n •I NONi^Al^J^ii CORKBP^ ' INSVLAn. I ! I 'V . / ■ r." " V'' 7 f ^ 1 ; I ' i' ' "^-'':I..Af'f:[,r[[fA : ;.K The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004588525 Cornell University Library TP 493.A73 Nonpareil corkboard insulation for cold 3 1924 004 588 525 wr DATE DUE QAYLORD PRINTED IM USA TP4]3 A7o Copyright, 1909 by Armstrong Cork Company Pittsburgh, Pa. Nonpareil Corkboard Insulation FOR COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES ABATTOIRS BREW- ERIES ICE PLANTS FUR STORAGE VAULTS DAIRIES CREAMERIES CANDY FACTORIES BAKERIES FISH FREEZERS CANNERIES REFRIGERATORS FREEZING TANKS AND GENERALLY WHEREVER REFRIGERATION IS EMPLOYED lEADE NONPAREIL CORK HAKK ARMSTRONG CORK COMPANY INSULATION DEPARTMENT PITTSBURGH PENNSYLVANIA BRANCHES AND REPRESENTATIVES NEW YORK WASHINGTON CINCINNATI NEW ORLEANS BOSTON ATLANTA CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO PHILADELPHIA CLEVELAND ST. LOUIS SEATTLE MONTREAL The Cork Oak— Native of the Spanish Peninsula and Northern Africa, from the outer bark of which Nonpareil Corkboard is made. Nonpareil Corkboard Insulation Nonpareil Cork — Trade-Mark THE VITAL For a good many centuries men have IMPORTANCE i i i • • OF INSULATION fcuown Dettef than to store wine m leaky vessels. Today no one allows steam, that ought to be turning machinery, to escape from broken pipes. Nor is electric power permitted to go to waste by failure to insulate properly the supports on which the wires are carried. Yet many men pump refrigeration into rooms day after day, making little or no intelligent effort to prevent the heat from constantly leaking back. ITS IMPORTANCE Thc rcasou for this neglect may be IS FREQUENTLY . . OVERLOOKED sougM m scvcral quarters. Heat is a very commonplace thing. We experience its effects every hour that passes. There does not seem to be anything particularly wonderful about it. But if we stop to consider, we find ourselves face to face with the fact that of all known forms of energy, it is the most powerful and all- pervading. We can shut out the light; certain substances are impervious even to X-rays, but as for heat, nothing will completely stop its passage. No one needs to be told the part the refriger- ating machine is to play in keeping a room cooled to proper temperature. One can see the wheels go round and watch the measured stroke of the compressor. As for the insulating material, what good does it do? So the average man is apt to reason. Get anything that will fill up space fairly well, stuff the walls, floors and ceilings, and let it go at that. Insulation does not show; it will all be covered up anyway. Why bother much about it, or spend time and money in designing and installing it? GOOD INSULA. Right at tMs point, by following this TION IS TRUE - , ECONOMY natural but erroneous reasoning, many plant owners make their first big mistake, the results of which follow hard on their trail for many a year, revealing themselves in the form of increased operating expense, rapid depreciation of machinery and insulation repairs. The fact is that the insulation of any cold storage room is just as important as the refrigerating machinery. Three-fourths of the work of the machine in the average plant is done to remove the heat that leaks in through the walls, floors and ceilings; but one-fourth goes to cool the goods in storage. If you use ice, seventy-five out of every one hundred pounds put in your coolers is melted by the heat that works its way in from all sides. This loss cannot be prevented entirely, because no material is heat-proof. It is possible, though, to cut it down to a point, neither above which nor below which you can profitably afford to go. If any plant is to operate on a truly economical basis, it must be protected against heat to a point where the saving in operating expense, effected by additional insulation, would not be offset by the extra cost involved. OPINION OF AN ENGINEER As a well-known refrigerating engineer has tersely said: "Insulation should be considered in the light of a permanent investment, just as buildings and equipment, the returns of which should be based on the savings effected by the lower operating cost. It is a great deal cheaper to prevent heat from entering a building than to remove it by means of refrigeration." THE TRANS- Thc word insulation is derived from a MISSION OF . . . HEAT Latin word meaning island. The signifi- cance, therefore, of the definition of insulate, as given in the dictionary, will be readily grasped: "To place in a detached situation, having no communication with surrounding objects." In insulating a cold storage room, what the engineer tries to do, is to make it an island in the ocean of heat. RADIATION Heat, though, has several ways of getting about. It can pass through space on the ether waves without appreciably heating the air. Stand in front of a stove and the truth of this assertion is self-evident. Or, perhaps, the sensation of warmth that one feels in bright sunlight on a cool day is a better illustration of the radiation of heat, as this method of its transference is called. CONDUCTION When the problem of insulating a cold storage room is under consideration, however, the other two ways that heat moves are of more im- portance. By conduction is meant the transference of heat waves from one molecule or particle of matter to another. For instance, put one end of a poker in the fire and soon the other end will get hot, although far removed from the source of heat. This is exactly the process that goes on in the walls of a cold storage room. The outside is heated by the sun's rays or the warm air. The molecules on the surface are first set in motion. Gradually 10 the vibratory movement spreads and goes deeper and deeper into the wall. When the molecular excitement gets into the insulation, it travels forward less rapidly. The progress of the heat is impeded, just as piling along the water front breaks the force of the incoming waves. Still, some of the heat eventually passes through, the amount depending upon the efficiency of the insu- lation. Slowly but surely the temperature of the room rises, unless refrigeration is continuously applied to offset the heat leakage. The heat conductivity of dense substances— metals, whose molecules are heavy and close together— is very high; the conductivity of lighter material, such as wood, is less, while that of the gases is extremely low. Hence, air, the most avail- able gas, is the most efficient insulator that can be had, if a vacuum, impracticable on a large scale, be excepted. But the problem is to confine it so that it cannot circulate; for the transmission of CONVECTION heat is also effected by another means called convection, or in other words, the carrying of heat from one point or object to another by means of some outside agent, such as air or water, or any gas or fluid. Convection is the principle utilized in the ordinary house furnace. The out- side air is drawn in through a duct, is heated, and rises through pipes to the various rooms, its place being taken by a new supply of cold, heavy air, which passes through the same process. 11 PASSAGE OP HEAT THROUGH INSULATION On a miniature scale, this is exactly what takes place in every form of insu- lation. The side next to the outer air is warmer than the side next to the cold room. The air against the outer wall of each air space in the insulation becomes heated and rises, its place being taken by the cold air from the other side. As this becomes warm, it forces its way upward ; the other part, having gradually cooled, drops to the bottom, and thus a constant circulation is set up inside the air space itself. This movement tends to equalize the temperature on both sides of the air space Out. and will continue as long as Warm there is any difference in temperature. The fewer the air spaces, the more rapidly will heat pass from one side of insulation to the other. Therefore, the best insulation is that which embodies the greatest number of the smallest possible air spaces, for the smaller the air spaces the less extensive will be the effect of the circulation of the air confined therein. The problem is then, so far as the noncon- duction of heat is concerned, to find some material which contains a large amount of entrapped air absolutely confined in minute particles. Convection in Boards and Air Space Insulation. 12 REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD COLD STORAGE INSULATION To meet the demands of modern cold storage construction, however, suitable insulating material has to possess a number of other qualifications besides being an excellent nonconductor of heat. The plant owner demands that the insulation he installs shall retain its efficiency indefinitely. This is merely another way of saying that it must not absorb moisture, for water is a good conductor of heat, and any insulating material that will absorb it, will in a short time become worthless. Sanitation requires that all insulating material shall keep free from rot, mold and offensive odors, and be vermin and germ proof. Th6 delicacy of certain food stuffs, such as milk, cream, butter and eggs, requires that the insu- lation shall be odorless, as otherwise there is danger of taint. Economical building calls for the use of an insulation that will occupy the least possible room and leave the maximum amount of storage space. Expediency demands that the material be easily erected and have ample structural strength. The fire underwriters insist on the fire risk being reduced, as far as possible, by the installation of some material which will not only be slow burn- ing, but will leave no flues in the walls to assist in the spreading of fire once under way. Finally, the material must be reasonable in cost. 13 Nonpareil Corkboard Nonpareil Corkboard alone meets every one of these requirements: I. The Heat Conductivity of Nonpareil Corkboard is the Lowest of any Commercial Insulator. NATURAi. CORK Corli Is tile outcr bark of the cork oak, a tree that flourishes in the hot, semi-arid climate of the Spanish Peninsula and Northern Africa. Gnarled Trunk of an old Cork Tree, showing heavy outer Bark— the Cork of Commerce. 14 Sheathing trunk and branches, it prevents the sun's rays and the parching winds from drying up the cool, life-giving sap that mounts upward through the inner bark — the real skin. When fire sweeps through the forests, the cork tree alone survives, thanks to its protecting shield of bark. It is not surprising, therefore, that natural cork is found to be an excellent nonconductor of heat. For the reason, one need not seek far. CELLULAR Put a piece of cork under the micro- STRUCTURE . OF CORK scope. Its peculiar structure is then plainly seen — millions of tiny cells. Each one of these minute cells contains a bit of entrapped air, and each one, moreover, is hermetical- ly sealed by nature herself and thus ren- dered impervi- ous to air and moisture. This peculiar cellu- lar structure of cork has a double bearing on its value as an insulating material, accounting not only for its low heat conductivity, but as we shall see, for its continued efficiency and durability as well. Natural Cork magnified 180 Diameters, showing confined air cells. 15 Many years ago, the merits of granulated cork as an insulating material were generally recog- nized, but it was not until about fifteen years since, that widening knowledge of the technique of refrigeration created a demand for cork insu- lation in sheet or board form. To satisfy this demand. Nonpareil Corkboard, the pioneer type of solid insulation, was put on the market, and it has remained the standard through all the years that have elapsed. NONPAREIL CORKBOARD Nonpareil Corkboard (Nonpareil Cork Trade-Mark) consists of pure granulated cork, slightly compressed, baked at a moderate temperature, and passed through a process which Nonpareil Corkboard insures permanency of form. No foreign binder is used, for under the peculiar process of its manufacture none is necessary. It is cork, pure cork, and nothing but cork, and in this, stands in marked distinction from all other forms of corkboard which have later appeared. All such contain some foreign binder— glue, asphalt, pitch, or cement— and aside from other points of inferi- ority, are of necessity, from the presence of such 16 substances, less efficient as nonconductors. In Nonpareil Corkboard only cork, the real insu- lating agent, enters. The process of manufacture through which Nonpareil Corkboard passes, increases the insu- lating efficiency of the raw material by driving off part of the volatile matter and all moisture, thereby increasing the volume of confined air. Moreover, the natural gum, liquified by the heat, spreads out over the surface of each granule and effectually prevents the re -entrance of moisture. That ! the cellular structure of the cork itself is not affected in any way by the slight compres- sion and baking, to which it is subjected, may be seen by examining a piece of Nonpareil Corkboard microscopically. The cut of natural cork on the second page preceding, and the one that appears here are on exactly the same scale and hence fair comparison can be made. Nonpareil Corkboard magnified 180 Diameters, 'showing confined air cells. IT DETERMINATION To determine accurately the heat Con- or THE HEAT J . . » . , . CONDUCTIVITY Quctivitv 01 auw matcnal is a very OF INSULATING MATERIALS complicatcd as well as expensive pro- ceeding. Many experiments along these lines have been made, both by physicists in the interests of science, and by engineers on behalf of their clients. The results have been widely at variance and one could not expect them to be otherwise, if familiar with the conditions under which they were obtained. In practically all such tests either the direct contact method has been used; viz., applying a chilled or a heated surface to one side of the material under test and measuring the amount of heat passing through; or else make- shift apparatus, consisting of a small box lined with the material under test, cooled by melting ice. OLD METHODS VERSUS NEW The first method is objectionable because air contact and not direct contact pre- vails in cold storage construction; and if the results thus obtained are used in designing cold storage insulation, grave mistakes will surely follow. The second method is, from its mere crudeness, absolutely unreliable. So many vary- ing factors are brought into play, that the results are not only inaccurate, but of no value in determining even relative efficiency. The only fair way to test the heat conductivity of cold storage insulation is on a comparatively large scale, under conditions paralleling those found in actual practice; viz., air contact, cold storage 18 temperatures and mechanical refrigeration, com- bined with positively accurate methods of measur- ing the heat loss. THERMAL iNsu- With thcsc facts in mind, and determined LATION TESTING STATION to get at the truth for their own, as well as their customers' protection, the Armstrong Cork Company installed at Pittsburgh, some years ago, a heat transmission testing plant which is Testing Room. absolutely unique in scope, and in the character of the experiments which it makes possible. It is the only experimental station of its kind in the world. Upwards of $20,000 has been spent in its construction and in the tests already made. DESCRIPTION The plant (see plan) consists of the testing room (A) twelve feet square by ten feet 19 high, the walls, ceiling and floor of which are insulated with six inches of corkboard, so that any desired temperature as low as 0° F. can be maintained without variation by means of a three-ton refrigerating machine. The brine circu- C«p-*->i'.^.?. The Testing Plant— Refrigerating Machinery. lating system is used; a twelve horse power motor supplies the power. HOW TESTS The method employed in making tests is ARE MADE as follows: Inside of the testing room (A) there is built a box (B) of the material to be tested, measuring from three to four feet each way and affording, therefore, a radiating surface of from fifty to ninety-six square feet. Little or no lumber is used when the material is self- supporting, for it is desirable, of course, to eliminate foreign material to the greatest possible 20 extent, but when loose materials, such as granu- lated cork, shavings, cinders, mineral wool, etc., are being tested, a containing box of lumber has to be utilized. Before the test box (B) is sealed up, an electric heating coil and a small electric fan are placed inside, the holes through which the wires pass and all joints of the test box being hermetically closed with a thin coating of hot asphalt. The test box is raised a foot above the floor of the testing room on light supports, thus obtaining air contact on every side. In the BMMC cooi_cf\ TT TT Ui Z! n:!D aniNc PUMP \ I coMPRC&aon r\rc COVERING TEfeTmq room Plan of Testing Plant. A— Testing Room. ' B-Test Box. C— Test Box Tliermometer. D— Fan in Testing Room. E— Testing Room Tiiermometer. F— Window. G— Recording Thermometer. top of the test box, a long stem thermometer (C) is sealed, the scale protruding above so that the temperature inside may be observed constantly during the progress of the test. In the testing room, another electric fan (D) keeps up a con- stant circulation of air about the test box, ensuring uniform temperature on all sides. A 21 thermometer (E) is hung in the testing room opposite the window (F), so that the temperature within can be determined by the operator with- out entering the room. The recording thermo- meter (G) checks the readings thus made. When all is ready, both the refrigeration and the electric current supplying the heating coil Test Box Built of Two-inch Nonpareil Corkboard. and the fans are turned on and at least forty- eight hours allowed to elapse before any obser- vations are taken, to obtain constant temperature conditions and to insure the uniform transmission of heat through the test box. 90° F. is usually the temperature at which the test box is held; 10° the temperature of the testing room, the difference, therefore, being 80° F. This is purely 22 an arbitrary matter, and in making check tests the temperature is usually varied; for instance, by holding the test box at 80°, the testing room at 10°; or, the test box at 85" and the testing room at 15°. After conditions have become constant, obser- vations are made every ten or fifteen minutes, as may be determined upon, for a period of from three to five hours. The amperage and voltage of the currents supplying the heating coil and Test Box Built of Two-inch Lith. the small fan sealed up in the test box, respect- ively, the temperature of the testing room, and the temperature of the test box, all are carefully read and recorded. During the duration of the test, these temperatures are kept practically 23 constant, either by controlling the ammonia ex- pansion valve and the brine circulation, or by increasing or decreasing, as may be required, the current supplied to the heating coil in the test box. The heat transmission is computed in the following manner: The average difference in temperature between the test box COMPUTING THE RESULTS Test Box Built of One-inch Nonpareil Corkboard, with one-half inch Portland cement plaster finish. and the testing room, the average voltage, and the average amperage of the currents supplying the small fan and heating coil, respectively, are first determined. The test box is carefully measured and the mean area computed. With this data, by means of the following formula, the heat transmission per square foot, per degree 24 difference in temperature, for twenty-four hours, in British Thermal Units, is readily computed: 746 Watts = 1 H. P. 1 H. P. = 33,000 ft. lbs. 1 Watt =^|^ = 44.236 ft. lbs. 778 ft. lbs. = 1 B. T. U. 1 Watt = ^Iff ^ = .05685 B. T. U. I to 1440 Minutes = 24 houis. Let F. A. — Average Amperage of Fan Circuit. F. V. = Average Voltage of Fan Circuit. C. A. = Average Amperage of Heating Coil Circuit. C. V. = Average Voltage of Heating CoU Circuit. 1 Ampere x 1 Volt = 1 Watt. Therefore (F. A. x F. V.) + (C. A. x C. V.) — Average Watts supplied Test Box per minute. Let D = Average Difference in Temperature of Test Box and Testing Room. Then (F. A. x F. V. + (C. A. x C. V.) x 1440 x .05685 D X Mean Area of Test Box = B. T. U. per square foot per degree difference in temperature for twenty-four hours. A British Thermal Unit, or "B. T. U."— the unit of measure- ment — is the amount of heat required to raise a pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. STANDARD Slncc thc transmissioH through any insu- BA5IS OF ^ , . , J, . « , . COMPARISON latmg material of uniform structure is m inverse proportion to its thickness, the results thus obtained may be readily reduced to the standard one-inch thickness basis. All results are checked by means of several runs, and, in addition, usually by two or more observers work- ing independently in ignorance of the other's results. The instruments with which the electric currents are measured are of the most delicate type and with their assistance the amount of heat driven into the test box may be determined with absolute accuracy. 25 L05 OF A The complete log of a test on two-inch ^"'^ Nonpareil Corkboard, made November 6th, 1907, is shown below: Log of Test on Two-inch Nonpareil Corkboard November 6th, 1907. TTMF T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees T. D Degrees F. FAN COIL 1 llVlilj Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 10:50 90.0 9.8 80.2 103.8 .50 45.4 2.37 11:00 90.0 9.7 80.3 104.5 .49 43.8 2.31 11:10 90.0 9.7 80.3 104.3 .50 41.9 2.42 11:20 90.0 9.8 80.2 105.0 .50 42.7 2.31 11:30 90.0 9.7 80.3 105.0 .50 44.0 2.27 11:40 90.0 9.7 80.3 105.0 .50 43.7 2.30 11:50 90.0 9.7 80.3 104.4 .49 43.5 2.29 12:00 90.0 9.5 80.5 105.0 .50 44.0 2.32 12:10 90.0 9.6 80.4 107.0 .50 43.1 2.28 12:20 90.0 9.7 80.3 107.5 .50 43.2 2.29 12:30 89.9 9.8 80.1 106.7 .50 43.5 2.30 12:40 89.9 9.8 80.1 106.5 .50 43.8 2.30 12:50 89.9 9.6 80.3 107.1 .49 43.7 2.31 1:00 89.9 9.5 80.4 106.0 .49 43.6 2.30 1:10 89.9 9.6 80.3 106.5 .49 43.5 2.29 1:20 90.0 9.6 80.4 106.5 .50 45.5 2.38 1:30 90.0 9.5 80.5 105.3 .50 45.6 2.38 1:40 90.1 9.5 80.6 105.5 .50 45.5 2.38 1:50 90.1 9.4 80.7 106.0 .50 44.3 2.32 2:00 90.2 9.6 80.6 105.5 .50 43.0 2.27 2:10 90.1 9.7 80.4 105.8 .50 43.3 2.27 2:20 90.0 9.7 80.3 105.0 .50 43.2 2.25 2:30 90.0 9.6 80.4 105.5 .50 44.0 2.32 2:40 90.0 9.5 80.5 105.8 .50 43.8 2.33 2:50 90.0 9.5 80.5 106.0 .50 44.5 2.33 3:00 90.0 9.6 80.4 105.5 .50 44.0 2.33 Average ( )f 26 read ings 80.37 105.64 .498 43.85 2.316 A correction of .08 must be subtracted from fan ammeter readings. Mean area of box — 48.72 square feet. (105.64 X .498) + (43.85 x 2.316) x 1440 x 0.05685 Therefore 1' 80.37 X 48.72 Nonpareil Nonpareil = 3.0 \ B. = 6.0 i of =3.0 B. T. U. T. U. per square foot per 1° difference temperature for twenty-four hours. REPORT OF WALTER KENNEDY In April and May, 1909, Mr. Walter Kennedy, the well-known mechanical engineer of Pittsburgh, conducted a series of experiments at this plant on Nonpareil Corkboard, 26 Rock Cork (mineral wool), Lith, Waterproof Lith, Indurated Fibre Board and a Composition Cork- board (granulated cork and asphalt). His report, showing conclusively that Nonpareil Corkboard is twelve per cent more efficient as a nonconductor of heat than its nearest competitor, follows : Walter Kennedy Engineer Pittsburgh, Pa., May 17, 1909. Armstrong Cork Company, Insulation Department, Pittsburgh, Pa. Gentlemen: — In accordance with your instructions, I have tested for heat transmission, cold storage insula- ting materials, as follows: 1. Waterproof Lith, a fibrous compressed mineral wool board, impregnated with oil vapor. 2. Rock Cork, a fibrous mineral wool board, slightly compressed, impregnated with oil vapor, paraffine or some similar substance. 3. Indurated Fibre Board, a wood pulp board, rather densely compressed. 4. Regular Lith, a fibrous compressed mineral wool board, without the oily ingredient found in Waterproof Lith. 5. Nonpareil Corkboard, a board composed of pure granulated cork, slightly compressed and baked. 27 6. A Composition Corkboard, composed of granulated cork mixed with asphalt, All of the materials tested were two inches in thickness, the required amount of each being purchased in the open market, with the excep- tion of the Nonpareil and the Composition Cork- board, which were taken at random by me from your regular stock. No effort was made to select material that would be either above or below the average quality or weight per square foot. These tests were made with the best possible facilities, using for the purpose a thermal insula- tion testing plant, which was designed and built especially for making these and similar tests, and is the only plant in the world, to the best of my knowledge, where tests can be made on heat transmission of insulating materials under condi- tions paralleling those found in actual practice. The testing plant consists of a room twelve feet square and ten feet high, well insulated with cork- board on every side. By means of a small refrigerating machine any desired temperature above 0° F. can easily be maintained. The test boxes, built of the various materials under test, are comparatively large, each having a radiating surface of about fifty square feet. The plant is equipped with an office in which are located instruments for measuring the heat generated and the recording gauge to show the temperature inside the testing room; it is also provided with thermometers for taking the temperature both 28 inside of the testing room and inside of the box to be tested. These thermometers can be read at any time with magnifying glasses through a window conveniently located, without going into the testing room. The different parts of this apparatus have been carefully selected for this purpose; in fact, they cannot be used for anything else. They have been arranged with relation to each other, and in the most convenient manner for regulating them and taking observations. The ammeters and volt-meters are the most sensitive and accurate that can be obtained. The building in which this entire plant is housed is equipped with power, shafting, work- benches, saw-table, and all other tools that are used in making boxes for testing purposes. The plant could not be better designed or equipped for making a test that is parallel with cold storage conditions, and no expense has been spared either in designing or equipping the plant and apparatus for making these tests. This plant is permanently located in a large, well-lighted, fireproof building, and occupies this valuable space all the time, whether it is being used for testing materials, or not, and in my judgment, renders it possible to overcome all the objections that have been urged against the crude methods heretofore in general use ; viz., the direct contact method, the meltage of ice in a small box, etc., which create artificial conditions, entirely different from those encoun- tered in actual service, or else introduce certain indeterminable factors, such as the temperature 29 of the pieces of ice used, which render the results thoroughly unreliable. The procedure in making my tests was as follows: The test box was placed inside of the testing room, which is thoroughly insulated and heavily piped. Inside the test box itself was installed a small electric fan to cause circulation of air and uniform temperature, and an electric heating coil, and in the top a long stem ther- mometer, the holes for it and the wires, together with all joints in the box, being hermetically sealed with a thin coating of hot asphalt. Another electric fan, in the testing room, kept the temper- ature uniform on all sides of the test box, which was raised a foot above the floor on light supports, so as to obtain air contact on every side. After constant temperature conditions inside and out had been obtained, twenty-four hours were allowed to elapse to insure the uniform transfer of heat through the sides of the test box before any readings were taken. The test box was held at approximately 90° F. by regulating the amount of current supplied the heating coil. The temperature of the testing room was 10°, hence the difference in temperature was approximately 80° F. After conditions had become constant, readings were taken as follows : The temperature of the test room, the temperature of the test box, the voltage and amperage of the current supplying the small fan in the test box, and the voltage and amperage of the current supplying the heating coil in the test box. At the conclusion of each test the 30 average difference in temperature between the test room and the test box, the average voltage and amperage of the current supplying the heating coil and fan, respectively, and the mean area of the test box were computed. Then, with the following formula, the transmission per square foot, per degree difference in temperature inside and out, for twenty-four hours, was readily determined: 746 Watts = 1 H. P. 1 H. P. = 33,000 ft. lbs. 1 Watt =-^M^ = 44.236 ft. lbs. 74b 778 ft. lbs. r= 1 B. T. U. 1 Watt =^^7^ = -05685 B. T. U. 1440 Minutes = 24 hours. Let F. A. = Average Amperage of Fan Circuit. F. V. = Average Voltage of Fan Circuit. C. A. = Average Amperage of Heating Coil Circuit. C. V. = Average Voltage of Heating Coil Circuit. 1 Volt X 1 Ampere = 1 Watt Therefore (F. A. x F. V.) + (C. A. x C. V.) = Average Watts supplied Test Box per minute. Let D = Average Difference in Temperature between Test Box and Testing Room. Then (F. A. x F. V.) + (C A. x C. V.) x 1440 x .05685 D X Mean Area of Test Box = B. T. U. per square foot per degree difference in temperature per twenty-four hours. The following tables give the full record of tests: 31 Test No. 1 Nonpareil Corkboard April 23, 1909 TIME T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 10:00 10.0 91.0 81.0 48.0 2.35 103.8 .5 10:15 9.8 90.0 80.2 46.8 2.20 103.5 .5 10:30 9.5 90.0 80.5 47.0 2.20 105.0 .5 10:45 9.0 90.0 81.0 47.0 2.22 105.0 .5 11:00 9.2 90.0 80.8 47.0 2.22 105.0 .5 11:1S 9.5 90.0 80.5 47.0 2.22 105.0 .5 11:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 47.5 2.25 106.0 .5 11:45 10.2 89.5 79.3 43.5 2.1 107.0 .5 12:00 10.8 89.0 78.2 46.0 2.2 107.0 .5 2:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 45.0 2.12 104.5 .5 3:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 44.2 2.1 103.5 .5 3:15 10.2 89.5 79.3 45.0 2.15 106.0 .5 3:30 10.5 89.0 78.5 44.5 2.1 104.0 .5 3:45 10.2 89.5 79.3 46.2 2.2 104.3 .5 4:00 10.0 89.5 79.5 46.0 2.2 104.0 .5 4:15 9.8 89.5 79.7 47.0 2.22 106.0 .5 4:30 10.0 89.8 79.8 47.0 2.22 107.0 .5 4:45 10.0 89.8 79.8 47.0 2.2 107.0 .5 5:00 10.5 90.0 79.5 46.5 2.2 105.5 .5 5:15 10.2 89.8 79.8 46.5 2.2 105.5 .5 Average ( )f 20 Reac lings 79.8 46.2 2.19 105.2 .5 Transmission — 3.3 B. T. U. Test No. 2 Nonpareil Corkboard April 24, 1909 TIME T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 7:30 10.1 90.0 79.9 45.5 2.15 103.5 .5 7:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 46.0 2.18 104.5 .5 8:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 46.0 2.18 104.5 .5 8:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 45.5 2.18 104.8 .5 8:30 9.8 89.5 79.7 46.0 2.18 104.5 .5 8:45 9.8 89.5 79.7 46.0 2.18 104.3 .5 9:00 10.0 89.5 79.5 46.0 2.18 104.8 .5 9:15 10.2 89.5 79.3 46.0 2.18 104.8 .5 9:30 10.3 89.5 79.2 46.0 2.18 104.3 .5 9:45 10.3 89.5 79.2 45.8 2.18 103.8 .5 10:00 10.3 89.5 79.2 45.8 2.18 103.5 .5 Average of 11 Readings 79.6 45.9 2.18 104.3 .5 Transmission— 3.2 B. T. U. 32 Test No. 1 Rock Cork April 8. 1909 TIME T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D COIL FAN Degrees F. Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 10:00 9.8 90.0 80.2 54.4 2.58 104.0 .5 10:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 54.0 2.58 104.0 .5 10:30 10.5 91.0 80.5 54.0 2.58 104.0 .49 10:45 10.8 91.0 80.2 50.5 2.4 104.0 .49 11:00 11.5 90.0 78.5 48.0 2.3 104.0 .49 11:15 11.3 89.8 78.5 48.0 2.3 104.0 .49 11:30 11.5 90.5 79.0 52.8 2.5 104.0 .49 11:45 11.4 90.5 79.1 52.8 2.5 104.0 .49 12:00 11.0 90.5 79.5 52.4 2.45 104.5 .48 3:15 9.5 90.0 80.5 49.0 2.35 105.8 .5 3:30 10.0 89.5 79.5 49.5 2.38 105.0 .49 3:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 51.6 2.45 105.5 .49 4:00 10.1 90.0 79.9 52.5 2.5 105.0 .49 4:15 10.2 90.0 79.8 52.6 2.5 105.5 .49 4:30 10.0 90.5 80.5 52.2 2.5 105.0 .48 4:45 10.0 90.5 80.5 51.8 2.45 106.5 .49 5:00 9.0 90.0 81.0 49.5 2.45 104.0 .48 Average ( 3f 17 Reac lings 79.8 51.5 2.46 104.6 .49 Test No. 2 Transmission — 3.8 B. T. U. Rock Cork AprU 9, 1909 TIME T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45 12:00 1:15 1:30 2:30 2:45 3:00 3:15 3:30 3:45 4:00 4:15 10.0 9.8 9.2 9.0 9.2 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.8 10.0 9.7 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.5 10.2 90.0 90.5 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.5 90.0 80.0 80.7 80.8 81.0 80.8 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.2 80.0 80.3 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 79.8 79.5 80.0 79.8 52.0 51.8 50.0 48.5 48.2 48.0 49.5 49.0 49.5 50.0 47.0 51.0 48.5 48.0 48.5 50.0 50.0 49.0 50.0 48.5 2.48 2.4 2.35 2.3 2.3 2.28 2.35 2.33 2.35 2.38 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.38 2.3 2.35 2.32 2.35 2.38 2.3 104.0 103.5 105.0 104.5 105.0 104.0 105.0 104.5 104.0 106.0 104.5 104.5 104.0 104.5 105.0 105.5 104.0 104.0 105.0 104.5 .49 .48 .49 .5 .49 .49 .48 .48 .48 .49 .5 .49 .48 .49 .48 .49 .50 .49 .49 .49 Average of 20 Readings 80.1 49.35 2.36 104.5 .49 Transmission — 3.6 B. T. U. 33 Test No. 1 Lith April 16, 1909 TTMF T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F, D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 9:30 9.5 89.5 80.0 52.8 2.5 103.8 .5 9:45 9.8 89.5 79.7 54.0 2.55 103.5 .5 10:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.5 2.62 104.8 .49 10:15 10.2 90.0 79.8 55.5 2.6 103.5 .48 10:30 10.2 90.0 79.8 56.5 2.7 104.5 .49 10:45 10.0 90.5 80.5 56.0 2.65 103.5 .49 11:00 10.0 90.5 80.5 55.5 2.62 104.5 .50 11:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 54.5 2.58 104.0 .48 11:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.0 2.6 104.5 .5 11:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 S5.2 2.65 105.0 .5 12:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.7 2.65 106.0 .5 2:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.0 2.63 105.5 .49 2:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.8 2.65 105.0 .49 2:30 10.5 90.0 79.5 55.0 2.62 106.0 .5 2:45 10.4 90.0 79.6 55.5 2.62 106.0 .5 3:00 10.2 90.0 79.8 55.5 2.62 105.5 .49 3:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.5 2.62 105.5 .5 3:30 9.8 90.0 80.2 55.2 2.62 105.0 .48 3:45 9.5 90.0 80.5 55.8 2.65 106.0 .5 4:00 9.5 90.0 80.5 55.5 2.65 105.5 .48 Average c )f 20 Reao lings 80.0 55.2 2.62 104.9 .49 Test No. 2 Transmission— 4.0 B. T. U. Lith April 17, 1909 TIME T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 8:45 9.8 89.5 79.7 49.5 2.35 105.5 .5 9:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 53.5 2.58 105.0 .49 9:15 10.4 90.0 79.6 53.8 2.58 106.0 .5 9:30 10.5 89.5 79.0 53.5 2.55 105.0 .5 9:45 10.2 90.0 79.8 55.0 2.6 104.8 .5 10:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.0 2.6 105.5 .5 10:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.0 2.6 105.0 .5 10:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 54.5 2.6 105.5 .5 10:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.4 2.6 105.0 .5 11:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.0 2.6 105.0 .5 11:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.0 2.6 105.0 .5 11:30 9.8 90.0 80.2 55.0 2.6 105.0 .5 11:45 9.8 90.0 80.2 55.0 2.6 105.0 .5 Average ( )f 13 Reac lings 79.9 54.2 2.57 105.2 .5 Transmission— 3.9 B. T. U. 34 Test No. 1 Waterproof Lith April 1, 1909 TIME T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. . COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 8:45 10.5 90.0 79.5 56.0 2.68 104.0 .5 9:00 10.2 90.0 79.8 55.0 2.6 103.0 .5 9:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.0 2.59 102.0 .5 9:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 55.0 2.59 102.3 .5 9:45 9.8 90.0 80.2 55.2 2.6 102.0 .5 10:00 9.7 90.0 80.3 55.0 2.6 102.0 .49 10:15 9.8 89.5 79.7 57.0 2.69 105.5 .5 10:30 9.8 90.0 80.2 57.0 2.69 104.8 .5 10:45 9.8 90.5 80.7 56.0 2.7 104.5 .5 11:00 9.9 90.3 80.4 56.0 2.62 104.0 .49 11:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 56.0 2.62 104.0 .5 11:30 10.4 90.t) 79.6 56.0 2.62 104.0 .5 11:45 11.5 90.5 79.0 56.0 2.62 103.0 .49 12:00 11.0 90.0 79.0 55.0 2.62 100.5 .48 1:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 56.0 2.65 104.0 .5 2:00 11.0 90.0 79.0 56.8 2.68 104.0 .49 2:15 11.5 90.0 78.5 56.0 2.62 104.0 .49 2:30 11.5 90.0 78.5 55.0 2.6 102.0 .49 2:45 11.5 90.0 78.5 56.8 2.7 105.0 .49 3:00 11.2 91.0 79.8 57.0 2.7 106.0 .5 3:15 10.1 91.0 80.9 54.9 2.6 105.0 .49 3:30 10.0 91.0 81.0 55.3 2.68 104.5 .5 3:45 8.9 90.0 81.1 53.2 2.5 105.0 .5 4:00 8.1 89.0 80.9 53.5 2.5 105.0 .5 4:15 8.4 90.0 81.6 56.5 2.7 104.0 .5 Average of 25 Readings 80.0 55.65 2.63 103.8 .5 Transmission— 4.2 B. T. U. Test No. 2 Waterproof Lith AprU 2, 1909 TTMF T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 9:30 9.5 90.0 80.5 56.0 2.7 104.0 .49 9:45 9.5 90.5 81.0 56.8 2.65 103.0 .49 10:00 9.5 90.0 80.5 57.0 2.7 103.0 .49 10:15 9.5 90.0 80.5 55.0 2.6 102.0 .49 10:30 10.1 90.0 79.9 56.0 2.6 103.5 .49 10:45 10.3 90.0 79.7 55.0 2.6 103.5 .49 11:00 10.8 90.0 79.2 55.5 2.6 103.5 .49 : 11:15 12.0 90.0 78.0 56.0 2.68 104.0 .49 11:30 11.0 90.0 79.0 56.0 2.65 104.0 .5 11:45 9.5 90.0 80.5 56.0 2.65 106.0 .5 2:00 10.0 91.0 81.0 59.0 2.8 104.0 .49 2:15 10.0 91.0 81.0 53.5 2.5 103.5 .49 2:30 9.8 90.0 80.2 53.5 2.5 103.5 .49 2:45 10.0 91.0 81.0 57.0 2.7 104.8 .5 3:00 10.2 90.0 79.8 55.0 2.65 105.0 .5 3:15 10.4 90.0 79.6 55.0 2.6 105.0 .5 Average of 16 Readings 80.1 55.8 2.64 103.9 .5 Transmission— 4.2 B. T. U. 35 Test No. 1 Composition Corkboard May 6, 1909 TIME T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 9:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 57.4 2.76 105.5 .5 9:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 57.0 2.75 105.0 .5 10:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 57.5 2.75 105.5 .5 10:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 57.2 2.75 104.0 .5 10:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 58.0 2.75 105.0 .5 10:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 58.5 2.78 105.5 .5 11:00 10.2 90.5 80.3 58.0 2.78 106.5 .5 11:15 10.5 90.5 80.0 57.5 2.75 107.0 .5 11:30 10.2 90.0 79.8 55.5 2.68 105.0 .5 11:45 10.0 89.5 79.5 55.5 2.65 105.0 .5 2:30 9.5 89.5 80.0 57.5 2.75 105.5 .5 2:45 9.8 89.5 79.7 57.8 2.78 105.5 .5 3:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 58.0 2.78 106.0 .5 3:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 58.0 2.78 106.0 .5 3:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 57.5 2.75 105.0 .5 3:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 58.5 2.78 106.0 .5 4:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 58.0 2.78 106.5 .5 4:15 10.0 90.5 80.5 57.5 2.78 106.8 .5 4:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 56.2 2.7 106.8 .5 4:45 10.2 90.0 79.8 57.0 2.72 107.0 .5 Average ( )f 20 Reac lings 80.0 57.4 2.75 105.75 .5 Transmission — 4.5 B. T. U. Test No. 2 Composition Corkboard May 7, 1909 TIMF T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 8:45 9K)0 9:15 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45 12:00 12:15 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 90.5 90.0 90.5 90.2 90.0 89.5 90.0 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 90.5 80.2 79.8 80.3 80.0 79.8 79.3 79.8 80.3 80.4 80.5 80.5 80.5 80.5 80.5 80.5 56.0 57.0 58.2 57.0 55.5 56.0 57.8 58.0 57.0 57.3 57.5 57.0 57.0 57.0 56.5 2.7 2.7 2.78 2.72 2.68 2.72 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 104.5 106.0 107.0 107.5 105.5 107.2 106.5 107.0 105.2 105.0 106.0 105.0 106.5 105.5 105.5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 Average of 15 Readings 80.2 57.0 2.72 106.0 .5 Transmission— 4.4 B. T. U. 36 Test No. 1 Indurated Fibre April 13, 1909 TIME T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 7:30 9.8 89.5 79.7 61.2 2.9 105.0 .49 7:45 9.3 90.0 80.7 62.5 2.95 105.0 .48 8:00 9.0 90.0 81.0 63.0 2.98 105.5 .48 8:15 9.0 90;0 81.0 63.4 3.0 106.0 .48 8:30 9.4 90.5 81.1 62.5 2.95 106.0 .49 8:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 61.0 2.9 105.0 .49 9:00 10.0 89.5 79.5 61.2 2.9 105.2 .48 9:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 61.8 2.9 105.0 .48 9:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 61.0 2.9 104.0 .48 9:45 9.8 89.0 79.2 61.0 2.9 103.8 .49 10:00 9.8 89.5 79.7 62.5 2.98 105.0 .49 10:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.2 3.0 106.0 .49 10:30 10.2 90.0 79.8 62.8 2.9 105.0 .48 10:45 10.2 90.0 79.8 62.3 2.95 104.5 .49 11:00 10.1 90.0 79.9 62.5 2.95 104.8 .48 11:15 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.3 2.93 104.5 .48 11:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.8 2.95 105.2 .48 11:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.5 2.95 104.8 .49 12:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.5 2.95 105.0 .49 Average ( )f 19 Reac lings 80.0 62.2 2.94 105.0 .485 Transmission — 5.0 B. T. U. Test No. 2 Indurated Fibre April 14, 1909 TTMF T. 1 Degrees F. T. 2 Degrees F. D Degrees F. COIL FAN Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 8:30 9.5 89.5 80.0 61.5 2.9 104.0 .48 8:45 10.0 89.5 79.5 62.0 2.93 104.5 .49 9:00 10.4 90.0 79.6 64.5 3.5 104.5 .48 9:15 10.5 90.5 80.0 64.0 2.9 104.0 .49 9:30 10.5 90.5 80.0 64.5 2.9 104.5 .49 9:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.0 2.9 105.5 .48 10:00 9.8 90.5 80.7 62.5 2.95 105.0 .49 10:15 9.5 90.0 80.5 61.0 2.88 105.0 .48 10:30 9.2 90.0 80.8 61.5 2.9 104.5 .49 10:45 9.8 90.0 80.2 61.5 2.9 106.0 .49 11:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.0 2.95 106.0 .49 11:15 10.2 90.0 79.8 62.0 2.9 105.0 .49 11:30 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.0 2.92 104.5 .49 11:45 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.0 2.9 105.0 .48 12:00 9.8 90.0 80.2 62.0 2.9 105.8 .49 12:15 9.5 90.0 80.5 62.0 2.9 105.2 .49 12:30 9.5 90.0 80.5 62.0 2.9 105.5 .49 12:45 9.8 90.0 80.2 62.0 2.95 106.0 .49 1:00 10.0 90.0 80.0 62.8 2.94 106.0 .49 Average of 19 Readings 80.1 62.3 2.94 105.1 .487 Transmission— 5.0 B. T. U. 37 The results of the tests are as follows, the materials being arranged in order of merit: Material Date Temp. Dif. Deg. r. CoU Fan Mean Area Sq.Ft. Trans, in B. T. U.'s for 2-in. thick- ness per sq. ft. per deg. difference in temp, per 24 hrs. Volts Amp. Volts Amp. 1. Nonpareil Corkboard Test No. 1 " " 2 4/23 4/24 79.8 79.6 46.2 45.9 2.19 2.18 105.2 104.3 .5 .5 48.0 48.0 3.3 3.2 2. Rock Cork Test No. 1 " "2 4/8 4/9 79.8 80.1 51.5 49.35 2.46 2.36 104.6 104.5 .49 .49 48.0 48.0 3.8 3.6 3. Lith Test No. 1 " "2 4/16 4/17 80.0 79.9 55.2 54.2 2.62 2.S7 104.9 105.2 .49 .5 50.12 50.12 4.0 3.9 4. Waterproof Lith Test No. 1 " "2 4/1 4/2 80.0 80.1 55.65 55.8 2.63 2.64 103.8 103.9 .5 .5 48.0 48.0 4.2 4.2 5. Composition Corkboard Test No. 1 " 2 5/6 5/7 80.0 80.2 57.4 57.0 2.75 2.72 105.75 106.0 .5 .5 48.0 48.0 4.5 4.4 6. Indurated Fibre Test No. 1 4/13 4/14 80.0 80.1 62.2 62.3 2.94 2.94 105.0 105.1 .485 .487 48.0 48.0 5.0 5.0 Since it has been well established that the transmission through any insulating material of uniform structure varies inversely as its thickness, on the basis of my tests, I find that the heat transmission through these several materials per square foot, per degree difference in temperature, per twenty-four hours, for one inch thickness, is: Nonpareil Corkboard - Rock Cork Lith Waterproof Lith Composition Corkboard Indurated Fibre 6.5 B. T. U. 7.4 7.9 8.4 8.9 10.0 38 It is interesting to note that Waterproof Lith is not as efficient as the old type of Lith. The foregoing results show that Nonpareil Corkboard is 1 2.2 % more efficient than Rock Cork 17.7% " *i " Lith 22.6% " •• " Waterproof Lith 27.0% '• «« Composition Corkboard 35.0% " 4« Indurated Fibre or, in other words, that Rock Cork is 1 3.8 % less efficient than Nonpareil Corkboard Lith " 21.5% Waterproof Lith " 29.2 % Composition Corkboard " 36.9% Indurated Fibre Board " 53.8 % I desire to call particular attention to the fact that the figures above show not merely the rela- tive value as heat insulators of these several materials. They do more than this; they give actual transmission, and hence can be put to practical use in designing insulation on a scien- tific basis. It has been gratifying to me to note how closely the results that I have obtained approximate those previously determined by your own engineers in a series of experiments extend- ing over several years. Yours truly, 39 RESULTS OF TESTS At this plant a long series of tests has been made by our own engineers, not only on insulating materials but also on building Test Box Built of Brick. Thirteen Inches in Thickness. materials, such as brick and concrete. With the data thus obtained, the heat loss through any type of construction can be computed accurately, and the proper thickness of insulation to install determined on a thoroughly scientific basis. The following table gives some of the results: 40 Material Thickness Transmission in B. T. U. per sq. ft. per deg. F.diff. in temp, for 24 hours Transmission in B. T. U. per sq. ft. per deg. F. diff. in temp, per 1 in. thick- ness for 24 hrs. Date Nonpareil Corkboard.. 1 inch 6.4 6.4 Sept. 6, 1907 • i« 1 6.4 6.4 Oct. 2, 1907 t t( 1 6.2 6.2 Oct. 3, 1907 t ti 1 6.2 6.2 Oct. 4, 1907 " 2 3.0 6.0 Nov. 6, 1907 It t« 2 3.0 6.0 Nov. 7, 1907 " " 2 2.9 5.8 Nov. 8, 1907 It tt 2 3.0 6.0 Nov. 13, 1907 It tt 2 2.9 5.8 Nov. 14, 1907 tt tt 2 3.0 6.0 Nov. 15, 1907 « tt tt 2 3.3 6.6 AprU 23, 1909 » tt tt 2 3.2 6.4 April 24, 1909 tt tt 3 2.2 6.6 June 7, 1907 tt tt 3 2.2 6.6 June 22, 1907 Average of 14 Tests, 6.2 Composition Cork- i board (Granulated \ cork and asphalt). July 26, 1907 July 30, 1907 May 6, 1909 May 7, 1909 Average of 4 Tests, 8.8 Lith 2 inch 2 tt 2 tt 2 tt 2 " 2 " 2 tt 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.9 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.6 8.0 7.8 4-inch Cork Concrete ~ (Patented) mixed 6 parts Unscreened Granulated Cork to 1 part of Portland ce- ment, with >^-inch Portland cement plaster on both sides 5 inch 5 5 4.8 4.7 4.8 24.0 23.5 24.0 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 16, 1907 17, 1907 18, 1907 30, 1907 31, 1907 April 16, 1909 April 17, 1909 Average of 7 Tests, 7.6 ♦Waterproof Lith * tt tt 2 inch 2 4.2 4.2 8.4 8.4 AprU 1, 1909 AprU 2, 1909 Average of 2 Tests, 8.4 *Rock Cork 2 inch 2 3.8 3.6 7.6 7.2 AprU 8, 1909 « tt tt AprU 9, 1909 Average of 2 Tests, 7.4 ♦Indurated Fibre 2 inch 2 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 AprU 13, 1909 AprU 14, 1909 Average of 2 Tests, 10.0 Sept. 10, 1908 Sept 11, 1908 Oct. 22, 1908 Average of 3 Tests, 23.8 41 Material Thickness Transmission in B. T. U. per sq. ft. per deg. F. diff. in temp. for 24 hours Transmission in B. T. U. per sq. ft. per deg. F. difif. in temp, per 1 in. thick- ness for 24 hrs. Date 3-inch Cork Concrete (Patented) mixed 8 parts Unscreened Granulated Cork to 1 part of Portland ce- ment, with >^-inch Portland cement plaster on both sides , 4 inch 4 4.1 4.1 16.4 16.4 13-inch Brick Walll insulated with one layer of 2-inch Non- pareil Corkboard erected in %-inch Portland cement . . . 15K inch 15)4 " 2.7 2.8 Mar. 17. 1909 Mar. 17. 1909 Average of 2 Tests, 16.4 1-inch Nonpareil' Corkboard with }4- inch Portland cement plaster 1^ inch 5.9 5.8 ... Dea 5, 1907 Dec. 6, 1907 Average of 2 Tests, 5.85 Brick Wall 13 inch 13 13 8.8 9.S 9.4 114.4 123.5 122.2 April 10. 1908 AprU 24, 1908 .1 .1 April 25, 1908 Average of 3 Test s, 120.0 May 21, 1908 May 22, 1908 Average of 2 Tests, 2.75 13-inch Brick Wall~| insulated with two layers 2-inch Non- pareil Corkboard each erected in >4-uich Portland cement. . . June 16, 1908 Aug. 8, 1908 Average of 2 Tests, 1.45 Concrete (1-3-5) inch 25.5 26.0 102.0 104.0 Average of 2 Tests, 103.0 April 30, 1909 May 1, 1909 *Tests made by Walter Kennedy, M. E., Pittsburgh, Pa. 42 II. Thirteen-Inch Brick Test Box, insulated witli two-inch Nonpareil Corltboard laid up in one-half inch Portland cement mortar. The Moisture Resisting Capacity of Nonpareil Corkboard. While efficiency as a nonconductor of heat is obviously of the utmost importance in an insu- lating material, durability in actual service is just as essential, and durability in this connection, translated into the simplest terms, means merely the ability to resist moisture. Water is a good MOISTURE conductor of heat; hence, just as soon as AND DURABILITY auy msulatmg material gets water-soaked, it becomes practically worthless as an insulator. Moreover, moisture causes rapid deterioration in the insulating material itself. Therefore, thor- oughly durable insulation must be waterproof in every sense of the word. When put to this test, practically all the materials that, in a dry state, are good nonconductors of heat, may be weighed 43 in the balance and found wanting. But here again Nonpareil Corkboard asserts its superiority. It will not become waterlogged. Its tiny sealed air cells will not absorb moisture THE GOVERN- Tafcc 3 plece of Nonpareil Cork that has TUBE TEST ON 1)6611 soaked in water, cut it open and NONPAREIL "■ CORKBOARD yQu wlll fiud it QTY msidc. Or, if you prefer to do so, you can make a simple test yourself, which will demonstrate conclusively that Nonpareil Corkboard is the only form of insu- lation that will keep itself drp. In making this test, you will be following the example of the United States Navy Department. Large quantities of Nonpareil Corkboard are used aboard battleships and cruisers to insulate magazines, refrigerated rooms and living quarters, the government specifications providing that all corkboard used must withstand boiling for three hours at atmospheric pres- sure without going to pieces BoUing Test on Nonpareil Corkboard. and WlthOUt CXpaudiug mOrC than two per cent in any direction. Break your sample of Nonpareil Corkboard in half and boil one piece for three hours. Weight it down, if you wish, so as to submerge it completely. Then break the granules open and you will find them dry as a bone inside. By fitting the dry 44 piece against the other, it will be seen that the boiled part remains firm and has not expanded appreciably. Try the same experiment with any other kind of corkboard, mineral wool block or wood pulp board, and draw your own conclusions. CONDENSA- When a cold storage room is cooled '"'"* down, the air confined in the insulation on the side next to the room gets cold and con- tracts. This produces a partial vacuum and the warm air outside endeavors to force its way in to restore equilibrium. It carries with it, of course, more or less moisture, which, when the air is cooled below the dew point, condenses and is deposited right in the heart of the insulation itself. This goes on, not at one moment but con- stantly, day and night, during the whole time the plant is in use and unless the insulation is absolutely waterproof, it will soon reek with moisture. CAPILLARY ATTRACTION This process is materially aided and hastened by the capillary attraction of all types of insulation of fibrous character, i. e., mineral wool, hair felt, wood pulp, flax fibre, shavings, sawdust, boards and air space con- struction, etc. They all literally suck in mois- ture from the outer air, no matter how carefully the attempt is made to render them waterproof by impregnating them with oil, by coating them with pitch or asphalt, or by lining the walls with insulating paper. Sooner or later the warm air 43 will effect an entrance somewhere, condensation will begin, and before long the insulation will become water-soaked, rotten and inefficient. Eventually it will have to be torn out and replaced. Boards and Air Space Insulation, Rotted out after only six years' service in a Philadelphia abattoir. NONPAREIL CORKBOARD MOISTURE PROOF Nonpareil Corkboard, on the contrary, will last as long as the building itself. The warm air cannot penetrate its tiny air cells, for nature herself seals them up her- metically, completely isolating each one from the myriads of others. Every granule of cork, 46 moreover, is covered with a waterproof coating of the natural gum, liquified and brought to the surface by the manufacturing process. Hence, there is absolutely no capillary attraction, no absorption of moisture, no progressive deterio- ration at all. Nonpareil Corkboard is practically everlasting. Section Of Nonpareil Corklward Insulation after four years' service, taken from one of Swift & Company's coolers, Philadelphia, Pa., on account of alterations in the building. The insulation, as shown, consisted of one course of two-inch and one of one-inch Nonpareil Corkboard, both erected in Portland cement mortar, with Portland cement plaster finish. On its removal, the cork- board was found to be in as dry and perfect condition as the day it was put in. 47 Illi Nonpareil Corkboard Keeps Free from Rot, Mold and Offensive Odors. DANGER OF Everyone knows how susceptible delicate TAINT food stuffs, such as milk, cream, butter, eggs, ice cream, etc., are to any marked odor; and how essential it is that they be stored only under thoroughly sanitary and hygienic conditions. The insulation of every storage room, in which such goods are carried, should, therefore, be practically odorless to begin with; and in the second place, should be proof against rot, mold and the offen- sive odors generated by decay. For the first reason, the use of cheap corkboard, in which pitch serves as the binder, is apt to result dis- astrously. Tainting is almost sure to follow its installation, for the odor of pitch is particularly penetrating. Nor should hair felt, or any other animal substance be employed, for it inevitably gets damp, decays and becomes exceedingly offensive. Boards and air space construction, shavings, sawdust, cotton seed hulls, etc., mold and soon rot out. All such types of insulation, HAHBOBiNG morcover, afford excellent harboring PLACES FOR ^ vtHMiN places for rats, mice and other vermin; render the maintenance of hygienic and sanitary conditions impossible, and largely increase the danger of fire. Nonpareil Corkboard, on the other hand, will not rot, mold, or give off offensive odors. Prop- erly erected, it is vermin proof. Rooms insulated NONPAREIL with it, with Portland cement plaster finish, are easily kept in sanitary and omo'Ns hygienic condition. They may be washed down with a hose in fact, as often as necessary, 48 CORKBOARD ENSURES SANITARY CON without affecting the insulation in the slightest. This last point is of great importance where citrus fruits, or anything else that gives off a marked odor, are handled. In such cases, it is absolutely necessary that the storage rooms be entirely freed of the odor before other goods are placed therein; otherwise, tainting is sure to take place. To accomplish this speedily is frequently very difficult, but with Nonpareil Corkboard insu- lation, the objectionable condition can be readily and promptly overcome. The recent pure food legislation demands the maintenance of a high standard in the manufac- ture and distribution of food products— a higher standard than has generally prevailed in the past. Although practically all the industries in which refrigeration is used have felt the effects of such legislation, the fact that Nonpareil Cork- board ensures and renders easy the maintenance of sanitary and hygienic conditions, is of partic- ular importance to the dairyman, the creamery man, the baker, the candy maker, the ice cream manufacturer and the cold storage warehouseman. rv. The SloTsr Burning and Fire Retarding Proper- ties of Nonpareil Corkboard. Nonpareil Corkboard is first, slow burning, as ignited cork will not support combustion in the absence of heat applied from some external source; and second, fire retarding, since the solid and compact construction that it permits, unlike old methods, leaves no concealed air spaces in the walls to act as flues and assist in the spread of a fire once under way. 49 APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDER- WRITERS It has the enviable distinction of being the only cold storage insulating material that is approved by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Approval was given only after an exhaustive test conducted by the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, 111., on November 7, 1907. A section of wall insulated with two courses of two-inch Nonpareil Corkboard, both erected in Portland cement mortar, with a Portland cement plaster finish, not only withstood intense heat, running as high as 2240° F., for one hour, but also a stream of water thrown against it HHjUlE jsd. high pressure at .SBIBilE ^e expiration of that |me. The elaborate "feport describing this test in detail is on file in the offices of the National Board of Fire Underwriters in the following cities, and may be consulted on application: New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Newark, N. J., Syracuse, N. Y., Hartford, Conn., Chicago, St. Louis, New Orleans, Atlanta, San Francisco. ni-a^. The Type of Construction Approved by the Underwriters. 50 THE UNDER. Thc officlal summary and approval, a WRITERS' HEPORT synopsis of the detailed report, is given in full below. It may be found on file in the offices of all the underwriters associations, fire insurance companies, and agencies who are sub- scribers to the National Board of Fire Underwriters: 191— March 4, 1908. Heat Insulating Coverings. Armstrong Cork Company, Manufacturers, Pittsburgh, Pa. Corkboard (Nonpareil) Laid in Cement Mortar. Heat insulating covering for walls, floors and ceilings (not for steam pipes, stacks, etc.), of two-ply construction, consisting of two layers of 2-Lnch Nonpareil Corkboard bedded in J^-inch layers of cement mortar and covered with a j4-mch. finish coating of the same material. Corkboard in sizes not exceeding 36 x 12 inches laid with joints broken in both directions. Cement mortar made of one part Portland cement and two parts clean, sharp sand. Corkboard for floors laid in hot asphalt and covered with concrete 3 to 4 inches thick. The above is APPROVED for heat insulating purposes for walls, floors and ceilings in cold storage warehouses, cold storage cellars in brew- eries, cold rooms in packing houses, hotel refrigerators, fur storage rooms and rooms of this character. (Underwriters having jurisdiction to be consulted before installation). 51 REDUCED INSURANCE RATES Apparatus for Simple Fire Test The approval of the Underwriters results in reduced insurance rates, not only on buildings, but their contents as well. Anyone can readily determine the relative slow burning qualities of Nonpareil Corkboard as compared with other forms of insulation by a simple experiment. All that is needed is an iron stand, a burner, and pieces of the different materials, say, twelve inches square and two inches thick. Place each piece on the stand, as indicated in the accompanying illustration; record the time it takes to burn a hole clear through, and carefully note the condition of each . S.HPLE specimen EXPERIMENT ^^ ^J^g expiration of this period. The cut on this page shows the appearance of a piece of Nonpareil Cork- board after a 1500° F. flame had been burning under it for four hours and five minutes. It took just that long for the Two-inch Nonpareil Corkboard after 1500*' F. flame had been applied for four hours and five minutes. 52 flame to burn through. Notice that it did not spread out or char the under surface. The other picture shows what was left of a piece of fibrous compressed mineral wool block of the same size and thickness after the same flame had been applied for but two hours and five minutes. When lifted from the stand it sim- ply fell to pieces. If you will also test wood pulp board, and the other forms of corkboard on the Fibrous Compressed Mineral Wool Block after market, yOU Will 1500° F. flame had been applied for ref)dilv flnnreoiate two hours and five minutes. ^ "" why the Under- writers have given their approval to Nonpareil Corkboard and to no other type of cold storage insulation. A REMARK- Thc lesults of an elaborate test made TEST '"" at Beaver Falls, Pa., on August 24, 1907, demonstrate in striking fashion its fire retarding properties. A room eight feet square and eight feet high was constructed of two by four-inch studs, sheathed on the inside with ordinary one- inch lumber. The walls and ceiling were insu- lated with two courses of two-inch Nonpareil Corkboard, both erected in Portland cement with one-half inch Portland cement plaster finish. After the cement had thoroughly dried, the room was filled with a mass of combustible ma- terial — firewood, kerosene, etc. Several small holes around the base and the opening through which the fuel was supplied, allowed the free 53 ingress of air. As shown in the photographs, there were four flues, eight inches in diameter, one at each corner of the roof. The duration of the test was two hours. By means of a thermo- electric pyrometer, the temperature at two widely separated points inside the room was recorded at five minute intervals. The maximum temperature Insulated Room Before the Test- reached was 1937° F., but the outside of the walls never became heated. To the touch they were as cool at the end as at the beginning of the test. Finally the fire was extinguished by a stream of water thrown with considerable force not only on the mass of burning material but also on the walls and ceiling. S4 The Fire at its Height. The Insulated Room at the Conclusion of the Test S5 THE RESULTS Exammatioii revealed that the cement plaster had all fallen down, with the exception of a small amount around the edges of the walls and ceiling. The outer course of corkboard had been charred almost all the way through but still remained clinging to the cement mortar between the two layers. The fire had carbonized '^''''^M'^' After the TesL The front of the test room torn away, showing corkboard still firmly attached to the walls and ceiling. the cork and the layer of carbon, itself a good insulator, had shielded the part beneath. The cement mortar between the two layers and the under course of corkboard were not affected in any way. The pictures of the room after the test, the front having been torn away, and a cross-section of one of the walls at close range. 56 verify the truth of this assertion. A complete report of this test will be mailed on request. ACTUAL FIRES Nqi aie demonstratious of what our corkboard will do in actual fires lacking. The only thing, in the opinion of the architect and J0!^ m«c^ 'ft Cross Sectional View of Wall of Room after the Test, showing from right to left— studding, sheathing, cement back, under course of corkboard, the cement between, and outer layer of corkboard shriveled by the heat. the fire insurance adjusters, that saved the walls of the cold storage building of the Zoller Packing Company, Allegheny, Pa., when the rest of the plant was destroyed in April, 1907, was the two layers of two-inch corkboard insulation. Success- 57 fully withstanding the intense heat generated by thousands of pounds of lard and other combustible materials, the corkboard remained clinging to the walls, preventing the flames from reaching the brick, calcining them and thus causing utter col- lapse. As it was, while the whole of the interior Zoller Packing Company's Cold Storage Building after the Fire. The interior was completely gutted, as shown by the two views following. of the building was burned out, the four walls remained intact. When the plant was rebuilt, they were utilized again, together with almost all of the under course of corkboard, which was undamaged. A complete description of this fire will be for- warded on application. In a number of other plants also, corkboard has proved its efl&cacy as a fire retardant; viz.. 58 Zoller Packing Company. Interior view of wall of cold storage building, the exterior of which is shown in the first photograph. The corkboard may be seen clinging to the wall. Zoller Packing Company. Interior of cold storage building completely gutted. The corkboard may be seen still firmly attached to the wall. 59 Arbogast & Bastian, Allentown, Pa., Abraham & Straus, fur vault, Brooklyn, N. Y., Hazelwood Cream Company, Portland, Oregon, and Ridgway Pure Ice Company, Ridgway, Pa. V. The Structural Strength of Nonpareil Corkboard and the Ease with which it May be Erected. The structural strength of Nonpareil Corkboard and the ease with which it may be erected are two of the strongest points in its favor. It may be cut, sawed and nailed into place just as lum- ber in buildings of frame construction, or put up with equal readiness in Portland cement mortar STRONG AND agaiust brick, stone, concrete, or hollow ERECTED tile walls and ceilings. It requires no external support or retaining walls to hold it in place. Solid Nonpareil Corkboard partitions as high as fifteen feet are readily erected without the use of any studding whatsoever. They save space and the cost of lumber otherwise required. In insulating floors and the bottoms of freezing tanks. Nonpareil Corkboard is laid down in asphalt. Its strength in compression is ample to take care of loads many times greater than those ordinarily encountered. Portland cement plaster adheres perfectly to its surface, affording a thoroughly sanitary and hygienic finish. All this cannot be said about other types of insulation in sheet form. Those forms of corkboard in which glue, asphalt, or pitch is used as a binder (except Genuine German OTHER CORKBOARD STRUCTUR- ALLY WEAK Impregnated Corkboard, see page 104) are apt to loosen up in time, particularly when applied against wooden ceilings. The weight of the plaster and the corkboard itself tends to pull the nails through the sheets, the corkboard dropping away, leaving the nails sticking in the sheathing. In Nonpareil Corkboard, the natural gum or rosin of the cork itself serves to bind the whole mass Erecting two courses of Nonpareil Corkboard against Studding, using Waterproof Insulating Paper. together securely. This natural binder is proof against moisture, acids and alkalies. Hence the board will not disintegrate, and as it is firm and tough, it can be nailed against ceilings with the assurance that the nail heads will not pull through. 61 MINERAL WOOL BLOCKS UNSTABLE The difficulties met with in handling min- eral wool boards are many. To begin with, the material itself is unstable and requires the admixture of some fibrous binder to give it any structural strength at all. It cannot be erected with Portland cement satisfactorily, as each block must first be coated with asphalt to waterproof it, and the bond which results between the surface Erecting two courses of three-inch Nonpareil Corkboard in Portland Cement against briclt wall in the Morris Cold Storage Company's plant, Chicago, IlL Insulated concrete column may be seen at the left. covered with asphalt and Portland cement is not of sufficient strength. Mineral wool blocks, therefore, have to be laid up against brick walls in asphalt or pitch, which not only adds to the risk in case of fire, but also is not nearly so durable a type of construction as that afforded by Portland cement. When nailed against studding or sheath- 62 ing, roofing washers or large pieces of expanded metal lath have to be used about the heads of the nails, to prevent them from pulling through. It is a very disagreeable material to handle, as the fine particles get into the hands and even into the nose, eyes and lungs, causing serious irritation. 2160 2016 1872 1728 . .1 B84 . 1440 O CO 12S6 tr ui a. 11B2 CO ffi -J 1008 „, ,., . .1_ _ _ _ _ ._ ,. _ . . , _ ,. , / 1 . ,. ^ _ __ _ ^^ : _ ^'' z 1 y J /- 1 y '' d. ,? 7 - - - - 4. _ _ _ ^-inch bed of Portland cement mortar, mixed in the proportion of one part of Port- land cement to one part of clean, sharp sand. All transverse joints shall be broken. All joints shall be made tight. A Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied as per Specification No. 28. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness laid up in one layer. 79 7. CEILINGS: Concrete or hollow tUe. Four-inch insulation — two layers. POfiTLANO CE.ME a" NONPAREIL CORKBOABD PORTLAND CEME.MT MORTAR, i"NONPARE.lL CORKBOARD PORTLAND CEMENT flNISH CEILIN '> Directly against the ceiling, one course of 2-inch Nonpa- reil Corkboard shall be laid up in a J^-inch bed of Portland cement mortar, mixed in the proportion of one part of Port- land cement to one part of clean, sharp sand, all transverse joints being broken. A second course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall then be laid up against the first in a J^-inch bed of Portland cement mortar, and additionally secin"ed to the first with galvanized wire nails. All joints in the second course shall be broken with respect to all joints in the first course. All joints shall be made tight. A Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied as per Specification No. 28. This type of construction is approved bp the National Board of Fire Underwriters. NOTE : The above specification may be used for any thickness laid up in two layers. 80 8. CEILINGS : Concrete or hollow tUe. Four-inch insulation — two layers. .■.■,- Ceiling; ' PORTL.AND CE-MENT MORTAR a." NONPAREIL CORKBOARD ASPHALT CEMENT a." NONPAREIL CORKBOAHD- PORTLAND CEMENT FINISH. o'.'<''.'i'.o,\ ;' ^^g» |^t^^^^ ^i ^ ^t. ^ ted-x^.^ :its t>^^fe ; .SECTION A A Directly against the ceiling, one course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid up in a J^-inch bed of Portland cement mortar, mixed in the proportion of one part of Port- land cement to one part of clean, sharp sand, all transverse joints being broken. A second course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall then be laid up against the first in hot asphalt cement and additionally secured to the first with galvanized wire nails. All joints in the second course shall be broken with respect to all joints in the first course. All joints shall be made tight. A Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied as per Specification No. 28. NOTE : The above specification may be used for any thickness laid up in two layers. 81 9. CEILING: Concrete. Three-inch insulation — one layer laid down in ceiling forms before con- crete is poured in. 3' NONPARCIL corkboar wooden form NOTE- PORTLAND CEME-NT FINISH TO BE APPLIED AFTER FORM |9 REMOVED The concrete contractor shall construct the wooden forms for the ceiling 3 inches deeper than would otherwise be necessary. In the concrete forms shall be laid down one course of 3-inch Nonpareil Corkboard. All transverse joints shall be broken. All joints shall be made tight. The forms shall then be filled in with concrete by the concrete contractor. After the forms are removed, a Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied to the exposed surface of the corkboard, as per Specification No. 28. This tifpe of construction is approved bp the National Board of Fire Underwriters. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness laid down in one layer, the depth of the forms to be varied accordingly. 82 10. CEILINGS: Concrete. Four-inch insulation — ^two layers laid down in ceiling forms before con- crete is poured in. t NONPAOeiL CORHBOARO POflTLANO CEMthTT MORTAR t! NONPAREIL CORKBOARD wooDCN rOKru. ^NOTE- PORTLAND CEMENT FINISH SECTION AA TO Bt APPLIED AFTER FORM IS REMOVED CEIUNC The concrete contractor shall construct the wooden forms for the ceiling 4}i mches deeper than would otherwise be necessary. In the concrete forms shall be laid down one course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard, all transverse joints being broken. On top of the first course, a second comse of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in Portland cement mortar, mixed in the proportion of one part of Port- land cement to two parts of clean, sharp sand. All joints in the second course shall be broken with respect to all joints in the first course. All joints shall be made tight. The form shall then be filled in with concrete by the concrete contractor. After the forms are removed a Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied to the exposed surface of the corkboard, as per Specification No. 28. This tspe of construction is approved bg the National Board of Fire Underwriters. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness laid down in two layers, the depth of the forms to be vsiried accordingly. 83 11. CEILINGS : Frame construction. Three-inch insulation— one layer. SHEATHING I LATERS OF PAPER 3' NON PAREI L CORK BOARD PORTLANO CEMENT FINISH ING On the sheathed ceiling, two layers of waterproof insu- lating paper shall be applied, all edges lapped at least 3 inches, against which one course of 3-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be securely nailed. All transverse joints shall be broken. All joints shall be made tight. A Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied, as per Specification No. 28. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness erected in one layer. Hot asphalt cement may be used instead of two layers of insulating paper. If desired, the space between the joists may be filled with granulated cork, well tamped in place. S4 12. CEILINGS; Frame construction. Four-inch insulation— two layers. SHEATHING- 1 LAYERS^OF PAPER i NONPAREIL COR«BOARD I ASPHALT CEMENT. Z' NONPAREIL CjORKSOARD PORTLAND CEMENT FINISH On the sheathed ceilmg, two layers of waterproof insu- lating paper shall be applied, all edges lapped at least 3 inches, against which shall be securely nailed one coiu-se of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard, all transverse joints being broken. A second course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall then be erected against the first in hot asphalt cement, and addition- ally secured to the first with galvanized wire nails. All joints in the second course shall be broken with respect to all joints in the first course. All joints shall be made tight. A Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied as per Specification No. 28. NOTE : The above specification may be used for any thickness erected in two layers. Hot asphalt cement may be substituted for the two layers of insulating paper above specified, or vice-versa. If desired, the space between the joists may be filled with granulated cork, well tamped in place. 85 Floors 13. FLOORS; Frame construction. Three-inch insulation — one layer, concrete finish. «( F'-v ;n^y•■.v■^^/r;• ■L^ \ \ PORTLAND / '•-■ ■;.;; 'J;;^lS:;i;S#^'-^^;y;S?^;;s\ \ V CEMENT 1 ■.'.■■'■■ m^^mmm'^^^m \ \ i iiii iiiii ■ ■'■■'^7) \coNCR rrk i ■■V;"j;J;:JcoF(i^Bb/^RD!';Vy,\'; ",'■/■;-.■ 'vJ-*'!1a5P"alt\ V ■ ''Of '-;'-■■'.-■'.■.', ■■■■■.'*!'■'■ i^iiii^^^ \ PORTLAND C6.MENT FINISH- CO N C P ET E- __________ ASPHALT _ ^NONPAREIL CORKBOARD , ASPHALT _____ Fl nnRIMft PLAN SECTPON A A On the wood flooring, one course of 3-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt. All transverse joints shall be broken. All jomts shall be made tight The upper surface of the corkboard shall be flooded with hot asphalt, approximately >^-mch in thickness, and the 4-inch working concrete floor laid down directly on top. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness laid down in one layer. »S 14. FLOORS: Frame construction. Three-inch insulation — one layer, wood finish. ilMSS^lMii^^S • ■• ■;.' Z '»3' ■' 3UEt p.EB5:yj» . y rJlSv'J.'CliiRKBI :■•■.: :.--.'v5,v:!.'cORrBOABD :.•:•■■■.;:-") ;■ FLOOftlNB ASPHAUC Z"X3" SLEEPERS aefCENTEHS 3'nONPAREIU COBrtBOARD. ASPHALT. FtOORIN^ SECTION AA On the wood flooring, 2-inch x 3-inch sleepers shall be laid down on edge on 38-inch centers. Between the sleepers, 3-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt. All joints shall be made tight. The upper surface shall be flooded with hot asphalt, approximately >^-uich thick. The flooring shall then be securely nailed down. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness laid down in one layer, the size of the sleepers to be varied accordingly. 87 15. FLOORS: Frame construction. Four-inch insulation — two layers, concrete finish. POimAND CEMENT FmiSM CONCRETE ASPHALT 1' NONPAREIL CORKBWWD ASPHALT Z" NONPARE.il CORBBOARa ASPHALT FLOQRIN& SECTION AA On the wood flooring, one course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt, all transverse joints being broken. On the first layer, a second course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt. All joints in the second course shall be broken with respect to all joints in the first course. All joints shall be made tight. The upper surface shall be flooded with hot asphalt, approximately ^-inch thick, and the 4-inch working concrete floor laid down directly on top. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness laid down in two layers. 16. FLOORS: Frame construction. Four-inch insulation— two layers, wood finish. Z' NONPAREIL COR^B0ARD ASPHALT FLOORING SECTION l^A On the wood flooring, one course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt, all transverse joints being broken. 2-inch x 2-inch sleepers shall then be put down on 38-inch centers. Between the sleepers, a second course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt. All joints in the second course shall be broken with respect to all joints in the first course. All joints shall be made tight. The upper surface shall be flooded with hot asphalt, approximately >^-inch thick. The flooring shall then be securely nailed down. NOTE : The above specification may be used for any thickness laid down in two layers. The size of the sleepers must be adjusted to the thickness of the second course of corkboard. 89 17. FLOORS : Concrete or hollow tile. Three-inch insulation — one layer, concrete finish. PORTLAND CEMENT FINISH. CONCRETE ASPHALT . 3 NONPABEIL CORKCOARD- AiPMALT- SECTION AA On a reasonably smooth and level concrete base, one course of 3-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt. All transverse joints shall be brokeiL All joints shall be made tight. The upper surface shall be flooded with hot asphalt, approximately >^-inch in thickness, and the 4-inch working concrete floor laid down directly on top. This tppe of construction is approved be the National Board of Fire Underwriters. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness laid down in one layer. 18. FLOORS : Concrete or hoUow tile. Three-inch insulation— wood finish. 1*X5 SLEEPtRS 38°C£NTER3. 3 NONPKOEII. CORnSOARO. ASPMAV.T, SECTION AA On a reasonably smooth and level concrete base, 2-inch X 3-inch sleepers shall be laid down on edge in hot asphalt on 38-inch centers. Between the sleepers, 3-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt. All joints shall be made tight. The upper surface shall be flooded with hot asphalt, approximately >^-inch thick. The flooring shall then be securely nailed down. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness laid down in one layer, the size of the sleepers to be varied accordingly. 91 19. FLOORS: Concrete or hollow tUe. Four-inch insulation — two layers, concrete finish. PORTLAND CEMENT F1NI5H_ CONCRETE ASPHALT - i" NONPAREIL CORHBOARp- ASPHALT- Z' NONPAREIL CORHBOARD ASPHALT — ^__ j.•.■••.• i- FLOOR siAB':i." •■■".'/■'a- .••. "-T '■-Ci!tiii>; -■ ■'•V.'.v. •»:■ >.■» ; •-■'« ;«/ ♦ u"*"" ''^U :l^'is'-^ SECTION AA On a reasonably smooth and level concrete base, one course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt, all transverse joints being broken. 2-inch x 2-inch sleepers shall then be put down on 38-inch center^. Between the sleepers, a second course of 2-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be laid down in hot asphalt. All joints in the second course shall be broken with respect to all joints in the first course. All joints shall be made tight. The upper surface shall be flooded with hot asphalt, approximately >^-inch thick. The flooring shall then be securely nailed down. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness laid down in two layers. The size of the sleepers must be adjusted to the thickness of the second course of corkboard. 93 Partitions There are so many types of partitions that it is possible here only to present those forms that are most frequently met witL PARTITIONS: Brick, stone, concrete or hollow tile. Brick, stone, concrete and hollow tile partitions are insu- lated as per Specifications Nos. 1, 2 and 3 for wall work. 21. PARTITIONS: Frame construction. m>%Km^ PORTLAND CEMENT FINISH, ij NONPAREIL CORKBOAflD — GRANULATED CORK,- 2"X4^' STUDS IS"CENTERS I>^"nON PARE! L CORKBOARD- PORTLAND CEMENT FIN I SH P m ;>; M ffllmV;V>^s^^^w.vAW^Vla^!^.vA^^^^')a^.'' ^.■^^■'■'■■'■■''^''■'■■'■■'■■'■■'■■"■''"■'■■'■■"'^ SECTION AA SCCTION BB Against both sides of 2-inch x 4-inch studding, erected on 18-inch centers, Ij^-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be securely nailed. All vertical joints shall be broken. All joints shall be made tight. The space between the studs shall be carefully filled with granulated cork, well tamped in place. A Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied to the exposed surface of the corkboard on both sides of the paitition as per Specification No. 28. NOTE: The above specification may be used for any thickness of corkboard. A better type of construction is afforded by the following specification : 94 21 PARTITIONS: Frame construction. PORTLAND CEMENT FINISH l/i 'nonpareil CODrteOARO £ LAYERS OF PAPER SM&ATHtNO- r«4 STUDS 18 CtNTERS- CBANULATED CORn "SHEATMINg- Z LAYERS OF PAPER 1V2" NONPAREIL CORKSOARD PORTLAND CEMENT FINISH SECTION A A SECTION El 6 tLEVATlON 2-inch X 4-inch studding shall be erected on 18-inch centers and sheathed on both sides with ^-inch T. & G. boards. Against the sheathing on both sides of the partition shall be applied two layers of waterproof insulating paper, all edges lapped 3 inches, against which one course of Ij^- inch NonpareO Corkboard shall be securely nailed. All verti- cal joints shall be broken. All joints shall be made tight. The space between the studs shall be filled with granulated cork well tamped in place. A Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied to the exposed surface of the corkboard on both sides of the partition as per Specification No. 28. NOTE : The thickness of the coikboard should be varied according to the temperature to be maintained. Frequently it is desirable to apply corkboard to only one side of the studding, finishing the other side with matched boards or expanded metal lath and plaster, as may be desired. Solid Cork Partitions In cases where there is no load to be carried, solid cork- board partitions, as high as fifteen feet, are found entirely satisfactory. They possess remarkable structural strength and save space and the cost of the studding, which would other- wise be required. Specifications for their erection follow: 23. SOLID CORK PARTITIONS: Three-inch insulation — one layer. WA'/M^.'/'/--^.-^ PORTLAND CEHENT FINISH . 3" NONPAREIL CORKBOARD PORTLAND CEMENT FINISH ^>^z-yiM^^^.A>i^-^M-^^MA SECTION AA The partition shall be a solid cork partition, consisting of one layer of 3-inch Nonpareil Corkboard built up edge on edge. All joints shall be sealed with hot asphalt and made tight. All vertical joints shall be broken and each corkboard securely toe-nailed to the abutting corkboards, and, where possible, to the walls, floor and ceiling, with long special galvanized wire nails. A Portland cement plaster finish shall be applied to both sides of the corkboard as per Specification No. 28. 96 24. SOLID CORK PARTITIONS: Four-inch insulatioii— two layers. S>i.«iW««K»»l!;i($«I»iNi«it9li»»9Ki»<«)«i9$i«NMK4;«»-^ M*^^-inch thick, and left ready for the tank to be set down directly on top. The insulation shall extend at least 6 inches beyond the sides of the tank. NOTE: See note under Specification No. 23. 101 SIDES: Against the sides of the tank, 3-inch x 4-inch studs shall be set on edge on 18-inch centers, the upper ends being securely wedged in place. Against the studs, one course of 3-inch Nonpareil Corkboard shall be securely nailed. All vertical joints shall be broken. All joints shall be sealed with asphalt cement. The space between the studs, the sides of the tank, and the corkboard, shall be filled with granulated cork, well tamped in place. On the exposed surface of the corkboard, a Portland cement plaster finish shaU be applied as per Specification No. 28. NOTE : If desired, a matched lumber finish may be applied instead of the Portland cement plaster specified. Portland Cement Plaster Finish 28. Against the exposed surface of the corkboard, a Port- land cement plaster finish, approximately ^-inch in thickness, shall be applied in two coats. The first shall be approximately ^-iuch in thickness, rough scratched, mixed in the proportion of one part of Portland cement to two parts of clean, sharp sand. After this coat has thoroughly dried, the second coat shall be applied approximately J^-inch in thickness, mixed in the proportion of one part of Portland Cement to one and one-haK parts of clean, sharp sand, and brought to a float or trowel finish, as may be desired. The plaster shall be kept wet by daily sprinkling for at least a week after the second coat is applied, in order to reduce cracking to a minim um NOTE: It is frequently desirable to score the surface, marking it off in 3 or 4-foot squares. Whatever cracking there is then takes place in the score marks, and hence is not noticeable. Portland cement contracts in setting and hence is bound to crack to a certain extent, but this does not affect the eflBciency of the insulation in the slightest. After the plaster has thoroughly dried out, all cracks may be filled up with neat cement, and the plaster then given one or two coats of cold water paint or white enamel. 102 Cold Storage Insulation Contract Department Our Contract Department is in position to submit plans, specifications and estimates on any work, large or small, involving cork insulation, and, with its corps of experienced erecting super- intendents, to execute contracts, however large they may be, with promptness and in a thoroughly workmanlike manner. All such contract work is backed by the guarantee of the Armstrong Cork Company. Years of experience in this particular field have yielded a mass of practical data, which is at the service of all our prospec- tive customers. Through our extended experience, we are frequently able to draw up plans or suggest modifications which result not only in saving in initial cost of construction, but also in more economical operation. Genuine German Impregnated Corkboard Genuine German Impregnated Corkboard, manu- factured and sold in America exclusively by the Armstrong Cork Company, under patent rights secured from the original German manufacturers, Griinzweig & Hartmann, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, has been recognized for the past twenty years DESCRIPTION as the standard type of cold storage insulation in Europe. It consists of granulated cork coated with a fireproofing clay, made up into board form, baked and then thoroughly impregnated with hot asphalt under tremendous pressure. All excess asphalt is finally sucked out by means of a vacuum, leaving each sepa- rate granule of cork coated with asphalt but with 103 interstices between. The process through which Genuine German Impregnated Corkboard passes resembles somewhat that used in creosoting lumber. It results in a very strong board from a structural ■ ■/ iSii* ^■' ,.'■■•■■■■ Compression Test on four-inch Concrete Floor insulated with five inches of Impregnated Corkboard. Tested with load of pig iron. 1 Per Square Foot Deflection 2000 pounds .01 inch 3500 •• .02 " 7S00 " .03 " 9000 •■ .04 " 15500 " .08 " 20000 " .10 " The Concrete did not crack at all. standpoint, one that does not crumble or disin- tegrate. It has been used in insulating concrete floors under large tanks, where the concentrated load ran as high as 12,000 pounds to the square foot. 104 The heat conductivity of Genuine German Impregnated Corkboard per inch thickness is not as low as that of Nonpareil Corkboard. Genuine German Impregnated, however, appeals especially to those architects, engineers and consumers, who ADVANTAGES Tcmain firmly of the opinion that asphalt or pitch in some form should properly enter into the insulation of every cold storage room. It is peculiarly well adapted for use in breweries— fermenting cellars, chip cask cellars, rack- ing rooms, etc. — and generally wherever, on account of exces- sive dampness, service conditions are particu- larly severe. It is very slow burning and an excellent fin retardant, as the c on this page giv| evidence. It can handled just like ord: nary lumber, cut, sawed, nailed, etc., or erected in Portland cement, following any of the methods hereinbefore outlined for Nonpareil Corkboard. A cement plaster finish adheres readily to its surface. All architects and engineers who wish to have real Impregnated Corkboard are requested to specify "Genuine German Impregnated Corkboard," as such action on their part will pre- vent the substitution of cheap imitations. Several File Test on Impregnated C!orkboard. Con- dition of specimen two inclies in thickness, after 1500° F. flame had been applied for eight hours and fifteen minutes. IMITATIONS INFERIOR 105 such have been placed on the market in recent years, the name Impregnated having been pirated; as applied to these imitations, it is distinctly misleading, and not in any way descriptive of such materials or the methods employed in their manufacture. Without exception, these so-called impregnated corkboards consist merely of a mechanical mixture of cork and pitch, or cork and asphalt, compressed in large blocks and sawed, or else molded into sheets of the proper dimensions. They are, too, without exception, weak structurally; liable to disintegrate and all go to pieces with astounding rapidity under the action of fire. Acme Corkboard Acme Corkboard, the third and least expen- sive grade of Corkboard Insulation manufactured by the Armstrong Cork Company, con- sists of granulated cork mixed with hot asphalt, slightly DESCRIPTION compressed in large blocks, which, when cool, are sawed into sheets of the proper dimensions. It was put on the market originally to meet cheap compe- tition with boards of the type now falsely called Impregnated Corkboard. Its heat conductivity is approximately 8.8 B. T. U. Fire Test on Acme Corkboard. Condition of specimen two inclies in ttiicltness after 1500° F. flame had been applied for tliirty-five minutes. 106 POINTS OF SUPERIORITY per inch thickness, per square foot, per degree difiference in temperature, for twenty-four hours. If a cheap form of insulation must be used, a better type than Acme Corkboard cannot be found. In its manufacture, a high grade odorless asphalt is employed. In other similar forms of corkboard, pitch is the binder, and wherever pitch is used in any connection in insulating rooms where food stuffs, such as milk, cream, butter, eggs, ice cream, etc., are to be stored, there is great danger of tainting. Acme Corkboard can be readily erected in any type of building. In insulating floors and underneath freezing tanks, it can at times be used to par- ticular advantage. The sheets are sawed to accurate dimensions and are full size. Modem Insulation — Ancient Transportation. Hauling Nonpareil Corkboard in Mexico. 107 Dimensions and Shipping Weights Material Thick- ness Inches Number Boards per Crate Square Feet per Crate Gross Weight per Crate Pounds Gross Weight per Sq. Ft. Pounds Net Weight per Sq. Ft. Pounds 1 48 144 196 1.36 1.15 NONPAREIL 1>^ 32 96 184 1.92 1.60 CORKBOARD 2 24 72 174 2.42 2.00 3 16 48 174 3.63 3.00 NONPAREIL f WOOD 2 24 72 225 3.12 2.70 INSERTED 1 3 16 48 201 4.18 3.55 CORKBOARD (^ GENUINE f i'A 30 90 309 3.43 3.10 GERMAN 2 24 72 311 4.32 3.90 IMPREG- 1% 18 54 276 5.12 4.55 NATED 3 16 48 285 5.94 5.30 CORKBOARD 4 12 36 282 7.84 7.00 c i;^ 32 96 260 2.71 2.40 ACME CORKBOARD' 2 24 72 260 3.62 3.20 3 18 16 54 48 246 260 4.56 5.42 4.00 4.80 I 4 12 36 260 7.23 6.40 Standard Size, 12 x 33 inches Nonpareil Corkboard and Nonpareil Wood Inserted Corkboard are shipped either from Beaver Falls, Pa., or Camden, N. J. Less than carload shipments have to be crated; carload lots are forwarded in bulk. Minimum Carloads: In the territory governed by the Official Freight Classification, 20,000 lbs.; Southern, Western and Transcontinental Classi- fication, 24,000 lbs. Impregnated and Acme Corkboard are shipped only from Beaver Falls, Pa. Less than carload shipments have to be crated; carload lots are forwarded in bulk. Minimum Carloads: States, 24,000 lbs. Throughout the United 108 Freight Rates on Corkboard All grades of Corkboard take third class in less carloads; fifth class in carloads, under the Official, Southern and Western Freight Classifications. In the Transcontinental Classification corkboard takes a special commodity rate. Crate of Nonpareil COTkboard. 109 Granulated Cork Granulated Cork is manufactured in a number of grades of different degrees of fineness. The coarsest, Unscreened Granulated Cork, the stand- ard grade for insulating purposes, will all pass through a one-half inch mesh screen ; 8/20 Gran- ulated Cork will pass through an eight-mesh screen but be caught on a twenty-mesh screen, etc. The following table shows the various grades of granulated cork, together with the weight per cubic foot: Unscreened Granulated Cork - 6j4 lbs. per cu. ft. Screened Granulated Cork 6 " " " " 8/12 Granulated Cork - - - 9 •■ - - " 8/20 Granulated Cork 11 " " " " 12/20 Granulated Cork 12>^ " " " " Shipment of Unscreened and Screened Granu- lated Cork is made from Beaver Falls, Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., or Camden, N. J., at the Com- pany's option. These materials are shipped in large bags holding from eighty to one hundred pounds each. Shipment of 8/12, 8/20 and 12/20 Granulated Cork is made from Beaver Falls, Pa., or Camden, N. J., at the Company's option. These materials are shipped in small bags holding from fifty to sixty pounds each. RCCRANU- LATED CORK Regranulated Cork is a by-product, con- sisting of the sawings and trimmings from Nonpareil Corkboard. The baking process, through which it passes, serves to enhance the insulating efficiency of the raw cork in three 110 ways; viz., by driving ofif a part of the volatile matter and thus increasing the volume of air contained in its minute air cells; second, by thoroughly drying it out; third, the natural gum of the cork is liquified by the heat, and spreads out over the surface of each particle, thus effec- tually preventing the re-entrance of moisture. As a heat insulator, Regranulated Cork surpasses in efficiency all other loose insulating materials. It has the added advantage of being exceedingly durable and comparatively cheap. Regranulated Cork is chocolate brown in color, and is manufactured in three grades: Fine Regranulated Cork - 8 lbs. per cu. ft. Coarse Regranulated Cork r-t (t u u 14 Coarse and Fine Mixed - - ly^ " " " " All quotations on Regranulated Cork are made subject to prior sale; shipment is made from either Beaver Falls, Pa., or Camden, N. J., at the Com- pany's option. Regranulated Cork is shipped in small bags holding from forty to fifty pounds each. Freight Rates Granulated and Regranulated Cork Less Carloads Carloads Official Classification First Class Third Class Southern Classification First Class Fifth Class Western Classification First Class Second Class Transcontinental Classification First Class Special Minimum Carloads Official Classification 12,000 pounds Southern Classification 24,000 Western Classification 12,000 Transcontinental Classification 24,000 111 112 Nonpareil Cork Pipe Covering Nonpareil Cork Pipe Covering consists, just as Nonpareil Corkboard, of pure granulated cork, slightly compressed and molded in sectional form to fit the many different sizes of pipe and kinds of fittings, screwed and flanged. The covering is coated inside and out with a mineral rubber finish and is applied with waterproof cement on the joints, thus rendering it impervious to moisture. Nonpareil Cork Pipe Covering. Nonpareil Cork Pipe Covering is manufactured in four thicknesses to meet different service con- ditions. If satisfactory results are to be secured, the proper grade must be used and the material carefully applied. 1. Special Thick Brine Covering, from three inches to four inches in thickness, is manufactured to meet the demand for extra heavy covering for brine lines, where, owing to the temperature of the refrigerant, the service conditions are particu- larly severe. 113 2. ffeavp, or Brine Covering, from two inches to three inches thick, is designed for brine and ammonia gas lines, and generally where the refrigerant has a temperature below 32° F. 3. Medium, or Ice Water Covering, approxi- mately one and one-half inches thick, is intended for use on refrigerated drinking water, liquid aromonia, and beer lines, and generally where temperatures of 32° F. to 45° F. are carried. 4. Light, or Cold Water Covering, approxi- mately one inch thick, is for use on cold water piping to prevent sweating. In laying out pipe lines, ample space should be allowed to permit the application of covering of the proper thickness. Price list on Nonpareil Cork Pipe Covering will be forwarded on application. Factories Our factories at Beaver Falls, Pa., and Camden, N. J., covering twelve and six acres, respectively, are the largest plants in the world devoted exclusively to the manufacture of cork insulating materials. Their capacity is ample to take care of orders of any size with promptness and despatch. A large supply of corkboard, granulated cork, and cork pipe covering is carried constantly in stock. 114 Index Page Acme Corkboard 106-107 — description ; conductivity of ; fire test on 106 — advantages over similar types of corlcboard 107 —dimensions, shipping weights, etc 108 —freight rates 109 Ammonia pipe covering 113-114 Beaver Falls factory 10, 114 Boards and air space insulation — convection in 12 — capillary attraction of 45 — deterioration of 48 —space occupied by 67-68 Boiling test on Nonpareil Corliboard 44 Brick, conductivity of 42 Brine pipe covering 113-114 Camden factory 71, 114 Capillary attraction 43-44 Carloads, minimum, corkboard 108 — granulated cork HI Ceiling insulation, specifications for 79-85 Cellular structure of cork 15 —of Nonpareil Corkboard 17 Cement plaster finish, specification for 102 Cold water pipe covering 114 Comparative efficiency of Nonpareil Corkboard 39 Composition Corkboard, heat conductivity of 27, 38-39, 41, 106 Compression test on Nonpareil Corkboard 63 — on Impregnated Corkboard 104 Condensation 45 Conduction 9 Concrete, conductivity of 42 Contract department 103 Convection 11 — in cold storage insulation 12 Cork concrete, conductivity of 41-42 Cork, granulated. (See under granulated cork) 110-111 Cork, natural 14-15 Cork pipe covering. Nonpareil 113-114 Cork tree 6, 14 Corkboard, Nonpareil. (See under Nonpareil Corkboard) — Nonpareil wood inserted 72 —Impregnated 103-106 —Acme 106-107 — dimensions and shipping weights; freight rates 108, 109 Cost of Nonpareil Corkboard not excessive 68-70 Covering, Nonpareil cork pipe 113-114 Orates, contents of standard shipping 108 Determination of heat conductivity of insulating materials 18-26 Dimensions of corkboard 108 115 Index — Continued page Durability of Nonpareil Corkboard 43-47 Efficiency of Nonpareil Corkboard 39 Erecting Nonpareil Corkboard, methods of 60, 64, 74-102 — thickness to install 73 Factories— Beaver Falls, Pa.; Camden, N. J.; Pittsburgh 10, 71, 112 — capacity of 114 Fire retarding properties of Nonpareil Corkboard 49-60 —of Impregnated Corkboard 105 Fire tests on Nonpareil Corkboard SO-57 — on German Impregnated Corkboard 105 — on Acme Corkboard 106 Fires, corkboard in actual 57-59 Floor insulation, specifications for 86-93 Formula for computing heat transmission 25 Freezing tanks, insulation of 73, 98-102 Freight rates on corkboard 109 —on granulated cork Ill German Impregnated Corkboard 103-106 --description 103-104 — compression test on 104 — advantages ; fire test on 105 — imitations inferior 106 — dimensions and shipping weights ; freight rates 108, 109 Government test on Nonpareil Corkboard 44 Granulated cork a good insulator 16 — compared with other loose insulations 66 —for freezing tanks 73, 98, 101 — various grades of; weight per cubic foot 110 — ^regranulated cork 110-111 — freight rates on Ill Hair felt, capillary attraction of 45 — danger of tainting with ; harboring place for vermin 48 Heat conductivity, tests to determine 18-40 — of Nonpareil Corkboard 38, 41 — of various materials 41^2 Heat transmission, theory of. (See heat conductivity) 9-12 Ice water pipe covering 114 Importance of good insulation 8 Impregnated Corkboard. (See under German Impregnated Cork- board) 103-106 Indurated Fibre, heat conductivity of 27, 38-39 Insulate, definition of 9 Insulation — its importance; a permanent investment; definition of 7, 8, 9 — theory of ; requirements of good 9-13 Kennedy, Walter, report of 27-39 Uth, heat transmission of 27, 38-39, 41 — test box of; fire test on. (See under Mineral wool block) 23, 53 Loose insulating materials, objections to 66-67 Methods of determining heat transmission 18-43 Mineral wool, capillary attraction of 45 — objections to use of 66-67 Mineral wool blocks, heat conductivity of (See under Lith, Water- proof Lith, Rock Ckirk.) Moisture test on 45 — capillary attraction of; fire test on 45, 53 —structurally weak ; test of strength of 62-63 116 I n d e X — Continued p^gg Minimum carloads, corkboard ; granulated cork 108, 111 Moisture resisting capacity of Nonpareil Corkboard 43-47 —of Impregnated Corkboard 105 National Board of Fire Underwriters. Nonpareil Corkboard approved by 50-51 Natural cork 14-15 Navy test on Nonpareil Corkboard 44 Nonabsorbent of moisture, Nonpareil Corkboard 43-47 Nonpareil Corkboard— description of 16-17 — heat conductivity of 14-43 — cellular structure of; logs of tests on 17, 26, 32 — transmission of 27, 38, 41 — compared with other materials 39 — nonabsorbent of moisture ; durability of 43, 46-47 — boiling test on 44 — freedom from rot, mold and offensive odors; vermin proof. 48 — conducive to sanitation 49 —Are retarding 49-60 — approved by National Board of Fire Underwriters 50-51 — fire tests on ; in actual fires 50-59 — structural strength; easy to erect 60-67 — compression test on; test of structural strength of 63 — test of bond between corkboard and 64-65 — occupies minimum space 67 — initial cost not excessive 68-70 — ^with wood inserted nailing strips 72 — thickness to instEdl 73 — specifications for erecting 74-102 — dimensions and shipping weights; freight rates 108, 109 Nonpareil cork pipe covering 113-114 Nonpareil Wood Inserted Corkboard 72 Offensive odors. Nonpareil Corkboard free from 48 Partition insulation, specifications for 94-97 Partitions, solid cork 60, 96-97 Pipe covering, Nonpareil cork 113-114 Pitch, danger of tainting with 48, 107 Pittsburgh factory 112, 114 Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories, compression test by 63 Plan of testing plant 21 Plaster finish, specification for 102 Radiation 9 Regranulated cork 110-111 Report of Walter Kennedy, M. E 27-39 —National Board of Fire Underwriters 51 — Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories 63 Requirements of good insulation 13 Rock Cork, heat conductivity of 27, 38-39 Sanitation, Nonpareil Corkboard conducive to 49 Sawdust, capillary attraction of 45 — deterioration of; objections to use of 48, 66-67 Service details 73 Shavings, capillary attraction of 45 — deterioration of; objections to use of 48, 66-67 117 Index — Continued page Shipping points 108, 110, 111 Sliipping weights of corkboard 108 Sizes of corkboard 108 Slow burning. Nonpareil Corkboard 49-60 Solid cork partitions 60, 96-97 Space saved by Nonpareil Corkboard 67 Specifications for erecting Nonpareil Corlcboard 74-102 — walls, brick, stone, concrete or hollow tUe 74-76 —walls, frame 77-78 — ceilings, concrete or hollow tUe 79-83 — ceilings, frame 84-85 — floors, frame with concrete finish 86, 88 — floors, frame with wood finish 87, 89 — floors, concrete or hollow tile with concrete finish 90, 92 —floors, concrete or hollow tile with wood finish 91, 93 — partitions, brick, stone, concrete or hollow tile. (See walls above.) — partitions, frame 94-95 ■ — partitions, solid cork 96-97 —freezing tanks 98-102 — Portland cement plaster finish 102 — contract department 103 Storage room saved by Nonpareil Corkboard 67-68 Structural strength of Nonpareil Corkboard 60-67 — of Impregnated Corkboard 104-105 Tainting, danger of 48, 107 Tanlis, insulation of freezing 73, 98-102 Test boxes, views of 22, 23, 40, 43 Testing plant 19-26 Tests, heat transmission 18-40 — results of heat transmission 38, 41-42 — moisture absorption test on Nonpareil Corkboard 44 — fire tests on Nonpareil Corkboard 50-57 — compression test on Nonpareil Corkboard 63 — of bond between Nonpareil Corkboard and concrete 64-65 — compression test on Impregnated Corkboard 104 — fire test on Impregnated Corkboard 105 — fire test on Acme Corkboard 106 Theory of heat transmission 9 Thermal insulation testing station 19-43 Thickness of Nonpareil Corkboard to install 73 Thicknesses of corkboard 108 Transmission of heat 9-12 Transmission tests, description of 18-40 —results of 38-39, 41-42 Underwriters, Nonpareil Corkboard approved by 50-51 Vermin proof, Nonpareil Corkboard 48 Wall insulation, specifications for 74-78 Waterproof Lith, heat conductivity of 27, 38-39 Weight of corkboard per square foot, per crate, etc. 108 —granulated cork per cubic foot 110 — regranulated cork per cubic foot Ill Wood pulp board. (See under Indurated Fibre) 45 Zoller Packing Company fire 57-59 118 THE COR DAY a GROSS CO CLEVELAND