i^/~k BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF 1891 hM^3J3. i^kiv^;. 3777 _ Cornell University Library TA 145.B23 Civil engineering types and devices; a ci 3 1924 004 624 825 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924004624825 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES Civil Engineering Types AND Devices A CLASSIFIED AND ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF PLANT, GONSTBUGTIONS, MAGHINES, MATERIALS, MEANS AND METHODS ADOPTED AND IN USE IN GIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS OF EVERY GLASS. FOR THE USE OP CIVIL ENGINEERS, DRAUGHTSMEN, STUDENTS, BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS. Mitb 1,760 illustrations. BY T. W. BAEBER, M.Inst.C.E., AUTHOR OP "THE ENGINEER'S SKETCH-BOOK OF MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS ", ETC., "the repair and maintenance OF MACHINERT,*' " THE PORT OP LONDON AND THE THAMES BARRAGE," ETC., ETC. LONDON : CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL, E.G. and 5 Broadway, Westminster, s.w. 1915. STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, LTD., PRINTERS. HERTFORD. PREFACE. The object aimed at in this work is the collection and classification in one handy volume of all the known devices and methods in use in every branch of civil engineering work, in the form of sketches, or brief drawings and descriptions, sufficient to enable an engineer to make a selection without overloading the matter with detail, which every competent engineer can readily design for himself. There are numerous published works dealing with special branches of engineering, or parts of such, in -full detail, which may be consulted for details ; but no general illustrated index such as is presented in the following pages. It is hoped that this index may be of the same service to the active civil engineer as the Engineer s Sketch-book has proved to be to the mechanical engineer. T. W. Barbek. CONTENTS. SECTION . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Foundations : wet and dry Masonry and brickwork . Drainage Motive-power Bridges and girders Iron buildings Wood framing Columns, struts, and ties Anchorages . Constructional steelwork Floors and partitions Eoof coverings Roads and streets . EoUed iron and steel bars and, plates Materials of construction other than iron and steel Retaining walls .... Railways : earthworks . ,, permanent way „ signalling and telegraphs stations ,, tunnels and culverts Carriages and rolling stock for road and rail Tramways Canals, aqueducts . Heating and ventilation Plate work Gas supply . Hydraulics . Sea and river structures Irrigation Docks, harbours 82 88 84 85 86 37 88 89 40 41 42 43 44 CONTENTS. ON. PAGB. Lighthouses, buoys, beacons, moorings . 182 Disposal of refuse, etc. . . 184 Tanks and containers 186 Mines, wells . . 188 Fencing 192 Staging and false works . 196 Hoisting machinery . 202 Submarine engineering . . 214 Opening bridges 216 Eoofs .... . 220 Concrete and reinforced concrete . 284 Dams and weirs . 240 Water supply . 244 CIYIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES FOE THE USB OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, DEAUGHTSMEN, STUDENTS, BUILDERS, AND CONTRACTORS. 2 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 1.— FOUNDATIONS: WET AND DRY. (See also Sections 16, 17, 29.) 1 Concrete bed or base for a large building on uncertain ground. Soft places are strengthened by piling. 2-9 Cylinder or caisson foundations for bridge piers, etc. The groups of cylinders are connected by horizontal frames and capped with girder framing to form a base for the masonry or steel arches. 10 Vertical section of a cylinder caisson lined with brick- work or concrete. The bottom edge is bevelled to enter the ground, and, where necessary, the cylinder is loaded inside or on top to force it down as the material is excavated. 11 Sinking a pile in soft ground or sand by water-jet from a pump. 12 Elevation of a cylinder base for a bridge pier. FOUNDATIONS. 4 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 13 Elongated caisson for a bridge pier, sunk in the same way as No. 10. 14 Retaining wall with apron, supported by sheet piles. (See also Section 16.) 15 Caisson sunk by compressed air and air-locks in water, or strata heavily charged with water. 16, 17 Iron piles sunk by water pressure in soft strata or sand. 18 Iron cylinder sunk to the rock as a working pit or caisson in which to fix a column founded on the rock. 19 Screw pile foundation for a wall. Each pair of piles is connected by a top girder on which the wall is founded. 20 Another form of caisson (as No. 13) lined with masonry. 21 Concrete or sand piles. (See Section 42.) Sand piles are formed in holes prepared by a driven pile or jumper (see Nos. 1-10, Section 41) and filled with sand. FOUNDATIONS. 6 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 22 Concrete and stepped footing for a wall. 23 Ditto, battered, for a retaining wall. 24 Concrete pile. (See Section 42.) 25 Footing of wall founded on piles. 26 Wall footing on longitudinal timbers resting on piles. 27 Retaining or sea wall, with stone apron to protect the footing from the wash of the sea. 28 Wall on girders, supported by screw piles. 29 Relieving arch over a soft place in a foundation. 30 Invert arch to spread the load of piers between openings evenly on the foundation. 31 Flange-footed pile, sunk generally by water, as No. 16. 32 Ditto, with flat flange. 33 Hollow screw pile, with serrated cutting edge. 34 Hollow flat-flange pile, with radial scrapers to facilitate sinking as the pile is revolved. Holes for posts or trees are sometimes made by blasting with small sticks of dynamite or powder cartridges sunk in holes jumped in the ground. FOUNDATIONS. 25 26 za: V V iS_ L .. _ 1." I'll 30 V '' v 31 IT 8 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 2.— MASONRY AND BRICKWORK. 1 Section of random rubble stone wall. 2 Ditto, in courses. 3 Ditto, coursed rubble wall. 4 Brick wall with ashlar face. 5 Squared stone wall. 6 Ditto, backed by brickwork. 7-11 Various forms of hollow or rusticated joints in masonry or ashlar. 12-16 Sections of brick walls from half brick to 2^ bricks thick. 17 Flemish bond in wall face. 18 English bond in ditto. 19-22 Plans of bonding in li brick walls. 23 Ditto in 2 brick waU. 24 Elevation of face of random rubble wall, No, 1. 25 Ditto, in courses, No. 2. 26 Ditto, coursed rubble wall, No. 3. 27 Ditto, of ashlar and masonry walls, Nos. 4-6. MASONEY AND BEICKWORK. 32r i a S 9 10 IL UL Ui 12 13 1 /4- IS 16 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■■ , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 24- 25 26. \ : 1 1.1 I 17 ! 1 I 111 r-p 13 ' l l' 'l l' ^ I ' ' M ' I ' I ' II I I I _I I II 11 11" 19 20 1\ Z2 -^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ T mWM WA 23 27 i wmwm M^ 10 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 28 Face of squared masonry wall. 29 Toggle bed joint in masonry wall. 30-2 Other forms of toggle-jointed masonry. 33 Toggle-joints in arched masonry. 34 Relieving arch over a pair of windows. 35 Slab wall tongued and grooved. 36 Wood partition faced with concrete or fibrous plaster slabs secured by nails. (See Section 11.) 37-43 Copings for boundary walls. 44-5 Corbels, brick or stone ; angular or straight. MASONEY AND BEICKWORK. 11 2Q 23 ^^axsmitt^ \ f] y\ 38 M& ^^ 4-0 41 30 31 I $ I- -I i-- 36 \4-4- 45 I , , I 39 42 43 ^ n ^ 12 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 3.— DRAINAGE. Land drains naturally to streams and rivers. 1-5 Glazed earthenware drain-pipes. 6 Drain-pipe bedded in concrete. 7 Cleaning branch and eye for a drain-pipe, with box and cover. 8 Inspection chamber, brick in cement, with cast-iron cover and frame and open junctions. 9 Smaller inspection box : the drain may have a branch and cover as shown or open half-round pipe as No. 8. 10-12 Open, half-round, and closed junctions for inspection chambers. 13-16 Land drains : subsoil drains. 17 Open canal or cut drain for surface water. 18 Stonework box drain. 19 Circular stonework drain. 20 Oval ditto. 21 Egg oval brick sewer. DEAINAGE. 13 ~r >- 13 r ' I -c 14- 15 16 ' t 14 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 22 Arched brick sewer on flat brickwork base. 23 I Egg oval drain on concrete base. 24 Another form of ditto. 25 Main sewer in an earthen embankment. 26 Cast-iron pipe sewer lined with brick or concrete and carried across a river or stream on steel girders. 27-30 Forms of surface traps in general use. 31 Pedestal closet-pan and trap with flush pipe. There are numerous varieties of this type. 32 Trap and cleaning eye combined. 33 Draining marsh land or lake by syphon carried over an embankment wall. Separate sewers are sometimes used for surface and, domestic drainage. Marshes are drained into rivers and streams by open drains intersecting the marsh and emptying into a main drain usually inside and parallel to the river wall. From this drain the water is run through sluices in the wall at low tide. DEAINAGE. 15 16 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 4.— MOTIVE- POWER. It is assumed that all physical energy is derived more or less directly from the sun, whose rays eomhine ; 1, heat ; 2, light ; 3, actinic or chemical power. Heat may be obtained — a By direct use of the sun's rays. h From any combustible material, c From chemical reaction. Light does not separately develop power. Chemical reactions are employed to develop heat, combustion, contraction, or expansion, as means of developing power. From the foregoing elementary physical sources the following are the practical sources of our power for mechanical purposes : — Electrical power. Magnetic power. Tidal motion. Falling water. Descending weights. Wave motion. Wind. Expansion of air or other gases. Steam. Explosives. Fuels, hydrocarbons, etc. These are employed in producing power by the following apparatus or motors ; — Electric motors driven from a dynamo, battery, or accumu- lator. Magnetic power cannot be employed continuously as a motor, as its work is restricted to attraction. Tidal motion can be utilized to drive any kind of wheel, see Water Wheels, Section 28. It can also be stored in a reservoir, driving a water engine as it flows in and out on the flood and ebb ; or a floating vessel may, by its rise and fall, communicate motion to machines. Falling water ; for machines employed to utilize, see Water Wheels, Turbines, Water-pressure Engines, etc.. Section 28. Descending weights must first of course be raised, absorbing as much power in raising as they give out in falling, neglecting friction. Clockwork, water, or compression of a spring, and multiplying pulleys are the apparatus employed to utilize this form of energy. MOTIVE-POWEK. 17 Wave motion is too uncertain and erratic to be a practicable source of power. Eocking air-compressing chambers, rocking pumps, etc., have obtained some small measure of success. Wind, windmills. Expansion of air and gases. Ascending currents of hot air from a fire are used to drive a light screw motor, fan, etc. Hot-air engines, see Eyder's patent and numerous others, which act by alternate expansion and contraction of air by heating and cooling. Air compressed in an accumulator or reservoir is employed to give motion to multiplying pulleys or an air engine. Expansion of liquids, other than water (by heat), into the gaseous form. Engines in which the fuel is burnt under pressure and the total products of combustion employed (with or without steam) to drive a motor. Steam is in reality one of the last-mentioned sources of power ; it is employed by direct pressure on a piston or ram ; or to produce direct rotary motion also in the jet pump ; or injector ; or by direct pressure on a body of water contained in a closed vessel, as in the pulsometer, steam accumulator, etc. Explosives are substances which, by application of flame, heat, percussion, etc., suddenly assume the gaseous form, thus increasing their bulk many hundred times, usually in a small fraction of a second of time. A second class comprises explosive mixtures of gases, such as hydrogen and oxygen, carburetted hydrogen, and air. Some attempts have been made to employ explosive substances to drive engines in various ways, but with no permanent success. The second class of explosive mixtures of gases is largely employed in the gas engine, petroleum engine, and their varieties. Fuels, hydrocarbons, etc., are employed to evaporate water, into steam ; to expand air or other gases, or convert liquids into gases ; and also by vaporization to supply gas for use in numerous forms of gas and oil engines. Hot-air motor. A current of hot air passing up a flue revolves an air turbine. Naphtha engines are gas engines employing the vapour of naphtha and air as an explosive mixture, instead of that of petroleum (oil engine) or carburetted hydrogen gas (gas engine). 18 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 5.— BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. (For details of girders, booms, struts, and ties see Sections 8 and 10.) MASONRY BRIDGES. 1 Semicircular arch. 2 Elliptical arch. 3 Gothic arch. 4 Byzantine arch. 5 Moorish arch. 6 Skew arch bridge. 7 Lintel over door or window. 8 Flat brick arch. 9 Semi-arch. 10 Three-hinge arch bridge. TIMBER BRIDGES. 11 Simple pile and girder bridge or gantry. 12 Pile and girder bridge or gantry with struts. 13 Horizontal stepped-timber girder bridge. 14 Timber girder bridge with double struts and masonry piers. BEIDGES AND GIEDEES. 19 C / / / / / / \ / / r\ n ^ 13 14. TT ^ 10 r ^ ^ ^ =--=^ 20 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 15 Horizontal stepped-timber girder on masonry piers. 16 Braced timber girder, double strutted and carried on masonry piers. 17 Similar bridge, but on double pile piers. 18-22 Timber-braced girder bridges. The bracing may be wholly wood or wholly or partly steel. 23-4 Arched timber bridges, braced. 25 Timber-braced girder with vertical steel ties. 26 Timber arch bridge with laminated arch and radial struts. 27 Combined bowstring and horizontal braced girder bridge. BEIDGES AND GIEDERS. 16 ^r^L^i^[v.ih^i^ ii ^^fe^^f^t^fe^; I 1 KN — I 1 ■J 18 MMMMDKl^ 19 [^^..^-^tM^^ 25 22 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 28 Timber gantry or viaduct with timber wings to support an embankment or abutment. 29 Cross section of ditto. 30-2 Cast-iron bridges. CAST-IRON BRIDGES. 33-4 Cast-iron braced girders. 35-41 Cross sections of various types of cast-iron girders. 42 Cast-iron girder with parallel flanges. 43 Ditto, with curved top flange. 44 Cast-iron fish-bellied girder with steel truss rods. 45 Cast-iron girder with steel truss rods. STEEL GIRDERS. 46-8 Sections of rolled steel girders. 49-51 Sections of built-up girders formed of rolled girders, channels, angles, and plates. BEIDGES AND GIEDERS. 23 28 29 ;^AzA, 42 n- u 40, j^-''~vl 'C^ m 3B 37 36 n 35 ^ 43 50 51 ^1 igi ■=" 44 46 47 48 4-9 45 °^ ci r-"~i ^ 24 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 52-8 Sections of built-up girders, formed of rolled girders, L irons, and plates. 54-7 Sections of pressed steel troughs for bridge floors. Small bridges are frequently constructed of troughs across the span as girders. 58-61 Bulb and U steel girders. 62 Plate girder with parallel flanges. 63 Ditto, with fish-belly bottom flange. STEEL BRIDGES. 64-6 Braced girders with horizontal flanges. 67 Lattice girder. 68-9 Warren girders. 70-4 Bowstring braced girders. In No. 74 the dotted lines show a method of strengthening the top flange sometimes employed. BEIDGES AND GIRDEES. 25 % 52 4 r" % 53 > I ^ ^ ^ Al/oy 56 58 59 60 61 57 G3 f^ ea 69 70 eo 61 T 1 ''^"^ 62 1 1 I—:: 64- X X X X X X X X rxXXMXXITi:^ 26 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 75-8 Braced arched girders. 79 Combined horizontal and Warren type bowstring girder. 80 Bowstring and fish-belly braced Warren type girder. 81-3 Braced arched girders. 84-5 Bowstring girder bridges. 86 Trussed braced girder. 87 Diagonal braced American type girder. BEIDGES AND GIEDERS. 27 28 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 88-9 Trussed braced girders. SUSPENSION BRIDGES. 90 Ordinary catenary suspension bridge with vertical ties. 91 Suspension bridge with braced horizontal boom. 92 Ditto with diagonal and vertical ties. 93 Ditto with braced catenary. 94 Ditto with diagonal ties. 95 Ditto with braced catenary. 96 Ditto with counterbraced vertical ties (or struts). BEIDGES AND GIEDEES. 29 30 CIVIL ENQINEEKING TYPES AND DEVICES. 97 Suspension bridge with Warren type bracings. 98-9 Cantilever bridges with central girder. 100-1 Braced arch bridges. 102 Centre and two-side spans, cantilever continuous. 103-5 Braced arch bridges. BEIDGES AND GIRDEE8. 31 32 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 106 Braced arch bridge with two side spans. 107 Arched centre span and two semi-arch side spans. 108 Double cantilever bridge with diagonal pier struts and central girder. 109 Another form of the last. 110 Bowstring tubular plate girder bridge with tubular top boom. Ill Braced bowstring girder with tubular top boom. 112-13 Sections of the last two. BEIDGES AND GIRDEES. 33 34 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 114 Double cantilever bridge with vertical and diagonal bracing and central girder. In the last three types the roadway is carried on the lower horizontal boom. 115 Ditto with horizontal top boom forming the roadway. 116 Ditto with arched top and bottom booms. 117 Ditto with arched bottom boom. In the last two types the roadway is carried on the vertical braces. 118 Combined horizontal and bowstring bridge with vertical ties. 119 Tubular plate girder bridge. 120 Section of the last with cellular top boom. 121 Ditto with stiffened top boom. BEIDGES AND GIRDEES. 35 36 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 122 Lattice girder. BRIDGE FLOORS. 128 Longitudinal plank flooring on rolled cross girders. 124 Longitudinal plank floor, covered with asphalt and ballast, banked for a curved line of sleeper railway. 125 Transverse flat or trough plates, covered with asphalt, old bricks, and baUast for sleeper railway. 126 Plate cross girders carrying longitudinal rail sleepers and rolled joists. 127 Longitudinal section of floor constructed of roUed cross girders with arched brick filling, carrying asphalt and baUast for a sleeper railway. 128 Transverse troughs (see Nos. 64-6) filled with ballast for a sleeper railway. 129 Ditto carrying longitudinal sleeper railway. 130 Longitudinal troughs carrying longitudinal sleeper railway. 131 Ditto on arched plates riveted to longitudinal roUed girders carried on cross girders. 132 Plate girders, transverse and longitudinal, supporting plank flooring and longitudinal rail sleepers. BEIDGES AND GIEDEES. 37 122 123 Nk^/^«.il.W/',V/j;«M;!X«J/ '-T^^^ ^=31 1+2 r °' ^ -- I4-I M "" ^ 40 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 143 Bowstring plate girder. 144 Arched plate girder. 145 Plan of girder bridge with diagonal wind bracing. 146-8 Sections of plate girders. 149-50 Platework and T standard parapet. 151-2 Tube rail bridge parapet, with cast- or wrought-iron standards. 158-4 Cast-iron panelled parapet. BEIDGES AND GIEDEBS. 41 42 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 155-7 Elevation plan and section of light rope suspension bridge. 158-9 Braced bridge of triangular cross section. 160 Type of railway crossing footbridge in timber or steel. 161 Pontoon bridge on boats, pontoons, rafts, or barrels. Reinforced concrete girders. (See Section 42.) Bridge parapets. (See Section 36.) BEIDGES AND GIEDEES. 43 44 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 6.— IRON BUILDINGS. (For details of steelwork see Section 10 ; for iron roofs see Sect. 41.) 1 Galvanized corrugated iron or steel building with arched roof (see Section 41) and walls framed of T and L irons. 2 Iron shed (any type of roof, see Section 41) carried on cast-iron or steel columns (see Section 8), and either open sides or wood or corrugated steel filling on framing. 3 Side elevation of side of iron building. 4 Ditto of open side building. 5 Ditto, ornamented in cast iron. 6 Details of iron buildings with H columns and corrugated sides. Corrugated iron dwellings, bungalows, sheds, stables, schools, chapels, and other buildings are of very varied design and do not require illustration. They are generally lined inside with matched boarding, or studding covered with fibrous plaster, and the fire-places, flues, and chimneys built of brickwork with wood or concrete floors. Such buildings are frequently made to take apart and pack for export, and are easily erected on a shallow concrete wall foundation. Steel frame and masonry buildings. Steel frames are now commonly employed for all large buildings, the brickwork, masonry, and reinforced concrete walls, floors, and partitions being constructed to enclose the steel framing. (See Section 42.) lEON BUILDINGS. 45 46, CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 7.— WOOD FRAMING AND STRUCTURES. (For wood bridges see Section 5 ; wood fencing, see Section 36 ; wood roofs, see Section 41.) 1-7 Junctions of crossing or right-angled timbers. 8-10 Junctions of rafters and principals. 11 Rafter and wall-plate or purlin. 12 Crossing of girder and tie beam. 13, 14 Post and girder junctions. 15, 16 Scarfing longitudinal timbers. 17, 18 Ditto, notched, for tensile strains. 19-21 Scarfs with keys and bolts. WOOD FEAMING AND STEUCTURES. 47 [ O O ! o 17 19 •f — Y" — "f" — ^ —ttr ^ "^ ^ tr 16 21 ^^ 15 1 ;■ ') « Tl :■ 1 ]| i; i' i i T !l 20 iTo 1 of 1 1 ll 1 ^ ■ 48 CIVIL ENGINEEKING TYPES AND DEVICES. 22-3 Other scarf joints, keyed or notched. 24-5 Post and girder junctions with struts and head-pieces. 26-8 Laminated arch. (See Section 5.) 29 Junction of rafter, purlin, and queen post. 30 Junction of purlin, queen post, and rafter. 31 Queen post and principal. WOOD FEAMING AND STEUCTUEES. 49 Z2 -H- »■ -4- HU-; U. ■Ti — A- 24- 23 w rt» (t. 1:: li i; ■:, 1 11 ' 11 !l 1 25 60 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 32 Junction of principal, rafters, and king-rod in cast-iron sockets. 38-4 Scarf joints. 85-9 Matched or outside boardings. Buildings wholly of wood are frequently used, and in^some cases constructed to take apart for packing for export, bolts, nuts, and screws being used for the disjointed parts. Wood pile structures. (See Sections 29, 37.) Wood dams and weirs. (See Section 43.) WOOD FEAMING AND STEUCTUEES. 51 35 33 36 :^ 37 34 S J^ 38 -^ --^^^^^^^^Ss^^^^saz^ 39 52 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 8.— COLUMNS, STRUTS, AND TIES. (For wood columns and struts see Section 7 ; for reinforced concrete columns see Section 42.) 1-3 Cast-iron round column and base. 4 Ditto, but cross-shaped section. 5-7 Cast-iron H section column and foot. 8 Cast-iron round column -with stiffening ribs. 9-11 Fluted square cast-iron column with round core. 12-14 Wall pilaster columns. 15, 16 Box or raised bases for cast-iron column. 17 Steel tube column jSxed in cast-iron base. 18 Upper floor junction of cast-iron columns and steel girders. 19 H steel column or strut. 20 Ditto, with two plates. 21-2 Built-up steel columns or struts. 23 Double flat bar tie with cast-iron distance pieces. 24-7 Built-up open steel columns or struts. COLUMNS, STRUTS, AND TIES. 53 13 14 3 A n 1 1 f^ ( \ k ^ Is 023 ^' '-' ii ■-' ^ 16 18 k i:u J o lo i \ '20 (f cit 21 \V~1^ cf 4) 22 24- 25 .26 27 Q "TT (^ JlL . ru-Jk. JL J^^L ir ^^ o 64 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 28-9 Box-form built steel columns. 30 Double channel bar strut stiffened with cast-iron distance pieces. 81 Double T and plate strut. 32-8 Hollow or box-form steel columns for heavy loads. 39 Cross steel strut. 40 Double channel and H bar steel strut. 41 Box-form steel column for heavy loading. 42-5 Steel lattice columns. 46 Double H steel column with cast-iron distance pieces. 47-8 Built-up steel columns. For high-class buildings these and the girders and flooring are usually covered with terra- cotta hollow blocks, as No. 47. 49 Box- or lattice-form steel column. 50-1 Built lattice column. 52-3 Column formed of four round steel bars, connected by cross- shaped horizontal braces. COLUMNS, STRUTS, AND TIES. 55 28 29 # # -<^ 30 -# 38 40 Olj W g G 4-8 4-2 ~C7 CT cr 44 4-3 .^:i — o — ci. "^^ — C3 cr ^ ^ ^, '-^^t^ 45 ^ U-J o 49 aj 51 52 53 O O ■^7 cr tr^ 56 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 54 Section of two box-form steel columns, joined by transverse plates or stays. 55 Elevation of head of last-named. 56-7 Double H lattice steel-tapered column. 58-9 Double L steel lattice column or strut. 60-3 Cast-iron columns. COLUMNS, STEUTS, AND TIES. 57 Tl •5" V 1^ Ikv / / 11 y^ 11 i :^ f— -^ 54- ( ^^ „j r ^^, ^) jf 1' 55 F t^ o o; ;'° o -o^ o 1 \ ■o ;o o o! o! ■,o l:o o o; o; O' / 1 1 ' >: 60 Wjg^ 62 61 58 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 9.— ANCHORAGES. 1 Rope pulley anchor truck, which grips by sinking its wheels in the soil ; employed for ploughing tackle. 2 Anchor plate, buried in the ground below a mass of masonry, for attaching guys, tie-rods, etc. Sometimes a frame or plate laid on the ground and ballasted is the method used. 3 Screw mooring. (See Section 39.) Screwed into the ground. 4 Heavy stone sunk in the ground and having a ring attached ; or a mass of concrete similarly placed. Used for guy ropes, tie-rods, and foundation bolt attachments. 5 Grapnel. 6 Mushroom anchor. 7 Double fluke anchor. 8 Martin's patent anchor, with swivelling flukes. Several other patent anchors are modifications of this. 9 Anchorage for suspension bridge chains with rolling expansion bearing. ANCHORAGES. 59 60 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 10 Anchorage for suspension bridge. Anchored concrete roof. (See Section 42.) Anchored buoys and moorings. (See Section 32.) ANCHOEAGES. 61 62 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 10.— CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK. (See also Sections 4, 5, 6, 8, 42.) 1-6 Details of junctions of roof bracings with principal ties. 7 Crossing of two T bars. 8-11 Roof bracings, junctions of braces with principal ties. 12-14 Cap of steel column. 15-17 Roof principals, wall junctions. 18-27 Sections of top booms of steel-braced or plate girders. 28-30 Sections of box-form top booms of steel-plate girders. CONSTEUCTIONAL STEELWOEK. 63 64 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 81-2 Sections of box-form top booms of steel-plate girders. 38 Section of bottom boom of braced girder, formed of four plates separated by distance pieces, and showing bearings for cross girders. 34 Ditto, formed of two channel bars, with transverse plate stiffeners. 85 Box-form top boom of plate girder. 36 Section of bottom boom of braced girder with two plates and transverse plate stiffeners, showing suspension of cross plate girders. 87-42 Sections of struts or compression members of bracing. (See also Section 8.) 43-4 Roof principals, column bearings. 45 Cross section of plate girder. 46-9 Side elevations of plate girders. 50-1 Junction of cross girders on bottom trough -shaped boom of braced girder. CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK. 65 66 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 11.— FLOORS AND PARTITIONS. Bridge floors. (See Section 5.) Reinforced concrete floors. (See Section 41.) 1 Ordinary joist floor, boarded. 2-3 Floor boardings, varioms types. 4 Double boarding. 5 Parquet, cement or asphalt on boarding. 6 Wood brick floor bedded on sand or asphalt, on close boarding. 7 Girder and joist floor, boarded. 8 Cross section of last-named. 9 H steel joists and concrete floor, covered with asphalt, wood bricks, cement, stone slabs, or tiles, bedded on cement. 10 Ditto, covered with concrete, stone, or slate slabs. 11 Ditto, brick arches, and concrete floor, finished either in cement, tiles, etc. FLOORS AND PARTITIONS. 67 68 CIVIL ENGmEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 12 H steel joists and concrete with flat soffit to take a plaster ceiling ; coverings may be as No. 9. 13 Reinforced concrete floor on H steel joists. (See Sect. 41.) 14 H steel joists with concrete arches and any covering, as No. 9. 15 Ditto, with hollow brick arches and concrete and any covering, as No. 9. 16 Ditto and concrete on iron cross bars. 17, 18 Sections of ditto. 19-21 Similar floor, but with channel-shaped earthenware bearers on steel cross bars. 22 H steel joists with concrete filling, covered with wood boarding on crossed strips. 23 Ditto, connected by diagonal bars with concrete filling ; any covering, as No. 9. 24 Ditto, carrying on their bottom flanges concrete slabs supporting an ordinary wood joist and boarded floor, as No. 1. 25 L (or H) bar joists filled between by arches formed of inter- locked hollow bricks ; coverings may be of any kind, as No. 9. Ceilings below formed of ceiling strips and plaster. FLOOES AND PARTITIONS. 69 12 X iS '"'^ir -^ 14- 15 ^^^SM^^ 16 17 le E^Sl 19 20 21 22 i^ tij liM ta ~f3~ M i,\^^ 1 c ;iijjjiiijiiiiiiiij/i>uii ^[[i^irri'i^'iT'' 106 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 61-3 Buffer stops. 64 Turntable. 65 Section of ditto and foundation. 66 Turntable on a hydraulic pivot. 67 Traverser table. 68 Section of ditto. In railway repair shops large power traversers are provided to move carriages under repair sideways from one line or workshop to another. These are driven by electric motor, shafting, or hand winch gear. The sector table is a traverser hinged to a pivot at one end, carrying one pair of rails which can be turned to connect with either of two lines of rail. Object : to transfer the engine of an arrival train to the next line of rails instead of employing cross-over rails, which require a considerable length of line. EAILWAYS. 107 108 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 19.— RAILWAYS: SIGNALLING. TELE- GRAPHS, Etc. Signals are now invariably semaphores by day and lamps by night, and these are placed at elevations at -which they can be seen by drivers at certain standard distances, all signal arms for each line pointing to the left. They comprise: Starting signals, generally at the forward end of the train platform; home signals, placed near to the rear end of a station ; distant signals, placed about 1,000 yards behind the home signals (these have notched arms) ; advanced starting signals, placed about 300 , yards in front of the starting signal ; disc signals, for sidings and goods lines. Hand lamps with coloured movable glasses, and coloured flags are also used for casual signalling. Signal cabins are placed close to the station, and in positions and at elevations commanding a view of all the signals and lines. A range of point and signal levers in the signal cabin gives the signalman control of all the signals and points of the station, and these are interlocked so that improper movements of the signals or points cannot be made. The signal cabins are in telegraphic communication with the cabins of other stations, from which and to which messages are transmitted. Signals are operated from the cabins by stout wire connexions running over small grooved pulleys. Points are operated by stiff rod connexions, either of tube or channel iron, running over small guide wheels. Compensating levers are fixed in long lines of rods and wires to compensate for expansion and eon- traction due to temperature. Gas, oil, or electric lighting is apphed to the signal lamps. EAILWAYS. 109 In fogs detonators are used by fogmen placed where they can receive the cabin signals; also in some eases the men use miniature semaphores operated from the signal cabin, as well as hand lamps and flags. Trains carry distinctive head and rear signals in the form of coloured plates by day and at night lamps, to indicate the destination of the train, and every train carries a white light in front and a red one in rear to warn other trains as to its position on the line. Telephones are also used for communication from signal cabins to other signal cabins and their stations. Telegraphs connect all signal cabins with each other, by which the movements of trains are telegraphed ahead, and there are special telegraph devices by which the proper working of the signals can be confirmed to the signalman though he may not be able to see the signals themselves. Other telegraphic devices connect with and in some cases control the working of trains in goods yards and certain locking devices. 110 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 20.— RAILWAYS : STATIONS. Plans of stations are always adapted to the site and circum- stances ; no general plans can be of any service. The follcwing are details of general interest : — 1 Section of railway platform with stone coping and asphalt or paved surface. 2 Ditto, of wood planking on a sleeper wall. 3 Ditto, of sleepers edged with L iron. 4 Ditto, of rolled joists and concrete with timber coping. 5, 6 Low platforms, much used in America and Europe. 7 Platform of wood for a station on an embankment. 8 Water crane. 9 Type section of a small goods shed. 10 Ditto of a small engine shed with inspecting pit. EAILWAYS. Ill 112 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 11 Plan of circular engine shed for eleven engines with central turntable. 12 Plan of rectangular engine shed and turntables. 13 Repairing or inspection pits in engine houses and carriage repair shops. 11 Hydraulic lifting table, used in inspection pits for removing and refixing axles, etc. 15 Hydraulic or power capstan, used for hauling wagons and carriages about sidings. EAILWAYS. 113 1 1 1 1 11 1 n j '^ ji n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J3 Q, i«i ¥" 15 m 12 cj=p t, — p r .y . ^j c..~..~o i . - , .1 < ■■■ ■ .> I , ...J ( ... .J 114 CIVIL ENGINEEBING TYPES AND DEVICES. 16 Body lifting machine, used in carriage repair shops ; consists of four standards with vertical screws and jaws driven simultaneously by underground shafting. A similar machine, but with overhead shafting and hand-rope pulley, is sometimes employed ; also an overhead traveller with four lifting chains. 17 Snow or boulder shed, to protect a line from avalanches or falling stones. 18 Another form of the last-named. 19 Under syphon to carry a water or gas main under a railway. EAILWAYS. 115 116 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 21. -RAILWAYS: TUNNELS AND CULVERTS. (See also Section 3.) 1 Section of tunnel in hard rock. 2 Ditto, in rock, with arched head, the upper part not being safe to stand alone. 3 Ditto, where only the lower strata are hard enough to stand without support. 4 Ditto, with the upper part hard rock and side walls carried up to the rock. 6 Ditto, in soft soils, lined throughout and with invert arch. 6 Elliptical arch tunnel for two lines of rail. The above are the types generally in use, but there are numerous variations of these sections in use in different countries. 7 Double tunnel for two lines of railway or two carriage roads, with connecting openings. Double tunnels are, however, generally driven separately in the same way as single ones, but with connecting headings at intervals. 8 Iron tube tunnel, circular, with large diameter section to provide space for a station platform, etc. 9 Tunnel or subway for sewers and pipe mains. 10-15 Sections showing mode of driving a tunnel in soft ground by headings. This is the ordinary method employed, but in different strata several other systems are in use. EAILWAYS. 117 118 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 16, 17 Belgian and German methods of tunnel driving. .18 Concrete or masonry culvert. 19 Oval culvert in concrete or masonry. 20 Simple rough stone culvert. 21 Pipe culvert, earthenware or concrete. 22 Arch and invert culvert. 23 Arch top concrete culvert. 24 Large culvert constructed as an underbridge, with wing walls. 25 Circular concrete culvert. 26 Section of railway embankment with culvert under. 27 Tube tunnel of cast iron in sections. E AIL WAYS. 119 120 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 22.— CARRIAGES AND ROLLING STOCK FOR ROAD AND RAIL. (See also Tramways, Section 23.) The design and details of these must always be suited to circum- stances. We only propose here to indicate the various types of under-framing and wheels in use, and to give sketch sections of bodies or cars for different purposes. UNDER-FRAMES. 1 Two-wheel suspension car for single rail or wire rope, used commonly on some kinds of cranes. (See Section 18.) 2-5 Three-wheel cars. See also the various types of tricycles 6-9 Various forms of four-wheel under-frames, with and without swivelling bogies. A car with four wheels arranged as No. 9, but with the leading and trailing wheels slightly raised off the ground, is used as a goods car or hand truck, and is very readily swivelled about, running, of course, actually on three wheels only. 10 Five- wheel under-frame, with and without swivelling bogies. 11,12 Plans of six-wheel cars, with swivelling gear for curves ; the centre pair having end play, swivel the leading and trailing axles by means of the jointed stays. 13 Plan of fouf-wheel car, with swivelling gear for curves. 14-16 Six-wheel cars, the latter with leading and trailing swivelling bogies. OAEEIAGES AND EOLLING STOCK. I2i (^n^ ^TV) (Ss? ^m 3L 16 ftyft) (^^ =e=± 122 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 17 Ten-wheel truck, with two bogies and sliding middle axle. 18 Twelve-wheel ditto, with three bogies, the centre one to have transverse movement on curves. 19-28 Sections of cars for railways and tramways, with various arrangements of seating, etc. 29, 80 Hopper wagons. 81 Side tip car. 82 End tip cart. 83 End tip wagon. CAREIAGES AND EOLLING STOCK. 123 n 20 t4f) C\) ft#)- 1.9 b "tHHl". 18 (^fp-) (nm WW) 21 ■fHHl ?2 .^ 23 =rTT_ 24 25 ^6 2.7 28 r St - fHH) - £ 29 30 E L 31 32 33 ^ 124 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 34 Furniture wagon. 35 Grafton's patent side tip wagon. 36 Long truck for boilers, etc. 37 Incline car for passengers. 38 Segmental swivelling bearings, used instead of a swivelling bogie and centre-pin. 39 Hudson's patent tip wagons, with three centres. 40 Hopper wagon, with central discharge. 41 Swivelling gear for car wheels. CAEEIAGES AND EOLLING STOCK. 125 126 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 35 Equalizing buffers and springs. 36-8 Hopper bottom wagons for 20 to 40 tons loads on double bogie trucks. 39, 40 Cross sections of two types of hopper bottom wagons. 41 Double axles to allow of independent running of the inner and outer wheels around curves. 42 Divided axle for same purpose as No. 41. 48 Expanding (leather) vestibule to railway vestibule cars. 44 Close buffers for made-up trains. CARRIAGES AND ROLLING STOCK. 127 37 II.-- I, I „ . 1 ^ m ()V? M) 38 ^-'^^ri — It 4-1 H_ 42 =1 39 40 44 43 128 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 23.— TRAMWAYS. 1 Tramway permanent way, with transverse flat bar ties. (See No. 512.) 2 Permanent way, with rails laid on longitudinal concrete beds. 3 Ditto, with connected concrete beds and wood, brick, or granite cube paving. 4 As last described, but with rails resting on cast-iron chairs embedded in the concrete base. 5 Sleeper line embedded in concrete. Q Steel rope conduit line, with central conduit formed in a concrete bed and steel frames to support and connect the rails and the central plough slot. 7 Electric conduit line, with steel tube conduit and conductor bars. 8 Arrangement of the rope pulleys on a curve. 9 American section of top flange rail. 10 Saddle rail. 11 Plan of tramway switch. 12 Plan of tramway crossing. • 13, 14 End views of electric railway cars for both side and central current conductors. TEAM WAYS. 129 T'^ Z ^^WJ m ^^^^^m-r 10 I I M W I I I I I I I I I I I W I J I I J ^g^v^ r3 ~W 3£ U^^ij[!jt I I II ^ ^ t==^=( 130 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 15-17 Tramway turnouts on single lines. 18 Electric railway side conductor rail with wood protection, showing current collector on the carriage under-frame. 19 Another form of protected conductor rail with under contact. 20-1 Overhead trolly wires and standards for single and double lines. For double lines single standards are sometimes used fixed between the lines in the 6 ft. way, with two trolly arms. 22 Three wire catenary electric trolly conductor for over- head electric railway. 2B Cross section of ditto. 24-7 Varieties of trolly arms. TRAMWAYS. 131 15 "X T" 1 132 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 28 Plan of overhead wiring at a four street tramway junction. 29 Ditto, at a street corner. 30 Open side tramcar on short wheel base truck. 31 Closed tramcar on radial three axle long wheel base truck (Barber's patent). 32 Long tramcar on double bogie truck. TEAMWAYS. 133 32 __^ o ^ ^ .| OlJ ^r"r-|f r ^JO OU 134 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 24.— CANALS ; , AQUEDUCTS. 1, 2 Canal bank with clay puddle lining and earth filling. 3 Ditto, with vertical puddle trench. 4 Canal cut ori sloping ground, the outer bank pitched with concrete, stone, or a clay slope. 5 Canal lined wholly with impervious stone or other material. 6 Canal cut in soft ground with clay puddle trenches on each bank, carried down to the clay or other impervious strata below. 7 Canal on a bench in rock, with outer masonry wall. 8 Canal with masonry walls on both banks. 9 Semicircular iron canal or aqueduct in concrete or earth bank. 10 Aqueduct in concrete. 11 Circular masonry aqueduct on concrete base. 12 Circular concrete aqueduct or drain in an earthen embankment. 13 Canal tunnel with masonry lining and towing-path. 14 Circular canal tunnel. 15, 16, 18-21 Methods of protecting canal banks from erosion. 17 Boat incline at side of a canal lock. CANALS. 135 17 136 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 22 Canal overflow used to drive a water-wheel. 23 Canal or aqueduct carried on a girder bridge with concrete hning. 24 Masonry arched aqueduct. 25 Series of canal locks, longitudinal section. 26 Canal tunnelled in rock with towing-path. 27 Plan of lock and stepped or terraced weirs for overflow. 28 Canal dredger with discharge shoots on both banks. 29 Canal grab dredger machine travelling on rails on a canal bank. CANALS. 137 138 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 30 Canal or river dredger -with discharge conveyor shoot. 81 Canal lift, consisting of three (or more) hydraulic cylinders in wells carrying a barge float provided with water gates at each end. 32 Canal lift of five pneumatic cylinders in wells ; the cj'linders are raised by filling the wells with water, and lowered by running off the water from the wells. Other forms of canal lift comprise incline lifts, in which the barge float is carried up the incline by rope or hydraulic haulage, or two barge floats are employed on the principle of the water balance lift. 33, 84 Masonry arched aqueduct or canal. Water supply to a canal is obtained either from springs, a river, stream, or lake, or is obtained by pumping from a river or froni wells. CANALS. 139 f^lTO^ 140 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 25.— HEATING AND VENTILATION. 1 Dutch cylindrical close stove. 2 Close stove used in North of Europe. Also made in cylindrical form ornamented with tiles, etc. 3 Heating system by hot water boiler, circulating pipes, and radiators. Steam is also similarly used instead of hot water. Gas radiators are filled with water and heated by Bunsen jets. 4 Hot air furnace for a large building. The air is heated by circulating around the hot smoke flues. 5 Hot water system by circulation through pipes carried round rooms, passages, etc. 6 Ventilating skylight. 7 Ventilating Louvre roof. 8 Circular slotted glass ventilator. 9, 10 Ventilating sash. 11 French windows. 12 Pedestal central heating stove. The flue is carried down and under the floor. 13 Ordinary double sashes. 14 Ventilating a room by a pilaster inlet pipe taking its air from outside and an upper flap opening into a flue or the open air. HEATING AND VENTILATION. 141 s i r W ^^^^^^', ii^ss'i' 13 13 Xi \\\\\\W\/I,r lnl,t >S:^^^\^\\\\\\\\\W^ th >■ J ^ "^ ^ ^\\\^\\\\\^\^\\\^\\\\\\\^ ^^ 142 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 15 Ventilating fan. Usually driven by a small electric motor. 16 Open grate and flue with air inlet from outside the building. 17 Ventilating shaft to which flues are taken from the upper part of any number of apartments. 18 Chandelier ventilation for a large hall. 19 Ventilating flue and flap valve. '^0 External air inlet to a room. 21 Ventilating collectors and flues between floor and ceiling. 22 Slot and slide ventilator. 23 Series of frieze flap ventilators for carriages, operated by a rod. 24 Gas heating close cylinder stove and hot air flues led into the open air. Horizontal flues are sometimes carried round a room behind the skirting with gratings at intervals to supply hot air or fresh cold air. Electric stoves and heaters, usually by large incandescent lamps and reflectors. Anthracite slow combustion close stoves are much used for apartment or central heating, one charge of coal usually lasting twenty-four hours. Mining ventilation is either by upcast shaft and furnace, in conjunction with doors placed in the headings to direct the air current ; or by large fans driven by an engine or electric motor. Railway carriages are heated by steam radiators placed beneath the seats, or by hot water bottles. The steam is supplied from the locomotive. Gas heating by gas stoves — open or close — or by gas radiators, similar to No. 3. Steam heating by supply pipes and radiators similar to No. S, the condensed water being run off by a return pipe. Steam ovens of sheet-iron in box form, having a steam space all round into which live steam is admitted, and from which the condensed water is drained off by a tap. Geysers are gas Bunsen burners enclosed in a case, with water- spray circulated through the hot gases. HEATING AND VENTILATION. 143 15 m^ fe!: IDPiMllOl 22 24 17 I G353 VV^N^^^^'^^'n^'xVn^'^^ nVvN\\\^N.\N^ n ^V^"V.V\\V\\ ^^ 19 ^ ^ 21 II II II II II I 15^ D 144 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 26.— PLATE WORK. 1 Single riveted lap joint. 2 Double riveted lap joint. 3 Single riveted butt joint. 4 Double butt joint. 5 T-iron butt joint. 6-9 Angle or edge seams. 10 Transverse tubular seam. 11,12 Reducing ring seams. PLATE WOKK. 145 ^ I I ^^^ m ^^» <<^. I I ^^ ^^^ ^^ ?!;;:5?? ^0^ s ^^•^yy^"- ''''-• r/» - !>^; i> r ^ ■ '^' te ^^» > . 146 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND BEVICES. 13 Reducing ring seam. 14-17 Bottom seams round water spaces, fire-boxes, etc. 18 Expansion hoop joint in boiler flues, etc. 19, 20 Fire-box stays. 21 Gusset stay for flat ends. Flat bar, tube, and round iron stays are also much used to stay flat surfaces in boilers and tanks. In household boilers it is usual to weld all the seams, thus avoiding L iron and other riveted work. Flue tubes in boilers are stayed also by cross tubes inserted at intervals, such as Galloway's patent conical cross tubes. 22-3 Cover plates to carry tensile strains over joints in plates, L irons, etc. 24-8 Various forms of joints employed, etc., not subject to much strain. 29 Junction of L or T iron and plate. 30 Gusset junction for L or T iron and tie bars. 31 Mode of joining laps of four plates at corner in boiler work. 32 Junction of flat bar and L or T iron. 33 Dished plate seam. 34-40 Seams employed for sheet metal work. PLATE WOEK. 147 r-^ ,^ /-^ ^ ^^ n \J ^ J KJ ^ Kt \J \J \J ^J -vJ" lo o o o o Q o l" ;-: /OOOOi^OO O O \ o o o o 6"i.o o o 'd_'g ocro'o 'O'i'Q'ii'o' o o \o o'o'o"; o-o 6 '6 / r:^x. 24 a= ,rCb- 25 37 26 , J27 28 38 39 4.0 r~p^ 148 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 41 1 42 43 44 45 ; Bottom seams : No. 44 is strengthened by a thick wire ring. 46-7 Intermediate seams, or diaphragms. 48 Elbow seam. 49 Folded pipe seam. PLATE AND BAR JOINTS. 60 Junction of T iron, plate and T or L iron verticals. 51 Gusset plate corner stiffener. 52 Plate end for a tie-rod. 53 H iron junction, as in a floor framing. 54 Gusset plate junction for a braced framing. 55 Gusset plate junction for H girders of equal depths. 56 Plate edge joint. The circular cover is rolled (hot or cold) down over the thickened edges of plates. (See also Sections 5, 6, 10, 14.) PLATE WOEK. 149 i J " L (III" Isi +1 4-4- Ib^ iljlL, v>o -C7 k-^ k^ ^7- 53 ^gg^jg^ 156 150 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 27.— GAS SUPPLY. Type section of a gas house showing general arrangement of retort bench, elevators, drawing and charging machine, hydraulic mains, etc. The gas is further conveyed through a condenser and purifiers to the gasometer. There are many varieties of this type. Ordinary type of gasometer, consisting of a cylindrical plate-iron domed vessel, the lower part of which dips into an annular water space. The gasometer is guided by roUers bearing against vertical rails attached to iron columns, which are braced together. The weight of the gasometer is adjusted to give the standard pressure of gas required in the mains. 3-6 Sections of gas retorts of fireclay. 7 Longitudinal section of a gas retort with iron front and cover. Oxygen, hydrogen, and other gases are compressed into steel bottles (see Section 34) and used for lighting and other purposes, usual pressure 1,200 lb. per square inch. Mond " gas, water gas, acetylene gas, and several varieties of petroleum spirit and other gases are manufactured and employed for heating, lighting, and gas-engine driving. GAS SUPPLY. 151 152 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 28.— HYDRAULICS. 1 Water-lifting wheel for irrigation. 2 Water-lifting lever trough for irrigation. 8 Water chain-bucket lift. 4 Archimedian screw water lifts. 5 Chain pump. 6 Water-lifting wheel. 7 Self-acting water pressure pump. The movement of the piston reverses the inlet pressure valve. 8 Ditto. 9 Hydraulic ram. 10 Water wheel and pump. 11-15 Types of vertical pumping engines. lfi-18 Types of horizontal pumping engines. Hydraulic accumulator. (See Section 44.) Water supply. (See Section 44.) HYDEAULICS. 153 154 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 19-21 Horizontal compound pumping engines. 22-3 Horizontal pumping engines. 24 Vertical parallel movement mine pump compound. 25 Turbine. 26 Jet wheels. 27 Pelton wheel. 28 Plan of turbine bucket. 29 Tide wheel on a float. 80 Undershot jet wheel. 31 Tide screw motor wheel. 32 Water motor with variable gate. HYDEAULICS. 155 |i3j^=^ 156 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 33 Breast wheel. 84 Overshot wheel. 35 Ditto, reverse flow. 86 Internal bucket undershot wheel. 87 Submerged air motor wheel. 38 Diagonal wheel. 39 Tide wheel. 40 Flutter wheel : high fall. 41 Horizontal wheel. 42 Internal breast wheel. 43 Reaction jet wheel. 44 Undershot wheel. 45-8 Various forms of plain and ventilated wheel buckets. 49 Plan of turbine. 50-1 Turbines. HYDEAULICS. 157 158 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 52-4 Sections of water flumes to convey streams to water wheels or turbines. 55 Flume on staging with down shoot or pipe to a turbine. 56 Pipe main for pressure water to a wheel, turbine, or other motor. 57 Hydraulic timber shoot to convey logs to a river or lake. HYDRAULICS. 169 52 53 54- > «' " « nr m 160 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 29.— SEA AND RIVER STRUCTURES. (See also Sections 31, 32.) 1 Sections of flood banks or river walls to prevent flood overflows. 2 Training groynes placed on river banks to confine the main stream and assist scour. 3 Bottom groynes or walls for a^similar purpose. 4 Section of training bank or groyne. 5 Floating booms placed to direct the main stream. 6 Training banks to confine a main stream. 7 Plan of a curved training bank. 8-9 Arrangements of training banks in a river or estuary to direct the stream and assist scour. 10 River wall with pitched slope, puddle trench, and inner surface drain and outfall sluice. 11-13 Sections of upright walls as protective works. 14 Rough stone foreshore wall. SEA AND EIVEE STKUCTUEES. 161 162 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 15 River training bank. 16 Ditto for reclamation of bay or creek. 17 Plan of groynes on a foreshore, timber, masonry (or concrete), also pipe drain groyne. 18-21 Foreshore protective works of masonry pitching, timber, or rubble stone. 22 Section of timber groyne with old rail struts and concrete foundation blocks. 23 Curved river or sea wall in masonry or concrete. 24 Breakwater with parapet. 25 Wharf wall with timber jetty. 26 Concrete block breakwater on rubble base. 27 Ditto with sloping blocks. 28 Concrete block and rubble breakwater. SEA AND EIVEE STRUCTURES. 163 164 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 29 Pitched slope and block toe breakwater. 30 Concrete block breakwater on rubble mound, with mass concrete parapet. 31-3 Foreshore protective banks and works. 34 Foreshore protected by sedge or reeds, mattresses, piles, ballast or rubble stones. 85 River wall terraced and pitched. 36 Ditto with concrete slope and quay and piled footing. 37 Ditto with concrete slope and footing. 38 Ditto of concrete faced with stone. 39 Ditto of concrete with stone facing. 40 Ditto of rubble stone and cribwork backed by cla>- wall and sand piling. 41 River foreshore protected by fascine mats floated into positic and sunk with stone or clay loading. / 42-4 Timber and rubble groyne. Section elevation and plan SEA AND EIVER STRUCTURES. 165 ^6g^ / V, 31 — t/l fl- — - — . (( ■ ^^^^^^ 5»5T— ^^ "'^^^^mmsst^ - '---^ "™^™WW«- - 1 ^^(ViMn ^^-M^t _ _-i_^ ^ 166 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 45 Groyne constructed of piles, stakes, and rubble stones. 46 Foreshore wall of fascines and stones, with stakes. 47 Ditto of stakes and wattles. 48 Timber and rubble cribwork, with planked face. 49 Concrete block breakwater on a rubble mound. 50 Terraced breakwater of rubble with pitched slopes. 51 Concrete block breakwater filled with rubble and with rubble toe. 52 Sea wall of concrete with masonry top section. 58 Masonry sea walls. 54 Sheet pile river wall. 55 Mass concrete breakwater laid in boxing with fender piles. 56 Breakwater constructed of fascines and stone footing, clay and sand filling, and concrete or masonry upper section. 57 Block concrete breakwater with loose block toe. 58-61 Sections of sea or river walls. SEA AND EIVEE STRUCTUEES. 167 ^T^g^g"^ 168 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 62 Breakwater formed of a concrete box base witli superstructure of concrete blocks and mass concrete top with subway and parapet. 63 Concrete breakwater built on a timber eribwork base. 64 Concrete block breakwater on a mass concrete base. 65-6 Reinforced concrete box breakwater on a rubble base, finished with mass concrete upper section. 67 Circular concrete fort, built as a caisson and sunk in position on levelled foundation. 68 Cribwork base for wall or breakwater. 69 Coffer-dam, formed of three rows of close piling filled with rammed clay. 70 Timber jetty on a river wall with stone pitching. 71 Masonry sea wall. 72 Foreshore protection of stakes and stones. 73-4 Sea wall of concrete caissons, keyed together, carrying a superstructure of mass concrete. 75 Sea wall on concrete caissons sunk by water pressure pipe and sand pump, superstructure of masonry. SEA AND RIVER STRUCTURES. 169 170 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 76 Wharf wall built forward into a river on a pile foundation. 77 Cast-iron pile and panel sheet piling for a river wall. 78 Oval caisson and key, sheet piling. 79-81 Sections of interlocked steel sheet piling. 82-5 Sections of piers or jetties. 86 Type plan of a sea pleasure pier with pavilions. 87 Timber jetty. 88 River floating pier with bowstring girder connecting stage. 89-90 Long tidal incline on floats or dumb lighters. The incline is in section maintained at any angle by side levers with varying leverage. 91 Breakwater or training wall faced with pitched stonework. 92 Cantilever jetty to project to a deep water berth. SEA AND EIVER STRUCTURES. 171 172 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 98 Light or bell buoy. 94-101 Sections and elevations of various types of wharf walls. 102 Concrete wharf wall faced with stone. 103 Rubble stone mound breakwater or training bank. 104-5 Breakwaters on rubble base. 106 Breakwaters at entrance to a river. 107-8 Section of coal-shoot jetty for loading barges, etc. 109-10 Steel; sheet pile wharf walls. SEA AND EIVEE STEUCTURES. 178 ■>\Sih^^ 174 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section' 30.— IRRIGATION. The artificial supply of water to crops in places where the rainfall is either insufficient or unseasonable. SOURCES OF SUPPLY. , Rainfall : The run off being collected in reservoirs, or led by canals to dry areas. Eain-water is superior to that from wells. Springs : Led to reservoirs, or irrigation canals, or channels. Wells : These generally require pumping or solne equivalent water- raising machinery. Artesian wells : The water is directed into canals or storage reservoirs. Streams : Prom mountains or hills, dammed at suitable points, and led to irrigation canals or channels. Rivers : Usually require dams or weirs (Section 43) to raise the water to a sufficient head to supply low-lying areas by canals. Sometimes the water is pumped up to a sufficient head. Lakes : Fed by streams from elevated catchment areas are natural irrigation reservoirs. Their level is often raised by a dam to augment the storage and give a greater head of supply. Artificial reservoirs : Generally constructed by throwing a dam across a valley (Section 44) in which a stream or river runs down from high ground. lEEIGATION. 175 DISTRIBUTION. Canals : Fitted with sluices to regulate the flow (Section 24). Branch canals : Smaller in cross section. Distributaries and field channels. All these are laid with a slight fall calculated to give the required maximum flow ; and the flow is controlled by simple gates or sluices. Aqueducts (Section 24). 176 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 31.— DOCKS, HARBOURS. (See also Sections 29, 89.) 1-6 The plan of a harbour is always dependent on the form and character of the coastline, the depths of water, tides, tidal range, and prevailing winds, as also the tonnage and other characteristics of the shipping. No general rules are possible, so that the plans sketched merely indicate general outlines of breakwaters adopted for varying coast outlines. Sluicing basin on a tidal coast at entrance to a dock or harbour, filled at high water and used at low water to scour the approach to the locks. S Type plan of a dock with outer tidal harbour and inner basins and locks. Most docks are variations of this type adapted to the local conditions. DOCKS, HAEBOUES. 177 178 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 9-11 Type plans of locks with cylinder, swing, and sliding gates. No. 10 is the common form. 12 Pair of locks opening direct into a river, with concrete apron outside and scouring culverts, gates, and sluices to keep the approach to the locks clear of silt. 13 Section of floating dock. Consists of a rectangular water- tight steel base, capable of carrying the heaviest vessel to be dealt with, and side framings on each side containing work- shops, platforms, cranes, and other repairing plant. 11 Floating dock as last, but with one side framing only. 15-18 Sections of harbour piers or jetties in timber and stone work. 19-21 Horizontal sections of lock gates in wood and steel. DOCKS, HAEBOUES. 179 180 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 22-3 Type plan of repairing slips and graving dock, showing three slips branching from a floating dock, opening into a river or harbour. 24-7 Block plans of types of river jetties ; 26 and 27 contain barge docks to provide berths for barges receiving goods direct from ship or jetty. 28 Another plan of double jetty with stepped berths on the inner sides. 29 Plan of pair of locks with sluicing openings, culvert, and sluice gate. 30 Lock caisson, used in place of gates and floated into position. 31 Balanced swing landing-stage. DOCKS, HAEBOUES. 18] 24 E ^;m^ ^s A 26 27 28 y V ■ ''^yy/A 182 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 32.— LIGHTHOUSES, BUOYS, BEACONS, MOORINGS. 1-6 Various forms of buoys, with and without cages or bells, used to mark channels or sunken rocks or shoals, and their form and colour varied to indicate their purpose. 7-10 Beacons for similar purposes, usually fitted with screws and screwed into the sea bottom. (See also Section 30.) 11 Lighthouse of tower form of cast-iron plates, with gallery and lantern on stone or concrete base. The light-rooms, stores, and lightkeepers' rooms are all in the interior with a spiral stair to the lantern. 12 Screw pile sea lighthouse with upper platform carrying the stores, and living-rooms. This type is often fixed to rock foundation by special rock-boring screws. 13 Masonry lighthouse of the Eddystone type, built on a rock which is exposed at low water. AU the stores and living- rooms are in the interior of the tower. The masonry is usually toggled or dovetailed together. 14 Masonry lighthouse for a headland or elevated position with short tower, gallery, and lantern. The stores and dwellings are in the adjoining building. 15 Cylindrical caisson foundation for a lighthouse as No. 30. The caisson is filled with concrete and may be protected by a mound of rubble. 16 Screw pile lighthouse for a shoal or sunk rock, with large platform and iron building containing the stores and dwellings. LIGHTHOUSES, BUOYS, Etc. 183 184 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 33.— DISPOSAL OF REFUSE, Etc. Town refuse : Is ordinarily conveyed by collecting vehicles to municipal destructors and burned. Destructors are of two classes — 1. Low temperature furnaces ; the products of combustion escaping into the atmosphere. 2. High temperature ; the hot gases being utilized to generate steam in boilers, the power being applied to municipal services, as electricity production, pumping sewage or water, gasworks power, etc. The remaining clinker and ash are used for road-making, concrete and mortar mixing. Tipping refuse on land : Usually on low land which needs raising or levelling and not too near to dwellings. As manure : The refuse is seldom of a quality suitable for manuring, although much of it is so used. Street sweepings are, however, good and valuable as manure. Trades wastes from paper mills, bleach works, wool cleaning, chemical works, tanners and leather works, bleachers and dyers, etc. The wastes are treated : 1, chemically to recover useful con- stituents, or combine them into saleable substances. 2, by pre- cipitation in tanks or reservoirs. The liquor is chemically or DISPOSAL OF REFUSE, Etc. 185 bacterially treated to form an innocuous effluent, and discharged into a stream or sewer. The sludge is treated chemically or dried for use as a manure, and in most cases considerable quantities of valuable by-products are obtained' from both the liquors and the precipitates. Drainage (see Section 3) carries away a very large proportion of town and domestic refuse from streets, house drains, roofs, open yards, closets, and sinks. 186 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 34.— TANKS AND CONTAINERS. 1 Railway water crane and tank. 2-6 Plans of cast-iron or steel tanks of various forms. 7 Tubular heating tank. 8 Square wrought-iron tank. 9 Circular cast-iron tank. 10 Evaporating or heating tank, containing numerous sloping shelves. 11 Similar tank, vertically arranged. 12 Similar tank with diagonal shelves or diaphragms. 13 Saddle tank. 14 Hot- water tank. 15 Steel gas bottle for high pressure. (See also Section 44.) TANKS AND CONTAINEES. 187 ^^WM A I O o o O O O o o O O o „ O o O O o _ O O «0 O o o O O o o 12 -\ — I — 13 X, — f----- ! 1 1 ( 1 V *■ — -^ — ■ K7 ^ 14 ft 15 ^SSSS\>SS'^^'sS^^'vV-~-.v.v.'..s.-J-'^vv.',< 188 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 35.— MINES AND WELLS. Ventilating mines. (See Section 25.) 1 Plan of circular mine shaft. There are usually six cage guide timbers framed together, also pump rods, rising main, and pipes for compressed air, etc. 2 Plan of elliptical mine shaft with similar fittings. 3 Mode of sinking shafts or wells by cast-iron or steel cylinders, sometimes lined internally with brickwork and loaded to assist sinking. The soil and water are removed from the interior by hoisting and pumpiiig. (See Section 1.) 4 Well sinking by cylindrical brick cylinder. The lower section, penetrating water-bearing strata, is built with holes or in dry brickwork. The cylinder is loaded to assist sinking. 5 Well sinking by cast-iron or steel cylinder. 6 Brick-lined well in soft ground continued down into rock or hard strata without a lining. 7 Mode of timbering a shaft for sinking in soft strata. 8 Another method, permitting the top diameter to be maintained throughout. 9 Coal or mineral washer. 10 Ditto, and separator. Tube wells, put down singly or in groups or series, are tubes with the lower lengths perforated and driven down to water- bearing strata. An internal suction pipe is used for pumping, and several wells may be connected to one pump. MINES, WELLS. 189 190 CIVIL ENGINEEKING TYPES AND DEVICES. 11 Mine-cage governing gear to control speed of cage. 12 Cage safety gear ; kept out of action by the pull of the hoisting rope. 13 Another method. 14 Cage safety hook, detaches the cage if drawn too high. 15-16 Cage indicators for winding engines. 17 Section of cage rope pulley. 18-19 Cage safety gears, as No. 12. 20-1 Horizontal winding engines. MINES, WELLS. 191 192 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 36.— FENCING. 1 The common sod hedge. 2 Thickset hedge. 3-4 American rail fence, laid zigzag. Tree stumps and roots are also placed close together to form a rough fence. 5 Split post and wire fence. The uprights are woven in with the wires, so that the fence can be rolled up for carriage. € Open or close pale and rail fence. 7 Ditto, with triangular rails. 8 Lattice and rail fence. 9 Post and three-rail fence for cattle. 10 Five-wire fence with wood posts. Varieties of this fence have from three to seven wires, the lower wires thicker than the upper ; also iron standards as Nos. 19, 20. 11 Three-rail split-rail fence. The rail ends have bevelled ends to lap in the post mortises. 12 Two-rail fence with lattice upright or diagonal panels. 13 Rustic fence formed of tree branches. 14 Galvanized corrugated sheet-iron fence FENCING. 193 I If I ( \ ) ( ) ) ' i 1 i . i 1 — i > (J 1^ Pi n Cl Pi •■-V7 r^/-7 \-\rr r^m-t n ^ u u u u u j\iu\\u\Mj\:^wi 10 — 1 [1 n ' - — - 12 :^\\\^> ^ , — — — .. . I _ ' I ■ I ; I ,_ _ -. _ __ — ,.. . TT 194 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 15 Three-tube fence with cast (or other) posts. The tubes are usually ordinary gas-pipes, galvanized and joined by the ordinary unions. 16 L iron rail fence, with T iron (or wood) posts. 17 Tube fence with wood posts. 18 Garden fence of stout wire, with L or T iron posts. 19 Post and strut with footplates for the ground. 20 T or L iron posts and struts and mode of fixing to a bridge girder. 21-2 Panelled brick boundary wall. 23-9 Various forms of stone copings for masonry or brick boundary walls. 80 Stone open parapet with turned balusters. 31 Rolling gates for bridge or level crossing. Fencing posts are also made of reinforced concrete or vitrified clay or shale, also many sections of steel or iron bars and tubes. Holes for fencing posts are sometimes blasted by small sticks of dynamite (40%) sunk in holes jumped in the ground, or bored by a screw auger.^ FENCING. 195 29 30 m: 196 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 37.— STAGING AND FALSE WORKS. (Forms, etc., for reinforced concrete work, Section 41.) 1 Centering for a semicircular arch with side supports. 2 Ditto, with four supports. 3 Ditto, with side supports. 4 Centering for an elliptic arch supported on corbels. 5 Braced centering for an eUiptic arch with striking wedges at the springing. 6 Strutted centering for a flat arch. 7, 8 Braced centerings for elliptic arches. 9 Centering for a segmental arch, supported on a braced centre framing. 10, 11 Temporary timber viaduct. STAGING AND FALSE WOEKS. 197 198 CTVII; ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 12 Centerings for a high girder viaduct of long spans, with masonry piers. 13 Centering for long-span girder viaduct, with travelling crane for constructing the girders. 14, 15 Ordinary builders' scaffold for house building ; formed of poles, putlogs, and planks, and reached by ladders, materials being hoisted by a rope pulley or winch. 16 Continental builders' scaffold of poles, planks, and put- logs, reached by incline stages, the materials being carried or wheeled up the inclines. The centerings shown are types of which there have been very many varieties designed and used. Every country has its own designs of centerings. 17 Travelling stage for use inside a railway station or other building, to clean or repair skylights, etc. 18 Floating barges and stage to carry a cylinder caisson; into position. STAGING AND FALSE WOEKS. 199 KXXX X Tzi" ^ »<1IX1X1IXIMU //■A, X X X X X M // ---^ 7/ N 12 13 ^j/L. _ .^i^ _ _ -k J.-' _ L^J^^^LJC^ ^1 ,JK| I n H n a_ _Q /A [\\ '8 tl IIJ^=»=^^ i\ li , 1 1 l" "-"l -- ^t^- - i E' ■"""- k=---^t — _ ~-. ^r — - _. _. ~__ ~ " ~ ..— ^-v =5" I ^K ^^ a fi_ dl_ I IQ jLJ 1 — ] — A 1 jJ 200 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 19 Floats and stages to carry a long girder and deposit it in position in. a tidal river. 20 Staging and capstan used for screw piles. 21 Floats to carry a caisson or cylinder to its site. STAGING AND FALSE WOEKS. 201 202 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 38.— HOISTING MACHINERY. 1 Is a common type of wharf crane, but with the post, revolving in a footstep and base plate ; this gives a better base than where the post is fixed in a base plate. 2 Has no post, but a revolving frame and base plate with front and back friction rollers and a centre pin. 3 Post and jib in one piece, usually of wrought iron. A balance weight is fixed at A to balance the overhanging jib. 4 Swing derrick crane, generally of wood. The jib turns three-fourths of a circle, and the two guys are fixed at an angle of 90° apart, and well secured by anchoring or loading ; often made with very long jib for builders' work, and mounted on three tall framed stages to enable the crane to reach every part of a building. 5 Wharf crane, with centre tension bolt instead of crane post. In this arrangement there is a vertical tension on the centre bolt and thrust on the foot of jib. 6 Warehouse wall crane. 7 Warehouse wall crane, with high jib-head. 8 Whip crane, chiefly used in goods sheds. The barrel is some- times worked by an endless handrope as shown, and sometimes by a second rope and drum with a hand crank. 9 Portable hand crane, with balance weight. The balance weight can be shifted in or out to balance the load. 10 Foundry crane, sometimes with travelling carriage on the jib, as No. 11. 11 Swing bracket crane and traveller, usually formed of flat bars on edge ; used only for light loads, for smiths' shops, etc. 12 Wharf derrick, to turn an entire circle, similar to No. 4, but employed for heavy loads. 13 Floating derrick. 14 Light balance crane. HOISTING MACHINERY. 203 204 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 15 Trussed jib crane, with centre tension bolt. 16 Simple derrick and winch, with two or three guy ropes ; for temporary purposes only, and may be easily shifted about. 17 Sheers and winch. 18 Tripod and winch. 19 Sheers with screw adjustment to back leg. This design is adopted for very heavy lifts, such as loading heavy machinery, shipping-masts, boilers, etc. 20 Four-guy derrick and winch, used for fixing columns, bases, masonry, etc. 21 Fixed post steam crane, for wharfs, piers, jetties, harbour works, etc. 22 Portable steam crane, very largely used on wharfs, piers, etc., and sometimes fitted with travelling gear in addition to hoisting and slewing motions. 23 Wharf crane, with fixed engine, centre bolt, and trussed arched jib. This is a very good type, as the ground is kept clear for goods, etc., and of course all motions, hoisting, lowering, and slewing are controlled from the crane above ground by hand levers. 24 Hydraulic wharf crane, with fixed post. The common type universally used in docks, etc., with the ordinary form of multiplying hydraulic cylinder and chain gear : the valve for controlling its movements is operated by hand levers ex- tending up through slots in the floor ; the slewing is performed by a separate cylinder and chain gear, with a distinct con- trolling lever. HOISTING MACHINEEY. 205 206 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 25 Hydraulic short lift ram, centre crane, and traveller, employed chiefly to raise the ingots out of the casting pits of Bessemer steel works. The ram is of course subject to severe cross strains, and many designs provide an overhead guide or support for the ramhead. 26 Automatic balance crane, portable or fixed ; the position of the fulcrum varies with the load. 27 Steam multiplying cylinder crane, in which the ram is forced out by steam pressure, acting either directly or by an intervening body of water. 28 Breakwater swing crane. 29 Overhanging travelling crane, for use on breakwaters, etc. 30 Overhead hydraulic travelling goliath, to span a railway ; has slewing motion and a balanced jib. 81 Single rail crane with top guide rail. 32 Overhead traveller on gantry. 33 Goliath. 34 Steam overhead crane, with carriage to span a railway. Largely used on dock wharves, etc., as they have a high lift and do not encumber or encroach on valuable quay space. 35 Hydraulic cylinder post crane ; sometimes adopted instead of the type No. 24. HOISTING MACHINEEY. 207 208 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 36 Heavy hydraulic crane, with suspended cylinder ; employed for work of the very heaviest type. 37 Ship's davit. 88 Balanced jib post crane, no tie-rod. The weight nrnst be sufficiently heavy to balance the jib and load. 39 Hydraulic strut jib crane. The load is raised by raising the jib. 40 Overside dock crane, for discharging from ships into barges. The overhang being very great in this design, it must be provided with a heavy frame or balance weight. 41 Wagon tip crane, for loading vessels. 42 Double sheave 4 to 1 purchase for crane jib. 43 Crane with rising jib. 44 Suspended travelling hand crane. 45 Basement crane, projected diagonally upward when in use. The winch is a fixed one. 46 Loophole crane, projected horizontally when in use by a hand-rope gear working a pinion and rack, or by a chain wound upon a barrel. 47 Travelling wharf crane to span a railway. HOISTING MACHINEEY. 209 210 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 48 Wharf goliath, with swinging beam and traveller. 49 Gantry crane or transporter to unload from a vessel and deliver into trucks. 50 Roof traveller crane. 51 Wharf crane with elevated inner rail. 52 Transporter. 58 Gantry crane. 54 Long jib wharf crane to reach over two or three vessels. HOISTING MACHINEEY. 211 212 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 56 Travelling crane or goliath running on rails laid on the ground. 57 Overhead type travelling crane, running on overhead girders, with staging and derrick for fixing roof principals. 58 Jetty or pier pile-driving travelling stage and steam hoisting engine. 59 Jetty or wharf end crane. 60 Travelling hydraulic wagon, hoisting, tipping, and dis- charging stage. 61 Revolving cantilever crane. 62 Wharf crane with jointed jib for quick discharging. 63 Travelling transporter for unloading coal, etc., and depositing it in heaps. Builders' steam derrick cranes, as No. 4, for high and extensive buildings are mounted on a triangular platform raised above the building on three framed timber piers on towers braced together and fixed inside the building. HOISTING MACHINERY. 213 -^IL \b^ / i 4 \ 56 T 214 CIVIL ENGIFEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 39.-SUBMARINE ENGINEERING. (See also Sections 29, 30, 32, 39.) 1 Canal dredger, with one, two, or three sets of chain buckets. The material is usually fed into a side trough or conveyor and dumped on the canal bank, or shot into drop-bottom barges and deposited in deep water. (See Section 24 and Nos. 6, 7.) 2 Bottom dredger for deepening a harbour or river or removing shoals. The material is shot into barges with drop bottoms and sunk in deep water. 3 Water or compressed air injector jet suction. Dredger for sand or mud bottom. Has a pipe line to convey the material to the shore. 4, 5 Submarine tube tunnel and mode of laying on prepared or pile foundation and afterwards covered with concrete in mass in form of a bank. 6 Canal dredger, discharging on to a bank tip. 7 Canal bank chain bucket dredger, travelling on a railway laid on the canal bank. 8 Dolphin, a group of piles braced together used as a protection to a pier. 9 Ground chain moorings and screws for harbour buoys. SUBMARINE ENGINEEEING. 215 25_ =^---^-^ ^^ ^ 216 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 40.— OPENING BRIDGES. 1 Balanced lifting bridge for short spans. 2 Rolling and lifting bridge, with balance weight for short spans. ;!-4 Single swing bridge, supported on a strut frame fitted with rollers running on a curved rail on the bottom. 5 Double balanced lifting bridge, with overhead fixed bridge to be used when the lower bridge is open to the river. 6 Swing bridge on a turntable, carried by an air float. 7 Lifting bridge, with winch gear, usually balanced. 8 Double swing bridge on a central pier, giving two openings. When open it is protected from drifting vessels by dolphins or pile tenders. OPENING BKIDGES. 217 ^^^ 218 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 9 Transporter bridge. 10 Single swing bridge on a turntable. 11 Double swing bridge on central caisson pier. 12 Telescopic bridge at Queen's Ferry, Chester. The central opening span is balanced by weights and runs back on rollers under the floor of fixed side span. The central floor is hinged to swing arms and jEalls far enough to pass under the floor of the fixed span. 13 Rolling bridge with lateral approach. 14 Balanced lifting bridge. 15 Double-leaf lifting bridge. The lifting beams have balance weights on their inner ends. OPENING BEIDGES. 219 ~mw/. I _}?^, 13 , 14- I I I I I nri l 220 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES Section 41.— ROOFS. TIMBER ROOFS. 1 Simple triangular truss with king rod (or post). 2-3 Queen post trusses. 4-5 Church roof trusses. 6 Gothic arch truss. 7-8 Church roof trusses. 9-10 Arched roof trusses, framed and braced. 11 Framed truss with arched laminated tie. 12, 13 Laminated arch truss. ROOFS. 221 222 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 14, 15 Simple triangular trusses. 16 High-pitch roof truss. 17 Arched and framed truss with horizontal tie. 18 Mansard truss. 19 Truss with arched tie, ornanieiited. 20 Framed truss with Gothic openwork spandrils. STEEL ROOFS. 21 Arched T iron principal with horizontal rod tie. 22 Simple triangular truss. 23 Triangular truss with one bracing. 24 Ditto with eight panels. 25 Arched or bowstring truss with eight panels. 26 Ditto with cambered tie-rod. 27 Triangular truss with cambered tie-rod. EOOFS. 228 224 Civil. ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. US Triangular truss, another form. ■29, 30 Ditto with compound truss bracing. 31 Arched corrugated sheet-iron roof, simple type. 32 Compound triangular truss. 33 Six panel triangular truss. 3i Triangular roof in three bays with four supports. 35 Braced segmental arch truss. 36 Three hinge braced Gothic arch truss. 37 Semicircular braced arch truss. 38 Ditto. 39 Triangular truss with counter- braced principals. 40 Ditto with central headway. ROOFS. 225 226 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 41 Mansard type triangular truss. 42-3 Station roof with elliptic tie and ventilator. 44 Three-hinge roof. 45 Double cantilever roof on single column. 46 High-pitched roof with arched ties. 47 Compound truss Mansard type. 48 Ditto. 49 Three-hinge compound truss with outside cantilevers as a station roof. 50 Station roof with outside cantilevers. 51-2 Cantilever roofs supported from a wall. EOOFS. 227 228 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 63 Station roof with outside cantilevers. 54 Ditto with overhanging eaves. 55 Roof formed of four triangular bays carried on parallel braced main girders. 56 Triangular roof with cantilever eaves. 57 Three-bay station roof on two columns. 58 Station roof over two platforms carried on rolled girders reaching the entire width. 59 Double platform station roof with central gutter supported on double columns. 60 Station roof of central arched bay and two cantilevers. 61 Factory or shed roof in several bays. The steep slopes are of glass and face the north to avoid sun -glare. 62-3 Roof formed of one or more short spans placed transversely and carried on arched girders. 64-5 Sections of ventilators with louvres. EOOFS. 229 230 CIVIL ENGINEEEING- TYPES AND DEVICES. 66 Arched roof on rolled girder principals. 67 Roof of two or more bays carried on longitudinal braced or plate girders. 68 Arched station roof covered only over the platforms. 69 Cast-iron three-bay platform roof on tvco columns. 70 Platform roof of wood on two columns with central gutter. 71 Triangular platform roof on double columns. 72 Ditto on single column and wall. 73-9 Platform roofs supported from walls. 80 Theatre front pavement roof, usually of glass and highly ornamental. EOOFS. 231 68 .==^^^^°° / ^°°°?^=^:;^ ^r-JX / 76 ^W 232 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 81-3 Cantilever platform roofs, steel framed. 84-5 Typical details of a triangular truss framing and wall or column supports ; 85 is an elevation of a trussed purlin. (See also Sections 6 and 10.) 86 Junction of principal and tie bar. 87 Junction of tie bar and diagonals. 88 Junction of principal, tie bar, and steel column. 89 Section of iron and wood roof and gutter at support. EOOFS. 233 234 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 42. — CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE. 1, 2 Section and elevation of square concrete pile re- inforced with four steel rods and horizontal ring ties. 3, 4 Circular pile similarly reinforced. 5, 6 Forms for circular and square piles. 7-10 Iron rammers for " Compressol " piles. With No. 7 a hole is made in the ground by repeated rammings, com- pressing the soil around the hole. Stones are then dropped in and rammed into the foot of the hole and the hole filled with concrete. 11 Form (hinged together) for a square pile or column. 12 Wall forms with various forms of ties. There are many kinds of ties of special make in use. 13 Ditto showing insertion of wood bricks or fillets. 14 Plan of angle or quoin forms. 15, 16 Foundation bed of concrete for a building on concrete piles. 17 Form for a square column. 18-20 The "Kahn" trussed reinforcement bar for a main girder. 21-2 Grooved bar to take splayed truss rods fixed in the grooves. 23 Triangular wire mesh reinforcement. 24 Corrugated bar for ditto. CONCEETE AND EEINFOECED CONCEETE. 235 1 1 xMC ll-*--Tl^,* ' t ill! H-Cii 'hi }]4l y. 14- TSr ^^:^^\\^^m^\^ r-^ r-, 1 16 L.^ L.J 1 236 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 25-7 Type of forms for a floor, with joists and girders, sup- ported on columns ; all in reinforced concrete. 28-80 Sections of reinforced concrete floors and joisting. 31-4 Floor girder ; square section showing various styles of reinforcement. 35 Reinforced concrete casing to the piles of a pier, subject to abrasion by sea beach. 86 Concrete arch bridge, reinforced, with suspended temporary staging or forms. 37 Another form of reinforced concrete arch bridge. 38-9 Reinforced concrete arch and spandril bridge. The arch is in three ribs. 40-4 Various types of notched and corrugated or twisted rein- forcement rods. 45 Reinforced concrete column top with girder joists and floor. CONCEETE AND EEINFOECED CONCEETE. 237 Wm. 26 27 I 4-0 mmxn 4-1 I' r 4-2 ":ili0=0=mr 43 ^^^^^^' 238 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 46 Reinforced concrete roof arch and side walls, in whieli the thrust is taken hy anchored tie bars. 47-8 Concrete slab partitions. 49, 50 Reinforced retaining wall with toe and back buttresses. 51 Another form of reinforced concrete retaining wall. 52 Reinforced concrete battered retaining wall with long toe and projecting heel. 53-4 Reinforced concrete hollow dam or weir with trans- verse partitions and openings. Prevention of freezing of concrete by additions of solutions of calcium chloride or common salt ; said to improve the concrete by rendering it more impermeable. Expanded steel is also extensively used for reinforcement of concrete in floors, roofs, partitions, walls, etc. Concrete hollow building blocks of various shapes are used instead of stone or brick for walls and partitions. CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE. 239 47 7i^f///l //j/^ff/jy/;m 48 240 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 43.— DAMS AND WEIRS. (See also Sections 29, 30.) 1 Gerard " shutter dam, operated by a hydraulic ram. 2 Fish pass. y Stoney ' sluices and dam with balanced rising sluice gates. I 4 Balanced sliding dam or sluices. o, 6 Arched gravity dam in masonry or concrete. 7 Drum weir, balanced by the water pressure. 8 Earthen dam with puddle wall. (See Sections 44, 24, and 29.) 9' Ditto with puddle face and pitched slope. 10-12 Timber gravity dams. 13, 14 Pitched stone dam and sluices. 15 Irrigation weir with adjustable sluices and over-bridges. 16 Bubble stone dam. DAMS AND WEIES. 241 242 Civil, ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 17 Standard type of concrete or masonry dam. 18 Vertical wall dam, usually arched in plan as No. 22. 19 Concrete spillway. 20 Earthen spillway with puddle wall and pitched slopes. 21-2 Plans of dams, straight and arched. 23 Masonry dam with ruhble core or hearting. 24 Series of dams to divide a stream into pools. Many rivers have been " canalized " by the construction of dams and locks with spillways or weirs for the overflow. Some large rivers, such as the Charles, at Boston, have been dockized by the construction of a dam with locks for shipping. DAMS AND WEIRS. 243 24- 244 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. Section 44.— WATER SUPPLY. 1 Reservoir wall of concrete with earth filling. 2 Ditto with puddle wall and foundation. 3 Reservoir wall faced with pitched stonework with puddle wall and earth bank. 4 Filter bed lined with concrete and with puddle wall and foundation. The bed is formed of loose bricks covered with layers of sand and gravel. 5 Elevated tank for water supply. 6 Stand pipe to give an hydraulic head to the supply pipes. 7, 8 Sections of covered reservoirs. 9 Syphon supply main from a reservoir. 10 Reservoir water tower and culvert, containing the service main, inlets, and valves, reached from the reservoir bank by a bridge. 11 Hydraulic high-pressure accumulator weighted with cast- iron sections. These are sometimes substituted by a steel cylindrical case, loaded with ballast, etc. Hydraulic high-pressure water for lifts, etc., is supplied in special high-pressure mains in London, etc., at pressure of 700 lb. per square inch. For details of pipes, valves, pumps, pumping-engines, and other plant see the Engineer's Sketch-book. WATER SUPPLY. 245 1 — 7 ^^^^^ _^ S^^ <\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\^\\\V\\\\.\\\\\VN ^Mt^ BOOKS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS 132 pases, with Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Clolh. Net 5». SEWERAGE OF SEA-COAST TOWNS By HENRY C. 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Surveying with the Chain only — Surveying with the aid of Angular Instru- ments — Levelling — Adjustment of Instruments — Kailway (including Eoad) Surveys and Setting Out — Tacheometry or Stadia Surveying — Tunnel Alignment and Setting Out — Surveys for Water Supply Works — Hydrographioal or Marine .Surveying — -Astronomical Observations used in Surveying — Explanation of Astronomical Terms — Surveys Abroad in Jungle, Dense Forest, and Unmapped Open Country — Trigonometrical or Geodetic Surveys. ' ' This work is written with admirable lucidity, and will certainly be found of dis- tinct value both to students and to those engaged in actual practice." — T}ie Builder. LONDON: CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENGINEERING STANDARDS COMMITTEE Messrs. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, having been appointed Official Publisheks to the ENGINEERING STANDARDS COMMITTEE, beg to invite attention to this Selected List of the PubUcations issued by the Committee. 1. British Standard Sections (9 lists). 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A Complete Catalogue of NEW and STANDARD WORKS on MINING and COLLIERY WORK- ING ; ARCHITECTURE and BUILDING; The INDUSTRIAL ARTS, TRADES and MANU- FACTURES ; CHEMISTRY and CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES; AGRICULTURE, FARM- ING, GARDENING, AUCTIONEERING, LAND AGENCY, &c. Post Free on Application. LONDON : 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL, E.G. AND 5, Broadway, Westminster, S.W. I914 Messrs. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON beg to announce that they have been appointed Agents for the sale of the series of '- BOOKS FOB HOME STUDY," issued under the American School of Correspondence, Chicago. These books are both practical and scientific, written by experts whose experience and standing make them authorities on the subjects which they treat. A full descriptive list will be sent post free on application. LIST OF WORKS ON CIVIL, MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND MARINE ENGINEERING. ACETYLENE, LIGHTING BY. Generators, Burners, and Electric Furnaces. By William E. Gibbs, M.E. With 66 Illustrations. 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The whole constituting a comprehensive Key to the Board of Trade and other Examinations for Certificates of Com- petency in Modern Mechanical Engineering. By Walter S. Hutton, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of " The Works' Manager's Handbook for Engineers," etc. Seventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 576 pp., with 43oIllustrations. Med. 8vo, cloth i8s. ENGINEER'S, MECHANIC'S, ARCHITECT'S, BUILDER'S, ETC., TABLES AND MEMORANDA. Selected and Arranged by Francis Smith. Seventh Edition, Revised, including Electrical Tables, Formula., and Memoranda. Waistcoat-pocket size, limp leather is. 6d. ENGINEER'S POCKET BOOK. See Mechanical Engineer's Pocket Book. ENGINEER'S YEAR-BOOK FOR 1914. Comprising For- mulffi. Rules, Tables, Data and Memoranda. Forming a Compendium of the Modern Practice of Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Marine, Gas, and Mine Engineering. By H. R. Kempe, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., M.I.E.E., Consulting Engineer; Electrician to the British Post Office (1907-1912), formerly Principal Staff Engineer of the Engineer-in- Chiefs Office, General Post Office, London, with the collaboration of eminent Specialists. 1,600 pages. With 1,250 Illustrations, specially Engraved for the work. Crown 8vo, leather. \ Published Annually. 15s. List of Contributors: — H. N. Allott, M.TnstC.E. (The Construction of Engineering Workshops) ; W. Valentine Ball, M.A., Barrister-at-Law (The Law aflfecting Engineers) ; Wm. H. Booth, F.G.S., M.Am.Soc.C.E. (Steam Engines and Boilers, Fuels, Pumps, Cotton Mills, Cranes, Water Softening, Well-Sinking, etc.) ; G. A. Burls, M.Inst.C.E. (Internal Combustion Engines, Motor Cars, and Aeroplanes); Prof. C. A. Carus- Wilson, M.A., M.I. E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E. (Electrical Engineering); A. P. Chalkley, B.Sc, A.M.Inst.C.E. (Marine Diesel Engines); Brysson Cunningham, B.E., A.M.Inst.C.E. (Harbour and Dock Engineering) ; Alex. 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Consisting of an Abridgment of " A Treatise on the Combustion of Coal and the Prevention of Smoke." By C. W. Williams, A.Inst. C.E. With exten- sive Additions by D. Kinnear Clark, M.Inst.C.E. Fourth Edition Crown Svo, cloth ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ^s. 6A, FUELS: SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS. Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use of Chemists and Engineers. By H. J. Phillips, F.C.S., formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Fourth Edition. Crown Svo, cloth. as. od. GAS AND OIL ENGINE MANAGEMENT. A Practical Guide for Users and Attendants, being Notes on Selection, Construction and Management. By M. Powis Bale, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., Author of " Woodworking Machinery," etc. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. 174 pages. Crown Svo, cloth ... \ Just Published. Net is. 6A. GAS-ENGINE. A HANDBOOK ON THE. Comprising a Practical Treatise on Internal Combustion Engines. 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