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Cornell University Library 
 F 157T5 R74 
 
 Old Tioga and ninety yeafs,,o* .ifSiieji'ste 
 
 olin 
 
 3 1924 028 854 862 
 
The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://archive.org/details/cu31924028854862 
 
o 
 
 
 
TfSf Our Coimty. Our Commonw:aUh, Our Country, tSyj 
 
 OLD TIOGA 
 
 AND 
 
 Ninety Years of its Existence. 
 
 A DESCEIPTITE, STATISTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OP TIOGA 
 COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, FROM ITS BAELIEST SETTLEMENT TO 
 THE PRESENT TIME, TOGETHER WITH A HISTORICAL 
 SKETCH OF THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA AND NUMER- 
 OUS STATISTICAL TABLES, EXHIBITING ITS 
 GROWTH AND INCREASE IN WEALTH 
 AND POPULATION. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 TO WHICH IS 
 
 ADDED MUCH VALUABLE 
 
 INFOEMATION CONCERNING THE HISTORY 
 
 AND STATISTICS OP THE UNITED STATES AND THE 
 
 WORLD, AND MANY ITEMS OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Written and Compiled from Official and Authentic Sources 
 
 BY 
 
 MARO O. ROLFE. 
 
 SOLD ONLY TO SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Tioga, Penn.: 
 
 BUNNELL & ROLFE, Publishers. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Key 
 
^,': 
 
 ■ Qv-: 
 
 l\ 1^'' V f 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, by 
 
 BUNNELL & ROLFE, 
 
 In the OfiBce of tlie Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. 
 
 Electrotyped, printed and bound by 
 
 The Authors' Publishing Co., 
 
 27 Bond Street, New York. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The preparation of this work has involved an amount of careful research 
 and pains-taking labor entirely disproportionate to the size of the volume, 
 which can be appreciated only by those who are familiar with the details of 
 similar compilations ; and the public are reminded that no work, of what- 
 ever kind, has ever been published entirely free from errors. Especially in 
 gathering the materials for such a work as this is there a liability to error 
 encountered in the preparation of a publication of no other kind. In going 
 back to the past, where comparatively little has been written upon the sub- 
 jects under consideration, and endeavoring to search out dates and deeds of 
 days that are gone, many statements have been found from equally reliable 
 and credible sources which were at variance with each other and between 
 which it has been a somewhat difficult task to choose. It is possible that, 
 to some, the conclusions herein recorded may appear erroneous, if not hasty 
 and ill-judged. Every available source of information has been consulted, 
 all conflicting statements have been weighed carefully and honestly, and 
 that only has been put on record which has been conceived to be the truth. 
 No absurd claim to infallibility is entertained, yet it is hoped that the time 
 and labor empioyed in compiling this book have resulted in what will be re- 
 garded as a convenient exhibit of the history and statistics of Tioga County 
 which will be found valuable to intelligent citizens of all classes and occupa- 
 tions. The statistical tables relative to the State of Pennsylvania have been 
 carefully compiled and attractively arranged with a view to their usefulness 
 and their adaptability to answer such general inquiries concerning the his- 
 tory and resources of our Commonwealth as arise almost hourly. The in- 
 formation under the caption of "Questions Answered" will be apprecia- 
 ted by all who from time to time feel the need of a convenient reference up- 
 
 (iU) 
 
IV. PREFACE. 
 
 on the subjects treated, and it has been the aim of the compiler to make 
 this department especially interesting and valuable. 
 
 Acknowledging his indebtedness to the many citizens of the county who 
 have furnished data for the chronology of their respective localities and to 
 those whose published writings have been freely consulted in the prepara- 
 tion of this work, the author leaves the fruits of his labor and his research 
 with an indulgent and appreciative public, with the assurance that no rea- 
 sonable pains and expense have been spared to render this volume both at- 
 tractive and valuable, and worthy alike of approbation and patronage. 
 
 M. 0. K. 
 
 Lawbenceville, Ta., May 1st, 1877. 
 
IL.LUSTEATIONS. 
 
 Page, 
 
 BUSH'S PARK, TIOGA Frontispiece 
 
 WILLIAM PENN 8 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS AT MANSFIELD 55 
 
 TEE-DY-US-CUNG 77 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA EDUCATIONAL HALL 87 
 
 COISTTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 TIOGA COUNTY.— DESCRIPTIVE 9 
 
 The Elements of its Prosperity. Its Fertile Hills and Valleys. Its 
 Hidden. Treasures. Its Mineral and Agricultural Wealth. The Miner 
 and the Husbandman. Its Railways. Its Lumber and Manufactur- 
 ing Enterprises. Its Streams. Its Important Towns. Its Frequent and 
 Sweeping Fires. Its Educational Advantages. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 TIOGA COUNTY.— STATISTICAL 19 
 
 List of County Officers from Year of Organization. Sheriffs. Pro- 
 thonotaries. Registers and Recorders. County Treasurers. County 
 Surveyors. County Commissioners. Members of Congress from Tioga 
 County. State Senators from Tioga County. Representatives in the 
 Legislature. County Superintendents. County OHicers at the Present 
 Time. Agricultural Statistics. The Blossburg Coal. Population of 
 Tioga County by Townships and Boroughs. Contribution of Tioga 
 County to the War Fund. The Tioga County Medical Society. The 
 Public Health for the Year ending June i, 1S76. The Fire Departments 
 of Tioga County. Newspapers published in Tioga County at the 
 Present Time. Names and Addresses of Attorneys now Practising at 
 the Bar of Tioga County. Report of the County Superintendent for 
 the Year ending June i, 1876. School Statistics of Tioga County. 
 Statement for School Year ending June i, 1876. Sunday School Asso- 
 ciations of Tioga County. 
 
 CHAPTER HI 
 TIOGA COUNTY.— CHRONOLOGICAL 38 
 
 A Chronology of the Most Important Events in the History of Tioga 
 County, from 1797 to 1800— 1800 to 1810— 1810 to 1820— 1820 to 1830 
 — 1830 to 1840— 1840 to 1850 — 1850 to i860 — 1860 to 1870— 1870 to the 
 Present Time. 
 
Tl- CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Page. 
 PENNSYLVANIA.— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE 75 
 
 Its Settlement. The Purchase of the Swedes. The First Church 
 Edifice. The Swedes Conquered by the Dutch. New Netherlands be- 
 come Subject to the English. Penn's Grant. The Advancement of 
 Four Years. The Delaware Indians. Tee-dy-us-cung at Tioga. Penn 
 Appoints Commissioners. Mason and Dixon's Line. Death of Penn. 
 The Purchase of Fort Stanwix. Other Purchases. Adoption of the 
 First Constitution. The Second, Third and Fourth Constitutions. Re- 
 moval of the State Capital from Philadelphia to Lancaster and thence 
 to Harrisburg. The National Capital removed to Washington. Border 
 Warfare. General Settlement of the Northern and Western Frontiers. 
 Pennsylvania's Agricultural and Mineral Resources. Life in "Oildom." 
 Its Educational Interests. Its Topographical Features. Its Commer- 
 cial Centers. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA.— STATISTICAL go 
 
 Area, Total Population and Wealth of Pennsylvania. Progi-ess and 
 Importance of Railways in Pennsylvania. Table Showing the Financial 
 Growth in the Past Ten Years. Table Showing the Financial Condition 
 of the School Districts of the Commonwealth. The Popular Vote for 
 President in Pennsylvania from 1824 to 1876. Statement of Receipts and 
 Expenditures of the State of Pennsylvania for the Year ending Decem- 
 ber I, 1876. Public Debt of the State of Pennsylvania, December i, 
 1876. The Governors of Pennsylvania. Presidents of the Supreme Ex- 
 ecutive Council. Governors under the Constitution of 1790. Under 
 the Constitution of 1838. Under the Constitution of 1874. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 QUESTIONS ANSWERED.— HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 97 
 
 Production of Gold and Silver in the United States. Where the Dif- 
 ferent Metals and Minerals come from. Origin of the Names of the 
 States. Railway Statistics of the World. The Commerce of the World. 
 Protestantism throughout the World. The Population of the World. 
 Density of the World's Population. Table Showing Population of For- 
 eign Cities in the order of their Size. Statistics of the Growth and Pop- 
 ulation of the United States. Table Showing Date of Admission, Orig- 
 inal Population, Area, Present Population, and Number of Members of 
 Congress of each State in the Union. Half a Century of Immigration. 
 The Centre of Gravity of the Population of the United States, Table 
 Showing Population of the Important Cities of the Union in the order 
 of their Size The Area of the United States at Different periods. Pop- 
 ular and Electoral Votes for President from 1840 to 1876. Electoral 
 Vote by Geograpliical Divisions, 1876. Table of Distances from New 
 York to Important Cities. 
 
OLD TIOaA.. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 tioga coxinty.— desckiptrve. 
 
 The Elements os its Peospebity— Its Fektilb Hills and 
 Yalleys — Its Hidden Teeashres — Its Mineeal and Agki- 
 CULTUEAL Wealth — The Menee and the Husbandman — 
 its Kailways — Its Lumbee and Manufactueing Entee- 
 PEiSES — Its Steeams — Its Impoetant Towns — Its Fee- 
 
 QUENT AND SWEEPING ElEES ItS EDUCATIONAL AdTAN- 
 
 TAGES. 
 
 The word " Tioga " is of Indian origin, and signifies the 
 "source" or "head of the waters." 
 
 Geographically, Tioga County is situated on the boundary 
 line between Pennsylvania and New York, about equi-distant 
 from Lake Erie and the Delaware Eiver, and forming one of 
 the " Northern-Tier " of counties. It is bounded on the north 
 by Steuben and Chemung Counties, N. Y. ; on the east by 
 Bradford County ; on the south by Lycoming County, and on 
 the west by Potter County. 
 
 The principal streams of Tioga County are the Tioga Eiver, 
 from which the county derives its name, the Cowanesque 
 Eiver and Crooked Creek and Pine Creek. The Tioga Eiver 
 rises in Armenia Township, in Bradford County, and flowing 
 through the townships of "Ward, Union, Bloss, Covington, 
 Kichmond, Tioga and Lawrence, it is joined by the Cowanes- 
 
 (9) 
 
10 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 que and the Canisteo beyond the state line and, with the Con- 
 hocton River, forms the Chemung, noar^ Coming, N. Y. The 
 Cowanesque Eiver is formed by the confluence of several small 
 streams in some of the north-eastern towns of Potter County, 
 and passing across the township of Westfield, has its course 
 through Deerfield, Osceola, Elkland, Nelson and Lawrence, 
 emptying into the Tioga Eiver in the edge of New York, just 
 north of the state line, and but a little below the borough of 
 Lawrence-^dlle. Crooked Creek rises in Chatham township, 
 and flowing through Middlebury, loses itself in the Tioga 
 Biver at the western boundary of Tioga borough. Pike Creek, 
 West Branch, and other smaU. streams cOmbine to form Pine 
 Creek ui Eastern Potter County. This stream flows through 
 Gaines, Sliippen, Delmar and Morris, and empties into the 
 West Branch of the Susquehanna at Jersey Shore, in Lycom- 
 ing County. 
 
 The scenery in the Tioga and Cowanesque valleys is pic- 
 turesque and attractive, and is not surpassed by that of 
 any other county in the Northern Tier. Viewed from a dis- 
 tance, most of the villages along the Tioga Biver present 
 the appearance of towns embowered in woody groves, and the 
 fine landscape to be seen in the Cowanesque valley is lovely 
 beyond comparison. 
 
 The most important places in the county are Wellshoro, 
 the seat of justice, Tioga, Blossburg, Mansfield, Covington, 
 Lawrenceville, Westfield, Elkland, Osceola, Knoxville, Nel- 
 son, Mainsburg, Boseville, Millerton and the mining towns. 
 The greatest drawback to the advancement of the biisiness 
 interests of the principal towns has been the frequent occur- 
 rence of hea-^y and disastrous fires. Blossburg, A\'ellsboro, 
 Tioga, Westfield and Lawrenceville have suffered extensively 
 from this source. 
 
TIOGA COUNTY.— DESCRIPnVE. 11 
 
 The railroads of Tioga County are the Tioga Railroad, fin- 
 ished in 1840 ; the Lawrenceville and Wellsboro Railroad, fin- 
 ished in 1872 ; the Cowanesque Valley Railroad, finished in 
 1873, and the Elmira State Line Railroad, completed in the 
 autumn of 1876. Since their construction, these roads have 
 been combined imder the titles. Corning, Cowanesque and 
 Antrim Railway, and Tioga and Elmira State Line Railroad. 
 The old Tioga RaUroad, known as the Blossburg and Coming 
 Railroad for many years, connects the Blossburg Coal Regions 
 with the markets of New York and the West. The Cowanes- 
 que Railroad from EMand, and the Wellsboro road from the 
 miaes at Antrim, join this old route at Lawrenceville, the rail- 
 road center of the county. Three miles south of that place, 
 at a station called " Tioga Junction," the recently constructed 
 line from Elmira intersects with the Tioga Railroad, affording 
 a ready exit to all points east and south, and added market 
 facilities to all classes of producers. 
 
 What is true in regard to the resom-ces of the State of 
 Pennsylvania is true, in a more restricted sense, of Tioga, the 
 " Banner county." Here the farmer and the miaer have gone 
 hand in hand from the beginning ; and to-day the chck of the 
 pick and shovel from the bowels of the earth, and the clat- 
 ter of the reaper in the fields of waving grain are the heralds 
 of the prosperity of her people. 
 
 It has been said " that country is the most prosperous 
 where labor commands the greatest reward." Tioga County 
 gives lavishly to the honest and persistent worker. There are 
 tew richer interests in the state than the mining interests of 
 " Old Tioga," and her farming population is basking in the 
 sunshine of happiness and prosperity. 
 
 The agricultural resources of Tioga County are unsurpass-^ 
 ed. Her valleys are uncommonly prolific, and the soil of hej 
 
12 
 
 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 hill farms is rich, fertile, and productive. All parts of the 
 county yield good crops of cereals, and fiTiits and grasses 
 flourish on the high lands and in the valleys. 
 
 Noted as are Bradford, on the east, and Steuben, on the 
 north, for their dairy productions, they are no more favora- 
 bly regarded in this respect than Tioga County. It produces 
 much butter and cheese, and both find a ready demand in 
 the market. 
 
 To afibrd the reader some idea of the, dauy production of 
 Tioga County, we insert the following exhibit of the amount 
 of butter shipped at Elkland station from January, 1874, to 
 August, 1876 : 
 
 
 No. of Pounds. 
 
 
 No. of Pounds. 
 
 January, 1871, 
 
 1,429 
 
 May, 1875, 
 
 73,335 
 
 February, " 
 
 6,815 
 
 June, 
 
 133,190 
 
 March, 
 
 6,060 
 
 July, 
 
 118,645 
 
 April, 
 
 26,760 
 
 August, " 
 
 109,565 
 
 May, 
 
 55,095 
 
 September, " 
 
 123,620 
 
 June, 
 
 113,670 
 
 October, 
 
 111,430 
 
 July, 
 
 101,890 
 
 November, " 
 
 76,620 
 
 August, " 
 
 103,975 
 
 December, " 
 
 29,075 
 
 September, " 
 
 128,235 
 
 January, 1876, 
 
 16,560 
 
 October, 
 
 86,470 
 
 February, " 
 
 7,600 
 
 November, " 
 
 72,610 
 
 March, 
 
 6,810 
 
 December, " 
 
 39,060 
 
 April, 
 
 38,525 
 
 January, 1875, 
 
 18,390 
 
 May, 
 
 99,905 
 
 February, " 
 
 7,220 
 
 June, " 
 
 127,780 
 
 March, 
 
 16,235 
 
 July, 
 
 98,855 
 
 April, 
 
 Total 
 
 35,220 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 248 555 
 
 When it is remenabered i}ia 
 
 t the above figures 
 
 represent 
 
THE COTINTY. — DESCETPTTVE. 13 
 
 only a portion of the production of the Cowanesque Yalley 
 alone (some of it being carried to Addison, N. Y.), and that 
 large shipments are made from the stations on the WeUsboro' 
 and the Tioga and Elmira State Line railroads, wliile thou- 
 sands of pounds from the south-eastern townships are taken to 
 Troy and Canton, Bradford County, some just conception of 
 the immensity of the agricultural resources of this section 
 may be formed. 
 
 The coal of Tioga County is used in almost every city, vil- 
 lage, and settlement in the east and west, and it furnishes fuel 
 to many of the ocean vessels that ply between our jjorts and 
 those of foreign lands. " One of the most important advan- 
 tages of Tioga County," wrote James Macfarlane, Ph. D., au- 
 thor of " The Coal Fields of America," " consists of the coal 
 basin which extends through its southern townships. The 
 surface rocks of this part of PennKjlvania, when traced for 
 some distance, are found not to lie in a horizontal position, 
 but their dip shows the existence of flexures of the strata 
 forming three basins, running in a north-east and south-west 
 direction. The first, and the only one of importance, is the 
 third coal basin, as described by the State geologists, extend- 
 ing through Ward, Hamilton, Bloss, Duncan, and parts of the 
 adjoining townships. The fourth basia runs through Jack- 
 son, Tioga, Sliippen, and Gaines townships, and is shown by 
 the red colored rocks which prevail through this district. 
 Just before it runs out of the countj', some patches of the 
 conglomerate rock which lies below tlie coal ai'e found, and 
 probably a little coal, but there is not enough of it to be con- 
 sidered of importance. In the northwest corner of the coun- 
 ty is a similar empty coal basin. These are the tip ends of 
 two basins which, further soutli in the State, are very import- 
 ant coal districts, but as the stratas rise towards the north- 
 
14 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 east, tlie valuable coal deposits had run out before reaching 
 Tioga County." 
 
 The first corporation formed for the purpose of operating 
 and deyeloping the mining interests of the Blossburg coal re- 
 gion was organized ia 1838. It was called the Arbor Coal 
 Company. Since that date the business of mining has been 
 prosecuted at different times in Tioga County by "William M. 
 MaUory, D. S. Magee, the Tioga Improvement Company, the 
 Salt Company of Onondaga, the Morris Eun Coal Company, 
 the Fall Brook Coal Company, and the Blossburg Coal Com- 
 pany. Mines have been opened and operations carried on at 
 Blossburg, Morris Eun, Arnot, Fall Brook, and Antrim. 
 
 Iron ore has been found in goodly quantities in various por- 
 tions of the county. At one time it was mined quite exten- 
 sively in Eichmond township, west of Mansfield, and a furnace 
 was erected at that place. This estabhshment is known as 
 the Tioga Iron Works, Messrs. Johnson & Shauber, proprie- 
 tors. There are many indications of the presence of iron in 
 the hills bordering the little stream flowing through the east- 
 em part of the county, known by the name of Mill Creek. 
 Specimens of ore taken from this section have been tested by 
 competent persons with very flattering results. There are 
 deposits of ore in that region near the intersection of Babb'g 
 Creek with Pine Creek ; but a practical development of these 
 deposits, as well as of those in other parts of the county, is 
 necessary to determine their value, and it is not probable that 
 they will be opened to any extent until they are brought into 
 more direct communication with the markets of the outside 
 world by the construction of railroads through the sections 
 mentioned. 
 
 The " Hathaway Ore," the discovery of Dr. G. "W. Hathaway, 
 of Tioga, in a hiUside owned by him about a mile from that 
 
THE COUNTY. — DESCEIPnTE. 15 
 
 place, is a new metal wliicli at the present time is attracting 
 the careful attention of metallm-gists and scientific men. It 
 is being subjected to the nicest tests known to workers in the 
 metals ; and should the ultimate decision as to its qualities 
 prove favorable to the claims of its discoverer, it will work 
 many marked changes in the manner of manufacturing iron 
 and steel. 
 
 Though the immense quantities of timber which, in its 
 earlier days, gave Tioga County celebrity as a lumber county 
 are by no moans exhausted, the manufacture of lumber is not 
 so important an element as it was in former years, yet this 
 branch of industry contributes no inconsiderable amount to 
 the public prosperity at the present time. From the date of 
 the general settlement of the Tioga and Cowanesque valleys 
 to the tirne of the civil war, saw mills were erected at conven- 
 ient distances along the two rivers, and the manufacture of 
 lumber was one of the most important industries of this sec- 
 tion, affording employment to large numbers of men who were 
 variously engaged in cutting and hauling the logs to the mills, 
 sawing it into boards, planks, and timber suitable for buUding 
 purposes, or rafting it down the Susquehanna to the markets 
 of Southern Pennsylvania and Baltimore. But with the deple- 
 tion of the pine, once a source of so much profit to the lumber- 
 men of Tioga County, and the depression in this branch of 
 trade consequent upon the general financial stringency of the 
 times, lumbering has been gradually taking a lower rank 
 among the business interests of " Old Tioga." The mills 
 along the two rivers are many of them abandoned to the 
 destruction of the elements, and their ruins remain, hero and 
 there, to attest mutely but eloquently to that change wliicli is 
 altering the face of our whole broad land. But miles away 
 from the valleys, in the somber shadows of the liemlock tim- 
 
16 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 ber, by swiftly rusning creeks, or at the outskirts of some of 
 the remote hamlets, new mills have been erected within a few 
 yeai-s, and tlie process of " clearing up the country " has 
 begun. 
 
 But while the lumber interest has been waning, another 
 no less important has grown apace, and at the present time 
 stands foremost among the manufacturing enterprises of Tioga 
 County. The almost unlimited quantity of hemlock growing 
 along the hillsides in every part of the county has contiibuted 
 to render the tanning interest secondary only to the miniag 
 and agricultural interests. It has been impossible to obtain 
 correct data from which to note the rise and progress of this 
 important branch of industrj', but some idea of its value as an 
 element of general prosperity may be obtained when it is 
 remembered that there are in the county twelve large tanner- 
 ies, which turn out on an average from 20,000 to over 130,000 
 sides of solo leather a year, employ from twentj' to fifty men 
 each, and purchase for cash from five hundred to one thousand 
 cords of hemlock bark each, or an aggregate of not less than 
 100,000 cords. 
 
 Of the other important manufacturing enterprises of Tioga 
 County, the following stand forth conspicuously as among the 
 most prominent : The Covington Glass Works, the glass works 
 of Messrs. Hirsch, Ely & Co., Blossburg, the Wellsboro Iron 
 Works, the furniture manufactory of M. King, at Mansfield 
 the Tioga Lock Company, the manufactory of the " Farmers 
 Favorite Fanning Mill," at Lawrenceville, and Ingham Brothers 
 Woollen Mill, Academy Corners. 
 
 In no part of the commonwealth are tbe interests of edu- 
 cation more carefully guarded or more thoroughly and svste- 
 matically advanced. There are, within the county limits 
 according to the Eeport of the Superintendent of Public In- 
 
THE COUNTY.— DESOEIPnYE. 17 
 
 struction for the year ending June 1, 1876, 294 sctiools, em- 
 ploying 446 teachers at an aggregate salary of $43,355.52, and 
 affording instruction to an average attendance of 6,867 schol- 
 ars, at an expense to the taxable citizens of the county of 
 $67,757,64. The total number of children of the school age 
 in the county is 15,128. The schools in most of the boroughs 
 are graded, the best available talent and experience is secured 
 in the teachers of their different departments, and they offer 
 advantages for obtaining a practical education which, a few 
 years ago, were to be found only in pretentious and expensive 
 academies and high schools. 
 
 The Mansfield State Normal School (of the fifth district), 
 located in Mansfield Borough, Eichmond Township, Tioga 
 County, is deserving of especial mention as one of the most 
 thorough educational institutions in the State. From the 
 recent report of the principal, Prof. Chas. H. Verrill, we learn 
 that this school " has graduated eleven classes, as follows : — 
 Class of 1866, 15 members ; class of 1867, 21 members ; class 
 of 1868, 30 members ; class of 1869, 19 members ; class of 
 1870, 19 members ; class of 1871, 31 members, and six in in- 
 strumental music ; class of 1872, 12 members ; class of 1873, 
 16 members ; class of 1874, 18 members ; class of 1875, 31 
 members ; class of 1876, 21 members. Total, 289." In propor- 
 tion to the whole number of students enrolled, no other school 
 in the State is able to show so large a list of graduates, and 
 but one other has graduated a larger number. Notwithstand- 
 ing the stringency of the times, the last year was a very suc- 
 cessful one, and great progress was made. 
 
 Throughout the length and breadth of the coimty, those 
 twin messengers of enlightenment and civilization, the Church 
 and the Press, are sustained with a flattering and honorable 
 liberaHty. The people, as a class, are thrifty and intelligent, 
 
18 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 and in nearly every town and village, societies for profes- 
 sional or iateUectual advancement hold their sessions. The 
 most exacting cannot fail to rejoice at the progress and pros- 
 perity of the past, and the gloomiest and most fearful can 
 see nothing but briLLiant promise for the future — for as Ben- 
 jamia Franklin said, " a Bible and a newspaper in every 
 house, a good school in every district — aU studied and appre- 
 ciated as they merit — are the principal supports of virtue, 
 morality, and civil liberty." 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — STATISTICAL. 19 
 
 CHAPTEK II. 
 
 Tioga County. — Statistical. 
 
 List of County Officeks fkom Yeab of Obganization : — 
 Sheeiffs — Prothonotaeies — Eegistees and Eecoedees — 
 County Teeasueees — County Sueteyoes — County Commis- 
 sioNEEs — Members op Congeess fkom Tioga County — State 
 Senatoes peom Tioga County — Eepeesentatives ra the 
 Legistatuee — County Supeeintendents — County Opficees 
 AT THE Present Time — Agricultural Statistics — The 
 Blossbueg CoaTj — Population op Tioga County by Town- 
 ships AND Boroughs — Conteibution op Tioga County to the 
 "War Fund — The Tioga County Medical Society — The 
 Public Health por the Year Ending June 1, 1876 — The 
 FiEE Depaetjdents of Tioga County— Newspapees Publish- 
 ed m Tioga County at the Present Time — Names and Ad- 
 DEESSEs OP Attorneys now Practising at the Bar op Tioga 
 County — Eepoet op the County Superintendent foe the 
 Tear Ending June 1, 1876 — School Statistics op Tioga 
 County : Statement por School Year Ending June 1, 1876 
 — Sunday School Associations op Tioga County. 
 
 list of county officers from the date of organization. 
 
 Sheriffs. 
 
 Alpheus Cheney, Elected 1812. Eesidence, Elkland. 
 
 Simeon Power, " 1815. " Lawrenceville. 
 
 John Knox, " 1818. " Cowanesque. 
 
 2 
 
20 
 
 
 OU) TIOGA. 
 
 
 
 EHjah StHes, 
 
 Elected 1821. 
 
 Eesidence, WeUsboro. 
 
 JoJin Beecher, 
 
 
 1824. 
 
 a 
 
 AV'ellsboro. 
 
 Eobert Tubbs, 
 
 
 1827. 
 
 (C 
 
 Osceola. 
 
 Seth Daggett, 
 
 
 1830. 
 
 it 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 (Eesigned, and Francis Wetherbee chosen in 1831.) 
 
 Benjamin Gitcbell, 
 
 
 1834. 
 
 a 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 John Wakely, 
 
 
 1887. 
 
 a 
 
 Brookfield. 
 
 Curtis Parkhurst, 
 
 
 1840. 
 
 <( 
 
 Lawrenceville. 
 
 Joseph W. Guernsey 
 
 J 
 
 1843. 
 
 ti 
 
 Tioga. 
 
 Henry H. Potter, 
 
 
 1846. 
 
 cc 
 
 Middlebury. 
 
 John Mather, 
 
 
 1849. 
 
 it 
 
 Shippen. 
 
 Henry A. Guernsey, 
 
 
 1852. 
 
 
 Wellsboro. 
 
 John Mather, 
 
 
 1855. 
 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 Simeon I. Power, 
 
 
 1858. 
 
 
 Lawrenceville. 
 
 Hezekiah Stowell, Jr. 
 
 > 
 
 1861. 
 
 
 Delmar. 
 
 LeEoy Taber, 
 
 
 1864 
 
 
 Tioga. 
 
 Jerome B. Potter, 
 
 i 
 
 1867. 
 
 
 Middlebury. 
 
 E. A. Fish, 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 Sullivan. 
 
 Stephen Bowen, 
 
 1873. 
 
 
 Morris Eun. 
 
 D. H. Walker, 
 
 c 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 Wellsboro. 
 
 
 Pkothonotabies. 
 
 
 
 John Norris, 
 
 Elected 1813 
 
 Served 6 Years. 
 
 Uriah Spencer, 
 
 
 1818 
 
 
 a 3 it 
 
 John Patton, 
 
 
 1821 
 
 
 " 3 " 
 
 Uriah Spencer, 
 
 
 1824 
 
 
 " 6 " 
 
 J. Brewster, 
 
 
 1831 
 
 
 a Q a 
 
 John F. Donaldson, 
 
 
 1836 
 
 
 " 2 " 
 
 A. S. Brewster, 
 
 
 1838 
 
 
 " 1 " 
 
 John F. Donaldson, 
 
 
 1839 
 
 
 " 33 " 
 
 Eobert 0. Cox, 
 
 i 
 
 1872 
 
 Present incumbent. 
 
TIOGA 
 
 COUNTY.— STATISTICAL. 
 
 
 Eegistees 
 
 AJSB KeCOKOEBS. 
 
 
 William Bache, 
 
 Elected 1821 
 
 
 Served 3 
 
 Uriali Spencer, 
 
 i( 
 
 1824 
 
 
 7 
 
 B. B. Smith, 
 
 it 
 
 1831 
 
 
 6 
 
 Luman Wilson, 
 
 (( 
 
 1836 
 
 
 9 
 
 James P. Magill, 
 
 tc 
 
 1845 
 
 
 9 
 
 W. D. Bailey, 
 
 IC 
 
 1854 
 
 
 6 
 
 Henry S. Archer, 
 
 it 
 
 1860 
 
 
 6 
 
 D. L. Deane, 
 
 ti 
 
 1866 
 
 
 9 
 
 Geo. C. Bowen, 
 
 ti 
 
 1875 
 
 Present incu 
 
 21 
 
 Years. 
 
 County Teeasukebs. 
 
 1808-9-10, Samuel W. Morris; 1811, Alpheus Cheney; 
 1814, B. Thompson ; 1816, Benjamin W. Morris ; 1817-18-19, 
 Daniel Lamb ; 1820-21, Kobert Tubbs ; 1822, John Beecher ; 
 1823-24, Thomas Putnam; 1825-26, WilUam Willard, Jr. ; 
 1827-28, Levi VaU ; 1829-30, Elihu Hill ; 1831-32-33, Thom- 
 as Dyer ; 1834^35, John Barnes ; 1836-37, Archibald Knox ; 
 1838-39-40-41, Thomas Dyer ; 1842-43, E. G. White ; 1844- 
 45, Jno. L. Eobinson ; 1846-17, A. H. Bacon ; 1848^9, Geo. 
 Levergood; 1850-51, S. L. Hibbard; 1852-53, George Knos; 
 1854^65, Henry Eathbone ; 1856-57, O. H. Blanchard; 1858- 
 59, O. F. Taylor ; 1860-61, James S. Watrous ; 1862-63, H. 
 B. Card; 1864^65, A. M. Spencer; 1866-67, C. P. MiUer ; 
 1868-69, H. C. Bailey ; 1870-71-72, Eobert C. Cox ; 1873-74, 
 Henry Eowland ; 1875, Thomas AUen, present incumbent. 
 
 The County Sueyeyoes of Tioga County. 
 
 John Norris, Appointed 1814, Served 14 years, 
 
 Samuel McDougall, « 1827, " 9 " 
 
22 
 
 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 
 
 E. P. Deane, 
 
 Appointed 1836, 
 
 Served 
 
 8 years. 
 
 Samuel McDougall, 
 
 Elected 1839, 
 
 li 
 
 12 " 
 
 David Heise, 
 
 1850, 
 
 ei 
 
 6 " 
 
 Henry S. Archer, 
 
 1856, 
 
 « 
 
 3 " 
 
 E. P. Deane, 
 
 1859, 
 
 cc 
 
 4 " 
 
 D. L. Deane, 
 
 Appointed 1863, 
 
 u 
 
 2 " 
 
 David Heise, 
 
 Elected 1865-68, 
 
 (I 
 
 12 « 
 
 County Commissionees. 
 
 1809-10, Eddy Howland, Uriah Spencer, Caleb Boyer, Na- 
 than NUes, and George Hart ; 1811, Eddy Howland ; 1812, 
 Timothy Ives; 1813, Ambrose Millard; 1814, HopestiU 
 Beecher ; 1815, Justus Dartt ; 1816, Eobert B. Elliott ; 1817, 
 John Knox ; 1818, Asa Mann ; 1819, Elijah Depui ; 1820, 
 John Eyon, Jr. ; 1821, Oliver WHlard ; 1822, Seth Daggett ; 
 1823, Hiram Bcebe; 1824, WiUiam Enox; 1825, Elijah 
 Welch ; 1826, Elijah Stiles , 1827, James Goodrich ; 1828, L. 
 Jackson; 1829, John Cochran; 1830, E. B. Gerould; 1831, 
 Job Geer ; 1832, A. Hammond ; 1833, C. Alvord ; 1834, George 
 Knox ; 1835, Samuel MiUer ; 183G, C. N. Sykes ; 1837, P. 
 Doud; 1838, George Levergood ; 1839, Buel Baldwin; 1840, 
 Levi EUiott ; 1841, C. O. Spencer ; 1842, M. W. Stull ; 1843, 
 H. H. Potter; 1844, E. Howland ; 1845, WiUiam Kose, Jr.; 
 1846, John Fox ; 1847, Israel Merrick ; 1848, David Ellis ; 
 1849, Leander Culver; 1850, David Caldwell; 1851, Ansel 
 Purple ; 1852, Benjamin Van Dusen ; 1853, Austia Lathrop ; 
 1854, O. B. WeUs ; 1855, D. G. Stevens ; 1856, C. F. Culver ; 
 1857, John James ; 1858, L. D. Seeley ; 1859, Amos Bixby ; 
 1860, A. Barker; 1861, Job Eexford; 1862, C. F. Miller 
 (appointed to fill vacancy caused by decease of Amos Bixby) ; 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — STATISTICAL. 23 
 
 1863, C. F. MiUer, Myron RockweU ; 1864, E. S. Seeley ; 1865, 
 E. Hart ; 1866, P. V. Van Ness ; 1867, Job Eexford ; 1870, 
 Job Eexford ; 1871, T. O. HoUis ; 1872, E. Hart; 1873, L. B. 
 Sbeives ; 1874, E. Klock ; 1875, L. L. Smith, E. J. Purple, 
 N. A. ERiott. 
 
 Membebs oe Congbess from Tioga CotrNxy. 
 
 James Ford, Lawrenceville, Elected 1828-.30, Served 2 terms. 
 Samuel W. Morris, "Wellsboro, " 1836, " 1 term. 
 
 Stephen F. Wilson, " " 1864, " 2 terms. 
 
 Henry Sherwood, " " 1870, " 1 term. 
 
 John I. Mitchell, " " 1876, present incumbent. 
 
 State Senatoes. 
 
 John Eyon, Lawrenceville, Elected in 1824 
 
 Daniel L. Sherwood (Speaker) Mansfield, " 1846 
 
 John "W. Guernsey, Tioga, " 1852-53 
 
 S. F. Wilson, Wellsboro, " 1862 
 
 B. B. Strang (Speaker), Westfield, Elected in 1871-2-3-4^5 
 0. H. Seymour, Tioga, Present incumbent. 
 
 Eepeesentattves m the State Legislatuee. 
 
 John Eyon, Elected in 1822, Served 2 years. 
 
 James Ford, " 1824, 2 " 
 
 Curtis Parkhurst, " 1827, 1 year. 
 
 JohnBeecher, " 1829, 1 " 
 
 Samuel W. Morris, " 1831, 4 years. 
 
24 
 
 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 At this time Tioga and Bradford comities formed a repre- 
 sentative district. In 1835 two members from Bradford 
 County, Israel Myers and Dr. Bullock, were elected for the 
 district. 
 
 William Garretson, 
 
 Elected in 1836, Served 2 years. 
 
 Tioga and Potter counties formed a representative district 
 in 1838, and Lewis B. Cole was elected. John Wahlee was 
 elected in 1841, and served one year. 
 
 Daniel L. Sherwood, 
 
 Elected 
 
 in 1841, 
 
 Served 2 years. 
 
 George Knox, 
 
 iC 
 
 1843, 
 
 " 2 " 
 
 John C. T\nox, 
 
 ti 
 
 1845, 
 
 « 2 " 
 
 N. A. ElUott, 
 
 a 
 
 1847, 
 
 " 2 " 
 
 Jeremiah Black, 
 
 a 
 
 1849, 
 
 " 1 year. 
 
 A. J. Monroe, 
 
 (( 
 
 1850, 
 
 « 1 (t 
 
 Jeremiah Black, 
 
 (C 
 
 1851, 
 
 (I 1 (1 
 
 James Lowrey, 
 
 a 
 
 1852, 
 
 " 2 years. 
 
 Thomas L. Baldwin, 
 
 ic 
 
 1854, 
 
 " 2 " 
 
 L. P. Wilhstin, 
 
 u 
 
 1856, 
 
 « ^ tt 
 
 B. B. Strang, 
 
 C( 
 
 1858, 
 
 " 2 " 
 
 S. B. Elliott, 
 
 ti 
 
 1860, 
 
 « 2 " 
 
 C. 0. Bowman, 
 
 it 
 
 1862, 
 
 " 1 year. 
 
 John "W. Guernsey, 
 
 (t 
 
 1863, 
 
 " 2 years. 
 
 W. T. Humphrey, 
 
 it 
 
 1865, 
 
 " 2 " 
 
 B. B. Strang, 
 
 it 
 
 1867, 
 
 " ^ " 
 
 Jerome B. Niles, 
 
 it 
 
 1868, 
 
 « 2 " 
 
 Jolin I. Mitchell, 
 
 ti 
 
 , 1871, 
 
 " 3 " 
 
 John I. MitcheU, 
 
 ti 
 
 1874, 
 
 2 " 
 
 W. T. Humphrey, 
 
 it 
 
 1874, 
 
 " 2 " 
 
 C. V. Elliott, 
 
 t( 
 
 1876, 
 
 Present incumbent. 
 
 Hugh Toung, 
 
 a 
 
 1876, 
 
 U It 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — STATISTICAL. 25 
 
 Cotmnr Supeeintendents. 
 
 The act of the legislature creating this office was passed in 
 1854. Since that date the duties of the position have been 
 performed at different times by Eev. J. F. Calkins, WeUsboro ; 
 Kev. N. L. Beynolds, Wellsboro ; H. C, Johns, S. B. Price, 
 Academy Corners; Prof. E. Horton, Jr.. Knox-ville, and Miss 
 Sarah I. Lewis, of Westfield, the present incumbent. Miss 
 Lewis is the only lady holding this laborious and responsible 
 office in the State. Having been for a long time intimately 
 connected with the educational interests of the county, she is 
 peculiarly well quahfied to assume tho duties of the position. 
 She graduated from the Mansiield State Normal School in 
 1868, and has since been successfully employed as a teacher 
 in some of the best schools in tho county ; and she brings to 
 aid her in her work not only a fiae education and a practical 
 knowledge of the daily life and labors of the teacher, but a 
 ready tact and energy which have combiuecl to render the 
 progress of the school interests of Tioga Coujity, during her 
 term of official service thus far, highly satisfactory. 
 
 County Officers at the Present Time. 
 
 Sheriff, D. H. Walker ; Prothonotary, B. C. Cox ; Register 
 and Eecorder, George C. Bowen ; Treasurer, Thomas AUen ; 
 Surveyor, David Heise ; Commissioners, L. L. Smith, N. A. 
 EUiott and E. J. Purple ; Auditor, C. M, Moore ; Eepresent- 
 atives, Hugh Toimg and C. V. EUiott ; State Senator, C. H. 
 Seymour ; Member of Congress, John I. Mitchell, Superin- 
 tendent of Pubhc Schools, Miss Sarah I. Lewis, Jury Com- 
 missioner, G. H. Baxter ; District Attorney, Horace A. 
 Packer. 
 
26 
 
 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 AoKIOULTBRAi STATISTICS. 
 
 As wlU be observed, this table is incomplete ; but it will 
 serve to give the reader an idea of the resources of the 
 county. A more perfect exhibit cannot be obtained at the 
 present time. 
 
 Civil 
 Divisions. 
 
 Improved 
 
 Land. 
 (Acres. ) 
 
 Value of 
 
 Farms and 
 
 Farming 
 
 Value of 
 Live Stock. 
 
 Value of 
 all Pro- 
 
 No. OF 
 
 tons OF 
 
 HAY 
 
 
 T , 
 
 
 ductions. 
 
 
 
 Impleme ts. 
 
 
 
 prod'd. 
 
 Brookfield . . 
 
 7,908 
 
 $346,655 
 
 182,921 
 
 $119, 121 
 
 3,681 
 
 Charleston . . 
 
 12.939 
 
 942,622 
 
 170,097 
 
 213,193 
 
 6,249 
 
 Chatham. . . . 
 
 13,218 
 
 662,275 
 
 120,875 
 
 167,625 
 
 5,590 
 
 Clymer 
 
 8,643 
 
 451,347 
 
 89,074 
 
 102,544 
 
 4,271 
 
 Covington. . . 
 
 7,483 
 
 424,140 
 
 87,340 
 
 105,489 
 
 2,858 
 
 Delmar 
 
 9,920 
 
 775,983 
 
 153,814 
 
 217,265 
 
 6,341 
 
 Farmington . 
 
 9,416 
 
 445,990 
 
 90,681 
 
 124,585 
 
 3,936 
 
 Jackson . . . . 
 
 12,081 
 
 633,525 
 
 129,643 
 
 172,498 
 
 5,385 
 
 Liberty 
 
 10,417 
 
 462,351 
 
 109,730 
 
 109,890 
 
 3,423 
 
 Middlebury . 
 
 8,529 
 
 477,590 
 
 95,600 
 
 120,452 
 
 4,075 
 
 Richmond . . 
 
 13,023 
 
 768,940 
 
 120,965 
 
 176,074 
 
 5,343 
 
 Rutland 
 
 11,369 
 
 584,336 
 
 116,949 
 
 160,740 
 
 4,760 
 
 Sullivan . . . . 
 
 15,186 
 
 981,580 
 
 169,538 
 
 246,464 
 
 6,313 
 
 Union 
 
 7,503 
 
 452,804 
 
 100,993 
 
 119,608 
 
 3,543 
 
 The Blossbueg Coai,. 
 
 Production of each coal company from the year 1840 to 
 1874: 
 
 OPERATORS. 
 
 Arbor Coal Company 
 Wm. M. MaUory 
 
 YEARS IN operation. 
 
 1840 to 1843 
 1844 to 1857 
 
 49,633 tons 
 405,116 " 
 
TIOQA COUNTY. — STATISTICAL. 
 
 27 
 
 OPERATORS. 
 
 D. S. Magee, 
 Tioga Improvement Go., 
 Salt Co. of Onondaga, 
 Morris Eun Coal Co., 
 Fall Brook Coal Co., 
 Blossburg Coal Co., 
 
 YEARS IN OPERATION. 
 
 1856 to 1859 
 1853 to 1863 
 
 1863 to 1866 
 
 1864 to 1874 
 1860 to 1874 
 1866 to 1874 
 
 78,996 tons 
 
 323,174 
 
 267,809 
 3,176,181 
 2,755,952 
 1,427,924 
 
 Total production from 1840 to 1874, 8,484,785 tons. 
 
 Exhibit of tee Population of Tioga County by Townships 
 and boeoughs. 
 
 Census 
 Bloss (including Bloss- 
 burg Boro) 4,008 
 
 Brookfield 885 
 
 Charleston 2,014 
 
 Chatham 1,575 
 
 Clymer 1,079 
 
 Covington 811 
 
 Covington (Boro) 315 
 
 Deerfield 665 
 
 KnoxviUe (Boro) 400 
 
 Delmar 1,885 
 
 WeUsboro (C. H.) . . . . 1,465 
 
 Elk 172 
 
 Elkland (Boro) 332 
 
 Earmington 997 
 
 Gaines 440 
 
 Jackson 1,531 
 
 Lawrence 957 
 
 LawrenceviUe (Boro) . . 478 
 
 of 1870. 
 
 Liberty 1,379 
 
 Middlebury 1,500 
 
 Morris 423 
 
 Nelson 456 
 
 Osceola 523 
 
 Eichmond 1,558 
 
 Mansfield (Boro) 616 
 
 Rutland (including 
 
 Eoseville Boro) 1,157 
 
 Shippen 270 
 
 Sullivan 1,637 
 
 Mainsburg (Boro) 212 
 
 Tioga.... 1,074 
 
 Tioga (Boro) 440 
 
 Union 1,098 
 
 Ward 285 
 
 Fall Brook (Boro) 1,390 
 
 Westfield 129 
 
 Westfield (Boro) 370 
 
28 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 CONTEIBTJTION OF TlOGA CoUNTY TO THE WaE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Amount raised by the County Commissioners .... $600,000 
 Amount raised by the Townships ' 400,000 
 
 Total $1,000,000 
 
 The Tioga County Medical Society. 
 
 The existence of this organization is another evidence of 
 the advancement of the interests of Tioga County. Formed 
 but a few years ago, it has been steadily gaining iu member- 
 ship and influence. Its meetings are frequent and well at- 
 tended. 
 
 The officers for the present year are : President, L. Darling, 
 Jr., LawrcnceviUe ; Vice-President, M. L. Bacon, Wellsboro ; 
 Eecording Secretary, C. K. Thompson, Wellsboro; Corre- 
 sponding Secretary, A. M. Loop, Nelson ; Treasurer, H. H. 
 Borden, Tioga. 
 
 The Public Health foe the Yeah Ending Jun-^ 1, 1876. 
 
 From the report of Dr. L. Darling, Jr., presented at the 
 27th annual session of the Medical Society of the State of 
 Pennsylvania, held at Philadelphia, May 31 and Jime 1, 1876, 
 we condense the following information, showing the sanitary 
 condition of the county for the year ending with the date 
 above given : 
 
 The section was remarkably free from epidemics during 
 the entire year. A mild type of sickness prevailed during 
 much of the time. Fevers were not very prevalent. Isolated 
 cases of remittent, typhoid and intermittent fevers occurred. 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — STATISTICAL. 29 
 
 yielding readily to treatment. Throat and lung diseases of a 
 mild character prevailed quite extensively during the winter 
 and spring months. There were but few cases of pneumonia. 
 The climate of this section conduces to the development and 
 continuance of catarrhal affections ; and but few are entirely 
 free from diseases of this character. Bronchial affections 
 were prevalent and obstinate. Eruptive diseases prevailed 
 quite extensively. Measles of a severe type was quite preva- 
 lent early in the spring. There were numerous cases of 
 mumps in some parts of the county. There were but few 
 cases of scarlet fever and diphtheria, and they were mostly of 
 a mild type, the latter especially being of short dtu-ation. 
 
 The Fxke Depabtments oe Tioga County. 
 
 Wellsboro, Tioga and Blossburg have well organized and 
 efficient fire departments. The citizens of other towns, among 
 them Lawrence^olle and Mansfield, are making strenuous ex- 
 ertions to secure a like protection for their own property. It 
 is to be hoped measures of such vital importance will not be 
 too long delayed. Few counties have suffered more from fire 
 than Tioga. 
 
 Newspapers Published in Tioga County at the Peesent Time. 
 
 AD"\Ti;RTlSEB. — Mansfield, Pratt & Goodenough, Independ- 
 ent. One of the spiciest local papers in this section. The 
 editor is 0. T>. (widely known as " Ben") Goodenough. It 
 circulates extensively through the eastern and central town- 
 ships of the county. It has recently been enlarged to seven 
 columns. 
 
30 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 Agitator. — "Wellsboro, Barnes <fe Roy, Eepublican. Tliis 
 is one of the most widely read and influential papers in the 
 Northern Tier. A. F. Barnes, the editor, is an able and for- 
 cible writer. For years it has been unswervingly devoted to 
 the principles of the Eepubhcan party. 
 
 Express. — Tioga, A. H. Bunnell, Independent. An inde- 
 pendent family journal, in the best sense of the term, having 
 a large circulation in Tioga County and other sections of 
 Northern Pennsylvania. Its proprietor, A. H. Bunnell, is a 
 pungent writer, and a discriminating editor. 
 
 Gazette. — Wellsboro, F. G. ChTirchill, Democratic. The 
 only Democratic newspaper and the acknowledged organ of 
 the party in Tioga County. It is ably conducted and has 
 been much improved under the management of its present 
 proprietor. It is read extensively throilghout the county and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 The Idea. — Westfield, O. S. Webster, Independent. A 
 lively weekly paper, devoted to the interests of the towns of the 
 Cowanesque Valley and Western Tioga County. It is edited 
 with ability and pledged to all necessary reform and the well- 
 fare and progress of the people at large. 
 
 The Jouknal. — Elkland, E. M. Bixby, Independent. The 
 Journal is a neatly printed and attractive appearing paper, of 
 fair size. It has a good circulation in the northern and v?est- 
 em townships of the county, and is filled with local and gen- 
 eral news and well-selected miscellany. 
 
 The Eegisteb. — Blossburg, I. K. Doud, Independent. A 
 large and well conducted family newspaper, receiving a good 
 support from the southern and eastern portions of the county. 
 Under the control of Mr. Doud, it has been improved and its 
 circulation greatly extended. 
 
 It is probable that there is no county in this part of the 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — STATISTICAL. 31 
 
 State where the press is more ably and skillfully conducted or 
 more liberally sustained. Most of the newspaper men of 
 Tioga county are gentlemen of practical experience, who know 
 how to interpret the wants of their patrons, and are zealous 
 in supplying them. The most important events in the his- 
 tory of the press of Tioga county will be found in our chrono- 
 logical department. 
 
 The Elmika Adyebtisek, Daily and Weekly, the Elmiba 
 Gazette, Daily and Weekly, and the Cokning Journal, the 
 CoENiNG Democrat, and the Corning Independent, also circu- 
 late extensively in Tioga county, and the county journals are 
 liberally patronized by the advertisers of Elmira and Com- 
 ing. 
 
 Names and Addresses of Attorneys now Practising at tee 
 Bab op Tioga County. 
 
 Blossbuhg, John C. Horton, C. Eathbone ; Elkland, C. W. 
 Beach, J. S. Eyon ; Knoxville, Lewis Mead, C. L. Peck ; 
 Milleeton, S. E. Kirkendall ; Tioga, John W. Guernsey, F. 
 G. Bishop, L. H. Tuttle, F. E. Smith, C. H. Seymour ; Wells- 
 BORO, J. H. Bosard, Thomas Allen, M. F. BUiott, A. L. Ens- 
 worth, H. M. Foote, Jeff. Harrison, George W. Merrick, John 
 I. Mitchell, John N. Bache, Jerome B. Mies, H. B. Packer, 
 Henry Sherwood, Walter Sherwood, L. P. WilHstin, J. W. 
 Mather, David Cameron, S. F. Wilson, F. E. Watrous, 
 
 E. B. Young; Mansfield, John W. Adams, Henry Allen, 
 
 F. W. Clark ; WestFIELD, B. B. Strang, T. C. Sanders, J. 
 C. Strang, Augustus Streeter; Covington, A. Eedfield . 
 
32 OM) TIOGA. 
 
 Repoet of the County Supeeintendent for the School 
 Yeae ENDrao June 1, 1875. 
 
 In order to economize space, wc make the following synop- 
 sis of Superintendent Sarah. I. Lewis' report of the educa- 
 tional interests of Tioga county, which appears in the Report 
 of Common Schools of Pennsylvania for the year ending June 
 1, 1876 : 
 
 In this, her first report, Miss Lewis announces that she is 
 able to give a favorable account of the general interest mani- 
 fested by the people in the cause of education. She has been 
 received with uniform kindness in all parts of the county, and 
 has enjoyed the earnest and cordial support of citizens, and 
 the hearty co-operation of teachers. 
 
 She has travelled more than 2,500 miles, held about forty 
 examinations, one county institute, been present at several 
 local institutes, written over two hundred official letters, and 
 made about two hundred and ninety visits. The large extent 
 of territory, irregularity of opening and closing schools, and 
 similar obstacles, have prevented her reaching all the schools 
 in the county. 
 
 She reports much improvement in the grounds and general 
 surroundings of school-buildings, and notes the fact tkat the 
 people are beginning to believe that the best schools are held 
 in good houses. This augurs well for further improvement. 
 
 There are many good teachers ; but a lamentable lack in 
 apparatus, and a great diversity in text-books, prevents their 
 doing themselves justice in many instances. 
 
 Her predecessor in office. Prof. E. Horton, did much to 
 awaken a healthy interest in county institutes, and is entitled 
 to credit for having established them and made them popular. 
 The best teachers attend them, and they may be regai-ded as 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — STATISTICAL. 33 
 
 higUy successful. Much interest has been induced by lo- 
 cal institutes. 
 
 She urges parents to visit schools more frequently, and 
 ■work with the teachers for the advancement of the scholars. 
 The frequent change of teachers she regards as a great hin- 
 drance to the rapid advancement of pupils ; and is pleased to 
 note that a few townships and nearly all the boroughs have 
 discountenanced the system of " boarding around/' and now 
 give their teachers a home. 
 
 Miss Lewis promises much improvement in the educational 
 interests of the county during the coming year, and invites 
 the co-operation of the people, that she may be able to make 
 her promise good. 
 
 Sunday-School Associations of Tioga Cotinty. 
 
 There are two societies for the advancement of the Sunday- 
 school cause in the county — the TioGA County Baptist Sun- 
 day-school Association, and the Tioga County Sunday-school 
 Teachers' Association. The first was organized in 1868, and 
 is exclusively an auxiliary of the church from which it receives 
 its name. It is gaining in numbers and influence every year, 
 and its sessions are well attended. The membership of the 
 latter is much more numerous, embracing, as it does, the most 
 earnest and enterprising Sunday-school workers of all denom- 
 inations. It is of much later origin — its fourth annual meet- 
 ing having taken place at LawrenceviUe early in June, 1876. 
 A subsequent session was held in Elkland in the fall. At 
 these meetings, essays on the Bible, Sunday-school organiza- 
 tion and management, and kindred topics, are read and dis- 
 cussed; experiences of teachers are stated and compared; 
 3 
 
34 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 plans for inculcating gospel truths upon the youthful mind are 
 suggested and considered, and no measures are neglected that 
 promise to a£ford any aid to Sunday-school work and exten- 
 sion. 
 
 Tho influence of these organizations towards systematizing 
 the labor of teachers, and rendering it effective, is scarcely to 
 be estimated ; and those who have been instrumental in ad- 
 vancing them to their present flattering prominence, regard 
 with satisfaction the obvious promise that they will be still 
 more useful in the future than they have been in the past. 
 
nOGA COUNTY — STATISTICAL. 
 
 35 
 
 School Statistics of Tioga County. 
 Statement for the School Year Ending June 1, 1876. 
 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 
 TEACHEKH, 
 
 
 SCHOLAJtS. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1? 
 
 !ii 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Z^\9 
 
 DISTRICTS. 
 
 CD 
 
 p 
 
 B 
 
 |3 
 
 CToq 
 
 ft 
 
 • o 
 
 1 
 
 s, 
 
 & 
 
 CD 
 
 fcl 
 o- 
 
 o q 
 
 u CD 
 CD £i 
 
 bI 
 
 t> o 
 
 ?5 
 
 B 
 B 
 
 s. 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 B 
 S 
 
 If 
 Op 
 
 ; CD 
 
 ■ B 
 
 ft? 
 
 ■ Oq 
 
 ■ CD 
 
 V 
 
 ft 
 
 B 
 o 
 
 t3* 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 ■J 
 
 5 
 
 $7G 33 
 
 $23 40 
 
 231 
 
 219 
 
 263 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 2 Bloss 
 
 5 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 16 
 
 70 00 
 
 30 00 
 16 43 
 
 331 
 127 
 
 179 
 125 
 
 270 
 119 
 
 7'.) 
 70 
 
 .9 
 
 3 Brookfield 
 
 .64 
 
 4 Clymer 
 
 fi 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 26 00 
 
 12 60 
 
 161 
 
 120 
 
 145 
 
 60 
 
 .88 
 
 G Cliatham 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 27 
 3 
 
 23 00 
 40 00 
 
 16 48 
 19 00 
 
 224 
 44 
 
 211 
 46 
 
 297 
 
 48 
 
 76 
 79 
 
 1.09 
 
 6 Covington bor 
 
 .80 
 
 7 Covington twp 
 
 9 
 
 e. 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 25 00 
 
 13 00 
 
 128 
 
 123 
 
 125 
 
 60 
 
 .80 
 
 8 Charleston 
 
 IS 
 
 fi 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 22 00 
 
 14 00 
 
 300 
 
 310 
 
 420 
 
 69 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 6 
 8 
 7 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 .... 
 
 23 
 9 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 23 «7 
 '.2 01 
 10 0) 
 
 "as'oo' 
 
 14 69 
 20 22 
 32 60 
 26 60 
 18 op 
 
 317 
 69 
 
 104 
 27 
 48 
 
 339 
 68 
 
 116 
 30 
 35 
 
 376 
 101 
 96 
 37 
 62 
 
 61 
 77 
 72 
 66 
 80 
 
 1,06 
 
 
 1 5? 
 
 
 .60 
 
 12 Elk . . 
 
 1.47 
 
 13 Elkland .... 
 
 1.10 
 
 U Elkland and Nel- 
 
 
 son (Ind.) 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 20 00 
 
 12 00 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 48 
 
 1.03 
 
 15 Farmington 
 
 10 
 
 fi 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 23 37 
 
 15 59 
 
 144 
 
 152 
 
 181 
 
 73 
 
 1.17 
 
 16 Pall Brook 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 36 66 
 
 143 
 
 147 
 
 171 
 
 69 
 
 .40 
 
 17 Gaines , , . - 
 
 6 
 i 
 
 llii 
 2 
 
 5% 
 8 
 
 7Ji 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 2 
 
 14 
 1 
 
 11 00 
 60 OJ 
 35 57 
 104 65 
 
 13 00 
 30 00 
 22 62 
 40 00 
 
 09 
 203 
 276 
 
 67 
 
 66 
 180 
 229 
 
 73 
 
 73 
 205 
 264 
 103 
 
 SO 
 65 
 74 
 79 
 
 69 
 
 18 Hamilton 
 
 .66 
 
 
 91 
 
 20 Knosville 
 
 1.36 
 
 2£ Lawrenceville 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 75 00 
 
 30 00 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 77 
 
 bl 
 
 .76 
 
 
 8 
 13 
 
 63i 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 25 00 
 34 00 
 
 16 00 
 23 00 
 
 170 
 249 
 
 133 
 200 
 
 194 
 390 
 
 69 
 87 
 
 74 
 
 23 Liberty 
 
 1.03 
 
 24 Morris 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 10 
 21 
 
 25 00 
 22 00 
 
 10 14 
 16 18 
 
 83 
 242 
 
 70 
 210 
 
 99 
 
 260 
 
 ';3 
 
 66 
 
 1 11 
 
 25 Middlebury 
 
 .89 
 
 26 Mansfield 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 60 00 
 50 00 
 
 27 60 
 15 00 
 
 97 
 42 
 
 113 
 
 32 
 
 89 
 
 67 
 
 V4 
 80 
 
 .67 
 
 27 Mainsburg 
 
 .73 
 
 28 Nelson 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 24 33 
 68 00 
 
 U 00 
 32 00 
 
 89 
 63 
 
 76 
 
 67 
 
 97 
 81 
 
 59 
 86 
 
 66 
 
 29 Oscsola 
 
 .89 
 
 30 Eutland 
 
 11 
 
 RV„ 
 
 ■A 
 
 13 
 
 15 44 
 
 15 44 
 
 166 
 
 117 
 
 208 
 
 78 
 
 L.14 
 
 31 Biclimond 
 
 14 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 26 0) 
 
 16 3<; 
 
 272 
 
 248 
 
 290 
 
 80 
 
 .88 
 
 32 Sullivan 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 5 
 
 24 00 
 30 00 
 
 14 00 
 25 83 
 
 223 
 60 
 
 202 
 49 
 
 34t 
 71 
 
 80 
 84 
 
 26 
 
 33 Shippen 
 
 .58 
 
 34 Tioga bor . ... 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 120 30 
 3S 00 
 
 56 61 
 24 00 
 
 66 
 144 
 
 61 
 
 133 
 
 84 
 
 162 
 
 91 
 60 
 
 1? 
 
 35 Tioga twp 
 
 .83 
 
 36 Union 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 6 
 
 26 00 
 28 00 
 
 26 00 
 21 66 
 
 30G 
 66 
 
 235 
 44 
 
 202 
 04 
 
 49 
 71 
 
 6(1 
 
 37 Ward 
 
 1.19 
 
 38 Westfieldbor 
 
 2 
 
 8« 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 102 00 
 
 30 00 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 103 
 
 86 
 
 1.09 
 
 39 Westfteldtwp 
 
 8 
 
 «.f 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 14 00 
 
 131 
 
 115 
 
 1S5 
 
 86 
 
 .81 
 
 40 Weilsboro 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 7i 67 
 
 42 64 
 
 340 
 
 294 
 
 363 
 
 92 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 294>4 0.3i 
 
 119 
 
 327 
 
 41 43 
 
 23 00 
 
 9,769 
 
 5,359 
 
 6,867 
 
 72 
 
 .90 
 
36 
 
 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 School Statistics of Tioga County. — Contimied. 
 
 Statement for tJie Year Ending June 1, 1876. 
 
 DISTEICTS. 
 
 TAX ANT> RATE PER CENT. 
 
 e o 
 5 
 
 g "> P 
 
 ?^ 13 tj 
 
 » S R 
 o g S 
 
 1 Blossburg 
 
 2 Bloss 
 
 3 Brookfleld 
 
 4 Clymer 
 
 6 Chatham 
 
 6 Covington bor.. 
 
 7 Covington twp 
 
 8 Charleston 
 
 y Delmar 
 
 10 Deerfield 
 
 H Duncan 
 
 12 Elk 
 
 13 Elklana 
 
 14 Elkland and Nelson (Ind.) 
 
 15 Farmington 
 
 IG Tall Brook 
 
 17 Gaines 
 
 18 Hamiltoa 
 
 19 JackBon 
 
 20 KuoivlUe 
 
 21 Lawrenceville 
 
 22 Lawrence 
 
 23 Liberty 
 
 •24 Morris 
 
 25 Middlebury 
 
 26 Mansfield 
 
 27 Mainsburg , . . . , 
 
 28 Nelson 
 
 29 Osceola 
 
 80 Rutland 
 
 31 Ricbmond 
 
 32 Sullivan 
 
 33 Shippen 
 
 34 Tioga bor 
 
 35 Tioga twp 
 
 36 Union 
 
 37 Ward 
 
 38 Westfleld bor 
 
 39 Westfleldtwp 
 
 40 Wellsborough 
 
 i:i. 
 
 13. 
 
 10. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 3. 
 
 10. 
 
 
 3.13 
 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.60 
 
 7. 
 
 3. 
 
 6. 
 
 1. 
 
 6. 
 
 1.60 
 
 6. 
 
 
 13. 
 
 6. 
 
 8. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 
 13. 
 
 13. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 
 8. 
 
 2. 
 
 13. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 
 7.50 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 2, 
 
 10. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 1. 
 
 7.25 
 
 7.25 
 
 6. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 1. 
 
 6. 
 
 1. 
 
 5.01 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 2.50 
 
 6. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 2. 
 
 7. 
 
 
 13. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 4. 
 
 12. 
 
 6. 
 
 7.66 
 
 4 09 
 
 $4,523 08 
 
 1,270 05 
 
 1,649 10 
 
 1,455 76 
 
 1,349 21 
 
 754 80 
 
 1,9.!5 28 
 
 3,010 43 
 
 3,746 35 
 
 069 04 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 949 77 
 
 720 00 
 
 114 00 
 
 1,520 88 
 
 1,412 22 
 
 1,420 85 
 
 054 25 
 
 3,226 30 
 
 889 87 
 
 766 32 
 
 1,215 40 
 
 1,701 30 
 
 79188 
 
 2,178'; 9 
 
 066 08 
 
 289 85 
 
 1.077 32 
 
 485 20 
 
 1,677 76 
 
 2,741 21 
 
 2,150 00 
 
 658 38 
 
 1,2]9 12 
 
 1,603 69 
 
 3,026 17 
 
 449 04 
 
 879 26 
 
 1.881 24 
 
 8,026 33 
 
 283 24 
 216 76 
 200 00 
 
 361 61 
 141 36 
 
 278 30 
 611 50 
 658 00 
 172 05 
 232 60 
 
 48 60 
 81 74 
 15 11 
 230 00 
 291 09 
 117 18 
 747 46 
 4o9 20 
 128 34 
 lU 60 
 140 80 
 360 49 
 115 67 
 290 60 
 164 01 
 74 10 
 120 90 
 124 05 
 
 279 00 
 445 47 
 326 60 
 
 66 10 
 139 60 
 269 20 
 
 362 62 
 77 87 
 
 112 53 
 211 11 
 488 26 
 
 67,757 C4 9,759 70 
 
 $4,399 10 
 1,480 17 
 1,720 70 
 1,465 76 
 1,456 63 
 
 688 66 
 2,618 68 
 3,120 32 
 2,613 65 
 1,215 34 
 
 836 49 
 
 664 81 
 1,066 97 
 
 16198 
 1,526 12 
 1,422 97 
 1,786 83 
 
 2.397 94 
 3,117 30 
 1,096 91 
 
 764 90 
 
 902 00 
 2,070 94 
 
 427 20 
 2,690 58 
 1,813 67 
 
 236 93 
 1,575 05 
 
 729 46 
 1,840 95 
 3,673 60 
 2,076 65 
 1,119 48 
 
 1.398 92 
 1,204 23 
 2,198 03 
 
 680 40 
 
 990 42 
 
 1,727 31 
 
 13,566 16 
 
 $4,878 98 
 1,763 41 
 1,986 65 
 1,6S6 76 
 1,818 24 
 
 730 01 
 2,796 98 
 3,631 82 
 3,171 55 
 1,387 39 
 1,068 99 
 
 61131 
 1,148 71 
 
 177 09 
 1,756 12 
 1,714 06 
 1,904 01 
 3,145 40 
 3,626 60 
 1,224 25 
 
 876 60 
 1,042 80 
 2,421 43 
 
 642 87 
 2.981 18 
 1,978 28 
 
 36103 
 1,696 55 
 
 863 62 
 2,119 95 
 4,118 97 
 2,402 15 
 1,184 68 
 1,538 42 
 1.473 43 
 2,650 6S 
 
 768 27 
 
 1,102 95 
 
 1,938 42 
 
 14,063 41 
 
 76,191 69 86,961 39 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. STATISTICAL. 
 
 37 
 
 School Statistics of Tioga County— Continued. 
 Statement for the Year Ending June 1, 1876. 
 
 
 
 
 EXPENDITUKES. 
 
 
 HESOTJKCES AMD 
 UABILITIES. 
 
 DISTEICTS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 U ^ m 
 era ri tr 
 
 ' rt o 
 CP Q (3 
 
 J- 
 
 Paid for fuel and 
 contingencies, fees 
 of collectors, etc., 
 and all other es- 
 penaes 
 
 1^ 
 o 
 
 E 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 $1,766 03 
 
 1,100 00 
 
 79107 
 
 754 06 
 
 1,229 60 
 
 388 00 
 
 1,026 00 
 
 1,959 42 
 
 2,186 10 
 
 708 00 
 
 1,000 00 
 
 669 86 
 
 278 00 
 
 80 00 
 
 1,224 50 
 
 880 00 
 
 456 00 
 
 1,440 00 
 
 2,236 42 
 
 928 96 
 
 600 00 
 
 747 00 
 
 1,611 00 
 
 649 78 
 
 1,440 00 
 
 815 00 
 
 220 00 
 
 387 00 
 
 60O00 
 
 894 00 
 
 1,415 27 
 
 1,933 68 
 
 405 00 
 
 1,080 00 
 
 1,218 00 
 
 1,846 13 
 
 58100 
 
 1,080 00 
 
 646 92 
 
 4,295 82 
 
 $3,061 95 
 
 356 43 
 310 78 
 ■914 70 
 327 34 
 
 305 14 
 299 99 
 906 48 
 397 98 
 244 30 
 
 84 21 
 
 66 29 
 800 71 
 
 67 92 
 499 23 
 
 2,339 32 
 340 62 
 392 98 
 548 69 
 210 77 
 118 90 
 218 00 
 
 357 71 
 127 62 
 438 42 
 17142 
 
 95 94 
 177 64 
 
 86 17 
 399 13 
 653 44 
 372 22 
 
 76 20 
 226 68 
 
 306 84 
 342 89 
 16139 
 
 84 89 
 
 633 34 
 
 2,629 81 
 
 $4,817 08 
 1,456 43 
 1,924 69 
 1,668 76 
 
 1.677 42 
 693 14 
 
 1.937 66 
 3,631 82 
 3,186 46 
 
 979 30 
 1,084 21 
 
 693 53 
 1,148 71 
 
 167 25 
 1,766 84 
 3,236 81 
 1,352 32 
 1,832 93 
 3,648 03 
 1,183 92 
 
 862 40 
 1,046 00 
 1,992 89 
 
 786 05 
 2,467 42 
 
 986 42 
 
 350 22 
 1,583 29 
 
 69167 
 1,803 13 
 2,878 30 
 2,455 41 
 1,068 30 
 1,363 76 
 1,602 18 
 
 2.678 16 
 796 27 
 
 1,164 89 
 
 1.938 42 
 13,887 07 
 
 
 $10,091 69 
 
 
 
 $76 98 
 234 32 
 
 3 Brookfleld 
 
 $8J2 74 
 
 
 
 3 GO 
 
 5 CtatlLaiii 
 
 120 48 
 
 140 82 
 47 61 
 69 22 
 
 258 36 
 1,982 67 
 
 64109 
 
 
 
 
 
 61167 
 766 92 
 603 38 
 27 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 Deerfield 
 
 
 
 1,261 29 
 82 87 
 
 12 Elk 
 
 67 43 
 70 00 
 19 33 
 43 11 
 16 99 
 655 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 Elkland & Nelson (Ind.) 
 
 1134 
 32138 
 
 
 
 
 1,622 26 
 
 17 Gaines 
 
 800 23 
 1,312 42 
 
 
 
 
 762 92 
 44 19 
 
 143 50 
 80 00 
 
 124 18 
 8 75 
 
 679 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 10 
 177 20 
 000 48 
 863 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 Morris 
 
 
 
 148 24 
 
 26 Mansfield 
 
 99186 
 19 60 
 113 26 
 16185 
 226 82 
 1,140 67 
 
 
 
 34 28 
 1,018 76 
 6 60 
 600 00 
 909 69 
 149 61 
 688 10 
 
 47 08 
 
 77 34 
 389 14 
 
 63 88 
 
 
 28 Nelson 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 85 
 
 
 157 82 
 1,422 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 128 75 
 
 3(i TTnion 
 
 156 83 
 
 
 Q7 Ward 
 
 69 46 
 
 
 
 
 3Q Wpstfirfd twn 
 
 669 16 
 6,961 44 
 
 
 673 93 
 
 
 
 29 448 SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,960 16 
 
 43,356 52 
 
 31,033 28 
 
 91,348 96 
 
 11,825 32 
 
 43,837 04 
 
38 OID TIOGA. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 Tioga County. — Cheonological, 
 
 A Chronology of the Most Important Events in the His- 
 tory OF Tioga County, from 1797 to 1800—1800 to 1810 
 —1810 to 1820—1820 to 1830—1830 to 1840—1840 to 
 1850—1850 TO 1860—1860 to 1870—1870 to the Pres- 
 ent Time. 
 
 Much care lias been taken in the preparation of this chron- 
 ology. Inquiries have been addressed to individuals in nearly 
 all parts of the county. In some instances no reply has been 
 received. This lack of co-operation must account for any ap- 
 parent partiality shown to particular localities ; for none has 
 been intended. In a compilation of this kind it is impossible 
 to generalize to any great extent — dates must be given with 
 some approach to exactness. It is believed that the incidents 
 of the early history of the county are correctly recorded. 
 Later dates are noted here as they have been fmnished by 
 parties who are considered especially able to afford reliable 
 information. 
 
 1787 to 1800. 
 
 1787. — Samuel Baker settles at LawrenceviUe. 
 
 He was the first permanent settler within the county 
 limits. He came from Connecticut, and erected a cabin 
 on the point of land between the Tioga and Cowanesque 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — CHRONOLOGICAL. 39 
 
 rivers, near their junction, and just south of the New York 
 State line. Wm. Holden resided temporarily within the 
 present boro limits as early as 1783, however. 
 
 1791.— Jesse Locey settles at Tioga. 
 
 The second settler within the county limits. He emi- 
 grated from New York and built a rude bark cabin on 
 the present site of Ttoga borough. It was destroyed by 
 a hurricane the same year, and replaced by a log cabin. 
 
 1792. — Pliebe Looey, daughter of Jesse Locey, born Sep- 
 tember 12. 
 
 She was the first white child born in Tioga County. 
 
 " Tlie work of cutting the Williamson road begun. 
 
 This road extended from Northumberland, Pa., to 
 Bath, N. Y. From Lycoming Creek it crossed the 
 mountain to the source of the Tioga River, followed the 
 river down the valley to Painted Post, and from that 
 point up the Conhocton valley to Bath. Robert and 
 Benjamin Patterson, of Northumberland, Pa. , had charge 
 of the work. 
 
 " A camp made on the present site of Blossburg. 
 
 It was called ' ' Peters' Camp, " after a baker of that 
 name who built an oven there. 
 
 " Coal discovered at Blossburg by Robert and Benjamin 
 
 Patterson. 
 " A camp made between Covington and Mansfield. 
 
 Here canoes were made for use in the Tioga River ; 
 and this locality is called " Canoe Camp " to this time. 
 
 " A considerable accession of settlers, 
 
 From this year to the year 1795, from Delaware, Mary- 
 land, Virginia, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, 
 Connecticut and other States. 
 
40 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1796. — Lycoming County formed from Northumberland 
 County. 
 
 Lycoming County embraced the present county of 
 Tioga. 
 " Nathan Niles, of Connecticut, settles at Mill Creek. 
 " Jiily 4, Gad Lamb settles at Larab's Creek. 
 " Benjamin Corey settles at the mouth of Corey Creek. 
 " Population of the county no more than forty or fifty 
 persons. 
 
 There were only ten log cabins within the present 
 county limits, and less than one hundred acres of cleared 
 land. 
 " Emigration continues, and many settle in the Tioga 
 YaUey. 
 
 Between this time and the year i8oo, among them 
 Dr. Willard, at Tioga, and Thomas Berry, at the place 
 now known as " Berry's Bridge." 
 
 1800 to 1810. 
 
 1800. — First settlement made at Wellsboro. 
 
 1801. — Eev. Caleb Boyer and family settle near WeUsboro. 
 
 Mr. Boyer is claimed by some to have done the first 
 preaching in the county. 
 
 1802. — WiUiam "Wells settles near the present site of "WeUs- 
 boro. 
 
 He came from Delaware. 
 " First slaves brought into the county by "WilUam "Wells. 
 1803. — ^A sa-w mill built near Mansfield by Ehhu Marvin. 
 1804. — Tioga County taken from Lycoming County. 
 
 The county was named from the river Tioga flowing 
 through it. 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — CHEONOLOGICAL. 41 
 
 1804 — Three trustees appointed by the Governor of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 It was their duty to receive proposals of grants of Jand 
 and other property for the benefit of the county. They 
 were John Fleming, William Wells, and William Ellis. 
 
 " ■ Population of the county, 130 families — about 800 per- 
 sons. 
 1805. — First grist mill ia the county built at Beecher's Is- 
 land. 
 " An act passed to encourage the killing of wolves. 
 1806. — Eleazer Baldwia and Dr. Simeon Power settle at Law- 
 renceviUe. 
 " The Legislature authorizes the County Trustees to lo- 
 cate the seat of Justice. 
 " Wellsboro chosen County Seat by the Trustees. 
 1807. — April 7, Thomas Berry dies at Tioga. 
 
 Mr. Berry was one of the early settlers. He was only 
 forty-four years of age at the time of his death. 
 
 1808. — Seth Daggett settles in Jackson. 
 
 " Tioga and Delmar Townships taken from Lycoming. 
 1809. — EUjah Putnam settles at Covington. 
 
 Thomas (known as General Thomas Putnam, after- 
 wards County Treasurer) accompanied him, and was at 
 that time eighteen or nineteen years old. 
 
 1810 to 1820. 
 
 1810. — Population of the county, 300 famihes — 1,687 persons. 
 1812. — The county organized for judicial purposes. 
 
 Major George W. Merrick, a prominent member of 
 the Tioga County bar, says that the first court was held 
 
42 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 in the log cabin of James Smith, Jr., January ii, this 
 year, the celebrated John Bannister Gibson presiding, 
 
 1812. — First school-house erected in Tioga. 
 " William Bache, Sr., settles at "VVcUsboro. 
 " Governor Simon Snyder appoints Daniel Lamb Jus- 
 tice of the Peace in the territory now embraced by 
 Eiclimond. 
 1814. — Governor Snyder appoints Ebenezer Eipley, of Cov- 
 ington, Justice of the Peace. 
 " The county di^dded into six districts for Justices. 
 
 This was done by the county commissioners on the 
 14th day of October, under an act of Legislature of 
 March 14. The divisions were as follows : ist District, 
 Delmar Township ; Acting Justice, Daniel Kelley ; No. 
 of taxable inhabitants, 87. 2d. District, Deerfield Town- 
 ship ; no Acting Justice ; No. of taxable inhabitants, 63. 
 3d. District, Elkland Township ; Acting Justice, Dorman 
 Bloss ; No. of taxable inhabitants, 79. 4th — 5th Districts, 
 Tioga Township ; Acting Justice, William Rose ; No. of 
 taxable inhabitants, 139, 6th District, Covington Town- 
 ship ; Acting Justices, Daniel Lamb and Elijah Putnam ; 
 No. of taxable inhabitants, 95. 
 " Total number of taxable inhabitants in the county, 
 
 463. 
 " Deerfield and Elkland taken froni Delmar. 
 1815. — February. Covington formed from Tioga. 
 " A log jail and court house built at Wellsboro. 
 
 At this time there were only five frame buildings in 
 Wellsboro. 
 
 " Agitation of the subject of the establishment of an 
 Academy. 
 
 There was a division of the inhabitants concerning the 
 place of the location of the school. 
 
TIOGA COTTNTY. — CHEONOLOGICAL. 43 
 
 1816. — Known as tlie " Severe Season." 
 
 Corn was three dollars per bushel at this time, 
 
 " February. Sullivan formed from Covington. 
 " December. Lawrence formed from Tioga and Elk- 
 land. 
 
 At this time grist and saw mills were in operation at 
 convenient distances in the Tioga Valley. 
 
 " James Ford builds a mill near Elkland and a residence 
 in Lawrenceville. 
 
 At the raising of the frame of this house, which is 
 still to be seen on the west side of Main street, 
 
 " Lawrence was named, 
 
 In honor of Captain Lawrence of the U. S. N. 
 1817. — Kemembered by old settlers as the " Cold Season." 
 " March 25. An Act passed locating the Academy at 
 Wellsboro. 
 
 The following named gentlemen, residents of diiferent 
 parts of the county, were appointed trustees : Ambrose 
 Millard, Daniel Lamb, William Bache, John Norris, 
 Nathan Niles, Jr., Asa Mann, Alpheus Cheeney, John 
 Knox, Joseph McCormick, Isaac Baker, Samuel W. 
 Morris, Eddy Howland, Robert Tubbs, Uriah Spencer, 
 William D. Bacon, Nathan Rowley, Jr., James Gray 
 and Justus Dartt. 
 " The Tioga Eiver declared a public highway. 
 " Pine Creek declared a public highway. 
 
 1820 to 1830. 
 
 1820.— Known as the " Dry Season." 
 " Population of the county, 4,021. 
 
44 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1820. — First class formed of members of the Methodist church 
 at Wellsboro. 
 ■' Thomas Dyer settles at Covington. 
 " December. — Charleston formed from Delmar. 
 1821. " Westfield formed from Deerfield. 
 
 1822. — September. — Middlebury formed from ElMand and 
 Delmar. 
 " Post-Office established at Spencer's Mills. 
 
 This was the first post-office established within the 
 present limits of Richmond. Amos Spencer was ap- 
 pointed P. M. The office was removed to Mansfield 
 some time prior to 1830. 
 
 1823. — Liberty formed fi'om Covington and Delmar in Feb- 
 ruary. 
 " Shippen formed from Delmar iu the same month. 
 " A tannery erected at Mansfield by Chandler Mann. 
 1824. — Febmary. — Kichmond formed from Covington. 
 " The Pioneer newspaper estabhshed at Wellsboro. 
 
 Ellis and Rankin Lewis were the publishers. The 
 Pioneer was the first newspaper in the county. 
 
 " Amos Allen erects a woolen mill at Mansfield. 
 " The Presbyterian church organized at Lavyrenceville. 
 1825. — Doctor Pliny Power settles at Mansfield. 
 " Doctor Dexter Parkhurst settles in Eichmond. 
 " August 11. — Ehjah Putnam dies at Covington, aged 
 seventy-six. 
 The Pioneer sold to Elisha Booth. 
 
 It was removed to Tioga and the title changed to 
 Tioga Banner. 
 
 " At Blossburg, Judge Knapp builds a saw miU and an 
 iron furnace. 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — CHKONOLOGICATj. 45 
 
 1825.— Joel Parkhurst comes from New Hampshire and set- 
 tles at Mansfield. 
 " September. Morris formed from Delmar. 
 1826. — February 20.— Legislation for tke development of the 
 coimty. 
 
 A law passed authorizing a public improvement for 
 carrying the Blossburg coal to market and incorporating 
 the Tioga Navigation Company for the construction of a 
 canal through the Tioga valley. 
 " Allen D. Calkins, an early settler, dies at WeUsboro. 
 " Joel Parkhurst removes to Lawrenceville. 
 1827. — February .^Brookfield formed from Westfield. 
 " August. — John F. Donaldson comes to Wellsboro. 
 
 Mr. Donaldson was a printer in his earlier years, and 
 his first labor in Tioga County was at the case in the 
 office of 
 
 " The Fhenix newspaper, established at WeUsboro. 
 
 Benjamin B. Smith was the publisher. This paper 
 suspended after a few years — sometime prior to the year 
 
 1833- 
 1828. — February. Kutland formed from Jackson and Sullivan. 
 - " ' ' Chatham formed from Deerfield. 
 
 " Joel Parkhurst removes to Elkland. 
 
 Mr. Parkhurst engaged in mercantile pursuits. He 
 has been honorably connected with various enterprises of 
 importance. 
 
 " The records and documents stolen from the county 
 offices. 
 
 The offices were entered in the night, near the close 
 of the year, and all papers carried away. There was a 
 mystery connected with this occurrence that was not 
 solved for months. A plot was discovered, and several 
 
46 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 persons were tried on a charge of having abstracted the 
 records ; but the affair was forgotten after a time. 
 
 1828.— The 2'ioga Banner sold to J. B. Shurtlefif. Name 
 
 changed to Tioga County Democrat. 
 1829. — The County Eecords found concealed in a hoUow log 
 a mile from the Court House. 
 " Dr. Lewis Darling, Sr., comes to Tioga County and 
 
 begins the practice of medicine in Wellsboro. 
 " Further legislation for the development of the county. 
 Between this time and 1838, enactments were passed 
 changing the Tioga Navigation^ Company to a railroad 
 company. 
 " First brick house erected in the county, at Osceola, by 
 Col. Tubbs. 
 
 This, at that time novel, architectural enterprise was 
 under the charge of Stephen Pntter, then probably the 
 only competent master-mason within the borders of the 
 county. He emigrated from Rhode Island at a very 
 early date, in company with his brother, Ezra Potter, 
 now living at an advanced age in Middlebury, and Jona- 
 than Seamans, who died a few years ago at his residence 
 in Westfield township. These three men were among 
 the earliest settlers of the Cowanesque valley. Mr. Pot- 
 ter's services were soon in good demand throughout the 
 gradually settling territory which now embraces Tioga 
 County. He built the abutments of Berry's Bridge, 
 Tioga, and those of the bridge across the Cowanesque 
 river, just north of the State Line at Lawrcnceville, and 
 aided in the construction of the Court House, Wellsboro, 
 the Seymour House, Blossburg, and numerous other 
 buildings. He also put up the first brick house in Steu- 
 ben County, N. Y., at Bath. He died at Westfield, 
 April, 1875. at the age of 87. Before coming to Penn- 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — CHUONOLOGICAL. 47 
 
 sylvania, Mr. Potter helped to build the first cotton mill 
 erected in the United States, at Providence, R. I. Many 
 of the descendants of these three pioneers are living in 
 Tioga County at the present time. 
 
 1830to 1840. 
 
 1830.— Population of the County, 7,071. 
 
 " February. Parmington formed from Elkland. 
 " " Union formed from Sullivan. 
 
 " May. WeUsboro formed from Delmar. 
 " September 4. Daniel Holden, an early settler, dies at 
 Mansfield. 
 J.831. — May 1. — Dr. Lewis Darling, Sr., removes to Lawrence- 
 vOle. 
 " May. Lawrenoeville Borougli formed from Lawrence. 
 " " Covington Borough formed from Covington. 
 
 " The second brick dwelHag in the county erected at 
 
 Lawrenoeville by Jas. Ford. 
 " A. C. Bush settles in Tioga. 
 1832. — Richard C. Taylor makes a survey for a railroad 
 through the Tioga Valley and a geological survey of 
 the Blossburg Coal Regions. 
 1833. — Publication of The Fhenix resumed by Benj. B. Smith 
 and Chas. Coolidge. 
 " Mark M. (Brick) Pomeroy, bom at LawrenceviUe. 
 
 So stated in a biography of Mr. Pomeroy published 
 some years since and widely circulated. 
 
 " B. C. Wickham settles in Tioga and engages in mer- 
 cantile pursuits. 
 1834. — TJie Fhenix passes into the hands of John F. Donald- 
 son. 
 
48 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1834. — The Common School Law enacted. 
 
 " Schools were established throughout the county. 
 " A loan for the county negotiated in Philadelphia. 
 
 Major Thomas Dyer, of Covington, at this time 
 County Treasurer, negotiated this loan. The funds so 
 procured were used in the construction of the new Court 
 House. At this time county orders were worth only fifty 
 cents on the dollar. 
 1835. — A stone jail and county offices built at "Wellsboro. 
 
 " The Tioga County Democrat sold to E. Pratt. 
 1836. — A brick M. E. Church edifice erected at Lawrence- 
 viUe. 
 
 This church was afterward purchased of the society by 
 Peter Reep, Esq. , and torn down. A frame edifice was 
 subsequently erected. 
 •' Dr. Wm. Willard dies at Tioga in his seyenty-fifth 
 
 year. 
 " A destructive flood of the Cowanesque Eiver. 
 
 This occurred early in the summer. A dwelling, 
 crops, fences, etc. , were swept away. 
 1837. — The Tioga County Z)emocra< sold to WiUiam Adams. 
 1838.^March. Gaines formed from Shippen. 
 
 " August 26, Sunday. First Episcopal service held in 
 the county. 
 
 This service was held in the Court House in Wells- 
 boro, Rev. Chas. Breck ofliciating. 
 
 " The PJienix is published by Mr Hartman. 
 
 The title was changed to the Herald. Mr. Hartman 
 died soon after and the Herald went into the hands of 
 Messrs. Howe & Rumsey. 
 
 *' J. P. MagiU establishes a Democratic paper at Wells- 
 boro, named The Eagle. 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — CHEONOLOGICAL. 49 
 
 1838. — October 30. First Episcopal parish in the county 
 
 formed at Wellsboro. 
 1839. — April 15. Corner-stone of St. Paul's Church laid at 
 Wellsboro. 
 " The Ai-bor Coal Company formed. 
 " Episcopal services first held at Mansfield. 
 " The office of Prothonotary becomes elective. 
 
 1840 to 1850. 
 
 1840. — Population of the county 15,498. 
 
 " The Blossburg and Corning Railroad constructed. 
 " The Tioga County Z)emocrai removed to Lavvrenceville. 
 A half interest in this paper was sold to Hiram Beebe. 
 James Ford, J. C. Knox, P. Damon and oth<Srs, and the 
 title changed. For about six months, 
 " The Lawrence Sentinel was published by Wm. Adams. 
 At the expiration of this time, Mr. Adams disposed of 
 his half interest in the paper to J. C. Knox and retired 
 from the printing business. The publication of the 
 Sentinel was continued for a time, and the office was 
 subsequently sold to parties in Troy, Bradford County, 
 and removed to that place. 
 1841. — ^Methodist Church at Tioga completed. 
 " June. Bloss formed from Covington. 
 " Seymour House erected at Blossburg. 
 " Sir Charles Lyell visits Tioga County. 
 
 This eminent English scientist visited the Blossburg 
 Coal Region for the purpose of examining its resources 
 and comparing them with those of England. 
 " Dr. L. Granger comes to LawrenceviUe. 
 
50 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1841. — September 12. Consecration of St. Patil's Cliurch, 
 Wellsboro. 
 
 The late Bishop Onderdonk officiated. 
 1842.--^May 1. First M. E. Church of Wellsboro dedicated. 
 
 " " 2. Christ Church, Blossburg, chartered 
 1843. — February 11. Presbyterian Church organized at 
 Wellsboro. 
 " Arbor Coal Company fails and is succeeded by Wm. 
 
 Mallory. 
 " The Baptist Church at Mansfield organized. 
 1844.— Death of Wm. Bache, Sr., at WeUsboro. 
 1845. — February 20. — Methodist Church chartered at Mans- 
 field. 
 " Union Academy established at Academy Comers. 
 " Bingham Land Office located at WeUsboro. 
 1846. — The Banner estabhshed at Wellsboro. 
 
 A Free Soil paper, William C. Webb, publisher. 
 " Senator Daniel L. Sherwood becomes speaker. 
 " A Baptist Church erected in WeUsboro. 
 1847.— February 15.— Tioga Lodge, No. 230, I. O. O. F., or- 
 ganized at Wellsboro. 
 " May 25. Hon. Samuel Wistar Morris dies at Wells- 
 boro. 
 " A glass factory established at Blossburg. 
 
 The first glass ever made in Tioga County was blown 
 in these works by Horace B. Clark. 
 
 " Bichard MitcheU, Sr., an early settler, dies at Tioga, 
 
 at the age of 78. 
 " George HUdreth upbUshes the Herald. 
 
 The paper had become the property of a stock Com- 
 pany and was Whig in politics. 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — CHKONOLOGICAL, 6L 
 
 1848. — The Tioga and Elmira Plank Eoad Company incorpor- 
 ated. 
 " April 10. WeUsboro Encampment, No. 78, 1. 0. 0. F., 
 
 organized. 
 " WiUardsburg (Tioga) Academy incorporated. 
 
 The trustees were Benjamin Bentlcy, A. C. Bush, B. C. 
 Wickham and William Willard. 
 1849.— Methodist Church built at Mansfield. 
 
 1850 to I860. 
 
 1850.— Population of the county 23,987. 
 
 " June 30. Death of Maj. Thomas Djev, aged 68, at 
 CoTington. 
 July 1. Friendship Lodge, No. 247, A. Y. M., char- 
 tered at Mansfield. 
 " The Charter of the Tioga and Elmira Plank Koad 
 
 Company repealed. 
 " The Tioga and Lawrenceville Plank Eoad Company 
 chartered. 
 
 Privilege was granted in this charter to extend the road 
 from Tioga to Wellsboro. Planks were never laid be- 
 tween Tioga and Lawrenceville ; but the Tioga and 
 Wellsboro Plank Road became, in time, one of the most 
 important interests in the county. 
 " TJie Advertiser estabUshed at WeUsboro. 
 
 This was a Whig paper. The publisher was Wm. D. 
 Bailey. 
 
 " Elkland Borough formed from Elkland. 
 " December. Middleton Township (now Westfield, Cly- 
 mer and Gaines) formed. 
 
52 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1851. — Knoxville Borough formed from Deerfield. 
 
 " April 4. Death of Isaac Lounsbiuy at the age of 94. 
 
 Mr. Lounsbury was an early settler of Richmond. 
 " The " Ford House ' (hotel and busmess block) built at 
 
 Lawrenceville. 
 " Hon. John Magee becomes interested in the coal business 
 at Blossbiu'g. 
 
 Mr. Magee, with characteristic enterprise, immediately 
 instituted many valuable improvements, and 
 " " T " EaU was laid between Corning and Blossburg, 
 
 during this }'ear or the year following. Flat rails, 
 commonly called "strap" or "snake head " rails, had 
 formerly been used. 
 
 1852. — February. Ward formed from Sullivan and Union. 
 " July. Death of Ambrose MiUard in his 70th year. 
 " Presbyterian Church completed at Tioga. 
 
 Rev. S. J. McColIough was installed pastor. 
 
 " A raUroad built from Blossburg to Morris Bun. 
 1853. — March 17. Death of Ehjah Depui, an early settler, in 
 his 80th year. 
 Ma3- 20. Arbon Lodge, No. 489, 1. O. O. F., instituted 
 at Blossburg. 
 " Chm-ch of St. Andrew the Apostle erected at Bloss- 
 burg. 
 " The Presbyterian Church built at Blossbm-g. 
 " Death of Judge John Bannister Gibson. 
 " The Tioga Improvement Company mine coal at Mor- 
 ris Eun. 
 " The Presbyterian Church at Wellsboro erected. 
 
 For about nine years previously the society had wor- 
 shiped in the Court House. 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — CHRONOLOGICAL. 63 
 
 1854. — Tlie Advertiser passes into the hands of Mr. M. H. 
 Cobb. 
 
 He changes the name of the paper, and 
 " Commences the publication of the Tioga County Agi- 
 tator. 
 " The formation of tlie Tioga County Agricultural Society 
 occurred about this time, and this year was held 
 
 " The First Annual Fair at Wellsboro. 
 
 " Presbyterian Church at Wellsboro dedicated. 
 
 " A tannery constructed at Tioga by Messrs. "Wells, Fish 
 
 & Somers. 
 " Daniel Walker, an early settler, dies at Lawrenceville. 
 " Death of Israel Merrick at Wellsboro. 
 
 Mr. Merrick was the fatlier of Geo, W. Merrick, Esq., 
 of Wellsboro. 
 1855. — February 15. The Classical Semmary organized at 
 Mansfield. 
 
 This was under the patronage of the East Genesee 
 Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 " An iron furnace erected at Mansfield. 
 1856. — February. Elk formed from Delmar and Morris. 
 " Duncan S. Magee begins mining Blossburg Coal. 
 " Coal discovered at Fall Brook. 
 
 " Hugh Young becomes the publisher of the Agitator, 
 " A new shool-house erected in Tioga, 
 
 during this year or the next. The old building was sold 
 
 soon afterward to the Catholic Church. 
 
 1857. — The Classical Seminary Building at Mansfield, com- 
 pleted, and 
 " January, opened for school purposes. 
 
 J. R. Jaques, A. M., was the first principal. 
 
54 OIJ5 TIOGA. 
 
 1857. — February. Mansfield Borough lormed from Eich- 
 mond. 
 " April. Classical Seminary Building burned. 
 1858. — February 24. Ossea Lodge, A. Y. M., instituted at 
 Wellsboro. 
 " Clymcr, formed from Westfield and Cliatliam. 
 
 Tioga Lodge, No. 230, 1. O. O. F., of Wellsboro, sur- 
 renders its charter. 
 
 Some time previous to this Wellsboro' Encampment, 
 No. 78, I, 0, O. F, had become extinct. 
 
 " E. Jenkins estabhshes the JVellsboro Democrat. 
 
 He used the material of the old Eagle office. That paper 
 had enjoyed a liberal support for some time ; but its pub- 
 lication was suspended some time prior to this date. 
 1859. — February. Mainsburg Borough formed from Sulhvan. 
 " March 9. Fall Brook Coal Company incorporated. 
 
 This company was composed of John Magee, James 
 H. Gulick, and D. S. Magee, and their successors. 
 March 21. Cowanesque Lodge, No. 332, I. 0. O. F., 
 organized at Knox^dlle. 
 " August. Death of Hon, James Ford at Lawrenceville, 
 Mr. Ford was one of the most enterprising and prom- 
 inent of the early citizens of the county He served two 
 terms in Congress (1828-30) and was the first member 
 elected from Tioga County. He died at the advanced 
 age of 76 years and 3 months. 
 " Mansfield Classical Seminary rebuilt. 
 " November 23. Ke-opening of the Mansfield Classical 
 Seminary. 
 
 At this time the building was only partially completed. 
 Rev, J. Landreth, A. M. , was the second principal. 
 
5TAXE NOEMAL SCHOOL BUILDISG AT J,lA'!iSFlEU).--{See page 5i.) 
 
THE COUNTY. — CHRONOLOGICAL. 57 
 
 I860 to 1870. 
 
 1860. — Population of the county, 31,044. 
 
 " February. Tioga Borough formed from Tioga. 
 " Fall Brook Coal Company commence mining opera- 
 tions. 
 " December. Prof. E. Wildman, A. M., succeeds Prof. 
 Landreth as principal of the Mansfield Classical 
 Semiuarj^ 
 
 Prof. Landreth had offered his resignation some time 
 in the Previous July. Under the management of Prof. 
 Wildman the building was completed. 
 1861.-- January 12. Tioga Chapter, A. Y. M., No. 194, insti- 
 tuted at Wellsboro. 
 " Troops raised to assist in putting down the EebelKon. 
 Companies were formed in all parts of the county, and 
 sent to the seat of war. Tioga County may well be proud 
 of her record in this trying time. ' ' At the breaking out 
 of the civil war the adult male population of the county 
 was about six thousand. Of this number two thousand 
 enlisted in the Federal armies. The spiri-t of the fathers 
 lived in the sons. Of the number, there were lost in 
 battle : At Fredericksburg. 19 ; South Mountain, 16 ; 
 Antietam, 6 ; Gettysburgh, 15 ; Wilderness, 18 ; Cold 
 Harbor, 15 ; Petersburg, 47 ; and in thirty-five other 
 battles of the war, 182 ; accidentally killed, 3 ; died in 
 Union hospitals, 62 ; died while prisoners of war, 56. 
 Total loss during the continuance of the war, 445. 
 Twenty-two per cent, of the whole number enlisted laid 
 down their lives for their country ! These simple figures 
 speak volumes for the loyalty of Tioga County in the 
 war of the Rebellion. " — Maj. G. W. Merrick. 
 
58 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1861. — December. The Democrat office burned at Wellsboro. 
 1862. — Presbyterian church burned at Blossburg. 
 
 " E. Jenkins, proprietor of the Democrat, procures new 
 
 printing material, and 
 " Begins the pubhcation of the Tioga County Banner. 
 Mr. Jenkins published the Banner only a short time, 
 however ; for he soon sold the oflice to some gentleman 
 of Tioga, and it was removed to that place. 
 March G. Death of Thomas J. Beny, Sr., at Tioga. 
 
 Mr. Berry was one of the early settlers of the county. 
 He was 57 at the time of his death. 
 " December. The Mansfield Classical Seminary organ- 
 ized as a State Normal School. 
 1863.— The Agitator again pubhshed by M. H. Cobb. 
 " The Onondaga Salt Company begin to mine coal. 
 
 These operations were prosecuted on lands leased of 
 the Tioga Improvement Company. 
 " The Presbyterian church at Blossburg rebuilt. 
 " The new cemetery opened at Tioga. 
 " Prof. P. A. Allen becomes principal of the State Nor- 
 mal School in the fall. 
 1864. — The office of the Tioga County Banner purchased by 
 Thoa. Wright. 
 
 The paper was aKen back to Wellsboro. Mr. M. 
 Allen became the editor, and he made the Banner a spir- 
 ited Democratic campaign paper. 
 " August. Pall Brook formed from Ward. 
 " The Tioga Improvement Company succeeded by the 
 
 Morris Bun Coal Company. 
 " WeUs & Johnston's tannery burns at Tioga. 
 " Johnston and Lowell revive the tannery interests at 
 Tioga. 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — CHRONOLOGICAL. 59 
 
 1865. — January 1. Beginning of the miaers' strike at Fall 
 Brook. 
 " The Agitator published by Cobb & Van Gelder. 
 " Heavy flood of the Tioga and Cowanesquc rivers. 
 ■' Sons of Temperance Lodge organized at Wellsboro. 
 March 10. Arbor Lodge, No. 489, L 0. 0. Y., re-or- 
 ganized at Blossburg. 
 " May. The miners' strike at Fall Brook ended. 
 " May 25. Death of TiUey Marvin, an early settler, 
 aged 72. 
 1866. — The Tioga County Bamier passes into the hands of C. 
 H. Keeler. 
 
 Mr. Keeler changed the title of the paper, and 
 " Began the publication of the Herald of the Union. 
 
 March 17. A Lodge of I. 0. G. T. organized at Wells- 
 boro. 
 " April 11. The Blossburg Coal Company incorporated. 
 " Tho Amot mines opened by the Blossbiirg Coal Com- 
 pany. 
 1867. — The Herald of the Union sold to the Democratic Coun- 
 ty Committee. 
 
 The name of the paper was changed to 
 " The Democrat, published by Charles Williams. 
 " January. Wcstficld Borough formed from Westlield. 
 '■ April 13. Enterprise Encampment, I. 0. 0. E., No. 
 
 153, organized at Blossburg. 
 " May 30. St. James Church, Mansfield, chartered. 
 " July 4. A sweeping fire at Lawrenceville. 
 " Cowanesque Lodge, No. 332, I. O. O. F., removed from 
 
 Knoxville to Mansfield. 
 " Death of Eev. S. J. McCuUough, at Tioga. 
 " The Mansfield Soldier's Orphan School estabhshed. 
 
60 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1867.— The Glass Works of Hirsch, Ely & Co. established at 
 at Blossburg. 
 " Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Blossburg. 
 " December 5. St. Thomas Church, Fall Brook, char- 
 tered. 
 " December 12. Death of Moses S. Baldwin at Law- 
 
 renceviUe. 
 " December 25. Humphries Brewer dies at FaU Brook. 
 " December 28. Burial of Humphries Brewer. 
 
 The funeral of Mr. Brewer was perhaps more largely 
 attended than any other that has ever taken place in Ti- 
 oga county. 
 1868. — March 19. The Baptist church organized at WeUs- 
 boro. 
 " Prof. J. T. Streit becomes principal of the State Nor- 
 mal School. 
 
 Owing to ill-health, he never assumed the duties of his 
 position. At his death the acting principal, 
 
 " Prof. C. H. Verril became principal. 
 
 " A. Lodge of I. O. G. T. organized at Wellsboro. 
 
 The Sons of Temperance soon merged into this organ- 
 ization. Lodges were formed in most of the towns of 
 the county, and for a time the order was in a flourishing 
 condition throughout this portion of the State. 
 " The Tioga County Baptist Sunday-school Association 
 
 formed. 
 " September 12. Laying of the comer stone of St. 
 
 James Church at Mansfield. 
 " December. A very destructive fire at Lawrenceville. 
 1869. — E. Jenkins again pubhshes the Democrat. 
 " An Episcopal church erected at Tioga. 
 " Dedication of the new M. E. Church at Wellsboro. 
 
THE COUNTY. — OHEONOLOGICAL. 61 
 
 1869. — Johnston & Lowell erect a tannery at Mies Yalley. 
 " Duncan S. Magee dies at Weis Baden. 
 " September 3. Preliminary survey of the Lawrence- 
 viUe and WeUsboro Railroad begun. 
 
 1870 to the Present Time.* 
 
 1870.— Population of the county, 35,094. 
 
 " January 1. Yan Gelder & Mitchell assume the publi- 
 cation of the Agitator, 
 
 Mr. Cobb severed his connection with the Agitalor to 
 accept a position on the editorial staff of the Philadelphia 
 Day. He is at present cashier of the U. S. Mint at Phil- 
 adelphia. 
 
 " January 2. Morris Eun Lodge, No. 96, 1. O. O. P., in- 
 stituted. 
 " Hon. Butler B. Strang becomes Speaker of the House 
 
 of Kepresentatives of Pennsylvania. 
 " March. H. C Mills establishes the Valley Enterprise 
 at Lawrenceville. 
 
 An independent paper, devoted to temperance and the 
 news. 
 " April 8. Opening of St. James' church, Mansfield. 
 " April 18, 19, 20. Flood of the Tioga and Cowanesque 
 rivers. 
 
 The villages of Tioga and Lawrenceville were flooded ; 
 the flats were under water, and several bridges and sec- 
 tions of the railroad track were washed away. 
 
 " May 12. The grading of the WeUsboro and Law- 
 renceville E. E. begun. 
 
 'May, 1877. 
 
62 OLX> TIOGA. 
 
 1870. — May 19. A fire at Lawrenceville. 
 
 " July 12. Death of General Thomas Putnam, aged 80 
 
 years. 
 " July 23. The I. O. O. F. at Morris Bun dedicate their 
 haU. 
 
 From this time forward, the popularity of the order in 
 this section has been steadily increasing. Lodges meet 
 now in nearly every town and village in the county. It 
 has been impossible to obtain definite data from which 
 to note in chronological order the remarkable progress 
 of Odd Fellowship in Tioga County. 
 1871. — January 1. P. C. Van Gelder assumes the publication 
 of the Agitator. 
 " February 4. Railroad meeting at Elkland. 
 
 Prominent men of the Cowanesque Valley, and else- 
 where, met at the banking house of J. Parkhurst & Co., 
 for the purpose of taking steps toward the construction 
 of a railroad from Elkland to Lawrenceville. 
 " February 9. Great fire at Tioga. 
 
 " February. The Lawrenceville Advertiser established by 
 Wm. Drysdale. 
 
 This was a small paper (4 columns to the page) quite 
 newsy. Its publication ceased after a time. The young 
 publisher, who thus manifested his predilection for jour- 
 nalism, aftenvards filled a position on the editorial staff 
 of the New York Sun, and is at present connected with 
 the Philadelphia Times. 
 " February 23. The M. E. Church at Lawrenceville 
 
 re-dedicated by Bishop Jesse T. Peck. 
 " A destructive fire at Westfield. 
 " Blossburg formed from Bloss. 
 
 " March 1. Union Academy burned at Academy Cor- 
 ners. 
 
THE COTTNTY. — CHRONOLOGICAL. 63 
 
 1871. — April 5. Re-dedication of the Presbyterian church at 
 La'wrenceville. 
 
 Dr. Niles and other clergymen officiated. 
 
 " April 22. Bayer's tannery burns at Tioga. 
 " April 28. A Fire Department organized at Blossburg. 
 " May. Rev. N. L. Reynolds becomes pastor of the 
 Baptist church, "Wellsboro. 
 June 15. FaU Brook Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 765, in- 
 stituted. 
 " Cowanesque YaUey Railroad projected. 
 " December 24. Death of James R. Wilson at his resi- 
 dence near Mansfield. 
 
 Mr. Wilson was for many years President of the Tioga 
 Ralhoad. 
 
 1872. — January 1. Barnes & Van Gelder assume the publi- 
 cation of the Agitator. 
 April 7. M. E. Church dedicated at Mansfield. 
 " Wellsboro and Lawrenceville RaUroad completed. 
 " May 22. Grand excursion over the W. & L. R. R. 
 " June 5. Death of Hon. Curtis Parkhurst, at Law- 
 renceville. 
 
 Mr. Parkhurst was one of the most influential of the 
 early settlers of the county. He was elected to the Leg- 
 islature in 1827, and represented the county one year, 
 and in 1840 he was elected sheriff. He was a brother 
 of Joel Parkhurst, Esq., of Elkland. 
 
 " H. C. Mnis removes the Valley Enterprise to Mans- 
 field. 
 
 The office was sold to the Mansfield Printing Compa- 
 ny during this year, and Mr. Mills retired from the man- 
 agement of the paper. Its title was changed, and 
 
64 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1872. — The Mansfield Advertiser was issued. 
 
 It was edited during the campaign of 1872 as a Greeley 
 organ by Maj. Elliott It was subsequently published 
 by O. D. Goodenough, for a time, and afterward by Mr. 
 D. A. Farnham. A paper was published at Mansfield, 
 for a short time, by a Mr. Ruckman, twenty years or 
 more ago. 
 
 " September. Barnes & Koy assume the publication of 
 
 the Aijitator. 
 " December. Hamilton formed from Bloss. 
 " The publication of the Blossbiirg Begider was com- 
 menced by the Graves Brothers sometime during 
 this year. 
 1873. — The "Wellsboro Democrat sold by the Democratic 
 County Committee to Messrs. Ferguson <t Schlick. 
 The connection of Mr. Schlick with the paper was of 
 short duration, and Mr. Ferguson soon after assumed 
 sole control of it. 
 
 " March 6. A very destractive fii-e at Blossburg. 
 " " " The Register office burned. 
 
 April 12. Tioga Lodge, Ko. 230, 1. O. 0. F., reorgan- 
 ized at Wellsboro. 
 " April. The Blosshurg Register issued, enlarged and 
 printed from new type during this month. 
 
 The Register was published for a time by the Graves 
 Bros. , then by Graves & Doud, and now I. R. Doud is 
 sole proprietor. 
 
 " April 17. The Westfield Index established by James V. 
 Leach. 
 "Wellsboro Encampment, No. 78, 1. O. O. F., reorgan- 
 ized. 
 
THE COUNTY. — CHKONOLOGICAL. 65 
 
 1873 — The Tioga County Express established by the Express 
 Printing Company, Tioga. 
 
 The Nnvs, a small paper which had been published at 
 Tioga for a year or two, by a son of the late S. J. Mc- 
 Cullough, suspended about this time. 
 
 " Bush's Park, Tioga, opened to the pubho. 
 
 This place has been improved and beautified from 
 time to time. Within the few years which have elapsed 
 since its opening it has grown to be one of the most pop- 
 ular of resorts. 
 
 " Prof. J. N. Pradenburgh becomes principal of the State 
 
 Normal School. 
 " Death of Eichard Yidean at Covington. 
 " September. Trains run on the Cowanesque Yalley 
 
 Bailroad. 
 " October 23. A destructive fire at Wellsboro. 
 " December. Death of H. S. Drake at Corning. 
 
 Mr. Drake was connected with the mining interests of 
 Tioga County. 
 " December. Duncan formed from Delmar, Morris and 
 Charleston. 
 1874. — January 2. Maj. Seth Daggett dies at Tioga at the 
 age of 84. 
 " The Wellsboro Democrat published by F. G. Churchill. 
 " E. Jenkins establishes the Press at Wellsboro. 
 
 This paper was devoted to Odd-Fellowship and the 
 news. Its publication ceased after a few months. 
 
 " Hon. Butler B. Strang becomes speaker of the State 
 
 Senate. 
 " March 4. Death of James Locke, an early settler, at 
 
 Wellsboro. 
 5 
 
66 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1874. — Pardon Damon, attorney, dies at his residence in Law- 
 renceville. 
 " April 1. Another disastrous fire at Wellsboro. 
 " Elmira State Liae Railroad projected. 
 " The new School Building erected at Wellsboro. 
 " July 8. Last issue of the Westfield Index. 
 
 Mr. Leach was compelled to relinquish the cares of 
 business on account of failing health. In the latter part 
 of this y;ar or in the early months of 1875, he died. 
 Though quite young he had been for several years a 
 member of the bar of Tioga County. 
 " D. A. Famham, editor of the Advertiser, dies at Mans- 
 field. 
 
 In fulfillment of Mr. Farnham's contract with the 
 Mansfield Printing Company, the Advertiser was publish- 
 ed until January i, 1875, by his brother. 
 
 " The Tioga water works completed. 
 
 " Septemper 16. Daring robbery of the first National 
 
 Bank of Wellsboro. 
 " October. Night of lltli-12th. A very destructive 
 
 fire at Lawrencevdle. 
 " NoTember 11. Park Hose Company organized at 
 
 Tioga. 
 " Many Granges, Patrons of Husbandry, were organized 
 
 in Tioga County during this year and the following. 
 1875. — A survey made for the " Atlas of Tioga Coimty." 
 " Sui-vey in Western Tioga County for the Jersey Shore 
 
 and Pine Creek Bailroad. 
 " The Mansfield Advertiser sold to Pratt & Goodenough. 
 " June 7. A fire at Lawrenceville. 
 " " 29. Lawrenceville again suffei-s from fire. 
 
 " July 14. Lawrence Lodge, No. 913, I. O. O. F., iasti- 
 
 tuted at Lawrenceville. 
 
THE COUNTY. — CHEONOLOSICAl. 67 
 
 1875. — August 18. Death of A. J. Eoss at Mansfield. 
 Death of Judge E. Q. White, at Wellsboro. 
 " September. Prof. C H. Verrill again becomes princi- 
 pal of the State Normal School. 
 " September 17. A. H. Bunnell becomes the proprietor 
 of the Tioga County Express. 
 
 It had been published by Burtis & Buttenvorth, A. C. 
 Lumbard and O. S. Webster, successively, under con- 
 tract with the Express Printing Company. 
 
 " October 20. Dedication of the Odd-Fellows' Lodge 
 Room at LawrenceviUe. 
 
 This was one of the largest and most imposing gather- 
 ings of the order ever witnessed in the county. 
 " November 1. Opening of the Parkhurst House at 
 
 "WeUsboro. 
 " Tioga Lock Company organized at Tioga. 
 " Erection of Orary, Garrett Horton & Co.'s tannery at 
 
 Westfield. 
 " November 4. The Idea established at Westfield by 
 0. S. Webster. 
 
 The material of the Index office was used, Mr. Web- 
 ster having purchased it. The Idea is independent in 
 politics. 
 " December. Publication of the Atlas of Tioga County 
 by F. W. Beers & Co., N. Y. 
 1876. — Febraary 6. Roseville Borough formed from Eutland. 
 " April. E. M. Bixby begins the pubhcation of the 
 
 EJldand Journal. 
 " " Erection of the "Centennial" tannery of H. 
 
 S. Johnston begun at Tioga. 
 April 12. Death of Hon. S. P. Eyon, aged 32. 
 
 Mr. Ryon wab a son of the late Samuel Ryon, of 
 
68 OU) TIOGA. 
 
 Lawrenceville. At the time of his death he was repre- 
 sentative ill the Legislature from Columbia Connty. 
 1876. — July 1. Opening of the Park Hotel, Tioga. 
 " " 4. County Centennial Celebration at Tioga. 
 
 This was probably the largest gathering in the history 
 of the county. It is estimated that there were not less 
 than 15,000 persons present. 
 " Erection of a new graded school building at Nelson. 
 " A brick graded school building erected at EMand. 
 " August 16. Dedication of the new M. E. church at 
 
 Maiusburg. 
 " The Farmers' Mutual Insurance Co. of Tioga Co. 
 organized at Tioga. 
 
 The following-named gentleinen constitute the Board 
 of Directors of this corporation at the present time : H. 
 S. Johnston, E. T. Bentley, D. L. Aiken, C. F. Miller, 
 R. W Hall, O. G. Gerould, John W. Guernsey. Its 
 officers are : H. S. Johnston, President ; B. C. Wick- 
 ham, Vice-President; D. L, Aiken, Treasurer; W. T. 
 Urell, Secretary ; E. T. Bentley, General Agent. 
 " September 11. Eepublican County Convention at 
 
 Lawrenco^alle. 
 " " " Commencementof Teachers' Institute, 
 
 Wellsboro. 
 " Meeting of the Democratic Convention at Tioga. 
 " Laying of the third rail on the Tioga and C. C. & A. E. E. 
 " October 12. Ajiti-Usury Convention at Holidaytown. 
 " " 23. Completion of the Elmira State Line 
 
 Railroad. 
 
 The importance of this new route can scarcely be esti- 
 mated, and it is becoming more and more apparent to 
 the business men and citizens of Tioga County with each 
 
TIOGA COtTNTT. — CHRONOLOGICAL. 69 
 
 succeeding month. It opens to the eastern townships 
 all the benefits of railway communication with other 
 portions of the county, and affords the producers and 
 manufacturers of the southern, central and western town- 
 ships facilities for reaching the eastern and southern 
 markets with a directness and cheapness hitherto un- 
 known. For a description of this line see article on 
 "Progress and Importance of Railways in Pennsylvania." 
 
 1876. — October 24. Grand opening excursion over the Elmira 
 State Line E. E. 
 
 In celebration of its completion, in which a majority 
 of the leading men of the county, and many distin- 
 guished gentlemen from abroad participated. The train 
 ran from Elmira to Arnot and return. A sumptuous 
 dinner was provided for the company at Bush's Park, 
 Tioga. Many congratulatory addresses were made, and 
 the affair will be remembered as one of the pleasantest 
 in the history of the county. 
 " November 7. Presidential and County election. 
 
 The names of the various local candidates elected will 
 be found in the list of ' ' County Officers at the present 
 time." 
 
 " Serious illness of Senator-elect Clias. H. Seymour, at 
 
 Tioga. 
 1877. — January. Burning of Evan's block, Blossburg. 
 " Mansfield Advertiser enlarged and improved. 
 " February 8. Louis J. Stotho£f killed by the cars at 
 
 Antrim. 
 " " 20. Township and borough elections. 
 
 " " 21. Mail service put on the Elmira State 
 
 Line K. E. 
 " A Farmers' Club organized at Mansfield, A. M, Spen,^ 
 
 cer, President. 
 
70 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 1877. — March 3. Burning of the Bloss Coal Company's lum- 
 ber mill. 
 " March 5-6. Celebration in many of the towns of the 
 
 inauguration of President Hayes. 
 " " 8-9. Ice-floods of the Tioga and Cowanesque 
 
 Kivers. 
 13. Death of Myron A. Brown at l^oga 
 Junction. 
 Mr. Brown was train despatcher at this important sta- 
 tion on the Tioga and Elmira State Line R. R, 
 
 " March 19. Death of Father Fletcher at Sulhvan. 
 
 Humphrey Fletcher was one of the pioneers of Sulli- 
 van township. He came at an early date from the State 
 of New York, and made for himself and family a com- 
 fortable home in what was then a wilderness. He was a 
 soldier in the late war with Great Britain, 
 
 " Preparations in different locaHties within the county 
 
 hmits to bore for petroleum. 
 " The BliJIerton Advocate projected by A. C. Lumbard & 
 Son. 
 March 22. Meeting of the County Council P. of H. 
 of Mansfield. 
 " " 29. Death of Abner Cochran Covington, aged 
 
 88. 
 " April 1. J. M. Dartt dies, at the age of 73, in Dart 
 Settlement. 
 " 7. Burning of Croft's steam mill in Middlebmy. 
 " 10. Meetmg of the Presbytery of Wellsboro at 
 Mansfield. 
 " " 12. Col. Richard Gustin, of Jackson, killed by 
 
 the cars at Elmha, N. Y. 
 " " 15. Destructive fire in the Borough of Westfield. 
 
TIOGA COTINTY. — CHEONOLOGICAL. 71 
 
 This was the second sweeping fire with which West- 
 field has been visited within a few years. Much of the 
 business portion of the village was destroyed. 
 1877. — April 17. Daniel Bostwick killed by the cars at 
 LawrencevOle. 
 " 23-25-26.-Fu-es at LawrenceviUe. 
 
 There were three fires within the limits of the borough 
 of Lawrenceville at the dales above given. The first 
 burned the flouring mill of Augustus Walz, the second, 
 a residence near the mill site, and the third the Daggett 
 House (hotel) and a dwelling and outbuildings ad- 
 joining. A grist mill, the property of C. H. L. Ford, 
 Esq., was burned on the same ground in 1867. It was 
 replaced by the one above mentioned soon afterward, and 
 the property was subsequently sold to Mr. Walz, under 
 whose management it continued to contribute not a 
 little to the commercial prosperity of Lawrenceville and 
 vicinity. The Daggett House was built early in the 
 present century by Job Geer, who also put up the first 
 court house at Wellsboro, in the year 1815. This 
 building was one of the pioneer hostelries of Tioga 
 County, and with its destruction disappears another of 
 the old land-marks which have served to connect the 
 present with the days that are gone. For many years it 
 was known as the "Geer House." 
 
 " " 26 — A lumber mill at Antrim and a fLne residence 
 
 at Ejioxville burned. 
 
 " " 26 — Death of Samuel Eyon, at Lawrenceville. 
 
 The deceased was a well-known citizen of Tioga 
 County. He was one of the sons of Judge John Ryon, 
 the first representative in the legislature from Tioga 
 County (elected in 1822), and its first State Senator 
 (1824). Judge Ryon was early identified with the for- 
 
72 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 tunes of " Old Tioga " and, with Hon. James Ford, its 
 first member of Congress (i8z8) Curtis Parkhurst, John 
 Norris, Simeon Power, John Knox, Uriah Spencer, the 
 Messrs. Morris and Beecher, Doctor Willard and others, 
 was prominent among those whose energy and perse- 
 vering enterprise laid the solid foundation upon which 
 its present welfare and advancement rest, and without 
 which they never could have existed. 
 
 1877. — April. Hon. Hugh Toung, of Wellsboro, appointed 
 bank examiner for the western district of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 " 26.— The Millerton Advocate established by A. C. 
 it F. M. Lumbard.* 
 The Advocate is a well printed sheet, filled with news 
 and selected family reading. Under the management of 
 the veteran editor, A. C. ("Zach") Lumbard, it will no 
 doubt speedily assume an important position among the 
 journals of the Northern-Tier. 
 
 " " A general temperance revival in all parts of the 
 
 comity. 
 
 Meetings are being held in nearly every town and 
 
 village. Able speakers address large audiences nightly, 
 
 and hundreds of names are being subscribed to the 
 
 pledge of Francis Murphy. 
 
 " Olk Tioga ! " There is not a dweller under the shadow of 
 her hills but loves the sound of the famihar name. It is syn- 
 
 * That portion of this book embracing the pages devoted to ' ' Newspapers 
 published in Tioga County at the present time " was electrotyped before the 
 appearance of the first issue of the Advocate; hence the omission of the 
 mention of this new paper in that department. 
 
TIOGA COUNTY. — CHKONOLOGICAL. 73 
 
 onymous with "a land of peace and plenty." Every true son 
 of her soil hears the words spoken with fihal reverence. To 
 those who have been reared beside her streams there is 
 nothing in nature as lovely as her valleys. 
 
 " There is not in the wide world a valley so sweet 
 As that vale in whose bosom the bright waters meet." 
 
 Perhaps it was the thought that has found expression in 
 these lines that impelled the pioneer seeking for a home in a 
 strange land to pause at the confluence of the Tioga and 
 Cowanesque rivers. 
 
 Here, less than a century ago, the first settler erected his 
 rude cabin and began to exact from natm'e the fruits of toil. 
 "Old Tioga" was a blooming wilderness then; the cries of 
 the panther and the wolf resounded through her forests and 
 the light step of the Indian had scarcely ceased to press her 
 soil. The magical hand of advancing civilization touched her 
 hills and valleys, and the spirit of change took possession of 
 all. There came the sounds of the woodman's axe; the 
 metalho ringing of the saws cutting their way through the 
 timber ; the muffled humming of grist mills, and to-day agri- 
 culture and manufacture, and the causes of education and re- 
 Hgion are in an advanced condition among her people. The 
 whirring of macliinery, the sounds of the hammer of the black- 
 smith and the saw of the mechanic, the chck of the mattock 
 in the hands of the miner, and the cheery voice of the trader 
 may be heard on every hand. The shriek of the locomotive 
 momentarily drowns the clatter of the mower and the thresher 
 on six days out of every seven, and on the seventh the clangor 
 of scores of church-bells rings out an invitation to nearly 40,- 
 000 people to worship the God that gave them liberty, pros- 
 perity and contentment. 
 
74 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 The most important of tlie varying events which have 
 marked this period of advancement have been faithfully re- 
 corded in these pages. They are but foot-prints left on the 
 sands of memory by the gradual march of civilization. Flat- 
 tering as has been the progress of the past, it is not too much 
 to say that it is but an earnest of the more perfect attainments 
 of the future; seed planted in the soil of time to bring forth 
 virtue, happiness and abundant success in the years to come. 
 
PENNSITLVANIA. — HISTORICAL AND DESCBIPTIVE. 75 
 
 OHAPTEE IV. 
 
 PeNNSYLYAOTA. HiSTOKICAL AND DeSCEIPITVE. 
 
 Its SETTTiEMENT — The Pubchase of the Swedes — The fibst 
 Church Edifice — The Swedes Conqtieeed by the Dutch — ■ 
 New Netheblands Becomes Subject to the English — 
 Penn's Geant — The Advancement of foue Yeaes — The 
 Delaware Indians — Tee-dy-us-cung at Tioga — Penn Ap- 
 points Commissioners — Mason and Dixon's Line — Death op 
 Penn — The Pubchase at Poet Stanwix — Othee Puechases 
 — Adoption of the First Constitution — The Second, 
 Third and Fourth Constitutions — Eemoval of the State 
 Capital Feom Philadelphia to Lancaster and thence to 
 Haeeisbubg — The National Capital Removed to Washing- 
 ton — BOEDEE WaBFAEE GeNEBAL SETTLEMENT OF THE 
 
 Nobtheen and Westebn Feontiees — Pennsylvania's Agei- 
 
 CULTUBAL AND MlNEEAL EeSOUBCES — LlFE IN " OiLDOM" — 
 
 Its Educational Intebests — Its Topogbaphical Features 
 — Its Commercial Centers. 
 
 Pennsylvania was first settled by the Swedes in 1638. 
 They purchased of the natives the land west of the Delaware 
 river frona Cape Henlopen to Trenton Falls. In 1642, the 
 Swedish governor erected an imposing residence for himself 
 on an island just below the mouth of the Schuylkill and 
 caused a church to be built, which was consecrated in 1648, 
 and is supposed to have been the first edifice in the State de- 
 voted to the worship- of God. 
 
7 b 0IJ3 TIOGA. 
 
 The Dutch goYernment at New Netherlands conquered the 
 Swedes in 1654. Ten years later the English conquered New 
 Netherlands, and the Dutch possessions on the Delaware 
 riYer fell into their hands, and for scYeral years remained sub- 
 ject to the government of New York. 
 
 Charles II. granted Pennsylvania, in 1681, to William Penn, 
 a member of the Society of Friends. Four years later, the 
 province contained twenty-two settlements, and Philadelphia 
 had two thousand inhabitants. 
 
 At the time of Penn's purchase, tlie Delaware Indians oc- 
 cupied the greater portion of Pennsylvania. This tribe was 
 under the rule of the Six Nations. Galled and exasperated 
 at their bondage, they sought to liberate themselves; but it 
 was not tUl 1756, about three quarters of a century afterward, 
 that one of their bravest and most eloquent chiefs, Tee-dy-us- 
 cimg, compelled the Iroquois to acknowledge the independ- 
 ence of the Delawarcs. This took place on the present site 
 of the town of Tioga, in the valley of the Tioga. 
 
 In 1684, Penn returned to England and appointed five com- 
 missioners, with a president to administer the government 
 dm-ing his absence. He was confirmed in his proprietary 
 rights and came back to America in 1699. In 1708, " Mason 
 and Dixon's line" was drawn, marking the boundary between 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland. Penn died in 1718,* leaving 
 his interest in Pennsylvania as an inheritance to his descend- 
 ants. In 1768, at Fort Stanwix, in Northern New York, the 
 territory including Tioga and other northern border countries 
 of the State was ceded to the successors of William Penn by 
 the Iroquois chiefs. Tliis vast interest was held by them till 
 
 * Penn was buried in a Quaker burying-ground near Chalfont St. Giles, a 
 village in the county of Buokinghamsliire, England. The Quaker Church 
 near by is still in use. 
 
TEE-DY-us-ciTNG. — (See page 76.) 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. — HISTORICAL AND DESCEIPTIVE. 79 
 
 the Revolutionary war, when their claim was purchased by 
 the Commonwealth for ^130,000 sterling or a httle less than 
 $650,000. In 1784, the last remaining part of the State not 
 previously purchased, and which lay on the North "West, was 
 bought of the Iroquois. 
 
 The first constitution of the State was adopted in 1776. It 
 continued ia operation till 1790, when another constitution 
 was adopted which remained until 1838, the date of the adop- 
 tion of the third constitution which was susperseded January 1, 
 1874, by the present constitution. December 13, 1787, the 
 Constitution of the United States was adopted ; yeas, 46 — nays 
 23 — majority 23. Philadelphia continued to be the seat of 
 the United States government until 1800, when it was removed 
 to Washington, D. C. The State Capital was removed from 
 Philadelphia to Lancaster ia 1799, and remained there till 
 1812, when it was removed to Harrisburg, its present loca- 
 tion. 
 
 The southern and central portions of Pennsylvania were 
 settled at an early date, but owing to the frequent incursions 
 of the Senecas, whose war parties continually harassed the 
 Northern and "Western frontiers, by their frequent descents 
 upon the settlements of the West Branch of the Susque- 
 hanna, and the subsequent French and Indian war, and the 
 seven years' war for independence; there was no general set- 
 tlement of the district which now embraces the range of coun- 
 ties known as the "Northern Tier" until after Wayne's cam- 
 paign in 1794. 
 
 The mountains and valleys of Pennsylvania are majestic 
 and picturesque. Its surface is greatly diversified, and there 
 are few large tracts of level land iu the State. A writer on 
 the topogpraphy of Pennsylvania, says : " The south-eastern 
 counties, though they can scarcely be denominated hilly, have 
 
80 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 an undulating and variable surface. South Mountain extends 
 from the Delaware below Easton, in a south-west direction 
 through the State, to the borders of Maryland in Adams 
 County. Next to this, Kittatiny, or Blue Mountain, extends 
 from the Delaware Water Gap, and proceeds south-west with 
 a regular elevation of from seven himdred to twelve hundred 
 feet above the level of the streams at its base, and terminates 
 at Parnell's Knob, an elevated and picturesque summit in 
 Frankhn County, near the south border of the State. North 
 of the Blue Mountain, and between the Lehigh and Susque- 
 hanna, is a wild mountainous region where the anthracite coal 
 is found. 
 
 " This region is interspersed "s^ith high and barren ridges in 
 close succession, interlocking with each other and enclosing 
 long and pointed valleys between them. The second and 
 sharp mountains are between Kittatiny and the first coal 
 basin. Next comes Broad Mountain, an irregular elevation, 
 with a broad and barren table land at its top. East of the 
 Susquehanna are several ridges with various names. The 
 valley of Wyoming is enclosed by a chain of lofty mountains, 
 known by many local names. Between Eattatiny, or Blue 
 Mountain, and the Alleghany, is what has been called the Ap- 
 palachian chain, which consists of high and nearly parallel 
 ridges, sometimes approaching near to each other, and at 
 other times with valleys between them of twenty miles in 
 breadth, frequently divided by smaller ridges. The elevated 
 range called the great Alleghany extends nearly across the 
 whole State, presenting on its south-eastern side a steep as- 
 cent, but extending north and west mth a gentle descent, 
 and consists of an elevated and undulating table land. Be- 
 yond the Alleghany are Laurel hill and Chestmit ridge, 
 which are high ridges running parallel with the Alleghany 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. — HISTORICAL AND DESCEIPTnTE. 81 
 
 ridge. Most of the country west of the Alleghany moun- 
 tains is hiUy, with many abrupt and irregular elevations, not 
 disposed in chains. The soil of the State is generally good, 
 and much of it of a superior quality ; the richest tract is on the 
 south-east and on both sides of the Susquehanna river. This 
 part of the State has been long settled, and is under excel- 
 lent cultivation. In the country west of the Alleghany moun- 
 tains there is much fertile land. For some distance from the 
 mountain the country is hilly and rough. The more level 
 tracts, particularly along the streams, are highly fertile. Be- 
 tween the Alleghany river and Lake Erie, and the western 
 border of the State, the soil is excellent." The same may 
 be said of some of the counties of the KTorthern Tier. 
 
 The principal rivers of the State of Pennsylvania are the 
 Delaware, the Lehigh, the Schuylkill, the Susquehanna, the 
 Juniata, the Alleghany and the Monongahela. 
 
 The Delaware is navigable for ships as far up as Philadel- 
 phia. The Lehigh is seventy-five miles long, and flows into the 
 Delaware at Easton. The Schuylkill is nearly one hundred 
 and thirty miles in length, uniting Avith the Delaware six miles 
 below Philadelphia. The Susquehanna has its source in New 
 Tork, and, flowing entirely across the State, loses itself in 
 Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland. It is marked by numerous 
 falls and rapids, and furnishes a gradually descending navi- 
 gation for rafts and boats at the time of high water. In for- 
 mer years the " running " of lumber down the Susquehanna, 
 was one of the most important enterprises of this section of 
 the country, and " rafting " is stiU followed to some sHght 
 extent. The tales of the old lumbermen are among the most 
 interesting renainiscences of the days that are gone. The Ju- 
 niata rises in the Alleghany mountains, and flowing one 
 hundred and eighty miles, empties intq the Susquehanna 
 6 
 
82 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 eleven miles above Harrisburg. The Alleghany river, four 
 hundred miles in length, from the north-west, and the Monou- 
 gahela river, three hundred miles long, from the south, unite 
 at Pittsburgh, forming the Ohio river, which flovrs a short dis- 
 tance in Pennsylvania. 
 
 The greatest commercial centers in the State are Philadel- 
 phia, between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, and Pitts- 
 burgh, at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela riv- 
 ers. The other incorporated cities are Allentown, AJtoona, 
 Chester, Titusville, Meadville, Lock Haven, Corry, Harrisburg, 
 Lancaster, Reading, Carhsle, Carbondale, New Castle, Oil 
 City, Franklin, Parker, Monongahela City, York, Easton, Erie, 
 Alleghany City, WiUiamsport, Scrantpn, and Wilkesbarre. 
 All are thriving, busthng places. 
 
 Although the State is better adapted to grain than to graz- 
 ing, as a whole, yet in many parts there are large dairies, 
 and fine stock is raised. By far the most important agricul- 
 tural production of the State is wheat, and next in. value is 
 Indian com. Bye, oats, barley, buckwheat, hemp and flax 
 are also extensively cultivated. Apples, cherries and peaches 
 are abundant, and much cider is made. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Pennsylvania is very great, consist- 
 ing chiefly of coal, iron, petroleum and salt, all of which are 
 abundant. The immense coal regions form the most interest- 
 ing feature of the mineral resources of the State. The an- 
 thracite coal regions of Pennsylvania have been calculated to 
 contain. 975 square mUes, or 624,000 acres. The bituminous 
 coal region of the State has been estimated at 21,000 square 
 miles, or 13,440,000 acres, over which it extends, or is, rather, 
 unevenly scattered. There is no other State in the Union in 
 which nickel is found, and tin, zinc and copper exist in plen- 
 tiful deposits. 
 
PENNSYLYANIA. — HISTOEICAI, AND DESCEIPTrVE. 83 
 
 The oil regions contribute greatly to the wealth of the 
 State. The shipments of petroleum during the year 1876 
 amounted to 10,000,000 barrels. The scenes in the " oil 
 country " during the months succeeding the discovery of oil, 
 and while speculation was at its height, can be compared only 
 to the " flush times " in California in '49. Fortunes were 
 made and lost with startling and most surprising suddenness 
 and rapidity; men who began their career in " Oildom " as 
 day laborers, and who had spent their last cent for a passage 
 there, became wealthy in a few weeks or a few days, and re- 
 tired, the possessors of princely fortunes, or remained to ven- 
 ture still further on the boisterous and treacherous sea of 
 speculation, and lose all in its changing tide. Poor men of 
 one day became the millionaires of the next, and on the mor- 
 row became paupers again. The assertion of Joaquin Mil- 
 ler, that 
 
 " The teeter board of life goes up — 
 The teeter board of life goes down. " 
 
 was never more strikingly verified than during these times. 
 It is an undisputed fact that there must always come a reac- 
 tion after such a season of "«dld and unreasoning specula- 
 tion as we have adverted to. The relapse into inactivity was 
 doubly palling on the venturesome spirit of American enter- 
 prise when placed in comparison with the sturing scenes of 
 the days when the climax of the oil fever had been reached, 
 and its attendant excitement was rife. But the old fire only 
 slumbered — it was not extinguished — and it has broken forth 
 again, and is rapidly gaining ground. Wells are being put 
 down in diffeient sections of the State, and there is a growing 
 interest manifested in this peculiar branch of industry and 
 field of speculation. Perhaps the most remarkable revival of 
 the oil excitement is at Bradford, in McKean County, where 
 
84 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 the most flattering success has attended all efforts at sinking 
 wells. The little village is rapidly assuming the proportions 
 of a thriving town, and there is a steady influx of population 
 and capital. 
 
 In no State in the Union are the interests of education more 
 advanced than in Pennsylvania. There are within the borders 
 of the State no less than nine Normal Schools. They are known 
 as the MillersviJIe State Normal School, of the Second District ; 
 the Edinboro State Normal School, of the Twelfth District; 
 the Mansfield State Normal School, of the Fifth District ; the 
 Kutztown State Normal School, of the Third District ; the 
 Bloomsburg State Normal School, of the Sixth District ; the 
 West Chester State Normal School, of the First District ; the 
 Shippeusburg State Normal School, of the Seventh District ; 
 the California State Normal School, of the Tenth District, and 
 the Indiana State Normal School, of the Ninth District. There 
 are also many academies, universities and colleges located in 
 the larger towns and cities throughout the State. The report 
 of the State Superintendent of public instruction for the 
 school year ending June 1, 1876, shows that there were in the 
 commonwealth at that time 17,492 schools, employing 20,192 
 teachers, and affording instruction to an average attendance 
 of 578,718 scholars, at a cost to the tax-payers of the State of 
 $7,988,163.76. 
 
 In the educational as well as in all other features of the 
 Centennial Exposition, Pennsylvania took a conspicuous part ; 
 and it is with pardonable pride that we refer to the fact that the 
 educational exhibit of no other State surpassed it in complete- 
 ness and attractiveness. It is chiefly due to the exertions of 
 Prof. J. P. Wickersham, the competent Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction, that the State ia enabled to show so creditable 
 a record in this respect. He early urged the importance of 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. — HISTOEICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 85 
 
 making a full educational exhibit, and in a public address 
 delivered as early as August, 1875, he strongly recommended 
 active steps in this direction. " The Exposition is intended 
 to commemorate a grand historic event that occurred ■withia 
 her (Pennsylvania's) borders," he said. " It was projected by 
 her citizens. It is to be held on her soil. She has contri- 
 buted a large part of the money used in erecting buildings 
 and making the necessary preparations. Her position among 
 her sister States, her population, her resources, her past his- 
 tory, and her future prospects alike entitle her to a prominent 
 place. In addition we claim to have a school system well 
 organized, purely American, and capable of producing the 
 richest kinds of educational fruit. We must not, if we could, 
 and we cannot, if we would, escape the measure of responsi- 
 bility thus placed upon us. But to represent our educational 
 interests creditably, we must have action, speedy, earnest, in- 
 teUigent, enthusiastic." Months before the delivery of this 
 address, we are informed in his late report on this subject, 
 "opportunity had been taken in the name of the State to 
 press upon the attention of the authorities of the Exposition 
 the sentiments contained in it ; and their continued failure to 
 present some definite plan according to which the work of 
 preparation might be carried on, had a very discouragiug 
 effect. With every disposition to engage in the effort to have 
 Pennsylvania creditably represented, no way of doing much in 
 that direction presented itself until February, 1876. A visit 
 to Philadelphia at that time revealed the fact that owing to 
 the small amount of space appHed for by those interested in 
 education, the whole educational exliibit of the United States 
 had been assigned to the gallery of the Main Building over 
 the south entrance, and that the wall space coutaiued in it 
 did not exceed 5,000 square feet. Of this space Pennsylvania 
 
86 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 could liardly expect more thaii one-tenth, an amount so small 
 that it seemed totally useless to attempt to occupy it for the 
 pm'pose of making a representation of the school interests of 
 the State. Two alternatives were therefore presented, either 
 to abandon the whole project, or to erect at once a special 
 building for ourselves on ground oifered by the Commission. 
 The first of these alternatives could not be accepted without 
 shame, and the second was beset with very serious difficulties. 
 Scarcely three months remained until the Exposition would 
 open ; the money necessary to erect the building and make 
 the exhibit had to be procured ; the work of construction had 
 to be done on the Centennial grounds amidst the rush and 
 confusion of the last months of preparation ; educational insti- 
 tutions and school officers throughout the State had to be 
 stirred up to make the most vigorous preparation ; the mate- 
 rial furnished had to be organized and arranged, and a vast 
 amount of incidental work had to be performed. But for the 
 good name of the State, the task was undertaken. A location 
 in the grounds was chosen, a i^lan of a building was adopted, 
 architects and buildei's were employed, and the Pennsylvania 
 Educational Hall was under roof before any money was ob- 
 tained with which to pay for it. The $15,000 generously and 
 almost unanimously appropriated by the Legislature, came in 
 time to render further private risk unnecessary, and liberal 
 school boards and patriotic teachers and citizens contributed 
 in addition towards the expenses of the project the sum of 
 13,680.85. The call for material was handsomely responded 
 to by common shools, orphan schools, academies. Normal 
 schools, colleges, charitable institutions, schools of design and 
 elocution, commercial schools, book publishers and manufac- 
 turers of school furniture and apparatus, so that on the 10th 
 9f May, the opening day, Pennsylvania had her own building, 
 
■ize of Main Bttilding, 100 feet by 100 feci.] 
 
 Pennsylvania Educational Hall, 
 centennial exhibition. 
 
 [Size of the Wings, 40 feet by 24 feet. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA, — HISTOEICAL AND DESCEIPTTVE. 89 
 
 containg 20,000 sqiiare foot of wall surface, up, and filled witli 
 a fair exhibit of lier educational products. That it was credit- 
 able to her no one has questioned. As a whole, good judges 
 pronounced it superior to any similar exliibit on the ground." 
 The Pennsylvania Educational Hall became a sort of head- 
 quarters for all interested in education. Beginning about the 
 fii-st of June, international conferences were held there twice a 
 week, at which the educational systems of foreign nations and 
 of oiu: own States were discussed and examined. Gentlemen 
 connected with almost every nation which was represented at 
 the Exposition visited it for the pm-pose of seeking information 
 on the subjects connected with American education. The ex- 
 hibit received the most flattering aiid unequivocal commen- 
 dations from the press of the United States and many foreign 
 nations. 
 
 By a splendid system of internal improvements, Pennsyl- 
 vania has greatly extended and facilitated her commerce. The 
 State is covered with a network of railroads, which bring 
 almost every town of importance within its boundaries in 
 direct communication with its great centers of trade ; and its 
 commercial facilities are equal to those of any State in the 
 Union. True to its motto, the citizens of the Keystone State 
 are pressing forward to higher and more perfect conditions 
 of " Virtue, Libeety, aot) Independence." 
 
90 OLD TIOGA, 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Penxsylyania — Statistical. 
 
 Area, Total Population and "Wealth of Pennsylvania 
 --Progress and Importance of Railways in Pennsyl- 
 vania — Table Showing the Educational Growth in 
 THE Past Ten Years — Table Showing the Financial 
 Condition of the School Districts -OF the Common- 
 wealth — The Popular Vote for President in Penn- 
 sylvania FROM 1824 TO 1876 — Statement of Receipts 
 AND Expenditures of the State of Pennsylvania for 
 THE Year Ending December 1st, 1876— Public Debt of 
 THE State of Pennsylvania, December 1st, 1876 — The 
 Governors of Pennsylvania : Presidents of the Su- 
 SupREME Executive Council— Governors under the 
 Constitution of 1790 — Under the Constitution of 
 1838 — Under the Constitution of 1874 
 
 Area, Total Population, and Wealth of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Sq.Miles. 
 
 46,000 
 
 Population. 
 
 1860. 1870. 
 
 2,906,215 3,521,951 
 
 Assessed Valuation. 
 
 1860. 1870. 
 
 $719,253,335 $1,319,236,042 
 
 Phogeess and Importance of Railways in Pennsylvania. 
 
 The number of Miles of railroad track in tlie State in the 
 year 1842 was 754 ; 1845, 798 ; 1848, 1,006 ; 1851, 1,240 ; 
 
PENNSYLVAOTA. — STATISTICAL. 91 
 
 1854, 1,404 ; 1857, 1,925 ; 1860, 2,442 ; 1863, 3,006 ; 1866, 
 3,728 ; 1869, 4,398 ; 1872, 5,113. Despite the business de- 
 pression, there has been a steady advancement during the 
 years 1873, 1874, and 1875 ; and the Bailroad Gazette presents 
 the following record of railway extension in Pennsylvania 
 during the year ending December 31, 1876 : 
 
 Columhia and Port Deposit. — The track has been laid fi'om 
 Columbia, Pa., south-eastward down the left bank of the Sus- 
 quehanna 10.8 miles to Safe Harbor in 1875 (but not chroni- 
 cled that year). In 1876 the western section was extended 
 down the Susquehanna 16.3 miles to a point half a mile east 
 of Peach Bottom, and the eastern section was extended up 
 the river 3.1 miles to a poiat one mile west of Conowingo, 
 making a total of 20.4 miles completed in 1876, and making a 
 total of 36 miles completed, leaving a gap of four miles to fin- 
 ish. Of the whole road 9 miles, and of the part built this 
 year, 4 miles are in Maryland. 
 
 East Berlin Branch. — Track is laid on 3 miles of the road 
 between Eed HiU and East Berhn, Pa., the whole length be- 
 ing 7 miles, which is about ready for the rails. 
 
 East Brandyioine and Waynesburg. — An extension known as 
 the New Holland Extension has been completed from Hon- 
 eybrook, Pa., westward 11 miles to New Holland, in the Con- 
 estoga Valley. It is worked with the old line by the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad Company. 
 
 Blmira State Line. — Completed from a junction with the 
 Northern Central Railway, 2 mUes south of Elmira, N. Y., 
 west by south 19| miles to a junction with the Tioga and the 
 Corning, Cowanesque and Antrim Railroads at Tioga Junc- 
 tion, near Lawrenceville, Pa. It is intended chiefly to carry 
 coal, and is leased and worked by the Tioga Railroad Com- 
 pany, the two together being called the " Tioga and Elmira 
 
92 OLD TTOGA. 
 
 State Line Eailroad." Of the road, 6| miles are in New 
 York ; the rest in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Emlenton and Shippenville.— This is a road of 3 ft. gauge, 
 completed late in the year from a junction with the Alleghany 
 Valley at Emlenton, Pa., north-eastward 8 miles to Eden- 
 burg, in the Clarion oil region. 
 
 Farker and Karns City. — This 3 ft. gauge road was extend- 
 ed fi-om Karns City south-westward 17 miles to Butler, Pa., 
 in a most productive petroleum district. This makes the road 
 27 miles long, from Parker to Butler. The company making 
 the extension was the Karns City and Butler, which has the 
 same managers as the Parker and Karns City. 
 
 Peach Bottom. — The western division was extended east- 
 ward 4 miles to Delta, Pa., which is 35 miles east by south 
 fi-om York, and not far from the west bank of the Susquehan- 
 na, leaving a gap of but two or three miles between the two 
 divisions. 
 
 Philadelphia, Neivtoimi and Nciu York. — Completed from 
 Erie avenue, Philadelphia, north by east 6 miles to Fox 
 Chase. 
 
 Soutlnuest Pennsylvania. — This branch of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Avas extended from Watt, Pa., south by west 12 
 miles to Uniontown, making the whole branch 38 miles long, 
 from its junction with the main line at Greensburg. 
 
 New lines are being projected all the time, and the iron 
 rails are being pushed further into the rural districts with ev- 
 ery passing month. A few years hence not many locahties 
 withia the limits of the Commonwealth will be far remote 
 from the railroad. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. — STATISTICAL. 
 
 93 
 
 n 
 w. 
 
 No. of teachers who 
 attended County In- 
 stitutes 
 
 r>.a^N rOMOO'-O ro OOO \r) 
 f<l ro O hn". h^ fcn" i-T rf ro r*-) rn 
 
 Total cost, including 
 expenses of all kinds 
 
 t-^ t^\0 N O r^CO HH CO l^GO 
 IV-) >-< O^ Os-M rOt^-^OO 'O 
 
 00 O ONGO -■ CO N 'O O t^CO 
 U-) Lo ro Tt-vo N- r^ m ro w oi 
 M l>.Lr)M r^a\O00 O^OC^ 
 
 u-i O CT'O' "-^^ O" i^ Lo t^ CO ro 
 
 ^^^ <N (jN r^ Lo CO rooo m i-i 
 
 ^ ir^kO"^" rCGC"00"00 00 CN cfi 
 
 School houses 
 
 O 00 IT) HH -.J- '-' w^-vO ^^ ro f^ 
 
 O \0 Lo r^ CO Lo ro coco CO 00 
 
 ooo N r^-rj-cococ^ -^ w^oo 
 
 t^'-'OO'^ M i-^OO i-0'^«-i 
 
 Lo w >-H Lo lo^o" -^ ro c5^ <> in 
 M ■O ON m'sO 00 ^O LnO Lo ro 
 t^ n cr. -1- 1^ rooo r^ t-i o t^ 
 
 ^^ i-T m" N* cT ro Cn" m" n" cT hT 
 
 Cost of tuition 
 
 00 o co-o woe ror-^coM - 
 O !>. "ff (NCO 00 lO tJ- O lO ON 
 
 iriu") Ox-^in CTvfOr^OO uioO 
 
 oo yD o. I-I M i>- ON o i>-oo 
 r^O Nr^^u-M J^ coco 00 
 
 OO CO ro Q in^o" T? LO t^VD ^O 
 Tj-C^r^O "^ri O N N ■rj-u-) 
 r-.O^N^»or--aN'-' rom t->.oo 
 
 cirorocofOrOTfrhTfTfTf 
 
 Average salaiy of 
 female teachers per 
 month 
 
 >-t I-I NO W OSNO O M *^ ON O 
 
 ro mr^uoroOO NO OnOO O no 
 
 NO l^CO « M ■^■^LO^fO 
 PI N CS ro CO ro CO CO fO ro f O 
 
 Average salary of 
 male teachers per 
 month 
 
 ■^t-^00 O NO '^ •- ONIOO-NO 
 COOO CS O NO O t^NO On O r^ 
 
 '^u-|l>.0NO»-'w N M •« On 
 corOfOrO'^'^'^'^Tj-T^ro 
 
 Superintendents 
 
 1^ 00 vonO On >-" LTiNO NO t^ 0\ 
 NO NO r-- 1^ r-.oo 00 00 OO OO 00 
 
 Graded Schools 
 
 Q lO M »0 M -sJ-OO t^NO lO J>. 
 O P4\0 M r>.roONOOO Oliri 
 OO ri^ ro TfOO \0^ ONfOijnND On 
 
 M rorococo^^Lovnio io_ 
 
 Year 
 
 
 NO r^oo (^ O « M ro -rf U1NO 
 nonovono r-.t^t--.t^^-.rv,i^ 
 
 cocooooooooooooooocooo 
 
94 old tioga. 
 
 Table Showing the Pbesent Financul Condition op the 
 School Districts of the Commonwealth excluding Phtl- 
 
 ADELPHU. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 From collectors, unseated lands, and all other 
 
 sources, exclusive of State appropriation $6,918,811 03 
 
 From State appropriation for 1875 728,207 19 
 
 Total receipts $7,647,018 22 
 
 Expendituees. 
 
 Cost of Instruction $3,826,987 12 
 
 Fuel, contingencies, etc 2,006,833 88 
 
 Cost of soliool-liouses, including 
 renting, repairing, etc 1,245,387 23 
 
 Total expenditures $7,079,208 23 
 
 Balance in favor of districts $567,809 99 
 
 The Popular Vote for President in Pennsylvania from 
 18'24 TO 1876. 
 
 1824, Adams, 5,440 ; Jackson, 36,100 ; Crawford, 4,206 ; 
 Clay; 1,609. 1828, Adams, 50,848 ; Jackson, 101,652. 1832, 
 Clay, U. Rep., 56,716; Jackson, Dem., 90,988. 1837, Harri- 
 son, Whig, 87,111 ; Van Buren, Dem., 91,475. 1840, Harrison, 
 Whig, 144,021 ; Van Buren, Dem., 143,676; Birnev, Abolition, 
 343. 1844, Clay, Whig, 161,203 ; Polk, Dem., 167,535 ; Birney, 
 Aboliiion, S,IS8. 1848, Taylor. Whig, 185,513; Cass, Dem., 
 171,176 ; Van Buren, F. Dem., 11,263. 1852, Scott, Whig, 
 179,174; Tierce, Dem., 198,568; Hale, i?! Soil, 8,525. 1856, 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. — STATISTICAL. 95 
 
 Fremont, Rep., 147,510 ; BucLanan, Dem., 230,710 ; Filmore, 
 ■American, 82,175. 1860, Lincoln, Rep., 268,030; Douglas, 
 Dem., 16,765 ; Breckenridge, Dem., 178,871 ; Bell, Union, 
 12,776. 1864, McClellan, i?em., 276,316; Lincoln, Rep., 296,- 
 391. 1868, Seymour, Dem., 813,382 ; Grant, Rep., 342,280 ; 
 1872, Greeley, Lib., 212,041 ; Grant, Rep., 349,589. 1876, 
 Hayes, Rep., 384,122 ; Tilden, Dem., 366,158 ; Cooper, GVlc, 
 7,187 ; Smith, ProVn., 1,319. 
 
 Statement of Eeceipts and Expenditures of the State 
 OF Pennsylvajstia fok the Year Ending November 30, 
 1876. 
 
 Eeceipts, $6,078,890 37. Expenditui-es, 6,087,100 02. 
 
 Public Debt, December 1, 1876, $22,978,950 69. 
 
 The Governors op Pennsylvania. 
 
 In the Eevolution the Commonwealth was governed by tlie 
 Committee of Safety, Benjamin Franklin, Chairman, from Sep- 
 tember, 1776, to March, 1877. 
 
 Presidents of the Supreme Executive Council. 
 
 1777, Thomas Wharton, Jr. ; 1778, Joseph Eeed; 1781, Wil- 
 liam Moore ; 1782, John Dickinson ; 1785, Benjamin Frank- 
 lin ; 1788, Thomas Mifflin. 
 
96 old tioga. 
 
 Governors under the Constitution of 1790. 
 
 1790, Thomas Mifflin ; 1799, Thomas McKean ; 1808, Si- 
 mon Snyder ; 1817, William Friendly ; 1820, Joseph Heister; 
 1823, Andrew J. Shulze ; 1829, George Wolf ; 1835, Joseph 
 Eitner. 
 
 Governors under the Constitution of 1838. 
 
 1839, David R. Porter; 1845, F. R Shunk 1848, William 
 F. Johnson; 1852, William Bigler; 1855, James Pollock; 
 1858, William F. Packer; 1861, Andrew G. Curtin; 1867, 
 John W. Geary ; 1878, John F. Hartranft. 
 
 Governor under the Constitution of 1874. 
 1876, John F. Hartranft. 
 
QtlESTIONS ANSWBEED. — HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL. 97 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Questions Answered. — Historical and Statistical. 
 
 Production of Gold and Silver in the United States— 
 Where the Different Metals and Minerals come 
 fbojH — Origin of the Names of the States — Kailway 
 Statistics of the World — The Commerce of the World 
 — Protestantism throughout the World — The Popu- 
 lation OF THE World — Density of the World's Popu- 
 lation — Table Showing Population of Foreign Cities 
 IN THE Order of their Size — Statistics of the Growth 
 AND Population of the United States. Table Show- 
 ing Date of Admission, Original Population, Area, 
 Present Population, and Number of Members of Con- 
 gress of Each State in the Union — Half a Century 
 of Immigration — The Center of Gravity of the Popu- 
 lation OF THE United States — Table Showing Popu- 
 lation OF the Important Cities of the Union in the 
 Order of their Size — The Area of the United States 
 at Different Periods — Popular and Electoral Votes 
 for President from 1840 to 1876 — Electoral Vote by 
 Geographical Divisions, 1876 — Table of Distances 
 from New York to Important Cities. 
 
 Production of Gold and Silver m the United States. 
 
 As Wells, Fargo & Co. are the sole carriers of the gold and 
 silver product of the Pacific States, they should constitute 
 
 7 
 
98 
 
 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 tlie best authority on its amount. "With an intelligent re- 
 gard for the importance of correct statistics of this move- 
 ment, Mr. J. J. Valentine, the Superintendent of that Com- 
 pany, has for years past enforced stringent regulations with a 
 view to procuring an exact valuation and record of all the 
 gold dust and gold and silver bullion that passes through the 
 Company's hands, as well as what small amounts may be car- 
 ried through other conveyances. The returns of Wells, Fargo 
 & Co. have, therefore, been very properly regarded as the best 
 available evidence of the production of these metals, and 
 they doubtless make an approximation to the truth sufficient 
 for all practical purposes. Mr. Valentine's statement of the 
 production coming to market from the States and Territories 
 west of the Missouri river, during the year 1876, is as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 States 
 
 and 
 
 Territories. 
 
 
 Gold dust and bul- 
 lion by other 
 Conveyances . . . 
 
 Silver bullion by 
 express 
 
 C 
 2 ^■ 
 
 n ™ 
 
 
 
 California 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Oregon 
 
 ^14,635,973 
 220,803 
 
 9'9,257 
 
 56,702 
 
 1,182,222 
 
 1,958,553 
 
 47,795 
 
 2,829,877 
 
 76,392 
 
 103,528 
 
 51,880 
 
 1,310,515 
 
 $1,463,596 
 
 22,080 
 
 229,814 
 
 5,670 
 
 236,444 
 
 195,655 
 
 4,779 
 
 $796,308 
 44,725,802 
 
 $1,719,940 
 4,312,079 
 
 $18,615,307 
 
 49,280,764 
 
 1,149,074 
 
 62,372 
 
 1,674,361 
 
 2,777,032 
 
 5,207,519 
 6,990,647 
 
 350,294 
 1,111,992 
 
 2,213,748 
 1,441,566 
 
 Washington. . . . 
 
 
 
 220,695 
 274,824 
 781,263 
 2,796,661 
 255,281 
 
 336,564 
 1,620,856 
 
 35,000 
 
 350,000 
 
 4,373,682 
 
 1,364,109 
 
 18,621 
 
 671,900 
 
 541,212 
 
 Montana 
 
 Utah 
 
 Colorado 
 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 
 Mexico 
 
 
 Brit. Columbia. 
 
 131,051 
 
 
 
 
 
 $23,391,487 
 
 $2,289,089 
 
 $51,808,054 
 
 $13,386,543 
 
 890,875,173 
 
QUESTIONS ANSWERED. — HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL. 99 
 
 This statement, it -will be observed, does not profess to 
 give anything beyond the value of the imparted bullion, and 
 therefore affords no accurate idea of the actual product of 
 either gold or silver. Mr. Valentine has therefore under- 
 taken to estimate the proportion of gold and of silver respec- 
 tively in dore buUion and of the quantity of lead and copper 
 in the base bullion. For the purpose of this estimate he 
 takes the product of the Comstock Lode * and of the whole 
 of Nevada as a standard, and reaches this conclusion : " In 
 round figures, of $37,000,000 produced from the Comstock Lode 
 this year, $17,125,000, or quite 60 per cent., was gold ; of the 
 whole product of Nevada, 35 per cent, was gold, and of the 
 total silver product, so-called, $18,647,925, or 31 per cent., was 
 gold. The gross yield is constituted as follows : Gold, $4A,- 
 328,501; silver, $41,506,672; lead and copper, $5,040,000— $90,- 
 875,173." Applying the ratios thus obtained to the product 
 of each of the last six years, Mr. Valentine obtains the fol- 
 lowing as the annual production of gold and silver and of the 
 baser metals : 
 
 1871 $58,284,000 $2,100,000 $20,286,000 $35,898,000 
 
 1872 62,236,959 2,250,000 20,527,500 39-459,459 
 
 1873 72,258,693 3,450,000 28,352,100 40,456,593 
 
 1874 74,401,045 3,800,000 30,498,000 49,103,045 
 
 1875 80,889,057 5,100,000 34,043,910 41,745,147 
 
 1876 90,875,173 5,040,000 41,506,672 44,328,501 
 
 Mr. Valentine takes xne following important exceptions to 
 the statements of product issued in the Government reports : 
 " We see no way of reconciling the discrepency detween 
 
 •The richest knowii silver and gold-mine in the world probably is that in 
 the celebrated "Comstock Lode," in Nevada, known as the Belcher mine. 
 It produced during two and a half years the immense sum of $16, 772,- 
 965. 
 
100 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 000,000 gold and silver published as the estimate of U. S. 
 officials for 1870 and $56,184,000 shown here for 1871, which 
 was a more productive year by at least $4,000 than 1870. 
 We are confident that similar discrepaneies or exaggerations 
 as to the product of the United States exist in the estimates 
 usually accepted for the years from 1870 to 1861 inclusive, and 
 possibly all the way back to 1848." "We are quite disposed to 
 think there is good ground for this criticism ; for the Govern- 
 ment reports of production and import combined show a sur- 
 plus of supply over exports so large as to be wholly irrecon- 
 cihable with any reasonable estimate of the home consump- 
 tion for the arts and manufactures. 
 
 The following is given by Mr. Valentine as the product of 
 gold and silver in the United States each year from the date 
 of the CaUfomia discoveries to the present period : 
 
 Gold Silver 
 
 1849 $40,000,000 
 
 1850 50,000,000 
 
 1851 55,000,000 
 
 1852 60,000,000 $200,000 
 
 1853 65,000,000 200,000 
 
 1854 60,000,000 200,000 
 
 1855 55,000,000 200,000 
 
 1856 55,000,000 200,000 
 
 1857 55,000,000 200,000 
 
 1858 50,000,000 200,000 
 
 1859 50,000,000 200,000 
 
 1860 46,000,000 1,000,000 
 
 1861 43,000,000 1,500,000 
 
 1862 39,000,000 8,000,000 
 
 1863 40,000,000 7,000,000 
 
 1864 46,000,000 10,000,000 
 
QUESTIONS ANSWERED. — HISTOKICAL AND STATISTICAL. 101 
 
 Gold. SUver. 
 
 1865 53,500,000 11,000,000 
 
 1866 53,000,000 10,000,000 
 
 1867 51,500,000 13,000,000 
 
 1868 48,000,000 12,000,000 
 
 1869 49,500,000 12,000,000 
 
 1870 50,000,000 16,000,000 
 
 1871 35,898,000 20,286,000 
 
 1872 39,459,459 20,527,500 
 
 1873 40,456,593 28,352,100 
 
 1874 40,103,045 30,498,000 
 
 1875 41,475,147 34,043,900 
 
 1876 44,328,501 41,506,672 
 
 $1,356,490,745 $273,314,182 
 
 It will be seen that, since 1864, there has been a steady ten- 
 dency toward a decrease in the gold yield and an increase in 
 the production of silver. In 1865, the product of gold was 
 $53,000,000, and of silver $11,000,000 ; last year the yield of 
 gold was 44,300,000, and of silver $41,500,000. This result is 
 due mainly to the great Nevada discoveries ; how long they 
 may hold out and maintain this change in the relative sup- 
 plies of the two metals is wholly a matter of conjecture; 
 but it cannot be doubted that the variation of relative pro- 
 duct that has occured within the last few years has largely 
 contributed to the late fluctuations ia the price of silver. 
 
 Wheee the DrPEERENT Metaxs and Minerals Come From. 
 
 The different locahties of the principal metals and minerals 
 ia the United States are as follows: Gold — California, 
 
102 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Now Mexico, North Carolina, 
 Georgia and Alabama. Silver — California, Nevada, New Mex- 
 ico, Northern Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. Mer- 
 cury- -in California. Tin — in Vermont, Missouri and Utah. 
 Copper — Michigan, Tennessee, South Carolina, Virginia, 
 Maryland, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Missouri, New Mexico 
 and California. Lead — Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, 
 Virginia and New York. Zinc — Pennsylvania, New Jersey 
 and Missouri. Nickel — in Penns3lvama. Iron — Pennsylvania, 
 Ohio, New York, Virginia,. Maryland, New Jersey, Connecti- 
 cut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Tennessee, 
 Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois, Indianna, Wisconsin and Michi- 
 gan. Coal — Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Ohio, Maryland, 
 Indiana, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, 
 Georgia, Alabama, California, Washington and Oregon. Salt 
 — Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Western Virginia, 
 Ohio, Kentuckj% Illinois, Missiouri, Dakota, Minnesota, 
 Arkansas, Texas, Utah, California and Washington. 
 
 Oeigin of the Names of the States. 
 
 There is much that is interesting in the study of the origin 
 of the names of the States of the Union, as they are de- 
 rived from a variety of sources. To begin in the geographi- 
 cal order, we first have : 
 
 Maine, which takes its name from the province of Maine, 
 in France, and was so called in compliment to the Queen of 
 Charles I., Henrietta, its owner. 
 
 New Hampshke — first called Laconia — from Hampshire, 
 England. 
 
 Vermont, from the Green Mountains (in French verd mont). 
 
QUESTIONS ANSWEEED. — HISTOBICAL AND STATISTICAL. 103 
 
 Massachusetts, from the Indian language, signifying, " The 
 country about the great hill." 
 
 Bhode Island gets its name from the fancied resemblance 
 of the island to that of Ehodes in the ancient Levant. 
 
 Connecticut's name was Moliegan, spelled originally 
 " Quon-eh-ta-cut," signifying " A long river." 
 
 New York was so named as a compliment to the Duke of 
 York, whose brother, Charles II., ceded him that territory. 
 
 New Jersey was named by one of its original proprietors, 
 Sh George Carteret, after the Island of Jersey, ia the British 
 Channel, of which he was governor. 
 
 Pennsylvania, as is generally known; takes its name from 
 William Penn, the " sylvania" meaning woods. 
 
 Delaware derives its name from Thomas West, Lord de la 
 Ware, governor of Vii'ginia. 
 
 Maryland receives its name from the Queen of Charles I., 
 Henrietta Maria. 
 
 Virginia gets its name from Queen Elizabeth, the unmarried 
 or virgin Queen. 
 
 The Carohnas were named m honor of Charles I. Georgia 
 in honor of Charles II. 
 
 Florida gets its name from Jasquas de Flores, or "Feast of 
 the Flowers." 
 
 Alabama comes from a Greek word, signifying "The land 
 of rest." 
 
 Louisiana — named in honor of Louis XIV. 
 
 Mississippi derives its name from that of the great river, 
 which is, in the Natchez tongue, " The Father of the Waters." 
 
 Arkansas is derived from the Indian word Kansas, " Smoky 
 Water," with the French prefix of ark, "a bow." 
 
 Tennessee is an Indian name, meaning " The river with the 
 big bend." 
 
104 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 Kentucky — an Indian name — " Kain-tuck-ee," signifying 
 " At the head of the river." 
 
 Ohio — Shawnee name for "Beautiful Biver." 
 
 Michigan's name was derived from the lake, the Indian 
 name for a fish-weir or trap, which the shape of a lake sug- 
 gested. 
 
 Indiana's name is derived from that of the Indians. 
 
 Illinois' name is derived fi'om the Indian word " Illinois," 
 men, and the French affix " eis," making it "Tribes of men." 
 
 Wisconsin's name is said to be the Indian for a wild, rush- 
 ing channel. 
 
 Eailwat Statistics of the "World. 
 
 There are 146,243 miles of railway, or nearly enough to go 
 round the e;irth at the equator six times. Of this extent 69,- 
 943 miles belong to Europe, 68,716 miles to America, 5,333 
 miles to Asia, 1,138 miles to Australia, aud 1,083 miles to Af- 
 rica. The European States have as follows : France, 11,041 ; 
 Eussia, 9,719; Austria, 7,437; Italy, 8,986; Spain and Por- 
 tugal, 8,818 ; Belgium, 1,901 ; Sweden and Norwn)', 1,411 ; 
 Holland, 1,010 ; Switzerland, 920 ; Turkey and Greece, 664 ; 
 and Denmark, 548 miles. Great Britain possesses the greatest 
 number of miles — 15,427. The German Empire comes next, 
 with 10,113 miles. 
 
 The Commerce of the World. 
 
 France exports wines, brandies, silks, furniture, jewelry, 
 clocks, watches, paper, perfumery, and fancy goods gener- 
 ally. 
 
QUESTIONS ANSWERED. — HISTOEICAL AND STATISTTOAL. 105 
 
 Prussia exports linens, woolens, zinc, articles of iron, cop- 
 per, and brass, indigo, wax, bams, musical instruments, tobac- 
 co, wine, and porcelain. 
 
 Germany exports wool, woolen goods, linens, rags, corn, 
 timber, iron, lead, tin, flax, hemp, wine, wax, tallow and cattle, 
 
 Austria exports minerals, silk, thread, glass, wax, tar, nut- 
 gall, wine, honey, and mathematical instruments. 
 
 England exports cottons, woolens, glass, hardware, earthen- 
 ware, cutlery, iron, metallic wares, salt, coal, watches, tin, silks, 
 and linens, 
 
 Spain exports wines, brandies, iron, fresh and dried fruits, 
 quicksilver, sulphur, salt, cork, safEron, anchovies, silks, and 
 woolens. 
 
 China exports tea, rhubarb, musk, ginger, borax, zinc, silks, 
 cassia, filigree work, ivory ware, lacquered ware, and porcelain. 
 
 Brazil exports coffee, indigo, sugar, rice, hides, dried meats, 
 tallow, gold, diamonds and other stones, gums, mahogany, and 
 india rubber. 
 
 West Indies export sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco, cigars, 
 mahogany, dyewood, coffee, pimento, fresh fruit and preserves, 
 wax, ginger, and other spice. 
 
 East Indies export cloves, nutmegs, mace, pepper, rice, indi- 
 go, gold-dust, camphor, benzine, sulphur, ivory, rattans, san- 
 dal-wood, zinc, and nuts. 
 
 United States export principally agricultural produce, to- 
 bacco, cotton, flour, provisions of all kinds, lumber, and tur- 
 pentine. 
 
 Protestantism Throughout the World. 
 
 The following is a fair estimate of the present strength of 
 Protestantism : 
 
106 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 The United States ' 33,000,000 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland 25,000,000 
 
 The German Empire 25,000.000 
 
 Sweden, Norway, and Denmark , 7,500,000 
 
 HoUand, Belgium, and France 5,000,000 
 
 Hungary, Austria, and Eoumania 6,000,000 
 
 Switzerland, German-Rassia, and the rest of Eu- 
 rope ' 5,000,000 
 
 British America (including West Indies) 4,000,000 
 
 Australia, Tnsmania, and New Zealand 1,500,000 
 
 Liberia, Natal, and Cape of Good Hope 1,500,000 
 
 Egypt, and the rest of Africa 1,000,000 
 
 Armenia, and the rest of Asia 5,000,000 
 
 America, southward of this country 1,500,000 
 
 Total 121,000,000 
 
 The Methodist denomination is the strongest in numbers. 
 The relative strength (membership) of the leading churches in 
 this country, by the census of 1870, is as follows : Methodist, 
 6,528,209; Baptist, 4,360,135; Presbyterian, 2,698,244 ; Con- 
 giegalional, 1,117,212; Roman Catholic, 1,990,514; Episcopal, 
 991,051. The Jews numbered but 73,265. In proportion to 
 numbers, the Roman Catholic is the second richest — the Epis- 
 copalians being first ; but in the aggregate the Methodists ai'e 
 the heaviest property-holders for denominational purposes, 
 viz.: Methodists, $69,854,121 ; Roman Catholic, $60,985,566; 
 Episcopalians, $36,614,549. 
 
 The Population of the World. 
 
 A report from the United States Bureau of Statistics at 
 Washington, just issued, contains an interesting table of the 
 
QUESTIONS ANSWERED. — HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL. 107 
 
 population of the earth, taken chiefly from the work on that 
 subject issued this year at Gotha by Drs. Behm and Wagner, 
 and founded on the most recent authorities. By this state- 
 ment the aggregate population of the earth is given at 1,391,- 
 032,000. Asia being the most populous section, and contain- 
 ing 798,000,000, while Europe has 300,500,000 ; Africa, 203,- 
 000,000 ; America, 84,000,000 ; and Australia and Polynesia, 
 4,500,000. In Europe the leading nations are credited with 
 the following numbers : Kussia, 71,000,000 ; the German Em- 
 pire, 41,000,000; France, 36,000,000; Austro-Hungary, 36,- 
 000,000 ; Great Britain and Ireland, 32.000,000 ; Italy, nearly 
 27,000,000 ; Spain, 16,500,000 ; and Turkey, nearly 16,000,000. 
 The other countries do not exceed 5,000,000 each. In Asia — 
 China, which is by far the most populous nation of the earth, 
 is credited with 425,000,000 ; Hindostan, with 240,000,000 ; 
 Japan, 33,000,000 ; the East India Islands, 30,500,000 ; Bur- 
 mah, Siam, and Farther India, nearly 26,000,000 ; Turkey, 
 13,500,000 ; and Russia, nearly 11,000,000. The Australian 
 population is given at 1,674,500, and the Polynesian Islands at 
 2,763,400, New Guinea and New Zealand being included in 
 the latter. In Africa the chief divisions are West Soudan and 
 the Central African region, with 89,000,000 ; the Central Sou- 
 dan region, 39,000,000 ; South Africa; 20,250,000 ; the Galla 
 countiy and the country east of the White Nile, 15,000,000; 
 Samauli, 8,000,000 ; Egypt, 8,500,000 and Morocco, 6,000,000. 
 In America two-thirds of the population are north of the Isth- 
 mus, where the United States has nearly 39,000,000 ; Mexico, 
 over 9,000,000; and the British provinces, 4,000,000. The 
 total population of North America is given at nearly 52,000,- 
 000, and of South America, 25,500,000, of which Brazil con- 
 tains 10,000,000. The West India Islands have over 4,000,- 
 000, and the Central American States not quite 3,000,000. 
 
108 
 
 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 Density of the World's Population. 
 
 According to the census of 1870, tlae population per square 
 mile in Belgium was 451 ; Netherlands, 291 ; Switzerland, 175 ; 
 Denmark, HI ; United States, 11 ; Columbia, 7. The census 
 of 1871 gave to England and Wales a population per square 
 mile of 389 ; Great Britain and Ireland, 265 ; Italy, 237 ; Ger- 
 many, 193 ; Ireland 169 ; Scotland, 109 ; Greece, 73 ; Mexico, 
 9. In 1872, the population per square mile in France, 150 ; 
 Sweden and Norway, 21 ; Brazil, 3. 
 
 Table showing Population of Foreign Cities in the 
 Order of their Size. 
 
 London, Eng 3,082,372 
 
 Soochow, China.... 2,000,000 
 
 Paris, France 1,825,270 
 
 Pekin, China 1,600,000 
 
 Yeddo, Japan 1,554,000 
 
 Canton, China 1,230,029 
 
 Constantinople, T'y. 1,070,080 
 
 Calcutta, India 1,000,000 
 
 Osaka, Japan 1,000,000 
 
 Bombay, India 816,000 
 
 Berlin, Prussia 702,000 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 600,000 
 
 Vienna, Austria. . . . 575,000 
 St. Petersburg, Rus- 
 sia 539,190 
 
 Liverpool, Eng. .... 492,430 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland. . 440,900 
 
 Madras, India 427,771 
 
 Naples, Italy 418,000 
 
 Manchester, Eng. . . 362,000 
 
 Lyons, France 320,898 
 
 Dublin, Ireland.... 319,000 
 
 Marseilles, France. . 300,000 
 
 Madrid, Spain 300,000 
 
QUESTIONS ANSWEEED. — HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL. 109 
 
 Statistics of the Growth and Population of the United States. 
 
 Table showing date of admission, original population, area, present population, 
 
 and number of members of Congress of each State in the Union. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 lib 
 
 
 g- 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado , 
 
 Connecticut .... 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Illinois , 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts . . . 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire . 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pe.msylvania . . . 
 Rliode Island . . . 
 South Carolina . . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 West Virginia . . . 
 Wisconsin 
 
 1819 
 
 1836 
 
 1850 
 
 1876 
 Sett 
 Sett 
 
 1845 
 
 Sett 
 1818 
 1816 
 1846 
 
 1859 
 
 1792 
 
 1812 
 
 1820 
 Sett 
 Sett 
 
 1837 
 
 1859 
 
 1817 
 
 1821 
 
 1866 
 
 1864 
 Sett 
 Sett 
 Sett 
 Sett 
 
 1802 
 
 1859 
 Sett 
 Sett 
 Sett 
 
 1796 
 
 1848 
 
 1791 
 Sett 
 
 1862 
 
 1848 
 
 led 
 led 
 
 144.317 
 52,240 
 
 107,000 
 39,864 
 
 1636 
 
 1627 
 
 54,477 
 led 1683 
 34,620 
 63,867 
 81,929 
 107,206 
 73,077 
 76,556 
 
 2°8,335 
 led 1635 
 led 1620 
 
 led 
 
 200,000 
 150,042 
 
 75,512 
 60,586 
 60,000 
 40,000 
 
 1623 
 
 1624 
 
 1614 
 
 1650 
 
 41,915 
 52,465 
 1685 
 
 1637 
 1670 
 77,262 
 250,000 
 
 85,539 
 1607 
 
 376,688 
 
 210,596 
 
 50,722 
 
 52,198 
 
 188,981 
 
 104,500 
 
 4,750 
 2,120 
 
 59,248 
 58,800 
 55,410 
 33,809 
 55,041 
 81,318 
 37,630 
 41,346 
 35,000 
 11,124 
 
 7,800 
 56,451 
 83,531 
 47,156 
 65,350 
 75,995 
 81,539 
 
 9,280 
 
 8,320 
 47,000 
 50,704 
 39.964 
 95.274 
 46,000 
 
 1,306 
 34,000 
 45,600 
 
 274,356 
 10,212 
 
 38.352 
 23,000 
 
 53,924 
 Total, 
 
 996,992 
 
 484,471 
 
 560,247 
 
 39,864 
 
 537,454 
 
 125,015 
 
 187,748 
 
 1,184,109 
 
 2,539.891 
 1,680,637 
 1,194,020 
 
 364,309 
 1,321,811 
 726,915 
 626,915 
 780,894 
 
 1,457,351 
 
 1,184,059 
 
 439,706 
 
 827,922 
 
 1,721,295 
 
 122,993 
 
 42,491 
 
 318,300 
 
 906,096 
 
 4,382,759 
 
 1,071,361 
 
 2,665,260 
 
 90,923 
 
 3,521,951 
 
 217.353 
 
 705,606 
 
 1,250,520 
 
 818,579 
 
 330.551 
 1,225,163 
 
 442,014 
 1,054,670 
 
 4 
 4 
 I 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 19 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 II 
 
 9 
 3 
 6 
 
 13 
 I 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 33 
 
 8 
 20 
 
 I 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 6 
 3 
 9 
 3 
 
 38,155,505 293 
 
110 
 
 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 Half a Century of Immigration. 
 
 The following table shows the number of Immigrants that 
 have arrived in the United States in fifty years, ending with 
 1870: 
 
 1856 200,436 
 
 1857 251,806 
 
 1858 123 126 
 
 1859 121282 
 
 1860 153 640 
 
 1861 91920 
 
 1862 91987 
 
 1863 176,282 
 
 1864 193,418 
 
 1865 248,120 
 
 1866 318,554 
 
 1867 298,358 
 
 1868 297,215 
 
 1869 385,287 
 
 1870 285,422 
 
 1820 8,385 
 
 1821 9,130 
 
 1822 6,911 
 
 1823 6,354 
 
 1824 7,912 
 
 1825 10,199 
 
 1826 10,837 
 
 1827 18,875 
 
 1828 27,382 
 
 1829 22,520 
 
 1830 23,332 
 
 1831 22,633 
 
 1832 60,482 
 
 1883 58,640 
 
 1834 65,365 
 
 1835 45,374 
 
 1836 76,242 
 
 1837 79,340 
 
 1838 38,914 
 
 1839 68,072 
 
 1840 84,000 
 
 1841 80,289 
 
 1842 104,565 
 
 1843 52,496 
 
 1844 78,615 
 
 1845 114,371 
 
 1846 154,416 
 
 1847 234,968 
 
 1848 226,527 
 
 1849 297,041 
 
 1850 369,963 
 
 1851 379,466 
 
 1852 371,603 
 
 1853 368,645 
 
 1854 427,833 
 
 1855 200,877 
 
 Total,.. 7,448,925 
 
 The Center of Gravity of the Population of the 
 United States. 
 
 In 1840 the center of gravity of the population of the United 
 States was at a point in Virginia near the eastern foot of the 
 Appalachian chain, and near the parallel of thirty degrees north 
 latitude. 
 
 In 1850 this center had moved westward 57 miles across the 
 mountains, to a pomt nearly south of Parkersbui'g, Virginia. 
 
 In 1860 it had moved westward 82 miles, to a point nearly 
 south of Chillicothe, 0. 
 
QUESTIONS ANSWERED.— HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL. Ill 
 
 In 1870 it llad reached a point near Wilmington, Clinton 
 Co., 0., about 45 miles north-east of Cincinnati. 
 
 In no case had it -widely departed from the thirty-ninth 
 parallel. 
 
 A line drawn from Lake Erie, at tlie north-eastern corner of 
 Ohio, to Pensacola, Fla., would divide the population of the 
 United States, as it stood in 1870, into two equal parts. This 
 line is nearly parallel to the line of the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Table showing Population of the Important Cities of 
 THE Union in the Order of their Size. 
 
 New York 926,841 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 657,159 
 
 Brooklyn, K Y 896,800 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 8! 2,693 
 
 Baltimore, Md 302,000 
 
 Chicago, 111 297,000 
 
 Boston, Mass 258,924 
 
 Cincinnati, 218,000 
 
 New Orleans, La 184,680 
 
 BufEalo, N. Y 174,247 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 170,898 
 
 Louisville, Ky 150,323 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. . . 150,240 
 
 Washington, D. C. . . . 109,888 
 
 Newark, N.J 100,750 
 
 Cleveland, 98,018 
 
 Detroit, Mich 86,250 
 
 Jersey City, N.J... . 82,000 
 
 Albany, N. Y. 78,000 
 
 Eochester, N. Y 75,000 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 71,469 
 
 Providence, E. 1 68,800 
 
 Eichmond, Va 60,000 
 
 New Haven, Ct 55,000 
 
 Syracuse, N.Y 54,788 
 
 Troy, N. Y 53,975 
 
 Memphis, Term 50,000 
 
 Charleston, S. C 48,431 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind ... . 47,648 
 
 Worcester, Mass 41,168 
 
 Lowell, Mass 40,937 
 
 Hartford, Ct 40,000 
 
 Savannah, Ga 89,463 
 
 Mobile, Ala 38,950 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 84820 
 
 Columbus, 33,723 
 
 Toledo, 31,693 
 
 Springfield, Mass.... 29,706 
 
 Lynn, Mass 28,231 
 
 Pall Eiver, Mass 26,768 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 24,885 
 
 Quincy, 111 24,306 
 
 Omaha, Neb 23,200 
 
 Salt Lake City 22,500 
 
 New Bedford, Mass, , 21,230 
 
112 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 The Area or the United States at Different Peeiods. 
 
 SQ. MILES. 
 
 Original limits of the 13 States 820,680 
 
 Louisiana, purchased in 1803 899,579 
 
 Florida, purchased of Spain, 1819 66,900 
 
 Territory confirmed by the Oregon Treaty in 1842 
 
 and 1846 308,052 
 
 Texas, annexed in 1846 818,000 
 
 New Mexico and California, 1847 522,955 
 
 " Gadsden Purchase " of Mexico in 1853 45,535 
 
 Alaska, purchased of Kussia, 1867 577,390 
 
 Total area in spuare miles 3,559,091 
 
 Popular and Electoral Votes for President from 1840 
 
 to 1876. 
 
 POPTJLAK ELECTOBAIi 
 
 lEAB. CANDIDATES. VOTE. VOTE. 
 
 1840— William H. Harrison 1,275,011 234 
 
 Martin Van Buren 1,135,761 60 
 
 1844— James K. Polk , . 1,337,243 170 
 
 Henry Clay 1,299,062 105 
 
 Birney 62,300 
 
 1848— Zachary Taylor 1,360,099 163 
 
 Lewis Cass 1.220,544 127 
 
 Martin Van Buren 291,263 
 
 1852— Franklin Pierce 1,062,474 254 
 
 Winfield Scott 1,385,580 42 
 
 John P. Hale 155,825 
 
 1856— James Buchanan 1,838,189 174 
 
 John C. Fremont 1,341,264 110 
 
QUESTIONS ANSWEBED. — HISTOEICAI, AND STATISTICAL. 113 
 
 POPULAE ELECTOKAl 
 
 TEAK. OANDrDATES. TOTE. TOTE, 
 
 1856— Filmore 874,533 12 
 
 I860— Lincoln _ 1,866,352 180 
 
 Douglas 1,865,976 ) 
 
 Breckenridge 864,953 [• 116 
 
 Bell 590,631 ' 
 
 1864— Abraham Lincoln 2,216,067 213 
 
 George B. McClellan 1,808,725 21 
 
 1868— Ulysses S. Grant 3,015,071 214 
 
 Horatio Seymour 2,709,613 80 
 
 1872~-Ulysses S. Grant 3,597,070 300 
 
 Horace Greeley 2,834,076 66 
 
 1876— Kutherford B. Hayes 4,033,295 185 
 
 Samuel J. Tilden 4,284,256 184 
 
 Peter Cooper , . 81,737 
 
 Green Clay Smith 9,552 
 
 The Electoral Vote by Geographical Divisions. — 1876 
 
 New England States. — Connecticut, 6 ; Maine, 7 ; Massachu- 
 setts, 13 ; New Hampshire, 5 ; Rhode Island, 4 ; Yermont, 3. 
 Total, 40. 
 
 Middle States. — New Jersey, 9 ; New York, 35 ; Pennsyl- 
 vania, 29. Total, 73. 
 
 Southern States. — Alabama, 10 ; Arkansas, 6 ; Delaware, 3 ; 
 Florida, 4 ; Georgia, 11 ; Kentucky 12 ; Louisiana, 8 ; Mary- 
 land, 8; Mississippi, 8; Missouri, 15; North Carolina 10; 
 South Carolina, 7 ; Tennessee, 12 ; Texas, 8 ; Yirginia, 11 ; 
 West Yirginia, 5. Total, 138. 
 
 We'itern State?. — Illinois, 21 ; Indiana, 15 ; Iowa, 11 ; Kan- 
 8 
 
114 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 sns, 5 ; Michigan, 1] ; Minnesota, 5 ; Nebraska, 3 ; Ohio, 22 ; 
 Wisconsin, 10. Total, 103. 
 
 Pacific Stales. — Californiji, 6 ; Nevada, 8 ; Oregon, 3 ; Colo- 
 rado, 3. Total, 15. 
 
 Whole number of electoral votes, 369 ; necessary to a choice, 
 185. 
 
 TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 DISTANCES FROM NE^\' YORK TO IMPORTANT CITIES. 
 
 From New York to — 
 
 Albany, N. Y is 146 miles. 
 
 Newark, N. J " 9 " 
 
 Boston, Mass " 236 " 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa " 87 '■ 
 
 Baltimore, Md " 185 '• 
 
 Washington, D. C ' , " 225 " 
 
 Eichmond, Va " 353 " 
 
 Ealeigh, N. C -. " 538 " 
 
 Charleston, S. C " 764 " 
 
 Savannah, Ga " 854 " 
 
 Atlanta, Ga " 1,000 " 
 
 Montgomery, Ala " 1,220 " 
 
 Mobile, Ala " 1,352 " 
 
 New Orleans, La '• 1,597 " 
 
 Galveston, Texas " 1,800 " 
 
 Memphis, Teni I " 1,200 " 
 
 Nashville, Tenn " 1,019 " 
 
 Louisville, Ky " 845 " 
 
 Cincinnati, 0." " 744 " 
 
 Cleveland, " 588 " 
 
QUESTIONS ANSWEEED.— HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL. 115 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind is 838 miles. 
 
 Chicngo, 111 " 898 " 
 
 St. Louis, Mo '^ 1,090 " 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis : " 1,100 " 
 
 Detroit, Midi . . .' " 679 " 
 
 Little Eock, Ark " 1,400 " 
 
 Omaha, Neb : " 1,430 " 
 
 St. Paul, Minn " 1,450 " 
 
 Denver City, Col " 1,980 " 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah " 2,430 " 
 
 San Francisco, Gal , " 8,306 " 
 
 Saratoga Springs, N. Y " 183 " 
 
 Burlington, Vt •....." 301 " 
 
 BufEalo, N. Y " 469 " 
 
 Eochester, N. Y " 401 " 
 
 Newburgh, N. Y " 53 " 
 
 New Haven, Gt " 76 " 
 
 Providence, E. I ..." 183 " 
 
 Newport E.I , " 160 " 
 
 Portland, Me .;. " 344 " 
 
 Hartford, Ct " 133 " 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa " 4.31 " 
 
 Harrisburg, Pa " 182 " 
 
 Long Branch, N. J " 36 " 
 
 FOREIGN CITIES. 
 
 Montreal, Canada is 401 miles. 
 
 London, Eng " 3,506 " 
 
 Paris, France " 3,557 " 
 
 Dublin, Ireland " 3,130 " 
 
116 
 
 OLD TIOGA. 
 
 Rome, Italy is 4,396 miles, 
 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 St. Petersbni'LT, Rassia. 
 
 Madrid, Sjiaiu 
 
 Frankford, Germany. . 
 
 Havana, CniDa 
 
 I'io de Janeiro, Brazil. 
 Calcutta, India 
 
 8,586 
 4,860 
 3,140 
 3,580 
 1,930 
 4,550 
 8,300 
 
 THE E N JJ . 
 

 i