BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF ilenrs M. Sage 1S91 a-a"*"^-^ ^t^^*' Cornell University Library QE 262.T6U87 1903 3 1924 004 550 384 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004550384 350. MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. , ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AEOUND TORQUAY. (Explanation of Sheet 350.) BY W. A. E. USSHER, F.G.S. PUBLISHED BY OSDBB OF THE LOEDS COUltlSBIONBRS OP HIS MAJESTY'S TRBASURY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONEEY OFFICE BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, E.C. "^ . And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, AND 14, LoNG ACKE, LcNDON ; JOHN MENZIES AND CO., Rose Steeet, Edineuegh; HODGES, FIGGIS, and CO., 104, Geafton Stkeet, Dublin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 1903. Fnce Two Shillings. LIST OF MAPS, SECTIONS, AND MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES, AND MUSEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. J. J. n. Teall, M.A., F.R.S., Director of the Geological Survey and Museum, Jermyn Street, London, S.W. The Maps and Memoirs are now issued by the Ordnance Survey. They can be obtained from Agents or direct from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. Museum Catalogues, Guides, &c., are sold at the Museum, 28, Jermyn Street, London. A Complete List of the Publications can be obtained from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. Price 1*. GENERAL MAP (one inch to 4 miles). ENGLAND AND WALES.— Sheet UTitle) : 2 rNorthumherland, Ac); 3 (Index of Ooloursl ; 4 (L "f Man); 6 (Lake District); 6 (E. Yorkshire) ; 7 (North Wales) ; 8 (Central England) ; 9 (Eastern Countie") : 10 (Sonth Wales and N. Devon); 11 (W. of England and S.E. Wales); 12 (London Basin and Weald) ; 13 (Cornwall, &c.) ; 14 (South Coast, Torquay to I. of Wight) ; 15 (S Coast, Havant to Hastings). Sheet 1, 2,?. : sheets 2 to 15, 2s. 6ii. each. Printed in colours. ' MAPS (one-inch). Old Series. Nos. 1 to 110 in whole sheets and quarter-sheets, hand-coloured, in two editions. Solid. Drift — except 92 NE., SE., 93 NW., SW., 97 SE., 98 NW., SW., S.E., and 101 S.B., which are published Solid only. Prices, whole sheets, ix. to 8*. erf. ; quarter-sheets, 1*. 6 5 ia fl H I .S o af^ Ph7 e«!^ II 3 o P=l POQ •-i. * CO g .S bo 3 g o I CO w' ■* si inin* &l c3 "S O « o II tf fled I' S-1 350. MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND TORQUAY. (Explanation of Sheet 350.) BY W. A. E. USSHER, F.G.S. PUBUSHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMJCISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY'S TREASURY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, E.G. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, AND 14, Long Acre, London ; JOHN MENZIES and CO., Rose Street, Edinburgh; HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, 1903. Price Two Shillinga. E.V PREFACE. The original geological map of this area which was published in 1840 was based on the field work of R. A. C. Godwin- Austen, whose Memoir " On the Geology of the south-east of Devonshire," may be regarded as the foundation of all subse- quent geological work in the district. In 1868, Dr. Holl brought out a map in which additional details are given, and a few years later Mr. Arthur Champernowne commenced a careful survey of the neighbourhood of Totnes. The official re-examination of the area was begun in 1874-75 by Mr. H. B. Woodward, at Torquay, and Mr. tjssher, at Paignton. Shortly before his death Mr. Champernowne generously handed over the results of his work to the Geological Survey, and the task of embodying these results in the official publica- tions was entrusted to Mr. Ussher. About this time the six-inch ordance maps of the district were issued and it was found necessary to re-survey the whole area on this scale. This work has been carried out by Mr. Ussher, the results have been reduced to the one-inch scale and the map (New Series, sheet 350), was published in 1898. The present memoir is issued as an explanation of that map. The district is one of exceptional difficulty, owing to the want of persistence in well marked lithological horizons and to stratigraphical complications of a most intricate character due to folding and faulting. Detailed work was therefore necessary before even the broader tectonic features could be made out. This work has, however, met with its reward. The three main divisions of the Devonian formation have not only been recognised, but their boundaries have been ascertained with at least approximate acburacy, and the rocks of the Torquay area have been brought into line with their continental equivalents. Many workers have contributed to this result, and a general account of the extensive literature relating to the geology of the district is given in the introduction. The six-inch maps have been deposited in the office for reference, and copies may be obtained at cost price. J. j; H. TEALL, Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London, 9th June, 1903. CONTENTS. Page Fkeface by the Dieectok - iii Chapter I. — Introduction. General description of the district, Literature, General Geology and Cartography, Classification and Tables of Strata, General Structure 1 Chapter II. — Lower Devonian. General description, Dartmouth Slates, Meadfoot Beds and Staddon Grit of the Southern district, of the Paignton anticline, of the Torquay anticline. Evidences of contemporaneous vulcanicity 14 Chapter III. — Middle Devonian. General description, Torquay district, Brixham and Yalberton district ■ 42 Ch.vpter IV. — Middle Devonian- continued. Ashprington volcanic area, Dartington, Marldon and Ipplepen district 77 C^hapter v.— Upper Devonian 103 Chapter VI.— New Red Sandstone Series 108 Chapter VII.— Post Tertiary and Recent. Cavern Deposits, Bai.sed Beaches, Formation of limestone plateaux, Submerged Forests, Changes in the coast 113 Chapter VIII. — Economics. Water supply. Borings, Jlines, Quarries, etc., Building materials, Eoad metal, soils - 126 Appendix.— Bibliography. List of principal works on the Geology of the district - 131 Index - 135 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 5. Fig. 1. Section north and south through Dittisham to Stoke Fleming Frontispiece 2. View across Redgate Beach . 12 3. Sketch Map of Redgate Beach - ' 13 4. London Bridge, Torquay - - . . 49 " Continuation of the London Bridge syncline at Magwintons, i mile to the east - * - - . . _ Diagram showing the relations of the Devonian rocks at Hope's Nose- - 51 7. Sketch on the coast at Hope's Nose - - 52 8. Upper part of Babbacombe Cliff, near the Royal Hotel 55 9. Contortions in Babbacombe Cliff - ' 55 10. Near the south end of Redgate Beach 63 11. Redhill Quarry, near Totnes g4 12. Quarry near Darton JMoor 85 13. Quarry south of Kiln Cottages, near Broadheuipston 98 14. Northern point of Black Head - 105 15. Petit Tor - - - 109 16. Cliffs on the south side of Roundham Head HI 17. Cliffs south of Livermead 124 50 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND TORQUAY. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. Sheet 350 of the Geological Survey Map embraces an area of about 102 square miles in the south-eastern part of Devonshire, with a coast line of about 20 miles extending from Petitor beach round the Torquay promontory, by Paignton, Brixham and Berry Head, to Dartmouth Harbour, Stoke Fleming and Matthew's Point. The area is replete with interest from an archaeological and historical, as well as from a geological point of view, and it possesses in Torquay a watering-place un- rivalled in the south of England. The scenery is extremely diversi- fied ; steep rounded hills, rising here and there above 600 feet, are intersected, by narrow combes or stream -valleys, and at Torquay and south of Paignton, limestone plateaux abut against the higher land. The river Dart and its tributaries drain most of the inland districts, the coast lands being watered by small streams having direct outlets to the sea. The Dart enters the area near Staverton, a locality renowned for its orchards, and, following a rather sinuous course of thirteen miles by Dartington Park, Totnes, Sharpham House and Dittisham, it empties itself into the sea below Kings- wear and the town of Dartmouth. Literature. The earliest special references to the geology of the area embraced in Sheet 350, are to be foimd in the writings of De la Beche and Godwin- Austen, in the " Transactions of the Geological Society ; " in De la Beche's " Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset," which was published in 1839, and in his " Geological Manual," second edition, 1832, page 401, and pages 496, 497. In the first section of " Memoirs of Geological Survey," vol. 1., 1846, page 89, he rightly places the Lower Devonian of Torquay and Paignton below the limestone. In 1829, De la 7052. 500— Wt. 22521. 8/03. Wy. \- S. 1150r. B 2 THK GEOLOGY OF TORQUAY. Beche described the New Red rocks of Tor and Babbacombe Bays.* He regarded the Devonian limestones as Carboniferous limestone and the Lower Devonian grit as Old Red Sandstone In 1842, Godwin- Austen combined four of his previous papers into a connected description, entitled " On the Geology of the south- east of Devonshire." This Memoir may be regarded as the foundation on which all subsequent geological work in the area was built; for, although De la Beche's Report antedated it, the Geology of South Devon, there described, was based on the field work of Godwin-Austen. The map accompanying Godwin- Austen's paper is, in many respects, a masterly production ; as showing the general distribution of the Devonian limestones and the extension of the New Red rocks. It is a reduction from the old Geological Survey map done by him and presented to Govern- ment. In the text special references are made to the following phenomena : — The submerged forest ground of Torbay, the raised Beaches of Hope's Nose, the Thatcher rock and Brixham, Kent's Hole Cavern, the gravels of the Dart near Staverton, cleavage of slates and limestones in districts north of Totnes and near Brix- ham, the igneous rocks of Black Head and North Whilboro, the lateral forcing of large blocks of limestone into the slates at Petitor, disturbances at Petitor, Torquay, etc.f Dr. Harvey B. HoU, in 1868, attempted the solution of the structure of the Older Rocks of South Devon and East Cornwall. J He placed the (Lower Devonian) grits of Cockington above the (Middle Devonian) limestones of Marldon, etc. In this error he was subsequently followed by Champemowne, although Mr. H. B. Woodward § had placed them in their true position some years previously. The Cavern deposits of the area will ever be associated with the name of William Pengelly, and many references to the general and special geological phenomena will be found in the numerous papers contributed by him to the British Association, Devonshire Association, Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Plymouth Institute, etc. A list of PengeUy's papers, and a digest of his scientific work, by Professor Bonney, will be found appended to the Biography by his daughter. In 1856, he called attention to the form of chalcedonic structure found coating limestone fragments in the New Red breccias of Torbay.|| In 1861, contributions appeared on Brixham Cavern, and on recent encroachments of the sea on the shores of Torbay. IT In 1862, the distribution of -Devonian Fossils of Devon and Corn- wall, and the correlation of the rocks with the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland was treated of** In 1861, and following years, the * Trans. Geol. Soc. Ser. 2. vol. iii., p. 161. t Trans. Oeol. Soc. Ser. 2. vol. vi., pp. 433 to 446, and 481 to 489. X Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxiv., p. 434. § Geol. Mag. for 1876, p. 576, and 1877, p. 449. !> Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1856, Trans, of Sections, p. 74. In full in Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn. vol. vii., p. 309. ^Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1861, p. 123. Geologist,\o\.iv., pp. 153, 447 and 456. "Ibid. vol. V. pp. 10, 74 and 456. i?ep. Brit. Assoc, for 1862, p. 86. INTRODUCTION. 3 New Red rocks were described.* In 1865 the first Report of the Committee for exploring Kent's Cavern appeared,! and also a paper in the Proceeding.s of the Royal Institution. In his con- tributions to the Devon Association from 1865 to 1888 will be found man)' papers referring to the submerged forests, raised beaches and other signs of elevation, and to the caverns and fissures of this area, besides commentaries on references to the district in contemporary literature. The titles of those referring to the area will be given iii the Appendix. The literature of Kent's Cavern is also associated with the name of E. Vivian. He edited MacEnery's notes, besides other papers.^ The late E. B. Tawney in 1870§ noted the discovery of fossils in the Lower Devonian rocks of Smugglers Cove and the coast west of Hope's Nose raised beach. Mr. H. B. Woodward gave the true position of the Cockington grits in 1876. || The discovery of Upper Devonian fossils at Saltern Cove by J. E. Lee was an- nounced in 1877.^ The discovery of Galceola . sandalina at the base of the limestones of Daddy Hole plain, and the inverted structures in that part of the cofist were recorded by Champernowne in 1874.** In 1878 Champernowne published his adhesion to Mr. Woodward's opinion in regard to the Cockington beds.tt In 1881 he announced the discovery of Ho-malonotus in the Lower Devonian rocks of Lincombe Hill,|:|: and in 1884, des- cribed some Zaphrentoid corals from the Middle Devonian rocks of Mudstone Bay and Dartington.§5 In 1889 Champernowne's latest views (in which he advocated the Upper Devonian age of the Cockington grits) appeared in a most important paper on the Ashprington Volcanic series.|| || The Dartmouth slates, so named by Sedgwick,5I1I who classed them with the Morte slates of North Devon, were left undefined as to position by Champernowne. He seems to have regarded them as a type, locally, representing the Middle Devonian. =«^ The classification of the Devonian rocks in the area, just before the Geological Survey began its work in 1888, is given by Mr. Woodward.*! In Davidson's " Supplement to the British Devonian Brachio- poda," pages 4 and 8, the discovery of Lower Devonian fossils in the railway cutting near Saltern Cove, and at Goodrington * Trans. Plymouth Instit. for 1861-1863 and 1864-1865. \ Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1865, p. 16 and in succeeding years up to (and inclusive of) 1878. J Ibid for 1847, Trans, of Sect. p. 73 ; Ibid for 1856, Trans, of Sect. pp. 78 and 119. § Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. iv., p. 291, etc. II Geol. Mag., 1876, p. 576. Ibid, 1877, p. 449. ^Ibid, 1877, p. 100. ** Trans. Devon. Assoc, for 1874. tt Geol. Mag., 1878, p. 193. It Ibid, 1881, p. 487. §§ QuaH. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xl., p. 497. ^1 II Ihid vol. xlv., p. 369. iril Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. viii., p. 3. «?> Ui>sher. Proc. Geologists Assoc., vol. viii., p. 442. *+ Geology of England and Wales, 2nd edition, 1887, pp. 130-139. 7052. B 2 4 GEOLOGY OF TOEQUAT. Sands, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, is redorded. The bearing of this discovery on the age of the Cockington beds was over- looked, perhaps because the prevalence of faults, and the occur- rence of New Red rocks in the intervening distance, may have been thought to render it inconclusive. The palasontology of the Lummaton limestone, which occurs on the north border of Sheet 350, has been thoroughly worked by Mr. Whidborne, and is described in a Monograph in the Palaeontographical Society's publications between the years 1888 and 1896. Ostracods obtained in the Eifelian Limestone near Daddy Hole, Torquay, by Mr. Whidborne were described by Prof. T. R. Jones.* In 1888 Mr A. K. Hunt contributed an important paper on " The Raised Beach on the Thatcher Rock, its Shells and their Teaching."! In " Notes on Torbay," by the same author,+ valu- able information as to the character of the bottom and of the submarine rock reefs in the bay is given. See also a paper " On Exposures of the Submerged Forest Clays at Paignton and Blackpool Beaches in April 1881."§ The Torbay submerged forest and the Hope's Nose raised beach were also referred to by the late D. Pidgeon.|| Some of the pleistocene phenomena of the area have been incidentally referred to in a paper , " On the Chronological Value of the Pleistocene Deposits of Devon," by the writer. Amongst his papers the following have special reference to this area — " On the Age and Origin of the Wat- combe Clay ,"11 " On the Geology of Paignton,"** " The Devonian Rocks of South Devon. "ff The Devonian rocks of the area are also mentioned in classifications published in 1889|^: and 1891.§§ In an important paper " On the Microscopic Structure and Residues, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid, of the Devonian lime- stones of South Devon," || || Mr. E. Wethered refers particularly to specimens from Hope's Nose, Daddy Hole, and Lummaton. The most important paper bearing on the correlation of the Devonian rocks of the area with those of the Continent, was contributed by Dr. Kayser in 1889.1i^ There are few parts of South Devon which present such a copious geological literature. General Geology and Cartography. The geology of Sheet 350 is very complicated. The imper- sistence and variation in lithological characters, as well as the * Annals of Nat. Hist., Oct. 1888., p. 295. t Trans. Devon. Assoc, for 1888. J Ibid for 1878. § Ibid for 1881. II Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. vol. xli., p. 9, 1885, and Ibid, 1878, p. 451. IT Trans. Devon. Assoc, for 1877. ** Ibid for 1878. tt Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xlvi., p. 487, &c., 1890. ++ Bep. Brit. Assoc, Trans, of Sect., and Proc Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Society. §§ Trans. B. Geol. Soc, Corn., pp. 282-285, and 316, 317, and 324. II II Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. sdviii., p. 377, 1892. W Neues Jahrb. fiir Mlneralogie, etc., 1889, Band 1, Zeitsch. 189. INTRODUCTIOiV 5 restriction of faunas to certain favoured localities, would alone constitute obstacles to a rapid geological survey ; but, as there are also numerous faults repeating or cutting out horizons in a series of rocks everywhere contorted, the original Geological Ordnance Survey Map of this district cannot be regarded in any but the most general sense as the foundation of the present Survey Map. The earlier map showed Devonian, or "grauwacke," with masses ot limestone and some patches of greenstone, over- laid by the New Red rocks of Paignton and Cockington, the boundaries of the latter being well drawn. The necessity for broad generalizations, during the rapid original survey, in indi- cating limestone and greenstone boundaries, could not result in the production of anytning more than a sketch map. The late A. Champernowne devoted most of his leisure time during many years to a stratigraphical study of the area. He E laced the limestones in one general series ; separated the lower Devonian of the Torquay promontory, and near Shark- ham Point and Dittisham ; attracted attention to the fossilifer- ous Middle Devonian slates ; and proved the development of a great volcanic series, corresponding in character to the Nassau schalsteins. Champernowne generously placed his field maps at the disposal of the Geological Survey. In reconciling the diiferent versions on his maps, where he entertained doubts as to the structure or succession of the Devonian rocks of the Torquay and Paignton area, during a careful survey made on the then new 6-inch maps, the present map was evolved. The discovery of an Upper Devonian fauna, of the Biidesheim type, by the late J. E. Lee at Saltern Cove, also afforded an in- valuable basis of research, by which the structure of many parts of the district and the distribution of the Upper Devonian rocks was determined. Through the kind offices of Messrs. Gosselet and Kayser, who identified fossils collected in the Lower Devonian districts during the earlier stages of the survey, representatives of Upper and Lower Coblenfcn horizons were shown to occur in the Cocking- ton and Paignto% area. Champernowne had regarded the Cockington grits as of doubtful age, but possibly the representa- tives of the Psammites de Condroz of Belgium, and therefore Upper Devonian. The Lower Devonian rocks of the Dartmouth and Kingswear area, under the name "Dartmouth Slates," were left undefined as to position by Champernowne and the author, in classifications of 1889. The survey of the Devonian rocks, begun in Sheets 339 and 350 in 1887, on the basis of Champernowne's map, has been carried on throughout South Devon and in East Cornwall, as far as Looe and Liskeard. The Lower Devonian rocks have from the first occasioned the greatest difficulty. The absence of con- secutive succession has necessitated very minute observation, the collection of many typical specimens, and the accumulation of problems, rather than ot evidence for their solution. However, on reviewing all the work, it was found necessary to arrive at some general hypothetical succession which should be tested by 6 GEOiX)(it OF TOKQUAY. its efficacy in explaining the apparently conflicting evidences as to the composition and succession of the Lower Devonian rocks in different areas. The last area surveyed, that of Looe, clearly demonstrated the necessity for a reconsideration of the relations of the Lower Devonian rocks of this and the intervemng areas. Since 1898 this work had been rapidly carried on when opportunity offered, but the Lower Devonian coast line, south of Brixham, was not revisited until March, 1902, when it was brought into direct and satisfactory relation to all the other Lower Devonian coast sections as far west as Fowey. Local names were used to denote Kthological types which appeared to have definite stratigraphical value; but the progress of the survey tends to show that, although indispensable to the investigator, the retention of local names (many of them synon)'ms), is a needless tax on the memory ; for it must be borne in mind that (excejDt in North Devon and West Somerset) the British Devonian had never been subdivided prior to the commencement of the present survey ; whilst in France, Belgium, Germany and Russia, the main subdivisions and the faunas which characterise them had been carefully worked out. It is in these divisions or stages that we have to group the British Devonian rocks. Of the two principal Continental types — the Franco-Belgian and the German — the Devonian rocks of South Devon approxi- mate most closely to the latter, although the lithological characters of the correlative horizons are in some cases quite different. Thus the Upper Devonian shales of Blidesheim are very unlike the red slaty mudstones of Saltern and Silver coves, although characterised by a similar fauna. Still less do the Upper Devonian slates of South Devon resemble the Upper Devonian shales of the Ardennes. As regards the Upper Devonian, the chief lithological resemblances are to be found in the calcareous beds near the base of the Upper Devonian, in the Chudleigh, Torquay and Paignton districts. In these districts the decomposed calcareous nodules, characteristic o^the Knollen Kalk, are occasionally met with in the slates j^eds made up ot almond-shaped concretions of compact limestone recall the Ger- man Krainenzel, and the shaly red Goniatite limestones of Lower Dunscombe, Petitor, etc., represent the Goniatiten Schichten. In the limestone masses, parts homotaxeous with the Rhyn- chonella cwboides zone and the Middle Devonian Stringo- cephalus limestone in their lithological variations are identical with continental equivalents ; as also in the case of the lower beds of limestone, corresponding to the Eifelian hmestones {Galcaires de Gouvin). As regards the Lower Devonian the Meadfoot beds correspond in character more or less with the Lower Coblenzian, and the grits above them are more or less similar in character to the IJpper Coblenzian. The mottled red and green slates of the Gedinnien resemble the Dartmouth slates, though not necessarily on the same horizon. For purposes of comj)anson or reference the continental horizons may be summarized as follows : — Introduction. Franco-Belgian. Uppek Devonian ("Upper part Faminenien I Lower part Frasnien Middle Devonian Calcaire de Givet (including Calcaires et schistes de Eifelian) Couvin / Coblenzien Superieure Coblenzien Inferieure Lower Devonian: i V Gedinnien German. Cypridinen ScMefer Knollen Kalk, Kramenzel I Goniatiten Schichten llberger Kalk Stringocephalen Kalk { Calceolen or Eifler Kalk LCalceolen Schiefer Ober Coblenz Unter Coblenz Hunsruckschiefer Taunusien Gedinnien _A further correlation is made by the correspondence of the Middle Devonian volcanic rocks, south of Totnes, named the Ashprington series, with the schalsteins of Nassau. The general correlation of the Devonian rocks in Sheet 350 with those of the Continent is unquestionable. Dr. Kayser* thus refers to the correspondences of South Devon and West German Devonian horizons : — " We find first of all in South Devon a development which in every aspect most intimately connects it with West Germany. In tne Upper Devonian we have the Knollen Kalk with Clymenia, Cypridinen Schiefer, Adorf Goniatite limestone, Btidesheim shales and Iberg Coralline and Brachiopod limestone ; in the Middle Devonian, Stringocephalus litfiestone, Calceola limestone, Galceola slates, and possibly also Goslar slates ; finally in the Lower Devonian, Upper and Lower Coblenz beds and Siegener grauwacke — that this crops out at Looe in Cornwall I have already proved through a small but typical fauna— (Ja/ir6. d. Kgl. Preuss. Geol. Landesanstalt, 1882-3). This widespread agreement is strengthened by the appearance of numerous greenstones which are , accompanied, as in Nassau and the Harz, by schalsteins [slaty sheared volcanic rocks] and contact rocks." On the othlf hand, no boundary can be drawn for represen- tatives of the Rhynchonella cuboides zone, as the Lummaton fauna proves the co-existence of RhynchoneUa cuboides and Stringocephahis, and there is no lithological distinction by which such a line could be traced, if this were not the case. As regards the Lower Devonian, the boundaries between the Warberry and Meadfoot beds cannot be proved to be a division between Upper and Lower Coblenzian, or even to possess absolute stratigraphical value,v_and although the Looe rocks have their equivalents in the arefa to the north of the Dartmouth slates, they cannot be separated out. * Translated from iVewes Jahrh. fiir Mineralogie, etc., 1889. Zeitsch. 189. Bd. 1. GEOLOGY OF ^OBQUAt. o o 13 g ° « s > a o ^ . < ^ (D (O cS'^nn M-C3+S S^^ o o SJ H - - O S CO 0) OH) . tH +3 C2 O c3 o 5 w)g " o Sg "Sew Cd >^ CO t^ C3 O M 2^ ^ c 5 o o , "O JO j; ^ in (D ^ 02 "i 5 O^-^'O^S. &; °3 rt ^-^ g EO P IH o) a (^ CO to >^ ^ M-m-C 09 __ .rye-* Of" — 0) 3 (D R ,2 !».la 3^3 S 2 "S a n« o OPP(i)o3'~'S=SHe8 _ ^ \ is-s-sJ^^ c:_i ^«4-i >> S ■ •J^ ce ?o fen * -j ^ >-§-S g S § « ffl o g oA 03 ©^O ' ■ m t-l r/) q'cS'S b m nl gJ PhPhCO I OfiHHWM.gfSs , , T^>.^^=r The sketch is taken from the path to Ilsham, looking across Anstey's Cove, Devil's Point and Redgate Beach, to Long Quarry Point. At the step-ladder red shale and shaly limestone (Upper Devonian) overlie the Devil's Point limestone, which may represent the Rhynchon,ella cuboides beds. On the further side of Devil's Point is Redgate Beach, at the foot of a tumbled slope of slips and debris from a cliff of contorted and faulted Middle Devonian limestone, there is a partial exposure of Lower Devonian shale and grit under dark Eifelian shales. Beyond is the limestone (Middle Devonian or B. cuboides beds) plateau of Babbacombe Downs. Along the cliff face dark Eifelian limestones, plicated with a mass of grey milestone, are shown ; these beds slope outward from the face of the cliff which coincides with a fault by which they are brought up to the south. The cliff face is also broken by two cross faults, facing the spectator : between these red shaly limestones (probably Eifelian) are brought up, and appear to rest on the slates. The broken ground masks numerous faults slips, talus, and lime- stone blocks. IXTRODUCTIOi: 13 From what has gone before it may be regarded as a truism to point out, that comparative breadth of outcrop affords no indica- tion of the thickness of any group in the Devonian series. Fig. 2 has been selected as the best illustration of the com- plexity of structure and presence of faults in the vicinity of the great structural curves. The distance represented is not more than from twenty-three to twenty-five chains, and in it rocks of Upper, Middle, and Lower Devonian age occur. It also illustrates the character of the limestone plateaux and the erosion of the softer strata along lines of weakness. The cliff face of contorted Middle Devonian limestone, parallel with Redgate beach, and coming toward the spectator, cannot, of course, be shown ; but the tumbled masses of lime- stone and broken ground, at the foot of this cliff face, is due to slips, occasioned by faults and cracks on the down, parallel with Fig. 3. — Sketch Map of Redgate Beach, (Scale 6 inches =1 mile). Long Quarry Poi nt. Ansteys Cove. UD. Upper Devonian red and greenish slates and shil*. G. Apparently shaly Goniatite-limestone with calcareous tuff. L. Middle Devonian limestone. , ^ , i , • ^ hi. Thin dark limestone (Hope's Nose beds apparently) faulted agamst the limestone cliff and folded round pale-grey rather thm-bedded lime- stone : and reddish thin-bedded limestone. sh. Reddish and dark-grey shales (Eifelian). , , ..i. LD. Lower Devonian, red shales and red-brown grit, and grey slates with occasional beds of grey grit. Largely concealed by talus. the cliff edge, in beds of limestone dipping seaward at a com- paratively low angle. Fig. 3 shows the locality in plan. Fig, 1 (Frontispiece) is a section drawn across the map due north from Stoke Fleming. It shows the Paignton anticline and main outcrop of the Lower Devonian rocks. 14 GEOLOGY OF TORQUAY. CHAPTER II. LOWER DEVONIAN. The Lower Devonian rocks of the area consist of slates and grits irregularly associated. The slates vary from purely argillaceous to fine silty, more or less siliceous, sediment, and these varieties are frequently found interlaminated or interbanded. For instance, at the north end of Long Sands, at Scabbacombe Sand, etc., on the coast south of Berr}'' Head. The siliceous slates locally become welded into masses of hard compact grit. The slates, through coincidence ot bedding with the prevalent southerly dips of schistosity, frequently present uhe appearance of shales, and, where associated with hard beds of grit, as in the coast north of Man Sands, or rendered intractable by silty admixture, they become shales ; the tendency to cleavage in the latter case being often shown by the undulation or incipient guarling of their planes. The grits vary from a fine grained rock to a hard silty mudstone ; they are more or less felspathic. The relatively coarser grained and more distinctly quartzose grits are granular, or assume the character of quartzite. Of the former the red speckled grits of Warberry HiU constitute an easily re- cognizable type, which is met with here and there as the Lower Devonian rocks are followed along their strike into Cornwall. Of the latter typical examples are furnished by grit bands and masses associated with the variegated slates of Kingswear pro- montory. The more felspathic varieties, and the finer siltv sediments form hard or dense grits or siltstones. Strings, lenticles, or bands of limestone are found in the slates ; they are mainly of organic origin and are often completely altered, by the dissol ution of the Km e, into brown friable compressed residues. The presence of these bands furnishes a much inore reliable guide to the classification and structure of the Lower Devonian rocks than is to be obtained by a study of the character and distribution of the grits, and the distribution of colouring matter. Looked at broadly, grits are of more frequent occurrence in the upper part of the Lower Devonian where the arenaceous or granmar varieties prevail; lower down they usually occur in intercalated beds, bands, or seams, and are more close textured and silty. The arenaceous rocks are generally reddish, red- brown, or dull green, and the associated slates reddish or grey. The compact grits are more often grey or brown ; where tms is the case they have been called Meadfoot beds, but where red they cannot be separated from the overlying types. Champer- nowne gave to the upper series the name of "The Lincombe, LOWER DEVONIAN. 15 Warberry and Smugglers Cove Grits," but the term " Staddon Grits" used by HoU is the best general term — they are developed on Staddon Heights south of Plymouth. The term " Meadfoot Beds " was apphed by Pengelly to dark slates and mudstones, with beds of compact grit and calcareous fossiliferous bands, which form the cliffs under KUmorey and above the north part ot Meadfoot Sands. These beds constitute a passage between the Lower Devonian rocks, where grits are prevalent, and the slates where they are of less frequent occur- rence. The uppermost beds of the Meadfoot series are therefore sometimes mapped with the Staddon grits, and sometimes separated according to the vagaries of colour distinction. In the Paignton anticlinal the prevailing red colour prevents any boundary being drawn between the Staddon grits and Meadfoot beds. The mam mass of this series consists of grey slates, locally red-stained, containing films or lenticles of limestone in places, occasional bands of hard grit and siliceous or silty interfilmings. In the area occupied by the group, it will be seen that grits have been mapped, notably the mass extending westward from Long Sands. These are coloured the same tint as the Staddon beds and they may be synelines of the basement beds of that group or of the grits in the upper beds of the Meadfoot series. Tlieir occurrence is analogous to the grits of Looe and Beesands (Beeson) near Torcross (in sheet 356), in which rocks of the Warberry type are common. The rocks of the Torcross and Kingsbridge districts, as well as the various types of the Looe fossiliferous rocks, are all included in the Meadfoot series. Below this group come the Dartmouth slates, a name given by Sedgwick to the glossy lilac, purple, and green variegated slates occurring south of Dartmouth and east of Kingswear. Beds of grit and quartzite occur in this group. Its relative position was unknown prior to the year 1898, during which the Looe area was surveji'ed and the Dartmouth slates proved to be continuous with the Polperro beds. When the map (350) was published, June 1898, the Dartmouth slates, although separated by a broken line, were not differentiated by colour. As in the case of the Staddon grits, the junction of the Dartmouth slates with the Meadfoot series is most uncertain. During the survey of the district a sharp colour distinction between dark slates (regarded as Meadfoot Beds) and lilac, red or purple, and green variegated slates, was taken as a boundary line, but on revisiting the Kingswear promontory (in 1902) it was found that red slates and grits with limestone of the Looe type had, through dependence on colour, been included in the Dartmouth slates, the boundary being further south than the broken line on the map. There is no evidence of the presence of the Dartmouth slates at the surface in the Paignton and Torquay anticlines, and these are so broken up by faults that the structure of the Lower Devonian rocks can ordy be made out by a study of the main outcrop in the southern part of the map. In this area the coast section between Scabbacombe Head and Sharkham Point furnishes the best and most continuous exposure. 16 GEOLOGY OF TOEQUAY. Proceeding northward along the coast, the greenish, purple, red and grey, partly siliceous slates of the Dartmouth group, with grey or gi-een beds of hard grit or quartzite here and there, are associated with sheared igneous rock (perhaps originally a felspathic tuff of a type met with in the same series at Brook Hill near Kingswear, etc.) at a few chains north of Scabbacombe Head. At a few chains further north the red shaly grit and slate fragments on the surface contain fossils and brown friable seams which are the only indication that we have passed into the Meadfoot group. The coast being here inaccessible, it is impossible to say whether the junction is a natural one or faulted. The same beds are exposed at the Post Office, Kings- wear. The cliff at the south end of Scabbacombe Sands consists of dark grey slates invertedly overlain by red, partly siliceous, slates with bands, films, and lenticles of red crinoidal limestone, in which irregular white streaks of calc spar replace organisms which were probably for the most part Monticuliporoid corals. A large • fallen block of red limestone with the same white markings, is identical in every respect with red and dark grey limestone associated with the Looe grits on East Looe Beach and with the dark grey slates in junction with them at Millen- dreath. In the intervening coast sections there are similar limestones in the cliffs under Tregantle Fort ; south of Plymouth between Crownhill Bay and Andurn Point ; between Westcombe Beach and Armour (or Ayrmer) Cove near Ringmore, and by the River Avon between Sharpland and Cockridge Points. Proceeding northward we encounter successively dark grey slates, contorted in places, grey slates with bands of grit, ^n^ paler silty interlamination ; a thrust fault bringing on dark slates with hard black patches, possibly fish remains, and limestone films with Zaphrentis and crmoids, then dark grey slates mottled with bright red (ologiste) splotches. These beds are succeeded by the Long Sands grits, dense, often thick bedded, arenaceous or silty rocks evidently much disturbed. In one spot small fossil markings, resembling Gasteropods, were observed in a hsematitic patch on the surface of a bed. Small included fragments of buff slate or shale, are occasionally met with, particularly in one thin band. This is a phenomenon exhibited by the Looe grits and hy the Staddon grits, and may be due to contemporaneous deposition or erosion. The grits are associated with pale reddish slates, and apparently much contorted ; they are continuously exposed in the low shore cliff, and make a vertically contorted junction with dark slates, in which a fragment of a Pachyporoid coral replaced by quartz was found. A little further north the slates exhibit silty mter- banding ; at the north end of the sands they contain small black patches, one of which revealed the structure of a Pteraspis plate. At the point, further on, Hmestone films with the (Monticu- liporoid?) markings previously described are to be seen, near dark slates with bands of pale coloured igneous rock similar to the rocks in the Torcross section. The prolongation of this horizon westward would connect it with ttie traces of igneous Lower Devonian. 17 rocks found in the grey slates of the Nethway House Valley. Further north the slates become reddish, and contain films of crmoidal limestone, then dark grey, containing bands and lenticles of (Monticuliporoid ?) limestone similar to that in the red beds at the south end of Scabbacombe Sands; we next encounter traces of igneous rock of the Torcross t5T)e at the pro- jection of Crabrock Point,round which it was impossible to proceed. On the north side of Crabrock Point at the south end of Man Sands the section consists of dark grey slates with occasional seams of hard grit, veins of quartz and calcite, and interlaminated beds of Torcross and Tinsey Head types. Dark slates with occasional pyritous nodules prevail for about six chains beyond Man Sands Cottage, in the lower part of South- down Cliff. The dark slates become blended with reddish coloured slates further north, and the schistosity is, in places, crossed by hard red decomposed fossiliferous bands, no doubt originally more or less calcareous, and occasionally forming bands or films of crinoidal limestone. A decomposed red- brown sheared igneous rock, about 2 feet thick, was noticed in these beds. At about twenty-five chains from Man Sands Cottage the section is broken by great tumbled blocks of hard grit, which occurs in thick bedded masses and in single beds in lilac-red and greyish slates, and both in the larger tumbled masses, and in low clift' exposures exhibits many inverted curves. These grits are very hard and compact, and in brown weathered patches there are traces of fossils, which, owing to the toughness of the rock, cannot be extracted by the use of an ordinary geological hammer. The appearance of these rocks connects them with the hard brown grits exposed in the New Drive near Hope's Nose, in which Homalonotus remains are abundant. The association of hard masses and beds of grit with reddish or grey slates continues for about ten chains north from the pro- jection of the coast beyond Man Sands. Grey slates then prevail for about 60 yards, and overlie invertedly, reddish and grey slates with beds of hard grit, and red-brown shaly, more or less, micaceous sandstone. These show many inverted curves, and appear to constitute the base of the Staddon grit group, being cut off by a north-west and south-east fault, bringing up Aphanite and volcanic I'ocks of Middle Devonian (probably Eifelian) age. In this section the obviousresemblanceof the limestones, whether occurring as bands, films, or impersistent lenticles of some thick- ness, at the south end of Scabbacombe Sands to those south of Crabrock Point (whether the organisms are Monticuliporoid corals or not), leaves no doubt as to their being repetitions of the same horizon. There is every reason to conclude that the sequence from Man Sands northward is a gradually ascending one. Whether the hard grit beds and masses on the south of the Staddon grits should be embraced in that series, or in the upper part of the Meadfoot group, must remain a question awaiting the collection of characteristic fossils. The discovery of Pierctsjo-is at the north end of Long Sands, is a corroboration of similar finds in the dark slates of Looe above 7052 C 18 GEOLOGY OF TORQUAY. the variegated Dartmouth slates^, and by Mr. Brook-Fox in the grey slates of Armour (Ayrmer) Cove (sheet 355). It is certainly suggestive of the proximity of the Dartmouth slates, but, on the other hand, the upward range of Pter asp is h.a,s never been ascertained in these rocks, and hard black patches are of common occurrence in the grey slates of the Plymouth section at higher horizons, and exactly similar to those in the slates on the north and on the south of the Long Sands grits. The coast being inaccessible toward Scabbacombe Head (as previously mentioned), it is impossible to say whether the Dart- mouth slate boundary is natural or faulted. Though the latter supposition is rendered probable by the usual intervention of dark slates between the Dartmouth slate and the red or grey fossiliferous beds of Looe, yet the local upward extension of red colouring matter would render such an intervening series indis- tinguishable from the rocks above and below. As regards the Long Sands grits and dense silty mudstones, the boundaries and colouring on the map suggest a repetition of higher bods, which cannot be assumed in the face of the occur- rence of masses of silty rock in association with the slates not far above the Dartmouth series in the Looe area. The Lower Devonian rocks exposed in the Eiver Dart sections appear to be in unfaulted relation to the Eifelian (or lower Middle Devonian) slates; consequently the Staddon grits are better developed than on the coast. Their normal type is greenish, dull pur[)le, brown, and reddish, more or less micaceous sandstones or fine grits, in thick or shaly beds, associated in variable proportions with reddish or greyish slates. Hard grey and red quartzose grits, similar to the upper beds of the group, shown in the coast section near Hope's Nose Raised Beach, are also present. A few feet ot peroxidated igneous rock, probably intrusive, was noticed in the Staddon grits at Lower Kilngate. The junction of the Staddon and Meadfoot beds is concealed by Noss Creek, but the latter series is typically exposed in Higher Noss Point, consisting of grey slates with hard beds of compact grit in places, and bands and lenticles of fossiliferous limestone, more or less siliceous, and often decomposed to brown residua. Near Lower Noss Point brown weathered siliceous limestone bands yielded crushed Spirifers, regarded by Mr. E. T. Newton as similar to Sp. primcBva or Sp. Becheni. On the west bank of the river, hard brown grits are more prevalent in the Meadfoot slates ; they seem to be contorted impersistent developments similar to those on the south of the Staddon grits in the coast section, although not continuously traceable in the intervening district. The shores of Old Mill Creek exhibit bands and lenticles of limestone, and of decomposed fossiliferous material; and sheared igneous bands, probably volcanic, also occur in the grey slates. These are probably the westerly continuation of the calcareous beds near Lower Noss Point. At a spring on the south border of Sandquay Wood, near the Naval Establishment, variegated slates orthe Dartmouth slate type are exposed. If this is not due to local staining in the LOWER DEVONIAN. 19 Meadfoot beds, they owe their position to faults and disturbaucea, to which the absence of a close correspondence in the sections exposed on either side of the Dart is no doubt due. On the east side disturbances are marked by developments of quartz in masses, and in veins interlacing grit beds, near the Old Rock Inn, Ferry. Further south, 25 to 30 feet of brown weathered grit is exposed. If dips can be relied on, this horizon is repeated further south in two bands, which coalesce, through the dying out of the folds in the intervening slate, to form the irregular mass shown on the map. These grits are probably a faulted continuation or a folded repetition of the grits of Long Sands, on the coast, which have been traced westward to Waterhead Brake, but do not appear to cross Waterhead Creek. On the west bank of the river the same horizon is represented in the north of Dartmouth by reddish slates with grits and sandstones, which are apparently in faulted junction with the Dartmouth slates. These have been traced westward for more than three miles. On the north of this gritty development, igneous patches or impersistent bands occur in the slates, commencing at Sandquay quarry with rocks resembling sheared tuffs and with porphyritic diabase. Although the masses of Aphanite, etc., shown on the map may be intrusive, impersistent bands which cannot be shown suggest contemporaneous vulcanicity and co-relation with similar phenomena in the valley at Nethway House, and on the north ot Long Sands. A section taken across the strike of the Lower Devonian at Blackawton shows greater repetition of horizons than the Dart or Coast sections. The Staddon grits are repeated by a syncline at Blackawton, which can be traced to a connection with their main outcrop at Canton. The intervening anticline of Meadfoot beds is complicated by numerous folds, owing to the plicated repetition of the Staddon grits on the western border of the map. The grits mapped at Hutcherleigh may be a repetition of the Staddon group, or a continuation of the Long Sands grit horizon, as they appear to be connected with the latter by arenaceous mudstones and laminated gritty beds, visible in the slates at Washwalk, Millcombe Bridge and Pruston Barton. Further south, the lower horizons of the Meadfoot group are kept at the surface by innumerable, apparently small, contortions. No fossils were obtained, although brown friable material was noticed in the slates in places. Green and purple slates belonging to the Dartmouth slates occur at Combe on the western margin of the map, and between America Wood, Higher Wallaton Cross, and Abbotsleigh, lilac and purplish slates prevail, also suggestive of anticlines of Dartmouth slates. Besides these there may be other anticlines which have escaped detection. The main boundary drawn by colour distinction is very irregular and so unsatisfactory that no attempt was made to separate out occurrences of grey slate in the Dartmouth slate areas in the Kingswear promontory, and near Stoke Fleming ; although it is probable that the igneous rocks of these districts occur on 7052 c 2 20 GEOLOGY OF 'roRQUAY. the same geological horizon as those near Tor, Leader Wood and Buckland near the southern margin of the map. This uncertainty cannot invahdate the conclusion that the groups are kept at the surface by shallow repeating curves or contortions in this part of the area, just as the Middle Devonian rocks are repeated at the termination of the great structural anticline of the Paignton area. Through the sections across the main outcrop of the Lower Devonian we learn that the general descending sequence is as follows : — 1. Grits, sandstones, and gritty shales associated with slates and shales and generally reddish, greenish, or brownish in colour. (Staddon grits.) 2. Dark-grey, pale weathered slates and shales with beds of grit, occasional impersistent bands of siliceous lime- stone, and gritty films. In this series impersistent masses of grit occur. (Meadfoot group.) 3. Purple, lilac, buff and green glossy slates with beds of hard grit or quartzite. (Dartmouth slates or Polperro beds.) The junction between 2 and 3 is so vague that, although very unlikely, it is by no means absolutely certain that the volcanic rocks in 2, near Dartmouth, may not be the same series as the volcanic rocks on the Kingswear and Stoke Fleming coasts, and in the Blackpool Valley.* This uncertainty is due to the absence of characters sufficiently marked to detect the basement beds of number 2, if present, in certain parts of the Dartmouth slate areas. In general types the Staddon and Meadfoot groups correspond to the Upper and Lower Coblenzian of parts of Germany, and are homotaxeous with them. From this it must not be inferred that the lower part of the Meadfoot group may not correspond to strata older than the Lower Coblenzian, or that the upper beds of that group may not be in part Upper Coblenzian. The solution of this question involves a special search for fossils, for which there was no time during tne survey of the area. In the following notes, commencing with the lower strata, we shall endeavour to keep each group separate as far as possible. Dartmouth Slates. The area was mapped in 1890-91 in entire ignorance of the connection of these beds with the variegated slates of Polperro, which was not clearly established until the survey of the Looe area in 1899. Taking the Looe district as the standard, both as regards lithological characters and relations, the Dart- mouth and Polperro slates are identical. The variegated slates of Polperro and Downderry, where unfaulted, are in contact * Such a correlation would make the grits between Long Sands and Cottevbury (near Blackawton), difficult to account for, except as an anti- cKne of the upper beds of the Dartmouth slates. LOWER DEVONIAN. 21 with a dark slate, series which separates them from grits. At Looe Pteraspis remains have been found on the coast in the dark slates, and these slates are often mottled with red (ologiste) splotches. It is, therefore, highly probable that there is an insensible passage from the Pteraspis beds to the Meadfoot group; andT that a boundary drawn by colour characteristics may, in one place, exclude dark slates which belong to the Dartmouth slate series and, in another, include coloured slates which should be referred to the higher group. In the Dartmouth slate districts between Scabbacombe Head and Stoke Fleming grey slates are frequently met with. Their presence suggests the occurrence of synclines of the basement beds of the overlying series which cannot be traced through the irregular distribution of colouring matter. Beyond all question, in the distinction of the different groups of the Lower Devonian colours are of great general value, but utterly unreliable, where unaccompanied by lithological distinction, as a guide to absolute stratigraphical boundaries. It is necessary to insist on this, as the boundaries of the Dartmouth slates west of Stoke Fleming are entirely dependent on colour distinctions. Guided by these alone the evidence in the south-western part of this area (and in the adjacent map, sheet 356) shows the gradual disappearance of this group westward through a series of anticlinal plications. This theory is borne out by the fact that, as a whole, the Dartmouth slate series is easily recognisable throughout its extension from Polperro in Cornwall to Mod bury in Devon, but where in unfaulted junction with a grey slate series the boundary is nearly always more or less indefinite. The Dartmouth slates are, as a group, characterised by the general prevalence of lilac, red, green and purple tints, often delicately blended with greys. Their glossy surfaces and reddish and purplish tints often exhibit much resemblance to varieties of the Gedinnien slates in the Ardennes. Siliceous shales (Quar'tzo-phy Hades) are common in the series and, in the districts south of Dartmouth, may represent the grit intercala- tions which are often conspicuous in the Kingswear promontory. The grit beds vary from hard dense grit and more or less hackly fractured quartzose grit to quartzite. On the east of Ivy Cove hard grey grits intersected by quartz veins rest in inverted synclinals on glossy pink and lilac-grey variegated slates, and form crags on the summit. Between this and Scabbacombe Head a mass of similar grits forms a promontory. The local character of such grit masses is exemplified on the Revelstoke and Wembury coasts, at Bindown and Congorlan Tor in the Looe area and elsewhere throughout the extension of the group. On the hill above Kingswear, grey and blue slates, mottled red in places, are associated with shaly grit and rest on purplish, reddish and greenish grey slates or shales, with numerous films of brown friable material, usually in small knubbly patches or lenticles between their planes. Contorted beds of hard grit are shown .it the south end of a quarry in the slate; beds of 22 GEOLOGY OF TOBQUAY. quartzose grit or quartzite are also shown in the south of Kingswear, where greenish and grey tints prevail. Between Beacon House and Brookhill, tne coast is accessible by a path and steps. Near this an igneous rock, probably a sheared felspathic tuff or lava, makes a contorted junction with the slates, crossing the cleavage of which both rocks partake. This sheared rock cannot be continuously traced, although it occurs near Scabbacombe Head and at Coleton. It forms a type here and there present throughout the extension of the Dartmouth slates. At the cemetery west of Dartmouth a shaft was sunk to a depth of 59 feet, in pale lilac and reddish glossy slates with occasional films of soft brown powdery material. The occurrence of brown films, of which many more instances might be cited, suggests the decomposition of calcareous organisms. Between Matthews Point and Landcombe Cove (in the adjacent map on the south, sheet 356) there are thin lenticles of limestone in the slates. One of these, a fine-textured red-purple band, seems to be wholly composed of small organisms, suggestive of fish-spines, etc., but not clear enough for identification. At Coleton and near Brookhill, east of Kingswear, the slates are often thickly studded with small bodies, which suggest scattered and crushed organisms. Pteraspis remains have not been found, but they have not been specially sought for, as the relations of the Dartmouth slates to the Pteraspis beds was not known until years after the mapping of the district. At Coleton, amongst the slates, sheared felspathic tuff may possibly occur, or cubes of Eyrites decomposed and replaced by whitey buff material may ave produced the effect. Near the Plymouth Brethren's Chapel at Blackpool the variegated glossy slates, in one place by the lane, resemble a highly sheared volcanic rock of the Brookhill type with felspars drawn out. One of the chief difficulties in distinguishing sheared tuffs and lavas from sheared intrusive rocks is occasioned by the frequent coincidence in the direction of bedding and cleavage in the Dartmouth slates through the sharpness of the folds, the axes of which are often merely indicated by a thickening of the slate, and by the development of quartz veins. It is only when the series contains many intercalated beds of grit, as in the Revelstoke coast, that the eye can readily distinguish the constant over-folding of the beds, or where laminated grits traverse the cleavage in a wavy or puckered manner. In Mill Bay an appearance of unconformity in the series is probably due to a thrust. The igneous rocks occur in a way strongly suggestive of I he plicated repetition of tuffs and lavas, either emitted from sources now beneath the sea or from local necks amongst or under them. The character of the laminated grits as exemplified by a specimen obtained near Mill Hill Copse, west of Stoke Fleming, is thus described by Mr, Teall : — 3094 (130). Near Mill Hill Copse, west of Stoke Fleming. A brownish grey puckered sandy Devonian shale containing small cubes of partially oxidized pyrite. LOWER DEVONIAN. 23 Under the microscope alternating laminas of gritty and jnicaceous material. The micaceous lamin® show strain-slip cleavage exactly similar to that seen in the corresponding laminsB in the mica-schists. The strain- slips on opposite sides of an anticline dip outwards, and those on opposite sides of a syncline dip inwards. The coarsest particles in the gritty layers are about "1 mm. in diameter. The micaceous layers are formed almost entirely of mica, which occurs both in the form of fairly large clastic flakes and also as extremely minute scales. The latter are associated with excessively fine micro- or crypto- crystalline material. Some of the gritty layers contain deep brown ferric oxide, which has probably been formed by the alteration of ferriferous carbonate. The micaceous minerals occur also in the gritty layers. This rock was evidently formed along the zone where fine sand shades into mud, and the conditions varied so as to give rise to alternations of finer and coarser sediment. Meadfoot Beds and Staddon Grit. For purposes of description the Lower Devonian roclcs above the Dartmouth slates are naturally split up into the following districts — the southern district, or main outcrop, the Paignton anticline, and the Torquay anticline. Southern District. Meadfoot Beds. — These strata are so plicated and faulted that the appearance of the Dartmouth slates in anticlines in unex- pected places jiiay explain the following occurrences. Varie- gated slates on the south border of Sandquay Wood, near the Naval Establishment ; a narrow strip of purple slates on the west of Uddern Copse (west of Ash and south of Paddlelake) at Hutcherleigh, and near Hoodown. As to the Long Sands, Dartmouth and Townstal grit, its boundaries, probably owing to the dying out of the grits in the reddish slates with whicli they are associated, are very indefinite near Nethway House. The faulted relation of these grits to the Dartmouth slates is nowhere seen, and the presence of rocks which might belong to the Dartmouth slates, and of grits in places (of War- berry and Looe types) renders the boundary uncertain. There seems to be, however, more evidence for regarding those grits as an impersistent development in the Meadfoot series than for their inclusion in the Dartmouth slates. The general succession of the Meadfoot beds on the west of the Dart seems to be as follows in descending order : — 1. * Dark slates with hard grey and brown grits and brown friable fossiliferous matter. 2. Dark grey slates with impersistent partly calcareous siltstone bands, films and lenticles. .3. Similar slates with volcanic seams impersistent. 4. Reddish slates and red and greenish sandstones, which may be con- tinued by greenish grey sandy shales and banded nmdstone \\'est\vard from Cotterbury. 5. Dark grey slates with arenaceous films or gritty shales, possibly a repetition of the beds west of Cotterbury. * These are, no doubt, on the horizon of the fossiliferous Meadfoot bed disclosed in the New Drive (south of Hope Farm) in the Torquay promontory. 24 GEOLOOY OF TORQUAY. These arenaceous shales (5) are of frequent occurrence in the south-western part of the district. They form a common type met with near East AUington and in the Kingsbridge district. The laminae are sufficiently coherent to enable the rock to be quarried out in large thick slabs (used for stiles, boundary fences, lidstones, &c.). This type is well shown between Bow- bridge and Forder (south of Blackawton). Dark brown com- pressed friable material, apparently fossiHferous calcareous residue, is noticeable here and there in the slates between Newton Cross and Ford Corn Mill and on the south side of Millcombe. I think that the calcareous beds in Southdown Cliff are on or near the horizon of the limestone bands south of Lower Noss Point. These are continued by slates with shaly limestone lenticles and decomposed i'riable fossiliferous bands along Old Mill Creek. The westerly continuation of this horizon is shown by exposures of fossiliferous slates in quarries (on the 6-ia. map) at West Norton Wood, between West Norton Wood and Bugford Lane End, and by the stream to the west of Bug- ford Lane End, near Lower Wadstray and at Lower Wadstray, where red-brown very fossiliferous friable matter is present. These all correspond to (2) in the above sequence. The follow- ing are apparently higher in the series and correspond to (1) in the sequence. Near Hole Farm, south of Bosorazeal, slates with hard grey grits and brown friable bands containing Homalonotus and Gasteropods are exposed in quarries near the top of the Mead- foot beds. Fragments from the same horizon south of Capton Cross contain HoTnalonotus armdtus ?. ^ North of Wood, west of Blackawton, Brachiopods, including Clionetes and liensselceria ?, are met with in brown friable grit which, with some hard grit beds in the vicinity, have been included in the Meadfoot series. North- east of Chipton, by the lane from Downton Cross to Old Mill, fossils resembling Chonetes and Tentaculiies were found in red slates ; these may, however, belong to the Staddon grits, as their junction beds with the Meadfoot group may be repeated by plication near Chipton. Typical Meadfoot beds, probably on the same horizon as at Hole Farm, occur at Higher Noss Point, and contain hard brown fossiliferous beds. There are very fossiliferous lenticles, appar- ently with casts of Gasteropods, in the slates by the road between Noss Plantation and Furland. The grits just south of Furland may also belong to the upper part of the Meadfoot series. Be- tween Furland and South Down Cliff the horizon cannot be con- tinuously traced, and there are many faults, none of which can be located with certainty. Between Guzzle Down and Raddi- combe there must be more than one fault to account for the absence of the Staddon grits and the junction of ELfelian slates and Meadfoot beds which cannot be approximately located. The upper beds of the Meadfoot group are apparently brought in by changing strikes between Forder and Southdown. In a brown grit surface stone north of Forder, at 25 chains east of Raddi- combe Barn (see 6-in. map), fragments oi Homalonotus and Tenta- culites were found. Towards Southdown Cliff the relations of LOWER DEVONIAN. 2o the Meadfoot and Staddon beds are not clear. The thin lenticular limestone bands and brown and yellow friable fossiliferous seams in the slates south of Lower Noss Point contain Spirifera, either Sp. primcBva or Sp. Becheni, according to Mr. Newton. Near Old Rock Inn the slates contain brown friable matter. In a quarry in the irregular patch of grit south of Hoodown there are broAvn earthy bands evidently fossiliferous. A gritty micaceous shale in this quarry exhibits markings {Chondrites ?) also found in a dark slate at Long Sands. In Nethway Quarry (west of Woodhuish) dark grey slates with decomposed fossiliferous matter contain Zaphrentis, Fenestella, and crinoids. Near Woodhuish limestone lenticles, brown filmy fossiliferous bands, and gritty intercalations are met with in the slates. They are the prolongation of the calcareous horizons so well exposed in the coast section on the south of Crabrock Point. There is every reason for regarding these horizons as a repetition of the red beds with (Monticuliporoid ?) limestone bands and fossiliferous grits containing Brachiopods, which bound the Dartmouth slates between Scabbacombe Head and Scabbacombe Sands. The same horizon occurs at Kingswear. Casts of fossils, including Rhyncho- nella daleidennif! ?, are met with in brown arenaceous shaly beds by Waterhead Creek, west of Waterhead Mill. Staddon Grits. — Between Southdown Cliffs and Raddicombe the relations of these beds to the Middle Devonian rocks are eirery where obscured by fault. From Guzzle Down to the Dart, although the junction with the Eifelian slates appears to be a natural one, the exposures are insufficient. West of the Dart the junction is evidently faulted in several places near Kingston, and near Newhouse and Bickleigh there are no clear exposures. Around Higher Tideford grey slates, partly gritty and with grey grits, nowhere properly exposed, render the junction exceedingly uncertain. At Capton Wood,* south of Barberry Water Mill (on the 6-inch Map) grey slates occur in mass. There are also grey slates and mudstones between Allaleigh and Halwell Camp, and near Bosomzeal. There is no means ci proving whether these slates belong to the Lower Devonian or to Middle Devonian (Eifelian) brought in by a syncline. With these and similar local exceptions, the main outcrop of the Staddon group exhibits the usual characteristics of greenish, red and lilac grits and sandstones, often shaly, with the red speckled quartzose Warberry grit, and other local types, here and there. No fossils have been found in the main outcrop, although in the irregular synclinal tongue, between Capton and Blackaw- ton, they have been detected in several places,-|- viz — in red speckled quartzose grits north-east and north of Hemborough Post, south of Stone Farm, where Tentaculites and Brachiopods (Chonetes ?) occur. In a quarry in purple and red grits east of * West of Kingston. t In the prolonsation of the grit near Bitson westvrard into the adjoining map (349) Bellerojihon frilobntvs and Homalonotus occur, south-south-east of Stanboro House, south of Halwell. The same fossils have been found on Lincombe Hill, Tonjuay. 26 GEOLOGY OF TORQUAY. Quarry Head (between Oldstone and Blackawton) numerous badly preserved fossils are obtainable, including Gasteropods {Pleurotomaria ?). Near this, on the west side of Quarryhead Wood, white, red-speckled grit is exposed in quarries and contains badly preserved fossils {Rew^sekKria ?). No fossils were obtained in this group between the Dart and Guzzle Down. Near Raddi- combe (on south-east side) a grit fragment was found, apparently belonging to this group, and contaming Tentaculites scalaris ?. The Paignton Anticline. On the north of Saltern Cove the Lower Devonian rocks consist of red slates with beds of quartz- veined grit overlain by New Rod breccia; they are separated from red slaty Upper Devonian mudstonos (The Btidesheim beds) by a reversed fault or thrust. The position of the fault is obscured by the similarity in colour, where grits are not evidenced; but it is certainly shifted northward by cross faults to Clennon Hill, whence it continues westward, frequently shifted by cross faults, throwing limestones and volcanic rocks down on the south, and cutting out the Eifelian slates completely. Toward Aish, washes from the high ground obscure the evidences of its position. Between Aish and Berry Park Lodge, Eifelian slates appear at Longcombe on the west of the fault boundary ; they may also underlie the limestone of Lomentor Copse in a faulted tongue which indents the Lower Devonian. A detached faulted mass of Lower Devonian is seen at Byrch Clump, on the 6-inch map; between it and Longcombe there are several limestone patches, some of which' appear to be thrust over Lower Devonian grits and shales which occupy an irregularly faulted tract between the limestones on the west of the main fault boundary. Further north the main boundary separates Eifelian slates from the Lower Devonian. There is a strip of red slates, west of Borton Pines, which may belong to either group, 'fhere are no junction exposures, so that it is impossible to tell wlicther the boimdary is anywhere unfaulted. Near AVildwood the northern boundary is a fault, and further east its position is rendered extremely uncertain through the prevalent lilac and red tints in the slates south of the Marldon limestone in proximity to the New Red rocks. This uncertainty is accentuated by the occurrence of Plexirodlctyum in the red slates near Wostei-land House, by the presence of grey slates of the Berry Park type, apparently in faulted association with-the red slates west of Westcrland House and at Lower Westerland, by the provixleiK^e of red slates in the Lower Devonian on the northern slo|io of Beacon Hill and south of Churscombe. From Churscombe eastward the Lower Devonian rocks are ■partly in faulted, partly in natural unconformable relation with the New Red i-ocks. The prevalent red colouring in the Devonian rocks of the Paignton anticline renders the detection of the Meadfoot beds, as a separate series, impossible. That they are brought up by some of the numerous faults, and in LOWER DEVONIAN'. 27 anticlines, is certain. An abortive attempt was made to trace this group between Shortdown and Livermead. A small quarry (on the 6- inch map near Broomball Plantation), north-east of Windmill Hill Clump, displays slates anrl . slaty grits exhibiting the characteristics of the Meadfoot beds. Fossils were obtained in a fine-grained lilac-brown grit m this quarry, and were kindly identilied by Messrs. Gosselet and Barrels (unless otherwise stated) as follows : — Pleurodictyum problematicum. Khynchonella daleidensis (identi- Houialonotus gigas. tied by Prof. Kayser). Chonetea sai'cinulata. hexatoma (near to lih. semiradiata. daleidensis). A Leptcena resembling L. spathidata was found in a grit fragment near Broomball Plantation on the west. These fossils point to the Lower Coblenzian age of the rocks. In the red shaly beds with grit bands, exposed in Saltern Cove railway- cutting, Ghonetes sordida and Fleti.rodActywm problem- aticum were found, besides the following which Davidson thought he could recognize amongst the fossils obtained from the cutting by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne : — Leptaena looensis. Rhynchonella pengellyana. Orthotetes Mpparionyx. Spirifera Isevicosta. The natural inference from the above is, that these beds correspond to the fos^iferous rocks of Looe. This is, as far as I know, with one exception* the only recorded discovery of Rhynchonella pengellyana in Devon, the original specimen having been determined from the Looe rocks by Davidson. It is given by Sandberger as a distinctly Gedinnien species, and is, at any rate, strongly suggestive of the inclusion of lower horizons than the Lower Coblenzian in the Meadfoot series. Between the New Red outliers, south of Goodrington Sands, red slates, very irregularly associated with grit beds and much plicated, yielded TenUiculites^ Ortluieerai^, Spirifera, Zapltrcntlt^, and Pleurodidymri. Between Paignton and Torquay, near HolJow- combe Lake, north of Preston, the red slates and grits contain fossils too imperfect for identification. In this neighbourhood slates seem to underlie grits and sandstones, becoming intercalated with grit beds and resting on grits near Shortdown. Spirophyton t was found in red shaly grits near Shortdown. Red slates with grit by Seaway Lane, Cockington, yielded Hoina.lonotus. In red grit fragments ploughed up on the margin of Staddon Plantation, Cockington, Fterma-a and a good example of Spirip'ra hysterica^ were obtained. On Paignton Windmill Hid, red slates and grits, cropping out by a hedge in a field near Ramsbill Cross, furnished Pleuro- * Viz., Sh. petigellyana 2 amongst Champernowne's fossils from New Cut, Torquay, identified by Etheridge, with doubt. Qcol. Mng., Nov. 1881, p. 490. Identified by Messrs. Gosselet and Barrois. G 28 GEOLOGY OF TORQUAY. dictyum and Romalonotus ?.* On Beacon Hill, south of Wester- land House, amongst the numerous grit fragments ploughed up, brown fossiliferous stones yielded Homalonotus, Nucula (near to N. kahlebergensis, Bausch., perhaps Palceoneilo of the Cob- lenzian), and indeterminable fragments of Gasteropods and Lamellibranchs. By the high road, south of Churscombe, 15 chains from the Ship Inn, Spirifera speciosa, Streptorhynchus, Orthis, and Pleurodictyuvi problematicum were obtained in rocks very similar to those in the Saltern Cove Railway Cutting. In a quarry by the road from Livermead to Cockington, traces of Brachiopods were noticed in red grit with numerous in- cluded fragments of shale. The Torquay Anticline. Better opportunities for the study of the characters of the Staddon and Meadfoot groups, and for obtaining fossils in them, are afforded in the Torquay promontory than elsewhere in this area, owing to many exposures in road cuttings supplementing the coast sections. The structure is a complex anticline, cut up and displaced by innumerable faults and thrusts, and the strata are moreover exceedingly contorted. From AVarberry Hill the Lower De- vonian (Staddon grits) extends westward in a strip bounded by faults, one of which is well shown in Market Street, from the Westitrn Hospital to Mudges Copse (Thurlow Road), where it is cut off by a fault. A bifurcation occupies the high ground between Warberry Hill and Babbacombe Church. If the main boundary is anywhere in unfaulted relation to Eifelian slates it would be so on the south of Babbacombe Church, but there are no junction sections. North of the Western Hospital some red and greenish slates and shales are exposed by a nev.r road; they are open to the same doubt as the red slates round Westerland House, as to whether they are Lower Devonian or Eifelian. Between the Warberry and Lincombe t Hills there are no exposures beyond a small mass of shattered limestone by Lower Warberry Road, just inside the grounds of Wellswood House, and indications of slates north-east of it, which may be Eifelian. It is not improbable that the grits of Warberry Hill are separ- ated from those of Lincombe Hill by a synclinal tract of faulted Middle Devonian rocks ; if not, the connection would be on the south of the patch of limestone mentioned above, i.e. between Lower Warberry Road, Erith House, and the faulted boundary of the Bradtlons Hill and Lisburn Crescent limestones. Behind Hesketh Crescent there is a fault junction between the Middle and Lower Devonian ; it is nowhere visible, but from very slight exposures of Lower Devonian rocks in Lower Lin- combe Road and elsewhere, it appears to run in the direction shown on the map, toward Apsley House. The grits of Lin- * Identified by Me.ssrs. Gosselet and Barrois. t Lincombe Hill is called Oxlea Hill on the map. LOWER DEVONIAN. 29 combe Hill are faulted against Middle Devonian limestones on the north, the fault boundaiy traced eastward cuts off the Black Head Diabase against Lower Devonian at Smugglers' Cove. At Hope's Nose the Lower Devonian is separated from the Middle by a series of faults ; but in the bay on the west of the Raised Beach, on the southern shore of the promontory, the uppermost grit beds of the Lower Devonian are visible at the base of a broken cliff composed of Eifelian slates, capped by irregular calcareous slates and slaty or shaly limestone. This section * commences at a well-marked fault, hading east and throwing down the limestones which form the southern hum of the promontory. Near this, proceeding westward, the lower part of the section is composed of dark slates or slaty shales, which are the basement beds of the Eifelian. In the lower parts of the cliff, a mass of grit, 10 feet thick, in beds of from two inches to two feet in thickness, terminates abruptly in the dark slates. Although in apparent horizontal intercalation, the grits are evidently sharply folded and connected with Lower Devonian grits on the beach ; the connection being obscured by tumbled blocks of limestone. The grits are hard, fine-grained and quartzose, of pale grey or reddish grey colour, and with whitish surfaces, studded here and there with small black, glistening, argillaceous filmy patches. In the beach reefs the grits are in irregularly contorted association with the dark slates ; they are laminated, and interlaminated with shaly films, m places. On the bed surfaces changes in colour, from grey to red with green mottling, are noticeable. Fossil casts are plenti- ful on some of the surfaces, but they are very badly preserved and impossible to extract. Loxonema and Pleurodictyumi problematicum were recognised. Toward the end of the beach a sharp easterly tilt is observable in the Eifelian slates above, and the grits rise from the beach to a height of about 40 feet in the cUff. This sudden rise of the grits is probably accompanied by a fault, and they are cut off on the west by a fault, concealed by ddbris in a small gulley which descends to the beach, at its western end. On the opposite side of the gulley the cliffs are formed of characteristic Meadfoot beds, consisting of dark slates with fossiliferous seams (in which Zaphrentoid corals are conspicuous) and brown-weathered even grit beds showing local contortion and disturbance. These beds form a strong contrast to the thick beds of grey grit on the east side of the gulley. This section was noted by the late E.B. Tawney thus : f — " On the other side of Hope's Nose tongue of land we have merely the top part . . . the lower part is cut oft' by a fault which brings grey and red grits against beds of the Meadfoot series." In the red and grey (Eifelian) shales above the red grits he obtained Favosites Gold/wssi and Cyatkoplujlliim ; in the red grits Ten- * See fig 6, on p. 51. t Trans. Devon. Assoc. Vol. 4, p. 293, 1870. 30 GEOLOGY OF TORQUAY. tacidites scclaris, Homalonotun, Streptorhynchus gigas, aud other fossils, mostly Lamellibranchs. If these fossils are undoubtedly from the uppermost grit beds of the Lower Devonian and not from the grits m Smugglers' Cove the presence of Streptorhynchus gigas — which occurs in the Onychien quartzite and Rhipidophyllen Schiefer — (the lowest horizons of the Gedinnien in Nassau), according to Sandberger * and does not go up — is remarkable. As there are no Eifelian slates on the north coast between Smugglers' Cove and Hope's Nose, the fault in the guUey on the south coast alone, or in conjunction with cross dislocations, in some undiscoverable way, cuts off the Eifelian slate tract between the north and south shores of the promontory. The uppermost beds of the Lower Devonian are also exposed in the exceedingly faulted tract bounding Redgate Beach (see Fig. 3 p. 13). Here tough broken fine grits of a chocolate red colour, in one spot exposed to a depth of eight feet, occur under red shales with grit bands, and are overlain by dark slates or shales, evidently Eifelian. The extension of both is effectually concealed by talus and limestone blocks ; no fossils were found. It is impossible to correlate these beds with any special horizons in the Lincombe and Warberry grits. The tendency of the evidence in this, as in the Paignton and Southern district, is to prove that the character of the junction beds of the Lower Devonian with the Eifehan is variable, sometimes formed by grits, sometimes by slates or shales with intercalated grits, or grits and grit shales with intercalated shales or slates. The boundary of the Staddon and Meadfoot groups is not a very reliable one to judge from the two sections in which it is exposed — viz. at the bend in the New Cut drive (north-west of Kilmorey) and by the New drive (south-east of Hope Farm and north-east of Kilmorey). In the New Cut the red slaty beds and grits become buff, mottled with purple, and seem to pass more or less horizontally into grey slates with bands of grit. There may, however, be a fault at the bend in the New Cut running towards Lisburn Crescent. The red beds of Lincombe Hill terminate at Torcello, Higher Lincombe road, in the manner shown on the map ; but, between their termination and the faulted limestone of Apsley House, green grits (or sandstones) and grey slates are evidenced in places in Lower Woodbury Road and by the steps leading to it from Higher Erith Road, and in and between Lower and Middle Lincombe Road. These may be the iipper or lower beds of the Staddon group. Greenish grits and grey slates are also faulted against the Asheldon Copse limestone by the Babbacombe road. On the slope below the New Cut, above Hesketh Crescent, greenish and grey grits are associated with dark grey slates. In the New Drive, west of Hope Cove (the cove south of Smugglers' Cove) the peroxidated grits and slaty beds are shown to change colour and to become brown grits associated with gi'ey * Jahrb. d. Nassau Ver.f. Nat. Jahrg. 42. LOWER DEVONIAN. 31 slaty shales. Near this the fault shown in Hope Cove, and noted in Tawney's section, crosses the road, and for ten chains in a south-easterly direction the rocks exposed by the road would be classed as Meadfoot beds. There appear to be at least two fossili- ferous horizons in them (perhaps roughly corresponding to those of Hole Farm and Higher Noss Point in the southern district). These beds are succeeded by dull green grits with occasional flakes of shale,* and hard grits, often flaggy, which are cut ott' by a nearly north and south fault along the crags overlooking the Hope's Nose promontory. These grits, if lithological character is worth anything, belong to the Staddon group ; indeed, they may be the upper beds of that series thrust over the Meadfoot beds. They occupy the highest ground between Kilmorey and Hope's Nose, on which, as their persistence is very doubtful, they are indicated by two patches on the map. The westernmost of these patches is evidently a very thin capping 'of flaggy greenish grit, occasionally red, judging by surface stones on the hill above Kilmorey. Traces of fossils mcluding Atrypa, Rliynchonella, Chonetes and Spirifera cultriju- (jata were obtained. There is doubt about the last named owing to the imperfection of the specimen. Greenish sandstones associated with or overlying grey slaty niudstone and dipping in northerly and north-westerly directions are exposed in quarries near Kilmorey on the east. In stones in one -of these quarries Homalonotuts,Ghonetes,Spiriferaa,ii.dPleurodictyuvi.y/ei:enotice(i. This westernmost patch has every appearance of an outlier, but between it and the easternmost mass there are hard and soft grey slates which are more or less fossiliferous, and as far as character goes might be Eifelian. These slates contain Pleurodictywm, and Cornulites (identified by Mr. Whidborne) was also found in them. The green sand- stones of the larger patch seem to dip under them near its south-eastern boundary. The upper parts of the clift's bounding this tract are also suggestive of a newer slaty series overthrust on an older (the Meadfoot beds); the relations of the rocks between Kilmorey and the Eifelian of Hope's Nose are therefore exceedingly doubtful. The cliffs under Kilmorey are char- acteristic Meadfoot beds. In the same series from here to the gulley fault, west of Hope's Nose Raised Beach, there are many faults ; one of these is well shown (marked by fault rock) in the cove on the east side of the southernmost point on the coast. It cuts off a mass of red grit forming the end of the point, ap- parently the axis of a uniclinal plication. The cliffs of the cove in the lower part arc composed of dark grey, partly siliceous, slates, with fucoidal markings and Chondrites ?t and traces of * Lithologically identical with green gvit in the Staddon grits near Plymouth. t Similar to those in the quarry south of Hoodown, and in dark slate at Long Sands. A gritty shale with irregular surlaoe markings, fucoidal ? noticed here has been observed on the Thurlestone Coast and in many Lower Devonian sections in Devon and Cornwall. 32 GKOLOGY OF TORQUAY. Gasteropods (Pleurotomaria ?) and other organisms. No absolute decision as to the position of these beds can be arrived at owing to the zig-zag contortions accompanied by thrusts (or axial displacements) and traversed by faults, -which are every- where met with ; but the probability of their equivalence to the slates in contact with the grit of Long Sands may be hinted. On the north coast, between Smugglers' Cove and Hope's Nose, a continuous section is visible ; but the upper parts of the cliff slopes are almost invariably concealed by undergrowth, grass, and talus. The fault at Smugglers' Cove is marked by a deep depression separating the Black Head diabase, on the north, from red Lower Devonian rocks on the south. The latter consist of red slaty shales with thin grit beds, and intensely peroxidated hard fossiliferous bands, on pale lilac and greenish slaty shales, with hard massive grit beds (often interlaced with quartz veins) in the lower part of the cliff. On the beach thin beds of compact grit separate the above from grey buff-banded slaty rocks, which crop out near the fault, and were noted by Tawney as Meadfoot beds. In the next Cove (Hope Cove), through a southerly deflection in the strike, the beds above the thick grits occupy the lower part of the cliff; an oblique cleavage not affecting the grit beds is apparent. The following descending sequence, in a thickness of 8 feet, gives a fair sample of the section : — Thin brown-red and green grit bed. Ked slaty shales. Red and greenish slaty shales with impersistent bands of peroxidated fossiliferous grit with green shaly films.* Grit, partly compact. These beds are exposed for 24 yards in the cove, but beyond this the base of the section is concealed by tumbled blocks of red and grey rocks for 34 yards. A colour change probably lakes place in this interval. Greyish and brown purple-stained grits with grey slates are then encountered, dipping south at 30°. The fault, noticed by Tawney, here traverses the section, bring- ing on a sharply folded axis (with lower limb horizontal) of brown and gi-ey grits associated with knubbly irregular slates, which may be a repetition of those in the beach reefs of Smugglers' Cove. The partly decomposed fossiliferous slaty limestonet bed occurs at the base of the folded mass, but cannot be traced upward, as the whole is cut off by a tributary fault, or slide, joining the main dislocation above, and bringing on 10 feet of brown and grey hard grit beds (with purple surface mottling). These grits form the southern horn of Hope Cove, and dip under the following, in upward succession : — 6 to 7 feet of grey slates * This character, already referred to as common to the Hangman grit saries, the Looe grits, etc., was noted by (Jhampcrnowne (Geol. Mag. Nov. 1881, p. 488) as characterising Ludlow rocks in the Usk district. t Zaphrentis is recognisable, also black patches ( fish traces ?^. The latter are noticeable in similar rocks in the Meadfoot beds — at 23 chains west of Kilmorey, in Grownhill Bay, south of Plymouth (near Boveysand Bay), &c. LOWEE DEVONIAN. 33 with hard thin brown shaly grit — an irregular bed of hard grit — 20 to 25 feet of dark shales or slates, with hard thin brown weathered grit bands — a lenticular fossiliferous band. Above this the rocks may be the same as those in Hope Cove. The coast runs for about 13 chains from this, more or less co- incidently with the strike. Grey slates with brown grits and thin grit bands are shown in sharp zig-zag plications, determin- ing the surfaces of rock shelves at the base of the cliff, and occasionally broken by small faults. In places the section is red in the vicinity of joints or faults. For the remaining 9 chains the dips are often easterly. In the coves the grits and slates are red-stained for about 2 chains {d in Tawney's section). Beyond this, irregular dark grey slates, crossed at intervals by brown grits and partly calcareous fossiliferous bands, are in faulted junction with the Middle Devonian limestone of Hope's Nose Quarry. This section is inconclusive as to the boundary between the Staddon grits and Meadfoot series. It proves that absolute reliance cannot be placed on colour distinction, and without that guide one cannot say in which group the peroxidated beds of Smugglers' and Hope Coves should be included. In the following notes on the fossil localities in rocks classed as Meadfoot beds, and in rocks classed as Staddon grits, this separation is therefore often arbitrary. Meadfoot Beds. In decomposed fossiliferous bands and siliceous limestone, traversing the dark slates near their faulted junction with the limestone of Hope's Nose Quarry, the following fossils were obtained : — Pleurodictyum problematicum. Strophoraena rhomboidalia Zaphrentis. (var. analoga, according to Homalonotus Rueiiieri ? Whidborne). Spirifera primEeva. At from 10 to 11 chains due south of Hope Farm, on the edge of a bramble brake, very fossiliferous decomposed brown beds and tough orange-brown bands are met with in grey slates. These beds can be more or less continuously traced along the contour to the New Drive, where they contain a bed of siliceous limestone, so that there is here a fossiliferous zone or zones extending continuously for a quarter of a mile. The fossiliferous beds are associated with irregular knubbly slates (of the Mead- foot and Lynton type) and beds of hard brown grit, in which remains (spined plates, portions of glabella, etc.) of Homalono- tus are plentiful. The following fossils were obtained from the beds in the New Drive : — Spirophyton. Leptajna laticosta (Tropidoleptus Homalonotus arraatus ] rnenanus) — plentiful, (plentiful). Orthotetes hipparionyx. Chonetes (plentiful). Eensselaeria strigiceps. 7052 P 34 GEOLOGY OF TORQUAY. Ehynchonella (near to pugnus). Ctenodonta concentrica ? Spirif era cf . Isevicosta, Pterinaea. — microptera. Tentaculites scalaris. The following were found on the edge of the bramble brake : — Homalonotus (comparatively Ehynchonella (large). scarce). — sp Chonetes. Spirifera (large). Leptiena laticosta (plentiful). Pterinsea. Orthis hipparionyx. Tentaculites. This horizon is no doubt shifted by fault on the east ; on the west it cannot be traced on the slope toward Kilmorey, where we should expect to find it below the western grit patch from the parallelism it exhibits to the northern boundary of the eastern grit mass, assuming these to be ordinary outliers. The clifPs and beach reefs under Kjlmorey are composed of the irregular dark slates with hard grit beds and decomposed fossil bands characteristic of the Meadfoot series. Here Pleurodictyum probleTTiaticum was found. Dr. Kayser's* list from this spot is as follows : — Zaphrentis oolithica (determined Spirifera hysterica. by Dr. Freeh). — — paradoxa. Rhynchonella daleidensis. Strophomena cf. Murchisoni. Chonetes sarcinulata. Pterinsea costata. Mr. Whidbornet mentions the occurrence of Strophalosia pro- dtictoides " in the Pleurodictyum beds at Meadfoot." Pengelly;]: recorded the discovery of a single scale of PhiUolepis con- centricus in coarse gritty slates at the base of the cliff under Kilmorey, and of a rather doubtful scale of Holoptychius from Meadfoot Sands. Salter in liis monograph (Pal. Soc., 1865) gives Meadfoot Sands as the locality for Homalonotus elongatus (a species founded on the discovery of a tail). Phillips records (Pal. Foss.) Orthoceras tentacularis, Spirifera costata, Orthis granulosa, 0. plicata and Avicula anisota from Meadfoot. Meadfoot Sands is too indefinite a term, as both Eifelian slates and Meadfoot beds are present in the cliffs on the west and on the east of Hesketh (Jrescent, respectively. The slates of doubtful character east of Kilmorey seem to overlie the green sandstones of the eastern outlier. On the southern border of the copses north-east of Kilmorey they contain many crinoid fragments and badly preserved fossils, amongst which were recognised the following : — Pleurodictyum. Spirifera laevicosta 1 Zaphrentis. — speciosa. Cornulites sp. (three .specimens Streptorhynchus. identified by Whidborne). * Neues Jahrb.fiir Mineralogie, &c., 1889. Bd. 1, p. 188. t Pal. Soc. 1893, p. 156. X Trans. Devon. Assoc, for 1868. History of the discovery of fossjl fish and Ibid- for 1874 in Notes on Becent Notices, &c,, part \, ' LOWEK DEVONIAK. 35 By the easternmost copse, Rhynchonella and Pleurodictyum were found. The possibility of these slates being Eifelian and thrust over Meadfoot beds has been before referred to. They resemble slates included in the Eifelian of EUacombe and near Warberry Mount. Staddon Grits. The exposures on Warberry Hill are slight, and this may be the reason why so few fossils have been obtained. The faulted strip of red grits and shales between the Western Hospital and Thurlow Road is better exposed, but no fossils have been obtained. In the wood near Warberry Reservoir red slates are exposed. If unfaulted, towards Babbacombe Church greenish slates, at the base of the Eifelian are succeeded by red shales with beds of grit, over red grits presenting many examples of the white quartzose red-speckled variety. Amongst the materials turned out in the excavation of Warberry Reservoir, fragments of red-speckled grit containing Tentaculites, a cast of Spirifera (?) and Beyrichia were recently obtained ; previously Beyrichia wilckensiav a ha,d been identified by Professor Rupert Jones in a fragment from this locality. If the green grits by the Babbacombe Road (near Asheldon Copse) and between Lincombe Hill and the Apsley House limestone were peroxidated, it is questionable if they could be distinguished from the red and red-speckled grits of Warberry Hill. The reason the term given to this series by Champernowne " Warberry, Lincombe and Smugglers' Cove grits " has not been adopted, is, apart from its length, to allow for the probability of the Lincombe and Smugglers' Cove grits being in part stained Meadfoot beds, although the Warberry Hill beds are not open to this probability, as far as one can judge by the evidence. In the field in which the round copse on the northern part of the summit of Lincombe Hill is situated, fragments of red, buff' and red-speckled grit (and occasionally of banded rock of the Pigshill Wood type) are ploughed up. Some of these are fossiliferous, containing Homalonotus, Chonetes, Orthis, Penta- vierus and Pleurotomaria. The following were specifically identified : Pleurodictyum problematicum. Bellerophon compressus. On the south side of the copse grey and greenish slates and grits prevail. Further south near the 400-foot contour south of St. Raphael's Home, in pale buff", pale grey, and green tough hard and brittle grit stones, the following were obtained : — LeptiJena laticosta. Streptorhynchus. Spirifera primaeva 1 Bellerophon trilobatus. — sp. Tentaculites multiformis. By the New Cut, within a hundred yards east of the spot where the red beds change colour, Champernowne * obtained * Geol. Mag., Nov., 1881, p. 487, l, 58, 59. Limestone (Eifler Kalk), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 44, 52, 53, 60, 85-88, 129. Slates (Eifler Schiefer), 7, 8, 18, 29, 43, 45, 49, 60, 69, 70, 81, 82, 85-87, 89, 97. Eight Acre Pens Linhay, 73. Elbridge Cottage (Broadhempston), 98. Elbury, 8, 75, 103, 107. Cove, 102, 107. House, 123. Ellacombe, 35, 45, 46, 56, 57, 70, 89, 126. Erabridge Corn Mill, 39. Endsleigh, 84, 85. Engadina Villa (Torquay), 50. Erinville (Torquay), 50. Erith House (Torquay), 28. Etheridge, K, 36. Exe, 121. Exeter, 112. Falconer, Dr. H., 117, 118. Fammenien, 7. Featherstone, 129. Fishacre, 96, 97, 98. Bridge, 97. Cross, 95. Fishcombe Cove, 76, 107. Point, 112. Fish, Devonian, 16-18, 21, 22, 34. Fishpond's inlet (R. Dart), 81. Fleet Mill, 78, 80. Street (Torquay), 126. FoUaton House, 78, 80. Ford Bridge, 97. Corn Mill, 24. — - Cross, 95, 96. Forder, 24. Forests, Submerged, 122, 123. Formations, Tables of, 7-9. Fowey, 6. Foxhole Copse, 70, 93. Frasnien, 7. Freeh, Prof. F., 48, 76, 83, 85, 90, 91, 100, 101. Froude W., 113. Froward Cove, 40. Furland, 24. Fursdon, 99. Galmpton, 71, 72. Mill, 81. — Point, 111. Warborough, 71, 75. Gatcombe Park, 89, 90. Gedinnien, 6, 7, 8, 21, 27, 30. Gerston Cross, 80. Gitcombe, 70. Glen, The (Babbaconibe), 54. Godwin-Austen, R. A. C., 1, 2, 84, 113, 114, 118-122, 131. Gold at Daddyhole, 48. Goodrington, 8, 9, 42, 56, 74, 7."), 103 107, 112. Park, 74,75, 103. Sands or Beach, 3, 4, 111, 122, 123. Volcanic Rocks, etc., 73-76, 87 Goslar, 55. Gosselet, Prof. J., 5, 27, 28, 58, 70. Green way House, Viaduct, Quay, 81 129. Grant's Hill Plantation, 70. Grattons, 89, 93. Gravel, 123, 124. Great Ambrook, 97. Copse, 38. Court, 83, 85. Guzzle Down, 24, 25, 26. Gynmasium (near Dartmouth), 39. Hackney Barn, 78. Creek, 77, 79. Haematite Mines, 128, 129. Half Tide Rock (Babbacombe), 54. Halwell, 25. Camp, 25. Ham Barn, 78, 79, 82. Hampstead, 88. Hangman grit, 32. Hannaford Hill, 100. Hansel, 9, 39. Happaway Cavern (Stentifords Hill, Torquay), 8, 115, 116. Harbertonford, 129. Harbourne (stream), 82. Harper's Hill, 78. Hartz (The), 7. Hatch Dr. F. H., 78, 79. Hazard, 86. Hazelwood, 9. Head, 120, 121, 122. Heights, 1. Hele, 57, 58, 65. Cross, 58. Hemborough Post, 25. Hems (stream), 124. Hennock, 126. Herhill Copse, 92. Hermitage Castle, 38. Hesketh Crescent (Torquay), 28, 30, 34, 48. 49, 128. Mews ^Torquay), 49. Road (Torquay), 128. Higher Alston, 70. 138 INDEX. Higher Brixham, 69. Dittisham, 70, 78. Erith Road (Torquay), 30. Greenway, 70. Gribble Plantation, 78. Gurrow Point, 81. Lincombe Road (Torquay), 30. Noss Point, 18, 24, 31, 38. Terrace (Torquay), 128. Tideford, 25, 70. Union Street (Torquay), 128. Wadstray, 38. Wallaton Cross, 19. Washbourne, 70. Weekaborough, 92. Westerland, 91. Weston, 86. Yalberton, 73, 83. Highlands (Totnes), 44, 52, 85. HiMeld, 39. Hill Park (Ellacombe), 57. Hole Farm, 24, 31. Hoil, 72, 83. Holl, Dr. H. B. 2, 15, 132. HoUicombe (or Hollowcombe,) 110. Lake, 27, 123. Homalonotus Roemeri, 33. Homelands (St. Marychurch), 56. Hoodown, 23, 31. Hookwells, 9, 75, Hope Cove, 30, 31, 32, 37. Farm, 23, 36. Hope's Nose, 8, 31, 32, 44, 45, 51-53. 70, 90, 128. Raised Beach, 8, 18, 31, 52, 118- 121. Quarry, 44, 51. Hoster Wood Quarry, 100. Houndhead 99. Hunsruckschiefer, 7. Hunt, A. R. 4, 46, 111, 112-114, 119- 121, 123, 133, 134. E. 129. Hutcherleigh, 19, 23, 39. Iberger Kalk, 7. Igneous Rocks, Table of, 9. in the Lower Devonian, 38-41. Ilsham, 8, 64, 75, 103-105. Manor, 104. Ipplepen 8, 44, 45, 87, 88, 99, 100, 129. Ironstone Mines, 128, 129. Isler and Co., 86, 127. Ivy Cove (Brixham Coast), 8, 76, 107, 112. (Kingswear Coast) 21, 40. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, 120. Jones, Prof. T. R., 35, 48, 104, 106, 133, 134. Jukes-Browne, A. J. 119, 120. Kayser, Dr. E. 4, 6, 7, 34, 52, 53, 55, 73, 85, 89, 133. Kelly's Cove, 40. Rents Hole, or Cavern, 38, 64, 113- 115, 122. Kerswell Down, 101. Kilmorey, or Kilmorie, 30, 31, 32, 34, 128. Kiln Cottages (Broadhempston), 98. Kingsbridge district, Ifi, 24. Kingsteignton, 44. Kingston, 25, 70. Barton, 98, 99. Kingswear, 9, 16, 21, 22. Coast, 20, 38, 40, 41. Promontory, 9, 19, 21. Kittymore Linhay, 101. Knoddy, 88. KnoUen Kalk, 6, 7, 8. Kramenzel, 6, 8. Ladies Cove, 40. Quay, 81. Landcombe Cove, 21, 22, 40. Lands End (Torquay), 50. liangham Wood Barn, 82. Langridge Cross, 77. ^ Laywell House, 69, 70. Leader Wood, 20. Lee, J. E. 3, 5, 37, 48, 103, 132. Leland, J. 122. Leonard Cove, 40. Lime, 129. Limestone Plateaux, 46, 122. Limonite Mines, 128, 129. Lincombe Hill, 3^ 8, 25, 28, 35. Lion Brewery, High Street (Totnes), 86. Lisburn Crescent (Torquay), 28, 30, 50, 52. Liskeard, 5. Little Ambrook, 97. Dartmouth, 40. Hempston, 44, 88, 89, 92-97. Bridge, 97. Wood, 89, 90. Livermead 27, 28, 110, 124. Lomentor, 83. Copse, 26. London Bridge (Torquay), 48, 49, 124. Londonderry, Earl of, 128. Longcombe, 26, 77, 83, 90. Longford Bridge, 95. Long Quarry Point, 12, 13, 63. Long Sands, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23 25, .31, 32, 38. Lonsdale, W., 131. Looe, 5, 6, 7, 20, 21. Rocks, type, etc., 7, 8, 9, 15, 23, 27, 32", 37. Loventor, 91. Lower Bronshill road, 56, 67. Coblenzian, 6, 6, 7, 8, 20, 27. Devonian, 2, 3, 5-13, 14-41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 60, 61, 62, 68, 69, 70, 80, 83, 103, 106, 108, 112, 127, 129, 130. INDEX. 139 Lower Diinscombe, 103, 104. Gribble Plantation, 79. Heathfield, 39. Kilngate, 18, 38. Lincombe Road, 28. Longcombe, 79. New Red, 8, 12.i. Norton, 9. Noss Point, 18, 24, 38. -Wadstray, 24. Warberry road, 28, 50. Washbourne, 70. Well Farm, 72, 73. Westerland, 26. Weston Farm, 85, 127. Woodbury Road, 30. Yatson, 82. Lownard, 88. Ludlow Rocks, 32. Lummaton, 4, 7, 8, 44, 58, 61, 65-68, 103. Lupton Farm, 70. House, 69. Luscombe, 82. Cross, 78. Lynton type, 33. MacEnery, Rev. J., 3, 114, 116, 131. Machairodus latidens, 115. Magwintons, 49, 50. Maisonette (EUacombe), 56. Mammals, Cave, 114-118. Mammoth, 115, 118. Man Sands, 8, 11, 14, 17, 38. Marble, 129. Market Street (Torquay), 28, 50, 62. Marldon, 2, 8, 26, 43, 45, 59, 76, 86, 87, 90, 91, 110. Tor Plantation, 91. Marshall, J. T., 120. Matchwood Terrace, 57. Matthews Point, 22, 40. Meadfoot Beds, 8, 9, 15, 18, 23-25, 27, 30-35, 38. Hill, 128, Road, 49, 128. Sands, 34, 70. Middle Blackpool Corn Mill, 39. Devonian, 42 -102. Lincombe Road, 30. Woodfield Road, 49, 128. Mill Bay, 22. Millcombe, 24. Barn, 78, 80. Bridge, 19. Millendreath, 16. Mill Hill Copse, 22. Lane (near Compton Mill), 101. (Torquay), 128. Point (by R. Dart), 81. Mines, 128. Mineral Waters, 129. Mockwood Quarry, 90. Modbury, 21. Monticuliporoid Fossils, 16, 17, 25. Morte Slates, 3. ilount Boone, 39. Pleasant Quarry, 58. Mudge's Copse (Torquay), 28, 60. Mudstone Bay, 3, 6, 8, 69, 70, 71, 82, 89, 122. Museum (of Torquay Nat. Hist. Soc), 50. Nassau, 5, 7, 30, 74, 87. Naval Establishment, 18, 23. Nellie's Wood (Dartington), 93. Netherton, 89, 90. Nethway House, 9, 17, 19, 23, 38, 129. Quarry, 25. New Cut, 30, 35, 36. Drive, 17, 23, 30, 33. Ground Copse, 90. Newhouse, 25. Barton, or New House, 87, 89, 99. New Park Hill Plantation, 89, 92. New Red Crocks), 2, 26, 43, 54, 58, 59, 62, 64, 71, 72, 74, 86, 91, 92, 103, 106, 108-112, .123, 125, 129, 130. Sandstone Series, 108-112. Newton Abbot, 61, 88. Cross, 24. E. T., 18, 25. Nicholson, Prof. H. A., 58, 64, 72, 84, 85, 91, 92, 94, 99. North Corn Mill, 39. Devon, 3. Whilborough, 101. Northtor Cottages, 91 . Norton, 39. Noss Creek, 18, Plantation, 24. Oare Stone, 45, 46. Occombe, 110. Ochre, 128, 129. Oddicombe Beach, 8, 54, 57, 109. Old Mill, 24. Bay, 60. Creek, 18, 24, 38. Old Rock Inn, 19. Oldstone, 26. Old Wood, 1,09. Ologiste markings, 16. Onychien Quartzite, 30. Ore-deposits, 128, 129. Orestone Cottage, 39. Orley Common, 87, 99, 100. Oxlea Hill (Lincombe Hill), 28, Paddlelake, 23, 38, 39. Paignton Anticline, 11, 20, 26-28. Cross, 111. District, 8, 108, 110, 111, 128, 129. Marshes, 123. Quay, 110. Palestine Villa (Torquay), 59. 140 INDEX. Park Copse, 94, 95. Corner Copse, 90. Parkers Barn, 80. Parkhill (Little Hempston), 92. Park Lane (Dartington House), 94. ' Parliament House,' 83. Parsonage Cross, 93. Farm, 95. Lane, 95. Pasture Farm, 39. Peak Cross, 78. Peloe (Paytoe), 88. Penball Cross, 89, 96, 97. Pengelly, W., 2, 3, 15. 23, 34, 112- 118, 122, 123, 131-133. Penny's Wood, 96, 97. Pen Quarry, 80. Petit Tor (Peaked Tor) Cove, 50. Petit Tor (near St. Marychurch), 6, 8, 10, 12, 62, 64, 65, 103, 104, 108, 109, 110, 122. Phillips, Prof. J.-, 34, 47. Pidgeon, D., 4, 120, 133. PigshUl Wood (Mount Edgecunibe), 35. Pit Park Quarry, 94. Pleistocene, 8, 113-124. Pleurodictywm, 28, 29, 31, 33-38. Plymouth Brethren's Chapel (Black- pool), 22. Plymstock, 79. Polperro, 15, 20, 21. Port Bridge, 72, 78, 82, 98. Post Tertiary and Recent, 113-125. Presbyterian Church (Torquay), 50. Preston, 27. Sands, 123. Prestwich, Sir J., 117, 118, 119, 120, 134. Pruston Barton, 19. Psammites de Condroz, 5. Pteraspis, 16-18, 21, 22. Pudcombe Cove, 40. Quarry Head, 26. Quarryhead Wood, 26. Quartzo-phyllades, 8, 21. Eaddicombe, 24, 26. Barn, 24. Raised Beaches, 118-122. Ramshill Cross, 27. Redra,te (by R. Dart), 81. -Beach, 8, 12, 13, 30, 44, 53, 54, 62, 63, 64. Redhill Quarry, 84. Redlap Cove, House, 40. Bedpost, 89, 92. Redworth, 77, 79. Reevacre Cross, 94, 95, 96, 97. Revelstoke Coast, 21, 22. Rhipidophyllen Schiefer, 30. . Rhynchonella cuboides, 7, 61, 65, 67. zone, 6, 8, 12, 42, 60-65, 103. pengellyana, 27, 36, 37. Rifle Range (Totnes), 78. Ringmore, 8, 16. Ringswell Cross, 97. Ritson, 25 Rivers of the District, 1. River Gravels, 123, 124. Road Metal, 129, 130. Rock End Wall (Torquay), 48. Walk Cliff, 62. Roofing Slate, 129. Rose Cottages (South of Totnes), 86. Rough Hole Barn, 38. Roundham Head, 110, 111, 122. Place, 123. St. Marychurch, 8, 42, 44, 47, 50 56-59, 68, 108. Road, 57. St. Raphael's Home, 35. Salter, J. W., 34, 132. Saltwn Cove, 3, 5, 6,- 8, 9, 12, 73-75, 103, 106, 107, 129. Railway Cutting, 27, 28, 106. Sandberger, Prof., F. von, 27, 30. Sandlane Copse, 90. Sandquay, 9, 19, 38, 39, 129. Wood, 18, 23. Sandridge Park, Point, 81. Scabbacombe Head, Sands, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25. Scenery, 1. Schalstein, 7. Seaway Lane (Cockington), 27. Sedgvtick, Rev. A., 3, 15, 131. Shadrack, 89. Cross, 89, 90. Shag Rock, 45, 46, 48. Shapter, Dr. T., 126, 131. Sharkham Point, 5, 8, 9, 10, 15, 68, 69, 86, 121, 122. Sharpham House (Park, Barton, etc.), 77, 78, 79. Sharpland Point, 16. Shelter Cove, 63. Shinglehill Cove, 40. Shinners Bridge gorge, 93. Ship Inn (Churscoinbe), 28. Shortdown, 27. Siegener Grauwacke, 7, 8. Silver Cove, 6, 12, 75, 107. Simpson, 98, 99. Slapton, 125. Smith, E., 126. Smuggler's Cove, 15, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36,37. ' ' . . Sneydhm-st (Broadhempston), 98. Soils, 130. Southdown, 24. Cliff, 8, 9, 11, 17, 24. South Whilborough, 102. Spanish Barn (Torquay), 127. Sparkwell Cottages, 99. Spirifera ctdtrijugata, 31, 36, 38. pririKKna, 18, 25, 33, 35, 37. INDEX. 141 Springville House (near Totnes), 53, 89, 124. StaddonHeights(near Plymouth), 15. Grits, etc., 8, 14-20, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 38. Plantation (Cocking ton), 27. Stanboro House (near Halwell), 25. Stancombe, 78. Stantaways Hill, Rock, 59, 60. Stantor Quarry, 91. Staverton, 42, 87, 88, 95, 99, 123, 124, 13a Ford Plantation, 94. Stentifords Hill (Torquay), 62, 113, 115. Stoke Fleming, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 41. Gabriel, 72, 77, 78, 82, 83, 112. Point, (by R. Dart), 81. Stone Farm, 25. , Building, 129. Stoodly Knowle, 104. Strainytor Copse, 91. Streptorhynchus gigas, 30, 37. String ocephalus, 7, 61, 65, 67. Structure (and General Structure), 10-13. Submerged Forests, 122, 123. Symon's Tree Barn, 93. " Syracusa Cove," 47. Tallyho Bridge, 97. Taunusien, 7. Tawney, E. B., 3, 29, 31, 3:2, 33, 36, 37, 132. Teall, .J. J. H., 22, 39, 79. Teign, River, 121. Teignmouth Road, 59, 122, 128. Terraces, Marine, 118-122. River, 123, 124. Terra cotta Clay, 108. Thatcher (Rock or Stone), 4, 8, 45, 46, 118, 120, 121. " The College " (Apsley House), 4$, 49. Thistlepark Plantation, 94, 95. Thurlestone (coast), 31, 125. Thurlow Road (Torquay), 28, 35, 46. Tinsey Head, (type), 17. Tor Abbey, 8, 122, 123, 128. Torbay, 2, 46, 112, 11.3, 118, 121, 12.3. Cottage (Paignton), 123. Road, 124. Torbryan Mill, 98. Torcello (Torquay), 30. Torcombe, 78, 82. Torcorn Hill, 99. Torcross, 15, 17. Torquay Anticline (Lower Devonian), 1 1 28—38 'Brewery Well, 61, 126, 127. Cemetery, 56, 58, 109. Cricket Ground, 59. District (Middle Devonian), 45- Torquay Gas Works, 123. Museum, 50. Recreation Ground, 123. Sewer, 49, 127, 128. Station, 62. Water Supply, 126. Winter Gardens, 50. Torr (West of Stoke Fleming), 20, 39. Torre, 122. Chapel, 45, 59. College, 45, 59, 60. —Hill Road, 60, 62. Parish Church, 60, Railway Cutting, 109. Station, 8, 123. Totnes, 7, 8, 42, 44, 52, 53, 77-80, 83, 86, 124, 126, 127. Tottiford Reservoir, 126. Townstal, 9, 23, 39. Tregantle Fort, 16. Triangle Point (Torquay), 48. Tristford Cross, 80, True Street (near Totnes), 77, 83. Trumlands Quarry, 42, 44, 57, 58. Tuckenhay Creek, 82, Paper Mills, 78. Uddern Copse, 23. Ugborough, 79. Union Street (Torquay), 60. Uphempston, 89, 90, 92. Upper Coblenzian, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 20. Devonian, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 103-107. Upton, 58, 122. Cottages, 57. Farm, 45, 57, 60. Parish Church, 60. Vale, 57. Valley, 60. Usk District, 32. Venn Cross, 39, 40. Victoria Parade (Torquay), 50, Vineyard, 88. Vivian, E., 3, 131. Vulcanicity in Lower Devonian, Evidences of, 38-41 . Waddeton, 8, 69, 70, 71, 87, 112, 129. Boat House, 43. Lane, 72. Quay, 81. Waddons, 99. Waldon Hill, 60, 61, 62, 63, 128. Wallshill, Wallshill Down, 61, 63. Warberry Beds (see Staddon grit), 7. Hill, 8, 14, 28, 35, 46, 126. rMount, 35, 56. Reservoir, 35. type, 23, 25. Warren Road, 62. Washbourne, 80. Washwalk, 19, 142 INDEX. Watcombe, clays, ware, etc., 108, 109, 129. Waterhead Brake, 19, 38. Creek, 19, 25. Mill, 25. Water Supply, 126. Weekaborough Oak Cross, 89, 91. Weilburg (Nassau), 74. Well Barn, 100. Farm, 73, 82. House, 99. Wellington Inn (Ipplepen), 100. Wellswood House, 51, 57. Park, 51. Wembury coast, 21. Wenlock beds, 37. Westerland House, 26, 28, 89. Western Combe Cove. 121. Hospital (Torquay), 28, 35, 56. West Hill, 57. Westhill Farm, 57. West Norton Wood, 24. Weston House, 77, 80, 83. wells, 86. Wethered, E. 4, 44, 134. Whidborne, Eev. G. F., 4, 31, .33, 34, 48, 50, 53, 65-70, 81, 82, 134 Whiddon, 101. Whilborough, 101, 109, 110. District, 56, 59, 87. White's Directory of Torquay, 63, 70, 124, 126, 127, 128, 133. Widemoor Barn, 70. Wildwood, 26. Windmill Down (Totnes), 80. Hill (Torquay), 57, 58, 59, 62, 65. ■ Cavern (Brixham), 8, 113, 116-118. -Clump (near Paignton), 27. Lane, 101. Wissenbach, 55. Wolston, Mr., 128. Wood (Blackawton), 24. Barn, 100. Woodbury Farm, 39. Woodhuish, 25, 38. Woodland Lane, 70. Woodward, Dr. H., .36. H. B., 2, 3, 61, 126, 127, 133, 134. Woolborough, 61 World's End, 78, 79. Worth, E. N., 128, 129, 132. Wrigwell, House, Bridge, etc., 87, 100, 101. Yalberton, 42, 44, 56, 69, 72, 73. Yarneford Barn, 100. — —Copse, 87, 89, 99. Yarner, Yarner Beacon, 88. Yealmpton, 43. Zeolites, 77. Zones, r)evonian,6-10. SXITESAL USKOIBS. " ■ - - - ;; -~-3AL STJEVEY for 1897, 1898, 1899, 19C0, 1901, and 1902. Bach I«. rnoCENE DEPOSITS o( BRITAIN. By C. RitiD. 6«. 6d. CRETACEOUS ROCKS OF BRITAIN.— Vol. I. GAULT AND UPPER GREENSAND OF ENGLAND. 9a. Vol. II. LOWER AND MIDDLE CHALK. By A. J. Jurb3-Br0wne and W. Hill. JURASSIC ROCKS OF BRITAIN.— VoL I. YORKSHIRE, St. M. Vol. II. YORKSHIRE, Fossils, 12«. By C. Fox-Stbangways. Vol. III. LIAS OF ENGLAND (Yorkshire excepted), la. 6d. By H. B. Woodward. Vol. rv. The Lower Oolitic Rocks of England. ]0». By H. B. Woodward. Vol. V. The Middle and Upper Oolitic Rocks of England. Is. u. By H. B. Woodward. BRITISH ORGANIC REWAINS. DECADES I. to XIII., with 10 Plates each. Price is. id. each 4to ; ia. M. each 8to. MONOGRAPH I. On the Genus PTERYGOTUS. By T. H. HuxLBT and J. W. Salter, la. MONOGRAPH IL On the Structure of the BELEMNITIDjE. By T. H. Huxley, ia. id. MONOGRAPH III. On the CROCODILIAN REMAINS found in the ELGIN SANDSTONES. By T. H. HuXLEY. Us. 6d. MONOGRAPH IV. On the CHIM^ROIR FISHES of the British Cretaceous Rocks. By E. T. NewtOS. 5f. VERTEBRATA of the PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BRITAIN. By E, T. NEWTON, ia. ifuseum, Cataloguea, tbc. : — HANDBOOK to the MUSEUM of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. M. 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