71 H 208 119 100 94 E 134 116 82 I 182 137 103 J 137 107 116 A 171 144 99 B 164 89 D 100 C Read the table as follows: 86 of the 369 individuals considered Article G "better" than Article F; 73 considered Article G "better" than Article H; 174 considered Article F "better" than Article H; etc. 94 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS TABLE XXIV. THE NUMBER OF "BETTER" JUDGMENTS GIVEN IN TABLE XXIII REDUCED TO PER- CENTS OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF JUDGMENTS For the method of reading this table see Table XXIII. Articles Compared Articles with which comparison is made F H E I J A B D C G 23.3 19.3 16.3 9.5 F 47.2 35.2 27.6 19.2 H 43.6 32.2 27.1 25.4 E 36.3 31.4 15.5 I 49.3 37.1 27.9 J 37.1 29. 31.4 A 46.3 39. 26.8 B 44.4 24.1 D 27.1 C TABLE XXV. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VARIOUS ARTICLES IN THE SET OF TEN DERIVED FROM THE PERCENTS OF ' ' BETTER" JUDGMENTS GIVEN IN TABLE XXIV AND EX- PRESSED IN TERMS OF THE DIFFERENCE WHICH EXACTLY SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE JUDGES ARE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH Articles Compared Articles with which comparison is made 1 1 • t 1 . 1 F H E I J A B D C G 1.09 1.26 1.45 1.95 F .10 .56 .88 1.29 H .24 .68 .91 .98 E .52 .72 1.51 I .03 .49 .87 J .49 .82 .74 A .14 .41 .92 B .21 1.05 D .91 C TBE SEATTLE 91INDAY TIMES. SEPTCMBEB 5. t9a). [L 2 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION L ALL UE BIDS ITS NEW TEACHEiS HEARIY WELCOME 10 IIS CVIC AND EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS JOIN IN GREETING NEW ARRIVALS 1,670 ASSII Task of Placing Teachers in 64 Giade and Six Higher In&lilulions Completed by Superinlendeni. NAMES OF INSTRUCTORS ANNOUNCED BY COOPER Parent; Given Chance to Lea Who Will Handle De- velopineni of Their Chil- drci< in Vanous Branches. OUR NEW TEACHERS BY FLORENCE MANN. PUBLIC-SPIRITED CITIZENS JOINING IN TEACHER WELCOME | CRmiHAT Aota Seattle think of her new teoehenT HiTftM What do our new teachera thlnh of SeattlcT ""'n The anawer to the Btcond qauUon dcpenda upon that g\vm the fint. j How mutoaUy gntUyiBt the Tcrdkt ia Ukely to be is indi- cated by the stoiy told ebewben In these columtia of the hearty welcome the cHr la accordiDK lis new teachers. Drawn from creiy part of th« coantir. these 185 caro- fuSy selected men and women represent nianr types of person- ality, proreoional training, and soda! experience. They brine to Seattle a fresh contribution of great valn^ not only to the upbuilding of Its sehoola. but to the enrichment of Its commuoSty life. ATTRACTED TO SEATTLB. Tber come, thesb men and women, open minded, enthusias- tic dnwn by a generous belief in the tales they have heard of Scftttle's wonderful possibilities as a place in which to live and Two weeks will see the members of this little group selves become the moat eDtfaoslastle of press agents or the reversel Seattle b fast nuking the latter alternative Inpossibte. Climate and scenic beauty have already laid hold oq the strangers. Remains now only the cordial outpouring of a characteristic Seattle welcome to bind them In lasting bonds of love and k^alty to our city. la it worth wbDe to do thUT Emphatically yes! Last June thif community made possible tbe addition of these new teachers to the existing school corps, when It anthor- ised a tax levy to provide the funds necetsaqr for the Today, let the community nttfy that action by the open- hearted reception It gives the new workers Invited into its BEST SCHOOLS WANTED. Seattle wants the best schools in tbceountry Let Seattle awake, then, to the fact that thla means the best teachers In the country. Let Seattle realize that the best teachen must be, ftnt of an, fine men and women, big in personality, socIaDy effU dent dvic-mlnded, vitally a pari ot all that Is best In monity life. vLet Seattle, then, throngh Its Individual good citizens and Ks orooiiad good dtlsensbip. clvtr nodal and religious, unngh its IndivJduB] school pevple and its organised school gronpa; best of all, through its Individual fathers and mothers and Its great UNORGANIZED fatherhood and motherhood, get I squlrely behind the children's schools in the royal community welcome given their new teachers | Selects Teachers for Schools Outside City Assi^ant County Superintendent Gives Out Lisl of Assignments of Instructors in Rural Districts. ecHOOU la ik« Attention, New Teachers! Department of Education OPEN Sunday, 2 to 4 P. M. Monday. 1 A.M. to 5:30 P.M. AFTER SCHOOL RECULARLY- FOR ALL TEACHERS Es.tfia..'Wip!s:j'ji. Ulh n Hfnak WIM%*ifc frtvlUc L««n Last Leg of 15,000-Milc Journey to Battlefields ancl Other Interesting Points of Europe Is From Vancouver, B. C, to Seattle. Al^n.'^-n.r'VSu "...1 I mi Ms ^Ml Dm-MrnTo^, Saiiji "np.u.*or."A.:h". I. Mrt t S A"l i>'nB. ■','",'^'"^Viri'i(.''lul°V^'"" lion Clulv *ur J«h».i. !,';"v{!'."-s.'.ivv."^siV°Tt'c';Es:;^- feS«^*^T~v^ .,t7J;.'...^^.'ii%f-V,."»'KI,V?KJ hvir,ii'.-rJ!tsii. .■r.'s-.ii.'K :s: jSiSrai^l^K A SCHOOL PAGE FROM A CITY WITH A SCHOOL NEWS PROGRAM CHAPTER VI A PROGRAM FOR SCHOOL INFORMATION SERVICE IN THE DAILY NEWSPAPER The suggestions set forth in this chapter are general. School administrators will find that the size of their system, the attitude of the newspapers, the policy of the board of education, and many other factors enter into any school publicity program. TWO KINDS OF SCHOOL PUBLICITY First of all a distinction should be made between two kinds of school publicity. 1. Special purpose publicity carried on for the purpose of achieving some immediate end. Bond issue campaigns, teachers' salaries campaigns, and the like. 2. Continuous informational news service. By this is meant the constant publication of informational material about the school system. This service has two pur- poses : (a) The discharge of the obligation, on the part of those responsible for the public school system, to render a report of its activities; (b) The creating of "good will" on the part of the community's citizens in order that their support of and cooperation with the public school system may be based upon full informa- tion. It is not the purpose of this study to deal with special purpose publicity. It has been mentioned as one type which school systems at times must use. It is the type which is most commonly thought of in connection with public schools. Considerable study has been given to this kind of publicity, and the facts are available.* Figures 12 and 22, pages 98 and 118 show examples of newspaper publicity for special purposes. The suggestions in this chapter deal entirely with continuous school news service. THE ORGANIZATION School news service should be carefully organized. It should be recognized as an important function of the public school system. The same care that is used in organizing any other administrative division should be used in organizing news service. Haphazard or 'Alexander and Theisen— Publicity Campaigns for Better School Support. NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 97 News. accidental news preparation and publication will not accomplish the A Program results desired. There are two types of organization, for School 1. A Centralized Organization: This type is a division of the administration of the school sys- tem. It heads up in the office of the superintendent of schools. It may be directed in various ways. (fl) By a news or publicity director whose duties consist in the preparation, manufacture, and distribution of all printed material used by the school system. School news service in the press will be one of the duties which he directs. {h) By the superintendent of schools who may direct this activity as one of his administrative duties. (c) By some other administrative officer, — an assistant superintendent, a supervisor, the clerk of the school board, etc., who may be assigned the direction of school news service in addition to other duties. id) By some principal, special instructor, or teacher, whose other duties are so arranged as to allow time for the direction of school news service. This director of news service should probably have an advisory board or cabinet, representative of the administration and of the teaching staff. It is possible that the children, patrons and organiza- tions closely allied to the school system should be represented in this advisory body. 2. A Representative Organization: This type of organization will be headed up by a School News Committee. This committee may be made up in various ways. It may represent the various departments of the school system, such as Elementary Education, Vocational Education, etc. It may represent the various schools in the system. The local school situation will determine best how it should be made up. Such an organization gives to the teaching staff an opportunity to share in one of the ad- ministrative responsibilities of the school system. In this representative news committee, the administrative department, the teaching staff, and possibly the student body and patrons of the school system, should be repre- sented. »AUH EICHIKKM THE AWZOWA DAILY STAR TOCSOW. ARTgQWA. SUNDAY MORNTKO. APRfL 17. 1921 HIGH SCHOOL BOND ELECTION HIGH SCHOOL BOND ELECTION THE. ROAD TO SUCCESS Leads Through the Door of Education BflwiDottooftte Enranis clnb and in httfaedectHmRext Tuesday, tiwy are shoving tts'^Hrit me meiE for the betterment of Tucson and the fonowing members have assisted in m^g possible this special page appeal to the votns of Tucson to go out and vote. People's Fuel & Feed Co. Page Furniture Co. W.XCbrhett Bu^wareCo. Co. Ford Garage Frank Curley George Kitts GoodfeDows Grotto Missouri State Life Insurance Co. Agent Congress Hotel Pereha Studio Every Voter Must Vote is the hearty ap- peal to every voter Tucson by the IBrei^RidBBtt SOB DarossAntoT(9 Co. Borderland Service Station Battery Co. F^aiddin Motor Co. HcArthurBros. Auto Equipment Ca Tucson Auto Sup- ply Co. WILL. OPPORTlMry KNOCK AT THE DOORS OF TUCSWJ ANDFIND HER llNraEPARED? WILL ADVANTAGE BE DENIED? A VOTE FOR THE HIGH SCHOOL BONDS A VOTE rOR THE ^'KIDDIES" AND Tffi FUTURE PROSPERITY (ff TUCSON. Tucson tax-payers will be asked to approve a $750,000 bond issue at a special election next Tuesday. The money is wanted to erect a new high school building here. There is some opposition from certaui groups who put money before human values, who fail to see that better schools mean better future citizens. It is therefore vitally essential that every voter fai Tucson who favors the New Bi^ Schod Building should oist a vote next Tuesday, Aprill9th. h a New High School Actually Needed Here? Without a doubt The present bufldmg is overcrowded. You can get fu^ hand mfor- mation on this by a visit to the high school building. The cla^ rooms are crowded, so crowded that good sdiool work is impossible. The present boOding is not modem. It is ten years behind Tucson of today. The school has no gymnasium and tiie library is too smaH The present crowded conditions at the Hi^ School are a discredit to a such a pro- gressive city as Tiicson. Glance at these enrollment figures if you still doubt jiie ned for thenew school In 1912 the high school attendance was M. IN1917rrWAS322STUDENTS. IN 1919-20 IT WAS 537 STUDENTS. IN 191M9 IT WAS 414 STUDENTS. IN 1920-21 IT WAS 744 STUDENTS. lite gain in enrollment \a& been very rapid during the last few years. It is logical that it win continue. Tucson is growmg more rapidly every year and her schools are keeping Tucson Steam pace m attendance, bmvdry jy^^^ Should Keep Pace in Progress too Palace (rf Sweets The school board wants to bmld a high school that will take care of 1500 students. That goal will be reached in a few years. The school will be modem in every respect It Hartley Cleaning will be a pride to the mothers and fathers and a iredit to Tucson. Ilie boys and gu-js will Business Men Who realize the ur' gent need of the Boys and Gffls. Arizona Ice Cream & Candy Co. Mr. Hazelton Co. Oiocolate Shop A. L Stems D. a PhnaHayand Gram Co. Dooley Street TiKson can't turn back. It is at the cross roads of progress now. A victory for the school bonds will put it in the rimks of the progressive communities of tiie Southwest Every civic organization ui the city has endorsed the high school bonds. However, votes and not endorsements win elections. Consider the appeal m this pi^e, mvestigafe the proposition carefully and fau-ly and you will be convmced that you should vote for the bonds like your neighbor will Then go to flie polls Tuesday and let the world know that you want tiie very best schools pos- sible for tiie boys and gp-lsof Tucson. A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISPLAY ADA^RTISEMENT. AN EXAMPLE OF COOPERATION NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 99 THE FINANCING OF SCHOOL NEWS SERVICE In most cases, the financing of school publicity is a matter for A Program school board consideration. So far as newspaper service is con- jot School cerned, it is probable that little financial backing is necessary. If News. school news Is of the right sort, the newspapers will, in most cases, gladly print it at no cost to the system. Where funds are necessary to carry on publicity activities, they must be secured from a school board which has been convinced that the expenditure is justified, or they must be secured from individuals or organizations interested in this kind of school activity. THE COLLECTION OF SCHOOL NEWS The organization of this part of the publicity process will vary greatly. 1. Units for News Collection: Some of the units possible for the collection of the news material are as follows: {a) The whole school system, with news collectors assigned to pick up news wherever and whenever found. {b) The various administrative divisions, with one news collector responsible for covering all news that deals with the Buildings and Grounds Department, the Department of Research, etc. {c) The various teaching divisions into which the system is divided, with collectors responsible for news re- lating to Kindergarten Education, High School Education, Vocational Education, Athletics, Stu- dent Activities, and the like. {d) The individual schools or buildings, with one collector responsible for all news material relating to the activities of any one school or building. 2. The News Collectors: These are the school system's reporters. They can be se- lected from the following: A news director. Individual students. Superintendent of schools. Individual teachers. Clerk of the school board. English classes. Supervisors. Journalism classes. Principals. Sunday. March 6. 1&21. THE GREAT FALLS TRTBUITB f»«» Music Training Recognized in Great Falls Schools as Rid in Development of Alertness, Initiative and Precision A SCHOOL PAGE DEALING ENTIRELY WITH ONE SUBJECT NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 101 The type of organization will determine to some degree which A Program of these agencies shall be used. Facts presented in pre- for School vious chapters show that students are to a considerable News. extent being utilized for this purpose. 3. The Editing and Approving of News Collected: School news for newspaper publication should be edited. It will be edited by the newspaper. It should be edited by some one in the publicity organization of the school sys- tem. Such skilled editing will save labor and trouble for the newspaper and, more important still, it will make for less of error and mis-statement. News copy prepared by school systems and printed in the newspaper is evidence of the lack of proper editing based on a knowledge of good newspaper style. The type of organization for handling school news will to some extent determine the method of editing. If the organization is highly central- ized, the editing will necessarily be done by some central agency. If the organization is more representative, the responsibility of editing school news will probably be scattered among various persons. At the present time, the editing of school news is done by the following: News director. Superintendent of schools. Principals. Teachers. Athletic coach. English or journalism classes. Student editors. In many cases, the only editing which school news re- ceives is done by the newspaper organization. Some school people reporting on this subject expressed an opin- ion that in some cases the editing of news in the school system, especially by a central authority, might become censorship and that anything resembling this would be contrary to democratic ideals. This point is undoubtedly worthy of thought. It should be possible, however, to give to news prepared within the school system the benefit of editing without subjecting it to the evils of censorship. Much harm has been done to the cause of public school education by the unedited newspaper productions of irre- sponsible correspondents. FtODAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1921. GRADE SCHOOL CHILDREN WILL HONOR WASHINGTON SPG Ask Improvements at Gran Sblf-HoUr Programs Will ^helr views oC Waehtartoa and dls- 'Be,the Rule in Spokane *"" "' """ If ext Monday. . UnOTbB tk« UMfe klrilidBr »nul- Falrlfltle tvmW' At tb* Irvlns achool tho VArlous lETBdes will hold ezarcliea In thslr ! rootna. Patriotic aonsa vlll be Riven , aa pkrt of the program. .- «««■. nr..-kt.;.*». .«..■(. Puptl" al th" Whilmen achool will ,ymu7 or OwwBc WuHqvtn, ptiplla hoW (ittloe cMrolaee In their rooms At ■pokMBc sablU BchiKiU irUl pr«- Bionday mornlns> R^clt'ettona and ■Iwl ao-infpBtv 'yrekMnw U tbrlr readlnfa w|U be Included In the pro- .dtaol«om. rtd «»dIto^m. .«««. gr^j;^, „„^^ ^j„a^„j ^^y ^, ^1,„ «IV. BOH* ol w^P^>^M^^ll ^ Rooaevett achool will hold exerclaes """""" - -• — » ~ ' In tbo Bchoot auditorium. An 'Inter- eat Ins protra m baa baen ar ranged. " ,An ^erlcaj be s'** n'br t ■on achool. I Bome approprt The seven tt r U.5 The Public Schools fa nevon of botk WaaklMtoa .and AfeMAaiB LUeetn. '^ At the WaahlDCten acbool. named to bonor of the atateaman, aeparate Vrarrame will be civen In the dif- ferent Bchootrdoma. Theao will In- -«liide Benoral dllcuaaioti of tba ll.te and hialorr of WaahlnctoR. Tho puplU of the Stevena achool luire arranced a SO-mlnute procrai? ti-^rVflf ""■"'■' -XBrol»ii» will he What Schook Have Done, Are Doing and Will Do for Buffalo SPECIAL SATURDAY "NEWS" FEATURE \ THOUSAf'bs of mep, women and children do not kim^r bow our Public SehoolB have becom* the 'KSateway to Oppoitunlly/* . ''jr adulta ae-well as youth-^ NEWS will tell thaQh .'The 'Trades. Intlustry, Commeree, the Profesaloni, the HoM ■re'all vKslly Interested'-hovrinuch thby do not realU6 — THE NEWS will (how them. Pleturaa, letterp and snappy special artldea will tell the «tofy te'.|buay readen at • glance. . Th« f:'lde of 'our city dholild be its schools— re'ad wid grow The Public Sc hools What Schools Have Done, Are Doing and Will Do for Buffalo. DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION FLORENCE MANN. IHrector. AFTERNOON MOTHER'S CLASSES. Mm nm wmm Carl E. Croson Tells Direc- tors Group of Business Men Thinks Action Should' B,e Taken to Cut Expenses. The School colunui of the En^NDIO NX:w3 baa Inlormed its readers of vartoua phases ot adult education that are going on in Buffalo In cbarse of the Extenalon department 'ot the I Board ot Education. There (a one op- ' nortunliy, however, not previously ex-. '■ plained to NEWS readers which Is ! bringing a privilege into the Uvea .of ■ a Irt of Buffalo •women. We refer to the Mothers' claasea which have been organized In 19 different centers, meet- ing afternoons in public scbbol build- ings. When, we aay mothers wo mean just that. ItaHan mothci-s, Hungarian mothers, Polish mothers and Jusl plain American mothers, who have to meet the thousand and one problema which devolve upon all mothers. The pri'paj^ilon of suitable cloth- ing Is alwava one oC the blgBCst prob- lems. That la the one that these classeB aro primarily dcslBned to meel. However, In the case of the forolen-bom mother there la also the for the new baby to working over an old coat Into one for a ten-year-old -child. If . you are phllanthropically minded send some bf your old clothes to one (Of the tniaslons mentioned above. They may ' be a Godsend to some poor woman who either baa two or three babies or is oxpecting one. A Way to Happiness. Her^ la a typical case: Mra. Blank, with a baby a year and a half old in her .arms and a little toddler at, her knees we find In tears because not one garment is ready for the Uttle vis- itor soon expected. ' The School de- partment bad no funds with which toj buy material, but they have many good, friends and aoon this woman's tears wore turned to smiles. There are majiy such -women. Wh: not provide for one or more yoursell and know how pood It feels to havi been of eervice lo a fellow woman. In other classes the problem is oni HOMfeWORK ' 30 yeare, and has sent Ave chll- Th« \iSt,?r J tut °r. ? \^° ^^ ^'^.•' L dren there for Iheir preliminary edu- The people on the west side have only 3stf recently waked up^ to the fact that they ,th< must be represented on th school board, oU If they are to receive their share of con- |cl( flideration. The ideal school board should hti be composed of - three members from i each ward, which should Insure a fair b representation, . ^ji; "The people on the west side feel that y I they need a high school in the north- i : western part of Oie city. The site has been picked at Harrison park, where :h recreational advantages would be ex- in cellent, - ,, "The pupils who go ■ from the west ' \ side to Union-high have a long distarioejted to walk, especially when they come eei home to liinch, as most of thftn do. for < working people cannot afford either car fares or cafeteria service. The time for ken lunch is, very limited. Tho fact that tor children who have to complete their grade school work at Union must cross the ralirtad tracks is a source of worry to the pwentB. cation. She has two ch'llden there at present, and lives at 423 Pine avenue. N.-W. Followlngls Mns. L&mb's state- men^, regarding the school and Its needS?^ "Whtn I presented our petition to the aoho«|- board. I told them that we wanted a l|ew building, of course, but didn't expm^ to get it. but that we did feel we .^ould be given an addi- tion, built with' a view to oermanency. I also told them that wh^n they in* spected Pine school to give their con- sideration to what we have noL rather than to what we have. Our Janitor keeps our building in such good re- pair that I tell him he is standing In the way of our getting a new school. Sibley school is even newer than 'our 25-year-old addition, but it Is In worse rej}alr. "We want" a trym which can, be used -as an auditorium. One night nearly 200 parent* tried to equeeze into the kindergarten room, with the result 'As for Turner school, it Is the clnan.- Lit*!*'*' **"« mother tainted. The corri- ^' yntnrK-wem fiill. loo. The Parents liki children 16 blocks twice each weelC for manual training. At first the chil- dren were only allowed 16 minutes for the walk, which necessitated cut- ting through the Sibley street swamp. One day a teacher accompanied the children, and found (hat the time was entirely inadequate. The parents In- sist that the children take a half hour to cover the distance. Children who are never allowed to go more than two or three blocks away from home at any other time, must make the trip anaccompanied. "The children make a good deal of complaint about the school yard, but of course, ihey don't realize the shab- hiness of the building. It costs the, parents in the district a lot for broken windows. We have asked for the; high wire backstops, but i^ever got them. They wouM protect the' win- dows and keep the boys off the stone coping along the- -church property i '•Which adjoins' the playground, A chureh and school so close together, is not a good comblnatlgn. JIvery time there Is a funeral the children cannot spend their recess oufdoon. The condition seems unavoidable. However, Mr. Parjter, the pastor, is fine with, the children- h- /«•« '•iw^-.*^ The GranB the Gran -NO. 235 GRAND. RAPIDS. MIHjjq. 227 GRAND RAPIDS. MIC THE PALMER SCHOOL ' By EDITH ALLAN JACOX SevcntjjbfieTenth of a series of artlcle0~ In wfakli tho pobUo schools of Grand Rapids oro to be surveyed by a spedally ttill»cd miter, with a view of suggciniDg dianges and improvemcitts to 4. 3 advantotfe of pnpUs, teachers, parents and the city. Tbe artlclo conchir . the survey of Fainter Bf^iool. It also otmdudes-ttie series (or tho presents Mra C R. Dunk, 35' Travis avenue, N.. B., an ex-pre^dent of the £*a>Imer Patrons association, says Palmer school has never been in such fine condition as it is toCay. The children are being oared for from every angle of development — mentally, physically, morally. The principal Is alert to every necessity and Is constructive In her poUdee. The teachers are eym- pathetjc and conscientious and no matter what difficulty arises one has but to refer It to Mrs. Fink and a sat- isfactory adjustment Is always ob' tained. Neighbors say that the -children are very well behaved and helpful. They are taught their responsibility to their neighbors and (he older ones prevent the younger children from running ntr lawna or destroying property. If any- thing of the kind occurs Undoes so at. hours when Palmer school eorpa^Is not responsible for the conduct of the puDdla. , . . . The Mothers club Is a flonrlshing condition, and one of'the largest and most dynamic in the city. The under' nourished children are given milk dadly. This' work hss been going on for the last four years. When chil- dren 'aire up to weight and their vital- ity reetored, the milk diet is discon- tinued-. Another. Tptik With tho PrindpaL -Mrs. Fink said: "The health of the children Is the chief topic of discussion before- our Mothers clyb. Feur chap- ters .of the Health Crusaders In the school sufllce to check up the health habits of the pupdls and the health ^nOtlnna-In-the school bliildlng. THE DIAMOND SCHOOL By EDITH ALLAN JACOX Sixty-ninth elf a ecrles of articles in which tho pahllo schools of Grand Raplds-are to bo surveyed by a specially trained writer, with a view Of soff- geettng changes and iniproveincnts to tbe ad^'Mitage of pnpUsL teachers, par« cuts and the city. Hie arllclo bctglDs tho survey o< IMomond schooL It is to he continued. Plamo'nd school, iJlamond ave- i will have no more when the addition nue and Fountain street, according] is completed, but they will be right." to the testlm opyjjf Jhe patro ns, le[ Xalk WlUi the Prlndp&l. tEo '' principal then explained at me length, "When Congress was a !gh school, Slamond was built as a rimary school," she said. "I^ow .we jive an addition at each end of the was well 'plit upon an excellent stone fovnda< on. end has been well cared for. .- • 1 \'l think we have as pleasant a l^ca- lo'n and outlook as any school In the Ityr We are on a hill overlooking a 'Ide stretch of ^country. Including loiiseman athletic field of six ucres, .•here the Central high pupils do heir training, and our pupils use for lay ground. Our rooms are all light tnd airy. Our grounds are pretty. "hese large trees were set out after 'came to Diamond ns principal, more nan 20 year^ ago. ^ our addition Is completed tir. gymnasium will be larger than hat of any other grade school In the ity. and second In size to the one at :entral high. It wUl be 44 by 74 feet [nd one and a half stories high. There vlU be a movie booth at the north' ind and a regular stage with dreBSlng 'ooms at the south end. At present ife use. our long corridor for enter- ainments. We use .chairs to -seat 180 or movies, and can seat 200 for a play. "The upper floor In the addition will }e divided into three rooms to be' used '.Continued on Page 5.) PARENTS AND TEACHERS Those who read Mrs. Edith Allan Jacox's tiir.ely and illuminat ' ing articles in The News on the various public schools o£ GrandJt'*;"?' „^"'i'""/,'.iir'i''2. T* "J •!. 11 « .1^ . . . . . . unt upon an excellent Bti I Rapids will recall that she,devoted much attention to the work o£ ' the Parent-Teacher association. This organization has been thor- t oughly established here and it has been an effective force for good J in our schools. So far as we have been advised, there i? no national » organization in any other country which covers exactly the field in which the Parent-Teacher associations in the United States are ' active. There is every reason why in our American communities there should be' the closest co-operation between parents and school j teachers." Our 'Schools ite public inth* fullest sense, and it is only when fathers and. mothers concern themselves with the work of the schools, aiding and supplementing the efforts of the teachers, that the best results can be achieved. A Grand Rapids, where we pride ourselves on doing things pretty \yell, the Parent-Teacher associations have developed rather better ■ than in most cities. The Mothers clubs, as they are generally known, have been admirably managed. They have been kept almost wholly free from cliques. .They are thoroughly democratic. Class distinc- hons, which sa many like to preserve, have been eliminated, ana always the utmost -harmopy hasjreyailed. That is the principal SAMPLES OF ARTICLES IN A CONTINUOUS CAMPAIGN Nearly 100 of these articles were published in consecutive issues of the newspaper. They were always on the front page NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 105 2. Professional Relations: {a) The Distribution of School News. A Program Most cities have more than one newspaper. In pro- ?! '^ °° fessional relations between the school system and ^'"'^' these newspapers, fairness and impartiality should be maintained. This is extremely important. Some understanding should be arrived at, as to the fair distribution of school news which is prepared and given out by the school system. This arrange- ment will depend upon the local situation. It should be determined by representatives of school system and all newspapers. Some of the methods used by school systems to provide for fair distribu- tion of news were discussed in Chapter IV. They are for convenience listed briefly below. (j) All newspapers are entitled to news of the public school. Each newspaper has its own body of readers who are citi- zens of the community and patrons of the public school system. The stand- ing or character of a newspaper should not determine whether school news should be furnished. (2) Send duplicate copy of all news to each newspaper. (5) Where all papers issue a Sundiay edition save the big stories for this edition. (4) If desired, alternate news between news- papers. (5) If desired, separate the school news day into the respective fields which the newspapers cover. {h) Independent Securing of News by the Newspapers. A certain amount of school news will be secured and printed independently of the school news organiza- tion. The attitude of the school system in this matter should be to assist in every possible way the newspaper which initiates a school news story. Don't suppress or cover up anything. If the proper personal relations have been established, g^gj; THEBcffSAyD6BgLS>fe « if n i n i i w ' P '^* Boys* and Girls* Telegram MfltCrifll Publish6d TodflV Fnr*^^^ ^ ^' ^"* r^irrnll Pnrlri Cntiftrtl } nttn Prtnnti '«Ur frt t\xm irrtnngat^rn themselves, SCHOOL .^B^ «^ ^^ m. T HOM8 Copyright 1920, Associated Editors ' The Bjggost Little Paper In the World COPnWWEEK To Write the Material for ^he Boys' and Giris' Paper STUOTf SPOfTTS lii£ Boys AND GirlsNewspapei^ ti: PUkyi Copyright 1920, AnecUted Editon the Blggeit Little Paper In the World Edited by John H. Millar ^Material PabMed Today Is Furnished By Pupils of Lincolo School, Long Beach UNCOiN PUPILS END '" '''""" WEEK OF WRK FOR THElElillll Carroll Park Children to Do Tliis Work Next Week BO!S' AND GIRLS' {0APQI1RKIS AltRAKilE %id folk and yomig are watching wUH keen Intertiat the daily contri- ■ ftntSBUfi of grammar school pupils ROBIN HOOD Robin Hood was an oQtlaw who lived In the Sherwood forest with bis merry band of followers. He wore Lincoln green and was armed with a bow and arrow, roaming the forests over, robbing the rich and giving it to the poor. Tbus Jie spent his life. I like Robin Hood because he was bold of heart. MARGUERITE TURTLE, BB. MY GARDEN IHEIISJRV SA&tiN School's Tribune SNOWBALUNG. wttiTKa ^Pntfrs Stories by High School Stadents Twenty-sixth of a Series of Articles in The News Contest to Develop Writers Among the Boys and Girls of Grand Rapids. fUknrine axv the artMcs citoaea by the editor tmm am/mg tbose snb- mltted during the post week bp Ifio lUch school etndmte In The Neva oontcst, Tbla Is iho twcnty-alrtb scrtos of ortldes ecfootcd. Oth^s wiA be poUJ^Kd on suoccsslvo Saturdayai Unch Ado About a Bug: By ROBERT TOOT drade 9-2, Uxiion Hlfih School cujuntry road. Now and -then w« parsed over culverts with brooks ol clear, sparkling water flowing through them. Birds and bugs of all descrip- tlona were flying In tho air. Stories by High School Students Twenty-seventh of a Series of Articles in Tlie News Contest to Develop Writers Among the Boys and Girls of Grand Rapids. It, 11, t-A. I all throtigh the town t wkitlmg down, tg an^rei, with pure white, through the long night, •n came at last, ! the enow drifted fast, ley alt reached the hill, ■oaa "fit to kUl." couldn't be beat, for. the feet, lewly greased boot — "chute the chute." their shiis at the slides, the old bob rides, hes all cold and wet, ■,g and jtist what you'll get. at so sore and hoarse, timer time, of course. COASTING. PoUOCTlne are (he articles cboecn bT the editor rrom amonjp those sob-' ndtted during the past w«ck br Ibe taleh sdiool KOidenta lia tiui News odd. ve^L TbJa la the twenty .scvcntii aeilca of articles ftdccted. otbe» will bej pBUlabcd on sooccssItc Saliirda;& Uy First Swimming Lesson By TMRIS KENT Grade 11-2 South Hlgb School High School Contest Will End Next Week that deficiency would soon be rem* edled. As I tripped gaily down the beach, wearing a nice new bathing suit which I disliked terribly to get weta I plc- ^red myself as the winner of swtni- ilng meets, canrlng home beautlfnl --ophles, and rescuing unfortonate IventurerB. Of conrse swimming was lay. It didn't- look at aU difficult. It as all in- knowing what to do. To Ly that WM "ddn .disllluflloned would' i stating It tDlfdly. Bob, my brother, ,and would-b&>in- %uctor, was alrduly .Ut ihe'water and hen bA^ . •aw-ii^me, he- called out; The literary contest among the high school students, which The News has been condueUnff since early in th^ > - .^ . - school year, will end next Saturday, Hurry up; the^watbj; l>'^nS'-«ot.a May 28. The teachers have requested^ It cord." ",'■„- ^ that it be brought to an end, as few, HIa t^kinf JUtetroubJe tff Inform me composltlona are heing written this' >at thp water-^^ wfarm, warned me. late In the school year. Next week wUl see the twenty-ninth series of weekly contests, which have aroused bo much Interest. The raee between the schools for the -honor of winning first pitfce Is eXtMmely dose. Full particulars will be given next THE SNOWMAN. BT HELBN BRIOOB, X-B. Mildred and I love to make a snowman in the yard, it la eo much fun. * I awoke onemorolnc and eaw erer^hlng covered with- beaur tlful snow. 1 was so happy as it was not very cold and just the day for making a snowman. We put ou our gloves, coats, and stocking- caps. Then the fun began. We made a snowball w|th our hands, then rolled it on tho ground nntll it was as large aa we wanted it for the body. Next we made a smaller ball for a head. We used two sticks for arms, and coal for the mouth. Our snowman was done and we were ready for our supper. BT MAajORIB CliARK, 4-A. THE SNOW. BT ICARJOaiB CLAAS. 'VA. Nothing Is Quite so clean and white As the snow when It falls at night. -^ And oh, what fun to Jump from bed, Pat on yonr clothes and get your Bled. Boots, and mittens, caps, 'and. We don't care if we do have a Call ■ Into that flaffy, feathery fleece. Soft an down from grandpa's geese. THE SNOW FLAKES BT AUCB.UUAPHT. S-A. See the pretty anow flakes* nylnK In the aif. BeatitKul UtUe anov flakes. Whltimg ererywliere. CAGED LIONS. WINTER. gingerly let p. fr^^ob'Of my small- tt. toft touch<^the watef a'nd quickly rew It back^ Nof cold, indeed! It as" fust like ice water! Neverthe- 1 was determined' to learn to vijh, and I wouMn>t have Bob 'think waa a quitter, so. after summoning BT im.DIu;D SCRUBT. IB. SB. Wuterl Wlnterl cold and gray. Hkve yon come with as to euy? If you're kind and isdldyou may But if cold aftd blcnk, please go away. For we love to ran and play All .thoogbt the live long day. We wish- to skate o'er river and lake. DEPARTMENTS IN A DAILY NEWSPAPER CONTRIBUTED BY SCHOOL CHILDREN NEWSPAPER P UBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 107 the newspaper organization and the school news A Program service staff will determine together whether it is ior School for the interests of the community and the school News to publish certain school news . This does not imply "censorship" or "control" of news channels. It does imply cooperative good citizenship on the part of school and press. Some school authorities be- lieve that all school news should be secured and prepared independently by newspapers. {c) Professional Assistance by Newspaper Organization. It is the business of the newspaper staff to know how to secure, prepare, and present news to the public. The school news service organization should take advantage of this skill. Advice from editors, in- struction by skilled reporters, any assistance which can be secured, will make the school publicity ser- vice the more effective. It may be that the news- papers should be represented in the school sys- tem's organization. WHAT SCHOOL NEWS SHALL BE PRESENTED? 1. Subject Matter. Distinguish between news and propaganda. Omit personal exploitation. Don't forget that it is the unusual that makes news. Routine is not news. Play up the "human" element in news. 2. Types of School News. This matter will require the careful consideration of the school news service organization. It will, of course, have to be determined finally by the decision of the newspaper organ- ization as to the types of school news which it wishes to publish. Below, the different possible types and depart- ments will be briefly discussed. Such of these as seem desirable can be selected to make up the year's publicity program. {a) News as such: From a consideration of the opinion of news- paper editors, it is evident that this is the NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 109 type of school news which the newspaper is A Program most anxious to secure. It must contain for School the elements of news, namely, general inter- News. est, timeliness, the unusual. It must con- tain the elements of newspaper style, a statement of facts, simplicity, conciseness, with the gist of the story in the first para- graph or 'lead'. To some extent, the hap- pening of events will determine the publica- tion of this type of news, but, when skill in discovering and emphasizing the news "story" is acquired, many a subject which is now treated as propaganda or discussion can much more successfully accomplish its end as "news". School "news as such" will compete with other news. Its position will depend upon the elements in it which determine the position of all news in the paper. This type of school news should more and more receive the emphasis. It meets with the especial approval of editors. It will be read by more general newspaper readers than any other type. It is illus- trated in Figure 23, page li. ib) A School Page. It may be possible to arrange for a school page in the newspaper. There are two kinds : (/) A page which is a miniature news- paper of the system dealing with various matters, such as that shown in Figure 24, page 14. (2) A page in which only one subject is treated at a time as shown in Figure 13, page 100. The school page will be read mostly by those al- ready interested in the school. It is a good medium through which to interest and gain the cooperation of patrons; it may serve as a means of creating "esprit de corps" among the teaching staff; it can be used to ^■^^mi'^s^i^f^e^^ft'^mmCW^^ One of iowa^s Most Widely Known Colleges-Grinneir EDUCATIONAL PUBLICITY DE LUXE— THE SUNDAY ROTOGRAVURE SECTION NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 111 create and maintain the interest of school A Program children. Illustrations will increase the for School effectiveness of the school page. They will News. be worth while, even if the school^system has to pay for them. (c) The School Column. This type is a miniature of the school page. It is used where a whole page is not available. Like the school page, it is of two kinds, both of which are illustrated in Figure 14, page 102 and Figure 28, page 95. {d) Special School News Feature Articles. This type of school news is also in great favor with newspaper editors. They believe it is much more effective than the fixed types such as the school column. The news feature story permits the interesting features of the school system to be brought to the attention of the public. This type differs from "news as such" in that it can be longer; it can go into more detail; it permits more use of illustrations. Several of these feature articles are shown in Figure 27, page 6. Figure 15, page 104 illustrates the fact that school news does command place on the front page. The articles illus- trated were part of a series which ap- peared approximately 100 times on the front page of the newspaper. They were evidently prepared by a special correspon- dent, and cover each public school in the city. {e) School Notes. These are most often written by a student re- porter. High school notes are most com- mon, but elementary school notes are pub- lished in some newspapers. As a usual thing, they deal with student activities, student personals, and the social happen- ings of the school. In most instances, they are very badly done. In some publicity programs they may find a place, but they should be carefully planned and edited, and be made to add to the whole program. Now, My Idea I s This! Talks With Thinking Buffalonians on Subjects They Know Best BUFFALO'S PART-TIME SCHOOLS. By WILLIAM J, ftEGAN. (Director ot Bnflalofs Part-Tlm« Sduxria.) A great majiy employers In the city 'ure concerned -with the operation of that section of the educational law oC the state relatlns to the operation of compulsory part-time schoola. The majority of the 14 to 18 year old chUdren. in fact approximate y two- thirds of all the ChUdren within these ages, march directly from the Bcho«l to the factorv, from the class room to. the work shop, where there are no facilities for continuing their general educatloni The most of them are un- trained Industrially, at the start, and therefore cannot profit, except In a small degree, from the InstrucUona given by journeymen, pieceworkers ana shop foremen. They drift, for the most part, into de-educative jobs and Uien trom one job to another. They are timid in the 14 and 10 year old groups, their morale. Is low. they are '" . '^^ most vital, formative years of their From ToAay*» Contributing Editor 'tn- j Hn. JunM W. Bv J. O. KmdnU A LlfTLE MORE KINDNESS, PLEASEI The country awolce- to the fact, noi ^ealtU long ago. that school-teachers had anjguldaS aversion to being star\'ed to death. Itjtenaio was silly of them, but there you werel ' They were presumed to realize that they were In a noble calling whose rewards were ever so much better than money. By way of answering this argument they decided to quit the job. the city and the state In the elementar education of those children who leav school at an early age. It Is good busl ness to conserve this Investment ani to make it yield the return that aocleti has the right to expect. The part-tlmi school Is a mrans to this end. The functions of ihe part-time achoo therefore become plsffn. The gap be twecn the idealistic school life and th practical life of employment must bridged. The means of Jntellectual am educational advancement which wer lost with the passing of the apprentice ship system must be replaced. Soclet; must be protected by reducing thi ranks of the unfortunate and the ignor ant. Further training In the Cunda^ mentals of education must be glvei but It must be offered in such fom as the youn.T worker will accept. Thi deadening hirtuence of automatic wort must be ci'-'set and a more perfecf democracy must be . established affordii - - . tunlty Thf. ing ihi emplo; lyzirig operati with with show Ity open; — his &. make ; nomic |on tb< are tt schooT may : healtU FIRST AID. fALKlNG about schools, the future * appears very rosy when contrasted with the rottenness of the present. The buildlnRS In which a majority of out school children are now housed are not healthful nor safe nor adequate. Manj of we structures are of such character that a parent would be justified, mor- ally, in refusing to permit his children to enter them, but the compulsory at- tendance law will not let him exer- cise, this parental prerogative of .sate- giinrting the life of his children. Eveiy child must go to school for a given period, so says the law, but the low, which is always wise and jns^ does not say anything about the kind of building a govemmeot, which forces at- tendance upon school, sball provide for those who are required to attend. It may be because men <;annot be mbral without enacted laws demanding U — such Z believe is the view of ,onr re^ Mr. Lesor edged In a typical Maryland excuse by easing: "Baltimore is nat- urally low in fnat Kst 6ecau-se WW i«re done our school building oat of the an- nual levy." Then came Dr. ^trayWB wallop, not for MtiXeser alone, -bntfoT the whole clan of BalUmoreans: That would be all right il you l^ad decent school buildmpi to show for it It would be an onfortonatfr thing for Baltimore, indeed, if, .after the seven millions have been spent, we should stUI feel called on to make excnaea. If, when we boast about the wonderful waabed^r we feed to a aegligible percentage of onr children, somebody who Ipows were to rise and say "But 80 per cent of yonr children, apd those among the younger ones to whom -cleanliness is bo vital, can- not wash tifcir hands dnrin|; the school day, and a i^gs nnmber cashot get H drink bf wfit« dunogsctiool ^^IJ-*"* cause no facilities Save been ■Br9mB(L''i;'-'_ OUR OPINIONS Three Simple, Pretty Styles for High School Girls. BY PtaSCILLA WAYNE. At a recent meeting at the We4t high Parent- S Teachers' association, eighth girls of the luiit school participated in a "style" show. These . . ^^"Jarethreeof the styles shown, any one of which tens of thousands d( them, and And | sub! is pretty and suitable and within the reach of out what eamlns a real living was j elf ij any girl. ur Scfio Publi "'skirt ana worn by one-piece dress hy \g at the ri£:ht) and {ston (seated). jbthe the ir daUghtera 1 these. I al jray AH, HAI A SURVUY! QUR energetic School Board on Thurs- day arranged to" have the Baltimore school system surveyed atlasfc. It wisely selected the one individual ^vh-ara. oplo" o-are only They rt of thine tempted to leave school becauae they cannot "keep up." Here are more letters on the subject of snob- bery in the high schools, ahd the effect it has u-poa those' wha are unable to maintain the pace set What do you think? Do you think ^ high school boys and giria of today ax6 snobbish? Do you bdieve Qie wear^ ing of a standard high school costume would help tbe situation? WhatDQvnntMnV? PUBLIC SERVICE JvnoB epoke a sel^-eviafint tact when he asserted before the woman's olub that parents aro to blame Vor the culprits who fill thet. Detention Home. The aole. reBgonslblHty for who (This Mries of ftrticlu Maemblad by th« Heme Burun^ot th« Chftmbf r of Commerce Is prepared., by obseinrera ^- „ dic- ferent walks of life, for the purpoas of cnjllns to the atten- tion of the pubUcr the prevalcnco of .malnutrition amons children tn Bpohano and tta Mfccta on adulta. Ariicler will be presented from tho view point of «n army medical offl- cFr, a tuberculoBlB Bpeolallat. ^ bUalnesa mwk. a labor leader and a physical director.) [llins are a reflac- fatber — fore planniflB— oK even before abandon* ing plan— to stop, look and ^iSten so as to make sure that fhcy -were" headed in the right direction. , If the Mayor jumticd at bis task prematurely, responaibllity for ' his blunders rests with liim , if the CJommission did the same- thing, it was doubtless prompted by puttiqg complete faith in the conclusions that Mr." BrocU' ing's ability to J*""*! «"» «"""' *" *»'• willingness to aa Baltimoreans I believe that thj did all it coiild Q t-i ii xr «. •*• _ taken; but this. Faulty NutntioH iSuXnaffoun] . By MB8. WILL,A« X CHALLMAN. hour were uncert^WntHtl^OB Project Leader. Home Bureau of Okamber ofj>n whom tailing on the su Commerce. sertcd in this dep{ . , . can be said on Bf^eniog bad'pu. inite course, t| Bonrd would b make the aurvej after montha of ing and the Siirv Perhaps this i for Dr. Stroyer city at least a: the General Bdu it will be comph CITT( DUT the aspect appeal to the conatructiv only two have tions. The Oe conducted the G Sage Foundatio) sponsibility as tl the Cleveland a The learned Delmquent Homes — ^Delinqupnt ChUdren. By BfBS. J. E. LESLIBL BULBURT only olMnden eoma would lead on* b answet- ly of the ira. The f, fault- A careful survey by the Spokane pubUo school healthy ^j, ^^^g department, in which over 40OO children wero welghedi^ge j^er and measured, reveals a high percentage o£ mal-. nutrition. It Is aq marked here as In Boston and, )n Chicago, where (n.yestlga- tlon hy the eminent f:hlld speolaliHt, I>r. E^nerBO^, HhoWH that one In ev«ry three children Is mnl- nourlahed. This same ratio of men unfit for mlUtar> service^ existed In the dralt however, say mi for tho great war. The fact the surveys com plainly suggests thai chll- Loms, St. Paulj ^^^^ below normal become e»rupvj> are her4 "outBrnw U.- Wha± -kci to think that the parents have no Idea of an Ideal of any- thing, lictters to the Bxpcrl'- ence Column — thousands of them— from children com- plaining of dmnken fathers a^d nagging mothers maklnff home anything but what the word means, would point to an utter lack of Ideals. These letters either say that the little writers love mother and try to please her, bat In vain, or else they have reached the stage where their Aatural love has turned to hate— a condi- tion wblch seems revoltlnglr Impoulblo to these whose homas are what God meant hom* to be. Charoh and school can help In the moral and ethical train- ing of chtldr«n, but unlaaa there is the home foundation, their work bears merely eupecflolal results that vtll net stand the strain of tbe world's temptation or the childish da* fiailce and sense of Injustice that .floods the whole belnc of the little Injured one. The fttmosphera of love at home Is ihe beat safeguard against the Juvenlla oourb-^ not only love, for even the meanest parent hae a natural love tor his child— bat the atmosphere that comes from love expressed without r*- etralnt. THE SPECIAL COLUMN FINDS SCHOOL MATTERS OF INTEREST NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 113 (0 School Athletic News. A Program for School From the reports of editors and superintendents, jv^^^jj it was learned that a large amount of school athletic news gets into the newspaper. It was stated that this side |of school life is over-emphasized by the press. However that may be, athletic news plays a promi- nent part in school news. It should be as carefully prepared as any other school news and, whenever possible, made to in- form the reading public of the relation be- tween school and sport. It cannot be denied that this is one channel through which certain citizens can be interested in the public school system. Probably its proper position is on the general athletic page. In some instances, public school sport news is considered of front page and editorial column importance. (g) Parent Teacher Association Notes. A large majority of editors rated this kind of news very highly. It should have an im- portant place in any publicity program. This importance will, of course, depend upon the importance of the Parent Teacher organi- zation in the system. The opinion of school patrons relative to school matters will find a place for its expression in this type of news. ih) School Board Meeting News. This is a very common kind of news. It is usually covered by the newspaper itself. It is often the subject of sensationalism. A carefully prepared account of school board meetings, if furnished to the newspapers, might avoid some of this sensational treat- ment. (i) Local Teachers' Club News. Where such organizations exist, news as to their activities should be made a part of the publicity program. The point of view -of Do Not Forget to Vote on Monday at the Davenport School Election Dr. Stray er Stirs C. of C. on School Needs. By Stein lUTAkfYouOirr To THe J.oiUftFElW»u AMD WWvTnEffi. MV.MW.OyWAT , woNBeifHjL. y STKeers Voov . BCiIMeFBftT HuRay ON THE NoURtSHNVENT, ma! T'tA IN A BIG RUSH '.; I*"* «5,* °' 'TSfMsa c/v>iF To xoiu/v> N*TX. coMMiriEE OF ■me cMAMBen of roMMBrtCE Co-oPEBATIOM UUITH POBt'C fSS^.'i* ■ 5^^;*^^™ n> SEE ooR seiteot. 8u/i,o;a»<;s But wfts '^ftTiFiED To SEE Utw PuP/AS *»^nE P/^erteo /\j -'CwmBCAj Cam THIS Trft«i(+roM" s*i6 rte 1'BUT, 1 HAUB FOUMO Coco TUfAKiP ABOUT ■BSlSOEPOiZr-OAlE IS. Yoo 37!4U0 THiec OF THE CITIES ;a1 the BIST (N B65-AC Tb ApeouWre TB/^crtegt fbMBgAlS^T Let^s Keep Gomg Until We Get to First Street CARTOONS ADAPTED TO SCHOOL PUBLICITY NEWSPAPER PU BLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 115 the teacher makes good news. An example A Program in Figure 28, page 95 shows how one news- ior School paper treats news about teachers. News. if) A Page or Department Contributed by School Children. Figure 16, page 106 shows how this type is featured in Long Branch, California; Des Moines, Iowa; and Grand Rapids, Michigan. It differs from school notes prepared by stu- dents in that the articles, as will be seen, are not of a news character. Its value is probably two fold: first, to interest the children in newspaper writing; and, sec- ondly, to interest the parents in the school. It can be adapted to any grade through the High School. Several editors expressed in- terest in this type of news. (k) Editorials. The use of the editorial for discussing school matters is controlled by the newspaper. Some editors believe that this is the only division of the newspaper which should carry propaganda for, or state opinions rela- tive to, school matters. It is clear that the editorial carries great weight. The proper relations between the school system and the editor will make it possible to secure for education that editorial discussion to which its importance entitles it. Figure 25, page 24 illustrates editorial discussion of school matters. (/) The Sunday Magazine and Picture Supplement. School news finds its place in the Sunday edition. It is a good edition for school news. The Sunday magazine is adapted to articles of considerable length. A series of such arti- cles on school matters could be made a very important part in a publicity program. Pictures are a good publicity. The Roto- gravure Section of the modern Sunday newspaper offers excellent opportunity for picturing the plant and activities of the Enrollment in Bangor Public Schools on Sept 1, 1920 Fbm ^E^renaen J IBZ(^ '/let Gr/IDC Tf\BLE- How Akro «)ollar Is an hAB jB9t bee BcedL aupeiH There are expenditure of these has ly .T>r. Mr. .1 'eomparlaoR with other the tflatrlbn The 41act>u> peodlture. o Wn OlfrUe of this ytmi Compared eountrr, ac City School bureau of Alcron mak ■howiitff There were 107 pupUs m the first grade last year. 1920-21. Thirty two were absent less than two days a month, and every single one of them was promoted^ 100. per cent promotioQ. CHARTS AND GRAPHS WHICH HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED IN NEWSPAPERS NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 117 school system; colleges have utilized this A Program kind of publicity to a considerable extent, jor School A public school news organization ought to News. be able to convince an editor that the public schools of any city offer splendid subjects for rotogravure pictures in the Sunday edi- tion. Figures 17 and 18, pages 108 and no show school news in the Sunday edition. (m) The "Column". Figure 19, page 112 shows that the special columns find school news of interest. The special column writer may be made a valuable member of any public school news organization. (n) Cartoons. To some, the use of cartoons to carry school news may seem undignified. However that may be, many reforms have been achieved by the use of newspaper cartoons. Figure 20, page 114 shows some examples of the cartoon as adapted to school news purposes. Observation will prove that cartoons are much read. They have the quality of being easily understood. They have a place in some school publicity programs. (0) Charts and Graphs, The school man is rapidly coming to use charts and graphs to express school facts. They undoubtedly should be utilized in a news- paper program. Figure 21, page 116 shows some that have been published in news- papers. Their use, however, should be carefully governed by the results desired. For the general reader, only the simplest charts and graphs are effective. Those which contain the elements of the picture are the most effective. (p) Display Advertising. Conditions may make it advisable to use paid display advertising. Oftentimes the ex- pense of such publicity will be borne by civic organizations. Figures 12 and 22, pages 98 and 118 illustrate this form of publicity. ■O^OI "Our Boys and Girls First" 1. The people of Bucyrus wemt good schools. 2. Good schools are not possible without good teachers ahd good buildings. 3. Good teachers must be paid living wages, and good buildings cost money. 4. Public education is a business proposition, most likely our city's biggest business undertaking. 5. Every citizen must assume his share of the responsibili- ty for public education— that's what "Ameijca" means. Vote tor the Two Mill Levy to Properly Officer Our Schools and Additional Bond Issue to Complete the New High School Election August lO, 1920 "Our Boys and Girls First" Are Your Children On Part Time? There will be a Public Meeting to discuss THE School Bond Issue Tuesday. MARCH 15 AT a r. H. HIGH SCHOOL AUOrrORIUM Your Boy Is Going to School of Course Oneof ltii> f[rrnr«« "h"" wilt run «« MrIi an |(l.OO. Sampliners Put On The Roof You wouldn't build a house and leave off the' toof would you? That's just what we are up against with the New Bucyrus High School. There is money enough to build the building but not enough to finish the sec- ond floor. The second floor is a vital part as it is divided into school rooms and this room is absolutely needeJ. Temporary hame buildings at three dif- ferent places prove that we need more rooms and of a creditable kind. SCOTTISH RITE IS BACK OF BONDS FOR NEW HIGH SCHOOL WlKfcas. It hu been pr^Kued tint tlic city of TuoCn, by ■pecia) election for thai parposr, issue bonds in the sum of 5750,000 for rhe purpose of fi'iuciciiig the crcdion of s modem and com' modious high kIiooI building; and, Wliereoi, The individual nienibers of ttiis body ha\e given careful consideraiioii and thought to tlie nc(dsx>f Tucson for such an institDtioR; and, Whereas, It il (He unanimous co^tcnius nf opinion of this body that nothing shoi^ of a builditig eapablc of accommodating tlie rapidly increasing attendance for a number of yean in the future should be erected, and (liat such a building Is seriously dft* manded immedialely ; now therefore Jx it Resolved by Arizona Consistory No. 1, Scottish Site Masons, That it is for the best interest of ihe citizens of Tucson that the proposed bond blue of ^750,000 be favorably considered by the iniled (a-Niayers of school district No. 1 ; and, be it further Resolved, That Arizona Consistory No. 1, Scottish Rite Mar wni, hereby manifesti its fullest support of the aforesaid bond e H i o The Man Who Knows Tlie norM ix nxliins f.\<-\\ : W1ir»(i nnr )Mdf'">'< I'wonip (pjH'n; whnt M-Iit-l i'HiN im* miid^ tne Ihi' |!tn«(>a (ibriid,-t>'liii Ik Hip nmn (tiiil bi 'irri-n-il flit> oppoHiinltt ? It Is The "Man Who Knows" Vufi i-iui prcpm-'' ynurxi-lf fur m liir;.f |tliirc in liif wnrlil liv 4""'»i: r<''ii1.v nii»' lit I'litiT K.-I111 >1 8KrTEMiir-:i< rrrii. niii] lir ninilnnlngyiiir Kluiltif uuiilj-.m ^vl iIil',Ih-k| cdii- i-uljiin tjiiit ili^'fiu))ifr wIiiuiIn ciin iittn liinnnlH niiitiliit; ,«iMl THvm'ic fuliiJ' *\fiy The Man Who Knows The Grand Junction Public Schook TO THE CITIZENS OF ERIE (Article 2) Do you realize that the inccieased cost of labor and supplies affects the school system to the same degree as that of the merchant, manufacturer or private citizen? The operation of a school lystem consists entirely of supplies and si laries of employes. Teachers must be id liv- ing wages or compelled to seek c er vo- cations. The School Board must ay the market price for coal, paper j-d all ►necessary supplies, which have a 'ibled and tripled in price. The question to be decided is whether the completion of the East High School shall be financed by adding an ad- ditional five mills to the operating costs or Come on Education The Best Investment Fellows, School Begins Next Tuesday N'br.iil la-idliH wxt TiitMdiiy— Yiru licat it on ewrj Twiul TiMflnTx iitc Ik-i!uii!:!ib tu iirrlvc-frvm tJietr miu- iiu-v nii-iitUini nud iin> liiokl'.ij! fui' miiuiH.. Ptople uro liu>^ iuK In fi-iim yniTiiniulJuit bmira nm) riuiutry to thift lliclr iHiyh mill ;riHi' limy lijii-riidvuntnRcnt (iniud.Janc r i.irM -|;l!iii!!ii -rli'-iin. Tin- nrv ntldltina t» the Bleb Ki-Iiiiil i» luiiivlciwl. J^f r.vtliluE In In rcitdfnew for (h# ci'imtiyV liinErat niii(hu««7-f<|nlpi)lnf (tw boy« nad pirU ltnetii in Ihe wnrhL* The Fair Stare li (uUy prepued te MM onn n- qulTMneBt In Mtiitaetet]iScbeolCMk*bita)iaK< llilt of bU tpt. Have The CIiiMren Take Thi* titk of Supplies With Them the Fint Day of School I. couiavk nil 'he SMAtA lopnliw a* anpev^ ^ jte lAi^ DISPLAY ADVERTISEMENTS LOCAL MERCHANTS ARE OFTEN WILLING TO ADVERTISE THE SCHOOLS NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 119 (q) As a Part of the Continuous Campaign, some school /i Program systems have been enabled to secure special for School editions of the newspaper for school publicity. News In some cases, the entire edition of the paper has been prepared by the students of a school system or journalism class. In some cases, a special "School Number" has been issued. Figure 26, page 42 illus- trates this cooperation on the part of the newspaper. CONCLUSION' A public school publicity or news program should be developed as a part of the whole educational program with the cooperation and advice of newspaper organizations. If it is carefully planned, thor- oughly organized, and systematically carried out, it will prove to be of great benefit to the school system. It will be a most powerful agency for securing the interest, cooperation, and support of the pub- lic, without which progress is impossible. 120 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS APPENDIX A NEWSPAPERS FROM WHICH THE MATERIAL FOR THE NUMBER COUNT AND COLUMN INCH MEASUREMENT WAS SECURED City State Akron Ohio Boise Idaho Buffalo New York Canton Ohio Davenport Iowa Denver Colorado Des Moines Iowa Detroit Michigan Great Falls Montana Haverhill Massachusetts Lincoln Nebraska Long Beach California Manchester New Hampshire. . . Muskegon Michigan Newark New Jersey Oakland CaUfomia Rochester New York Rockford Illinois Salt Lake City Utah San Diego California Scranton Pennsylvania Seattle Washington Spokane Washington White Plains New York Wichita Kansas Name of Ne/wspaper . The Akron Times . The Idaho Daily Statesman • The Buffalo Evening News . The Evening Repository .The Davenport Times . The Denver Post . The Des Moines Register . The Detroit News .The Great Falls Tribune .The Haverhill Gazette . The Nebraska State Journal .The Daily Telegram .The Manchester Union . The Muskegon Chronicle . The Newark Evening News .The Oakland Tribune . The Democrat-Chronicle .The Rockford Daily Register-Gazette .The Salt Lake Tribune .The San Diego Union . The Scranton Times .The Seattle Daily Times .The Spokane-Chronicle . The Daily Reporter . The Wichita Daily Eagle NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 121 APPENDIX B. DAILY NEWSPAPERS COOPERATING IN THIS STUDY NEWSPAPERS IN CITIES OF 100,000 AND OVER '-''% Name oj Paper Edition 1. Akron.Ohio The Times Evening and Sunday 2. Boston, Mass The American Evening and Sunday 3. Boston,Mass The Christian Science Monitor Morning 4. Boston, Mass The Transcript Evening 5. Birmingham, Ala The News Evening and Sunday 6. Bridgeport, Conn The Post Evening and Sunday 7. Buffalo, N.Y The News Evening 8. Chioago,m The News Evening 9. Cincinnati, Ohio The Post Evening 10. Dayton, Ohio The News Evening and Sunday 11. Des Moines, la The Register Morning and Sunday 12. Detroit, Mich The News Evening and Sunday 13. Grand Rapids, Mich The Press Evening 14. Independence, Mo The Examiner, Evening 15. Kansas City, Mo The Star Evening and Sunday 16. Louisville, Ky The Times Evening 17. Milwaukee, Wis The Journal Evening and Sunday 18. Mmneapolis, Minn The Tribune Morning, Evening and Sunday 19. Newark, N.J The News Evening 20. Philadelphia, Pa.. . ' The Inquirer Morning and Sunday 21. Portland, Ore The Oregonian Morning and Sunday 22. St. Louis, Mo The Globe Democrat Morning and Simday 23. St. Louis, Mo The Post Dispatch Evening and Sunday 24. Scranton, Pa The Times Evening 25. Seattle, "Wash The Times Evening and Sunday NEWSPAPERS IN CITIES OF 30,000 TO 100,000 City Name of Paper Edition 1. AUentown, Pa The Call Morning and Sunday 2. Canton, Ohio The Repository Evening and Sunday 3. Charleston, S. C The Post Evening 4. Chattanooga, Tenn The Times Morning and Sunday 5. Columbia, S. C The State Morning and Sunday 6. Davenport, la The Times Evening 7. Duluth, Minn The Herald Evening 8. Elmira, N. Y The Star Gazette Evening 9. Fort Wayne, Ind The Journal Gazette Morning and Sunday 10. Gary, Ind The Post and Tribune Evening- 11. Lewiston, Me The Journal Evening and Sunday 12. Lima, Ohio The News and Times Democrat Morning, Evening and Sunday 13. Macon, Ga The Telegraph Morning and Sunday 14. Manchester, N. H The Union Morning 15. Montgomery, Ala The Journal Evening and Sunday 16. Newport, R. I The News Evening 17. Ogden, Utah The Standard Examiner Evening and Sunday 18. Oklahoma City, Okla The Oklatioman Morning and Sunday 19. Passaic, N. J The Herald Evening 20. Perth Amboy, N. J The News Evening 21. Pittsfield, Mass The Berkshire Eagle Evening 22. Portland, Me The Express and Advertiser Evening and Sunday 122 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS Name of Payer Edition 23. St. Joseph, Mo The News Press Evening 24. Saginaw, Mich The News Courier Evening and Sunday 25. South Bend, Ind The Tribune Evening 26. Springfield, 111 The Illinois State Journal Morning and Sunday 27. Tacoma, Wash The News Tribune Evening 28. Taunton, Mass The Gazette Evening 29. Terre Haute, Ind The Star Morning and Sunday 30. Troy, N. Y The Record Morning and Evening 31. Utica, N. Y The Press Morning 32. Wichita, Kan The Eagle Morning and Sunday NEWSPAPERS IN CITIES OF LESS THAN 30,000 1. Albion, Mich The Recorder Evening 2. Athens, Ohio The Messenger Evening 3. Bellin^am, Wash The Herald Evening 4. Brownsville, Tex The Herald Evening and Sunday 5. Burliagton, Vt The Free Press Morning 6. Casper, Wyo The Tribune Evening 7. Cedar Falls, la The Record Evening 8. Cheyenne, Wyo The Wyoming State Tribune and Leader Morning, Evening and Sunday 9. Elkhart, Ind The Truth Evening 10. Fargo, N. D The Forum Evening 11. Fort Dodge, la The Messenger and Chronicle Evening 12. Grand Forks, N. D The Herald Morning, Evening and Sunday 13. Greeley, Col The Tribune and Republican Morning and Evening 14. Henderson, N. C The Dispatch Evening 15. Idaho Falls, Idaho The Times Register Morning and Sunday 16. Jackson, Miss The News Evening and Sunday 17. Keene, N. H The Sentinel Evening 18. Keyser, W. Va The Mineral News Evening 19. Key West, Fla The Citizen Evening 20. Little Falls, Minn The Transcript Evening 21. Logan, Utah The Joinnal- Evening 22. Marion, Ohio The Star Evening 23. Meridian, Miss The Star Evening and Sunday 24. Moultrie, Ga The Observer Evening 25. Nashua, N. H The Telegraph Evening 26. New London, Conn The Day Evening 27. Pocatello, Idaho The Tribune Evening 28. Pulaski, Va The Southwest Times and News Review Evening 29. Raleigh, N. C The News and Observer Morning and Sunday 30. Rutland, Vt The Herald Morning 31. Rome, Ga The News Evening and Sunday 32. St. Cloud, Minn The Journal Press Evening 33. San Bernardino, Calif The Sun Morning and Sunday 34. Santa Rosa, Calif The Press Democrat Morning and Sunday 35. Sioux Falls, S. D The Argus Leader Evening 36. Sterling, Col. The Advocate Evening 37. Tallahassee, Fla The Democrat Evening 38. Tuscaloosa, Ala The News and Times Gazette Evening and Sunday 39. Wakefield, Mass The Item Evening 40. Walla Walla, Wash The Bulletin Evening and Sunday 41. Winchester, Ky The Sun Morning and Evening NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 123 APPENDIX C. LIST OF CITIES IN WHICH THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM COOPERATED. City State Aberdeen South Dakota ^^Bxas Massachusetts Albany Alabama Albuquerque New Mexico Alexandria Indiana Alexandria Louisiana Allentown Pennsylvania Altoona Pennsylvania Anderson South Carolina Ansonia Connecticut Asbury Park New Jersey Astoria Oregon Athens Georgia Atlanta Georgia Bakersfield California Bangor Maine Battle Creek Michigan Bayonne New Jersey Bellows Falls Vermont Bennington Vermont Berkeley California Binghamton New York Birmingham Alabama Bloomfield New Jersey Bloomington Indiana Bowling Green Kentucky Bowling Green Ohio Bozeman Montana Brattleboro Vermont Bridgeport Connecticut Brockton Massachusetts Brunswick Georgia Buffalo New York Burlington Iowa Burlington Vermont Cairo Illinois Canton Illinois Canton Ohio Cape Girardeau Missouri Carlisle Pennsylvania Carthage Missouri Cedar Rapids Iowa Central Village Connecticut Chelsea Massachusetts Chester Pennsylvania Cheyenne Wyoming Chickasha Oklahoma Chicopee Massachusetts Cicero Illinois Cleveland Ohio Cleveland City Sla7e Clifton Forge Virginia CoatesviUe Pennsylvania Coeur d' Alene Idaho Colorado Springs Colorado Columbus Nebraska Columbus Georgia Concord New Hampshire Council Bluffs Iowa Danvers Massachusetts Davenport Iowa Denison Texas Denver Colorado Detroit Michigan Dubuque Iowa Duluth Minnesota Dittham North Carolina Easton Pennsylvania East St. Louis Illinois Eau Claire Wisconsin Elizabeth New Jersey Elkins West Virginia El Paso Texas Erie Pennsylvania Escanaba Michigan Everett Massachusetts Everett Washington Fargo North Daiota Fort Smith Arkansas Fredericksburg Virginia Fresno CaUfomia Gadsden Alabama Galesburg Illinois Gardner Massachusetts Gary Indiana Grand Forks North Dakota Grand Junction Colorado Grand Rapids Michigan Great Falls Montana Greeley Colorado Green Bay Wisconsin Greencastle Indiana Greensboro North Carolina Greenville Mississippi Hackensack New Jersey Hagerstown Maryland Hancock Michigan Hannibal Missouri Harrisburg Pennsylvania Haverhill Massachusetts Helena Arkansas Holyoke . Massachusetts 124 NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS City State Huron South Dakota. Independence Kansas Indianapolis Indiana Iowa City Iowa Ironton Ohio Ironwood Michigan Jackson Michigan Jacksonville Illinois Jamestown New York Jeanette Pennsylvania Jersey City New Jersey JoUet Illinois Kansas City Kansas Kenosha Wisconsin Keokuk Iowa Kinston North Carolina Kokomo Indiana La Crosse Wisconsin Lancaster Ohio Lancaster Pennsylvania Lansing Michigan Latrobe Pennsylvania Leavenworth Kansas Lebanon New Hampshire Leominster Massachusetts Lewiston Idaho Lewiston Maine Lexington Missouri Little Falls Minnesota Los Angeles California L3Tin Massachusetts Maiden Massachusetts Mamaroneck New York Maistee Michigan Mankato Minnesota Martins Ferry Ohio Medford Oregon Mexico Missouri Miami Florida Middletown Connecticut Milton Massachusetts Milwaukee Wisconsin Minot North Dakota Missoula Montana Mitchell South Dakota Moberly Missouri Moline Illinois Monroe Michigan Montclair New Jersey Montgomery Alabama Montpelier Vermont Mount Vernon Illinois Mount Vernon New York Muskogee Oklahoma Nangatuck Connecticut Nashua New Hampshire City Slate Nevada Missouri New Castle Pennsylvania New Orleans Louisiana Newtonville Massachusetts Norfolk Virginia Northampton Massachusetts Nor'walk Connecticut Oakland CaUfomia Oak Park Illinois Oklahoma City Oklahoma Olympia > Washington Omaha Nebraska Oshkosh Wisconsin Ottwiimwa Iowa Owensboro Kentucky Paducah Kentucky Pasadena California Paterson New Jersey Philadelphia Pennsylvania Phoenix Arizona Pine Bluff Arkansas Pittsfield Massachusetts Pocatello Idaho Pontiac Michigan Portsmouth New Hampshire Portsmouth Virginia Prescott Arizona Pueblo. '. Colorado Quincy Illinois Kaleigh North Carolina Reading Pennsylvania Redlands California Revere Massachusetts Richmond Virginia Rochester Minnesota Rochester New York Rock Island Illinois Rome Georgia St. Johnsbury Vermont St. Joseph Missouri Salt Lake City Utah San Diego California San Rafael California Santa Barbara California Santa Cruz California. Santa Fe New Mexico Sapulpa Oklahoma Savannah Georgia Schenectady New York Scranton Pennsylvania Selma Alabama Sharpsburg Peimsylvania Sheboygan Wisconsin Shreveport Louisiana Sioux City Iowa Solvay ,New York NEWSPAPER PUBLICITY FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 125 Ci«2/ State SomerviUe MMsachusetts l^''^^ Washington Spnngfield Missouri Springfield Ohio f^^°^A Connecticut ^*''«**°' Illinois l^^^ox Wisconsin ??^^«^e New York ^^"''*°° Massachusetts Terre Haute Indiana Texarkana Texas Topeka Kansas Trenton New Jersey Union New Jersey Utica New York Vicksburg Mississippi Waco Texas Walla Walla Washington Wallingford Connecticut Washington District of Columbia City State Washington Pennsylvania Waterbury Connecticut Wausau Wisconsin Waycross Georgia West Hoboken New Jersey West Orange New Jersey Wheeling West Virginia Wichita Kansas Wilkes-Barre Pennsylvania Willimantic Connecticut Wilmington North Carolina Winchester Massachusetts Winchester Virginia Winston Salem North Carolina Wobum Massachusetts Worcester Massachusetts Yazoo City Mississip{)i Youngstown Ohio Zanesville Ohio