QJorn^U Ham ^rlyonl ICthtatg KF 1 196.W8™" """'*''"*>"-"'™^ lllllimimiBiiIJ'.S^^^^^ "' *"■« Insurance: 3 1924 019 198 286 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924019198286 A TEEATISE OH THE LAW OF FIRE INSURANCE, ADAPTED TO THE PRESENT STATE OF THE LAW, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, WITH COPIOUS NOTES AND ILLUSTEATIONS. By H. G, wood, AUTHOB OP "THB LAW OP NUIBAITCBS," "THE LAW OP MASTER AHD 8BBVAKT," ETC., ETC. BANKS & BROTHERS, LAW PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK : No. 144 NASSAU STREET, ALBANY, N. T. : US AND 476 BEOADWAT. 1878. 3^1 I ^^ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-eight, Br BANKS & BEOTHBES, In the office of the Librarian of CongresB, at Washington, Chakles Van Benthutben & Sons, Printers, Stereotypers and Binders, Albany, N. T. PREFACE. The preparation of this work was undertaken at the suggestion of several members of the profession, who assured me that there was room for a work covering the topic in its practical aspects, and adapted to the present state of the cases. I have attempted to perform this service, and discharge the duty incident thereto, fully ; and if I have failed to do so, the result is not due to any lack of effort on my part. In my division of topics, I have selected as leading ones, those that I regarded as of the most practical utility, and in reference to which, investigation is most likely to occur. I have, in many instances, in the citation of cases, referred as well to the original reports as to Ben- nett's Fire Insurance Cases, as I thought this would often be found convenient ; particularly to those who have Mr. Bennett's excellent reports. I have also referred to the American Reports, as they have found their way into the libraries of so many lawyers, both in this country and England, as to be entitled to recognition as a distinctive series. In numerous instances, when their importance seemed to war- rant it, I have given, in the form of notes, all that portion of leading cases bearing upon difficult and important topics, believing that this will often prove of great service to members of the profession who are not so fortunate as to possess a full set of the reports of all the States. This method has not decreased my labors, or dimin- ished the body of the text, as it will be seen that the work is a very iv Preface. large one, and that it contains more than a third more matter than the average modern text-books. The law controlling many features of insurance contracts, has been essentially modified in the last three years. Particularly is this the case in reference to the powers and functions of agents, implied waiver, estoppel, and the scope of the risk. I have endeavored to give the very latest and freshest cases upon these points, and, as will be seen, have been able to give the gist of many important cases considerably in advance of their publica- tion in the reports. I have labored faithfully to give the very latest phase of the law covering each topic, and to present to the profession a work, that will lighten their burdens in a small degree, and aid them somewhat, at least, in their investigation of questione arising under the topics treated. I have endeavored to bring together the main body of the cases, and eliminate their doctrines. Of course, there are many that have been purposely omitted, because they do not express the law as now held ; while, doubtless, many others have been omitted through inadvertence, although I have endeavored to nfeke the latter class very small. Hoping that the work may be found useful, and may tend, in a measure, to lighten the burdens of those members of the profession having occasion to investigate the questions discussed, I submit it to their criticism. H. G. WOOD. Albany, Jamiary 22nd, 1878. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Sec, , 1. Sec. , 2. Sec. . 3. Sec. i. Sec. 5. Sec. . 6. Sec. . 7. Sec. 8. Sec. 9. Sec. 10. Sec. 11. Sec. 12. Sec. 13. Sec. 14. Sec. 15. Sec. 16. Sec. 17. Sec. 18. Sec. 19. Sec. 20. Sec. 21. Sec. 22. Sec. 23. Sec. 21. Sec. 25. Sec. •26. Sec. 27. Sec. 28. Sec. 29. Sec. 30. Sec. 31. Sec. 32. Sec. 33. Sec. 34. Sec. 35. CHAPTER I. FIRE INSURANCE. Who may be insurers. Contract, one of indemnity. Nature of the contract— leading characteristics of. Conti*act n«ed not be in writing. Contract must be complete. Elements requisite to establish complete agi-eement. Effect of failure to notify applicant of rejection of the application. When company is left discretionary witli agent. As to powers of agent to bind company. Distinction between conti'acts for insurance and to insure. Agreements to insure will be enforced in equity. Equity will compel specific performance. How proved. All conditions precedent must be complied with. Plaintiff must establish contract — binding receipts. Policy may be renewed by parol. Burden extends to showing authority of the agent. Application and acceptance of rislc by mail. Liability may exist, where property is destroyed, when contract is made. Acceptance of risk binds company; wliat constitutes. When notice of acceptance is placed in the mail, the risk attaches. When policy is conditionally delivered. When conditions precedent are imposed on assured. Substitution of policies. When company is not agreed on. When pr.esumption8 come in aid of the insurer. May be complete contract when rate Is not agreed on. Pre-payment of premium not always essential; may be waived. Usage to collect premiums when policy is delivered; effect of. Payment of premium not essential unless required. Agent to whom policy is sent, bound to deliver. Policy not absolute evidence of contract, unless delivered and accepted. Insurer bound to make policy conform to agreement— cannot impose different contract on assured. Insurer must execute contract although mistaken as to value. Omission of formalities in policy does not defeat it. vi Table op Contents. CHAPTER IL THE POLICT. Kinds of. Wager policies. Interest or uo interest. Interest policies. Open policies, blanket and floating. Valued policies. What are wot valued policies. Conclusive, although overvalued. When portion of property is not at risk. Valuation lixed by company. Shifting risks. Places within description, and property covered by. Permission to remove goods, eHect of. Misdescription, effect of. Locatioji of goods ; when within description. When change of locality does not defeat policy. Property not belonging to tlie class insured. Concealed property. Property not in use. What policy covers by implication. Intention of parties must be gathered IVom the policy. Construction of policies. Conditions in policies. Ambiguous conditions. Words of condition must be set forth in proper place. Most favorable construction for assured. Written stipulations ; effect of upon printed. Kepugnant stipulations. Practice of other insurers. Breach of conditions ; effect of. Alteration by indorsement. Policy construed according to its terms. When policy takes effect. Policy suspended, mayi'e-attach. When policy is exhausted. Detached— meaning of. Machinery— what is, question for court. " In trust," how construed. From— until. Im m ed ia te— for th with. Contiguous. Contained in. Deliver in. Survey. Hazardous— extra hazardous— specially hazardous. Occupied — vacant. Keeping— storing. Policy covers entire building. Open policy on merchandise. Construction of pro rata clause in re-insnrance. Effect of misstatement of title. Sec. 3«. Sec. 37. Sec. 38. Sec. 39. Sec. M. Sec. 41. Sec. 42. Sec. 43. Sec. 44. Sec. 45. Sec. 46. Sec. 47. Sec. 48. Sec. 49. Sec. 60. Sec. 51. Sec. 5-2. Sec. S3. Sec. 64. Sec. 65. Sec. 56. Sec. 67. Sec. 58. Sec. 59. Sec. 60. Sec. 61. Sec. 62. Sec. 63. Sec. 64. Sec. 66. Sec. 66. Sec. 67. Sec. 68. Sec. 69. Sec. 70. Sec. 71. Sec. 73. Sec. 73. Sec. 74. Sec. 75. Sec. 76. Sec. 77. Sec. 78. Sec. 79. Sec. 80. Sec. 81. Sec. 82. Sec. 83. Sec. 84. Sec. 85. SBC. 86. Table of Contents. vii Sec. 87. When forfeiture is waived. Sec. 88. Company estopped tVom setting up breach of conditions, when. Sec. 89. Vacant premises. Sec. 90. Dwellings — wai'ranties mi preseHti. Sec. 91. Unlawful use of buildings. Sec. 92. Contingent interests. Sec. 93. By what law governed. Sec. 94. Assignment of policy. Sec. 95. Mistakes in policies. Sec. 96. Conditions as to notice, etc., must be complied with. Sec. 97. Loss must be consequence of ignition. Sec. 98. Kxplosion— loss by. Sec. 99. Destruction of building to an-est fire. Sec. 100. Loss by theft — proximate cause. Sec. 101. Negligence of assured. Sec. 102. Return premium. Sec. 103. When assignment of policy creates new contract. Sec. 104. Indoreement passes title in proceeds of policy. Sec. 105. Policy not countersigned by agent. Sec. 106. Bight to cancel — when cancellation takes effect. Sec. 107. Itight to cancel when property is in immediate peril. Sec. 108. When policy expires. Sec. 109. Forfeiture may be waived. Sec. 110. Mortgagor's right to proceeds of policy assigned to mortgagee. Sec. 111. Promise to pay loss when not liable therefor. Sec. 112. Misstatement as to incumbrances. Sec. 113. Proceeds of poKcy after death of assured. Sec. 114. Materials of which building is composed, not insured. Sec. 115. Loss must be from cause not excepted against. Sec. 116. Distance from other buildings. Sec. U7. Adjoining premises. Sec. 118. Application must be true. Sec. 119. Changes subsequent to insurance must be noticed, when. Sec. 120. Prohibited uses. Sec. 121. Insnred bound by acts of his agent. Sec. 122. Fraud of insurera ; effect upon policy. Sec. 123. Assured'may surrender policy for cancellation. Sec. 124. Effect of partial settlement of loss. Sec. 125. Bight of insurer to recover back money paid for loss. Sec. 126. Property described without words limiting location of risk. Sec. 127. Policies in blank, or to whom it may concern. Sec. 128. Policy in name of agent. Sec. 129. Joint owners. Sec. 130. Bebuilding, effect of notice of. Sec. 131. Renewals. Sec. 132. Void poliey not vitalized by consent to transfer. Sec. 133. Cancellation without authority. Sec. 134. Equitable lien upon insurance money. Sec. 133. Conditions of policy must be strictly performed. Sec. 136. Sending premium by mail. CHAPTER III. THE APPLICATION — WARRANTIES — REPRESENTATIONS — CONCEALMENT AND MISREPRESENTATION. Sec. 137. When application is part of policy. Sec. 138. Stipulation in application does not make it warranty. viii Table op Contents. Sec. 139. Description of risk a warranty. Sec. 140. Examinationof risk by insurer or its agent. Sec. 141. When knowledge of agent is not knowledge of insurer. Sec. 142. Waiver by agent— Mechler v. l*hoenix Ins. Co. Sec. 143. Policy must clearly adopt the application. Sec. 144. May be in part adopted. Sec. 145. Application made subsequent to policy. Sec. 146. Not binding unless made by authority of assured. Sec. 147. Policy cannot be burdened with new conditions. Sec. 148. Endorsements on party of policy. Sec. 149. Kenewals, subject to application, when. Sec. 150. Mutual policies, rule as tq. Sec. 151. When interest of assured must be stated. Seo. 152. Void in part, void in toto — Exceptious. Sec. 153. Cuncealinent or misrepresentation of matters known to insurer. Sec. 154. Oral applications. Sec. 155. lucumbrancSs. Sec. 156. Kepresentations or warranties. Sec. 157. Defective plan of premises. Sec. 158. Answers must be true. Sec. 159. Insurer may rely on statements of assured. Sec. 160. Statements not called for by questions. Sec. 161. Equivocal or doubtful answers. Sec. 162. Policy issued without representations or application. Sec. 163. What statements are not warranties. Sec. 164. What are. CHAPTER IV. PROMISSORY WARRANTIES. Sec. 165. Promissory warranties; what are. Seo. 166. Effect offnilure to keep. Sec. 167. Construction of. * Sec. 168. Rule in Auroi-a Fire Ins. Co. v. Eddy. Sec. 169. Rule in Ripley v. .(Etna Ins. Co. Sec. 170. Custom of trade— Incidents of business. Sec. 171. How extent of warranty is determined. Seo. 172. Watchmen. Sec. 173. Water— Substantial compliairee— Excuses, when. Sec. 174. Force pump. Sec. 175. Rule in Gloucester Manufacturing Co. Sec. 176. Conditions precedent. CHAPTER V. WARRANTIES AND REPRESENTATIONS. Seo. 177. Representations; what are; must be material. SEC. 178. Tests of materiality. Sec. 179. Fatal representations of interest. Sec 190. As to occupancy. Sec. 181. As to method of use. Sec 182. Unlav/ful act not required. Table of Coktunts. Sec. 183. riaotuatiug uses; perniauent uses. Sec. 184. Rule as to iiicideutnl uses. Sec. 185. Prohibited uses. Sec. 186. Change of use. Sec. 1S7. Distiuct uuutracts. Sec. 188. Bil'ect of uote of iireuiiuni on cliaracter of risli. Sec. 189. Description of use; warranty i«presfi?iji. Sec. 190. Effect of list of hazards upon contract. Sec. 191. Implied license. Sec. 193. Representations substantially true. Sec. 193. Ashes; method of keeping. Sec. 194. Breaches must be plead or relied on at trial. CHAPTER VI. MISREPRESENTATION AND CONCEALMENT. Sec. 195. Concealment and misreprcat'iitatiou defined. Sec. 196. Concealment of material facts — need not be fraudulent — illustrations. Sec. 197. Not bound to disclose facts which the insurer ought to know. Sec. 193. Nor facts arising sub&eciueut to policy. Sec. 199. Must be material facts — test of materiality. Sec. 200. Concealment or misrepresentation of interest, etc. Sec. 201. Incendiary threats. Sec. 202. Interest need not be ijarticuiarly stated, unless called for. Sec. 203. Concealment may be waived. Sec. 204. When facts are covered by vvairanty. Sec. 205. Rule when insurer knew the facts. Sec. 2C6. Misdescription, effect of. Sec. 207. Falso demonstratio uon nocet— Bryco T. Lorillard Ins. Co. Sec. 208. lonides v. Pa(;ilic F. & M. Ins. Co. Sec. 209. American Centi'al Ins. Co. v . McLanatlian. Sec. 210. Policy can only attach according to its terms. Sec. 211. General inile. SkC. 212. Oral misrepresentations. Sec. 213. Rule in Pawson v. Watson. Sec. 214. Actual fraud need not be shown. Sec. 215. No distinction between concealment and misrepresentation of facts. Sec. 21«. Inquiries must be answered. Sec. 217. Proximity of other buildings. SBC. 218. Failure to disclose true state of title. Sec. 219. Insurer bound to know extent of risk. SBC. 220. Over valuation. Sec. 221. Questions for jury. SBC. 223. Misrepresentation as to premiums paid other insurers. Sec. 223. Fraud not presumed. SbC. 224. Reinsurers. Skc. S26. Examination of risk by insurer. CHAPTER Vn. ALTERATION OR CHANGE OP RISK. Sec. 226. Alterations or change of jisk. Sec. 227. Prohibited uses, material, perse. X Table op Contents. Seo. 228. Questions for jury. Questions for court. Sec. 229. Knowledge of agent excuses breach, when. Sec. 230. Immaterial changes not within the prohibition. Sec. 231. Erection of a'ljoining buildings. Sec. 232. Must be a change jr alteration of riilc. Sec. 233. Test as to what is an increase of risk. Sec. 234. Condition not extended by implication. Sec. 23.5. Notice not to be given of immaterial changes. Sec. 236. Change of use. Sec. 237. Use by tenant. Sec. 238. Usages and incidents of risk. Sec. 239. Condition an independent one. Sec. mo. Change of business. Sec. 2tl. No offset of benefits. Sec. 242. Experts. Sec. 243. Kate of premium not always the test. Sec. 214. Ordinary repairs not within the prohibition. Sec. 245. Burden of proving increase on insurer. Sec. 246. Material alterations or changes. Sec. 247. Enlargement of building. CHAPTER VIII. WHO MAT BE INSURED — ^INSURABLE INTEREST. Sec. 248. Insurable interest. Sec. 249. Personal nature of oontraota. Sec. 250. Void unless insured has interest. sec. 251. Interest must exist at time of loss. Sec. 252. Kule in Mtna Ins. Co. T. Miers. Sec. 253. Rule in Gaylor v. Lamar P. Ins. Co. Sec. 254. Rule in Redlield v. Holland Purchase Ins. Co. Sec. 255. Interest may exist without property. Sec. 2S6. Waring v. Indemity Ins. Co. Sec. 257.* Equitable interest — Contingent interest. Sec. 258. Rule when interest is contingent. Sec. 259. Right must be definite. Sec. 260. Person in possession under couti*act to purchase. Sec. 251. Receiptor of property attached. Sec. 262. Mortgagor after decree — Re-insurer. Sec. 263. Person having legal title. Sec. 264. Legal title not always evidence of interest. Sec. 265. Personal interest not necessary. Sec. 266. Need be neither legal or equitable interest. Sec. 267. Liability to others, confers insurable Interest. Sec. 268. Need not be a vested interest. Sec. 2C9. Quasi interest. Sec. 270. Issue of policy prima fiwiie evidence of. Sec. 271. Trespasser. Sec. 272. Stockholder in corporation. Sec. 273. Interest under void or voidable contract. Sec. 274. Defective title does not defeat. Sec. 275. Person .iable as endorser. Sec. 278. Contingent liability— Possible loss— Voisinage. Sec. 277. Interest need not be stated, except. Sec. 278. Person having custody of property. Table of Contents. xi Sec. 279. Insured need not be named in policy. Sec. 280. Consignee— Bailee. Sec. 281. Nature of the relation generally the test. Sec. 2Si. Policy may be an incident of the property. Sb.C. 283. Partners. Sec. 284. Person liable for safe keeping of property. Sec. 285. General creditor has no insurable interest. Sec. 286. fixtures. Sec. 287. One held out, but not in fact, partner. Sec. 288. Tenant by curtesy. Sec. 289. Pawnbrokers — Pledgees. &EC. 290. Lien for materials. Sec. 291. Ti-ustee. Sec 282. Many pei'sons may insure same property. Sec. 293. Mortgagee. Sec. 294,. Assignee. Sec. 296. Surety or endorser. Sec. 296. Mechanic having lien. Sec. 297. Mortgagor. Sec. 298. Attaching or levying ci-editor. Sec. 299. Sheriff. Sec. 300. Judgment creditor. Sec. 301. Vendee. Sec. 302. Executors— Administrators. Sec. 303. Tenants. Sec. 304. Receiptor or bailee. Sec. 30.5. Agentr— Trustee — Bailee. Sec. 306. Each joint owner or tenant in common. Sec. 307. Profits. Sec. 308. Master of vessel. Sec. 309. Creditors under levy or attachment. CHAPTER IX. ALIENATION. Sec. 310. Contract personal. Sec. 311. Alienation defeats policy, whether so provided or not. Sec. 312. Void sale. Sec. 313. Assignment avoids, when. Sec. 314. When insurer knows risk is shifting, does not apply. Sec. 315. Alienation avoids policy, when. Sec. 316. Bankruptcy avoids, when. Sec. 317. Interest suspended, effect of. Sec. 318. Deed and mortgage back. Sec. 319. Death of assured. Sec. 320. Alienation in fact must be shown. Sec. 321. Sale under decree of foreclosure. Sec. 322. Assignment, effect of. Sec. 323. Sale and receipt of part of purchase money. Sec. 324. When mortgage avoids policy. SEC. 325. Effect of special conditions. SEC. 328. Levy and sale does not avoid, when. Sec. 327. Sale must be perfected. SEC. 328. Sale of part. xii Table of Contents. Sec. 339. Agreement to sell. Sec. 330. Interest remains until title passes. Sec. 331. Conveyance and re conveyance. Sec. 332. Alienation after loss. S£C. 333. Voidable sale avoids. Sec. 834. Sale to joint owner. Sec. 33S. Dissolution of Arm. SBC. 336. Becovery in such cases. CHAPTER X. ASSIGNMENT OF FOLICIES. Sec. 837. Assignment of the policy. Sec. 338. Attempt to assign — effect of. Sec. 339. Assignment as collateral security. Sec. 340. Assignment, what is. Sec. 341. Invalidates though property does not pasa. Sec. 312. Eights of assignee. Sec. 313. Equitable assignment. Seo. 341. Sale of property does not operate as. Sec. 345. Pledging policy avoids when. Sec. 346. Assignment to mortgagee. Sec. 347. Assent to assignment — waiver of breach. CHAPTER XI. OTHER INSURANCE — ^DOUBLE INSURANCE. Sec. 348. other void Insurance. Sec. 349. Voidable policies. Sec. 350. Policy void unless notice or assent is shown. Sec. 351. Policies must cover same property. Sec. 352. Must be other insurance by the assured, or for his benefit, with his assent. Sec. 353. Identity of interest the test. Sec, 354. Parol contracts— interim receipts. Sec. 355. Renewal avoids policy, when. Sec. 356. Other insurance without notice until reqtiired. Sec. 357. Permission indorsed on policy. Sec. 358. Notice may be given to agent. Sec. 359. Knowledge of agent estops company, when. Sec. 360. Substantial compliance . Sec. 361. Effect of charter provisions. Sec 3B2. Erroneous statement of prior insurance. Sec. 363. Verbal notice to agent sufficient. Sec. 364. Notice to agent whose power has been revoked. Sec. 365. When change in distribution of risk avoids. Sec. 366. Simultaneous policies. Sfc. 367. Renewal of former policies. Sfc. 368. Assent withont indorsement. SEC. 369. Effect of knowledge of other insurance after policy is made. Sec. 370. Waiver of breach may be inferred. Sec. 3n. Insurer having notice must cancel or indorse assent. SEC. 372. Parol contracts. Sec. 373. Breach of condition suspends policy. Table op Contents. xiii Sec. 371. Insolvency of other insurers does not prevent forfeiture. Sec. 375. Confusion of goods. Sec. 376. Evidence may be given to show policies do not cover the same risk. Sec. 377. Notice must be given as prescribed. Sec. 378. May show policy in part cevei's other property. Skc. 379. Special conditions. Sec. 380. May be partial breach. Sec. 381. Double insurance. Seo. 382. Be-insurance. CHAPTER XII. AGENTS. Sec. 383. Powers and functions of. Sec. 381. Illustration of the rule. Sec. 385. Insurer cannot make its agent, agent of assured. Sec. 386. Limitations upon authority of— When assured is bound by. Sec. 387. When insurer not estopped by acts of. Sec. 388. Agent filling out application. Sec. 389. Exceptions. Sec. 390. Secret limitations upon agent's anthorlty. Sec. 391. When insurer is estopped by agent's acts. Sec. 392. Apparent authority the test. Sec. 393. Agent may waive forfeitures. Sec. 391. Other insurance. Sec. 395. Proofs of loss. Sec. 396. Assured must establish authority of. Sec. 397. Special and general agents. Sec. 398. Apparent power — Instances. Sec. 399. No presumption as to powers of. Sec. 100. When knowledge of the agent excuses. — Estoppel. Sec. 101. Insurer must have been misled. Sec. 102. As to nature, situation or condition of fisk.— Estoppel. Sec. 103. ninstration of rule. Sec. 101. Mere rumors known to agent, not imputable to principal. Sec. 105. No power implied to settle losses. Sec. 106. Notice to agent, notice to principal. Sec. 107. Mistake of agent imputable to principal. Sec. 108. Bevocation of authority of. Sec. 109. Agent's clerk. Sec. no. Firm may be agents— Effect of death of one. CHAPTER XIII. NOTICE AND PEOOPS OP LOSS. Sec. 111. Compliance with conditions of contract must be shown. Sec. 112. As to time. Sec. 113. Who may make. Sec. 411. Notice of loss— To whom given— By whom— When in time— Waiver. Sec. 116. What should be stated in proofs of loss. Sec. 116. Magistrate's, minister's, builder's certiflcate, etc. Sec. 117. Defective proofs. Sec. 118. Approval cannot be withdrawn. xiv Table of Contents. Sec. *19. When proofs need not be made. Sec. 420 Wlieu defense is put on othei- grounds. Sec. 4'il. Afirent may waive. Sec. 422. Otlier proofs than those required— Reasonable proof. Sec. 423. Copies of invoices, books, voucliers, etc. Sec. 424. Waiver of defenses— Right to recover back money paid in settlement of loss. .SEC. 425. Waiver by mutual companies. Sec. 436. Estoppel. Sec. 427. Insurer may show that proofs are erroneous. Sec. 428. Effect of notice of total loss. Sec. 429. False swearing, or attempt at fraud. Sec 430. Arbitration clause. Sec. 431. When submission is condition precedent. Sec. 432. Does not operate as waiver of notice and proofs in all cases. Sec. 433. When arbitrators exceed their jurisdiction. CHAPTER XIV. LIMITATION OF ACTION. Sec. 434. liimitations as to time for bringing' suits. Sec. 435. Effect of war on. Sec. 436. Premature actious. Sec. 437. Action in (certain county not valid. Sec. 438. Wlien adjustment is essential. Sec. 439. Effect of appointment of receiver. Sec. 4i0. Parol contracts. Sec. 441. Commemjement of action — what is. Sec. 442. Delay imluced by insurer. Sec. 443. When claim is regarfled as arising. Sec. 444. "Weiver oa limitation. CHAPTER XV. ADJUSTMENT OF THE LOSS. Sec. 445. How ascertained. Sec. 446. Buildings. Sec. 447. Extent of insurable interest. Sec. 448. Reinsurers. Sec- 449. Shifting risks. Seg. 45Q. Several policies covering same risk. Sec. 461. Other insurance and limitation of liability. Sec. 4i2. .Rule when insurer bears proportion of loss. Sec. 453. Assured not bound to keep up other insurance. Sec. 454. Partial loss— subsequent total-loss. Sec. 455. Leasehold interest. Sec. 450. Effect of adjustment. Sec. 457. Contract for purchase. Sec. 468. Goods raw, wrought and in process. Sec. 459. Total and partial loss. Sec. 460. Conditions of average. Sec. 461. Payment in full. 3ec. 162. Unauthoiized detention. Table of Contents. xv Sec. 463. Assui-ecl cannot abandon without aeaent of insurers. Sec. IW. Ascertainment of damage by sale. Sec. 405. Saved goods not to be sold. Sec. 466. Duty of assured to preserve goods. Sec. 467. Arbitration. SEC. 463. Action at law. CHAPTER XVI. SUBROGATION. Sec. 469. Klgbt of insurer to— Mortgage. Sec. 470. When loss is less than mortgage. Sec. 471. When policy insures to benefit of mortgagor. Sec. 472. When only part of debt is due. Sec. 473. As to wrong-doers. Sec. 474. Insured may sue in name of assured. Sec. 475. Settlement with assured does not estop insurer. Sbc. 476. But one satisfaction. Sec. 477. When insurer cannot recover. Sec. 478. When mortgagor assigns policy to mortgagee, CHAPTER XVn. REFORMATION OP POLICIES. Sbc. 479. When policy will be refoi-med. Sec. 480. Must be shown not to embody the contract made. Sec. 481. Acceptance does not of itself estop assured. Sec. 483. Must be mutnal mistake. Sec. 483. Remedy must be sought before final judgment. Sec. 484. Application may be made after loss. CHAPTER XVIII. COURT AND JURY QUESTIONS FOR. Sec. 485. Qnestions for court. Sec. 486. Questions for jury. CHAPTER XIX. REMEDIES UPON POLICIES. Sec. 487. Form of action. Sec. 488. Who may sue. . Sec. 489. Trover lies in certain cases. Sec. 490. Remedy of insurer against wrong-doer. Sec. 491. Remedies in eqnity. Sec. 492. What mast be stated in complaint. Sec. 493. When there are several policies. Sec. 494. Jnrisdiction. SEC. 495. Pleas. xvi Table of Contents. CHAPTER XX. WAIVER. SEC. 496. Waiver implied, when— Wliat amounts to— May be shown in action to recover loss. CHAPTER XXI, ESTOPPEL. Sec. 497. When insurer is estopped from setting up breach of condition— Illustration of the principle. CHAPTER XXII. EVIDENCE. Sec. 498. Waiver may be shown. Sec. 499. Value of property. Sec. 600. Hew powers of agent may be shown. Sec. 601. Usage and custom. Sec. 802. Printed rules and advertisements. Sec. hOii. Effect of acceptance of policy. Sec. 504. Defense of willful burning. Sec. 605. Experts, testimony of. Sec. 606. General matters. Sec. 607. Burden of proof. Sbc. 608. Explanation of ambiguities. CHAPTER XXIII. MUTUAL INSURANCE. Sec. 509. Peculiar features of. Sec. 610. Liability beyond amount of note. Sec. 511. Premium notes. Sec. 512. Character of premium note— liability on. TABLE OF CASES. Abbott v. Hampden Ins. Co, 4, 549, 602 AI)botc r. Shawinnt, etc., Ins. Co., 404, 538 AbiOial V. Bristow, 813 Abbott V. Sebor, 90 Acer V. Merchants' Ins. Co., 596 Achard v. King, 527 Adams v. Nichols, 263 Adams t. Park F. Ins. Co., 556 Adams v. liockingham, etc., Ins. Co., 538 Adams v. Tindcll, 39, 56. Adriance v. £owell, 655 .^tna Ins. Co. v. Burns, 10, 181 .£tna Ins. Co. v. Jackson, 484, 513 .aitna Ins. Co. v. Maguirc, 639, 681 JEtnn Ins. Co. v. Mieis, 477, 487, 531 .aitna Ins. Co. v. N. W. Iron Co., 37 .ffitna Ins. Co. v. Olrastead, 179, 279, 619, 683 .S;tna lus. Co. v. Phelps, 264 ^tna Ins. Co. v. Tvlei-, 538, 596, 692 Mtna, Ins. Co. v. Webster, 233 Airy v. Bland, 68 Aikin r. Mississippi Ins. Co., 426 Aldrich V. Equitable, etc.. Ins. Co., 486, 493, 583,818 Aldridge r. Johnson, 473 Alexander v. Campbell, 344, 752 Alexander v. Germania Ins. Co., 402, 404, 636, 412 Allcgre T. Maryland Ins. Co., 415 Alliance, etc., Ins. Co. v. La. State Ins. Co., 623 Allen T. Charleston, etc., Ins. Co., 241, 309, 348,376 Allen T. Fi-anklin Ins. Co., 468, 471, 629, 649 Allen V. Hudson River Ins. Co., 274, 598 Allen T. Massasoit Ins. Co., 442 Allen V. Ogden, 666 Allen V. Vt. Mut. F. Ins. Co., 177, 488, 707 Alliance Ins. Co. v. Swift, 872 Allison T. Phcenix Ins. Co., 687 Alsop r. Colt, 415 Alsop V. Com. Ins. Co., 91, 97, 104 Alston V. Mechanics' Ins. Co., 10, 415 Ameiican Ins. Co. v. Brvan, 216 American Ins. Co. v. Gilbert, 428 American Ins. Co. v. Griswold, 621, 764 American Ins. Co. t. Insley, 819 American Ins. Co. v. Paddleford, 181, 183 American Ins. Co. v. Schmidt, 873 American Ins. Co. v. Zoingers, 184 American Central Ins. Co. v. McLanathan, 116, 179, 411 American Horse Ins. Co. v. Patterson, 10, 13, 46,294 Ames V. N. Y. Union Ins. Co., 145, 402, 404 Amesbury T. Bowditoh Ins. Co., 754 Anderson v. Coonly, 523 Anderson v. Excelsior Ins Co., 10 Anderson v. Fitzgerald, 141, 154, 241 Anderson v. Moriee, 469, 504 Anderson y. Thornton, 68 Anderson v. Wallis, 775 Andes Ins. Co. v. Shipman, 277 Andrews v. Durant, 121 Andrews y. Essex Ins. Co., 11, 33, 74, 797 Angel V. Hartford F. Ins. Co., 10, 14, 28, 34, 394, 817 Annapolis R. R. Co. y. Bait. Ins. Co., 112, 117, 126, 162, 411 Anson v. Winneshiek Ins. Co., 669 Appleby y. Astor F. Ins. Co., 363, 438 Appleby y. Fireman's Ins. Co., 270, 438 Archer v. The Merchants, etc.. Ins. Co., 131, 149,377,579 Arctic F. Ins. Co. y. Austin, 222, 226 Ai'kellv. Commerce Ins. Co., 161 Arkansas Ins. Co. v. Bostiok, 46, 56, 81 Armstrong y. Toler, 373 Armstrong v. Tuvquand, 156, 299 Ashwortb y. Builcfers, etc., Ins. Co., 10, 164, 183 Assinedo v. Cambridge, 90 Astor, etc., Ins. Co. v. Orient, etc., Ins. Co., 810 Astor y. Union Ins. Co., 143 Atherton v. Phcenix Ins. Co., 475 Atlantic, etc., Ins. Co. v. Conclin, 830 Atlantic Ins. Co. v. Fitzpatrick, 873 Atlantic Ins. Co. v. Lamar, 97 Atlantic Dock Co. y. Libby, 356 Atlantic Ins. Co. y. Storran, 789 Atlantic Ins. Co. y. Stui-ni, 228 Atlantic Ins. Co. y. Wright, 241, 277, 287, 347, 526 Atwood y. Union Ins. Co., 764 Audubon V. Excelsior Ins. Co., 11, 16, 28, 34, 40, 43, 394 Aurora Ins. Co. y. Eddy, 179, 188, 277, 321, 352 Aurora F. Ins. Co. \^ Johnson, 425 Austin y. Drew, 192 Ayres v. Hartford F. Ins. Co., 277, 344, 477, 484, 682, 694 Ayres y. Home Ins. Co., 414 Babcock V. Montgomery, etc., Ins. Co., 103, 194 Bacon v. JRtna, Ins. Co. , 217 Badger y. American Popular, etc., Ins. Co., 85 Badger v. Jones, 739 Baer y. Phoenix Ins. Co., 833 Bagg y. Jerome, 373 Bailey y. Hope Ins. Co., 493, 532, 692 Baines y. Kwing, 631 Baker v. Cotter, 625, 641 Baker y. Home Ins. Co., 10 Baker v. Union Mut. Life Ins. Co., 66 Baker y. Scottish Ins. Co., 858 Baldwin y. Choteau Ins. Co., 46, 74, 81, 395 Baldwin v. Thompson, 502 Baltimore Ins. Co. y. McFadden, 579 Baltimore F. Ins. Co. y. McGowan, 476 Baltimore Ins. Co. y. Long, 143, 620, 800 Bangs y. Gray, 873 Bangs y, Duckingfleld, 873 Bank of U. S. v. Dayis, 705 Barber v. Fletcher, 342 XVlll Table op Cases. Bai'clay v. Cousins, 499 Bargett v. Orient, etc., Ins. Co., 129, 148, 818 Barker v. Janson, 104 Barker v. Plioinix Ins. Co., 709 Barker v. Marine Ins. Co., 469 Barnes v. Union Mut. F. Ins. Co., 555, 695 Barlow v. Ocean Ins, Co., 24S Barnard v. Kellogg, 848 Barnes v. Pieilraont, etc., F. Ins. Co., 65 Barnuni v. Childs, 66 Baron v. Plaoide, 812 Barre Boot Co. v. Milford, etc., Ins. Co., 287 Barrett v. Ins. Co., 606 Barrett v. Union Mut. F.Ins. Co., 137, 230 Barrett v. Jereniv, 487 Bartlett v. Union Mut. Ins. Co., 141, 716 Bartlett v. Walter, 611 Bartholomew v. Merchants, etc., Ins. Co., 272 Bartley v. iEtna Ins. Co., 539 Basch V. Humboldt, etc., Ins. Co., 692 Bates V. Com. Ins. Co., 546 Bates V. Equitable Ins. Co., 172, 550 Bates V. Grabham, 803 Bates V. Hewitt, 388 Battailev. Merchant's Ins. Co., 270, 594 Battles V. York, 272, 347 Baxendale v. Ilarvev, 461 Bauble v. Etna Itis. Co., 28, 41, 625, 641 Baxter v. Massasoit ins. Co., 11, 29, 34, 71 Bayles v. Hillsborough, etc., Ins. Co., 486, 817 Beach v. Bowery Ins. Co., 521 Beadle v. Chenango, etc., Ins. Co., 8 Beals V. Home Ins. Co., 253 Beals V. Park Ins. Co., 279 Beatty v. Lycoming Ins. Co., 700, 708, 741 Beaumont v. Bromley, 797 Beebe T. Hartford Ins. Co., 180, 626, 669 Beek v. Germanialns. Co., 744 Beek v. Hiberuia Ins. Co., 237 Beemerv. Anchor Ins. Co., 817 Bell V.Bell, 392 iJell V. Fireman's Ins. Co., 541 Bellaty v. Thomaston Ins. Co., 346 Belleville Mut. Ins. Co. v. Van Winkle, 20, 23, 36, 38 Benjamin v. Saratoga Co. Mut. Ins. Co., 28, 269 Benedict v. Ocean Ins. Co., 166, 278,406 Bennett v. City F. Ins. Co., 266, 802 Bentaloe v. Pratt, 97 Bontlyv. Columbia Ins. Co., 46,690 Bergeson V. Builder's F. Ins. Co., 231, 679 Berkshire Woolen Co. v. Proctor, 466 Bersche v. Globe Mut. Ins. Co., 68, 284 Bersche v. St. Louis, etc., Ins. Co., 272, 308 Bersoh v. Simissippi Ins. Co., 476 Berthon v. Loughman, 466 Berthound v. Atlantic Marine & F. Ins. Co., 37 Betts v. Franklin Ins. Co., 722 Bilbie v. Lumley, 780 Biglerv. N. Y. Central Ins. Co., 587 Birdseye v. City Fire Ins. Co., ,579 Bicknell V. Lancaster, etc., Ins. Co., 481, 483, 491 Bidwell V. N. W. Ins. Co/, 402, 674 Bidwell V. St. Louis Floating Dock Ins. Co., Billbrough v. Metropolis Ins. Co., 363 Billings v. Tolland Ins. Co., 135, 164, 368 Billson V. Manufacturers' Ins. Co. , 648, 652 Birmingham V. Empire, etc., Ins. Co. ,294, 423, 484 Birmingham F. Ins. Co. v. Kroeger, 666 Bizev. Fletcher, 419 Black V. Columbian Ins. Co., 260 Black V. Winneshiek Ins. Co., 761 Blacliett V. Ass. Co., 141 Blackstone v. Alemania Ins. Co., 167, 622 Blaeser v. Milwaukee, etc., Ins. Co., 229 Black V. Cal. Ins. Co., 848 Blake t. Exchange Ins. Co., 148, 601, 768 Blake v. Ocean Ins. Co., 601 Blakeley v. Phenix Ins. Co., 692 Blanchard v. Atlantic Ins. Co., 817 Blanohard v. Trim, 41 Blanchard v. Waite, 10, 78, 81 Blood V. Howard F. Ins. Co., 336, 440 Blossom V. Lycoming Ins. Co., 706 Boardman v. Merrimack Mut. F. Ins. Co., 187 Boardman v. N. H., etc., lus. Co., 342, 347 Boatman's Ins. Co. v. Parker, 213 Boatwright v. JElna Ins. Co., 243 Bobbitt V. Liverpool, etc., Ins. Co., 426, 428, 817 Bodine v. Exchange Ins. Co., 71, 179, 686 Bodle V. Chenango Ins. Co., 509 Boehen v. Williamsburgh F. Ins. Co., 66, 70, 78, 705 Boehem v. Bell, 230 Boggs v. American Ins. Co., 388, 395 . Bond V. Gonsales, 143 ]5ond V. Nutt, 798 Bondrelt v. Hentigg, 216 Bonham v. Iowa Cent. Ins. Co., 427, 688 Bonner v. Home Ins. Co., 728 Boos v. The W«vld Mut. Life Ins. Co., 378, 814 Borden v. Hingham Ins. Co., 93, 98, 102 Boston, etc.. Ice Co. v. Uoyal Ins. Co., 566 Botsford v. McLean, 41 Bowden v. Vaughn^ 415 Bowditch Mut. Ins. Co. v. Winslow, 237, 239, 349, 679 Bowery Ins. Co. v. N. Y. F. Ins. Co., 388, 390, 620 Bowkerv. Smith, 390 Bowman v. Agricultural Ins. Co., 71, 190, 862 Bowman v. Franklin F. Ins. Co., 237, 305 Bowman v. Pacific Ins. Co., 127 Bourton v. Ainevican Ins. Co., 647 Bourne v. Gatleff, 848 Bouton V. American Mut. Life Ins. Co., 68, 404 Box V. Provincial Ins. Co., 472 Boyle V. N. C. Ins. Co., 699 Boynton v. Clinton, etc , Ins. Co., 110, 718 Bradley v. Priexto, 190 Bradley v. Potomac Ins. Co., 69 Brady v. N. W. Ins. CO., 218, 263, 833 Bragdon v. Appleton Miit. Ins. Co., 11, 29, 34, 45, 68 Bragg V. N. E. Ins. Co., 638 Braunstein v. Accidental Death Ins. Co., 141, 731 Breasted v. Fanners' Loan, etc., Co., 564 Breed v. Eaton, 245 Brewer v. Chelsea Mat. F. Ins. Co., 20, 69, 190, 720 Brichta v. Lafayette Ins. Co., 800 Briohta v. N. Y., etc., Ins. Co., 190 Bridge v. Niagara Ins. Co., 818 Briggs V. N. American, etc., Ids. Co., 207 Brink v. Hanover F. Ins. Co., 700, 706 Brinley v. National Ins. Co., 257, 766 Brioso V. Pacilic Mut. Ins. Co., 809, 810 British American Ins. Co. v. Joseph, 106 British Industrial Life Ass'n v. Ward, 156 Britton v. lloyal Ins. Co., 427, 431, 746 Brown v. Brooks, 812 Brown V. Cattaraugus Ins. Co., 273, 276, 304. 610 Brown v. Chenango, etc., Ins. Co., 240 Brown v. Comm'l Ins. Co., 306 Brown V. Hall, 469 Brown v. Hartford F. Ins. Co., 583 Bvown V. Kings Co. Ins. Co., 222, 424 Brown v. People's Ins. Co., 272, 298, 304 Brown V. P. M. Ins. Co., 61)5 Brown v, Quincy, etc., F. Ins. Co., 93, 97, 101 Brown v. Koyal Ins. Co., 262, 264 Brown v. St. Nicholas Ins. Co., 220 Brown v. Roger Williams Ins. Co., 683, 749 Brown v. Savannah Ins. Co., 754 Bruynot v. Louisiana Ins. Co., 831 Bryce v. Lorrillatd Ins. Co., 113, 116 407 Bryant v. Damon. 172 Bryant V. Ocean Ins. Co., 415 Bryant v. Poughkeepsie Ins. Co., 368 Bryne v. Rising Sun Ins. Co., 6D2 Buchanan v. Ex. F. Ins. Co., 153, 159 370 Table op Cases. XIX Bach.inan t. Ocean Ins. Co., 90, 488 liuchanaii v. Westchester Ins. Co., 511 ISuulutisaii V. Western Ins. Co., 6S0 Back V, Cliespeake Ins. Co., 486, 496, 502, 847 Buck V. Cliespeake BaUk, 533 Buckley v. Garrett, 68, 234, 639 Buckley v. Gross, 773 Buckley t. Protection Ins. Co., 401 Budd V. Fairwaner, 276 Bute V. Turner, 397 Bufliun V. Bowditch, etc., Ins. Co., 394, 489 BuBum V. Fayette Ins. Co., 20, 69, 77, 190 Buford v. N. X. Life Ins. Co., 346 Bulklej- V. Protection Ins. Co., 273 Bttller V. Harrison, 780 Bumstead v. Dividend Mut. Ins. Co., 702 Buuday v. Union Ins. Co., 380 Bunten v. Orient Ins. Co., 75 Buibank t. Bockingtiam, etc., Ins. Co., 647, ,597 Burciiell v. Marsli, 749 Bnrgcss v. Alliance Ins. Co., 119, 123, 166 Burglier v. Columbian Ins. Co,, 250 Burner v. Farmers' lus. Co., 541 Burnett v. Eutaia Home Ins. Co., 560 Burr V. Broadway Ins. Co., 868 Bm-ritt v. Saratoga, etc., Ins. Co., 134, 240, 274, 284, 303 Burt V. Dutclier, 270 Bart V. People's Mut. F. Ins. Co., 694 Burton v. Gore Dist. Ins. Co., 598 Burton v. Hiiitrager, 502 Bush V. Humboldt Ins. Co., 721 Buseh V. Ins. Co., 724 Busli V. Wcstcliester F. Ins. Co., 625, 649, 730 Busk V. Davis, 473 Buok V. Itoyal Exchange Ins. Co., 231, 227 Butman v. Hobbs, 2-28, 851 Caballisbo v. Home, etc., Ins. Co., 202 Cabot V. Given, 625 Cadwell v. Can-ington, 480 Callaghan v. Atlantic Ins. Co. , 44, 77 Calvert v. Hamilton Mut. Ins. Co., 244 Camnia v; Lewis, 861 Campbell v. American Popular Life Ins. Co., 750 Campbell v. Charter Oak Ins. Co., 187, 691,709 Campbell v. Farmers', etc., Ins. Co., 277 Campbell v. Hamilton, etc., Ins. Co., 539 Campbell v. Monmouth, etc., Ins. Co., 121,227 Campbell v. N. E. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 237 Campbell v. Bicliards, 855 Camberling V. McCall, 757 Campbell v. Merchants' Ins. Co., 277, 663, 673 Carey v. Bright, 812 Carpenter v. American Ins. Co., 342, 425, 433 Carpenter v. Mut. Safety Ins Co., 822 Can-away v. Merchants', etc., Ins. Co., 754 Carpenter v. Providence, etc., Ins. Co., 593 Carrington v. Comm'l Ins. Co. 623 Carroll v. Boston Marine Ins. Co., 485, 572 Carroll v. Charter Oak Ins. Co., 190, 609 Carroll v. N. O,, etc., K. B. Co., 789 CaiTugi V. Atlantic Ins. Co., 404, 604, 681 Carruthers v. Gray, 221 Carmthers v. Shedden, 481 Carson v. Slarine Ins. Co., 97, 764 Carter v. Boehm, 175, 383 Carter v. Humboldt Ins. Co., 133, 190, 339, 487 Carter v. Phila. Coal Co., 355 Carter v. Kockett, 266 Case V. Hartford F. Ins. Co., 113, 216 Casey v. Goldsmid, 242 Cash V. Hinkle, 848 Cashaw v. N. W. Ins. Co.. 161, 695 Cassady v. "WoodbuiT, 801 Cassaica v. Phoenix Ins, Co., 831 Catlett V. Paeiilo Ins. Co , 869 Catlin V. Jackson, 553 Catiin v. Springfield F. M. Ins. Co,, 221, 223. . 228, 336, 337, 3.51 Catoir V. American, etc., Ins. Co., 646 Catron v. Tennessee Mut. Ins. Co., 397 Cazalet v. St. Biirbe, 775 Cazenave v. British Ass. Co., 241 Cerf V. Home Ins. Co,, 384 Chaffee v, Cattaraugus Ins. Co., 240, 241, 304, 629 Chalmers v. Shaokell, 228 Charleston, etc, Ins. Co, v. Corner, 815 Charleston, etc., Ins. Co. r. Neve, 580, 697 Charleston Ins. Co. v. Potter, 822 Chamberlain V. Ins. Co., 183 Champlin v. Eailroad Pass. Ass. Co., 222 Chandler v. St. Paul's, etc., Ins. Co., 141, 115 Chandler v. "Worcester, 221, 223,225 Chase v. Hamilton Ins. Co., 273, 295, 406, 413 Chawne v. Bayliss, 577, 578 Cheek v. Ins. Co., 180 Cheney v. Woodrufl', 489 Child V. Sun Mut. Ins. Co., 710 Christie v. North British Ins. Co., 19, 36 Church V. Lafayette F. Ins. Co., 71 Chitty v. Sehvyn, 822 Cincinnatti, etc., Ins, Co. v, Eosenthal, 830 City F. Ins. Co. v. Corlies, 164, 194, 214 City of Davenport v. Peoria Ins. Co., 11, 27 City F. Ins. Co. v. v. Marks, 5S0 Citizens' Ins. Co. v. Dall, 475, 723 Citizens' Ins. Co. v. Glasgow, 196 Citizens' Ins. Co. v. McLaughlin, 104, 131, 318, 373 Citizens' Ins. Cc. v. Marsh, 222, 225, 227 Citizens' lus. Co, v. Sortwell, 36, 625 City Bank v. Adams, 620 City 14. It. Co v. Veeder, 801 City of Worcester v. Worcester F. Ins. Co., 227 Clapp v. Union, etc., Ins. Co., 395, 398 Clapton v. Martin, 801 Clark v. Bairrt, 839 Clark V. Dibble, 228 Clark v. Fireniens' Ins. Co., 108, 119, 528 Clark V. Hamilton Ins. Co., 420, 595 Clark V. Manufacturers' Ins. Co., 28, ISO, 229, 360, 670 Clark, v. Metropolitan Bank, 522 Clark v. N. E. F. Ins. Co., 298, 342 Clark v. Ocean Ins. Co., 91, 97 Clark V. Phoenix Ins. Co., 427, 744 Clark v. Protection Ins. Co., 245, 468 Clark V. Union, etc., Ins. Co., 180 242 Clark T. The Hundred of Bly thing, 789 Clark V. Western Ass. Co., 473, 831 Clark V. The Western Ins. Co., 473 Clark V. Wilson, 767, 821 Clason V. Smith, 343, 432 Clay F. & M. Ins. Co. v. Beck, 171 Clay, etc., Ins. Co., v. Huron, etc.. Salt Co., Clay V. Protection Ins. Co., 108, 118, 127 Cleary v. Babcock, 801 Clement v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 388, 401 Clendenning v. Church, 90 Clinton v. Hope Ins. Co., 268, 270, 498, 655 Coatsville Shoe Factory v, Ins. Co., 375 Cobb V. Ins. Co. of N, America, 608 Cobb V. Lime Eock F, & M. Ins, Co., 354 Cockerell v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 11 Coe V. United States, 189 Coit V. Com. Ins. Co., 813 Colburn v. Lansing 486 Cole V. Louisiana Ins. Co., 97 Coles v. Bowers, 407 Coles V. Iowa State Mut. Ins. Co., 233 Collamore v. Day, 00 Collins V. Charleston Ins. Co., 343, 377 Collins V. Tattle, 86 Colt V. Phenix Ins. Co., 638, 652 Columbian Ins. Co. v. Lawrence, 221, 342, 349, 380, 396, 469 Columbia Ins. Co. v. Cooper, 476, 484, 679 Columbian Ins. Co. v. Lacorina, 43 Columbia Ins. Co. v. Stone, 231 Columbus Ins. Co. v. Walsh, 829 Combs V. Hannibal Ins. Co., 402, 071 Com. V. Harrington, 188 XX Table op Cases. Comm'l Ins. Co. v. Herchenberger, 736 Com. V. Hide & Leather Ins. Co., 112, 117, 124, 387, 443 Comm'l Ins. Co. t. Hallock, 11, 63 Comm'l Ins. Co. T. Ives, 9, 290 Comm'l Ins. Co v. Melilman, 448 Com. T. Monitor Ins. Co., 871 Comm'l Ins. Co. v. Monninger, 272, 318 Comm'l Ins. Co. t. Itobinson, 213, 220 Comm'l, etc., Ins. Co. v. Union, etc., Ins. Co., 11, 16, 27, 394, 645 Comm'l Ins. Co. v. Sennett, 2o3, 709 Comm'l Ins. Co. v. Spanknable, 564, 567 Concord, etc., Ins. Co. v. Woodbury, 794 Condon v, liailroad Co., 749 Cone V. Niagara Ins. Co., 403, 488, S39, 649,637, 799, 808 Connecticut, etc., Ins. Co. v. N. Y. & N. H. K. R. Co., 792 Connell v. Phenix Ins. Co., 856 Converse v. Citizens' Ins. Co., 469, 523 CoBover v. Mat. Ins. Co., 171, 633 Consolidated Fire Ins. Co. v. Cashaw, 68, 148, 167 Consnley v. Cohen, 627 Continental Ins. Co. v. Heaton, 599, 613 Continental Ins Co. v. Kasey, 428, 434 Continentiil Ins. Co. v. Llppold, 697 Conway Tool Co. v. Hudson River Ins. Co., 587 . Cook V. Field, 852 Cooke V. Orley, 65 Coon V. Swan, 784 Coolidge V. Blake, 270 Coolidge V. Gloucester Ins. Co., 104 Cooper V. Columbia Ins. Co., 305, 625 Cooper V. Farmers' Ins. Co., 238, 805 Cooper V. PaciilcMut. Ins. Co., 11, 44, 79 Copeland v. Mercantile Ins. Co., 540,557 Cory V. Boylston Ins. Co., 867 Cornell v. Hope Ins. Co., 692 Cornell v. Milwaukee, etc., Ins. Co., 696, 699 Cory V. Boylston, etc., Ins. Co., 734 Cory V. Paiton, 391, Costa V. Scandrer, 390 Coster V. Phrehix Ins. Co., 148 Couch T. City F. Ins. Co., 594, 607 Coulter V. MoEwen, 228 Cousins V. -Nantes, 397 Coursin V. Penn. Ins. Co., 761 Courtney v. Ins. Co., 190 Cover V. Black, 496 Cowan V. Iowa State Ins. Co., 666 Cox V. Charleston, 97 Cox V. ^tna Ins. Co., 287, 345 Crafts V. Marshall, 811 Crary v. Hartlord Ins. Co., 754 Crumble v. Portsmouth Ins. Co. , 120, 159 Crawford v. Hunter, 90, 268, 5'29 Crawford v. St. Lawrence Co. Ins. Co., 468 Cromwell v. Brooklyn F; Ins. Co., 266 Crosby v. Franklin Ins. Co., 108, 120, 124 Croghan v. Underwriters' Agency, 11, 31, 118 CrauisUat v. Bull, 127 Cruikshank v. Jansen, 798 Crossing v. Scudamore, 128 Crowley v. Cohen, 611 Cromwell v. Brooklyn F. Ins. Co., 581 CuUiii V. Butler, 789 Cumberland Bone Co. v. Andes Ins. Co., 469 Cumberland, etc., Ins. Co. v. Douglass, 350 Cumberland Valley, etc., Ins. Co. v. Mitchell. 288, 305 Cumberland, etc., Ins. Co. t. Schell, 277, 380, 346, 679 Cummings v. Arnold, 28 Cummings v. Cheshire Mut. F. Ins. Co., 536, 767 Cummins v. Ag'l Ins. Co., 181 Cunard v. At. Ins. Co., 498 Cunard t. Hyde, 246 Cunningham v. Pell, 823 Curry v. Com. Ins. Co., 343, 350, 395, 396, 771 Curran v. Arkansas, 823 Curtis V. Home In.'). Co., 761 Cusllman v. N. A. Ins. Co.', 98 Cushman v. N. W. Ins. Co., 426 Cushman v. U. S. Life Ins. Co., 425 Cushing V. Thompson, 794 Da Costa v. Firth, 773 Darinum Mfg. Co. v. Worcester, etc., Ins. Co., 548 X)afoe V. Johnstown, etc., Ins. Co., 587, 596 Dale V. Gove District Mut F. Ins. Co., 455 Dalglish v. Buchanan, 618 Dalton V. National Loan Fund. Life Associa- tion, 90 Dalzell V. Muir, 68 Dann v. Munro, 873 Danegar v. Crescent City Ins. Co., 805 Daniels v. Hud. K. Ins. Co., 129, 189, 221, 283, 801, 388 Davern v. Merchants' Ins. Co., 382 Davenport v. N. E. Mut. F. Ins. Co., 238 Davenport v. Peoria M. & V. Ins. Co., 29, 34, 44,73 Davis v. Hartford Ins. Co., 593 Davis V. Davis, 757 Davis v. Quincy Ins. Co., 549, 557 Davis V. Scottish, etc., Ins. Co.,, 162 Dawes v. North Elver Ins. Co., 712, 730 Davy V. Hallett, 97 Day V. Mut. Benefit Ins. Co., 238 Day V. Charter OakJ[ns. Co., 424 Day V. Conway Ins. Co., 240, 286, 423 Dayton Ins. Co. v. Kelly, II, 66, 309, 606, 638 Dawson V. Wrench , 826 Dean v. iBtua, etc., Ins. Co., 646, 726 Dean v Dicker, 90 De Balle v. Penn Ins. Co., 621j 868 De Foi-rest v. Fulton F. Ins. Co., 104, 161, 468, 511 De Groot v. Fulton F. Ins. Co., 640 De Hahn V. Ilartlev, 346 Deitz V. Mound CitV Ins. Co., 587 Delahey v. Memphis Ins, Co., 396 Delarigue v. U. S. Ins. Co., 229 Delaware Ins. Co. v. Hagan, 275 Delaware Ins. Co. v. Quaker City, etc., Ins. Co., 623 Delonguemere v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 90 Delonguemere v. Tradesman's Ins. Co., 272, "284,376 Demillv. Hartford Ins. Co., 819 Deming v. Phisnix Ins. Co., 35 Denis v. Ludlow, 814 Dennison v. Thomaston Mut. F. Ins. 238. 242. 876 ' ' Dennistown v. Lillie, 415 Denny v. Conway, etc., Ins. Co., 8, 9, 162, 272, De Paida v. Ludlow, 90 Desilver v. State Ins. Co., 133, 716 Devereaux v. Ai-tell, 828 Devendorf v. Beardsley, 684 Devine v. Ins. Co., 283 Dewees v. Manhattan Ins. Co., 161, 363 De Wolf V. N. Y. Fireman's Ins. Co., 382, 401 Dey V. Poughkeepsie Ins. Co., 190, 588 Dickey V. Baltimore Ins. Co., 798 Dickson V. Lodge, 809 Dickinson County y. Miss. Valley Ins. Co., 663 Dickinson v. Phillips, .578 Dickson v. Equitable Ins. Co., 427 Di|hl V. Adams, etc. Ins. Co., 4, 183,270,443, Dinman v. Providence R. R. Co., 801 Dinning v. Phenix Ins. Co., 39 Dittmer v. Gernia:nia Ins. Co., 366, 463 Dix v. Mercantile Ins. Co., 660 Dixon V. Sadler, 221, 227 Dobson V. Sotheby, 352, 369, 405 Dodge V. Essex Ins. Co., 807 Dodge Co. Mut, Ins. Co. v. Rogers, 309, 448 DonV-LipmTn?83""'""^"'"' ^"'- ^0- «9,693 Table op Cases. XXI Dorn V. GevmaHia Ins. Co., 458 Dow V. Hope Ins. (Jo., 105 Dow V. Wlietton, -2^4 Dow v. VVhotton, N12 Douglass V. Muiphv, 764 Dou,slass V. Wbite,'iS8 Do.vle V. Plienix Ins. Co., 826 Drake vs. Farmers' Ins. Co., 700 Draper v. Charter Oak Ins Co. , 238, 246, 272 Draper v. Cumm'l Ins. Co., 487 Draper v. Hu'ison Uiver F. Ins. Co., 105 Dreher v. .SDtna Ins. Co., 560 Dresser v. Dresser, 28 Driggs V. Albany Ins. Co., 123, 265 Drinkwater v. London Ass. Co., 214 Dai;at v. Chicago, 827 Duclos V. Citizens' Ins. Co., 587, 618 Duke or Hamilton's Trustees v. Fleming, 483 Dnmas t. Jones, '252 DiHican V. Gt. Western Ins. Co., 557 Duncan v. Green, 848 Dnncan v. Sun P. Ins. Co., 132, 197, 251, 273, •284 Dnncan v. Topham, 55 Duncan v. United States, 189 Dunlop V. Higgins, 55 Dunning v. Fhenix Ins. Co., 34 Durand v. Thurrand, 481, 507 Durrell v. Bederly, 388, 854 Dutton T. N. E., etc., Ins. Co., 539 Dutton V. Vermont Mut. Ins. Co., 757 Dyer v. Piscatiqua Ins. Co., 747 EAGAN v. Mat. Ins. Co., 12, 238 Eagau V. Fireman's Ins. C, 623 Eagle Ins. Co. v. Lafayette Ins. Co., 167 Eames v. Borne Ins. Co., 51, *77 E. Carver Co. v. Manufacturers' Ins. Co., 10, 56 Eastern E. E. Co. t. Relief Ins. Co., 98,107, 173, 496, 648, 699 Eastman v. Carroll Co. Ins. Co., 265, 597 Eastman v. Foster, 172 Eaton V. Smith, 812 Eaton V. Whiting, 502 Eclectic Lil'e Ins. Co. v. Fahrenkrug, 624 Eddy St. Foundry v. Camden, etc., Ins. Co., 110, 291 Edes V. Hamilton Ins. Co., 539 Edgerley v. Farmers' Ins Co , 692 Edwards v. Baltimore F. Ins. Co., 550, 693, 696, 706 Edwards v. Footnor, 343, 415 Edwards v. Lycoming Ins. Co., 695, 696 Edwards v. Martin, 577 Edmonds T. Mutual, etc., Ins. Co., 539, 542, 550 Ela T. French, 764 Eliasan v. Hni-shaw, 36, 43 ElKcott V. The U. S. Ins. Co., 520 Ellis V. Albany City F. Ins. Co., 10, 11, 28, 33, 541 Ellis V. Buzzell, 229 Ellis V. Krenlzinger, 582 Ellis V. Safone, 469 Ellis y. Lindley, 228 Elliott V. Hamilton Ins. Co., 369 Elmaker v. Fi-anklin Ins. Co., 532 ElliottT. Hamilton, etc., Ins. Co., 138,148,286, 287 Elliott Y. Eoyal Ex. Ass. Co., 748 Elstner v. Equitable Ins. Co., 9 Ellsworth V. Alliance Ins. Co., 512 Emery. Washington Ins. Co., 190 Eminence, etc., Ins. Co. v. Jesse, 531 Emerson v. Mnrray, 273 Emerv v. Pi.^catiqna'Ins. Co., 279, 399, 413 Emmott V. Slaters' Mat. Ins. Co., 233 Equitable Ins. Co. v. Hearne. 79S, 809 Equitable P. Ins. Co. v. Quin, 764 Ervin v. N. Y. C. Ins. Co., 166 Eureka Ins Co. v. Kobinson, 610, 858 Erans v Columbian Ins. Co., 220 Evans v Comm'l Ins. Co., 815 Evans v. Edwards, 420 Evans v. Ti'imountainlns. Co., 191 Everett v. Continental Ins. Co., 108, 113, 195, 201 Exchange Bank v. Kice, 817 Excelsior Ins. Co. v. Koyal Ins. Co., 60, 620, 864 Eyre v. Glover, 632 Eyre v. Marine Ins. Co., 813 Faeki v. Phoenix Ins. Co., 848 Fabyan v. Union, etc., Ins. Co., 462 Fair v. Manhattan Ins. Co., 117 Fairchikl v. The London, etc., Ins. Co., 621 False V. Parkinson, 229 Fales V. Conway Ins. Co., 239 Fane v. Ins. Co., 829 Farrell Foundry v. Dart, 653 Farmers' Ins. Co. v. Chcshunt, 640 Fiirmers" Ins. Co. v. Curry, 637 Farmers' Mut. F. Ins. Co. v. Fogleman, 170 Farmers', etc. Ins. Co. v. Graybill, 654, 694 Farmers', etc., Ins. Co. v. Marshall, 352 Farmers', etc.. Trust Co. v. The Harmony, etc., Ins. Co., 260, 411 Farmers' Mut. F. Ins. Co. v. Marshall, 348 Farmers', etc., Ins. Co. v. Snyder, 241, 272, 284,347 Farmers' Mut. Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 602, 641 Farneaux v. Bradley, 775 Faulkner t. Central F. Ins. Co., 130, 450 Eawcett v. Liverpool, etc., Ins. Co., 692 Fay V. jVJIiance Ins. Co., 811 Fay V. Richmond, 656 Fayles v. National Ins. Co., 640, 681 Fenn v. Craig, 822 Fenn v. N. O. Ins. Co., 469,483 Feeney v. People's Ins. Co., 830 Fernandez v. Merchants, etc., Ins. Co., 218 Fernandez v. Sun Mut. Ins. Co., 148 Peree v. Oxford P. Ins. Co., 582 Ferrer v. Home Ins. Co., 824 Field V. Ins. Co. of N. America, 426, 427, 816 Finley v. Lycoming Ins. Co., 833 Finney v. Bradford, 143 Finney v. New Bedford Ins Co., 520 Finney v. Fairhaven Ins. Co., 252 Fire Ass. of Phila. v. Williamson, 245 Fire & M. Ins. Co. v. Morrison, 468, 476 Fireman's Ins. Co. v. Congi'egation Bodelph Sholoni, 239 Fii-eman's Ins. Co. v. Crandell, 692, 714 Firemen's Ins. Co. v. Powell, 222, 487, 493, 528 First Baptist Church v. Brooklyn, 10, 28, 32, 36, 41 First Baptist Society v. Hillsborough, etc., Ins. Co., 602 First National Bank v. Ins. Co. of N. Amer- ica, 272, 286, 317, 332, 375 Fish v. Cottmett, 11, 28, 41, 381, 541, 584 Pish V. Liverpool, etc., Ins. Co., 382 Fitch V. American Popular Life Ins Co., 238 Fitch V. Carpenter, 812 Fitchburgh R. R. Co. v. Charleston, etc., Ins. Co., 148, 249 Fitton V. Accidental Death Ins. Co., 211 Fitzherbert v. Mather, 664 Fleming v. Ins. Co., 818 Flannagan v. Camden, etc., Ins. Co., 816 Fletcher v. Com. Ins. Co., 343, 380, 491, 811 Flinn v. Headlam, 416, 419 Flinn v. Tobin, 415 Flint V. Ohio Ins. Co., 11, 77, 394 Flynn v. Ins. Co. of N. America, 817 Fogg V. Griffin, 830 Fogg V. Mi