THE 
 
 MARTIN P. CATHERWOOD 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL 
 
 OF 
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR 
 
 RELATIONS 
 
 AT 
 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
^OIISMEFS C0!!?E1TSATI0^ PUSirCITY I^J-^l^l 
 1-WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION AND 
 EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY PROBLEM. 
 
 History of the Movement in Missouri; Statistical Pacts and Figures 
 Relating to Accidents Which Occurred in 1913, Gathered and Com- 
 piled in 1914. 
 
 — ^Work of the Missouri Free Employment Department, 
 St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph, During the 
 Fiscal Year Which Closed September 30, 19 14. 
 
 —Accomplishment of the Women's Department of the St. Louis State 
 Free Employment Bureau During the Year 1914. 
 
 A PRELUDE, AND SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE 1914 RED BOOK. 
 
 'to'criri'*' 
 
 Prepared and Published by the 
 Missouri Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
 Jefferson City, Mo. 
 
 JOHN T, FITZPATRICK, Commissioner. 
 
 A. T, Edmonston, Supervisor of Statistics — ^John L. Bradley, Deputy Commissioner. 
 
 DISTRIBUTED, 1915. 
 
 Property of 
 
 MMm. P. CATHERWOOD LIBRAI 
 
 JE...HSON CITY ■^ YORK STATE SCHOOL 
 
 The Hugh Stephens Co.||||JSJU|L AND LABOR RELATION^ 
 
 Printers #<. m 1 . 
 
 Cisrnell L.iivarsit^' 
 
U7 
 
 STATE FREE EMPLOYMENT DEPARTMENT 
 OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Send Your 
 Requests for HELP 
 
 To the 
 
 NEAREST STATE 
 
 FREE 
 
 EMPLOYMENT 
 
 BUREAU 
 
 The Service is FREE, 
 Make Use of It 
 
 Write, Wire or 
 Telephone. 
 
 Gratuitous Service Given to All — Farm Help 
 and Timbermen Supplied. 
 
 Missouri maintains a free employment de- 
 partment as a part of the Bureau of Labor 
 Statistics — offices in St. Louis, Kansas City 
 and St. Joseph — with a view of keeping the 
 unemployed in close touch with those needing 
 help of any kind, male or female. The service 
 is free of charge, with the only requirement 
 that any one out of employment and applying 
 for a situation report promptly when work is 
 found; Employers are supposed to notify 
 when they have filled vacancies. There is no 
 Hmit to the class of help the Bureau can fur- 
 nish, supplying professional men, skilled trade 
 workers and any number of men or women 
 for positions lower in rank. Special attention 
 is given to calls for farm help and timbermen. 
 
 Employers in small towns are also cor- 
 dially invited to make free use of 'the service 
 with no cost to them. When in need of help, 
 write to the ^nearest State Free Employment 
 Bureau. 
 
 St. Louis — F. J. O'Keefe, Superintendent, 917a Pine street. 
 Kansas City — Harvey Osborne, Assistant Commissioner, Sheidley Building. 
 St. Joseph — G. J. Kamler, Superintendent, 110 North Seventh Street. 
 Main Office — John T. Fitzpatrick, Commissioner, State Labor Exchange, 
 215 Sheidley Building, Kansas City. 
 
 P 
 
 .\y 
 
WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION AND EM- 
 PLOYERS' LIABILITY PROBLEM. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI: STATISTICAL 
 FACTS AND FIGURES RELATING TO ACCIDENTS 
 WHICH OCCURRED IN 1913. 
 
 The urgent need of Missouri for an adequate workmen's compensation law which will 
 amply provide for the dependents of those who meet death while toiling as wage-earners In 
 factories, workshops and elsewhere In the State; supply a just, suiHcient remuneration to 
 those Injured so seriously that they never fully recover and are therefore unable to return 
 to their former callings, or to take up another calling equally as lucrative; and to care for the 
 injured and their dependents during the convalescence period until such a time as the un- 
 fortunates can resume their duties, caused the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1914 to collect 
 statistical information on all factory and workshop accidents, fatal and otherwise, occurring 
 during the year 1913, which would prove useful in basing and determining the extent of 
 liability of the employer for all mishaps to employes while at work, and in fixing a com- 
 petent compensation. 
 
 Approximately twenty thousand special interrogation schedules were sent by the Bureau 
 of Labor Statistics to those coming under the scope of the State-wide query as to accidents 
 and their causes. 
 
 In all, 2,237 Missouri factories, workshops, electric light plants, breweries and distilleries, 
 gas manufacturing companies and other employers of labor, chiefly the larger extablishments — 
 not including public service companies such as telegraph, telephone corporations, electric and 
 steam railroads — made either full or partial returns, many such furnishing valuable informa- 
 tion concerning the different phases of the employers' liability and workmen's compensation 
 problem. The establishments considered gave employment during 1913-14 to 184,098 salaried 
 employes and wage-earners, consisting of 151,204 male workers and 32,894 female. There 
 were 25,959 accidents reported as occurring among this large army of employes, 82 of which 
 proved fatal, leaving 25,877 who recovered, but with 82 who were more or less permanently 
 disabled. These returns, if they are accurate, suggest that 25,795 of the injured fully re- 
 covered and were physically able to resume work where they left off when the mishaps befell 
 them. The point on which there is doubt Is the reliability of the information that 25,795 
 "fuUy recovered" and were as able-bodied as before the accident. For some occupations 
 the loss of a finger would prove a permanent disability for one following it, but the loss of a 
 toe or even a portion of a foot would not interfere with the earning abilities and usefulness 
 of such a worker. What constitutes a permanent disability, if the maiming is not extensive, 
 differs for the various industries of the State. The number "permanently disabled," as re- 
 ported for 1913 by car shops, smelters, founjiries and machine shops and several other in- 
 dustries where the work of the wage-earners is regarded as hazardous, were low when com- 
 pared to those reported Injured and fully recovering. 
 
 COST OF "PROTECTION" WAS HIGH IN 1913. 
 
 The establishments which reported accidents or supplied information relating to the 
 subject of this chapter paid during the year under consideration 8534,595 for accident and 
 liability insurance and other similar protection against liability for injury to the 184,098 
 men and women they had on their pay rolls. One of the questions put to employers of labor 
 requested information as to whether or not men and women in their employ had mutual 
 protection funds and whether or not the employer contributed, more or less, to the ^ame. 
 Only 452 establishments replied in the affirmative to this interrogation, probably for the 
 reason that many employers did not realize that employes who were members of a labor 
 union had a national or international fund on which they draw in case of accident, sickness, 
 death or any other mishap which took them away from their work. Nearly all employes of 
 car shops, smelters, foundries and machine shops, cigar factories, woodworking establish- 
 ments and planing mills, stone yards and quarries, printing and publishing houses, engraving 
 and electrotyplng companies, clothing manufacturers and other pmrsuits which require 
 highly skilled workers, are members of labor organizations which have mutual benefit funds 
 
 (3) 
 
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15. 
 
 conducted entirely independently of their employers. Many large corporations with hundreds 
 of men and women on their pay rolls have benevolent funds for employes in case of mis- ^ 
 fortune to which employes contribute regularly but with the corporations as the chief bearers 
 of this burden. Further along in this article are cited instances of this kind. 
 
 Fiu-ther information deahng with the returns made by the 2,237 establishments included 
 in the inquiry can be gleaned from a close study of the following table — better, perhaps, than 
 by giving the facts and figures in any other manner. By a coincidence, the number of fataUties 
 and the number of permanently injured, as appearing in the compilation, are the same. 
 
 RESUME— INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS, MISSOURI FACTORIES AND WORK- 
 SHOPS. 1913 — BASED ON INFORMATION GATHERED IN 1914. 
 
 TABLE A. 
 
 Number of establishments reporting accidents, 1913-14. 
 
 Number of male employes in establishments considered . . 
 Number of female employes in estabUshments considered . 
 
 Total number of employes in establishments considered . 
 
 Total accidents among all employes, establishments considered, 1913 
 
 Percentage of accidents, fatal and otherwise, compared to number of em- 
 ployes, 1913 
 
 Percentage of accidents not fatal compared to number of employes 
 
 Total number of fatalities reported among employes considered, 1913 
 
 Percentage of fatahties as compared with total number of employes con- 
 sidered, 1913 
 
 Percentage of fatalities as compared to number of accidents, 1913 
 
 Number of persons injured and permanently disabled, 1913 
 
 Number of persons injured who fully recovered 
 
 Percentage of permanently disabled as compared to number of accidents, 
 fatal and otherwise, 1913 
 
 Percentage of persons reported permanently injured as compared to those 
 fully recovering, 1913 
 
 Percentage of persons injured and fully recovering as compared to number 
 of employes, 1913 
 
 Percentage of injured who fully recovered from their injuries, not including 
 those fatally injured, 'l913 
 
 Percentage of those who were permanently injured as compared to nonfatal 
 accidents, 1913 ! 
 
 Percentage of persons Injured and fully recovering as compared to total num- 
 ber of injured, fatally and otherwise, 1913 , . 
 
 Percentage of those fully recovering as compared to those permanently dis- 
 abled. 1913 
 
 Number of estabhshments reported carrying accident or liability insurance 
 
 or other protection , 
 
 Number of estabhshments reporting no accident insurance or which failed 
 
 to answer the interrogation 
 
 Cost of "protection" to establishments carrying accident insurance 
 Number of establishments reporting paying wages or having other ".benefits 
 
 for employes during disability 
 
 Number of estabhshments which did not pay wages or maintain other beneflts 
 
 for disability or which failed to answer interrogation 
 Number of establishments reporting that employes have mutual funds for 
 
 their own protection f 
 
 Number of estabUshments reporting that employes had no mutual protection 
 
 fund or failed to answer on this interrogation . 
 Number of estabhshments reporting that they contributed ' to a mutual em- 
 ployes protection fund 
 
 Number of establishments which did not contribute to such 
 
 failed to answer interrogation 
 
 Number of establishments reporting pensions for length of service,' or' having 
 
 other philanthropic innovations 
 
 Number of estabUshments that reported they' did not have or contribute to 
 
 a pension fund or which failed to answer interrogation 
 
 I fund or which 
 
 2 
 
 237 
 
 151 
 32 
 
 204 
 894 
 
 184 
 
 098 
 
 25,959 
 
 14.1 % 
 14.05 % 
 82 
 
 . 0445 of 1 % 
 .316 of 1 % 
 82 
 25,795 
 
 .316 of 1 % 
 
 .318 of 1 % 
 
 14.01 % 
 
 99.68 % 
 
 .317 of 1 % 
 
 99.37 % 
 
 99.68 % 
 
 2,015 
 
 
 222 
 
 $534 
 
 ,595 
 
 1 
 
 063 
 
 1 
 
 174 
 
 
 452 
 
 1 
 
 785 
 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 187 
 
 
 86 
 
 2 
 
 151 
 
Workmen's Compensation and Employers' Liability. 5 
 
 MANY ACCIDENTS PROBABLY NOT REPORTED. 
 
 Employers of labor who had no accidents and carried no "protection" were not supposed 
 to fill the special Bureau of Labor Statistics accident interrogation schedules. There is no- 
 doubt but that there were accidents among the employes of some of the smaller factories 
 and workshops which failed to report, but it can be stated that most of them were undoubt- 
 edly of such sUght nature that not much time was lost by the injured. How correct the 
 statistical information which follows is depends upon the accuracy and care exercised by the 
 representative of the factory, public service company, workshop or other employer of labor 
 who indited the report. The returns were received through mail, and none could be taken up 
 for individual investigation as to their exactness and other points owing to the lack of funds to 
 completely carry out a Herculanean task which the Bureau of Labor Statistics had volun- 
 tarily imposed upon Itself for the enlightenment of those who are interested in the problem 
 of employers' liability and what constitutes a just, fair compensation for an employe in case 
 of a mishap. 
 
 STYLE OF INTERROGATION SCHEDULE. 
 
 1. Name or title of estabUshment. 
 
 2. Name of corporation, firm or individual owner. 
 
 3. Location of factory: Name of city (or town); street and number; general office, 
 where located. 
 
 1. While working at their occupation, how many employes sustained accidents during 
 19137 A, fatal; B, nonfatal; C, total; D, nature of accident; E, how many fully recovered? 
 F, how many only partially recovered? G, cause of accident. 
 
 2. Does your company carry accident insurance for the benefit and protection of and to 
 indemnify injured employes? If so, give particulars as to the class or kind, benefits paid 
 employes, etc. 
 
 3. "What provisions have you made to protect and indemnify yourselves against accidents 
 to employes? Give full particulars. 
 
 4. How much did all "protection" cost in 1913? 3 
 
 5. Are injured emiployes paid wages while unable to work? If so, give particulars. 
 
 6. Have employes any mutual fund for use in case Qf accident, sickness, etc., to meet 
 loss of wages? Give particulars. Do you contribute to this fund? How much, give partic- 
 ulars? 
 
 7. Have you a pension roll for length of service, etc.? If so, give particulars. 
 
 8. Give particulars concerning any other innovation, benefits, philanthropic enter- 
 prises, etc., your company, firm or corporation supports, contributes to or espouses in favor 
 of employes. 
 
 ACCIDENTS FEW IN SMALL ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 In Table B, which follows, establishments which failed to answer certain interrogations 
 are included in those listed as reported negatively. No returns were received from the ma- 
 jority of saw and lumber mills of the State, but these were the smaller establishments when 
 compared, individually, with the larger ones which did report. For the reason that the larger 
 the sawmill the more hazardous are the surroundings of the workers, it was impossible to 
 make a conservative estimate for accidents in the smaller establishments which did not re- 
 port. In the compilation, totals are firSt given for the factories and workshops of the State, 
 and then, the totals for the telephone companies and steam railroads and electric railways 
 returns. Industries are grouped according to their classifications. 
 
 In Missouri there are probably 20,000 factories, workshops, public service companies 
 and other employers of labor, large and small, who make annual reports to the Bureau of 
 Labor Statistics under the provisions of the laws governing this department. Over half are 
 estabUshments which employ less than ten wage-earners, male and female, and especially 
 is this true as to those of the smaller cities and towns. It is foimd that the more numerous 
 the employes the greater the number of accidents, not for the reason that such larger corpo- 
 rations expose their employes more than do the smaller establishments, or that employes, 
 being more numerous, are more careless, but probably for the reason that the larger the 
 estabUshment the more intricate the fast moving machinery, which, in many cases, is 
 not amply safeguarded, and the more exacting are the requirements under which toilers 
 must work. 
 
 Section 7827, (E. S. 1909), requires "that all accidents in manufacturing, mechanical, 
 mercantile and other establishments, or places within this State where labor is employed, 
 which prevent the injured person or persons from returning to work for two weeks after the 
 injury, or which result in death, shall be reported by the person in charge of such establish- 
 ment or place to the State Factory Inspector * * * which notice may be given by mail." 
 No accidents to employes of mercantile establishments, either wholesale or retail, or which 
 occurred to elevator conductors and other employes of large office buildings or steamboat 
 lines, express companies, telegraph companies, construction, building and contracting com- 
 panies and individuals, and several other industries and pursuits, are included in the 
 facts and figures this article deals with. 
 
 (Continued on page 11.) 
 L— 2 
 
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Workmen's Compensation and Employers' Liability. 9 
 
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Workmen's Compensation and Employers' Liability. 11 
 
 (Continued from page 5.) 
 
 ACCIDENTS REPORTED BY LABOR UNIONS. 
 
 Organized labor, which covers some of these excepted industries, for the year 1912 reported 
 3,659 accidents to members, 158 of which proved fatal. For the year 1913 there was a gain 
 in membersldp by all unions over the State, especially among those of railroad men, and. In 
 proportion, therefore, there were more accidents and fatalities. Some of the 1913 accidents 
 reported by organized labor are among those returned by factories and workshop owners of 
 Missouri, especially those which occurred among car shop worliers over the State, most of 
 whom are members of unions. More attention will be given to organized labor accidents 
 in 1913 further along in this volume. 
 
 FACTORY AND WORKSHOP RETURNS. 1913. ANALYZED. 
 
 To return to the subject of how many never fully recovered from the accidents, 82 out 
 of 25,877 not killed outright or who did not die afterwards, were more or less permanently 
 Injured. If these returns are not as accurate as they ought to be owners of factories and 
 workshops have done themselves an injustice, for the reason that it means that out of 25,959 
 male and female toilers killed and injured in 1913 only .316 of one per cent were so badly 
 hurt that they did not return to their work, and less than .316 of one per cent were killed 
 outright or died afterward as a result of the injury, leaving approximately 99.37 per cent who 
 fully recovered and were finally none the worse for their mishaps. The smaller the percentage 
 of fatalities and of those disabled for life, it is figured, the larger the death penalty and the 
 disability compensations will be for employers and insurance companies, since the risk is 
 reduced and insurance brought to a cost so low that it will not greatly burden employers to 
 add to their business expenses the cost of ample and efttcient protection. 
 
 Among the 25,795 employes injiu'ed in 1913 in Missouri factories and workshops who 
 fully recovered are included many who were so slightly hurt that they were not incapacitated 
 for work for more than two or three days, and the majority were undoubteely paid for the 
 time they lost, in addition to receiving free medical treatment and other attentions. 
 
 Many of the "slightly injured," in reality, ought to have been eUminated from the list 
 of those reported injured, but there was no way, owing to the manner in which mostr reports 
 were prepared, of effectively doing this, therefore all casualties stand as they were reported. 
 It may be that some employers included the slightly injured to Increase the "risk" they 
 run by conducting their businesses. 
 
 While one of the important items to manufacturers employing large numbers of men and 
 women is the cost of protection against liabiUty for mishaps, this cost, like all other expenses 
 of a business, adds to the selling price of the output or service and therefore consumers or 
 patrons finally foot the bill. Many employers who reported 1913 accidents had no Insurance 
 or other protection against liability for such happenings. 
 
 ACCIDENTS WHICH PROVED FATAL, 1913. 
 
 Fatal accidents were more numerous in 1913 among employes of car shops than in any 
 other classification the manufactories and workshops of Missouri are grouped into eighteen 
 deaths occurring as the results of mishaps among 21,222 employes of forty-nine such estab- 
 lishments. Smelters and refineries, which includes concentrating of ores and grinding of 
 paint minerals, reported thirteen fatalities; twenty-nine light, heat and power plants, ten 
 fatalities; eighty-five sawmills, five fatalities; and foundries and machine shops, five fatalities. 
 Other industries having from one to three fatalities were: flour, feed and meal, electric 
 supplies; men's and women's furnishings; glass; ice and cold storage; iron; structural and 
 architectural; breweries; lime, cement and plaster goods; packing house; rope and twine; 
 display and advertising signs; soap', candles and glue: tin, sheet iron and galvanized ware; 
 woodworking; bakery products; boots and shoes; carriages, wagons and blacksmlthlng ; 
 cleaning, dyeing and repairing; concrete and artificial stone; cottonseed products; copper 
 and brass. 
 
 Such information as was obtainable for public service corporations and companies 
 Indicate that there were nine fataUties among telephone employes; one among 365 male em- 
 ployes of flve suburban electric railways and 69 among the employes of twenty-seven steam 
 railroad systems. The fatalities among miners while at work were 42. 
 
 When it comes to the total number of accidents to employes, fatal and otherwise, car 
 ihops again headed the list, 49 such establishments reporting 7,981 in the course of 1913, 
 including, beside the 18 fatalities, 23 who were injured so badly that they could not return 
 to work, being either wholly or partially disabled. Second on the list for accidents were 
 electrical supply manufacturers, 31 such companies reporting 2,067 mishaps to employes, 
 but only two proved fatal. Twenty-four packing houses reported 1,675 accidents, with five 
 workers either partially or entirely disabled. Twenty-five breweries reported 1,569 accidents, 
 two proving fatal, and one of the imfortunates permanently hurt. Foundry and machine 
 shops, 110 establishments, reported 1,416 accidents, including five which proved fatal, and 
 four who were so seriously injured that they did not return to work. 
 
12 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15. 
 
 ACCIDENTS NUMEROUS AMONG GARMENT WORKERS. 
 
 Clothing manufactories, and tailoriug and dressmaking establishments, if all accidents 
 that annually occur to the employes were considered, would head the list, owing to the vast 
 number of men and women workers suffering punctures of fingers by needles while working 
 at sewing machines. An injury of this kind seldom incapacitates for more than two days if 
 immediate attention is given to guard against the danger of blood poisoning. Most tailors 
 and "garment workers belong to labor unions and therefore have mutual protection funds, 
 but some clothing factories and employers carried insurance against accidents to their em- 
 ployes. 
 
 The task of employes of dyeing and cleaning establishments is often hazardous since 
 benzine and other similar explosive fluids are employed in renovating clothing and other 
 artiqles they handle, but only one fatal accident was reported for 1913. by this line, it being 
 due to an explosion of benzine. One of the establishments belonging to this classification 
 reported a pension for employes who grow old in service. 
 
 Manufacturers of carbonated beverages and other establishments which bottle products 
 reported many accidents which were due to the breaking of bottles while employes were 
 filling them. Accidents of this kind were unavoidable, some being caused by defects in bottles 
 which could not be discerned owing to the rapidity with which they were handled. 
 
 Nearly all of the cigarmakers of Missouri belong to unions and therefore have accident, 
 sick and death benefits of their own. Tuberculosis is more frequent among men and women 
 following this pursuit than in many others, although it should not be classed as an occupational 
 disease. Some employers would benefit the health of their workers by improving the sanitary 
 conditions of their workshops. Better ventilation, more light and modern rest rooms well 
 supplied with hot water, towels and soap are needed in many cigar factories. 
 
 ACCIDENTS WHICH WERE NOT REPORTED. 
 
 While there were nearly 2,000 lumber mills in the State in 1913 and several hundred 
 railroad tie contractors who employed from ten to twenty cutters, accident statistics were 
 only obtainable from a small fraction, but, with the larger lumber mills reporting, it means 
 that most of the accidents to sawmill employes are enumerated in a table which accompanies 
 this article. In South Missouri are many such establishments which are classed as "portable," 
 since their machinery is moved from place to place as the timber gives out. This class of 
 sawmills employed from three to fifteen men and, as a rule, the fast moving circular saws, 
 planers and other devices were not properly protected. Many such employers failed to re- 
 port their 1913 accidents, which often consisted of wage-earners losing fingers, or even a 
 hand, and the fatalities would not be known if each county of Missoiui did not have a coroner 
 to investigate all accidental deaths. 
 
 Accidents are numerous in the prison contract shops at Jefferson City. Convicts when 
 Injured in any manner are cared for by the prison physician, the State meeting this cost. 
 Some "tasks," especially in one establishment which turns out saddletrees, are considered 
 such a hardship by convicts that they have purposely maimed themselves in past years by 
 shoving a finger, or even a hand, against a circular saw and having the member amputated 
 to incapacitate them for futher work in this shop. 
 
 Many accidents in ice and cold storage houses are due to blocks of ice falling on workers 
 and crushing their hands and feet, some workers being injured two or three times in this 
 manner in 1913. 
 
 MAINTAINED "FIRST-AID" DISPENSARIES AND HOSPITALS. 
 
 A St. Louis electric supply factory, which employs many women, reported 1,752 accidents 
 among their wage-earners, consisting chiefly of slight burns and cuts, and adding to their 
 statement that all recovered. Eighty per cent of the accidents were due to the inexperience 
 of the workers and the other twenty per cent were listed as being imavoidable. Employers' 
 liability insurance, which reimbursed this corporation for all disbursements for medical 
 services, salaries of trained nurses and other expenses of a first-aid dispensary, and which 
 also guaranteed against damage suits, was carried, the "protection" costing Jl,335 for the 
 year. Injured employes were paid for all time they lost when the accident was not due to 
 their own neglect or carelessness. 
 
 A St. Louis brewing corporation reported that it has an emergency hospital on its premises 
 with trained nurses and a doctor in constant attendance, and that its precautions cost $9,201 
 In 1913. When it comes to wages for the injured, each case was handled on its merits. Relief 
 associations existed among employes to which the corporation contributed regularly. Super- 
 annuated employes with good records and many years of service were allowed an annuity. 
 During 1913 six former employes of this corporation were paid $8,000 as annuities. 
 
 The protection, 1913, for twenty-flve breweries, carried against accidents, cost $24,822. 
 Twelve breweries paid employes either full or part wages for time lost while recovering from 
 injuries. Most brewery workers of the State belonged to labor unions which have mutual 
 benefit funds. In addition, several breweries had employes' relief associations to which they 
 CQOtributed. 
 
Workmen's Compensation and Employers' Liability. 13 
 
 DEFECTIVE EMERY WHEELS A SOURCE OF GREAT DANGER. 
 
 Defective emery wheels which broke while revolving at a tremendous speed were reiipon- 
 sible for many 1913 accidents in foundries, car shops, cutlery and tool factories and other estab- 
 lishments where they were used, two of three wage-earners meeting death through being 
 strucli by flying portions, and others were seriously injured. By properly protecting such 
 pieces of machinery with steel hoods or other devices, accidents due to them would be con- 
 siderably decreased. 
 
 Emery dust is another source of danger to workers by flying with great violence into their 
 eyes and inflicting serious injuries. Wage-earners who work at emery wheels, even if they 
 are properly protected with steel hoods, ought to wear strong goggles to protect their eyes. 
 One employe of a machine shop in 191,3 lost the sight of one eye by emery dust being driven 
 into it, and many others were incapacitated for a short period. 
 
 Some employes of electric Ught, power and heat plants were seriously injured by contact 
 with "live" wires which were not properly insulated, and several electrocutions occurred. 
 One company reported an allowance of St25 for medical services for each wage-earner badly 
 Injured. One western corporation, which carried 895 workers on its pay roll, reported 122 
 accidents among its employes during the year 1913, but, fortunately, no fataUties, and only 
 one injured who never fully recovered. It was one of the most complete reports received by 
 the Bureau of Labor Statistics in connection with this 1914 investigation, and therefore 
 further excerpts may be of benefit to anyone searching for detailed information concerning 
 1913 accidents, the cost of liabiUty Insurance and similar information. Most skilled employes 
 of this corporation worked only nine hours a day and flfty-four a week, but some had a day 
 of twelve hours seven days in the week, and some laborers from ten to fourteen hours six 
 days a week, according to the shift they were on. Sunday work was required from some em- 
 ployes, they working frora six to fourteen hours that day. No employes' mutual protection 
 fund was reported. Excerpts in brief from the accident report are : 
 
 "Nature of accidents — cuts, bruises and other minor injuries. 
 
 "Cause of accidents — crane cars tipping over; boards breaking in scaffolds; workmen 
 being careless; falls from scaffolds; workmen accidentally striking each other while using 
 mauls and hammers; workmen being struck by particles of rust, flying chips, splinters, dirt 
 and stone; workmen stepping on nails in boards; workmen having fingers, hands and feet 
 caught under timber, castings 'and in machinery. 
 
 "Provisions to protect and indemnify corporations against accidents to employes — 
 have provided all possible, practical safeguards, and foremen exercise all possible care in 
 directing men to perform duties so as to avoid accidents. 
 
 "Cost of protection, 1913, $3,771,73^Employes were paid wages while disabled, some 
 half and others full time, the payments varying according to the merits of each case." 
 
 BENEVOLENCE OF EMPLOYERS LIMITED. 
 
 Wages were paid or other benefits extended to injured employes by 1,063 establishments, 
 either for the full time lost or for a portion of the convalescing period, the remainder of the 
 2,237 considered either answering in the negative or failing to supply information on this 
 important interrogation. 
 
 As every labor union in the State which belongs to the national or international organiza- 
 tion has a mutual protection fimd for members in case of accident, sickness or death, the in- 
 dications are all the 2,237 factories and workshops which were considered in this chapter 
 did not report correctly or fully on this interrogation, for the reason that only 452 such 
 establishments supplied the information that their employes were in a position to look after 
 their own interests, leaving 1,785 establishments either giving a negative answer or failing 
 to reply in any manner. Only SO corporations and companies stated that they contributed 
 to an employes' mutual fund. Where the wage-earners belong to a labor organization which 
 has mutual protection, each member pays a certain amount either quarterly or monthly into 
 the fund and, under cejtain regulations, can draw from it weekly whenever disabled by either 
 sickness or injury, and in case of death his dependents receive a special amount of insurance 
 from this organization. 
 
 Pensions for length of service and similar modern Innovations were reported by 86 estab- 
 lishments, with probably no two systems alike, and the annuity generaUy depending on the 
 philanthropy, conscientiousness and liberality of the employer. One corporation which 
 reported such an enterprise gave the following information concerning annuities which were 
 paid for the length of service to employes: 
 
 PLAN FOR ANNUITIES. 
 
 First Any ofBcer or employe who has given twenty years' continued and satisfactory 
 
 service to this company and has attained the age of sixty-five years may be put on the annuity 
 roll, at the discretion of the directors, and receive for the first year after retirement an annuity 
 of fifty per cent of his or heraverage pay for the ten years preceding retirement, the annuity 
 after this first year to be continued at the rate of twenty-five per cent. 
 
 lr-3 
 
14 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15. 
 
 Second — Any officer or employe between the ages of sixty and sixty-five, who has beeil 
 twenty years in the service of this company, may retire at his or her own request, provided 
 the directors approve, or be reUeved by the directors from further service and pladed on the 
 annuity roll at an annuity equal to fifty per cent of his or her average pay for the tfen years 
 preceding retirement, such rate to be continued up to the time the recipient is Sixty-five years 
 of age, and thereafter at the rate of twenty-five per cent, the annuity at the rate of fifty per 
 cent to be for not less than a period of twelve months. 
 
 Third — Annuities are to be paid quarterly, and terminate on the death of the beneficiary. 
 
 Fourth — The above annuities are to go into eflect December 1, 1909. 
 
 Fifth — Proof of age shall be by affidavit stating time and place of birth. 
 
 Slxth^The directors reserve the right at any time to abohsh or modify these annuities, 
 both in their general form and in their application to individuals. 
 
 RAILROADS HAVE PENSION SYSTEM. 
 
 The general auditor of one railroad, with carshops located at several points throughout 
 the State, made the return that the corporation paid a pension for length of service, with 
 compvilsory retirement at seventy years and a pension after fifteen years of continuous 
 service. In case of distibility an employe could retire at any age after twenty years of continued 
 service. 
 
 Several railroads reported employes' hospital associations covering their system, which 
 Is described by one railroad as follows : 
 
 "An institution entirely independent of the railroad" company which is operated by the 
 employes themselves, the railroad company, however, subscribing a monthly proportion 
 to the association as an encouragement. The association owns its own property Independent 
 of the railroad company and has no agreement with the railroad company whatever, excepting 
 that the railroad company agrees to pay over to the association the monthly amounts sub- 
 scribed by its employes who are members of the association, and is authorized by fhem to 
 deduct this amount from their pay on the railroad company's pay rolls." 
 
 Many railroads deduct 25 cents every pay day from the wages of employes, regardless 
 of length of service, the same being set aside for hospital service for injured and ailing em- 
 ployes, but the moment that the employe leaves the service of the corporation all such privi- 
 leges are forfeited: 
 
 A corporation manufacturing railroad and other cars, which carries its own protection, 
 reported that the dependents of each worker injured while in service during 1913 were paid 
 an average of SSOO. The total amount expended in that year for all benevolence was 
 $15,000. While this corporation failed to report any of its injured, 1913, as being permanently 
 disabled, yet. In outlining the nature and extent of the accidents, it stated that one employe 
 had an eye put out and others had fingers cut off. Others suffered broken bones In one or 
 both feet, and others had their hands and eyes infected. 
 
 It would seem from the very nature of this return that some of the workers were more or 
 less permanently injured, especially the one who had an eye put out, not considering those who 
 had fingers cut off. Other injuries listed, some of which may have caused future disability, 
 consisted of broken legs, crushed feet and hands, sprains and burns, lacerated fingers and bone 
 fractures of various kinds. Fatal accidents reported by this corporation were attributed to 
 the following causes: breaking of a cable allowed some steel girders to fall on a worker; 
 a wage-earner was caught between the "bumpers" of two freight cars; half of an emery wheel 
 struck one of the toilers; employe trespassing in freight elevator was crushed to death by it; 
 worker caught under falling pile of timber. 
 
 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH FATALITY STATISTICS. 
 
 Information furnished by the State Board of Health was to the eflect that in 1914, 1,691 
 accidental deaths occurred in Missouri, a decided improvement over the year 1913 when 
 2,313 fatal accidents were reported to this division of the State's government. More rigid 
 and vigorous enforcement in 1914 by county officials of State laws providing for the install- 
 ment of modern safety devices In factories and workshops probably brought about this 
 deorease in fatalities. 
 
 Fatalities as the result of accidents In 1913 were 70.13 per 100,000 population, which 
 was a alight improvement over 1912, when 2,426 deaths due to accidents occurred in the 
 State, making a death rate of 73.66 per 100,000 population. The 1914 death rate, due to 
 accidents, was 51.06 per 100,000, there being 622 less fatalities than in 1913. In 1913 the chief 
 causes of the great number of deaths were: Traumatism by railroads, vehicles and other - 
 crushing, 569; traumatism by fall, 438; burns (conflagration excepted), 181; accidental! 
 drowning, 152; accidental poisoning, 148; traumatism by firearms, 122; inhalation of dele-- 
 terious gases, 72; traumatism by animals, 70; traumatism in mines and quarries, 60; traumat-^- 
 ism by machinery, 50. 
 
 Statistics of a special investigation by the St. Louis School of Social Economy indicatedl 
 that during the years 1910-1911 there were 320 serious industrial accidents in St. Louis., 
 The figures include death as a result, not alone of factory accidents, but all other kind, in- 
 
Workmen's Compensation and Employers* Liability. 15 
 
 eluding those charged up to steam and electric railways, elevators, falls from buildings' 
 scaffolds and all other varieties. 
 
 The Bailroad Warehouse Commission reported 199 accidents occurring during the year 
 1912, fourteen of which proved fatal. Four railway employes and nine other persons were 
 killed. The injured, excepting those who met death, numbered 185, 134 of whom were railway 
 employes, 22 passengers, fourteen postal clerks and fifteen other persons, including tres- 
 passers on railroad property. Included are all who were killed and hurt in railroad wrecks, 
 struck by trains, and those who fell from cars and were run over, and other varieties of rail- 
 road mishaps. 
 
 Early in 1915 the Public Service Commission completed statistics on steam and electric 
 accidents for the year 1914. This information follows, the totals being of use to show how 
 many persons, passengers, and trespassers, as well as employes, were injured an killed by 
 Missouri transportation companies. In addition, railroad property was damaged by the 
 extent of $282,046 by wrecks and in other accidental manners in the same year. All elec- 
 tric railways did not make returns on the amount of damage done to their railroad stock 
 by the accidents of 1914, which included collisions between street cars and vehicles, all wrecks 
 and similar mishaps, therefore no correct figures are available for this total damage. 
 
 ACCIDENTS. 1914, REPORTED TO PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION BY STEAM 
 AND ELECTRIC RAILROADS. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Electric. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Injured. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Injured. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Injured. 
 
 Passengers 
 
 * 
 
 69 
 
 75 
 
 180 
 
 28 
 
 646 
 
 2,035 
 
 204 
 
 139 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 2,662 
 
 102 
 
 27 
 
 953 
 
 81 
 
 75 
 
 183 
 
 59 
 
 3,308 
 2,137 
 
 Trespassers ... . 
 
 231 
 
 Other persons not trespassing .... 
 
 1,092 
 
 Totals 
 
 352 
 
 3,024 
 
 46 
 
 3,744 
 
 398 
 
 6,768 
 
 
 
 Damage to property, $282,046.45 (steam). 
 
 MUCH DETAILED INFORMATION HAD TO BE OMITTED. 
 
 When the interrogation schedules were sent by the Bin'eau of Labor Statistics to all 
 Missouri factories and workshops for full information covering all 1913 accidents, fatal and 
 otherwise, it was the intention 6t the department to publish detailed information by indus- 
 tries of all fatalities and serious accidents, especially of those permanently disabled; to 
 completely outline what the larger employers of labor were doing to insvire safety for employes ; 
 what compensation was being paid the injured while they were convalescing; and to give 
 full information concerning "death penalties," pensions, and other philanthropic enterprises 
 and innovations. A shortness in the State printing fund made it necessary to curtail the 
 chapters devoted to the 1913-14 industrial accidents and workmen's compensation and em- 
 ployers' liability problem, as much as could be consistently done. The inquiry revealed that 
 many employers shifted the responsibility for accidents by attributing them to the carelessness 
 or neglect of the men and women injured, but some mishaps were reported as being unavoid- 
 able. Not a return admitted that failure to properly safeguard machinery was responsible 
 for the injuries some wage-earners sustained. Culpable negligence on the part of' fellow 
 workers led to a number of accidents, but some charged to this source could have been avoided 
 had employers taken the precaution to fully protect their wage-earners. 
 
 Several employers, for faithful and painstaking services, allowed their employes a bonus 
 after a certain length of service, ranging from six months to a year, before extra money was 
 paid, the payments being made, generally, a day or two before Christmas. 
 
 The expression "permanently injured," in some cases, was found to be slightly mis- 
 leading, as Included were those who lost parts of or a whole finger, broken bones and similar 
 injuries, which, while they prevented the unfortunates from being as able-bodied as before 
 the injury, many were still able to take up a pursuit or caUing where the disability did not 
 interfere with earning a living almost as good as in the one which was formerly followed. 
 The loss of two or three fingers, a hand, arm, foot, leg or an eye is more serious; most of those 
 injured in this manner are not able to again earn the same wages as formerly, or in any other 
 calling. Entire loss of sight is probably the worst afHiction which can befall a wage-earner. 
 There are occupations which bring on ailments, which, if not at once cured, either partially 
 or totally disable the worker and, finally, cause his death, leaving his dependents, such as 
 a widow and young children, aged parent and other relatives, some of them invalids, at the 
 
16 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15. 
 
 mercy of charitably disposed organizations and persons, if no death payment or compensation 
 exists for their relief. The interrogation blank of the Bureau of Labor Statistics used in the 
 1913 accident Investigation did not call for information covering occupations which have 
 ailments peculiar to them. What the percentage of workers is who become afflicted with 
 occupational diseases ; what safeguards there are to prevent such diseases, and similar points, 
 was left for future investigation and consideration. 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI COMPENSATION PROBLEM. 
 
 The workmen's compensation and employers' liability problem is one that has been 
 before the people for sometime; and has been pending in the General Assembly for three 
 sessions. In 1910 the sentiment in favor of such legislative measure became so widespread 
 that official State cognizance was taken through the appointment by Gov. Herbert S. Hadley 
 of a volunteer employers' liability commission, consisting of: F. W. Lehman, J. Llonberger 
 Davis, E. M. Grossman, Saunders Norvell, State Senators Thomas B. Kinney and Charles 
 F. Krone, State Factory Inspector W. "W. Williams, Harry S. Sharpe, D. C. Tevis, Mrs. 
 Sadie Spraggon, all of St. Louis; Charles A. Sumner, John S. Smith, Pierre B. Porter, Henry 
 D. Faxon, all of Kansas City; A. L. Henderson and W. K. Amick, St. Joseph; Elliott W. Major, 
 then Attorney-General; Frank Blake, State Superintendent of Insurance; J. C. A. Hiller, 
 State Labor Commissioner, Jefferson City, and Holmes. Hall, Sedalia; State Senator Prank 
 W. McAlUster, Paris; Representatives John T. Barker, LaPlata; Roy H. Monier, Carrollton; 
 George Manuel, Moberly ; and McLain Jones, Springfield. 
 
 At a conference at the Jefferson Hotel, St. Louis, December 2, 1910, J. Lionberger Davis 
 was made temjiorary secretary. The permanent officers named were Hon. John T. Barker, 
 now Attorney-General, president; Hon. John T. Smith, the present secretary of the Missouri 
 State Federation of Labor, vice-president; Temporary Secretary Davis, secretary, and E. M. 
 Grossman, assistant secretary. Various committees were' appointed and all preliminaries 
 completed. After arrangements for a future session an adjournment was taken. 
 
 The main achievement of this 1910 gathering was that it finally led to official legislative 
 recognition of the movement. A compensation and employers' liability measure was prepared 
 and presented for the consideration of the next Legislature. Governor Hadley's second 
 biennial message to the Forty-sixth General Assembly, session of 1911, included the findings 
 and conclusions of the voluntary commission, together with changes it suggested in the. factory 
 inspection laws, and measures regulating woman and child labor. In brief, the report of the 
 voluntary commission was that information had been secured on the problem of employers' 
 liability and workmen's compensation from all sources available, which included information 
 gathered from states which had such laws or had commissions which were drafting such a 
 measure. 
 
 All findings and suggestions of the commission were submitted to the Fortjtsixth General 
 Assembly and they were requested to create a similar Legislature commission, to whom 
 should be given the necessary power and ample funds to carefully and fully investigate the 
 problem; that the members of the Commission serve without pay, but be given an appropri- 
 ation (not to exceed $10,000) to defray all legitimate expenses; that this new commission 
 present its report in October, 1912; that the same be at once printed and distributed so that 
 there would be ample opportunity for full consideration and discussion of the problem prior 
 to the convening of the Forty-seventh General Assembly. 
 
 OFFICIAL COMMISSION DRAFTS MEASURE. 
 
 The Forty-sixth Senate, by resolution, appointed a commission of five of its members — 
 Senators A. L. Oliver, W. Wallace Greene, B. L. Wliite, Holmes Hall, and A. E. L. Gardner, 
 the Speaker of the House added five members, consisting of Representatives James H. Hull, 
 Thomas J. Roney, J. F. Barbee, Roy Britton, McClain Jones, and Governor Hadley named 
 five citizens representing organized labor, manufacturing, insm-ance and financial interests, 
 consisting of C. J. Brittingham, George Manuel, Charles S. Keith, P. C. Schwedtman, John 
 C. Barrows — making fifteen in all, to further consider the problem, prepare a suitable measure, 
 and report to the Forty-seventh General Assembly. 
 
 Two reports and two measures were submitted by this official commission to the Forty- 
 seventh General Assembly, the minority one, prepared by P. C. Schwedtman, being accom- 
 panied by a letter of transmittal as a preamble to a proposed bill. Many hearings occurred 
 in course of the session, the joint House and Senate committee, to which the measures were 
 referred, giving full consideration to all arguments and suggestions pro and con, but so wide 
 was the breach between employer and employe that it was deemed best to appoint another 
 Senate commission to investigate further, draft another measure acceptable to all interests, 
 and report, to the Forty-eighth General Assembly in early 1915. There were appointed as 
 members of this new commission: Senators B. L. White, chairman; W. C. Goodson, secretary; 
 WiUiam G. Busby, Robert S. McClintic and A. S. Phillips. On December 1, 1914, this Senate 
 Workmen's Compensation Commission completed and distributed copies outlining its work 
 and findings and made the following recommendations provided for in four measures which 
 were early introduced before both bodies of the F.orty-eighth General Assembly: 
 
Workmen's Compensation and Employers' Liability. 17 
 
 REPORT OF 1913-1914 SENATE COMMISSION. 
 
 "The commission has made a careful study of the conditions and laws of this and other 
 states, and in person visited California, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Ohio, Washington, D. C, 
 Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Michigan and Illinois, where every facility 
 for investigation and information was placed at our disposal. Public hearings were held in St. 
 Louis, Kansas City, San Francisco, Portland, Olympia, Seattle and Cincinnati, and informal con- 
 ferences were held in Los Angeles, Tacoma, Denver, Columbus, Washington, D. C, Philadelphia, 
 Trenton, New York, Boston, Lansing, Chicago and various other places, at which the officers 
 administering the laws, representatives of labor, employers, insurance companies, and various ■ 
 other persons were consulted or appeared and gave the commission the full benefit of their views 
 and experience. The testimony taken in San Francisco and Olympia will be filed with the Secretary 
 of the Senate, but owing to the expense the commission abandoned the plan of preserving the other 
 testimony. 
 
 Almost every civilized country in the world and twenty-four states of the United States have 
 some kind of a workmen's compensation act, and in most of the other states commissions are now 
 at work preparing laws to be acted upon at the next sessions of their law-making bodies. In every 
 state which our commission visited we found the sentiment in favor of workmen's compensation 
 as opposed to the old liability system, and no matter how defective the law, all persons affected by 
 it were of the opinion thai it was vastly superior to the old system. 
 
 For the reasons hereinafter stated the commission recommends the passage of the following four 
 bills: 
 
 1. An elective workmen's compensation act. 
 
 2. An act creating the Missouri Industrial Commission. 
 
 3. An act providing for the organization of corporations on the mutual plan to insure 
 against employers' liability. 
 
 If. An act levying a tax of five per cent on all premiums for employers' liability insurance 
 for the support of the industrial commission. 
 
 FACTORS IN COMPENSATION SCHEDULE. 
 
 So much for the history of the movement in Missouri to bring about the passage of a just 
 and ample workmen's compensation and employers' liability measure. , The chief obstacle 
 in the way during the sessions of the Forty-seventh and Forty-eighth General Assemblies 
 was the failure of the employer nd employe to agree upon what would constitute an ample 
 and equitable compensation. The many phases of the problem made it a difficult matter 
 for the Senate committee to decide on the maximum and minimum payments for total disa- 
 bility; length of compensation periods; basis of maximum compensation; length of waiting 
 period; death penalty; whether or not occupational diseases were involved, and accommodat- 
 ing the benefits payable imder the schedule to conditions. As factors in the last phase, the 
 1913-1914 Senate commission stated in its report to the Forty-eighth General Assembly: 
 
 "The most Important factors in the money schedule are the percentage of wages paid, 
 the maximum and minimum payments, the length of the period for which compensation is 
 paid, and the length of the waiting period. If the above basis is adhered to, the gross amount 
 payable under the act for all accidents will remain substantially the same, and changes in 
 one or the other of these factors will necessitate changes in all the others. As between these 
 factors, the problem is largely one of having the total benefits do the greatest good to the 
 greatest number of injured employes and their dependents, and of distributing the cost 
 more equitably as between employers. To accomplish this general result it must be borne 
 in mind that the disabilities which are of the longest duration or are serious and permanent 
 in character are the ones which cause the greatest hardships and which need compensation 
 the most." 
 
 The report of the 1913-1914 Senate commission is probably the best finding a body of 
 this kind has placed on record on this problem in any of the states. Workmen's compensation 
 is fully discussed from all angles and the final suggestions and recommendations are of utmost 
 value to all intel-ested in this economical question. Shortness of space prevents the report 
 from being used here in full. The provisions of the compensation measure which Were sub- 
 mitted to the Forty-eighth General Assembly are probably best briefly detailed by giving the 
 preamble of the "act," which reads as follows: 
 
 PROPOSED MEASURE OF SENATE COMMISSION. 
 
 An act to provide an elective system of workmen's compensation, prescribing the manner 
 of election and the effect thereof, defining the rights and liabilities of employers and em- 
 ployes electing or not electing to come under the act, and of third persons in connection there- 
 with, and of the employer's insurer, prescribing the powers and duties of the industrial com- 
 mission and courts in connection therewith, regulating the charges for medical aid, burial 
 expenses and attorneys' fees, prescribing the rights, duties and liabilities of the employer's 
 
18 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15. 
 
 insurer and regulating insurance rates, reserves and policies, regulating the rights of depend- 
 ents, making minors of sixteen years and over of full age for the purposes of the act, pro- 
 viding for the giving and serving of notice thereunder, prescribing the manner of procedure 
 and the limitations on proceedings thereunder, providing the means by which the wards of 
 the commission may be enforced and the manner and extent to which the same may be 
 reviewed by the courts, providing punishments for violations thereof, repealing all acts and 
 parts of acts inconsistent therewith, and declaring that the same is necessary for the immedi- 
 ate preservation of the public peace, health and safety, with an emergency clause. 
 
 The proposed industrial commission measure, when enacted in 1917, will confer on 
 this body duties which are now under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
 Mining and Mine Inspection Department, State Factory Inspection Department, Board of 
 Mediation and Arbitration and Hotel Inspection Department, in addition to enforcing the 
 provisions of the workmen's compensation and all other requirements of the future law. 
 
 FORTY-EIGHTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY FAILS TO ACT. 
 
 The Missouri State Federation of Labor, in course of its twenty-third annual con- 
 vention, held at Hannibal in September, 1914. -went on record as being opposed to the measure 
 of the 1913-1914 Senate commission, and authorized its 1915 legislative committee, consisting 
 of the State President, R. T. Wood, Arch Helm and James Delmore, to present a bill, con- 
 sidered more favorable to organized labor, to the Forty-eighth General Assembly. Early 
 in the 1915 session still another bill, prepared by attorneys representing Missouri manu- 
 facturers and other interests, was introduced, this bill being different, in many respects, 
 from the others, it being claimed for it that it was more just and equitable and would prove 
 less burdensome to those who had to foot the bills for injuries to wage-earners. The State 
 Federation of Labor Legislative Committee, discovering there was no hope for the passage 
 of their measure, endorsed the one presented by the 1913-1914 Senate commission, and labored 
 diligently, early and late, to bring about its enactment. The session came to an end without 
 legislation of any kind on this problem. The Democratic State platform, adopted at the 
 Democratic conference in Jefferson City in September, 1914, contained a plank providing for 
 an employers' liability and workmen's compensation law. Efforts will be renewed d'uring the 
 session of the Forty-ninth General Assembly, in 1917, to secure legislation of this character 
 
 STATE FREE EMPLOYMENT DEPART- 
 MENT, 1913-14. 
 
 MISSOURI'S UNEMPLOYED MEN AND WOMEN— WHAT THE 
 STATE DID TO RELIEVE THEIR DISTRESS. 
 
 The problem of supplying situations to unemployed men and women of Mlssoiu'i was 
 solved to a greater extent than ever before during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, 
 by the three branches of the State Free Employment Department, located in St. Louis, 
 Kansas City and St. Joseph, and voluntary work at Jefferson City, by secm-ing work for 
 27,637 jobless men and women who registered, thereby breaking all previous records. The 
 gain over the record of 1912-1913, which surpassed all previous undertakings, was 91 per cent, 
 the situations furnished men and women that year being 14,439. 
 
 While an employment bureau is not provided for by statute in connection with the head- 
 quarters of the Bureau of Labor Statistics in Jefferson City, yet fully 5,226 appUcations for , 
 employment were received there during 1914, chiefly through mail from men and women 
 of eastern states wanting employment during the harvest season. All such communications 
 were answered, applicants who lived outside of the State being told, generally, not to come on, 
 for the reason that Missouri had enough unemployed within its boundaries to fill all positions 
 which were open. Many Mlssourians who applied personally, or through mall at the main 
 office, Were put in touch with employers, and others were listed for employment and a list 
 sent to the St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph Bureaus, together with information as to 
 what class of work was wanted, a few of these securing positions. It is seldom, however, that 
 men and women out of work, living in the smaller cities and towns in Missouri and rural 
 sections, secure work in the three larger cities, for the reason that St. Louis, Kansas City and 
 St. Joseph always have enough unemployed to fill all positions offered by employers through 
 the State Free Employment Bureaus. Aside from the large number of applications received 
 at Jefferson City through mail for eniploymeut as harvest hands, 266 men and women were 
 anxious to secure work in other callings. 
 
State Free Employment Department, 1914. 
 
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state Free Employment Department, 1914. 
 
 21 
 
 EXTRA WORK IN BEHALF OF HUMANITY. 
 
 In the attached table what the main ofHce of the Bureau of Labor Statistics did towards 
 supplying situations to unemployed men and women is handled separately, for the reason that 
 it was extra work of the Department, done voluntarily, gladly and willin^gly in behalf of 
 humanity. The Bureau of Labor Statistics is entitled to credit for this extra task, which 
 added to the duties of several attaches of the department at the Jefferson City headquarters 
 who were already hard worked with statistical, clerical and other duties, which kept them going 
 the year through, early and late, every working day, not considering overtime which was 
 put in, and work performed on holidays. 
 
 In the following compilation, Table B, the work of the State Free Employment Depart- 
 ment is compared for a period of six years, dating from the commencement of the fiscal year 
 1908-9 and closing with the one which came to an end September 30, 1914. The vast amoimt 
 of publicity given the State Free Employment Bureau and its objects during the last two 
 years, in form of bulletins to the newspapers, circulars and letters to manufacturers and other 
 employers that workers of all classes would be furnished free of charge, and advertising the 
 scope of the service through other modern and far-reaching methods, were undoubtedly 
 responsible for the gains which were made. During the year 1915 this branch of the State's 
 government and its purposes will be given more publicity than ever before. 
 
 GAINS OF 1913-1914 OVER 1912-13 IN DETAIL. 
 
 That the State Free Employment Bureau, year by year, is growing in favor and is being 
 more generally used by the masses, is emphasized by the fact that during the fiscal year 
 which closed September 30, 1914, there was a gain of 91 per cent over the record of the pre- 
 vious year in the number of situations furnished men and women who registered for employ- 
 ment, and the services were made use of by nearly twice as many employers who were search- 
 ing for toilers. The constant publicity of the fact that the service of the free employment de- 
 partment is absolutely without charge to either applicants for situations or to the employer 
 who is searching for workers had much to do with increasing the business of this branch of 
 the State's government. The following table shows the gains made in the course of a year in 
 each line of the service: 
 
 STATISTICAL FACTS, 1913-1914, COMPARED TO 1912-13. 
 
 Subject of discourse. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 33,042 
 14,242 
 
 4,005 
 1,821 
 
 37,047 
 
 Number of applications for employment, 1913 
 
 . 16,063 
 
 Increase 1914 over 1913 
 
 18,800 
 
 2,184 
 
 20,984 
 
 
 
 
 24 , 908 
 12,815 
 
 2,729 
 1,624 
 
 27,637 
 
 
 14,439 
 
 
 
 
 12,093 
 
 1,105 
 
 13,198 
 
 
 
 Number of applicants not supplied employment, 1914 
 
 Number of applicants not supplied employment, 1913 
 
 8,134 
 1,427 
 
 1,276 
 197 
 
 9,410 
 1,624 
 
 Increase 1914 over 1913 
 
 6,707 
 
 1,079 
 
 7,786 
 
 
 
 
 28,913 
 15,828 
 
 4,613 
 3,609 
 
 33,526 
 
 ATjnlioations for heln 1913 
 
 19,437 
 
 
 
 Tnrrfiasp 1914 over 1913 
 
 13,085 
 
 1,004 
 
 14,089 
 
 
 
 
 24,908 
 12,815 
 
 2,729 
 1,624 
 
 27,637 
 
 
 14,439 
 
 
 
 
 12,093 
 
 1,105 
 
 13,198 
 
 
 
 ■NTiiinhpr nf Tilnpp«! Ipff. iinfillfid 1914 
 
 4,005' 
 3,013 
 
 1,884* 
 1,985 
 
 5,889 
 
 
 4,998 
 
 
 
 
 992 
 
 101'* 
 
 891 
 
 
 
 ♦Decrease. 
 
22 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15'. 
 
 SUPPLY OF HARVEST HANDS. 1914, EXCEEDED THE DEMANDS. 
 
 Approximately 21,500 harvesters, some living as far east as Massachusetts, Connecticut 
 and Rhode Island and as far west as California and Oregon, either applied in person at the 
 St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph Free Employment Bureaus in May and June of 1914, 
 or communicated trith the Jefferson City OfBce in their effort to be placed at work garnering 
 the wheat crops of central and western states. It had been well advertised all over the United 
 States by the federal authorities that harvest hands were needed in Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, 
 Nebraska and Oklahoma. The consequence was that those looking for employment greatly 
 exceeded the actual demand for help, this being due to the large number of men out of employ- 
 ment in eastern states. Harvesters appearing early on the scene were eagerly grabbed up 
 by the farmers, but those who came afterwards failed to find enough work to pay them for 
 the trouble of coming west. 
 
 Probably 5,000 men, in, approximately, 3,000 commimications to the Bureau of Labor 
 Statistics, made the fact known that they were ready to come east or west, according to the 
 location of their dwellings, to help garner the huge wheat crops of Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, 
 Nebraska and Oklahoma. It finally became necessary, early in June, to notify scores that 
 there was not enough work to go around, and therefore it was useless for them to come on. 
 Hundreds failed to heed the warning, flocking to the wheat fields, regardless of the knowledge 
 that more men were on hand than could be supplied with work, the influx overrunning every 
 fafming community, with many offering to work for less money than was being paid those 
 already employed, their sole desire being to get enough money to retiu'n home on. Hardships 
 of various kinds were suffered by those who failed to secure work, hundreds being obliged to 
 walk many miles back to the places they started from, begging for food and nickels and 
 dimes while on their way. 
 
 In the fall of 1914 the federal authorities took steps to prevent a repetition in 1915 of an 
 overflow of harvest hands to the wheat section of the country. The problem is to be handled 
 systematically, according to the program which -has been prepared for the next rush, and 
 the Labor Commissioners of Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa and Oklahoma have been 
 invited to lend a, helping hand toward keeping the supply of men down to the actual de- 
 mand. How the problem will work out this time remains to be seen. Every postofflce in 
 the land is now a branch of the Federal Free Employment Service, with St. Louis and Kansas 
 City as district headquarters for Missouri. 
 
 MISSOURI'S FREE EMPLOYMENT DEPARTMENT COMPARED WITH THOSE 
 
 OF OTHER STATES. 
 
 New York, Massachusetts, Ohio, Illinois and Wisconsin point with pride to the work 
 'of their free employment departments, but if one of the states mentioned can show a gain 
 in number of situations furnished, gratis, to their unemployed. In the course of a year, amount- 
 ing to 91 per cent, as Missouri did, 1914 over 1913, they have economical and industrial 
 conditions worth calling attention to. 
 
 Had the 27,637 men and women, who were put in touch with work by the State service 
 in 1914, applied to private employment agencies, from each there would have been exacted 
 a registration fee of SI, with the chance of a fittther levy before a situation was furnished. 
 Based on past information collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, each man and woman 
 would have paid an average of fl.50 to private agencies before employment was supplied, 
 or a total of $41,456 for a service the State furnished free through its St. Louis, Kansas City 
 and St. Joseph Free Employment Bureaus. 
 
 In 1914 a total of 28,913 places were offered to male toilers by employers and 4,613 to 
 females through the State Free Employment Department, 27,637 men and youths and women 
 and girls being placed, leaving 9,410 applicants, both sexes, out of 37,047, for employment who 
 could not be accommodated. The close of the year saw 5,889 places which remained un- 
 filled, chiefly for the reason that when these applications for help were filed no men and women 
 of the callings specified were available, the disappointed employers finally securing the toilers 
 they needed from other sources. At this point it is well to mention that the three superin- 
 tendents of the Free Employment Department of Missouri, Frank J. O'Keefe, in charge of the 
 St. Louis Bureau ; Harvey Osborne, Kansas City Bureau, and George J. Kamler, St. Joseph 
 Bureau, deserve great credit for the skillful manner in which they handled all applications 
 for employment and calls for help in 1913-14, especially during the latter part of May and 
 all of the month of June, when the three bm'eaus were crowded from morning to night with 
 harvest hands anxious to be put in touch with employment of that character; each, in addition, 
 displayed wonderful knowledge of the situation prevailing in the wheat sections by filling all 
 actual demands for harvesters, putting many of those who could not be supplied work of this 
 natm-e in touch with employment of another character, and persuading many others to return 
 to their eastern homes. There were days when the applicants for work as harvesters not 
 ailone filled the three offices, but extended outside for nearly a block. Police had to be called 
 In to keep the unemployed in Unes, preserve order and prevent crowding and other rough 
 conduct, further along in this volufse ffffl ^? f9W}4 » gogjological analysis of the work of the 
 
State Free Employment Department, 1914. 23 
 
 year of the State Free Employment Department by each bureau superintendent; also a re- 
 view of the work done by Miss Nelle A. Quick, as head of the Women's Department, an 
 important auxiliary to the St. Louis Free Employment Bureau. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE WORK, 1913-14. FACTS AND FIGURES. 
 
 More harvest hands were put to work by the State Free Employment Department 
 during the months of June, July and August, 1914, than in any other summer of its history, 
 16,436 being given work garnering the huge wheat crops of Missouri, Iowa, Kansas and 
 Oklahoma at daily wages ranging from $2 to $4 each, according to the class of work done, 
 engineers and machinists who ran threshing machines earning the higher figures. This total 
 does not include 1,176 men and 79 women and 15 gardeners put in touch with permanent 
 work on farms in the fiscal year of 1913-1914, and many dairy men and maids who were sup- 
 plied with such work. 
 
 Special attention given in the fiscal yelar of 1913-14 to supplying women out of work with 
 employment caused this branch of the State's free employment service to gain 67 per cent 
 in effectiveness over similar work done in 1912-13, and much more when the year of 1911-12 
 and other previous fiscal periods are considered. 
 
 The piursults and social conditions of those who applied in the fiscal year 1913-14 to the 
 free employment bureaus for situations form an interesting part of the annual reports of the 
 tliree 'State bureaus. Actors, authors, journalists, stenographers, bookkeepers, expert copy- 
 ists, milk maids, landscape gardeners, valets and ladies maids, milliners with the ability 
 to turn out dainty and expensive creations, berry pickers, quarry workers, telegraph operators, 
 washerwomen, chauffeurs, druggists and chemists, nurses experienced enough and capable 
 of service in the war of nations, educators, school teachers and governesses, were among the 
 37,047 men and women who registered for situations. Unusual occupations are cared for 
 in the annual statistical report of the State Free Employment Department, which follows, 
 under the classiflcatious of "Special," "Private Places" and "Miscellaneous." Regular 
 occupations are listed under their proper titles. 
 
 CALL FOR SERVANTS EXCEEDED THE SUPPLY. 
 
 The ratio in the summer of 1914 of men willing to become harvest hands and the great 
 number who were supplied with woi-k of this character as compared to other occupations 
 easily made this the largest occupation classification when it comes to the number who regis- 
 tered for work and the number who were taken care of. Formerly those requesting work as 
 laborers and put in touch with employers needing such toilers easily led, numerically. Many 
 cooks, seamstresses, domestics and hotel and restaurant workers were supplied to those 
 needing such help, male and female, but the calls for this class of servants easily exceeded the 
 supply of men and women willing to serve in these capacities. Many famiUes in need of house- 
 hold help offered extra inducements in good wages, short hours and well furnished, com- 
 fortable and warm rooms to desirable servants, and, it is well to mention, such households 
 were easily supplied with first-class workers. 
 
 The Bureau of Labor Statistics, in the 1913-14 biennial Legislature report to Gov. Elliott 
 W. Major, recommended that the Free Employment Department be extended so that branches 
 could be opened in Sedalia, Hannibal, Springfield, Independence, Carthage, Cape Girardeau 
 and Joplin, with additional ofaces in St. Louis and Kansas City, and all other Missouri towns 
 when a population of 10,000 is reached. A general exchange system between all such new and 
 the old branches woidd prove a great benefit in putting unemployed men and women of St. 
 Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph, anxious to do farm work, in touch with farmers who will 
 pay good wages and offer other Inducements to high class and intelligent workers. 
 
 For the year 1915 the Bureau of Labor Statistics inaugurated a system of advertising the 
 State Free Employment Department so effectively that it will attract attention to the service 
 in every nook and corner of the State, and, thereby, be of untold value in obtaining work 
 for Missouri's unemployed. Every letterhead, envelope, reporting schedule, interrogation 
 blank, printed bulletin, pamphlet, report, map and all other department printed matter 
 with available space extensive enough to be used for that purpose carries a display announce- 
 ment dealing with the scope of the State Free Employment Bureaus and emphasizing the 
 fact that the servip? is alpsplvitely free of charge to all who make ^se Qf it, 
 
24 
 
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28 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15. 
 
 APRIL FAVORABLE TO WOMEN OUT OF WORK. 
 
 When it comes to the monthly record of the State Free Employment Department during 
 the-fiscal year which ended September 30, 1914, there were more applications for employment 
 made, and more employment furnished men and youths during June than in any other month 
 of the period which is embraced, due to the large number of harvest hands anxious to be put 
 to work, who registered, and the calls from farmers for help of this kind. This condition 
 particularly applies to Kansas City, and the three free employment biireaus when they are 
 considered as a whole. For the St. Louis branch the month of July was the busiest, with 
 August holding second place, also due to the preponderance in those months of men willing 
 to assist in garnering the 1914 wheat crops of Missouri and Illinois. The best month for 
 women who were out of employment during the year was April, more being furnished em- 
 ployment that month than in any month of the fiscal year of 1913-14, the returns for the 
 three bureaus being considered as a whole, St. Joseph with its large meat packing establish- 
 ments supplied more positions to women than St. Louis and Kansas City combined. For 
 a time in the last fiscal year a special women's department was maintained in connection 
 with the Kansas City Free Employment Bureau. The one in St. Louis was not established 
 until nearly the close of the fiscal year. Further facts concerning the monthly work of the 
 St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph Free Employment Bureaus are given in the tables 
 which follow: 
 
 ANNUAL REPORTS. STATE FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS, 1913-14. 
 
 The large number of harvest hands who were put in touch with employment diu'ing the 
 months of May, June and July, 1914, by the Kansas City Free Employment Bureau made 
 this branch of this important State service lead the other two when it comes to the number 
 of men applying for situations and those who were furnished employment. Kansas City 
 also led in the number of laborers who appUed for and were put to work. 
 
 When it comes to women out of work who were furnished employment during the fiscal 
 year which ended September 30, 1914, St. Joseph heads the Ust; Kansas City comes second 
 and St; Louis third. There were 1,555 places ofllered to women and girls by St. Joseph fac- 
 tories, and only 324 could be immediately furnished, leaving 1,231 places unfilled at the close 
 of the year, when the monthly records are totaled. Out of 325 women who applied for this 
 class of employment only one could not be given a place. This bureau also received 489 
 calls for female household help and supplied 460, leaving 29 places unfilled. Out of 505 women 
 who registered for domestic service only 45 could not be immediately supplied with places. 
 Thirty-seven nurses were put to work out of 46 who registered for employment of this charac- 
 ter, leaving nine nurses unplaced and two places unfilled. 
 
 When it comes to female ofHce help, the work of the Kansas City Bureau, which, most 
 of that fiscal year, had a special women's employment department, was far more effective 
 than that of the other two, 101 women and girls out of 135 applicants being supplied with 
 clerical employment, leaving 34 who went away disappointed because places were not im- 
 mediately available. During the year 108 such positions were offered and there were seven 
 which remained unfilled, unless employers offering them secured this class of workers else- 
 where. At this point it can well be said that employers, when it comes to female office help, 
 do not use the State Free Employment Department as freely as they should, especially since 
 all such taxpayers, through their annual State taxes, help to support this department. 
 
 St. Joseph leid in the number of female cooks who were given kitchens over which to 
 preside, 138 situations being offered and 130 women placed. Further information concerning 
 the work of the three State Free Employment Bureaus, and what the Jefferson City office did 
 toward receiving applications for employment and putting the applicants in touch with 
 situations, is reviewed in a statistical table which follows, each such compilation being accom- 
 panied with an annual statement of its superintendent. 
 
 St. Louis State Free Employment Bureau, 917a Pine Street. 
 
 St. Louis, October 1, 1914. 
 Hon. John T. Fitzpatrick, Commissioner of Labor Statistics, Jefferson City, Mo.: 
 
 Dear Sir — I have the honor to submit for your inspection the annual report of the St. 
 Louis Free Employment Department of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the fixcal year 
 ending September 30, 1914. 
 
 Analysis of these figures show that 75.8 per cent of the number of applications for em- 
 ployment were placed in satisfactory positions and that 93.5 per cent of the applications for 
 help were filled. If you will compare this report with that of last year you will note that there 
 is an increase of 28.9 per cent in the total number of applications for employment and an 
 
St. Louis Free Employment Bureau, 1914. 29 
 
 increase of 8 per cent In the total number of positions filled, this notwithstanding the fact 
 that there has been a general depression in all lines of business during the past year. 
 
 From time to time, during the past year, I have interviewed firms of all kinds with a 
 view of increasing the business of this office, maldng it a point in each case to express as 
 comprehensively as possible the benefits derived by all concerned; and especially to the 
 applicant seeking employment if they would procure their situations through the free em- 
 ployment office. I secured quite a number of positions through solicitation, but in most 
 cases I was informed that business was not as thriving as it should have been, but, however, 
 was assured of their future co-operation whenever they are in need of help. 
 
 The Women's Department, which was established on July 1st, this year, and is in charge 
 charge of Nelle A. Quick as Assistant Commissioner, has been of great benefit to the working 
 women of St. Louis. Miss Quick has been an untiring worker, investigating, as far as possible, 
 the living and working conditions, as well as securing eipployment for those who applied 
 to her. Although this report shows an increase of but .05 per cent over last year's report 
 in the number of positions supplied female applicants, 51.5 per c'ent of the total number of 
 applications for female help filled this year have been filled since Miss Quick took charge of 
 the rejuvenated Women's Department. 
 
 I do not hesitate to assure you that the next year's report will overshadow, in every 
 particular, that of the year just ended. My past experience, coupled not only with the re- 
 newed but also increased business activities of the near future, will have its efl!ect on the 
 result of the next year's work. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 FRANK J. O'KEEFE, Superintendent. 
 
 RECORD-BREAKING ACCOMPLISHMENT. 
 
 A review of the work of the St. Louis Free Employment Bureau, done diuring the fiscal 
 year which closed September 30, 1914, is as follows: 
 
 Applications for employment received — 7,475 males, and 976 females; total of 8,451. 
 
 Number of places filled — male, 5067, and female, 417; a total of 6,084. 
 
 Applicants not supplied with employment — male, 1,808, and female, 559; total 2,367. 
 
 Applications for help — male, 6,061, and female, 664; total 6,725. 
 
 Number of wage-earners supplied — male, 5,667, and female, 417; total, 6,084. 
 
 Number of places remaining unfilled due to the failure of having on hand for immediate 
 services men and women following the occupations specified in the call — male, 394, and 
 female, 247; total, 641. 
 
 Kansas City State Free Employment Bureau, 22^ Mew J^elson. 
 Building. {J^ow 215 Sheidley Building.) 
 
 Kansas City, Mo., October 1, 1914. 
 
 Hon. John T. Fitupatrick, Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jefferson City, Mo.: 
 
 Dear Sir — I have the honor to submit this; my annual report, for the fiscal period ending 
 September 30, 1914. 
 
 This oSace was able to secure suitable employment for more than 15,000 men and women 
 during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, by so doing saving these 15,000 people more 
 than $25>000, which they would have paid had they secured this employment through a 
 private employment agency, paying from SI. 00 to S5.00 for each place. More than 1,000 
 women applied to this office for employment and for other services which we were able to 
 render, such as directing them to suitable places to room and board, and in a great many cases 
 securing them positions. The attached report will show that more than 800 women secured 
 employment through this bureau during the year. 
 
 I received 97 complaints where wages were due for labor and in each case this office was 
 able to bring about a satisfactory settlement and have the wages due the complainant paid 
 in full at once. A total of Sl,365 was collected in these cases, most of which were misimder- 
 standings between the employer and employe, a third party being necessary to bring about 
 a settlement. 
 
 There have been 132 complaints filed against the private labor agencies, and of these 
 128 were by men and 4 by women. In 113 cases the fee was returned to the complainant in' 
 full. In 10 cases a satisfactory place of employment was furnished which was agreeable to 
 both parties. In nine cases the claim was found to be unfounded and the private labor 
 agents were allowed to keep the fee. In all, S383 was refimded in fees $157 in railroad 
 fare, this $157 being fare paid by complainants to return to Kansas City, after having been 
 sent' to various employment points, and the facts were not as represented by the private 
 
 labor agencies. ,„ ^. ^ „., ^ 
 
 (Continued on page 34.) 
 
30 
 
 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15. 
 
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34 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15. 
 
 (Continued from page 29.) 
 
 In all of these 132 cases, or complaints, against the private labor agencies a full hearing 
 was held at the office of the State Free Employment Bureau, 224 New Nelson Building. In 
 each case this office put forth an effort to bring out all the evidence possible, and no ruling 
 was made in any case until all parties concerned had been notified that the hearing was to 
 be held and that they should be present to give evidence. In some cases private labor agencies 
 were- represented, by attorneys. 
 
 There are 36 privSite labor agencies now operating in this city, as well as several free 
 employment bureaus. The demand for men to do general labor is on the decrease at this 
 time, and is in nowise as great as at this season in 1913. The demand for domestic help far 
 exceeds the supply at all times, girls and women preferring office, store and factory to work 
 in these private households. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 HAKVBY OSBORNE, Assistant Commissioner. 
 
 GEORGE A. MAJOR, Special Agent. 
 
 A review of the work of the Kansas City State Free Employment Bureau, done during 
 the fiscal year which closed September 30, 1914, is as follows: 
 
 Applications for employment received — 15,302 males, and 1,121 females; total, 16,423. 
 
 Number of places filled — male, 14,562, and female, 870; total, 15,432. 
 
 Applicants not supplied with employment — male, 740; female, 251; total, 990. 
 
 Applications for help — male, 17,854, and female, 1,123; total, 18,977. 
 
 Number of wage-earners supplied — male, 14,562, and female, 870; total, 15,432. 
 
 Number of places remaining unfilled, due to the failure of having on hand for immediate 
 service men and women following the occupations specified in the call — male, 3,292, and 
 female, 253; total, 3,545. 
 
 St. Joseph State Free Employment ' Bureau, 110 J^orth Seventh 
 
 Street. 
 
 St. Joseph, October, 1914. 
 
 Hon. John T. Fitzpatrick, Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jefferson City, Mo.: 
 
 Dear Sir — I have the honor to submit herewith the second annual statistical report, 
 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, of the St. Joseph State Free Employment 
 Bureau. We respectfully call your attention to the splendid gains the bureau has made 
 over previous years in securing situations for unemployed men and women and placing 
 employers in touch with desirable wage-earners, and especially emphasize the splendid 
 showing the bureau made in securing employment for women, 1,442 having been provided 
 with situations since our last annual report to you. 
 
 The St. Joseph Bureau was especially fortunate in placing women who were anxious 
 to work in factories in such positions, 324 out of 325 applicants being provided with work. 
 We could have done still better if there had been more applications for work of this character, 
 there being 1,555 places in manufactories and workshops open for female help during the 
 year, and with only 324 placed it left 1,231 positions which remained unfilled as far as this 
 bureau was concerned. Out of 505 women applying for situations as domestics 460 were 
 supplied with employment. There were 489 places offered by St. Joseph famiUes to household 
 help, and with 460 women supplied it left 29 places vacant. 
 
 We are anxious to make it generally known how many positions for women that remained 
 unfilled from month to month for the reason that we did not have immediately available 
 the kind of help which was demanded when the applications came in. For the year there 
 were a total of 2,826 calls for female help for which we supplied 1,442 women wage-earners, 
 leaving 1,384 places which we could not fill. We had calls for 48 berry pickers, and placed 19; 
 138 family cooks, and placed 130; 63 dairy maids and other female farm help, and placed 56; 
 nine clerks, and filled each such position ; 264 hotel and restaurant workers, and placed 248 ; 
 12 laundry workers, and filled all such places; 11 ladies' maids, and ffiled all such places; 
 39 nurses, aid supplied 37; ten office assistants, and placed seven; four saleswomen, and 
 placed two; four stenographers, and filled all such places; two telephone operators, and sup- 
 plied one ; 95 waitresses, and placed 85 ; three washerwomen, and filled all such calls. There 
 were also 79 calls for female help of the kind classed as "special," 24 women being supplied, 
 which left 55 situations, many desirable, which went begging for women to take them. 
 
 While my annual statistical report gives full information concerning the men out of 
 employment the St. Joseph Bureau placed, I am anxious to call attention to some of the work 
 done along this line. We had calls for 709 male farm workers and supplied 693. Farmers 
 of Northwfest Missouri, Northeast Kansas and Southeast Nebraska sent in calls for 735 
 wheat harvesters, which demand was met by immediately supplying 630. Out of 2,175 places 
 open for laborers 2,127 were supplied, leaving 48 "jobs" unfilled for the want of workers im- 
 mediately available for such work. 
 
St. Joseph Free Employment Bureau, 1914. 35 
 
 Further Information concerning the work done in behalf of the unemployed of St. Joseph 
 and surrounding towns can be gleaned by a careful study of the statistical table which is 
 attached to this report. I am anxious to call particular attention to the valuable assistance 
 rendered by Mr. J. W. Morris, the Assistant Superintendent, who labored diligently and 
 effectively, early and late, to make the St. Joseph Bm-eau a credit to the State of Missouri. 
 On many occasions this ofiBcial went out of his way to secure transportation for unemployed 
 men and women to places where situations were offered, and he also aided many such un- 
 fortunates in securing shelter and food, often paying for these necessities out of the meager 
 salary the State allowed him for his services. 
 
 The addition of a Women's Department here would greatly stimulate this portion of the 
 duties of the St. Joseph State Free Employment Bureau, especially since we have so many 
 calls for female wage-earners which cannot immediately be filled. After this bureau put in 
 operation your recommendation I noticed a great increase in calls for help from factories 
 and workshops, hotels, restaurants, and private families needing domestics. It is an easier 
 matter to induce unemployed men and women to accept the services of the bureau than it 
 is to persuade employers to let us know when they need wage-earners, but we are rapidly 
 rapidly Inducing employers to avail themselves, gratis, of the services of this State Free 
 Employment 'Bureau. I feel certain that before another year passes, with the publicity 
 the St. Joseph State Free Employment Bureau is constantly receiving, double the number of 
 employers will be using its services in filling vacancies as now is the case. 
 
 I take this means of thanking the two St. Joseph daily newspapers, the Gazette and the 
 News-Press, for the many favorable notices they gave, from time to time, during the last 
 fiscal year, to the work of the St. Joseph State Free Employment Bureau, this publicity 
 aiding greatly in acquainting the general public with the fact that this city had such a State 
 department and that its services were and are gratis to all anxious to profit thereby. 
 
 With the hope that the fiscal year, which closes September 30, 1915, will witness the ful- 
 fillment of all the gains and improvements I prophesy, I herewith respectfully submit to you 
 for your consideration this letter reviewing our 1913-14 work and the statistical compilation 
 which accompanies it. Respectfully, 
 
 GEOEGE J. KAMLER, Superintendent." 
 J. W. MORRIS, Assistant Superintendent. 
 
 DAILY AVERAGE OF SITUATIONS FURNISHED WAS 19. 
 
 In reviewing the work of the St. Joseph Free Employment Bureau during the fiscal 
 year which closed September 30, 1914, Assistant Superintendent J. W. Morris states that 
 applications for employment were received from 5,039 males and 1,600 females; a total of 
 6,639. 
 
 Number of places filled — male, 4,639, and female, 1,442; a total of 6,081. 
 
 Applicants not suppUed with employment — male, 400, and female 158; total 558. 
 
 Applications for help — male, 4,^58, and female, 2,826; total, 7,784. 
 
 Number of wage-earners supplied — male, 4,639, and female, 1,442; total, 6,081. 
 
 Number of places remaining unfilled due to the failure of having on hand for immediate 
 services of men and women following the occupations specified in the call — male, 319, and 
 female, 1,384; total, 1,703. 
 
 Reduced to a monthly basis, the St. Joseph State Free Employment Bureau supplied 
 work to 506 men and women during each of the twelve months of the last fiscal year, and 
 reduced to a daily basis, allowing twenty-six days a month, which excludes Sundays but 
 includes holidays, 19 men and women were furnished employment each working day. There 
 were months when the average of men and women supplied with work reached twenty-six 
 a day In addition, probably 1,000 men and women were put in communication with employ- 
 ers without the issuance of ofacial cSirds, which vouched that they had regularly registered 
 at the St Joseph Free Employment Bureau. Assistant Superintendent Morris secured free 
 transportation to places of employment for 100 men and women during the year. In addition, 
 he donated S60 out of his own funds to help the deserving unemployed, and, as he states, 
 in his report on this philanthropy: "I gave the money because I thought these unfortunates 
 needed it worse than I did, and if any good hasbeen accomplished the fact that I aided in 
 bringing it about constitutes my recompense." 
 
36 
 
 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-15. 
 
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St. Joseph Free Employment Bureau, 1914. 
 
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Women's Department; St. Louis State Free Employment 
 Bureau; 917a Pine Street. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1915. 
 Hon. John T. Fitzpatrick, Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jefferson City, Mo.: 
 
 Dear Sir — It Is gratifying to be able to report that words of praise have been received 
 from every quarter since the establishment of the Women's Department by you as a branch 
 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 917a Pine Street, St. Louis, Mo. Such a department has 
 been greatly needed in St. Louis since women first entered the industrial field in large numbers. 
 Trade unions have endeavored to look after the women workers, and have done well, but the 
 State can even do better, as its resources are greater and its facilities are more vast in com- 
 parison. 
 
 The bringing together of the employer in need of help and the unemployed seeking work, 
 free of expense ; the protection of the women workers ; the Investigation of living and working 
 conditions, have been the chief functions of this department, although, on many occasions, 
 social service work has been done in an effort to provide proper boarding and lodging houses 
 for such wage-earning women who come under its care. 
 
 Girls coming from the rural districts have been given special consideration and attention. 
 Many come from homes of poverty, prompted by the hope of securing employment in order 
 to render aid to those they left behind. They turn their faces towards the city, believing they 
 will there reach a land of plenty, only to find the darkest of nights looming up before them. 
 They are, indeed, to be pitied, because they are in no way equipped to cope with the environ- 
 ments of a large cityj Men can rough it, but women must, at least, have shelter. 
 
 The service of this department is given free of charge in all its work, the only requirement 
 being that any woman applying to it for a position shall report to the department promptly 
 when the position offered her has been accepted. Those with any degree of skill in the different 
 trades are provided for and taken care of through the kindmess of the labor organizations 
 who co-operate with this department and who have enabled us to place a number or skilled 
 women and girls, and the unskilled are given such work as the department may be able to 
 secure for them. The problem of the unskilled women workers is yet to be solved. Seventy 
 per cent of the women who apply to the department are unskilled, and it is the unskilled who 
 are at all times at the mercy of unscrupulous exploiters of labor. In order that this great . 
 problem may be solved it will be necessary to instill in the mind of each woman the necessity 
 of learning some one thing well, whether it be sewing, cooking, nursing, stenpgraphy or any 
 other gainful occupation. 
 
 The work has been carried on without the slightest degree of friction, and very few 
 errors of judgment have been made in placing the applicants in positions. To be sure, not 
 all of the applicants have been placed, but no favoritism has been shown; the one registered 
 first who is best qualified for a certain position and produce the most satisfactory reference 
 is given the preference. 
 
 Prom July 1 to December 1, 1914, there were 1,431 applications for employment and 491 
 applications for help, 383 of which were filled; those unfilled was either for a' lack of a living 
 wage, or not having an applicant suitable for the particular position. Ninety-seven firms 
 were solicited for employment and there were 30 positions secured in that manner, making 
 the total number of women placed by the department 413. 
 
 The welfare work accomplished was as follows: 
 
 Secured homes for 15 women and one child outside the State. 
 
 Placed 7 mothers and 1 1 children in institutional homes. 
 
 Secured medical aid for 12 persons. 
 
 Collected wages for 7 women. 
 
 Secured clothing and lodging for 85 persons. 
 
 Secured food for 30 persons. 
 
 Free advertising for 11 women seeking employment. 
 
 Secured transportation for 3 women and 6 children to points in Arkansas. 
 
 Transportation for a young woman to a point in this State. 
 
 Transportation for a young woman to a point in Alabama. 
 
 Transportation for 2 persons to Chicago, III. 
 
 Secured home for woman and child at Clarksville, Mo. 
 
 Returned one young woman to her home at a point in Oklahoma. 
 
 Returned one young woman to her home at a point in Illinois. 
 
 Placed 4 children in a day nursery. 
 
 Secured home for one woman at Corning, Ark. 
 
 Secured home for husband and wjfe at Plalnview, Tex. 
 
 Referred one case to the probation office. 
 
 Referred 3 cases to the board of education. 
 
 Referred 11 cases to the St. Louis Provident Association. 
 
 Referred 10 cases to the St. Vincent de Paul Society. 
 
39 
 
 Sent 50 nomeiess ana penniless women to Father Dempsey's Home for Working Women 
 Eeferred 6 violations of the nine-hour law and 2 violations of-the child-labor law to the 
 State Factory Inspector. 
 
 Secured the co-operation of the St. Louis RepubUc In inserting free want advertisements. 
 
 Referred one case to the Legal Aid Society. 
 
 Investigated 2 newspaper advertisements. 
 
 Oo-operation was given to this department by the following: 
 
 The mayor of the city of St. Louis. 
 
 The probation office attached to the several courts of criminal correction of the city of 
 St. Louis. 
 
 The State Factory Inspector. 
 
 Father Dempsey's Home for Working Women. 
 
 The Women's Trade Union League. 
 
 The Neighborhood Association. 
 
 The Kingdom House. 
 
 The St. Louis Provident Association. 
 
 The Young Women's Christian Association. 
 
 The Children's Hospital. 
 
 The Washington University. 
 
 The Saint Vincent de Paul Association. 
 Considering the limited time this department has been in operation, viz., five months, 
 and in view of the fact that the work has been accomplished within the regular appropriation 
 for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the record is one to be proud of. Think what good could 
 be accompUshed if this department had sufBcient funds at its disposal to carry on the work, 
 as similar departments of other states and philanthropic organizations which are endeavoring 
 to remedy and improve the conditions of working women have; and who should care for the 
 women of the State, if not the State itself? 
 
 I am Quite sure when the Women's Department has completed its first anniversary 
 there will not be an industrial department in the United States that can show a greater 
 percentage of good work accomplished for the woman worker than the Women's Department 
 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics in Grand Old Missouri. Respectfully, 
 
 NELLE A. QUICK, 
 Assistant Commissioner of St. Louis Women's Department. 
 
 VOLUNTARY EMPLOYMENT WORK, JEFFERSON CITY, 1913-14. 
 
 Of the S,534 applications made in person, or received through mail, at the headquarters 
 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics in Jefferson City. 5,226 were from men and youths and 308 
 from women. Forty applicants were placed in communication with employers and 37 
 were referred to either the St. Louis, Kansas City or St. Joseph Bureaus for action ; several 
 men and women being furnished with employment through the system of exchange which 
 was inaugiu-ated between these bureaus in the summer of 1913 and is still in force. Four 
 applicants for farm work were married men and applied for positions where their wives 
 would also be given work. The bulk of the 1914 applications for work received at the 
 Jefferson City ofHce came from men and women willing to work harvesting wheat. 
 
 The occupations of those who applied for employment in 1914 at the Jefferson City 
 headquarters, either in person or through mail, each preferring work of that character, are 
 given in the table which follows: 
 
 Applications for Employment Recelvea at the Jefferson City Headquarters, Bureau 
 ol Labor Statistics. During the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 1914; Oc- 
 cupations of Applicants and Class of Work Preferred. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Artists and art teachers. . 
 Auto garage workers. . . . 
 Bakers. 
 
 4' 
 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 Concreters, form builders 
 and setters 
 
 
 Barbers 
 
 Cooks 
 
 2 
 
 Berry pickers'.'.'.' '.'. 
 
 Dairymen — maids 
 
 Electrical workers 
 
 Engineers — ^stationery. . . 
 
 Engineers — chief 
 
 Engineers — traction 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 119 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5,000 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Bookkeepers 
 
 
 Butchers .... 
 
 
 Carpenters 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 8 
 1 
 4 
 3 
 
 4 
 2 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 
 Assistant cashiers or pay- 
 
 _, lug tellers in bank 
 
 oattle ranchmen 
 
 Cliemists . 
 
 
 
 
 Florists and floral woikers 
 or gardeners 
 
 
 Clerical 
 
 
 Clerks — grocery '.'.'.'.'.'..'. 
 tierka — general merchan- 
 dise 
 
 Gasoline engine machin- 
 ists { 
 
 
 Hardwood lumber in- 
 
 
 ciwklUh^^ef !°^ '. •.::::,■ 
 
 spectors 
 
 Harnessmakers 
 
 
 Oommon labore ror any- 
 thing else 
 
 Harvesters'" ■./••■ 
 
 Interpreters — Spanish. . . 
 
 
40 
 
 APPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT RECEIVED AT JEFFERSON CITY— Con. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female . 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Salesmen . .' 
 
 Sawmill workers 
 
 
 
 Journeymen machinists. 
 Locating . agents — mining 
 Macliinists 
 
 
 Telephone operators 
 
 Telephone linemen 
 
 
 Managers — ofittce 
 
 Managers — fruit farm . . . 
 Map draughtsmen and 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Watchmen 
 
 Totals 
 
 2 
 
 
 River or lake fishermen . . 
 
 
 5,226 
 
 301 
 
 Grand total applications 
 
 Applicants for employment put in communication with employers 
 
 Applicants referred to either Kansas City, St. Louis or St. Joseph bureaus . 
 
 5,53' 
 4( 
 3' 
 
 ♦Approximately. 
 
 STATE FREE EMPLOYMENT DEPARTMENT PROFFERS ITS 
 SERVICES TO THE UNEMPLOYED. 
 
 In the effort of the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the early part of 1914 to provide em 
 ployment for men and women in need of it. 15.000 posters were printed and posted up ovei 
 the State in public places, calling attention to the State Free Employment Bureaus, and thai 
 the State of Missouri stood ready and willing to find situations for those who needed thi 
 same. They were displayed in rural and m-ban railroad stations, country general stores 
 postoiBces, county courthouses •and other places where they would be conspicuous, attraci 
 attention, and bring about the desired result, which was, to make generally known the objec 
 and scope of the State Free Employment Department. They read: 
 
 HELP! 
 MALE AND FEMALE. 
 
 Are You Looking for Work? 
 
 Are you going to the large cities in the State because you think your chances for finding 
 employment are better there than in the small cities and towns, or because your are dis- 
 satisfied with your present employment, or because you do not find continued employment 
 in your present locality, or because — 
 
 Whatever your reasons are for going to the cities looking for work, it is for your benefit 
 that the 
 
 State of Missoiiri, through its Department of Labor maintains Free Employment offices. 
 This Department is in touch with employers of labor throughout the State and can render 
 you much aid and assistance in yom: quest for work. Advice and information relating to 
 labor will be cheerfully given and this service is absolutely free. No charge for service 
 whatever, the expense of operating and maintaining this Department being paid for out of 
 the revenue received by the State Government. 
 
 Employment agencies are all licensed and regulated by the State Labor Commissioner, 
 address at bottom of Ahis sheet, to whom should be sent all complaints regarding same. 
 
 Attention of women and girls going as strangers into any of the large cities is directed 
 to the services of this Department. You will not only be assisted in your quest for employ- 
 ment, but will be guided in selecting a boarding house and in locating amid sflrroundings 
 conducive to your health, happiness and comfort. At least you will be protected from the 
 many dangers common to congested centers. 
 
 A Woman's Bureau is operated in connection with the Kansas City Office, 224 New 
 Nelson Building, of this Department and is in charge of Assistant Commissioner Mrs. Nan 
 Wlllison Sperry, who will be pleased to advise and assist all who communicate or call on her. 
 
 No matter what your trade or occupation is, this State Department may save you 
 many heartaches, tired limbs, sore feet and flpom becoming despondetit, either through 
 advice, information or direct assistance and you will not be charged anything. 
 
 Communicate with any of the following: 
 
 FRANK J. O'KEEPE, Superintendent Free Employment Office, 917A Pine Street, 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 HARVEY OSBORNE, Superintendent Free Employment Office, 224 New Nelson 
 Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. (now 215, Sheidley Bldg.) 
 
 GEO. J. KAMLER, Superintendent Free Employment Office, 110 N. Seventh Street, 
 St. Joseph Mo., or 
 
 JNO. T. FITZPATRICK. Labor Commissioner. Jefferson City. Mo. 
 
 V 
 
Cornell University Library 
 
 HD 7816.U7M778 
 
 Workmen's compensation and employee' lia 
 
 3 1924 000 605 760 
 
V-f' 
 
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