raF7~~ ■i, 17124 One ■ Thousand Medical Maxims AND Surgical Hints . M E. DAVIES L. R. C. P. Cornell University Library arV17124 One thousand medical maxims and 3 1924 031 268 836 olin.anx Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031268836 ONE THOUSAND MEDICAL MAXIMS AND SURGICAL HINTS'. ONE THOUSAND MEDICAL MAXIMS AND SURGICAL HINTS /. INFANCY III. MIDDLE AGE II. ADULT LIFE IV. OLD AGE V. MISCELLANEOUS By N. E. DAVIES LICENTIATE OF THE ROYAL COLLET OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND LICENTIATE IN MIDWIFERY AND DISEASES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH, ETC. HontJon CHATTO AND tVINDUS, PICCADILLY \ 1883 \Alh rights reserved ] PREFACE. The idea of this little work owes its origin to a series of questions put to the writer by a non-professional man; it thus takes the form of answers to what may be best expressed as a Catechism : these being indexed, the numerous subjects treated can easUy be referred to. The daily life of a medical practitioner shows him more and more how few of those with whom he is constantly in contact in the sick-room and else- where, know anythiag of — what should be of vital importance — the laws that regulate health, and the most simple facts in medicine and surgery, the im- portance of diet, cleanliness^ and ventilation, and some slight knowledge of the functions of the body in health and disease, and how many fall victims to iUness, mutilation, and death, through this deplor- able ignorance. In this little work it would be impossible to enter into all details ; but the hints given may, it is hoped, be the means of spreading some slight knowledge of the importance of the early symptoms ~ and vi PREFACE. causes of those diseases and accidents to which humanity is most commonly subject. These ' Maxims ' have been written by one who has been engaged for the last twenty years in every variety of work appertaining to medicine, surgery, and public health ; and he has taken care to use, as seldom as possible, any medical terms not generally understood. It must be added 'that for many of these ' Hints ' the author is indebted to such great authorities as Sir James Paget, Professor Huxley, Erichsen, Kirkes, Tanner, Sir Thomas Watson, and others. N. E. DAVIES. Sherborne. CONTENTS. PACE MEDICAL SICNS - - - 8 INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD - - 9 ADtTLT AGE - 32 MIDDLE AGE - 47 OLD AGE - - - 65 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS, EMBKACING ; DEAINAGE — MEDI- CAL CHARGES— REGISTRATION — BATHING— MEDICO- LEGAL PACTS — VACCINATION — EXERCISE — IN- QUESTS — VENTILATION — DIGESTION — NUTRITION — VITAL STATISTICS — DEATH CERTIFICATES — MINE- RAL WATERS —QUACKERY — CLIMATES FOE INVA- LIDS—PHYSIOLOGY—NUISANCES - - 80 APPENDIX OF INVALID COOKERY AND PRESCRIPTIONS 115 INDEX ... - - - 121 MEDICAL SIGNS. The following are the signs used by medical men in prescriptions : Oj or one pint. 3j „ one ounce. 5j ,, one dram. 9j „ one scruple. TT\ j „ one minim (equal to 1 drop). gr.j„ one grain. gg / one half; as, 5ss, half a dram ; 3Jss, a " \ dram and a half, aa „ 'of each substance.' The quantities in prescriptions are usually written in Eoman numerals (j, ij, iij, etc.). APOTHECAEIES' MEASUEE. WEIGHTS. SISN. gr. = 1 grain. 9=1 scruple ( = 20 grains). 5 =1 dram ( = 3 scruples). 3 =1 ounce ( = 8 drams). MEASURES. 1 VS{ =min. 1 fluid dram = fl. drm. = 60 minims. 1 fluid ounce = fl. oz. = 8 fluid drams. 1 pint =0 =20 fluid ounces. ONE THOUSAND MEDICAL MAXIMS. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD. 1. The average duration of life from birth is thirty-nine years in the male, and forty-one in the female. 2. One-fourth of all infants born, die before the age of one year, and most of these, it may be truly said, from improper management. 3. Children dry-nursed never grow up so healthy and strong as those suckled by the mother. There is no equal substitute for mothers' milk within reach of any but the wealthy. 4. In the young, while the functions of nutrition are most active, and the waste of the system is small, the whole time is passed in eating and sleeping. 5. An infant should be put to the breast a few hours after its birth ; even should there be no milk, it excites the breasts to earlier action, i.e., hastens the milk. 6. It is a bad plan to begin spoon-feeding a child directly it is born, as is often done, instead of wait- ing for its natural food. 1 10 ONE THOUSAND [7- 7. The following table will show the frequency with which infants should be fed, either with arti- ficial or natural feeding : Under 3 months, every 2 hours. Between 3 and 4 „ „ 24 „ 5 „ 6 „ „ 34 „ At 7 „ „ 4 „ 8. As the intervals increase, the quantity should be augmented, and an infant should not be raised from sleep to be fed. 9. Eegularity in the time of suckling or feeding is most necessary ; the penalties for inattention to this are indigestion, flatulency, and griping. 10. In dry-nursed children a quarter of a pint is the maximum for one meal, and the ' bottle ' should be removed, whether it is empty or not, if the child exhibits satiety. 11. When an infant cannot suck properly, it is generally from the bridle of the tongue coming too far forward, and a surgeon should be called in to remedy this defect, commonly called ' tongue-tie.' 12. Feeding-bottles have killed more infants than fits. They are the recourse of indolent mothers, for it is rarely that a woman is too weak or physically incapable of nursing her own offspring. 13. No more disgraceful custom can well be ima- gined than that of a healthy woman neglecting the duty of suckling, unless it be that of a medical practitioner encouraging such an impropriety. 14. Should an infant require sustenance before the natural milk comes, two tablespoonfuls of cows' 22.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. ii #■ milk with one of -warm water, sweetened with a little sugar, is the best substitute. (See Appendix, 1.) 15. In bringing up an infant by hand, ' feeding- bottles ' should be used, and two, if not more, should be always in use: they should be changed after using each time, and al/ways, when not in use, kept immersed in cold water. 16. When an infant has had sufScient, the re- mainder, if there be any left in the bottle, should on no account be kept for its next meal. 17. Lime-water for the nursery may be made by putting some fresh hme into a wine-bottle, filling the bottle with cold water, then keeping it well corked : the clear liquid that fills three parts of the bottle is pure ' lime-water.' (See 37.) 18. If there be any mechanical or physical reason why a mother cannot suckle her offspring, a wet- nurse should be employed, when possible. 19. A wet-nurse should not be allowed to nurse more than one child, and her age should be between twenty and thirty. 20. To ensure a good supply of milk in a wet- nurse, she should have plenty of animal food, and one and a half pint of porter daily. It is asserted that brunettes make better nurses and give better milk than blondes. 21. A strict investigation of the antecedents of a wet-nurse should be made, to see that she is not scrofulous, or has not suffered from inherited or contracted disease of any kind. 22. The medical attendant should be asked to enter into these details before the child is placed in her care, 1—2 12 ONE THOUSAND- [23- 23. Ignorant nurses are in the habit of dosing new-bom infants with castor oil or rue-tea. This is most unnecessary, as nature has provided a purga- tive in the first milk. 24. Artificial feeding of infants causes indigestion and flatulence. This may be known by the child being restless and fretful, and a child often dies (apparently starved) when its digestion has been ruined by over and improper feeding. 26. Atrophy, or wasting, is a common disease of infants. . The cause is generally improper feeding ; this causing indigestion, the stomach does not properly assimilate the food, and the glands that take up nutriment into the system become diseased. (See Appendix, 33.) 26. If a child be brought up by hand, cows' milk alone, for the first seven months, should be its food; this should be diluted with one-third part of water,, as it is stronger thanhumanmilk. (See Appendix, 1.) 27. It is a popular error to suppose that asses' milk is the best substitute for human : it is not as suitable as cows' milk for healthy children. 28. Some physicians recommend asses' milk as more easy of digestion than that of cows, in children of weakly constitution and low digestive power. 29. Artificial asses' milk may be made thus — half an- ounce of gelatine . dissolved in half a pint of hot barley-water, one Ounce of sugar, and a pint of good new cows' milk. 30. Unsweetened condensed milk is four times as strong as cows' milk ; this, diluted with six times its bulk of warm water, with the addition of a little sugar of milk (procurable at any chemist's), not 37..] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 13 ordinary sugar, would be the most uniform and best substitute for human millt procurable ; and the sole condiment used in the food of infants should be salt. (See Appendix, 1.) 31. A nursery should be well ventilated, heated in cold weather with a pre ; and a child cannot possibly have too much outdoor exercise, if warmly clad ; robust health depends upon this. 32. An infant at a month qM may be taken out if protected from sun and cold, and carried in the recumbent position. 33. Old nurses should never be allowed to do what they call 'break the nipple-string;' abscess of the breast is often the result, and there is no such thing as a ' nipple-string.' 34. Infants should not be given soothing powders, syrup of poppies, pennjnroyal, or any old nurses' nostrums. If they suffer from griping, it is generally from errors in their feeding, and one teaspoonful of brandy in sugared water is a good remedy. (See Appendix, 29.) 35. Laudanum, paregoric, and all other opiates, should be very carefully admiaistered to infants, as they are not proportionally tolerant of them, though they are more than proportionally tolerant of mercurials. (See Appendix, 29.) 36. ' White mouth ' in infants is a very trivial complaint, and a lotion of borax, chlorate of potash, or sulphite of soda, will quickly effect a cure. In adults, during the course of other diseases, it is often the harbinger of death. (See Appendix, 24.) 37. If infants are sick, and bring up their milk curdled, it arises from the gastricjuice being. too acid, 14 ONE THOUSAND [38- and a teaspoonful of liine--water, given in the milk two or tliree times a day, is a good remedy. (See 17; also Appendix, 29.) 38. Lancing tlie gums is a relic , of barbarous surgery. The tooth causes more pain in coming through the jaw than through the gum. 39. But if the gums be swollen and tender, lancing, by reheving the tension, does good. 40. Teething is credited with doing more mis- chief in infants than it really does ; and many of the ailments resulting from bad management and improper feeding are laid at its door. 41. A child may have worms at the age of three months — this is a frequent cause of convulsions — a grain of santonine for each year up to five years is the dose ; it is a safe remedy. 42. Convulsions in infancy are not so dangerous as they look. A good purge is the best remedy ; a hot bath, by drawing the blood to the surface, relieves, and is a safe expedient until a medical man arrives. 43. An infant should have no food containing starch, until it cuts its teeth ; it %mll not digest it ; this includes cornflour, tapioca, sago, rice, arrowroot, potato, biscuit, bread, and baked flour. (See Ap- pendix, 1.) 44. All patent foods — condensed milk excepted — contain starch in some form or other, and are un- suita,ble for infants before teething. 45. When a child has been weaned and is cutting its teeth, a little thickened milk, weak broth, and beef- tea, are suitable articles of diet. (See Appendix, 9.) 46. As soon as a child has cut its first four teeth SI.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 15 it should be weaned; but this should be done at the age of nine months under any circumstances, as few mothers are able to properly nourish their off- spring beyond this period ; it then becomes equally injurious to mother and child. 47. At the age of eighteen months a child may have a little solid meat once a day. Ked meats are more nourishing than white ; and mutton and beef are best of all. 48. A child should not be allowed green vegetables before the age of two years, or any fruit but an occasional strawberry. 49. The periods for the eruption of the temporary, or milk teeth are as follows : In the seventh month, the front teeth ; in the seventh to the tenth, the next ; in the twelfth to the fourteenth, the front or small grinders ; in the sixteenth to the twentieth, the eye teeth ; in the eighteenth to the thirty-sixth, the back grinders. 50. The appearance of the permanent teeth takes place in the following order : At six and a half years, the first grinders ; in the seventh, the two middle teeth ; in the eighth, the two lateral in- cisors or ' cutting teeth ;' in the ninth, the small grinders ; in the tenth, the second grinders ; in the eleventh and twelfth, the eye teeth ; and in the twelfth and thirteenth, the back grinders ; in the seventeenth to the twenty-first, the wisdom teeth. 51. Previous to the permanent teeth penetrating the gums, the bony partitions which separate them from the milk teeth are absorbed, the fangs of the milk teeth disappear, and the permanent teeth become placed under the loose crowns of the milk i6 ONE THOUSAND [S2- teeth ; the latter finally become detached, and the permanent teeth take their place in the mouth. 52. This process is so gradual that the crowns of the back teeth are often swallowed with the food. 53. Castor oil or rhubarb are bad purgatives for children or adults who suflfer from habitual consti- pation, as they bind after purging. 54. Sweet essence of senna is the best purgative for infants, as it is pleasant. Grey powder may be added to it, as it will suspend it, and they will not know they are taking a powder — that bugbear of childish life. (See Appendix, 30.) 55. Dosing children with quack medicines and popular remedies, such as salts and senna, for every Httle ailment, is a great mistake. A little curtail- ment of diet, and a teaspoonful of tamarind, is quite sufficient. 56. When possible, every child should have a separate bed, which should be a hard one. 57. If a child appear to be sickening for some disease, it should occupy a room by itself. 58. A blanket, saturated with disinfecting fluid, ought to be hung over the door of a sick room if the case be infectious. 59. The attendant in fever cases should not be allowed to mix with other servants. 60. She should have her meals separately, and be sent out for an hour twice daily. 61. A ohUd should be, vaccinated when it is three months old. It is the best age for the child, for it suffers less than when it is older, and is therefore not so troublesome to the mother. This is com- pelled by law, unless the parent can get a certificate 70,] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 17 from a medical man that tliere are good reasons why the operation should be postponed. 62. A child may be vaccinated free of expense by taking it to the public vaccinator, whose name is placed on the vaccination certificate. This is not in any way fdrochial relief. 63. To render vaccination efficient, there should be at least four pustules, and not one child in ten thousand is in any way injured by the operation. 64. Any person may procure lymph for himself from the National Vaccine Estabhshment, and the source of such can be ascertained if any ill-effects follow from the operation. 65. Letters of application should be addressed to the ' Registrar, National Vaccine Establishment, Privy Council Office, London,, S.W.' It must be remembered that the operation mList be done by a qualified practitioner. 66. Great care should be taken not to poison the pustule by bringing it in contact with any dyed material on the child's dress, and also not to break the pustule. 67. If there be four or more pustules, it is no in- jury to the child to take a little matter from the arm ; but if there be less than four, they should not be opened. 68. A public vaccinator can compel a parent to allow him to take lymph from a child's arm. 69. Ignorant people attribute all skin diseases to vaccination ; but all the skin diseases known in the present day were equally common before vaccina- tion was discovered. 70. A child is generally feverish and irritable from i8 ONE THOUSAND ' [71- the fifth to the tenth day. The scabs fall off 'about twenty-one days after the operation. 71. Every mother should learn to use the thermo- meter : it predicts fever and dangerous illnesses as a barometer does a storm. They are sold by chemists at 7s. Qd. each, and are known by the name of ' cHnical thermometers.' 72. The temperature of the bo.dy in health is a httle under 98|°, marked on the thermometer with an arrow ; when the heat of the body at rest ex- ceeds 100°, or falls below 97°, excepting under very rare conditions, danger may be looked for, and medical advice should be sought without delay. 73. In using the thermometer, the bulb should be placed in the armpit next to the skin, and not touching any article of clothing, for five minutes, and the arm drawn over the chest ; then the tem- perature of the body may be read off, and the mer- cury brought down again to the arrow by gently tapping the thermometer against the palm of the hand. 74. If the temperature of the body reaches 103°, fever, inflammatory action, or constitutional dis- turbance is severe; 104° or 105°, very severe; 106°, very dangerous ; and 107°, usually fatal ; and when it reaches 108°, death may be expected within twenty-four hours. These figures refer to males and females alike. ■ 75. In the great majority of cases of fever or in- flammation, the temperature does not ever ex- ceed 106°. 76. In fever, when the temperature returns to its normal 98|°, the 'crisis' is past, and conva- lescence commences. 8s. MEDICAL MAXIMS. 19 77. Scarlet-fever incubates — tliat is, a person sickens for it — from four to six days. The rash appears on the second or third day of the fever, and fades on the fifth. 78. Measles incubates from ten to fourteen days. The rash appears 'on the forehead first, on the fourth day of the fever, and fades on the seventh. 79. Typhoid fever incubates from fourteen to twenty-one days. The rash appears on the beUy on the seventh and eighth days of the fever, and fades from the twenty-first to the thirtieth days : it is sometimes called ' gastric fever ' and enteric fever. 80. In scarlet fever there is swelling and pain in the throat, with ulceration, and the tongue presents a strawberry-like appearance, which is known as ' the strawberry tongue of scarlet fever.' 81. It terminates by the skin coming off in scales. At this stage the danger of infection is great ; and much care should be taken that the patient avoids cold in every way, otherwise dropsy results. 82. In measles there is running at the eyes and nose, and there is pain in the bowels. 83. In typhoid fever an early symptom is diar- rhoea, with great thirst and high temperature, 104° Fahrenheit ; headache and vomiting with pain in the bowels. 84. Typhoid fever cannot be properly treated without following carefully the variations of tem- perature : they are more important in this disease than in any other, and all cases of fever require skilled attendance. 85. 20,000 people die every year of typhoid fever in this country, and 120,000 are attacked by it — a 20 ONE THOUSAND [86- disease caused, by pollution of rivers, overcrowding, bad drainage, and filth ; a disease that proper legis- lation could almost stamp out. 86. The most common and fatal complication in measles is congestion of the lungs. This maybe known by shortness of breathing and an increase of fever, and temperature 104°. It requires immediate medical treatment. 87. Congestion of the kidneys is the most common complication in scarlet fever. The early symptoms are puffiness of the face, and swelling of the hands and feet. 88. These are dangerous diseases, and are as common in mil.d as in severe cases. 89. During all eruptive diseases, where there is fever, great care should be taken not to expose the patient to cold. Want of care in this respect is the cause of fatal comphcations in mild cases. 90. The skin acts as the greatest agent in throw- ing off fever-poison from the system, and its action is stopped by cold, exposure to draught, etc. 91. Chickenrpox incubates from ten to fourteen days. The eruption appears on the first day of the fever, and scabs are formed on the fourth. It re- quires no treatment beyond warmth. 92. German measles is a hybrid disease between measles and scarlet fever. The symptoms are a combination of both : rash, running at the nose and eyes, sore throat, and fever. 93. Small-pox incubates from twelve to fourteen days. The eruption appears on the third day of the fever, on the face. Severe pain in the small of the back is an early symptom.: 102.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. ' 21 94. Whooping-cougli is fatal to about 16,000 children yearly in England, and diphtheria to 6,000. 95. Whooping-cough is infectious, and depends on some peculiar poison communicated through the atmosphere, which affects and irritates one par- ticular part of the nervous system. 96. The best remedy for whooping-cough is change of air to the seaside. 97. Where diphtheria is suspected, the early symptoms are hke those of an ordinary sore throat, and no time should be lost in seeking skilled ad- vice. It is an infectious disease. 98. Typhus fever is the most dangerous and most uncommon fever in England ; its poison being the most deadly of aU. It is Ijred in iU-ventilated places. It incubates from one to fourteen days. The eruption appears on the fifth day of the fever, and fades on the fourteenth ; it is a mulberry rash. 99. The contagious fevers are : typhus, scarlet fever) small-pox, measles, German measles, and chicken-pox. iOO. Typhoid fever — not to be confused with typhus fever — is not considered catching from one person to another. It arises from drinking water contaminated with sewage, containing the germs of the disease. Great care should, therefore, be taken to destroy by disinfection the discharges from typhoid cases. 101. Milk which has been diluted with water contaminated by typhoid-poison penetrating into pumps, has been the cause of the most disastrous epidemics of this disease. 102. The room of a fever-patient should be kept 22 ONE THOUSAND [103- warm, but well ventilated by keeping the windows open, and the patient out of the direct draught. 103. A fire when the weather is cold ventilates the room well in every part. 104. 'Epidemic' is a term applied to diseases which prevail among a large portion of the people of a country for a certain time, and then gradually disappear. 105. A peculiar state of the atmosphere and seasons, bad drainage, impure water, overcrowding of houses, and unwholesome food or drink, are among the causes which produce epidemics. 106. ' Endemic ' is a term employed to designate diseases pecuhar to a certain class of people or to a particular district ; thus ague is an endemic disease peculiar to low, marshy districts. 107. Children do not often die of tubercular disease of the lungs — consumption — but of the same disease of the glands of the bowels. The symptoms are enlargement of the beUy, and wasting of the other parts of the body. The child draws up its legs owing to the pain in the bowels. (See Appendix, 33.) 108. Children whose appetites are voracious, who grind their teeth and moan when asleep, and who are dark under the eyes, are suffering from worms. (See 41.) 109. Hare-Up is a malformation of the upper lip, with which a child is sometimes born. It may be single or double. It can best be remedied by means of an operation, which should be performed when the child is three months old. 110. The operation consists in paring off the edges of the separated parts, and then bringing 119.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 23 them together — a simple operation which remedies a great deformity. 111. ' Water in the head ' generally shows itself in infants before they are six months old. The children of drunken and scrofulous parents are most subject to it. Impure air and insufficient nourishment are the commonest causes. 112. Croup is fatal to one case in three. Boys are more subject to it than girls. The sufferer should be put in a hot bath, and medical aid sought as soon as possible. 113. The cough in croup is dry and brassy, and there is an anxious expression of face. Its com- monest epoch is the second year of childhood. 114. ' Eczema,' known as ' cradle-cap ' when in the head, is the most intractable and frequent of all skin diseases in childhood. Cod-liver oil, cold baths, fresh air, and good nourishment are the best remedies. (See Appendix, 33.) 115. No child suffering from this disease should be washed with soap, as that makes it worse and more irritable. 116. ' Nettle-rash ' is common in children. The skin looks as if it were stung by nettles. 117. It is never fatal, and only requires a good purgative. 118. ' Tooth-rash ' or ' red-gum ' is peculiar to infants and young children. It is an eruption of small, hard, red pimples, which may appear on a part, or extend over the whole surface of the body. 119. It is due to derangement of the stomach from improper feeding, or from irritation of the gums in dentition. 24 ONE THOUSAND [120- 120. In infants brought up by band, tbe a;cidity; of tbe stomacb often produces diarrbcea and red- gum. In acidity tbe cbild vomits its food in a curdled state. 121. One scruple of bicarbonate of potasb or a tablespoonful of Ume-water to eacb pint of milk is tbe best preventive. 122. Motbers wbo value tbe bealtb of tbeir obildren sbould superintend tbeir outdoor exercise tbemselves. 123. Many a fatal case of congestion of tbe lungs owes its origin to a cbild being left in a perambulator for too long a time on a cold day. 124. ' Eickets ' in cbildren may be known by tbe crookedness of tbe bones, and commonly appears in tbe second and third years. It is caused by tbe in- sufficiency of earthy matter in tbe bones, and sbould not be neglected. Plenty of milk and lime-water, fresh air, good feeding, cold baths, and cod-Hver oil are tbe best remedies. 125. If a cbild stoops unusually when sitting, curvature of the spine sbould be looked for. It often comes on without pain, and if neglected leads to tbe deformity so familiar to all. (See Ap- pendix, 33.) 126. ' Plaster of Paris ' jackets, put on in the wet state, and fitting like a glove, have partly superseded the ' irons ' of a few years ago. They cause no in- convenience at all. 127. When a child goes lame, and complains of pain in the knee, if not injured, this is the first indi- cation of hip disease, and should be looked to at once. 137-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 25 128. This is the most hngering and disastrous of all the diseases of childhood, and leads, if not to death, to deformity for life. Kest and surgical atten- tion in the early stage will often arrest the disease. (See Appendix, 33.) 129. It is;^most common in scrofulous children, and the offspring of consumptive and unhealthy parents. 130. Children who suffer from chilblains should have wash-leather socks and warm gloves in the winter. Alternate exposure to heat and cold causes this painful affection. (See Appendix, 22.) 131. People who expose their children's legs by haK dressing them offer a premium to the before- mentioned disease. 132. Exposing the legs of young children is a cruel and unnecessary freak of fashion, and the cause of much disease and frequently of death. 133. The' boots worn by children who suffer from chilblains should be made very large in winter, as tight boots prevent the circulation of the blood. 134. Some mothers think that children ought to be hardened by exposing them to cold ; this process certainly gets rid of the weak ones, as they are killed by it, and assures what Spencer and the Darwin school call ' the survival of the fittest.' 135. Stockings for children should come above the knees to keep the legs warm; and gartering above the knee is not so injurious as below it. 136. Children should never be boxed on the ears, or struck on the head with a ruler or cane, as the skuU-cap in early hfe is very thin. 137. Many a child has been ruined for life by a 2 26 ONE THOUSAND [138- box on the ear, and there are few people who can- not recall such instances. 138. Many cases of obscure brain disease in boy- hood or girlhood owe their origia to such a cause. 139. ' Mumps ' is an inflammation of that pair of the salivary glands situated in front of the ears. Warmth, a purgative, low diet, and hot poppy fomentations, are the best remedies. (See Ap- pendix, 31.) 140. If a child complain of dimness of sight, though the eye may look perfectly healthy, it should not be heedlessly looked over. 141. Children's bones are not so brittle as those of adults, and they often bend a limb where an adult would break it. 142. This is called 'green-stick fracture,' and seldom requires any treatment but rest. 143. Diarrhoea is a common complaint in children, and, unless accompanied by increase of temperature, is not dangerous. It generally arises from the irrita- tion of worms, or taking improper food, such as un- ripe fruit. 144. For this the best thing, is a good dose of castor oil ; this clears out the bowels, and acts as an astringent afterwards. 145. Diarrhoea is more common in the very young and in the very old than in the middle aged. If the excretions be bloody in the diarrhoea of children, the case requires skilled attendance. 146. A good purgative for children is a combina- tion of calomel, ginger, and jalap in powder. Two grains of calomel, six of powdered jalap, and two of powdered ginger, would be the dose for a child of five years old, (See Appendix, 31.) 155-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 27 147. In cases of burning, the part should at once be covered witli oil, and dusted with flour or scraped potato, if nothing better be at hand ; but the best application is equal parts of linseed- oil and hme- water. 148. In severe cases of burning, when owing to the shock no pain is felt, brandy should be given at once. 149. In scalds, cold water should be applied to the part for some hours until the inflammation sub- sides, and the part covered, as in the case of burns. (See 147.) '150. Burns and scalds are more fatal in children than in those of adult age. The blisters arising from scalds or burns should on no account be opened. 151. A burn affecting an extensive surface is more to be dreaded than one which penetrates deep with- out extending over much surface. 152. If one.-third of the body be scalded a fatal result may be looked for. 153. Ear-ache is a neuralgic affection of the ear ; it may also arise from inflammation of the ear. The thermometer will distinguish which affection it is, as in neuralgia the temperature is normal ; in either case hot fomentations, or a linseed-meal poultice sprinkled with thirty drops of laudanum, wiU often give relief. (See 71-76.) 154. Rupture of the tympanum (drum of the ear) is often caused by a blow or ' box ' on the ear. 155. Running at the ear is a common affection in scrofulous children and after scarlet fever; the ear should be syringed with an injection containing one dram of alum to a pint of water, with attention to 2—2 28 ONE THOUSAND [156- health, good food, and plenty of outdoor exercise. (See Appendix, 33.) 156. Children should not be put to sleep in the same room as servants; their rooms should be large, airy, and well- ventilated. 157. If a room has a fireplace in it, the chimney should on no account be blocked up with a sack of straw, as is often the case. 158. The lungs of a still-born child wiU sink if placed in water. 159. Children often eat poisonous berries and other fruits, and this fact should be remembered in their ailments ; a teaspoonful of mustard in warm water is the best remedy. Sickness, diarrhoea, and many of the diseases of childhood are often due to this. 160. Stale bread is better than new for children, as the gluten is more thoroughly mixed with saliva by mastication before it is swallowed. 161. Children are more subject to rashes than adults ; but rashes are never dangerous unless ac- companied by fever. 162. The teeth are credited ivith rashes that often arise from a disordered stomach. 163. Parasitic diseases, such as itch and ringworm, are common in those who neglect the proper ablu- tion of their children. 164. To put it plainly, they are diseases arising from want of cleanliness. 165. Where a number of small pimples occur between the fingers, or in the flexures of the joints, itch may be suspected. 166. Sulphur ointment is a specific for itch ; it should be apphed every night for three nights. 175.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 29 167. All bedding and clothing used by the patient should then be fumigated or destroyed. 168. Obstruction of the bowels is an uncommon disease in infancy. Its symptoms are continual sickness, and pain in the bowels, with nothing but a Httle blood passing in the excretions ; it is rarely discovered in time to save life. 169. If an infant be suffering from pain in the bowels, it draws its legs up to its body to relax in- tuitively the muscles of the bowels ; by noticing this its ailment can be guessed at. 170. Rupture in children should be attended to as soon as noticed. The usual symptom is a small swelling in the groin, which increases in size when the child cries or coughs. It is most common in male infants. 171. ' Umbilical rupture ' is rupture at the navel. The best remedy for this is an india-rubber band or truss, sold by chemists or surgical instrument makers ; it may be procured by giving the measure of the infant's body round the belly. 172. ' Styes ' are common in weakly children. Bark and steel, good diet, and cod-liver oil, are the best remedies. 173. ' Ringworm ' in children can be cured by one application of acetic acid; this does not stain or injure the skin. (See 163.) 174. It should be remembered that the ringworm is a living parasite in the shape of a microscopic insect, and therefore catching, so that the germs of the insects may remain in the clothes, which should all be changed and baked in an oven. 175. 'St. Vitus's dance' is a nervous disease, attack- 30 ONE THOUSAND [176- ing the children of nervous, hysterical women. The remedies used by ignorant people for its cure would be a disgrace to savages. 176. A .child sufferiag fwm it should not be aUpwed, to mixiwith other children, for, in the first place, it is cruel to expose the infirmity ; and in the second, the effects of the principle of imitation are so remarkable in the young, that the disease may be spread to others. 177. Falstaff's words have a wider application in this respect than he intended: 'It is certain,' says he, ' that either wise bearing or ignorant carriage is caught, as men take diseases one of another; and therefore let men take heed of their company.' 178. Tubercular disease, which when it attacks the lungs is known by the name of ' consumption,' often attacks the brain in children : pain in the head, intolerance of Hght, alternate flushing and paleness, constipation of the bowels, and siclmess, are the early sjrmptoms. 179. The above symptoms, if persistent in a child, indicate serious brain disease coming on ; and early treatment, rest from study, fresh air, cod-hver oil, and good diet are essential. (See Appendix, 16.) 180. Slim, fair-haired, blue-eyed, delicately formed, fair-complexioned, sharp children are often the victims of tuberculosis. 181. ' To every mother,' says Dr. Marshall Hall, ' is to be committed the care of her own infant in its largest and broadest sense. She is first to submit herself to all those rules of diet, medicine, exercise, and quiet, which are essential to ensure her own good health.' 1 86.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 31 182. ' She is then to supply her infant with milk and warmth, and for this latter purpose she should lay the child by her own side in the night.' 183. ' She should, in the third place, be5ome the superintendent of its health, detecting the first signs of indisposition, and seeking immediately for the remedy.' 184. Enlarged tonsils in children are often the cause of ' throat deafness ;' they should be frequently touched with lunar caustic. Where necessary, a small piece may be cut off, which is a radical cure ; there is no danger in the operation, even in children. (See Appendix, 32.) 185. Children are often alarmed in their sleep by dreams. The goblins and scarecrows generally owe their origin to the irritation of teething, a . loaded bladder, or irritation of the bowels, and a good purgative can never do any harm in these states. (See Appendix, 31.) 186. John Hunter, the celebrated surgeon, used to say that the best way to rear healthy children was ' plenty of milk, plenty of sleep, and plenty of flannel.' 33 ONE THOUSAND [187- ADULT AGE. 187. The average duration of life at fifteen years of age is forty-three in both male and female ; at twenty-one years of age, thirty-eight in the male, and thirty-nine in the female ; at twenty-five years of age, thirty-seven in both male and female. 188. Puberty in England begins about the age of fifteen in the male, and of twelve in the female. 189. In hot climates it begins earlier ; in India it .is not uncommon at the age of ten. 190. The changes that take place at the age of puberty give to the male the fuU tone of voice, and to the female the figure and beauty of womanhood. After childhood has passed away, the system becomes more liable to inflammatory disease.- 191. A woman may be said to be in a condition for childbearing for thirty years — that is, from fifteen to forty-five. 192. Hysteria, or a fit of hysterics, looks a very alarming thing to those who are not used to seeing it, but there is no danger. 193. When persons go into a fit of hysterics, all that is really necessary is to unloose the dress, lay them on a sofa or bed, prevent them as gently as possible from injuring themselves, and give them plenty of fresh air. 200.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 33 194. Should the attack continue for more than half an hour, one teaspoonful of tincture of valerian in a wineglassful of cold water, with the application of cold water to the face, is the safest remedy. (See Appendix, 12.) 195. When the attack is over, the patient goes into a sound sleep and awakes very little the worse for it, and seldom remembers anjrthing of what has gone on. 196. The difference between a fit of hysterics and one of epilepsy, or any other dangerous attack, is that in hysteria there is partial consciousness, and the sufi'erer laughs and cries alternately, and will at times answer questions; but in epilepsy there is foaming at the mouth, snoring, and total insensibility. 197. The usual causes of hysteria are, over- excite- ment, weakness, a highly nervous disposition, tight- lacing, and over-exertion in persons of excitable and nervous temperament. 198. Hysterical cough, sneezing, yawning, pant- ing, sighing, sobbing, or hiccough, may be continuous for hours or even days. In all forms, indeed, the sufferer deceives herself, and tries, by strong expres- sions of pain, to mislead others. 199. It is advisable, after an attack of hysteria, to find and avoid the cause, otherwise the attacks may become persistent, and simulate all kinds of serious diseases ; for this reason it is best to seek proper medical advice. 200. Most of the deaths of males and unmarried females between the ages of sixteen and thirty-six are caused by consumption and diseases of the lungs ; indeed, in England, one-fourth of the deaths at every age are from diseases of the respiratory organs. 34 ONE THOUSAND [201- 201. It is a popular error to suppose th?it con- sumption is catching, though recent experiments" seem to show that a person may be inoculated with it; it is hereditary, and some families are almost destroyed by it. 202. Consumption is more common in males than in females, and the disease attacks the left lung more often than the right. 203. Consumption is fatal every year to 60,000 young people in England alone. 204. The first symptoms of this disease are loss of flesh, a short, dry cough, and night perspiration. 205. The cough in the early stage of consumption •is most troublesome on getting out of bed in the morning, and the phlegm is yellow and sometimes tinged with blood, ani, will sink in water. 206. A steady loss of flesh always precedes con- sumption. 207. It is a matter of common observation that consumptives, while daily losing flesh and strength, are very sanguine in expecting recovery, though they expect a cure to be effected without any exertion on their part. In no disease is it more important to impress the necessity for steady per- severance in the use of remedies, and the hopeless- ness of giving way to that want of energy and determination which many excuse by the expres- sion of their devout desire to ' trust in Providence.' 208. If there be an hereditary tendency to con- sumption, great care should be taken to maintain the health of the mother during pregnancy. (See 129.) 209. On the birth of the child, every means should be taken to counteract the general tendency 21 5-] MEDICAL MAX/MS. 35 to the disease, and strengthen the infant's consti- tution by attention to food, clothing, exercise, etc. 210. In the early stage of consumption there is nothing like a sea-voyage to a warm climate, like Madeira or Egypt ; but when the disease is actively developed, it is only cruelty to send a sufferer away from home to die. 211. Diarrhoea and swelling of the feet are the precursors of death in consumption. 212. Young people inclined to consumption have a beautiful white delicate skin, a rounded outline of face, with dehcacy of features, and a rosy hue of cheeks strongly contrasting with the surround- ing paUor, and often giving (especially in women) a characteristic beauty to the countenance. The hair is usually blonde or auburn, while the eyes are large, blue, projecting, and humid, with the pupils habitually dilated. 213. The commonest causes are hereditary ten- dency, insufficient food,' breathing vitiated air, and want of healthy outdoor exercise. The inmates of gaols and workhouses are most frequently attacked, and also those living in close over-crowded houses. 214. It is a -popular error to suppose that con- sumption is incurable. In the early stage, proper treatment, fresh air, good living, and aU that tends to irnprove the general health, will often effect a complete cure ; but few people believe this. 215. The best places in England for consump- tives are Bournemouth, in Hants; Torquay, in Devon; and Ventnor, in the Isle of Wight. The pinewoods suri;ounding the first-named keep the cold winds from the town. 36 ONE THOUSAND [216- 216. These towns are the most celebrated in cases of consumption, and are pleasantly situated. 217. The mean annual temperature is about 51° in each town. The climate is mild, but not relaxing. 218. A curious pecuHarity may be noticed in the finger-nails of consumptives — the top of the nail being curved forward. 219. This is due to failure of nutrition, the nails becoming thin and weak. 220. Dr. Hutchinson, from the examination of 2,650 healthy men, gave the following average of weights : a man 5 ft. 1 in. in height, has an average weight of 8 st. 8 lb. ; 5 ft. 2 in. in height, 9 st. ; 5 ft. 3 in. in height, 9 st. 7 lb. 221. 5 ft. 4 in. in height, 9 st. 13 lb. ; 5 ft. 5 in. in height, 10 St. 2 lb ; 6 ft. 6 in. in height, 10 st. 5 lb. 322. 5 ft. 7 in. in height, 10 st. 5.1b. ; 5 ft. 8 in. in height, 11 St. 1 lb. ; 5 ft. 9 in. in height, 11 st. 8 lb. 223. 5 ft. 10 in. in height, 12 st. 1 lb. ; 5 ft. 11 in. in height, 12 st. 6 lb. ; 6 ft. in height, 12 st. 10 lb. 224. This may be exceeded by seven per cent, without affecting the breathing capacity. 225. Growing boys and girls require a plentiful supply of food and outdoor exercise; and parents sending their children to boarding-schools should see that they obtain these, and also that the rooms for sleeping in are large, airy, and not over-crowded. 226. Many a child has been ruined for hfe by insufficient and badly cooked food, and crowded and ill-ventilated dormitories at school. 227. Paleness of the hps and face, palpitation of the heart, and great weakness, are common affections of girlhood. They depend upon a poor state of the 236.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 37 blood, and are easily cured by taking some prepara- tion of iron, good diet, and change of air. (See Appendix, 20.) 228. ' Green-sickness ' is the result of neglecting to take proper remedies for the preceding affections. 229. Neuralgia is an increased and perverted, action in a nerve. It generally arises from pres- sure on the nerve, as in toothache, but it seldom occurs unless there is derangement of the general health. (See Appendix, 22 and 16.) 230. The best remedy for facial neuralgia is large doses of quinine, with attention to the bowels and general health. 231. Quinsy is an abscess in one of the tonsils. Free purging and hot fomentations to the throat are the best remedies. It is dangerous to lance a quinsy, as the carotid artery often passes through the tonsil. 232. Tickling the throat with a feather will often, by violent retching, burst the abscess and give instant relief (See Appendix, 21 and 32.) 233. Severe sprains should be fomented as quickly as possible with hot water, after which the part should be well rubbed with belladonna liniment, which may be procured from any chemist. (See Appendix, 22.) 234. Two or three days' rest is absolutely neces- sary in sprains ; and in gouty people a sprain is a very serious matter. 235. A sprain is an injury done to tendons or to the ligaments of a joint by over-straining them, and as they are very tense structilres, the swelling causes great pain, and even fainting and vomiting. 236. Iodine liniment is the best application to 38 ONE THOUSAND [237- enlargement of bones and joints from sprains, kicks, or other causes. 237. When a person breaks an arm or a leg, the injured limb should be placed on a soft pilloiv till a surgeon arrives. 238. If there be any doubt about a dislocation, surgical advice ought to be procured as quickly as possible, as a dislocation should be reduced at once. 239. If thereis swelling anddeformityabout a joint after an injury, a dislocation should be suspected, which may be accompanied by fracture. 240. When a fracture occurs to any of the long bones, there is complete loss of pow6r in the limb, and the sufferer generally feels the grating of the broken bone. 241. Fractures are of three kinds : Simple,- when the bone appears to be broken like a rotten stick ; 242. Compound, when the bone protrudes through the flesh ; 243. Comminuted, when the bone is splintered in many pieces. 244. A combination of the two latter may occur. 245. Complicated fractures are those in which an artery or nerve has been injured. 246. If a person sustains a severe cut, and bleed- ing is very free, a small pad should be placed on the wound, and a pocket-handkerchief tied/firmly around it. 247. If a vein has been cut, the blood, which is of a dark-purple colour, oozes in an even stream, and is easily, stopped by pressure just hdow the wound and by a pad upon it. ' 248. But if an artery has been cut, the blood, of 255-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 39 a light-red colour, rises in jets, and very firm pres- sure above the wound is required to arrest the flow, and the case requires immediate surgical aid. 249. Coohiess and presence of mind will, even in unskilled hands, often save life in cases of accident. 250. Swelling of the glands of the neck in scrofulous constitutions, if neglected, leads to the formation of abscesses and the deformity known as ' King's evil.' In the early stage, the application of iodine liniment and change of air will some- times reduce the swelling. 251. The enlargement of the neck called ' Derby- shire neck ' is a common affection in some parts of England. It is twelve times more frequent in females than in males. It is suJDposed to be caused by drinking water too highly impregnated with lime and minerals. 252. Faintness is a common affection in young people; it is seldom dangerous, and is usually caused by over-excitement, or the sight of blood. The remedy is to take the person into the fresh air and lay him or her on the floor, sprinkling cold water on the face, and applying a smeUing-bottle to the nostrils. (See Appendix, 12.) 253. ' Spinal irritation ' was a well-known disease a few years ago. It was generally a combination of hysteria and debility, and is supposed to attack nervous, delicate women. .254. The old Duchess of Bedford used to say, on hearing of this disease, that she was thankful she was ' born before nerves were invented.' 255. Quacks and sudden frights have often cured 40 ONE THOUSAND [256- these ' malades imaginaires ' wlien all other treat- ment has failed. 256. Monomania is that form of insanity in which the intellectual faculty is confined to a single object, or to a limited number of objects; thus a mono- maniac will insist that his body is made of glass, and being thoroughly impressed with the idea, will reason correctly that slight causes will injure it ; he therefore walks with care, and avoids any rough handling. 257. The symptoms of insanity are so diversified that it is impossible to class them, but it may be taken as a general rule that where the reasonuig faculty is lost or perverted, the mind is not in a healthy state. 258. In such case it is advisable not to listen to the reasoning of the patient himself, but to seek the advice of a medical practitioner. 259. It is as important to treat mental disease on proper principles as it is to treat bodily disease, and for this reason lunatics seldom derive any benefit unless sent to recognised institutions for their cure. 260. Catalepsy, or trance, is a rare disease, and generally attacks nervous, hysterical females. The cataleptic is insensible to all external impressions, 261. At Billingshauser, near Wiirzburg, about half the inhabitants were affected; they were called 'starren,' stiffened ones. 262. This disease is sometimes endemic. (See 106.) 263. The rehgious fanatic, by cioltivating some fixed idea, generally falls into a state of incipient insanity. ' The gift of unknown tongues ' was 271.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 41. mostly manifested in women -who were not im- postors, but simply diseased. 264. Catarrh, or ' cold,' the commonest of diseases, arises, not from mere cold, but from a too sudden change of atmosphere, or from exposure to wet, etc., when the body, or strength, is exhausted. The apph- cation of cold, as in bathing, exposure to cold winds, etc., etc., is only dangerous when the heated body, exhausted by yiolent exercise, is rapidly parting with its warmth. 265. Under other circumstances the glowing body can re-act upon the cold, and convert it into a strengthening rather than a depressing agent, but the frame that is quickly cooling after being over- heated is not in a condition to re-act. 266. In ordinary 'cold' every patient amuses himself by acting as his own physician, and judiciously physics himself with possets, mustard- plasters, hot water, etc., which as a rule is all that is necessary. (See Appendix, 7.) 267. Ten grains of Dover's powder in a cup of hot gruel at bedtime is a very good remedy. 268. Anything that promotes the action of the skin — perspiration — is best for a cold ; a Turkish bath does this, and so does Dover's powder. 269. A Turkish bath should not be taken without medical sanction, by those who suffer from rushing of the blood to the head, or heart disease. 270. A glass of hot rum and water, just before getting into bed, is a good remedy for a cold, as it causes free perspiration. 271. ' Housemaid's knee ' arises from pressure on the ' bursa,' or pad, connected with the knee-joint. 3 42 ONE THOUSAND [272- It is the result of kneeling too much on hard places. 272. Eest and a blister, or the application of iodine liniment, wiQ soon cure it. 273. In the hoy before puberty the vocal chords are not two-thirds of the length they become in the adult. 274. While the change is taking place the voice is said to crack. This is due to the new tones not being under command. 275. In girls the change is gradual, so that the voice merely increases in strength as womanhood comes. 276. The voices of old people are unsteady and deficient in tone, from the larynx becoming ossified. This is the reason why singers, who have possessed the finest voices in the prime of Hfe, make a pitiable failure in old age. 277. Notes are made by the vibrations of the vocal chords, as the air rushes past them. 278. The strength of a voice depends partly upon the degree to which the chords can be made to vibrate. 279. ' Acne ' (pimples on the face) is a common and troublesome affection of boyhood. Kestricted diet, and laxative medicines, will generally effect a cure. (See Appendix, 15.) 280. Tight lacing is a frequent cause of indiges- tion and consumption in young women. It pre- vents the organs of respiration and digestion — the two which are most important to health — from properly performing their functions. 281. Athletic exercises, such as riding, boating, boxing, etc., etc., by circulating the blood, causing free perspiration, and increasing muscular power, conduce greatly to robust health. - 282.' For females, horse exercise is the best of all, 293-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 43 and for those who cannot aflbrd thiSj brisk Tvalking is the best substitute. ; 283. Pregnancy is often accompanied by many troublesome sjmiptoms, sickness being the most common. 284. The sickness of pregnancy generally comes on the first thing in the morning. 285. Soda-water and mUk will often relieve the sickness, if taken before getting out of bed. 286. Attention to diet, which- should be plain, is of the utmost importance to those who wish to enjoy health, as is also outdoor exercise. • 287. Those who take the above precautions will enjoy good health even until the last day of preg- nancy; but brooding on her condition, lying in bed in the morning, and the want of active exercise, will make a pregnant woman a hypochondriacal invalid. 288. If there be any constipartion, a Seidlitz powder taken before breakfast is better than castor oil. 289. Loss of blood during pregnancy is always dangerous, especially when it comes on about the seventh month. 290. The patient should immediately rest and send for medical advice. 291. It is a good plan to take a brisk purgative when labour is coming on. (See Appendix, 15.) 292. Any malposition of the child can be remedied early in the labour much better than later on ; it is therefore advisable to send in good time for the ' doctor,' to know that all is right. 293. In ordinary labours not one case in two hundred gives any trouble ; nature does the work without further aid. 3—2 44 , ONE THOUSAND [294- 294. Blood-poisoning after confinement is often caused by foul smells from drains. 295. Women ia childbed are extremely suscep- tible to infection, and tbis being so, great care should be taken not to subject them to its influence. 296. Infectious diseases, such as measles, scarlet fever, etc., are very fatal to lying-in women. 297. When suckling, women should live well. The best beverage is stout, of which three half- pints may be taken daily. 298. If the milk fail in suckling, the cause is often due to the child being partly suckled and partly fed, a system that should not be pursued. 299. It is a popular error that a woman, when suckling, cannot become pregnant, and many injure themselves by continuing to suckle beyond the proper time — seven or eight months. 300. Abscess of the breast during suckling is a most painful affection. 301. It may arise from a blow or fall on the breast, sudden exposure to cold or over-fulness of milk, causing in the first place inflammatory action. 302. When the matter forms, early opening and poulticing are necessary. 303. The feeling of weight and dragging in an inflamed breast will be relieved by supporting it with a sling put round the neck. 304. The breast should never be allowed to get hard from over-distension by mUk. 305. If the child cannot keep the milk down, it should be drawn off with the breast-pump, other- wise it sets up inflammation, which ends in abscess. 306. Breast -pumps may be bought at any 3I9-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 45 clieniist's, by the aid of wMcli a person can relieve herself of surplus milk. 307. ' Ketracted nipples ' are generally caused by the pressure of the dress and stays, and by the foolish attempt of old nurses to break the nipple- strings of newly-born children, an old and dangerous custom that should be sternly prohibited. (See 33.) 308. In a case of the preceding, a breast-pump should be used to draw out the nipples before the child is put to the breast. 309. This should be done before the breasts are distended with milk. 310. Those-who are subject to sore nipples should harden them before child-birth by the appUcation of brandy. 311. A strong solution of alum — one ounce in half a piat of hot water — is a good application for sore nipples. 312. The first milk generally comes within twelve hours, and acts as a purgative to the infant. 313. The regular flow is estabhshed in a few days. 314. The after-pains of first labour are best left without treatment, unless very severe. 315. Two days after labour, if the bowels have acted, a person may take a little animal food. 316. Women who get up too soon after a confine- ment, feel the ill effects of doing so in after-life. 317. Falling of the womb is caused by the above in- discretion; time not being given to the womb and its ligaments to recover their ordinary size and strength. 318. No woman who values her comfort in after- life should leave her bed for eight days. In the second week she may lie on the sofa. 319. Hottentot women wiU, after labour, go on as 46 ONE THOUSAND [320- if nothing had happened, and even in this country- it may be seen .what a woman will do, as in cases of concealment of birth. 320. Upon the mother's care in her diet and health depends the health of the child, and there- fore her own comfort. 321. The 'pains and peril of childbirth ' in healthy women are not fatal to more than one case in four hundred. 822. But the mortality is greater than this where midwives and unskilful persons only are employed. 323. Twins occur once in sixty-four births, trip- lets once in four thousand, and quartets once in sixty-four thousand. 324. A discharge of blood is the first symptom of a miscarriaige coming on, and complete rest is the best remedy. 325. By law a child born six months after marriage — in case of its survival — is assumed to have been conceived within wedlock. 326. But a child seldom lives which has not had seven months of uterine life, that is, which has not been conceived beyond that period. 327. It is a popular error that an eight months child will not hve. 328. A lying-in room should be kept well venti- lated, and it is a popular error to suppose that ' night air ' is injurious. 329. The temperature of a sick room should be kept not lower than 60° Fahrenheit, and in cold weather the fire should not be allowed to get low in the early morning. 330. Neglect of this is the cause of many deaths from bronchitis and diseases of the lungs. "* 336.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 47 MIDDLE AGE. 331. The average duration of life in persons at thirty-five years of age, is twenty-nine in the male, and thirty in the female ; at forty years, twenty-six in the male, and twenty-four in the female. 332. At fifty, nineteen in the male, and twenty in the female; at fifty-five, sixteen in the male, and seventeen in the female ; and at sixty, thirteen in the male, and fourteen in the female. 333. The most common diseases of middle age are diseases of the lungs, heart, brain, and kidneys. 334. A healthy man in one year consumes on the aggregate, of soUds and fluids combined, about three thousand pounds (nearly one ton and a quarter). In infancy and youth the receipts are greater than the expenditure ; but in old age this rule is reversed, and, as with a spendthrift, the means of repair at last become exhausted. 335. About one sixth part of the entire weight of the body is taken up by the blood. 336. The pulse of a healthy adult varies from seventy to seventy-five beats per minute in repose ; in a newly-born infant it varies from one hundred and thirty to one hundred and forty beats per minute. It may be strong or weak, hard or soft, '48 ONE THOUSAND [337- full or smalL Long practice in feeling the pulse distinguishes these characteristics. 337. Oalen first drew attention to the pulse as a sign of disease, and described more than thirty con- ditions of it. 338. In any disease in the adult, if the pulse exceeds one hundred and forty beats per minute, recoTery is rare, but not impossible. 339. A good knowledge of the pulse is most important in the understanding of disease. 340. ' Fulness of blood ' causes a feeling of indo- lence, sleepiness, giddiness, and whilst asleep snoring and dreaming. 341. Fat people are not necessarily over-full of blood ; in fact, they often suffer from a deficiency, rather than an excess. 342. Fat people bear lowering measures in illness worse than thin people do. ' 343. Active exercise, the avoidance of beer and aU alcoholic drinks, with saline purgatives and less sleep, are the best remedies for corpulency. (See Appendix, 15.) 344. In adult life about one-third of the twenty- four hours is passed in repose ; in old age, when nutrition is carried on with less vigour, more sleep is necessary. 345. Sleep especially rests the nervous system, and it is also necessary for the repair and nutrition of the body ; not that these occur only during that period, but sleep is required for their perfection. (See Appendix, 7.) 346. Even in the heart's action there is a period of repose; the rest after each pulsation is small, but it amounts to a good deal in the twenty-four hours. 3S7-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 49 347. Boils and carbuncles are due to a vitiated state of the blood from insufficient or improper food, over-work, or mental anxiety. Boils generally come in crops, carbuncles singly. 348. When there are successive crops of boils with or without any obvious cause, no remedy is so efficacious as a change of air, with tonics. (See Appendix, 16.) 349. It is better to let a boil break of itself by poulticing it, than to open it with a knife. 350. Varicose veins are common in females who have had children, and in males whose occupatisn entails lifting heavy weights. The veins of the leg become tortuous and enlarged, purple in colour, and prominent. 351. Elastic 'stockings to fit tightly on the leg give untold rehef in this disease. 352. The expense of a pair of such "stockings is about ten shillings and sixpence, but where it is necessary to have them above the knee, the expense is much greater. 353. Some people are satisfied with five or six hours' sleep, but the adult bodyrequires at least eight hours, to repair the wear and tear of the other sixteen. ' 354. Napoleon I. is said to have only slept six hours ia the twenty-four, but he was a man of remarkably impassive nature. 355. The brain contains less blood during sleep than when a person is awake. 356. Extreme heat or cold creates drowsiness, and a morbid disposition to sleep is often the pre- cursor of apoplexy. 357. Sleeplessness is one of the most frequent symptoms of approaching insanity. so ONE THOUSAND [358- 358. Over-stimulation is a frequent cause of sleep- lessness, as are also mental anxiety and indigestion. 359. Strong tea or coffee prevents sleep. 360. Those who are engaged in mental work will find tea or colSfee a better brain stimulant than alcholic liquor. 361. Women of excitable temperament suffer from want of sleep. This after child-birth should be especially attended to ; if not, puerperal mania is the frequent result. 362. Depriving a criminal of sleep is a frequent mode of execution n China ; it is fearfully painful, and death occurs in eighteen to twenty days. 363. After eight days the sufferings of a criminal subjected to this process became so intense that he begged to be burnt, strangled, shot, or put to death in any way that the humanity or ferocity of his gaolers migBt suggest. 364. To secure repose, which may be refreshing to both mind and body in cases where there is unnatural sleeplessness, a proper amount of out- door exercise should be taken, the diet should be digestible, and especially not such as will create flatulence. (See Appendix, 7.) 365. A fire in the bedroom, or a glass of mulled port or claret taken just before getting into bed, may be found beneficial in some cases. 366. Curtains round the bed are injurious to health, as they prevent the access of fresh air to the sleeper. 367. Sedatives, such as chloral, opium, and morphia, should on no account be used to procure sleep until all other means have failed, and then 374-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. Si the advice of a medical man should first be sought and his sanction given for their use. 368. Nightmares are often the result of indigest- ible food in the stomach. During one of these attacks, there is as a rule a distressing conscious- ness of inability to move from some disagreeable vision with which the suffering begins ; palpitation then comes on,> accompanied by a feeling of weight on the chest and of suffocation; the sufferer now attempts to move and iinds it impossible. But in a short time the power of volition returns, and the dreamer arouses himself lest the attack should recur. 369. The treatment of nightmares may be briefly summed up in these words : Avoid heavy suppers. 370. 'Proud flesh,' which is popularly believed to be dangerous, is necessary to the healing of any wound. It is simply an excess of granulation, and requires keeping down by the application of lunar caustic. 371. A bruise is an injury to the flesh beneath the skin; and even though the part injured may not become discoloured, a great amount of mischief may have been done. Eest and cold lotions are the best remedies. (See Appendix, 19-22.) 372. Few arrive at middle age without believing they suffer from heart disease. A little palpitation arising from indigestion is quite sufiicient to ensure a firm belief that the heart is affected. 373. Heart disease in middle age is rare, imless it be the result of rheumatic fever in early life. It is most common in men who have been soldiers, and is caused in them generally by the obstruction to the flow of blood from carrying the knapsack. 374. Over-training in athletes often produces the 52 ONE THOUSAND [375" above-mentioned disease, and those who are consti- tutionally unfit should not be allowed to oYertax their strength. 375. Functional or nervous derangement of the heart is common in hysterical people, or persons of a naturally nervous temperament. This generally depends on a disordered state of the bowels, indiges- tion, or general debility, and the symptoms, such as palpitation, faintness, or flushings, though very dis- tressing, are not dangerous.. (See Appendix, 12.) 376. Dilatation of the heart is caused by increased or violent action of the heart or from want of mus- cular strength in that organ, and a person suffering from it is feeble. Attention to the general health, so as to strengthen the nervous system and give tone, is the only remedy. (See Appendix, 16.) 377. The valves of the heart, sometimes owing to disease, allow the blood to return to the heart ; this is called 'regurgitation.' It may be easily under- stood by imagining the heart to be a force-pump, which it really is, one of the valves having become imperfect. 378. Where there is real disease of the heart, such as valvular disease or anetu^ism, it is palpable that anything that disturbs its action must be dangerous, so that a sufferer from heart disease should not give way to passion or over- excitement, and should not take too violent exercise, especially after meals. 379. An attack of flatulent dyspepsia (wind in the stomach), by impeding the action of a weak heart, will often cause sudden death. This is a frequent cause of death in old people, and in those who suffer from organic disease of the heart. (See Appendix, 12.) 388.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 53 380. Those who suiFer from a wea/c— or dilated — heart should not take active exercise after a full meal; in fact, no one should take active exercise after a full meal. 381. The commonest symptom of a weak heart is piiffiness under the lower eyelids, and breathlessness on slight exertion. 382. Women at ' the change of life ' often suffer from functional disturbance of the heart. This is not dangerous. 383. ' Blue Disease ' depends on an imperfect con- struction of the heart, but those born with it seldom reach middle age. 384. Indigestion ' is the bane of middle age, as it always, or ahnost always, arises from errors in diet, so the sufferer really deserves but little sympathy. 385. Socrates says, ' Beware of such food as per- suades a man to eat though he be not hungry, and those liquors that will prevail with a man to drink them though he be not thirsty.' This advice, though written two thousand years ago, applies equally well to-day. 386. The most frequent cause of indigestion is the use of food in too large quantity, or of improper kind, or the imperfect mastication of it, from care- lessness, or the pain of bad teeth, or loss of teeth. (See Appendix, 13.) 387. Five or six hours should intervene between meals, and this rule may not be broken with impunity for any length of time. 388. The most fruitful sources of indigestion are want of bodily exercise, excessive labour, undue intellectual exertion, mental anxiety, general debility, immoderate smoking and drinking. 54 ONE THOUSAND [389- 389. The nervous irritability of many literary and scientific men has its origin in this disease, and sedentary pursuits with over-mental labour cause disorders which speak through the stomach in the first instance. (See Appendix, 16-25.) 390. The low spirits induced by indigestion may vary from shght dejection and ill-humour, to the most extreme nielancholy, sometircies even indTicing a disposition to suicide. 391. The patient misconceives every act of friend- ship, and exaggerates a slight ailment into a heavy grievance. 392. In no disease has the quack so large a field for practice as in this, and ia no disease to which humanity is subject is quackery so disastrous or proper treatment so necessary. 393. Loss of appetite, pain, weight, and fulness at the stomach, flatulence, vomiting, costiveness, furred tongue, pain in the loins, aching of the hmbs, head- ache, and nervous fancies, are the most common symptoms of indigestion. (See Appendix, 13, 16.) 394. Dr. Abernethy says, that ' no person can be persuaded to pay due attention to his digestive organs until death stares him in the face, so it is a happy circumstance that disorders of the stomach are within the reach of treatment, both directly and indirectly.' 395. The dyspeptic should thoroughly masticate his food, so that the digestive fluids may hquefy and transform it. He ought, also, to keep quiet for some time after a me.al,.so as not to divert from the stomach the nervous force required for digestion. 396. Sweet hot sherry, new port, and bad spirits, 402.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. SS are poison to the dyspeptic, and if a person does not know what pure wholesome wines are — and they are not more expensive than bad ones — he had better drink no stimulant at all. 397. ' It is no doubt true that the stomach which requires stimulants to enable it to act efficiently, can hardly be said to be in a healthy state ; but at the same time we should remember that the battle of life is not waged without much wear and tear, without almost overwhelming anxieties, and sicken- ing disappointments, and that the digestive organs are the first to sympathize with the depressions of the mind no less than with the diseases of the body.' 398. For a person engaged in sedentary pursuits, or for one suffering from chronic indigestion, here is a day's diet which may be varied according to the programme. 399. 7 A.M. : A tumblerful of equal parts of milk and soda-water, or lime-water. 400. 7.30 A.M. : To get up. Use tepid or cold sponge bath ; rub the skin thoroughly with a coarse towel. Dress leisurely. 401. 8.30 A.M. : A large cup of weak tea, with half milk, or milk and water. Sole or whiting, or the lean of an underdone mutton-chop ; or a new- laid egg lightly boiled. Stale bread and a little fresh butter. 402. 1 P.M. : Luncheon. Oysters, if they agree, an underdone mutton-chop, or a slice out of a roast leg of mutton, provided meat has not been taken for breakfast ; one glass of sherry. If there be little or no appetite, a raw &gg beaten up in sherry and water, with a biscuit, will be useful. S6 ONE THOUSAND . [403- 403.6 p.m.: Dinner. Cod, smelts, turbot or brill, mutton, venison, cbicken, grouse, partridge, hare, pheasant, tripe boiled in milk, sweetbread, boiled leg of lamb, or roast beef, stale bread. French beans, cauliflower, asparagus, vegetable marrow, or sea-kale. Half a wine-glassful of cognac in a bottle of soda- water. Two glasses of good sherry or of claret after dinner. A few grapes, an orange, a baked apple, or strawberries, may be taken if desired. A dose of pepsine when needed. (See Appendix, 13.) 404. 9 P.M. : A small glass of cold -brandy and water with a biscuit, or a cup of weak tea with half milk, and a little bread and butter, or a teacupful of milk-arrowroot. 405. 11 P.M. : Bed. To sleep on a mattress with- out too much covering. The room to be properly ventilated. A fire wiU. be beneficial in cold weather. It is presumed that a good night's rest has been earned by a fair amoiuit of exercise in the open air. 406. Pepsine wine, when it can be depended on, is a great aid to digestion. Pepsine is made from the digestive fluid of the stomach of the calf or pig. 407. 'Water-brash' is one of the most trouble- some and common indications of a disordered stomach. It gives rise to a burning pain in the stomach, and often the vomiting of a watery fluid, which may be tasteless or sour. (See Appendix, 27.) 408. It is more frequent in men than in woftien, and in the lower than in the upper class. A httle carbonate of soda in water relieves it. 409. Pain in the muscles of the chest is common in indigestion, and has been mistaken for pleurisy. There is no constitutional disturbance with it, and it is not dangerous. b 421,] MEDICAL MAXIMS. J7 410. The longer indigestion is allowed to go on with- " out treatment, the more difficult it is to obtain relief. 411. ' Biliousness,' which is often caused by a slug- gish state of the liver, is a frequent cause of indiges- tion. (See Appendix, 17 and 25.) 412. The liver may be felt just below the right ribs. Tenderness on pressure indicates a congested state of that important organ. 413. If the liver does not act, the bUe remains in the system, and depression of spirits is ahnost always a symptom. (See Appendix, 15.) 414. The word 'melancholy' means 'black bile,' showing that from ancient times this was considered the cause of lowness of spirits. 415. The Chinese attribute many passions to the liver, which we do to the heart, and really they are nearer the truth. 416. ' Jaundice ' was called by the Greeks ' Icterus' (golden thrush), their idea being that the sight of this bird cured the disease, but was fatal to the bird itself 417. Simple 'jaundice,' uncomphcated with disease of the Hver, is seldom fatal; it arises from obstruction to the flow of bile into the intestines. 418. The appearance of the skin and eyes, which become a bright yeUow, shows the disease. 419. The hver is the largest gland in the body; it weighs in health about three pounds. 420. Congestion of the liver is often the cause of indigestion. (See Appendix, 15.) ' 421. The medicines that act most powerfully on the hver are the preparations of mercury and podo- phyllin. (See Appendix, 17.) ' 4 S8. ONE THOUSAND [422- 422. Excessive eating and drinking are the com- mon causes of congestion of tlie liver. (See Ap- pendix, 15.) 423. Inflammation of the liver is very rare in England, but is common in tropical climates ; this often leads to abscess of the liver and jaundice. 424. Violent exercise directly after meals, by causing engorgement of the liver, occasions what is called a ' stitch in the side.' 425. Strong healthy persons, living in temperate climates, who take plenty of exercise, may counter- act the evil effects which flow from the use of too rich and abundant foods ; while those of sedentary habits, who pamper themselves, are sure to suffer. 426. Horse exercise and walking, with such purgatives as ' Hunyadi-Janos ' water, taken before breakfast, will soon unload a congested liver, (See Appendix, 15.) 427. Shivering-fits are the earhest indications of some serious disease coming on, and usually of blood-poisoning of some description, such as fever, erysipelas, etc. (See Temperature.) 42.8. Hypochondriasis, or ' the vapours,' takes that place in men which hysteria occupies in women. 429. Hypochondriasis is often the offspring of selfishness and indolence. There may be asso- ciated with it some bodily illness ; but the symptoms are always exaggerated. 430. The hypochondriac is ever writhing under the petty despotism of some imaginary evH. 431. It is not an extravagant assertion to say, that he- who is commonly called a strong-minded man may shake off an imaginative fear to which another 438.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. S9 person, less happily constituted, will succumb; so remarkable is the power of the mind over the body. 432. Extraordinary cases are related, showing the . influence of the will over the body, and even the involuntary muscles — for instance, the muscles of the heart ; and Celsus speaks of a priest who could separate himself from his senses when he chose, and lie hke a man void of life and sense. 433. Cowper, the poet, was a confirmed hypo- chondriac. Referring to the illness of a friend, he says, ' But oh ! what are your bodily sufferings, acute as they undoubtedly are, to the mental torture I suffer from the fever of the mind ?' 434. Under such suffering it is hardly surprising that men have attempted suicide as Cowper did, believing, with the son of Sirach, that ' death is better than a bitter life or continual sickness.' 435. Those who overwork the mind, and have prolonged mental anxiety — those who have been accustomed to active life and have retired from it, are most subject to the ' vapours.' 436. Hypochondriacal people derive far more benefit from change of air and active exercise than from physic. Breakfast al; eight, dinner at two p.m., and supper at half- past seven, with no other stimulant than light bitter ale. 437. Burton, in his ' Anatomy of Melancholy,' remarks, 'It behoves the physician not to leave his patient helpless, but most part they offend in that other extreme : they prescribe too much physic, and tire out their bodies with continual potions to no purpose.' 438. What is known as ' gravel '—a thick muddy 4—2 6o ONE THOUSAND [439" state of the urine, leaving in the vessel a brick-dust sediment — depends more upon derangement of the liver and stomach than upon the kidneys ; and a dose of blue pill at night, and half a tumblerful of Friedrichshall water before breakfast for two or three mornings, is the best remedy. 43&. Those who suffer from ' gravel ' should avoid malt liquors and indigestible food, and take plenty of exercise. 440. Anything that depresses the general health, sugar, sweets, malt liquors, sweet wines, and high living, increases the liability to this disease. 441. A httle brandy, or weak whisky and water, is the most suitable stimulant for gouty people, and excessive fatigue does more harm than good. Eegular and moderate walking, or riding exercise, is advantageous. 442. The limb attacked with 'gout' should be kept in the horizontal position, and never be allowed to hang down ; and the gentle application of bella- donna liniment will reheve excessive pain. (See 421.) 443. ' Gout,' as Byron says, ' is the rust of aristo- craitic hinges ;' and the celebrated Dr. Sydenham, writing on the subject, remarks, ' It kills more rich men than poor, more wise than simple. Great .kings, emperors, generals, admirals, and philosophers have died of gout.' Thus Nature shows her im- partiahty; for those whom she favours in one way, she afflicts in another. 444. A person often feels better after an attack of gout than before it, and this false security often causes inattentiqn to rules of health ; such inatten- tion generally bringing' on another attack of gout. 455-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 6i 445. ' Gout ' often leaves one part to attack another. This is the most dangerous form of gout, and is generally caused by patients putting the part affected into cold water. 446. Few people suffer from gout before twenty or after sixty, and it is very uncommon in women. It appears earlier in life in those hereditarily dis- posed to it. 447. The pain of gout may be relieved, and the disease, so to speak, ' made easy,' by the hypodermic injection of one-third of a grain of morphia into the limb above the part affected, but of course this must be done by a surgeon. 448. AU composing medicines, given by the stomach, to relieve gouty pains, are injurious. 449. After an attack of gout in any shape a wise person will take a thorough hoUday. (See Ap- pendix, 27.) 450. Chronic rheumatism is common in old people, and those who have been exposed to cold and wet. 451. It generally attacks the textures around the joints, and the.sufferer is constantly annoyed,and his life made miserable, by the wearying gnawing pain. 452. Hot water-baths, hot air-baths, or vapour- baths medicated with sulphur, give great relief. (See Appendix, 22.) 453. In ' lumbago ' — rheumatism of the muscles of the back — a large belladonna plaster spread on leather wiU ease the pain. 454. All sufferers from chronic rheumatism should wear flannel, and avoid exposure to damp and cold. 456. They should also be careful in their diet, and eschew beer and heavy wines, 'port especially. 63 ONE THOUSAND [456- 456. The Mineral Water Hospital at Bath has wonderful efficacy in chronic gout and rheumatism. 457. The water there rises at the spring at a temperature of 113° Fahrenheit. 458. Rheumatism is one of the most commonj painful, and severe diseases of this country. 459. It arises from a vitiated condition of the blood. 460. The parts attacked by rheumatism are the muscles, tendons, and ligaments. 461. There are two distinct forms of rheumatism, the acute — rheumatic fever — and the chronic. 462. 'Rheumatic fever' is a most formidable disease, from the suffering it causes, and the injury so frequently produced by it to the heart. 463. The first sjnnptoms are restlessness and fever, with aching pain in the limbs, and great increase of temperature, following exposure to cold and wet. 464. In its severe form the patient presents a pitiable spectacle of helpless suffering: he is restless, but dare not and cannot move; the pain is so great that the weight of the bed clothes cannot be borne, and there is an acid sour perspiration and high- coloured urine. 465. Every remedy has been tried in this disease, the latest being the salicylate of soda, which cer- tainly shortens the attack. 466. Giddiness consists of a transitory sense of whirling, or falling ; surrounding objects appear to be in motion, the sufferer loses his balance for a second or two, but often recovers himself without falling. 467. It is often an important symptom of in- cipient disease of the brain. 468. Giddiness is but of little importance or 478.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 63 danger in people under fifty years of age, and generally depends upon derangement of tlie liver and stomach ; a dose of blue pill and black draught, with a tonic mixture after, will cure. 469. Giddiness is also common in over-worked, badly-fed people, and seamstresses are martyrs to it ; in the aged, it arises from a want of elasticity in the vessels of the brain, whereby the circulation becomes irregular, giving rise to congestion in one part of the brain, and deficiency in another. 470. The best beverage for flatulency is weak brandy-and-water, at "meals only. 471. Colic is generally caused by indigestion and flatulence. 472. Simple colic, though very painful, is not dangerous. A glass of hot brandy-and-water, and a good dose of castor oil, will give relief 473. Lead colic may be known by the pecuUar blue line round the gums of those attacked. Painters are most subject to it. 474. ' English colic,' or ' diarrhoea,' is common in hot weather. 475. The usual causes are, eating unripe fruit, raw vegetables, pork, veal, goose, duck, salmon, etc., drinking foul water, inhaling fumes of decaying animal or vegetable matter, and over-crowding. 476. It is seldom fatal except to young children and old people. 477. A flannel bandage round the bowels is a good remedy for those who frequently suffer from diarrhoea. (See Appendix, 14.) 478. ' In 1853, Taunton workhouse contained 279 inmates. In some of the rooms the breathing- 64 ONE THOUSAND [479' space was sixty-eight cubic feet of air for each person. Cholera swept away sixty-eight in one week.' 479. At the county gaol, the breathing-space was ' between eight and nine hundred cubic feet, and not a case of cholera occurred. Thus, while the poor were being decimated, the prisoners escaped. 480. ' Ague ' is common in low marshy districts. The fit comes daily, every other day, or every three days. 481. The first is commonest in England, and the last in India. 482. In the cold stage,'^oi negibs' is the bestdrink, and, in the hot, cooling drinks. (See Appendix, 6.) 483. James I. and Oliver CromweU died of ague. 484. An old adage says — ' An ague in the spring Is physic for a king.' If this be so, he should be a young one. 485. ' Bright's Disease ' is a common affection in middle age, in those who have been intemperate. Gradually increasiug weakness, pallor of complexion, sickness in the morning, and puffiness in the ankles towards evening, with wasting of the body, are the early symptoms. 486. Careful diet, abstinence from stimulants, warm clothing, with tonics and change of air, pro- long life in those suffering from it. 487. ' Bright's Disease ' is a fatty degeneration of the secreting substance of the kidney, and the secre- tion of water passed by a person suffering from this complaint may be quite natural ia appearance. 488. Exposure to cold, on recovering from scarlet fever, when the skin is ' peeling,' is often followed by an attack of ' Bright's Disease,' and is very fatal. 496.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 65 OLD AGE. 489. The average duration of life at sixty-one years of age, is thirteen and a half years in males, and fourteen and a half in females. At sixty-five, ten and a half in males, and eleven and a half in females. 490. At seventy, eight and a half in males, and niae in females. At seventy-five, six and a half in males, and seven in females. 491. At seventy-eight, five and a half in males, and five and three-quarters in females. At eighty, five in males, and five and a quarter in females. 492. At eighty-four, four in males, and four and a quarter in females. At eighty-eight, three in males, and three and a half in females. 493. At ninety, two and three-quarters in males, and three in females. At ninety-five, two in males, and two and a quarter in females. 494. At one hundred, one and a half in males, and one and three-quarters in females. 495. Out of every million people born, ninety thousand reach the age of eighty ; eleven thousand five hundred, that of ninety ; and two thousand one hundred and fifty-three, that of ninety-five. 496. Though the late Sir George Grey was a dis- believer in centenarians, yet facts seem to prove 66 ONE THOUSAND [497- that two hundred and twenty-three, of every milHon born, live to the age of one hundred years. 497. These statistics are taken from the returns of the Kegistrar-General, and he obtains them from death-certificates ; but these may, in the case of the very old, be fallible. 498. ' Old Parr ' is said to have lived to the age of 153, Henry Jenkias to the age of 169 ; and the Countess of Desmond, who died in the reign of Henry VIIL, history states, danced with Richard III. in her youth. 499. Government annuities and insurance rates are reckoned by the returns of the Registrar-General. 500. Death from old, age is a result of the failure of all the vital powers, more especially of the neryous power, and a slight shock or an attack of flatulent dyspepsia — wind in the stomach — is often fatal in the aged. 501. Death is the necessary termination of all the long succession of phenomena of which life consists. 502. In the old, the powers of life are small and the muscles are feeble and relaxed, and death from extreme age is never painful. 503. The sense of pain becomes paralyzed as the bodily power fails. 504. The rattling noise made in breathing at the termination of life, is simply an accumulation of phlegm in the throat which a dying person has not the power to expel. 505. Among the signs of approaching death, are the sunken eye, the hollow temple, and the sharpened nose. 506. What is known as the 'death-struggle,' is SI7-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 67 simply irregular action of the muscles, which the dying do not feel. 507. The faculties become so paralyzed before death, from old age, that the dying lose all fear of its approach. 608. Those who have recovered from apparent death by drowning, describe the sensations as pleasurable. 509. ' The ruling passion strong in death,' is more than a figure of speech ; the mind, as it fades, seems to recall the more important actions of the past life. 510. The last words of the celebrated Lord Chesterfield were, 'Show the gentleman a chair,' (polite to the last). 511. The final words of Napoleon I. were, ' The head of the army ;' and Lord Byron muttered as he sank to his rest, ' Let me sleep.' 512. The actions of the hands in the dying often show that the mind is engaged in the daily occupa- tion ; the dying taUor wUl sew, and the tale is told of an auctioneer striking with his hammer, and dying with the words ' Going, going, gone' on his lips. 513. The diseases of old age are generally dropsy, diseases of the heart, the lungs, the kidneys, urinary organs, or paralysis. 514. Insatiable thirst, loss of flesh and strength, and a frequent desire to micturate are early symp- toms of ' diabetes.' 515. In diabetes the urine contains a large quantity of sugar, and the disease is always fatal. 516. Diabetic patients often suffer from cataract. 517. Bran-bread and plenty of milk are good remedies in diabetes. 68 ONE THOUSAND [518- 618. The tissues of the body in old age often undergo fatty degeneration, and this may occur in thin as well as in stout people. 519. Apoplexy is a frequent termination of disease of the kidneys. 620. The first symptoms of apoplexy are faintness, giddiness, and sickness. 521. The tendency to it is often hereditary, but those who are accustomed to good living and have florid complexions and short, thick necks are most subject. 522. People at or beyond middle age, who suffer from giddiness on stooping, or a feeling of weight and fulness in the head, with noises in the ears, should take precautions. (See 527 and 528.) 523. Transient blindness, double vision, loss of memory, and indistinctness of articulation are often the premonitory symptoms of apoplexy. 524. The sudden cessation of an habitual dis- charge, such as from an ulcer, will sometimes cause a fit of apoplexy. 525. If a person in an apoplectic fit recovers con- sciousness, and then becomes unconscious again, recovery is rare. 526. In these cases a large clot of blood is gener- ally found pressing on the brain. 627. Strong bodily exertion, violent mental emo- tion, exposure to extremes of temperature, stooping, and tight neckcloths are among the causes of apoplexy. 528. A spare diet, temperance with regard to alcoholic drinks, and moderate exercise, are the best remedies for those who have a tendency to ■ this disease. S38-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 69 529. Bleeding, from the arm or elsewhere, in apo- plexy, increases the tendency to death. 530. Bleeding, years ago, was the invariable re- source in apoplexy ; but as the disease is rupture of a bloodvessel, on or in the brain, this remedy, by making the blood more watery, increases the mischief. ^ 531. Bronchitis kills nearly forty thousand people annually in England. 532. The phlegm in the early stage of bronchitis is clear and viscid, and sticks to the mouth. 533. In elderly people the first indications of this disease should not be neglected, as early treatment shortens the attack. 534. Shivering, add a feeling of tightness at the chest, with a general feeling of weakness, usually usher the attack, and the temperature rises to over 100°. 535. Those suffering from bronchitis should have the temperature* of the room at 65° to 70° F., and neither by day nor by night should it be allowed to fall below this. 536. An attack of the milder form of bronchitis lasts from nine to twelve days. Infants and old people are most subject to this disease. (See Appendix, 23.) 537. Bronchitis, when it attacks the small air- tubes of the lungs, is a very formidable disease, and lasts from three weeks to a month. (See Appendix, 8.) 538. In the last form the temperature rises to 103° F., the breathing becomes very difficult, the face blue, the body covered with cold, clammy sweats, and the exhaustion extreme, - 70 ONE THOUSAND [539- 539. "Warmtli is essential in old age, and a sud- den change from heat to cold is more dangerous to the old than to the young. 540. Going from a warm sitting or drawing'room to a cold bedroom is the frequent cause of bronchitis in elderly people. 541. When the circulation is enfeebled by old age, cold induces congestive diseases by throwing the blood from the surface of the body to the internal organs. 542. Hot fomentations and linseed-poultices give great relief in congestion of the lungs and bron- chitis. (See Appendix, 8.) 543. To make a linseed-poultice, ttik.Q fime-groundi, linseed-meal four parts, olive oil one part, boUing water ten parts. Mix the linseed-meal with the oil, add the water gradually, constantly stirring. 544. A linseed-meal poultice should be an inch thick and very hot ; a piece of thin flannel placed between it and the skin wiU enable the poultice to be put on hotter by far than it can otherwise be borne. 545. In this way it retains its heat for a much longer time, and is in every way safer. 546. Stupes are very beneficial in cases of bron- chitis where there is difficulty of breathing, and in aU internal affections where there is great pain. 547. The be^t stupe is made thus : wring a piece of flannel, eighteen inches square and four times thick, in water as hot as bearable, sprinkle it over with a tablespoonful of spirits of turpentine, and put it quickly on the bare chest or bowels, as the case may be. SS9-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 71 648. The best mustard-plaister is made thus : take of mustard, in powder, two and a half parts, linseed-meal two and a half parts, boiling water ten parts. Mix the linseed-meal with the water, and add the mustard, constantly stirring. 549. Put amustard-plaister next the skin in the old, but with muslin between it and the skin in the young. 550. If the atmosphere be chilly, those who have passed middle age should have a fire in their bed- rooms. (See 540 and 541.) 551. Stimulants are less injurious to the old than to the young, and a moderate amount of wine or spirit in the aged, where the vitality is low, tends to lengthen life. 552. Women who have never had children are more inclined to get fat than those who have. 553. Fat people are not always great eaters, but they invariably drink a great deal, even though it be only water. 554. The Dutch are proverbially as stout as the Americans are thin. 555. Farinaceous and vegetable foods are fattening, and sugar is especially so. 556. Insufficient exercise, ease of mind, over- feeding, and too much sleep, lead to obesity. 557. At Strasburg the geese are fattened by being kept near a fire, and by being constantly fed, which causes their livers to become enlarged and fattened, 558. The ortolan in Italy is kept in a dark room, and as its habit is to feed at sunrise, the room is lit by a lamp every few hours, when the bird feeds and goes to sleep again. 559. As this is done six or seven times in the 72 ONE THOUSAND [560- twenty-four hours, the bird soon becomes a lump of fat. 560. This is Mr. Banting's diet for those who are inclined to be too corpulent. For breakfast : four or five ounces of beef, mutton, kidneys, broiled fish, bacon, or cold meat (except pork), a large cup of tea -vrithout milk or sugar, a Httle biscuit, or one ounce of dry toast. 661. For dinner: five or six ounces of any fish except salmon (it would have been as well to have also forbidden herrings and eels), any meat except pork, any vegetable except potato. 562. Fruit of a pudding, any kind of poultry or game, and two or three glasses of good claret, sherry, or madeira ; port, champagne, and beer for- bidden. 563. Tea : two or three ounces of fruit, a rusk or two, and one or two cups of tea without milk or sugar. 564. Supper: three or four ounces of meat or fish, and a glass or two of claret. 565. For a nightcap, a glass or two of gin, whisky, or brandy. 566. Added to this, the sufferer must take a draught, containing one drachm of sal volatile and ten grains of carbonate of magnesia, twice daily. 567. AU alcohoUc liquids add to the fattening properties of food. 568. Whatever process be used for reducing cor- pulency, the weight should not be reduced more than one pound per week. (See Appendix, 15.) 569. The reduction in weight should not be carried on beyond the rule laid down in the table of average weights. S82.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 73 570. Lord Chesterfield used to say that fat and stupidity were inseparable companions. 571. Lord Byron had such a horror of fat that he chewed tobacco to stave off the calls of hunger. He believed fat to be an ' oily dropsy!' 572. ' Cancer ' is more common in women than in men. It is very rare in children ,or young people. 573. It usually begins as a small hard lump or tumour, and may remain stationary for years. 674. The average duration of life in those suffer- ing from active cancer is about two years. 575. If a sufferer undergo an operation in the earliest stage it seldom cures the disease, but it is the only stage at which an operation holds out any hope of success. 576. The disease has so far baffled aU treatment. 577. The pain of cancer is intense : it is described as a burning, stabbing pain, and, with the discharge, soon exhausts the powers of life. 578. Cancer of the tongue begins usually as a little fissure, and is often attributed by the sufferer to the irritation of a decayed tooth. 579. Cancer of the lip commences in the same way, and it has frequently arisen from the irritation caused by smoking a clay pipe. 580. In cancer of the lip an early operation will frequently entirely cure the disease; but if the glands of the neck are in any way affected by the disease an operation is of no avail. 581. ' Cancer-curers ' are ' a delusion and a snare,' and sufferers should beware of advertising ' quacks ' in this and all other diseases. 682. The disease is commonest in people- between •■ 5 ' 74 ONE THOUSAND [583- forty and sixty-fiye, and the influence of an inherited taint in cancer is very great. 583. ' Galvanism/ or ' Electricity/ is often useful in paralysis, where the cause depends on loss of nervous power, whether in adults or children ; but it is seldom of any service where the loss depends upon injury to the brain or spinal cord. 584. It is more beneficial in weakness after fever and debilitating diseases than when there is brain- disease. 585. In loss of power, being the result of an accident, it seldom does any good. We should eschew the quack ' galvanic ' brushes, etc., so widely adver- tised. They possess no electrical properties whatever. . 586. In fracture of the spine, that is, a ' broken back,' from a faU or any other cause, there is com- plete loss of power below the seat of the injury. 587. If the fracture be low down, a person may live a long time — even years. 588. If the arms are paralyzed, death usually occurs in a few days. 589. If fracture occurs above the origin of the nerves of breathing (at the top of the spinal cord), death is instantaneous. 590. Those who are the victims of ' heart disease ' should avoid all those causes which tend to suddenly increase the heart's action. 591. 'Aneurism' is a frequent cause of sudden death ; it is a thinning and rupture of certain of the coats of an artery; a beating sac or bag of blood being thus formed. 592. A person may suffer from this disease with- out being aware of it ; but the result, when the 6o3.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. ,75 artery becomes too weak to bear the strain and bursts, is immediate deatb. 693. ' Ulcers ' on tbe legs are often a cause of annoyance in old age, both to the sufferer and those around him. 594. They should not be allowed to become chronic, so that early attention to them is most important. 595. If an ulcer has existed for some time, the suppression of the discharge is dangerous. 596. Ulcers on the legs in old people will seldom heal without absolute rest. 597. Ulcers are common in people with varicose veins, i.e. enlarged knotted veins in the legs. 598. People who wear garters should wear them above the knee, as they are then not so likely to cause the above disease of the veins. 599. 'Piles' are more prevalent in the upper classes than in the lower ; they are caused by habitual constipation, pregnancy, the use of powerful purga- tives, rich Uving, insufficient exercise. 600. Those who suffer from piles should keep the bowels open with a tea-spoonful of confection of senna at bedtime, and sponge with cold water. 601. Where they bleed, rest in the horizontal position and injections of cold water give great rehef ; these constrict the enlarged vessels, and give tone to the relaxed tissues. 602. Stimulating and highly seasoned food, spirits, strong wines, and sedentary habits increase the mischief ia piles ; but ripe fruit, cooked vegetables, light claret, and acidulated drinks are beneficial. 603. External and internal piles are easily removed 6—2 76 ONU THOUSAND [604- by ligature, which is an operation free from danger excepting in the very old, and those whose constitu- tions are broken down by excesses. 604. The best ointment for piles is composed of equal parts of powdered ox-galls and hog's lard. 605. ' Dry gangrene,' or mortification, is a malady of old age; it depends on a diseased state of the arteries of the feet. 606. If there be blueness and pain in the toes, this disease may be suspected. 607. Warmth is the most important remedy. 608. In elderly people the bowels become torpid, from the loss of tone in their muscular tissue and other causes, and the use of aperients is necessary. 609. Nothing acts better than a dose of ' Fried- richshall ' or ' Hunyadi- Janos ' mineral water taken before breakfast. 610. ' Enlargement of the prostate gland,' placed near the bladder, often causes difficulty of micturi- tion in people beyond middle age. 611. The symptoms of this disease (which seldom begin before the age of fifty-five) may exist months, or years even, before retention or incontinence of urine occurs. 612. As the whole of the contents of the bladder cannot be voided, the remainder becomes ammo- niacal and causes great constitutional disturbance. 613. These cases require skilled surgical assistance. 614. An elastic gum catheter can be passed by a patient himself after a few lessons, and the rehef given is untold. 615. ' Catarrh of the bladder ' is common in old age. It may be called the ' cold ' of old people. 629-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 77 616. In catarrli of the bladder the urine is thick, but not bloody. (See Appendix, 28.) 617. Stone is far more serious in the male than in the female, subject, in whom it is seldom seen. 618. ' Gravel,' or stone in the bladder, is a painful disease of elderly people and young children. 619. Where there is a frequent desire to micturate, and the urine is sometimes bloody, a stone may be suspected. 620. The irritation of a stone in the bladder, by the constitutional disturbance it causes, makes life a misery. (See Appendix, 28.) 621. A stone, like the pearl in the oyster, first owes its origin to some small particle of extraneous matter in the kidney or bladder. 622. This disease should be attended to in its early stage ; delay makes it one of the most dreadful afflictions that humanity can suffer from. 623. A stone in the bladder has been known to attain the size of fourteen or sixteen ounces. 624. Stone is common in Norfolk, and it is due to a peculiar state of the water drunk there. 625. Soldiers and sailors are peculiarly free from stone. 626. Napoleon III. died from the result of crush- ing for stone. 627. In dropsy, puncturing the legs with a lancet will often give great relief /or a tvme. 628. Softening of the brain is a common cause of death in the old. Gradually increasing loss of memory and of power are the first symptoms, and the disease may go on for years. 629. A person dying of softening of the brain may be said to die in second childhood. 78 ONE THOUSAND [630- 630. Depression of spirits, and a, tendency to shed tears on any little excitement, are early symptoms. 631. SofteAing.of the brain rarely occurs before the age of fifty, and a frequent cause of it is ossi- fication of the arteries of the brain, whereby the brain is not properly nourished. 633. No system of treatment beyond good nourish- ment and attention to the ordinary rules of health avails in this disease, which is generally terminated by an attack of apoplexy. (See Appendix, 2-9.) 633. A sufierer from frost-bite should be put in a cold room, and the part rubbed with snow, and cloths dipped in cold water held between the hands of the person applying the remedy. 634. As reaction comes on, the part should be wrapped in flannel or cotton-wool, and a little spirit and water taken. 635. In this way sensibility and motion wiU be restored with burning and stinging pain, but without ulterior mischief 636. Where a person has been exposed to severe cold and is apparently dead, he should be put into a cold room, and friction applied to the body as before described. 637. These means must be continued for a long time, even if no signs of life appear. 638. Instances are recorded of recovery after severd. hours of suspended animation. 639. When the body has been exposed to long and severe cold, parts of it become frost-bitten. 640. The young and the vfery old, and those whose constitutions have become depressed for want of proper food, are most subject to it. 646.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 79 641. The parts most generally attacked are tlie hands, feet, nose, ears, and chin. 642. A frost-bitten part feels stiff and numb ; it looks pale, and has a blueish tint, and is shrunken. 643. A frost-bitten part should on no account be warmed, as rapid reaction causes inflammation and mortification of the injured member. 644. The cold bath is less applicable in infancy and old age, than in youth and middle life. 645. Exposure to extreme cold causes heaviness and stupor ; it gradually creeps on until there is an overpowering tendency to sleep, ■which, if indulged in, terminates in a speedy but painless death. 646. Exposure to sudden cold, cold bathing, etc., is not safe in old age, in those of a plethoric habit, in those suffering from heart disease, or in those who have a predisposition to active haemorrhage, such as bleeding at the nose, etc. 8q one thousand [647- MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. 647. Whole-meal bread is more digestible and nourishing than other bread. 648. Oysters in the raw state are self-digesting, but not so -when cooked ; so that by invalids they should be taken raw. 649. Meat is more easily digested when well cooked than when underdone; and aU salted meats are more indigestible than fresh. 650. Those who are nursing fever cases should live well, and take active outdoor exercise twice a day, and also have a daily bath. (See Appendix, 11.) 651. By this means the skin will, through per- spiration, throw off the poison inhaled in a sick- room. 652. Rapid loss of flesh is not so dangerous as a gradual one. 653. Perspiration is not weakening in itself, but is a sign of weakness. 654. No amount of indoor work will compensate for outdoor exercise, without which no person can be thoroughly healthy and well. 656. People of a phlegmatic temperament, who complain of inability to take exercise, are not too weak, but too indolent to do so. 656. Sound health, without active bodily exer- 662.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 8i tion, is impossible ; and though the actual tempera- ture of the body is not increased by it, the refuse in the blood and system generally, is rapidly con- sumed by muscular exertion. 657. Of all human beings born in England, one- half die before reaching their eighth year, only one- third reach their fourteenth year, and one-fourth their twenty-iirst ; thus three-fourths die before adult age. 658. Tight-lacing in women, by impeding the circu- lation, by displacing internal organs, and by altering the functions of the digestive and respiratory organs, kiUs thousands annually ; chlorosis or ' green-sick- ness,' and consumption are often due to this cause in yoimg females. 659. As the blood passes through the body, it collects the decayed and waste particles in the shape of carbonic acid gas, water, ammonia, etc. These are conveyed to the lungs, where, by ex- posure to the oxygen of the air, they are burnt off. 660. It can therefore be readily understood that tight-lacing, by impeding the free action of the lungs, prevents this process, the result being that the system becomes charged with effete and impure materials, and general derangement of health follows. 661. An overseer or churchwarden cannot give an order for medical attendance unless the case is one of 'urgent and sudden necessity,' such as an accident, or a woman in danger of her life in a confinement. 662. A glass of cold water taken early in the morning is a good remedy for habitual constipation. 82 ONE THOUSAND [663- 663. The childi-en of blood-relations — cousins — are, as a rule, weaker, mentally and physically, than those of strangers. This fact is also found to teU in animals and plants, and is known as ' breeding in and in.' 664. Six or seven o'clock dinners are more con- ducive to long life than late suppers, as the food in their case is digested before bedtime ; and many a fatal attack of apoplexy or heart-disease occurring during sleep has been due to an overloaded stomach. 665. A person cannot be put in. a lunatic asylum without the certificate of two medical men, who must see the patient at separate times. In the case of a pauper, one medical man and a magistrate must certify. The slightest informality in a certi- ficate vitiates the document. 666. After the reception of any patient into an asylum, the medical superintendent is required by statute to send, within seven clear days, to the Com- missioners in Lunacy a written certificate stating whether, from his own personal examination,, he is of opinion that the patient is insane. 667. But it should be distinctly understood that he gives no opinion as to the person being not insane. 668. Digestion goes on better when the body is at rest than when at exercise. 669. A man who is simply a surgeon, i.e. a member of the 'Royal CoUege of Surgeons,' can only charge for surgical and not for medical attendance. 670. Every household should possess a measuring- glass for medicine, as the sizes of table-spoons and tea-spoons vary so much. 678.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 83 671. People often think tliat a locality does not agree with, them, when really it is the house they live in which is at fault from some insanitary cause. 672. In taking a house, particular attention should be paid to the state of the drains and water, as certain fevers (e.g. typhoid fever, diphtheria, etc.) owe their origin to a foul state of one or both. 673. To ensure a water-closet being always sweet, a pipe should be carried from beneath the pan to the roof ; this will carry off all foul air in the soil- fife. 674. Eats, by opening up direct communication between the drains and the interior of houses, often spoil the best systems of trapping, and the mys- terious cause of many cases of fever may be traced to their agency. 675. All house-drains should have some disin- fectant thrown down them once every month ; and servants should not be allowed to throw water in which meat or vegetables have been boUed, down sinks in the house. 676. A publican cannot refuse to take into his house a body found dead on the road, either from the result of an accident or from sudden death. 677. In all cases of accident, where death has been caused by that accident, if it occur within a year, it is necessary to have an inquest, even though a doctor has been in attendance. 678. In cases of death from accident a post- mortem examination may be prohibited by the relatives of the deceased, unless there is suspicion 84 ONE THOUSAND [679- of foul play, and in that case an order from the coroner is necessary. 679. A medical man cannot charge for a certifi- cate of death, unless for other than registration purposes. 680. When a death occurs in a house, notice of the same must be given to the registrar of the dis- trict withia five days of such death ; but it is advis- able to procure as soon after death as possible a certificate from the medical man who attended, in case any ulterior action should be necessary. 681. If a person to whom a medical certificate of the cause of death is given by a medical man faU to deliver that certificate to the registrar, he is liable to a penalty not exceediug two pounds. 682. If an inquest is held on the body of any deceased person, a medical certificate of the cause of death need not be given, but the certificate by the coroner of the finding of the jury shall be suffi- cient. 683. It is a popular error, very commonly beheved, that the eye can be taken out of its socket and put back again. 684. ' Squinting ' is due to unequal contraction of one or more of the muscles that move the eye ; it can be remedied by cutting the offending muscle. 685. In midwifery cases the fee covers the first three visits ; but when illness arises as the result of the confinement, it is charged as an ordAnary ill- ness. 686. If attendance on servants is paid for by the employer, or if he sends for the doctor, the charge is the same as for himself, 696.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 85 687. A master is not liable for medical attend- ance on Ms servant unless he sends for the doctor. 688. It is illegal to move a person suffering from an infectious disease from one house to another. 689. Medical charges are generally regulated according to the station in life of the patients, and night visits are charged double. 690. A medical man does not charge so much for the medicine as for the skill and attention bestowed upon the patient. 691. Medical men are not in the habit of giving items, but a patient may demand them, and the medical practitioner is bound by law to furnish them ; but it would be far more satisfactory if items were attached to bills by physicians and surgeons ia the way done by solicitors. 692. When a medical man is called upon to meet a consultant, his fee is generally half the con- sultant's fee. 693. The ordinary fee for a consultant, where the distance is within a mile, is one guinea. 694. A medical certificate of death should be delivered to the registrar when the death is re- gistered, and to no other person. 695. People subject to determination of blood to the head should have the head of the bed raised four inches by a block of wood under each of the top posts. 696. Whisky is the least, and gia the most, in- jurious spirit. People who drink the former seldom suffer from gout. Gin-drinking causes enlargement and then atrophy of the liver, commonly known as ' hob-nailed ' or ' gin-drinker's liver,' 86 ONE THOUSAND [697- 697. An ordinary person can daily consume four ounces of proof brandy, if diluted, without shortening life. This is equivalent to nearly half a pint of port or sherry in alcoholic strength. 698. Sherry contains from thirty to thirty-five per cent, hy volume of proof spirit ; port, thirty to thirty-seven; Amontillado, t-wenty-iseven ; claret, sixteen ; Chateau Latour, seventeen ; Kosau, six- teen ; Vin Ordinaire, eighteen ; Rudesheimer, eigh- teen; Edinburgh ale, thirteen; London porter, eleven ; cider, five to eight per cent. 699. Port and sherry contain large quantities of sugar. Olaret contains none, and is therefore the best wine for people inclined- to corpulency or gout, and port is the worst. 700. ' Effervescent wines ' are more rapid in their stimulative effects than still wines. They are more suitable for delicate stomachs. Champagne wiU often remain on the stomach when nothing else will. 701. Persons killed by Hghtning seldom show much external injury, though every tissue in the body is utterly disorganized, and the body may really be reduced to a pulp. 702. In cases of poisoning, one table-spoonful of mustard in half a pint of warm water is within the reach of everybody, and is, moreover, a good emetic. 703. With many persons, a dinner off a plain joint is not so easily digested as a dinner of many courses. 704. The best way to take castor oil is to shake it up in a wine-glassful of hot milk in which some cinnamon has been boiled; the castor oil can then scarcely be tasted. 7I4-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 87 705. The only way in which an ordinary petson can tell the difference between apoplexy and extreme intoxication, or poisoning by opiuni, is by the smell of the breath. This should be carefully attended to, but in no case should there be the slightest delay in seeking skilled assistance. 706. Where there is complete insensibility and the patient cannot be roused, the case, even in intoxication, is extremely dangerous. 707. It is needless to say that a person imay be suffering from a combination of hoth. 708. The room in which a dead body lies should be sprinkled with one part of carbolic acid to forty of water, and the windows should be open night and day. 709. In case of death from ordinary disease, a body will not be offensive during cold weather in a fortnight, but it will become so in two to four days ia hot weather. 710. Those who die from consumption will keep longer than those who die from other diseases. 711. If a person die of an infectious disease, for the sake of the living the body should be removed at once to the mortuary; then the funeral may be delayed some days with safety. ■ 712. If a body lying in a dwelling be a nuisance to others, the medical officer of health should be communicated with, when steps will be taken for its immediate removal. 713. If any nuisance injurious to health exists, the same should be reported to the inspector of nuisances for the district, 714. True ' cataract ' is where the lens or capsule 88 0N£ THOUSAND [7iS' of the eye is opaque ; spurious, where the opacity is formed ia front of the lens by deposits, 715. Eard cataract is a disease of elderly people ; soft cataract prevails in childhood and middle age, and occurs more often singly than the former. Like gout, it is often hereditary. 716. The habitual examination of miaute objects ia a dependent position of the head, by which an undue quantity of blood is thrown on the eyes, is supposed to frequently bring on cataract. 717. Dimness of sight is the first symptom, and the sufferer can see better in the twihght than in strong light. 718. No known , medicine has any effect on cataract. It is advisable to have the operation for cataract delayed till the sight is wholly gone. 719. Immediate and free cautery with a piece of iron at dull-red heat is the only safe remedy for the bite of a dog; and this is not so painful as is supposed. 720. ' Hydrophobia ' may not show itself for years after the bite of a mad dog, but six weeks to three months is the usual time, and not more than one in twenty-five of those bitten suffer from the disease. 721. The mortality among illegitimate children is more than double that among legitimate, owing mostly to carelessness and inattentive nursing. 722. ' Chloral ' liberates chloroform in the blood, and is a most dangerous drug ia iaexperienced hands, and especially so in the hands of those who have weakened their nervous power by over-stimu- lation. An over-dose of chloral arrests the heart's action, and fatal syncope is the result. 723. For reheving extreme pain, as ia gout, neu- 730.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 89 ralgia, etc., it is the best anodyne of all, as there are no after ill-effects, no furred tongue, and no con- stipation, as when taking preparations of opium. 724. In case of -a person found dead in bed or elsewhere, the best thing to do is first to communi- cate with the medical man who last attended the deceased, who will generally, if there is no suspicion of foul play, give a certificate of death. 725. Should he refuse to do so, the police are the necessary officials to acquaint with the fact, and the body should be disturbed as little as possible. - 726. It is the duty of the police to acquaint the coroner for the district of the circumstance, who in his discretion will hold an inquest or not, as the case may be, generally in the nearest inn to where the body lies. 727. Late hours and anxious pursuits, by ex- hausting the nervous system, shorten life. 728. The body during life is constantly giving off effete matter, which clogs the pores of the skin ; hence the necessity for frequent washing, and the use of the flesh-brush and hard towels. 729. Physiology teaches the knowledge of vital actions in a state of health ; pathology the same in disease. 730. The function of nutrition consists of five stages: first, the introduction into the stomach of appropriate fOod ; second, the formation therefrom of a nutritive principle for the blood ; third, the transformation of the nutritive quahties of the blood into the tissues; fourth, the re-absorption of the transformed tissues into the blood ; fifth, the ex- cretion of the various effete matters from the blood. , 6 go ONE THOUSAND [73i- 731. The uniform and undisturbed action of all these processes makes the difference between health and disease. 732. Unclaimed bodies, the waifs and strays of large towns, are now used for dissecting purposes, and the 'Anatomy Act ' compels the superintendents of medical schools to have buried with religious rites those bodies used for dissection. 733. If a member of a family dies of an obscure disease, or if the cause of death is uncertain, the surviving members should allow a post-mortem examination to be made, as by so doing the know- ledge gained may be the means of saving similar cases from much suffering or even death. 734. In cases where there is suspicion of foul play, a post-mortem examination will often convict the guilty or exonerate the innocent, and it is idle prejudice to object to it. 735. ' Embalming ' is the process by which human bodies can be kept unchanged for a great number of years. 736. It is done by extracting as much as possible the perishable parts of the body, such as the bowels, heart, lungs, and brain, and filling up the cavities, either with spices and gums, as did the Egyptians, or with powerful disinfectants, as is done now. 737. The process adopted in the present day is to force, by means of a syringe, a strong preserving solution into the main artery leading from the heart. This was done in the case of Napoleon III. 738. The body of Charles I., after the lapse of nearly two hundred years, when the coffin was opened in the presence of the Prince Regent, after- 74S.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 91 wards George IV., was found almost perfect, the cartilage of tlie nose only being deficient. 739. The art of embalming as the Egyptians did it, has long been lost in the ' mist of ages.' 740. Uneasiness and headaches arise from breath- ing air in which less than one per cent, of the oxygen has been replaced by other matters, while the persistent breathing of such air tends to lower all kinds of vital energy and predisposes to disease ; hence the necessity of sufficient air and ventilation for every human being. 741. To be supplied with respiratory air in a fair state of purity, each person ought to have at least eight hundred cubic feet of space to himself, and that space ought to be freely accessible by direct or indirect channels to the atmosphere. 742. A room nine feet long, nine feet wide, and nine feet high, only contains seven hundred and twenty-nine cubic feet of air. 743. The breathing process is far more active in proportion to the weight of the body in children, and diminishes gradually with age ; this shows how necessary it is not to put too many children in one room for sleeping. 744. When a man is strangled, drowned, choked, or in any other way prevented from inspiring sufficiently pure air, what is known as ' asphyxia ' comes on. He grows black in the face, the veins become turgid, insensibility, not unfrequently ac- companied by convulsive movements, supervenes, and death occurs in a few minutes. 745. Old wells, beer vats, and drains, often con- tain at the bottom an accumulation of carbonic 92 ONE THOUSAND [746- acid gas, -whicla is invisible and inodorous ; to enter any place containing ten per cent, of this gas means death. 746. Before a person enters an old well or vat, a lighted candle should be let down, and if it go out, the air is deadly. How many lives have been lost through ignorance of this little fact ! 747. A master must defray the expenses of the burial of any servant dying in his house, if such person have no relatives. 748. Cholera is more common in hot than in cold weather, and in adults than in children. About one-fifth of those attacked die. 749. It is not contagious, being propagated by impure water affected by the excretions of cholera patients, and experience has shown that hospital surgeons and nurses exposed to the concentrated miasma of choleraic poison rarely escape taking the disease, while those who pass from bed to bed, and then into the open air, seldom catch it. 750. ' SmaU-pox ' is fatal to thirty-three per cent, of those attacked in the unvaccinated, but only to two per cent, in properly vaccinated persons. 751. There is no contagion so powerful, or so certain, as that of small-pox, and there is no well- authenticated case known of a person having it twice. 762. In the years 1660-1679 small-pox was fatal to 35-7 in every 100,000 inhabitants of London ; in 1859 the proportion was 42 in every 100,000; and its average is about the same now, as the Compulsory Vaccination Acts have been in force since 1854. 763. ' In'o6ulation ' for small-pox is now illegal. 763.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 95 754. Louis XV. of France died of small-pox at the age of sixty-four. He was supposed to have had the disease when fourteen years of age. 755. ' Tic-douloureux,' or neuralgia, when not de- pendent on the irritation of a decayed tooth, is occasioned by weakness and deranged health. (See Appendix, 22.) 756. Where it is caused by a decayed tooth, no remedy — if stopping is impossible: — can equal in efficacy extracting the tooth. 757. Tapping each tooth gently with a key will generally tell the one diseased, by the pain elicited, and will often detect a decayed tooth when the eye cannot. 758. In neuralgia the pain extends to each tooth on the affected side of the face, after the first day or two. This fact is due to what ' physiologists ' call ' sympathetic action.' 759. ' Sciatica ' is the same disease in the nerves of the leg ; exposure to cold and wet are often the causes. 760. ' Headache ' is frequently the first symptom of fevers. In ordinary headache nothing is better than a Httle soda-water and brandy. Close rooms and too much brain- work often cause intense head- ache, generally known as nervous headache. 761. An attack of rheumatic fever, as a rule, owes its origin to sleeping in a damp bed; nothing is more dangerous. 762. If the bed-clothes appear to stick to the skin, they are damp, and the bed is not safe to sleep in. 763. Loss of voice often occurs as the effect of a severe shock to the nervous system, and is a frequent 94 ONE THOUSAND [764- symptom in hysterical young women, wlien it de- pends on a flaccid or powerless state of the vocal chords. 764. ' Hay-fever ' is not a very common disease ; it arises from the irritation caused by the inhalation of the germs or possibly the pollen of spring grass or hay. It generally lasts three or four weeks. A change of air to the seaside is the best remedy, or washing out the nose with a weak solution of quinine. 765. ' Hay-fever,' in those who suffer from it, comes every year, when the pollen of hay and flowers is floating in the atmosphere. 766. In 1510 there was a severe epidemic of in- fluenza in England. 'Influenza' is supposed to arise from some contamination of the atmosphere. 767. Dr. Southwood Smith says that when, in 1847, influenza broke out in London, it spread in a single day over every part of the metropolis, and affected upwards of half a million people. 768. It differs from an ordinary cold in greater severity of symptoms, and especially in the prostra- tion to which it gives rise. 769. Paper which has been saturated in a strong solution of saltpetre, if burnt Under the nose, wiU often give great relief in asthma. 770. ' Asthma ' is more common in men than in women, and is often hereditary. 771. A fit of asthma looks very alarming, but it is seldom fatal. It leads eventually to diseases of the heart and lungs. 772. Those who suffer from this complaint should eat very light suppers if they wish to avoid night attacks of this distressing disease. (See Appendix, 12.) 783.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 95 773. Most asthmatics are thin and round-shoul- dered, and have an anxious expression of face; their cheeks are hollow, and their voices generally hoarse. 774. Mineral waters are of but Httle use to the young and the aged. 775. The change of air and of scene that a visit to a spring entails, adds materially to the value of the remedy. 776. The waters of Cheltenham are useful in the diseases of the liver in those who have resided in India and other tropical climates. 777. Gouty and rheumatic people also derive great benefit from, the above-mentioned waters, and the waters being aperient in action, they suit plethoric people. 778. In scrofulous constitutions, those waters con- taining iron in combination with other salts are the best. 779. Trefrew, in Carnarvonshire, is probably the strongest chalybeate spring in the United Kingdom. It is especially useful in ' green-sickness,' or poverty of blood in young girls. 780. Cheltenham- waters are said to have cured George III. of insanity ! 781. The hot springs of Bath were known in the time of the Romans. They are very beneficial in rheumatic affections, more so eodemally than inter- nally. 782. ' Yichy waters ' are useful in debUity of the digestive organs, in gravel, and in gout, Half a pint to two pints may be taken daily. 783. ' Friedrichshall water ' is useful in congestion gS' ONE THOUSAND [784- of the liver and kidneys, and as an aperient in con- stipation of the bowels. Half a pint before breakfast will act as a brisk purgative. 784. ' Hunyadi Janos ' is a strong purgative water, useful in obstinate constipation and congestion of the internal organs. 785. ' Chapped hands ' are usually caused by the use of hard water. The hands and face, to prevent this affection, should be thoroughly dried after washing. 786. A little glycerine or oil, by softening the hardened and contracted skin, will cure chapped hands. 787. Sea water does not induce a ' cold ;' this is probably due to its stimulating effects on the skin. 788. If a dress catch fire, the person should be at once wrapped in the nearest material at hand, such as a hearth-rug or blanket. 789. The administration of laughing-gas (nitrous oxide) or of chloroform is dangerous to those who are victims to heart disease, or who suffer from de- termination of blood to the head. 790. No person should take either without the sanction of a surgeon, and the presence of one other than the administrator. 791. ' Sunstroke ' is fatal to forty per cent, of those attacked. It is caused by exposure to the direct rays of the sun in hot Aveather, when the nervous system is depressed either from over-indulgence in stimulants, or suppression of perspiration, etc. 792. It is very fatal, to British soldiers in India and other tropical stations; when attacked they faU down, and die in a very short time, the sun's rays 8o3.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. g7 actirig upon the brain like a shock and suddenly influencing the nervous system and arresting the heart's action. ' 793. Cold to the head, and stimulants, should be immediately used until skilled advice is at hand. 794. A person who has had sunstroke is never the- same after it : loss of memory and of nervous power aie the common effects of the attack. 795. For nervous debility a ' shower-bath,' is often of great benefit, and is more beneficial than any other. 796. A shower-bath should be taken before the morning meal, and at first the water should be tepid. 797. The skin should be well dried with a rough towfel after a bath ; this will produce an agreeable feeling of warmth, which is an indication that the bath is beneficial. 798. As the veins run on the surface of the extremities, it ought easily to be understood that tight garters are a frequent cause of ' varicose veins,' and ulcers on the legs. (See 597.) 799. Children should never be accustomed to wear garters, as they prevent the venous circulation, and lead to disease of the valves of the veins. (See 598.) 800. Hot brandy and water is the best remedy for 'cramp in the stomach,' in emergency. (See Ap- pendix, 12.) 801. Cupping and bleeding have gone out of use more than they ought to have done, but the bleeding of years ago was immoderate and injurious. 802. Before applying leeches, wash the afflicted part well, and rub over with cream. 803. A leech -bite and the fomentation after generally draw away about a tablespoonful of blood. g8 , ONE THOUSAND [804- 804. To relieve the head from fulness of blood, the best place to put leeches is behind the ear. 805. A ' seton ' in the neck was a favourite way of relieving the head years ago, but it is now quite ' out of fashion.' The seton was made by passing a broad needle armed with tape through about an inch of the skin of the neck. 806. An ' issue ' was made by applying a powerful caustic to a small spot in .the calf of the leg or else- where, and keeping it open with a pea fixed on the spot. 807. Lord Eyron and Sir Walter Scott were killed by being over-hied. 808. ' The lancet,' some old writer says, ' has slain more than the sword.' 809. In the inflammatory stage of sprains a few leeches applied to the part will give great ease by relieving the tension. 810. ' Deafness ' often arises from the accumula- tion of wax in the ear; this occasions buzzing noises in the head. 811. To dislodge the wax, syringe the ear with hot water for some time every day until relief is felt. 812. If an abscess form in the neck or face, it is better to have it opened with a lancet than to allow ■ it to break, as the scar which results does not dis- figure so much. 813. 'Hiccough' is a spasmodic action of the diaphragm, the large muscle separating the lungs from the stomach and bowels. 814. It is dangerous when it comes on after an accident, or in the last stage of a long iUness. 815. In children a sudden fright will often cure it, 826.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 59 and in adults a few draughts of cold water have the same effect. 816. Not only green wall papers, but papers of other colours, may contain arsenic, and those who occupy rooms papered by them often show symptoms of arsenical poisoning. 817. A person unable to swim, falling into deep water, rises and sinks two or three times before he finally disappears, the specific gravity of the body being increased as the air is expelled from the lungs. 818. If a body has not been in the water more than five to eight minutes, hfe may be restored. 819. In drowning, death occurs from the impure state of the blood, as the lungs are blocked and the blood becomes charged with carbonic acid. 820. In some cases, death occurs within one minute. 821. When a person is taken out of the water apparently drowned, he should be instantly turned on the face, holding the arm under the forehead, to dislodge fluid from the mouth and throat, then turn him on his back again. 822. Next quickly rub the face and chest with the hand or towels, turning the body on the side, when inspiration wiU take place. 823. Again turn the body on the face, when expiration will take place. 824. In the meantime send quickly for surgical assistance and blankets. 825. This treatment applies equally to cases of hanging, suffocation in wells or beer-vats, etc. 826. Death caused by total abstinence from food and drink is said to occur in eight to ten days, but roo ONE THOUSAND [827- persons will live forty or even sixty days on water alone. 827. A French philosoplier, from experiments, found that a reduction from one hundred pounds in weight to sixty pounds was always fatal, and that before the body lost one-fourth of its weight death occurred. 828. So insatiable and agonizing aire the pangs of hunger, that mothers have been known to eat their own children. 829. The history of the siege of Jerusalem under Titus, as recorded by Josephus, describes these horrors graphically. 830. After long fasting, food and drink should be given in very small quantities. 831. Those who have imdergone the horrors of starvation are seldom able to describe them, the brain becoming weak with the body. 832. Sinall bags containing camphor are fre- quently worn by people attending infectious diseases. They are of no service. Exercise in the fresh air is the best preventive. (See 60.) ' 833. It is difficult to say how long the infection of scarlet fever will last, but fresh cases have been known to occur from using linen which has been put away for a yewr. 834. The poison of ' puerperal (or childbed) fever ' will hang about a mattress or room for two or three years, and it is great risk for a woman to be nursed in childbed in any place where the disease has occurred two years previously. 835. Where contagious disease has occurred in a house, such as scarlet fever, the rooms should be 845.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. loi lime-washed, and all bed furniture and curtains, if not destroyed, washed or baked. 836. ' Bleeding at the nose,' if it cannot be stopped by the application of cold -water to the nose, may be stopped by passing up the nostril a long strip of lint on a penholder. 837. This should be left in for twenty-four hours and then withdrawn. The operation is perfectly easy and painless. 838. 'Bathing,' or the bath, besides serving the purpose of cleanliness, is a great agent in the pre- servation of health. 839. The Baths of Diocletian, in Eome, Would accommodate eighteen hundred persons at one time. 840. ' Cold bathing ' always does harm when the powers of the body are too languid to bring on a reaction called the 'glow.' (See 646.) 841. Anyone whose skin becomes blue, or who feels cold, languid, or drowsy, after a cold hath, may take it for granted it does not agree with him. 842. The 'vapour-bath,' by inducing profuse perspiration, is very serviceable in gout and rheu- matism. 843. The 'shower-bath' answers best in head affections, and is useful in bracing up the system in nervous debility. 844. The beard is a valuable protection to the throat and lungs, and should be cultivated by all those who suffer from weakness of those organs. 845. 'Cramp' is the spasmodic contraction of some muscles from irregular nervous action. The best remedy is to put the opposing muscles in action ; 102 ONE THOUSAND [846- thus, a person attacked in bed should jump up and stretch the leg out. (See Appendix, 12.) 846. Where it is necessary to apply ice to the head or body, it should be broken into pieces the size of a filbert and put into an ox bladder. 847. By this means the sufferer is not annoyed on account of the constant dribble of cold water, and the bed-clothes are kept dry. 848. Ice may be kept for a long time, even in hot weather, by wrapping it in a blanket. 849. Any respectable pastrycook or confectioner can procure ice within twelve hours. 850. Ice-bags may be bought, but a bladder is a very good substitute. 851. ' A water-bed ' is necessary in cases of fever and where the vitality is low, as in paralysis ; other- wise bed-sores will result. 852. ' Bed-sores ' are the most troublesome com- plications of long exhausting illnesses, and the greatest cleanliness is necessary to avoid them. 853. If the uriae be allowed to saturate the mattress of a bed, it soon becomes ammoniacal and acts like a blister ; this is the most frequent cause of bed-sores. 864. A water-bed, by making the pressure equal on aU parts of the body, is the best way of avoiding them. 855. A water-bed should be half fiUed with water and then filled tightly with air. 856. They can be hired from respectable chemists at a cost of about 3s. 6d. per week. 857. If it is not possible to procure a water-bed, the pressure should be taken off the part which seems inflamed and likely to become a bed-sore. 870.J MEDICAL MAXIMS. 103 858. The circulation of tlie blood through the part should be encouraged by the application of brandy if the skin is not broken. 859. ' Auscultation ' by means of the stethoscope is most valuable in throwing light upon the diseases of the organs of respiration and circulation in the chest. 860. The physician, by carefully studying the sounds in health and disease, is able to judge of the condition of those organs with the greatest accuracy, and thus detect and arrest incipient disease. 861. Laennec, in 1816, invented the stethoscope. 862. The best and most certain remedy for corns is glacial acetic acid, applied every night for a week. 863. ' Warts ' can be cured by cutting them down and then touching them with nitric acid (aqua- fortis). 864. A 'bunion' is an enlargement of the pad that nature has placed to cover a joint. 865. An inflamed bunion requires poulticing and rest ; it is a very troublesome affection. 866. Tight boots are the usual cause of bunions. 867. The ancients, who wore sandals, never suffered from bunions. 868. In any injury to the eye, such as a blow from an exploded copper cap, etc., no time should be lost in seeking skUled advice, as irreparable damage may be done by a few hours' delay. 869. The specific gravity of cow's milk is 1-033. 870. An instrument known as the ' lactometer ' is sold, by which the specific gravity of any milk can be told. This will show whether the milk has been IP^ ONE THOUSAND [871- watered, and also whether the cream has beea re- moved. 871. The milTt of a she-wolf contains six times more butter than that of a woman. 872. That of an ass contains half as much as that of a woman. 873. Goats' milk is richer than cows' milk. 874. In-growing toe-naUs are caused by tight boots. Scraping the nail until it becomes thin wUl often relieve it. 875. Should it not do so, the nail may be pain- lessly extracted under the ' ether spray.' 876. In no surgical operation is the ' ether spray ' so useful as in this. 877. It freezes the part on which it is directed, and by doing so destroys aU sensation ; but this returns without ulterior mischief. 878. Feigned disease is common in hysterical young women and impostors. 879. ' Epileptic fits ' are a favourite recourse of impostors, and the application of a piece of iron, made too hot to bear, but not hot enough to injure, will soon discover the trick. 880. Hysterical women often feign hip-disease, paralysis, and debility, for years. 881. In making beef-tea, the meat should be cut into small pieces and put into cold water. (See Appendix, 2-4.) 882. If it be put into hot water, the albumen of the meat is coagulated, and the nutriment of the meat kept in. (See Appendix, 2 and 4.) 883. The finest ground linseed-meal is the best for a poultice, and it is also the cheapest. 896.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 105 884. The best ointment for sore eyelids is oint- ment of nitrate of mercury one part, and lard three parts, to be rubbed in twice a day. 885. ' Steedman's powders ' contain half a grain of calomel in each powder, according to chemical analysis. 886. 'Chlorodyne' is a combination of chloroform, prussic acid, morphia, Indian hemp, peppermint, and treacle. 887. 'Norton's chamomile pills' are made of extract of aloes, extract of gentian, and oU of chamomile. 888. ' Morison's pills ' contain gawhoge,, a drastic and dangerous purgatiye. 889. Mineral waters containing iron should never be taken without medical sanction. 890. They are only good in cases of poverty of blood, from loss of blood, or from long exhausting diseases, fevers, etc. 891. Those who accustom themselves to the free use of stimulants in health, will derive but very httle benefit from them in disease. 892. Dr. Beaumont, from experiments on a Cana- dian (Alexis St. Martin), who had an external open- ing into his stomach, caused by a gunshot wound, found that rice and tripe were digested in one hour. 893. Eggs, salmon, trout, apples, and venison, were each digested in one hour and a half. 894. Tapioca, barley, milk, and liver were each digested in two hours. 895. Turkey, lamb, and potaitoes, each in two hours and a half. 896. Beef and mutton each required three hours, and veal longer still. 7 ro6 ONE THOUSAND [897- 897. Under ordinary circumstances, from three to four hours may be taken as the average time for the digestion of a meal in the stomach. 898. Food should be well masticated before being swallowed, as its admixture with saliva is necessary to digestion. 899. The indigestion of old people often arises from their want of teeth to properly masticate food. 900. The skin and the lungs throw off nearly three pounds of efl'ete matter daily. 901. The kidneys of a healthy man, between twenty and forty years of age, give out fifty-two ounces and a half daily. 902. In injury to, or disease of, either side of the brain, the paralysis is found on the opposite side of the body to the seat of the mischief 903. 'Short-sightedness' depends on too great con- vexity of the lens of the eye, so that the image of any object is thrown too much in front of the retina — the surface which. conveys the rays of light to the brain. 904. ' Long-sightedness ' is the reverse of the pre- ceding; the rays are thrown beyond the retina. 905. Convex or concave glasses will remedy these several defects. 906. The human brain weighs, on the average, forty-nine ounces in the male, and forty-four in the fe'male. 907. The ' heart ' weighs, in the adult male, ten ounces, and in the female nine. 908. The kidneys, in health, weigh four to four and a half ounces. 909. ' Holloway's pills ' are made of aloes, four 919-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 107 parts ; jalap, ginger, and myrrh, each two parts — all mixed into a mass with mucilage, and divided into two-grain pills. 910. ' HoUoway's ointment ' contains butter, lard, Venice turpentine, white and yellow wax, and nothing else. 911. ' Widow Welch's piUs ' contain sulphate of iron (green vitriol). 912. An inspector of nuisances cannot be denied access to premises where he suspects a nuisance exists. 913. If access be denied, a magistrate's order will enable him to enter. 914. If, by the recommendation of the medical officer and inspector of a sanitary authority, it is deemed requisite to alter drains, provide water- closets, or supply water, the owner of the property is bound to do it. 915. Any nuisance which is deemed injurious to health should be reported to either of the officers of the sanitary authority, the medical officer of health or the sanitary inspector. 916. The ' Pubhc Health Act ' provides for all this. 917. The best remedy for ' feet that perspire ' and become offensive, is to wash them every morning in cold water, to which two ounces of salt, or alum, to the gallon has been added. 918. It is a good plan to wear cloth boots and cork soles, if a person be so unfortunate as to suffer from this unpleasant affection. 919. Leather boots are the worst that can be worn in the above complaint, as they retain the perspira- tion and heat. 7-2 io8' ■ ONE THOUSAND [926- 920. Flannel socks are better than cotton in these cases. 921. If a thorn get into a finger, an easy way of drawing it out is to press firmly over the part with a watch-key, or any small key, when the thorn can be easily removed by tweezers. 922. Thorns left in the flesh often cause deep- seated inflammation and abscess. 923. In a ' whitlow ' the matter is deep-seated, and early lancing is necessary. 924. In spite of poulticing, a 'whitlow' will often not come to a head. 925. If it be left to itself, or to homely remedies, it may occasion the loss of a finger or even a hand. 926. Though there maybe great pain, there is often very Httle to see of a ' whitlow ' in the early stage. 927. A ' contused wound ' or bruise is caused by a violent blow, and the injury is beneath the skin. 928. A 'punctured wound' is such as would be made by a sword or bayonet. 929. A ' lacerated wound ' is where the parts are torn. 930. This last is more likely to cause 'lockjaw' than the two former. 931. ' Lockjaw ' usually begins with a feeHng of tightness about the muscles of the throat. 932. ' Tartar about the teeth ' may be removed by a weak solution of acetic acid. 933. If a tooth begin to decay it should be stopped at once or not at all. 934. If people take care of their teeth in early life, they sufi'er less from indigestion in old age. 935. Early decay of the teeth depends upon con- 946.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 109 stitutional debility and want of proper cleansing more than upon eating too much, sugar, which is by some supposed to destroy the enamel. 936. The negroes of Jamaica, who eat large quantities of sugar, are noted for their pearly teeth. 937. ' Loss of hair ' is common after fevers and debilitating disease; but as the hair-bulbs are not destroyed, friction to the scalp, and a lotion contain- ing cantharides, will effect a cure. 938. Two fluid drams of tincture of cantharides to two ounces of eau-de-cologne make an excellent stimulating lotion for producing hair, 939. ' Moles,' ' mother's marks,' consist of dark- coloured patches covered with hair; they are fojmed by irregular deposits of pigment with enlargement of the hair-bulbs. , 940. Grey hair is. an indication of loss of nervous power. 941. Instances have been known where the hair has turned quite grey in a week ; and it is said that Marie Antoinette's hair turned grey in a single night. 942. Gutta-percha dissolved in chloroform makes a good appHcation for cuts and threatened bed-sores. 943. ' Tracheotomy ' is sometimes performed as a last resource in croup, but it is a dangerous operation. 944. In tracheotomy the wind-pipe is opened below what is called ' Adam's apple.' 945. The best test for damp sheets or bed-clothes is to put a looking-glass in the bed, having previously warmed the bed with a warming-pan, or by lying in it. 946. ' Glanders' may be caught from a horse suffer- ing froTii this disease. no ONE THOUSAND [947- 947. In the human subject it gives rise to ' farcy- buds,' and is a loathsome and incurable malady. 948. It is illegal to keep a horse suffering from glanders. 949. The bite of a glandered horse should be treated hke the bite of a mad dog, by cautery. 950. ' Quarantine ' was first instituted in 1448 at Venice, -when that city was the great emporium of European trade. 951. In these days of rapid communication it is of less service than then. 952. ' Scurvy,' due to the want of potash in the food, was the scourge of the navy 150 years ago. 953. In Lord Anson's memorable expedition round the world, which left England in 1740, four out of five of the original crew died of scurvy. 954. Admiral Hosier in 1726 twice lost his crew from this disease. 955. If a sailor die of scurvy now, some one must be as responsible for his death as if the event were due to poison. 956. Vegetables and hme-juice are specifics for this disease. 957. In 1795 an Admiralty order was issued for supplying the fleet regularly with lime-juice. 958. The addition of fifteen grains of carbonate of soda to a quart of milk makes it far more wholesome for children and invalids. 959. It is best to use the white as well as Xhe'yolh of an egg in making wine, or brandy-egg mixture for invalids. 960. If the ' stomach ' cannot retain food it should be known that Hfe may be sustained by the injection of enemata or clysters into the bowels. 97I-] MEDICAL MAXIMS. in 961. The best enema for this purpose consists o eight tablespoonfuls of heef-tea, two of cream, and one of braiidy, for each injection. (See Appendix, 10.) 962. ' Fasting girls and boys ' are a delusion and an imposture, for life cannot be maintained without food of some description for a longer period than twenty-one days. 963. The Welsh fasting girl died when subjected to the scrutiny of constant watching in about that time, proving that in some way food had been pre- viously conveyed to her. 964. No person, for the relief of pain, should attempt to administer or inhale chloroform himself. 965. It is a most dangerous practice to inhale chloroform from a handkerchief when lying in bed, but, as recent inquests have shown, a common one. 966. Some people bear chloroform better than others ; but the usual after-effects are intense head- ache and sickness. 967. The dose of chloroform taken internally is from one to three drops ; it is prescribed in the form of chloric aether. 968. Chloric aether contains one ounce by weight of chloroform to nineteen ounces by measure, of rectified spirit. 969. In this form it will mix with water. 970. Chloric aether is useful in sea-sickness and in almost all cases of irritation of the stomach ; the dose is twenty to thirty drops in a wineglassful of cold water. 971. ' Blue pill ' contains one grain of mercury to two grains of conserve of roses. 112 ONE THOUSAND [972- 972. ' Gregory's powder ' is composed of magnesia, rhubarb, and ginger in powder. It is an old and poor remedy. 973. 'Grey powder' is composed of one part of mercury to two of chalk ; the dose for an adult is five grains. 974. ' Dover's powder ' is composed of one part of opium, one of ipecacuanha, and eight of sulphate of potash ; the dose for an adult is ten grains. 975. The shock of the nervous system in a rail- way accident is often trivial at the time, but after- wards in many cases leads to softening of the brain or spinal cord. 976. Extreme nervous debility, loss of sleep and mental power, are often the result of shock. 977. This may occur without any marks of violence or loss of blood. 978. Concussion of the spinal cord is a frequent result of a railway collision. 979. Doses in medicine depend on the age of the individual, thus : where an adult would take sixty drops, an infant of two or three months would take three drops. 980. A child of six months and up to one year, five drops, or one-twelfth. 981. A child of two years, seven and a half drops, or one-eighth. 982. A chUd of three years, ten drops, or one- sixth. 983. A chUd of four years, fifteen drops, or one- quarter ; and one of seven years, twenty drops, or one-third. 984. A youth of fourteen years, thirty drops; and one of twenty, forty drops, or two-thirds. 992.] MEDICAL MAXIMS. 113 985. ' Inoculation ' was brought into England by Lady Mary W. Montagu from Turkey in 1721, where it had been practised many years. Inoculation is^practised with matter from a smallpox vesicle, and produces a modified form of smallpox. 986. The fatal results from inoculation were one in five to six hundred ; the operation is illegal now. 987. Before vaccination was introduced, smallpox killed half a milhon people in Europe every year, and a fourteenth part of the death-rate of London was caused by the disease. 988. Jenner never claimed for vaccination that it was an absolute preventive, but that it was as good a safeguard as an attack of the disease itself, without any of the latter's risk to hfe and horrible dis- figurement. 989. In disinfecting rooms after smallpox, scarlet fever, etc., aU windows, doors, and outlets should be closed, and one pound of sulphur put in a metallic dish and a little spirits of wine poured over ; this should be set alight, and the fumes kept in the room three hours ; after which all doors and windows should be thrown open for twenty-four hours. 990. A dry heat of 250° will destroy all infection in bedding, clothes, curtains, etc. ; for this purpose a baker's oven is well adapted. 991. The heart is Uke a double force-pump, and consists of two sides or four chambers. The blood is forced from one side to the lungs, where it is purified ; it then returns to the other and left side, and is from thence forced all over the system. 992. The circulation of blood was discovered by 114 ONE THOUSAND MEDICAL MAXIMS. [looo. ■William Harvey, a physician in the time of Charles I. and II. 993. The pulse is caused by the action of the heart propelling the blood over the body throi%h the arteries. 994. Marshy, low-lying localities are always un- healthy, the decaying vegetable matter causing malaria, ague, and rheumatism. 995. The beneficial effects of sea air are due to its purity, the equability of its temperature, to the iodine it contains, and to the constant presence of ozone. 996. Mountain air is pure, but has a low tem- perature ; it contains a large proportion of ozone. 997. The amount of rain in resorts for invalids is not of such moment as the way in which it falls ; a region liable to sharp, heavy showers being better than one where it drizzles like a Scotch mist. 998. The best resorts abroad for invalids are those where the temperature is equable and the rainfall small — Mentone, Nice, San Remo, Malaga, and Algiers. 999. The climate of Madeira, the West Indies, and the Azores is very hot for invalids, and the moisture is considerable. 1000. The diseases most likely to be cured or benefited by change of climate are the following : consumption, chronic bronchial affections, asthma, dyspepsia and disorders of the digestive organs, chronic gout and rheumatism, affections of the kidneys, and nervous debility. APPENDIX. N.B. — The doses in all the prescriptions given are for adults. In giving them to others, reference must he made to the table of doses in ' Maxims ' 979 to 984. 1. 'Human Milk' (Artificial).' Fresh cow's milk, 1 pint. Skim milk, ^ pint. Water (hot), \ pint. Sugar of milk, 1 oz. Dissolve the sugar of milk in the hot water and mix. This makes the nearest approach to human milk attainable, and the addition to the above of ten grains of carbonate of soda would prevent it turning sour and render it more diges- tible. On this a child would thrive — if obliged to be dry- nursed — for the first seven or eight months of its existence. Referring to the mode of feeding infants in England and Scotland — and these remarks should be taken to heart by all mothers — Dr. William Farr, Registrar-General, says : ' Discarding all lesser differences in these tables, the strik- ing fact appears, that it is convulsions which is the chief cause of the very high proportion of infantile deaths in England as compared with Scotland. Thus, in England 35 infants died from convulsions in every 1,000 infants living, but only 6 died in Scotland in every 1,000 from the same cause. ' There is, therefore, something terribly faulty in the present mode of treating infants in England, and there is the most urgent necessity for something being done to arrest this fearful waste of human life ; for if the English mortality from convulsions were reduced to the Scottish standard, seventeen thousand lives would be annually saved to England! These 17,000 infants, who annually die in England from convulsions above the Scottish proportion, are truly lives wasted, and their deaths are truly preventible deaths ; and the saving of thcEc lives would of itself lower the total mortality of infants in England to that of Scotland. * This food for infants will soon be manufactured in a 'con- densed ' form for the use of the public. ii6 APPENDIX. ' There cannot be the slightest doubt that the very high mortality among the nursing children of England is due to the fact that they get spoon meat far too early in life, before the stomach of the tender babe can digest anything but the mother's milk. This is indeed the vital difference between the mode of feeding infants in Scotland and in England. As a general rule, no spoon meat of any kind is given to infants in Scotland until nine months from birth are expired, or until the child has cut its front teeth.' 2. Extract of Beep. Take one pound of rumpsteak, mince it like sausage-meat, and mix it with one pint of cold water. Place it in a pot at the side of the fire, and heat very slowly. It may stand two or three hours befoi-e it is allowed to simmer, and then . let it boil gently for fifteen minutes. Skim and serve. The addition of a small tablespoonf ul of cream to a teacupf nl of this beef-tea renders it richer and more nourishing. Some- times it is preferred when thickened with a little flour or arrowroot. (Dr. Tanner.) 3. Eggs, Cream, and Extract of Beef. Wash two ounces of the best pearl sago until the water poured from it is clear. Then stew the sago in half a pint of water until it is quite tender and very thick ; mix with it half a pint of good boiling cream and the yolks of four fresh eggs, and mingle the whole carefully with one quart of good beef -tea, which should be boiling. Serve. '•"''^Mg -nowrisMng broth is very useful after acute disease in cases of lingering convalescence. (Tanner.) 4. Beep Tea. Take one pound of beef minced very fine and put it in a common earthenware teapot, with a pint and a half of cold water. Stand the pot on the hob so that it may simmer for at least three hours. About three-quarters of a pint of good beef -tea will be thus obtained. 5. Invalid Pudding. One teaspoonf ul of flour, one egg, one breakfast-cupful of fresh milk. Mix, tie down in a jam-pot, and boil for twenty minutes. Turn out and serve with red-currant jelly or butter, as preferred. (Author.) 6. "White Wine Whey. To half a pint of boiling milk, add one or two wineglass- fuls of sherry or madeira. The curd to be separated by straining through a fine sieve or piece of muslin. Sweeten the whey with refined sugar. A pleasant drink in consimiptwn and exhausting diseases. APPENDIX. 117 7. Caudle. Beat up one egg with a ■wineglassful of sherry, and add it to half a pint^of hot gruel. Flavour with sugar, nutmeg, and lemon-peel. Or, Beat up two tablespoonf uls of cream in a pint of thin gruel, add to this one tablespoonful of curajoa or noyeau, and a wineglassful of sherry. Flavour with sugar-candy, and ,let half a tumblerful be taken cold at intervals. Useful in sleeplessness a/ad debility, also in colds, influenza, etc. 8. Brandy and Egg Mixttjee. Take the whites and yolks of three eggs, and beat them up in four ounces of plain water. Add slowly three or four ounces of brandy, with a little sugar and nutmeg. Two tablespoonfuls should be given every four or six hours. In some cases of great prostration the efficacy of the mixture is much' increased by the addition of one dram of the tincture of yellow cinchona bark to each dose. (Tanner.) 9. Bread Jelly. Take a quantity of the soft part of a loaf, break it up, cover it with boiling water, and allow it to soak for some hours. The water — contaiuing all the noxious matters with which the bread may be adulterated — is then to be strained of£ com- pletely, and fresh water added ; place the mixture on the fire and allow it to boil for some time until it becomes smooth ; the water is then to be pressed out, and the bread on cooling will form a thick jelly. Mix a portion of this with sugared milk and water, for use as it is wanted. (Dr. Churchill.) A good food for infants at the time of weaning, and for children with acute disease. 10. Beep-tea and Ckeam Enemata. Mix together four ounces of strong beef -tea, one ounce of cream, and a tablespoonful of brandy. This may be ad- ministered four or six times in the twenty-four hours by means of an ordinary enema apparatus. In cases of acute inflammation of the stomach or bowels, cancel' of the stomach, or obstinate sichiess in pregnancy, etc., where it is necessary to avoid giving food by the mouth. 11. Bark and Camphor. Spirits of camphor, 20 minims ; rectified spirits, 1 fluid dram ; infusion of yellow cinchona bark, IJ fluid oz. Make a draught. To be taken every six or eight hours by a nervous atte^idani in a side-room. ii8 APPENDIX. 12. Ether Mixture. Spirits of ether, spirits of chloroform, of each 2 fluid drams ; tincture of cardamom, 6 fluid drams ^ spirits of nut- meg, 2 fluid drams ; peppermint water, 8 oz. Two or three tablespoonfnls occasionally. Inflatulence, asthma, spasm, palpitation of the heart, and colic. 13. Digestive Dinner-Pill. Pepsine (pigs'^, 32 grains ; extract of Barbadoes aloes, 8 grains ; glycerine, sufficient to make a mass. Divide in eight pills ; silver them. One to be taken every day at dinner. In indigestion and habitual constipation. 14. DiARRiiCBA Mixture. Dilute sulphuric acid, 1^ dram ; gallic acid and tincture of opium, of each 1 fluid dram ; "syrup, 1 fluid oz, ; water, 6 fluid oz. ; spirits of chloroform, 2 fluid drams. Two tablespoonfnls to be taken every four or six hours. In obstinate diarrhoea. 15. Tonic Aperient Mixture. Sulphate of magnesia, J oz. ; potassio-tartrate of soda, 2 scruples ; infusion of gentian, 2 fluid oz. Make a draught. To be taken every morning. In corpulency, congestion of the liver, and to relieve the effects of too good living, without destroying the appetite or disturbing the stomach. 16. Tonic Mixture. Quinine, 12 grains ; dilut^ phosphoric acid, 2 fluid drams ; tincture of nux vomica, 1 fluid dram ; syrup of orange, 1 fluid oz. Water up to 6 oz. Dose, two tablespoonfnls three times a day. A powerful nervine tonic, in debility, after fever, in wantofappe- titefrom nervous exhaustion, overwork, anxiety, and other causes. 17. Liver Pills. Resin of podophyllin, J grain ; extract of colocynth (com- pound), 2J grains ; extract of hyosoyamus, 1 grain. Make into a pill. Two to be taken occasionally. In sluggish liver, biliousness, and as a good purgative. Or this : Blue pill, 1^ grain ; compound extract of colo- cynth, 3 grains ; powdered ipecacuanha, \ grain ; acetic extract of colchicum, ^ grain. Mix. Two to be taken oc- casionally. An excellent liver pill. 18. Extract of nux vomica, 3 grains ; compound colocynth pill, 20 grains ; extract of hyoscyamus, 40 grains. Mix and APPENDIX. 119 divide in twelve pills. They may be continued for about ten days, two being taken every night. In haiitual constipation. 19. A Cold Lotion. Solution of acetate of lead, 2 fluid drams ; spirits of wine, 3 fluid drams ; spring water, 6 fluid oz. Mix. Linen cloths, wet with this lotion, to be kept applied to the part affected, and changed as often as they become warm or dry. In sprains, erysipelas, and bums. 20. Sulphate of iron, J dram ; Epsom salts, 3 drams ; tincture of nux vomica, 1 fluid dram ; spirits of chloroform, 2 fluid drams ; water, 6 fluid oz. Mix. Two tablespoonf uls to be taken three times a day. In debility, from poverty of blood, in young females and others. 21. An Astringent Gargle. Take of tannin 1 dram, of acid infusion of roses 6 fluid oz. Mix and gargle frequently. In relaxed throat. 22. An Anodyne Liniment, x Take of belladonna liniment and compound camphor liniment, each 1 fluid oz. Mix, and rub in gently. In sprains, gout, rheumatism, neuralgia, chilblains, and other painful affections. 23. A CoDGii Mixture. Carbonate of ammonia, | dram ; ipecacuanha wine, ^ fluid dram ; tincture of opium, | fluid dram ; syrup of squills. 4 fluid drams ; camphor water, 6 fluid oz. Mix. Two table- spoonfuls to be taken three times a day. In most forms of cough, and in the chronic bronchitis of old people. 24. Borax and Honey. Take of powdered borax 1 dram ; honey, 1 oz. Mix. In sore mouth, the thrush, and ' white-mouth ' of infants. 25. Take dilute nitro-muriatio acid, \ fluid dram ; tincture of orange-peel, 3 fluid drams ; infusion of quassia, C fluid oz. Mix. Two tablespoonfuls to be taken three times a day. In indigestion, inactive liver, biliousness, and debility. 26. Tincture of arnica, 6 fluid drams ; water, 8 fluid oz. Mix, As a lotion in spraim, contusions, and burns. 120 APPENDIX. 27. Bicarbonate of potash, 3 drams ; syrup of lemon, 1 fluid oz. ; water, 1 quart. Mix for a day's drink. Very useful in the gouty diathesis and in acute rheumatism. (^A drink called ' Constitution Water ' owes its efficacy to the ii- carhonate of potash it contains.) 28. Take saltpetre, 1 dram ; spirits of juniper, 2 drams ; spirits of nitre, 3 fluid drams ; infusion of bnohu, 6 oz. Mix. One-sixth part every six hours. In catarrh of the Madder, difficulty of micturition and scanty secretion of urine in old people. 29. Take of bicarbonate of potash or carbonate of soda, 24 grains ; sal volatile, 16 minims ; syrup of ginger, IJ fluid dram ; peppermint water up to 1 oz. Mix. One teaspoon- f ul to be taken every four hours for an infant from two to four months old. In acidity of the stomach, griping, andfretfulness. 30. Take of sweet essence of senna and of peppermint water, of each 2 fluid drams. Mix. A pleasant laxative draught for a child from two to four years old. 31. Take of calomel 1 grain ; powdered jalap, 3 grains ; powdered ginger, 1 grain. Mix. Dose, from five to fifteen grains, according to age. A good purgative for worms, convulsions, and biliousness in cJiiJdren. 32. Astringent Gaeglb. Take of burnt alum 2 drams ; tincture of capsicum, 2 fluid drams ; syrup of orange-peel, 1 fluid oz. ; water, 8 fluid oz. Mix. In hoarseness, sore throat, relaxed tonsils, etc. 33. Chemical Food.J Take of phosphate of iron 40 grains ; dilute phosphoric acid, 1^ fluid dram ; syrup of orange-peel, 1 fluid oz. Water to make tip 4 fluid oz. Mix. One tablespoonful to be taken three times a day. A syrup of the phosphates of iron, lime, soda, and potash, is made up and sold hy chemists by the name of ' Chemical Food,' and is of great value in all fcrms of scrofulous disease, rickets, and general debility in infants and children. INDEX. (Tlie Figures refer to the Numhers of the Maxims.) Abscess of breast, 33, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305 of face, 812 Accidents railway, shock from, 975 effects of, 976, 977, 978 Acne, 279 Ague, 480, 481, 483, 484 best drinli iu, 482 Alexis St. Martin, 892 Aneurism, 591, 592 Annuities, 499 Aperients for elderly people, 608 Apoplexy, 519, 622 best remedies for, 528 bleeding for, 529, 530 causes of, 521, 524, 527 recovery in cases of, 525, 526 symptoms of, 520, 523 to detect from intoxication, 705, 706, 707 Asses' milk, 28 artificial, 29 Asthma, 770, 771 description of, 773 and suppers, 772 to reheve, 769 Athletic exercises, 281 for ladies, 282 Atrophy in infants, 25 Auscultation, 859, 860, 861 Bath springs at, 456, 457, 781 Baths, 838, 839 cold, 645, 646, 840, 841 shower, 843 vapour, 842 Beard, 844 Bed-clothes, damp, 762, 945 Bed-sores, 852, 853 application for, 942 ^ causes of, 853 ■■^ to prevent, 857, 858 Bed, water, 851, 854 to fill, 855 to hire, 856 Beef-tea, 881, 882 BUiousness, 411, 412 Bite of glandered horse, 949 of mad dog, 719, 720 Bleeding, 801, 807, 808 at nose, 836, 837 Blood amount of, 335 circulation of, 991, 992, 993 fuhiess of, 340, 341 poverty of, 227, 228, 890 to the head, 695 Blue disease, 383 Bo'Us, 347 treatment of, 348, 349 Bournemouth, 215, 216 climate of, 217 Brain injury to, 902 weight of, 906 Bread, whole-meal, 647 Breast-pumps, 306 Bright's disease, 485, 486, 487 8 122 INDEX. Blight's disease — coniiimeil causes of, 488 symptoms of, 485 Broncliitis causes of, 539, 540 duration of attaolc, 636, 537 phlegm in, 582 stupe for, 547 symptoms, 533, 534, 538 temperatuie of room in cases of, 535 mortality from, 531 Bruises, 371 Bunions, 864 infleuned, 865 cause of, 866, 867 Bums, 147, 148, 150 Byron, Lord, Wed, 807. Cancer age for, 582 commencement of, 673 duration of life, 574 occurrence, 572 operation, 575 pain of, 577 treatment of, 576, 581 of lip, 579 cause, 579 operation, 580 of tongue, 578 Castor oil best way to take, 704 for infants, 53 Catalepsy, 260, 261, 262 Catarrh — cold causes, 264, 265 treatment, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270 of bladder, 615, 616 Cataract operation, 718 symptoms, 717 'true' or 'false,' 714, 716, 716 Charges, medical, 669, 689 for consultations, 692, 693 midwifery, 685, 690 items in, 691 Chicken-pox, 91 Chilblains, 130, 131 boots for ehildren with, 133 Child-bearing, age for, 191 Children bones of, 141 boxing ears of, 137, 138 bread for, 161 Children — tontiimed, burns on, 147, 148, 160 consumption in, 107 croup in, 112 diarrhcea in, 143, 145 cause, 143 treatment, 144 dimness of sight in, 140 dreams of, 185 eating poisonous berries, 159 eight-months', 827 exposing legs of, 132 garters for, 135 hardening, 184 itch in, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167 mortality among illegitimate, 721 outdoor exercise, 123 purgative for, 146 rashes, 161, 162 ringworm, 173, 174 scalds in, 149, 150, 152 seven-months', 326 sickening, 67 \ six-months', 325 . sleeping accommodation for, 56, 156, 157 stockings for, 135 styes in, 172 worms in, 108 Chloral, 722 overdose of, 723 Chloric ffither, 968, 969 in sea-sickness, 970 Chlorodyne, 886 Chloroform, 789, 790 after effects, 966 danger, 965 dose of, 967 to inhale, 964 Cholera, English, 474 cause of, 475, 476 Asiatic, 478, 479, 748, 749 Climates for invalids, 215, 997, 998, 999, 1000 Cold, exposure to extreme, 639 640, 641, 642, 643 CoUc, 470, 471 treatment, 472 ' painters' ' (lead), 473 Confinements, after-pains, 314 attendance in, 291, 292 blood-poisoning after, 294 Csesarean section, 328, 329 deaths in, 321, 322 diet after, 316, 320 INDEX. 123 Confinements — aontinucd difficult, 293 getting up after, 316, 317, 318, 319 liability to infection after, 295, 296 Congestion, profluotion of, 541 Constipation, 662 cold-water cure for, 542 Consumption appearance in, 212 best resorts for those in, 215, 216, 217) causes of, 208, 213 curability, 214 deaths from, 200, 203 infection of, 201 naas in, 218, 219 symptoms, 203, 204, 205, 206, of death in, 211 treatment, 207, 209, 210 Convulsions, 42 Corns, 862 Cousins, marriage of, 663 Cradle-cap, 114| use of soap in, 115 Cramp, 845 in stomach, 800 Croup, 112 symptoms of, 113 Capping, 801 Curtains, use of, round a bed, 366 CuTTature of spine, 125 treatment, 126 Cuts of artery, 248 of Tein, 247 to stop bleeding from, 246 application for, 942 Dead body length of time to keep,. 709, 710 after infectious disease, 711 room containing, 708 when a nuisance, 712 Deafness cause, 810 remedy, 811 Death, accidental, 676, 677 post-mortem examination, 678 action of hands in those near, 512 apparent from exposure, 636, 637 apparent recovery from, 503 Death — oontinued certificate of, 679, 680, 681 in case of inixuest, 682 delivei7 of, 694 from drowning, 817, 818, 819, 820 from exposure to cold, 644 fi'om obscure disease, 733, 734 from old age, 500, 501, 502, 503 from starvation, 823 ruling passion io, 509, 510, 511 signs of approaching, 505 rattle, 504 struggle, 506, 507 sudden, what to do in, 724, 725, 726 Derbyshire neck, 251 Diabetes remedies for, 517 symptoms, 514, 516 urine in, 515 Diarrhoea, 143, 144, 474, 475, 476, 477 Digestion, 668, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897 time necessary to, 898 Dinners, late, 664 plain, 703 Diphtheria fatality in, 94 symptoms, 97 Disease, feigned, 878, 880 to detect, 879 Disinfection, 835, 889 Dislocations, 238, 239 Doses, for all ages, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984 Drains disinfecting, 675 rats in, 674 state of, 671, 672, 673 Dress on fire, 788 Dropsy, 687 Drowned, treatment of the, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825 Dissection, bodies for, 732 Bar-ache, 153 Eczema, 114, 115 Eggs for invaUds' mixtiu'es, 959 Elastic stockings, 351, 352 Embalming, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739J Endemic, 106 Enemata, nutritive, 960, 961 Epidemic, 104 causes of, 105 Ether-spray, 875, 876, 877 8-^2 124 INDEX. Exercise, outdoor, 65i, 655, 656 Eye, injury to, 868 squint in, 683, 684 Ms, ointment for sore, 884 Fainting, 252 Ealliug of womb, 316, 317 Easting, 962, 963 Fat, Lord Chesterfield and, 570 Lord Byron and, 571 Fatness, 552, 554 causes of, 556 eating and, 553 best remedies for, 343 diet, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565 fulness of blood in, 341 in illness, 342 to reduce, 566, 567, 568, 569 Feet offensive perspiration, 917 remedy for, 918, 919, 920 Fever, scarlet, 80, 81 congestion of Mdneys in, 87 incubation of, 77 symptoms of, 80 termination of, 81 Typhoid, 85, 86 incubation of, 79 milli, a cause, 100, 101 symptoms of, 83 Typhus, 98 Fevers, contagious, 99, 835 ventilation in, 102, 103 Flatulency, best drink for, 470 Flesh, loss of, 652 Fomentations, hot, 542 Food amount consumed, 334 and alcohol, 567 fattening, 555 Fractures varieties, 41, 42 first treatment, 237 green-stick, 142 of spine, 586, death from, 587, 588, 589 symptoms of, 240 Frostbite causes, 637 parts attacked, 639 appearance, 640 persons liable to, 638 treatment of, 633, 634, 635, 636 642 use of warmth, 641 Galvanism, 583, 584, 585 Gangrene, dry, 605 remedy, 607 symptoms, 606 Garters, 598, 798, 799 Geese, Strasburg, 557 Giddiness, 466, 467, 469 before apoplexy, 520 Gift of unknown tongues, 263 Glanders, 946, 947, 948, 949 Glass-measure, 670 Goat, 441, 443, 444, 445, 449 composing medicines in, 448 age, 446 to relieve pain of, 442, 447 Gravel, treatment of, 438, 439, 440 Green sickness, 228 Hair, grey, 940, 941 loss of, 937 remedy, 938 Hands, chapped, 785 cure for, 786 Harelip, 109, 110 Hay-fever, 764, 765 Head, to reheve fulness of blood in, 804, 805 Headaches; 740, 760 Heai't action of, 991, 992 weight of, 907 nervous derangement of, 374, 381, 382 Heart disease, 372, 373, 874, 375, 376, 378, 380, 590 cause of death in, 379 Hiccough, 813 to relieve, 815 when dangerous, 814 Hip disease in children, 127, 128, 129 Housemaid's knee, 271 treatment, 272 Hydrophobia, 720 Hypochondriasis, vide ' Vapours ' Hysteria, 192, 193, 195 causes, 197 symptoms, 198 to distinguish from epilepsy, 196 treatment, 194, 199 Ice to apply, 846, 847, 850 to keep, 848 to procure, 849 INDEX. 125 Indigestion, Abemethy on, 394 causes, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389 in old age, 899 diet, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 406 in infants, 24 pain in, 409, 410 pepsine for, 406 quackery and, 392 Socrates on, 385 symptoms, 390, 391, 393 treatment, 395 alcohol and, 396, 397 Infants and feeding bottles, 12, 13, 15,16 Infants, atrophy in, 25 best purgative for, 54, 55, 57 brought up by hand, 26 castor oil for. 53, 55 congestion of lungs in, 123 diet when weaned, 43, 44, 45, 46 dry-nursed, 3, 10 indigestion in, 24 lungs of stillborn, 158 obstruction of bowels in, 168 opium for pain fti bowels, 169 rupture in, 171 spoon-feeding of, 6 tongue-tied, 11 tooth-rash, 118 when to put to the breast, 5 white-mouth in, 36 wind in, 34 Infection to destroy, 833, 834, 990 to prevent, 58, 832 to remove oases of, 688 Influenza, 766, 767, 768 Inoculation, 763, 985, 986 fataUty in, 987 Insanity, 257, 258, 259, 263 Issue, 806 Jaundice, 416, 417 symptoms, 418 Kidneys secretion of, 901 weight, 908 King's Evil, 250 Lancing the gums, 38, 39 Late hours, 727 Laudanum, 35 Laughing-gas, 789, 790 Leeches, 802, 803, 804, 809 Life, average duration of at birth, 1, 2, 657 at 15—25 years, 187, 657 at 35—60 years, 331, 332 at 61—100 years, 489, 497 Lightning, death caused by, 701 Lime-water, 17 Linseed-meal, to use, 543, 544, 545, 883 Liver, Chinese idea of, 415 congestion of, 412, 420, 422, 423 causes, 425 treatment, 426 inflammation of, 423 drugs acting on, 421 position, 412 weight, 419 Locahties, healthy, 671, 672 Lock-jaw, 930, 931 Long sight, 904 remedy, 905 Louis XV., 754 Lumbago, to relieve, 453 Lunatics certificate for, 665 laws relating to, 666, 667 Lungs, 900 congestion of, 123 Malaria, 994 congestion of lungs in, 86 incubation of, 78 symptoms of, 82 German, 92 Meat, digestion of, 649 Middle age, diseases of, 333 MUk asses', 27, 28, 872 artificial, 29 condensed, 30 cows', 869 adulteration, 870 carbonate of soda in, 958 to test, 870 goats', 873 human best artificial substitute, 14,30 brought up curdled by in- fants, 27 first, 312 good supply in wet-nurse, 20 regular flow of, 313 126 INDEX. Miscarriage, 324 Moles, or mother's marks, 939 Monomania, 256 Mountain air, 996 Mtimps, 139 Mnstard-plaister to make, 54S to use, 549 NeiTous debiKty, shower-bath for. 795 Nettle-rash, 116, 117 Neuralgia, 229 treatment, 230 from decayed tooth, 756, 758 Nightmares, 368, 369 Nipples, retracted, 307 treatment, 308, 309 sore, 10 treatment, 11 Nipple-strings, to break, 38 Nuisances, 713, 915, 916 inspector of, 912, 913, 914 Nurses dosing infants, 23 duty of, 59, 60 in fever cases, 650, 651 nostrums, 34 wet, 18, 19 antecedents, 21, 22 good supply of milk in, 20 Nutrition, 730, 731 Ointment for sore eyeUds, 884 HoUoway's, 910 Old age cold weather and, 550 diseases of, 573 softening of brain in, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632 stimulants in, 551 tissues of body in, 518 use of bowels in, 608, 609 Old Parr, 498 Opiates for infants, 35 Ortolans, 558, 559 Oysters, 648 Paralysis, seat of, 902 Paregoric, 35 Paupers, medical order for, 661 Perspiration, 653 Physiology, meaning of, 729, 730, 731 PUes, 599 Piles — continued diet in cases of, 602 ointment, 604 operation, 603 treatment, 600, 601 Fills blue, 971 Holloway's, 909 Morison's, 888 Norton's chamomile, 887 Widow Welch's, 911 Poisoning, emetic for cases of, 702 Poultice, linseed-meal, 542 to make, 543, 544, 545 mustard to make, 458, 459 Powder Dover's, 974 Gregory's, 972 grey, 973 Steedmau's, 885 Pregnancy constipation in, 288 during suckling, 299 loss of blood during, 289, 290 sickness in, 283, 284 reme^, 285 to enjoy good health during, 286, 287 Prostate enlargement of, 610, 612, 613 symptoms, 611 use of catheter in, 614 Proud flesh, 370 Puberty, 188, 189, 190 Pulse, 337, 339, 993 number of beats in health, 336 in disease, 338 Quack medicines, 55 Quarantine, 950, 951 Quartets, 323J Quinsy, 231 to relieve, 232 Eain, in iuvaUd resorts, 997 Religious maniacs, 263 Eespiratiou, 741, 742 in childi-en, 743 Eheumatism, 458, 461 cause, 450, 459 diet in, 455 parts attacked, 451, 460 treatment, 454 Bath springs, 452 Bheumatic fever cause, 761 INDEX. 127 Bheiunatic fever — coniiimei symptoms, 462, 463, treatment, 465 Eiokets, 124 Bingworm, 174 to cure, 173 Boom, sick, 328 temperature of, 329, 330 treatment of, after contagious fevers, 835 Saint Vitus's dance, 175, 176 Santonin for worms, 41 Scalds, 151 fatality from, 152 Sciatica, 759 Scurvy, 952, 953, 954, 955, 957 specific for, 956 Sea air, 995 Searsickneas, cure for, 970 Sea water, 787 Servants medical attendance to, 686, 687 burial of, 747 Seton, 805 Shivering fits, 427 Sliort sight, 903 remedy, 905 Shower-bath, 795, 796, 797, 843 Skin, 728, 900 after a bath, 797 in fevers, 90 Sleep, 344, 345, 346 brain during, 355 disposition, 356 length of, 353, 354 to prevent, 359, 360 to procure, 364, 365 Sleeping accommodation, 225 in boarding schools, 226 Sleeplessness after childbirth, 361 causes, 357, 358 death from, 362, 363 use of sedatives for, 367 Small-pox contagion in, 751, 987 epidemics of, 752 fataUty in, 750, 754 inoculation for, 753, 985 symptoms, 93 Softening of brain, 629, 631 symptoms, 628, 630 treatment, 632 Soothing powders, 34 Steedman's, 885 Spectacles, 905 Spinal irritation, 253, 254, 255 Spirits, 696, 697 Sprains treatment, 233, 234, 235, 236, 809 in gouty people, 234 Squinting, 683, 684 Staivatiou, death from, 826, 827, 828, 829, 831 treatment, 830 Stimulapts, 551, 891 Stitch in the side, 424 Stone , attention to, 622 origin, 621 symptoms, 617, 618, 619, 620 weight, 623 occurrence, 624, 625, 626 Stupes use of, 546 to make, 547 Stye, 172 Suckling diet when, 297 failure of milk, 298 pregnancy when, 299 Suffocation, 744, 745, 746 Sunstroke cause, 791 effects, 794 fatality of, 792 treatment, 793 Syrup of poppies, 34 Teeth, 934, 936 decayed, 756, 757, 758 cause, 935 to detect, 767 to stop, 933 to remove tartar from, 932 Teething milk teeth, 40 diet when, 45 eruption of permanent teeth, 49, 50, 51, 52 Thorns to extract, 921 a cause of festers, 922 Tic-douloureux, 755, 756, 758 Tight lacing, 280, 658, 659, 660 Toe-nail, ingrowing, 874, 875 Tonsils, enlarged, 184 Tooth-rash, 118, 119 Tracheotomy, 943, 944 Triplets, 323 128 INDEX. Turkish baUis, 268, 269 Twins, 323 on legs, 593, 594, 597 suppression of discharge, 595 to heal, 596 Vaccination best age, 61 effects, 70 free, 62 number of pustules, 63 taking matter for, 67, 68 to guard pustules, 66 to procure lymph, 61, 64 Vapour bath, 842 Vapours, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434 causes, 435 treatment, 436, 437 Vats (empty), to test, 746 Veins, Taricose, 350 causes, 798 elastic stockings for, 351 VentUation, 31, 156, 157 Voice development, 273, 274, 275 loss of, 763 of old people, 276 production of notes, 277, 278 Wall-papers, green, 816 Warts, 863 Washing, necessity of, 728 Water-brash, 407, 408 Water on the brain, 111 Waters, mineral, 774, 775 for scrofulous constitutions, 778 Cheltenham, 776, 777, 780 FriedrichshaU, 609, 783 Hunyadi Janos, 609, 784 Trefew, 779 Vichy, 782 with iron, 889, 890 Weight of adult men, 220, 221, 222, 223 224 WeUs (old), to test, 746 White -mouth, 36 Whitlow, 923, 924, 925 Whooping-cough, 94 fataUty, 95 remedy, 96 Wines strength of, 698, 699 effervescing, 700 Worms in infants, 41 santonin for, 41 Wound contused, 927 lacerated, 929 punctured, 928 lockjaw from, 930 THE END. 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