830 P17+* ' *5o CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ■■'■ '' ■ fife: ! ■ The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030753077 DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF AN HORIZONTAL-ACTING AND DISCONNECTING SPUR-TORPEDO-RAM FITTED WITH AUXILIARY NEEDLE-TORPEDO-THRUSTS ; ALSO, A DOME-SHAPED, DOUBLE ROLLER ONE GUN TURRET. INVENTED AND DESIGNED BY FRANCIS INGRAM PALMER, R.N., Assoc. Inst. C.E., etc. etc. COMMANDING H.M. INDIAN TURRET SHIP " MAGDALA." ILLUSTRATED BY FIVE PHOTOGRAPHS AFTER DESIGNS BY THE AUTHOR. \_The right of Publication and of Translation is reserved.} 3D ^ f 1 1+4- A-tskieU-g LONDON : PRINTED BY W. WILFRED HEAD, PLOUGH COURT, FETTER LANE. ~i : ! AH y IJ PREFACE. The object of this Work is to briefly introduce to the naval profession generally the Author's views respecting Detaching Torpedo Rams, and Dome shaped Turrets. Opinions are very divided, owing to the progressive improvements of the day, as to the most likely weapon to decide future Naval wars ; but all impartial judges are agreed, that a sea going ship which could combine the Ram, Turret, and Torpedo, would be a great desideratum. The Author has endeavoured, and he hopes not altogether unsuccessfully, to show how this want may be met ; and, failing this, he will not have laboured in vain, if he succeeds in inducing his brother officers to study the subject closely, in order to possess an accurate knowledge of the various armour coverings in use, and the power required for their penetration ; so that, when called upon to use the Ram, Torpedo, or Gun, they may know how to employ the force at their disposal with the greatest effect. H.M.S. "Magdala," Bombay, June, 1873. Detailed Description of Palmers Horizontal- Acting and Disconnecting Spur-Torpedo-Ram, fitted with auxiliary Needle-Torpedo-Thrusts. Before discussing the details of this invention, it may be permitted to briefly consider what qualities a few widely different classes of vessels, capable of carrying this spur, should possess, premising that the reign of excessive armour plating for sea-going ships is rapidly drawing to a close. Gun vessels and gun boats will not be taken into consideration — A Armour-clad Frigates, ist Class. B Partly-armoured Frigates, 2nd Class. C Corvettes. i. Sea-going 1. Sea-going 1. Sea-going 2. Manoeuvring 2. Steaming 2. Steaming 3. Fighting 3. Fighting 3. Fuel stowage 4. Sailing 4. Fuel stowage 4. Draught , 5. Steaming 5. Sailing 5. Sailing 6. Fuel stowage 6. Manoeuvring 6. Manoeuvring 7. Draught 7. Draught 7. Fighting D E F Cl nnMn Coast-defence Turret Monitors, ist Turret or fixed Battery Harbour De aloops. Class. fence Monitors. i. Sea-going 1. Sea-going 1. Fighting 2. Steaming 2. Steaming 2. Draught 3. Fuel stowage 3. Fighting 3. Manoeuvring 4. Draught 4. Fuel stowage 4. Steaming - 5. Sailing 5. Sailing 5. Fuel stowage 6. Manoeuvring 6. Draught 6. Sea-going 7. Fighting 7. Manoeuvring 7. Sailing A, B, C, and D might be all high freeboard vessels; E a low, and very low forward, freeboard vessel, generally moving during ocean work under convoy ; and F a pure harbour defence battery, acting behind protecting torpedoes, and capable, if needed, of taking the defensive, off our English coasts. Column A comprises a fighting broadside ironclad fleet of the line, with heavy armour and ordnance, and a moderate speed, thorough handiness under steam and sail, and of much more moderate dimensions than our present largest ships. Column B consists of a fighting fleet of great speed and endurance, fairly armoured forward, moderate in size, of great handiness, and with- heavy offensive powers. This class of vessel would be an invaluable adjunct to column A, when desiring to bring an enemy to for general action, or catch one running away. Column C— A second lot of fast ships, with great endurance and good sailing qualities, for suppressing an enemy's cruisers and terrifying their commerce. Column D.— Similar duties to column C, but with light draught of water for in-shore work. Column E.— Sea-going monitors, as far as possible, partially armoured, carrying one gun within a dome-shaped turret. Steel telescopic masts to be fitted for fore and aft sails if sent on foreign service. Column R— Home-defence vessels, completely armoured, carrying the most efficient ordnance of the day, either in movable turrets or central batteries, the design of which will much depend on the size of the vessel. Long and heav^ ships of great tonnage are not recommended. i st. Because their cost and maintenance, including repairs, is so much heavier. 2nd. Because an equally high speed can be obtained at a very much less cost (including the original) in a short, than long type of ship. 3rd. Because fewer officers and men are required, and an equal power of endurance is obtained, if engined and gunned in the most approved style, with infinitely superior handiness and general efficiency. 4th. Because the danger of vessels going bodily and almost instantaneously to the bottom with their crews is so largely increased, and is being daily aggravated by infernal machines, which will prevent them from going into shoal water, and points out the necessity of keeping the number of lives to be possibly sacrificed, and' the loss of the vessel to the country, at the lowest efficient estimate; and the last objection to a monster ironclad is that the ability and energy of big-ship officers are rarely developed, for the large number subordinate to the captain and commander have few means at their disposal of undertaking responsible duties. Naval wars fought on the blue ocean will in future, as far as we know, be decided by one or more of the following powers. Ramming undoubtedly is the readiest way of sinking one or both of the vessels engaged ; being blown up by torpedoes fairly submerged holds the second place ; and what was once all powerful, being riddled by shot and shell, seemingly the last ; and it is to the first that the reader's attention is especially invited. To accomplish efficient ramming the captain of the rammer should have a complete and perfect knowledge of the construction, i.e., thickness of hull, armour plating, general dispo- sition and quality of side weights, below the water line", of all his enemy's ships. He should also be fully conversant with the good and weak points of his own vessel, theoretically knowing the requisite penetration and best angles of attack, and practically have confidence and complete mastery of his ship, which should be fitted with the greatest speed and manoeuvring power, that can with safety be supplied, in order to overmatch the enemy's vessel. Some commanders of H.M.'s vessels have had little experience, so that it would appear desirable that a system of training, to meet the progress of the age, should be the first and highest consideration. This knowledge can seemingly be best gained by first theoretically learning the principles and use of the various warlike arms, infernal machines, and constructive peculiarities of all English and foreign war-ships in existence, which should invariably be illustrated by models and diagrams, and afterwards completed by a practical course of servitude, and manoeuvring under steam. No doubt exists about England having now greater resources in material and mechanical skill than any other nation ; but a great doubt is felt, from the experience of infernal machines employed in the American war, as to the direction in which our talents should be turned, more especially to combat the improvements of other countries. We should be ready for, and be supplied with, every kind of infernal machine, and should not allow the seemingly vast superiority of our guns to outweigh apparently minor and more deadly weapons; for .the advances of the age seem to indicate, that but a short time must elapse before the ordnance of other nations will be equally efficient for the general ship attack and defence expected from them. The scientific men of the Navy, who a few years back regarded steam as an expensive and unpleasant necessity, now know that it is the real and only motive power, and that no war-ship can be perfectly efficient unless engined up to the highest carrying point. Again, the world's knowledge and means of steamship construction is now so fast becoming equalized,, that we shall, as in the days of old, have to trust to superior handling and intelligence on the part of our officers, which will lead us, amongst other manoeuvring, to the great power of ramming. • From the experience of the United States Squadron, and the Austrian and Italian War, but little danger to a ram's crew can result, if suitable arrangements are made to meet the shock : we believe that one man only has been killed by it. All present ram vessels, both English and foreign, have, it is believed, no means of leaving that portion of the bow with which they ram within the enemy, as such a course would be attended with a great risk to the rammer, with its protruded spur, variously shaped, of from 5 to 25 feet beyond the line of stem. The rammer under the varied conditions of being received by the enemy, would be compelled to leave very many feet of her spur, and possibly much of the bow proper, wrenched out within her antagonist. The risk seems with our present knowledge quite unjustifiable, as a torn-away or wrenched- out spur would in nine cases out of ten, for second and immediate action, cause an unwieldy and unsafe ship, however nicely guarded she might be by water-tight bow compartments ; and a collision at right angles, or whilst crossing and coming towards the rammer at a great difference of speed and weight on either side, would tear the very bows out of the ram, and possibly send her to the bottom. As in most instances it is absolutely necessary that the rammer should attack the enemy if confident that she can inflict greater harm than she receives, it is especially desirable that she should be fitted to perform this with the least danger to herself. Some eminent naval officers believe that vessels will never be allowed to approach each other, unless taken by surprise or in pitchy darkness ; and place entire confidence in superior guns and shooting. Only a few months ago a distinguished gunnery officer, when lecturing in public, stated, from the few experiments obtained from the guns of such ships as the " Hercules," "Monarch" and "Captain," at a rock off Vigo and when prize-firing in the Channel, that it appears that not more than one hit in twelve shots could be obtained on a sister vessel at iooo yards during an interval of six minutes, and that the penetration of this would be exceedingly doubtful if the armour on the ship was cleverly disposed, or if the shot did not strike end on, with consequent loss of penetration. This interval of six minutes would allow an enemy steaming about 5 knots an hour to be down upon them ; and if she were steaming 10 knots to complete double that distance in the same time; and if 12^ knots, about the usual full speed, she would run 2,500 yards, or about i\ miles, receiving only one projectile blow. Other naval men believe that offensive torpedoes will decide for victory, either carried astern on Commander Harvey's plan with a somewhat questionable mode of submergence and consequent damaging effect, or otherwise shot out from beneath as Mr. Whitehead proposes ; the latter open to the probable very serious objection of being unable under ordinary sea conditions, with pitching and rolling, to strike an enemy at any but the shortest distances. Up to 700 or 800 yards, the Whitehead Fish Torpedo appears to travel safely and straightly in quiescent water, striking an enemy presenting a broadside of 400 feet ; but if such enemy was coming down full speed (12^ knots) end on, with only abeam of 40ft. and draught of 20, the chances of striking her with the Fish Torpedo would be very small, as only 1 min. 46| sees, would elapse between the time the enemy was 750 yards off and alongside. If every Fish Torpedo travels straight and hits its mark, doubtless the coming down enemy would be much disabled if not destroyed, but supposing only a certain per-centage succeed under the most advantageous circum- stances, it then becomes a question if a sufficient number of Fish Torpedoes can be sent in the time (1 min. 46f sees.) of travel. Again, presuming that the most favourable conditions did not exist, that the water was not as smooth and as level as a mill pond, but that the natural beat of the ocean was on, with a fair heaving up and down, where would the Fish Torpedo, placed twelve feet beneath the water-line, reach with respect to an enemy 750 yards off, presuming that it left its parent vessel when the axis of the ejection cylinder was angled up 1, 2 and 3, or depressed 1, 2 and 3 inches below the hori- zontal line ? which even with the finest firing level may be deemed very nice adjustment. Axis of Torpedo Strikes the enemy Elevated. above the water-line. Inches. Feet. Inches. t - - 06^ The two latter 2 13 o V being perfectly 3 25 6 J harmless. Axis of Torpedo Depressed. Inches. I 2 3 Strikes the enemy beneath the water-line. Feet. 24 37 49 Inches. 6 O 6 In each case passing under- neath vessel, which draws 20 ft. The deviation of the enemy from a true end-on run, and the effects of the currents, which must vitiate the chances of striking, are not entered into. Again, allowing that an enemy coming down end on, at a speed of 1 1\ knots, and when distant 750 yards, was fired at by the Fish Torpedo, whose speed is said to be about 7 knots per hour, we find that at the actual moment of collision the enemy will be only 272 yards, or about three ships' lengths off from the torpedo vessel, so near in fact that it will be impossible for the latter, which is either stationary or advancing, to avoid being run into, even presuming that a large charge of gun cotton is fired immediately under the enemy's most vulnerable part. Ships constructed as they now are with double bottoms, which are likely to be enlarged upon, transversal water-tight bulkheads, &c, will most probably take more than thirty-nine seconds (the time required to traverse 272 yards) to disappear into a watery grave, and will during that period, although fast settling down, maintain much of their original way, and run into the torpedo vessel. But an enemy knowingly attacking a torpedo-ship, and thinking that she has equal or superior speed, would surely take means to defend herself from such Fish Torpedoes immediately she reached the limit of their radius of destruction, by lowering a bow net (see sheet v. illustration 43) which would protect a very considerable portion of her hull, and probably either turn off or explode the torpedo out of harm's way. Since guns and torpedoes singly do not carry entire confidence with them, let us examine the fixed spurs and peculiar rammed bows, built into and forming part of the most formidable war-ships of the day. Taking the spurs of H.M.'s ships "Devastation" (see sketch) and "Hotspur" (see sketch), as representatives of the long and short thrusts, what captain would not, in the "Hotspur" especially, dread the result of a collision, feeling assured that almost as much damage must result to him as to his enemy; whereas a ship with such a spur as the "Hotspur" carries, fitted with a horizontal movement and power of detaching itself, and charged with a heavy torpedo, would produce all the damaging effects from penetration alone, and in addition would in a few seconds blow the enemy's side out and sink her, with comparatively little danger to herself. H.M.S. "DEVASTATION. H.M.S. "HOTSPUR. WATER LINE Although the commander of a ram vessel may be obliged to take any one of the conditions laid down, very much will depend on his judgment and coolness in assisting his vessel to free herself from an enemy, whilst still doing the greatest harm to her with the least to himself. This alone can be effected by the right movement of the helm, and an increased, diminished, or reversed speed of the ship at the proper moment. Much will depend on the weight of the respective vessels, regardless of their speed, and where it would be quite justifiable on the part of a heavier and equally armoured ship to attack a lighter enemy crossing at or about right angles, it would generally under similar conditions be most imprudent for a light ship to take the heavier, especially if fitted with a fixed spur. Attacking an enemy crossing at right angles, although sure to commit immense damage to both, is in reality about the most undesirable point of attack for ships carrying fixed spurs, resulting, we doubt not, in most serious, if not' fatal injury to the rammer. On the other hand, an enemy crossing and going away is a position most to be desired for ships carrying detaching spurs, which, after collision, would be dislodged from, and exploded by, and without harm to, the parent vessel. An angle of 23 ° out of the fore and aft line would throw the movable spur off the main heel support, if all other fastenings were cast loose and nothing else was detaining it; but as every movement out of the fore and aft line brings with it an amount of penetration in proportion to their relative speeds, it may apparently be soundly inferred that, up to an horizontal movement of 40 , great penetration as furnished by the stem proper semi-circular recess thrust-bearing would be obtained, and this might be to a great extent enlarged upon by judicious manoeuvring on the part of the captain of the rammer ; regardless of the ram vessel being more or less dragged in the direction of the rammed ship, according to their relative weights and speeds. One of the great naval problems of the day is to make a ship safely sea- worthy, and yet impervious to the projectiles that will be produced against her. Armour her all over we cannot. If we place it at and above the water-line of sufficient thickness we cannot carry it below, either as armour plates or in a series of iron water-tight boxes, and if we remove it from where it is now generally placed protecting the sides, we at once open up the vital parts to an enemy's guns ; and if we place it both above and below, the ship is made unseaworthy and unsafe. The true ram-ship, although carrying heavy guns, will place but a secondary reliance on them in a general engagement. Advancing on the foe will always be her line of attack, and, if necessary, of defence, and as her bow will always be fronting the enemy, a sufficiently heavy armour should be disposed at the most advantageous angles to turn off an enemy's shot. Probably small sea-going vessels, say up to 1500 tons, will be unable to carry such head weight, but above this size no great difficulty should be found on a careful rearrange- ment of their weights. No valid reason exists why the anchors and cables, water-tanks and heavy ship stores, with much of the coal and engine-room weight should be stored so far forward. Instead of some of these, substitute a movable ram spur and a heavy bow gun, assisted by mitrailleurs in the foretop, and below on the forecastle; reduce the general number of medium guns and ammunition now carried, and give increased coal room and engine power, and much benefit will probably result. Raking in olden days, more especially astern, was considered a most favourable chance for effecting the greatest damage to an enemy. Now, as then, with our enormously penetrative projectiles, it will always be wise to endeavour to keep the bows on, necessitating the shot travelling through many bulkheads and thicknesses, before it can reach the really vital parts of a ship. Again, we may expect that British ships will always be the attacking party, and to be so the vessels will necessarily present their bows to an enemy. In the days of Nelson, pouring a fire into the enemy's stern was more effective than into the bows, owing to the much greater strength of the latter, independently of the absence of the numerous ports ; and in those days comparatively few chances of right-ahead penetration occurred, owing to the run of the bows so readily deflecting the shot. This curve of bow nearly reversed exists now to as great an extent as it did then, and doubtless should be further improved on, to resist the penetration of shot, forming, apart from many other considerations, most cogent reasons why it and it alone, in most instances, should be more or less armoured if the ship will seaworthily carry it, to throw off the massive projectiles which at other obtuse angles would, undoubtedly, crash into her. Many believe that the rammer will run an unwarrantable risk in closing with -an enemy from astern, owing to the towing torpedoes she is likely to put overboard. The advantages of the more speedy rammer, and a knowledge of the track which infernal machines, either towing on top or at some feet beneath the surface, take, unless guyed out to a great distance and most cleverly handled, which the rammer would not allow, defines as much danger to the vessels employing them as to the rammer. For one vessel to chase another, it necessarily implies a weakness on the part of the running- away ship, which has in reality this last opportunity of endeavouring to advantageously place such torpedoes in the pathway of the rammer. Forty fathoms or a ship's length appears to be the most suitable distance for carrying Captain Harvey's Torpedo astern, and up to 50 fathoms the full divergence of 45 ° on either quarter is obtained ; beyond this the bight of the tow-rope drags the torpedo astern unless triced much higher up. Now to work this torpedo effectively, the operator must keep a most watchful eye on its position, and its nearness to an enemy's side, to be able at the exact instant to throw it out of gear, and submerge the charge some 2 fathoms. The operator consequently, or the officer who telegraphs to him, will have to be on the upper deck, which should be swept clear of men by mitrailleurs from the top-gallant forecastle and foretop of the rammer, also an incessant heavy bow-gun fire into and at the vital stern parts of the ship. Again, the tow-lines, safety pin-line, yards, blocks, &c, and the torpedo itself, would most probably be disabled or cut away by the rammer's shower of mitrailleur bullets, and if that were done it would be a most difficult, if not an impossible, task for the running-away ship to replace them. The chances are, as vessels are now being built, and as they should always be, with top- gallant forecastles, greatly in favour of the rammer or chasing vessel being able to work her bow gun on an average twice as long, and with twice the effect of the chased vessel, which can only reply with a generally much lighter stern ordnance, mostly unprotected with a poop covering ; and again by the greater advantages which the height, size, and strength of the foremast gives rifle and mitrailleur men, over the enemy's mizentop men; and lastly, yet very especially, by the more open nature or greater number of ports, thinner bulwarks and squarer lines which the running-away ship s stern would present over the bow of the rammer. Sufficient arguments have, we hope, been adduced to show that a vessel armed with the power of effective ramming has a great advantage over one which cannot, for all such power is in excess of her foe ; and every reason exists why the rammer, fitted with a detaching-spur and a bow gun that can at any moment be thrown overboard, should be a safer and more economical sea vessel, than a ship obliged to carry a heavy fixed bow and a larger number of ordnance for a different plan of attack. The several plans which illustrate the value of Palmer's Detaching Torpedo-Spur will now be remarked upon in detail. SKETCH AA.— Sheet i. A sea-going war ram vessel, of about 1300 tons, 200 feet overall, and 350 horse-power, giving 13 knots speed, with a draught of water forward of 15 feet 6 inches, and aft 16 feet. Armed with one 18 ton 400 pounder muzzle-loading rifled forecastle gun, eight rifle converted 8 inch 65 cwt. guns, eight 10-barrel improved Gatling mitrailleurs, throwing 1 ounce balls, and one detaching spur, containing one needle-torpedo, loaded with two charges, respectively con- taining 7i| and 86^ lbs. of compressed gun-cotton, and within the spur itself a case holding 4 1 5 lbs. of the same material, either of which are capable of being fixed when needed. A second needle -torpedo-thrust is placed within the vessel, but cannot be used until the spur is left within an enemy, or dropped. The rammer is shown in the act of penetrating an enemy's first-class ironclad, of about 6000 tons, 380 feet long, 60 feet beam-measurement, surrounded with a belt of armour 18 feet deep, and from 18 to 20 inches in thickness. This ship is fitted with the most approved style of water-tight and safety double bottom, as seen in sectional view. One needle-torpedo is hove out from the lower side of the spur itself, as seen in sketch, but the second, quite independent of the spur, is forced along the keel of the vessel, through an iron ledge supporting the spur on its lower side. The second needle is not seen, but is lying within a cylinder, which forms the fore-part of the keel of vessel. SKETCH CC— Sheet i. A dome-shaped turret vessel, of 2100 tons, length 234 feet overall, 600 horse-power, giving 1 3 knots speed, and with a draught of water of 1 6 feet. Her armament consists of one 700 pounder 35 ton gun, and four heavy mitrailleurs. Forward she carries a detaching spur-lorpedo-ram, with auxiliary needle-thrusts. The upper side of the turret has a hole, about 1 1 feet in diameter, bound together by- several fore and .aft semicircular iron girders, 6 inches deep, and 2 inches thick, with four powerful transversal ones butting across them. This aperture is protected from mitrailleur and rifle fire by a circular india-rubber felt screen, 4 feet 6 inches high, spread by a tackle from the mast-head. This screen forms an uptake for all the gun smoke driven up by a ventilating apparatus playing into the turret. Abaft the funnel on the upper deck, a fixed circular battery is shown, armed with 12 inches of iron on its foreside, gradually decreasing to 3 inches on its after. This armour is only 5 feet deep, and is above the line of turret exposed to an enemy's shot. Four heavy mitrailleurs are placed within, two to support the gun, and two for sweeping the after-part of upper deck, and for general small warfare. A belt of 8 inches of armour, 8 feet 6 inches deep in the wake of the vital parts of the ship, and 6 feet 6 inches abaft and around the water-line, is carried, in the event of a second enemy delivering a fire against her side. The end-on view shows the internal structure of ship, and the disposition of armour on the forepart of her, which gradually angles up towards the turret, and has a thickness of from 18 to 3 inches, so curved that a shot on striking may be deflected off it. Internal web -girders support the deck, which in harbour can be covered with a temporary side-deck platform for comfort's sake. One-third of our war ships could be fitted to carry the fish-torpedo in addition, placed either beneath, if the size of the vessel permitted it, or on either side of the spur. It may also be possible to use Mr. Whitehead's torpedo within a somewhat similar spur, making his cylinder a powerful means of connecting the spur to the parent vessel, and yet not injuring its horizontal movements. PLAN I.— Sheet iii. A Plan view of the Ram Spur, showing its connection with the Stem proper. These connections consist of a 6| inches deep and 18 inches wide semicircular recess, into which the after-part of the spur nicely fits, after being dropped down over two pintles, on which it can swing ; one upper clamping-iron 30 inches long binding the head of spur to the upper portion of the stem proper ; one 4 inches diameter, \ inch pitch, double screw-thread-rod, 3 feet 4 inches long, worked from within one of the water-tight compartments by a lever wheel ; one Cowdie fir plug spar, about 9 feet long, fitted with a leading iron, connecting firmly the stem proper and the main lower body of the spur by its being placed within the needle-torpedo cylinder and main stem collar in torpedo room; one heel support, 4 inches thick and 18 inches wide, strengthened by a steel cylinder, which carries an inner or lower needle-torpedo, and lastly an arc-recess, 8 inches long and 2 inches deep, is cut across this heel of spur support, to receive a catch bolted on to the under side of spur, thus preventing with the other catches any fore and aft movement. 10 The upper clamping iron, the upper screw-thread-rod, and the connecting fir spar prevent the smallest side movement ; whilst the spar and upper screw-thread-rod prevent any vertical one An additional stay collar fitted with slip-guys is shown (Plan XLII sheet v.), but it is anticipated that the upper clamping iron screw-thread-rod, the two pintles the heel catch, and, if necessary, the f inch chain passed under the spur shoulder iron, will tie the spur so firmly as to prevent the slightest fore and aft motion. The expeller is in position for heaving out the outer or spur needle, and two sailors are in the act of pulling in the expeller over the rollers, which overlie a second cylinder forming the keel proper. This cylinder contains one needle-torpedo to be hove out into position by the same expeller, as soon as the outer needle or needles, and the spur itself have been dropped The vessel has a draught of 15 feet forward, and is additionally much strengthened for ramming purposes by the iron stem and massive collar which slings and takes the weight of all this spur apparatus ; this piece would probably, so far as the bow-gun port, be in one forging. Into this iron stem, the ends of the vessel's side plating, butt and dovetail (Plan XLIV., sheet v.), and the whole is firmly rivetted together to prevent them and the framing bursting out on the crush being reached, a misfortune which might be expected if not so secured. All the decks in the fore-body of the ship are iron planked over, and between them water-tight compartments and iron stanchions are placed to render this portion fairly safe, and dispense the working strain of the 400 pr. gun, whose outline indicates 9 1 1 ' elevation for 4000 yards and 5 depression for 50 yards from the ship, the latter only when placed on the upper strut-iron. The shaded gun gives its position as ordinarily carried at sea. A small india-rubber screen is fixed around the fore-part of the forecastle grating immediately over the gun, to prevent bullets finding their way down to the crew. A mitrailleur is worked in the foretop and a spare needle-torpedo-thrust is triced up overhead in the torpedo room. PLAN II.— Sheet iii. Exterior view of a needle-torpedo-thrust with its steel arm-catches thrown out ; each needle has twelve of these, and twenty of the small fixed teeth. 2 a. A side sectional view, containing : — 1st. A chilled iron-head with its charge of about one ounce of gun-cotton, fired by percussion by two fuses, one on either side, which ignite on taking the vessel's side ; this explosion forces the rod back, and looses the arm-catches ready to be hauled in to their work. 2nd. An outer arm-catch chamber within this works the chain or wire lines connecting the six teeth arms to the long internal rod. These arm-catch chambers are only one and a half-inch in thickness, to allow the most efficient pull, whilst the rest of the needle, i.e. the gun-cotton chamber and the heel, is two inches in thickness. Eight one inch square iron rods, between which the arm- chains pass, are placed within these two chambers to give it enormous penetrative strength. 3rd. The outer charge which contains 71*6 lbs- of compressed gun-cotton. II 4th. A breech block, designed to throw the force of the explosion forward and around. 5th. Inner arm-catch chambers. 6th. Inner charge containing 86'6 lbs. of gun-cotton. 7th. Breech block. 8th. The heel of needle, containing the razor-knife, fuses, rod lines and electric wires. 2B. Sectional view of arm-catch chamber, showing the heads of the eight one inch square strengthening rods, between which the arm- catch chains pass. 2C. Sectional view of razor-knife, fuse heads, &c. 2D. Top sectional view of heel of needle, rod line passing over razor -knife, to be cut when it reaches a certain pull ; fuse and electric wires passing over the protected edge of razor. 2E. Common detonating fuse firing Bickford's match. 2F. Central copper pipe, containing arm-catch rod, two Bickford's fuses, and two sets of wires to each charge from independent batteries. The total weight of a needle-thrust with all fitments, and the two gun-cotton charges, is 1 ton 1 7 cwt. 2 qrs. 2 1 lbs. PLAN III.— Sheet iii. Ready for ramming, and prepared to leave both needle and spur. The upper clamping iron is not triced up, until the bight of a three-quarters of an inch chain, leading from either hawsepipe and fitted to slip on both inboard ends within the vessel, led along special box casings in the water way, is passed under the spur shoulder iron for retaining the spur tightly in position. This chain is only put on when likely to engage,, or when the upper clamping iron is for some purpose pulled up, as it is thought that in the event of there being a heavy sea on, or much pitching motion in the vessel, that the position of the spur might be slightly disarranged ; and again, it would not be prudent to throw much strain on the upper pintle. The spur is made entirely of the best steel, which has a modulus of elasticity 2§ times that of wrought iron, without permanent alteration, and a tenacity twice as large. The expense will certainly be much greater, but will be amply repaid by additional strength obtained. In the event of it being found necessary to leave the needle only, through having more than one enemy to dispose of, or through the one about to be attacked being small and well under command, all the spur fastenings are kept fast, and every endeavour must be made by the ram-captain to regulate his speed at the moment of attack, and angle of -penetration most advantageous for his own vessel. The after-under-portion of the spur, which is semicircular, has two side iron saddles screwed on to it, so as to bed perfectly even on the support iron. The lower catch, 2 inches deep, is built into and forms part and parcel of the saddle, and with the upper clamping-iron and screw-rod prevents any fore and aft movement, or undue strain on the pintles. The two side spur plates taper from a thickness of one inch forward to half an inch on the after-part; they are countersunk rivetted on the skeleton framework, which consists of the main spur iron, transversal and diagonal strut angle irons, bulkheads and needle-thrust cylinder, (Plan XLII., sheet v., gives the number and position of the several rivets) ; the catch lines and electric wires to fire the main, and catch charges being previously arranged. 12 The total length of the spur is 19 feet 2 inches, and the needle 15 feet; 11 feet of the latter are only hove out when in position, the after 4 feet being requisite to give it a firm hold, The extreme effective penetrative length of both needle and spur may be assumed to be about 23 feet, viz., 11 feet of the needle and 12 of the spur. The dimensions chosen are apparently most adapted for vessels of from 1000 to 6000 tons burden, but a smaller size can readily be made for vessels of from 400 to 1000 tons measurement, and the heel part of the needle can possibly be hove out one half of its present bedding distance, so as to carry it as far as possible before the line of stem. The main stem- collar 2 feet deep has a semicircular recess b\ inches deep on its fore-side to receive the spur, and on its after-side tapers off to receive the side-plates, which dovetail into it; the whole being firmly rivetted together and strengthened by butt-straps. The lower portion of this stem-piece carries a powerful 4-inch thick collar, which takes the main weight of the lower needle cylinder, and assists to carry the main spur support-iron to which it might be secured by shoulder angle-irons. PLAN IV-— Sheet iii. The ramming vessel has already left her spur and needle in an enemy, and is now attacking with her lower needle-thrust, which is driven out through the cylinder that assisted to form the main support for the spur. It would generally be wise, if obliged to take a rectangular or very obtuse thrust, to fire the needle-charge immediately extreme penetration was reached (that is, most probably, when the stem proper butts against the enemy's side), to prevent undue wrench on the rammer, for the cylinder which carries the needle is fixed, and possesses none of the advantages which an horizontal movement gives. There is every probability that this cylinder, unless able to attack at a most favourable angle, would be more or less wrenched, preventing a second needle-thrust being forced into it. 4A, Sheet iii. — Shows 23 feet of the needle and spur within an enemy, the ramming vessel is backing offi, and is about to fire both needle and spur charges ; the connecting wires are seen running out. Ten one foot long spur catches, twelve average nine inches long needle catches, and sixteen needle teeth are forced out, two or three of which may be calculated to withdraw the spur from the parent vessel. 4B, Sheet iii. — The explosion has occurred, the enemy's side is driven out, and she is filling to founder. The enemy is protected by 18 feet deep, and 18 inches thick armour, a most impossible amount of metal. The rammer draws 15 feet and the enemy 26 feet of water. PLAN V.— Sheet iii. This top view of spur, with point of needle protruding 29 feet before the stem, doubtless appears very novel, and might seem totally unfitted, as far as fixedness is concerned, to resist the side pressure put upon it. 13 The efficiency of a detaching spur appears to be solely dependent on these peculiar lines, for had it two or three times this breadth tapering from its present point, it would weigh twice as many tons, and would require more than three times as powerful catches and supports, to withstand the heavy thuds which the fall of the vessel in a heavy head sea would bring on the under side, and to meet the downward pressure which the weight of water would exert on its upper side, preventing the vessel from readily rising. The eleven feet of needle by itself exerts little drag, and as it is usually stowed in the torpedo room, unless thought more desirable to carry it in the spur cylinder, its length may be disregarded and the spur alone is left. The side area of this, 160 square feet, will probably rather assist the speed of the vessel, as it will tend to cleave, first gradually, and then progressively, the wave of resistance with the smallest efforts to the bows of the ship. Many of our fleetest,' quickest turning, and most destructive fish are so armed, and it may be expected that these qualities will equally apply to a vessel thus fitted. There can be little doubt that great manoeuvring power will be obtained through the larger pivoting point offering the greatest resistance to ahead, and assistance to rotatory movement, with a detention more than met by the interval of time, and the general small resisting lines which cause a much larger turning arc to be described. The stiffening properties of the ship under sail will also be much increased by this broad area of forefoot. PLAN VI.— Sheet iii. A plan view of the spur, which contains twelve catches to be forced out by about half an ounce of compressed gun-cotton charges ; seven of these are on top of the edge of spur, and five at the side ; also two self-acting beneath the cylinder, one on either side, which will work only on the spur having reached twelve feet of penetration ; and one on either side, to be forced out by springs, worked by lines from inboard. The upper main conductor in connection with the upper main battery fires out all the odd catches, six in number, and the main spur charge ; and the lower conductor, in connection with the lower battery, the even ones, and the same main charge. All the wires bifurcate from the two main coils, which are apparently single wires ; whilst in reality each contains the seven sets of separate wires, individually insulated and finally served together as one. The upper main conductor has an additional pair of main spur charge wires, served into it for a part of its length ; these are led outside, one on either bow of the vessel, so as in no way to jeopardise the positive firing of the main charge at the right instant, if the wires passing into the recessed stem are cut away by any violent movement of the spur. Duplicate sets of wires might, if found necessary, be led to the several catch charges, outside all, but this at present seems superfluous, as the duplicate batteries, wires, and alternate catches fired by each before the wrench of spur comes, and the large angle of play that has been allowed, renders failure almost impossible. The main charge of about 415* lbs, of compressed gun-cotton is contained in a one-third of an inch thick mixed metal case, which would be placed into position with its connecting charge wires shortly before the side plates were rivetted on; this thickness (one-third of an inch), and the outside one inch plates will certainly negative much of the explosive power, but it must be remembered that great side strength has to be given to protect this charge on penetration from premature explosion, as the friction will be immense. The gun-cotton case especially, as well as the entire spur, is strengthened by forty-five pieces of two-inch diameter hydraulic tubing, seven-tenths of an inch thick, kept in position by half inch stay-pins ; these with the angle iron struts, and three one inch thick water-tight bulkheads running across the spur, surround the charge. It may be prudent to make the partitions, or at least the two aftermost ones, water-tight, by bolting on one-twelfth of an inch thick plate irons, so that in the event of the spur filling with water from some imperfect jointure, no damage can result to the several charges, and there would be but a slight drag on the ship. Such an occurrence, however, would not take place if the workmanship was good. The upper spur-iron would be of the best Bessemer steel with a chilled point, tapering from 4 to 6 inches, elliptical in form on its upper edge, and weighing about 1 ton 3 cwt., and would be one forging. A rabbeting on either side, 6 inches deep, would be cut, of sufficient breadth to take the upper edges of the side steel plates, ranging from one to half an inch in thickness, and the whole would be bound together by a double row of f inch countersunk rivets, chain fashion, as shown in drawing. The catch lines and electric wires are taken through holes in the water-tight bulkheads, just large enough to receive them, and around them a stiff luting is placed to prevent the flow of water from one part of the spur to the other, should either compartment get flooded. Semicircular angle-irons, a continuation of the transversal and diagonal struts, tightly connect the needle-cylinder to the framework. The after or heel piece, fitting most nicely into the semicircular stem-recess, is one inch thick, and has two holes cut in it sufficiently high to receive the pintles before the spur is lowered into position. The upper ends of the pintles, containing the gun-cotton charges, fit into recesses placed within one inch thick iron boxes, which are securely rivetted on the inside of the after spur-iron, to prevent any ingress of water to the spur, should it by any possibility find its way between the spur and the recess ; which, in addition to their close fitment, would be armed with stiff lubricating matter. The two side plates wrap up, as it were, the whole structure ; and their under portions, which are bent to the curve of the needle-cylinder, butt together immediately below it, where they are kept tightly to, and secured to the cylinder by double 3 inch — | inch thick, angle- irons, rivetted with |-inch bolts. A shoulder iron is placed on the under side of, and- about 5 feet within the spur, to receive the lower end of drop-bolt, which weighs 190 lbs. i5 This drop-bolt, 21 inches long, 4 inches thick, and with a mean breadth of 8i inches, is forced down into position as soon as the pin, by which it hangs, is removed ; a powerful half inch diameter spring, which beds in the head of it within a box, assisting it on. The bolt is placed here to take the great crush of the needle (after the box beam plug has been disabled), and is assisted in doing so by a second inner drop one, which receives the blow transmitted through a Cowdie fir plug extending the whole length of the cylinder, but not interfering with the horizontal movement. An especially strong bulkhead backed by a doubly broad semicircular angle-iron, is placed to take the great force of the blow. The two self-acting catches placed beneath the cylinder are kept in an horizontal position by a light pin, which projects three inches on either side of the angle-iron; on the spur penetrating to this distance, the pin is pushed aft and the catches drop by their own weight. The side catches and their half-ounce gun-cotton charges are contained within a one inch thick water-tight plate, which is bolted inside the spur. The case containing the main spur charge is surrounded with stiff luting, small india- rubber pads being placed between the case and the side-plates of. the spur, to prevent any movement of the former. The under side of the charge-case is concave in form, fitting over the cylinder. The main charge is fired, as before explained, by two independent sets of wires, both passing through the stem ; one leads along the upper conductor, to which it is served, for its "whole length within the spur ; and the second along the lower main conductor, and both are connected inboard to the main wire heads. One hundred feet of spare wire, lightly stopped together for running within the spur, is coiled down in readiness, in case it may be desirable, after lodging the spur, to give an enemy a wide berth before firing it. This length of wire is not in reality necessary for firing the charge, but it is deemed expedient to support the main charge wires ; and again, as it may happen that the spur will be dislodged from the parent vessel before the catches are fired out, some amount of additional slack main conductor wire would be required, and 100 feet is selected as an apparently suitable length, which, however, can be increased if necessary. About 50 feet of wire to either needle charge, each of which is exploded by double wires from a separate special small battery, and the main lower one, is coiled down within the heel of each needle-spur, whilst an additional coil of about 50 feet is in readiness in the torpedo room for running out. Just within ' the line of stem, and very near the wire heads, to about 2 feet within the spur, each conductor is encased in a copper pipe, one-sixth of an inch thick, to additionally insure the wires being uninjured when the spur takes the detaching movement. PLAN VII.— Sheet iii. The stem proper of the vessel consists of a semicircular recess, 4 inches thick, to receive the heel of spur ; it also slings the main support, and the cylinder for the inner needle-thrust. i6 This stem, which should be one forging from the bow-gun port to the keel, would not exceed 5 J tons in weight. The sailor is seen in the act of heaving out the square-headed double-thread half-inch, one-inch pitch, screw-bolt, diameter 4 inches, and length 40 inches. This firmly binds the upper part of spur to the stem-recess. The two conductors are brought through the stem, within the ship, in copper pipes, or lead if preferable, which pass through lubricating boxes to insure their not being unnecessarily chafed and possibly cut through, on an unusual movement of the spur. The wires, after passing through these stuffing-boxes, are opened out, and each one which is individually insulated passes to its respective copper head, thence to the copper and zinc poles of their batteries. The pintle charge wires are fired by the same means, at the same instant as the catches. These pintles are rather preventives than points on which the spur is to revolve, for it is quite possible that something might happen to the slip chain when the drop bolt and other means of fastening were up, and the spur might get dislodged, or even lost, if there were no pintles to retain it in position. The second, or inner drop-bolt, is shown triced up ; this is of sufficient length to back up both needles, the blow of the upper one being transmitted through the fir plug, and the lower through a small wooden chock and cap scuttle, especially placed. The inch iron deck-stay girders, which underlie the light wooden decks, must not be mistaken for the iron decks proper, which are only a quarter of an inch in thickness ; every recess is fitted with a water-tight door, or some smaller means of ascertaining if all is correct within. The pintles with their charges are plainly seen ; a specially small Abel's fuse and a possible enlarged recess on the top of pintle will have to be made to insure ready explosion. Should these pintles be only partially destroyed in firing the charges, they may be expected to offer but slight resistance to the dislodgment of the spur. Their size may possibly be reduced with effect, but practice alone will decide on their exact proportions. The dimensions of the inner drop-bolt are— length, 44 inches, breadth, 8 inches, and thick- ness, 4 inches. PLAN VIII.— Sheet iii. Front view of semicircular recess in stem which receives the after-side of spur ; this recess iron is 4 inches in thickness, and gradually tapers back, receiving the side plates of the vessel to half-an inch. The two pintles fitting into the recess boxes within the spur help to support it during its horizontal movement, but they are destroyed by their gun-cotton charges at the same instant the catches are fired, which would not be before the spur had reached its maximum or the desired amount of penetration. 17 To prevent the wires and spring catch lines being cut on an extreme horizontal or vertical movement of the spur ; two slots are cut back in the stem leading into the lubricating boxes ; these allow the lines 26^ degrees of side play, and several inches of vertical movement. The needle expeller is seen within the main stem collar, and underneath it the lower cylinder, within which the inner needle travels. PLAN IX.— Sheet iii. The after-side of spur, which fits into the recess. — On its upper end is seen the i^ inch diameter bolt, which passes through the clamping iron, the latter appearing unusually large and cumbrous for its work. This mass of metal, forming the after end of main spur iron, receives the 4-inch diameter screw thread bolt, and the necessity for giving the spur a true up and down motion, when placing it on the pintles, prevents the upper portion being reduced in diameter ; under this is a dark black hole, to receive the thread bolt ; beneath this a section of the spur, at the fore end of bolt, with one of the tubing struts shown between the steel plates. Then come the recesses, which receive the pintles, and allow them to angle over 2 61° before any undue strain is brought upon the copper pipe covering; these are secured by countersunk rivets. Then the torpedo expeller, surrounded by the strengthening iron, and half-inch steel plates ; and lastly the heel catch, 18 inches wide, 8 long, 2 deep, as seen in former plans. PLAN X.— Sheet iii. A sectional view of the keel, lower torpedo, cylinder, and upper torpedo expeller cylinder, with its several fitments. — The cylinder shoulder framework travels on thirteen pairs of brass or lignum-vita? rollers, and when out in position is bolted securely down under its bed. Two double "J" an d one single T tie-rod, with the central 3 inch diameter, quarter-inch screw thread rod, are seen in the centre of the expeller cylinder. It will be noticed that both the expeller, and the cylinder which holds the lower needle, have a thickness of if inches on the lower side, and only one inch on the upper; this extra thickness below, allows a grooving to be cut to receive the needle leading iron, and a better hold for the bolts to secure it to the saddle and lower casing. This casing of iron, in which the lower needle travels, is five-eighths of an inch thick, built in on the outside with planking. Certain plugs and arming will be placed in the casing to prevent any great inrush of water, should the ship badly take the rocks, or spring a leak. PLAN XL— Sheet iv. Plan view of outer or spur needle, and inner or ship needle, in position, with the expeller behind them, ready for running out. 3 i8 The outer spring, which retains the outer cap scuttle (see Plan VI., sheet Hi.), has to be pulled up by a man in the torpedo room, before he works the expeller, which consists of a powerful but slow purchase, capable of forcing about 10 tons before it, bearing an iron plug, which in future will be termed a cap scuttle, in rear of the needle-thrust, until the inner spring bolt falls into a recess on the upper side of the heel of needle, and there holds it until a few minutes before the actual attack, when it should be pulled up, provided the intention is not to leave the spur in the enemy. When the outer needle is in position, the expeller is withdrawn into the torpedo room ; the electric wires are unreeled from the foreside of it, and their ends secured to receiving lines, ready passed through two one-inch diameter groovings in a Cowdie fir plug, 1 3 feet 5 inches long ; the plug is then forced out into position, and the slack of the wires is taken through until it is seen as in Plan XV. (sheet iv.) Before this spur plug can be placed in position, the torpedo expeller bed has to be unbolted, and the whole machine, weighing about 2 tons, is lowered down, ready for placing the ship needle- thrust in position. At 11b, a man is seen about to push out the needle, and before it the plug, which is lost. The two self-acting catches, one on either side of the angle iron which ties the lower sides of the two spur plates together, are seen down ; the starboard catch is shut out from view by the port one, which covers it. PLAN XII.— Sheet iii. Top view of spur, the upper side of which tapers from 4 inches at its point to 6 inches at its upper inner edge. This main spur iron receives seven spur catches, which are rendered water-tight by grease and soft lead being run around them. These catches are placed well below the top line of spur iron, so that they may be as little damaged as possible by the very great friction, and probable cutting away of a portion of the upper edge of the spur iron. Two circular spots between catches 3 and 4 from forward, are the lead coverings of fuse heads which fire by percussion, a quick match running through the spur into the torpedo room, where it explodes a one inch square detonating charge ; as a warning to the captain or officer entrusted to fire the torpedoes, that the spur has reached this amount of penetration ; all the side catches are out, some of which are forced out by springs. The shoulder spur bolt, for binding the spur with the slip-chain before engaging, is shown on its upper edge. The additional thickness of the after part of the needle cylinder is due to the overlapping and butting joints, which connect the fixed cylinder in spur and the torpedo expeller, thus rendering them perfectly water-tight. A sectional view of the shoulder strengthening iron with the way in which it is connected to the needle-cylinder, and outer side plates, is given in plan 6a (sheet iii.). A greater thickness would be given if the horizontal movement permitted it. To make sure of no leakage of water into the cylinder during the time of shifting the plug and expeller, *9 two side irons have been run up on either side of this joint, to firmly retain a large amount of a very stiff arming, which will be further kept in its place by a small mesh, strong wire net, extending from this iron to the side of spur. The two pecked lines running across the spur, point out the position of the lower 2-inch deep catch, which fits into the recessed heel support. PLAN XIII.— Sheet iii. Deck plan of torpedo room, with the thirteen pairs of brass or lignum vitae rollers in position. The shaded middle recess receives the inner needle and the expeller, the hinder part of the latter being supported by two chocks of wood which take the bulkhead. The main stem collar in the fore-part of this compartment is especially strong, for it has to receive a strong wooden plug and the expeller, either of which tie the spur firmly to it and prevents any side movement. A water-tight bulkhead with a manhole door passes up the height of the torpedo room on the after-side of this collar. The smallest possible area of torpedo deck room is shown, to allow the expeller to be worked. Most vessels of iooo tons would, from their construction, have a much larger deck area; and there can be little doubt that the expeller will, after practice, be able to be much reduced, both in size and weight. It at first sight seems easy to fit an hydraulic apparatus to force the torpedo out, but several apparently insuperable objections occur, especially in ships of moderate tonnage. PLAN XIV.— Sheet iv. The outer needle torpedo is seen hove out to its fullest; at this point the needle is in position for ramming, and the box beam wood cased plug is placed immediately the expeller is hove back. The spur drop-bolt which is forced down by its own weight, and by a powerful spring into a recess especially strengthened for its reception, forming a backing for the crush of needle on collision, is not placed until the last needle-thrust is employed. A i-g- inch diameter copper pipe, with three breaks in it, one in the centre of either charge, and the third for the vertical pin, which passes through the arm-catch rod, reaches from the framework support in the heel of spur to the foreside of the forward charge. Through the two foremost breaks, two of Abel's electric fuses, fired by independent batteries, one Bickford's fuse arranged to fire the charges so many minutes after ignition, and one connecting mealed powder fuse, pass into the centre of the 71 -gibs, and 86^1bs. of gun-cotton. Two coils, each containing about 50 feet of clear running wire from the two batteries small and lower main), the two Bickford's fuse lines, with the arm catch rod line hauled fairly 20 taut, are seen in the heel of spur. The wires are kept clear by fairlead eye bolts screwed into the expeller. About 6 feet of i| inch catch rod line will probably be found sufficient, and twice that quantity of small line to fire Bickford's fuses, which might be timed to explode the charges about two minutes after collision. PLAN XV.— Sheet iv. The outer needle ready placed for ramming is here shown. An additional collar-chock of English oak, strengthened with an iron box beam, through which the battery wires pass, and fitted with a leading iron on its under side, closely plugs the main stem collar-hole, and through this the after drop-bolt passes. The two lengths of timber are requisite to allow the spur a clear side movement, and not to check its leaving. The outer or long length which works fairly slack, will be freely lubricated to prevent any ingress of water, should it by any chance find its way past the heel of spur. This will be placed in position, first by hand, and lastly by a kind of rammer, with a flat hook at its end to take the pulling in eye bolt ; the plug is guided in by a leading iron, which prevents any twist being taken in the wires. The outer drop-bolt is seen forced down between the two sides of the head of plug. A front view is given in 15B. 15c represents the head of the additional long plug with an eye-bolt to tackle it out if necessary, and 15A the entrance to lower cylinder, as seen when the wooden plug is taken out. Note. — An iron box beam plug, lightly cased with wood, has since the drawing of this plan been substituted for the fir plug, to save the spur drop bolt for a second or more needles. PLAN XVI.— Not in illustrations. The needle-torpedo-thrust, should it be stowed overhead, is lowered into this wooden cradle, and on it, pushed on the deck rollers to the entrance of collar, where it is forced in sufficiently far to allow the expeller, and then the expeller heaving out purchase to finally place it. A chock of wood, with a slot to receive the needle leading iron, is kept in position by the two drop-bolts ; this bed directs the needle into the slot in cylinder. The transporting of one of the needle-thrusts from the overhead position into the spur will be performed with ease, as there are many facilities for moving its weight which does not exceed 5^ of our, at present, heaviest projectiles. PLAN XVII.— Sheet iv. Side view of expeller, showing the shoulder framework on which it travels screw-bolted to its sides ; one or two blocks of wood may, if necessary, be placed to chock it forward. The whole machine is temporarily bolted to the deck. 21 The three eye-bolts in the upper side are for moving the expellers by tackles from overhead ; the fore end is shown entered in collar. The thickness and consequent weight of this machine is probably much greater than will be required ; actual experience is alone likely to safely determine the lightest efficient dimensions, and throughout it will be found that very outside weights, in case they should be found necessary, have been employed. PLAN XVIII.— Sheet iv. - The expeller framework is here covered in by the bed, which firmly keeps the expeller, when run out, in position. Two light screw tie bands are passed from the bed over the expeller, assisting to secure it firmly down. For a sectional view See Plan X. — sheet iii. PLAN XIX.— Sheet iv. Top view of expeller out in position, and secured by bed tie bands, tackles, &c. Immediately the expeller is finished with, the deck bolts, fitting very nicely, are unscrewed, and the expeller, travelling over the rollers, is pulled in by a rear tackle. The shoulder framework is then taken off, and the expeller slung by tackles ready for lowering it into the lower needle recess. The fore end of the expeller {i.e. that end that beds within the collar) has an additional thickness of metal to allow the shoulder points to be cut so as to firmly butt against main cylinder. PLAN XX.— Sheet iv. Top view of ramming collar, which is a light iron framework, the halves of which are connected by a flap hinge and pin catch. Four half inch square rod arms, with heads projecting out 2 inches, pass from this collar 1 5 inches before the extreme point of spur ; an upper and lower plate piece is secured to its after side, taking the ends of the vertical pin, which pass through the arm catch rod. The collar is placed here in order that an enemy's side, whilst being penetrated by this portion of the needle, may catch the rod heads ; forcing the collar, and with it the pin which works the arm rod, back a distance of 8 inches, sufficiently far for the twelve rod catches, which are all now within an enemy, to be forced out at right angles. This light collar is put on by a diver, who sits across the run out needle torpedo during the operation. 20A gives a fore end view of it. PLAN XXL— Not in illustrations. View of the expeller box with purchase wheels, tie framework, and handle for heaving out the needle. A light iron cover is placed over the box portion of it when not in use. 22 2 1 a, 2 ib, 2ic, 2 id, 2 ie, give sectional views of the expeller, looking from forward to aft; the under side of expeller cylinder has a thickness of 2 inches, diminishing to 1 inch on the upper half. That portion which enters the collar stem has throughout a thickness of 2 inches. 21A and 2 id are the bearing supports for the screw rod, which is revolved by the wheel, forcing 21B and 21E, the shoulder supports of the tie rods 21c, some 11^ feet, the whole length of the machine. Two wire reels are shown in 21 a. The coils remaining on them when the torpedo is forced out are unreeled and rove through the timber, backing plugs (or box beam plug) prior to their being placed in position. PLAN XXII.— Sheet iv. Seven sectional views of the spur, numbered 1 to 7. No. 6 shows the thickness of the plates, size of head iron, angle irons, and mode of riveting on ; drop bolt with spring, gun cotton casing with luting, and india rubber wads between it, and the side steel plates ; and within are three rows of hydraulic tubing, insulated with gutta percha, and placed there to prevent the sides being crushed in whilst penetrating, thus preventing the firing of the gun cotton by undue friction. In all cases the view is taken looking from the point of the spur aft, or towards the seven vertical strut sections. The entire spur is wrapped up in two side steel plates, which are bent to the form, their upper edges being riveted to the main spur iron and together ; and their lower secured by double, 3 inch — ||-inch thick, angle irons ; f-inch rivets are employed throughout in the construction of the spur. The main 1 inch thick cylinder, which is slightly thicker on its under side, to allow the slot being cut to receive the needle leading iron, has its upper side secured to the framework by semi- circular angle irons ; whilst its under portion and sides are held by rivets passing through both side plates and bottom shoulder irons ; the latter only being employed to bed the spur firmly on the heel support. The drop bolt, the dimensions of which are 2 1 inches long, with a mean breadth of 8-^, and thickness of 4 inches, is shown forced into its special recess ready to receive the crush of the needle on ramming. Guide irons are placed on either side of this bolt to direct it in falling. It may be thought advisable to place additional stay angle irons within the main body of spur ; the seven diagonal stay girders act vertically as struts and laterally as ties. The thickness of the strengthening shoulder iron is well shown in the seventh after section, also ths way in which the outer ^-inch side plates are made to butt, a slight groove being cut in the centre part of heel support for their reception. The vertical and diagonal angle irons are throughout |-inch thick and 3 inches deep, secured by f-inch countersunk rivets ; pan-headed ones are much employed for the internal work. The channel irons for staying the head of spur, under main iron, are 3 inch — |-inch thick angle iron, holding the side plates by two or more f-inch countersunk rivets. 23 The throughout thickness of the side steel plates, from the point of spur to the third trans- versal over the centre of the gun-cotton charge, is i inch ; from that point, passing over the fourth, fifth, and sixth transversals, it is three-quarters of an inch ; and abaft that, passing the seventh transversal, only one half-inch thick. The whole of the rivet holes are to be drilled, and where countersinking is required, the two operations could be combined by a portable multiple drilling machine, simultaneously through skin and framing, after the plates are placed in position on the framework of the spur. PLAN XXIII.— Sheet iv. Gives the lower torpedo run out for ramming ; here the main inner drop bolt, backed by the expeller, which is not withdrawn, receives the brunt of the collision. The same drop bolt has already assisted in backing up the outer or spur needle, when retaining in position the oak plug, which received the shock of the outer needle thrust through the fir spar, which has gone away with the spur. It must be noted that the ship or lower needle cannot be used until the spur is dropped. This oak plug most accurately fits the main stem collar, and prevents leakage into the torpedo room ; additional strengthening bars, and means for making the plug perfectly water tight, can be adopted if found necessary. The ramming collar, with a hole on its under side to receive the lower end of vertical pin passing through the arm catch rod, has two arms, which fit into special recesses on the heel support ; these can be very easily placed by a diver. It is possible that the chock of wood between the drop bolt and cap scuttle will be so crushed as to admit water ; to prevent this, a large quantity of luting might be placed within the expeller, which should, however, be water tight. The butt joints are here plainly seen. It is anticipated that not more than one ship or lower needle thrust will be able to be employed, through the expeller or support cylinder, which projects 6 feet before the line of stem, being injured ; a second one, or more, should however be kept in all ships of large tonnage, triced up overhead in the torpedo room, ready for either the spur or ship cylinders. It is quite probable that a second upper needle will be able to be used, forced out from the spur, if the first collision is a gentle one and the spur has been kept well secured. The fir spar and English oak plug, backed by the inner ship bolt and other support irons, placed athwart-ships in the fore part of torpedo room, will have then to take the crush of the first needle penetrating. Whether they can do this will depend on the nature of the enemy's side to be pierced. The fir spar will not only have to take the crush without the support of the spur bolt, but will also have to be withdrawn inboard, before a second needle can be placed. Doubtless, after experiment, it will be found necessary, if desirous to insure employing a second needle, to build a steel box beam, made up of four half-inch thick outer plates and a middle line web plate, tied together by four half-inch channel irons, and f-inch rivets; the whole braced up by half-inch rivet rods \o\ inches long. This will be encased with 24 fir, lightly screwed on, and covered with thickly greased felting. The very outside diameter is to be 14! inches, allowing a space of one twelfth of an inch around it, to be filled with a stiff arming. This room is given for the plug to be easily pulled in and out. The needle battery wires will be led through the centre of this box beam. After leaving the first needle within an enemy, and before withdrawing the box beam plug, which will prevent the entry of the water, a diver is sent down to see if the cap scuttle is properly tight ; and if not, to cork the mouth of the spur cylinder up with a special plug (Plan XLVL, sheet v.) ; this done, the box beam plug is pulled by tackles into the torpedo room (or if it binds too much for that, owing to the crush from ramming, it can be pushed out by the expeller), and the second needle is placed like the first. The spur drop bolt can now be used, if no more needle-thrusts are forthcoming after this second one ; in which case a few inches, equal to the depth of bolt, are taken off the after-end of box beam ; this part can easily be made to lightly lock, and transmit the blow through to oak plug, or, if found more desirable, the fir plug spar would be immediately available. These plugs, and much of the torpedo gear that would have to be ready in the torpedo room in action, might, during peace times, be stored in the after part of ship, so as to carry as little head weight as possible. PLAN XXIV.— Sheet v. Top view of lower needle run out into position, showing a dark, oblong catch slot on its upper side, to receive the inner spur spring, and retain it in position. This inner catch (Plans VI., XL, XV., sheets iii., iv.), worked by a line which passes through the spur into the torpedo room, would be pulled up if intending to leave the needle only, but purposing to lodge both needle and spur, it would be kept fast (eased down) to assist in holding the spur within the enemy. When imperative to leave both needle and spur, it is highly important that the two should be bound together as firmly as possible, as it may happen that the rammer captain does not obtain the amount of penetration he calculated upon. The outer or stem point catch is eased down to bear upon the heel of the needle- thrust directly that portion comes beneath it, and there it remains until the needle is withdrawn, pulling after it the cap scuttle to the entrance of the cylinder, when the pin catch suddenly falls into the grease slot around cap scuttle, and there retains it in position to prevent the entry of water. The rod line which drags the scuttle then tightens to its fullest extent, pulls out the arm catches, which are now placed well within the enemy, and then is either carried away or more probably cut by the razor knife on the vessels' parting from each other. The arrangement of the needle arm catch rod line is seen in Plan II. Above the lower needle in plan comes the main heel-support for spur, which is a piece of wrought-iron 6 feet long X 18 inches broad X 4 inches thick, strengthened beneath by the cylinder which hangs the lower needle. 2 5 This support has a 2 inch deep and 8 inch wide recess cut across it to receive the catch on the under side of spur, and prevent any fore and aft movement. The recess curve is cut on the arc that the spur will describe, and to prevent corrosion the whole is lined with lignum vitae. This catch is well shown in Plan XXII., Section No. 6 ; and in the 7th section the half-inch plates which butt, pass slightly below the line of shoulder support ; these fit into a grooving in the heel support, and abaft this a wider and deeper recess is cut, which takes the support piece on the extreme after under end of spur. These groovings may be considered as highly useful, not permitting the too ready displacement of spur. Abaft the heel support comes the main collar, which receives the enlarged end of torpedo expeller, shown in pecked lines; and behind it the expeller itself is in position for forcing out the upper torpedo. The lower needle heel support and expeller are consequently on different levels. Abaft the expeller no backing chocks are placed, as in Plans XVII., XVIII., and XIX. (sheet iv.), their employment seeming unnecessary. 24A is a front view of ramming collar. PLAN XXV.— Sheet iv. Plan of the forecastle gun deck, with the necessary recess for transporting the gun from its fighting to ordinary position, as shown in sketch. The labour of moving this gun is comparatively slight, as the work is nearly all done by muzzle training. The arrows and letters m and R show the proportionate lengths of arc traversed by the muzzle and rear of gun. From its ordinary carrying position just before the foremast, it can be immediately trained for either beam, and fought in that position, or, if necessary, thrown overboard. Twenty-seven degrees of training on either bow can with ease be obtained ; the water- tight bullet proof doors are closed immediately the gun is run in, whilst a mitrailleur is fought on either bow with a head fire. Big guns should never be left unsupported by mitrailleurs ; an effective and continuous line of bullets will probably disable all but very well protected heavy guns, and will be invaluable against floating torpedoes. The importance of being able to drop the spur and throw the 18 ton gun overboard cannot be over estimated, and should remove all prejudice against the heavy armament injuring the safety qualities of vessels of moderate tonnage. It is not to be supposed because these easy means exist for entirely dispensing with so much head weight that captains would too often avail themselves of it; but no hesitation should be felt in dropping the spur, which will cost about 1000/., and the gun twice that amount, if the safety of the crew and ship depended on it; more especially as both could easily be replaced at the nearest central depot. The entire fore part of muzzle training racer will be countersunk into the deck, to allow the fore carriage chock a flush training area, and the after part will gradually rise until about two inches above the deck. 4 26 The main lower deck hatchway, 5 feet 6 inches square, with 6 inch thick coamings, is placed well forward, sufficiently low to allow the gun to be trained over it. PLAN XXVI.— Not in illustrations. Transversal and central fore and aft three quarterinch girders, one foot broad, support the forecastle on gun deck. The supports 1 inch thick are those along the line of sick bay deck, and along the line of warrant officers' storeroom. The whole underlie quarter inch iron decks planked with 3 and 2^-inch Dantzic oak, which are suitably supported with angle irons at the side ; fixed 4 inch diameter supports in the centre, and movable z\ inch stanchions, are placed under the working training arc of gun. PLAN XXVII.— Not in illustrations. End view of big and small expeller and driver wheels, with encycloidal, 1 inch pitch teeth, with a lever handle 1 foot long. One man working leisurely can easily force the torpedo out in twenty minutes, whilst three men can do it in about twelve, a length of time which the ramming captain may always expect to have at his command. The whole purchase is probably considerably heavier than what would be actually needed. PLAN XXVIII.— Sheet iv. Side view of a spur catch which works on a five sixths of an inch pin, and riveted through the head of spur, so pitched that on being thrown fully back the eye falls into a recess and is there firmly held in a vertical position. (See Plan VI., sheet iii.) This recess and the space under the catch is filled with a soft arming, whilst the upper side is made water-tight by having soft lead run in. To insure this catch not falling down again, its under side is teethed to receive a 5 1 inch long catch pin, and there prop it up until hauled into its work by the withdrawal of spur. Both catches are forced up by about three quarters of an ounce of gun cotton, fixed by an Abel's fuse placed in the centre. It is presumed that two, and possibly one catch would dislodge the spur, so the rammer may always calculate on leaving it well planted if he gets five feet of penetration. PLAN XXIX.— Not in illustrations. Top view of expeller and main driver wheel. There are forty four one inch pitch encycloidal teeth in it. The main screw rod, 4 inches in diameter, 4^-inch pitch, beds within a brass, supported by a strong shoulder frame ; the fore part fits into the after end of cylinder, and the after end line fits into the expeller box. 27 Two brass nuts tied together by the double X an d one single T" rod iron are forced along the screw rod, pushing the cap scuttle and needle torpedo before them. Two electric wire reels, a large upper one above and a smaller one beneath, in a continuous line, are uncoiled as the expeller travels out, the wire being kept clear by the eye-bolt fair-leads which it passes through. The reels are iron, revolving round three quarter inch steel pins. The upper reel wire comes from an upper battery, and the lower reel from i ^ _T\ lower battery, either of which fire both middle charges. Each wire consequently contains ^5 four parts, two to each charge, to complete the circuit. Both charges are fired by both batteries simultaneously ; and, in the event of their failing, the Bickford's time fuse explodes the gun cotton, and makes failure impossible. PLAN XXX.— Sheet v. An 1 8 ton gun triced up and ready to be shot overboard immediately the ship rolls over. A special carriage and trunnion pin has to be employed for this purpose ; side channel irons are lightly secured to both carriage and side, to insure the gun being cast well clear of the ship. A slip pin connecting the chain is, if necessary, pulled out at the right instant of roll, to prevent detention on the breech tackle's part. The bows or forecastle deck of vessel are fitted with two water-tight gun doors, each having upper and lower lever wheels to insure their being shut the instant the gun is fired. These doors will be three quarters of an inch thick, proof against heavy mitrailleurs and rifle bullets. A hole is made in the doors sufficiently large to work sponge and rammer. Water closets of one eighth of an inch iron are placed on either side of, and receive venti- lation from the bow port, all noxious gases being forced upwards through a ventilator and out at a small window placed in each of them. Urinals are situated on the fore side, and it is anticipated that with the use of proper disinfectants no unpleasantness will be experienced. The passage of wind through the bow port will be little reduced by their close proximity. The pans unscrew and the pipes are plugged up and capped, and during practice or action a temporary W.C. is fitted in a few minutes on the quarter-deck, during such time as the gun is needed. Fixed W.C.'s, when so much gun deck room is wanted, are unsuited, and generally cannot be recommended, being placed abaft and just under the after line of top-gallant forecastle, unless the forecastle is peculiarly a living room, covered in by a large top-gallant deck. But when in a cold climate, and with but limited forecastle room, their position is such, that any unpleasant influences could easily be arranged by a proper management of windsails. The main bowsprit bitts pass through the top-gallant forecastle, where they are firmly secured, a portion of their stay irons being used as a railway for the shot in loading the gun. The bitts which receive the heel of bowsprit are secured in position by a pin bolt 2 feet long. 28 When in action the bowsprit is run in, and the heel lifted up between the after bitts. A tackle is secured to the cap to raise the main clamp bolt prior to ramming. When this catch is up the tackle should be taken into the port, or on the forecastle, clear of the fire of gun. The cables occupy their usual position. Let us suppose that a cable is grinding at its extreme angle against the spur support iron. This case is most unlikely, but it is given to show that even then no damage to the spur at its junction with the stem and heel support need be feared. This support has two ramming collar recesses, spur catch recess, and groovings to take the under side of spur. That portion of the stem forms an arc within which the spur revolves ; th'e sharp side stem pieces are only placed below, on either side of the line of spur needle cylinder, to allow a stiff arming or other water-tight material being placed, to perfectly insure no leakage during the time of shifting the expeller and ramming plug. This spur support protruding 6 feet before the line of stem, and with a breadth of from 18 to 24 inches, would terribly tear open an ordinary vessel's side, presuming that the rammer had previously left her spur and two needles, and was reduced to this ordinary yet strongly fortified straight bow. Should it be wrenched away, the ramming vessel would then, on this third or fourth attack, be in the same position, yet infinitely more safe than vessels as now fitted with fixed spurs. Their sides are filled with driven detonating powder, surmounted by a steel pin with a brass water-tight head, encased with lead; and communicates, by means of a very quick fuse, with a one inch detonating charge, surrounded with gutta percha covering, and placed within the . torpedo room. Immediately this portion of the spur takes the enemy's side, it thus gives additional warning to the captain to fire his catches, and, if needful, explode his torpedo. The success of a ramming engagement depends almost entirely on the captain and one or two special assistant officers. When the plan of attack, and quantity of needle or spur, or both combined, has been determined on, the firing officers will repair to their respective circuit rooms, with speaking tubes and telegraph communication ; and there, lying down on air filled pads, forming elastic cushions, await the collision. Up to each circuit room come conducting tubes, placed in the torpedo room in close proximity to signal gongs and the detonating charge ; these convey self acting notices that so much penetration has been obtained, and that the spur or needle has left the parent vessel. Such signals are not absolutely needed by men of great nerve, but to most some such warning, aided by what they see and feel, will at the critical moment be very assuring. PLAN XXXVII.— Sheet v. Gives the natural size of the electric wires, and recess holes cut in the stem of vessel ; these all pass through a one inch diameter, one sixth of an inch thick copper pipe, which is bent up within the lubricating box for a few inches, sufficiently long to allow the spur to make a good jump or side movement on collision, without endangering them. Supposing this to be the main upper conductor, it would contain six pairs of wires for 29 firing the odd catches, and one pair for the main charge, the half running from the copper poles of the batteries to the charges, and thence returning to the zinc poles, thus completing the circuit. 37A shows the two insulated copper heads receiving the upper and lower conductor wires, the one crossing from one head to the other, after passing through the charges. The fire is practically simultaneous. PLAN XXXVIII.— Sheet v. Shows a sectional and exterior view of Abel's fuse, with its mealed powder charge ; these seem most suitable for fusing the several charges. It may be slightly necessary to reduce the size of those employed for the pintles and catch bursting charges. PLAN XXXIX.— Sheet v. A section of the copper pipe with the contained upper conductor insulating six pairs of one twentieth of an inch wires for the catch charges, and one pair- of one twelfth of an inch wire for firing the main charge. These bifurcate when they get about 4 feet within the spur, the line gradually reducing in size as it leaves the several sets, until it terminates in a single pair. The upper conductor fires all the odd charges by the upper battery, and the lower conductor the even charges by the lower battery, so that in the event of one battery being disabled, the other might throw out enough catches over the spur to hold it securely, even at 4 feet of penetration. The requisite number of holding feet would much depend on the thickness and material of the vessel's side penetrated. PLAN XL— Sheet v. Shows the principle of firing suggested. The main wires are a few feet within ' the ship proper, and are for convenience sake divided into two heads, one placed over the other. This allows the individual wires, which are about one tenth of an inch in diameter when insulated, to be surely connected to their proper copper heads. With this exception the wires throughout, being served together, appear as one ; the two main wires fed by both batteries are separately insulated, and then served together, taking the most convenient lead to the battery room. The pintle wires, coming directly through the stem, are taken immediately to their respective heads without being served with the others. Double batteries with separately insulated wires ; two fuses passing outside all to fire the main charge ; and two conductors, either of which would fire out sufficient catches to hold the spur on very small penetration, place the sure firing of any of the charges at the right instant beyond a doubt. 3Q PLAN XLI.— Sheet v. The spur charge and needle wires, although insulated and led along with the main wire, are in reality quite independent, and can only be fired by a separate and distinct movement of the operator, either before or after throwing out the catches, as may be desired. Each needle charge has two sets of double wires served together run into it, to insure against failure of ignition, in the event of one of the batteries or sets of wires being disabled. It is most essential to have the power of exploding these needles with absolute certainty, as the great reserve of power (the spur) would probably otherwise have to be superfluously expended. The several breakplaces for circuit and battery room will be placed where most convenient and as widely apart as possible. PLAN XLII.— Sheet v. Exterior view of spur, showing the way in which the two side steel plates are riveted on to the spur iron ; internal framing and needle cylinder ; all the rivets are seven eighths of an inch countersunk. The stay collar fitting over the nose of spur is connected by three tumbler hooks and an upper draw pin, an end view of which is seen in 42A. This may, if necessary, be used in large vessels like 43, sheet v. These tumblers allow the guys and martingales to be slipped on the inboard end shortly before ramming, so as to insure no detention of the spur when disposed to leave it. If time permits, these slip chains should be cast off and then hauled inboard before an engagement, as their chief use is to prevent the cable (when anchored) from exerting an undue side movement of the spur. This is a most unlikely occurrence, if the cable is taken well on the bow. In ships built with certain very fine lines it might be necessary to give additional support, in order to meet every condition of a thorough seagoing ship. Light steel air-tight boxes might easily be built to the desired line of bow, and secured to either side of the spur, fitted with ready means of disengaging them, and allowing them to float off on to the surface, by simply turning astern the vessel, if an emergency demanded it. These side boxes would have as great flotation power as desirable to carry the weight of ram, and give the best form of line ; and would in addition take any sawing that the cable, on a rare occasion, might make across the stem. PLAN XLI 1 1.— Sheet v. A first rate iron clad of 4000 tons, 50 feet beam, and 25 feet draught ; first ready for ramming ; and second lying at anchor, with her torpedo nets set. 3i The two Whitehead fish torpedoes are defeated by the 6 inch mesh nets, and one, charged with iooolbs. of gun cotton, giving a radius of 25 feet of destruction, is in the act of exploding. This vessel is armed with heavy bow ordnance and mitrailleurs, Palmer's detaching spur torpedo ram, two Whitehead's fish torpedo cylinders, placed well on either side of the spur, and Palmer's telescopic boom for spreading the bow net 20 feet ahead of the line of stem, and for carrying a torpedo. This latter, under certain circumstances, would be most formidable. The total weight of all the gear required for surrounding the ship with a i^-inch, 6 inch mesh netting, is 8£ tons. PLAN XLIV.— Sheet v. This diagram illustrates the position of pintle in its box on the after side of spur, when hove 23 ° to the right or left, clear of the main heel support. The entrance to the pintle box is 1 1-| inches wide. PLAN XLV.— Sheet v. Is a cork and wooden screw plug with two 1 inch thick india rubber washers. On heaving up the screw the washers are forced together and squeezed out, so that their edges, and the cork in the position shown in black pecked lines, make the spur needle cylinder quite water-tight. This plug, if wanted, is put in by a diver, and would remain there until pushed out by the second needle-thrust, whilst being forced out by the expeller. PLAN XLVI.— Sheet v. A section of the box-beam plug to back up and take the crush of needles. This stringer is lined with wood covered with felt well lubricated, and it is slightly smaller than the size of the needle cylinder. The electric wires are let through on either side of the middle line web plate, secured between the four channel irons. This box-beam plug and the spare wooden one would be, with much of the other spare gear, carried in the after part of the ship, and only placed in the torpedo room when there was a possibility of their being required. In many ships, where the slight difference of head weight was immaterial, the outer needle would always be carried in the spur, and the expeller would be placed in position ready to heave out the needle-thrust immediately, and to lock the spur and stem proper tightly together, and thus prevent any side movement. When the expeller was not so employed,, a special fir plug about 9 feet long would be used to connect the spur and ram collar. 32 THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THIS BOW POSSESSES MAY BE ESTIMATED UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADS. i st. Certainty of greatly damaging, if unable to sink an enemy, with small risk to the rammer. 2nd. Moderate prime cost and simplicity of action in its use. 3rd. A mimimum amount of adverse influence on the seagoing properties of a ship, as compared with the full bodied spur bow of some of our vessels, which raise and carry so large a mass of dead water before them. 4th. Absolute certainty of being kept in working order without obliging more than the ordinary docking. 5th. No injury to the efficiency of the loaded shells, or appreciable drag on the bow of the vessel, should the spur become water logged. 6th. Great ease with which it can be disconnected from the parent vessel after ramming an enemy, without the slightest risk of prematurely igniting the fuse and bursting charges ; the perfect safety with which the needle torpedo can be exploded without danger to the spur or its bursting charges ; the practicability of exploding the main spur charge when locked within an enemy, with but little danger to the parent vessel; 7th. The NEEDLE TORPEDO is always ready, and can be placed into position at a moment's notice. 8th. Its great value, as compared with the heaviest ordnance of the day, consists in it entailing no expense for the keep of an extra crew ; three needle torpedo thrusts weigh only 5 tons 11 cwt., and entail but a slight additional ship construction outlay, in return for the enormous advantages gained by their possession. 9th. Its adaptability to vessels of every class where the point of the needle-thrust can be placed 10 feet beneath the mean water-line, a depth that would generally give the ship a burden of 1000 tons. Below this tonnage, a somewhat smaller size might be employed. 10th. The knowledge that armour can only be wisely placed over a portion of a vessel, and that this portion should be the bow, strengthened and armed to its fullest extent for attack and defence ; and lastly, the endeavour which has always existed to board and get alongside an enemy is as much desired now as formerly, especially by men of great nerve and tact, who, with their superior and nice handling, will hold an equally armed, badly managed enemy, entirely at their disposal. No definite drill can be laid down for ramming, but a few remarks may be permitted on the general arrangements. During peace times, ships of but ordinary and light tonnage, when they have ready means of being docked and of receiving their spurs from a dockyard, need not carry them, although each ship and spur should be most carefully tried before going on foreign service. All ships would, however, carry one inner needle, and the expeller ready to force it out from the lower cylinder. 33 The spurs might be kept ready in the several dockyards and depots with the two main conductors, and, outside all, main charge wires coiled up on their after side, ready for reeving through the stem proper when the spur is shipped. The whole of the wires would be laid, and the chambers ready charged with gun cotton. The main spur charge of 415 lbs. of compressed gun cotton may, if considered desirable, be separately stowed, and placed into its position through a water-tight side man hole door, which can readily be fitted, although no advantage seems to be gained by this, as no damage should result to the charge if placed within its case in a proper condition. In extreme instances, where a dock is not available, a spur might be shipped, or lifted up by a derrick rigged over the bows, for the purpose of being examined. In vessels of but small tonnage the carrying of the big gun may, during the greater portion of peace time, be dispensed with, if the services of the ship are very arduous and exposed to much bad weather. Generally the method of ramming will be as follows : — The Outer Spur Needle will be used alone if the vessel to be attacked is small, or if it is desirable to reserve the spur for a second enemy. The Reserve Outer Spur Needle can only be used when the collision, on first attacking an enemy, has left but little impression on the rammer ; should the first crush have been a heavy one, so as to prevent her forcing out a second needle thrust, then the ram vessel will have to fall back on her spur alone. The Spur as a Ram can be used as a ram pure against a small enemy, if all the fastenings are kept tight, and if it is not desired to leave it and employ it as a torpedo. Should the crush be enormously heavier than anticipated, there can be no question that the spur will be wrenched out of the rammer with but little danger to the parent vessel, even with all the catches fast. The Spur as a Ram and Torpedo. All the fastenings would be eased up shortly before an attack, and the several officers and men would be stationed to fire the spur catches, after side catches and main charge, when the desired penetration had been reached. The spur shoulder chain would always be kept fast and ready for slipping at any moment. Spur and Needle combined. This unquestionably is the most formidable combination that the rammer can produce, and she should invariably be prepared to give it to an enemy larger than herself, or when her destruction was highly imperative. The needle catch, holding the spur and needle together, would consequently be kept locked, so that the needle, which would effect the greatest penetration, would assist in ' holding the spur, which possibly might not have penetrated more than a few feet. After leaving the spur' and needle in the hull of an enemy, both needle and spur charges could be fired with perfect safety to the rammer, provided she could succeed in backing 20 feet from her detached spur, although she might, if necessary, allow 100 feet, or half a ship's length to intervene. The centre of the fore needle charge of 714 lbs. is 11 feet from the centre of the spur charge, containing 415 lbs. of gun cotton, and between them the Z\\ lbs. after needle charge is placed. 5 34 No ship, however strongly constructed, can withstand these combined explosions, for with good penetration an enemy of large tonnage would have these three charges under artd within her armour and side ; the fore needle charge being somewhere over her keel. It must also be borne in mind that it is becoming an accepted fact, that a floating submerged torpedo, holding from 25 to 500 lbs. of compressed gun cotton, can destroy any of our larger iron clads fitted with the newest style of bottom ; but as no reliable or extensive experiments have been made in this direction, it must be allowed that penetration first and explosion afterwards, with the same charge of explosive material, would produce much more disastrous results. The Inner or Ship Needle can only be used when the spur is dropped, or when, from some reason or other, the ship is not supplied with one. This will always prove a most formidable weapon of attack, and may be considered as likely to do an enemy far greater harm than any of the fixed spur bows, which are fitted to the ram war vessels of the present day. In conclusion, it may be observed that after the spur has been detached and needle expended, the vessel would then be as efficient as a rammer as many of our present ram vessels. APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF THE DETACHING TORPEDO RAM AND NEEDLE TORPEDO. DETAILED WEIGHTS OF SPUR. Two side steel spur. plates Central portion of upper main spur iron Head of upper spur iron Point of ditto Needle thrust 1 inch cylinder Ditto ditto strengthening piece Spur shoulder beds, with catch . Two angle irons on under side . Sixteen spur catches Drop bolt strengthening piece Drop bolt box and spring Forty-five pieces of hydraulic tubing Stem transversal and upright angle iron 1st ditto ditto 2nd ditto ditto 3rd ditto ditto 4th ditto ditto Carried forward lbs. 5.708 1,819 376 363 2,537 800 400 240 240 60 200 250 145 140 170 210 192 lbs. 13,850 35 DETAILED WEIGHTS OF SPUR.— Continued. Brought forward 5th transversal, with upright angle iron 6th, or after, ditto ditto . All the diagonal strut irons Mixed metal gun cotton case (one third of an inch thick) Two pintle box recesses in spur ... Semicircular heel piece, connecting side plates to cylinder and stem iron .... Main spur charge .... lbs. 13.850 228 244 576 37o 300 880 415 Total lbs. 16,863 Total weight of spur . Ditto of needle, with charge complete Outer cylinder, cowdie fir plug, &c. English oak inner plug, &c. Total weight of spur and needle, &c. Two spare needles in reserve Weight of torpedo expeller and fittings Tons cwt. qrs. lbs 7 10 2 7 1 17 2 21 5 3 *5 2 22 9 16 3 15 2 18 1 9 1 14 3 16 16 10 n DETAILED WEIGHTS OF SPECIAL FITTINGS FOR STEM PROPER. Receiving stem from water line to top of inner collar Main heel support Two wrought iron stem collars for upper thrusts .; Inner stem drop bolt . Wooden torpedo cradle Ditto collar chock Twenty-six brass rollers Thirteen roller rods Apron 4 inch rod and wheel for securing spur and inner needle a, a lbs. 5.290 1,840 3,546 394 175 17 130 22 133 173 Total lbs. 11,720 =54 2 16 Giving a grand total of Tons 21 15 27 36 detailed weights. — continued. Tons cwts. qrs. lbs. Brought forward . . 21 15 o 27 Less — reserve needles and other fittings carried in after end of torpedo room, or still farther aft . . 4 19 2 17 Leaving a nett weight to be carried at bow . . Tons 16 15 2 10 Very extreme weights have in all cases been taken, and it may be assumed that the total weight forward could be reduced to somewhere about 15 tons. This weight will not be found so heavy as to interfere with the sea-going quality of the vessel ; but if considered desirable, this weight could be borne in a great measure by external and readily movable air tight boxes. Detailed Description of Palmers Dome-shaped, Double-roller, One gun Turret. Before entering into a detailed description of this proposed turret, it will perhaps be desirable to make a few extracts from reports furnished by eminent naval and civil officers, and bearing on the subject. The question of turret versus the broadside system has so often been argued, that it is not intended to draw comparisons between them, believing that each is invaluable for its own special service, a fact clearly borne out by the several splendid representative types of vessels now existing in H.M. navy. Some nine years ago, a committee of five naval officers was appointed by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to report on the merits of seagoing turret ships, a digest of which was as follows : — A. That it is the most efficient mode of carrying and working very heavy guns * in a seaway. A steadier platform is obtained from which to fire. A gun mounted in a turret is higher out of the water, and being also in the centre of the ship, can therefore be fought longer and more efficiently in a seaway than when mounted on the broadside. The extent to which the gun can be trained in a turret is only limited by the obstructions on the deck. v There is also greater facility of training than with broadside guns as at present fitted. When under musketry fire, the port in a turret can be turned away from the enemy while the gun is being loaded. So far as being able to keep the gun when loaded always pointed towards the object, a greater rapidity of fire is obtained by the turret system. The captain of the turret has at all times a distinct view of his object, which in a seaway would frequently be lost sight of by the captain of a broadside gun ; and further, the object is less liable to be obscured by smoke. B. There is better protection for the men fighting the gun, who are actually inside the armour plate part of the turret, and also for the gun and carriage. 38 C. A turret with 6 inch armour plating would, it is believed, be almost invulner- able, as regards penetration^against any gun of less weight than 1 2 tons. D. A ship armed with two turrets has the advantage of being able to direct all her guns on the same object, on more bearings than by any other known plan, and of throwing a heavier weight of metal on either broadside that can be done by any armour plated vessel now afloat, of equal size and tonnage, armed in any other mode, or that has yet been designed. E. Of two vessels of the same speed, one armed on the broadside plan and the other armed with two turrets, the latter has a greater facility than the broadside ship of placing herself to an advantage in action, by keeping head to sea in a seaway. F. If a ship were totally dismasted and the crew disabled, a one turret ship would probably, and a two turret ship certainly, be able to continue the action to greater advantage than a ship armed on any other plan, under like circumstances. G. When a ship has to go through an intricate channel, or up a winding river, when the enemy is always in range, the turret system would give a greater facility to a one turret ship probably, and to a two turret ship certainly, of keeping her gun bearing on the enemy, while the ship would be following the course of the channel or stream. Admiral Goldborough writes, in a report dated February 24th, 1864, to the Secretary, United States Navy, just after the close of the war, — " That turret ships should be confined to moderate dimensions, to such, in effect, as with a high velocity will offer sufficient momentum, used as a ram to crush effect- ually any antagonist whatever capable of sea service ; and more than this is, to my apprehension, obviously more than superfluous. "The turret system I regard as decidedly preferable, and mainly for these reasons : it renders one gun of a class equivalent to at least two of the same disposed in opposite broadside ports, and this with great reductions of crew; it admits the use of much heavier guns. " It does not necessarily involve a breadth of beam antagonistic to velocity. " It affords a better protection to gun and men, and withal, it secures the fighting of guns longer in a seaway." Admiral Lesoffsky, of the Russian Navy, says, — " The ' Monitor ' possesses in comparison with other armoured vessels — " 1. A comparative cheapness of construction. " 2. The insignificance of target presented to the enemy's fire. " 3. The safety of the submerged part of the vessel from shots. " 4. The possibility of using guns of the heaviest calibre, and capability to give great thickness to the turret and side armour, easier than could be done on armoured vessels of other systems." The general conclusion arrived at by the Admiralty Committee nine years ago, is that a 39 turret ship, regarding her seagoing properties, is more effective for general warfare than a broad- side vessel of the same tonnage ; and experience has shown that their verdict is correct, and is daily being corroborated. At that time, the 12 ton gun and 7 inch armour were amongst our wonders; whilst now 35 ton guns, with the probability of that weight being doubled, and even trebled, and 16 inch armour, with the possibility of its almost reaching over the vital parts, twice that thickness, attract our attention. And these sizes are not paper phantoms, but probabilities carefully worked out by our most eminent gun and ship constructors. The American and Russian authorities entirely endorse our Admiralty Committee's opinion, and the latter go on to predict, and are as fast as ourselves putting into practice, that guns of an enormous calibre can only seaworthily and with great effect be carried and fought on the turret principle. This we have proved ; and have every right to infer, reasoning from predictions, and experi- ments produced by Americans, and Frenchmen more than 50 years ago, since which time all have generally come true, and are now in use ; and great and certain revolutions must assuredly take place in the course of the next few years as have been experienced in the past. The question of late has often arisen and should now undoubtedly be solved, whether it is prudent to completely clothe in armour our coast defence " Monitor," assuming that this class of vessel is represented by a seaworthy, habitable, and unmasted ship, capable of high speed and fair endurance under steam. If two turrets are carried on cheap, effective hulls of moderate tonnage, proper accommo- dations cannot be provided for the officers and crew, and it appears probable that to meet the great coal and engine power required, monopolizing at least 20 per cent, of the vessel, and the great additional room for working submarine gun torpedoes, that more than one turret will never again be placed on any but the largest structures. Again, the probable future mode of attack, always fronting an enemy, will oblige the requisite thickness of armour to be placed on the fore part of a vessel for both defence and ram purposes, whilst the after body, fairly armoured over vital parts, will have sufficient work to support the coals and engines carried. The desirability of placing more than one gun within a turret seems questionable, and will probably, in a few years, become objectionable, because : — 1st. The guns are so likely to be increased in size that no ordinary ship, not including possible circular ones, even allowing her breadth of beam to be only about one third her length, will be found capable of carrying a sufficiently large turret. 2nd. The weight of a turret constructed with vertical sides, as at present, or inclined inwards on the cupola principle, will be quite unsuited to vessels of moderate tonnage. 3rd. The two portholes required weaken the armour and expose the guns themselves when run out, and their crews, when run in, to twice the extent of an enemy's fire that one gun would. The danger of one gun being disabled and injuring the second is very great; the fire of one gun, when used independently, or the fire of an enemy into a port exploding the other gun's shell, which by present arrangements can only, in the excitement of action, be fused with the most safety on the loading platform; and the consequent confusion leading 40 to danger which independent firing must cause, present great drawbacks to the use of two guns in one turret. 4th. The weight of the one future gun, with the increased weight of its projectiles, will, if appropriately protected by armour, be all that a moderately sized vessel can carry and use with effect. Admiral Key, the late director of naval ordnance, states that for naval guns the — ist requirement is strength to withstand heavy charges, endurance, and regularity of construction. 2nd. Penetrating power at ranges up to 1200 yards. 3rd. The use of a powerful shell. 4th. Simplicity as regards non-liability to derangement and facility of working. 5th. Accuracy, with a low trajectory, especially at ranges under 1500 yards. 6th. Extensive range, which last, Admiral Key says, is not a necessity for naval ordnance. From all of which we conclude that this distinguished officer entirely believes that naval actions will be really fought within only three minutes steaming distance, if both do not wish to close, or choosing otherwise, will be decided alongside each other by the other great nautical weapons, the ram or torpedoes of various kinds. The diminished rate of firing from our present heavy guns, and the increased difficulty of aiming, consequent on the rapid evolution of steam ships, obviously reduces the gun to a very questionable first position. In coming naval wars destruction will be the prime object, and a vessel, if armed with a ram or torpedoes, and brought to by, or desirous to engage, a superior gunned enemy, will not stand and be pounded at, but rush in for a short but decisive engagement. The Russians and French, after seeing the "Re d'ltalia" iron-clad run down and sunk, with a crew of 600 men, within two minutes, immediately appreciated the power of a ram stem, and the former have since ascertained by experimental ramming, using two padded gunboats for the purpose, that after twenty-one encounters, in no case could the ram be altogether avoided, and that the average time from the beginning to the end of a contest, with equally matched vessels, was only twenty minutes. For some years past we have provided many armour plated ships with spurs, with the view of giving them an auxiliary means of attack, but never until the launch of the " Rupert," some twelve months since, did we possess a vessel designed and fitted as a ram pure, reversing the usual principle, and allowing the armament to be auxiliary to her ram. Mr. Reed, the designer of this vessel, assumed that to be effective, it was necessary for a ram to be comparatively small and handy, but heavily protected by armour, possessing a high rate of speed, and carrying as light an armament as was consistent with safety. Taking the late chief constructor's calculations on the punching powers of the " Rupert," a ship of about 5000 tons weight, he shows that the energy of the blow she can strike is measured by about 22,300 foot tons, or nearly four times the energy of a 35 ton gun projectile on leaving the muzzle, and proves that with her power she can penetrate more than three times the thickness of armour at present carried by any ship afloat. But to do this she most probably risks her own destruction. 4i One of the most important questions, which apparently remains unsolved, is a mode of securing these ram spurs to the bow ; and until some arrangement is determined on, allowing the part that penetrates the enemy to become detached, it is more than likely that both vessels will share the same unhappy fate. That this can be done, and most probably with enormous advantage to the rammer, is shown in the earlier part of this book. Having briefly remarked on the value of the turret system ; on the apparent great value of ships of small tonnage carrying one turret with only one gun, over the same ship with one or two turrets, carrying two guns in each ; and especially on ramming being the principal mode of attack in future naval warfare, an opinion corroborated by most eminent officers of our own navy, and practically proved during all the fights that have occurred for the last ten years ; the author ventures to submit a plan (C. C, sheet i.) of a coast defence monitor, whose dimensions are — 170 feet long, 48, feet beam, about 2600 tons displacement, 500 horse-power, and 13 knots speed, with 300 arc of all-round fire. Her armament above water will consist of one DOMED SHAPED, double roller turret, carrying one 25 or a 35 ton gun, two 40 pr. Whitworth breech-loaders, four deck mitrailleurs (two forward, two aft), one top mitrailleur; and, below water, Harvey's quarter towing torpedoes, six Whitehead's screw torpedo expeller cylinders (four on the broadside, and two on the bow) and Palmer's detaching spur torpedo ram, carrying three or more needle thrusts. The specialities of the ship are — 1st. That she is never to run away, but always to present herself end on, full to the enemy, with her strongly armoured fore part. That her vital portions and entire water line are also protected by armour. 2nd. That she has high speed and great manoeuvring power to place herself in the most favoured position, either for shooting her projectiles, submarine and surface torpedoes, or lodging her ram. 3rd. That no breastwork or vertical sided central box is employed, and that the turret, which is dome shaped, presenting the smallest hit hold for the enemy's shot, is placed on inclined armour, which gradually rises from either beam, and from the fore part of deck proper. 4th. That the ship carries the central or highest portion of her forecastle four feet above the water line, curving down to it on either side for the ready deflection of enemy's shot, and that this deck offers as great facilities for working anchors and cables as other low freeboard monitors of this class. 5th. That the actual total weight of armour employed gives, it is believed, quite twice the protection over the same amount disposed as at present on a wall sided hull, breastwork and turret. 6th. That a coast defence monitor, to be effective, especially if far removed from a central depot, should carry a large, supply of coal, for laying on and off an enemy's coast for a lengthened period. To do this, a permanent superstructure must be built to accommodate the officers and crew. This vessel supplies suitable quarters, unprotected by armour, which would be rarely damaged, as all the enemy's fire would be borne by the fore part. 6 42 7 th. Her fore body of great beam and strength is entirely devoted to great carrying capacity, taking the weight of armour and fore turret, the latter placed well aft ; and particularly to the working of the ram and submarine guns. 8th. Her after part below the line of upper deck is on emergency entirely devoted to the engine room and a large supply of coal. 9th. Her gun, which roughly represents a 6oo pr. 25 ton weight, possesses a perfectly unbroken arc of 300 fire, the 6o° directly abaft only being lost. An additional 4 feet of beam would allow a 50 ton gun to be carried, presuming that similar proportions are observed in its structure. 10th. The turret plates are sectionally placed the entire height of turret from the gutter around its base to the central air space gratings, horizontal joints thus being avoided. The entire armour is bolted on to large teak carlings, used as stretchers between the double X iron standards ; the nuts are prevented from flying amongst the crew by a light iron plating skin over each, whilst these again, and the entire inner side of turret, are lined with three-quarters of an inch thick india rubber felting, to keep splinters under. nth. It is proposed to stow 300 rounds for the one 25 ton or larger gun, viz.— 150 common and Palliser shell. 120 shot. 20 Shrapnell. 10 case. Total 300 These will weigh about 81 tons, and each one can, if necessary, be taken by one hoist into position to the muzzle of the gun, but more generally two will be employed. 1 2th. In cases of great emergency, when hard pushed by an enemy, a reserve of solid shot will be at hand, requiring only a hoist of about 10 feet in one motion, to the muzzle of the gun. The danger of moving live shell will, by these arrangements, be reduced to a minimum. 13th. The gun is supported on either side by powerful mitrailleurs, fired from the fore part of upper deck, with an arc of 90 fire ; these are particularly adapted for cutting away and damaging torpedo gear, and for throwing a continuous fire into the stern of an enemy, when chasing her to ram. A powerful derrick mast with a top mitrailleur is placed midway the funnel and turret. This top mitrailleur, worked by apparatus fitted within the head of mast, will be employed to keep clear the enemy's upper deck, when very closely engaged. 14th. The entire upper-deck accommodation is built over with a commodious light deck, so arranged with tarpaulin curtains that the upper deck proper may be made fairly comfortable for entire living purposes, if obliged to devote the lower deck accommodation to increased coal stowage. 15th. Four boats are carried at their davits, to be placed inboard, if necessary, by the derrick mast ; and great skylight and ventilation room is given, high above the range of all seas. 43 16th. No flying deck or other dangerous impediment exists to hold the wind or hamper the gun, or otherwise make the ship unseaworthy. 1 7th. The armour on the fore side of ship proper, immediately abaft the turret, is placed on an incline presenting such curves that shot from an enemy right ahead will produce little effect. In war time this would be additionally padded by the coal carried in bags in the fore lower deck. Bow and stern views are given of this coast defence ram vessel. Since completing the drawings of the dome turret, as illustrated, which gives the extreme breadth of ship as 51 feet 4 inches; at water line, 50 feet 8 inches; and outside edge of turret armour as 29 feet 2 inches; it has been thought prudent, since these particular curves were found, although wonderfully efficient, to extend the extreme beam of ship to 60 feet ; at the water line to 59 feet ; and to give the turret an extreme diameter of 34 feet 8 inches. A very great consideration, namely, the strides that are being made in the production of artillery, and the certain knowledge that shortly guns of 70 tons weight, throwing 1200 and 1500 pounder shot will be manufactured, induced the enlargement of the turret and its carrying body. The above dimensions will allow a gun 20 feet in length to be carried with somewhat different elevating appliances, with proportionately greater shooting power, and every convenience for loading. Looking at the result of the diagrams, it will be seen that this turret, suited for the largest type of ship, and calculated to meet the progress of coming days, gives about 20 per cent. more armour than now carried by H.M.S. " Magdala," and with proportionately some 30 per cent, less than borne by vessels of the " Devastation " and " Thunderer " class. Passing on, we shall now consider the merits of inclined over vertical armour, and afterwards proceed to show how it can be applied with great efficiency to the use of a moderate sized ship. As far as the author knows, the vertical sided turrets have had only one representative target in the long list at Shoeburyness, and the nearest approach to ascertain the value of inclined armour of any thickness was made against the late Capt. Cole's cupola shields, with decidedly successful results ; after that, against 8-inch armour, inclined 30 from the horizontal, on the " Warrior" backing; and lastly, a single shot was fired in 187 1. The exact date is not known, but it is believed to be more than thirteen years since the experiments were discontinued, on the plea of the cupola taking up too much room, being very heavy and expensive, and not much more impenetrable than other less attractive forms. Unquestionably, armour placed at an angle of about 45 , somewhat in this shape, which is understood to have been experimented against, is not well adapted for ship use, and certainly ill-fitted for preventing an enemy's shot from getting within. There can be no doubt that in those infantile days of armour plates, when it was considered a feat to fashion a bowed plate five inches in thickness, that it would have been decidedly unwise and needless to have entailed large expense in the manufacture of inclined armour, as the battle "gun versus armour" was then more often in favour of the latter. 44 But of late the gun has obtained the first position, and will maintain it so long as vertical plates are its only opponents, and there has hardly been reason until now, when our "Thunderers" and "Devastations" feel their coats remarkably heavy and overburdening, and yet of questionable resisting powers, why the subject should receive our most serious attention. Put on more armour to meet the probable improvement in gun penetration, and we make the ship unsafe, our seamen timid, and the result of an engagement, through sheer unwieldiness and want of buoyancy, very doubtful ; but continue the same, and even much less than the same now carried, cleverly disposed, and our ships will once again have the whip hand of the guns. The difficulties that exist in the production of almost any size armour in these days bear no relation to what had to be overcome when the " Warrior's " side plates were being moulded, whilst the additional price of labour and appliances for curving new plates will be more than met by the smaller quantity of metal required, leaving effectiveness entirely out of the question. Thirteen years ago long fine ships, whose lengths were seven and eight times their beam, were the fashion. They were fully believed in, as forms from which alone high speeds could be realized, and were also fully known to be unable to carry such a kind of turret as would then have been placed in them. Speed, armour, and ordnance in those days were exchangeable terms, neither of which could be fully enjoyed, except at a sacrifice of one of the others, whilst now, the three can practically be united in the same hull. In 1859 the very idea of building a vessel whose length was only five and a half times her breadth was scouted as absurd, and quite inconsistent with first-rate war qualities, until such ships as the " Bellerophon " and the " Hercules," whose manoeuvring power, economy, efficiency and speed are unrivalled, dispelled the idea. At this moment, our Russian friends are completing probably the most powerful ship in the world, whose length is only slightly more than five times her beam ; and are even going farther, by building ships all beam, circular in form, to be covered with 1 2 inches of armour. A good reason then seems to exist for England possessing a fleet of turret vessels, without sails, of great manoeuvring power and high speed, as a special reserve for home defences. Twenty of such vessels, built on exactly the same lines, and fitted alike, each carrying a 35 or 50 ton gun, would probably not cost more than one half as much, and be able to out match any twenty-five ships in the world. The following experiments have been made against wall sided turrets : — 1st. In June, 1866, against one of the " Royal Sovereign's" turrets at Spithead. 2nd. In May, 1871, against the "Devastation's" turret target, built with two kinds of armour, at Shoeburyness. And, lastly, in July, 18.72, against the "Glatton's" turret, at Portland. The " Royal Sovereign's " turret received two direct, fairly planted blows, one on the face, and the second in the rear of the turret, at a range of 200 yards, from two. specially manufactured steel pointed elongated bolts. The gun used was a 9 inch 1 2 ton naval service one, firing a charge of 43 lbs. of powder. The face of the turret was built up with two thicknesses of iron and an inner skin, the whole equivalent to 10 inches of iron plating. The shot against this penetrated only 5^ inches, leaving 4^ inches of the armour intact. 45 The rear of the turret target consisted of solid rolled plating 5^ inches thick. The second shot went through this, and, turning its point up, rested harmless in the backing. The turret after this revolved as well as ever. On May 4, 1 871, experiments were made at Shoeburyness against the "Devastation's" target, bent to represent a segment of a circle of the same radius as the " Devastation's " turret. Target No. 34 consisted of two solid outside plates of 14 inch iron bolted on to vertical and horizontal backing, 15 inches deep, finally bound up, so to speak, by an iron skin, one inch and a quarter thick. Target No. 35 was built of two iron plates, 8 inches of iron on 6 inch teak uprights, and then 6 inch armour plates on 6 inch teak uprights ; and, lastly, an inner skin of one and a quarter inches of iron. Both targets were supposed to represent theoretically an equal resisting power. A 25 ton 600 pr. service gun was used, consuming 85 lbs. of new pebble powder. Two Palliser's solid shot, with chilled head and sand body were first fired ; then two 568 lb. Palliser shell, containing bursting charges of 14 lbs. 1st shot against No. 34 target struck fairly, a little high, and to the left of the point of aim. It penetrated 13 '95 inches of iron, then fell out, the chilled head remaining intact. 2nd shot against No. 35 target struck between the two 8 inch plates, the shot breaking up completely after penetrating 19 inches, viz. 8 inches of iron, 6 inches of teak, and 5 inches of iron out of the 6 inch inner iron plate. 1st shell against No. ^target struck the 14 inch plate near the bottom, penetrating 11^ or 1 2 inches, bursting and breaking up without any more damage. 2nd shell against No. 35 target did not strike fairly. After these experiments, on the same day, a 2501b. Palliser shell was fired from a 9 inch gun at a target reclining 20 , to represent an iron clad heeling. The shot, striking fairly in the centre, made a hole big enough to jump through. The thickness of this target is not known. In July, 1872, under the most favourable conditions, and at a range of 200 yards, the " Hotspur" fired her 25 ton gun, with 85 lbs. large pebble powder, throwing a 600 lb. solid and chilled ogival headed shot against the " Glatton's " turret. Two shots were fired, and although their striking force was estimated at a little over 6100 tons, no through penetration was effected. The turret was armoured with 14 inches of solid iron. Taking these experiments as fair examples of what our service guns have lately done against turrets and targets representing turrets, viz. — Inch. Inches of armour. The 9 12 ton gun has pierced with a steel shot . . 5i „ 12 25,, „ „ with a Palliser solid chilled headed) 13-95 j giving a mean of shot . . . > 13*55 » 1375 „ 12 25 „ „ „ with a Palliser shell . • H75 „ 12 25 „ „ „ with a Palliser solid chilled headed . shot — about . . 1375 4 6 the author wishes to show the respective known velocities and corresponding energies of these guns with those of 18 and 25 tons, in order that some experiments recorded in page 160 of the manual of gunnery for Her Majesty's fleet against inclined armour, may receive only a certain valuation. Calibre of gun. Weight of gun. Highest charge for gun. Muzzle velocity. Energy in foot tons. Energy per lb. of powder in charge. Inches. °9 9 10 12 12 Tons. 12 12 18 25 35 Lbs. 43 50 70 85 no Feet. I340 1420 1364 1315 1300 Foot tons. 3"3 3496 5160 6415 8205 Foot tons. 72-4 69-9 737 75"5 74-6 Now the 10 inch — 18 ton 400 lb. service gun, has proved itself for its weight, the most effective one we possess, and it can only penetrate — A 10-inch plate at about 800 yards An 1 1 „ „ 500 yards And a 1 2 „ it would entirely fail to pierce. So can it be expected that a 9 inch gun, even fired with the latest highest charge of 50 lbs. of powder, with an energy in foot tons, one third less than that of the 10 inch, would, under similar conditions, pierce a like amount of armour, much more 14 and 16 inches of the same material, which the " Woolwich Infants " can hardly pierce, and cannot get through ? Page 1 60 of the Manual of Gunnery for 1 868 is devoted to recording experiments against a vertical target, and the same target inclined 30 from the horizontal, chiefly with the view of proving the value of Palliser's ogival and chilled headed shot against flat and ogival headed steel projectiles. It appears that the steel shot were quite unfit to effect more than one half of the penetration obtained by the Palliser shot, doubtless owing to the brittleness of the material, so we need not discuss these blows farther, except to remark that very similar projectiles, probably about the same year, 1866, were used with nearly the same effect by H.M.S. " Bellerophon," against the " Royal Sovereign's " turret, effecting only 5^ inches of penetration. Passing on to the Palliser ogival headed chilled projectiles, fired by 43 lbs. of powder (the then highest charge employed), .against 8 inch armour plates on the "Warrior" backing, which consisted of 18 inches of teak and five eighths of an inch of iron skin, we observe, as per diagram, that the effects of the two projectiles A and Q fired against the target placed vertically, may be summed up as follows : — * This gun and 431b. charge of powder was used against the 8 inch inclined armour target. 47 Armour 1 8 inches of backing Inner skin Total effective penetration, right through Shell A. Inches of iron. 8 = If = ioj Armour Slight reduction off backing, owing to not passing through Ditto inner skin Total effective penetration, al- most through } Shot C. Inches of iron. = 8 = If = IO Whilst the effects of projectiles B and D horizontal, give — against the same target, inclined 30 from the About Shell B. Inches of iron. 16 About Shot D. Inches of iron. *4i Leaving on target — Armour Inches of iron. = If Armour Inches of iron. = 4 32 inches of backing Inner skin = 2* = If 36 inches of backing Inner skin = 3* = i4 The equivalent in thickness The equivalent in thickness of of iron of target left = Si iron of target left = 6* 2)12! Mean of target left to shot and shell 6^ Thus giving a gain of about 60 per cent, power to this particular armour, inclined 6o° from the perpendicular, over similar armour placed vertically. Since we know that the crushing weight per square inch required to break our best rolled armour plates is about four times as great as the tensile breaking force of the same, we may infer that this same target, especially prepared to receive, in a vertical position, " direct blows," when inclined at an angle of 30? from the horizontal, exposed the fibres of the iron to the greatest damage and easiest penetration, through the projectile getting quick bite into a ready material for shouldering its way through. In addition, the quality of 8 inch thick armour has, since the time of that experiment, some six or more years ago, very nearly doubled in resisting power, owing to superior manipulation and tempering in the right direction, whilst this gun and its projectile has been 4 8 nearly stationary, and we see no reason why armour, inch for inch, if specially designed for any position from the horizontal to the vertical, should not offer equal resisting powers. Consequently, we conclude that although - this target gave valuable results concerning the tenacity and driving powers of the several projectiles used, it would be more than mischievous to attempt a favourable comparison of vertical versus inclined armour, by producing this as a fitting example. It has been recently stated that most limited experiments have been made against inclined armour, but it seems more than likely that such is not quite the case, although all data regarding extended and late trials appear to have been carefully withheld from public scrutiny, and it seems to be essential, in order that the reader may possess the fullest information, that the author should impart the following subject matter gathered from the following extracts from Blue Book reports, addresses to scientific gatherings, and articles in the leading magazines and journals : — i. Captain Dawson, R.N., in Fraser's Magazine of August, 1871, states that — " The diminished rate of firing from the heavier guns and the increased difficulty of aiming, consequent on the rapid evolutions of steam ships, obviously strengthens the case against guns in favour of the Ram still further." 2. Also, in February, 1872, he remarks that — " Under any conditions of battle, as ships are at present equipped, the Stem, whether employed to run into high sided, or to run over low freeboard vessels, would occupy the foremost position — artillery playing a subordinate part." 3. Naval Science, June, 1872, says that — " Up to the present moment the " Devastation " target has not been penetrated by any gun, and although it is possible that the 35 ton gun, and possibly the 25 ton gun, will be able to penetrate the 12 inch plates when striking direct, it is pretty certain that in action her all round fire would make her to take up a position in which a direct shot would become almost an impossibility." 4. In an article in Frasers Magazine, February, 1873, by Captain Dawson, we find that — " The best way to defend your own ship is to attack the enemy vigorously ; such, in effect, was the late Admiral Farragut's advice to the United States fleet during the late civil war." 5. In Frasers Magazine, August, 187 1, Captain Dawson states — ; ' That the penetrative power of a shot against an iron clad is dependent on the angle of incidence." 49 6. And in February, 1873, that — " If the present unmechanical rifling were got rid of there is no reason why 50 ton guns should not be built to perforate 24 inch plate." 7. Sir James Tennent, F.R.S., in his valuable work, " The Story of the Guns," says, — " In addition to the flat fronted Whitworth projectile being found the best to penetrate water, another property is its ability to pass through iron plates inclined at an angle of 57 ° ; for although the centre of the front is slightly rounded, the edge is left comparatively sharp, and therefore bites the surface, which it ploughs up, notwithstanding that the resistance which it encounters is apparently increased to the diagonal thickness of the plate. " It is hardly possible to over estimate the advantages attendant on this property of the flat fronted shot in not glancing off from an inclined surface. " It cannot be expected that one shot in a hundred fired at a vessel in motion will strike it full, since, owing to the outline of the ship's side, its situation at the instant, or the position from which the gun itself may be fired, the chances are that the vast proportion of the shot will hit at an angle more or less inclined to the plane of the object aimed at. " In all such cases, as the tendency of spherical or round-fronted projectiles is to deflect and glance off, the superiority of one which lays hold of and penetrates the surface, even at an angle of considerable obliquity, is manifestly great." 8. We read in the same book that — "On November 14, 1862, the Whitworth 12 pounder, with flat fronted shot, and shell of homogeneous iron, was fired against a target covered with two inches and a half of iron, and inclined backward to an angle of 45 °, an angle at which no gun but Mr. Whitworth's has yet succeeded in sending any projectile through the plate. Two shot made of cast iron, and only intended to be used as pioneers to ascertain the range, were fired by accident instead of those of hardened steel, and the error was at once detected by their crumbling to pieces. " But those designed for the occasion evinced their usual power, completely penetrating the iron in a diagonal line, where the inclination increased the thickness to about three inches and a half. " The shells which were used without bursting charges were found to be so little injured by passing through the iron that they might each have been fired again from the same gun." 9. The Engineer of September, 1869, says that Mr. Whitworth has proved — i. That the flat fronted form of projectile is capable of piercing armour plating at extreme angles up to 65 °. ii. That the quality of the material of the shells enables their length to be increased without any risk of their breaking up on impact, and materially augments their bursting charge as shells. 7 5° iii. That this increase in length, while adding to the efficiency of the projectile as a shell, in no way diminishes, but, on the contrary, proportionately improves, the penetrative power. io. Mr. Whitworth also states — " That the form of the head of the ogival pointed projectile causes it to glance off from plane or convex surfaces when hitting diagonally." ii. Captain Dawson, in February, 1873, after mentioning the exceptionally favourable circumstances of the " Glatton-Hotspur " experiment, goes on to say — " Now, naval combats are not likely to be fought out in a mill pond between two immovable ships securely fastened to one another, and the circumstances under which shot would impinge on the armoured side of a ship at right angles, horizontally and vertically, will so rarely meet that they may be regarded as accidental." 12. Also — " If the extreme angle of incidence at which penetration would take place be about 40 then the 14 inch plate would present at that angle a diagonal depth of about twenty inches to be perforated. "To accomplish this, the 600 lb. shot must leave the gun at the rate of 1560 feet, or a 700 lb. shot of the same (12 inch) calibre must do so at the rate of 1440 feet, striking in either case a blow of 9737 foot tons. " But neither the 25 ton nor the 35 ton gun, as at present rifled, on the system which yields ' decidedly the lowest velocities' project their respective shot faster than 1300 feet per second, and neither could perforate the "Glatton's" turret (14 inch) at the extreme biting or non-glancing angle." 13. Sir James Tennent states that — "The 'Special Committee on Iron' made numerous trials in 1860-61 with irons of various thicknesses placed at every imaginable angle, secured by fastenings of every contrivance, and fired at with guns of every calibre then in use, and with projectiles of .various materials, and of shape as diversified,' with most uncertain and unaccountable results." 14. Also that — " At Portsmouth, in August, 1861, attempts were unsuccessfully made to destroy what was known as ' Jones's Angular Butt.' " As previous experiments had generally been made against plates in a vertical position, or only so much out of the perpendicular as to resemble the side of a ship, this gentleman conceived the idea of so arranging the iron plates above the water line as to form an angle of 52°, from which, as he rightly conjectured, spherical and conical shot would glance off without penetrating. 5i A series of trials were made by the officers of the "Excellent," and the result fully justified the anticipations of the projector. The firing was in every case at 200 yards distance, with cast iron bolts, each 110 lbs., from the Armstrong gun, with a charge of 14 lbs. of powder; but although as many as six shot struck within a space of 2 1 X 12 inches, the effect produced was absolutely insignificant, and after being hammered by sixteen blows the plates were not pierced, nor was the woodwork materially injured. There is, however, no reason to doubt that if, instead of conical or spherical shot, the trials had been made with flat-fronted projectiles invented by Mr. Whitworth, the result would have been different. Whitworth steel projectile that first pene- trated iron plate. 15. Mr. Mallet states that — " The ogival form of head is specially adapted to obtain the greatest amount of direct fracture and a certain amount of lateral displacement in armour." 16. In The Engineer of December 3, 1869, we see that the Times, in speaking of the then Major Palliser's ogival headed shot, says, — " Where lies the fighting value of the ogival headed projectile ? If it strike the side of an armoured ship obliquely, as in the firing at the turret of the " Royal Sovereign," it flies off at an opposite angle to that of its flight from the mouth of the gun to the ship's side, for it has no ' bite,' or it breaks up into a thousand pieces. " It has made good penetration into and through plating and targets, but with such work done by it, the gun has been fired at right angles with the plate, pierced, and then the cone headed form of the shot enabled the latter to shoulder its way through. " There is no record of oblique firing at armour plates on plated targets with the present naval guns, nor does there appear to be any record in existence, at the Admiralty or elsewhere, of the question having been closely considered in its application to iron clad fleets of the present day." N.B. — The Engineer, however, adds that this last statement is absolutely untrue. 17. Captain Dawson, in February, 1873, states that — "No artillerist would aim at the 14 inch plated turret front, though if engaging to leeward, with the hostile turret inclined towards him, he might risk a shot at its open top. " When the " Devastation " was undergoing her speed trials in smooth water, it was found that when turning at full speed the action of the water on the submerged portion of the hull caused her to heel steadily 4 ." Paragraphs 1; 2, 3, and 4 strongly strengthen the necessity of end on attack, if not with the sole object of ramming, for the very important secondary one of presenting the ship's 52 most inclined armour due to the curve of bow and other special lines, to the enemy; and in paragraph 3 we read, "It is pretty certain that in action her all round fire would enable her to take up a position in which a direct shot would become almost an impossibility." All powerful as this remark may seem, it is one that will much mislead readers not thoroughly conversant with the build of H.M.S. "Devastation," which vessel, we must remember, carries two turrets, and each turret two 35 ton guns. Only two positions could this ship take up " in which a direct shot would become almost impossible," and these are by presenting herself directly bow or stern on to her antagonist, in which case one half of her gun power could alone be employed. In this situation the enemy's projectiles would be forced to strike her hull at angles of about 6o° from a true rectangular blow, whilst either her fore or after turret could only receive a " direct hit " on the immediate central line ; the force of the blow through its circular form gradually diminishing to nothing, as its sides, some fifteen feet and a half to the right and left of the centre, were reached. Under such conditions a "direct shot" would become certainly very difficult, as we may safely infer that the enemy, if protected with vertical armour, could not afford to expose herself so that all her guns might pour in combined or individual fire. The chances are, however, deduced from the appended diagrams, that she would at a small range obtain a " true blow " once in every thirty shot fired. To bring a third gun to bear upon the enemy, the " Devastation " would have to turn herself away some 20? and to bring all four some 30?, presenting her lines of bow or stern at angles, where only 40 and 30 slip degrees respectively would impede her antagonist's projectiles from " direct hits." End on attack and defence in any but a circular, or almost circular ship, must become the order of battle, and all ships whose lengths greatly exceed their beams, as is now generally the case, in the proportion of about five or six to one, can only fully employ their after turret as auxiliary to the fore one, or especially in the event of having more than one enemy to combat at the same time. This value of protecting yourself by presenting as great angles of incidence as possible, Captain Dawson and Sir James Tennent, in paragraphs 5, 7, and 11, most fully confirm; and the latter goes on to say, — "It cannot be expected that one shot in a hundred fired at a vessel in motion will strike it 'full,' since owing to the outline of the ship's side, its situation at the instant, or the position from which the gun itself may be fired, the chances are that the vast proportion of the shot will hit at an angle more or less inclined to the plane of the object aimed at." Whilst the former, in paragraph 11, remarks, — " And the circumstances under which shot would impinge on the armoured side of a ship at right angles, horizontally and vertically, will so rarely meet that they may be regarded as accidental." Were such the case, there need be no desire to attempt to improve upon the forms of our sea going fighting machines ; but as such statements are entirely at variance with facts contained in this book, it is more than probable they were made without sufficient thought. 53 Under the varied conditions of ship roll and the line of flight of shot which enter into every situation that a ship of war is likely to occupy in an engagement, given in the 66 diagrams, we observe that i "direct hit" in every 20 shot fired is obtained against the " Magdala's " armoured hull, breastwork, and turret (about the same number would take effect against H.M.S. "Devastation" above her water line, owing to her higher freeboard), and that under exactly similar conditions only 1 in 55 strikes " full " against the dome turret ship, the proportion being 1 1 to 4 in favour of the inclined armour. Whereas 1 projectile in every 8 fired, strikes the " Magdala's " armoured hull, breastwork, and turret at angles not exceeding 5 , with a mean of 3 ; and under precisely similar condi- tions 1 in 32 strikes at the same angle of only 5 and under, against the dome turret ship, making the proportion 4 to 1 in favour of inclined armour. Taking the mean of those that strike against vertical armour, such as is carried by all our most efficient war ships, at and under 5 , where no appreciable loss of penetration due to the angle of incidence is felt ; we conclude the proportion of " direct hits," with the utmost damaging effect, to be 1 in every 14 strikes, and not 1 in 100, as the reader who has not taken the trouble to work out the needful diagrams, would too readily believe. Whilst against the recommended inclined armour, which would seem to offer the greatest resistance possible for the weight of metal employed, only 1 in 43^ strikes is able to fully expend its force on the object aimed at. And it will later on be shown that this comparatively small weakness in the dome turret ship, can readily and economically be met by an increase of armour over a very limited area ; with the great advantage of being able to supplement it at any time to meet the improvements of artillery that are likely to be produced for many coming years. In paragraphs 7, 8, and 9 the great value of the flat fronted Whitworth projectile, proved by experiments against inclined armour, demands our attention. The first essential for an effective projectile is that the material of which it is made is hard enough to clear a passage for itself, and tough enough not to break up during concussion ; and, secondly, that its form should be calculated to maintain as long as possible a high initial velocity, together with the utmost penetrative power ; whilst the first necessity for a gun which is truly subordinate to the projectile that it throws, is a length of range, more or less identified with precision of fire ; because the gun, by sending its shot farthest, implies the greatest steadiness of the axis, and the least amount of irregular disturbing causes, permitting it at the same time a flatter or lower trajectory, obtained by the smaller angles of elevation. Now Mr. Whitworth, in i860, with his 12 pounder rifled gun, throwing an elongated, flat fronted projectile, attained the extraordinary range of nearly six miles, and it was with this projectile that he pierced inclined armour, angled 45 °. And again, with the same gun, differently fitted, we find him, some ten years later, throwing a projectile six diameters long, weighing only 12 lbs., about 7 miles; penetrating with it at short range a 4^ inch iron plate, and capable of piercing armour plating at extreme angles up to 65 ., Now our present service guns, with their ogival headed projectiles, are confessedly unequal to such results, although, as Mr. Mallet says in paragraph 15, "the ogival form of head is specially adapted to obtain the greatest amount of direct fracture and a certain amount of lateral 54 displacement in armour ;" but Mr. Mallet does not tell us that it is either specially or the best adapted to enter inclined armour, although he considers " that friction may even cause a shot of ogival form to turn, catch its point, and penetrate, when impinging on a target at an angle of incidence slightly less than that of a tangent to the ogival curve at the axis." Paragraphs 10 and 16 as strongly condemn the present service form of shot, as do paragraphs 6 and 1 2 the unmechanical rifling employed in the gun. There can be little doubt that if experiments against heavily armoured curved targets have been made with the now powerful projectiles, that the results have been withheld from public opinion, either on account of their being confirmatory of the weakness of the gun or projectile, or both ; or otherwise owing to the desirability of allowing the world to remain, so long as it suits England, in ignorance of the great value of inclined armour. The latter supposition is probably the correct one, for it seems impossible that any experiments on a large scale could be made with our monster guns without creating a considerable stir, both as to bringing the gun into action at Shoeburyness, and the results obtained. Although smaller naval ordnance in present use may have been employed, the superior rifling which they enjoy, and the great ease with which they can be supplied with the most approved and varied form of projectile and material, will not permit any sound estimate to be formed of what our " Woolwich Infants " would accomplish under supposed proportionate conditions. A penetrative shot power must now be decided on, in order to obtain data on which the existing turret and the dome turret as proposed can be compared. A 600 pr. 25 ton gun has been proved to be able to penetrate, firing direct, with neither horizontal, or vertical slip, 14 inches of unbacked iron, at a distance of about 200 yards. Assuming that a better kind of powder was employed on these experiments at the Shoeburyness range, than could be depended on in war time, and that the flight of the projectile, through perfect fitment, cleanliness, and trueness of gun rifling was as perfect as possible, rendering most effective penetration ; it has been decided, it is hoped with some correctness, in default of data derived from recorded experiments, that — 1st. 13^ inches of iron is a fair mean thickness that a 600 pr. 25 ton gun projectile can pierce with direct hit at 200 yards. 2nd. i2§ inches of iron is a fair mean thickness that a 600 pr. 25 ton gun projectile can pierce with io° (slip) off the true rectangular hit. 3rd. 1 if inches of iron is a fair mean thickness that a 600 pr. 25 ton gun projectile can pierce with 20 (slip) off the true rectangular hit. 4th. \o\ inches of iron is a fair mean thickness that a 600 pr. 25 ton gun projectile can pierce with 30 (slip) off the true rectangular hit. 5th. 8 inches of iron is a fair mean thickness that a 600 pr. 25 ton gun projectile can pierce with 40 (slip) off the true rectangular hit. Teak backings are valued in the calculations as follows: — 11 inches of teak equal to- 1 inch of iron. Great uncertainty exists as to an ogival headed, or other form of projectile, biting between 40 and 60 , and any number of slip degrees over 40 will be calculated as for 40 only. 55 The reader must not, however infer, that of necessity so many inches of penetration are lost by shot striking at certain angles of slip or curve, as it may rarely happen that a projectile on striking, say with 20 of incidence, will shoulder its way through 13^ inches (extreme) of iron, owing to having the power of catching its point and turning in, instead of glancing off point first (as per diagram), whilst another projectile might glance off point first, through there not being sufficient plastic distortion to hold the point ; or base first, when the point is caught, but not held, as in the accompanying illustration. TABLE I. A gain of o inches of iron is attributed to o slip degrees. 1 4 >> 1 2 >> 3 4 >> I* >> If >> »* )> 3* !> 4* I) 5* )> 3 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 and everything over. 56 One of these thicknesses will consequently be added to the amount of inclined armour penetrated at each strike, to bring it as nearly as possible to its assumed equivalent in vertical iron. Inclined armour of kinds may be produced by one or all of the following agencies : — The heel or lay over of ship. The line of axis of enemy's projectiles at moment of strike (presuming them not to be spherical) ; and lastly, but principally, by — The build of ship. In order, therefore, to compile diagrams which would illustrate the value of the proposed dome turret, as compared with those already constructed, the turret of H.M. Indian turret ship " Magdala " has been selected. The two turrets have been presumed to be subjected to identical flights of 600 pr. shell, which concentrate on them. The angle of incidence and penetration is calculated for every projectile falling at certain degrees from the horizon, due to elevation ; when on an even keel ; and also rolling towards and away from the shot. From a pivoting point lines of roll up to 25 have been laid off, on each 5 of which the two turrets, working as one, are heeled over, the number of strikes, damage to armour and backing, and amount of slip degrees being carefully registered in all positions. It consequently follows that the " Magdala's " vertical turret must, on most of these conditions, receive direct central blows from the projectiles flying on the lines towards the pivoting points, whilst the top or grating portion of the dome, when both are on an even keeL is placed neutrally, or directly, between two lines of flight. In the following sixty six diagrams every shot striking each turret under equal conditions has been registered and valued as follows, viz. : — 1 st. Measuring the actual thickness of armour proper that has been penetrated. 2nd. The depth of wood backing, converting it into its equivalent of iron. 3rd. The extra thickness of iron that must be added to compensate for the number of slip degrees for each strike. Inner skins are not calculated, being assumed to be equal in both turrets. It is also presumed that the amount of horizontal slip on the two kinds of turrets practically balances one another. The object of the writer is to show the vast superiority of armour, peculiarly inclined to resist penetration, over an equivalent amount placed vertically, or wall sided. In both the turrets on which the diagrams are based, the major transversal sections are alone considered, a measurement much against the dome turret type of ship, as it is proposed, if possible, always to keep bows on to an enemy ; thus exposing only the curved iron forecastle and its after part, which inclines towards the turret much more favourably for resisting penetration through making a longer sweep, than can be produced on either beam curvature. After rejecting in the sixty six diagrams noted in the appendix, all the bad hits (i. e. those almost sure to penetrate ship, or much injure turret), and others which, from the peculiar nature of strike, cannot be put into figures, we find that 916 remain capable of accurate valuation. The last twelve columns in the summary table (see appendix) are employed to show the particular nature of all these hits, Good, Very Good, and Very Very Good being the terms used for 57 those strikes where the shot cannot penetrate ; and Bad, Very Bad, and Very Very Bad for those where the shot can enter ; also notifying in the three latter cases the extent of the danger through insufficient armour, &c. The following valuations are consequently adopted for the 600 pr. 25 ton gun projectile : — ■ TABLE II. Also- Inches of armour. Between 13^ and 16 = „ 16 and 1$ = „ 19 and all over = Between 13^ and 11 = „ 11 and 8* = 8 and all under = Abbreviations. G (good). VG (very good). VVG (very very good). B (bad). VB (very bad). VVB (very very bad). For example, take Diagram 1 from the following summary table, and we find the And— Armour Backing inches. inches. Dome turret has 11 '68 12-43 " Magdala's " turret 8-57' 9-42 Slip degrees. 42-18 O Inch of iron. Now the 12-43 inches of backing on the dome is equivalent to a good 1 And the 42*18 slip degrees to . . . • ' • 5h Making Which, added to the first Gives a total of 6-5 inches. . ii-68 „ 18-18 „ of iron. An amount which Table II. marks VG (very good), as quite safe from penetration, having an excess in thickness of 4'68 inches over the penetrative power of the 600 pr. shot, viz. 13^ inches. In the " Magdala's " case — 9-42 inches of backing is equivalent to Whilst there are no slip degrees Making still Which, added to the first Gives a total of 1C ti of 3 4 iron. 75 inches 8 •57 35 9-32 of iron. 58 This Table II. marks VB (very bad), being too weak by 4 '2 inches of iron to resist the power of a 600 pr. shot. Again, for further explanation, turning to the first of the shots in Diagram No. 1 (all shots are counted from striking the top of the turret downward), it will be seen that with the ship on an even keel the dome turret presents a thickness of 17 inches of armour, 12 inches of backing, and 68^ slip degrees, which, summed up, give— 1 2 inches of backing equal And 68| slip degrees equal Making a total of Inches of iron. I Making 5* 23^ inches of iron. Equivalent, by Table II., to WG (very very .good). Whilst the first shot which hits the top of " Magdala's " turret has only a thickness of 10 inches of iron and 8 inches of backing to pierce, with no slip degrees, being a direct hit— The result gives 8 inches of backing equal Slip degrees . Giving a total of Making Inches of iron. IO'OO o # 66 io*66 p*oo iO'66 inches of iron. Equivalent, by Table II., to VB (very bad), falling short 2'86 inches Of iron. In every case the amount of iron in inches and quarters, under the 13-^ inches opposed to each shot, is affixed to B (bad), VB (very bad), and VVB (very very bad), for ready valuation. On referring to the summary table, it will be seen that 27 more shots have struck the dome than the "Magdala" Now these hits are caused by the greater area exposed, due to the curvatures of the dome turret vessel. Although the reduction of this summary table gives a very approximate value of the worth of the two systems, it will be needful to point out further facts against the " Magdala" or vertical sided type of vessel. On referring to the 66 diagrams, we see that 38 bad hits, all of which occur in lines whose quantities have not been admitted in the sum. total, radiate from this point. Now the summary table gives, after cancelling about 35 bad strikes on either side, a residue of only 2f to the dome turret, and 30J to the " Magdala," whereas the latter number 59 should, in reality, be increased by at least 19 (the half of the 38, all of which have been rejected without any equivalent in favour of the "Magdala"), to bring the resultants on more certainly equal centred pivoting points so far as these special flights of shot are concerned. This computation enlarges the " Magdala's " above water bad hits to .the proportion of 2 "9 to 1 on the dome turret, all of which latter are generally more safely removed above the water line. Now the VVB, or dangerously bad hits, worked out in the diagram, through an approximately true consideration of the number of slip degrees at each strike, with one exception > occur against the dome turret armour, placed 6 and 8 feet below the normal water line ; positions exposed only on considerable roll. To meet these 29I VVB hits (see summary table), an additional 1 to 3 inches of armour from the water line to 7 feet beneath it might be placed, which would render the ship practically invulnerable on every point to 600 pr. projectiles. Let us now compare the gun port holes in the two classes of ship. The " Magdala " carries two 18 ton 400 pr. guns in one turret, consequently a port hole for each, with extreme vertical heights of 3 feet ij inch, and breadths 2 feet 1 inch, a space of 5 feet of armour intervening, whilst the distance of the axis of bore of one gun from the other is 6 feet 1 1 inches. Around the chase of the guns, when run out and placed on their highest or true fighting struts, which permit any elevation up to 2000 yards, and of course extreme depression, spaces of 6\ inches on the upper, 10^ on the under, 1 inch on the inner, and 2 on the outer, exist on the several sides. The dome turret carries only one gun, and consequently only one port hole adapted for a 600 or 700 pr. gun as now built ; the outer dimensions, calculated vertically, with the ship on an even keel, are 3 feet 8 inches high X 2 feet 4 inches, but giving a height of 5 feet on the curve or face of the turret. Comparing the areas of the port holes, the "Magdala" is wanting in 1850 superficial inches of armour, whilst the dome, calculated vertically, is deficient in only 1232 inches, and on the curve (the extreme weakening measure only to be obtained with the ship heeled over past recovery, some 45 °) 1680 superficial inches, giving a difference of 170, or, more properly taking the mean, of 394 superficial inches in favour of the dome turret. This alone is a very great inducement for carrying only one gun in a turret;, but there is a second and more important one, resulting from the comparatively weak armour between the port holes, and the double chances of a shot, which would otherwise be deflected, biting and entering against the two surfaces of run out guns, indicating the necessity of keeping the apertures on a turret's side, both numerically and in total area, at a minimum. Although the gun can be fought on three struts, all of which positions are fully allowed for in the accompanying illustrations, it must be admitted that the upper one, from which alone extreme depression can be obtained, is really the strut that will support the gun at critically close quarters. Now the axis of the gun in the dome turret, when laid horizontal on the upper strut, is 4 feet 10 inches beneath the line of top of the curve of dome, and 3 feet 4 inches beneath the line of top of the " Magdala. " 6o In the latter case the sights are fixed on the top of the turret, whilst in the dome they are carried within a long channel box, 15 inches beneath the top of curve, reducing the distance between the bases of the sights and the axis of the gun, laid horizontal and parallel, to only 3 feet 7 inches, or three inches higher than in the " Magdala " turret. In the one gun turret the sights are immediately over the axis of the gun, affording the greatest possible opportunity of detecting any aberration from perfect parallelism, the shot being thrown along the line of sight; whilst in the two gun turret, employing simultaneous fire, there is a double chance of minute discrepancies existing and remaining undetected ; each shot being thrown 3 feet 5^ inches to the right and left of the particular weak spot to be struck. In some instances the double blow carries advantages with it, although it may be questioned in coming days, whether against purely curved armour it will not be necessary to provide the heaviest projectile with the power of making some centre hits. The axis of the bore of the 25 ton gun, as carried on the upper strut in the dome turret, would be 13 feet 4 inches above the water line, whilst those of the 18 ton " Magdala' s" guns are only 1 1 feet 8 inches ; the mean axis in either case, when placed on the middle strut, being 6 inches less ; and on the lower or smaller strut iron, the dome carries her gun 1 2 feet 4 inches against 10 feet 8 inches in the " Magdala" turret. So, in reality, the inclined armour turret employs her gun, under all and equal conditions, 20 inches higher than the wall sided turret, although this is gained at a total height above the water line, in neither case counting the head shields of 18 feet 2 inches in the dome turret against 15 feet in the "Magdala." The advantage of carrying a gun placed centrally in the ship at heights varying from 12 feet 4 inches to 13 feet 4 inches, and with the power of revolving it away from the sea for loading purposes, is such that in almost any weather, or, at least, when an engagement can be fought by any other type of vessel, the dome turret can always render an effective fire ; whereas in the "Magdala," carrying her gun from 11 feet 8 inches to 10 feet 8 inches, and in H.M.S. "Abyssinia," from 9 feet 8 inches to 8 feet 8 inches above the water line, only very reduced powers are enjoyed. It must also be particularly remembered that this great height is gained with as great, if not greater stability through the form of turret dispensing with the " Magdala's " extreme top side weights, and concentrating them on the body of the ship. The prime peculiarities and advantages of this dome turret over those now in use are : — 1st. Being .able to withstand, weight for weight, counting the armour from the water line to the top of turret, more than twice the amount of punching before succumbing to an enemy's shot. 2nd. In being able to get the projectile to the muzzle of the gun in about one third of the time that a vessel like the " Magdala " (" Cyclops " class) would. This can be done in one hoist or two, according to the urgency of the case, instead of five, as now employed. 3rd. A reserve of eighty seven shot can be carried immediately under the turret, between the two roller pathways, having only to be hoisted 10 feet to the muzzle of the gun. 6i These shot are placed in position just before the likelihood of action, and they can be brought to the muzzle of the gun by being hoisted into the turret by either of the side winches, then along the inclined passages, or more directly, and as always would be on an emergency, by the hatchway under muzzle of gun. 4th. All the gun numbers are within the turret, with most ample room and leverage for running the gun in ; with most powerful winches for hoisting any weight projectile up, and with every convenience for receiving supplies of shot and powder, and ready means of getting in and out of the turret. At present, insufficient room, allowing proper handle length, is given to the running in numbers, who are liable to come into collision, and be overturned by the shot feeding numbers, or the projectile on the railway traveller ; and the hoisting in numbers are liable to great danger, through their being obliged to walk round after the turret with a shot in suspension, whenever the captain of the turret may choose to revolve it. The result most probably will be that these men, in addition to sweeping everything before them in the narrow surrounding passage, will be compelled to let go the handle, allowing the projectile to fall on the deck. 5th. In dispensing the weight of the turret, some 300 tons, equally over the turret floor. It is somewhat questionable whether all our turret ships, as now fitted, would, under great roll, be able to throw their turret right and left. This is no doubt partly due to the non-holding .power of the steam, but chiefly to the undue binding of the turret collar and rollers around the spindle, and on the pathways, greatly aggravated by the sagging of the floor of turret. 6th. In having a comparatively small top turret area exposed to the plunging fire of an enemy's shot, yet allowing an equally large grating air space, and as great conveniences for hoisting the gun in and out. The " Magdala " turret top is covered in by five eighths of an inch thick iron, strongly supported by bulb iron beams, which in addition keep the side armour in position, preventing it from being forced inwards. The area of this thin top, not including the grating portion (the area is about the same in the two turrets), is 246 square feet. This is one of the weakest points in our present turret system ; and although it is probable that this thickness of top will allow shell to strike and explode with little danger on the outside, it is certainly most unequal to resist the strike of solid shot, which at much roll would crash in as easily as possible. This thin top deck or covering applies with greater force to the somewhat thicker breastworks and gangway decks, which are liable to penetration at smaller angles of roll. 7th. In protecting the base of the turret from a plunging fire; the " Hotspur-Glatton " experiment can only be regarded as partial, as the turret was stationary, consequently throwing no very excessive jar on the turning machinery at the time of strike ; the effect of a second or third shot would most probably have produced very different results. 8th. In affording good protection to the sights, which are in two sets, in the event of one being damaged, and are placed within a 16 inch deep by 20 inches broad box beam girder. This arrangement of sights is not imperative, as they might be placed outside, clear of 62 everything, but it is anticipated that ready sighting and much better firing will result from this method, as the sides become guides for the eye, whilst the captain of the turret can, if he thinks fit, roughly bring his object on by looking over all. 9th. In having a graduated arc immediately underneath the eye of the captain of turret, who, on the word of the captain of ship, can, if the object is obscured to himself, instantly by these means get a line of direction, without one or more mediums, which entail a loss of time and uncertainty, as at present experienced. ioth. It is expected that the peculiar form of ship, with the somewhat overhanging sides near water line (this principally around turret), will greatly reduce the rolling of the vessel, affording a steadier gun platform, and will in addition act as formidable crushers-in on colliding with and clearing an enemy, after leaving the ram spur or a needle thrust. nth. The weakest parts in the entire system, viz. the lowest 4 feet of armour below the water line, and the upper 3 inch plating around the base of turret, are capable of being enlarged at any time to any thickness, with a very small expenditure, and without in the least disturbing the main line of armour. 1 2th. The small area of head shield, as compared with the " Magdala's" fire. Three sham ones (painted canvas screens), spread on iron frames, are placed over painted sham ports and guns, to mislead the fire of the enemy. The present arrangements, as fitted in H.M. service, are infallible guides to the position of ports, and no wise enemy would now fire until fairly sure of getting a direct hit at them> if unable to effectively pierce other vital parts. 13th. The "Magdala" turret, with a diameter in the clear, of 21 feet, can only carry 1 8 ton 1 5 feet long guns. The dome turret, as shown in plan, has an internal diameter of 25 feet, carrying a 25 ton gun, and, with slight alterations, a 35 ton 16 feet 3 inch long gun may be carried. The several plans which illustrate the dome shaped, double roller, one gun turret, will now be remarked on in detail. PLAN A.— Sheet i. Illustrates a cross sectional view of a dome turret vessel, with the captain of the turret in position in rear of his gun and gun numbers on either side winching up shot and shell from their store rooms, which are directly underneath the turret, to the shot inclined troughs, down which they are pulled until abreast of the muzzle of the gun. It will be observed that the outer roller path secured to the deck is about one foot lower than the inner. This lowness is necessary to allow the cogged driving wheel, in connection with the engine, to pass just over, clear of the iron connecting rods ; and the comparatively light upper path in 63 connection with the internal row of rollers is fitted to make the weights attached to the turret as light as possible, and also to allow the greatest conveniences for shifting any of the roller rods, &c. The inner roller pathway bevels outwards, and the outer pathway inwards, so as to make the direct strain of gun and armour somewhat neutralize each other ; at the same time reducing the friction around spindle to a minimum. Although theoretically this arrangement seems correct, practice may prove it more desirable to allow the outer row of rollers to run along a level pathway, and it may also be found better to hang this set of rollers by lugs, tightly supported by plate rings on either side, to the upper outer turret pathway, as seen in Plan B. (sheet i.), a central roller grooving, with a corresponding biting iron on lower pathway, keeping them from lateral movement. A 15 inch wide passage for a man to pass along exists around the turret, whilst within the surrounding water tight bulkheads a circular walk two feet wide allows every convenience for fixing and heaving up the outer iron rod nuts through certain water plug holes, working within the double angle iron, to retain the outer plate ring in position. In Plan A. (sheet i.) the outer row of rollers is kept entirely in position by an inner and small plate ring 5 inches deep, and by the large outer one 6 inches deep, which latter gets a bearing against the lower angle iron ; whilst the upper one which keeps the ring down in position is continued entirely around the turret, a special box frame being erected for this purpose, as seen in Plans B. and F. (sheets i. and ii.). On the under part of the big ring and on either side of each rod, where all the inward pull comes, small brass rollers, about 2\ inches in diameter and 1 inch thick, are introduced to bear against the lower angle iron ; by these means the friction is reduced to a minimum. Those numbers who winch up the shot from store rooms, stand in circular apertures on thin plates bolted on to the under side of turret floor framework, to allow the winches to be placed where the greatest leverage and most effective line of hoist can be obtained. Those numbers who winch the shot from the inclined trough, or take them from the under turret stock directly to the muzzle of gun, stand on the recessed portion of the platform, which to a height of 16 inches surrounds the gun. The fair lead sheaves, over which the winch chains travel to and from the store room, are part and parcel of sliding blocks which run along the top turret railway, if required, to the muzzle of gun (instead of being lowered on to the inclined plane), on the same principle, and in much the same manner as now fitted in our turret ships. The one great objection to these means of conveying shot, and very especially live shell, if fused anywhere but on the loading platform, is the beating about against the side of turret, and in the case of the dome turret against the stanchions in passing, which a heavy roll of the ship must cause.. The armour is proposed to be supported by twelve double strut irons, six on either side, as seen in plan in connection with specially strong standards. All these main supports will be double "\, 6 inches deep and half an inch thick iron. Between these six main standards, seven secondary ones, also of double T> but lighter iron, will be placed. 64 Bulb iron standards might be used in the second case, were it not essential that the teak carling stretchers to which the armour is bolted should be so firmly held as to form one compact mass. The inner strut irons are additionally supported by bowed T angle iron only 4 inches deep. In continuation of the main standards, web beams form the air grating supports, and act as strong ties to the central box beam. This webbed portion is connected to the standards with rivet plates, all easily removable in the event of wanting to get the gun out or in. Three circular bands, each 6 inches wide, and of about three eighths of an inch iron, brace the entire framework most firmly together. The outer or larger band ties the upper portion of standards, &c, together, and it is bent up around the sight box beam, so as to in no way interfere with the running in and out of gun. The two inner and smaller bands brace together the web framework, and also that portion under the air grating space. Nine hollow cast iron pillars, three eighths of an inch thick, and ranging from 3 to 4 inches in diameter, are placed on either side, thus giving enormous support to the armour, &c. The bars forming the grating range from 3 to 6 inches in depth, with a thickness of half an inch. They are considerably better supported than the flat and lightly upheld ones, as used in the present form of turret, and would, in all probability, resist successfully any but the heaviest shot and most direct hit. Double longitudinal side boxes have been fitted within the hull of vessel, in the hope of meeting, as nearly as possible, the destructive effects of such weapons as Whitehead's torpedo. Between the two bottoms only one series of boxes is placed [to keep the draught of the vessel at the lowest, a most essential point for war ships of this class, clearly demonstrated by the inaction, through drawing too much water, of the French fleet during the late Franco- German war. It is proposed to cover the hull of the vessel below the armour plating with timber planking, ranging from 6 to 10 inches in thickness, the whole copper lined, to — 1 st. Lessen the damaging effects of torpedoes. 2nd. To preserve the bottom and sides both from grounding and the effects of corrosion. And, lastly, to give greater buoyancy. This timber lining is screwed on to a five eighths of an inch, 3 inch wide skeleton frame work riveted on to the hull of the vessel. The ribs of this framework are about 3^ feet apart. In the event of the ship taking the ground, it is anticipated that these bolt points will break off, leaving the outer skin of the vessel entire. Instead of the armour plates butting against each other, they are separated by strong angle irons secured to the skin of ship. These angle irons, with outer lap plates riveted on, are expected to retain the broken sections of a plate in position as at present laid on ; they are only bolted through, allowing the portions of a shattered plate to drop out for want of a holding lip. All the rivet nuts for bolting the armour to the turret are covered in with one eighth of PALMERS DETACH JNC-RAM TQRPEDQ-SK ! PS ■»«,' •, 5T? , iKJk C C A A Z^- r i /J^ i Li] -■.„-[ i ? V-' $ Y& m ? i ,y^-j '0.' Ba5%w CI -. ,[*«B , •>•: I f i-,- u*tf tltllUitimi l&ijr 4K^fc iIAr^- r r - r 1 T ~ 1 i , ft i AM n ""* r» • * IT T|lpri>;v in u y u m k. i ij n ft i, u . SHEET, I 6 5 an inch of iron, and over this and the entire face of the turret a lining of three quarters of an inch of india rubber felting is placed. Four hatchways are shown on the main deck, to hoist the shell from any of the store rooms up through corresponding holes in the upper deck, on which the turret is revolved, and again through the turret floor into the turrets. The central right one is placed under the fore part, and the central left one under the after portion of turret, as seen in Plan B. (sheet i.) PLAN B.— Sheet i. Is a longitudinal section of turret, with the gun pointed over the bow; the shaded gun is laid horizontal and out in position for firing on the upper strut, whilst the single line unshaded gun is close in, showing that sufficient working room is allowed for loading and elevating purposes. With the ship on an even keel, calculated vertically, this gun port is 3 feet 8 inches high, by 2 feet 4 inches broad, but on the curve or face of the turret the height is 5 feet. The captain of the turret is in the act of running his eye along the sights, preparatory to firing with his right hand, whilst with the left he works the steam lever to throw the turret to port or starboard. Iron, from 3 to 9 inches in thickness, is employed to give him protection, but it seems very doubtful, as the means of properly securing it are not very satisfactory, whether it would not be wise to dispense with such thickness, employing only a 1 inch plate, well backed with india rubber. The gun slides are considerably higher than those in general use, to give more working room in the turret, and a high axis of fire ; and are only continued about five sixths the length of the diameter of the turret, to allow of shot inclined troughs, and the gun numbers to get projectiles up from below in one hoist. It is well known that the incline of the slide is sufficient to take the gun out, possibly slightly assisted, with very little strain on the muzzle buffer ; for this reason it is not considered necessary to make the slides butt against the fore end of turret, as great rigidity and fixity will be given them by numerous side support angle irons. To meet the recoil of the gun, after buffers suitably backed up, and hydraulic buffers are employed. Gun numbers are in the act of winching up shot from below, and a solid shot is shown suspended ready for tipping into the muzzle of gun, whilst a shell is on the inclined plane ready for hoisting into position. One of the 87 shot is seen in the act of being pulled up to the muzzle of the gun. The driving engine is placed directly abaft the turret, and it is proposed to largely graduate the outside turret band from 3 to 4 feet above the deck, between the teething and the powder entry ports, so that the engineer, who should always be ready to assist the captain of the turret by putting a check on the supply of steam between 8o° and 90 , can stop it dead at 90 . 9 66 Should it be necessary to do otherwise, the captain of the turret will signalize the turret engineer not to assist. The sham head shields made of light rod iron, as seen in sketch, are tightly covered with canvas, and painted to represent the real covering. The line of sight is consequently led through this framing, the actual height of space being shown by the shaded portion. The captain of the turret, in addition to this protection, if hotly pressed by mitrailleur or rifle bullets, has also the means of pulling sliding half inch thick iron doors to, fitted within the head shield. It seems desirable to always keep a certain number of shot, as seen in plan, with their iron band rings and strops on, ready for immediate hoisting. Three inches of inclined armour, suitably backed, strengthened by powerful angle irons, arid overlying a three inch iron deck, are expected to offer ample protection in the wake of the turret, beyond which the thickness of armour gradually increases as it passes around the fore breastwork of vessel. PLAN C— Sheet i. A sectional view of turret, with the shaded gun run in, in position for receiving the shell, which has been tilted up horizontally by the muzzle purchase, hooked to the rope strop. The iron band sling, placed just underneath the upper row of studs, is only employed for hoisting the projectile in an upright position, whilst the rope strop surrounding it, just below the centre of gravity, cants the shot to an horizontal one. Both muzzle purchases, worked by a winch on either side, are employed in taking the shot from the inclined plane trough, or when a shot from below reaches that height ; the rope strop tackle is kept slack, as a preventer, until the projectile is hove close up to the sheave ; it is then hauled taut, and the iron band purchase gradually eased down, placing the shot in ready position for entry into the muzzle, by Nos. 3 and 4, assisted, if necessary, by bell ropes. One shell is landed in trough, and a second is being placed on a peculiarly fitted iron plate holder, which travels along the upper side of rollers until it reaches abreast the muzzle of the gun. This inclined plane trough, constructed very lightly, is supported by angle irons run out from the inner main struts, and by side turret curved irons immediately in the wake of port. A shot is shown being hoisted up from the under turret stock, each rope strop having a second eye tailed into it for steadying purposes. The central head shield, apparently with the captain of the turret on the look out, is only a painted sham one. The single lines show the gun run out with extreme elevation and depression, both on the upper strut. The captain of the turret, who is sighting his gun for extreme depression, stands on the upper side platform, placed within the body shield compartment. In the " Magdala's " head shield, he would, under these conditions, be compelled to expose his head to the enemy's fire. 6 7 PLAN D.— Sheet i. Illustrates hoisting the gun in. No more trouble should be found in this operation than what has now to be undergone. To clear away the space, the gratings are first unshipped, and the web beams one by one removed, until the box beam girder alone is left, supported by the pillar side stay irons; this, when slung, can be hoisted off at pleasure. PLAN E.— Sheet ii. The shaded gun is seen run close in at extreme 'depression ; two numbers are in the act of laying it square for loading. Nos. 3 and 4 are about to enter the shell in the muzzle of gun, shown also shaded, and stand on a wooden grating hung on the outside by light chains, and pivoting within on a hinge catch. When not in use, it is pushed back on rollers into its ordinary position as seen in Plan C. (sheet i. ) A somewhat reduced iron loading platform is also placed above to assist. The black pecked line gives what would be its position, elevated to the fullest that the port allows on the upper strut. A shell is in the act of being pulled down the inclined trough ; this may either be done by hauling lines on the plate itself, or by a man pushing it along in its travel. PLAN F.— Sheet ii. A deck plan of the turret with the gun in ready to receive shot and shell, suspended by the muzzle purchase. Men are in the act of winching up shot from the store rooms, others taking them to the muzzle of the gun, whilst twelve of the crew are manning the running in handles. Two men, shown on either side of muzzle of gun, are working light winches for opening and closing the gun port doors ; these slide on rollers, should it be necessary to fit them. The inclined plane trough in shape like a horse shoe, is made of the lightest iron compatible with strength, for carrying the projectile along it. The shot plates as seen in Plan P. (sheet ii.), have small upper brass rollers, to reduce the binding against the sides to a minimum on its passage along trough. That portion of the trough fronting the muzzle of the gun is made to readily unship, should it be determined to winch the shot up entirely through the under muzzle port. A matted recess is provided, to allow the shell to tilt against, should it be carelessly or hurriedly started from this trough to the muzzle of gun. The end of the gun breeching, after reeving through fair leads on the fore side of the carriage, are hitched to long iron tie rods, doubly nutted to the turret framework. All- the pillars, which are hollow, three eighths of an inch thick iron, bed down through the side platform on to the turret floor ; they also assist as side supports to the upper railway irons, along which the shot can travel clear of everything to the muzzle of gun. 68 With much motion however, they are liable to strike the pillars in passing. The starting lever in connection with the turret engine, instead of being straight, has a wheel power applied, to obtain the finest adjustment. The lower platform, on which the captain of the turret stands within the head shield, has two long slots cut into it, lightly barred over ; down these he looks through a large oblong hole cut in the turret floor immediately overlying the graduated arc, to enable him with precision by aid of a Moorsom's director to lay his gun for an enemy when obscured to view. The gun is laid in the plan on the port beam, and it will always be the endeavour, directly after delivering the fire, to throw the turret port round 90 of arc away from an enemy. One entry port for men getting in and out of turret is consequently only available, whereas with the gun pointing ahead and over the bows, two can always be employed. The outer plate ring, which assists in keeping the outer set of rollers in position, is not seen in this plan, as it is covered in by the upper angle iron. This box framework forms a useful step into and out of the turret. On the turret floor there are only three shot hatchways, the two side ones being capable of enlargement by taking out the half plates to the breadth of the two rows of shot stowed underneath turret floor. PLAN G.— Sheet ii. Under view of turret floor, showing the various supporting beams, the two roller pathways and the turret rack, carrying 420 2§ inch pitch teeth. . PLAN H.— Sheet ii. Is a deck view of the fixed roller pathways, with the 87. under turret shot stowed between. The outer plate ring, with the two small brass rollers bearing against angle iron on either side of the roller rods, are clearly seen. The outer pathway has twenty rollers, and the inner pathway eight only travelling over. The segments of plate rings, between the rollers in the small circle, are securely bound by pieces of hydraulic tubing. Experience may show that this inner circle of rollers should be increased to 1 2 instead of 8, and that other arrangements should be made in the outer one, to meet the different bearings of armour plate on central floor. Between the two rows of shot, which are kept in position by strong tie rods passing through the lower inner pathway bed, and holding their framework, a central support iron rises, bearing an arc 6 inches wide, made to flap up in pieces, to permit any shot to pass abreast of it. The lower right hand quarter shows the flap divisions, whilst the lower left quarter points out the through connection of shot framework to roller pathway. Both upper quarters are occupied by the arc, which is graduated from both bow and stern to 90 on either beam. The only impossible bearing where no arc will exist, covers the 6o° of after fire, which the *>. &j$ kj_*^ i-l* « I I - ■Jf* ) \ i H •u-* £ kl r** - y-. ■ft 3 ^# II l 'W -I Wi — -^S^iiii^ — ■ . 3 p UHXG? a SHEET, II 6 9 main body of ship takes from the gun ; and between the hatchways which we shall now proceed to describe, of course no arc can exist. The arc will be read off by the captain of the turret by two moderator or other powerful lights, not subject to be put out on the firing of the gun, fixed to the under side of turret floor framework, with which it revolves. To facilitate the following explanation it will be necessary to revolve a gun, with the turret floor hatchways drawn on tracing cloth, over the fixed deck ones. Shot can be winched up through the muzzle on either of the beam hatchways, when the gun is laid ahead, but the openings necessarily will only partially plumb each other. With the gun laid for loading on the port beam, shot and shell can be winched up from the store room through only two openings, one on the after side (nearest the stern) of gun, and the second under the muzzle. Through the third hatchway on the fore side of gun shot can be taken from the stock between the rollers. With the gun laid for loading on the starboard beam, shot and shell can be winched up from the store room through only two openings, viz. on the fore side of gun (nearest the bow) and under the muzzle. Through the third hatchway, on the after side of gun, shot can be at the same time taken from the stock between the rollers. If desirable to take shot from other portions of the under turret stock, the turret must be thrown over that place. It is calculated that in 30 seconds, 15 revolutions of the central winch by hand, will carry a projectile from the store room, which is 25 feet beneath, in one hoist to the muzzle of the gun. The fuse can be entered and the shot forced home in 40 seconds, making the total 1 minute 10 seconds. The cartridge can be entered and rammed home during the hoisting of shot into turret. With two winches going, the supply of projectiles would be greater than the demand ; the time of hoist, 30 seconds, must consequently be reduced from the total time required to fire each shot. From either of the three out of the four hatchways on lower deck, between the shell room and turret, shell can be winched up, if the gun is pointed true ahead, astern, or on either beam. Appliances, however, only exist for taking three projectiles into the turret at the same time ; viz. one on either side of the gun, and the third through the muzzle hatchway. A fourth one might at almost the same moment be taken with the second muzzle winch, or canting tackle, if circumstances demanded it. Such requirements are certainly impossible, and it is most unlikely that more than two hoisting up tackles would be used together ; during this time the third winch would act as a reserve, or until the gun was thrown for loading purposes to the other beam, when it could be employed, allowing the men working the one on the other side of the gun requisite rest. 7o STORE ROOMS. B C Star- board side. 3° shot. Spare gun-gear. izo shot and shell. 120 shot and shell. Spare gun-gear. A and Dj occupying the central portions of the two side water tight positions, each stow 30 shot. These are cleared by the muzzle winches, with the turret placed on either beam, and by either of the side winches, with the turret placed ahead and astern. Generally, it will be found prudent before going into action, to clear these side store rooms A an d Dj placing their 60 shot under- neath the turret, between the rollers. B B is a water tight com- partment, occupying the starboard central position. It carries 120 projectiles, and is cleared by the left wirlch through the after hatch on lower deck, when the turret is laid for the port beam ; through the starboard hatch by the muzzle winch, when the turret is laid for the starboard beam ; by the right winch when the turret is laid ahead, or by the left winch when pointed astern. C C i s a water tight com- partment occupying the port central position. It carries 1 20 projectiles, and is cleared by the left winch through the fore hatch on lower deck, when the turret is laid for the starboard beam ; through the port hatch by the muzzle winch, when the turret is laid for the port beam ; by the left winch, when the turret is laid ahead, and by the right winch when laid astern. 30 shot. Port side. B BOW. PLAN I.— Sheet ii. Shows the framework and several standards that support the turret armour. There are six large ones, and seven intermediate smaller ones on either side. The former are additionally supported by powerful double strut irons. The whole are double "]" iron, 6 inches deep, and half an inch thick, suitably spread and supported by teak carlings, through which the bolts are driven and nutted to fasten the armour. These carlings are 1 foot broad and 8 inches thick, and of such length as to fit tightly between the double J iron framing of the several standards. The grating space is only continued for 270 of the circle, either side end of the box beam over the muzzle being protected by armour plates. 7i This box beam girder, 14 feet long by 20 inches broad, by 16 inches deep, contains two sets of gun sight holes, in the event of the first used sights being disabled. A top sectional view of the head shield armour, the framework for sliding doors, lever wheel and sight holes, are shown on one end of the box beam ; whilst gun port doors, running on rollers and capable of being worked from within, occupy the other end. The outside band shows the 6 inch wide gutter surrounding the turret, and the inner band the 10 inch deep turret framing. The shaded portions, which break the line of standards, are where the strap plates are riveted to the butting portions. The position of the several pillars, their upper ends taking the circular bands, and the lower the frame girders, as seen in Plan G. (sheet ii.), are plainly shown. The shaded circle shows the limit and thickness of the armour (on a top view) surrounding the air grating space, within which the gun has to be passed. PLAN J.— Sheet ii. Gives an approximate idea of the external view of the turret, with the real gun run out and the sham one painted on side beneath the deceptive head shields. PLAN K.— Sheet ii. A 600 pr. shell hoisted in position for entry into muzzle ; by pulling up the rope strop sling purchase and easing away the iron band' one, it assumes the position shown in black line. PLAN L.— Sheet ii. A shell being pulled down the inclined plane trough on its holder. PLAN M.— Sheet ii. Lower side of trough showing the play which each set of rollers have in 5 and 6 inch long slots. The travelling plates contain eye lugs, within which the roller rods revolve. PLAN N.— Sheet ii. Gives a natural size view of roller. PLAN O— Sheet ii. Three shots placed between the rollers under the turret, showing the flap piece of graduated arc, and the hoisting up chain hooked on. The shot slung is about to pass through the turret floor. 72 PLAN P.— Sheet ii. The shot plate, which, travelling along the upper side of rollers, fixed in under side of trough, carries the projectile to abreast muzzle of gun. A side view of this, with its friction brass rollers, is seen in Plan L. (sheet ii.) PLAN Q.— Sheet i. A top view of coast defence ram vessel, C C (sheet i.). Her length is about 3f timesher beam ; most spacious accommodation is provided for the officers and crew ; but in times of war, when great coal carrying capacity is necessary, the fore lower deck .will be turned into a coal bunker. Her armament and general dimensions have been described under C C- The recent trial of H.M.S. "Devastation" appears to have produced considerable difference of opinion as to the desirability of placing light iron bulwarks td keep the body of water which her bow raises fairly clear of the forecastle. There can be no question that a very low forecastle coast defence monitor, such as here suggested, must ever, with high speed and in anything like choppy weather, have her forecastle flooded with injury to her speed, and, in very heavy seas, with possibly some strain to the vessel. No permanent structure must be built, otherwise a head fire is lost; and this very bow box, unless removed or blown away by one's own gun, would become a most dangerous cul de sac if pierced by the enemy's shot. It, however, seems quite feasible and desirable to carry aft from the stem about 30 feet in length, and one foot within the line of side, light three eighths of an inch thick iron bulwarks, about six feet high, with an extreme height of 9 feet above the water line. These should be strongly supported by double angle irons, and made to fold in on the forecastle when about to rise the gun for a head fire ; but in the event of an emergency such a structure, if time did not permit its removal, would not impede the passage of a shot from the gun, at an enemy's' water line, if not under 250 feet directly ahead from the turret. As the recesses for Martin's anchors would, in places, slightly interfere, the bulkhead should be taken close on its inner edge, and the present cat and fish davits might advantageously be dispensed with, employing one steam central derrick on a universal joint, to have entire play over the forecastle. These bulwarks would seem best supported on a strong open angle iron framework, the top of angle irons to be the same height as the central curve of deck, about 4 feet above the water line, and made in somewhat long sections, to allow the armour plates to be tapped as little as possible, giving a clear passage of at least one foot entirely under and around on both sides of vessel. By using such a bulwark, the big seas that may happen to get in would find ready egress, whilst the chances are that the enormous dead weight which can now fall full on the deck, would in the majority of instances, by employing such a structure, be deflected from the vessel's bow. 73 The length of each flap piece would much depend on the curve of fore body ; whilst they would be secured in a vertical position by pins passing through the double angle iron, additionally supported and bound together by long i-| inch diameter stay rod irons, and the wooden top rail, bolted on the under side. PLAN R.— Sheet i. Shows the top deck covering over the upper deck accommodation, except immediately over the gun. Great conveniences exist for safely carrying and using the boats in a seaway, a point of no small consideration, and ample fresh air deck space is allowed both officers and men. PLAN S.— Sheet i. Transversal view of ship, showing the way in which it is proposed to support the arched deck. The . general internal arrangements of the proposed dome turret ship may be briefly summed up as follows : — The fore compartment is divided into three water tight rooms ; the central one being devoted to Palmer's spur and needle thrusts, and the side ones to Whitehead's bow torpedoes. The second large compartment is devoted entirely to Whitehead's broadside torpedoes, and possibly as a store room for a few light articles. The whole space under the turret, to shot and shell store rooms ; and the magazine abaft this, to coal and engine space, and accommodation for the officers and crew. 10 APPENDIX. Abbreviations employed in the following diagrams : — D stands for dome turret. M stands for " Magdala " turret. G = good ; VG = very good ; VVG = very very good ; and B = bad ; VB = very bad ; and VVB = very very bad. In every case the amount of iron in inches and quarters under the 13^ inches (the presumed thickness of iron a 600 pr. projectile can pierce) opposed to each shot is affixed to B, bad ; VB, very bad ; and VVB, very very bad, for ready valuation. When one or more figures are placed over each other, it denotes that two or more separate thicknesses are liable to penetration. This applies to both backing and armour. The " Magdala " ship armour has been lowered some 3 to 7 feet below the ordinary water line, to bring it to the same depth as employed for the dome turret ship. A through thickness of 8 inches has been given to the entire under water portion of the " Magdala," whilst in reality her lower strake of ship armour is only 6 inches in thickness. Had this thickness been employed, the " Magdala's " hull would have, under the conditions of diagrams, received at least 25 per cent, more dangerously bad hits. Nine inch thick breastwork armour is placed immediately in the wake of the " Magdala's" turret, whilst between the two turret positions only 8 inches are used ; this latter thickness (8 inches) has been employed on account of the breastwork side having no curve or slip, and again this portion protects an equal area of vital parts. All strikes are calculated from the top of each turret, working down, and those hitting the armour (heavy guns could rarely if ever be fought, especially on the broadside, with more than 20? ship roll) are alone considered. Whenever it has been found impossible to calculate accurately the material through which any projectile has to pass, the figures in that line against both vessels will not be admitted in the sum total. The entire top area of " Magdala " turret not counting, is that which immediately overlies the armour and backing, and consists of five eighths of an inch iron plating, much strengthened by internal beams ; whilst in the dome turret the air grating space is the only portion unprotected by armour. Columns 9 and 10 in the summary table show the undoubted bad hits that remain against each diagram, after cancelling as many as possible. The calculated hits are those made up through giving certain valuations to the amount of material penetrated, assisted by the quantity of slip degrees. These number 916, whilst the total number of strikes that are about to be considered reach 1075. 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Now the reader, looking at the summary table, will see an excess of resisting power — Inches of iron. Of 2-19 inches of iron — 2-19 Of r6 inches of backing = 0*14 And of 167 slip degrees = 1-35 Giving a total of 3 -68 inches of iron to the inclined armour turret. But since these are the mean results, it follows that to more fully appreciate the merits of the dome turret, we must observe that it carries 2 74 Good, Very Good, and Very Very Good shot strikes, against 75 for the " Magdala," and that these 75 are composed chiefly of only Good, whereas the 274 are principally Very Very Good. Again, to strengthen the sufficiency of vertical armoured ships, we see that 1857 are the total number of dome turret inches of iron, affixed to B, VB, and VVB in the 66 diagrams (Dome calculated hit columns), which an enemy's 600 pr. projectile would penetrate ; whereas 40o8-j- are the total number of "Magdala" turret inches of iron affixed to B, VB, and VVB in the 66 diagrams ("Magdala" calculated hit columns), which an enemy's 600 pr. projectile would penetrate under like conditions. In conclusion, the author believes that a vessel fitted with a dome turret, and protected with inclined armour on the lines of curve submitted, would be about 2\ times as effective for special war services, taking the armour weight for weight, as a ship of the same displacement, and built, as at present, on the vertical armour system. The sides and turrets of H.M.S. "Devastation" can now be pierced by a 12 inch 35 ton gun at distances ranging from 1820 to 4000 yards, and by a 12 inch 25 ton gun at from 710 to 2450 yards; whereas, had her armour been disposed on the dome system, it would have been impenetrable to any gun that Sir William Armstrong, Sir James Whitworth, and the combined Shoeburyness officials will produce for some considerable time to come ; and would, happily, if specially fitted and somewhat increased in beam (such as suggested by the author), be able to hoist her newest rival and would-be conqueror aboard, and fight it with the fullest effect, when no other class of ship could think of it. THE END. ■? 1 1 1